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 ^ uA 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 X HE defign of this work being to give an hiftorical and 
 chronological detail of the different conftituent parts of the 
 Englifh army, from the conquell to the prefent time, with 
 the various changes they have fucceflively undergone ; for 
 the fake of method, they will be arranged, and confidered 
 under the following heads. 
 
 A BRIEF account of the Anglo Saxon army before the 
 battle of Haftings. The general outlines of that part of 
 the feudal fyilem which refpe£ts military fervice, inilituted 
 by William I. The conllitutional force of this kingdom 
 fliortly after the Norman invafion, with the. fubfequent re- 
 gulations relative thereto. Of llipcndiary, or mercenary 
 troops. Of troops, provifion, and munition, levied by the 
 Royal Prerogative* 
 
 Vol. I. A The 
 
 1C45211
 
 IV 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 The modes of fummoning the military tenants. The 
 forms of. afTembling the poll'e comitatus. Of embodying, 
 and arming the clergy. Commlffions of array. Methods 
 of engaging for troops by indenture, and other occafional ex- 
 pedients pratSlifcd for levying foldiers in cafes of emergency. 
 
 The different kinds of troops of which our armies have 
 from time to time been compofed. Their arms offenfive 
 and defenfive, the divifion of the ancient forces into troops 
 and companies, the number and denomination of their offi- 
 cers, with the fucceffive alterations to the prefent time. 
 
 The general field and ftaff officers of different ranks. 
 The ancient manner of muftering the troops, and appre- 
 ciating the horfes of the cavalry, with the prices allowed 
 for them. 
 
 The pay of the officers and foldiers at different periods. 
 Cloathing, quarters, callrametation, colours, ftandards, and 
 military^ mufick, exercife, evolutions and manoeuvres. 
 
 Administration of jullice, and the various manners of 
 trying military delinquents. The military laws and ordon- 
 nances of different reigns. Obfervations on the prefent 
 articles of war. Mihtary rewards and punifliments. 
 
 Artillery. The ancient machines ufed for proje£ting 
 darts and (tones, their conilruftion, power, and ranges. The 
 machines impelled by human force. Thofe contrived for 
 covering troops employed in a fiege. The Greek fire, and 
 other artificial fireworks. Gunpowder, with an invefiigation 
 
 of
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. v 
 
 of the time when and by whom it was invented. Propor- 
 tions obferved at different times in the materials of which it 
 is compounded. The invention of cannons and mortars, 
 with their improvements. The introduction of hand guns 
 of different forts and denominations. 
 
 Fortification. The ancient manner of attack and 
 defence of towns, forts and caftles before the ufe of gun- 
 powder ; alterations and improvements lince that invention. 
 Mines, and infernals. 
 
 The laws and cuftoms refpe£ling prifoners of war, their 
 parole, and ranfome. 
 
 These are the different articles under which the author 
 propofes to conduct his enquiry ; an undertaking it muft be 
 confeffed of no fmall magnitude ; but as the due execution 
 of it will depend more on induftry than genius, he flatters 
 himfclf a degree of patience and application, a great liking 
 for the fubjeft, and many years praftical experience in di- 
 verfe branches of it, will enable him to complete his un- 
 dertaking, if not in a manner equal to his wiflies, at leaft fo 
 as to efcape the accufation of temerity for the attempt, and 
 he farther hopes, that his endeavours may excite fome more 
 able writer to take up the fubje6t. 
 
 ■ It may be neceffary to obferve, that aUho' the number of 
 references to culloms and ufages obferved in France, brought 
 as proofs of like practices in England, may' at firil fight be 
 deemed incompetent evidence ; yet when it is confidered, 
 
 that
 
 VI 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 that the Conqueror would undoubtedly, with the feudal fy- 
 llem, introduce all the other Norman cuftoms into his Eng- 
 lifh army ; and when we recoUeft the intimate connexion 
 that Ions: fubfiiled between the two nations, and that mod 
 of our great barons were formerly pofleiTed of eftates and 
 feigneuries in both countries, with the number of French 
 troops that ferved in the Englifli armies, this objeftion will 
 vanifli, and the propriety of the introduction become appa- 
 rent. Indeed the fimilarity of military ufages was not con- 
 fined to France and England ; the number of different na- 
 tions affembled by the crufades could not fail of making the 
 military curtoms, arms, machines and difcipline pretty much 
 ahke throughout Europe. 
 
 As many records and other authorities are cited In fup- 
 port of afTertions, in which the mere word of the author 
 ought not to be taken as fufficient proof, fuch of them as 
 cannot be conveniently Inferted in the notes, will be placed 
 at the end of each volume, under the title of Appendix. 
 
 HISTORY
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 Although in the following work, I propofe to commence 
 my inveftigations from the period immediately fucceeding the Nor- 
 man invafion, it will throw fome light on the fubjc6l, briefly to 
 defcribe the military eftablilhment of the Anglo Saxons, at, and 
 about the time of that event. 
 
 By the Saxon laws, every freeman of an age capable of bearing 
 arms, and not incapacitated by any bodily infirmity, was, in cafe 
 of a foreign invafion, internal infurredlion, or other emergency, 
 obliged to join the army, that being one of the three fervices com- 
 prifcd under the title of the trinoda ncceflltas ; thcfe were, attend- 
 ing pcrfonally in war for the defence of the nation, working at, and 
 
 Vol. I. B con-
 
 a HISTORYOF 
 
 contributing to the building of tlie publick caftles and fortrefles, 
 and repairing bridges and highways. 
 
 In forming their armies the following regulations were obferved : 
 all fuch as were qualified to bear arms in one family, were led to 
 the field by the head of that, family. Every ten families made a 
 tything, which was commanded by the borfholder, in his military 
 capacity ftiled condu6tor. Ten tythings conftituted an hundred; 
 the Ibldiers of each hundred were led by the chief magiftrate of 
 the hundred, fometimes called the hundredary. Several hundreds 
 formed a trything, (a) which was commanded by the officer, cal- 
 led a trything-man ; and the force of the country or fliire, was^ 
 commanded by the hertoch, dux, or duke, and he by the king, or aa 
 officer called the kynings hold, i. e. the king's lieutenant or general,, 
 which office lafted only during the war. In times of peace, or 
 when the king did not think it neceflary to have a general, the 
 militia remained under the command of the dukes of each county. 
 
 Every landholder was obliged to keep armour and weapons ac- 
 cording to his rank and pofTeffions ; thefe he might neither fell,, 
 lend, nor pledge, nor e\*cn alienate from his heirs-. In order to. 
 inftruft them in the ufe of arms, they had their ftated times for 
 performing their military exercife ; and once in a. year, ufually ini 
 the fpring, there was a general review of arms, throughout each, 
 county. 
 
 The clergy were exempted from perfonal military fervlces, not 
 only as being contrary to their profeflion, but likewife that they, 
 might the better attend to their religious duties. Their eflates,. 
 
 (a) Corruptly in Yorkfhire called a ryding, from the fimilarlty of found; the eaft;, 
 "north, and weft ridings, really meaning the call north and weft trythings. 
 
 This officer was defied by the hundred, at their publick court, where they met armed,, 
 and every member as a token of his obedience, touched tlic weapon of the hundredary,. 
 whence thefe courts were called wopentakes^ a name ftill kept up in Yorkftiire. 
 
 though
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. j 
 
 though held in franc almoigne, were hov/ever chargeable to the 
 trinoda necelTitas, the only impofition to which they were liable. 
 
 The greater part of the Anglo Saxon forces confided of infantry; 
 the cavalry was chiefly compofed of the Thanes, and fuch men of 
 property as kept horfes. 
 
 The Saxon cavalry are frequently delineated in ancient illumi- 
 nations as riding without fliiTups, with no other defenfivc armour 
 than a helmet ; their weapon a fpear. It is never thelefs certain, 
 that defenfive armour was worn by their officers and great men 
 about the time of the Norman conqueft. 
 
 Their infantry feem to have been of two forts, the heavy and 
 light armed. The firft are reprefented with helmets made of the 
 fkins of beafts, the hair outwards, large oval convex fhields, with 
 fpikes projecting from the bolfes, long and very broad fwords, and 
 fpears. The light infantry with fpears only, and fome no other 
 weapon than a fword, befides which, different hiftories relate that 
 they alfo ufed clubs, battle-axes, or bills, and javelins, the latter they 
 darted v^ith great dexterity, and then inftantly came to clofe fight. 
 Th€ drefs of both horfe and foot, was a tunic with fleeves, the Ikirts 
 reaching down to the knees, the horfemen wore fpurs with only one 
 point. 
 
 The kings commonly wore their crowns in battle, which alfo in 
 fome meafure anfwered the purpofe of a helmet. 
 
 The Anglo Saxon mode of drawing up their armies, was in one 
 large denfe body, furrounding their ftandard, and placing their foot 
 with their heavy battle-axes in the front. 
 
 By the laws of King Edward the Confeflbr, any man who from 
 cowardice abandoned his lord, or fellow foldiers, whilft under the 
 command of the hertoch, in any expedition by land or fea, forfeited 
 both his life and property, and his lord might refume any lands 
 he had formerly grantctl him. He who was flain in war fighting 
 before his lord, either at home or abroad, all payments due for 
 reliefs on his eftates were remitted to his heirs, who were to enjoy 
 
 £ 2 his
 
 4 ir I S T O R Y O F 
 
 his lands and money without any diminution, and might divide it 
 among them, (b) 
 
 The introdudion of the feudal fyftem, which took place in this 
 kingdom about the year 1086, gave a very confiderable change to 
 the military eftablifhment of the nation. This alteration in the 
 conftitution, was not, it is faid, effected by the fole power of King 
 William, but was ad\ppted with the confent of the great council of 
 the realm, alFembled at Sarum, where all the principal land holders 
 fubjecled their poflcfiions to military fervices, became the king's 
 vafTals, and did homage, and fwore fealty to his perfon for the lands 
 held of him, as fuperior lord and original proprietor, (c) But when 
 it is confidered, that the great land-holders at that meeting were 
 moil of them Normans, the friends and followers of the king, on- 
 whom he had beftowed the eftates taken from the Englifh j the- 
 fufFrage of fuch an aflembly, though freely obtained,, will fcarce 
 juflify the meafure being deemed a national choice. 
 
 By this fvftem all the lands of the realm were confidered as. 
 divided into certain portions, each producing an annual revenue,, 
 ftiled a knight's fee. Our ancient lawyers are not agreed as to the 
 quantity of land, or fum of money of which it confifled -, it indeed; 
 feems to have varied at different periods : however, in the reigns- 
 of Henry II. and Edv^'ard II. a knight's fee was flated at 20I. per 
 annum, the number of knight's fees in this kingdom was eftimated 
 at fixty thoufand. 
 
 By the feudal law,^ every tenant in capite, that is, every perfon- 
 holding immediately from the king, the quantity of land amounting' 
 
 (b) Lambard Arch. fol. 135, de heretochiis. 
 
 (c) Rex tenuit magnum concilium, & graves fermones habuit cum fuis proceribus de 
 
 hac terra, quo mode incoleretur et a quibus hominibus. Chron. Sax. an. 1085. • 
 
 Omnes predia tenentes, quotquot eflent notae melioris per totam Angliam, ejus homines 
 fafli funt, et omnes fe ill! fubdidere, ejufque hQi funt vafalli ac ei fidelitatis juramenta 
 prieftitirunt, fe contra alios quofcunque iJli iidos futures. Ibid. A. D. 1086. 
 
 to
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. ^ 
 
 to a knight's fee, was bound to hold himfelf in readinefs, with horfe 
 and arms to ferve the king in his wars, either at home or abroad, 
 at his own expence, for a ftated time, generally forty days in a 
 year, (d) to be reckoned from the time of joining the army. Per- 
 fons holding more or lefs, were bound to do duty in proportion to 
 their tenures, thus one pofTefled of but half a fee, was to perform 
 fervice for twenty days only, (e) The lands of the church were 
 not exempt, but ecclefiaftics were generally indulged with perform- 
 ing their fervice by deputies. Although fometimes their perfonal 
 appearance was infifted on, pofTibly from a fuppofition that their 
 prefence with the army, would give a confidence to the foldiers,. 
 and a fandion. ta the caufe, effedls not unlikely in thofe days of 
 fuperflition ; or perhaps the inflance here particularly alluded to, 
 was occafioned by fome new contrivance of the clergy, to avoid 
 the performance of their military fervices, by calling a convo- 
 cation, (f ) 
 
 B 3 The 
 
 (d) Omnes comites et barones, et militcs, et fervientes, et univerf; liberi homines totius 
 regni noftri praediiSi, habeant Si. teneant fe fempcr bene in armis et in equis, ut decet et 
 oportet : et fint femper prompti et bene parati ad fervitium fuum integrum nobis explendum 
 ct peragcndum cum opus fuerit ; fecundum quod nobis debent defoedis et tenementis fuis' 
 dejure facere ; et ficut illis ftatuimus per commune concilium totius regni noftri prsdi^^i. 
 Cap. 58, Wilk. 228. 
 
 (e) Knight's fees were often divided into many parts, fome tenants in chief holding 
 only a fourth, or an eighth part ; and an inftance occurs of a tenant in capite, enfeoffed 
 after the death of Henry I. who had only one twentieth. Thcfc fmall tenancies are 
 fuppofcd to have arifon, from the dcfire of holding in chief of the crown, though by ever. 
 fo fmall a fief, on account of the honor and fuperior proteflion annexed to that tenure. 
 
 (f ) An inftanije of this happened in tlic /|.ifl of Hen. III. as appears by the followins 
 writ, printed in RymL-r's Kicdcra, which, as it fecms extremely lingular, is here given at 
 length. Rex H. Line. Epifcopo falutem. Cum pro exercitu noftro, cum quo tendimus 
 ad partes Ce(lri;u contra Wallcnfis inimicos nortros, vos et omnes alios prjclatos & mag- 
 nates regni noftri fecerimus lummoneri, ad cimdem nobil'cum cum toto fcrvitio fuo, nobis 
 debito, pro defcnfione terrx noftrae contra prajdi{51os Wallenfes. Et archiepifcopos can- 
 tuaricnfis tjuondam convocationcm epifcoporum fieri fecit London, in oilabri afl'umptionis 
 
 Beats.
 
 * HISTORY OF 
 
 The fervlce being accompli flied, the tenant was at liberty to 
 •return home ; if he, or his followers afterwards continued to fervc 
 with the army, they were paid by the king : certificates from the 
 conftable or marfliall were fometimcs required, in proof that a 
 knight had duly performed his fervice. 
 
 If a tenant in capite, or knight could not perform his fervice in 
 perfon, through ficknefs, being a minor, or any other caufe, he 
 obtained leave to fend fome able perfon in his ftead, an indulgence 
 for which it was often neceffary to fine to the king, a fine being in 
 the language of thofe days, not only an amercement for an offence, 
 but alfo the price of a favor. Our records afford feveral inftances, 
 wherein feudal tenants unable to bear arms, were by proclamation 
 directed to find unexceptionable perfons to perform their fervices 
 for them, (g) 
 
 As 
 
 Beatae Mariae ut audivimus ; quae quidem convocatio, aut alii tra<ftatus vel concilia, nobit 
 €xiftentibus & agentibus in excrcitu noftro, fieri non debent, eo quo finguli, tarn pralati 
 quam allii in propriis perfonts venire deieant ad defenfionem coronas et rcgni noftri, & 
 per abfentiam eorundein grave nobis & terrae noftrae periculae poflct imminire ; inhibuimus 
 diftriiSe praefato archiepifcopo, ne didam convocationem faciat, fed convocationem illam, 
 dum fuerimus in exercitu noftro, revocat & fufpendat. 
 
 Unde fub debiti fidelitatis qua nobis tenemini & forisfaiSura lerrarum & tenamento- 
 nim, quae in regno noftro tenetis, vobis diftri(Sle prohibemus ne ad convocationem hujuf- 
 modi, dum fuerimus in exercitu noftro, accedere praefumatis, fed ad nos verfus Waliiam 
 pro defenfionem noftra et terrae noftrae contra praedi<3os Wallenfes fine morae difpendie 
 veniatis, fervitium veftrum nobis debitum perfonalites impenfuri, ne pro defetSlu veftri, 
 cxhseredationem perpetuam patiamur. Tefte meipfo apud Wodcft. 19 die Julii. 
 
 EoDUM modo mandatum eft aliis cpifcopis, cantuar, provinciae in Aiiglia exiftentibus. 
 
 Et mandatum eft officialibus epifcoporum ejufdem provincias agentium in partibus 
 tranfmarinis, quod ad convocationem praedidam non accedant, fed fub amiirione omnium 
 terrarum dominorum fuorum mittent regia fervitia, quse domino fuo regi debent. 
 
 (g) A. D. 1294, 22d Ed. I. that king granted a commiinon to the biftiop of Bath 
 and Wells, appointing him, with the barons of the exchequer, to receive fines to his 
 ufe, according to their diredion, from archbiftiops, biflops, abbots, priors, and other 
 idigious and ecclefiaftical perfons, ladies, widows, and other women, in lieu of military 
 
 fervice
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 7 
 
 As a tenant who held feveral knight's fees, could not do the 
 fervice of more than one in his peifoii, he might difcharge the 
 others, by able fubftitutes being knights, or by two efquires, fome- 
 times filled fervientes, in lieu of each knight, (h) 
 
 Sometimes the king compounded with his tenants for particular 
 fervices, and fometimes for thofe of the whole year, accepting in 
 lieu thereof pecuniary payments, with which he hired ftipendiary 
 troops ; this is generally fuppofed to have introduced the practice 
 of levying fcutages, tirft begun by King Henry II. (i) The punifli- 
 
 meut 
 
 ftrvlce in the prerent expedition to Gafcony. Rymer. And anno 1303, 31(1 of the fame 
 reign, that king having fummoned his feudal tenants to aflemble at Berwick, in order to 
 go againft the Scots, commanded the fheriffs to proclaim pubiickly, that fuch prelates, or 
 women, as were willing to pay fines in lieu of perfonal fervice, fhould com? before the 
 barons of the exchequer, the morrow of the Afcenfion of our Lord next enfuing, or fooner 
 if polTible, at York, or fend fome one for them, in order to fine for their faid fervices,. 
 there to pay attlie rate of 20I. for one knight's fee, otherwife to attend and perform tlieir 
 fervices. See Rymer in annoi 
 
 (h) I^f the reign of Edward I. the bilTiop of Hereford did his fervice for five knight's 
 fees, by two knights, and fix efquires, each knight being eftimated equal to two efquircs. 
 Madox Baron. I. i, c. 5, p. g. 
 
 (i) The other ancient levies were in the nature of a modern land tax, for we may 
 trace up the original of that charge, as- high as the introduiStion of our military tenures;, 
 when every tenant of a knight's fee was bound, if called upon, to attend the kin<; in his 
 army for forty days in every year. But this perfonal attendance growing troublefome in 
 many refpefls, tiie tenants found means of compounding for it, by firft fending others in 
 their ftead, and in procefs of time, by making a pecuniary fatisfaiSion to the crown in 
 lieu of it. This pecuniary fatisfaiitiun at lad came to be levied by afTcfTmcnts, at fo much 
 for every knight's fee, und?r the name of fcutages ; which appear to have been levied 
 for the firft time, in the fifth year of Henry H. on account of his expedition to Thou- 
 loufe, 9nd were then (I apprehend) mere arbirary compofitions, as the king and the 
 fubjcd could agree ; but this precedcrt being afterwards abufed inio a means of oppref- 
 fion, by levying fcutages on the hndholders by the royal authority only, whenever oar 
 kings went to war, in order to hire mercenary troops, and pay tlieir contingent expences ; 
 it became therefore a matter of national complaint, and King John was obliged to promife 
 in his nugna charts, that no fcutage fliould be impofed without the confent of the common 
 council of the realm. This daufc was indeed omitted in the charters of Henry III. where
 
 H II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 •nient for non attendance, when duly fummoned, was a heavy 
 
 iine, (k) or forfeiture of the tenure. (1) 
 
 The tenants in capite in order to find fubftitutes for thofe fees, 
 for which they could not ferve themfelves, made under grants to 
 their favorites and dependants, liable to the fame conditions as thofe 
 on which they held them from the crown, namely fealty and ho- 
 mage, and that their tenant ihould attend them to the wars, when 
 they fliould be called upon by the king, there to ferve for a ftated 
 time at their own expcnce, properly armed and mounted : thefe 
 again had their under tenants and vaffals. Men at arms, or knights, 
 were generally attended by their tenants and vaflals, both on horfe- 
 back, and on foot, thefe ferved in the infantry either as archers 
 or bill men. 
 
 The conftitutional military force of England, foon after the 
 conquefl, confifted of the feudal troops and the pofTe comitatus. 
 
 The feudal troops wereeither the perfons who held lands in ca- 
 pite, (m) that is, immediately of the crown, or their vaflals and 
 
 we only find it ftipulated, that fcutages fhall be taken as they were ufed to be in tlie time 
 of King Henry II. yet afterwards by a variety of ftatutes under Edward I. and his grandfon, 
 it was provided, that the king fliall not take any aids or taflcs, any tailliage or tax, but by 
 the common affent of the great men, and commons in parliament. Blackjione's Com- 
 mentaries., vol. I, p. 299, oftavo. 
 
 (k) An hundred marks was the fine impofed on two defaulters of this kind. William 
 de Haftings, and William bifhop of Winchefter, the firft in the reign of Richard I. the 
 fecond in the 30th of Henry III. See Madox's Hijl. of the Exchequer. 
 
 (1) Matuew Turpin was difleifed of his land and ferjeanty in Wanterlow, becaufe 
 he was not in the King's fcrvice beyond fea. Mag. Rot. ill of John. Rot. 13, f. Wilts. 
 And Duncan de Locals was diffeifed of three knight's fees and a half, for non-attendance 
 in Scotland, Mag. Rot. 12, John 2. b. Many other inftances occur in our records. 
 
 (m) By the ftatute of the iith of Henry V'lII. every perfon bearing an office, fee, 
 or annuity of the king's grant, was bound to attend him perfonally whenever he went 
 himfelf to the wars, (except certain privileged perfons mentioned in the aft, or fuch as had 
 the king's licence, or were prevented by fomejuft caufe) on pain to forfeit fuch office, fee, 
 and annuity. 
 
 under-
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 9 
 
 under-tenants, both of whom were, as has before been obferved, 
 obliged by their tenures to attend the king and their lords to the 
 wars, at home or abroad, completely armed and mounted, for forty 
 days in a year, or according to the value of the fees held by them. 
 
 The pofle comitatus or power of the county included every free 
 man above the age of fifteen, and under that of fixty, and although 
 the chief deflination of this eftabliflinient was to preferve the peace 
 under the command of the fheriff, they were alfo, in cafe of hof- 
 tile invafions called out to defend the country, and repel the ene- . 
 my. (n) The pofle comitatus differed from the feudal troops in 
 this ; they were only able to be called out in cafe of internal com- 
 motions, or adual invafions, on which occafions only they could 
 legally be marched out of their refpective counties, and in no cafe 
 out of the kingdom ; (o) whereas the feudal troops were fubje6l to 
 foreign fervice at the king's pleafure. ' That this body of men 
 might be ready to take the field, the following law was ena6led 
 by Henry II. A. D. 1181, in the 27th year of his reign ] which 
 was in fubftance fimilar to that mentioned in treating of the mi- 
 litary eflablifliment before the battle of Haflings. 
 
 Whosoever holds one knight's fee fhall have a coat of mail, 
 a helmet, a fhield, and a lance, and every knight to have as many 
 
 (n) He (the (heriff) is alfo to defend his county againft any of the king's enemies;, 
 when they coinc into the land, and for that purpofe, as well as for the keeping of the 
 peace and purfuing of felons, he may command all the people of his county to attend 
 him ; which is called the pofTe comitatus, or power of the county, which fummons every 
 perfon above fifteen years old, and under the degree of a peer, is bound to attend upon 
 warning, under pain of fine and imprifonment. Bhukjlones Commentaries, vol. i. 
 p. 332. 8vo. 
 
 (q) Item le Roy voet deformes nul foil charge dc foi armer, autrcment qui! ne foleit 
 en temps de ces aunceftres Roys d' Engleterre. Et que nul foient dirtrcintz daler hors 
 de leur countez, fi non par caufc de necefllte de fodeyne venue des cftraunges encmys en 
 loialme ct adonques foit fait come ad efte fait avant ces hcurcs par dcfcns du roialme. 
 Stat. r. Ed. 3. cap. 5. 
 
 Vol. I. C coats
 
 lO 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 coats of mail, (p) helmets, fhields and lances, as he fiiall have 
 knights fees in his domain. 
 
 Every free layman having in chattels or rent to the value of 
 fixteen marks, fliall keep a coat of mail, a helmet, a fliield, and a. 
 lance. 
 
 - Every free layman who fliall have in chattels or rent ten marks,, 
 fliall have a habergeon, (q) a chapelet of iron, and a lance. 
 
 Also all burgefles and the whole community of freemen fliall 
 have a wambais, (r) a chapelet of iron, and a lance. 
 
 Every one of thefe (beforementioned) fliall fwear that he will 
 have thefe arms before the feaH: of St. Hilary, and will bear fealty 
 to King Henry, to wit, the fon of the Emprefs Matilda, and that 
 • he will keep thefe arms for his fervice according to his command, 
 and with fidelity to our Lord the king and his realm : and no man 
 having thefe arms fliall fell, pledge, nor lend them, nor alienate 
 them in any other manner ; nor fhall the lord take them from his 
 vafTal by forfeiture, gift, pledge, or any other manner. 
 
 On the death of any one having thefe arms, they fhall remain 
 to his heir ; and if the faid heir is not of fuch age as to be able to 
 life arms, they fliall, if necefl"ary, be put into the cuftody of him 
 who has the guardianfliip of his perfon, who fliall provide a man 
 to ufe them in the fervice of our lord the king, if required, until 
 the heir fhall be of a proper age to bear arms, and then they fhall 
 be delivered to him. 
 
 An y burgefs having more arms than he is by this afTize required 
 
 (p) LoRiCA. A coat of mail either compofed of ringlets of iron or fmall plates like 
 fcales, fewed on leather, fo as to lap over each other. 
 
 (q) Halbergellum et capeiet ferri. The halbergellum or haubergeon was a fmall 
 coat, compofed either of plate]or chain mail, without fleeves, the chaplet an iron fcull cap, 
 commonly without vifor or bever. 
 
 (r) Wambais, &c. Doublets compofed of many folds of linen, fluffed with cotton, . 
 ^vool, or hair, and commonly covered with leather. 
 
 to
 
 THE ENGLISH A Pv M Y. ir 
 
 to have, fliall fell or give them, or fo alienate them, that they may 
 be retained for the fervice of our lord the king of England ; and 
 none of them ftiall keep more arms than he is by this afllze bound 
 to have. 
 
 No Jew fliall have in his cuftody a coat of mail or habergeon, 
 but fliall fell or give it away, or in fome other manner fo difpofe 
 of it, that it fliall remain in the king's fervice. 
 
 Also no man fliall carry arms out of the kingdom, unlefs by the 
 command of our lord the king, nor fliiall any man fell arms to an- 
 other, who means to carry them out of the kingdom. 
 
 By other parts of this law it was directed, that juries fliould be 
 appointed in the hundreds and boroughs of every county, to difco- 
 ver who had chattels or rent to the value expreifed therein ; on 
 which inqaefl: no perfon who had not chattels to the value of fix- 
 tcen marks, or ten at leafl:, v/as to ferve. The king's juftices iix 
 their circuits were required to enroll the names of the jurors, and 
 of thofe who fliould be found to have chattels or rents to the value 
 above mentioned, after which they were to caufe this afllze to be 
 publickly read, and all the perfons concerned were to be fworn to 
 obferve it in all points. 
 
 And if it happened that any one of thofe who ought to have 
 thefe arms was not in his county at the time the juflrices were 
 there, they were direil:ed to appoint another time and county 
 for his appearance ; and if he did not come to them in any of 
 the counties through which they paflTed, they were in that cafe to 
 appoint him a time at Weftniinft:er, at the oftaves of St. Michael, 
 then to attend and take his oath, as he loved himfclf and all that 
 belonged to him ; and he was likevvife to be. commanded to have, 
 before the fcafl; of St. Hilary, arms fuch as he was by law bound 
 to pofll-fs. 
 
 Also the jufllces were enjoined to caufe it to be notified over 
 all the counties through wliich they were to pafs, that thofe who 
 
 C Q. had
 
 M H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 had not thefe arms as aforefaid, tlie king would punifli corporally 
 in their limbs, and not in their goods, their lands, or chatels. 
 
 Also none might act as jurors refpc6ling legal and free men, 
 who hath not fixteen marcs in land, or ten marcs in chatels. 
 
 Also the jufticcs to command in all the counties by which they 
 fliould pafs, that no one as he loved himfclf, and all that belonged 
 to him, ftiould buy or fell any fliip, to be taken out of England, 
 and the king commanded that none but a freeman fliould be ad- 
 mitted to take the oath of arms. 
 
 This regulation, or aflize, received a farther corroboration, by 
 the ftatute of the 13th of King Edward I. called the ftatute of 
 Winchefter, by which every man was bound to provide and keep 
 armour and weapons, according to his eftate or goods. 
 
 The armour and weapons dire6led by the ftatute of Winchefter, 
 to be kept by perfons of different pofl'eflions, were thus allotted : 
 every one poffefled of lands to the yearly value of fifteen pounds, 
 and forty marks in goods, to keep a haubergeon, an iron headpiece, 
 a fword, knife, and horfe. Thofe having from ten, and under 
 fifteen pounds in lands and chattels, or the value of forty marks, 
 the fame as the preceding clafs, the horfe excepted. Perfons hav- 
 ing an hundred fhillings per annum in land, and upwards, were to 
 keep a doublet, a headpiece of iron, a fword, and a knife. And 
 from forty fhillings annual rent in land, and upwards, to one hun- 
 dred, a fword, bow and arrows, and a knife. He that had under 
 forty fhillings in land, was fworn to keep faulchions, gifarmes, 
 daggers, and other fmall arms. Perfons poffefling lefs than twenty 
 marks in chattels, to have fwords, daggers, and other inferior wea- 
 pons, and all others authorifed to keep bows and arrows, might 
 have them out of the forefts. A review of thefe arms was to be 
 made twice a year, by two conftables out of every hundred, who 
 were to report defaulters to the juftices, and they to prefent them 
 to the king in parliament. This ftatute was repealed in the firft: 
 
 of
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 13 
 
 of Philip and Mary, and another enafled, wherein armour and 
 weapons of more modern date were infertcd. 
 
 By that acl it was provided that all temporal perfons, having 
 eftates of a thoufand pounds or upwards, fliould from the ift of 
 May, 1588, keep fix horfes or geldings fit for mounting demi 
 launces, three of them at leaft to have fufiicient harnefs, fteele fad- 
 dies, (s) and weapons requifite and appertaining to the faid demi 
 launces, horfes or geldings ; and ten light horfes or geldings with 
 the weapons and harnefs requifite for light-horfemen ; alfo forty 
 corfelets furniflied, (t) forty almaine rivetts, (u) or inftead of the 
 faid forty almaine rivetts, forty coates of plate, (x) corfelets or bri- 
 gandines (y) furniflied j forty pikes, thirty long bowes, thirty flieaf 
 of arrowes, (z) thirty fleele cappes or fcullcs, (a) twenty black 
 
 (s) Saddles whofe burrs or bowe were covered with fteel. 
 
 (t) The corfelet was a fpecies of armour chiefly worn by pikemen, wlio were thence 
 often denominated corfelets ; ftriclly fpealiing, the word corfelet meant only that part 
 which covered the body, but was generally ufed to exprefs the whole fuit, under the term 
 of a corfelet furnilhed orcoinplete ; this included the head-piece and gorget, the back and 
 breaft, with fkirts of iron called taffcs or taffets, covering the thiglis. 
 
 (u) Alamaine rivetts were probably coats of armour made flexible by means of ri- 
 vetts, invented in or imported from Germany. || (x) Coats of plate were made of 
 thin plates of iron. 
 
 (y) Bricandines took their name from the troops by whom they were firft worn, 
 thefe were called Brigans, they were a kind of light armed irregular foot, much addiiSed to 
 plunder, frequently mentioned by Froiffart : from their irregularities, the appellation of 
 brigands was ufcd in common to fignify all forts of freebooters. The brigandinc was 
 compofcd of a number of fmall plates of iron fewed upon quiited linen or leather through 
 a fmall hole in the center of each plate, their edges laid over each other, like tiles or the 
 fcaks of a fifli. Thcfe fcales were covered over with leather or cloth, fo as to have the 
 appearance of common coats ; they were proof againft the flroke of a fword, or pu(h of 
 a pike, and yet extremely pliable to every motion of the body. 
 
 (z) A .SHFAF contained twenty. four arrows. || (a) The fcuU was a head-piece rc- 
 fembling a bowl or bafon, 
 
 bills
 
 14 n I S T O R Y OF 
 
 bills (b) or halberts, haqucbuts, (c) and twenty morlans (d) or 
 fallets. (e) 
 
 Temporal pcrfons having eftates to the value of looo marks 
 and upwards, and under the clear yearly value of loool. to main- 
 tain four horfes or geldings for demi launccs, whereof two at the 
 leaft, to be horfes ; with fufficient weapons, faddlcs, meete and re- 
 quifitc to the faid demi launces ; fix light horfes, with furniture 
 Sec. neceflary for the fame, thirty corcelets furnidied, thirty al- 
 maine rivctts, or in lieu thereof thirty coats of plate, corcelets, or 
 brigandines furniflicd ; thirty pikes, twenty long bovves, twenty 
 flieaf of arrowcs, twenty fteel caps or fculls, ten black bills or 
 halberts, ten haquebuts and ten morians or fallets. 
 
 Every temporal perfon having 400I. per annum., and under the 
 clear yearly valu€ of 1000 marks, to keep two horfes, or one horfe 
 and one gelding, for light horfes, twenty corcelets furniflied, twenty 
 almaine rivetts furnifhed, or inftead thereof, twenty coats of plate, 
 corcelets, or brigandines furniflied ; twenty pikes, fifteen long 
 bowes, fifteen (heaves of arrowes, fifteen ileel caps, or fculls, fix 
 haquebuts, and fix morians, or fallets. 
 
 Temporal perfons having clear 200I. per annum, and under 
 400I. per annum, one great horfe or gelding fit for a demi launce, 
 with fufficient furniture and harnefs, fleeled faddle, &c. two geldings 
 for light horfe, with harnefs and weapons as aforefaid : ten corce- 
 
 (b) A BLACK bill was a fpecies of halbert, not commonly kept bright, whence they 
 were called black and fometimes brown bills. 
 
 (c) Haquebut, a liand gun, called haque or hook-but from its ftock being hooked 
 or bent. 
 
 (d) A MORION was commonly an open helmet without vifor or bever, worn by the 
 harquebufiers and mufketteers j Guillim fays it took its name of morion from being com- 
 monly worn by the Moors. 
 
 (e) Sallets or celates were head-pieces without creils, fometimes having a vifor, and 
 /ometimcs without one. 
 
 kts
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. r?: 
 
 lets furnifhed, ten almainc rivetts, or inftead thereof, ten coats 
 of plate, corcelets, or brigandines furniflied, ten pikes, eight long, 
 bows, eight flieafs of arrows, eight fteel caps or fculls, three haque- 
 buts, and three morians or fallets. 
 
 Every temporal pcrfon, &c, having lool. or under 200I. per- 
 annum, two geldings and furniture, 6cc. for light horfemen, three 
 corcelets furnifhed, three almaine rivetts, corcelets or brigandines 
 furniflied, three long pikes, three bowes, three fheafes of arrowes, 
 three ftecl caps or fculls, two haquebuts, and two morians or 
 fallets. 
 
 Temporal perfons having 100 marks and under looI. per 
 annum, one gelding and furniture for a light horfeman, two corce- 
 lets furniflied, two almaine rivetts, coats of plate or brigandines 
 furniflied, two pikes, two long bowes, two flieafs of arrows, two 
 lleel caps or fculls, one haquebut, one morian or fallet. 
 
 Temporal perfons having 40I. or under 100 marks per annum, 
 two corcelets furniflied, two almaine rivetts, corcelets or brigan- 
 dines furniflied j two pikes, one long bowe, one flieaf of arrows, 
 one fteel cap or fcull, two haquebuts, two morians or fallets. 
 
 Persons having 20I. and under 40I. per annum, one corcelet 
 furniflied, one pike, one haquebut, one morian or falkt, one long: 
 bowe, one flieaf of arrows, and one fteel cap or fcull. 
 
 Temporal perfons having lol. and under 20I. per annum, one 
 almaine rivett, a coat of plate or brigandine furniflied, one haque- 
 but, one morian or fallet, and one long bowe, one flieaf of arrows, 
 and one fteel cap or fcull. 
 
 Temporal perfons having 5I. and under lol. per annum, one 
 coat of plate furniflied, one black bill or halbert, one long bowe, 
 and one Iheaf of arrows, one fteel cap or fcull. 
 
 Temporal perfons having goods and chattels to the amount of 
 1000 marks, one horfe or gelding furniflied for a demi launce, one 
 gelding furniflied for a light horfeman, or eighteen corcelets fur- 
 niflied inftead of the faid horfe and gelding, and furniture of the 
 
 fame.
 
 i6 n I S T O R V O F 
 
 fame, at their choice; two corcelets furniflied, two almalne rivetts, 
 or inftead thcrec^f two corcelets or two brigandines furniflied, two 
 pikes, four long bowes, four flieafs of arrowes, four fteel caps or 
 fculls, and three haquebuts, with three morians or fallets. 
 
 Temporal perfons having goods, &c. to the amount of 400I. 
 and above, and under 1000 marks, one gelding for a light horfeman, 
 properly furniflied, or inflead thereof nine corcelets furniflied at his 
 choice, and one other corcelet furniflied; one pike, two almaine ri- 
 vetts, or plate coates, or brigandines furniflied, one haquebut, two 
 long boweSj two flieafs of arrowes, and two fl:eel caps or fculls. 
 
 Goods, &c. to the amount of 200I. and upwards, and under 400I. 
 one corcelet furniflied, one pike, two almaine rivetts, plate coats, or 
 brigandines furniflied; one haquebut, one morian or fallet, two 
 long bowes, two flieafs of arrows, and two fculls or fl:eel caps. 
 
 Goods, &c. to the amount of lool. or above, and under 200I. 
 one corcelet furniflied, one pike, one pair of almaine rivets, one 
 plate coat, or pair of brigandines furniflied, two long bowes, and 
 two flieafs of arrows and two fculls. 
 
 Goods, &;c. to the amount of 40I. and under lool. tv/o pair of 
 almaine rivetts, or two coats of plate or brigandines furniflied, one 
 long bowe, one flieaf of arrowes, one fl:eel cap or one fcuU, and 
 one black bill or halbert. 
 
 Goods, &c. to the amount of 20I. and upwards, and under 40I. 
 one pair of almaine rivetts, or one coat of plate, or one pair of bri- 
 gandines, two long bowes, two flieafs of arrowes, two fculls or 
 fteel caps, and one black bill or halbert. 
 
 Goods, &c. to the amount of lol. and above, and under 20I. one 
 long bowe, one flieaf of arrowes, with one fleel cap or fcuU, and 
 one black bill c- halbert. 
 
 Temporal perfons not charged by this a6V, having annuities, 
 copyholds, or efl^atc of inheritance to the clear yearly value of 30I. 
 or upwards, to be chargeable with furniture of war, according to 
 the proportion appointed for goods and chattels. 
 
 And
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 17 
 
 And every pcrfon who by the a£t of the 33d of King Hen. VIII. 
 cap. 5. was bound by reafon, that his wife ihould wear fuch kind 
 of apparell, or other thing, as in the fame ftatute is mentioned and 
 declared, to keepe or find one great ftoned trotting horfe, viz. Every 
 perfon temporall, whofc wife (not being divorced nor willingly ab- 
 fenting herfelf from him) doth weare any gowne of fdke, French 
 hood, or bonet of velvet, with any habiliment, paft, or edge of 
 golde, pearle, or ftone, or any chaine of golde about her necke, or 
 in her partlet, or in any apparell of her body, except the fonnes 
 and heires apparent of dukes, marquefes, earles, viconts, and barons, 
 and others having hcriditaments to the yearly value of 600 marks 
 or above, during the life of their fathers ; and wardes having 
 hcriditaments of the yearly value of 200I. and who are not by this 
 act before charged, to have, maintaine, and keep any horfe or geld- 
 ing ; (hall from the faid ift of May, have, keep, and maintain, one 
 gelding, able and meete for a light horfeman, with fufficient harnefs 
 and weapon for the fame, in fuch manner and forme, as every per- 
 fon having lordfliips, houfes, lands, &c. to the clear yearly value of 
 100 marks is appointed to have. 
 
 Any perfon chargeable by this acl, who for three whole months 
 from the ift of May, fliall lack or want the horfes or armour, with 
 which he is charged, fliall forfeit for every horfe or gelding in which 
 he is deficient, ten pounds : for every demi launce and furniture, 
 three pounds; for every corfelet and furniture of the fame, forty 
 ihillings, and for every almaine rivet, coat of plate, or brigandine 
 and furniture of the fame, twenty (hillings ; and for every bow 
 and flieaf of arrows, bill, halbert, hacquebut, fteel cap, fcull, mo- 
 rian and fallct, ten fliillings, one half of thefe forfeitures to the 
 king and queen, the other half to the parties fuing for the fame. 
 
 The inhabitants of all cities, burroughs, towns, pariihes, &cc. 
 other than fuch as are fpecially charged before in this acV, fliall 
 keep and maintain at their common charges, fuch harncis and vvea- 
 ■pons as ihall be appointed by the commillioners of the king and 
 
 Vol, I. D queen,
 
 i8 HISTORYOF 
 
 queen, to be kept in fuch places as fhall by the fald commiflioners 
 be appointed. 
 
 Indentures to be made of the numbers and kinds thereof be- 
 tween two or more of the faid commiflioners, and twelve, eight, or 
 four, of the principal inhabitants of every fuch city, borrough, &c. 
 &c. one part to remain with the chief officer of the faid city, &c. 
 and the other part with the clerk of the peace of the county. 
 
 And if any of the inhabitants fliall be deficient for three months 
 in any of the articles dirc6led to be found, they fliall forfeit for 
 every article according to the proportion before mentioned, to be 
 applied and levied as there directed. 
 
 The lord chancellor for the time being fliall have full power to 
 grant commiflions under the great feal of England, to as manyjuf- 
 tices of every fliire or county as he fliall deem necefl'ary for making 
 this appointment of horfes and armour. This aft not to invalidate 
 any covenant between a landlord and his tenant for finding of 
 horfes, armour, or v/eapons. 
 
 The jufl:ices of every county are hereby authorifed to make 
 fearch and view from time to time of and for the horfes, armour, 
 &c. to be kept by perfons pofliefled of 200I. per ann. and not above 
 400I. per ann. or to be found by perfons chargeable on account of 
 their goods, chattels, &c. as aforefaid, and to hear and determine 
 at their quarter feffions every default committed or done, contrary 
 to this adl, within the county, and to level the penalties. 
 
 Any foldier making fale of his horfe, harneis, or weapon, or any 
 of them, contrary to the form of the flatute made in the faid 2d 
 and 3d year of the late king, i. e. the 2d and 3d of King Edw. VI. 
 (which fee in Captains) fhall incur the penalty of the faid ftatute, 
 and the fale fliall be void, the purchafer knowing him to be a 
 foldier. 
 
 All prefentments and profecutions to be within one year aftef 
 the commifllon of the offence. 
 
 Persons profecuted for deficiencies of armour may plead their 
 
 inability
 
 THE ENGLISH ARM V. 19 
 
 inability to procure it, on account of the want of it within the 
 realm, which plea, if true, fhall be a fufficient juftification ; if de- 
 nied, iflue to be joined, and the trial of fuch ifTue, only had by the 
 certificate of the lord chancellor, lord treafurer, the lord prclident 
 of the council, the lord fteward of the king's and queen's moft ho- 
 nourable houfehold, the lord privie feal, the lord admiral, and the 
 lord chamberlain of the faid houfehold, or by three of them, under 
 their hands and feals, &c. &c. this a61: or any ufage to the contrary 
 notvvithftanditig. No perfons to be charged both for lands and 
 goods. This a6l not to repeal the acl of the 33d Henry VIII. for 
 having long bowes, and exercifnig archery. 
 
 Provided any horfes (hall die, or be killed, or armour be loft 
 or expended in the defence of the realm, the owner fliall not be 
 profecutcd for the deficiency within one year after fuch lofs. 
 
 The want of a gantlet or gantlets fliall not be reckoned a de- 
 ficiency for a corcelet. 
 
 The fervants of fuch perfons as are bound to find a haquebut, 
 may excrcife themfelves in fhooting at fuch marks as are limited 
 and appointed by the 33d of Henry VIII. (which fee in crofs bows) 
 fo that they do not ufe fuch haquebut in any highway. This aft 
 not to extend to Wales, Lancafter or Chefter, nor to oblige any 
 one to have or to find a haquebut, but that they may, at their will 
 and pleafure, have and keep, inftead of every haquebut charged in 
 this a6l, one long bowe, and one flicaf of arrowes, over and above 
 fuch other armour and munition, as is by the laws of the realm 
 appointed, (i) 
 
 D2 The 
 
 (1) This claufe plainly (hews that the rulers of thofc times were not very felicitous to 
 introduce the ufe of fire-arms into the nation, but confidercd the long bowe as equal to 
 a haquebut. 
 
 In a fct of inflruiftions for executing the commidlon for muftcring and training all 
 manner of perfons, 15 Eliz. 1572, fubfcribed hv tlic privy council, No. 6844, Harleian 
 
 MSS.
 
 20 HISTORY OF 
 
 The lord chancellor or lord keeper of the great feal may from 
 time to time by virtue of the king's commUFion, appoint commif- 
 fioners in every city, borrough, &;c. &c. as well in England as 
 Wales, confifting of juftices, with other perfons joined with them, 
 as he fliall think meet, to take a view of armour, and to aiTign what 
 harneis, &:c. they fliall be bound to provide and keep. 
 
 In the reigns of Richard II. Henry VII. and Henry VIII. four 
 military bodies were inlVituted, which are ftill exifting ; the fer- 
 jeants at arms, the yeomen of the guard, the gentlemen penfioners, 
 and the artillery company ; the firfl are entirely degenerated into a 
 civil employment, and feveral of the others have retained very little. 
 of their ancient military character. An account of their eftablifh- 
 raents fliall be given under the head of the different fpecies of 
 troops, of which the Englifli armies have at various times been 
 compofed. 
 
 During the troubles under King Charles I. the royal army con- 
 fifted chiefly of regiments, raifed by the nobility and gentry who 
 adhered to the royal caufe, from among their tenants and depen- 
 dants. Mofl: of the militia, and particularly the trained bands of 
 London, having fided with the parliamentarians, who likewife em- 
 ployed the publick money in levying and paying their armies. 
 
 After the refloration of King Charles II. feudal tenures being 
 aboliflied by aft of parliament, a national militia was eftabliflied,, 
 wherein houfekeepers, and other fubftantial perfons, were bound to 
 "N^ ' find men and horfes, arms, ammunition and pay, each according to 
 their real or perfonal eflates j which militia was declared by an act 
 of parliament, to be under the immediate orders of the king ; a 
 matter that had in the preceding reign been ftrongly contefled by 
 the conHnons, and which had in a great meafure contributed to that 
 
 MSS. in every hundred footmen, forty are directed to be harquebufiers, twenty archers^ 
 if fo many can be procured, ihc remainder to be bill-men, halberdiers, or morris-pyk.es. 
 
 unhappy 

 
 THE ENGLISH ARiMY. \j 2X 
 
 unhappy rupture, which fo long deluged this country with blood. 
 By this regulation the king was authorifed to appoint lieutenants. 
 to the feveral counties, cities, and places, who with his approbation 
 might appoint deputies, liable to be difmifTed at the royal pleafure ; 
 thefe deputies were bound to obey all fuch orders as they flioulA 
 receive from their principals, the lieutenants. 
 
 No peer was capable of acting as a lieutenant, or deputy lieute- 
 nant, unlefs he had firft taken the oaths of allegiance and fupre- 
 macy, before fix of the privy council, or fuch other perfons as fliould 
 be authorifed by the king. 
 
 No perfon under the degree of a peer, could be capable of aiSling 
 as a lieutenant, or deputy lieutenant, till he had taken the above- 
 mentioned oaths before a juftice of the peace. A lieutenant of a 
 county might adminifter them to his deputies. 
 
 The lieutenants of counties were authorifed to grant commlf- 
 (Ions of colonels, majors, captains, and other commiflion officers,, 
 to fuch perfons as they thought proper, who, before they acted, 
 were obliged to take the oaths prefcribed, to be adminiflered by the 
 lieutenants, or two of their deputies. It is to be always underftood, 
 that the king had power to confirm, or difplace fuch officers at his 
 pleafure. 
 
 The lieutenants and deputies, or the major part of them then 
 prefent, or in the abfence of the lieutenant, the major part of the 
 deputy lieutenants then prefent, fuch majority not being lefs in 
 number than three, had power to charge any perfon, in the county,. 
 city, or town corporate, wherein his ellate was fituated, having re- 
 fpedl to, and not exceeding, the following proportions. 
 
 No perfon could be charged with finding a horfc, horfcman, and 
 arms, unlefs he had a real ellate of 5C0I. per annum in pofTeffion, 
 or a perfonal eftatc of 6000I. in goods and money, exclufive of the 
 furniture of his houfc, and fo in proportion for a greater or lefler 
 eftate. No perfon was liable to be charged with finding a foot fol- 
 dier and arms, that had not a yearly revenue of 50I. in polllirion, or 
 
 a ger-
 
 22 K I S T O Tv Y O F 
 
 a perfonal eftate of 600I. in goods and money, otlicr than flock upon 
 the ground; and after the faid rate, proportionally for a greater or 
 Icflcr revenue or eftate. 
 
 But the deputy lieutenants might require the conftablcs to fur- 
 nifli, at a rcafonable time, and place, to be appointed, on a penalty 
 not exceeding 40s. fo many fufFicient arms, with wages and other 
 incidental charges, as they fliould aflcfs, according to the faid pro- 
 portions, upon revenue under 50I. a year, or on perfonal cftates lefs 
 than 600I. And in order thereunto, if any perfon on demand re- 
 fufed, or negle6lcd to provide a foot foldier, or foldiers, according 
 to the proportions aforefaid, or to pay any fums of money, whereat 
 he was aflefied by a pound rate, according to a lift figned by the 
 lieutenants and deputies, or three of them, towards the defraying 
 the neceffary charge in providing fuch arms as aforefaid ; the con- 
 ftable by warrant might levy fuch fum by diftrefs and fale, rendering 
 the overplus, (the charge of diftraining being firft dedu6led) and the 
 tenant was bound to pay the fame, and dedudl it out of his next 
 rent, and in default thereof, his goods alfo were liable to be dif- 
 trained and fold. 
 
 No perfon having an eftate of 200I. a year, or perfonal eftate of 
 2,4001. was liable to be charged with finding a foot foldier, or 
 foldieis. 
 
 Any one poflefled of an eftate of lool. per annum, or under 
 200I. or having a perfonal eftate of i,2ool. and under 2,4001. might 
 be charged towards the finding of foot or horfe, as by the lieute- 
 nant fhall be deemed moft expedient, but no one could be charged 
 to find both horfe and foot in the fame county. 
 
 Two, three, or more perfons, might be joined in the charge of 
 finding an horfeman and arms, but no perfon who had not lool. 
 a year in pofleflion, in lands, leafehold, or copyhold, or i,2ool. per- 
 fonal eftates, was compellable to contribute towards the finding an 
 horfe or horfeman. 
 
 No perfon chargeable to find a horfe and horfeman, or to be con- 
 tributary
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY, 23 
 
 tributary thereunto, could for the fame eftate be charged with find- 
 ing a foot foldier with arms, or be hable to pay towards the coft 
 thereof. 
 
 When two, or more, were charged to find any horfe or foot fol- 
 dier and arms, three deputy lieutenants might appoint, who fhould 
 find the fame, and who fliould be contributors, and fettle the funis 
 to be paid by each contributor, in cafes were the contribution was 
 not alcertained by the agreement of the parties. 
 
 And for the better difcovery of the abilities of perfons to be 
 aflefl'ed and charged, and likewife of all mifdemeanors tending to 
 the hindrance of the fervice, the deputy lieutenants were authorifed 
 to examine upon oath, fuch perfons as they fliould think neceffary 
 or convenient, or as fliould be produced by the party charged or 
 accufcd, other than the perfons themfelves who were accufed, or to 
 be afl'elfed j and they might likewife hear complaints, and give re- 
 drefs, according to the merits of the caufe. 
 
 No peers might be charged otherwife than as follows, viz. The 
 king might iiTue out commiflions under the great fcal, to fo many 
 peers (not fewer than twelve) as he thought fit, who, or any five 
 of them, had power to afl"efs all, or any peers, according to the pro- 
 portions mentioned in the a6V, (except the monthly taxes, hereafter 
 following) and to execute all the powers of the act, as well for 
 laying afl'eflments, as impofing of penalties, (imprifonment only 
 excepted) which afl'cllnient, or charge fo made, and penalties im- 
 pofed, were to be certified to the lieutenants. And in cafe of de- 
 fault in performance of any thing to be done, or paid by any peer, 
 the lieutenant and deputies, or any three of them, might caufe dif- 
 trefl'es to be taken on the lands of fuch defaulter ; and if fatisfaction 
 was not made in one week after fuch diftrefs was taken, then the 
 fame to be fold : and if a tenant was diftraincd, he might deduCi tlic 
 funi fo levied out of his next rent. 
 
 Every commiflioned foot officer was exempted from finding, 
 or contributing to find, any horfc or foot foldier, for his whole 
 
 tflatCj
 
 -4 II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 eftate, if It was but charged with one horfe, or lefs charge, or for 
 fuch part of his eftate as was charged with one horfe ; if his whole 
 eftate was charged with a greater charge than one horfe, in the 
 county or lieutenantcy where lie ferved as a foot officer, in refpe6t 
 of the cxpence neceilarily incurred by the faid employment. 
 
 Any papift, reputed papift, or other perfon refufing to take the 
 •oaths, who was chargeable in refpefl of his eftate, the lieutenant, 
 or his deputies, or three of them, might appoint fuch perfons as 
 they judged meet, to furnifli the fame, and might charge the eftate, 
 with the payment of the yearly fum of 81. for every horfe, horfe- 
 man, and arms, and of 30s. for a foot foldier and his arms, and if 
 he did not pay the fame on demand, they might, by their warrant, 
 levy the fame by diftrefs and fale of the goods of fuch perfon, or of 
 his tenants, rendering them the overplus, all neceffary charges in 
 levying thereof being firft deducted j and fuch tenant might dedudt 
 the fame out of his rent. 
 
 When any perfon was charged in the county, city, or place 
 wherein he did not refide, the deputy lieutenants were to fend him 
 notice of the charge, if he had any land in his own occupation, to 
 fuch perfon as he employed as his fervant in managing the fame, and 
 if all his eftate was let to farm, then to one or two of the moft 
 fufficient tenants; who were forthwith, with all convenient fpeed, 
 ■to convey the fame to their mafter or landlord, and within a time 
 appointed, to bring an account of his anfwer ; and on ncgledl, or 
 refufal of the landlord, to provide fuch horfe or foot, as was duly 
 charged upon him for the yearly rent, referved upon every demife, 
 or other grant, and not otherwife, within the time limited ; then 
 the tenant to provide, and do as the landlord in that behalf ought 
 to have done ; and if the tenant rcfufed, or neglefted within the 
 time limited, the lieutenants, or in their abfence, or by their direc- 
 tions, the deputies, or two of them, might levy by their warrant, 
 all fuch penalties as are appointed by this a6l, by diftrefs and fale of 
 •the offenders goods. 
 
 •And
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 25 
 
 And the tenant might flop out of his next rent, all fuch money 
 as he had neceffarily laid out in providing the fame, or as had been 
 levied on him by diftrefs for any default j unlefs the landlord could 
 make it appear in two months after fuch levying, before the lieute- 
 nant, or by his dire6lion, the deputies, or any two of them, that 
 the default and penalty was occafioned by the wilful negledl: of the 
 tenant. But this was not to make void any covenant between land- 
 lord and tenant, but all charges were to be borne by fuch tenant, 
 according to the agreement. 
 
 If any perfon icfufed, or ncglecled, by a reafonable appointed 
 time, to provide fuch horfe, horfcman, arms, and other furniture, 
 or to pay fuch fums as were dire6lcd towards providing the fame, 
 the lieutenants and deputies, or three of them, might inflicl a pe- 
 nalty on fuch perfon, not exceeding 20I. and by their warrant might 
 levy fuch fum, or the value of fuch horfe, arms, and furniture, and 
 fuch penalty inflifted by diftrefs and falc, rendering the overplus, 
 all neceflary charges in levying thereof being firft deduifled : the 
 fame to be employed to the ufes, in default whereof the fame was 
 impofed. 
 
 And if any perfon refufed, or negle6lcd, in a reafonable time 
 to be apj)ointed, to provide and furniili fuch foot foldier and arms, 
 as v/as charged upon him, the lieutenants and deputies, or three of 
 them, might inflict a penalty not exceeding 5I. to be employed to 
 the ufes, in default whereof it was impofed. And the conftable, 
 by warrant for that purpofc, might levy fuch fum by diftrefs and 
 fule, rendering the overplus, charges of diftraining firft dedufled, 
 and the tenant might deduct the fame out of his next rent. 
 
 But no perfon charged with the finding horfe or foot, or with 
 contributing thereunto, was compellable to ferve in perfon, but 
 might find one to ferve for him, to be approved by the captain, fub- 
 jcft neverthelefs to be altered upon appeal to the lieutenant, or in 
 his abfence to two deputy lieutenants. 
 
 EvEKv man who fcrvcd in his own perfon, or fuch perfon as was 
 
 Vol. I. E accepted
 
 26 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 accepted in his flead, was at the next mufter of his troop or com- 
 pany, to give in his name and place of abode, unto fuch perfon as 
 the lieutenant, or in his abfence, or by his dire6lion, any two deputy 
 lieutenants fhould appoint, to the end that the fame might be lifted, 
 tliat is, written on the lift. No one was capable of ading as a 
 foldier, unlcfs he had firft taken the oaths of allegiance and fupre- 
 tnacy before-mentioned, to be adminiftered by the lieutenant, the 
 deputy lieutenants, or any two of them. 
 
 The lieutenants had power to call together the militia, to arm 
 and array them, to form them into companies, troops, and regi- 
 ments, and in cafes of infurrection, rebellion, or invafion, to lead, 
 conduft, or employ them, or caufe them to be led, conduced, or 
 employed, as well within the feveral counties, cities, and places 
 for which they were commiflioned refpe61ively, as alfo into any 
 other counties and places, for the fuppreffing of all fuch infurrec- 
 tions and rebellions, and repelling of invaftons, as might happen ta 
 be, according as they fhould receive dircflions from his majefty. 
 
 The lieutenants, and in their abfence, or by their diredlions, the 
 deputy lieutenants, or two of them, had power to lead, train, and 
 exercife, or by warrant under their hands and feals, to caufe to be 
 led, trained, and exercifed, the perfons fo raifed, arrayed, and wea- 
 poned. But nothing in thefe a6ls might extend to the giving any 
 power for marching any fubjefts out of the realm, otherwife thaa 
 by the laws of England ought to be done. 
 
 The ordinary times for training, exercifing, and muftering, were- 
 thefe : the general mufter and exercife of regiments, not above once 
 a year ; the training and exercifmg of fingle companies, not above 
 four times a year, unlefs fpecial direflions were given by the king, 
 or his privy council, and fuch fingle companies and troops, might 
 not at any time be continued in exercife above the fpace of two 
 days : and at a general mufter and exercife of regiments, no officer, 
 nor foldier, could be conftrained to ftay above four days together 
 from their habitations. 
 
 At
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 27 
 
 At every fuch mufter and cxercife, eveiy mufketeer was to bring 
 with him half a pound of powder, and half a pound of bullets, and 
 every mufketeer ferving with a match lock, to bring with him three 
 yards of match ; every horfeman to bring with him a quarter of a 
 pound of powder, and a quarter of a pound of bullets, all which 
 were to be at the charge of him who provided the faid foldier and 
 arms, on pain of five fhillings for every omiirion. 
 
 The arms ofFenfive and defenfive of a trooper, with the furni- 
 ture for his horfe, were as follows : the defenfive armour, a breaft, 
 back, and pot, (a) pidol proof: the offenfive arms, a fword, and a 
 cafe of piftols, the barrels not under fourteen inches in length ; the 
 fiirniture for the horfe, a great faddle, or pad, with burs and ftraps 
 for affixing the holfters, a bit and bridle, with a pe6loral and crup- 
 per : for the foot, a mufketeer had a mufket, the barrel not under 
 three feet in length, and the gauge of the bore for twelve bullets to 
 the pound, a collar of bandileers, with a fword. A pikeman was 
 armed with a pike of alli, not under fixteen feet in length, (head 
 and foot included) with a back, breafl, headpiece, and fword. It 
 was enabled, that the mufter mafter fliould be an inhabitant of the 
 county, and that once a year each foldier fliould pay to him, fuch 
 fum, not exceeding one fliilling for a horfeman, and fixpence for a 
 footman, as the lieutenants, and their deputies, or any three of 
 them, fliould under their hands and feals direct; v/ho had power 
 to levy the fame, by diftrcfs and fale of the goods of the pcrlon 
 charged to find fuch horfeman, or foot foldier, unlefs the default 
 was caufed by the ncglefl of fuch foldier, who in that cafe was to 
 be accountable for it. 
 
 If any perfon charged, refufed, or negleflcd to fend in, or deliver 
 his horfe, arms, or other furniture, at the beat of the drum, four.d 
 
 (a) A CUIRASS confirting of a brcaft plate, joined to a b.'ckpiece, with a pot or fcul! 
 cap, \^ithuut vizor or bcvcr. Some of ihem have brims round them liLe a flapped liat. 
 
 E 2 of
 
 28 ' H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 of the trumpet, or other fummons ; the lieutenants and' deputies, 
 or three of them, might inflict a penalty not exceeding 5I. to be 
 levied by diftrefs and iale, rendering the overplus, after deducting 
 the necellary charges incurred in levying it. 
 
 It was provided, that no officer, or foldier of the militia, belong- 
 ing to any city, borough, or town corporate, being a county of 
 itfelf, or to any other corporation or port town, who had ufcd to be 
 niuftered only within their own prccin^ls, fliould be compellable 
 to appear out of any fuch precincts at any mufler, or exercife only. 
 
 For the furnilhing ammunition and other neccfl'aries, the lieu- 
 tenants and deputies, or any three of them, were empowered to lay. 
 rates on the refpe6tive counties and places, not exceeding in the 
 whole in any one year, the proportion of a fourth part of one 
 month's aflelTment in each county, after the rate of 70,0001. a 
 month, charged by the a6t of the 12th of Charles II. c. 29. to be 
 aflefled, collected, and paid by fuch perfons, and according to fuch 
 directions as fliould be given by the lieutenants and deputies, or 
 three of them, under the like penalties, and by the like ways and 
 means, as were prefcribed in the faid aft. 
 
 Which faid a6l of the 12th of Charles II. c. 29. directs the fum 
 of 70,0001. a month, to be raifed in the fame manner as by the a6t 
 of the 12th of Charles II. c. 21. which aft did diredt the fame tO' 
 be raifed, according to the proportions, and in fuch manner as by 
 an ordinance of both houfes, made in his majefty's abfence : which 
 ordinance was as followeth, that is to fay, there fliall be raifed aii. 
 afreffment of 70,000!. a month, in thefe proportions. 
 
 
 Bedford
 
 THE ENGLISH ARM Y. 
 
 29: 
 
 
 £. 
 
 s. 
 
 J. 
 
 
 Bedford - - 
 
 933 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 Oxon City 
 
 Berks - - - 
 
 1088 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 Rutland - - 
 
 Buckingham - 
 
 1283 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 Salop - - 
 
 Cambridge 
 
 1 102 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Stafford - - 
 
 Ifle of Ely - 
 
 367 
 
 ID 
 
 
 
 Litchfield - - 
 
 Chefter County 
 
 770 
 
 
 
 
 
 Soinerfet - - 
 
 City - 
 
 S5 
 
 I I 
 
 2 
 
 Brillol - - - 
 
 Cornwall - - 
 
 1633 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 Southampton - 
 
 Cumberland - 
 
 ico 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sufiblk - - 
 
 Derby - - - 
 
 933 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 Surrey - - - 
 
 Devon - - - 
 
 3°°5 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 South wark 
 
 Dorfct - - - 
 
 13U 
 
 ID 
 
 6 
 
 Suflex - - - 
 
 Town of Pool 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 Warwick - - 
 
 Durham - - 
 
 153 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 Weftmorland - 
 
 Ell'ex - - - 
 
 35°° 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wilts - - - 
 
 Glouccfter 
 
 1626 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 Worccflcr - - 
 
 ■_ City 
 
 162 
 
 II 
 
 6 
 
 Pir- 
 
 
 Hereford - - 
 
 1166 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 York - - - 
 
 Hertford - - 
 
 1400 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kingllon - - 
 
 Huntingdon - 
 
 622 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 Anglefca - - 
 
 Kent - - - 
 
 3^55 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 
 
 Brecknock 
 
 Lancafter - - 
 
 933 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 Cardigan - - 
 
 Lcicefter - - 
 
 1088 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 Carmarthen - 
 
 Lincoln - - 
 
 2722 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 Carnarvon - - 
 
 Middlefex 
 
 178S 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 Denbigh - - 
 
 London - - 
 
 4666 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 Flint - - - 
 
 Northampton 
 
 1 400 
 
 
 
 
 
 Glamorgan 
 
 Nottingham - 
 
 903 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Merioneth - - 
 
 Town 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 Monmouth 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 3 '''24 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 Montgomery - 
 
 Norwich - - 
 
 i86 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 Pembroke - - 
 
 Northumbcr- 1 
 land - - ; 
 
 
 
 
 Radnor - - 
 
 179 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 Haverford "1 
 Welt - J 
 
 NcwcaAlc - - 
 
 3"; 
 
 1 1 
 
 8 
 
 Oxon - - - 
 
 1127 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 Berwick - - 
 
 £ 
 
 1C7 
 
 272 
 
 1322 
 
 91Q 
 
 14 
 2722. 
 
 171 
 2022 
 
 3^55 
 
 184 
 
 1905 
 1244 
 
 73 
 1944 
 
 11S2 
 
 62 
 
 3=^43 
 67 
 
 ^35 
 
 3fu 
 
 213 
 
 35'- 
 202 
 
 272 
 
 ^35 
 458 
 124 
 466 
 
 295 
 406 
 
 254 
 14 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 6. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 I I 
 
 z 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 8 
 
 4 
 10 
 
 4 
 4 
 8 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 8 
 
 4 
 6 
 6 
 8 
 10 
 
 L3 
 
 4 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 1 1 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 And the commiOioners were to caufe the proportions to be 
 equally alleired ; and to appoint alieflbrs in each parifh, who were 
 to affefs the fame by a pound rate, according to all eftates, both 
 real and pcrfonal, withni the limits of their paiiflies. 
 
 And
 
 30 HISTORYOF 
 
 And in cafe the way of aflefling by a pound rate, was found ob- 
 flru6live to the fpeedy biinging in of the allcffment ; the commif- 
 fioners were authorifed to diredl the afleffors to ali'efs the fame, ac- 
 cording to the moft juft and ufual way of rates pra6lifed in fuch 
 places : provided that the appointment of the aflelfment fliould not 
 be drawn into precedent. No privileged place was to be exempted 
 from the afTefl'ment. But nothing contained in this ordinance, 
 could charge any maftcr, fellow, or fcholar of any college, in either 
 of the univerfities, or of Winchefter, Eaton, or Weftminflcr, or in. 
 any other free fchools ; or any reader, officer, or miniftcr of the 
 fame, or of any hofpitals, or alms-houfes, in refpecl: of any profit 
 arifing from the fliid places ; nor charge any houfes or lands be- 
 longing to Chrifl Hofpital, Bartholomew, Bridewell, Thomas, and 
 Bethlehem. But their tenants were to pay for fo much as their 
 leafes were yearly worth, over and above the rents referved. 
 
 Persons in London were to be affciled in the pariflies wherein 
 they dwelt, and perfons out of London, having offices in that town, 
 to be aflcffed where they refided. 
 
 The affeflbrs were obliged to deliver one copy of the affeffinent 
 to the commiffioners, who were to fign and feal two duplicates, one 
 of which was to be delivered to the fub- collectors, with warrant 
 to collefl, the other to the receiver general. 
 
 If any difference arofe between the landlord and tenant concern- 
 ing the rates, the commiffioners might fettle the fame, and perfons 
 aggrieved by being over-rated, on complaint made to the commif- 
 fioners, within fix days after the faid affeffinent was demanded, 
 might be by them relieved. If any controverfy arofe, in which any 
 one of the commiffioners was concerned, that commiffioner was 
 bound to withdraw. 
 
 In cafe of non-payment, the colleftors might diflrain, and in the 
 ■day time, taking with them the conftablc, might break open any 
 lioufe, cheft, or box, v/herein any goods were depofited. And if 
 iiny queftion arofe upon the taking of fuch diftrefs, the fame might 
 
 be
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. j-i 
 
 be determined by the commiflioners. If any perfons conveyed 
 away their goods, the comniiinoners might imprifon them, (they 
 not being peers) till payment, and tenants might dedu6t the fame 
 out of their rent. 
 
 And if the proportions were not fully paid, nor could be levied, 
 the commilFioners might re-aflefs. 
 
 If any perfon wilfully neglected to perform his duty in tlie ex- 
 ecution of this ordinance, the commiflioners might fine him ^n any 
 fum not exceeding 20I. to be levied by diftrefs, and paid to the re- 
 ceiver general, who had for his fees one penny in the pound ; the 
 fame poundage was allowed to the fub-colleclors, the head-collec- 
 tors, and the commiffioners clerks. Nothing herein was to be 
 drawn into example, to the prejudice of the ancient rights belong- 
 ing to the peers. The fame power which the commiflioners had 
 by this ordinance (which is much in the manner of the ancient 
 fubfidies, and of the prefent land tax) the lieutenants and deputy 
 lieutenants feem to have had by the aft of the 13th and 14th of 
 Charles II, ; > '' -s, 
 
 The lieutenants and deputy-lieutenants, or the chief officers '^ 
 
 upon the place in the refpeftive counties and places, might charge 
 carts, waggons, wains, and horfes, for the carrying of powder, 
 match, bullet, and other ammunition or accoutrements, allowing; 
 fixpcnce a mile outward only, to every fuch cart, waggon and wain 
 with five horfes, or fix oxen, and fo proportionably, and for every 
 borfe employed out of waggon or cart one penny, upon the march- 
 ing of any regiment company or troop, on occafion of invafion, 
 infurrcction, or rebellion. 
 
 The lieutenants were authorifed to appoint one or more treafu- 
 rers, or clerks, for receiving and paying fuch monies as were levied}, 
 of all which receipts and difburfenients thereof, they were, every fix 
 rffonths, to give in written accounts upon oath, to the lieutenants 
 and deputies, or three of them, which accounts were forthwith to 
 
 bs
 
 3^ II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 be certified to the privy council, and duplicates thereof to be cre- 
 tified by thejufticcs at the next feflions. 
 
 It was provided that the lieutenants or their deputies fliould 
 not iflue warrants for raifing any trophy money, (b) till thejuftices 
 in feflions fliould have examined, flated and allowed the accounts 
 of the trophy money, collected for any preceding year, and certified 
 fuch examination. 
 
 TttE lieutenants, or two of their deputies, might, by warrant 
 under their hands and feals, employ fuch perfons as they thought 
 fit (of which a commiftoned officer, and the conftable or his de- 
 puty, or in his abfence fome other perfon bearing office in the pa- 
 rifli where the fearch was to be made, were always to be two) to 
 fcarch for and feize all arms in the cuftody of any perfon whom the 
 lieutenants or two of their deputies judged dangerous to the peace 
 of the kingdom, and to fecure the fame, and thereof to give an 
 account to the lieutenants, and in their abfence or by their direc- 
 tion to the deputies or two of them : provided that no fearch was 
 made in any houfe between fun-fetting and fun-rifing, other than 
 in cities or their fuburbs, and towns corporate, market towns, and 
 houfes within the bills of mortality, where they might fearch in 
 the night time, if the warrant fo direftcd ; and in cafe of refiflance, 
 might enter by force : but no dwelling houfe of a peer might be 
 fcarched, but by immediate warrant from the king, or in prefence 
 of the lieutenant or a deputy lieutenant : and in all places and 
 houfes whatfoever, where fearch was to be made, it was lawful, in 
 cafe of refinance, to enter by force. And the arms fo feized might 
 be reftored to the owners, if the lieutenants, or in their abfence as 
 aforefaid, their deputies, or two of them fo thought fit. 
 
 If any militia man did not appear and ferve, completely fur- 
 
 (b) Trophy Money originally meant a fund for providing annmunition, drums, co- 
 lours, mufic, and other contingent expences. 
 
 niflied
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 33 
 
 nidied with horfe, arms and other furniture, at the beat of the 
 drum, found of the trumpet, or other fummons : the deputies or 
 two of them, if the default was in that perfon, might imprifon hira 
 for five days ; or might infli6l a penalty, if a horfeman, not ex- 
 ceeding twenty fliillings, and if a footman, not exceeding ten fliil- 
 lings : and the lieutenants or deputies, or chief officers upon the 
 place might imprifon mutineers and fuch foldiers as did ^f>t do 
 their duty at the days of mufter and training: and might inflidV 
 for punilhment for every fuch offence any pecuniary mul61:, not 
 exceeding five fl:iillings, or imprifonment, not exceeiding twenty- 
 days. 
 
 No militia man duly enlifted, could be exchanged, difcharged, or 
 leave his colours, but by the leave of the lieutenants, or two depu- 
 ties, or his captain, upon reafonable caufe, firft obtained under his 
 hand and feal, on pain of forfeiture of 20I. to be levied as other 
 penalties ; and for non-payment, or want of diftrefs, he was to be 
 committed to the common gaol of the county, for any time not ex- 
 ceeding three months. 
 
 If any perfon detained, or embezzled his horfe, arms, or furni- 
 ture, the lieutenants, and in their abfencc, or by their directions, 
 the deputies, or two of them, if the default was in fuch perfon, 
 might imprifon him till he had made fatisfaction. 
 
 The pay of the officers, during fuch time as they were with their 
 foldiers, not exceeding one month in a£Vual fervice, was to be pro- 
 vided for by the king, out of the trcafury. And the lieutenants 
 and deputies, or three of them, were authorifcd to difpofe of fo 
 much of the fourth part of the jo.oool. a month, to the inferior 
 officers, for their pains and encouragement, as to them fliould feem 
 expedient. 
 
 EvEHY perfon charged, was on pain of 5s. to pay on demand, 
 2s 6d. a day to each trooper; and on pain of 2s. on demand, is. 
 a d:iy I. J f.ich toot foldier, for fo many days as they were abfent 
 from their dwellings, or callings, by occafion of muikr or exercifc. 
 
 Vol. I. F unlefs
 
 3^ HISTORYOF 
 
 unlefs fome certain agreement had been made to the contrai^, be- 
 fore good witnefs, and the faid penalty was to be paid to fuch fol- 
 dier, to whom his pay was denied: the refpe£live penalties to be 
 demanded in fix weeks after default, or at, or before the next muf- 
 ter, or exercife, and not afterwards. 
 
 And in cafe of invafions, infurreftions, or rebellions, whereby 
 occaTOns happened for drawing out fuch foldiers into a6lual fer- 
 vice ; the peifons fo charged, were to provide each their foldier, 
 with pay in hand, not exceeding one month's pay, as fliould be 
 directed by the lieutenants, and in their abfence, or by their direc- 
 tions, by the deputies, or any two of them, for the payment where- 
 of provifion was to be made by the king, out of the treafury. 
 
 And in cafe a month's pay had been provided, and advanced as 
 aforefaid, no perfon who had advanced his proportion thereof, 
 could be charged with any other like month's payment, untill he 
 had been reimburfed the faid month's pay, and fo from time to time 
 the month's pay by him laft before provided and advanced. 
 
 All forfeitures, penalties, and payments, by the 15th of Ch. 11. 
 c. 4. not otherwife directed by this aft, might be recovered by war- 
 rant under the hands and feals of the lieutenants and deputies, or 
 three of them, by diftrefs and fale j and if fufficient diftrefs could 
 not be found, then the party to be imprifoned till fatisfaclion 
 fliould be made. And all high and petty conftables, and other 
 officers and minifters, were direfted to be aiding and aflifting to the 
 lieutenants and their deputies, or any of them. 
 
 These ordinances were for a while executed, and the militia 
 occafionally muflered and exercifed, but being found expenfive and 
 troublefome to the country, it was by degrees neglected, infomuch, 
 that the city of London excepted, the name of a militia mufter was 
 almoft forgotten : but about the year 1756, the nation being fo 
 much alarmed by the apprehenfion of an invafion, that a body of 
 Hanoverians and Heflians were called in for its defence ; many 
 leading perfons refumed the idea of inftituting a well difciplined 
 
 militia
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 35 
 
 militia, which after fome oppofition, was at length carried into 
 a law (c). 
 
 By which it was ena6led, that a body of thirty thoufand kvcn 
 hundred and forty men, fliould be forthwith raifed in the different 
 counties of England and Wales, in the proportions fpecified in the 
 note below, (d) Thefe, in cafe of adual invafion or rebellion, might 
 
 be 
 
 (c) The new militia laws were at firft fct on foot in the 30th of George II. which ire 
 a few years time received fo many alterations, that in the 2d of George III. it was thought 
 neceflary to repeal the whole, and reduce the fubftance thereof into one a£l of parliament. 
 Since which time fo many other alterations have been made, that a new revival thereof 
 feems very defirable, and this the rather as the leading ftatute, 2d of George III. c. 20. 
 to which all the fubfcquent ftatutes refer, was founded on the principles of the original 
 ftatute, of the 30th of George II. c. 25. being before any militia were then raifed, and 
 confcquently proceeds all along upon that fuppofition, giving direflions concerning the 
 firft raifing of the militia in the feveral places, which direaions, when the militia are now 
 already on foot, are in fome infiances fuperfluous, or otherwife inapplicable. Burn's 
 Digeji of the Militia Laws, 1779- 
 
 (d) Number of men to be raifed in the feveral counties. 
 
 Bedford 
 
 Berks 
 
 Bucks -------- 
 
 Cambridge ------- 
 
 Chefler, with the city and county of 
 
 the city of Cheftcr - . _ - 
 Cornwall ------- 
 
 Cumberland ------ 
 
 Derby -------- 
 
 Devon, with the city and county of 
 
 the city of Kxeter 
 Dorlct, with the illand of Purbeck, 
 
 and the tov. n and county of the 
 
 town of Pool - - . - - 
 Durham _...--- 
 
 Efllx 
 
 Glouceflcr, with the city and county 
 
 ol the city ot Brillol - • - 
 Hcrciord ------- 
 
 Hertford ------- 
 
 400 
 560 
 560 
 480 
 
 560 
 640 
 320 
 560 
 
 - - 1600 
 
 640 
 400 
 960 
 
 960 
 480 
 
 560 
 
 Huntingdon _■ — --- 
 
 Kent, with the city and county of 
 
 the city of Canterbury - - - 
 
 Loncafler ------- 
 
 Leicefter -_-_--_ 
 Lincoln, with the city and county 
 
 of the city of Lincoln - - - 
 Middlefex, (exclufive of the Tower 
 Hamlets) ------ 
 
 Monmouth ------- 
 
 Norfolk, with the citv and county 
 
 of the city of Norwich - - 
 
 Northanipion ------ 
 
 Northumberland, with the town 
 an(l county of the town of Ncw- 
 caflle, and town of Berwick 
 Nottingham, with flic town and 
 county of the town of Notting- 
 ham -------- 
 
 Oxford 
 
 32» 
 
 960 
 
 800 
 560 
 
 1200 
 
 1600 
 240 
 
 960 
 640 
 
 56a 
 
 480 
 560 
 
 F2 
 
 Rutlaad
 
 36 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 be called forth, tn^bodied, and put under the command of general 
 officers, who might march them to any part of the kingdom ; but 
 they might not on any account be tranfported out of the reahn. 
 The general out-lines of the chief regulations of this a(St, flood in 
 the year J 779, as follows : 
 
 In order to put this law into execution, the lords lieutenants of 
 counties were authorifed, with the king's approbation, to appoint 
 twenty, or more gentlemen, in each county, all having a freehold 
 eftate of 200I. per annum, in a6lual podefllon, being heirs apparent 
 to double that fum, (e) or poflefled of an eftate for life, or leafe 
 determinable on one or more lives. A certain number of thefc,. 
 might, in cafe of the vacancy of a lieutenant, or in his abfence, by 
 
 Rutland -------- 120 
 
 Salop -------- 640 
 
 Somerfet ------- 840 
 
 Southampton, with the town and 
 county of the town of Southamp- 
 ton .---.---- g6o 
 
 StafFord, with the city and county 
 
 of the city of Litcliiield - - - 560 
 
 Suffolk q6o 
 
 Surry -------- 800 
 
 Suflex 800 
 
 Warwick, with the city and county 
 
 of the city of Coventry - - - 64O 
 
 Weftmorland ------ 240 
 
 Worcefler, with the city and county 
 
 of the city of Worceller - - - 560 
 
 WUts 8ao 
 
 York, Weft Riding, with the city 
 
 and county of the city of York - 1240 
 North Riding ------ jto 
 
 York, Eaft Riding, with thetown and 
 
 county of the town of Kingfton 400 
 Anglefea --..-.- go 
 Brecknock ------- 16O' 
 
 Cardigan ------- 120 
 
 Caermarthen ------ 200 
 
 Caernarvon ------- 80 
 
 Denbigh ------- 280 
 
 Flint ..----__ 120 
 
 Glamorgan ------- 360 
 
 Merioneth ------- 80 
 
 Alontgomery ------ 240 
 
 Pembroke -------160 
 
 Radnor --------j20 
 
 Total 30,740 
 
 (e) The qualifications for deputy lieutenants and officers. Tlie counties of Cumber- 
 land, Huntingdon, Monmouth, Weflmorland, and Rutland, were for a deputy lieute- 
 nant 150, colonel 600, lieutenant colonel, or major commandant 400, major, or cap- 
 tain 150, lieutenant 30, and enfign 2C, or the proportionable reverfions, &c. In the 
 Ifleof Fly, the qualification of a deputy lieutenant was 150I. per ann. a captain lool. 
 lieutenant 30I. and enfign 20I. 
 
 the
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 37 
 
 the king's appointment, a6t for him. They were likewife to pro- 
 portion the numbers of men, to be raifed in the different divifions, 
 or parifhes, and at their meetings to ballot for the men to complete 
 the eftablifhment, and fill up occafional vacancies. 
 
 The commifTion officers to be appointed by the lord lieutenant, 
 the king's approbation firft obtained, he having a right to difap- 
 provc, or difmifs any deputy lieutenant, or officer, at his pleafure. 
 That the command of the militia might be in the hands of perfons 
 interefted in the defence of the kingdom, it was required that every 
 commilfion officer fhould be pofTefTed of a certain eftate, according to 
 the rank in which he ferved. The qualification of a colonel was 
 iGcol, a year, in pofTeffion, or double that fum in expe6lancy, as heir 
 apparent. A lieutenant colonel 600I. a year, or being heir apparent 
 to fome perfon poffefTed of i,2ool. a year. Major, or captain, an 
 cflate of the yearly value of 200I. heir apparent to fome perfon 
 poffefTed of an eftate of the yearly value of double that fum, or the 
 younger fon of fome perfon, who at his death was pofTefTed of an 
 eftate of the yearly value of 600I. A lieutenant an eftate of 50I. 
 per annum, perfonal eftate alone of the value of loool. real and 
 perfonal eftate together, amounting to 2000I. or being the fon of a 
 perfon who died pofTefled of an eftate of the yearly value of 600I. 
 An enfign, an eftate of 20I. a year, perfonal alone to the value 
 of 500I. real and perfonal together, to the value of loool. or being 
 the fon of fome perfon, who at the time of his death was pofTefTed 
 of an eftate of the annual value of 50I. perfonal eftate alone, to the 
 amount of loool. or real and perfonal eftates together, of the value 
 of loool. a moiety of all thcfe eftates to be fituated in the counties 
 for which the officers ferved. On receiving their commifTions, the 
 different officers were obliged to lodge a dcfcription of their quali- 
 fications with the clerk of the peace, and to take the proper oaths, 
 and fign the declaration. The penalty of afling, not being quali- 
 fied, or neglecting to deliver in their qualifications, and taking the 
 oaths, 6cc. was for a colonel, lieutenant colonel, or major, 200I. 
 
 captain
 
 38 IIISTORYOF 
 
 captain, lieutenant, or enfign, lool. half to the perfon who fued 
 for it. Tiie acceptance of a commiflion in the militia, did not 
 vacate a feat in parliament, or prevent the party, if a reduced 
 officer, from receiving his half pay, and exempted him from ferving 
 the office of high flicriff. 
 
 The pay of the militia officers, when called out for their annual 
 exercife, was the fame as the fubfiftence of the officers of the 
 army, (f ) but the field officers received no other fubfiftence than as 
 captains. 
 
 When the militia were embodied, and called out into a<flual 
 fervice, the officers were to rank with thofe of the army of equal 
 degree, but as the youngeft of that rank, and during fuch time 
 as they remained embodied, they were to be fubjeft to all the penal- 
 ties in the mutiny aft, and articles of war, unlefs where fpecially 
 otherwife provided by the militia act. (g) Officers might be pro- 
 moted on account of military merit, in time of a5lual rebellion, or 
 invafion, notwithflanding they had not the necefTary qualifications, 
 but this was not to exceed the rank of lieutenant colonel, nor 
 could any perfon, not having the qualification for a captain, be 
 promoted higher than that rank. 
 
 In order to circulate the knowledge of military difcipline among 
 the country gentlemen, the lord lieutenant, together with three 
 deputy lieutenants, or on his death, or rettloval, any five deputy 
 lieutenants, might at the end of four years, at their annual meeting, 
 the militia not being then embodied, difcharge one field officer, 
 and a number of other officers, equal to the number of qualified 
 
 (f) The pay of the officers of the army is divided into fubfiftence and arrears, the 
 former is iflued every twomontlis, the latter at uncertain periods. Thus the pay of a captain, 
 is IDS. his fubfiftence only 7s. 6d. a lieutenant's pay 4s. 8d. fubfiftence 3s. 6d. an enfign's 
 pay 4s. lubfillence jS. 
 
 (g) Both officers and private militia men, were likewife fubjedt to thefe articles at the 
 time of their annual exercile, but not to extend to life, or limb. 
 
 perfons,
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 39 
 
 perfons, giving notice in writing to the lieutenant, one month at 
 leaft before fuch meeting, that they are willing to ferve. But to 
 prevent a corps being left deftitute of a fufficient number of 
 experienced officers, it was provided that the number fo dif- 
 charged, fhould not exceed one third of thofe who had ferved for 
 four years. Any commilHon officer having ferved four years, was 
 not compellable to ferve in perfbn as a private man in any militia, 
 nor to find a fubftitute. 
 
 No officer of the army could fit as a member of a court martial, 
 for the trial of any officer, or private militia man ; nor might an 
 officer of the militia fit on the trial of an officer, or foldier of the 
 army. 
 
 For the due inftru(5lion of the militia men in the ufe of arms, 
 the king was authoriled to appoint to each regiment, battalion, or 
 independant company, a proper perfon then ferving, or who had 
 ferved as a commiffioned officer in his regular forces. This quali- 
 fication, after the militia liad been feme time raifed and embodied, 
 was changed for that of having ferved in an embodied corps of 
 militia. The adjutant, if appointed out of the army, retained his 
 rank therein, during his fervice in the militia, and if on half pay, 
 was entitled to receive it, notwithftanding his commiffion of adju- 
 tant, which was figned by the king. The lord lieutenant might 
 alfo grant him an enfigncy, or lieutenancy, although he had not a 
 legal qualification for either of thefe appointments; his pay was 
 6s. a day, without deduction, or arrears : it was commonly paid 
 two months in advance. A provifion of half pay was likewife 
 made for him, in feveral annual a6ls, for the payment and clothing 
 of the tViilitia. The adjutant, befides the duty of inftrudling, and 
 drilling the officers and private men at their annual exercife, had 
 the particular care of the lerjeants and drummers, when not alFem- 
 bled, and the charge of the arms. 
 
 The ferjeants, that they might be properly qualified to in- 
 ilrudl the private mci\ in their exercife, were at the firft raifing of 
 
 tJic
 
 40 HISTORYOF 
 
 the militia, to be appointed by the king out of his regular forces, 
 from perfons who had fcrvcd therein for one year. This qualifica- 
 tion, like that of the adjutant, was afterwards changed, and the 
 having ferved in an embodied militia, was deemed fufficient. 
 
 The proportion of feijeants to be one to every twenty men. The 
 fervice in the militia of perfons fo appointed out of the regular forces, 
 intitled them to the benefit of Clielfea Hofpital, in the fame manner 
 as if they had continued in the army. Serjeants taken from among 
 the invalids or penfioners of that hofpital, upon their difcharge 
 from the militia, provided they produced certificates of their good 
 behaviour from the commanding officer, were to be put again upon 
 that eftabliQiment. A ferjeant on the Chelfea lift at an allow- 
 ance of izd. per day, being appointed to ferve in the militia, 
 might receive that allowance together with his militia pay. A fer- 
 jeant who had ferved as fuch fifteen years in the militia, and was dif- 
 charged on account of age and infirmities, on a recommendation to 
 the Chelfea board, from the commanding officer of the corps in which 
 he ferved, and the lord lieutenant or deputy lieutenants of the county, 
 was capable of being placed on the penfion of fd. a day. No ferjeant, 
 during his fervice in the militia was liable to ftatute work, or to 
 ierve as a peace or parifh officer. 
 
 To prevent their enticing the private men to fpend their money 
 in liquor, no perfon felling liquors by retail, could be appointed 
 a ferjeant. 
 
 The daily pay of a ferjeant was a fliilling, without deduction, 
 with an annual allowance of 3I. los. for a fuit of clothes, befides 
 a billet on a public houfe in the diftri£l to which his company be- 
 longed, but this entitled him to lodgings only. The commanding 
 officer of a corps, being a field officer, might on the application 
 of the captain, difplace a ferjeant. 
 
 A SERJEANT convidled of milbehaviour, might by a court mar- 
 tial be reduced to the ranks, in which cafe, if he had been made 
 from a private miUtia man, he was to ferve till he had completed 
 
 his
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 41 
 
 his three years fervice as fuch. If taken from the regular forces, he 
 was v/ithhi one month after fuch reduftion, if not reftored, to be 
 fent back to the corps from whence he was taken. And it was 
 afterwards added, that any ferjeant by the commanding officer, or 
 the fentence of a court martial, reduced to the ranks for milbehavi- 
 our, befides the punifliment infli(5lcd on him by the court, fliould 
 be obliged to fcrve as a private militia man for one year, notwith- 
 ftanding he might have already ferved three years, before his being 
 appointed to the halbert, but this feems only to refpedt thofe pro- 
 moted from militia men. 
 
 The vacancy of a ferjeant happening in any corps, might be filled 
 up by the captain of the company, with the approbation of the 
 commanding officer. A ferjeant on being appointed, was to fwear 
 allegiance to the king and his fuccelibrs, that he was a proteflant, 
 and would faithfully ferve as a ferjeant in the militia, within the 
 kingdom of Great Britain, for the defence of the fame, untill he 
 fliould be legally difchargcd. 
 
 The duty of the ferjeant, befides affifting in the drilling of the 
 private men, was to attend the courts of lieutenancy for recruits, 
 to take care of, and clean the arms, and air the clothes when depo- 
 fited in ftore, to deliver them out at the annual meetings, and to 
 collect them in from the militia men, previous to their difmiffion ; 
 they were when difembodied, to take their orders from the adjutant. 
 
 The commanding officer of the regiment, might out of thefe 
 ferjeants appoint one ferjeant major, to whom there was an addi- 
 tional allowance of 2s. 6d. per week, over and above his pay as a 
 ferjeant, and of il. in his annual clothing. 
 
 These were the chief claufes and regulations refpeiting the fer- 
 jeants, a body of men who even in regular regiments are of the 
 utmofl: ufe and importance, but in the militia conflitute the mufcles 
 and finews of the corps, and although by the above eflablifliment 
 they bear a greater proportion to the private men, than is allowed in 
 the army, an cncreafc of them would highly benefit the militia fcr- 
 
 VoL. I. G vice.
 
 42 HISTORY OF 
 
 vice, although purchafed by the diminution of fome of the higher 
 commillnoned oflicers ; if tiiis obfervation is true, how falfe and 
 deftru6live is that ceconomy which tends to diminifli their number. 
 
 The captain of a company was by this a6l authorifed to appoint 
 two drummers or fifers to his company, whom he might alfo for 
 mifbehavior difcharge, and appoint others in their places. Their 
 daily pay when unembodied was 6d. they were annually 
 clothed, for which 2I. was allowed for each fuit, and they as well 
 as the ferjeants were entitled to quarters. Having received pay, 
 they were compellable ta ferve in the regiment or battalion, untill 
 legally difcharged. If any drummer deferted at the time the militia 
 was not aflembled, he was when taken to be committed to gaol, 
 there to remain till the affembling of the militia, when he was to 
 be tried by a court martial ; negligence, or difobedience to the ad- 
 jutant, or any other fupcrior officer, when the militia were not 
 aflembled, being proved on oath before a juftice of the peace, was 
 punifliable by a fine of 40s. which if not immediately paid, the cap- 
 tain of the company was authorifed to flop out of his pay, to be 
 applied to the common flock of the corps ; and by a fubfequent 
 a6l, over and above this punifliment, fuch offender might be com- 
 mitted to the common gaol of the county for which he ferved, for 
 any time not exceeding fix months. In thefe claufes, ferjeant 
 majors, drum majors, and ferjeants were included. Perfons har- 
 bouring fuch deferters forfeited 5I. If any militia ferjeant, drum- 
 mer, or fifer, inlifled into any of his majefty's other forces, fuch 
 inlifting was declared void. The commanding officer of the regi- 
 ment, might appoint a drum major out of the drummers, he like 
 the ferjeant major, had an additional allowance for pay and cloth- 
 ing, the firfl was 6d. a day, the latter 20s. for the fuit. 
 
 All perfons not labouring under bodily incapacity, were liable 
 to be chofen for private militia men, and obliged either to ferve in 
 perfon, or find a proper fubilitute, except fuch perfons as were fpe- 
 cifically excepted in the aft. Thefe were peers of the realm, com- 
 
 miffioned,
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 45 
 
 mlflioned, and non-commiffioned ofliceis, and private men fcrving 
 in his majefty's- regular forces, or in any of his caftles or forts, 
 commiflioned officers ferving, or who had ferved four years in the 
 mihtia, members of the two univerfities, clergymen, and licenfed 
 teachers of feparate congregations, conftables, and other fuch peace 
 officers, articled clerks, apprentices, feamen, or feafaring men, per- 
 fons muftered and trained, and doing duty in the royal docks, free- 
 fncn of the company of watermen on the river Thames, poor men 
 having three children born in wedlock, and perfons of more than 
 forty-five years of age. 
 
 The mode of making out the lifts of perfons liable to ferve in 
 the militia, with diverfe regulations refpecling the ballotting for, 
 and fwearing in of the perfons chofcn, were as follovt's : 
 
 A GENERAL meeting being held on the day appointed, confifting 
 of the lord lieutenant, and two of his deputies, or in his abfence, 
 of three deputy lieutenants ; the times and places for holding the 
 fub-divifion meetings, were to be fixed. Thefe to confift of 
 three deputy lieutenants, two deputy lieutenants, and one juftice, or 
 one deputy lieutenant, and two juftices, except in counties where the 
 militia was on a6lual fervice, where the bufinefs might be tranfa6led 
 by two deputy lieutenants, or one deputy lieutenant, and one juftice. 
 At this general meeting alfo, precepts were to be ifllied to the chief 
 conftables, or principal peace officers of the feveral hundreds, rapes, 
 or other great divifions of the county, requiring the conftables, or 
 other fuch officers of each parifti, or place, to return to the deputy- 
 lieutenants within the fub-divifions on a day appointed, lifts in 
 writing of the names of all perfons, ufually, and at that time, dwel- 
 ling within their fcvcral pariflies, &c. between the ages of eigliteen 
 and forty-five, diftinguiihing their ranks and occupations, and 
 which of the perfons fo returned, laboured under any infirmities 
 incapacitating them from ferving, having firft affixed a copy thereof 
 on the door of the church or chapel. Any chief, or other conftablc, 
 or officer, neglecting to return fuch lift, or making a fraudulent, or 
 
 G 2 partial
 
 _44 HISTORYOF 
 
 partial return, was punifhable by a fine not exceeding 5I. nor under 
 40s. or a month's imprifonment in the common gaol, at the difcre- 
 tion of the deputy lieutenants, and juflices on the bench. Perfons 
 endeavouring by threats or bribes, to prevail on a conftable to make 
 a falfe return, forfeited 50I. to any one that would fue for it, and 
 any perfon refufmg to tell his chriftian and fur-name to the officer 
 authorifed to demand it, for the purpofe of making out the lifts, 
 forfeited lol. 
 
 On the day, and at the place appointed for the firft fub-divifion 
 meeting, and the return of the lifts, the conftables were to attend 
 and to deliver in their lifts, which they were to verify upon oath. 
 
 At this meeting, perfons who thought themfelves aggrieved, 
 either by being inferted on the lifts, or by any of their neighbours 
 being omitted, might appeal, and the names of all fuch as were 
 exempted by the acl, or any other caufe, were to be ftruck out, and 
 the lifts fo corrected, to be returned to the next general meeting., 
 where the number of men to be found by each hundred, rape, and 
 other of the larger divifions of the county were allotted : and thefe 
 were again divided, and proportioned at the next fub-divifion meet- 
 ing, for each parifh, tithing, or place. Where notice was given cf 
 the time of ballotting, when the church wardens might, with the 
 confent of the parifli, off'er volunteers, provided they were men, 
 able and fit for fervice, and at the leaft five feet four inches in 
 height. The money for hiring thefe volunteers to be collected by 
 a parifli rate, to which all were bound to contribute. 
 
 If no fuch volunteers were offered, the deputy lieutenants at the 
 third fub-divifion meeting, proceeded to ballot, which being pub- 
 lickly done, notice was to be fent to the perfons chofen, direfting 
 them to appear at a meeting to be held within three v.'eeks, there 
 to be fworn in, or to bring with them a proper fubftitute to ferve 
 in their ftead. At this meeting the petty conftables were to attend, 
 and make a return upon oath, of the time when fuch notices were 
 ferved. Here the ballotted men were either to be fworn in them- 
 felves.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 4^ 
 
 felves, or to produce a fubftitute, fuch as was approved on by the 
 court, and not being of a lefs height than five feet four inches. 
 Sometimes, in particular cafes, further time was given for procuring 
 a fubftitute. The oath to be taken was this, "I, A. B. do fincerely 
 promife and fwear, that I will be faithful!, and bear true allegiance 
 to his majefty King George, his heirs and fucceflbrs : and I do 
 fwear, that I am a proteftant, and that I will faithfully ferve in the 
 militia, within the kingdom of Great Britain, for the defence of the 
 fame, during the time which I am fo certified for, unlefs I fliall be 
 Iboner difcharged, fo help me God :" his name was then to be 
 entered on the roll. 
 
 Any perfon chofen by lot, quakers excepted, refufing to take 
 the oaths, or find a fubftitute, if the regiment was not embo- 
 died, forfeited lol. to be levied by diftrefs, and at the expiration of 
 three years, was liable to ferve again, or provide a fubftitute. The 
 jienalty to be applied by the .deputy lieutenants for hiring a fub- 
 ftitute, and the remainder, if any, was to be paid to the com- 
 manding officer of the regiment, for the ufe of the ftock purfe. If 
 the offender had not goods fufficient to produce that fum, he was 
 to be committed to the common gaol, for any time not exceeding 
 tjiree months, but in cafe the regiment was embodied, he was to be 
 delivered over to the commanding officer of the regiment, and his 
 name enrolled. In cafe of defertion, he was fubjecl to the fame 
 puniftiment, as if he had taken the oaths. 
 
 In order to alleviate the diftrefs, that being drawn for the militia 
 might occafioii to a poor man, the church wardens were, when a 
 regiment was embodied, obliged to pay fuch perfon chofen by lot, 
 within one month after he was fworn and enrolled, or had provided 
 a fit fubftitute, fuch fum, not exceeding 5I. as ftiould be adjudged 
 by the deputy lieutenants, and juftices, one half of the current price 
 of a fubftitute. 
 
 No perfon having ferved perfonally, or by a fubftitute, three years 
 in the mihtia, could be obliged to ferve again, until it came to his 
 
 turn
 
 46 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 turn by rotation ; but having ferved as a fubftitute for another, 
 did not excufe fuch fubftitute from ferving for himfelf, if chofen 
 by lot. 
 
 The men being thus fworn in, and enrolled, copies of the rolls 
 
 were to be tranfmitted to the lord lieutenant, and within one month 
 
 after they vvere fo returned, a general meeting was to be held, at 
 
 which, the militia was formed into companies and battalions, or 
 
 regiments. A regiment was to confift of twelve, and in no cafe of 
 
 lefs than eight companies, of eighty men at the moft, and fixty men 
 
 at the Icaft. To thefe they were to poft the following commiflioned 
 
 and non-commiflioned officers : a colonel, lieutenant colonel, and 
 
 major, who were likewife captains of companies ; alfo as many 
 
 captains as there were companies, exclufive of thofe of the field 
 
 officers. A captain lieutenant to the colonel's company, with a 
 
 lieutenant to every other", and an enfign to each company, except 
 
 the grenadiers and light infantry, to both of which an additional 
 
 lieutenant was allowed. The adjutant, fcrjeant major, drum major, 
 
 ferjeants and drummers, with corporals, made from_the militia 
 
 men, completed the regiment ; a quarter mafter, furgeon and mate, 
 
 were added when a regiment was embodied. 
 
 Where the numbers of men were not fufficient to make a regi- 
 ment, but were from five to under eight companies, fuch militia 
 was to be formed into a battalion, with only two field officers, a 
 lieutenant colonel, and a major -, and where the number of private 
 men amounted to only three companies, or any number under five, 
 likewife into a battalion, but with only one field officer, a lieutenant 
 colonel, or major. The captains, lieutenants, and enfigns, and 
 non-commiffioned officers, the fame as in the regiments. Where a 
 lieutenant colonel had commanded a battalion for five years, or 
 longer, the lord lieutenant miglit, with the confent of his majefty, 
 give fuch lieutenant colonel commandant, a commiffion of colonel ; 
 and in all counties where the militia amounted to four companies 
 only, the lord lieutenant might appoint two perfons, legally quali- 
 fied,
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 47 
 
 fied, to ferve without pay as field officers, with the fame rank as if 
 the number had been fufficient to form a regiment. 
 
 Where the number of companies were not fufficient to form a 
 regiment, or battalion, they were to be formed into independant 
 companies, each company to confift of eighty men, at the moft, 
 and fixty men at the leaft, with one captain, one lieutenant, and 
 one enfign, to each. And his majefty might join together any 
 number of fuch independant companies, as would form a battalion, 
 or incorporate them with any regiment, or battalion j but fo as the 
 number of companies in fuch corps did not exceed, or fall fliort 
 of the number of companies by this a6t allowed for a regiment, or 
 battalion. This claufe was however afterwards virtually repealed, 
 by the a£l for raifing volunteer companies, by which fome regi- 
 ments had fourteen companies. When there were two companies 
 only, as in fome of the fmaller Welch counties, the eldeft captain 
 ranked as a major. 
 
 Having thus raifed our regiments, their pay and clothing comes 
 next under confideration ; whence it is neceflary to begin, by men- 
 tioning the regimental, or battalion clerk, or in other words, the 
 paymafter of the unembodied militia : the nomination of this officer 
 was in the commanding officer of the regiment : his falary 50I. a 
 year. To him the receiver general of the county, was by annual 
 acts direiled to iffue the pay of the unembodied militia, four calen- 
 der months in advance : that of the adjutant, regimental clerk, fer- 
 jeant major, drum major, ferjeants, and drummers, at the rates be- 
 fore mentioned, and alfo 6d. per month for each private man, and 
 drummer, for defraying contingent expences, id. whereof to be 
 applied to the hofpital expences, when the corps was afifembled 
 "for the annual cxercife ; and for half a year's filary for the clerk 
 of the regiment, or battalion. The annual cluthing for the non- 
 commiffioncd officers, was alfo paid to him. 
 
 Tn F. time being fettled by the deputy lieutenants for the annual exer- 
 cilc, and a certificate thereof being fcnt by them to the receiver general, 
 
 fpccifying
 
 48 HISTORYOF 
 
 fpecifying the number of men, and the days they were to be abfent 
 from home, allovvhig them fufficient tune for then- coming to, and 
 returning from the place of exercifc; he within fourteen days after 
 the receipt of fuch certificate, was to ifiue out the amount to the 
 clerk of the regiment, at the rates for the commiflloned officers, 
 ferjeants, and drummers, as has been before mentioned, and for the 
 corporals, at the rate of is. 6d. and private men is. per day each, 
 tliis to be paid by him to the commanding officers of companies, 
 who were to account for it, according to a form prefcribed by 
 the acl. 
 
 In order to provide neceflaries, fuch as fliirts, flioes, and (lock- 
 ings, for thofe militia men who fliould^be deficient in thofe articles, 
 the commanding officers of companies, were authorifed to Hop any 
 fum not exceeding 6d. per diem, out of the daily fubfiftence, ac- 
 counting with them for the balance, at their difmiffion. 
 
 The private militia men and corporals, were by the a6l of par- 
 liament to be clothed every three years : the fum allowed for that 
 purpofe was il. los. this was to be paid by the receiver general, fo 
 loon as he fliould receive a warrant under the hand of th-c colonel, 
 or commanding officer, certifying the receipt of the clothing, and 
 an o.r.der for .the fame, payable to the clothier. This clothing, 
 with their arms, was to be delivered out to the militia men, on 
 tlieir afiembling for their annual exercife, and to be by them re- 
 turned back into the flores, previous to their difmiffion. Any mi- 
 litia man felling, pawning, or lofing any of his arms, clothes, or 
 accoutrements, on convi6lion before a juftice, forfeited a fum not 
 exceeding 3I. and if he did not immediately pay the fame, might 
 be committed to the houfe of corredlion for one month, and untill 
 the fame was paid, and if he was not of ability to pay it, then for the 
 fpace of three months. Any man negle6ling to return his arms, 
 clothes, and acoutrements, in good order to his captain, or the per- 
 fon appointed to receive them, whenever demanded, on conviflion 
 before a juftice, forfeited los. and on default of immediate payment, 
 
 might
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 49 
 
 might be committed to the houfe of correclion, for any time not 
 exceeding fourteen days. Any pcrfons knowingly buying taking 
 in exchange, conceaUng, or othervvife receiving any arms, clothes, 
 or accoutrements, belonging to the militia, upon any pretence 
 whatfocver, on convidion before one juftice, foifeited 5I. to be 
 levied by diftrefs, and for u'ant of fufficient goods for fuch diftrefs, 
 was to be committed to the common gaol for three months, or to 
 be publickly whipped, at the difcretion of the juftice. 
 
 At the end of three years, every militia man was entitled to his 
 clothes. 
 
 The regulations refpecllng the training and exercife of the mi- 
 litia, were thefe : the militia to be trained and exercifed by regi- 
 ment or battalion, twice in a year, fourteen days at each time, or 
 once in a year, for twenty-eight days together, as (bould be direfted 
 by the lord lieutenant, and two of his deputies, or by three deputy 
 lieutenants, at fuch time and place as fliould be leaft inconvenient 
 to the public, to be by the faid deputy lieutenants appointed at a 
 general meeting; and during fuch time, all the provifions in any 
 a6l for punifliing mutiny and dcfertion, and the better payment of 
 the army, and their quarters, was to extend and take place, in 
 refpe6l of the officers and private men of every regiment, or batta- 
 lion, but not to extend to life or limb. 
 
 Notice of the time and place appointed, was to be fent by the 
 
 clerk of the general meeting, to the chief conflables, with direiSlions 
 
 to forward the fame to the petty conflables, or other officers of the 
 
 feveral pariOies, or places within the county, who were to caufe 
 
 fuch notices to be fixed on the doors of their churches, or chapels, 
 
 refpedively ; or if any place being extra parochial, fliould have no 
 
 [ church, or Chapels, belonging to it, on the door of the church, or 
 
 ! chapel, of fome place, or parifli, thereto adjoining. At this place 
 
 ■ all militia men, not incapacitated by ficknefs, or other legal impe- 
 
 ; diment, were directed to attend, under penalty, if convidled before 
 
 : a juftice, of forfeiting 20I. or being committed to the common gaol 
 
 i Vol. I. H of
 
 50 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 of the county, or place where taken and convi6led, there to remain 
 without bail, or mainprize, for fix months, or untill they had paid 
 that fum. And any militia man, who having joined the corps, 
 deferted, during the time of the annual exercife, was liable to the 
 fame penalty, or punifliment, or if taken before the difmiflion of 
 the corps, might be puniftied by the fentence of a court martial. 
 
 Deserters taken after the expiration of the term for which 
 they were enrolled, might be punifhed for their crime, and be alfo 
 obliged to complete the remainder of their three years fervice, which 
 was unexpired at the time of their defertion. And to prevent the 
 too frequent practice of perfons taking money to ferve as fubfti- 
 tutes, and deferting, who not having goods whereon to levy 
 the pecuniary penalty, and the alternative of imprifonment tending 
 only to corrupt theii morals j it was enacted, that every fubftitute 
 who fhould defert, whenever taken, over and above any military 
 punifliment that fhould be infiifled upon him, fhould ferve for 
 three years, to be computed from the day on which he was appre- 
 hended, and that the commanding officer fhould order notice to be 
 given to the clerk of the fub-divifion, in which he was engaged to 
 ferve, of his defertion, and the time of his apprehenfion, in order 
 that he might make a frelli entry of his name in the roll, to ferve 
 for three years from that time. 
 
 On the application made by the lord lieutenant, or the com- 
 manding officer of the regiment, alTembled for exercife, to the 
 mayors, bailiffs, or chief magiftrates of the different places ; they 
 weie to billet the officers, ferjeant drummers, and private men, on 
 fuch houfes as foldiers were ufually quartered. And on the fame 
 application, conftables of thofe places through which they march- 
 ed, were obliged to find them carnages, at the fame rates as paid 
 by his majefty's other forces. 
 
 The commanding officers of corps of militia, as often as they 
 wpre cal'ed out to exercife, were to return to the lord lieutenant, a 
 true Hate of their regiment, or battalion -, and alfo within thirty ' 
 
 davs
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 51 
 
 days after the exercife was finiflied, to tranfmit to one of the fccre- 
 taries of ftate, a return figned by him, of the feveral officers, non- 
 comniiffioned officers, and private men, prefect at the faid exercifc, 
 with the number of days on which each commiffioncd officer was 
 prefent. A fimilar return, was at the fame time to be fent by him, 
 to the auditor of the exchequer. 
 
 A M I L 1 T I A man faUing fick, at, or In going to, or returning from 
 the annual exercife, was to be taken care of by the parifli in which 
 it happened, who were to be reimburfed their expences from the 
 county flock. 
 
 In cafe of a6"tual invafion, or upom imminent danger thereof, 
 or in cafe of rebellion in the kingdom, or any of the territories, or 
 dominions thereunto belonging, it was lawful for the king, (the 
 occafion being firft communicated to parliament, if then fitting, or 
 if not fitting, declared in council, and notified by proclamation,) 
 to order his lieutenants, or three of the deputy lieutenants in each 
 county, with all convenient fpeed, to draw out and embody their 
 refpedlive regiments, or battalions of militia, or as many of them 
 as fliould be deemed neceflary. And in fuch cafe, his majcfty might 
 direil the faid forces to be put under the command of fuch general 
 officers as he fliould appoint, and order them to be led by their 
 refpedive officers into any parts of this kingdom, for the repelling, 
 and fuppreffion of fuch invafion, or rebellion ; provided that nei- 
 ther the militia of this kingdom, nor any corps, detachment, or 
 draught thereof, fliould on any account be tranfportcd out of the 
 ifland of Great Britain. 
 
 And the officers of the militia and private militia men, from the 
 time of their being drawn out and embodied, and until! they returned 
 again to their rcfpc6live pariflies, or places of abode, were to re- 
 main under the command of fuch general officers, and to be enti- 
 tled to the fame pay as was received by the officers and private 
 men of the kings other regiments of foot, and no other; and the 
 officers of the militia were, during fuch time, to rank witli the 
 
 H 2 officers
 
 52 II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 officers of the king's other forces, of equal degree with them, as 
 the youngcft of their rank, (h) And during fuch time, as aforefaid, 
 all the provifions contained in any acl of parliament, then in force 
 for punifliing mutiny and dcfertion, and for the better payment of 
 
 the 
 
 (li) During the time the militia were laft embodied, a notion was propagated, that 
 they were net liable to be commanded by any regular officer under the rank of a general : 
 this feems to have been a miftake ; the claufe which empowers the king to put the militia 
 under the command of general officers, by no means implies, they arc to be commanded 
 by general officers only ; the right of command, as far as the rank of colonel, had been 
 fettled by that claufe in the adt which provided, that militia officers when embodied, fhall 
 rank with thofe of the army, as youngeft of each degree ; but as there were no militia 
 generals, that rule did not extend to generals of the army, a declaratory claufe therefore 
 became neceflary to fettle that point, and authorife their command. 
 
 Rank in the military acceptation, always implies command, a proof of which is fhewn 
 in the regulations of rank between the officers of the navy and army, wherein it was 
 thought necefTary to except the right of either to command out of their proper element, 
 which would otherwife have followed of courfe. 
 
 The brevets of army rank, granted at that time to the militia colonels of a certain 
 Handing, fhew that the officers of the army, occafionaily might command thofe of tha 
 militia ; thefe brevets being given, to prevent a very old colonel of militia from being com- 
 manded by a very young colonel of the army, the multitude of new levies having then 
 given that rank to many young foldiers-. 
 
 That the army and militia were meant to ferve together, is clearly exprefled by the 
 afl of the i8th of George III. cap. 59, where treating of fencible men, and corps whofc 
 officers after reduction were not entitled to rank or half pay, it is faid, that during the 
 time that the officers of fuch corps and the militia fliall ferve together,, they (hall rank 
 according to the date of their refpedive ccmmiffions ; feveral new raifed regular regiments 
 were then under that predicament. 
 
 Shoulb an aiSlual invafion take place, the militia regiments would certainly be mixed, 
 and 1 rigaded with thofe of the army, in which cafe there would arife an indifpenfabie 
 neccffity, that the officers of both denominations fhould roll togeilier, and conftqui :,tly 
 the elder of the different ranks command. If the militia regiments are r>ot bound to obey 
 any other officers of the army but a general, they cannot be admitted into feveral of our 
 garrifons ..nd caftles, where the lieutenant j:overnors are mofily under that rank, as in that 
 cafe, uch lieutenant governor would have a gairifon he did not command. 
 
 By a claufe in the ar ides of war, the officers and foldiers of the foot 'uards can be tried 
 only by their own officers, except m particular cafes, where one half the members of tlie 
 
 court
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. '53 
 
 the army, and their quarters, were to extend to the officers, and 
 private militia men, (except only fuch particulars as were, or fhould 
 be, otherwife fpecially provided for by any aft, or afts of parliament 
 for regulating the militia forces) ; on being difembodied, they were 
 to return to the fame regulations they were under before they were 
 called forth. 
 
 The lieutenant of the county, on receiving his majefty's orders 
 for embodying the militia, or in his abfence, three deputy lieute- 
 nants, were immediately to iffue their precepts to the chief confla- 
 bles, with diredlions to them to forward the fame to the petty con- 
 ftables, or other officers of the pariflies, and places within the 
 county, and fuch conftables were on the receipt thereof, forthwith 
 to give, or leave in writing at their abodes, notices to the feveral 
 militia men, to attend at the time and place mentioned in fuch 
 order. 
 
 If any militia man, fo ordered to be drawn out and embodied, 
 (not labouring under any infirmities incapacitating him to ferve) 
 did not appear, and march in purfuance thereof, on conviflion 
 before two juftices, he forfeited 40I. which if he did not immediately 
 pay, he was to be by them committed to the common gaol for 
 twelve months, or untill he had paid the fame. Any pcrfon har- 
 
 court may be officers of the line ; they likewife commonly do feparate dut)', yet I believ, 
 no iiiftancc can be fhewn, where any officer or foldier of that corps, refufed to obey any 
 fupcrior officer, thougli of a marching regiment. 
 
 Soon after the militia was firft embodied, C.iptain Linch of the Suffolk regiment, was 
 tried tor difobtying the orders of Lieutenant Governor Thicknefs, of Land-guard-fort. 
 As was Captain Lewis of the Surry, for difabcdience of thofc of Lieutenant Colonel 
 Strode of the invalids, botli under the rank of generals ; had not the militia been fubjeft 
 to their orders, fuch difokcdience could not have been deemed criminal, nor would warrants 
 to try tJKm have been granted, the right of Mr, Thicknefs and Lieutenant Colonel Strode, 
 to iifue orders to the militia being thtreby admitted. 
 
 It is n be hoped, that this, and fcvcral otner doubtful points, will be clearly fettled in 
 fome future iSt. 
 
 bouring,
 
 54 II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 bouring, or concealing a militia man, not attending when ordered 
 into a6lual fcrvice, knowing him to be fuch, on conviction thereof 
 before one juftice, forfeited 5I. to be levied by diftrefs, and for want 
 of fufficient diftrefs, fuch jurtice to commit him to the houfe of 
 .corre6lion for two months, or to caufe him to be publickly whipped. 
 
 In order to enable the militia men, ordered out on adual fcrvice, 
 to provide themfelves with necefTaries, it was enabled, that when 
 the militia vvas fo ordered out, the receiver general of the land tax 
 for the refpe6tive county, or place, fliould pay to the captain, or 
 other commanding officer of each company fo ordered, one guinea 
 for each private militia man belonging to his company, to be by 
 him paid to fuch militia man, on, or before the day appointed for 
 their marching ; and the fame for every militia man, who fhould 
 afterwards be enrolled and ordered out, to be paid when he joined 
 his company. But this mode being found productive of great 
 irregularities, the man fpending it in liquor, inftead of applying it 
 to the purpofe intended, that claufe was afterwards altered ; and 
 the commanding officer of the company was authorifed to lay out 
 that guinea, in a manner moft advantageous for each militia man, 
 giving him an account within three months, or as foon as defiied, 
 how fuch money had been expended. 
 
 In cafe any militia man chofen by lot to ferve in a corps that was 
 embodied and called into a6lual fervice, left a family unable to fup- 
 port themfelves, one juftice might order the overfeers of the poor 
 of the parifh, where fuch family dwelt, to pay them a weekly allow- 
 ance according to the following rule: for any child under ten years 
 of age, a fum not exceeding the price of one day's labour ; for two 
 children under that age, a fum not exceeding two days labour ; for 
 three or four children under the age aforefaid, any fum not ex- 
 ceeding the price of three days labour; and for five or more child- 
 ren, under the age before named, any fum nor exceeding four days 
 labour i and for the v »te of fuch militia man, any fum not exceed- 
 ing the price of one day's labour : the fame was to be forthwith 
 
 reimburfed
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 55 
 
 reimbuifed to fuch overfeer by the treafurer of the county, out of 
 the county ftock. The families of fubftitutcs, hired men, or volun- 
 teers were likewife to be taken care of by the parifh wherein they 
 dwelt, without fuch allowance making them removeable. 
 
 Any perfon having ferved in the militia when called into actual 
 fervice, and being a married man, might fet up and exercife fuch 
 trade as he was apt and able for, in any town or place within great 
 Britain or Ireland without moleftation, the fame as any foldier or 
 mariner. 
 
 The clothes of an embodied militia man were to be applied at 
 the end of every year as the commanding officer fhould judge beft 
 for the ufe of fuch militia man. 
 
 About the year 1780, it being thought expedient to increafe the 
 militia, perfons duly qualified according to the militia a<5l then in 
 force, were authorifed to raife one or more volunteer companies, to 
 be added to the regiment or battalion of any county ; and the lord 
 lieutenant was, with the king's approbation, to grant commiffions 
 to a fufficient number of officers for the fame, and on a certificate 
 from the commanding officer of the regiment of thefe companies 
 being complete, they were entitled to the allowance of bounty, fub- 
 fiftence money, arms and clothing, and to be fubjedl to the fame 
 regulations in every refpedt as the reft of the militia forces. By a 
 former claufe, captains were authorifed when embodied, to augment 
 their companies with volunteers, but then it was required they 
 fliould be already trained, armed and clothed. 
 
 These are fome of the moft important claufes in the militia a(5V, 
 a more particular account. would have exceeded the limits allowed 
 for that part of the work, a general outline of it being all that is 
 meant to be delineated, (i) 
 
 (i) Such pcrfons as wi(h to fee an entire code of the Militia Laws, will meet with 
 ample iefoanafion from a digcrt of them, both old and new, drawn up by the RcvtrencL 
 Dodor Burne, from wliith myft of thcfe cxtrafls have been taken. 
 
 Besides
 
 56 IIISTORYOF 
 
 Besides thele conflitutional forces, there were in the Engllfli 
 armies and garrifons, at all times, from the conqucft downwards, 
 ^ipendiary troops, both national and foreigners, the firft hired by 
 our kings, with the money paid by perfons commuting for their 
 feudal fcrvices, and employed in caftle guards, foreign garrifons, 
 and protecting the marches or borders of the kingdom, next Wales 
 and Scotland. The foreigners were paid out of the privy purfe, or 
 y fuffcred to live upon free quarters. They were known by the vari- 
 ous names of ruptarii, routers, and ryters, the laft from a German 
 word, fignifying a horfeman, or knight j they were alfo ftiled bra- 
 bancons, provencales, coterclli, and Flemmings; and were really a 
 fct of freebooters of all nations, ready to embrace any fide for 
 hire j thefe were chiefly called in by our kings, in their difputes 
 with their great barons. They were employed by the Kings Wil- 
 liam Rufus, Stephen, Henry II. and John. Henry I. it is faid, 
 hired no foreigners to ferve him in England, but this is contradicted 
 by fevcral deeds preferved in Rymer's Fcedera, wherein there are 
 agrejements between that king and the earl of Flanders, and others; 
 one wherein that earl, for the confideration of four hundred 
 marks of filver per annum, engages to furnifli five hundred foldiers 
 for the J^ing's fervice, either in England or Normandy, each foldier 
 having three horfes. (k) The garrifons in Ireland were at firft chiefly 
 kept up by the perfons who held lands there by grants from the 
 crown ; there were afterwards, befides thefe, a fmall number of the 
 king's troops, thefe gradually encreafed, as may be feen in the note 
 below. (1) 
 
 King 
 
 (k) Vol. i. p. i, 2, 3. fl (1) The firft cflabliflied force in Ireland, was the 14th of Ed- 
 ward IV. when one hundred and twenty archers on horfeback, forty horfemen, and forty 
 pages were eftablilhed by parliament there, thefe were fix years afterwards reduced to eighty 
 archers, and twenty fpeannen on horfeback. In the reign of Henry VIII. anno 1535, 
 the army in Ireland confifted of three hundred men, and in 1543, was increafed to three 
 hundred and eighty horfe, and one hundred and fixty foot, which was then tlie peace 
 
 edabhftiment.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. ^j 
 
 King Edward I. employed mercenary foldiers in his French 
 wars. In Rymer there is an order from his fon Edward II. A. D. 
 1308, to the conftable of Burgundy, to pay the arrears due to diverfe 
 officers, particularly to Elias de Ponte, and William Alarde, for their 
 wages, and thofe of their followers. 
 
 A. D. 13 10, an allowance is direfled to be made to Walter de 
 Scudamore, flieriff of Dorfet, for 25I. 5s. paid by the king's order 
 to four men at arms, four crofs bows, and four archers, of the 
 guard of the caflle of Shireburn, for one hundred arid one days 
 wages, (m) 
 
 A. D. 1322, the fenefchal of Gafcony, wa« direfled to raife two 
 hundred crofs bow men, and two hundred lancemen, both foot, 
 and to bring them over, fo that they might be at Newcaftle upon, 
 Tyne in Oclober, to go againft the Scots. Raymunde de Mille Saclis 
 was made chief leader, (n) 
 
 From the time of King Edward III. when it became cuflomary 
 for our kings to engage with their fubjefls, and other perfons by 
 indenture, to furnifli foldiers at certain wages, moft of our armies 
 confided of flipendiary troops ; fuch was the army raifed and com- 
 manded by the biOiop of Norwich, A. D. 13B2, the 6th of Ri- 
 chard II. and in the army of the i6th of Henry V. In France 
 
 eftablKhment. When the Irlfli were in rebellion, which frequently happened, the armies 
 were confidcrably encreafed. 
 
 In the reign of Queen Mary, the flanding forces in Ireland amounted to about one 
 thoufand two hundred men. During ii»e greateft part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 
 the Irifh were in open relx;iion, but when that was fupprcfll-d, the force kept up was 
 between one thoufand five hundred and two thoufand men, at which number they con- 
 tinued till the army raifed by lord Stafibrd, the 15th of Kin? Cliarles I. 
 
 Anno 1680, the edablilhrncnt in Ireland was fcven thoufand eight hundred men, 
 : officeis included. And in King William's reign, anno 1698, twenty-four thoafand eight 
 j hundred and ninety-ooe. Trtnchard's Short Hljhry of Standing Annus, London, 1698. 
 
 (m) See Rymcr in anno. j| (n) Ibid. 
 
 Vol. I. I the,^
 
 58 HISTORYOF 
 
 there were Co many ftipendiaries, that in his orders to the captain 
 of Rouen, they, and the fokiiers are feparatcly mentioned, and that 
 in feveral articles, (o) the particulars of thefe contracts, both as to 
 form and fubftance, will be elfewhere fully explained : but as the 
 agreement with the bifhop of Norwich, refpefling the army here 
 alluded to, gave caufe to a very extraordinary military trial, the fub- 
 ftance of it, as extradled from the rolls of parliament, is here 
 laid before the readers. The bifliop of Norwich, who had before 
 made an offer for guarding the feas, now came before the king and 
 parliament, and offered, if he would grant him the whole fifteenth, 
 lately voted by the commons for carrying on the war, he would 
 ferve him in France for one whole year, with two thoufand five 
 hundred men at arms, and two thoufand five hundred archers, all 
 well arrayed and mounted, of whom one thoufand men at arms, 
 and the fame number of archers, fhould (God willing) be at the 
 fea fide, within twenty days from the payment of the money, pro- 
 perly equipped, and ready to embark for the fuccour of the city of 
 Gaunt, and the county of Flanders ; he likewife undertook to pay 
 the expence of tranfporting this army, and all other incidental 
 charges, for the due performance of which, he offered to enter inta 
 fufficient obligations. This propofal appeared to the king and his 
 parliament, fair and advantageous ; but before it was accepted, the 
 king defired he, and his council, might be acquainted what leaders 
 the bifhop intended to procure for commanding thefe troops, their 
 numbers, and names, as it was well known, that unlefs an army had 
 good officers at its head, it would foon fall to anarchy and ruin. 
 To this the bifhop anfwered, that if it pleafed the king to accept of 
 
 (o) The words foldier and ftipendiary are etymologically the fame ; foldier is derived 
 from foide pay, and ftipendiary from ftipendium, wages or hire. Cuftom perhaps made 
 tlie difference; the firft fignifying one of the conrtitutionai military and ftipcndiary of the 
 indented troops. See the orders above-mentioned in Rymer. 
 
 his
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. S9 
 
 his propofals, he would employ fome of the beft captains in the 
 land, his majefty and the blood royal excepted, but that he would 
 not give their names, till he was fuie of having a grant of the ex- 
 pedition ; on this it was alked him, what lord he defired to have 
 with him, to aft as the king's lieutenant, as one was abfolutely 
 neceflary in fo high and weighty a bufinefs, who fliould have power 
 to take cognizance of crimes, and to do other things neceflary, ' 
 which office never was to this time granted to a prelate, or any 
 man of holy church. The bifhop then offered to give the .king 
 in writing, the names of a certain number of lords, out of whom 
 he might feledl any one he thought beft qualified for that office, 
 who on his appointment, fliould have orders to obey him, (the 
 bifliop) in all things appertaining to the crufade, (p) and he on his 
 part, would engage to obey the lieutenant in all things relative to 
 his lieutenantcy, and moreover, if within the faid year it fliould 
 happen, that the kingdom of France fubmitted to Urban the true 
 pope, he would furl and withdraw the banner of the crufade, and 
 ferve the king the remainder of the year with his ftipulated number 
 of men, under his own proper banner. This being approved of 
 by the king and parliament, the king granted his licence to all 
 fuch perfons as chofe to accompany the bifliop in this expedition, 
 the royal retinue, and thofe of the great lords excepted, to leave the 
 realm without molefl:ation. The bifliop then delivered to the king, 
 the names of four perfons of his kingdom, from among whom he 
 might chufe his lieutenant, this he did not do, for what reafon is 
 unknown ; but granted, that if the bifliop could not agree with any 
 of the lords by him named, or fome other fufficient perfon, worthy 
 to bear fo high an office, he might in that cafe have the government 
 and difpofition of the army in all things. 
 
 (p) A CRUSADE was at that time on foot againft Clement, the anti-pope, of which the 
 bifliop of Norwich was bj'Pope Urban appointed genera!. 
 
 I 2 These
 
 6o " H I ST O R Y O F 
 
 These ftipendlary forces were, the ganifons and caftle guards 
 excepted, kept up only in time of war, andtho' mercenary, were not 
 ftanding armies. Their fubfiflence was drawn from the grants 
 made by parliament, in which their fpecific numbers were fometimes 
 flipulated. 
 
 The firft {landing forces employed by our kings, were their im- 
 mediate body guards, fuch as the ferjeants at arms, the yeomen of 
 the guards, and gentlemen penfioners, yet thefe were rather calcu- 
 lated for the fplendour of a court, than the operations of the field* 
 
 During the troubles under Charles I. a number of troops wera 
 levied by both parties, without any attention, to law or cuftom, 
 their inftitution does not therefore come within the fcope of this 
 work. Many of the regiments raifcd by the parliament were on 
 the reftoration of Charles II. difbanded, and the fame day relevied 
 for that king's fervice. (q) Two regiments of guards raifed by 
 
 him 
 
 (q) MERCURiusPoLiTicus,Weftminfter, Feb. 20, 1661. — And on Thurfday, i4thof 
 this inftant February, they (the commiffioners) di(banded the lord generall's regiment of 
 foot and life guard of iiorfe, on Tower Hill (being the only remaining land forces of the 
 army) with more than ordinary folemnily. Sir William Doylcy, William Prynne, Efq; 
 Colonel Edward King, and Colonel John Birch (four of the commiffioners for WeiH- 
 -minfler) went in a coach to Tower Hill, about ten of the clock, on Thurfday, 14th of 
 this inftant (being Valentine's Day) when the lord generall's regiment of foot and life^ 
 guard appearing with their arms before them, they, ordered five companies of the foot to 
 draw up in a ring about Mr. Prynne, and the other five about Colonel Birch, who made 
 two (hort fpeeches to them to this effed : " That God had highly honoured them in the 
 ties and hearts of the king and kingdome, yea, and made them renowned throughout tlie 
 world, and to all pofterity, in ftirring them up to be eminently inftrumental in the hapjxy 
 reftauration of his majefty to his royal throne, the parliament to their privileges, and our 
 whole three kingdoms to their antient laws, liberties and government, without' any battle 
 or bloodrtied : for which fignal fervices his majefty and the whole kingdome returned 
 them not only their verbal, but real thanks ; the king having given them one week's pay, 
 by way of gratuity, over and above their wages, and the parliament and kingdome pro- 
 vided monies for their juft arrears ftated on their refpe»flive accounts, which upon their 
 dilbanding (hould be forthwith paid for their ufe, into their officer's hands. That this 
 
 regiment.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 6i 
 
 him in 1660, one of horfe, and one of foot, formed the two firft 
 corps of our prefent army : thefe were afterwards confiderably in- 
 creafed. In 1661, the firft regiment, or royal Scotch, were brought 
 back from France, (r) where they had ferved from the time of 
 
 King. 
 
 regiment, as it was the firft of the army who promoted liis majefty's glorious reftitution 
 to his crown, fo it hath this fignal badge of honour now put upon them, to be his lafl 
 regiment dilbanded ; and although they were ordered and declared to be di(banded in re- 
 lation to tlie kingclome's pay, yet they were immediately to be advanced to his majefty's- 
 fervice, aj an extraordinary guard to his royal perfon, whom God long preferve in health 
 and happinefs." Which fpeeches being ended, they all cried out, with reiterated fhouts 
 and acclamations, God fave King Charles the Second ! waving and throwing up their 
 hats, difplaying their enfigns, beating their drums, and difcharging their mufkets, over 
 and over, till commanded to draw off to their refpedlive colours, when they were called 
 over and diftjanded by Mr. Prynne, Colonel King, and Colonel Birch ; Mr. Prynne 
 caufing all thofe four companies he dilbanded to lay down their arms at his feet, in tefti- 
 moiiy of their dilbanding, and then to take them up again, as entertained by his msjefty 
 in fervice. In the mean time Sir William Doyley made a fpeech to the life guard of 
 horfe, whom he called over and difbanded ; after which, between twelve and one, the 
 regiment marched back with their arms, in a regimental order, to their quarters, by the 
 lord mayor's houfe, who having notice thereof, came forth to the door, on whom the 
 foldiers bertowed fcvcral vollies of (hot, as they pafled by him, moft of the officers dined 
 with him, defiring him further to provide monies for payment of their arrears out of tl.« 
 city's three months prefent aflefrment, defigr.ed to them by the commiflloners order. 
 Their ftated arrears amounting to 13038I. i6s. 3d. befides 3800I. advanced to th.em to 
 defray their quarters, in all 16338I. i6s. 3d. whereas if the city's and other monies had 
 come in as was expected, when their arrears were firft ftated, io,2Col. would have paid 
 them all oft". The life guards arrears, for want of monies to pay them off when firft ftated, 
 
 cncrcafed from 500CI. to 8121I. i6s. iid. 7000I. whereof they fcnt a party to rc« 
 
 ceive at Nortliamptorf, on Thurfday laft ; the refidue was paid them by the treafurers at 
 war, in London : moft of them arc fince entertained by liis majefty for his horfe guards. 
 
 (r) This regiment is from its antiquity jocularly ftilcd Pontius Pilate's guards. 
 
 Father Daniel gives the following hiftory of it, under the title of the Scotch Re- 
 giment of Douglas. " This regiment ferved feveral years in France, and diftinguifticd 
 itfcif very greatly. I find in the ordonancc of Louis XIV. of the year 167c, for the rank 
 of regiments, that it was one of the firft, it came from Scotland to Franco in the time of 
 James VL 
 
 The chevalier Hepburne was the colonel, he was a man of diftinguilhed merit, and.be- 
 
 lovcd
 
 62 HISTORY OF 
 
 King James I. There were alfo, about the fame time, an Englifli 
 corps of cavalry in the French fervice. (s) Among 
 
 loved by Henry IV. and Louis XIII. he was called in France Colonel Hebron, the name of 
 Hepburne being difficult to pronounce. Altho' he was killed (anno 1636) I'uring the rciga 
 of Louis XIII. his memory was fo dear in France, that King Louis XIV. caufed a mag- 
 nificent monument to be eredted for him in the cathedral of Toul. After t'le death of 
 Hepburne, the Lord James Douglas was appointed colonel of the regiment, which from that 
 time began to be called the regiment of Douglas. This colonel was killed V Jtween Douay 
 and Arras, commanding a flying camp. He was a lieutenant general, and highly efteemed 
 in France for his bravery and conduct. 
 
 His brother, the Lord George Douglas, who had afterwards the title of Lor J Dumbarton, 
 was appointed colonel of this regiment, and did not yield in merit to his predeceflbrs. 
 
 This regiment of Douglas being in garrifon at Avennes in i66r, had orders to pafs 
 over to England, where it rendered very confiderable fcrvices to King Charles 11. 
 
 It confifted but of eight companies when it left France, but on its return a year after- 
 wards, had thirty-three companies, which were compofed at the leaft of an hundred men 
 each. Lord George Douglas always commanded it in France. It is to be obferved, 
 that there was at the fame time in France another regiment of Douglas, the colonel of 
 which was brother to the two lords before mentioned ; he was alfo called the Lord James 
 Douglas. This regiment, which confifted of but one battalion, was incorporated with 
 that of liis brother. The regiment of my Lord George Douglas was recalled to England 
 about the year 1678. 
 
 After the laft revolution, the colonel who had then the title of Lord Dumbarton, 
 lieutenant general in France and England, and a great number of officers, followed the 
 late King James into France. Many foldiers imitated the example of their officers. 
 This regiment ftill fubfifts, and is inconteftibly the fineft corps in England. It is com- 
 manded by the Lord Orkney, a lieutenant general, and brother to the late duke of Ha- 
 milton, and nephew to the Lord Dumbarton. It is called the royal regiment, or Orkney's 
 regiment. This regiment has furniftied a number of excellent officers, many of whom arc 
 ftill ferving in France. What I have here related was taken from the memoirs of a Scotch 
 officer who was well informed on this fubjed. 
 
 There were befides this regiment, another of feventeen hundred men, commanded by 
 Collonel Rutherford, which ranked as guards in France, they came over from Scotland in 
 1643, and were at the battle of Lens, in 1648. When King Charles was reftored to the 
 crown, he appointed Rutherford governor of Dunkirk, who quitted the French fervice 
 without paying the proper compliments to the king of France, by whom he had been loved 
 and entruiled. On his quitting France the regiment was reduced, and the fubalterns and 
 fuch foldiers as chofe to ferve in France, incorporated in Douglas's regiment. 
 
 (s) The Englifh company of gens d'armes which is the fecond, was brought into France, 
 
 in
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 63 
 
 Among other unconftitutional innovations made by the ill-ad- 
 vifed James II. that of difmifling the proteftant officers from his 
 army, and introducing Irifli papifts in their room, was the moft 
 impolitic, and loft him the afFeftion and fupport of his troops, 
 which towards the latter end of his reign were increafed to up- 
 wards of twenty thoufand men in England, and eight thoufand 
 feven hundred in Ireland, (t) A lift of the military eftabllfliment 
 for the year 1684, is given in the appendix. 
 
 The 
 
 in 1667, by the Count George Hamilton lord of the branch of Hamihon Albercome, long 
 eftablifhed in Ireland ; this company came into France on the following occafion. Charles 
 II. having remounted on the throne in 1660, caufed fome cathoiick officers and foldiers, 
 who had fcrved in Flanders under him and liis two brothers, to come to England, thefe he 
 incorporated into his guards ; fome time after the parliament being at variance with the 
 court obliged that prince to difmifs all thefe cathoiick officers and foldiers of his guards. 
 On this occafion George Hamilton had permiffion from the king his mafter to enroll thefe 
 officers and foldiers, and to take them over to France. Tliere were in this company Englifh, 
 Scotch, and Irifh. On Hamilton's arrival, the king of France, finding they were good 
 and well made men, formed them into a company of gens d'armes, under the title of the 
 Englifli gens d'armes, excepting that he draughted out the Scotch, and incorporated 
 them in the Scotch gens d' armes ; he declared himfelf captain of this new company, 
 and appointed George Hamilton captain lieutenant, who was killed at the head of the regi- 
 ment bearing his name, in an engagement near Severne, in 1675. P.Daniel, torn. 2, p. 249. 
 (t) These all, except the royal regiment, confided of independent companies or troops, 
 till April 1683, when they were regimented by King Charles II. and formed into three re- 
 giments of horfc, and eight of foot. The 18th was one of thefe regiments, the earl of 
 Granard was the firft colonel, he refigned it to his fon. A fingular circumftance hap- 
 pened to this corps, in the year 1689, on the dilbanding of the Irifh regiments on the 
 arrival of K. Will. IH. which is thus related by one, then a foldier in it : " A moft unac- 
 countable rumour prevailed throughout the kingdom, that all the Irilh foldiers had got 
 together, burning and deftroying all before them, and this alarm had fo wonderful an ef- 
 ici\, that not a town or village but had an account, that the very next town or village was 
 in flames : in fltort it had prevailed fo far, that the trained bands of London were all un- 
 der arms, guarding the ftreets and avenues leading to the city. 
 
 Upon this alarm the country people came down in great numbers, to be revenged on 
 th.: ln(h re;iiment at Brentford, for the depredations their countrymen were making all 
 over the kingdom i Sir John Edgworth, our major, was commanding officer (for Lord 
 
 Brillas,
 
 64 HISTORYOF 
 
 The revolution, which fliortl'y after fucceeded, caufed the mili- 
 -tary part of the conftitution to be new modelled, and the army to 
 he voted from year to year only, by an a6t flilcd the mutiny bill, 
 •which is prefaced by a declaratory claufe, that it is unlawful to raife 
 or keep a {landing army in time of peace, without the permifTion of 
 ■parliament. In this aft, the numbers of which the army is to con- 
 iift are fpecified, and divers laws and regulations for their govern- 
 ment are laid down, from thefe the king is authorifed to frame 
 fuch other articles as he fliall deem expedient and neccffary. This 
 aft has of late been regularly pafled every year, whence an opinion 
 has arifen, that fliould it be fuffeied to expire, the army would of 
 courfe be difbanded, and that the foldiers might quit their colours 
 without being liable to any punifliment j this is however not uni- 
 
 vcrfally 
 
 Brittas, our lieutenant colonel, being a papift, had fled) he ordered the regiment to their 
 arms immediately, and drew them with all difpatch he could, within the walls of Lord 
 Oflinton's court yard. From thence he expoftulated with the populace, but all to no 
 purpofe ; they would have revenge. At laft, perceiving two gentlemen among the croud, 
 he called them to him, and aflured them that his men were not Irirti papifts, as they ima- 
 gined, but proteftants, and defcended from Englirtimen, though born in Ireland ; and to 
 convince them they were all true church of England men, he defired they would fend 
 for the parfon of the parifli to read prayers to them ; the parfon was fent for, and to 
 prayers they went. 
 
 The foldiers had moft of them thejr common prayer books about them, and (whether 
 it was out of fear or devotion) they anfwered the rcfponfals of the church fo difhndly, and 
 behaved with fo much decency, that it furprized both the parfon and the gentlemen ; 
 whereupon they returned to the crowd who gave us a huzza ; cried, the prince of Orange 
 for ever ! and went away. 
 
 This regiment going to Flanders, a difpute arofe refpecling its rank in the army, which 
 a board of general officers was appointed to fettle ; but being all colonels of regiments in- 
 terefted in the decillon, they would allow it rank only from the time it came on Englifh 
 pay, by which it loft precedency of eleven regiments. It obtained the title of a royal re- 
 giment for its gallant behaviour in mounting the breach at Namur, in 1695. See Captain 
 Robert Parker's Memoirs. The lift of the army publiflied by Milan, and Kane in his 
 Campaigns, date the raifing of this regiment April j, 1684. 
 
 In
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 65 
 
 verfally allowed, (u) and cannot in time of war be legal. The decla- 
 ratory claufe abovementioned being reftrided to the time of peace 
 only ;■ and it being declared felony by the a61:s of the 7th of Hen- 
 ry VII. cap. I, and 3d Henry VIII. cap. 5, for any foldier to depart 
 from the army without the king's licence, which a6ts were, in the 
 reign of Queen Elizabeth, pronounced by all the judges (x) perpe- 
 tual ; and Blackftone in his Commentaries, vol. 4, p. iot, fays, 
 defertion from the king's armies in time of war, whether by land or 
 £ea, in England or in parts beyond the feas, is by the {landing laws 
 of the land (exclufive of the annual afts of parliament to punifli 
 mutiny and defertion) and particularly by flatute 18th Hen. VI. 
 c. 19, and 5th Eliz. c. 5. made felony, but not without benefit of 
 clergy: but by the ftatute of 2d and 3d Edward VI, c. 2, clergy is 
 taken away from fuch deferters, and the offence is made triable by 
 the juftices of every (hire. The fame ftatutes punifh other inferior 
 military offences, with fines, imprifonment and other penalties. 
 
 The regular modes of affembling the national forces were ancient- 
 ly as follows: the great barons, bifhops, abbots, and other tenants 
 
 (u) Notwithstanding this opinion, the mutiny act has expired, and been fuffered 
 to remain for feme time unrenewed, more than once, fince its inrtitution ; tlie firft time was 
 A. D. i68g, when the mutiny bill having expired the lothof November, the new bill, which 
 originated with the lords, was not feat to the commons, till the 14th, four days after the 
 former aft had expired ; and tho' it did not receive the royal aflent, till the 23d of Decem- 
 ber, it was direiflcd to take place on the 20th. In the year 1691, the mutiny bill, which 
 expired on the 2Cth of December, was not renewed till March 14th, 1692-3, but ordered 
 to be in force from the loth. 
 
 In the year l6^4, the new mutiny bill was not pafild till the 16th of April, altho' it 
 ccafed on the the loth of the preceding month of March ; and in tiie fucceeding year it 
 did not receive the royal alTent till the 22d of April, fix days after its expiration. 
 
 After the bill which was paflcd in the ift of April, \(}()-],for one year longer^ had ex- 
 pired, no other bill was paflld or ordered till January 31ft, lyoi, when one was offered 
 >^hich received the royal affcnr, 2d of March, 1701-2. See the Journals of the houfes of 
 lords and commons. 
 
 (x) See Coke's Reports, p. 520, cafe of foldicrs. Trinit. 43 Eliz. 
 
 Vol. I.. K holding
 
 66 HISTORYOF 
 
 holding immetUately from the king, were, when circumftances per- 
 mitted, warned to allcmble by both a fpecial and general fummons > 
 the firft was by the royal mandate particularly directed to each ba- 
 ron, bifliop, or abbot, fent to the flierifFs of the counties wherein 
 they refided, to be by them or their officers perfonally ferved on 
 the parties to whom they were addrefled. (y) In thefe notices they 
 were pofitively enjoined on their fidelity, as they regarded the king's 
 honour and the lands they held of him, to be at a certain time and 
 place, with their due fervice of men and horfes, properly equipped, 
 to fet out with the king or his general on the intended expedition ; 
 this was peculiar to the tenants in capite or great barons j they 
 likewife partook with the inferior feudal tenants, in being fum- 
 moned by publick proclamation, made by the fheriffs and their of- 
 ficers in all market towns and boroughs within their counties, com- 
 manding all perfons bound to perform military fervice, to alll'mblc at 
 a time and place therein named, duly mounted and armed, under 
 penalty of forfeiting their fees, or being feverely amerced. Thefe 
 proclamations were made in confequence of the king's writ to the 
 flierifF, many fpecimens of which are to be found in Rymer and 
 other publick records, (z) See the form of one in the note below. 
 
 (y) See a fummons of this nature to William de Fortibus, A. D. 1257, 41 Hen. III. 
 Rymer, vol. i, p. 635. The fummonfes for fuch perfons as reCded at the king's court, 
 were fent by the treafurer to the exchequer, and thence to the keepers of the king's 
 wardrobe, who delivered them. Madox Hijl. Excheq. 
 
 (z) VicEcoMiTi Kanciae falutem. Prscipimus tibi quod line delatione fummoneri 
 facias per totam ballivam tuam archiepifcopos, epifcopos, abbates, priores, comites, ba- 
 roiies, milites & libere tenentes, & omnes alios qui fervitiam nobis dcbent, five fervitiam 
 militare vel ferjeantiae : quodque fimiliter clamari facias per totam baillivam tuam, quod 
 fint apud Wigorniam in craftino St. Trinitatis, anno regni noftri feptimo, omni dilatione 
 & occafione poftpofitis, cum toto hujufmodo fervitio quod nobis debent, paratis cum equis 
 et armis, ad eundum in fervitium noftrum, quo eis praeceperimus. T. H. &c. apud 
 Weftmon. 25 die Maii, eodcm modo fcribitur ononibus vicecomitibus Angliae. CI. 7. 
 H. 3. m. 10. dorfo. 
 
 If
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. (,y 
 
 If it was found neceflary to alter or poftpone the time or place of 
 meeting, it was done by like proclamation. 
 
 In cafes of popular infurreclion, rebellion, or the apprehenfion 
 of a foreign invafion, where it was deemed neceflary to colle6l a 
 greater force than the feudal troops, the king ifl'ued his writ to the 
 flieriffs of thofe counties, whofe forces it was thought expedient to 
 array and embody, directing them to ride night and day through 
 their diftridts, caufing it to be proclaimed wherever they came, that 
 all perfons between the ages of fixteen and fixty, not labouring un- 
 der bodily difability, called defenfible men, were commanded to join 
 the king's army, with all pofllble fpeed, at a place appointed, compe- 
 tently armed, according to their poflefllons, under pain of forfeiture 
 of life, limb, and every other thing they could forfeit. 
 
 It was alfo cuflomary, whilft the ftatute of Winchefl-er, or that 
 of Philip and Mary continued in force, for the king to ifi'ue commif- 
 fions of array, appointing certain experienced officers, in whom they 
 could confide, to afiemble, mufter, array, and try, or exercife the 
 inhabitants of certain diflriils, with an intent to fee they had their 
 proper armour and weapons ; and alfo in fome meafure to inftruft 
 them in the ufe of arms. Diverfe commiflions of array occur in 
 Rymer's Focdcra, two will be given in the appendix. The form of 
 thefe commiflions was fettled in parliament the 5th of Henry IV. 
 
 Under the article of fummoning the defenfible men of the 
 realm, may be placed fome very extraordinary writs, ilfued in the 
 reigns of King Edward III. and Richard II. dire(5ted to the arch- 
 tifliops and bifliops, direfting them to arm, array, and regiment 
 all the abbots, priors, monks, and other ccclefiaftical perfons, of 
 what diocefc focver, between the ages of fixteen and fixty. As this 
 appears a matter of great curiofity a literal tranflation of one of 
 thcfe writs is here given. 
 
 " The King to the Venerable Father in Chrifl, William, by the 
 faid grace Archbifhop of Canterbury, Primate of all England, 
 greeting. As in our lafl parliament, by your aflent, and that of the 
 
 K z other
 
 68 HISTORYOF 
 
 other prelates, nobles, and commons of our realm, it hath been or- 
 dered that all the men of our faid kingdom of England, as well 
 clergy as laity, to wit, every one of them according to their ftate, 
 poQefllons, and abilities, fliould be armed and arrayed, to go forth, 
 for the fafety of holy church and the faid kingdom, againft our 
 enemies, if any Ihall prefume to enter the faid kingdom. 
 
 Wherefore, by diverfe of our commiflions, we have afligned 
 certain of our truily perfons in every county of our kingdom, for ar- 
 raying, and caufing to be arrayed and armed, all defenfible men there 
 found, between the ages of fixteen and fixty years, and to caufe 
 them to be divided into thoufands, hundreds and twenties, fo that 
 the faid men, fo armed and arrayed, and well furniflied with com- 
 petent arms, may be ready and prepared to refill the faid enemy, 
 for the fafety and defence of the faid church and kingdom. 
 
 And bccaufe our enemies the French, having broken the peace 
 between France and England, laft entered into at Calais, have in 
 an hoftile manner taken our cities, caftles, towns, and many other 
 places, flaying our faithful fubjefts refiding therein, and taking 
 them into their own hands, thus detaining and occupying them. 
 And not coiitent with this alone, they have aflembled and are dili- 
 gently preparing with the utmofl: expedition, in diverfe parts of 
 the fea coafts, a large fleet of fliips, with a multitude of forces and 
 armed men, in order fliortly to invade our faid kingdom, and us, 
 our faid kingdom and people, to conquer by force, and to fubvert 
 our realm and the church of England. 
 
 We willing in the mofl convenient manner, to provide for the 
 fafety and defence of the church and our faid kingdom with all our 
 power. And adverting that you and all the other prelates, and all 
 the clergy of the faid kingdom, with our other faithful fubjedls, are 
 bound to lend an afTifting hand to refift our faid enemies, for the 
 fafety of holy church and the faid kingdom. 
 
 We therefore firmly enjoin and command you by the fealty and 
 lovfi by which you are bound unto us, and confidering the immi- 
 nent
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 69 
 
 nent perils and heavy damages threatened by the invafion of our 
 aforefaid enemies, that you caufe all abbots, priors, religious, and 
 other ecclefiaflical pcrfons (every delay being laid afide) to be arm- 
 ed, arrayed, and furniflicd with competent arms (to wit) every one 
 between the faid ages, according to their faid ftate, pofleflions, and 
 abilities, and thefe to be arranged into thoufands, hundreds, and 
 twenties, fo that they may be ready and prepared to fet forth to- 
 gether with our other faithful fubjefls, againft our faid enemies, 
 within our kingdom, in order with God's afTiflance, to conquer, 
 repel, and deflroy them, and to punifli their audacity. 
 
 And this, as you efteem us and our honour, your own and the 
 fafety of holy church and our kingdom, you will by no manner 
 omit. 
 
 Witness the King at Weftmlnfter, the 6th day of July, 
 A. D. 1369, clauf. 43, Ed. III. M. 13. 
 
 Like writs were fent directed to the archbifliop of York, and 
 every other bifhop in England, (a) 
 
 Notwithstanding thefe writs were at leafl three or four 
 times i^ued, hiftory does not inform us that thefe reverend batta- 
 lions were ever aflually called forth under arms. Indeed many 
 feemingly infuperable obftacles militated againft it. Firft, the im- 
 munities of the church, which would have been highly violated by 
 making private foldiers of its members ; next, many councils and 
 canons, as well as the determinations of different popes, all con- 
 curred in prohibiting ecclefiaftics to ufe any other fword than that 
 of the fpirit, or by any means to fpill human blood. Befidcs, the 
 very order directed an Impoflibility : how could a monk, who had 
 no private property, purchafc armour or weapons, had it even been 
 
 (a) Two other writs of this kind, and in the fame reign, occur in Rymer, the ift In 
 the 46th year, and the other in the 47th ; another tlic id of Richard II, 
 
 lawful
 
 7© IIISTORYOF 
 
 lawful for him to make ufe of them. Bcfides fuppofing them af- 
 fembled, armed and regimented, it would have required a much 
 greater time to render them in any degree fit for fervice, than the 
 exigency of the caufe for which they were aflcmbled would admit. 
 Perhaps after all, thefe fummonfes were iflued rather with an in- 
 tent to draw a commutation from their treafury, than to call them 
 to the field. 
 
 It feems extremely difficult to reconcile the practice of the ec- 
 clefiaftics of ancient times with their principles and laws. We every- 
 where read of bifhops ferving in, and fometimes commanding armies ; 
 and frequently of their fighting, like private troopers, in the ranks 
 of a fquadron, and that not in crufados or religious wars : at the 
 fame time canons, councils, and popes inianimoufly forbid ecclefi- 
 aftics of all degrees to ufe the fword, or engage in any military ope- 
 rations. An inftance of this is fhewn in the cafe of Philip de Dreux, 
 bifliop of Beavais ; who, as Mathew Paris relates, being taken pri- 
 foner by King Richard I. in complete armour, was confined in 
 prifon ; the pope, interfering in his behalf, follicited his releafe,. 
 under the title of his fon and the fon of the church : in anfwer to 
 which, the king fent him the coat of mail, wherein the bifhop- 
 was taken, with the following queftion, " Is this thy fon's coat or 
 not ?" to which the pope ingenuoufly anfwered, it was neither his 
 fon's coat, nor the coat of the fon of the church ; thereby difavow- 
 ing him, and declining to interefl himfelf for an ecclefiaftic fo im- 
 properly employed. 
 
 This bifliop in order to avoid offending the letter of the canon 
 and other regulations, did not ufe a fword, but fought with a mace, 
 of which he made fo powerful an ufe, that at the battle of Bovines, 
 he beat down Long Sword earl of Salisbury; how he contrived to 
 avoid the fpilling of blood, is not fo evident, fince it would be next 
 to impofTible, to beat out a man's brains, without caufing the pro- 
 hibited efFufion. 
 
 In the ancient poem of the fiege of Caerlaverok, Anthony Beck, 
 
 bifhop
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 71 
 
 bifliop of Durham, is complimented on his courage, and is there 
 faid to be the moft valliant clerk in the kingdom or indeed in Chrif- 
 tendome, but abfent from that fervice, on account of a wound he 
 had received. Henry Spencer bifliop of Norwich, in the reign of 
 King Richard II. not only raifed, but alfo commanded, an army in 
 France. And at Ickingham near Newmarket, leaped his horfe over 
 fome barricados and a trench, with which fome rebels had fortified 
 themfelves, and Godwin fays, " rode into the very midil of them, 
 and beftirred himfelf fo manfully, as, if it had been an aclion agree- 
 able to his calling, had deferved great commendations." Among 
 the perfons indenting to raife foldiers fox King Henry V. are fcveral 
 bifliops : and at the battle of Floddon Field, there were flain of the 
 Scots, one archbiihop, two bifliops and four abbots. 
 
 Father Daniel fuggefts a motive, which perhaps, befides thi 
 love of glory, caufcd the bifliops and other great ecleflaflics to fol- 
 low the armies, which was, that by their being accuftomed to the 
 ufe of arms, they were the better able to defend themfelves againfl 
 the encroachments of the great barons, who frequently, particular- 
 ly in France, fcized on their revenues, under pretence of reimbur- 
 fing themfelves the expences they had been at, in fighting for the 
 defence of the church and fl:ate. 
 
 In France the abbots frequently impoveriflied their abbies, by 
 fitting out their equipages for war, although forbidden by the 
 council of Soiflbns, an. 774. (b) Perhaps likewife, they were by 
 fome claufe unknown to us, obliged by their tenures, on certain 
 occafions, to attend perfonally, Indeed, one inftance has already 
 been quoted in this work, wherein it is commanded, (c) but at 
 the fame time it is probable, the prelates and great abbots did not 
 entirely diflike it, otherwife confidering the many arguments to 
 
 (b) Pere Daniex, torn. 1, p. 15. ij (c) Note, (f) page 5. 
 
 be
 
 72 HISTORYOF 
 
 be adduced againft it, and the high power of the church, it would 
 eafily have been over-ruled. 
 
 The methods of raifing the ftipendiaryj or mercenai7 troops, 
 were either by commifTions, in fubftance much like our prefent 
 beating orders, authorifuig perfons to enlift volunteers ; or by in- 
 denture, a praclice that began about the latter end of the reign of 
 King Edward III. (d) and in that of Henry V. became general. 
 By thefe indentures, different perfons engaged themfelves to provide 
 a certain number of able men, properly armed, to ferve the king 
 for a ftated time, at a ftipulated pay and bounty, then ftiled wages 
 and regards j both the wages and regards were calculated according 
 to the nature of the fervice, and place in which it was to be per- 
 formed : befides fettling the quantum of the pay and bounty, with 
 the time and manner of payment, thefe indentures contained diverfe 
 covenants, refpecting the fliaring of prifoners of war, or booty that 
 might happen to be taken by the contractor or his men, ranfome 
 being at that time one of the principal emoluments arifing from 
 miUtary fervice, and confidered by the foldiers of thofe days as aii 
 expectancy, fimilar to that of prize money in our prefent navy. Not 
 only foldiers of fortune indented for this fervice, but alfo bifhops 
 and other ecclefiaftical and civil perfons. Specimens of thefe in- 
 dentures (e) are given In the notes and appendix : the originals are 
 
 liill. 
 
 (d) Although indentures with the king's fubjefts were not common before this 
 period, Rymer contains feveral records of agreements with foreigners to find foldiers for 
 our earlier kings. 
 
 (e) Indenture of war. John Haytely, Efquire, Dame Beatrice Shirley, Bundel 8. 
 This indenture made between the- king our fovereign lord of the one parr, and John 
 Haytely, Efquire, of the other part, witnefieth, that the faid John is bound to our faid lord: 
 the king to do him fervice of war, in the parts beyond fea, for three quarters of a yeapj 
 and the faid John to have continually remaining with him during tlw faid time, three ar- 
 chers mounted and arrayed as appertains to their eftate, and the. faid Joha (hall take for 
 wages for himfelf twelve pence a day, with accuflomed regards, and for each of his faid 
 
 archers
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 7Z 
 
 flill extant at the Paper Office, Whitehall. In thefe agreements it 
 was ufual for the king to advance part of the pay before hand, 
 afterwards called imprcft money, and alfo to give fecurity for the 
 regular payment of the remainder; for this purpofe King Henry V. 
 pledged all his jewels, which were not redeemed till after his death. 
 
 archers fixpence the day, during the time above mentioned, wiiich w?ges and regards flial! 
 be paid to liim for hinifelf and liis faid arc!>crs, ininiediatcly in hand for two months and 
 for the third month at his mufter ; and for tl>e fecond and third quarter abovementioned, 
 the faid John fliall be paid from niontli to month, at the beginning of each month, in 
 Fnghfh gold, or in fome other money then current in France, of the value of the faitl 
 gold in England abovefaid, by the hands of the trcafurer of war of the kin^ our faid fove- 
 reign lord, for the time being. And the faid John Ihall be bound to be with the people 
 of his faid retinue at the port of Southampton, the ift day of April next comeinc, to 
 make a full miiftcr of himfclf and his faid retinue, and the faid term fliall commence on 
 the day of the faid mufter ; and our faid lord the king (hall have as well the third part 
 of the gains of war of the aforefaid John, as the third part of the thirds for which tlie 
 people of his retinue (hall be anfwerable to him out of their gains of war, be they prifoners, 
 booty or other things taken and all the other accullomed droits ; for which thirds of thirds 
 and droits tlie faid John fhall be bound to anfwcr to our faid fovereign lord the king, at his 
 exchequer, in England, upon onth, to be taken by the faid John or the executor or execu- 
 tors of his will, in his name and not otherwife, and the laid John fliall have all tlie 
 prifoners during the faid time by him or any of his faid people taken, except kings and 
 princes, and the fons of kings, and in particular Charles called the Dauphin of \'ienne and 
 other great captains of the blood royal, alfo chieftains and lieutenants having power from 
 the faid Charles, and excepting alfo thofe who killed and flew John late Duke of Bour- 
 gundy, or were knowing and confenting, or councilling and aiding thereunto, of whom z\\ 
 and every one (liall remain the prifoners of our faid lord the king, for whom he (lull make 
 a reafonable agreement to him or them who (hall have taken them ; and the faid John 
 fliall perform watch and ward, and alfo murter himfclf and his retinue when and as often 
 as it fhall be by our faid lord the king duly warned and required during the time aforefaid ; 
 and the faid John (lull have the tranfportation of Jiimfelf, his men and horfes to France 
 and back at thcexpcnce of our lord the king before named. In witnefs whereof the faid 
 John has affixed his ftal to part of this indenture, before our faid lord the kin;^. Given at 
 Wcllminlkr the 7th day of February, in the 9th year of the reign of our faid fovereign 
 lord. 
 
 O.w the back— Tlie Indenture of John Haytclcy, Efijuire, for and in the name of Dame 
 Beatrice Shirley. 
 
 Vol. I. L An
 
 74 HISTORY OF 
 
 An expedient fometimes praclifed by our kings to procure troops 
 for foreign fcrvice, was to pardon criminals, on condition of their 
 ferving in the king's army abroad, and finding fccurity to anfwer 
 any profecution if called upon at their return, (f ) Some of the- 
 king's juftices were occafionally empowered to iffue thefe pardons, 
 and to receive the obligations of the criminals, (g) after which they 
 were allowed a fmall time to prepare for their voyage, they were 
 then afTembJed by writs iffued to the flierilfs of the different coun- 
 ties of England, directing them to caufe it to be cried throughout 
 their diftri6ts, that all fuch as had charters of pardon, fliould re- 
 pair towards the fea, to enter into the pay and fervice of the king; 
 thofe in the weft at Dartmouth; thofe in the counties of Kent,. 
 Surry and Suflex at Winchelfea ; in Cambridge, Huntingdon, Nor- 
 folk, Suffolk, Lincoln, Northampton, or Rutland, and the neigh- 
 bouring counties at Yarmouth and St. Botolf 's, fo that they were 
 there by a ftated time under penalty of lofing their charters of 
 pardoa. (h) 
 
 These were the regular and conftitutlonal modes of afiembling, 
 our armies in former times, befides which fevcral of our fovereigns- 
 under the authority of the royal prerogative, obliged diftrifts, ci- 
 ties, towns, corporations, and even particular perfons, to find men,, 
 horfes, and arms, or to pay contributions for that purpofe, not al- 
 ways according to any regular proportion or afleflinent, but allot- 
 ted folely by their will and pleafure. This being contrary to the 
 ftatute of the ift of King Edward I. was complained of by the 
 commons in the reign of King Edward. III. when although a more 
 ftriiSt obfervation was promifed, and alfo directed by a ftatute, yet 
 both in that and the fucceeding reigns, particularly thofe of Hen- 
 ry VIII. and Elizabeth, the fame was frequently praflifed. 
 
 ^ (f) See Hal. PI. Cr. vol. ii. p. 145, and Barrington on the Statutes. || (g) RoTt 
 Vafcon, anno Ed. M. 8. N. 11. MS. Yelvert. 1| (h) Rot. Pari, anno 13 Ld. III. 
 
 The
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 75 
 
 The following curious abftrafl of the different kings who have 
 exercifed this prerogative, was drawn up by Sir Robert Cotton, as 
 it appears, by the order of the king, and laid before the lords of 
 the privy council, it is now in the Cotton library, in the Britifh 
 Mufeum. Julius, F. 6. 
 
 Raifing Forces at the Counties Charge. 
 
 King John ordered in councill, that every nine men fliould find 
 the tenth at their own chardges. — Pat, 6 Johs. 
 
 Henry III. of every two ploughlands commanded one man to 
 attende his fervice for 40 daies, at the publique chardge of the vil- 
 ladge. Dorf. Clauf. 14. Hen. III. Scutage he alfcired feveral times, 
 for his fervices, and for fuch fervice unto Gafcoigne, William de 
 Umfreville made fine 100 marks, many others at the fame time. 
 Rot. Fin. 26 H. III. & clauf. 15 H. III. 
 
 In the 14th he caufed his fubje£ts, jurare ad arma, proportion- 
 able from a knite fee to 20s. to be ready at the Whitfuntide follow- 
 ing, (i) Thefe men the year following were reminded to furnifh 
 themfelvcs at the country's chardge with munition and vi6luals for 
 40 days, (k) making fine of fuch as held in capite, and attended 
 not, and levied vi6lualls upon his people for fupplie of his army. 
 And 27 the like fervices were commanded in Gafcoigne, the names 
 of the attendants entered upon the roll. (1) 
 
 The nobles by Ed. I. were enjoined fervices into Gafcoigne in 
 the 22d, and their names entered upon the roll, (m) The like the 
 fame year to go againft Wales, (n) 
 
 Edward II, impofed fea fervice twelve feveral times upon the 
 
 (i) This was only ad dcfcnfioncm nri U fua rcgni. Dorf. clauf. 14 H. 3. m. 6. 
 (k) Dors, clauf. 15 II. 3. m. 8. H (1) Rot. Vafc. 27 H. 3. H (in) Rot. Vafc. 
 22 Ed. I. in dorf. H (n) Rot. Wall, ix K. 1. dorf. 
 
 L 2 porte
 
 76 • HISTORY OF 
 
 porte towns at their owne cofte, fomctimes for a month, as rimo. 
 ibme for four, as i2mo. fometimcs for feven as 410. (o) 
 
 In his 17th year Southampton is charged with fixteen fhipps, 
 and one hundred and eighteen fea townes more ratably. And he 
 caufcd fome of them to build gallies at their own charges, as ho 
 did Southampton of one hundred and twenty oares, in the 23d of 
 his reign. 
 
 By Ed. II. in his firft yeare, men at aiTnes, the countrey vicluals 
 and the port towns fliippes. The charges of m.en and munition fo? 
 them for feven weeks, in his 4th yeare, and one out of every towne 
 for fixty dayes and to feize their goods, and imprifon their perfons 
 that refuftd. (p) 
 
 The D. of Lancafter is commanded out of his land to leavy two 
 thoufand foot, and bring them to Newcaftle ; the like to other no- 
 blemen. The cities and villadges to find for forty daies men and 
 furniture at their cofte; the number in this roll is exprefied, and 
 there an ordinance of the K. and Cls. to furniflr the armes of every^ 
 degree is entered. Five hundred men are afefled on London fump- 
 tibus proprijs in his 12th year, (q) 
 
 In the J 3th thofe of 40s. land that attended not upon the king's 
 fummons, were fined for the fijft default, at a third of their goodes, 
 and the refle for their fecond, and their bodies to be at the king's- 
 pleafure for the third ; and of every knight's fee twenty pounds 
 were taken of him that fayled, (r) In the 15th one of every town 
 fumptibus proprijs for 40 daies and the fhire of Bucks redeemed- 
 their fervice of their men with 600 marks fine, all that had 40!. 
 land, were commanded at tlieir own chardges to ferve the king, at 
 the forfeiture of their lande and chattels, (s) The nobility with horfe 
 
 (n) Rot. CI. et Pat. de Ans. infra. || (o) Rot. Scac, I. Ed. 2 Dors, 
 (p) Claus et Pat. 12. Ed. If. || (q) Claus. et Pat. in 13. Ed. II. 
 (r) Rot Qaus. 15. Ed. II. 
 
 and
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMT. 77 
 
 and armes are commanded in the 18th year, and their numbers en- 
 tered on the roll, (t) 
 
 Edward III. in his firft yeare charged upon the fea towns, all 
 their fhipps from 60 tonne upwards, and the year following 76 poort 
 townes, are commanded to furnifti all their barks above 40 tonn. (u) 
 The nobility are fummoned in his eighth year to attend att Rokef- 
 burgh with armed men. (x) 
 
 The like in the loth, upon the citie of London he impofed a- 
 Icavy of men, (y) and aflefled upon the fliires of England, certaine 
 horfeman, as eighty out of SufFolke, he difpenfeth with their fer- 
 vice, fo they fend him money after the rate they fliould be at, (z) 
 and the fee towns are enjoyned to build barges to attend the king's 
 fleete at their own chardge. (a) 
 
 In the i ith yeare the towns and borrowghs are commanded tofur- 
 nifhmen. (b) All men enjoynedtofindmenaccording to their tenures. 
 The clergie furnifh the king with armed men and all from fixteeu 
 to fixty, to be ready to ferve, the impotente and aged to contribute 
 to the chardge, and power given to arreft goods of fuch as fliould re- 
 fufe, tanquam de inimicis. (c) The cinque ports maintained thirty 
 fliipps, during the time of war, and when the fubjedls complained 
 In parliament of thefe chardges, they received no farther anfwerthan 
 this, "it fliall be as before." (d) 
 
 In the i6th diverfe men exprefled by name in the record, do fur- 
 niflie the king with men at armes, and archers j (e) and pardon is 
 granted to all felons, that fhall be ready to ferve the king in his 
 warres, (f ) the year following at the chardge of the nobility, divers 
 
 (t) Vasc. 18. Ed. II. II (u) Pat. and C!aus. de ann. i. and 2. Ed. III. 
 
 (x) Rot. Scoc. 8. Ed. III. || (y) Rot. Scoc. 10. Ed. III. Dor. || (z) Rot. 
 Scoc. 10. Ed. III. 10 Aug. H (a) Claus. 10 Ed. III. jj (b) Vasc. li.Ed. III. 
 
 ( ) Rot 13. Ed. III. H (d) Claus. et Pat, 13. Ed. III. || (e)RoT. 
 
 Franc. 16. Ed. 111. || (f ) Rot. Franc 17. Ed. IJI. 
 
 armej
 
 78 -• II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 armed men are fet forth. Every man that had lande to the value of 
 five pound, was ordered to find the king one archer for his warres : 
 in the 20th yeaie, (g) the cities and towns find the king for his 
 warres armed men ; in anno 24th, and the yeare followinge, the citie 
 of London furnifhed three hundred archers for the king's chardge. 
 And that thefe chardges were legally aflcfled thoughe not by parlia- 
 ment, it appeareth, becaufe diverfe men procure themfelves patents 
 of difchardge out of fpeciall favour, (h) 
 
 After this year, thefe forms and courfes were changed totally, 
 and this king and fo all following for the mofl: parte furnifl^.ed their 
 «ccafions of warre, by contra6ling with their nobility and gentrie, 
 to finde them a proportion of men at certain wages: the indentures 
 from this king, unto Edward IV. remaine for the mod part with 
 the clerk of the Pells at Weftminfter, and the kings had lefs reafon 
 to chardge their people, in this kings time and followinge, becaufe 
 they were fupplied by parliament that was annuall. 
 
 Richard II. in anno 22d, levied horfes, and cartes, and vi<5la- 
 allers of his people, for their voyadge into Ireland, (i) 
 
 Henry VI. in his 20th year enjoned the perfons to attend him 
 in his warrs, and difpenfeth with as many as would contribute to 
 his occafions. The chardge of two daies expence if they ferved in 
 perfon. (k) 
 
 Henry VII. muftered his army, partly by benevolence, and partly 
 at his fubje6ls chardge, the diftin^lion is entered on the lift. (1) 
 
 Henry VIII. impofed on his people, the finding of archers for 
 his warres aflefling fome one knight at forty pound as Sir Adrian 
 Fortefcue, and the like in the i6th, but at a higher cefs, fome one 
 
 (g) Rot. Franc. 20. Ed. III. || (li) Rot. Franc. 21. Ed. III. H (i) Chron. 
 Walfingham. || (k) Original Inftrudlions A. 20. Hen. VI. ap. Rob. Cotton. 
 (1) Fragment Inftrudlion ap. Rob. Cottoa. 
 
 knight
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 79 
 
 knight finding a hundred men, (m) the lords and chief men of every 
 county, commanded to attend the king in his warres, fome one with 
 fifty men for the defence of Calais in the 14th yeare, (n) a leavy 
 of fix hundred archers fefied upon the nobility, clergie, and good 
 townes ; in the 20th, every knight furnifhinge ten foot at the lead. 
 A like leavy of men in the 25th, fome one perfon being charged with 
 fifty foot, and three launces. A proportion I have, at that time 
 drawn (whether a6led or not uncertaine) for an army royall to at- 
 tend Henry VIII. into Fraunce, in which, on all his fubjedls from 
 4000I. land or fees, to 20I. in goodes, a proportion is fet to find for 
 the king's fervice, proportions of men. (o) 
 
 The late queen to withftand the Spanifh invafion in Ireland, im- 
 pofed a chardge of horfe and furniture, upon the nobilty, gen- 
 trie, and her ableft fubjecls, which was willingly performed accord- 
 ingly by all. (p) 
 
 Having thus far in obedience to his majefty's command, with a 
 light touch prefented to your honour the many chardges, occafions 
 of (late have lead the foregoing princes, to lay upon their people 
 by fupreme power, and not by parliament; in all humility I offer 
 up unto your lordfliips thefe two confiderations. Firft, that many 
 of thefe though entered upon record, may never be produced to efFedl; 
 the rolls of the faid receipts, perufed to fee what levies of men and 
 money have been retourncd, in purfuite of any of thcfc intentes, will 
 relieve that doubt; the other, that the fuccefie of thefe maybe exam- 
 ined by fearch of ftories of thofe times, wherein they were foe put 
 in practice, of which I have moft remayning with me. 
 
 The fmooth and ufual cure of all defc(5ls and maladyes of flate, 
 hath becne by parliament, expect fome few in Hen. III. Ed. II. 
 Rich. II. and Hen. Vi. tymes when fuch remedy proved more dan- 
 
 (m) LjTTERA Orig. manu Regis." 13 Hen. V] II. ap. Rob. Cotton. || (n) Orig. ap. 
 Rob. Coiton. II (o) Orig. np. Robtum Cotton. | (p) Letters of Councill. 
 
 gerous
 
 8o HISTORYOF 
 
 gerous tlian the d'lfcafc, malignant fpirits vveaiinge more power, tlian 
 well compofed tempers. 
 
 In the year 1585, by the queen's order, a letter was written, from 
 the privy council, to William Chalderton, bifliop of Chcfter, fig- 
 nifying her intent offending a thoufand launces, well mounted and 
 furnifhed, to the alTiftance of the Hollanders, but to prevent her 
 kingdom being drained of war horfes, flie thought it beft to pur- 
 chafe them abroad, cftimating each horfe and furniture, at twenty- 
 five pounds. She therefore required him and his clergy to pay for 
 fo many horfes, as were fettled in an annexed fchedule. 
 
 The Bifliop, 3 
 The Dean, i 
 
 The Chapter, 2 
 
 Edward Fleetwood, Parfon of Wigan, i 
 John Caldwell, Parfon of Wynwicke, 2 
 Edward Afliton, Parfon of Middleton. i 
 
 John Nutter, Prebendary, Parfon of Seflbn, of Anghton and 7 
 Babbington J 
 
 Richard Gerrard, Prebendary in Southwell, and Parfon of 1 
 Stopport in Chefliire. J 
 
 This money to be paid to Robert Freak, Efq. teller of the Ex- 
 chequer, (q) 
 
 About the reign of King Henry VIII. lieutenants were appointed 
 to the different countries throughout the realm, as Handing repre- 
 
 (p) Pbck's Defiderata Curiofa, Vol. i. During the reign of this queen, the livings of 
 the clergy were a fieffed for providing armour, according to the aft of Philip and Mary. 
 Any clergymen poflefiing one, or more benefices, of 30I. per annum or upwards, was 
 charged according to fuch proportion as the temporality were charged by that ftatute, on 
 account of their moveable goods ; clergymen having temporal lands and fpiritual prefer- 
 ment might be charged according to the greateft rate for either, but not for botji. The 
 bifliops, deans and prebendaries were rated among the temporality, the birtiops for lands, 
 the deans and prebendaries for good, from 30I. and upwards. Contributions were alfo 
 levied on them by order of the privy council, to provide horfe for quelling the rebellion in 
 Ireland. The bilhop of London was charged fixty pounds, the dean of St, Paul's, 30I. 
 SfcWLlkins, Concil. Vol. 4, p. -256, 341, and 358. 
 
 fentatives
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 8i 
 
 fentatlves of the crown, and to them, and their deputies all ifiilitary 
 arrangements within their refpeftive diftricls were entrufted. 
 
 A CONSTANT apprehenfion of an invafion from Spain, during the 
 firft part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, caufcd that queen to be 
 very attentive to her internal forces, and was the caufe of the follow- 
 ing commiflion, and the regulations therein contained, ena6tedfole- 
 ly by her own authority, with the advice of her privy council : the 
 original is preferved in the Harlean library. No. 6,844. 
 
 "Instructions for the executyon of the commiflion dire6ledto 
 
 all the juftices of the peace in the countie of for generall 
 
 mufters, andtrayning, of all manner of perfons, hable for thewarrs, 
 to ferve as well on horfeback as on foote. 
 
 The principal intent of the queen's majeftie, as may appear by 
 the exprefs wordcs of her majeftie's commiflion, is to have perfe6t 
 knowledge of the numbers, qualities, habilities and fufficiencieof all 
 her fubjefls in that countie, as by the like commiflion fent into all 
 other fliires of the realme ; the like is intended from the age of fix- 
 teen yeares upwarde, that may be founde hable to beare armoure, or 
 to ufe weapon on horfebacke, or on foote, and out of that totall 
 and univerfall nomber being viewed, muftered and regiftered to have 
 a convenient and fufficient nomber of the moft hable, to be chofeii 
 and colledled, to be by the reafonable chardge of the inhabi- 
 tants in everie fliiretryed, armed and weaponed, and fo confequent- 
 lie taughte and trayned, for to ufe, handle andexercife their horfes, 
 armure, fliott and other weapons, both on horfebacke, and on foote, 
 for the fervice and defence of her majefl:ic, her crown and realme, 
 againfl: all attempts, both inward and oiitwarde : for which purpofe 
 althoughe her majeftie doubte not, but that according to the fpe- 
 ciall truft repofcd in you, and for that the kynde of fervice at this 
 tyme, tendeth onlie for contynuaunce of the publick peace, whichc 
 by Godd's goodncfs, the realme nowenjoycthe morcthan any other 
 in Chriftcndonie dothe ; you will carefullie and fpcdilie ymploie 
 your whole undciftandinges, labours and powers, witliout any re- 
 
 VoL. 1. M • fpeft
 
 82 HISTORYOF 
 
 fpciSl of chardges, or paynes, to execute the commlfnon in all poyntes 
 tending univerfally to fo good an ende. Yet to thentcnt you may 
 the more redeley, efteftuallie and uniformly proceed herein, herma- 
 jeftiehath, with th'advice of us, of her counfaill, ordeyned that thefe 
 articles foUowinge fliould be conceived in writing, and fcnt unto you, 
 and others authorized by like commiflion, in other partes of the 
 realme, as inftruccyons or memorialls to diredl you the more order- 
 lie in the executyon of the faid comraifiion j not therebie fecludinge 
 you from fuche other manner of proceedings as maye befte tende al- 
 {o to the more fpedie or more efFe(5luall execution of the faide com- 
 miflion, fo as the fame be not manifeftalie repugnant to thefe in- 
 ftruftyons. And furdermore confidering that this kind of fervice 
 requireth the attendance and labour of verie manie perfons accord- 
 ing to the quantitie of the flieire, and as the ufual divifions of the 
 fame mai feme to require feveral aflemblies, in fonderie places, and 
 yet the diredlion of the whole fervice to be uniformely ordered, 
 oughte properly for avoiding of confufion to apperteyne to the 
 care of fome fewer in nomber, beinge partlie for their degrees and 
 callinge of more reputacyon, and partlie for their knowledge in fuche 
 kynde of marfliall fervices moll hable to direct the fame, therefore 
 J choice cf fptciaii l^er majeftiehath ordeyned A, B, C, D, E, &c. flioulde 
 men to take the chief j^j^g fj-jg pnncipall caic of thexecutyon of this com- 
 
 care of the commij- _ '• 
 
 fion. miflion, and of the contents of thefe infl;ru(5tyons ; 
 
 and that you and the reft of the juftices of the peace of that flieire 
 doe, notwithftanding your beft endeavours as nede (hall require, 
 and as you ihalbe appoynted to farder the fayde fervice in your fe- 
 veral divifions, and be in all reafonable thinges aidinge and afllft- 
 inge the reft, to whomethis fpeciall care is corny ted. And for that 
 you, that be afore fpeciallye named to have this fpeciall care, may, 
 perchance not be refident within that countie at all times requifite, 
 for thexecutyon of this commiflion ; therefore it is our intent, 
 (notwithftanding the abfence of fome few of you, fo the moft parte be 
 not abfcnt out of the flieire, that you the reft beinge within the 
 ftieire fliall proceede in the fayde commiflion according to thefe in- 
 
 ftru6lyons.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 83 
 
 1%! griateft part of ftruftyons, in like cafe as if you were all there 
 
 tke Jieciat commijfion ^ i a i • /• i 
 
 to proceed in abfence pvelcnt as you are named. And in cafe the more 
 ofotheri. parte of you, fo above fpeciallie named, fliall be ab- 
 
 fent out of that flicire, at the tymcs requifite to execute this commifli- 
 on, then you the refte, fliall fo certifie us with your opynions who 
 were mete to fupplie the rooms of the perfons abfent, whereupon 
 directions flialbe given accordinglie, for fupplie of thofe defects. 
 And confidering it may feme inconvenient, to call men to fuche ge- 
 nerall mufters, before the feafon of the yeare fliallbe more apte 
 thereto, for fayrenefs of weather, and yet the benefit of this fervice 
 rcquireth all good expedition, confideringe the ftate of matters in 
 other countries, neare to this realme ; therefore it is left to the 
 Begmmngthemuflers, difcrccyou of you thc commiflioncrs, fpeciallie nam- 
 
 reftrredtotbe commif- . , , _ ^ _ 
 
 fionert direahn. cd to bcgyH With thcfc muiters, at fuche tyme as you 
 
 fhall finde mete, and to contynewe your travells therein as you fhall 
 finde mete, for feafonablcnefs of weather and eafe of the people to 
 be muflered; and yet neverthelefs you maie aflenible yourfeffes and 
 confider your commifllon and thefe inftruCtyons, and devife upon 
 the manner of the execution, and by your precepte caufe all perfons 
 To ajfembu and pre- to bc wamcd to prepare thcmfelfes, and their armour 
 
 fare things ready M .. . i r .. U n. i i. r 
 
 the mujier. ^ud wcapous HI icadyneis to be mulrereti, whenfo-^ 
 
 ever theie flialbe called; and generallie to caufe all things to be 
 done that maie convenientlie be don without any notable trouble to 
 the people, by reafon of the feafon of the yeare ; fo as when tyme 
 fliall come to mete for the mufters to be made openlie in the fieldcs, 
 you may finde all thinges in the better redynefs to haften the 
 fervice. 
 
 The Articles of the InJlruBjons. 
 
 Prtnpii of fummom It is neceirailc that by your precepte to the con- 
 toaUp.rfo«stoappere. ^^^^^ ^f ^j^^ hundreds, or othcr officers there- 
 to requifite and ufuall, all liable perfons from fixtccn upwards, 
 
 M 2 which
 
 84, K I S T O R Y O F 
 
 which are within the lynietts of this your commiffion in any parifh, 
 hamlett or village, be fummoned to appere at daies and places, certaia 
 and mete for the mufters, fo none beinge hable of any degree be* 
 forborne, to be warned and called to the fame general mufters, 
 Qtherwife than in fome fpeciall cafes hereafter flialbe remembred. 
 And therefore, it flialbe well don, to commande in your precepte 
 that the names and furnames of all perfons in everie pariflie, aperte. 
 hable to bear armour or to ufe weapons, as above is faide, be ym- 
 mediatelie colletSled and put in writing, by the faide conftables of 
 the hundreds or other like officers, ufed in fuch cafes ; namyne in 
 the faide writinge or note, everie houfeholder by himfelf, with his: 
 fonnes, fervants, prentices, journeymen or any other fojourners or. 
 jndwellers remayninge in their houfes, being hable to wear armure. 
 or ufe weapons mete for the warres. And that the faide houfeholders 
 be charged to bringe all the faide perfons by name, with their ar- 
 mour and weapons at fuche feveraltymes and places, as flialbe there- 
 to lymeted. And fo after the returne to the commillloners of the; 
 faide writinge, conteyning their names, the faid commiffioners flialL 
 call for the perfons, and proceed to the mufters of them, and re-- 
 gifter the names of fuch as fliall appear, with notes of their ar-~ 
 mour and weapons ; and when fome fliall not have armour or wea- 
 pons mete there, it fhalbe noted to what kinde of fervice for the. 
 warres, everie of the faide perfons fliall feme mete, wherein is meant,., 
 not to omytte to note what number of them male ferve for labo-. 
 rers or pioners, and who are alfo carpenters, fmythes, or fuch like 
 artificers, fo as there maye be fome ufe had of their* habilities for 
 fervice of theire countrie, as caufe fliall require, though theie fliall . 
 nott have armor. And of fuche as fliall not appere, having ben , 
 warned, to make a fpeciall note and cheke, and to examyne dulie 
 the caufes of their abfence, and according to reafon to allowe or pu- 
 nyflie, and redrefle the defaultes, that no forberinge be had of any 
 without verie evident necefl*arie and lawfuU caufe, but that the parties 
 being abfent at one tyme, upon reafonable caufe maie yet at fome 
 
 othef
 
 THE ENGLISH A R nl Y. 85 
 
 other ty-me appere, to be viewed, muftered, and regiftered as others 
 of the like condycion flialbe; and becaufe it maie feme mete, that 
 the houfeholders in all places fhoulde not be compelled fo bring 
 all their fervants, or indvvellers and hable perfons, at one tyme from 
 their dwelling houfes, it flialbe well therefore, that in the warrants 
 to the aforefaid conftables or other officers, it maie be exprefl'ed, 
 that theie conferre with the houfehoulders, upon the makinge of 
 theire firft bookes of names, to bringe as manye as maie reafon- 
 ablie be fpared at the firft daie, and thereafter to appoint theire ap- 
 pearance ; wherein the commiffioners maie alfo, as theie fee caufe, 
 diredl the order how many fhall come at the firft tyme, and howe 
 manye at other tyme; and yet that the writing contayne trulie the 
 names and furnames bothe of them that fhall appeared at the firft 
 daie, and of them that fhall remayne at home, and the houfeholders to 
 be charged by the commiffioners or otherwife to bring or fende the 
 reft of the perfons at fome other daie, to be by them lymited, to be 
 viewed, muftered and ufed, as hereafter fhall appere theie oughte 
 to be, fo as all the nombers of the parfons hable maie at feverall 
 tymes be viewed and muflered; or if contynuance of ficknefs fliall 
 deteyne any parfon from acccfs to the mufters, during this com- 
 miflion, yet the name of fuche perfon fhalbe certified and regiftered 
 with a note of his habilitie to ferve, when his ficknelTe fliall ceafe, 
 and of his furnyture to ferve according to his degree. 
 
 Item, it is to be underftood, that no houfeholder of any degree, 
 except the prelates and lordes of parliament, and others of the 
 Pr(iaies,hrjjo/f>ar- privic counfaiJ, (thc Certain nomber whereof is al- 
 c'liZTJtmttedjy'L readie well knowen) flialbe forborne, if he be hable 
 prfonai apptarauct. for helthc or ftrcngthc to come himfelf to thofe 
 mufters ; and as for all other inferior perfons ecclcfiafticall, beinge 
 not lordes of parliament, whofe vocation is to attend pcrfonallie upon 
 their miniflerie and cures, and for the juf^ices of the one bench or 
 other, or fuch other hed officers of any of her majefties courtcs of 
 
 record
 
 86 IIISTORYOF 
 
 record, occupienge judiciall places ; it is ment that as well thefaide 
 ecclefiafticall perfons, as the faide jiiftices and other judiciall offi- 
 cers, fhall not be compelled to appere at thofe niufters, but fliall fend 
 HoufehoLiprvants ec thcm hable fcrvants and houfehold men, at fome 
 
 cUfiaJiU all perfons and . y r \\ i i t 
 
 judges. convenient and leverali tymes and places, to be 
 
 viewed, muftered and rcgiftered as others are or flialbe, with their ar- 
 mour and weapons, fo as there maie be neverthelefs a feveral muftcr 
 book made of all the houfcholde fervants of the faide clergie aparte. 
 And as for the fervants of the faide judges and judiciall officers, 
 with all their furnyture of armour and weapons to be added to the 
 mufters of the layitie, according to their feverall dwellinge places. 
 And as for any houfehould fervants of any of the prelates and lordes 
 of parliament, or of any of the privie counfail, becaufe the faid 
 prelates for their perfons arc to be fpared, and the perfonal fervices 
 of the faide lordes temporall, or counfaillors are to be diredcd by 
 fpeciall commandment of her majeftie, about her perfon, or other- 
 wife accordinge to their callinges ; there is another fpeciall order 
 appoynted aparte from her majeftie to the faid prelates, lordes 
 and counfaillors, to certifie in writinge to her majeftie, the num- 
 bers and names of their houfehold fervants mete to ferve with them, 
 being their lordes and mafters, with the furnyture alfo of theire 
 horfes, geldinges, armour and weapons, which theie have or oughte 
 to have in readynes, or will encreafe for her majefties fcrvice, and 
 for all others that are not houfehold fervauntes, or dalie attend- 
 auntes, to anie of the faide temporall lordes of parliament or 
 counfaillors, and yet havinge their dwellinge and proper houfe- 
 holdes in that fliire, pretending that theie doe belonge to any of the 
 faide lordes temporall or counfaillors as retaynors, fuche flialbe fum- 
 moned in like cafe as others fhalbe at theire dwelling houfes to ap- 
 pcare, and flialbe muftered and charged accordinge to theire habi- 
 Hties to be furniflied with armour and weapons, and flialbe charge- 
 able
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. Zj 
 
 Servants retayncd by ^^^^ ^^ ^ -^^ therewith to all muftcrs, and to 
 
 lorJs of parliament ' j ^ <.<-> 
 
 and counfaiiiort. rcfofte to any fervicc vvithui the flieire, as any 
 
 other of the fame flieue flialbe charged, upon calling for to the de- 
 fence of the fea coafte or invafion of the reaime. And yet there 
 fhalbe a particular note and regifter kept of the perfons beinge 
 fo retayned, and theire dweliinge places, and in what forte theie do 
 pretend to be retayned by their lordes and mafters. And the com- 
 mifiions fliall forbear to make entrie of anie fuchc, fo knowen to 
 be lafullye reteyned by their lordes and mafters, into any fpeciall 
 companyes and bands of the reft of the foldiers to be appoynted for 
 that country. But to be chargeable as is abovefaid onlie to reforte 
 with the reft of their neighbours and parifhioners in warlike man- 
 ner to the defence of theire countrie at all tymes, when theie fliall 
 not be called out of the faide countrie by commandment of theyre 
 lorde or mafters ; in which cafe in refpect of the fervices to be done 
 perfonallie to their lordes and mafters as caufe fliall requier, the faide 
 perfons, fo lafullye reteyned, flialbc excufed duringe the tyme that 
 theie flialbe abfent upon the commandement of the lordes and 
 mafters. 
 
 Item, the commiflloners fliall upon the firft raufters confider 
 particularlie all the imperfeccyons in the perfons appearing, and in 
 the armures, weapons and fuch like, and fliall give particular in- 
 Ymperfecciom oj men ftruccyous and chardgc how to remedie the fame 
 \t'!jlrJel7n7e'firft ^Y ^""^^ ^Y^^" theruuto to be fpedalie lymitted, and 
 mufieri. fliall appoiute certaine perfons in the mean tyme 
 
 within everie hundred or other divifion, to fee to, and give order 
 for the reformacyon thereof againft the tyme of the nexte mufters. 
 
 Item, where alwaies of verie ancyent tyme there hath been and 
 ftill are a nomber certain of foldiers furniflicd of armure and wea- 
 pons, to be founde of the comon chardge of everie towne or pariflie, 
 over and befides fuche particular perfons as are by the late ftatutcs 
 chargeable, by reafon of their own private pofleflions or goods to 
 finde foldyers, armure and weapons. 
 
 The
 
 '88 HISTORYOF 
 
 The commilTioners fiiall do well upon the regiftilngc of the 
 faide gcnerall mufters to caufe fpeciall entries to be made aparte of 
 the faide nombers found by the panlhcs in the mufter books dif- 
 tin6le from the others, that therebie it maie appeare how manye 
 are of one forte, and howe many of the other. And for the more 
 encreafe of hablemen to be furniflied with armour and weapon, the 
 commiflioners fliall caufe the meaner forte of freeholders, franklyns, 
 formers or merchants, beinge not of fufficient valewe of frecholde 
 or of goods to have one whale furniture of armour or weapons, 
 to be treated withall by good perfuafion, and for the love of their 
 countrie to be induced to joyne together by two or three or more, 
 in the provifion of a furniture, either of a pikeman, archer, or 
 harquebufier, to ferve as occafion fliall requier. And furdermore 
 they fliall perfuade all manner of riche ffarmours and freeholders to 
 keep in their houfe perfons mete for archerie and fliott, left when 
 the faid farmours and freeholders fliall for their owne expenfe 
 offer to finde other to ferve in their fl:eade as foldiers, by hiringe 
 them againfl: the daie of mufters, theie doe nott feeke for fuche 
 perfons dwellinge out of their houfes, for fuche borrovvinge of men 
 to farve niuft not fuffered, but that either thefe kepe fuche hable 
 men in their houfes to be alwaies ready, or els that theie be com- 
 pelled to ferve in theire owne proper perfons when neceflitie fliall 
 requier. 
 
 Item, that after the commifTioners fliall have don theire utter- 
 raofte in procuringe of thefe generall mufters in fuche forte as none 
 be fuffered to be abfent, that is hable to carrie armure or wea- 
 pon, otherwife than afore is lymitted; and that the full nombers flialbe 
 knowen of all hable perfons and their qualities, and that the quanti- 
 ties of armure and weapons flialbe alfo feene and confidered in everie 
 divifion J the faide commiflioners with good deliberacyon fliall make 
 choice of perfons meteft to be captaynesand petty-captaynes, notfor- 
 bearinge any under the degree of a lorde of parliament, totackechardge 
 of certaine nombers according to their qualities, fo as concyderacyon 
 
 be
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 89 
 
 be had, that perfons of mofte worfliippe, creditt and valewe, be ap- 
 poynted to take chardge of more or lefle nombere, accordinge to 
 theire degrees, that is to faie, feme of the beft worfliipp to have 
 chardge of 200 or 300, and that others of meaner degrees and va- 
 lues in livinge, doe take chardge under them, of everie of the faide 
 hundredc apartej and that there be alfo, with confent of the cap- 
 taynes, a charge made of the fkilfuU and experte perfons, to be lieu- 
 tenants of everie hundred, and neceffarie officers to governe and 
 lead the faide bandes. In choice whereof, fpeciall regarde alfo 
 flialbe had, that no perfons being knowen, or havinge given ma~ 
 nifell caufe to be fufpecled as unvi'iUinge to ferve the queen's ma- 
 jcftie and the realme, have any truft of chardge or leadinge of men 
 comytted to them. 
 
 Item, becaufe the trayninge and exercife of a multitude of peo- 
 ple, in their armour and weapons, and namely archers and harque- 
 bufiers, may feme coftlie and chardgeablc, and that it fliall not 
 feme neceffarie in many places, to have the whole nombers of the 
 liable people, to be armed and weaponed. Therefore the faid A, 
 B, C, D, 6cc. with the afllftance aforefaid, fliall therein ufe theire 
 difcrecyons, after theie fliall have made a generall mufter of the 
 nombers of the whole flieire, and fliall confidcr and determyne, 
 what were, or maie be a convenient number in everie parte of the 
 flieirc, to be collected out of the totall nombcr, mete to be forted in 
 bandes, and to be trayned and exercifed in fuch forte, as maye reafon- 
 ablie be borne by a common chardge of the whole countric, and there- 
 of, and alfo of the rcfl: of the whole nombre, thcie fliall fpedilic 
 certifie the queens majeftic's privie counfail in a briefe manner, no- 
 tynge holie the nombrcs, wherebie to have theire opynions concern- 
 inge the lymitation of the faid nombers to be felcftcd, fo as the 
 fame bcinge fo allowed, or otherwife altered, there may thereupon 
 be a direction to the comniiflioners to putt the fame in execucyon, 
 and the chardges alfo, for the trayninge of the faid nomber, ys to 
 be confidcrcd, that being reafonablic allotted by ihc divifions of the 
 
 Vol. I, N fchire,
 
 90 HISTORYOF 
 
 fchire through all the pariflics, it may be as eafie a chardge as rea- 
 fonablie maie be borne, and yet fo neceflarie a thinge it is to be 
 procured, as without that helpe, the reft will ferve to (mall purpofej 
 wherein it is to be remembered, that it is not ment to have a con- 
 chardse> fir trap,, tynuancc of any fuch chardge, but now at the be- 
 '«.?'• gynninge, fome reafonable allotment wolde be made 
 
 to beare the chardges of them that flialbc occupied under the commif- 
 fioners in the muftringe and trayninge of the faide bandes of foldiers 
 that flaalbe fo fele6led out of the toatal nomber muftered, and alfo to 
 paye for the powder that neceffarilie flialbe fpent in the faide ex- 
 ercife, befide other neceffarie chardges, to be imploied by fome al- 
 lowance upon the foldiers themfelves, that flialbe trayned, for fome 
 helpe and reliefe to them, in refpect of the tyme theie fliall fpende^ 
 in refortinge to their mufters, attendinge upon their exercifes, to 
 be ufed; and in taxatyon of any fuch fomes of money regarde 
 woulde be had to fpare as much as maie be, the poor huibandman, 
 the cotager and artifan, and to chardge fuch chieflie as be riche 
 and not mete to ferve in theire own perfons, and where any ftran- 
 gers flialbe refident, beinge not naturall borne fubjefts, it fhalbe 
 reafonable to chardge them accordinge to their powers, confider- 
 inge theie are nott perfonallie to be ufed in fervice as others are. 
 Item, there fhalbe regarde had howe to divide and diftribute the 
 ufe of the weapons, in the fortinge of the bands, that there maie 
 be in everie hundred footmen, at the leaft, fortye harqucbufiers 
 and twenty archers, if fo it mai be convenientlie procured ; and to 
 that end, the faid commifiioners Ihall ufe all good perfv/afions, and 
 fhall give fome good example in the countrie, by exercife in 
 games and matches, to encreafe thofe two weapons, forefeycnge, 
 that the archers maie be men of ftrcngthe, and fo the more hable 
 to fhoote in the longe bowes ; and becaufe it is not lafull for any 
 parfon, but fuch as by the ftatute are thereto licenfed, to flioot in 
 any handgonne, or harquebufs, her majeftie is pleafed, that all fuch 
 as flialbe appoynted by the commiflloners to be liarquebufiers, to 
 
 ufe
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 91 
 
 life their faide weapons without daunger of the lawes, fo as theie 
 do nott ufe the fame otherwife than others may do that are by the 
 ftatute licenfed ; and for the manner of thetrayninge and exercife of 
 the faide fele6ted nomber, the faid commifTioners alfo (hall ufe theire 
 difcrecyone, for choice of tyme and places mete and convenient 
 for fuch affembUes, in everie fevcral divifion of the (hire, for 
 the more eafe of the people, and that the aflemblies be nott 
 greater, in any one place and tyme, than is convenient ; and fpe- 
 ciallie to forefce that no publique aflemblies, nor exercife of wea- 
 pons be had for this purpofe, but that there be at the faide place 
 and tyme, two juftices of the peace, at the leaft, lymitted 4o be 
 prefent, or elfe one of the fpeciall commiflioners here before nam- 
 ed, fo as bothe good order may be ufed for the faid exercife, and 
 that no other unneceflarie nombcrs of people reforte thereto, but 
 fuch as are to be exercifcd and trayned, or other neceffarilie attend- 
 inge upon them, or thereto licenfed by the commiflioners ; and fpe- 
 ciallie to fee that the peace be dulie kept, or otherwife that thefharp- 
 Pface to be kept in the ell and fpccdiefl: punyfliment be ufed v^'ithout delaye, 
 ejembiia. ^j^^j. ^^^ lefullie be upon the breakers of the peace 
 
 at any fuch afliemblies ; and it be alfo ordered that no foldier do 
 come to any fuch alfemblie, but fuch as flialbc appoyntc<l by their 
 captayns or officers, or with the knowledge and permifllon of the 
 commilTioners. 
 
 E-verUbanJioi., muf- It E M , whcu the nombcrs of the felefted hable men 
 '"■"'• (hall be knowen, and howe many fhall be furnylhed 
 
 with armur an<l weapon, and the fame diftributcd to the captaynes 
 and leaders, everie captayne fliall have a fpeciall roll made in wri- 
 tinge, of the names and furnames of the parfons, and theire 
 dwellingc place, lymitted to his chardgc and leading, fubfcribed by 
 the fpeciall commiflioners, or one of them ; and as any of the fol- 
 <iiers or officers (hall cither dye, or fhall upon jufl: caufe, remove 
 to fome other dwcUinge, out of the fheire or t!ie lymitt of the di- 
 vifion where his muller place ys appoynted, which he fhall nott 
 
 N 2 do
 
 92 ^ HISTORYOF 
 
 do before knowledge given to the captayne ; than the captaine fliall 
 give notice thereof, to his fuperior captayne, if he have any, or 
 elfc to one of the fpeciall commiflioners, fo as the roome may, by 
 warrant from one of the commiflioners, be fpediUe fuppHed, and 
 an hable man armed and weaponed may be provided, and his name 
 entered into the place of the former roll. 
 
 Prefewation of ar- Item, thc commiflioners fliall alfo appoynte foms 
 
 mour and -weapons. good Order, how the amiour and weapons lymittcd 
 to ferve, fhalbe kept to contynue ferviceable, and fhall appoynts 
 fpeciall men in every hundred or wapentake, to be named fur- 
 veiors of the armour and weapons that (hall belonge in commune 
 to the parifhes and townefliipps, both for the fafe kepinge of the 
 fame, in the cuftodie of honeft parfons, and for the kepinge 
 thereof alwaies furnyflied, cleane and readie for fervicc; and it may 
 alfo be appoynted, that thc fame furveior in everie hundred, may 
 from tymeto tyme in good reafonable forte repayer to the houfes of 
 all other perfons chargeable to have armour and weapons, to fee 
 that the fame be dulie and clean kept, fo as at the tyme of the 
 mufterSj theie maie be perfe6llieredie and without defefte : and if 
 the faid furveiors fliall herein fynde any default, theie lliall from 
 tyme to tyme advertife fome of the fpeciall commiflioners to pro^ 
 vide remedie for the fame. 
 The reft biiKgevotfe- Item, thc reft of the totall nombers, notbeins;, as 
 
 Uaed to be perfeaiie ■ r 
 
 tri^ned. above ys faide fele6lcd, and putt into fuch bands to 
 
 be trayned, fhall neverthelefs be reduced into certen bandes of hun- 
 dreds, under mete captaynes and ofiicers, fo as they maie be in 
 readines alfo for a generall fervice, when of necefiitie theie flialbe 
 called, with armour and weapon for defence of the countrie, and to 
 be alfo muftered and arrayed before their captaynes, in prefence of 
 two of the juftices of peace at the leaft, fower feveral tymes in the 
 yeare, at places thereto appoynted, without any chardge to be bourne 
 of any common collection, for the exercifing of them, otherwife then 
 voluntarilie themfelves or their captaynes fhall aflent unto, or fhall 
 procure. And becaufe in the choice of the nombers to be trayned 
 
 and
 
 THE ENGLISH AR M Y. 93 
 
 and exercifed, diveife of the foldiers inhabiting in many townes, 
 fiialbe forborne and not appoynted to be of the trayned nomber, and 
 yet the fervice of the pcrfons chofs-'n and trayned doth appertayne 
 to the weak of the hole (hier, there flialbe confideracion had in the 
 coIlc6lion of the chardgcs, to mayntayne the faid trayninge and ex- 
 ercife -, that everye towne and pariflie of the fheire, and inhabitants 
 Char jgci for iraynwg thcreof bc ratablvc chardged, without bourdonynge 
 
 to be borne by the mofi .., i-ii- 
 
 able. lome more than other, otherwile than theire habi- 
 
 lities fliall requier. And thus farre ys fufficient for fo much as con- 
 cernethe the mufteringe,- trayninge and exercifinge of the footmen, 
 within that countie. And if there fhalbe any towne corporate, or 
 other place priviledged, that fliall pretend to have by efpeciall grante, 
 avaylable in law, exemption from appearaunce to mufter before any 
 other commifTioners, then fuche as be juftices or officers of the 
 {aide townes or places ; in fuch cafes upon the fhewinge to you the 
 fpeciall commifTioners of fuch grauntes, and of the ufage thereof, 
 if it fhall appere that their claymes of fuch exemptions are good 
 and reafonablc, you fliall forbere to entermeddle with the inhabi- 
 tants thereof, and fliall chardge them that fpedilie theie do make 
 fuite to the lords of the privie counfaill, for a fpeciall commiflion 
 to take the like mufters of the faid inhabitants as of others, with- 
 in the bodie of the countie ; and if you fhall underftand, that theie 
 fhall make delaye fo to do, you, the fpeciall commifTioners, fhall 
 thereto certifie her majefties counfaill, that in fuch cafe you fliall 
 enter and take muflers of them. 
 
 FiNALLYE, where in the bcginninge of thcfe inflruccyons it is 
 ordeyned, that you A, B, C, D, E, F, fhall take efpeciall care of the 
 exccutynge of the commifTion ; yet for your more eafc in devydinge 
 of yourfelves accordinge to the places of your refidence, you fliall 
 do well to order, that in everie fuch divifion, the reft of the jufticcs 
 of peace, accordinge to their habilities and underftandings, maie bc 
 fo appoynted to allilt you, and, as caufe fliall requier, to join with 
 you, and in meaner poyntes of fcrvices, to fupplie alio your roomcs ; 
 
 for.
 
 94 HISTORYOF 
 
 for otherwife the burden of the fervice will prove too grcate and 
 troublcfomc. 
 
 Articles for Furniture of Horfemen. 
 
 Item, becaufe one of the beft ftrengthes to be required for de- 
 fence of the reahne, and that which is thoughte to be mofte de- 
 cayed and ymperfe6le, and moft neceffarilic to be increafed, is the 
 furniture of horfes and horfemen within the realme, it flialbc well 
 confidered by the faide A, B, C, D, 6cc. prefentlie upon the rcceipte 
 of the commiflion, and without delay, by good and advifed confer- 
 ences amongft themfelfes upon theire firft metynge, howe manyc 
 perfons within the (hire, in every hundred and divifion, in refpeft of 
 theire true, jufl, and reafonable clere yerelie valours of their landes 
 and poficflions or fees, or of the clere value of their goods, are by 
 the lawes and ftatutes of the realme, chargeable to fynde and have in 
 readynes, horfes or geldinges bothe for launces and for light horfe- 
 men, with armour and weapons mete for the fame ; wherein is to be 
 xemembered, that the lawes do exprefslie prefcribe the chardge and 
 nomber of the faide horfes, or geldinges to be accordinge to the 
 juft value of everie perfons landes and fees, and of their goodes j 
 and nott (as a common fuppofityon is made) that the faid values of 
 landes, fees and goods, fhould be accompted accordinge to the com- 
 mon and eafy taxacyons ufcd for the payment of fubfidies. And 
 therefore, thoughe the faid taxations for the payment of fubfidies, 
 it is fene by experience of her majeftie's clemencye and goodnefs, 
 that theire hath not byn ufed any better inquifycion of the furdcr 
 values of any perfons for their landes or goods, to encrcafe her ma- 
 jefties fubfidie, as in reafon might be, fpeciallie where there appear- 
 eth great partialities in the faid taxacyons ; yet, in this fpeciall cafe, 
 vi^herein confifteth a matter of fuche weightefor the fervire, furetie 
 and defence of the whole realme, yea, the particular defence of eve- 
 ry fpeciall perfon, her m.aieftye fyndeth it moft necellaric arnl juflc, to 
 
 have
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 95 
 
 have a furder regarde, and not to fufTer the intencyons of (o necefTarie 
 and reafonable lawes to be in that wife fruftrated, to the weaknes 
 and danger of the realmc, as it is like it flioulde be, if everie perfon 
 chargeable to fynde horfes fervifable flioulde be no furder charged, 
 then accordinge to the common eafie values afelicd by the feflions of 
 the fubfidics, whiche her majeftie vcrilie fuppofeth, no good fubjefls 
 being hereof dulie warned will thinke reafonable, where thefeare in 
 dede well knowen othervvife more hable by their landes, fees and 
 goods to anfwer a greater nomber of horfes and geldinges ; for fo 
 alfo by experience of former mufters of horfemen in fondrie partes of 
 the realme it hathe bin well fene, that a great nomber of worfliip- 
 full and honefl: well difpofed gentlemen, for love of their country 
 have had in readines more horfes or geldinges for fervice furniflied,. 
 than the rate of the valews of theire lands or goods certiiicd for fub- 
 fidics, have prefcnbed, and yet none of them have therebie byn the 
 more chardged towards the payment of any fubfidies, neither in rea- 
 fon oughre to be, but doe rather deferve to be favored in all other 
 manner of chardges, and to be efteemed the better and more na- 
 turall fubjeds. And therefore the faide A, B, C, D, &c. &c. after 
 that they have amongft themfelfes confidered, and well perafed the 
 nomber and ftate of the pofefTioners refident within that fheire, 
 whom they Ihall thinke to be indede hable in land, fees or goods, ac- 
 cordinge to the rates as by the lawsys ordeyned, fliall make a book 
 thereof, and confequentlie fliall fend particular precepts to every of 
 them, to prepare and put in readynefs, fuch nomber of horfes and 
 geldings for fervice, as they oughte to have by the ft'atutes and lawes 
 Pretcfu to -warn all of the rcaluic ; wlth fpcciall requeft in the faide pre- 
 
 rr.i-HchurgeabUlofjnJe . r i r ■ i i r /• • 
 
 lor/fs. ccpt, to mcreaie the laide nomber as farre forth, 
 
 as theire habilites may reafonablie extende, without regarde to their 
 values as theie be aflfcflTed in any fubfidie books ; and of the nomber 
 that willinglie they will offer to find and have in readynefs, to com- 
 mande them to make anfwere by a day to be lymitted, which woulde 
 be fpedie as may be j and upon receipte of the fame anfwcrs, if the 
 
 {^lidc
 
 96 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 faide A, B, C, D, 5cc. fliall thinke that any of the faide parties have 
 not yelded to fuch a nombcr as they fliall thinke ixafDnablc they 
 oughte to do, they ihall commande tliem to appearc before them, 
 and there fliall ufe all the beft perfwafions that they can, to induce 
 cerujicausofthofeun. thcm to incrcafc the nomber and furniture, where- 
 'uiiUingetofindebirfes. uHto if thci fliall not agrcc, they fliall immediatelie 
 certifie their names with their own offers, and the nomberswhiche the 
 £iide commilTioners fliall have lymited to them, with a note of their 
 values in fubfidies, and what the conimifTioncrs fliall conceive them 
 to be more in value. 
 
 And as to the reft that flialbe conformable to the mocyons of 
 the commiflioners, it flialbe ordered, that they maybe lymited a rea- 
 fonable tyme to have the faide horfcs andgeldinges in readynes to be 
 fene and muftered. And the faide commiffioners Ihall at fome conve- 
 nient place and tyme, as foon as the fame maye be, take the mufters 
 of all the faide horfes and geldinges, and of fuch mete perfons as 
 flialbe appoyntedto ferve uppon them, with theire whole furniture of 
 armour and weapons, accordinge to theire feveral degrees and habi- 
 lities : and in treatinge with any parfons for increafe of the nombers 
 of horfes and theire furniture, the faid commiflioners fliall let them 
 knowe, that theire flialbe a fcverall regifter booke made of the horfes 
 or geldinges, which theie fliall kepe, accordinge to their values taxed 
 in the fubfidie bookes, and another book aparte contaynynge the reft, 
 which theie flialbe content to furniflie as an encreafe of theire good 
 will which theie beare to the fervice of theire countrie, fpeciallie as 
 this tyme nowe requireth ; and for the further probacyon of them to 
 this encreafe, they maie be perfuaded, that it flialbe ordered, that the 
 nombers of horfes and geldinges fo encreafed above the value rated 
 by the fubfidie books, fliall not be ufed or fent abroad to fervice, 
 but when the owners thereof themfelves flialbe fent to ferve, or 
 any other by their confent and agreement, upon great, urgent and 
 generall caufe for the neceflarie defence of the whole realme. And 
 of the conformities of fuch as fliall in this forte agree to an increafe, 
 
 the
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 97 
 
 <:efiificaia of terfons ^j^g ^^^^ ^^^^H^g Certified to her maieftle and her 
 
 tonformablt to Jxnde 
 
 horfes. counfaill, to the intent theire good difpofytions may- 
 
 be knowen and thankfully allowed. And as to the recufants, befides 
 that certificates flialbe made as above is exprefled, it flialbe declared 
 to them, that thereupon the quenes majeftie muft be forced to caufe 
 a due inquifition and extent to be made, accordinge to the order of 
 her lawes, of theire full values both of landes and goods ; and there- 
 upon if their trevve valews flialbe found by inquifityon, it is likely 
 that their burden flialbe far greater by order of the lawes, than by 
 the commifTioners ys lymitted, befides the forfeiture of the penal- 
 ties incurred for the tyme pafied, and befide the evill accompte and 
 eftymacyon to be made of their backwardnes ; and if uppon fuch 
 motion theie fliall not be made conformable to fuche reafonable con- 
 ditions as the commiflloners fliall thinke mete, then the faid com- 
 mifiloners fliall in dede without delaye make certificate as is above 
 faid, whereupon prefent order flialbe taken to proceed to due inquifi- 
 inquiftiion /hall be ^y^j^ accordlnec to thorder of the law, v/ithout any 
 
 maiU oj the "valua oj ■' ^ ' 
 
 the nctifantu Other favour than lawe fliall permytte. 
 
 And becaufc there is no one thinge at this tyme more neceflarie to 
 be regarded than the increafe to the ftrength of the realm by havinge 
 of horfes and geldinges mete forfervice, the faide commiflloners fliall 
 furdermore caufe an inquifityon to be dulie made throughc that flieirc 
 of the ftatute made in the 27th yeare of the rcigne of King Henrie 
 thcighthe for breeding and encrcaie of horfes, geklinges and mares ; 
 and that after thefe have don their endeavours in this fervice by in- 
 creafing the nombers, and in mufteryngc and remcdyinge the defefls 
 of furnitures, they fliall there of aparte make a full certificate in wri- 
 tinge, contayninge the particular name of everie perfon, with theire 
 dwellinge place, that flialbe lymeted, and fliall afiTent to kcepe any 
 horfe or gckllngc, with the nonibcr of the fai<le horfes and geldinges, 
 and with the kinde of weapons, be it launce, or lighthorfcmens flafi"e, 
 or cafes of dagges, accordinge to the qualities of the pcrfons, and how 
 manye of the fiuiie are already in readynes, and have ben viewed and 
 
 Vol. I. O muftered,
 
 98 HISTORYOF 
 
 muftcred, and by what tyme the reft fliall or may be fo, as her ma- 
 jefty maye underftand the ftrengthe of her good fubjeds in this kynd 
 of fcrvice, and theie therefore receive thancks accordinge to their 
 good willes for the fame ; and hkewife thcie fliall make certificate of 
 the nombers of mares that are, or ought to be kept by the faide 
 irtb Hen. nil. for f^^tutc of the 27th of Hen. VIII. and what tyme 
 ttcreafeofhorfis. yg lymitcd for the fupplic of thofe that do want. 
 
 And confiderynge it is likely that many Ihalbe found willinge either 
 of themfelves, or by perfwafion, to finde and kepe horfes and geld- 
 inges for the fervice of the realme, and yet cannot prefentlie provide 
 the fame for any reafonable pryce, or that many fhalbe both wil- 
 ling and hable to kepe, or have in convenient readynes, more horfes 
 or geldinges in the fomer tyme, than theie can in the wynter, the 
 commiflioners ftiall ufe theire difcretyions to lymitte reafonable tymes 
 for them, whiche can not prefentlie provide horfes or geldinges, to 
 provide the fame j and alfo (hall lymett, as caufe fliall requier, a diver- 
 iitie of nombers to be in readynes, in refpeil of the tymes of fomer 
 and wynter, fo as by all good meanes, the nomber of the horfea 
 and geldinges ferviceable, maie be made as greate in both tymes as^ 
 Reafi«abietymetopro. Tcafonably may be; and that in the regifteringe of the 
 •oideborfcs. fgi^ nombers.it maie appeare how many of increafe 
 
 to be had in the fomer, with the qualities of the horfes or geldinges, 
 how the fame flialbe ferviceable. 
 
 And where percafe it may be, that fondrie merchaunts and others ■ 
 of greate wealthe in goods, d wellinge in corporate, or markett townes j 
 beinge of fuche values, as in good reafon, theie oughte to be chardge-* 
 able with findinge of horfes or geldings, and yet by reafon of theire 
 d wellinge in fuch corporate or markett townes, and havinge nott landss 
 in other places, wherebye tofufteine thechardges of the faide horfesj 
 theie can nott without greater chardge tiian flialbe by them reafon- 
 ablie borne, fyndye the fame in the faide towne, the faide commifli- 
 oners fhall confer with them into what other reafonable chardge, the 
 
 fame
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 99 
 
 fame may be converted, that is, either to have in readynes, feme har- 
 quebufiers, or to contrybute reafonablie fome porcyons of money 
 towardes the chardges of the mufters in the faide towne, or near 
 the fame ; and yet before thefe fhall conclude fo with the faide mar- 
 chauntes or tovvnfmen, for the alteracyon or converfion thereof, theie 
 fliall certifie their opynions to the counfaill, to thend the fame may 
 be either allowed or altered. 
 
 W. Burghley, E. Lyncoln, T. Suflex. 
 
 R. Leycefter, W. Mildmay, 
 
 F. Knollys, T. Smith. 
 
 N. B. This was fubfcribed by the council the laft day of February, 15th of Eliz. 1572, 
 tlie returns and mufters in confequence thereof are given in the appendix. 
 
 The prefent mode of recruiting our armies, is by engaging vo- 
 lunteers, who are enlifted to ferve for an indefinite time, that is, till 
 they fliall be difcharged. Sometimes, particularly towards the end of 
 a war.'foldiers are engaged for a certain time, commonly three years, 
 to which is frequently annexed the additional claufe of, " or during 
 the war." Much might be faid for inlifling foldiers for a ft;ated 
 time, (r) but then it fliould be at leaft, fix or fevcn years. This 
 mode of inlifl:ing men for a limited time, was pra6lifed at a period 
 when the Britifli army was in the zenith of its glory, under the 
 command of the victorious duke of Marlborough, and was autho- 
 rifed by feveral of the mutiny ads pafi!ed in the reign of Queen 
 
 (r) The idea of engaging in a profeffion for life, has prevented many young men from 
 inlifting, who would have ventured an cfTay of five or even fevcn years, and there is little 
 danger of a good foldier requiring his difcliarge at tlic expiration of that time ; the charms 
 of afrefhbounty ononchand, and an unwillingnefs to leave his old camarades and con- 
 nciSlions on the other, would fcarccly fail to procure a frefli engagement, particularly if 
 fome little douceur or honorary diftin<flion was granted to foldiers on their fecond en- 
 gagement. 
 
 O 2 Anne,
 
 100 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 Anne, the claufe from one of them, whereby this mode of hillftlng 
 is clire6led, fee in the note below, (s) 
 
 Pressing for foldiers was pra6lifed much in its prefent form in 
 the time of Qneen Elizabeth, as we may leain from the admirable 
 portrait of its abufes exhibited by Shakefpear : it has fince been fe- 
 veral times occafionally authorifed by a6ls of parliament; but is in 
 itfelf but a bad expedient, and in general timidly, partially and im- 
 properly executed, (t) 
 
 (s) Provided always and it is hereby enafled, that every perfon now being in her ma- 
 jcfty's fer\'ice in the land forces, and who has been fo for the fpace of three years, (hall be 
 at liberty, if he think fit, to demand his difcharge from the colonel of the regiment to 
 ■which he fhall belong ; as alfo, that every perfon who fliall enter himfelf as a volunteer, 
 or be lifted in her majeftie's fervice, after he (hall have continued therein during the fpace of 
 three years, (hall be at liberty, if he think fit, to demand his difcharge, in the like manner,, 
 fuch foldier giving to fuch colonel three months notice at the leaft of his defiring fuch dif- 
 charge, and fuch difcharge (hall be granted, gratis, in writing, under the hand of fuch co- 
 lonel, who is impowered and required to give the fame accordingly. Any thing herein 
 contained to the contrary noiwithftanding. Mutiny aft, 12 Anne, 17 14. 
 
 (t) An atStfor impre(fing foldiers took place in 1779, when all the thieves, pickpockets 
 and vagabonds in the environs of London, too lame to run away, or too poor to bribe the 
 pari(h officers, were apprehended and delivered over as foldiers to the regiments quartered 
 in the very townes and villages where thefe banditti had lived and been taken ; thefe men 
 being thus fet at large in the midft of their old companions and connexions, immedi- 
 ately deferted, whereby the whole expence, by no means an inconllderable one, y/zy 
 thrown away : nor did the foldiers of the regiments on which they were impofed, take the 
 leaft pains to prevent their efcape, or to retake them ; as they juflly confidered being thus 
 made the companions of thieves and robbers, a moft grievous and cruel infult, and loudly 
 complained of it as fuch, to their officers. Indeed it feems to have been a very ill judged 
 meafure, tending to deftroy that profcfTional pride, that efprit de corps which ought moft 
 affiduoufly to be cultivated in every regiment. The profelfion of a foldier has longceafed 
 to be lucrative, if it ever was fo. If it is likewife made di(honorable, where (ball we get fol- 
 diers on whom we may depend r when the exigencies of the times make it neccfTary to take 
 fuch men into the fervice, they (hould at leaft be fent to regiments quartered in a diftant 
 part of the kingdom, where they and their charaiicrs are equally unknown, or divided 
 among the regiments on foreign fervice. ^ 
 
 The
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. loi 
 
 The cavalry of our antient Englifh armies foon after the con- 
 queft, confifted of the knights, or men at arms, and hobilers; the 
 infantry of fpear and bill-men, crofs-bow men and archers, (u) 
 
 The men at arms derived that appellation from being completly 
 armed, de cap-a-pied, or from head to foot ; they were chiefly com- 
 pofed of the tenants in capite, holding by military fervice, or their 
 fubilitutes, fometimes called fervientes. 
 
 The defenfive armour of a man at arms, was a hauberk of dou- 
 ble mail, compofed of ringlets of iron linked together like a net, (x) 
 this covered the body, and to it were joined a hood, breeches, {lock- 
 ings and fabatons or fhoes of the fame conflruftion, the hands and 
 arms were alfo defended by gauntlets and fleeves of mail. 
 
 In France the hauberk was armour peculiarly appropriated to 
 pcrfons poflefled of certain eftatcs or feigneuries called fiefs d'haubert, 
 and might not be worn by perfons of an inferior degree, (y) 
 
 Commonly under the hawberk, though fometimes over it, was 
 worn a loofe garment called a gambefon, which dcfccnded as low as 
 the knees, it was fluffed with wool or cotton, and quilted ; the ufe 
 of it was to deaden theflrokes of the fword or lance, whicli, though 
 they did not divide the mail, might without the interpofition of the 
 gambefon, feverely bruife the body; under or between the hawberk 
 and gambefon, a breafl plate of forged iron called a plaflron, was 
 occafionally put on ; over all men of family wore fur coats of fatin, 
 
 velvet 
 
 (u) In garrifons the men at arms occafionally ferved on foot. Anno 1442, Thomas 
 Hoo was retained by K. Hen. VI. for the defence of the city of Mantc, for which purpofe 
 he was to keep conlbntly tifty incn at arms on horfcback, twenty men at arms on foot, 
 and two hundred and ten archers fufficicntly armed, mounted, arrayed and cloathcd. 1\ 
 Daniel, Tom. I. p. 226. 
 
 (x) Sometimes "but not commonly, men at arms wore habergeons made of plate mail, 
 formt d of fmill round plates of iron, laid one over the other like fcales of fidi. 
 
 (y) The hauberk was the proper armour of a knight 5 an cfquirc might wear a fliirtof 
 mail over his gambefon, but might not ufe the hood, breeches, hofe, nor flecvcs of mail. 
 
 Sec
 
 1C2 HISTORYOF 
 
 velvet or cloth of gold or filver, richly embroidered with their ar- 
 morial bearings, (z) 
 
 Bv a ftrap, hung over the neck, the men at arms carried a fliield 
 made of wood, covered with leather, bound or ftrengthened with 
 iron or brafs, having handles on the infide for brafing it, which 
 was the term then in ufe, to exprefs the putting it over the left 
 arm. (a) Thefe fliields were for at leaft a century after the con- 
 queft of a triangular form, pointed at the bottom, and a little con- 
 vex in the diredlion of their breadth. 
 
 The helmets worn by the men at arms, were of different forms(b) 
 fome conical or pyramidical with a fmall proje6lion called a nafal, 
 to defend the face from a tranfverfe ftroke; fome cylindrical, co- 
 vering the whole head down below the chin, with apertures for fight 
 and breath ; and others in which the face was totally uncovered. 
 Helmets with bevers and vizors do not feem to have been in ufe, till 
 the .middls of the .14th century, about which time, the hawberk was 
 
 See Father Daniel's Hift. de la Mil. Franc, torn. i. p. 393 and 394. An extrai5l from an 
 old regulation for tournaments, quoted by Du Cange in his feventh differtation on the 
 hiftory of St. Louis, thus defcribes the armour of an efquire, Item, the harnefs of an 
 efquire fliall be fimilar to that of a knight, except that he fliali not have the hofe of mail, 
 nor coif of mail over his bacinet, but a hat of Mont Alban, nor ought he to have fleeves 
 of mail, in all other points he may arm himfelf like a knight. 
 
 (z) One may judge by all this how our knights were loaded, when they had all their 
 arms, for they had befides their ordinary clothes, the gambefon, which of itfelf muft in 
 fummer have been very hot being (luffed with wool or cotton, above this was their coat of 
 double mail, and confequently of an extraordinary weight. Princes and certain great 
 lords had over all their coats of arms, which held the place of the paludamentum of 
 the antient Roman captains, and was in figure like a Dalmatick without fleeves, and de- 
 fcending to the knees, it was charged with the efcutcheons, or armorial bearings of the 
 wearer, and often was of cloth of gold or filver, rich furrs, or cut velvet. But Fauchet has 
 forgot in his defcription, another fpecies of defenfive armour which was worn under tlie 
 gambefon, this was a plaftron of iron. P. Daniel, torn. i. p. 388. 
 
 (a) From the French word Bras. Arm. || (b) Specimens of every fort here men- 
 tioned may be feen in the great feals of our kings and antient barons. 
 
 exchanged
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 103 
 
 exehanged by many of our men at arms, for plate armour, fo called 
 from being formed of plates of iron, (c) 
 
 On the crefts of their helmets, kings (d) frequently wore their 
 crowns, earls and dukes their coronets, generals or other officers of 
 rank either their armorial cognifances, or any other device they 
 thought proper; this was done to make them look larger and more 
 terrible to their enemies, and to render themfelves confpicuous to 
 their officers and foldiers. 
 
 To this lift of defenfive armour may alfo be added the war fad- 
 die, whofe arcon or bows of fteel, covered the rider as high as the 
 navel. 
 
 The knights of the three or four reigns, next fucceeding the con- 
 queft, commonly wore the pryck fpur, which had only a fingle point, 
 afterwhich the rouelle, or wheel fpur came in fafliion, fome of thefe 
 rouelles were near fix inches in diameter. 
 
 Thus enveloped and loaded with fuch a number of weighty in- 
 cumbrances, it is by no means wonderful, that in the midft of fum- 
 mer, in the heat, duft and prefs of an engagement, men at arms 
 ftiould be fuffiDcated in their armour, an event which we learn from 
 hiflory has fometimes happened ; befides the inconveniency arifing 
 from the heat ; a man thus fwathed up like an -Egyptian mummey 
 could have but fmall powers of a6tion. Indeed in a charge of ca- 
 valry very little exertion is required on the part of the rider, the fuc- 
 
 (c) p. Daniel, vol. i. p. 3'96'. 
 
 (d) In Bab. Cott. Tiberius, E. VIII. is a manufcript, written about the time of Hen. 
 VIII, wherein among diverfe military arrangements, is one entitled the Order of a Kyngc, 
 if he entered to fyghte. The kyngc arrayed in his own coat of armes, muft be on horfe- 
 back, on a good horfe, covered alfo with his anncs : the kynge mull alfo wear a crown 
 upon his hc.idpiccc." Henry V. wore iiis crown at the battle of Agincourt, part of it was 
 cut ofr by the duke of Alencon, wirii a rtroke of his fword. King Richard III. wore his 
 crown at the battle of Bofworth, wl'ich was, according to Rapin .ind others, after his 
 death, found in the field of battle by a foldicr, who brought it to the lord Stanley. 
 
 cc fs
 
 104 HISTORYOF 
 
 cefs chiefly depending on the ftrength of the hoiTe. All that the 
 antient knights had to do, was to keep their feats, and dire6l their 
 lances ; but how they were able to ufe the fword or mace to any 
 efFeft, feems incomprehefible, (e) though indeed, this in fomc mea- 
 fure accounts, for the fmall number of knights flain in many en- 
 gagements between cavalry only, in fome of which we read not one 
 knight was killed ; probably, as ranfome was fo great an objeil with 
 foldiers of thofe days, they rather wiftied to capture than to kill 
 their adverfaries, for this purpofe therefore they endeavoured to un- 
 horfe them, as a knight when overthrown was immoveable, and lay 
 on the fpot till remounted by his friends, or feized by his enemies. 
 
 The oftenfive arms of a horfeman, or man at arms, were a fword, 
 or fwords, (f ) a lance and a fmall dagger, called a mifericorde, either 
 from its being mercifully ufed in putting out of their mifery perfons 
 defperately wounded, or from the fight of it, being apt to caufe 
 thofe againft whom it was drawn (commonly knights unhorfed and 
 lying on the ground) to cry, mifericorde, mercy or quarter. Men 
 at arms alfo frequently carried iron maces, fufpended at their faddle 
 bowe. 
 
 The horfes of the men at arms, were fcarcely lefs encumbered 
 with armour than their riders ; their faces, heads and ears were co- 
 vered over with a fort of maflc, fo contrived as to prevent their fee- 
 ing right before them, in order that they might not be terrified from 
 
 (e) King James I. obferved in praife of armour, that it not only proteded the wear- 
 er, but alfo prevented him from injuring any other perfon. 
 
 (f )The ancient knights frequently carried two fwords, one in a belt by their fide and the 
 other fixed to their faddle bowe. In the Speculum Regale written about the 12th century, 
 among other directions for the arming of a horfeman, are thofe, " let him have two fwords, 
 one in his belt and the other hanging to his faddle bowe, with a war knit'e." P. 406. In 
 a military treatife attributed to Guillaume de Bellay, it is faid, men at arms fliould have 
 their fword of arms at their fide, the eftoc (a long (harp pointed fword) at one bowe of 
 their faddle, and a mace at the other. 
 
 charging
 
 THE ENGLISH A P>. M Y. 105 
 
 charging or fliocking with vigour; this mafk was called a chafron, or 
 fbafront. Frequently from the center of the forehead, projefled an 
 iron fpike, refembling the horn given to that fabulous animal an 
 unicorn; their necks were defended by a number of fmall plates 
 connected together, called a criniere, or mancfairc ; they had poi- 
 trinals for their breafts, croupieres and flancois for covering their 
 buttocks and flanks, reaching down to the hocks ; all thefe pieces 
 were generally of iron or brafs, though fometimes of cuir-bouillie, 
 i. e. jacked leather. Occafionally they were covered all over with mail, 
 or linen Huffed and quilted like the gambefon and adorned with rich 
 embroidery. Horfes thus covered, were called barded, and corruptly 
 barbed horfes, they were alfo frequently failed covered horfes. (g) 
 
 To prevent their horfes from being fatigued under all their own 
 incumbrances, and the enormous weight of their riders, and to pre- 
 ferve their vigour for the charge, the men at arms had commonly 
 hackneys for riding on a march, and did not mount their war hor- 
 fes till they were certain of coming to action; a circumftance which 
 has frequently occafioned them to be furprifed and defeated, before 
 they could mount their chargers and form. rBarded horfes were in 
 wfe in our armies, at the time of King Edward VI. 
 
 When plate armour came into general ufe, which as has been be- 
 fore obferved, was about the middle of the fourteenth century, (h) 
 the different pieces for a man at arms, were thefe ; a clofe helmet, 
 having a vifor to lift up and let down, or one with a vifor and bever, 
 both revolving on the fame pivots, (i) When thefe were clofed the 
 
 (g) Barde', in old French, fignilies, covered. 
 
 (h) It is not to be fuppofed that before that time, plate armour was unknown, hiftory 
 affords us plenty of inrtances to the contrary, but probably, it was in the earlier periods 
 too dear to be generally worn ; there are ftill many fpccitnens of Roman plate armour in the 
 muTeums of the curious. 
 
 (ij The vifor was opened to obtain a Icfs obftruacd fight, and the bcver, to enable the 
 wearer to converfe more freely, and to cat oi drink ; their ufc is pointed out by thcirnames. 
 
 Vol. I. P air
 
 xo6 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 air WAS admitted through apertures made alfo for fight, and other 
 fmaller perforations oppofite the mouth and noflrils. The neck and 
 throat were defended by a gorget, or hallercet ; the body by a cuirafs, 
 formed of two pieces hooked together, denominated backs and breaft 
 pieces, from the parts they covered ; to the back was joined, a gard 
 de reines, or culet j the arms were covered with braflarts, called alfo- 
 avant bras, and corruptly vambraces, the hands by gauntlets, the 
 Ihoulders by pouldrons, the thighs by cuiflarts, and the legs by iron 
 boots, called greaves, and fometimes by boots of jacked leather. Un- 
 der all thefe, was worn a jacket of thick fuftian or buff leather ; 
 Ihields feem to have been left off by the cavalry, before this alteration. 
 
 Plate armour was fome time after its introdudlion, made 
 of a prodigious thicknefs; Monfieur de la Noue, in his fifth mili- 
 tary difcourfe, fays, that to guard againft the violence of harque- 
 buffes and pikes, the men at arms loaded themfelves with anvils, 
 inftead of covering themfelves with armour ; it was alfo fo clofely 
 fitted as to make it difficult to penetrate the joints with the miferi- 
 corde, or dagger. Father Daniel, quotes from Philip de Comines, 
 an inftance of this at the battle of Fornoue, under Charles VIIL. 
 where a number of Italian knights who were overthrown, could not 
 be flain on account of the ftrength of their armour, till broke up 
 like huge lobflers by the fervants and followers of the army, with 
 large wood cutters axes ; each man at arms having three or four men 
 employed about him. (k) 
 
 About the time of Queen Mary, the appellation of men at arms, 
 fignifying the heavy armed cavalry, feems to have been changed to 
 that of fpears and launces, and afterwards to cuirafliers. 
 
 The armour of a lancier was much the fame as laft defcribed ; 
 their ofFenfive weapons, were a lance of fixteen or eighteen feet 
 
 (k) Hist, de la Mil. Fr. vol. i. p. 396. 
 
 long.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 107 
 
 long, a fvvord and petrenels, (1) the laft were fomewhat longer than 
 the piftols then in ufe. 
 
 The cuirafier was alfo armed cap-a-pie, and had under his ar- 
 mour a good buff coat ; his offenfive arms were a fpit fvvord, with 
 a iliarp point, piftols, or petrenels, his faddle and bit itrong, and 
 the reins of his bridle ftrengthened with an iron chain to prevent 
 their being cut. 
 
 HoBiLBRs, were afpecies of light horfemen chiefly calculated for 
 the purpofesofreconnoitering, carrying intelligence, harrafling troops 
 on a march, intercepting convoys, and purfuing a routed army; 
 
 (1; The prefideiit Faucher, the French antiquary, who lived at the time of Francis I. 
 and died in the reign of Henry IV. fays, within thcfe twenty or thirty years, tlie name 
 of petrinel has been given to a weapon between the harquebuffe and piftols, having a 
 flrongcr and more fuddcn wheel; it is thought this weapon was the invention of the ban- 
 douliers of the Pyrenncan mountains. Nicot, who was his contemporary, in his diflionary 
 thus dcfcribcd the petrinci ; it is, fays he, a fort of harquebufe, (horter than tiie mufquet, 
 but of a greater caliber; which, on account of its weight, is carried in a large (lioulder belt, 
 and when fired, is reftcd on the breaft of the perfon who difcharges it ; whence it is called 
 the petrinci, or poitrinal. The piftol was of more antient date, it derives its name from 
 having been made at Piftoya in Spain ; Sir James Turner fays, the piftol was invented firft 
 by Camillo Vitelli, an Italian, when Ferdinand of Arragon reigned in Spain, Charles 
 VIII. and Lewis XII. in France, Henry VIII. in England, and James V. in Scotland, 
 not above one hundred and fifty years ago, and confequently more than two hundred years 
 after the German monk had found out gunpowder. The harqucbufs is of older date. The 
 bore of the piftol long ago was made for twenty bullets in one pound of lead, but it being 
 found that the ball entered not eafily, generally they cart one pound of lead, into four and 
 twenty piftol ball ; the half of the weight of the powder ferves, if it be good, if not, they 
 take two thirds ; as for one pound and a half of lead, one pound of powder; but if it be 
 fine, half will ferve, as for two pounds of lead, one pound of powder : the barrel of the 
 piftol may be two foot for the longcft, (Ixteen inches for the (liortcft. The French ufe 
 locks with half bends ; and fo do for the moft part the Englifh and the Scots ; the Ger- 
 mans, rore or wheel works ; the Hollander makes xxk of both. If the chamber of a 
 piftol be loadcn three times the diameter of her bore with powder, (which is eafily mea- 
 furcd by her rammer) (lie hath her due charge, but all horfemen lliould always have the 
 charges of their piftols ready in patrons, the powder made up compadly in paper, and the 
 ball tied to it with a piece of packthread. 
 
 P 2 the
 
 io8 HISTORYOF 
 
 the fmallnefs of their horfes rendering them unfit to ftand the fhock 
 of a charge; they feem alfo to have been occafionally like the ori- 
 ginal dragoons of the French, (from whom we borrowed both the 
 name and cftablifhment of thofe troops), who, Father Daniel fays, 
 were rather confidered as infantry mounted on horfeback for the 
 fake of moving with celerity, than cavarly fit to charge in the 
 line. 
 
 Some, among whom is Bailey (m) derive the term hobifer from 
 a Danifli word, fignifying a mare, not confidering that any confi- 
 derable number of mares, could not have been fuffered in an army 
 where the men at arms, were chiefly mounted on floned horfes, and 
 that befides in the days of chivalry it was confidered as a degradation 
 for any knight, or man at arms, to be feen mounted on a mare, (n) 
 
 molt 
 
 (m) See his diflionary, hoblers, or hobilers (hobelarii) erant milites gregarii levi arma- 
 jura & mediocri equo, ad omnem motum agili. Sub Edwardo III. in Gallia moventes 
 didti (ut reor) vel ab iflius modi cquo, an hobby appcliato, vel potius a Gal. hobilU tunica; 
 Tabulae claffes defcribentes in exercitu ejufdem Edwardi Caletam obfidientes, anno 1350^ 
 fie habent. Sub Comite Kildaras banerets i, knights i, efquires 28, hobilers 27, &c. 
 Thefe were li^ht horfemen, or certain tenants, who by their tenure v/ere bound to main- 
 tain a little light nag, for certifying an invafion, or fuch like peril, towards the fea fide, as 
 Portfmouth, &c. of which you may read, iSthEd. III. flat. i. c. 7 and 25. ejufdem ftat. 5; 
 cap. 8. and Cambden's Brit. fol. 272. Duravit vocabnlum ufquead aetatem Hen. VIII.- 
 fays Spelman, Gentz d'armcs & hobelours. See Prin's Animadv. on the 4th infl. f. 307; 
 Hobeleries. Rot. Pari. 21. Ed. III. Sometimes the word fignifies thofe who ufcJ 
 bows and arrows, viz. pro warda maris tempore guerrse pro hoberariis fagittariis inveni- 
 endis, &c. Thorn, anno 1364. So in the Monafticon. Pro munitione & appsratibus ho- 
 minum ad arma, hobelariorum fagittariorum, Cowel edit. 127. Cunningham's LawDidi- 
 onary. Camden fays, in the paflage above quoted, p. 273, " In old times there were fet 
 horfemen at parts, in many places, whom our anceftor« called, hobelers, who, in the day 
 (hould give notice of the enemies approach. 
 
 (n) In a writ to the bifliop of Durham, A. D. 1324, 18. Ed. II. diredling him to 
 raife within his diocefe, the greateft number, and muft valiant men at arms, hobilers and 
 footmen he can polTibly, there is the following exception to mares. Des hobelours con- 
 venablement apparaillez montez a chivaux autre qe jumentz. Rymer, 
 
 C0LEMBIER£
 
 THE E N G L I S II A' R M Y. 109 
 
 moft probably they borrowed their name from the hobbies, or 
 fmall horfes on which they rodej hobbies are defined by Johnfoii 
 and others to be fmall Irifli horfes. 
 
 It commonly fappofed that the eflablifliment of hobilers did 
 not take place, till the reign of Edward III. this is evidently a 
 miflake, for they are mentioned as part of the Britifli army that 
 attended King Edward II. into Scotland, in the year 1322 : (o) the 
 name feems totally loft, the latter end of the reign of Henry VIII. 
 or Queen Mary, thefe troops being then diftinguiflied by the ap- 
 pellation of Demy launces and light horfe. 
 
 The arms and appointments of a hobiler as dire6led by King 
 Edward III. were, a horfe, a haqueton, or armour of plate, a ba- 
 cinet, iron gauntlets, a fword, knife and a lance, (p) Sometimes 
 archers were mounted on light horfes, whence they were ftiled ho- 
 biler archers ; thefe frequently occur in hiftory. 
 
 The arms both ofFenfive and defenfive, of a demi launcc or 
 light horfeman, are thus defcribed by Markham. (q) 
 
 " The fecond troop of horfe were launciers, or demy launciers,' 
 they were armed at all pieces, from the head to the knee, like the 
 gentlemen atarmcs, and their offcnlive weapons were a launce, a cafe 
 
 CoLEMBiERE fays, if any one prefented himftif at a tournament, under falfe proofs of 
 nobility, lie was then condemned to ride upon the rail of the barrier bare headed, his 
 fhielil and cafque were revcrfcd and trodden under feet, his horfe confifcated and given 
 to the officers of arms, and he was fcnt back upon a mare, wiiich was deemed a great (hame, 
 for a true knight would anciently have been equally dilhonoured by mounting a mare, 
 whether in time of war or peace j even geldings, fo much efteemed at prefent, were banifhed 
 from among them. 
 
 (o) TiTULUs de Denariis folutis dlverfis comitibus, baronibus et aliis pro vadiis fuis & 
 hominum fuorum ad arm.i & hobelariorum tarn in guerra Scotie quam in munitionibus caf- 
 trorum in marchia Scotie & Anglic a primo die Alaii, anno quintodccimo, ufque feptimuin 
 diem Julii anno Reijni ejufdem fexto, decimo finicntc tempore Roger! dc VValtham 
 tunc cuftodis et Robert! dc Baldok tunc contrarotulatoris garderobe MS. in Bib. 1'ho. 
 Allle Ar. 
 
 (p) Yelverton MS. in the fame library. || (q) P. 34. in tlw Souldiers accidence, 
 publifliedA. D. 1645. 
 
 of
 
 no H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 of fliort plftols, a battle axe, fword and dagger, ftrong horfcs, well 
 ridden for the field, armed with a ftecl faddle, hcadftall, raines, 
 bit, breaftplate, crooper, trappings, girtes, ftirrops and leathers. 
 The third fort of ancient horfemen, were called light-horfe, and 
 they were armed for defence with burgenets or fteel caps, gorgets, 
 curats, or plate coats, gauntlets or gloves of mail : for ofFenfive 
 arms they had a flender chafing ftafie, a fingle piftol, and fome- 
 times a cafe, a fword and dagger. Their horfes were nimble light 
 geldings, fair trotting and well ridden : the furniture for the horfe 
 was a headftall and raines, a bitt, a morocco faddle, pcttrell, crop- 
 per, light trappings and other neceflaries fuitable, the men to be 
 handfomc yeomen or fcrving men, light timbred and of a comely 
 fhape, where it fkills not much for the tallnefie or greatnefie of bo- 
 dy, but for the height of fpirit, and thegoodneflTeof the inclination ; 
 in which little David (many times) puts downe the greateft Goliah." 
 The fame author then proceeds to defcribe the cavalry of his 
 time, "thus (fays he) for your knowledge, not your example, I have 
 iliewed you the feveral compofitions and armings of horfemen, ac- 
 cording to the ancient times, when the bow and the hargobus had 
 the firft place, and the mufket, and other fiery weapons lay obfcu- 
 red. But to come to thefe our prefent times, wherein the utter- 
 mofl flrength of the fire is found out and explained, and to fliew 
 you that which you muft only imitate and follow, you fliall know 
 that all our horfe-troopes are reduced to one of thefe three formes. 
 The firfl and principall troop of horfemen, for the generality, 
 are now called cuirafiers, or piftoliers, and thefe men ought to be 
 of the befl degree, becaufe, the meanefl: in one of thofe troops, is 
 ever by his place a gentleman, and fo efteemed. They have for de- 
 fenfive arnies, gorgets, curats, cutafes, which fome call culets, 
 others the guard de reine, becaufe it armeth the hinder parts, from 
 the wade to the faddle crootch, then pouldrons, vambraces, a left- 
 hand gauntlet, taces, cuifles, a caflce, a fword, girdle and hangers. 
 For oftenfive armes, they fliall have a cafe of long piflols, firelocks 
 
 (if
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. m 
 
 (if it may be) but fnaphaunces where they are wanting j the barrels 
 of the pillols would be twenty-fix inches long, and the bore of thir- 
 ty-fix bullets in the pound, flaik, priming box, key and mouldes j 
 their horfes (hould be ftoned and of the beft races, faire trotting 
 and well ridden for the wars, that is to fay, being able to pafle a 
 flrong and fwift cariere, to flop clofe, to retire at pleafure, and to 
 turnc readily on both hands, either in large rings or in ilrayt, ef- 
 pecially the turn called terra, terra ; the horfe (hall have a faddle, 
 bridle, bitt, petrell, crooper, with leathers to faften his piftols and 
 his neceflary facke of carriage, with other neceflary things accord- 
 ing to the forme of good horfcmanfhip j the fecond fort (of which 
 many troopes of horfe are compounded) are called hargobufiers or 
 carbines, thefe men ought to be the beft of the firft inferior degree, 
 that is to firy, of the beft yeomen or beft fervingmen, having adlive 
 and nimble bodies, joyned with good fpirits, and ripe underftand- 
 ings ; thefe men fhall have for defenfive armes, gorgets, curats, 
 cutafes, pouldrons, vambraces, and a light head-piece, wide fight- 
 ed, and the bevers to let downe upon bars of iron ; for offenfive 
 armes, he fhall have an hargobus of three foote three inches long, 
 and the bore of twenty bullets in the pound, with flafke, priming 
 box and moulds, or inftead of thefe, cartalages, which will ferve 
 either for this, or any other piece on horfebacke ; alfo a good 
 fword, and other accoutrements according to his place. His horfe 
 ihall be either a faire ftoned trotting horfe, or a lufty ftrong gueld- 
 ing well ridden, he fhall be armed with a morocco faddle, bridle, 
 bit, petrell, and crooper, with the reft before fliewcd neceflary to 
 his place. 
 
 The laft fort of which our horfe troops are compofed are called 
 dragons, (r) which are a kind of footmen on horfebacke, and do 
 
 now 
 
 (r) According to P. Daniel, torn. 2. p. 498, dragons are of French origin, and were 
 
 invented
 
 112 H I S T O R Y OF 
 
 now indeed fucceed the light horfemen, and are of fingular ufe in 
 all aclions of warre, their aimes defenfive, are an open head-piece 
 .with cheeks, and a good bufte coat, with decpe ikirts ; and for 
 cfFenfive armes, they have a faite dragon, fitted with an iron worke 
 to be caryed in a belt of leather, which is buckled over the right 
 flioulder, and under the left arme, having a turnill of iron with a 
 ring, through which the piece runnes up and downe ; and thefe 
 dragons are fhort pieces of fixteen inches the barrell, and full muf- 
 quet bore, with firelocks or fnaphaunces ; (s) alfo a belt, with a 
 fialke, pryming box, key and bullet bag, and a good fword : the 
 
 invented by Charles de Cofle, Marefchall de Brifac, wlien he commanded the army of that 
 nation, in Piedmont, fometime about tlie year 1600 : he fuppofes they were called dragons, 
 from the celerity of their motions, and the rapidity with which thev ravaged a country, 
 thereby refcmbling the fabulous monfterof that denomination. Sir James Turner feems 
 much of the' fame opinion "For what they got the denomination of dragoons, (fays he), is 
 notfo eafy to be told, but" becaufe in all languages they are called fo, we mav fuppofe, they 
 may borrow their name from dragon, becaufe a mufketeer on horfeback with his burning 
 match, riding a gallop as many times. He doth, may fomething refemble that beaft, 
 which naturalifts call a' fiery dragon. The eldeft regiment of dragoons in the Englifh 
 army, is the Scotch greys, who were raifed 19th Nov. 1683. 
 
 Capt. Cruso, in his Military InftruiSions for the Cavalry, publifhed A. D. 1632, fays 
 there are two forts of dragons, the pikeman and the mufketeers, the pikeman is to have a 
 thong of leather about the middle of his pike, for the more commodious carrying it. 
 The mufketeer is to have a flrap or belt fattened to the (lock of his muflcet almoft from 
 one end to the other, by which (being on horfeback) he hangeth it at his bao!:, his burn- 
 ing match and the bridle in the left hand. 
 
 (s) The piece here mentioned fccms to have been a kind of carabine, or blunderbufs, 
 ■which is thus defcribed by Sir James Turner, p. 137. " Tlie carabiners carry their cara- 
 bines in bandileers ofleatherabout theirneck, a fareafier way than long ago, when they hung 
 tiiem at their faddles, feme inftead of carabines carry blunderbuffes, which are fhort hand 
 guns of a great bore, wherein they may put feveral prftol or carabine balls, or fmall flugs of 
 iron. I do believe the word is corrupted, for I guefs it is a German term, and ftiould be 
 donnerbucksy and that is thundering guns ^ ^/e««^r fignifying thunder, and ^wr^ra gun." 
 Lord Orrery in liis Treatife on the Art of War, propofes that every regiment of cavaliy 
 fliould confift of fcven troops, fix of heavy armed horfe, and one of dragoons ; an idea 
 that has fince been adopted, by the attaching a light troop to every regiment of dragoons. 
 
 horfe
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 113 
 
 horfe {hall be armed with a faddle, bridle, bit, peterell, crooper, 
 with ftraps for his fack of neceflaries ; and the horfe himfelf fliall 
 be either a good lufty gelding, or a nimble ftoned horfe. Thefe 
 dragons in their marches are allowed to be eleaven in a rank or 
 file, becaufe when they ferve, it is many times on foote, for the 
 maintenance or furprizing of ftrait wayes, bridges or foords, fo 
 that when ten men alight to ferve, the eleventh man holdeth their 
 horfes : fo that to every troope of an hundred, there is an hundred 
 and ten men allowed. 
 
 A MANUSCRIPT in the Harleian library, marked No. 6008, and 
 entitled, A Brief Treatife of War, &c. &c. by W. T. in the year of 
 our redemption 1649, ^'^ *^^^ fubjeft of dragoons, has the following 
 pafTages : As for dragoniers they are to be as lightly armed as may 
 be, and therefore they are onlie to have as followeth, calivers and 
 powder flafkes. I would alfo have each dragonier conftantly to car- 
 rye at his girdle, two fwyn feathers, or foot pallifados, of four feet 
 length and a half, headed with fliarp forked iron heads of fix 
 inches length, and a fliarp iron foot, to flick into the ground for 
 their defence, whereas they may come to be forced to make refift- 
 ance againft horfe." 
 
 When the bayonet was fiift introduced, the ufe of it was chiefly 
 confined to the dragoons and grenadiers, (t) 
 
 After the revolution and difbanding of the army in 1698, 
 
 (t) The bayonet is much of the fame length as the poniard ; it hnth neither guard nor 
 handle, but only the haft of wood eight or nine inches long, the blade is fliarp pointed and 
 two edged, a foot in length, and a large inch in breadth. The bayonet is very ufeful to 
 dragoons, fufilccrs and fouldicrs, that are often commanded out on parties ; becaufe that 
 when they have tired their difcharges, and want powder and fliot, they put the haft of it 
 into the mouth of the barrel of their pieces, and defend themfelves therewith as well as 
 with a partizan. Englifh Military Difcipline, &c. printed for Robert Harford, i68o> 
 p. 13. As late as the year 1750, dragoons were armed with iron fcull caps, which they 
 carried at their faddle bow. 
 
 Vol. I. Q^ the
 
 114 II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 the Engliih cavalry confiftcd of the life guards, 'horfe grenadier 
 guards, (u) horfe, and dragoons, till the year 1746, when a regiment 
 of light dragoons was railed, chiefly in the county of Nottingham, 
 and the duke of Cumberland appointed colonel of it; (x) the fame 
 year the third and fourth troops of horfe guards were difbandcd, 
 and three regiments of horfe reduced to the pay and fervice of 
 dragoons, but as" fome compenfation they were gratified with the 
 honorary title of dragoon guards, and precedency of ^\l other 
 dragoons. 
 
 In the year 1755 a light troop was added to each regiment of 
 dragoons, and feveral regiments of light dragoons have been fmce 
 raifed. The gallant behaviour of one of them in Germany, (y) 
 their general utility, and the fmartnefs of their appearance, has of 
 late brought them into fuch eftimation, that feveral old regiments 
 of dragoons have obtained leave to change their heavy black horfes, 
 for others of a lighter breed, not confidering that as they now oc- 
 cupy the place of cavalry, there being but one regiment of horfe 
 on the Englifli eftablifliment, they Ihould not rifque that fuperi- 
 ority the flrength, fize and weight of their horfes have hitherto 
 given them over the cavalry of every other iiation. Light troops 
 
 (u) The grenadier guards were firft raifed as grenadiers to the troops of horfe guards, 
 in imitation of the grenadier companies annexed to the regiments of infantry. 
 
 (x) The warrant for raifing this regiment was dated 8th Sept. 1746 ; it wasdilbanded 
 in 1748 or 1749. Upon the raifing of this regiment, the printer of the London Evening 
 Port obfervcd, that formerly our cavalry refembled giants mounted on elephants, but this 
 regiment was like monkies upon lean cats. For this and fome other unhc:ndfome reflec- 
 tions on the corps, they deputed one of their officers to give him fome proper correction, 
 which he moft faithfully "and ably adminiftered : the expences of the profecution were 
 paid by a regimental contribution. 
 
 (y) The 15th regiment of light dragoons. This corps when firft completed, is faid 
 to have confined chiefly of taylors ; if fo, they demonftrated that Sir John Hawkwood 
 was not the only inftance in which the vulgar joke on their profeflion has proved a falfity. 
 
 are
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 115 
 
 are extremely ufeful on diverfe occafions, but it is the heavy horfe 
 only that are fit to charge in the line. 
 
 The band of gentlemen penfioners was a corps of cavalry infti- 
 tuted by King Henry VIII. for an honourable body guard, and to 
 form a nurfery for officers of his army and governors of his caftles 
 and fortified places. The following orders and regulations for 
 raifing and governing it, approved of, and figncd by that king, 
 will befl: defcribe what he intended it fliould be. (z) 
 
 Certain ordinances and ftatutes devifed and figned by the king's 
 majeftie for a retinevve of fperes or men of arms, to be chofen of 
 gentlemen that be commen and extradte of noble blood. With 
 a forme of their othe. 
 
 Henry R. 
 
 FoRASMocHE as the king oure fouveraine lorde, of his greatt 
 noblenefTe, wifedom and prudence, confidreth that in this his reame 
 of England be many yong gentlemen of noble blod, whiche have 
 non exercife in the feate of armes, in handling and renying the 
 fpere and other faits of werre on horfebacke, like as in other reames 
 and cuntreys be dailey pra6lifed and ufed, to the greate honor and 
 laude of theim that foo dothe, his highnes hath ordeyned and ap- 
 pointed to have a retynuc daily of certaine fperes called men of 
 armes, to be chofen of gentlemen that be comen and extra(5le of 
 noble blod, to thentent that they fliall exercife the faid feate of 
 armes, and be the more mete and able to ferve theire prince, as well 
 in tyme of werre as othcrwife, and to have good wages to leve upon 
 accordingly. 
 
 (z) This curious manufcript is prcferved in tlic Cottonian library, it is written on five 
 fiiialJ quarto leaves of indented vellum, marked Titus, A xiii. N. 24. 
 
 Qj2 And
 
 ii6 II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 And to thentcnt alfoo, that every of them fliall knowe howe to 
 order and demeane themfelfs,- his highnes hath made, ordeyned and 
 eftabliihed certaine ordenances and ftatutes followinge. 
 
 Fur ST, evry of the faid gentlemen ftiall have his harneys com- 
 plete and all other habiliments mete and neceflary for him, with 
 twoo double horfes at the leefte for himfelf and his page, conve- 
 nient and neceflaryc for a man of arms ; alfo his couftrell, (a) with 
 a javelyn or demy-launce, well armed and horfed as it apperteyn- 
 eth. And they fhall obeye, in everye condicon, the captaine that 
 fliall be ordeyned and deputed by the king's highnes, or his deputie 
 lieutenante, to have the rule, conduite, and gov'nance of themm, in 
 all things that thei fliall be commanded to doo on the king's behalf. 
 
 Itm. That they fliall make their abode in liiche places as the 
 king's grace fliall appoint thelm, or the faid captaine, or the deputy 
 lieutenante in the king's name, Vv'hedder it be in places nigh his 
 perfon, or elfewhere, upon pain for every fuch defaulte to lofe fix 
 days wages. 
 
 Itm. Evry of the faid fperes and couftrellys fliall, at every time, 
 cary with theim thire horfes, harnys, and other habiliments of 
 werre as thei have, and fliall mufl:er with, not lacking, at any time, 
 pece or parcel of theire faid habilyments of werre, nor horfes, upon 
 payne of lofing fix dayes wages for every fuche daye and tyme as he 
 fliall be founden in defaulte, being afore commaunded by the king, 
 captaine, or lieutenante. 
 
 Itm. In likewife that non of the faid fperes nor couflirells fliall 
 in no wife departe oute of the place, where they be afligned to make 
 theire faid abode, withoute the fpecial licence of the king our 
 
 (a) CousTRELL, corruptly written for couftill, derived from the French word couflil- 
 lier, which Pere Daniel fuppofes to have been a foldier armed with a fpecies of fword called 
 coutille, or cultellus, longer than the fword then in common ufe, and (harp from the 
 guard to the point, very flender, and having three edges. Hift. de France, torn. iv. p. 162, 
 edit. Amft. 1720. Cotgrave renders it " the fervant of a man at arms." 
 
 fouvraine
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY 117' 
 
 fouvraine lorde, or of theire faid captaine, or deputie lieutenante : 
 and to fuche as licenfc fliall be granted unto by the king's grace, or 
 the faid captaine or lieutenante, and the daye appointed theim for 
 their returne not to faille, withoute lawfull excufe of ficknefle or 
 otherwife duely proved, upon paine of the lofTe of double theire 
 wages for every daye, as thei fhall faille in comying after the faid 
 daye to them lymited and afTigned. 
 
 Itm. That evry of the forefaid men of armes fliall furnyflie and 
 make redy twoo good archers, well horfed and harnefled, and to 
 bring theim to mufter before the king's grace, or fuche perfones as 
 his grace fhall appointe, within a moneth at the fartheft after the 
 daye that they fhall be commanded foo to doo by the king's grace, 
 or theire captaine or lieutenante, and not to faille foo to doo, upon 
 paine of lofing their romes, and their bodies to be ponyfhed atte 
 the king's pleafure. 
 
 Itm. If any of the faid archers after they be admitted, fortune 
 to dye, the faid fperes fliall not admitte any other in theire place, 
 but fhall name oon mete perfon for that rome of archer unto the 
 king's highnes, and bring him to his prefens, to be admitted at his 
 pleafure, or els to the faid captaine or lieutenante. 
 
 Itm. For the wages and ent'teyning of the faid fperes and 
 archers, the king's highnes hath ordeyned and appointed, that 
 every fpere fhall have and receive for himfelf, his couftrell, his page, 
 and his two archers, thre fliillings and foure pens flrlings by the 
 daye, to be paid by hands of the treafburer of the king's cham- 
 bre, whiche is appointed by the king's highnes to paye them the 
 fame. And furthermore the Aiid fperes ihall receive theire faid 
 wages for them and for theire archers at thend of every moneth. 
 
 Itm. The king's pleafure is, that the faid lieutenante fhall have 
 for the wages and entertaining of himfelf, his cuftrell, page, and 
 fix archers, fix fliillings by the daye, to be payed in like manner as 
 the faid fperes fliall be. 
 
 Itm,
 
 ii8 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Itm. The king's grace woll that the faide captaine or lleute- 
 nante, with fuche other pfones as his grace fliall appointe, fliall 
 evry quarter of the yere, as it {hal be the king's pleafure, fee the 
 mufters of the faid men of armes and theire company, if any of 
 them lakke horfe, harneys, or if any of theire faid horfes and bar- 
 neys be not fufficient as they fhould be : if thei be not, that they 
 be commanded by the forefaid captaine or lieutenante, to provide 
 for fuche as flial be good and fufficient, upon raifonable daye, by 
 the faid captaine or lieutenante to be appointed. And fuche as foo 
 be founden in defaulte, that the faide captaine or lieutenante, flial) 
 reftrain his wages in the hands of the faid treafourer of the cham- 
 bre, till he be fufficiently apparelled of fuche thinges as he foo fliall 
 lakkc, and thus the faid captaine or lieutenante to doo upon payne 
 of the king's difpleafure, and lofing of Jiis rome. 
 
 Itm. To thentent that the laid fperes, fliall alwayes be in the 
 more arrcdynes, (b) with theire retynue, and fuche horfe and har- 
 neys, and other things as flial be necefl'arye in that behalf, the 
 king's pleafure is, that the faid fperes flial be redy always to mufter 
 befor the faid captaine or lieutenante at fuche tyme or tymes as 
 they flial be by them commaunded foo to doo. 
 
 Itm. It is the king's commaundement, that the faid fperes and 
 theire companye fliall obferve and kepe good rule and gov'nance, 
 and nothynge attenipte againfl:e the king's fubjedls, contrarye to his 
 lawes ; and that thei duely and truely content and paye in redy 
 money for vittals and all other necefl'aries, that thei flial take for 
 themfelfs, theire faid fervants and horfes, upon payne to be po- 
 niflicd after the king's pleafure. And if .any of theini fliall be 
 founde three times culpable in any fuch defaults, then he or thei 
 to be deprived of his rome, and his body to be poniflied at the 
 king's pleafure. 
 
 (b) Readiness. 
 
 Itm.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 119 
 
 iTM.'ltis the king's pleafure and commaundement, that none 
 of the faid fperes lliall prefume to take his lodging by his owne 
 audoritic, but be ordered theirin, and take fuch lodging, as by the 
 king's herbergiers (c) for that purpofe deputed, fliall be appointed 
 unto thcim, upon ponyfliement aforfaid. 
 
 Itm. It is the king's pleafure and commaundement, that non of 
 the faid fperes ihall geve wages unto any archer, couftrell, or page 
 of any other fpere, nor to reteigne him as his frvante, excepte he 
 be put to him by his own mafter, being oon of the faid fperes. 
 
 The O T H E. 
 
 I siiAL be true and faith full fubjc£le and fervante unto oure 
 Soverine Lord King Henry VIII. and to his heirs, kings of Eng- 
 land, and diligently and truely give myn attendance in the room of 
 one of his fperes ; and I fliall be reteyned to no man, pfone, ne 
 pfones of what degree or condicon foever he be, by othe, lyvrec, 
 bagge, [badge] promife or othcrwife, but oonly to his grace, with- 
 out his efpeciall licence. And I fliall not hereafter knowe or here 
 of any thing that fhal be hurtefull or prejudicial! to his moft royal 
 pfon, fpecially in treafon, but I flial withftand it to th' utermoft of 
 my power, and the fame, with all diligence to me poflible, difclofc 
 to the king's highnes, or to the captaine of the faid fperes, or his 
 deputie lieutenante, or fuch others of his counfaile as I fliall know 
 woll difcover the fame unto his grace. I fliall not leye to pledge, 
 ne putte awaye fuche horfe and barneys, as I now have muftered 
 with before the king, to any pfone or pfones, ne put oute of fervice 
 any archer, cuftrell or page, that I have nowe with me, onles I 
 have before Ihcwed caufe reafonable foo to doo, to the king, or the 
 faid captaine or his deputie lieutenante in his abfence : nor I fliall 
 knowe of any of my company in likevvifo to leye to pledge or put 
 
 (c) Harbingers. 
 
 away
 
 120 HISTORYOF 
 
 away any horfc, barneys, or archers, but that I fliall fhowe the 
 fame to the king's grace, his faid captaine, or deputic lieutenante, 
 in as brief tyme as I conveniently maye. I ftiall alfo truely and 
 faithfully to my power obferve and kepe from this daye forwards, all 
 and evry article comprized in a boke afllgned with the king's hand, 
 and all manner of flatutes and ordinances in the fame and in evry of 
 theim conteined. On this I fhall be obeyfaunte unto my captaine 
 or deputie lieutenante, and the commaundements I fliall obferve 
 and kepe at all tymes, foo the fame be or concerne the fervice of the 
 king's grace. And all fuch caufes fecrete as fliall be flievved unto 
 me by the king's grace, the faide captaine, or deputie lieutenante, I 
 /hall keep counfaill, without difcov'ring of the fame to any pfone 
 or pfones till I be commaunded. I fhall diligently give my attend- 
 aunce with my retynue upon the king's grace, in fuch wife as I 
 fliall be commaunded and appointed by the faid captaine, or his 
 faid deputie lieutenante ; and not abfente or departe from the 
 courte without licence of the king or of the faid captaine or his de- 
 putie lieutenante, in his abfence, by the fpace of foure dayes. And 
 alfo all fuche horfe, barneys, and other habiliments of werre, as I 
 nowe have muftered with before the king's grace, the faid captaine 
 or deputie lieutenante, be my own proper goods and non other 
 man's : nor alfo I fliall not mufter at any tyme before the king's 
 grace, the faid captaine or deputie lieutenante, with any archer, 
 couflrell or page, but oonly with fuche as I have reteyned with me 
 to ferve the king's highnes for the fame entent. And thus I fliall 
 well and truly obferve and kepe, and ferve the king in the faid 
 rome of oon of his fperes : fo help me God and theis holy Evan- 
 gelies. 
 
 As there is no date to thefe regulations, it is uncertain when 
 they were made, but from diverfe concurrent circumflances, there 
 are good reafons to fuppofe they were compiled, and the corps 
 formed in the year 1509, the firft of that king's reign ; what was 
 
 the
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 121 
 
 the original number is not there mentioned, moft of the chronicles 
 fix it at fifty. 
 
 This eftablifliment being, it is faid, found too expenfive, the 
 corps was difbanded, a fliort time after .its inftitution, and before 
 the year 1526 revived on a fmaller pay; it is mentioned that 
 year in the houfchold flatutes made at Eltham, under the defcrip- 
 tion of the band of gentlemen penfioners, their prefent title, when 
 the corps flood thus 
 
 A captain with the falary of - - - 200 marks 
 
 A lieutenant -------- 100 pounds 
 
 A ftandard bearer (d) - - - ,- - 100 marks 
 
 Fifty gentlemen penfioners, each (e) - 46I. 1 3s. 4d. 
 
 A clerk of the checque ----- 40 pounds 
 
 A harbinger (f) ------- 18 pounds 
 
 About this time they appear to have done duty on foot in the 
 court, probably armed with their battle-axes. Towards the latter 
 end of his reign, King Henry indulged them with permiflion to do 
 their duty by quarterly attendance, half the band waiting at one 
 time ; for which favour each of them was to furnifh an additional 
 great horfe ; (g) they were neverthelefs all obliged to attend at the 
 
 four 
 
 (d) According to Doflor Chamberlayne's Angliae Notitiaof the year 1672, the band 
 had two ftandards, one St. George's crofs, tlie other, four bends j but in tlie latter the 
 colours of tlie licid and charge are not mentioned. 
 
 (e) This fecms a fingular fum ; but as it is the amount of 70 marks, the common 
 mode of reckoning at that time when wages did not often run per diem, probably on ac- 
 count of this diminution in their wages, a lefs retinue miglit be required of them. Hol- 
 linglhcad fays, fol. 1574, they were only bound to fupply two horfes, or optionally, one 
 horfe and a gelding of fervicc, 
 
 (f) Neither the flandard bearer, clerk of the chc-iue, nor harbinger, arc mentioned 
 ia the original ordinance. 
 
 (g) Item, in confidcracon whereof, whereas now they arc bounden to the findinge of 
 two greate horfes only, they flull each one fiom lienceforthe, kecpe three horfes furnilhcd 
 
 Vol. I. R accord-
 
 122 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 four principal feafts of the year, Chriftmas, Eaftcr, Whitfuntide, 
 and AUhallowtide. King Henry VIII. wa& attended by the band at 
 the fiege of Boullogne, and after its furrender, they made part of 
 the cavalcade at his triumphal entry into that place. In the fuc- 
 ceeding reigns of Edward VI. Mary and Elizabeth, (h) they were 
 occafionally mullered with the other forces of the kingdom, and 
 frequently performed their military exercifes before the court. 
 
 During Cromwell's proteclorfliip, this corps was fufpended, 
 but was embodied again foon after the reftoration. 
 
 King James II. in the firft year of his reign gave a new fet of 
 orders to the band, differing much from thofe of Queen -Elizabeth 
 and King Charles I. fome of the moft remarkable are here tran- 
 fcribcd : the band at that time confifted of forty gentlemen in ordi- 
 nary, and eighty extraordinary. 
 
 Art. 3. If we or the captain of the faid band fliall think fit to 
 remove any or all of the forty gentlemen penfioners in ordinary 
 now of the band, thofe who have bought their places, that fliall be 
 fo removed, fhall receive half pay during their lives refpeflively, 
 and thofe that fucceed in their places the other half, and after 
 their death the whole* 
 
 Art. II. The faid gentlemen penfioners in ordinary being re- 
 quired by their inftitution every of them to be well and fufiiciently 
 provided and furnifiied with three great horfes for himfelf and his 
 fervants, with arms and all other habiliments to the fame apper- 
 taining, the performance whereof our late brother King Charles II. 
 
 accordingly. Thefe orders were ifTued, when Sir Anthony Brown was captain of the 
 band. See Ciirialia, No. 2, p. 25. 
 
 (h) From fome articles made for the government of the band, it appears, that in 
 this reign there was a table allowed to the gentlemen in waiting, as well as to the 
 officers ; this was relinquished in the reign of King Charles II. on their pay being raifed 
 to its prefetit fuin, which took place, A. D. 1670, part of the fund for that augmentation 
 arofe from the rccluftion of the band from fifty to forty. 
 
 was
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY, 125 
 
 was pleafcd to difpenfe with till he (hould think fit to require the 
 fame ; it is our pleafure, that from henceforth the forty gentlemen 
 penfioners in ordinary, and the eighty gentlemen penfioners extra- 
 ordinary, fliall each of them be fufficiently furniflied with a cafe of 
 piflols, a broad fsvbrd, an iron back, bread, and head piece, with 
 proper furniture and accoutrements to the fame appertaining, to 
 be ready therewith, within two days warning, to be given to them 
 by their captain, lieutenant or ftandard bearer, on failure whereof 
 the gentlemen penfioners in ordinary to forfeit ten days wages, for 
 the firft default, and for the fecond default to forfeit a month's 
 wages, and for the third default to be clearly expulfed and put out 
 of the room of a gentleman penfioner in ordinary, and to lofe his 
 whole quarter's wages. And every gentleman penfioner extraordi- 
 nary, who fliall fail to be furniflied and provided with horfe and 
 arms as aforefaid, and* to be ready therewith, within two days no- 
 tice, to be given him by his captain, lieutenant, or ftandard bearer, 
 fliall be clearly expulfed, and put out of the room of a gentleman 
 penfioner extraordinary. 
 
 Art. 12. Every gentleman penfioner in ordinary fliall alfo fuf- 
 ficiently furnifli and provide himfelf with three great liorfes, with 
 piftols, fwords, iron backs, breafts, and head-pieces, with proper 
 furniture and accoutrements to the fame appertaining, for himfelf 
 and two fcrvants, whenever we fliall think fit to require the fame, 
 to be ready therewith within fourteen days notice, to be given unto 
 them by their captain, lieutenant, or ftandard bearer, under the pc> 
 nalty for every default to be chequed, or expulfed clearly, and put 
 out of the room of a gentleman penfioner as aforementioned. 
 
 Art. 15. The captain of the band fliall have a due regard that 
 fuch gentlemen penfioners in ordinary, and gentlemen penfioners 
 extraordinary, whom he fliall appoint to do the duty of corporals, 
 fub-corporals, file-leaders, and adjutants to the band, fliall hence- 
 forth always be fuch of the gentlemen as fliali have the moft knov>^- 
 
 R 2 ledge
 
 124 II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 ledge and experience in military difcipline, without having regard 
 to the fcniority of admifiion intb the band. 
 
 Art. i6. The habits, arms and cloathing of the gentlemen pen- 
 fioners in ordinary, and of the gentlemen at arms, or penfioners 
 extraordinary, fhall be fuch as we or their ciiptain fhall appoint. 
 
 Art. i8. The trumpeters of our houfeho'd attending on the faid 
 band, when they are under arms, Iliall, on every fuch attendance, 
 henceforth be mounted upon white horfes. 
 
 Art. 2 1. The gentlemen penfioners in ordinary, and the gentle- 
 men at arms, or penfioners extraordinary of the faid band, fhall be 
 advanced to be commilTioned officers in our army, preferably to all 
 other perfons whatfoever. (i) 
 
 During the rebellion in 1745, when the king fignified his inten- 
 tion of fetting up his ftandard on Finchley common, the gentlemen 
 of the band had notice to hold themfelves in readinefs to take the 
 field, with their fervants, horfes, and arms. 
 
 The captain of this corps carries an ebony flaff, with a gold 
 head, which, on his appointment, he receives from the king, with- 
 out any other commiffion, but is fworn into his pofl by the lord 
 chamberlain in perfon, by virtue of the king's warrant, the lieute- 
 nant and flandard bearer have fimilar flaves of ebony with filver 
 heads, which they likewife receive from the king, as inveflitures in 
 office, after which they are fworn by the clerk of the cheque, who, 
 fince the year 1737, has alfo carried an ebony flaff, with a head 
 partly filver and partly ivory, but lefs ornamented than thofe of 
 the other officers. The uniform of this corps is fcarlet, richly 
 laced; the clerk of the cheque wears an officer's uniform. The 
 
 (1) The idea of providing for the gentlemen penfioners in the army was refumed by 
 the earl of Lichfield, when captain of the band, in the prefent reign ; he propofed giving 
 companies to a certain number of them, but fome difficulties. arifing concerning rank, the 
 matter dropped. An idea was lately fuggefted of filling up the vacancies in the band, 
 from the lialf pay of the army and navy, 
 
 gentlemen
 
 THE ENGLISH A 41 AI Y. 125 
 
 gentlemen cany pole-axes, an elongated kind of battle-ax. Five 
 of them, who are on the quarterly rota, now appear every leve 
 day and drav/ing-room day, in the prefencc chamber, and ftand to 
 their arms when any of the royal family pafs through. When the 
 king goes to chapel and other like times of ceremony, the whole 
 quarterly guard of twenty, appear under arms. By a petition pre- 
 fented to the houfe of commons in the year 1782, it appears that 
 the office of gentleman penfioner has been generally purchafed at 
 the price of a thoufand guineas, in confidence of being permitted 
 to fell it again with the approbation of the captain. The falary, 
 after the various deductions to which it is fubjedled, with the pur- 
 chafe of the uniform, is reduced to about feventy-fix pounds per 
 annum. Thefe are the general outlines of the eftablifliment of 
 this corps, confidered in their military capacity ; a very particular 
 account of them in every refpefl is given by Mr. Pcgge in the fecond 
 number of his curious and ufeful work, ftiled Curialia, from which 
 the preceding account is chiefly collcfted. (k) 
 
 The infantry of this country, at and foraetime after the con- 
 quefl, not being the pofle comitatus, were formed of the yeomanry, 
 vafTals, dependants of the feudal tenants, and afterwards of in- 
 dented folcjiers ; moft of thefe in the earlier periods were defcn- 
 fively armed, with a kind of iron fcull cap, named a bacinet from 
 its fimilarity to a bafon, and a coarfe leathern or linen doublet, 
 ftuffed with cotton or wool, called an acketon, or hoqueton, and 
 fometimes a jack 3 (1) from the verfes quoted below, it feems as if 
 
 Englilh 
 
 (k) The militia cavalry have been defcribed under tlic article of the pofle comi- 
 tatus. 
 
 (1) In the wardrobe account of the wages paid the army raifcd to go againft the Scots, 
 A. D. 1322, 15 Ed. II. the original of which is in the library of Thomas Artie, Efq; arc 
 the following entries. De Com. Norf. Ricardo Warin, Johanni Dacrc, Henrico de Nor- 
 ton, & Johanni Plaice centenariis pro vadiis fuis, 436 pcdites, cum aketon & bacinet.
 
 126 II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Englifli jacks were not famous for the elegance of their make, (m) 
 Such men as wanted thefe appointments, were returned under the 
 denomination of naked foot, (n) and received an inferior pay. 
 The weapons chiefly ufed by the infantry were tHe lance, fvvord, 
 and dagger, the gifarme, battle-ax, pole-ax, black or brown bill, 
 mallet, morris-pike, halbert and pike. The archers had the long 
 and crofs bow, which after the introduction of fire arms were gia- 
 dualiy fuperfeded by the hand gun, harquebufs, mulket, caliver, 
 and firelock, as was the pike by the bayonet. Of thefe the lance 
 was the mofl ancient, it was ufcd by the Anglo-Saxons, both 
 horfe and foot ; thofe ufed by the latter, and by the Englifli after 
 the conqueft, were fhorter and.flronger in the ftafF than thofe 
 borne by the cavalry ; indeed, Father Daniel tells us, that when 
 the men of arms difmounted to fight on foot, they cut off part of 
 the ftaves of their lances, to make them more manageable j if any 
 dependance may be placed on illuminated manufcripts, the lances 
 of the infantry were, according to their reprefentations, about nine 
 feet long. Sometimes the lance-men carried targets or bucklers. 
 
 The gifarme is fo varioufly defcribed, that its form remains 
 doubtful, it is, however, mofl probable, that it was fomewhat of 
 
 &c. De Com. Suff. Witto de Ryhall Sc Henrico Poer centenariis pro vadiis fuis, 
 
 & 240 peditum cum aktoii & bacinet, &c. This frequently occurs. 
 
 (m) Cctoit ua purpoint de Chamois 
 Farci de Boure fus et fous 
 Un grand vilain Jaque d'Anglois 
 Qiii lui pendoit jufqu' aux gcnous. 
 Coquillart, dans fori livre dcs droits nouveaux, quoted by P. Daniel, torn, i . p. 240, ^c. 
 
 (n) Com. Lincoln, Jordano de Blakeneye duftori peditum de Keftevene, in Comitatu 
 Lincoln pro vadiis 100 peditum nudorum, &c. De Com. Norhpt. Edmundo de Leke- 
 nore, Stephano Scotr, Thome de la Hufle, & Johanni Jewel, cervtenariis pro vadiis fuis 
 2i 440 peditum nudorum de comitatu Northampt. &c. IFardrsbe Jcct. 1322. 
 
 the
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. - 127 
 
 the bill kind, (o) It is directed by the ftatute of Winchefter to be 
 provided and kept by perfons poflefled of lefs than forty fhillings 
 land, and is defcribed among the inferior weapons. 
 
 Of the battle-ax there are various forts and forms, fome calcu- 
 lated for being ufed with one hand, and fome with both ; the latter 
 were chiefly carried by the foot, and were commonly put into the 
 hands of ftrong and active men. 
 
 The battle-ax was alfo confidered as a royal weapon, and was 
 borne as fuch, at the funerals of Henry VII. and Queen Mary, 
 and folemnly offered up at the altar, with the helmet, gauntlets and 
 crefl. 
 
 This weapon is by the French called hache d'arms. Richelet, 
 in his Dictionary, thus defcribes it : " an ofFenfive arm, fometimes 
 
 (o) This weapon is alfo called gifaring and by Fleta fifarmes. Du Cange in his Gbf- 
 fary renders it by focuris, and derives it from the geefum of the Gauls ; La Combe in 
 the Supplement to his Didionary of old French, defines the term gifarme, to fignify a 
 fort of lance or pike ; Bailey calls it a military weapon with two points or pikes ; Strutt, 
 I know not from what authority, has, in his Horda Angel-cynnan, reprefented the gi- 
 farme as a battle ax on a long Ibfi", with a fpike projeiSting from the back of the ax. This 
 weapon is mentioned in the ancient poem of the battle of Floddon Field. 
 « Some made a mell of maffey lead. 
 
 Which iron all about did bind. 
 
 Some made rtrong helmets for the head. 
 
 And fome their gr'ijly gifaringi grind. 
 
 The Reverend Mr. Lamb, editor of that poem, has the following note on this pafTage: 
 Gifarings, hnlberts, derived from the French guifarme, a kind of oftenlive long handled and 
 long headed weapon ; or, as the Spani(h, vifaima^ a flaff tiiat hath within it two long 
 pikes, which, with a ihoot or thruft forward, come forth. An ancient ftatutc of VV'illiam 
 King of Scotland, " de venientibus ad gucrram," ch. 23, faith, " Et qui minus quam 
 quadraginta folidos terra-, habeat gyfarutn, quod dicitur hand-bill, arcum et fagittam." 
 And a ftatutc of Edward \. " Et qui miens a de quaiante fols de tcrrc, foit jure a fau- 
 chions, gifarmes, &c." 
 
 Every knight 
 ' Two javelins fpears, or than gifarm ftavcs. Gavin Dcuglas. 
 
 made
 
 128 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 made like a common ax, except that it has a longer handle, and that 
 the blade is broader, flronger and fliarpcr, it had formerly a great 
 handle like that of a pertuifan, with a large iron at the end, in form 
 like the cutting knife of a flroemaker, well fliarpened, but much 
 bigger and broader. The horfc guards of the king's houfehold 
 have a fcymeter, a battle-ax, a fufil, and a pouch filled with gre- 
 nades. Battle-axes are ufed in forties, and in breaches to prevent 
 a;n cfcalde." 
 
 In a manufcript account of the armour and weapons in the dif- 
 ferent arfenals and armouries of this kingdom, taken in the firft of 
 Edward VI. (p) among thofc in the armoury at Weftminfter, are 
 four battle-axes parcel guilt, with long fmall ftaves of braflell, 
 garniflied with velvet white and green and filkej thcfe probably 
 were intended for the king, or fome great officer. Battle-axes are, 
 as has been before obferved, ftill carried by the gentlemen penfion- 
 ers, the guards of the lord lieutenant of Ireland. 
 
 The pole-ax differs very little from the battle-ax, except in 
 name, fome derive its appellation from that kind of ax being much 
 ufed in Poland, and fay, that its true name is the Polifh-ax ; fome 
 again deduce it from its fuppofed ufe, which was to flrike at the 
 head or poll ; and others fay it is called a pole-ax, from being fixed 
 on a long pole or handle. In the manufcript jull now quoted 
 we meet with a variety of pole-axes, as flievvn in the note, (q) 
 
 Ie feems likely, that both battle-axes and pole-axes were latterly 
 more ufed for the {\ate guards of princes and generals, than for 
 the common purpofes of war. 
 
 (p) This curious manufcript is the property of Guftavus Brandcr, Efq; of Chrift 
 Church, Hants. 
 
 (q) Pole AXES with gonnes in th'endes XXVI. Poleaxes without gonnes, II. Short 
 poleaxes playne C. Two hand poleaxes IV. Hand poleaxes with a gonne and a cafe for 
 the fame oone. Polea.xes gilte, the ftaves covered with crenfiyfyne velvet, fringed with 
 filkeofgoldelV. 
 
 The
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 129 
 
 The black or, as it is fome times called, the brown bill was a 
 kind of halbert, the cutting part hooked like a woodman's bill, 
 from the back of which proje<Sl:ed a fpike, and another at the head. 
 The denomination of black or brown arofe from its colour; the 
 one from a black varnifli, with which this weapon was fre- 
 quently covered, the other, from its being often brown with rufl. 
 Bills were not only borne by foldiers, but alfo by flierifFs officers 
 attending executions, and watchmen ; with thefe it was no uncom- 
 mon practice to chalk the edges, which gave them the appearance 
 of having been newly ground. 
 
 In a manufcript written during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, (r) 
 the duty of captaines of halbartes or bill men is thus defined : 
 " Captaines of halbarts or blacke billes, cheifleye thofe halbartes 
 beaiinge corfeletts gardinge the enfignes, wearinge fwordes and 
 daggers, meryteth more wages then others bearinge blacke bills, 
 ufuallye called the flaughter or execution of the battaile, alwaies 
 readie and attentive to their enfignes, as well by fecrett commandc- 
 ments as by founde of the dromme, never to departe from the fame 
 till it bee broughte into y*^ place of good fafetie." 
 
 In the armies of King Henry VIII. Mary and Elizabeth, there 
 were a great number of bill-men, as may be feen in different ac- 
 counts of the mufters of thofe times. In an extrail from the cer- 
 tificate of mufliers for the county of Stafford, made A. D. 1569, 
 II Eliz. (s) the parifli of Yoxhall was thus divided: " Pikemen 3. 
 bilmen 5, harquebuz 9, unable men 29." And of two hundred men 
 raifed in Lancafliire, 1584, for the Irifli fervicc, eighty are, by the 
 queen's letter to the flieriff, diredlcd to be furniflicd with calivers, 
 forty with corflets, forty with bows, and forty with halberts, or 
 
 (r) Treatise of martini Difciplinc by Ralplie Smilhc, dcdicitcJ lo tlic LorJ Bur- 
 rowcs and Sir Clirillcphci llitton, in my pofleflion. 
 (s) In the Lib. Tho. Aaic, Efq. 
 
 Vol. I. S good
 
 13© 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 good black bills : (t) befulcs the arm* here fpccified, it was ordered 
 that all the foldiers fliould be furnilhed with fvvords and daggers. (u) 
 Bills were alfo much ufed at fea, as is flievvn by the account of the 
 navy of that reign, where, under the article of furniture, the dif- 
 ferent kinds of arms and weapons are fpecified. (x) 
 
 The 
 
 (t) Peck's Defiderata Curiofa, vol. i. || (u) Ibid. 
 
 (x) Th( Names of her Mejejile's Shippes, with the Number of Men and Furniture requlfitt 
 
 for the fitting forth of the fame. 
 E. Codice Antiq. MS. Penes Sam. Knight, S. T. P. 
 
 I. T R Y U M P H. 
 1. M E N N 780 ; whereof 
 
 Marriners » 450 
 
 Gunners 50 
 
 Soldiars 200 
 
 2. Furniture: 
 
 Harquebufs 250 
 
 Bowes 50 
 
 Arrowes, ilieeves of, 100 
 
 Pikes 200 
 
 Corflets 100 
 
 Marriners 200 
 
 3. Burthen 1000 
 
 II. ELIZABETH. 
 
 I. M E N N 600 : whereof 
 
 Marriners 300 
 
 Gonners 50 
 
 Soldiars 200 
 
 2. Furniture^: 
 
 Harquebus 200 
 
 Bowes 50 
 
 Arrowes, flieeves of, 100 
 
 Pikes .» 280 
 
 Bills 170 
 
 Marriners 200 
 
 3. Burthen ...... 900 
 
 III. WHITE BEAR. 
 I. Men, Furniture, and Burthen^ 
 as the !aft. 
 
 IV. VICTORY. 
 
 1. M E N N 500 : whereof 
 
 Marriners 330 
 
 Gonners 40 
 
 Souldiei's 160 
 
 2. Furniture: 
 
 Harquebus 200 
 
 Bowes 40 
 
 Arrowes, flieeves of, 80 
 
 Corflets ». „.. 80 
 
 Marriners 160 
 
 3. Burthen .... 800 
 
 V. P R I M R O S E. 
 
 Men, Furniture, and Burthen, ass 
 the !aft. 
 
 VI. MA-
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 »3i 
 
 The mell, maule, or mallet of arms, was a weapon formerly 
 ufed by both the Englifli and Scots. In the memorable combat 
 
 fought 
 
 VI. MARY R O S E. 
 
 1. Men, 350 : wliereof 
 
 Marrincrs 200 
 
 Gonners .". 50 
 
 Soldiars 120 
 
 2. Furniture: 
 
 Harquebus 125 
 
 Bowes 30 
 
 Arrowes, (heeves of 60 
 
 Pikes 100 
 
 Bills 120 
 
 Corflets 50 
 
 Marriners 160 
 
 3. Burthen 600 
 
 VII. HOPE, 
 
 Mcnn, Furniture, and Burilien, as 
 the laft. 
 
 VIII. BONAVENTURE. 
 
 I . M E N N 300 : whereof 
 
 Marrincrs 160 
 
 Gonners 30 
 
 Souldicrs 110 
 
 2. Furniture: 
 
 Harquebus no 
 
 Bowes — 30 
 
 Arrowes, fliecves of, 60 
 
 Pikes 90 
 
 Bills 100 
 
 Corllets 50 
 
 Marriners 100 
 
 3. Burthen 600 
 
 S2 
 
 IX. PHILIP and MARYE/ 
 Men, Furniture, and Burthen, as 
 the laft. 
 
 X. LYON. 
 I. M E N 290 : whereof 
 
 Marriners 150 
 
 Gonners 30 
 
 Soldiers no 
 
 2. Furniture and Burthen as the 
 two laft. 
 
 XI. DREADNOUGHT. 
 
 1. Menn 250: whereof 
 
 Marriners 14.0 
 
 Gonners 23 
 
 Souldiars go 
 
 2. Furniture; 
 
 Harquebus • 80 
 
 Bowes 25 
 
 Arrowes, ftieeves of, 50 
 
 Pikes 50 
 
 Bills 60 
 
 Corflets 40 
 
 Marriners 80 
 
 3. EtJ R T H E N 40» 
 
 XII. SWIFTSURE. 
 Menn, Furniture and Burthen as 
 
 the laft. 
 
 XIII. SWALLOWE. 
 I. M E N If 200 : whereof 
 Marrincrs , 120 
 
 Gonners
 
 132 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 fought in Bretagne, in the year 13 15, between thhty champions 
 on the part of the EngUfti and the like number on that of the 
 
 French, 
 
 Gonners 20 
 
 Souldiars 60 
 
 2. Furniture: 
 
 Harquebus '. 75 
 
 Bowes 25 
 
 Arrowes, fhecves of, 50 
 
 Bills 60 
 
 Corflets 30 
 
 Marriiiers 70 
 
 3. Burthen 350 
 
 XIV. ANTHLOPE. 
 
 Menn, Furniture, and Burthen, as 
 the laft. 
 
 XV. J E N N E T T. 
 
 Menn, Furniture, and Burthen, 
 as the two laft. 
 
 XVI. FORESIGHT. 
 
 Men and Furniture as the three 
 laft. 
 Burthen 300 
 
 XVII. AIDE. 
 
 1. Menn 160 : whereof 
 
 Marrincrs go 
 
 Gonners ...- 20 
 
 Souldiers 50 
 
 2. Furniture. 
 
 Harquebus 50 
 
 Bowes 20 
 
 Arrowes, fheeves of, 40 
 
 Pikes 40 
 
 Bills 50 
 
 CorAets ..m..... 20 
 
 Marriners 50 
 
 3. Burthen 240 
 
 XVIII. BULL. 
 
 1. Menn 120: whereof 
 
 Marriners lO 
 
 Gonners 10 
 
 Souldiars 40 
 
 2. Furniture. 
 
 Harquebus 35 
 
 Bowes 15 
 
 Arrowes, Iheeves of, 30 
 
 Pikes 30 
 
 Bills 40 
 
 Corfelets 20 
 
 Marriners 40 
 
 Burthen 160 
 
 XIX. TIGER. 
 
 Menn, Furniture, and Burthen, 
 as the laft. 
 
 XX. F A U L C O N. 
 
 1. Menn 80 : whereof 
 
 Marriners 60 
 
 Gonnes 10 
 
 . Soldiers 20 
 
 2. Furniture: 
 Harquebus 24 
 
 Bowe3
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 133 
 
 French, one of the EngUfli champions, named Billefort, was armed 
 with a leaden mallet weighing twenty-five pounds, (y) Father 
 
 Bowes 10 
 
 Arrowes, (hecves of, 20 
 
 Pikes 20 
 
 Bills 30 
 
 Corfelets 12 
 
 Marriners 24. 
 
 3. Burthen: 
 
 XXr. A I B A T E S. 
 
 I. M E N N 60 : whereof 
 
 Marriners 30 
 
 Gonners 10 
 
 Soldiars lo 
 
 2. Furniture: 
 
 Harquebus 16 
 
 Bowes 10 
 
 Arrowes, (heeves of, 20 
 
 Pikes 20 
 
 Bills 30 
 
 Corfelets 12 
 
 Marriners 24 
 
 3. Burthen 80 
 
 XXII. HANDMAYD. 
 Mcnn, Furniture, and Burthen, as 
 the laft. 
 
 XXIII. BARKE of BULLEN. 
 
 Men 50 : whereof 
 
 Marriners 30 
 
 Gonners 10 
 
 Soldiars none 
 
 I. Furniture: 
 
 Harquebus 12 
 
 (y) Hist, de Brctagne par 
 
 Bowes 10 
 
 Arrowes, fheeves of, 20 
 
 Pikes 15 
 
 BiJls 20 
 
 Marriners 
 
 3. Burthen 
 
 XXIV. GEORGE. 
 
 I. M E N N 50 : whereof 
 
 Marriners 4.0 
 
 Gonners lo 
 
 Soldiars none 
 
 30 
 60 
 
 2. Furniture: 
 
 Harquebus 
 
 Bowes 
 
 12 
 10 
 
 Arrowes, flieeves of, 
 
 20 
 
 Pikes 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 Bills 
 
 Marriners 
 
 30 
 
 The fum of all others, as well 
 merchant (liipps as others, in 
 all places of England of an hun- 
 dred tuiins and upwards 135 
 
 The fum of all barkes and fliippes 
 of 40 tunne and upwards to an 
 100 tunne 656 
 
 There arc befides, by cftimation, 
 100 fail of hoyes : alfo of fmall 
 barkes and filhermen, an infi- 
 nite number of through 
 
 the realmc cannot be IclTe than 
 600 befides London. 
 
 Pai's Def:dcrata Curiofa, lib. ii. p. 22. 
 
 Dargentrc, Liv. vi. p. 393. 
 
 Daniel
 
 134 HISTORYOF 
 
 Daniel, In his Hiftory of the French Army, quotes the manufcrlpt 
 Memoirs of the Marquis de Fleurange, in the library of the King 
 of France, to prove that the Englifli archers ftill ufed mallets in 
 the time of Louis XII. who began his reign in the year 15 15, and 
 died in 1524. In the ancient poem of the Battle of Floddon, leaden 
 mallets are feveral times mentioned j from the following defcription 
 there given, it feems as if the head of the mell was entirely of lead, 
 hooped round at the ends with iron : 
 
 Some made a mell of mafley lead, 
 Which iron all about did bind. 
 
 Ralph Smith, in his directions for equipping an archer, gives 
 him a mawle of lead, of five feet long, and a pike with the fame, 
 hanging by a girdle with a hook : this defcription, though fome- 
 what obfcure, feems as if he meant that the handle of the mell 
 fliould be five feet long, the end armed with a pike or fpike ; but 
 how fuch a weapon could be worn hanging at a girdle, is not eafily 
 conceived, as, if carried obliquely, it would be likely to wound the 
 legs of the foldiers in the rear of it ; probably it was worn at the 
 back, hung by a hook fixed in the center of its handle, with a loop 
 or feme other contrivance to keep it nearly perpendicular. 
 
 Father Daniel has engraved one of thefe mallets, which, In 
 form, exactly refembles the prefent wooden inflrument of that 
 name, except that its handle is fomewhat longer. In Mr. Brander's 
 MSS. among the different ftore-houfes at Calais, there named, one 
 of them is called the malle chamber: in it were then, eight hun- 
 dred and eighty leaden malles. There is alfo an entry of tw^o hun- 
 dred malles in a ftore-houfe at Berwick. This weapon feems to 
 have been of French extraction : it v/as once in fuch efleem in that 
 kingdom, that in an infurreftion which happened in Paris, on ac- 
 count of fome new taxes in the beginning of the reign of Charles 
 VI. when the populace forced open the arfenal, they armed them- 
 felvcs chiefly with mallets, whence they were ftiled mailliotins. 
 
 Perhaps
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 135 
 
 Perhaps their choice was guided by the confideration, that the ufe 
 of the mallet requires very little more than ftrength and refolution, 
 not confidering that in the melee which fometimes attended the an- 
 cient method of fighting hand to hand, an awkward man would 
 be as like to knock down his friend as his enemy. 
 
 Mallets were however tremendous weapons in the hands of 
 flrong adlive men, fuch as are defcribed in this poem to have wield- 
 ed them : 
 
 Two Scotch earls of an ancient race. 
 
 One Crawford called, the other Montrofs, 
 
 Who led twelve thoufand Scotchmen flrong, 
 Who manfully met with their foes 
 
 With leaden mells and lances long, (z) 
 
 The mells feem at this battle to have been mixed with the bill 
 tind morris pike men, for fo thefe lines import : 
 
 Then on the Englifli part with fpeed 
 
 The bills flept forth, and bows went back j 
 
 The Moorifli pikes and mells of lead 
 Did deal there many a dreadful thwack. 
 
 The morris or Moorifli pike was a weapon much in ufe in the 
 fixtcenth century, both by fea and land : forae derive its name from 
 Maurice, Prince of Naflau, whom they fuppofc the inventor of it ; 
 but this is certainly an error, as that weapon frequently occurs in 
 defcriptions of battles fought in the reign of King Henry VIII, 
 particularly that of Floddon, which happened in the year 15 13, 
 fifty-four years before Prince Maurice was born. Indeed in the 
 poem on that engagement, it is called the Moorifh pike, which 
 feems to be its true name. 
 
 (z) V. 74. 
 
 It
 
 136 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 It is befides mentioned by Sir Ralph Smith, in his Military 
 Treatife before quoted ; he Hiys, the men bearing it flioukl be com- 
 pletely armed, their fituation and fcrvice being peculiarly danger- 
 ous, wherefore, as well as on account of the extraordinary price of 
 their armour, they ought to have extraordinary pay. 
 
 The halbert differs very little from the bill, being like it con- 
 flruclcd both for cutting and thrufting. The blade of a halbert 
 confifts of the three parts, the fpear, the hatchet and the flook or 
 hook. The firft is intended for thrufting or charging in battle; 
 the fecond for cutting ; and the third for pulling down works made 
 of fafcines, in an attack on trenches, or other temporary fortifica- 
 tions. Some halberts are called fword-blade halberts, from the 
 part defigned for pufliing, being formed like the blade of a fword. 
 This weapon is faid to have been invented by the Switzers ; the 
 pope's guard of that country ftill carry it. Monfieur de Belay, a 
 French military writer, fpeaks of it as a very late invention.- I 
 have been told by a Switzer, that the ancient manner of ufing this 
 weapon was to tell off the front rank of halberdiers alternately into 
 pufliers and ftrikers j fo that while one half charged with their 
 fpears, the others flruck and cut with the hatchets of their hal- 
 berts. 
 
 Halberts were commonly borne by the guards of the great 
 officers of the army, and alfo by a fet of chofen men, appointed 
 to protect the colours ; at prefent they are only carried by ferjeants 
 of the battalion companies in the infantry, (a) 
 
 (a) Your halberdier fliould be armed in ail points like your pike, oncly inflead of the 
 pike, he (liall carry a faire halberd, that is, ftrong, (harpe, and well armed with plates of 
 iron, from the blade at tlie leaft two foot downeward upon the ftaffe, and fringed or 
 adorned according to pleafure; and thefe halberds doe properly belong unto ferjeants of 
 companies, who by reafon of their much employment are excufed from armes : otherwife 
 in the day of battaile, or in the battaile, they are for guard of the enfignc, or matter of 
 execution ; and flicn to be armed as aforefaiJ. Ma>kham's Soldiers Accidence^ p. 4. 
 
 . . The
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. jjy 
 
 The pike was a fpecies of fpear or lance, folely appropriated to 
 the infantiy. In the form as laft ufed it was of no great antiqui- 
 ty. Father Daniel fays, that pikes are not mentioned in the hifto- 
 ries of France before the reign of Louis XI. Pikes were introduced 
 into France by the S withers, (b) Mark- 
 
 (b) In a military treatife, tranflated by Paule Ive, gent, and publidied A. D. 1589, 
 from tiie Frencli of Monfieur William de Beliay ; there is, p. 26* tliis account of the 
 pike: " But let us paffe further to fpeake of the pike, of which although the Switzers 
 liave not been the inventors, yet have they at the leaft brought it again into ufc, for that 
 they being poore, and defirous to live at libertie, were conftrained to fight againft the prin- 
 ces of Germany, wlio being rich, and of great power, did maintaine many horflemen, 
 which the faid Switzers could not do ; and therefore making their warres afoote, they 
 were conftrained to runne untu the ancient manner, and out of it to choofe fome armes, 
 wherewith they might defend themfelves from the enemies horfemen, which necefTitie had 
 made them either to maintaine, or to find out againe the orders of times pad, without 
 which pikes, footmen are wholly unprofitable } they tooke therefore pikes as weapons not 
 only fit for to withftand horfemen, but alfo to vanquifli them : by the help of which 
 weapon, and through the truft they have in their own good order, they have taken fuch 
 a boldnelTe, that fiftcene or twenty thoufand of their men dare cnterprize upon a whole 
 worrJ of horiTnien, as they have made proofe at Navare and at Marignan, although the 
 one battaile fell out better on their fide then the other. The examples of the vertue that 
 thefe people have lliewed to be in them for their fcates of arms afoote, have caufed fince 
 the voyage of King Charles VIII. other nations to iinitate them, fpecially the Germains 
 and Sp.inyards, who are mounted unto the reputation that we do hould them of at this 
 day, by imitating the orders that the fayd Switzers do keepc, and tlie manner of armes 
 they do carry. The Italians afterward have given themfelves unto it, and we laAly : b\it 
 we arc fo farrc off, that we Hiall never be like unto them for order, except we do make 
 the ufc of thefe weapons to be of more cftimation amongft us, then it hath bin hitherto, 
 fo mutch there is alfo, that they can learne us no other point -, we mull therefore take 
 paints to get this order, or if it be pofTible, to find or frame a iiiore fure, by the incanes 
 whereof we might defend out fclves, and cxcell other nations. And to do this, we muft 
 arm our foldicrs well, to the intent that they may be lelTe in daunger of blowcs, and the 
 harder to be overthrowne : principally thofe that (hould ferve in the firft fronts of the bat- 
 tailes ; and alfo all others, if it were polTiblc, every man according unto the weapon that 
 he doth carry. The armes that we mull tarry mull be lacfi; : tirll of all, tlvj corlkt com- 
 plete with the talTcs downe to the kne^, hofeof male, a codpcece of yron, good vambraccs, 
 and gauntlets or gloves of male, and a good head pecce, with the fight almoll covered. 
 'J'hc other harticlTc for the body mull be a lliirt or jerkin, with llceves and gloves of nin!c. 
 
 Vol. I. T and
 
 s 
 
 138 11 I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Markham, in the Souklier's Accidence, gives ji defcription of 
 the manner in which a pikeman fliould be armed : " Next (fays he) 
 he (the captain) fliall fee that every man be well and fufficicntly 
 armed, v/ith good and allowable armes ; that is to fay, all his pike- 
 men fliall have good combe-caps for their heads, well lined with 
 quilted caps, curaces for their bodies of nimble and good mould, 
 being high pike proof; large and well compa6l gordgetts for their 
 neckes, fayre and clofe joyned taches, to armc to the mid-thigh ; as 
 for the pouldron or the vantbrace, they may be fpared, becaufe 
 they are but cumberfome. All this armour is to be rather of ruf- 
 fet, fanguine, or blacke colour, then white or milled, for it will 
 keepe the longer from ruflr. 
 
 These fliall have flirong, fl:raight, yet nimble pikes of afli wood, 
 well headed with fteel, and armed with plates downward from the 
 head, at leaft: foure foote, and the full fize or length of every pike 
 fhalbe fifteene foote befides the head. 
 
 These pikemen fliall alfo have good, fliarpe, and broade fwords 
 (of which the Turkie and Bilboe are befl:) fl:rong fcabbards, chapt 
 with iron, girdle, hangers, or bautricke of ftrong leather; and 
 laftly, if to the pikeman's head piece be fafl:ened a fmall ring of 
 iron, and to the right flde of his back peece (below his girdle) an 
 iron hooke, to hang his fl:eele cap upon, it will be a great eafe to 
 the fouldier, and a nimble carriage in the time of long marches. 
 
 By the regulations in the acl of the 13th of Charles II. a pike- 
 man was to be armed with a pike of afli, not under fixteen feet in 
 
 and a head peece with the face uncovered. The weapons muft be thefe r a fword of 
 meane length, neither wholly after the manner of the Frenchmen, nor altogether like 
 unto ihe Almaigns : for the wearing of it too lowe doth greatly trouble a fouldier. The 
 ftiort d.!gger alfo is ons of the moft neceflTarieft weapons, wherewith in a preafe a man may 
 better help himfelf than with a fword. The pike, a halberd, and amongft many halbards, 
 fome pcrtuifar.s are alfo called weapons. The target may not be called a weapon, not- 
 withflandlng it is a very good peece.'' 
 
 length
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 ^39 
 
 length (head and foot included) with a back, breafl, headpiece and 
 fvvord. (b) The talleft and ftrongeft men were generally felecled for 
 the pike, and in France their pay was fomewhat greater than that 
 of the mufketeers. 
 
 The general introdu6lion of the bayonet fuperfeded the pike, 
 the ufe of which was aboliflied in France, by a royal ordonnance, 
 ifllied in the year 1703, with the advice of the Marefchal de Vau- 
 ban, though contrary to the opinion of Monfieur d' Artagan, 
 afterwards Marefchal of France, under the name of Montefquiou. 
 The exa6l period when pikes were laid afide in England, I have not 
 been able to difcover : it, however, certainly took place about the 
 fame time as in France ; a book of the exercife of the foot, publiflied 
 by the royal command in 1690, has the exercife of the pike, which 
 proves it was not then laid afide ; and the Gentleman's Di6lionary, 
 publifhed in 1705, defcribes it as a weapon formerly in ufe, but 
 then changed for the mulket, fo that the alteration muft have taken 
 place fometime between the years 1690 and 1705. (c) 
 
 The 
 
 (b) The Prices of a Pikeman's Armour and Pike as ejlablijhed by the Council tf War, 
 
 'jtb of Charles I. 
 
 I. 
 
 The brcaft o 
 
 The back o 
 
 The taflets o 
 
 The comb'd head i 
 
 piece lyned J 
 
 The gorgett lyncd o 
 
 6 
 6 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 Total 120 
 
 If tlie brcall, back and talTcts be 
 1) ncd with red Icatlicr, the price 
 will be 140 
 
 (2) Pikes are the arms carried by pikemen, who ufcd formeily to be (he third part of 
 the company, but they are now turned to mufqucttccrs. The pike is made of a point 
 
 T 2 of 
 
 Price of the Pike. 
 
 The ftaffe 
 
 I. s. d. 
 
 *> ^ 
 
 The head 
 
 Socket and colouring .. 
 
 I 8 
 
 004. 
 
 Total 
 
 046
 
 140 II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 The long bow was fiift introduced here, as a military weapon, 
 by the Normans, who at the battle of Haftings too fully demon- 
 ftrated its utility and excellence, as they are faid to have been, in a 
 great mcafure, indebted to it for the fuccefs of that day. 
 , It is not to be fuppofed that tlie Englifla were ignorant of the 
 bow and its ufes j they undoubtedly knew and ufed it in the chace, 
 but had not then admitted it into their armies. 
 
 It is probable that the Conqueror, fenfible of the importance 
 of archery, encouraged and commanded the pra6lice of it ; for in 
 a Ihort time we find that art much cultivated, fo that the Englifli 
 archers formed a very confiderable part of the national infantry, 
 and were univerfally confidered as fuperior to thofe of moll other 
 countries. 
 
 To preferve this fuperiorlty by conftant practice feems to have 
 been the fludy of many of our kings, diverfe flatutes enforcing it 
 having been enafted, even long after the invention of fire-arms j 
 and a number of laws, ordonnances and regulations made, for pro- 
 curing a conftant fupply of good bow ftaves, for furnifliing the 
 counties diftant from London with bowyers, ftring makers, fletch- 
 ers and arrow head makers, and for guarding againft the frauds and 
 Iieglefls of thofe artificers. 
 
 To enforce the pra6lice of archery, it was enabled by a ftatute 
 of the 33d of Henry VIII. that every man under the age of 
 fixty not labouring under fome bodily incapacity, ecclefiaftics and 
 
 of iron, in form of the leaf of an apricock tree, called the fpear, about four inches long, 
 and broad in the middle, from whence it runs to a point : the fpjar has two branches or 
 plates of iron, to fix it to the ftafF, of about a foot long, and ftrong enough to refift the ftroke 
 of a broad fword. The ftaff or fhaft of a pike is about thirteen or fourteen feet long, made 
 of a flip of afh, very ftraight, about an inch and a quarter thick at the greateft end, which 
 is (hod with brafs or iron, fiiarpened to a point, to flick in the ground. 
 
 Gentleman's Di^fionary, Part il. 
 
 judges
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 141 
 
 judges excepted, fliould ufc the exerclfe of fliooting in the long 
 bow, and keep In then' pofll-flion, bows and arrows. The fathers, 
 governors, and maftcrs, ihould inftrucl and bring up their fons and 
 youths under their charge in the knowledge of fhooting; that every 
 man having a boy or boys in his houfe, fliould provide for each of 
 them, of the age of feven years, and untill he arrived to that of 
 feventeen, a bow and two (hafts, to induce him to learn and prac- 
 tife archery ; if a fervant, the coft of the bow and arrowes might 
 be deducted out of his wages; and that after fuch youth had ar- 
 rived at his feventeenth year, he fliould then buy, and conftantly 
 keep a bow and four arrows. That if any parent or mafter, having 
 a youth or youths under feventeen years of age, fliould fuftcr any 
 one of them to want a bow and two arrows for one month toge- 
 ther, he Ihould for every fuch negle6l forfeit 6s. 8d. and every 
 fervant above feventeen years of age, and under fixty, who re- 
 ceived wages, neglefting to furnifli himfelf as' here directed, for 
 every default' fliould forfeit 63. 8d. Juflices of aflize of gaol de- 
 livery, juftices of the peace and ftewards of franchifes, lects and 
 law days, had power to enquire refpedling the obfervance of this 
 law, and to punifli perfons wanting bows and arrows, as here di- 
 Ted:ed. 
 
 That the young archers might acquire an accurate eye, and a 
 ftrength of arm, none under twenty-four years of age, might flioot 
 at any ftanding mark, except it was for a rover, and then he was 
 to change his mark at every fliot, under the penalty of four pence, 
 for every fliot made contrary to this regulation. It was alfo enadled 
 that no perfon above the faid age fliould Ihoot at any niaik that 
 was not above elex'^n fcore yards diftant, under pain of forfeiting 
 for every fliot fix fliillings and eight pence. 
 
 The inhabitants of all towns and places were direded to make 
 up their butts againft a day afligned, and to maintain and keep 
 them in repair under penalty of 20s. for every month they were 
 
 wanting :
 
 142 n I S T O R Y O F 
 
 wanting : they were alfo commanded to exercife themfclves with 
 fliooting thereat on holidays, and all other convenient times, (d) 
 
 To fecLire a proper lupply of bow ftaves, merchants trading 
 from places whence bow ftaves were commonly brought, were 
 obliged to import four bow ftaves for every ton of merchandize, 
 and that in the fome fhip, in which the goods were loaded ; (e) 
 they were alfo bound to bring in ten bov/ ftaves of good and able 
 fluff, with every ton of Malmfey or Tyre wine, (f ) To encourage 
 the voluntary importation, bow ftaves of fix feet and a half long 
 or more, were cxcufed the payment of any duty : and the chief ma- 
 giftrates of the difterent ports were authorifed to appoint proper 
 and fkilful perfons to examine the bow ftaves imported, and to fee 
 that they were good and fufficient. (g) 
 
 To prevent a too great confumption of yew, which was the beft 
 wood for bows, bowyers were to make four bows of witch hazel, 
 aQi, or elm, to one of yew, and no perfon under feventeen years of 
 age, unlefs pofTelfed of moveables worth forty marks, or the fon of 
 parents having an eftale of ten pounds per annum, might ftioot in. 
 a yew bow, under a penalty of fix fhiUings and eight pence, (h) 
 
 (d) So jealous were the Englifli of otlicr nations acquiring a fkiil in archery, that by 
 the 33d of Henry VIII. aliens were forbidden to flioot with long bows, without the king's 
 licence, under jicnalty of forfeiting their bows to any perfon who would feize them. 
 
 (e) i2th Edw. IV. under penalty of 6s, 8d. to the king for each bow ftave deficient. 
 
 (f) ift Rich. III. under penalty of 13s. 4^. 
 
 (g) This feems to (hew that our ancient bows were at lead fix feet long. A gentle- 
 man of the fociety of archers, wl-.o has maiie the properties of the long bow his particu- 
 lar fludy, fays, that the bell length for a bow is five feet eight inches from nock to nock j 
 and that of an arrow two feet three inches. We however in ancient poems read of ar- 
 rows a cloth ell long. 
 
 (h) It lias been fuppofed that yew trees were originally planted in church-yards, in 
 order to furnifli bow Oaves; bur it is more probable, that they being ever- greens, are 
 plaiUcd there as an emblem of the immortality of the foul, which, though the body is dead, 
 ftill flouriflies. See Bourne's Jutiquitiis of the Common People, ch. iii. 
 
 That
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 143 
 
 That every man might be able to furnifh himfelf with tliofe 
 inferior bows on the fliortefl notice ; every bovvyer dwelling in the 
 cities of London or Weftminfter, or the borough of Southwark, 
 was always to have in his cuftody fifty good bows of elm, witch- 
 hazel, or afli, well and fubflantialiy made and wrought, upon 
 pain that every of the faid bowyers, who for the fpace of twenty 
 days fliould not have the number of bows of thofe materials, ready 
 made and fit to be fold and ufed, fliould for every bow wanting 
 of that number, forfeit los, one half to the queen, and the other 
 half to any armourer, fletcher, or maker of bow firings, that would 
 fue for it. 
 
 The prices of bows were occafionally regulated by acEls of par- 
 liament, from whence we learn, that the price of bow ftaves had 
 encreafed from 2I. to 12I. the hundred, between the reigns of Ed- 
 ward III. and the 8th of Elizabeth, though tins is faid to have been 
 partly efFefted by the confederacy of the Lombards. 
 
 In the reign of Edward III. the price of a painted bow was is. 
 6d. that of a white bow is. a fheaf of arrows if " acerata," or with 
 fleeled points, is. 2d. if non acerata, blunt or unftcelcd, is. 
 
 In the 24th of Edward IV. no bowyer might fell a yew bow to 
 any of the king's fubje61"s for more than 3s. 4d. and in the 38th of 
 Henry VIII. the price of a yew bow, for any perfon between the 
 ages of feven and fourteen years, was not to exceed i2d. 
 
 The bowyers were befides to have by them inferior bows of all 
 prices from 6d. to i2d. The price of a yew bow of the tax called 
 elk, to any of the king's fubjccts, was limited to 3s. 4d. In the 
 8th of Elizabeth, bows of foreign yew were dire6ted to be fold for 
 6s. 8d. the fecond fort at 3s. 4d. and the coarfe fort, called livery 
 bows, at a price not exceeding two fhillings each, and bows of 
 Englifli yew at the fame. A claufe of a former acl, diredling the 
 bowyers of London and Wcftminfter to make four bows of different 
 wood for one of yew, was repealed, with refpe6l to thofe artificers 
 
 dwelling
 
 144. HISTORYOF 
 
 dwelling in thofe places, on their reprefentation that the citizens 
 of London would purchafe none but yew bows. 
 
 Aliens might not convey, fell, nor exchange any bows or ar- 
 rows to parts out of the king's obeifance, without his fpecial li- 
 cence, under pain of forfeiture of the fame, or the value thereof, 
 and imprifonment, till they had paid fuch fine as fliould be impofed 
 on them, by two juftices of the peace, or find furety for the pay- 
 ment, (i) All bow-ilaves brought into the kingdom, to be fold 
 open, and not in bundles, to the intent that the buyers might know 
 their qualities, (k) 
 
 Arrows were made of different kinds of wood, but according to 
 Roger Afcham, afli was the beft. Their heads were of the beft iron, 
 pointed with fteel ; for this purpofe, the flooks of anchors were 
 fometimes ufed. (1) Arrows were armed with iron heads of different 
 forms and denominations ; fome were barbed, which rendered it 
 impofTible to draw them forth from the wound, without laceration ; 
 they were feathered with part of a goofe's wing, (m) Arrows were 
 reckoned by flieaves ; aflieaf confifted of twenty-four arrows. They 
 were carried in a quiver, worn on the right fide, or at the back. 
 This ferved for the magazine ; arrows for immediate ufe were often 
 worn in the girdle. 
 
 By an adt of parliament, made 7th of Henry IV. it was enabled, 
 That for the future, all the heads of arrows and quarrels fliould be 
 well boiled or brafed, and hardened at the point with fleel j and that 
 
 (i) Stat. 33 Hen. VIII. chap. 9. || (k) Ibid. 
 
 (1) The (lieriff of Norfolk being ordered 42 Ed. III. to provide a certain number of 
 garbs or (heaves of arrows headed with fteel, for the king's ufe, is directed to fcize aU the 
 flooks of anchors, (omnes alas ancarum) neceflary for making the heads. 
 
 Swindcti's Hijl. Great Yarmouth, 
 
 (m) Many inftances occur in our ancient records, where the (heriffs of different coun> 
 tics are direiled to find feathers from the wings of gecfe for arrows. 
 
 every
 
 THE ENGLISH ARM Y. 145 
 
 every head of an arrow or quarrel fliould have the mark of the ma- 
 ker; workmen offending againft this acf, were liable to a fine and 
 imprifonment, at the king's will; and thejuftices of the peace in 
 every county in England, and alfo the mayors, flierififs, and bailiffs 
 of cities and boroughs, were authoril'cd to enquire concerning all 
 makers of arrow-heads, and to punifh defaulters. 
 
 In order that the diftant counties might be furniflied with the ne- 
 cefTary artificers for making bows and arrows, bowyers, fletchers, 
 firing-makers, and arrow-head-makers, not being freemen of Lon- 
 don, might be fent, by the appointment of the king's council, the 
 lord chancellor, lord privy feal, or one of them, to inhabit any citv, 
 borough, or town within the realm, that was deflitute of fuch arti- 
 ficers. Any of thefc workmen, being duly warned, negletfling to 
 repair to the places direcled, were liable to a penalty of 40s. for 
 every day's ncgleft, and contrary abode, (n) For the foreign gar- 
 rifons of cafllcs in the tinie of Edward II. one artificer, fliled artil- 
 lator, was appointed, (o) 
 
 The range of a bow, according to Neade, was from fixteen to 
 twenty fcore yards ; and fo quick were the ancient archers, or fo 
 flow the mufketeers, that he fays, an archer could flioot fix arrows 
 in the time of charging and difcharging one mufket. 
 
 The force with which an arrow ftruck an object at a moderate 
 diftance, may be conceived from an inllancc given by King Ed- 
 ward VI. in his journal, wlierein he fays, that an hundred archers 
 of his guard fliot before him, two arrows each, and afterwards all 
 together, that they fliot at an inch hoard, which fome pierced quite 
 thorough, and fluck into the other board, divcrfc pierced it quite 
 
 (m) 33(i Hen. VIII. fee. S. 
 
 (oj Ite.m ouliiuium crt, quod fit unus artillator qui facial ballirtas, caicllos, arcos,- 
 fagittas, laiiccas, fpiculas ; & alia anna ncccffaria pro garrifonibus caftroruin. Di Ojjicit 
 SenefcdUl jfqti'ttanife, quoted by F, Daniel, vol. i. p. 196. 
 
 Vol. I. U through
 
 146 HISTORYOF 
 
 through with the heads of their arrows, the boards being well 
 feafoned timber: their diftance from the mark is not mentioned, (p) 
 
 In ancient times phials of combuftible compofition for burning 
 houfes or fliips were fixed on the heads of arrows, and fliot from 
 long bows, (q) Neade fays he has known by experience, that an 
 archer may Ihoot an ounce of fire-work upon an arrow, twelve 
 fcore yards. Arrows with wild-fire, and arrows for fire works, are 
 mentioned among the ftores at Newhaven and Barwick, in the ift 
 of Edward VI. (r) 
 
 Chaucer in his prologue to the Canterbury Tales, thus dc- 
 fcribes an archer of his time. 
 
 And he was cladde in cote and hode of grene 
 A fliefe of peacock arwes bright and kene 
 Under his belt he bore ful thriftily, 
 Well coude he drefie his takel yewmanly. 
 His arwes drouped not with fetheres lowe. 
 And in his hand, he bare a mighty bowe, 
 A not-hed hadde he, with broune vifage. 
 Of wood crafte could he wel all the ufage j 
 Upon his arme he had a gai bracer, (s) 
 And by his fide a fword and a bokeler. 
 
 (p) See K. Ed. VI. Journal in Burnet's H'tjl. of the Reformation, 
 
 fq) MisiMUS igitur fuper eos fpicub ignita. Mat. Paris, p. logo. And, p. 1091, 
 Et phialas picnas calce, arcubus per parva haftilia ad modum fagittarum fuper hoftes ja— 
 culandas. Arrows of this kind were ufed by the Romans, and called falarica and mallioli.. 
 
 (r) In Mr. Brander's MSS. Where, in the armoury at Weftminfter, there is alfo an. 
 entry of " two longe bowes of ewghe to (bote tones in, with cafes of lether to them." 
 
 (s) A BRACER ferveth for two caufes ; one to fave his arme from the ftrype of the 
 ftringe, and his doublet from wearing, and the other is, that the firing gliding fliarplye 
 and quicklye off tlie bracer, may make the Qiarper (hot. A fhooting glove is chiefly to 
 fave a man's fingers from hurting, that he may be able to bear the fliarp ftringe to tlie ui- 
 termoft of his ftrength. Roger Jfcham. 
 
 And
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 147 
 
 And on the other fide a gai daggere 
 Harneifed wel, and fliarp as pointe of fpere : 
 A criftofre on his breft of filver fliene, 
 An horn he bare, the baudrik was of grene, 
 A forefter was he fothely as I gefle." 
 
 The drefs of our ancient archers is given in feveral chronicles. 
 Fabian (t) fays the yomen hadde at thofe dayes theyr lymmes at ly- 
 bertye, for theyr hofyn were then faftened with one point, and 
 theyr jackes were longe and eafy to fliote in, fo that they myghtc 
 drawe bowes of great ftrength, and fliotc arrowes of a yerde longe ; 
 and according to Caxton, (u) the yeomanry hadde theyr hofen tec- 
 ven or bounden bynethe the knee having long jackys. But every 
 man hadde a good bowe, a fheaf of arrowes and a fword. 
 
 The following defcription of an archer, his bow and accoutre- 
 ments is given by Ralphe Smithe. 
 
 Archers of Long Bows. 
 
 Captains and officers fliould be IkilfuU of that mofl noble 
 weapon, and to fee that their foldiers according to their draught 
 and ftrength, have good bowes, well nocked, well ftrynged, everic 
 flringe whippe in their nocke, and in the myddes rubbed with wax, 
 brafer, and fhuting glove, fome fpare ftringes trymed as aforefaid ; 
 every man one fliefe of arrowes, with a cafe of leather defenfi- 
 ble againft the rayne, and in the fame fower and twentie arrowes, 
 whereof eight of them fhould be lighter than the refidue, to gall 
 or aftoyne the enemye with the hail fliot of light arrowes, before 
 they fhall come within the danger of their harquebufs fliot. Let 
 every man have a brigandine, or a little cote of plate, a flcull or 
 hufkyn, a mawle of leade, of five foote in lengthe, and a pike, and 
 
 (t) Vol. ii. p. 172. II (u) PoLYCHRON. book viii. chap. 13. 
 
 U 2 Che
 
 143 II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 the fame hanging by his girdle, with a hooke, and a dagger ; being 
 thus furniflicd, teach them by mufters to march, fliootc and retire, 
 kecpingo their faces upon the enemys. Sumtyme put them into 
 great nowmbers, as to battell apperteyneth, and thus ufe them 
 often times praclifcd, till they be perfe6le ; ffor thofe men in bat- 
 tel), ne {kirmi(h can not be fpared ; none other weapon maye com- 
 pare with the fame noble weapon. 
 
 The bow maintained it's place in our armies, long after the 
 introdudion of fire-arms, and many experienced foldiers have 
 been advocates for it's continuance, and even, in fome cafes, pre- 
 ferred it to the mufket. (x) King Charles I. granted two commif- 
 fions under the great feal, for enforcing the ufe of the long bovve; 
 the firfl in the 4th year of his reign ; (y) but this was revoked by 
 proclamation, four years afterwards, on account of diverfe extor- 
 tions and abufes committed under fan6lion thereof. Tli,e fecond, 
 an. 1633, in the 9th year of his reign, to William Neade and his fon 
 alfo named William, wherein the former is Itiled an ancient archer, 
 who had prefented to the king a warlike ijivention of the pike and. 
 bow, iccw and approved of by him and his council of war : where- 
 
 (x) The long bow. might 00 fomc occafions undoubtedly at this time be ufed with 
 great advantage, particularly againft cavalry : a few horfes wounded by arrows left flicking 
 in them would probably become fo unruly as to diforder a whole fquadron ; befides the 
 iight and whizzing of the arrows before the heads of thofe horfes they did not hit, would 
 keep them in a conftant ftate of terror and reftivenefs. l^or would a flight of arrows fal- 
 fing on a battalion of foot fail of a confiderable effeft, independent of the men they killed 
 or wounded, as when fliot with an elevation they would be vifible almoft from the time 
 they left the bow, and it would require a more than ordinary exertion of courage to re- 
 frain from looking at them, and endeavouring by fome movement to avoid them ; this, 
 by engrofling the attention of the men, would prevent their adting with vigour againft a 
 battalion oppofed to them ; archers could aft in the rear of a battalion of infantry, and 
 even of a fquadron of cavalry. 
 
 (y) To Timothy Taylor^ John Hubert, Henry Hubert, Gentlemen, and Jeffery Le, 
 Neve, Efq. Rymtr. 
 
 fore
 
 THE ENGLISH ARM Y. 149 
 
 fore his majefty had granted them a commifTion to teach and excr- 
 cife his loving fubjefts in the faid invention, which he particularly 
 recommended the chief officers of his trained bands to learn and 
 praftife ; and th? juftices and the other chief magiftrates through- 
 out England, are therein enjoined to ufe every means in their pow- 
 er to anift Neade, his fon, and all perfons authorifcd by them in 
 the furtherance, propagation and pracJilice of this ufeful invention. 
 Both the commiflion and proclamation are printed at large in Ry- 
 mer. (z) At the breaking out of the civil war, the earl of Eflex if- 
 fued a precept, dated November 1643, " for ftirring up all well- 
 affefted people by benevolence, towards the raiflng of a company 
 of archers for the fervice of the king and parliament." And in a 
 pamphlet printed anno 1664, giving an account of the fuccefs of 
 the Marquis of Montrofe againft the Scots, bow men are repeatedly 
 mentioned. 
 
 To protect themfelves againft the attacks of cavalry, our archers 
 carried each of them one or two long ftakes, pointed at both ends, 
 thefe they planted in the earth, floping before them, the points 
 prefented the height of a horfe's breaft. In the ift of Edward VI. 
 three hundred and fifty of thefe were in the ftores of the town of 
 Berwick, under the article of archers ftakes ; there were alfo at the 
 fame time eight bundles of archers ftakes in Pontefracl caftle. (a) 
 Stakes of this kind were ordered by the earl of Salift)urye, in the 
 wars of Henry V. in France, (b) 
 
 Ta 
 
 (z) This exercifc was printctl, A. D. 1625, under tlie title of the Double armcJ 
 Man, witli figures rcprclenting the Motions. From the preface it appears, that Ncad 
 caufcd a foldier to pertonn this exercife before the King, and petitioned him to give orders 
 for i(s being praiSifed in tlie artillcrie gardens of London and Wellniinfter ; to which the 
 king anf.>cred, " That it were mecttr for tliem to practile it of their own accord :" he 
 ncverthelefs was afterwards prevailed on to ifliie the requefled orders. This exercifo 
 with the explanatory ligures, will be given under the article of the exercifc of the pike. 
 
 (a) Mr. Brander's MSS. |1 (b) For to make ftakes againft 3 battayle or journey. 
 
 Alfoft
 
 150 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 To the many laws, ordonanccs and regulations iilued for the 
 fupport of archery, may be added the inftitution of the artillery 
 company, which was incorporated by the patent of Henry VIII. 
 in the year 1537, to Sir Chriftopher Morris, Knight, mafter of 
 the ordnance, Anthony Knevett and Peter Mewtes, gentlemen of 
 of the privy chamber, overfeers of the fraternity or guild of St. 
 George, granting licence to them to be overfeers of the fcience of 
 artillery, videlicet for long bows, crofs bows and hand guns; and 
 the faid Sir Chriftopher Morres, Cornelys Johnfon, Anthony An- 
 thony, and Henry Johnfon to be maflcrs and rulers of the faid 
 fcience of artillery, during their lives ; and to them and their fuc- 
 ceflbrs for ever, being Engliflimen or Denifons and the king's fer- 
 vants, authority to eftablifli a perpetual fraternity or guild, and to 
 admit all honed perfons whatfoever, as well flrangers as others, 
 into a body corporate, having perpetual fucceflion, by the name of 
 mailers, rulers and commonality of the fraternity or guild of ar- 
 tillery of long bows, crofs bows and hand guns, with the ufual 
 powers granted to corporations of purchafmg lands, and ufmg a 
 ■common feal. This fociety might elefl four under mafters, either 
 Englifli or flrangers of good chara6ler, to overfee and govern the 
 <;ompany, and to have the cuflody of their property, real and per- 
 fonal ; thefe might be chofen annually. The fraternity were alfo 
 authorifed to exercife themfelves in fliooting in long bows, crofs 
 bows and hand guns at all manner of marks and butts, and at the 
 game of the popyemaye, (c) and other game or games, as at the 
 
 fowie 
 
 Alfoe that every captayne doecompell their yeomen, every man in all hafte to make him a 
 good fubftantiall ftake of a xi feete in lengthe for certain tieings (tidings) that lords have 
 heard, and in payne to be punilhed as hereto beiongeth.'* MSS. of Mr. Petyt's in the In- 
 ner Temple, entitled C'ylU^anea^ vol. i. p. 509, & feq. 
 
 (c) So in the charter : undoubtedly the popinjay. Maitland fays the crofs bow makers 
 ufed to exercife themfelves in (hooting at the popinjay or artificial parrot, in a Held called 
 
 Ta&l
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 151 
 
 fowle and fowles, as well in the city of London and fuburbs, as iix 
 all other places wherefoever, within the realme of England, Ireland, 
 Calais and the Marches of Wales, and elfewhere within the king's 
 dominions, his forefts, chafes and parks, without his efpecial war- 
 rant referved and excepted, as alfo game of heron and pheafant, 
 within two miles of the royal manors, caftles and other places, 
 where the king fhould fortune to be or lie, for the time only. 
 
 The mafters of this corporation were authorifed to keep long 
 bows, crofs bows, and hand guns in their houfes, and their fer- 
 vants to carry the faid weapons, when and where ordered by their 
 mailers, which fervants carrying fuch crofs bows or guns might 
 not fhoot at any fort of fowl, under penalty of paying the forfei- 
 ture according to the a6l. No other fraternity of this fort might 
 be formed or kept in any part of England without the licence of 
 thefe mafters and rulers. The patent alfo permitted them to ufe 
 any fort of embroidery, or any cognifancc of filver they fhould 
 think proper, on their gowns and jackets, coats or doublets, and to 
 ufe in them any kind of filk or velvet, fatin or damalk (the colours 
 of purple and fcarlet only excepted) and alfo to have on their 
 gowns or other garments all forts of furrs, not above that of Mar- 
 tyns, without incurring the penalty of any a£l or proclamation re- 
 fpeding apparell. (d) 
 
 The 
 
 TalTel Clofe, in London, from the number of thirties growing there ; tliis was afterwards 
 hired by the artillery company, and ib tailed the Old Artillery Ground. The excrcife of 
 the popinjay was an ancient ainiifement in France, as is fliewn by the following paflage : 
 L'excrtife du papegaye ou papegault, que 1* on fait encore aujourd' hui dans quelques villcs 
 de France, ou il y a des prix propofcz pour cclui qui tirera !e mieux, eft un rcfte de 1' ar- 
 cien cxercife, qu'on failbit faire uu.\ Bourgeois. Ec je crois que cet exercife en quelques 
 endroits ell aulFi ancien que 1' inftituiion dc l» inilice des communes, St de la jurifdnflion 
 des maifons de ville, qui furent inftitutiee fous le regne de Philippe I. quatrieme Roi de 
 ]a premire race ainfi que jc I'ai dit ailleurs. P. Daniel Hiji. de la ^f:l. Fr. torn. i. p. 379. 
 (d] Many fumptuary edicts were iu former times publiilicd by proclamatio;), regulat- 
 ing
 
 152 II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 The mailers and rulers of this fraternity were exempted from 
 fcrving on any inqueft within the city of London or anywhere 
 elfe within the reahn: and the king further granted, that if any of 
 the fraternity fliooting at a known and accuflomed butt, having 
 firll pronounced or fpoken the ufual word Fast, (e) fiiould after 
 that happen by mifchance to kill any paflenger, he fliould not fuffer 
 death, nor be impeached, troubled, or imprifoned for it. The pa- 
 tent was direfted to be made out under the great feal, without the 
 payment of any fees to the king, his heirs, or the Iianaper, and 
 was paffed the 29th of Hen. VIII. (f ) ~ 
 
 Another patent was granted by King James I. in the 3d year 
 of his reign, A. D. 1605, to the lord mayor of London, tlie lord 
 Ellefmcrc, lord cl-iancellor of England, Thomas earl of Dorfct, 
 high treafurer, Thomas earl of Suffolk, chamberlain of the houfe- 
 hold, Charles duke of Devonfliire, mafler of the ordnance, Robert 
 earl of Salilbury, principal fecretary, with diverfe judges, knights 
 and gentlemen for the encouragement of the artillery company and 
 the maintenance of archery and artillery within the realm of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 In this patent, after reciting the national utility of this compa- 
 ny, it is Hated that diverfe perfons for their own gain and ad- 
 vantage have plucked up the ancient marks ufed in fliooting, rai- 
 fed .the banks' and hedges, and deepened the ditches, thereby pre- 
 venting the neceflary communications in the fields, anciently ap- 
 propriated to this exercife contrary to the ancient cuftoms of 
 
 inf the materials, colours and decorations of th garments to be worn by different ranks 
 of people; among the trimmings, furrs of different animals made a very diftinguifhing 
 part, and were particularly appropriated. 
 
 (e) Fast, i. e. ftand faff, a notice not to move till after the perfon giving fuch notice 
 had made his fliot. 
 
 (f) This charter is printed in a brief hillorical account of the artillery company, by 
 Mr. Bhckvvcll, adjutant and clerk to the company, anno 1726. 
 
 London,
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 153 
 
 London, ftatutes, provifions and proclamations, whereby there is a 
 danger that many perfons being deprived of their ufual amiife- 
 mcnts, might haunt and frequent unlawful games ; wherefore the 
 commifTioners, or any fix of them, were empowered to furvey the 
 grounds near the city of London, where the archers had been ac- 
 cuflomed to flioot, and to caufe them to be reduced to the ftate in 
 which they were in the beginning of the reign of King Henry VIIL 
 by calling before them the owners and occupiers of thofe lands, 
 where any alterations had been made fince that period, to be pro- 
 ved by oath, by fuch honeft and lawful men as they fhould deem 
 competent witneffes, and ordering the faid owners and occupiers to 
 do the neceflary work, at their own coft and charges. Any perfons 
 refifting, refufing, or negleding to obey thofe orders, were to be 
 puniihed with fine and imprifonment to the king's ufe. In this 
 patent the coat of arms they now bear was granted them. 
 
 A SIMILAR commiffion was granted by King Charles I. in the 
 8th year of his reign, A. D. 1633, wherein the grounds ufed for 
 archery were directed to be reduced to the ftate in which they were 
 in the beginning of the reign of King James I. (g) 
 
 In the year 1638, the company performed an exerclfe of arms at 
 Merchant Taylors Hall, before the lord mayor, court of aldermen, 
 and many other eminent citizens, fo much to their fatisfaftion, 
 that in teftimony thereof, they made a prcfent to them of the 
 ground they now enjoy, to ferve them for a military field of exer- 
 cife, it was then called the Artillery Garden. The company was 
 aUo enriched by many gifts and legacies. Anno 1641, Charles 
 
 (5) Ukder thefe claufcs, a cow keeper, named Pitfield, wns, fo late as 1746, obliged 
 to renew one of the (liooting marks wlueh he had difplaccd, on which the artiliery eompa- 
 ny cut the tollowing infeription, viz. Phfield'i Rtpcntcnce : and the Hon. iJaines Bar- 
 lington, in his ingenious treatife on archery, publifhed in tlie 7th volume of tiic Archxo- 
 logia, fays, he is informed that Mr. Scott, the great brick maker, hath been under tlic 
 necefTity of making his fubmifllon on a like occafiorj. 
 
 Vol. I X prince
 
 154 HISTORYOF 
 
 piince of Wales (afterwards King Charles II.) the duke of Bavaria, 
 and James duke of York (afterwards King James II.) entered them- 
 felves members of this company. 
 
 It received feme interruption during the civil wars, and had no 
 exercife from 1643 to 1656, at which time it was again revived, 
 many citizens entering themfelves members of it. 
 
 In 1644, the duke of York was appointed captain general of the 
 company, and exercifed it ; the fame year, the dukes of Mon- 
 mouth, Albermarle, and Ormond, the earls of Sandwich, Manchef- 
 ter, Anglcfea, and the Lord Craven became members of it. 
 
 After the revolution. King William in the year 1689, reftored 
 the company to the right of annual eleflions of its officers, which 
 in the two preceding reigns had been interrupted from political 
 motives ; he alfo declared himfelf captain general, appointing his 
 grace the duke of Norfolk his deputy, during his abfence abroad. 
 On the acceflion of Queen Anne, fhe appointed her royal confort. 
 Prince George of Denmark, to be captain general, (h) 
 
 In the year 1719, his majefty ordered that all the commiflion and 
 ftafF officers of the city trained bands fliould become members of 
 the artillery company, and exercife with them at all convenient 
 times, in order to qualify themfelves the better for their refpe6live 
 ftations. It was alfo ordered, that the above mentioned officers 
 fhould not fail to make their appearances at the three annual 
 marches or exercifes of the faid company, unlefs hindered by fome 
 extraordinary bufinefs, and in fuch cafe, that they {hould provide 
 fome other perfon to appear in their ftead : fmce which, no perfon 
 can have a commiffion in the trained bands from the court of lieu- 
 tenantcy, unlefs he produces a certificate, that he is a member of 
 the artillery company. On the 30th of May, 1722, his majefty 
 
 (h) Archery feems at this time to have been totally laid afide by the company, who 
 exercifed themfelves in the ufe of the mufket and pike, 
 
 caufed
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. i_j_j 
 
 caufed the company to march in review before him in St. James's 
 Park, and was pleafed to make them a prefent of five hundred 
 pounds. 
 
 Although both long and crofs bows have for many years been 
 laid afide, the company ilill continues to exercife in the artillery 
 ground. His Royal Highnefs the Prince of Wales is captain ge- 
 nera], there is alfo a prefident, vice prefident, treafurer, colonel, 
 lieutenant colonel and major (ufually chofen from the court of al- 
 dermen or other fubftantial citizens) with an adjutant, engineer, 
 furgcon, chaplain, clerk, feijeant major, drum major, and mef- 
 fenger. 
 
 The crofs bow, or arbalifl:, called in Latin arcus baliftarius, or 
 balifta manualis, and in French arbalet, is faid by fome to be of 
 Sicilian origin, others afcribe its invention to the Cretans. It is 
 fiippofed to have been introduced into France by the firH: crufaders, 
 and is mentioned by the abbe Sugcr in the life of Louis le Gros, as 
 being ufed by that prince, in the beginning of his reign, (i) which 
 commenced in the year i io8, 
 
 Verstigan fcems to attribute the introduction of this weapon 
 into England, to the Saxons under Hengifl and Horfa, but cites 
 no authority in fupport of that fuppofition. In a print reprefcnting 
 the landing of thofe generals, the foremoft: of them is delineated 
 with a crofs bow on his ftioulder, and others are fecn in tlie hands 
 of the diftant figures of their followers, landed and landing from 
 their fliips ; of this print he fays, " and becaufe thefe noble gentle- 
 men were the firft biingers in and conduftors of the anceftors of 
 Englillimen into Britaine, from whence unto their pofterity, the 
 poflefTioii of their countrey hath enfucd, I thought fit here in pour- 
 traiture to fit down their firft arrival!, therewithall to fliewe the 
 manner of the apparell which they wore, the weapons which they 
 
 (i) P. Daniel Hift, de la Mil. Fr. torn. i. p. 425. 
 
 X 2 ufed,
 
 156 II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 ufed, and the banner or enfign firfl: by them fpred In the field. 
 Some writers fay, William the Conqueror had crofs bows in his 
 army at the battle of Haftings. The Genoefe were reckoned fkil- 
 ful in the ufe of this weapon; a great number of them were in the 
 French fervice at the battle of Crefcy. 
 
 The efFe6ls of this weapon were deemed fo fatal and cruel, that 
 the ufe of it was forbidden by the fecond Lateran council, in 1139, 
 under the penalty of an anathema, as hateful to God and un- 
 fit to be employed among Chriflians, which prohibition was con- 
 firmed by Pope Innocent III. it was neverthelefs introduced into 
 our armies by King Richard I. who being flain by a quarrel fliot 
 from one of them, at the fiege of the caftle of Chaluz in Nor- 
 mandy, his death was confidered as a judgment from Heaven, in- 
 flicted upon him for his impiety. Notwithftanding this example, 
 the crofs bow continued to be mttch ufed by the Britilh troops, 
 and in the lift of the forces raifed by King Edward II. againft the 
 Scots, the crofs bow men make the fecond article in the enumera- 
 tion of the different kinds of foldiers of which it confifted. (k) 
 
 The crofs bow kept its footing in our armies even fo late as 
 the year 1572, when Queen Elizabeth, in a treaty with King 
 Charles IX. of France engaged to furnifti him with fix thoufand 
 men, part of them armed with long bows, and part with crofs 
 bows. And in the attack made by the Englidi on the ifle of Rhee 
 in 1627, fome crofs bow men were, it is faid, in that army. 
 
 Cross bows were of different kinds, fome called latches, and 
 fome prodds. The bow was commonly of fteel, though fometimes 
 
 (k) TiTUtus de vadiistam peditum, baliftarlorum, lanceatonim, & fagittariorum An- 
 gliae, Waliiae & Vafcon ; quam quorundam hominiiin ad arma ct hobelariorum, reten- 
 torum ad vadia domini regis Edwardi, filii regis Edward!, in guerra Scotix et alibi, a 
 primo die Maii, anno quintu decimo, ufqje feptimum diem Julii, anno regni ejufdein fextO' 
 rfecimo, finiente tempore. Rogeri de Waltham tunc cuftodis, et Roberti de Ealdok tunc 
 contra rotulatoris garderobae. JldSS^ in the Library ofTha. AjiU^ Efq. 
 
 of
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 157 
 
 of wood or horn ; the fmaller bows were bent with the hand by 
 means of a fmall flccl lever, called the goat's foot, from it's being 
 cloven or forked on that fide that refted on the crofs bow and cord; 
 the larger were bent with one or both feet, put into a kind of ftir- 
 rup : fome were alfo bent with a machine called a moulinct. 
 
 Cross bows not only difcharged arrows, but alfo darts called 
 quarreaux, from their heads, which were fquare pyramids of iron, 
 corruptly named quarrells, thcfe were fometimes feathered (as the 
 term was) with wood or brals : crofs bows alfo fliot Hones or 
 leaden balls. 
 
 According to Sir John Smith, in his Inflruflions and Obfer- 
 vations, &:c. p. 204, a crofs bow would kill point blank between 
 forty and fixty yards, and, if elevated, fix, feven, and even eight 
 fcore yards ; the range indeed depended on the fize and ftrength of 
 the bow ; but the dillanccs here given are fuch as a common crofs 
 bow would carry. 
 
 Monsieur de Bellay, in the treatife before quoted, fpeaka 
 highly of the crofs bow, which he prefers to the harquebufs, and 
 fays it would kill an hundred or two hundred paces ; (1) probably 
 he here meant only military paces, of two feet, or two feet and a 
 half. 
 
 Cross bow men were drefled, and otherwife armed, much in the 
 fame manner as the archers, and like them were frequently mount- 
 ed on horfeback. 
 
 The invention of gunpowder and its application to artillery and 
 fmall arms, did not produce that fudden change in the art of war, 
 or weapons that might, on a firft confideration, be expected. Man- 
 kinil in general, have an almoll fupcrltitious reverence for old pro- 
 fcflional cuftoms, which they ever relinquifh unwilHngly, and flow- 
 ly, adopting improvements by degrees only. This arifes, not only 
 
 (i) Book i. p. 26. 
 
 from
 
 158 , H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 from a ftrong prcpoflefllon in favour of opinions they have been 
 taught all their lives to confider as uncontrovertible, but becaufe 
 improvements tend to Ihew that the rifing generation is vvifer than 
 their forefathers and feniors, a pofition old men will never willingly 
 allow J this diflike to innovations is peculiarly found in old foldiers, 
 becaufe by adopting new weapons, and confequently a new exercife, 
 the old and expert foldiers find themfclves in a worfe ilate than 
 new recruits ; as they have not only a new exercife to learn, which 
 after a certain age is no eafy matter, but alfo the old one to forget: 
 for the truth of this obfervation, I appeal to every military man, 
 who has feen any alteration made in the ordinary routine of duty 
 or exercife. 
 
 This was the cafe, with refpeft to changing the long bow for 
 the harquebufs ; to prove it a number of inftances might be pro- 
 duced, which mufl: occur to every reader of ancient military books ; 
 it likewife is ftrongly marked by a letter written by Camden, tran- 
 fcribed in the note below, (m) Indeed many of the ancient fol- 
 diers 
 
 (m) Camden to Sir Ed. Cecil. Honorable Sir. The propofition you make 
 
 is oute of the reachc of my profeffion, and not of antiquitie, but of late memorie ; by 
 reafon of Sir Rob. Qott.'s abfence I can imparte nothing from him as yet, and for my 
 owne obfervation it is very flender, onely I remember, that after Captain Morgan in the 
 yeare 1572 had firft carried to Flufhing 300 Englifli, and had (perfuaded) procured Sir 
 Humphrey Gilbert to bring over more, and to be coronell of the EnglKh there, a new 
 inilitarie difcipline was (hortly after brought in, and the new marche by fome that had 
 ferved the duke of Alva, and entertained efpecially by the important inftance of Sir Roger 
 Williams, although ftrong oppofition was then againft it, by Captaine Pykeman, and af- 
 terward by Captaine Reade, ancient leaders, and Sir William Pelham, who were fcorn- 
 fully tcarmed by the contrary parte, Saincte George's fouldados ; and Sir John Smith, 
 who had ferved under the conftable Momorancy twice in Hungary, att Penon de Veliz 
 and Malta, yea, and under Dalva, encountered with his penneagainft the newe Dift-ipline, 
 and did writght much whi^h was never publifhed. This m haft, untill I may (cann) 
 happen upon Sir Robert Cotton, T thought good to imparte to your Ifp. to whom I wilh 
 9II happye fuccefle to the encreafe and compliment of your honor. 
 
 This
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 159 
 
 diers were much divided on that fubjeft, no!» does it appear that the 
 government of thofe days had formed any decided opinion upon it, 
 as the ftrongeft ftatutes for enforcing the pra6lice of archery were 
 enabled after the introdu6lion of fire arms : and fo indifferent were 
 our rulers under Queen Mary, to the introdu6lion of them, that 
 in her ordonnance refpe£Hng armour and weapons, the ahernative 
 is left to the choice of the people, whether they would find a long 
 bow and flieaf of arrows, or a haquebut, in every cafe where they 
 were by law charged with the latter. This national backwardnefs 
 to a general adoption of fire-arms muft ftrike every perfon, when 
 it is fliewn how long hand guns were known and introduced here, 
 before the ufe of them became general. 
 
 Fire-arms difcharged by hand were firfl called hand canons," 
 hand culverines, and hand guns ; they afterwards acquired the ap- 
 pellations of hackbuts, •harquebufles, mufkets and calivers, and 
 laftly their prefent name of firelocks. Various are the opinions 
 and accounts, refpe^ling their origin, and the time and place where 
 they were firft ufed. The chief of thefe are given in the note, (n) 
 
 Hand 
 
 This letter, which is in the Cott. Lib. Julius F. 6, fol, 441, is not (igned, and by 
 the correolions here marked, feems to have been a foul copy ; probably the perfon who 
 marked it as Camden's knew his hand. One of the treatifcs written by Sir John Smith, 
 and here mentioned by Camden, was printed in London, ift May, 1590, in quarto, it is 
 entitled, " Certain Difcourfes written by Sir John Smythe, knight, concerning the formes 
 and efFedls of diverfc forts of weapons, and other very important matters militarie, greatlie 
 miftaken by divers of our men of warre, in thcfe daies, and chiefly of tiie mofquet, the 
 caliver, and the long bow, as alfo of the great futficicncie, exccllencie, and wonderful ef- 
 {eAs of artlicrs , with many notable examples and other particularities, by hisn prefentcd 
 to the nobilitie of this realinc, and publKhed for the bencfite of this his native countrie of 
 England." ■ 
 
 (n) Father Daniel has colIeRcd the following particul.irs rcfpccf^ing the different 
 kinds of lire-arms. " 'Flie prefident Fauchct fays, that the firit of our hirtorians who 
 has fpokcn of tliefc canons and hand culverines which I have before mentioned, is Mon- 
 ftrtlet, whofc hiftory begins in 1400, and terminates in 1467, that is to fay, a little beyond 
 
 the
 
 i6o H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Hand guns were firfl:<rttroduced into this kingdom, in the year 
 J 47 1, when King Edward 1\^ landing at Ravcnfpurgh in York- 
 
 fliire, 
 
 the time, in which that of Philip de Cominis begins. Fauclict is right: but there are 
 biftorians as ancient as Monftrelet, as for example, Juvenal des Urfins, who likewife 
 mentions them. 
 
 It appears to me, that-thcfe culverines or hand canons, which were fired on little car- 
 riages, were what we now call tlie arquebus a croc (arquebus with a hook) or fomething 
 very like it. They were fmce called the arquebufs with a hook, upon account of a little 
 hook, call with the piece; they are placed on a kind of tripod, as may be fcen in the re- 
 prefentation ; they arc of diflcrent len-^ths, and for caliber, between the fmallert canons 
 and the mufket; they are ufed in the lower flanks, and in tours pierced with loop-holes, 
 called murderers. 
 
 A LONG time afterwards the name of arquebufs was given to a fire-arm, the barril of 
 which was tnounted on a flock, having a butt for prefenting and taking aim : this was at 
 the fooneft about the end of the reign of Louis XII. It became in time the ordinary piece 
 born by tlie foldicrs. This is the moll ancient arm mounted on a (lock. We have the 
 cpoclia of that invention in the authors of the time in which I place it : for Fabritius 
 Colonne, in Machiavel's Dialogues upon the Art of War, fpeaks of this arm as a new 
 invention of his time : " The harquebufs, fays he, which is a weapon newly invented, as 
 you know, and very neceffjry for the prcfent time." The author of the Military Dif- 
 cipline attributed to the Seigneur de Langei, fays the fatne. " The harquebufs, fays he, 
 has been invented within thefe few years, and is very good :" he wrote under the reign of 
 Francis I. This arm a good deal refembled our prcfent mufquetoons in the fiock and 
 barril, but they had wheeHocks. If we believe Luigi-Collado, in his Treatife of Artillery, 
 printed at Venice, in the year 1586, they only began in his time to ufc the wheel lock in 
 Germany. NelP Alemagna etiandio fu ritrovata I'inventione de gl' archibugt da ruota." 
 the beft arquebulTes were made at Milan, as Brantome fays in his eulogy on M. de Strozzi. 
 
 Monsieur de Bellay fays, that one of the firft occafions where it was made ufc of, 
 was in the year 1521, when Pope Leo X. and the Einperor Charles V. confederated againft 
 Fr.m'--, and their troops befieged Parma, which was defended by the Marquis de Foix. 
 At thiL time, favs he, were Invented harquebufies, which are fired on refts, thofe before 
 carried by the harquebufTiers, both horfe and foot, were much ligliter. 
 
 From harquebufles came piftols or piftolets, with wheel locks, the barrilsof which were 
 only one foot long, being the harquebufs in miniature. It is thought that thtfe arms were 
 called pIlVjls or piHoIets, becaufe the firll were made at Pitoye in Tufcany. I think 1 have 
 remarked in our lii!lories, tliat the Germans made ufe of them in France, before the 
 French ; and the horfemen who carried ihcm in the time of Henry IL were called///^ 
 ;>.V.-,'v. Monfieur de la Noue, in his eighteenth Military Difcourfc, confirms what I fay : 
 
 In
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. i6i 
 
 fliiie brought with him among other forces, three hundred Fle- 
 mings 
 
 In tlie mean time, fays he, we muft give the honour to the Reitres, of having firft brouglu 
 piftols into ufe, which I think are very dangerous when properly ufed. They are men- 
 tioned as early as tlie year 1544, under the reign of Francis I. I have feen one at Chan- 
 tilii, which is all iron except tlie ramrod. 
 
 Another arm Was afterwards made, a medium between the harquebufs and pTfloi, it 
 was called a petriiia! or poitrinal, tliis we learn from the prefident Fauchet, who lived 
 under Francis I. and died under Henry IV. " Within twenty or thirty years, fays he, 
 they call petrinals like inftriiments, the mean between harquebuflTes and piftols, having a 
 very ftrong and quick wheel ; and it is believed that this arm is the invention of the ban- 
 douiiers of the Pyrencan mountains. 
 
 NicoT, who was of the fame time, thus defcribes a poitrinal in Iiis Dictionary : " It 
 is, fays he, a fpecies of harquebufs, fliorter than the muflcet, but of a greater calibre, and 
 on account of its weight is carried in a broad baudrick worn over the flioulder, and refted 
 on the breaft of the pcrfon who carries it, when he fires it, wherefore it received its name. 
 The poitrinalier is the foldier who carries and ufcs.the poitrinal." This arm is men- 
 tioned in the relation of the fiege of Rouen by Henry IV. in 1592. 
 
 After the harquebuffcs came mufkets ; they were made in the time of Francis I. for 
 in the fame cabinet of arms at Cliantilly, there is one marked with the arms of France and 
 the falamander, which was the de-ice of that prince. Neverlhelefs, if we will believe 
 Brantome, it was the duke d'Alva, who firft brought them into ufe in the armies, when 
 during the reign of Philip II. he went to take upon him the government of the low coun- 
 tries in the year 1567 ; but that only means, he brought them more into fa(hion than 
 they were till that time, and that till then they were rarely ufed, at leaft in the field. He 
 fays then in his elogy on Monfieur de Strozzi, colonel general of the French infantry un- 
 der Charles IX. that it was that officer who introduced the ufe of the mufquet into 
 France, by this is to be underllood the common ufe of it. 
 
 Pistols with a fimple fpring, inflead of the wheel formerly made ufe of, fufils and 
 mulketoons, all tlicfc are modern and well known ; but I know not the inventors ; it is 
 the workmen themfclvcs who have improved upon thcfe arms, and rendered them more 
 fimple. I have been afliired, that in 165S, the ufe of wheel locked pillols was not then 
 abolidied. 
 
 I SHALL remark likcwifc upon the article of mudceis, that the Spaniards of the time of 
 Philip II. caufed them to be made of a very great calibre, and fuch that a ftrong and vi- 
 gorous foot foldier might carry them, but that tlicy were fo lieavy that they could not be 
 prefented, without theaftlfl.mce of flaves fliod and pointed at the bottom, and which they 
 fixed into the earth, and made ufe of a fork that was at the top, as a prop to fuftain the end 
 
 Voi. I. Y of
 
 i62 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 mings armed with " hange gunnes :" (o) this is fifty years before 
 the date generally afligned for their introdu6lion ; Mr. Anderfon 
 and diverfe other writers placing that event in the year 152 1, at 
 the fiege of Berwick, (p) 
 
 There is reafon to believe that this innovation in the ancient 
 military fyflem was not generally approved of by the Englifh, or 
 was not productive of any very ftriking effects, fince we fcarcely 
 hear any mention made of fire-arms, till they occur in the ftatute 
 of the 33d of Henry VIII. when it was enacted, that no hand guns 
 fliould be ufed of lefs dimenfions than one yard in length, gun and 
 
 of the mufket ; they made ufe of them not only inficges to fire over the walls, but alfo in 
 battles J thefe large mufkets carried to a great diftance, and by the fize of their bails made 
 terrible wounds : but fince on account of their weight they have left off ufing them in the 
 field, and they are only ufed in fieges. HarquebufTes and pirtols with wlieel locks are at 
 this time very little known, and rarely to be found, except in arfenals and in the cabinets 
 of arms, where fome of them arc preferved out of curiofity : I muft therefore explain what 
 this wheel was which gave movement to all the fprings. It was a little folid wheel of rteel, 
 fixed againft the plate of the lock of the harquebufs or piftol, it had an axis that pierced 
 it in its center, at the interior end of this axis which went into the lock, a chain was 
 faftened, which twifted round it on the wheel being turned, and bent the fpring by which 
 it v/as held : to bend this fpring a key was made ufe of, into which the exterior end of the 
 axis was infcrted. By turning this key from left to right, the wheel was made to revolve, 
 and by this inovement a little Aider of copper, which covered the pan with the priming, 
 retired from over it ; and by the fame movernent the cock, armed with a flint like the 
 cock of a fufil, was in a ftate to be difcharged on pulling the tricker with the finger, as in 
 ordinary piftols ; the cock then falling on the wheel, produced fire, and communicated it 
 to the priming. 
 
 (o) In the XLIX yere of King Henry VI. cam King Edward witli the Lord Haftings, 
 the Lord Say and IX. C. Englifche men, and III.C. Flemings with hange gunnes. Le- 
 lancCs ColUSi. vol. i. p. 721. Probably the word hange is an error of either the tranfcriber 
 or printer, and fhould have been hand. 
 
 (p) Anderson's IlifJ. of Commerce, vol. i. p. 351. The mufket is mentioned as a 
 weapon of the infantry in Poland in the year 1475. " Quilibet pedituin habeat baliftam 
 vel bombardam." Lit. Cafmerii III. an. 1475. Leg. Polon. torn. i. p. 228. Thefe 
 are generally afligned to the year 1520. Add. to vol. i. and ii. of Warton's Hift. of Poetry. 
 
 flock
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 163 
 
 flock included, which fliews that the early hand guns were of a 
 much fmallcr length than thoie afterwards made ; probably their 
 calibre was in proportion, in which cafe they would do but little 
 execution on men moftly armed : this perhaps may, in fome mea- 
 fure account for their being fo flowly adopted. The piece called 
 the haquebut or hagbut was ftill fhorter, for by the fame ftatute, it 
 might not be under three quarters of a yard long, gun and flock, 
 as before, included. This piece is by fome writers fuppofed to owe 
 it's name to its butt being hooked or bent, fomewhat like thofe 
 now ufed, the butts of the firft hand guns being, it is faid, nearly 
 flraight. There were likewife fome pieces called demi haques, either 
 from being lefs in iize, or from having their butts lefs curved. A 
 fort of piftol, called a dag, was alfo ufed about the fame time as 
 hand guns and haquebuts. Piftols were fo called from being made 
 at Pifloya, in Tufcany. After fome time, the haquebut obtained 
 the name of harquebufs, which is by Fauchet derived from the Ita- 
 lian words " area bouza," or the bow with a hole. It docs not 
 appear that the harquebufs was originally confined to any particu- 
 lar length or bore. All thcfe pieces, namely, the hand gun, hack- 
 but, harquebufs and dag, were at firfl: fired with a match, and fome 
 of them afterwards with a wheel lock ; the former, by means of a 
 fpring let down a burning match upon the priming in the pan j 
 and the latter was a contrivance for exciting fparks of fire, by the 
 fridlion of a notched wheel of fteel, at the bottom of the pan, 
 which with a quick revolution grated againfl; a flint ; the fpring 
 which turned this wheel was wound up, or, as the term was, fpan- 
 ned, with an infl:rumcnt called a fpanncr, fomewhat like the key of 
 a clock. 
 
 The machinery of the wheel lock is defcribed by Father Daniel 
 in the note, p. 162. 
 
 The inconfiderable execution done by pieces of fmall callibrc 
 probably caufcd the introdu6tion of the mufquet, which was a long 
 heavy piece, carrying large balls, and on account of its fize and 
 
 Y 2 weight
 
 164 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 weight fired on a kind of fork, called a reft ; the reft continued in 
 ufe for a confiderable time, but on certain occafions, being found 
 unwieldy and inconvenient, a lighter kind of piece was introduced, 
 generally known by the name of the caliver, (q) which was fired 
 without any fuch affiftance. But before the entire difmiflion of 
 the reft, diverfe attempts were made to convert it to a defence 
 againft cavalry, vvhilft the mufkcteer was loading, by arming it with 
 a projecting fpike from one of the prongs of the fork, ferving for 
 
 (q) The caliver was a lighter kind of matchlock piece, between a harquebufs and a 
 mufket, and fired without a reft. The following explanation of it's name is given by 
 Edmund York, an officer who had ferved in the low countries, and was employed by 
 Qiicen Elizabeth to regulate the militia of London, at the time the kingdom was threat- 
 ened with a Spanifh invafion. " I remember (fays he) when I was firft brought up in 
 Piemont, in the countie of Brifacks regiment of old bandes,^ we had our particular calibre 
 of harquebufe to our regiment, boih for that one bullet fliould ferve all the harquebufes of" 
 our regiment, as for that our colonel fhould not be deceived of his arms ; of which word 
 calibre, came firft that unapt term, we ufe, to call a harquebufe a caliver, which is the 
 height of the bullet, and not of the piece. Before the battle of Mountgunter, the princes 
 x)f the religion caufed feveral thoufand harquebufcs to be made all of one calibre, wliich 
 wjs called harquebufe du calibre dc Monfieur le Prince ; fo, I think fome man, not un- 
 dcrftanding French, brought hither the name of the height of the bullet of the piece, which 
 word calibre is yet continued with our good canoniers." See Matiland's Hiji. of Londouy 
 in Art. Artillery. 
 
 Sir John Smith, in his Confutation of Capt. Berwick, MS. Bib. Harl. No. 4685, 
 thus explains the word Caliver : " It is fuppofed by many, that the weapon, called a ca- 
 liver, is another thing than a harquebufe ; whereas in troth it is not, but only a harquebufe, 
 favinge that it is of greater circuite or bullet, than the other is of ; wherefore the Erench- 
 man doth call it a pcece de calibre ; which is as much as to faie, a peece of bigger circuite.'*^ 
 Pecke, in h.is Defiderata Curiofa, has preferved the price of a caliver and its accoutrements^ 
 as paid by the flieriffs of Lancalliire, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, anno 1584, for the 
 ufe of the recruits raifed for the Irifh fervice, which was, the caliver, furniflied with 
 flafice and touche box, laces and moulds, thirteen (hillings and fixpence. In an eftimate, 
 made the i8th of James I. anno 1620, of the expences of a royal army of thirty thoufand 
 men, intended to be fent into the Palatinate, a caliver, with bandaleers, is valued at 14s. lod.. 
 The price of a new mufket, as fettled the 7th of Charles I. was 15s. 6d. a reft, lod. For 
 a new bandalier, carrying twelve charges, a primer, a priming wire, bullet-bag, and a 
 flrap or belt, two inches broad, zs. 6d^ 
 
 thfr
 
 THE ENGLISH A R M Y. 165 
 
 the head, or part on which the mulketwas laid: or by enclafing 
 a tuck in the fliaft of the rcll, which on opening a fmail valve, 
 fprung out; refts thus armed, were called the fwines or Sweedifh 
 feathers, and v/ere contrivancei; preceding the ufe of the bayonet, (r) 
 The harquebufliers or foldicrs bearing harquebufles, were often 
 armed with morions, or fteel hats called pots, cuirafTes confifting 
 of backs and brcafts, and tafiLts covering their thighs. Thefe fuits 
 are known in the tower by the name of harquebufs armour. 
 
 When hand guns firft came into ufe, not only balls, but alfo 
 .fleel quarrels, and v/ooden arrows called fprites, were difcharged 
 , from them : of the effects of the laft Sir Richard Hawkins gives 
 a very wonderful account, v/hich I own I do not comprehend any 
 more than Lord Verulam's reafoning on it, and have therefore tran- 
 fcribed both paffagcs verbatim et literatim, for the judgment of my 
 readers. '• In this difcourfc, Generall Michael Angell demanded 
 for what purpofe ferved the little fliort arrowes which we had in 
 our fhippe, and tliofe in great quantitie : I fatisfied him that they 
 were for our mufkets. They are not as yet in ufe among the Spa- 
 
 (r) The Swedifli, or fwine's feather, is mentioned by feveral ancient military writers, 
 particularly Ward, Turner, and the Dulte of Albemarle. " Mufket refts (fays Turner) 
 were ufcd a long time, and in feme places arc yet, to eafe the mufketcers in dlfcharging 
 their guns, and when they fiood centinel; but in the late expeditions in moft places ia 
 Chriftendoai, they have been found more troub'.efome than helpful ; a mufketeerin any 
 fudden occafion, not beinw able to do his duty with mufkct, fword, and reft, efpecially if 
 you five liim a S-.vediih feather to mnnaoe with them. Bokeler, the engineer, fpeaks of an 
 inftrument '.ii t might icrve for both reft and feather, and fuch, perhaps, would be very 
 ufefiil and -'^liverient ; he would have it at the top as all refts are, like a fork on the one 
 fide, whereof '.e would have an iron, of one foot and a half long, flicking our, fliarply 
 pointed ; thefc r' ntcd in the van or flanks where you expect the charge, as the Swedifti 
 feathers ufed {.< lie, will futficienily pallifade and defend mufkctteers from horfe, and upon 
 them they may can their mufkets when they give fire." Turner's Pallas /frmata, p. 176. 
 The Duke ot Albemarle, in his Obfervations upon Military and Political Aft"airs, printed 
 anno 167 1, recommends thearmingmufkettters and dragoons with niufqucts having fwine's 
 leathers, with the heads of rcfts falkncd to them. 
 
 niards
 
 i66 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 iiiards, yet of fmgular eftefl and execution, as our enemies con- 
 fclTcd ; for the upper worke of their lliippcs being mufket proofe, 
 in all places they palled through both fides with facilitie, and 
 wrought extraordinary difallers, which caufed admiration to fee 
 themfelves wounded with fmall Ihott, where they thought them- 
 felves fecure, and by no means could find where they entered, nor 
 come to any fight of any of the fliott. Hereof they proved 
 to profit themfelves after; but for that they wanted the tamp- 
 kingSj which are firft to be driven home, before the arrow be put 
 in, and as then underftood not the fecret, they reje6led them as un- 
 certaine, and therefore not to be ufed j but of all the fliot ufed 
 now adayes, for the annoying of an enemic in fight by fea, few are 
 of greater moment for many refpe6ls, which I hold not convenient 
 to treat of in publique." (s) Thus far Sir Richard Hawkins. My 
 Lord Verulam, taking the fa£l for granted, endeavours to account 
 for it on philofophical principles, " The Turkifli bowe (fays he) 
 giveth a very forcible flioot, infomuch as it hath been known, that 
 the arrow has pierced a fteel target, or a piece of brnfs, two inches 
 thick : but that which is more ftrange, the arrow, if it be headed 
 with wood, hath been known to pierce through a piece of wood of 
 eight inches thick : and it is certain, that we had in ufe at one 
 time for fea fight, fliort arrows which they call fprights, without 
 any other heads fave wood fliarpened ; which were difcharged out 
 of mufkets, and would pierce through the fides of fhips, where a 
 bullet would not pierce. But this dependeth upon one of the 
 greatcfl: fecrets in all nature; which is, that fimilitude of fubftance 
 will caufe attraftion, where the body is wholly freed from the mo- 
 tion of gravity ; for if that were taken away, lead would draw lead, 
 and gold would draw gold, and iron would draw iron, without the 
 help of the loadftone. But this fame motion of weight or gravity 
 
 (s) Voyage to the South Seas, A. D.,1591, p. 164, fee. Ixvi. 
 
 (which
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 167 
 
 (which is a mere motion of matter, and hath no affinity with the 
 form or kinde) doth kill the other motion, except itfelf be killed by a 
 violent motion ; and in thefe inftances of arrows, for then the 
 motion of attraction by fim.ilitude of fubflance beginneth to fliew 
 itfelf. But we ihall handle this point of Nature fully in due 
 place, (t) 
 
 The following extract from a military treatife, written in the 
 year 1619, exhibits a ftriking delineation of the muflceteer of thofe 
 days : (u) " Therefore a fouldier muft either accuftome himfelfe 
 to beare a peece or pike : if he bear a peece, then muft he firft 
 learn to hold the fame, to accommodate his match betweene his 
 two formoft fingers and his thombe, and to plant the great end on 
 his brcaft with a gallant fouldier-like grace : and being ignorant, 
 to the intent he may be more encouraged, let him acquaint himfelf 
 firft with the firing of touch-powder in his panne, and fo by de- 
 grees both to flioote off, to bow and beare up his body, and fo 
 confequently to attaine to the levell and praclife of an afiiired and 
 ferviceable ftiot, readily charge, and with a comely couch difcharge, 
 making choife at the fame inftant of his marke, with a quick and 
 vigilant eie. His flafke and touch box muft keepe his powder, his 
 purfe and mouth his bullets ; in fkirmifti his left hand muft hold 
 his match and peece, and the right hand ufe the office of charging 
 and difcharging. 
 
 Being againft the enemie, whilft with an indented courfe he 
 doth travell his plaine ground, or elfe takes advantage of his place 
 and invafion, as under the fafeguard of a trench, the back of a 
 
 (t) Sylva Sylvarum, p. 148. 
 
 (u) England's Trainings and plainly demonftrating the dutie of a private fouldier, 
 with the office of each feverall officer belonging to a foot company, and the martiall lawcs 
 of the field ; as alfo the office and charge of a colonell ; the excrcife of trayiiing or dril- 
 ling : Nvitli divcrfc other ncccflary and prolitablc difciplincd notes and obfervations : by 
 Edward Davits, gentleman, 1619, p. 4. . 
 
 ditch,
 
 i68 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 ditch, old-wall, tree, or fuch like j let him ever firft load his peece 
 with powder out of his flaflce, then with her bullet, and laft with 
 aniuring and touch-powder, forcfceing ever that the panne bee 
 cleane, the cover clofe, and the tutch-hole wide, or elfe well proind : 
 fo that ftill obferving modeft order in his traverfe, neither over-flow 
 nor over-fpeedy, to the entent he become not each man's marke 
 through his fluggiflineffe, nor run himfelf out of breath through 
 his owne raflinefle, for the moft parte keeping his fide towards 
 his enemie : let him difcharge going, but never {landing : fo 
 fliall he the better fhunne the enimies fliot, and chufe his afl'ured ad- 
 vantage. A fouldier ought to be careful that his furniture be good, 
 fubflantiall, and flaunche from raine, the charge of his flaflce jufl: 
 for his peece, and the fpring quick and fliarpe : the pipe of his 
 touch-box fomewhat wide, that the powder may have free pafl^age, 
 which otherwife would choak up. 
 
 In time of marching and travelling by the way, let him keepe a 
 paper in his panne and tutch hole, and in wet weather have a cafe 
 for his peece, fomewhat portable, or elfe of neceflltie he muft keepe 
 the fame from wet under his arm-hole or caflbcke, or by fome other 
 invention free from damage of the weather, and his match in his 
 pocket, onely that except which he burnes : and that likewife {o 
 clofe in the hollow of his hand, or fome artificiall pipe of pewter 
 hanging at his girdle, as the coale by wet or water go not out. 
 
 It is moreover requiflte, that a fouldier keepe his cocke with 
 oyle free in falling, and his peece bright without rufliing, neither 
 mufl: he want his necefl'arie tooles, as afcowrer, tiiebalc and worme, 
 having every one a vice to turne into the end of the fcouring flicke, 
 fo that if tl.orough wet weather, or any other accident, his peece 
 •will not be difcharged, the fkilful fouldier may with his tireball 
 pull out his bullet with the worme, the paper, and wet powder, 
 and vi'ith Ins fcourer make his peece cleane witl'n. His fcourer 
 
 ill be tr -umed on the end with a linen cloth of fufficient fub- 
 iLnce, therewith to make cleane the cannon of his peece within. 
 
 The
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 169 
 
 The one end of his fcouring ftick ought to have a round cr ! of 
 bone of juft bignefTe with the mouth of his peece, therewiLhall at 
 his })leafuie, to ramme in powder and paper, or inltead oi paper, 
 fuche fofte haire as they fluff faddles withall, the danger whereof 
 is not like ; but this the foldier muft ufe when time permits. Du- 
 ring the time of his fervice let him ever have a diligcit care to 
 keepe his peece cleane and bright within, and once a fortnight, or 
 at the leaft once a month, take out the breech, and throroughly 
 view and wafh the barrell within, to fee whether it hath any flawes, 
 brackes, chambers, frettings or ruptures, which would endanger 
 the breaking thereof j efpecially if before hand the end of his bare 
 fcourer hath given him any caufe to fufpeft fuch faults, to the in- 
 tent he may change the fame for a new for feare of fpoiling him- 
 felfe. 
 
 He that loves the faftie of his owne perfon, and delights in the 
 goodnefs and beautie of a peece, let him alwayes make choice of 
 one that is double breeched, and if it be poflible, a Myllan peece, 
 for they be of tough and perfeiSl temper, light, fquare, and bigge 
 of breech, and very ftrong where the powder doth lie, and where 
 the violent force of the fire doth confift, and notwithflanding 
 thinne at the end. 
 
 Our Engliih peeces approach very neare unto them in goodnefle 
 and beautie (their heavinefle only excepted) fo that they be made 
 of purpofe, and not one of thefe common fale peeces with round 
 barrels, whereunto a beaten fouldier will have great refpedl, and 
 choofe rather to pay double money for a good peece, than to fpare 
 his purfe, and endanger himfelfe. 
 
 But to returne to my matter ; let a fouldier have hanging ever 
 at the firings of his tutch box, or fomc other readic part of his 
 garment, a couple of proyning pinncs nt the Icafl, that if by for- 
 tune the tutch hole of his peece be flopped or furred up, hee may 
 tlierewith both make his pan cleane, and yceld a ready paOage, tlvat 
 the fire may have her courfc, by incorporating both the tutch-pou- 
 
 Voi. I. Z dcr
 
 170 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 der without and the corn-powder within together, (x) But a 
 rcydy fouldier will alwaies forefee that the tutch-hole be fo wide as 
 the pouder without in the pan may have free concourfe to that 
 within the peece, thereby to hafteii more fpeedy difcharge, confider- 
 ing a fouldier cannot have leifure and commodity to proine his 
 piece at all times, but muft of neceflltie ufe a great dexterity. 
 
 But fince I am falne into the fpeech of a quicke charge and 
 nimble difcharge, I will by way declare the opinion of certaine na- 
 tions therein. 
 
 Experience of late dales hath taught us, that thofe nations 
 which foUowe the warres, invent every way how they may endo- 
 mage the enemie in all their enterprifes, but efpeclally in fkirmifli, 
 which for the moft parte confifts in (hot, and by fuch as can with 
 the eye of his ininde make an affured levell, and with a nimble 
 difcharge, both choofe out and kill his enemie. 
 
 And therefore thofe fouldiers which in our time have beene for 
 the moft part levied in the low countries, efpeclally thofe of Artoys 
 and Henault, called by the generall name of Wallownes, have ufed 
 to hang about their ncckes, upon a baudrlcke or border, or at their 
 girdles, certaine pipes, which they call charges, of copper and tin, 
 made with covers, which they thinke in fkirmilh to bee the more 
 readie way. But the Spaniard difplfing that order doth altogether 
 ufe his flaflce. 
 
 The Frenchman, both charge and flafke. But fome of our En- 
 glifh nation their pocket ; which in refpefl of the danger of the 
 fparks of their match, the uncertaine charge, the expence and fpoile 
 of pouder, the difcommodltie of wet, I account more apt for the 
 fhow of a triumph and wanton fkirmifh before ladies and gentle- 
 women, then fit for the field in a day of fervice in the face of an 
 
 (x) This paflage fhews that the touch-powder contained in the primer was mealed, or 
 •what was formerly called ferpentine powder, 
 
 enemy :
 
 T H E E N G L I S H ARMY. 171 
 
 enemy : and in like fort the charge which either doth fiied and 
 loofe his powder, whilfl: a fouldier doth traverfe his ground, or eife 
 is Co doddered and rammed together, that he (hall be forced fomc- 
 times to faile of halfe his charge. Therefore I conclude with the 
 Spaniard, that a good flalke is that which is moft warlike and rea- 
 dy in fervice, without the curious help of any extraordinary in- 
 vention. 
 
 One of the greatefl: helpes confifts in pouder and match : for a 
 fouldier muft ever buy his pouder fliarpe in tafle, well incorporate 
 with faltpeter, and not full of coole-duft. Let him accuftome to 
 drie his pouder, if hee can in the funne, firft fprinkled over with 
 aqua vitae or flrong claret wine. Let him make his tutch-pouder 
 being finely farfed and fifted, with quick-pale, which is to be: 
 bought at the pouder makers or apothecaries : and let his match 
 be boiled in afhes-lye and pouder, that it will both burne well, 
 carrie a long coale, and that will not breake off with the touch of 
 your finger. The preparations will at the firft touch give fire, and 
 procure a violent, fpeedy, and thundering difcharge. Some ufe 
 brimftone finely pov^'dered in their tutch-pouder, but that furs and 
 flops up your breech and tutch-hole. 
 
 The bullet of a fouldier's peece muft be of a juft bignefle with 
 the mouth of the fame, fo that falling in fmoothly, it may drive 
 down, and clofe up the mouth of the pouder. Some contrary to 
 the lawes of the field ufe chaine-fliot, and quarter-ftiot, which is 
 good in the defence of a breach, to keepe a fortreffe, or upon fliip- 
 board ; but being daily ufed, it will gaule a peece within, and put 
 it in hazard to breake, fpccially in a long Ikirmifli where the barrel! 
 is hot. 
 
 Note, that after his peece is very hoate, let the fouldier if he 
 can, give fomevvhat a Icflc charge for feare of burfting his peece, 
 unlefl'e he have good triall thereof. If the ftocke of his peece be 
 crooked, he ought to place the end juft before above his left pappe: 
 
 Z 2 if
 
 ,72 II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 if long and ftraight as the Spaniards ufe them, then upon the point 
 of his right flioulder, ufing a (lately upright pace in difcharge. 
 
 It is not in vaine to advertife him, that in fkirmifli he muft hold 
 his peece betwixt his thombe and the ends of his fingers, which I 
 account a fare meane, betwixt griping of the barrell, and laying 
 tlie fame oncly upon his foremoft finger and thombe j for the one is 
 over dangerous, and the other altogether unfteedy. 
 
 I JUDGE it likewife moft convenient for him, to take hold of his 
 peece with his left hand in that part of the wood (wherein the 
 barrell lies) there as the peece is of moft equall ballance ; although 
 fome accuftome themfelves to hold it juft under the cocke, by rea- 
 ibn whereof he fhall be enforced to change his hand, if he charge 
 out of a flalke, into the niidft of the peece, to bring downe the 
 mouth to his flafke, which is great delay and hinderance in fkir- 
 mifh. So to conclude, he that meanes to be accompted a forward 
 and perfe6l goode fliot, by continuall exercife muft be fo ready, 
 that in all particular points touching his peece, pouder, match » 
 bullets, and the ufe of them, that he neither be to feeke, nor grow 
 amazed in the furious rage of Bellona's fiery Ikirmiflies, her fud- 
 daine furprifes and bloody (laughter, of dangerous aflaults, of cruell 
 battailes. 
 
 The mufket is to be ufcd in all refpefts like unto the hargabufe, 
 fave that in refpefl he carries a double bullet, and is much more 
 weightie. He ufeth a ftafFe breafte high, in the one end a pike 
 to pitch in the ground, and in the other an iron forke to reft his 
 peece upon, and a hoale a little beneath the fame in the ftaffe : 
 whcreunto he doth adde a ftring, which tied and wrapped about 
 his wreft, yeelds him commodity to traine his forke or ftaffe after 
 him, whilft he in fkirmifli doth charge his mufket afrefti with pou- 
 der and bullet. 
 
 Now to fpeake fomewhat of a pikeman's charge, a few words 
 fhall fuffice, becaufe I will not be over tedious- Let him learne to 
 tofTe his pike, couch and crofiie the fame, to receive the violent 
 
 charge
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. ,73 
 
 charge of horfemen, to front the furious fliocke of footemen, and 
 be able to furnifh out his fight both afarre ofF and neere hand : 
 which notes with the like will be fufficient, by reafon that he is 
 for the mod part put to ftand in a maine and fquare battaile. Both 
 the hargabufier, and the pikeman mud: weare a fhort rapier and a 
 fmall poinado : for if in the middeft of encounters and fkirmifhes, 
 they be driven to ufe them, their length is an occafion they cannot 
 be drawne, unlefle he abandon his peece or pike, whereby he fhall 
 either loofe his pike, or want his rapier, which at the fcra and 
 clofe, is very neceflary both for defence and offence : contrary to 
 the carelefle cuftome of fome whom I have feene come into the 
 field without rapier or dagger, which was an aflured argument, 
 that their heeles fliould be their target, and their fliamefull flight 
 their fafety, when their pouder was fpent. 
 
 Now as thefe carelefle perfons farre mifle the marke with over- 
 great fecuritic, fo fome bring in a cufliome of too much curiofitie 
 in arming hargabufiers, for befides a peece, flaflce, tutch-box, ra- 
 pier and dagger, they loade them with a heavie fliirt of male, and 
 a burganet : fo that by that time they have marched in the heat of 
 fommcr, or deepe of the winter, ten or twelve Englifh miles, they 
 are more apt to refl;, then ready to fight, whereby it comes to pafl"e, 
 that either the enterprife they go about, which requires celerity, 
 fhall become fruftrate by reafon of the flay they make in refrefliing 
 themfelves, or elfe they are in danger to be repulfed, for want of 
 luftinefl'c, breath and agilitie. 
 
 Wherefore in mine opinion it is not necefl*ary, that this ex- 
 traordinary arming of fliot fliould be ufed, but in furprifes of 
 townes, efcalades, and aflaults of breeches, to defend the fouldiers 
 heads from flones, and fuch fluffe as they befiegcd have prepared 
 to drive them from their enteiprife : or elfe in fome fpcciall fct 
 battaile agalnfl; the cut and thruft of weapons : which exploits, for 
 that they be not {o ordinarye as is the flcirmifli, fo arc thcfe amies 
 nothing fo ncceflarie, but rather a burthen, more beautiful than 
 
 bcncficiall.
 
 174. H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 beneficiail, and of greater charge then commoditie, fpecially a flilrt 
 of male, which is very dangerous for fliot, if a number of t.iofe 
 fmall peeces fliould bee driven into a man's body by a bullet. 
 
 The furniture due to a pikeman, befides his pike, rapier and 
 dagger, confifting of a common corfelet, having a coller, curiat, 
 tafes, back-part, poldrowes, wambrades, and burganets for the 
 head, for that they be fufficiently knowne, becaufe I will not be 
 over prolixe upon every particular point, I will onely fay thus 
 much more touching the pikeman, that he ought to have his pike 
 at the point and middeft trimmed with handfome taflels, and a 
 handle, not fo much for ornament, as to defend the fouldiers body 
 from water, which in raine dolh runne downealongft the wood.(y) 
 
 Every fouldier ought to carry his hargabufe, pike, or halberd, 
 upon that flioulder and fide which is outward in ranke, for that 
 fide which is difcovered inward is more defended by the general or- 
 der that is kept than any other, v/hich order of carrying armes is 
 not onely ready and commodious to ufe at all occafions, but alfo 
 doth make a gallant fhew, and a general forme of good proportion 
 and true profpe6l j a thing moft neceffarie for a man of valour to 
 ufe in all his doings." (z) 
 
 The exchange of the match-lock mufket for the fire-lock, fufil. 
 
 (y) The parts of this quotation defcribing the armour and appointments of the pike- 
 man, which have been already treated of, being very Ihort, were here given, to avoid 
 breaking the thread of the defcription. 
 
 (z) Although the arms and appointments of a mufketeer are here pretty minutely 
 defcribed, it may be neceflary toobferve, that theFiemifhcuftom for foldiers to carry their 
 powder in fmall cafes of copper, tin, leather, pafteboard or other fubftances, with each its 
 cover, was adopted here ; a dozen of them hung to a belt worn over the left fhoulder, was 
 called abandaleer, or bandaleers ; to the fame belt hung the bullet bag, flafk for priming, 
 and lometimes the fpare match. Thefe fmall cafes were fometimes fixed to a belt worn 
 round the waift. The arms and appointments of a mulketeer about the 13th of Charles II. 
 are .peciricd in p. 27. 
 
 or
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. ly^ 
 
 or fnaphance, (a) mod probably was not made at the fame time, 
 throughout the army, but brought about by degrees. The fire-lock 
 feems to have been known as early as the reign of Henry VIII. 
 many pieces fo named occur in the furvey of the different ar- 
 mouries and arfenals of this realm and its dependencies, taken 
 ift Ed. VI. (b) but whether by the term fire-lock a wheel-lock was 
 meant, admits of a doubt ; certainly the wheel-lock is as much a 
 fire-lock as the fnaphance, both being fired by the coUifion of the 
 flint and fleel. The duke of Albemarle recommends arming a dra- 
 goon with a fnaphance to a mulket barrel, becaufe on occafion he 
 might ufe it on horfeback, and go upon fervice in the night, with- 
 out being difcovered by the light of his match, (c) 
 
 The fire-lock mufket is alfo recommended by the earl of Orrery, 
 in preference to that with the match-lock, in his Treatife on the 
 Art of War, publiflied in the year 1677, (d) for which he gives 
 thefe reafons : " Firft, it is exceedingly more ready ; for with the 
 firelock you have only to cock, and you are prepared to fhoot ; but 
 
 (a) Snaphance, the Dutch name for a fire-lock ; the firft firelocks were fo called 
 here. 
 
 (b) Greenwich, item, one chamber pcce blacke, the ftocke of redde woode, fet with 
 bone vvorke, \viti\ a fier-locke in a cafe of crymfen vcllet. Item, one longe wlilte pcce, 
 with a fier-locke. Item, one longe pcce, graven and guilte, with a ftocke of redde woode, 
 fct with white bone, with a fier-lock, in a cafe of lether. Item, two chamber peeces, 
 guilt and graven, with a fier-locke, in a ftocke of yellow vellet, &c. Mr. Brander^s AIS. 
 
 (c) Observations upon Military and Political Affairs, by George duke of Albemarle, 
 1671, p. 27. To prevent tiie matches being feen in the night, fmall metal tubes of about 
 a foot long, big enough to contain a match, and pierced full of little holes to admit the 
 air, were worn by the Flenndi mufkcteers ; this contrivance is faid to have been invented 
 by Maurice, prince of Orange, and was the origin of grenadiers match-boxes. Thefe 
 tubes are delcribed by Walhuyfen, in p. 136 of his book entitled 1' Art Militairc pour 
 I'irtfanterie, pub. in 16 15. 
 
 (d) Capt. Smith, in his Military DiiSionary, fays, fiic-locks were firft made ufe of 
 in 1690, when match- locks were univerUlly diiufedj but he does not Ciic any authority 
 for this aftcrtion. 
 
 with
 
 176 HISTORYOF 
 
 with your match-lock you have feveral motions, the leaft of which 
 is as long a performing, as but that one of the other, and oftentimes 
 much more hazardous ; befides if you fire not the match-lock 
 mvilket 35 foon as you have blown your n-atch (which often, efpe- 
 cially in heci2;e fights and in fieges, you ci'nnot do) you mufl; a fe- 
 cond time blow your match, or the ailics it gathers hinders it 
 from firing. 
 
 Secondly, the match is very dangerous, either where bandeleers 
 are ufed, or where foldiers run haftily in fight to the budge-barrel, 
 to refill their bandeleers ; I have often feen fad inflances thereof. 
 
 Thirdly, marching in the nights, to avoid an enemy, or to fur- 
 prize one, or to afiault a fortrcfs, the matches often difcover you, 
 aiid inform the enemy where you are, whereby you fuftcr much, 
 and he obtains much. 
 
 Fourthly, in wet weather, the pan of the mufket being made 
 wide open for a while, the rain often deads the powder, and the 
 match too ; and in windy weather, blows away the powder, ere the 
 match can touch the pan : nay, often in very high winds, I have 
 feen the fparks blown from the match, fire the mufket ere the fol- 
 dier meant it j and either thereby lofe his fhot, or v/ound or kill 
 fome one before him. Whereas in the firelock, the motion is fo 
 fudden, that what makes the cock fall on the hammer, ftrikes the 
 fire, and opens the pan at once. 
 
 Lastly, to omit many other reafons, the quantity of match 
 ufed in an army, does much add to the baggage, and being of a 
 very dry quality, naturally draws the moifturc of the air, which 
 makes it relax, and confequently lefs fit, though carried in clofe 
 waggons : but if you march without waggons, the match is the 
 more expofed -, and without being dried again in ovens, is but of 
 half the ufe which otherwife it would be of: and which is full as 
 bad, the fk^^ans you give the corporals, and the links you give the 
 private foldiers (of which near an enemy, or on the ordinary guard 
 duty, they muft never be unfurniftied) if they lodge in huts or 
 
 tents
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. T77 
 
 tents, or if they keep guard in the open field, (as mofl often It hap- 
 pens) all the match for inftant fervice is too often rendered uncer- 
 tain, or ufelefs ; nothing of all which can be faid of the flint, but 
 much of it to the contrary. 
 
 And then the foldiers generally wearing their links of match 
 near the bottom of the belt, on which their bandaleers are faftened, 
 in wet weather generally fpoil the match they have, and if they are 
 to fight on a fudden, and in the rain, you lofe the ufe of your fmall 
 fliot, which is fometimes of irreperable prejudice." 
 
 A SMALL anonymous military treatife (e) printed in the year 
 1680, fays the fufil or fire-lock was then in ufe in our army, efpe- 
 cially among the fufileers and grenadiers ; in all likelihood the ap- 
 pellation of fufileers was given to thofe troops who were armed 
 with fufils ; in that cafe the date of the eldeft regiment of that de- 
 nomination will give fome little diredlion toward finding their firft 
 introduftion. 
 
 Perhaps the fufileers regiments were originally a fort of grena-; 
 diers, as like them they wear caps, and have no enfigns. (f ) 
 
 (e) English Military Difcipline, or the Way and Method of cxercifing Horfe and 
 Foot, printed for Richard Harford, p. 19. 
 
 (f) FusiLEERS are foot foldiers armed with fufecs with flings to fling them. There 
 are four regiments in our army, wiiich have always been called fufileers, and go by the 
 name of the Englifli, Scotch, Irifli, and Welch fufclecrs ; but now we have nojic but fu- 
 feleers abroad, for the pikes are quite laid afide. The firft defign of fufelcers was to guard 
 the artillery, for which end the regiment of EnglilTi fufileers, now comniaiidcd by Sir 
 Chailcs O'Hara were firft raifed. To fupply the want of pikes, and to fccure themfclves 
 againft horfe, the fulllccrs ufcd to carry turnpikes along with tjicm, which in a camp were 
 placed along the frqnt of a battalion, and on a march were carried by the foldiers, each 
 carrying one of the fliort pikes, and two, by turns, the fparr through which they arc 
 thruft, fo that they were quickly put together. Gentleuuins DiSllomiry. According to 
 Millrn's Succefllon of Colonels, the 7th regiment, or royal Knglifli fufileers, were raifed, 
 June nth, 1685 ; the 21ft regiment, or roy.al North Britifh fufileers, 23d Sept. 1679 ; 
 the 23d, or royal Welch fulileers, J7th March, 1688, but there is no Irilh regiment bear- 
 ing the appellation of fufileers. 
 
 A a The
 
 178 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 The life of cartridges, which feems to have taken place about 
 the fame time as the firelock, introduced the cartridge-box inftead 
 of the bandelcers. This was a very confiderable improvement, as 
 the ammunition was not only more commodioufly and fafely car- 
 ried, but by ufing cartridges, a foldier was enabled to fire at leaft 
 three times the number of fhot he could difcharge when loading 
 from his bandeleers, which were befides fubjefl to many inconve- 
 niencies and obje6lions. Their imperfections are fully dated by 
 my lord Orrery. " I am alfo (fays he) on long experience, an enemy 
 to the ufe of bandeleers, but a great approver of boxes of car- 
 tridges ; for then but by biting off the bottom of the cartridge, you 
 charge your mulket for fervice with one ramming. 
 
 I WOULD have thefe cartridge boxes of tin, as the carabines ufe 
 them, becaufe they are not fo apt to break as the wooden ones are, 
 and do not in wet weather, or lying in the tents, relax. 
 
 Besides, I have often feen much prejudice in the ufe of banda- 
 leers, which being worn in the belts for them, above the foldiers 
 coats, are often apt to take fire, efpecially if the match-lock muf- 
 quet be ufed; and when they take fire, they commonly wound and 
 often kill him that v/ears them, and thofe near him: for -likely if 
 one bandaleer take fire, all the reft do in that collar : they often 
 tangle thofe which ufe them on fervice, when they have fired, and 
 are falling off by the flanks of the files of the intervals, to get 
 into the rear to charge again. To which I fhall add, that in fecret 
 attempts in the night; their ratling often difcovers the defign, and 
 enables the enemy to prevent it ; and in the day time on fervice, 
 efpecially if the weather be windy, their rattling alfo too frequently 
 hinders the foldiers from hearing, and confequently obeying, the 
 officer's word of command, which mud be fatal when it happens : 
 whereas the cartridge boxes exempt thofe who ufe them from all 
 thefe dangers and prejudices : they enable the foldiers on fervice 
 to fire more expeditioufly ; they are alfo ufually worn about the 
 wafte of the foldier, the fkirts of whofc doubelet and his coate,. 
 
 doubly
 
 THE ENGLISH ARIMY. 179 
 
 doubly defend them from all rain that doth not pierce both j and 
 being worn clofe to his body, the heat theiccf keeps the powder 
 dryer, and therefore more fit to be fired in fervlce. 
 
 Besides all this, whoever loads his mufket with cartridges, is 
 fure the bullet will not drop out, though he takes liis aim under 
 breaft high, for the paper of the cartridge keeps it in ; whereas 
 thofe foldiers which on fervice take their bullets out of their 
 mouths (which is the nimblefl way) or out of their pouches, which 
 is flow, feldom put any paper, tow or grafs, to ram the bullet in ; 
 whereby if they fire above breafl high, the bullet pafies over the 
 head of the enemy ; and if they aim low, the bullet drops out ere 
 the muflcet is fired ; and 'tis to this that I attribute the little exe- 
 cution I have feen muflieteers do in time of fight, though they 
 fired at great battalions, and thofe alfo reafonable near. 
 
 It might alfo do well, if the foldiers tyed their links of match 
 about their middle, and under their coat and doublets, inftcad of 
 tying them to their bandeleer belt, or coller, for by that means the 
 match would be kept dryer, and fitter for fervice in the time of 
 aftion. 
 
 The inftitution of grenadiers originated in France, from whence 
 vie borrowed it ; the.y were, as their denomination imports, foldiers 
 trained to the art of throwing hand grenades, in the attack of 
 trenches or the covert way." 
 
 Father JL»aniel iays the hrlt grenadiers in the French troops 
 were placed in the king's regiment, in the year j 667, w hen there 
 were four of them in each company, and that in the year 1670, 
 the king united them into one company, the comn\and of 
 which he gave to M. de Riotor, who was the firft captain of 
 grenadiers. 
 
 I HAVE not been able to difcover the time, when grenadiers were 
 iirft introduced into the Englilliarmy : Smith, in his Military Dic- 
 tionary, fays they were firfl known here in the year 1685; but in this 
 he is greatly miftakcn ; as in a lifl: of the army, publilhed in tbt 
 
 A a 2 year
 
 i8o H I S T O R Y b F 
 
 year 16S4, (g) we meet with grenadier companies to moft of the 
 regiments of infantry ; they were armed with mufkets and bay- 
 onets, without fwords, and wore caps. 
 
 Grenadiers, at their firil inftitution, were not confined to the 
 infantry ; for to each of the three troops of horfe-guards, a corps 
 of fixty-four grenadiers, with two drums, four hautbois, two cor- 
 porals, two ferjeants, and two lieutenants, were attached. Thefe 
 corps were armed with harquebuzes and bayonets, and diftinguifh- 
 ed by caps and looped clothes, (h) but had no captains, being 
 then confidered as parts of the troops of guards to which they 
 were annexed : they appear to have been afterwards formed into 
 two troops ; the firfl, 06lober 4th, 1693 ; the fecond on the 27th 
 of May, 1702. The command of them were given to the earl of 
 Cholmondeley, and W. Lord Forbes. 
 
 In a book of exercife, (i) publifhed by authority in the year 
 1686, the grenadiers appear to have been armed with fire-lock, or 
 fnaphancs mufkets, flings, fwords, daggers and pouches with gre- 
 nades ; they had alfo hatchets, with which, after firing and throw- 
 ing their grenades,. they were on the word of command " fall on," 
 to rulli upon the enemy. The praflice of fcrewing the dagger 
 into the muzzle cf the piece, is alfo there direfted j it likewife 
 appears that they then loaded v»"ith cartridges, and that the match- 
 
 (g) A GENERAL and complete Lift Military of every commifTion officer of horfe ani 
 foot, now commanding his majeftie's land forces of England (excepting the unregimenfed 
 companies) as alfo the proper diftinflions of their cloathings, badges of honour, and co- 
 lours of each troop and regiment. The names of the chief officers of the ordnance, and 
 other officers belonging to the army, &c. &c. as eftablifhed at the time of the review upon- 
 putney Heath, the ift of Oiiober, 1684, &c. 
 
 (h) This dillinclion is mentioned in the old grenadier fong : 
 
 Come let us fill a bumper, and drink a health to thofe. 
 Who wear the caps and pouches, and eke the looped clothes. 
 
 (1) An Abridgment of the Engli(h Military Difcipline, primed by efpecial command^ 
 for the ufe of his majeftie's forces, i686. 
 
 lock
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. i-Si 
 
 Jock and fire-lock or fnaphance were both then in ufe, the exercife 
 for both being laid down in that book. 
 
 In another book of exercife, publiflied alfo by royal authority, 
 in the year 1690, (k) the match-lock exercife and the ufe of the 
 bandileers are ftill retained, but the grenadiers appear to have been 
 armed with fire-locks, and to have ufcd cartridges; their daggers are 
 here ftiled bayonets, but were flill fcrewed mto the muzzles of 
 their pieces. Bayonets were folely appropriated to the grenadiers 
 and dragoons. The hatchet is not mentioned in this book. 
 
 I HAVE in vain endeavored to afcertain the precife time when 
 the bayonets of the prefent form were firfl adopted here j that im- 
 provement, as well as the original invention, is of French (1) extrac- 
 tion. The following anecdote refpeding that weapon was commu- 
 nicated to me by Lieutenant Colonel Chriftopher Maxwell, of the 
 
 (k) The Exercife of the Foot, witli the evolutions according to the words of com- 
 mand, as they are explained ; as alfo the forming of battalions, with diredions to be ob- 
 fervcd by all colonels, captains, and other officers in their majefties armies : by their 
 majertics command, 1690. 
 
 (1) Father Daniel fays, the regular introduilion of bayonets took place in Franca 
 about the year 1671, the drft corps armed with them was the regiment of fulllcers raifed 
 that year, and fincc called the rojal regiment of artillery, but although the adoption of 
 tthe bayonet is fo recent, the idea of it had long occurred to different officers, fome of 
 whom had occafionally put it in practice ; among them was Monfieur de Puifegar, in the 
 dilUi£l in Flanders, where he commanded : " For my part (fays he in his Memoirs) when 
 I commanded in Bergue, in Ypres, Dixmudc and C>iienoque, all the parties I feat out 
 palTcd the canals in this fort ; it is true that the foldiers liad no fwords, but they had bay- 
 onets Nvith handles of a foot long, the blades of thcfe bayonets were as long as the handles, 
 the ends of which were fitted for being put info the barrels of the tufils, to defend them- 
 fclves, if attacked after they had fired." The term bayonet was derived from thefe wea- 
 pons being' firft made at Bayonne in Spain ; they were called by the French ba\onets a 
 manche, or ibayonets with handles, there arc many of them in the fmall armory in the 
 tower of London. The modern bayonets arc called bayonets a douillc, i, e. bayonets 
 
 with fuckets, ^ 
 
 \
 
 i82 HISTORYOF 
 
 30th regiment of foot, who had it from his grandfather, formerly 
 lieutenant colonel of the 25th regiment of foot. 
 
 In one of the campaigns of King William III. in Flanders, in 
 an engagement, the name of which he had forgot, there were three 
 French regiments, whofe bayonets were made to fix after the pre- 
 fent fafliion, a contrivance then unknown in the Britifla army ; one 
 of them advanced againft the 25th regiment with fixed bayonets ; 
 Lieut. Col. Maxwell who cominanded it, ordered his men to fcrew 
 their bayonets into their muzzles to receive them ; thinking they 
 meant to decide the affair point to point; but to his great furprize, 
 when they came v/ithin a proper diftance, the French threw in a 
 heavy fire, which for a moment ilaggered his people, who by no 
 means expelled fuch a greeting, not conceiving it poflible they 
 could fire with fixed bayonets ; they neverthelefs recovered them- 
 felves, charged and drove the enemy out of the line. 
 
 Notwithstanding this inftance of the fuperiority of the 
 fockct bayonet, it feems as if that invention was not immediately 
 adopted, but that the old bayonets underwent a mutation or two, 
 before they arrived at their prefent form ; one of them was a cou- 
 ple of rings fixed into their handle, for the purpofe of receiving the 
 muzzle of the piece, like the focket of the prefent bayonet, by which 
 means the foldier w^as enabled both to fire, and load his mufket, 
 without unfixing it. The late Reverend Mr. Goflling, of Canter- 
 bury, who was extremely inquifitive refpefling military affairs, told 
 xne he remembered to have feen two horfe grenadiers ride befcre 
 the coach of Queen Anne, with their bayonets fixed by means of 
 the rings here defcribed. 
 
 The 42d regiment of foot differs from all the others in his ma- 
 jcfty's fervice, in their drefs and appointments, their uniform being 
 the ancient habit of the Scottilli Highlanders, confiftin'-g of the 
 tonnet, plaid, red jacket faced with blue, the Philibeg rand Tartan 
 hofe. Their arms, befidcs thofc borne by the other vegiments of 
 infantry, namely firelocks and bayonets, are large bafket hiked 
 
 broad
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 183 
 
 broad fwords, and daggers of about eighteen Inches long, called 
 dirks, (m) 
 
 Th 1 s regiment was compofed of independent companies raifed for 
 the j)rote6lion of the country againft robbers, thence called the high- 
 land watch, they were regimented Oft. 25th, 1739, when John earl 
 of Crauford was appointed colonel, (n) Some of the chiefs in raifmg 
 thefe companies had given them promifes they were not authorifed 
 by government to make j among other inducements to enlift, thus 
 improperly held forth, it is faid, the men were aflured they fhould 
 not go out of their own country ; under the faith of this promife, 
 many reputable farmers and yeomen's fons entered themfelves as 
 privates in the corps, who would not otherwife have thought of 
 enlifling. 
 
 It being found neceflary to fend this regiment on foreign fer- 
 vlce, it was ordered up to the environs of London, in the begin- 
 ning of May, 1743, and was the fourteenth reviewed on Finchley 
 common by General Wade. 
 
 A REPcvRT having been circulated that it was deftined to the 
 Weft Indies, a great uneafmefs arofe among the private men, which 
 was encreafcd on account of fome ftoppages in their pay, probably 
 only the ufual arrears: thefe difcontents were fomented by fome 
 evil minded people, who magnified to them the unwholefomenefs 
 of the country, to which they were fuppofed to be ordered, and 
 terrified them with the fate of the troops on the expedition under 
 General Wentworth. 
 
 Under the influence of thefe notions a body of one hundred andt 
 fifty of them aiVembled, on the 17th, about Hampftead and High* 
 
 (m) I DouBy whether the dirk is part of their regimental arms, but I remember in- 
 the jear 1747, moft of the private men had them, and many were alfo pcrmilted t(j»' 
 carry targets ; t\ie regiment was then on fervice in Flanders. 
 
 (n) See Millan's SucccfTion of Colonels, 
 
 gate.
 
 i84 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 gate, with their arms, fourteen cartridges each, and fix days provl- 
 fions, and putting themfelvcs under the command of a corporal of 
 the name of M'Pherfon, marched otf with a refolution to return 
 to Scotland ; the remainder of the regiment was ordered for im- 
 mediate embarkation. 
 
 On the news of this mutiny, a party of General Wade's horfe, 
 commanded by Captain Ball, was fent, by General Blakeney, after 
 the fugitive;, towards Stilton, on which they took flicker in Lady- 
 Wood, fow-r miles from Oundle in Northamptonfliire ; of this Ma- 
 jor Creed, one of the juftices of the peace for that county, having 
 information, on the 21ft went to them, and endeavoured to per- 
 fuade them to lay down their arms, to which, on condition of a 
 pardon, they feemed fomcv/hat inclinable ; whereupon that gentle- 
 man, engaged to write in their favour to the duke of Montague, and 
 wrote at the fame time to Mr.jor Otway, who then commanded the 
 horfe fent. after them, to requefl: that he would not proceed to ex- 
 tremities till he had received his grace's anfvv.er ; but the High- 
 landers having moved to another part of the wood, contrary to 
 their pronxilc, General Wade was applied to for further orders ; 
 end a fquadron of General Churchill's regiment was ordered 
 to furround the wood, vvhilft Captain Ball endeavoured to bring 
 them to a peaceable fubmiffion, which they at firfl: rejected j but on 
 finding, they were furrounded, they fent to defire Captain Ball 
 might again come to them with conditions of capitulation ; but no- 
 thing lefs than an unconditional furrender being required of them, 
 they abfolytely refufed it, and declared they v/ould defend them- 
 felvcs to the laft ; but the Captain conferring with them feparately, 
 M'Pherfon was prevailed upon to lay down his arms ; his example 
 was immediately followed by the reft, and they were conducted to 
 the tower under a ftrong guard J a court martial was immediately 
 appointed, and three of their leaders, Samuel and Malcolm M' 
 Pherfon, corporals, and Farquhar Shaw, private, were fentenced to 
 die, and on the 18th of July were fhot on the parade in the tower, 
 ^^ the
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 185 
 
 the reft of their camerades being drawn out to fee the fentence 
 executed. The unhappy men met their fate with great fortitude, 
 and the remainder of the mutineers v^ere in September difpofed of 
 to difterent foreign garrifons, thirty to Gibraker, twenty to Minor- 
 ca, twenty to the leeward iflands, to Jamaica twenty-eight, and to 
 Georgia thirty-eight, the laft were allowed to carry their wives with 
 them ; thefe men marched for the places of their deftination with 
 the greateft Ihew of alacrity and fatisfaclion ; thus ended this un- 
 happy affair; and it is but juftice to obferve, that this regiment, by 
 its faithful and gallant behaviour, in a variety of inftances, has 
 much more than effaced any ftigma that might have fallen on it, 
 from the error of a few deceived brave, but ill-judging men, who 
 conceived themfelves defrauded of their pay, and entrapped to 
 ferve in a foreign and unwholefome climate, contrary to the mofl 
 folcmn promifes : like juflice alfo requires it to be faid, that go- 
 vernment behaved in this inftance with ail pofTible lenity; to have 
 pardoned all the offenders would have been a dangerous precedent : 
 in military tranfaflions, ftridl juftice, and even fcverity to a few, is 
 frequently mercy to the whole, (o) 
 
 There 
 
 (o) This tranfaclion likcwife ftiews the danger and even cruelty of making promifes to 
 recruits, under any thing Icfs tlian the greateft certainty they will be faithfully ohfcrycd ; 
 tiic contrary has more than once produced the <nort dangerous mutinies, and that even 
 imong the Highland regiments, whofe education tends to make them more regular and 
 fdbordinate than either the Engiifli or Irifli ; and if the caufes of almoft every mutiny that 
 has happened, are diligently and difpafhonatciy eiKjuired into and weighed, it will be 
 found that nine times out of ten, the foldjer?, hov/evcr wrong and unjurtifiaWe in that 
 mode of feeking redrefs, have had great reafon for compJaiiit, gcneraUy of the breadi of 
 fome pofitive proiwife made them at enliliing. 
 
 Among thefc breaches of piomife may be reckoned draughting of regiments. A coun- 
 try lad frequently engages in a corps, be* a.ifc l>is brother, liis coufin, or feveral of his 
 townfmen belong to it ; or perhaps ^jecaulc the fun of his father's landlord, or his nephew, 
 is an ofiker in it ; this man perhaps would not have engaged in any other corps ; here 
 probably, after fome years fcrvice, he av;iiuir(.i a good cliaradter, and the confidence of his 
 
 Veh. I. B b oificcrs.
 
 i86 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 There were during the laft war and that of 1760, feveral other 
 Highland corps, which have been reduced. 
 
 It having been found neceflary on many occafions to embark a 
 number of foldiers on board our fliips of war, and mere landfmen 
 being at firft extremely unheahhy, and for fome tin\e, until they 
 had been.accuftomed to the fea, in a great meafure unferviceable, 
 it was at -length, judged expedient to appoint certain regiments for 
 that fervice, who were trained to the different modes of fea fighting, 
 and alfo made ufeful in fome of thofe manccuvres of a fhip, where 
 a great number of hands were required ; thcfe, from the nature of 
 their duty, were diftinguiflied by the appellations of maritime fol- 
 diers and marines. 
 
 The precife time when this inftitution firft took place, is, like 
 inany other pieces of military hiflory, involved in obfcurity. The 
 oldefl corps of this kind I have been able to difcover, flands the 
 third regiment of infantry in the Lift of the Army for the year 
 
 officers, and confequently thofe little indulgences ufually and witli propriety granted to a 
 good foldierj and he, on his fide looks upon the regiment as his brothers, and the command- 
 ing officer as his father, in fliort, contracts that afFcdion for the corps, which every officer 
 and foldier feds for the regiment in which lie firft ferved ; how cruel, how impolitic is it 
 then to tear him from it, and to fend him to a regiment where his good qualities are un- 
 known, and where lie, for a long time, is no more regarded tlian the moft wortli'.efs ma- 
 lingeror. The legality of this meafure I have befides heard difputed, at leaft according ta 
 the common form of our atteftations. It has been pleaded, that an attcftation contains a 
 fpecific agreement 10 ferve the king in one particular corps and no other ; that an agree- 
 ment to ferve in the cavalry does not bind the contradVing party to fcrve in tlie infantry or 
 marines-; nor will an undertaking to ferve as a private fokiicr in the igtii or any particular 
 regiment of foot, compel the undertaker to ferve in the 20th or any other corps, but that 
 fpecifted. It may be faid that tliefe dilVim^lions are too like the quibbles of an attorney } 
 it is granted : but would it not be beft to avo:u every ftiadow of doubt, or means of quib- 
 ble ? which may be done b) inferting the powei of draughting in the atteftation. Should it 
 be afked, how is any corps on foreign fervice to be otherwife recruited ^ the anfwer is, by 
 volunteers from the different regiments at home, a meafure never known to fail, and by 
 which a corps gets rid of thofe reftlefs fpirits, who are beft when employed on aftive 
 fervice. 
 
 . ;684,
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 187 
 
 1684, before quoted; it there appears under the defcrlption of 
 •' the Lord High Admiral of England, his Royal Highnefs the 
 Duke of York and Albany's maritime regiment of foot, commanded 
 by the Hon. Sir Charles Littleton, called alfo the Admiral Regi- 
 ment." It then confifted of twelve companies, without grenadiers, 
 the men were clothed in yellow coats, lined with red, their colours 
 were a red crofs, with rays of the fun illuing from each of its an- 
 gles. This was not the prefent third regiment now diftinguirtied 
 by the name of the old buffs, that regiment then ftood the fourth 
 on the lift, and was commanded by John earl of Mulgrave. (p) 
 Probably the admiral regiment was reduced, by which the buffs 
 gained a ftep in feniority. Nothing refpe6ting it appears in Mil- 
 lan's Lift. 
 
 In the reign of King William III. there were feveral marine re- 
 giments, particularly thofe of Colonel Mordaunt, Colonel Thoma« 
 Brudenell, Colonel William Seymour, and Colonel William But- 
 ton Colt. By a vote of parliament, ift Auguft, 1698, three of the 
 abovementioned corps, namely, Mordaunt's, Seymour's, and Colt'?, 
 were put on the eftablifliment of the navy, and were afterwards 
 difbanded. (q) 
 
 In the beginning of the reign of Queen Anne, fix regiments of 
 marines were raifed : the following account of them is given in 
 
 (p) This agrees with Millan's Lift of tlie Succefllon of Colonels, according to which, 
 this regiment was raifed 31ft of March, 1665, and J. carl of Mulgrave, the fecond of that 
 name and title appears colonel, 261!) Janunry, 1684. This regiment is faid, by Major 
 Dunkin, in his Military Colleflions and Remarks, publiflicd at New York, A. D. 1777, 
 " to have the privilege of marching through the city of London, with drums beating, and 
 colours flyinp;, which the city difputes not only with all other marching corps, but even 
 with the king's guards, going on duty to the tower." It was called the Holland regiment, 
 from having been, with diverfe others, in the fcr\'icc of the ftatcs. The fame privilege of 
 marching through the city, is, it is faid, claimed by the marines. 
 
 (q) The Journals alfo mention the Marquis of Caermarthen's, Sir Cloudcfly Shovel's 
 and Lord Torrington's regiments of marines, dilbanded about the year 1698. 
 
 B b 2 Burchet's
 
 i88 HISTORYOF 
 
 Burchet's Naval Iliftoiy : (i) " Here let me take rp a little of your 
 time by acquainting you, that her majefty was pieafed to eftablifli 
 fix marine regiments ; but they were put on a different foot than 
 thofe which were thought neceflary at the beginning, but difcon- 
 tlnued before the clofc of the laft war ; for as the foldiers were for- 
 merly difcharged from the regiments, and entered on the (hip's 
 books as foiemafl men, when they had qualified themfelves to ferve 
 as fuch, and no money allovved to the officer to procure others in 
 their room ; fo now when any of the marine foldiers died, or were 
 otherwife mifling, the companies were only made full by levy mo- 
 ney to the officers, without any regard to their being a nurfery for 
 feamen, whicli was one of the principal motives for the firft raifing 
 fuch a body of men. The charge of thefe regiments was defrayed 
 by the navy, as being part of the men voted by parliament for fea 
 fervice, and money was iil'ued out from time to time, by the trea- 
 furer thereof, by warrants from the lord high treafurer, to a perfon 
 particularly appointed to receive and pay the fame ; fo that the 
 navy board, who as well as the admiralty, were, in the former war, 
 put to a confiderable trouble on this account, had no other now, 
 than the ordering the payment of money, from time to time, ia 
 grofs fums > and that the reader may be informed what the annual 
 charge of thefe regiments was, 1 have hereafter inferted the eftab- 
 lifhment ; (s) and in the next place, the rules eftablifhed by her 
 majefty for their government. 
 
 Experience hath fliewn that thefe regiments have been very 
 iifeful, but more efpecially upon fitting out fquadrons of fhips for 
 an immediate expedition -, for as they are conllantly quartered 
 when not at fea, as near the principal ports as poffible, namely, 
 Plymouth, Poxtfmouth, and Chatham, (o were they v\ ith great fa.- 
 
 (r) Book 5. cliap. 9, p. 615. || (s) The eftabli/liment will be given under the 
 article of pay» 
 
 cility
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 189 
 
 tillty put on board fuch fhips as had moft occafion for them ; for 
 they were under the immediate direction of the admiralty; and the 
 rules and inftru6tions for the better government of them, fettled 
 by her majefly in council, the ift of July, 1702, were as follows, 
 viz. 
 
 I. They were to be employed on board her majefty's fhips, as 
 there fiiould be occafion, and quartered (as I have already faid) at 
 or near as might be, to the dock-yards, when on ihore, to guard 
 them from embezzlements, or any attempt of the enemy. 
 
 II. In all matters relating to their fubfiflence and clearings, 
 when on board or on fliore, they were to be paid in like manner as 
 the land forces, and the fame deduftions to be made from them for 
 cloathing, and one day's pay once a year from each foldier for the 
 hofpital. 
 
 III. They were to be allowed an equal proportion of provifions 
 with the feamen, without dedu6tions from their pay for the fame. 
 
 IV. And to have the fame allowance for Ihort provifions as the 
 feamen, to be paid to them or their afligns. 
 
 V. Such part of the regiments as (hould be on fliore were to be 
 muflered by a commilTliry or commifTaries, in the fame manner as 
 the land forces, excepting in this cafe that they, the faid commifTa- 
 ries, were obliged to allow at each mufler on his or their rolls, all 
 fuch officers and foldiers as Ihould appear to him or them, by au- 
 thentic vouchers and certificates, to be put on board any of her 
 majefty's fhips or veffels : and that fuch part o^f the aforefaid regi- 
 ment as fhoukl be at fea, might be paid vvhilft they were fo, it was 
 direficd, that the commanding marine officer with them fliould, 
 every two months, return to the commiffary general of the muflers, 
 a perfecl lill of all the otficers and fcUlicis on board each fhip, 
 figned by hlmfclf and all the marine officers, exprelfiug the times 
 of entry, death and difchargc of each man, that fo the commiHary 
 might compare the faid lilb with the monthly books fent to the Navy 
 
 Office.
 
 J 90 II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Office, and allow fuch of the laid officers as fliould appear to him 
 fit to be allowed. 
 
 VI. To prevent confufion, not Icfs than fifteen marine foldicrs, 
 and with them an officer, were to be put on board a fliip, at any 
 one time, unlefs in cafes of neceffity. 
 
 VII. And for the eafe of the whole, a particular paymafter was 
 appointed, with power to folicit the arrears of the regiments, and 
 to receive all funis of money from the treafurer of the navy, and 
 immediately upon the receipt thereof to ifl'ue the fame to the re- 
 fpedlive colonels or their agents ; he was alfo required diligently 
 and carefully to adjuft all accounts relating to the regiments, ac- 
 cording to fuch mufter rolls as fliould be delivered to him by the 
 commiifary, or commifl'aries, and thofe mufter rolls were to be al- 
 lowed of, as fufficient vouchers for the charges in the accounts, 
 and for making out debentures and warrants. 
 
 VIII. To enable the aforefaid paymafter to keep an office, and 
 to defray the charge thereof, and of clerks and other contingencies, 
 he was allowed fixpence in the pound, purfuant to the fubfcripticHi 
 of the refpe6live colonels, which he had power to dedu6l out of all 
 monies ifiued to him, in the fame manner as the poundage is de- 
 duced from the land forces. 
 
 IX. For rendering fuch part of the regiments as fliould be on 
 fliore, the more ufeful, her majefty declared it fliould be left to 
 herfelf or the high admiral, to difpofe of them at fuch places neareft 
 to the feveral dock-yards, as might be judged moft convenient; 
 and fince there might be occafion for labourers to difpatch necef- 
 fary works, her majefty empowered her high admiral, or commif- 
 fioners for executing that office, to caufe to be employed in the 
 aforefaid dock-yards, fo many of the marine foldiers as fliould be 
 judged fitting, and to make them fuch daily allowance for the 
 fame, befides their ordinary pay, as to him or them fliould feem 
 reafonable.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 191 
 
 And for the better regulating of thefe regiments, his royal 
 highnefs, as lord high admiral, empowered Colonel William Sey- 
 mour (brigadier, and fmce lieutenant general of his majefly's forces) 
 to take upon him the command of them, and not only to fee that 
 they are well quartered, but that the refpe6live officers diligently 
 attend their duty, and that, when ordered on boaid her majefly's 
 fhips, the foldiers were fupplied with proper fea cloaths, chefts, 
 and other neceifaries. 
 
 In the war preceding the peace of 1748, there were ten regi- 
 ments of marines, which were difbanded about the year 1749; 
 thefe were under the dire6lion of the lords of the admiralty, and 
 when afliore were quartered in the neighbourhood of the docks 
 and fca ports. 
 
 In the year 1755 a number of com.panies of marines were raifed, 
 under the diredlion of the fecretary of war : they were afterwards 
 formed into three divifions, and ftationed at the towns of Ply- 
 mouth, Portfmouth, and Chatham; and at each of thefe places 
 have now convenient barracks. Thefe companies, A. D. 1761, 
 being 130 in number, were, from the time of their cftabliflmient, 
 put under the immediate direction of the lords of the admiralty. 
 At the ])eace many of them were reduced, and in 1770 there re- 
 mained only feventy companies ; but in the year 1782, they were 
 increafed to one hundred and fifty ; at prefent they confill of feven- 
 ty companies. 
 
 The marines are clothed and armed in the fame manner as his 
 majefly's other corps of infantry, their uniform is fcarlct, turned 
 up with wliite, white linings, waiflcoats and breeches ; they alfo 
 wear caps, like thofe of the fufileer regiments, this canfed them 
 ^'hen ferving on fliore, at the fiege of Bellille (where they gained 
 great honour) to be called by the French Ics pctits grenadiers. 
 
 The invalids form another department of the Britilli forces, 
 Thefe confifl: of foldiers partly difabled by their wounds, and vete- 
 rans, who from old age and length of fcrvice are rendered incapa- 
 ble
 
 192 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 ble of the duties of an aftive campaign, but are flill judged fit for 
 garrifon duty. Of thefe the 4iit regiment is compofed, (t) and 
 there were likewife in 1782, thirty-fix independent co;npanies, 
 forming the garrifons of Jerfey, Guernfcy, Scilly, Portfmouth, Ply- 
 mouth, Chefter, Hull, and other forts and caftles. Invalids have 
 been known in this kingdom ever fince the refloration of Charles II. 
 The invalids are armed like other regiments of infantry, their uni- 
 form red, faced with blue, and plain button holes. 
 
 The fencible corps were a fpecies of militia, ralfed for the de- 
 fence of particular diftri6ls, from which feveral of them could not 
 by the conditions of their inftitution be detached. The firfl: of 
 thefe corps were the fencible men of Argilefliire, who were raifed 
 the Sift of July, 1759; their fervice was rcftrifled to the county 
 in which they were raifed. The adjutant and quarter mafter of 
 this corps were the only officers entitled to half pay. 
 
 Several of thefe fencible corps, and others called provincial 
 regiments, both foot and dragoons, were raifed in the years 1778 
 and 1779, v/hen by a claufe in an a6t of parliament, their officers 
 were declared to rank with thofe of militia, according to the dates 
 of their commiffions ; (u) eonfequently they ranked with the army 
 as youngert of each degree. 
 
 About the fame time many new regiments were raifed, feveral 
 
 (t) The 41(1 regiment was regimented nth March, 1719 : in 1782, there were ten 
 independent companies of invalids in Ireland. 
 
 (u) And whereas it is neceffary to afcertain the rank to be held by the officers of cer- 
 tain corps raifed or to be raifed, within that part of Great Britain, called Scotland, called 
 fencible men, or of any other corps of men, which may be raifed within Great Britain, 
 wherein iuch officers fliail not be eniitled to rank or half pay, except during the time of 
 the adual fervice of fuch corps, with refpedt to the officers of the miiiiia of that part of 
 Great Britain called England, during the time that the officers of fuch corps, and of the 
 rnilitia ll.all f:rve together; be it therefore enacted by the authority aforefaid, that the 
 cfficers of fuch corps and of the militia, of equal degree, fhall rank according to the datg 
 cf their relpective commiffions. Stat. 18 Geo, III. cap. 59. 
 
 of
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 193 
 
 of svhofe colonels, field officers and captains, having never fcrved be- 
 fore, or having no military rank, it was (lipulated by the fecretary 
 of war with them, that they fhould not be entitled to either rank 
 or half pay after the rcduftion of their corps, but the enfigns, or 
 thofe officers who came from the half pay or out of eftabliflied 
 regiments, and gained only one {l;p, were permitted to retain their 
 acquired rank, with the half pay belonging to it. (x) 
 
 The city of London feems to have long had fomewhat like a 
 militia for its own particular defence. Maitland fays, fuch a force 
 is mentioned in the Saxon Chronicle, as early as the year 896, un- 
 der the title of auxiliaries, when they having joined Alfred, marched 
 to diflodge the Danes from a town in Hertfordfliire, fuppofed to 
 have been Hertford. ^ 
 
 The prefent city trained bands appear to have arifen out of the 
 artillery company, a body of the principal citizens who volunta- 
 rily aficmbled to praclife archery and military exercifes, and who, 
 three years after their firft inftitution, amounted to near three hun- 
 dred men. (y) 
 
 From this body in the year 1585, when the kingdom was threat- 
 ened with a Spanilh invafion, many perfons were appointed officers 
 
 (x) Diverse independent companies were alfo raifed towards the dofc of this war 
 and that of 1762, feme of which were afterwards regimented. Thefe were moftly railed 
 by fubahcrns, who undertook to complete them againft a ftated time, and at their own 
 cxpence, on condition of being appointed to tiie command of them. The bcft idea of 
 thcfe companies may be gatiicrcd from the definition given of them by a private foldier at 
 Bellillc, during the.fiege of Palais. A number of thcfe independent companies beinci re- 
 gimented were fent out to tl>at place ; one night in the trenches an officer overheard feveial 
 of the men ui liigh difpute concerning the meaning of the term independent, in which 
 tlicy CQuId by no means agree, til! one of them, an old grenadier, raifing his voice, called 
 liis comrades a pnckof llupid fellows, forpu.;zling .it fo obvious a term : " You fee what 
 fluirthey are (faid he) now it is plain they arc called independents, bccaufe ihey are uot 
 to be depended upon. 
 
 (y) See the charter and privileges grar.tcd by K. Hci>ry VIII. to this company, p. 150. 
 
 Vol. L C c _ in
 
 T94 HISTORY OF 
 
 in the militia of feveial parts of the kingdom, in order to inflruft 
 them in military difcipline. 
 
 In the fiicceeding year the more efFeftually to guard againft any 
 infarreflion that might be made by the papifts, diverfe excellent 
 regulations were drawn up by thefe citizens j among them were 
 thefe : 
 
 " I. That every alderman of his warde affifted with the graveft 
 inhabitants there, do gather and regifter the names of all fuch 
 houfeholders, their children and fervants, as dwell in the fame 
 warde, who openlye profefle and fliewe themfelves to love the gof- 
 pel and hate poperie, being of fufficient wealthe to mainteyne their 
 owne ftate, and able to beare armes. 
 
 II. That from the more apte of thofe citizens, there be chofen 
 out for fpecial leaders (every of them to leade five and twenty of 
 his neighbours dwelling next him) and that there be fo manye of 
 thofe leaders as after that rate lliall be fufficient to lead four or 
 five thoufand men, or more or lefs, as fliall be thought meete, and 
 that the faid number of men be chofen out of thofe to be regiftered 
 as aforefayd. 
 
 III. That the mofl valiant, grave and wife amonge the fayd re- 
 giftred citizens be chofen captaynes of bandes, every one of them 
 under feverall enfignes, to rcceave tenne of the fayd fpeciall leaders, 
 with every of them his five and twentie men, fo fliall there be two 
 hundred and fifty men under an enfigne, and that they have their 
 feveral enfignes accordinglye. 
 
 IV. That of the fayd citizens, there be chofen to ferve under 
 everie fuche of their captaynes, their feveral lyevetenants, enfign- 
 bearers and fergeantes, with a fit drumfter : And that there be af- 
 figned a place certcn to every captayne, whereunto he fliall reforte 
 upon any fudden alarme. And that he know all his officers, and 
 thofe petty leaders know the fame place and their captayne. 
 
 V. That after fuch ele6lion and appointment as aforefayd, 
 everie one applye himfelf to learne and knowe how to exercife their 
 
 feveral
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 195 
 
 feveral offices and roomes, as apperteyneth j and that everie houfc- 
 holder have readie in his howfe all weapons and furniture for him- 
 felf and thofe of his howfe to be appointed in his fervice." 
 
 Shortly after this, Edmond York, a gentleman who had ferved 
 long in the low countries, gave, by order of the privy council, cer- 
 tain rules for the better defence of the city, in cafe of neceffity ; 
 thofe refpe6ling the militia were in fubftance as follows. 
 
 The city to be divided into as many diftri6ts or quarters as can 
 furnifli fifteen hundred men each. In every quarter the mayor and 
 marfiiall to chufe one colonel, a man of fubftance and reputation, 
 who fliall have under him ten captains, to be chofen by him, and 
 approved by the mayor and marfliall. The company of each cap- 
 tain to confift of one hundred and fifty men, to be formed of eight 
 halberdiers, fixty armed pikes, thirty mufketeers, and fifty harque- 
 bufiers, with the two odd men for ferjeants. All, both officers and 
 private men, to be inhabitants of the fame quarter or diftricl, and 
 the latter either houfeholders, the fons of houfeholders, or domeflic 
 and continued fervants. 
 
 " This done, the city fliall be divided into fo many quarters as 
 there is fifteene hundredth men ; in everie quarter fliall be chofen 
 one colonell, a man there dvvellinge, and a citizen of honeflie, re- 
 putation and wealth, eleded by the mayor and marfliall (after your 
 lordlhip's allowance) who fhall have under hyni tenne captaynes, 
 all dwellers in that quarter ; and everie captayne flial! have a hun- 
 dreth and fifrie men, all inhabitants of that quarter, which fliall 
 be either the houfeholder, his fonnc, or his continewed fcrvant : 
 provided that the colonels be none of the aldermen; bccaufe they 
 are already chofen to the civil government, (z) 
 
 Thk regiment being all dv/ellers together in one quarter, doe 
 
 (z) At prefcnt many of the aldermen arc colonels of the city regiments. 
 
 C c 2 make
 
 196 n I S T O R Y O F 
 
 make the colonclls government eafye, and make the afTemblye of 
 the fouldiers fpeedie. 
 
 The colloncUs chofen, and the quarters divided, then fhall everie 
 collonel choofe fix captaynes, which fhall be allowed by the mayor 
 and marfhall (after they have informed your lordfliips) being all 
 dwellers in the collonels quarter. 
 
 After the captaynes chofen, the lord mayor, his bretheren, and 
 the marfliall, fliall deliver fo many houfeholders, their fons or con- 
 tinewed fervants, as will furnifli every e captaync one hundred and 
 fiftie men with weapons thus divided : that is, eight halbardiers, fixty 
 armed pikes, thirty muilceteers, and fiftie harquebufiers ; and the 
 tv/o odd men fliall be for the fergeants. For to put into thefe 
 trayned companyes any archers, or fuperfiuous number of fliort 
 weapons, it were inconvenient ; for that the multitude upon any 
 alarum, will come furniflied with thofe weapons ; and therefore to 
 teach that by art which nature gives, were time loft, and to charge 
 a people with that which is not wanting were frivolous. 
 
 The companies furniflied, as aforefayd, then the ferjeant major 
 or his corporals, fliall vifit every man's particular furniture in their 
 private houfes ; as well to fee the goodnefs of their arms, as to fee 
 it in order, leaft they fliould diflionour their commanders, for not 
 performing that which apperteynes to men of judgment and foul- 
 diers to doc. 
 
 After your armes provided and reviewed, a mufter general of 
 the army fliall be held in fonie convenient place; at which mufters 
 fliall only be the fliew of the men with their amies, vv'ithout any 
 exercife, which fliall be held in the prefence of fuch honourable 
 perfons as your lordfliips fliall appoint, joined with the mayor, his 
 bretheren, the marfliall and fargeant major : at which tyme the 
 marfliall, fergeant major and provoft fliall be prcfented unto the 
 collonels, captaynes and fouldiers, and their commifllons pub- 
 Jiflied." 
 
 Such was the method laid down for raiflng thefe troops. Mait- 
 
 land
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 197 
 
 land fays the danger being over by the defl:ru6lion of the Spanidi 
 fleet, the pra6life of inftrucling the citizens in the art military was 
 difcontinued till the year 16 10, when it was revived, and the pro- 
 moters to encourage the pra6litioners in that art, erc6led an ar- 
 mory, and furnilhed it with a variety of arms, and reafluming the 
 ancient appellati.-m of the Artillery Company, increafed to fuch a 
 degree, that in tlie late civil war they fupplied the parliament with 
 a great number both of officers and foldiers. 
 
 During the troubles under Charles I. we find the city trained 
 bands regimented and diftinguifced under the different titles of the 
 red, yellow, and orange regiments, &c. and in the year 1643, two 
 of thefe regiments marched to join the parliamentary army, on 
 Brackley Heath. 
 
 In the engagement near Newbury, that year, the orange regiment 
 gained great honor, and was efteemed as fine a one as any in the army. 
 
 Anno 1647, in the loth of July, an ordinance paffed the lords 
 and commons, empowering committee of the militia to raife horfej 
 any perfon charged to find horfe, rider, or furniture, refufing or 
 negle(5ling to fend them, to forfeit twenty pounds, to be levied by 
 diftrefs of goods, or to punifh the defaulters by imprifoning their 
 perfons till paid. 
 
 Any perfon fending an unferviceable horfe, an unfufficient rider, 
 or unferviceable arms, to forfeit ten pounds, to be levied in like 
 manner. 
 
 The faid committee were alfo empowered to levy by diftrefs a 
 fine of forty fliillings on any foot foKher of either the trained bands 
 or auxiliaries, who Ihould neglect to repair to his colours on the 
 beat of drum ; or to miprifon the ort'ender till thai fum was pai<|)» 
 Thefe committees had alfo power to olct'-l: major generals for the 
 command of the forces to be raifed in tlie city ; they were alfo au- 
 thorifed to difann and fecure tiie perfons of any who (hould endea- 
 vour to impede this fcrvice either in the city or tower hamlets. 
 
 At prefcnt the military government of London is managed by a 
 
 ^ court
 
 198 HISTORYOF 
 
 court of lieutenancy, which is compofed of a certain number of ci- 
 tizens, the principal whereof are the lord mayor and aldermen. 
 The commiffioners appoint the officers for the city trained bands, 
 who are formed into fix regiments ; the blue containing eight com- 
 panies and 141 1 men. 2. The Green, eight companies, and 1566 
 men. 3. The Yellow, eight companies, and 1526 men. 4. The 
 Orange, eight companies, and 17402 men. 5. The White, eight 
 companies, and 2088 i men. 6. The Red, eight companies, and 
 1630 men, including officers and drums. 
 
 In the out-parts not fubjeft to the government of the city, there 
 is alfo the following military eftablifliment. 
 
 Two regiments of trained bands belonging to the tower ham- 
 lets, the firft regiment containing 2299 i men; the fecond 1898 
 men, including officers and drums. Two regiments of trained 
 bands belonging to the city of Weflminfter and county of Middle- 
 fex : the Weftminfter regiment containing twelve companies, and 
 4182 men; the Middlefcx regiment, nine companies, and 2597 men. 
 
 Besides the above fpecified eleven regiments of trained bands, 
 . the artillery company, of about four hundred men, is ftill fubfifl:- 
 ing, and ferves as a nurfery of officers for the faid regiments ; 
 whereby it appears, that the numbers of troops for the defence of 
 this city and fuburbs amount to twenty-four thoufand fix hundred 
 and twenty-one men. 
 
 These are the different fpecies of troops, of which the Brltifli 
 
 armies have at different times been formed -, (a) two only remain 
 
 to be dcfcribed, who, though originally deemed military bodies, have 
 
 long fince been confidcred as part of the fuit of the king's houfe- 
 
 IJlliold ; they are the ferjeants at arms, and the yeomen of the guards. 
 
 The ferjeants at arms were firft inftituted by King Richard I. in 
 
 (a) Thf. royal regiment of artillery and corps of engineers will be confidcred under 
 the article of artillery. 
 
 n^rni-
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 199 
 
 imitation of a corps of the fame name, formed by Philip Auguflus 
 King of France, when on a crufade, to guard him againft the fub- 
 je6ts of the old man of the mountain, famous for their daring af- 
 faflinations. 
 
 The duty of thefe feijeants originally was to watch round the 
 king's tent in complete armour, with a mace, a bow, arrows, and 
 a fword, and occafionally to arreft traitors and other offenders about 
 the court, for which the mace was deemed a fufficient authority. 
 They were called the valorous force of the king's errand, in the ex- 
 ecution of juftice ; they held their places for life ; their number 
 was originally twenty-four, all perfons of approved worth, and not 
 \mder the degree of the fon of a knight : and afterwards the fons 
 of gentlemen were admitted into the body. 
 
 In the reign of Edward I. the ferjeants at arms were allowed two 
 marks for winter, and the fame for fummer robes. Their pay in 
 that of Edward II. was twelve-pence per diem, when they attended 
 on horfeback, and eight-pence when they attended without a horfe. 
 
 A MS. of the expences of Ed. III. in the 21ft year of his reign, 
 there is the following entry of the " Sergeauntes at amies, with 
 their retinew. Standard-bearers 4, feargeauntes 67, men at amies 3, 
 archers of horfe 7, archers on foote 9." (b) 
 
 Their allowance, when abfent from court on the king's affairs, 
 was 1 2d. each by the day; and under another head (c) they appear 
 
 (b) The title of this MS. runs thus : " Here enfue the rates of wages, of peace and 
 warre, expences, neccfTaryes of officers, and other charges concerning the houfehohl of 
 the prince of noble memory, Edward III. as well in tynic of {)eace as warre; and alfo 
 the number of foldiers, as well by land as fca, and fliippcs rctayned in the warrcs of 
 the faide k.ingc, as by the parcells of the accompte of Waiter Wentwayt, treafurer of the 
 faid houfehoid, from the 2ift.day of Aprill, in the i8th year of the raigne of the fame 
 king, uiuo the 24th day of Deccinbcr, in the 21ft year of tlie (;ime icingc's raigne. 
 
 (c) Rates of wages in time of peace, fees of banncretts, and bachelors of the king's 
 lioufc, robes, and all other places, officers, minifters and fcrvauntes of the fame, and ly- 
 veiics of mens fcr\'auntcs, intitlcd Calciatura, bcfidcs all waccs in manner ai followcth.'* 
 
 ♦ charged 
 
 9
 
 20C 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 # 
 
 charged at 26s. 8d. each, for winter, and 20s. for fummcr. They 
 were befides entitled to certain fees from perfons arrefled ; thefc 
 were in proportion to their rank and degree. 
 
 In the reign of King Richard II. ann. 10, the commons com- 
 plained to the king in parliament, that the number of thcfe fer- 
 jeants were greatly encreafcd, and that they had been guilty of 
 many extortions and oppreffions, under colour of their office, pray- 
 ing they might be reduced to their ancient number, and that thofe 
 guilty of milbehaviour may be difcharged. To this the king an- 
 fwered, he would have the eftate of his houfehold regulated by the 
 advice of his council, (d) ^ 
 
 In the 13th year of the fame king's reign, frefli complaints were 
 ^^ laid before him in parliament, wherein it was reprefented that the 
 ferjeants at arms were originally twenty-four in number, who re- 
 ceived the accuilomed wages of their office ; that thefe were chofen 
 out of the moft fufficient people of family and loyalty that were 
 to be found, but that by a late augmentation there were a 
 great multitude of them, who took no wages, but by means of 
 their office committed violent extortions and oppreffions on the 
 people ; wherefore they befought his majefty, that fuch as were 
 guilty of thefe offences might lofe their offices, and make fine and 
 ranfome to the king at his pleafure ; and that it might be ordered, 
 that none fhould prefume to exercife that office above the number 
 beforementioned, under pain of a year's imprifonment ; and after- 
 wards to make fine and ranfome at the king's will : and that this 
 ordinance might be fully executed wiihin a month after the par- 
 liament enfuing. In confequence of this petition, the king caufed 
 it to be enafted, that they fliould be all difcharged ; and that out 
 of thofe fo difmilfed and elfewhere, fhould be taken, to the number 
 of thirty good and fufficient perfons, for thofe offices, and no more 
 
 (d) Rot. Pari, in anno. 
 
 to
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 20 1 
 
 to be afterwards added ; and moreover they were forbidden to med- 
 dle with any thing that did not immediately appertain to their of- 
 fice, or to be guilty of any kind of extortion or opprefllon on the 
 people, under pain of iofing their office, making fine and ranfome 
 to the king, and full fatisfaftion to the parties aggrieved, (e) 
 
 It feems as if this ftatute was fuffered to lie dormant, for in the 
 17th of the fame king, the commons petitioned it might be put in 
 execution, and that no more fcrjeants might be appointed, except 
 in cafes of vacancy, and that then their names fliould be recorded 
 in chancery ; they likewife petitioned that it might be enabled, that 
 no ferjeant of the city of London, or any other city, town, or place, 
 fliould carry his mace oiU of the franchife to which he belonged, 
 under pain of forfeiting his office, and miicing fine and ranfome to 
 the king, for the profit of the realm -, fuch feijeants under colour 
 of their offices, arrefting men out of their franchifes, and commit- 
 ting many oppreffions, to the prejudice of the king's majefty, and 
 to the fcandal of his ferjeants at arms. Alfo that no alien fliould 
 be a ferjeant at arms, and if appointed, fliould be oufted from his 
 office, that the councils of the realm might not be by them difco- 
 vered. To this the king gave no anfwer; and if any meafures for 
 redreffing thefe grievances were taken, they do not fecm to have 
 been efficacious ; for five years after (f ) the commons again moved 
 the king on this matter, reprefenting, that formerly it was ordaine-d 
 that the ferjeants at arms Ihould be chofen from among good, val- 
 liant and fufficient perfons, fuch as would duly and honcilly exe- 
 cute their offices, but that now there is a groat complaint through- 
 out different counties, that the number of ferjeants is exceffive, that 
 they are not valiant, nor fuch as are required for the king's honor, 
 and that under cover of their offices they commit great oppreffions 
 on the people j wherefore they befought the king to enquire into 
 
 (e) Rot. Pari, in anno. | (f) Rot. Pari. 21 Rich. II. A. D. cjq;. 
 
 Vol. I, D d the
 
 20* H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 the number and charaders of thefe ferjeants, and to ordain that 
 only thofe who were fit and quahfied for that office, might be ap- 
 pointed. The king confidering that their petition was good and 
 juft, for his own honour promifed that fufficient perfons fliould be 
 appointed to thefe offices, and of them only a reafonable number, as 
 is ordained by the liatute. 
 
 According to the orders given by Thomas of Lancafter, con- 
 ftable at the fiege of Caen, Sept. 3d, 141 7, a ferjeant at arms was 
 to appear in the king's prefence, with his head bare, his body armed 
 to the feet with the arms of a knight riding, wearing a gold chain 
 with a medal, bearing all the king's coats, with a peon royal, or 
 maee of fdver in his right hand, and in his left hand a truncheon, (g) 
 In the 7th of Hen. VII. they were ordered to attend the army, (h) 
 TiTB number of this corps has varied exceedingly. In the reign 
 of Edward IV; they were reduced to four ; in that of Edward VI. 
 they were encreafed to twenty-two ; and in the fucceeding reign to 
 twenty-three ; but by King James I. retrenched to fixteen ; at pre- 
 fent there are only eight, (i) 
 
 The yeomen of the guard were raifed by King Henry VII. in the 
 year 1485. Rapin, who calls them archers, fays they were infti- 
 •uted on the day of his coronation, which was the 30th of Octo- 
 ber, and that they then confifted of fifty men, to attend him and 
 his fiicceflbrs for ever ; a precaution which, in all appearance, he 
 thought neceflary at that juncture. 
 
 By the firft regulation, every yeoman of this band was to be of 
 ihebeft quality under gentry, well made, and full fix feet high. 
 
 TniEiR numbers have varied in almoft every reign, and formerly 
 confifted of a certain number in ordinary, and an indefinite number 
 
 (s,) Bib. Had. No. 297, fol. 254. || (h) Vide Raftall, chap. 3. 
 (i) Most of the writers againft ftanding armies commence that eftabliflimcnt with the 
 (erjeants at arms. 
 
 extra-
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 203 
 
 extraordinary ; and in cafe of a vacancy in the former, it was fup- 
 pHed out of the latter number, (k) 
 
 Their drefs is that which was worn in the reign of King 
 Henry VIII. and which on many occafions was put on by that 
 king : it confifts of a fcarlet coat reaching down to the knees, 
 . garded with garter blue velvet, and rich badges of the rofe and 
 crown on their breafts and backs ; their breeches are alfo fcarlet, 
 garded with blue velvet; their caps are of black velvet, with broad 
 round crowns, adorned with ribbons of the royal colours, viz. red, 
 white and blue ; one half of them formerly carried bows and ar- 
 rows, the other half harquebuiles, both had large fwords by their 
 fules. Chamberlain fays, the harquebuffes have been difufed ever 
 fince the reign of King William. (1) 
 
 In the reign of King Edward VI. this corps was very numerous, 
 for in his journal, publiflied in Burnet's Hiftory of the Reforma- 
 tion, he fays " there muflered before me, an hundred archers, two 
 arrows apiece, all of the guard ;" and afterwards " fo it was ap- 
 pointed there fliould be ordinarily one hundred archers, and one 
 hundred halbertiers, either good wreftlers, or carters of the bar, or 
 Icapers or runners, all tall men of perfonage." 
 
 In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the yeomen attending her in 
 her different progreffes were occafionally mounted, a print of one 
 of them on horfeback is given in the work, (m) 
 
 In the reign of Queen Anne half this band were armed with 
 
 (k) Miege's New State of England, A. D. 1703, and Cliamberlain. 
 
 (I) Present State, A. D. 1735. In Rymer there is a gram made by King Cliarlcs 1 
 Jane 3d, 1642, to Thomas Clarke, of the office of taylor for ilie making and l\:ting of 
 the clothes for all and fingular the yeomen of the guard, during life. 
 
 (m) This print is copied from a work entitled Diverfarum Gentium' A rmatura Equcf- 
 tris. Ubi fere Europne, Afix, atq ; Africx cquitandi ratio propria cxpreJTa, et Amlklodam^ 
 impre/Ta in xdibus Nicolai Johanni Vifchcri, 161 7. This yeoman is called Regina: An- 
 gli:e fattellcs fcrcntarius, probably I'rom being without defeiilivc armour. 
 
 D d 2 bar-
 
 204 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 harqucbuzcs, (n) the other half with partizans, and both with 
 (words ; they had then wages and diet allowed them, (o) their duty 
 was to wait upon the queen in her (landing houfes, forty by day, 
 and twenty by night. At St. James's they waited in the firft room 
 above flairs, called the guard chamber. It is alfo their duty to at- 
 tend the fovereign abroad by land or water. 
 
 At prcfcnt this corps confifts of a captain, lieutenant and en- 
 fign, four cxons, a clerk of the cheque, two meflengcrs, and an 
 hundred yeomen, eight of whom are called ufliers. Six are called 
 yeomen hangers, and two yeomen bed goers. The pay of the cap- 
 tain is lool. per annum, the lieutenant 500I. and the enfign 300I. 
 The cxons 150!. each, the clerk of the cliecque the fame. Each of 
 the ufliers 49I. iis. 3d. each hanger and bed goer the like pay as 
 the ufliers, and every other yeoman, 39I. i is. 3d. 
 
 In ancient times, when an army was to be raifed, either for fo- 
 reign fervice, or to guard againfl: invafions or doniefl:ic infurrcc- 
 tions, the feudal tenants and the pofle comitatus being aflembled 
 in their proper diflricls, by the ufual methods before mentioned, 
 they were infpecled by certain provincial officers termed arraitores, 
 in Englifli arrayers ; two or more, being trufl:y and experienced of- 
 ficers, were commonly appointed by the king's commiffion for each 
 county. It was the duty of thefe arrayers not only to infped: the 
 foldiers, and fee that they were able bodied and fit for fervice, but 
 alfo that they were properly armed, accoutred, and otherwife ap- 
 pointed, according to their ftation and the nature of their fervice. 
 They were likewife to arrange both the cavalry and infantry into 
 their proper bodies, equivalent to the prefent divifions of fquads^ 
 troops, companies and battalions. 
 
 (n) Chamberlain fays, A. D. 1705, " one half of them of late bear in their hands 
 harquebuzes, how to reconcile this with the aflertion in note (1)1 know not. 
 
 (o) In a MS. of the expenccs of the royal ertablirtimcnt for the year 1727, the charges 
 of the table of the yeomen of the guard was 2731. 15s. 
 
 The
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 305 
 
 The ancient cavalry was divided into frtlall bodies called confla- 
 bularies, from their being commanded by officers ftiled conftables ; 
 this we learn from a writ of the 18th Edward III. 1324 ; (p) how 
 many men a conftabularie confifted of, is not there faid ; but in a 
 fimilar order of John king of France for dividing the French foot, 
 a conftableric is Itatcd at tvventy-five or thirty men. (q) 
 
 In a MS. account of the pay of the army of K. Edward I. in the 
 library of the Antiquarian Society, as well as in one printed by 
 Brady refpecling the reign of Edward III. it appears that thefe con- 
 iVables received the fame pay as efquires, ranked with them in the 
 army, (r) and probably had in common with them, under certain 
 circumdanccs, the right of difplaying a pennon of their arms.(s) 
 The title of conftable applied to the commanders of fmall bodies 
 of men, occurs as early as the reign of King John. It was alfo gi- 
 ven to naval officers. (t) 
 
 (p) " Ita quod omncs armis fufficientibus muniti, videlicet eqiiites in conftabulariis 
 Si peJites in centenis & vintenis arraiati prompti fist & parati." Rjmer, torn. 4. p. y8. 
 
 (q) " DiscRiEiTUR Aatutum Joliannis Regis Franc, quo ftatuitur ut in poflcrura, 
 " tous pietons foieiU mis par connellablics ou compagtiies do 25 ou 30 honimes, ;?; que 
 chaque conncrtabie prenne double gages, & que les marefchaux pour tcs gens d'annes, & 
 les maitres des Arbaleftriers pour pietons afTifleront aux monftres deux foix le inois." Dm 
 Cmnge. 
 
 (c) Domino Roberto de Barton derico afTignato ad vadia pcditum veniencium de 
 com. Nortliumbr. ufq; Berwic fuper 'I'wedam ad proficiend. cum rege in cxcercitu fuo 
 verfus Siryvelin pro rccetTu caflri r^gis ibidem, pro vadijs IIII°'* tcrriabular. cum equis 
 cocpertib, et 392 fnglttar. ptditum de eodem com. per unum diem, vidcl'. 15 diem De- 
 ccmbr. quo die vifus faflus t'uit, de eifdcm apud Tv/cdeinuih, cuilibet coniabular. per 
 diem lad. cuilibet vintcnar. per diem 4d. et cuilibet alii pediti per diem 2d. 
 
 (s) The pennon was the proper enfign of a bacliclor or fimple knight. Du Frcfne 
 (hews lint even cfqviircs might bear pennons, provided they could bring a fufficicnt fuitc 
 of v.:flals into the field. 
 
 (t) Et LXXVII. W'alenfibus peditibus 5c VII. conflabulariis corum, et 4 archeriis 
 cquitibus,qui milli fuerunt in Norweiam XXVII. I. & 14 d. de liberaiione fua de i menfe 
 per breve regis. Mag. Rot. 3. I. Rot. 11. b. Dudwres et coufiabularii navigli regis. 
 Hcved. P, X. p. 666. n. 10. icmp. R. 1. 
 
 TlIK
 
 £o6 HISTORYOF 
 
 The next dlvlfion fcems to have been that arranged under a 
 banner, and commanded by a banneret, a rank originally conferred 
 on fuch only as by their eftates were enabled to bring a certain 
 liumber of vaflals into the field ; for in the petition for that rank, 
 fuch ability was always premifed, (u) and the ufual mode of con- 
 ferring that promotion was cutting or tearing off the point of the 
 pennon of the candidate, and thereby rendering it fquare, perhaps 
 in allufion to the command it conferred, which was that of a fqua- 
 dron, fo denominated from being a fquare body, confiding of as 
 many ranks as files. Father Daniel quotes two different regula- 
 tions, refpefting the number of vaffals neceffary to be brought into 
 the field by a petitioner for the rank of bannerett : the firft was 
 twenty-five men at arms, each attended by two horfcmen, in all 
 amounting to feventy-five men ; the fecond at leafl: fifty men at 
 arms, accompanied as before, making together one hundred and 
 fifty men ; taking then an hundred for the medium, that number 
 forms a fquare of ten in each face, and is the loweft eflimation of 
 our prefent fquadrons. Ancient writers defcribing the ftrength of 
 
 (u) Froissart thus recites tlie petition of John Chaundos to the black prince and 
 Don Pedro, king of Caftilr, for the dignity of bannerett, juA before the battle of Nafars. 
 *' Monfeigncur. V'eez cy ma banniere je la vous bailie par telle maiiiere qu'il vous plaife 
 la d'evelopper, & que aujourduy je la puifTe lever, car (Dieu mercy) Jay bien de quoy en 
 terre & heritage pour tenir eftate ainfi come appartient a ce." 
 
 A BANNERET vvas Originally one entitled to difplay his ftandard in the field. " When a 
 bachelor (fays the Ceremonial) has long followed the wars, and has land fufficicnt to have 
 gentlemen for his vaflals, and to accompany his (landard, he may lawfully raife his banner, 
 and not otherwife ; for no man ought to difplay his banner in battle, if he has not at leaft 
 fifty men at arms, with all the men, archers, and crofs bow men appertaining to them ; 
 and if he has them, he ought at the firft battle at which he is prefent, to bring a pennon of 
 his arms to the conftable or marefchal, or the king's lieutenant in the army, requeuing 
 to bear a banner, which if granted, he muft call the heralds for witneffes, when the ge- 
 neral or chief officer will cutoff' the tail of the pennon. Banneretts are mentioned in 
 jCur hiilories as early as the time of King Edward I. 
 
 the
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 207 
 
 the cavalry in different armies, eftimate them according to the 
 number of pennons and banners. 
 
 Although the bands of cavah^y were only divided into confta- 
 buiaries, knights might acl as intermediate officers, between the 
 conftablc and bannerett, commanding two conftabularies under 
 their pennon. Father Daniel fays, that in France the bannerets 
 formerly commanded the diiferent bodies of cavalry (x) under the 
 counts and dukes. ^ 
 
 The denomination of captain and lieutenant, applied to officers 
 commanding fmall bodies of men, equivalent to our troops and 
 companies, was fcarcely introduced into our armies before the 
 reign of Henry VII. and VIII. where we find them borne by the of- 
 ficers commanding the yeomen of the guard and the band of gen- 
 tlemen penfioners, and their occafional reprefentatives. We like- 
 wife read of captains and petty captains in ads of the 4th and 5th 
 of Philip and Mary againll: defertion : probably the former meant 
 a colonel, or one commanding a corps, band, or regiment -, the 
 latter the captain of a company, (y) 
 
 (x) Le litre de capitaine a Tegard des Officiers de I'armee, excepte le general, ne fut 
 gueres en ufage dans les temps les plus reculez de notre ancient milice PVancoife ceux qui. 
 commandoit fous les comtes & les dues aux temps de la premiere & de la feconde race, 
 itoient les viguiers, les centeniers, &c. dcpuis I'inftitution de la chevalerie un peu avant 
 Philippe Augufte, c' etoient Us chevaliers bannerets avcc ce titre de banneret, qui com- 
 mandoit les diverfes brigades de gendarmerie. Le titre de capitaine commence a etre en 
 ufagc dans Ic fignification qu'on y donne aujourdhui, quand nos rois outre les troupes de 
 Icur vaflaux, donnercnt des commiirions a quelque foigneurs pour lever de* compagnies dc 
 gendarmes. Ces feigneurs priercnt le titre de cjpitaine de ccs compagnies comme on Ic 
 voit par un ordonnancc du Rol Charles V. de laquelle jai parle ailieurs. P. Daniel, 
 torn. 2. p. 58. 
 
 (y) The term regiment was not then in ufe, being in all likelihood borrowed from the 
 French, whofe bands were, according to Father Daniel, rirft formed into regiments in the 
 year 1562. Sir James Turner, whofe book llilcd Pallas Armata, was publilhcd A. D. 
 1683, fays, the term regiment was not then an hundred years old. 
 
 Jn
 
 <o8 HISTORYOF 
 
 In the lift of the army employed at St. Qmntln's, A. D. 155^, 
 the cavalry was divided into troops of an hundred private men, 
 commanded by a captain, lieutenant and ftandard bearer, having 
 each a furgeon, a harbinger (fimilar to a quarter mafter) a chap- 
 lain, a trumpeter and a fmith. This lift is among the firft where 
 a bpdy of cavalry is diftinguiflied by the appellation of a troop, (z) 
 
 In an eftimate for a royal army, made anno 1623, when it was 
 intended by King James I. to recover the palatinate, the cavalry 
 were to confift of independent troops of an hundred men each, 
 commanded by a captain, lieutenant, cornet, and quarter mafter, 
 three corporals and two trumpets, (a) 
 
 The Englifli infantry, from the time of Edward I. and probably 
 from that of the conqueft, to the reign of Henry VII. was divided 
 into thoufands, hundreds and twenties j anfwering to our regi- 
 ments, companies and fquads ; this appears from a variety of writs 
 and commiflions for aflembling the national forces on different oc- 
 cafions, wherein they are conftantly direfted to be arranged in thofe 
 numbers. 
 
 The fquads of twenty were commanded by officers thence ftilcd 
 vingtners ; the companies or hundreds by centenaries, but the title 
 of the officer prefiding over thoufands, is not mentioned in any lift 
 I have feen. 
 
 In a lift of the St. Quintin's army before mentioned, the com- 
 panies of infantry then confiftcd of an hundred private men, their 
 officers were a captain, lieutenant and enfign, a ferjeant, a harbin- 
 ger and drummer to each company. 
 
 In the anny defigned for the palatinate, the infantry was com- 
 puted by regiments ; each regiment to confift of thirteen compa- 
 nies ; the colonel's coinpany to have 192 private n^en, four (b) gen- 
 tlemen, 
 
 (z) No. 6848. Harl. MS. fl (a) No. 5109, Hari. MS. H (b) Gentleman 
 of # company is he who i$ fomething more than an ordinaiy fouldier, hath a little more 
 
 pay
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 209 
 
 tlcnien, four corporals, two ferjcants, and two drummers j the 
 other companies only one hundred and forty-four private, three 
 gentlemen, three corporals, two ferjeants, and two drummers. 
 The commiflioned officers to each company, a captain, lieutenant, 
 and enfign. The ftaff officers will be mentioned under their par- 
 ticular head. 
 
 The different bodies, both cavalry and infantry, being affembled 
 and thus arranged, were then to march to the place of general ren- 
 dezvous, ufually appointed as near the place of embarkation, or 
 part of the kingdom likely to become the fcene of a6lion, where 
 on their arrival they were to be muftered. (c) 
 
 It is needlefs to enquire into the antiquity of muflers, (ince they 
 Tiiuft have exifted from the firft time an army was aifembled, with- 
 out a mufter it could not be known whether the feudal tenants or 
 others liable to furnifli foldiers, had provided their due number, 
 nor could a general othervvife know the true ftrength of his army, 
 the ground they would occupy, the quantity of provifion and fo- 
 rage neceflary for their fubfiftence, and that of their horfes, nor the 
 money required for paying them. 
 
 The object of a mufter was not only to afcertain the number 
 of men and horfes, but likewife to examine their armour and 
 weapons. In the ordinances of war made by K. Henry V. ihe of- 
 fice of a commifTary of mufters is mentioned, and his power and 
 duty thus dcfcribcd : " It is our will, that every captain of our 
 army, without any fraud or refcrve whatfoevcr, fliall make a mufler 
 or Ihew of all his foldiers, as well men of arms as archers, fully 
 
 pay and dotli not rtand ccntiiiel ; in Frcncli he is called appointc, and \vitl» tlic Ger- 
 mans, lie is called Gefrcutcr, they march and watcii witli arms, tliey go common rounds 
 and patrouiiles, and near an enemy they are to be the forlorn centinels whom the French 
 call perdiis. Sir J. Turner, Pallas Amiata, p. 218. 
 
 (c) The term murter is derived from the barbarous Latin muftrum & monfirum, or 
 the old French monllrc, a fliew or exhibition. 
 
 Vol. I. E e and
 
 210 HISTORYOF 
 
 and peifeclly, according to their afligned number, before us or our 
 commlfl'aries, as often as the faid captain fhall by us or our faid 
 coniniiffaries, be duly and legally required. Alfo that the captains 
 fhall fliew only their own foldiers, with whom they have agreed 
 for the expedition, and no others, under pain of perpetual repro- 
 bation (d) and the lofs of their wages for the faid expedition. We 
 alfo prohibit any one from retaining in his fervice any foldier, fcr- 
 vant or boy, (e) who was lately in the fervice of another, witiiout 
 the confent and permiflion of his prior captain or mafi:er. We 
 moreover dire6l and command, tjiat all our commiflarics in ths 
 aforefaid mufters do diligently enquire after, and fee that tlie fol- 
 diers fliew their proper arms, without fraud, and this we would 
 have more efpecially obferved refpefting the bowes and arrows, and 
 if neceffary, it is our will, that on this article our commilTaries may 
 compel the captain or mafber to anfwer upon oath." 
 
 In Rymer we meet with many more ancient direflions for muf- 
 ters, fomc of them as old as Edward III. but none of them lb fully 
 defcribe the duty of the commiflary as that here cited, it was 
 therefore feledVed in preference to the others, fome of which are 
 given in the note (f). 
 
 Certifi- 
 
 (d) Perpetual reprobation was a perpetual difqualification to ferve, or what in mo- 
 dern terms is exprefled by " rendered incapable of ferving in any military office." Cap- 
 tain here meant the commanding officer of a body of men, and not tl»e regimental officer 
 of that denomination. 
 
 (e) The boys following an army were in tlie Latin of thofe days called Garciones, 
 they were the fervants of the foldiers. In father De Aquino's Military Diilionary, Garcio 
 is explained to be a camp fervant, one who fetched water for tlxe foldiers, thefe boys were 
 by the French termed goiijats, and according to Richelet were the fervants of foot foldiers y 
 but Boyer calls them, the fervants of horfe or foot foldiers. 
 
 (f) A. D. 1343, 16 Ed. III. a commiffion was granted by that king to Oliver de 
 Ingham, fcnefchal of Gafcony, and Mafter Walter de Wefton, the king's treafurer for 
 the army in that dutchy, whereby on account of diverfe mifmanagements of the king's 
 money, they are directed that before the wages of the men at arms are paid, they do 
 
 make
 
 THE ENGLISH ARM Y. 211 
 
 CERTiFiCATrs of thefe mufters were frequently ordered to be 
 fent to the king and council, and fometimes to the great wardrobe, 
 under the feals of the commiffi oners or commiflarics. 
 
 The method of muftering the troops in the reign of Queen Eli- 
 zabeth differed very little from that dirc6led by King Henry V, 
 The duty of a mufter mailer is thus defined by Ralph Smith. 
 " The mufter mafter, takinge the mufter, muft have a fpeciall eye 
 and regarde unto thofe officers appointed the leading of men, that 
 they bee men of fervicc, and not chofen without great experience, 
 alfo fober and of good counfaile ; and to fee that the fouldiers be 
 furniflied with armour and weapons as followethe, commandinge 
 them to bee obediente and truely to keepe all fuch lawes and orde- 
 nances, as by the faid lord lieutenante and his counfaile flialbe com- 
 manded, fett downe and appointed bye his authoritie ; likewife he 
 is to fee howe everye captaines bande is furniflied, and thereof to 
 make a booke to the treafurcr, that paymente bee made to the co- 
 ronalls and captaines, accordinge to the nomber of foldiers under 
 every of their bandes." 
 
 The following method of calling the roll at a mufter is the 
 fame as now pra£lifed. " At everye mufteringe or aflcmblinge, the 
 captaines bill flialbe called by theclarke, everye man anfwearinge to 
 
 nialcc diligent fcrutiny, that ihcy have their due rppointtiienis of horfcs and armour ac- 
 cording to ancient ufjgc ; and that there might be no deceit in tlxc article of numbers, 
 tlicy are commanded with the conflablc and marel'chal of the army to caufc frequent 
 inurter to be made, one at Icart in every month ; and at the fnmo time to ii»ff)e(fl the 
 number and equipment of the armed men ; Ti\at payment Ihould be made for tl>c effe£liv; 
 only, without favour ; and to avoid tlic frauds which frequently happen in the redoriitiori 
 ofliorfes, all iliofe which, according to the cuftom of war, wore to bs appreciated, fliould 
 immediately on their arrival be valued, and marked with fome particular mark, by v/hich 
 they might again be known. Rynur. 
 
 In the year 1415, Richard Redman and John Strange were appointed to take the 
 mufter of the forces of Thomas Duke of Clarence, going abroad with the King, and 
 to certify the numbers of the men at arms, armed men, ar.d archers, under their fcal»." 
 IliJ. 
 
 E c 2 his
 
 212 II I S T O Tv Y OF 
 
 Lis own name, mnrchinge fooithe as he is called, tliat noe man un- 
 to tvvoe names make anfwere; yf any foldier bee ficke or huite, 
 being not feiviceable, paye him his wages, give him his pafporte, 
 fend him home, furniflie his roome with an hable fouldier ; yf any 
 helthfull fouldier abfente himfelf at fuch tymes, let him be punilhcd 
 as in the flatiites is mentioned, to the example of the reft." 
 
 The following regulations were laid down for the mufter mafter, 
 in the lawcs and ordinances of warre, eftablilhed by the earl of 
 Northumberland, lord general of the armie and fleet of K. Charles I. 
 J 640. 
 
 " I. No muflcr mafter fliall wittingly let any paftc in the mufters, 
 but fuch as arc really of the troop or company prefented, upon 
 pain of death. 
 
 II. All captains fliall caufe their troops and companies to be 
 fuilcomplcat; and two dayes after the generall muftering, they 
 Ihall fend to the lord generall a perfe6l lift or roll of all the officers 
 of their troops and companies, and likewife of all the troopers and 
 Ibuldicrs that arc in a6luall fervice, putting down diftinftly on ths 
 'head of each man his monethly pay. 
 
 III. The like roll or lift fliall the captains fend to the lord ge- 
 neral!, and to the treafurer of the armie upon every pay day, du- 
 ring the fervice, with a pun6luall expreffion at the bottome of the 
 faid roll, what new troopers or fouldiers have been entertained 
 fince the laft pay day, in lieu of fuch as are either deceafed or caf- 
 feer'd, (g) and likewife the day whereon they were fo cafleer'd and 
 entertained. 
 
 (g) Casseer'd, from the French word cafle, difbanded, difcharged; this word did 
 not originally mean difcharged with ignominy, as it now generally does. " Cafler. Era 
 parlant dc foldat, c'eft dcfarmer un foldat ilateiedcia campagnie, ou du regiment, et le 
 remercier de fon fervice, mais en parlant d' officier c'cft le faire remercier de la part du 
 Roi, par Un commiffaire dcs fervices qu'il a rcndus et le renvoir." Richkt. This 
 word is now written cafhier'd, which has caufed an opinion that jt had fome relation to 
 t,alh or moncv. 
 
 IV. Which
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 213 
 
 IV. Which faid lift or roll fliall be fubfcrlbed not onely by the 
 captain, his lieutenant, and cornet, or enfeign, but alfo by the fer- 
 geants and corporals refpedtively ; who fliall declare upon their 
 oaths, that the troopers and fouldiers inrolled in the faid lift, are 
 reall and acluall troopers and fouldiers, of the refpeclive troops and 
 companies ; and vvhofoever fliall be convi'Sled of falfehood in any 
 of the premifes, fliall be puniflied with death. 
 
 V. No mufter mafter fliall prefume to receive or accept of any 
 roll to make the mufters by, but the forementioned rolls, upon 
 paine of the lofle of his place, and other punifliment at difcretion. 
 
 VI. No man fhall prefume to prefent liimfelf to the mufter, or 
 to be enrolled in the mufter rolls by a counterfeit name, or fur- 
 name, or place of birth, upon paine of death." 
 
 At or immediately after the mufter, another important bufmefs 
 took place : tiiis was the appreciation of the horfes of the cavalry, 
 in which the marflial and fome other officers appointed for that 
 purpofe, fet a certain price upon each horfe, which the king was to 
 pay to the owner, in cafe fuch horfe was either flain or incurably 
 lamed in fervice,- this payment appears in our ancient records un- 
 der the Latin title of Reftauratio (h), or the French one of Reftour. 
 In order to make this valuation with the greateft exaclnefs and im- 
 partiality, the clerk of the marflial was to adl the part of an ap- 
 
 (li) Of this word Du Cangc gives the following explanation and inrtance, in the 
 treaty made between Pliilip the Fair, king of France, and William, earl of Hainault, 
 28th October, 1314. " li dui marefchal de France, ou li un d'aus, ou aucuns prud- 
 homs a ce commis, priferont et eftimeront loialement per leurs fermens les chivals morts, 
 et Ics chivals de nos gens ; ct nous en fcra nos dis Sires plain retour fclonc Icur prifc. Et 
 le dit marefchal ou cil qui le prife devroit fere, entendent tant que aucun cheval feufle 
 mort ou perdu, fi rcndroit nos fires devant dit, de valeur dcs chevals par prife de bon 
 Gent. Et infra Afquiex li Roi nos Sires priera j^jgeset rctors. Occurrit palTim in com- 
 patosThefaurariorum Gucrram. Hue ctiaiii pertinet vetus charta, apud Ughcllum in 
 Epifcopis Tcatinis. Qiiod fi miles dextrarium aut loricam in obfequio illo perdidcrit, 
 milii Goffridus vd fuus ha;rcs rcddcre debet, ct tamdiu ci nullam dcbco faccrefcrvitium. 
 
 praifer
 
 214 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 praifcr in behalt of the proprietor, in oppofition to an officer called 
 the king's clerk: the marflial fat as judge or umpire between 
 them ; this particular we learn from a manufcript refpecSting the 
 lights of that office, as claimed by Thomas de Brotherton. (i) 
 Sometimes this appreciation was made by fpccial commiffioncrs 
 appointed for that purpofe, and in France by a fort of jury upon 
 oath. None but the war horfes or chargers were appreciated. 
 Baggage horfes were not included in that regulation. Blount men- 
 tions a tenant in capite, who held lands on the condition of fcrving 
 King Edward II. in his wars, with a horfe not to appreciated, (k) 
 The accounts of thefe appreciations were frequently ordered to be 
 given in at the great wardrobe. 
 
 Rymer, in his Fcedera, has a variety of inflances of this ap- 
 preciation J fome as old as the reign of Henry I. where, in feveral 
 agreements between that king and the earl of Flanders, for fur- 
 , niflring troops, it is fllpulated, that reftauration of horfes fliall be 
 made to the earl, in the fame manner as is done by the king to his 
 own fubjefts. (1) 
 
 Another inftance occurs anno 1355, 29 Ed. III. in a commif- 
 lion of appreciation granted to Edward prince of Wales, Thomas 
 de Beauchamp earl of Warwick, Robert de Ufford earl of Suffolk, 
 John de Vere earl of Oxford, William de Montacute, earl of Sa- 
 lifbury, and Reginald Cobham, empowering them to a£l jointly or 
 feparately, the horfes appreciated are therein directed to be marked 
 with a particular mark. 
 
 (i) Et enfi doit le marefciial, eflre preficr des chivaux q fcrront apreGez, ct fon clerk 
 doit eftre contreplafdour encontra ]e clerc nre, Se le Roy. Biothcrton's Claims. Nero, 
 D.vi. Bib. Cott. II (k) Pasch. 14. Edw. II. Dorf. Blount, 31. 
 
 (1) See other agreements in the fame Colledion, torn. 2. p. 265, A. D. 1284, et 
 A. D. 1295. The laft was an agreement made 23 Edw. I. with the Duke of Brabant for 
 iwo thoufand horfemen, armed with iron, to ferve for half a year, for which 160,000 
 livres Tournois was to be paid for ail demands, except the horfes of arms, which were to 
 be replaced as ufual, and the King of England to caufc them to be valued. 
 
 In 
 
 %
 
 THE E N G L I S ri ARMY. 215 
 
 In the account of Roger de Waltham before cited, we meet with 
 the particulars of a reftauration made the 15th of Ed. II. as fol- 
 lows : " Nicholas Defpenfay had reftour for two of his horfes, viz. 
 one forrell killed in the king's fervice at York, in the month of May, 
 in the 15th of the faid reign, and one bay killed as aforefaid, at 
 Fellerham, on the 15th of September, 4I." A number of fimilar en- 
 tries follow, which feem to fliew that 40s. was the fum generally 
 allowed for an ordinary troop horfe. (m) 
 
 " To Edward earl of Arundel, on account of two of his horfes 
 appreciated in the faid war, one for his knight, Robert de Swin- 
 burn, and another for the lord John, extraneous another of his 
 knight's, wliich died in harnefs, in the king's wars, on the faid 
 day, a 61. 14s. 4d. 
 
 AvMER DE Vallence, carl of Pembroke, for reftauration of 
 two of his horfes appreciated in the Scottifh wars the prefent year; 
 the one a forrel, for John de Freville, his retainer or fervant, and 
 the other a brown bay for John de Berne, his fervant, dead in the 
 king's fervice, in the month of Auguft ; by a valuation made of 
 them by Thomas de Chefter and Godrick his clerk, at Nevvcaftle 
 upon Tyne, the 19th September, when thefe men appreciated them 
 at lol." 
 
 First among the ftafF officers of our ancient armies flood the 
 high conftablc, who was the fupreme commander of the army next 
 the king, and his authority, in fome cafes, even feemed to clafli 
 with that of royalty, infomuch that it was deemed too great to be 
 cntrufted to any fubje(5t, and was therefore by Henry VIII. laid 
 alide. 
 
 (m) A SORT of rertoration of horfes is ftill made in our armies, there being, as I am in- 
 formed, an allowance to the regimental flock purfe, and officers of the cavalry of 15I. 
 for each officer's charger, or private troop horfe (lain in battle ; the like allowance is made 
 to the contractors for furnifhing horfes to draw the artillcrj", for every liorfc that a(flually 
 dies in harnefs. 
 
 Tub
 
 2i6 HISTORYOF 
 
 The title of conftable is by fome etymologifts derived from 
 Comes Stabuli, the earl or chief officer of the king's ftables ; others 
 deduce it from the Saxon terms koning-ftable, the king's flay or 
 hold. If it was at firft a civil office, it foon became a military one 
 lignifying the commander of an army. 
 
 The firft conftable of England is faid to have been created by 
 the Conqueror, (n) and the office was afterwards held by the Bo- 
 huns, earls of Hereford and Eflex, in confequence of their being 
 poilelTed of certain manors, (o) whence it came to the Staffords and 
 dukes of Buckingham as heirs general ; but Edward duke of Buck- 
 ingham being attainted of high treafon, anno 13th Henry VIII. 
 the office became forfeited to the crown, and fince that time has 
 been only granted occafionally (pro hac vice) to be exercifed at a 
 coronation, or fome other great public folemnity. 
 
 By ftatute the high conftable of England had cognizance of all 
 things appertaining to war and arms, and abroad fat as fupreme 
 judge on all trials, as well for military offences as other matters of 
 litigation, between foldiers or the followers of the army, in which 
 he was affifted by the earl marflial, three or more doctors of the 
 civil law, and a clerk, whofe duty it was, like the prefent judge 
 advocate, to profecute all military delinquents. 
 
 He was alfo at home a fupreme judge, in all matters of honour 
 and difputes refpe6ling armorial bearings, taking precedence of the 
 earl marftiall, even in what Vv'as denominated his own court. 
 
 In a return made by the officers of the exchequer to King Ed- 
 ward I. on being ordered by him to fearch their records for the 
 fees ufually received by the high conftables, they ftatc, that having 
 confulted a book of the conftitutions of Henry II. and other au- 
 thorities, they find, that the conftables of England ought and were 
 
 (n) Jacob's Law Dictionary. Q (o) The manors of Hailefigld, Newmarket, and 
 Whitenhurrt. 
 
 accuftomed
 
 THE ENGLISH AR M Y. 217 
 
 accuftomed to receive, by virtue of their office, two pence out of 
 every pound paid by the king to his ftipendiaiy troops, with the 
 army, or elfewhere, on his fcrvice ; and alfo that he was entitled to 
 the fame deliveries for his fubfiftence as the chancellor and fcne- 
 fchall ; which was, when they eat abroad, five (hillings a day, with 
 one dominical," (p) and two falted femnels, (q) tv/o quarts of 
 claret, (r) and one of ordinary or houfehold wine, (s) with wax and 
 other candles ; but if they eat in the pallace, they were to receive 
 only 3s. 6d. a day, two fait femnels, one quart of houfehold wine, 
 and a fufficiency of candles, (t) 
 
 Over and above thefe allowances, the high conftable had diverfe 
 other privileges and emoluments ; the latter fhall be mentioned un- 
 der the head of pay. 
 
 Besides the higI^conftable of England, other conflables were 
 fometimes appointed to command the king's armies, perhaps when 
 particular circumflances prevented the high conftable from attend- 
 ing ; or, they might be his deputies, when more armies than one 
 were raifed and employed. An inftance of this is found in Rymer, 
 in the 26th year of the reign of King Henry III. when William 
 de Cantilupe, the younger, John de Gray, Philip Ballet and Paul 
 Peyvur were appointed by that king to command his army in Poic- 
 tou. (v) 
 
 The rights, privileges, and power of a high conftable of France 
 are thus ftated, by father Daniel. 
 
 (p) Dominical fimnel, a better fort of bifcuit made for Sundays and holidays. 
 
 (q) An inferior kind of fimnel, mixed with fait ; this, by miftake, is printed in Rymer, 
 ii folidos, inftead of ii falata. || (r) YjNo claro, clarcf. || (s) Et unuiii fcxtariuirj 
 de vino e.xpenfali ; which is thus explained by Du Cangc, vinum expcnfabilc, quotidians 
 potus ill ufusdomefticorum; viii de depenfc, noftris vulgo boito, vel bouvande. |j (i) For 
 this return, fee Rymer, Foed. tom. 2. p. 191. Mado.\'s Hift. of Exhcqucr. j) (v) Ry- 
 mer's Fued. tom. i. p. ^i*. tom. i. p. 173. 
 
 Vol. I. Ff Extract
 
 2i8 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Extract from the Titles of Bourbon, in the Chamber of Ac- 
 counts in Paris. 
 
 " These are the rights of the conftable of France, by virtue of 
 his office. 
 
 First, The conftable is, and ought to be the moft fecretand in- 
 timate of the king's council ; and the king ought not to order any 
 feat of war, without the council of the conftable, if he can be pre- 
 fent to give his advice. 
 
 Item, The conftable fliould have a lodging at court, or vvhere- 
 ever the king fliall be. 
 
 Item, If the king goes to the army, the conftable may go on 
 an expedition as often as he pleafes, without his proper eftablifti- 
 ment of followers, the king being obliged to furnifti him with a 
 guard, whether he be with the fame part of the army as the king, 
 or with another (u) ; and his retainers fliall mount no guards, un- 
 lefs at his will ; and he fhall poft the guards when mounted by 
 knights, (x) 
 
 Item, If a fortrefs or caftle is taken by ftorm, or ftiall furrender, 
 the horfes, harnefs, provifions, and all other things found therein, 
 belong to the conftable, excepting gold and prifoners, which be- 
 long to the king, and the artillery to the mafter of the crofs bows. 
 
 Item, If the conftable goes out on an expedition, whether with 
 or without the king, provided it be the king's army ; he (the con- 
 ftable) may take ten men at arms from each battailj to accompany 
 him, except from that of the king. 
 
 Item, The conftable ferving in the king's wars, with, or without 
 him, ought tocaufehis war horfes, and thofe of his companions and 
 of all the people of his houfehold, to be appreciated by the marflial j 
 
 (u) By this he was not liable to lofe any of his fuite, their horfes or arms. || (y) The 
 knights rarely mounted guard but on fome particular occafion, and it was meant as an 
 honour to that corps, that the conftable was to poft their guard, and attend its mounting. 
 
 and
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 219 
 
 and the price fet on them by the marfhal, fliall be reftored by the 
 king. 
 
 Item, No one fliall have any cognizance, authority, lordlhip or 
 judgment, on any of the fuite of the conflable, except himlelf, and 
 the mailers of his houfehold. 
 
 Item, Whenever the king is at war, the conflable fliali have a 
 day's pay of all perfons receiving wages, or who are to have a certain 
 fum inflead thereof, (y) 
 
 Any one changing his cftablifliment for another, the conflable 
 fliall again have of him a day's pay. (z) 
 
 Item, If the conflable rides out on an expedition, every thing 
 taken by him or his houfehold is his, except gold and prifoners, 
 which belong to the king. 
 
 Item, Every day that the king rides forth armed at all points for 
 aflault or battle, the conflable fliall have an hundred livres, but if 
 his legs only are armed, he fliall have but fifty ; and if feveral 
 horfes are brought to the king for fome feat of arms on that day, 
 after the king has chofen one, the conflable fliall take the fe- 
 cond. 
 
 Item, In all legal duels within the kingdom, the conflable fliall 
 guard the parties, and take their oaths ; and if any part of their 
 armour fliall fall in the field, it belongs to the conflable ; and he may 
 ftop them, or caufc them to proceed or ceafe at his diredtion ; and 
 the lances, fwords, and armour of the dead horfes are his perquifites. 
 
 Item, The conflable being on fcrvice in the king's war, all his 
 expcnces fliall be defrayed by the king. 
 
 Item, All military perfons in the army are to obey the conflable, 
 and fuch orders as he fliall have caufed to be proclaimed ; and if 
 
 (y) Probably one day's pay in the year was meant, tho' not exprcfied. || (z) Chang- 
 IKG ot enablilhment, may mean either exchange of garrifon, or quitting one banner to 
 cnga;jc under another, perliaps on fuperior rank or pay, in wliich cafe, the fecon.d day's pay 
 • Js a kind of fee on promotion, 
 
 F f 2 any
 
 220 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 any one receiving pay, fliall depart from the army contrary to his 
 will, or without his leave, his horfes and arms fliall be forfeited to 
 him, the faid conftable, and the body of the offender remain at 
 the king's difpofal. 
 
 Item, Neither the marefchal nor the mafter of the crofs bow 
 men, fhall undertake any feat of arms for the king's fervice, either 
 in the army, or in garrifon, without confulting the conftable, 
 and obtaining his affent. 
 
 Item, In all places where caftles or fortrefles are taken, if the 
 king is not prefcnt, the banner of the conftable fliall be the firft 
 planted on them ; and for each of his two banners, the bearers 
 are to have one hundred pence of the king : and if the king is 
 prefent, his banners always go foremoft, and thofe of the confta- 
 ble follow them ; but the bearers in that cafe have no perquifite. 
 
 Item, In all places where the king ftiall be prefent, all procla- 
 mations fliall be made in his name, or that of his conftable, with- 
 out naming any other perfons. 
 
 Item, Where the conftable fliall be prefent in the king's wars, 
 whether with or without him, every ferjeant of arms fliall attend 
 him and obey his orders, (a) 
 
 Item, If a ferjeant at arms fliall mift)ehave, the conftable may 
 take away his mace, and fufpend his fervice ; in which cafe the king 
 ousht not to reftore him, until the conftable had related to him 
 the caufe of deprivation. 
 
 Item, When the king is at his coronation at Rheims, the con- 
 ftable ought to be lodged at the moulinet, before Notre Dame, and 
 fliould fend the men at arms to fetch the ampulla, or veflel hold- 
 ing the holy oil, and go with them and convoy them back." 
 
 (a) These ferjeants at arms were the king's body guard, and all of them gentlemen ; 
 tlieir officers, who were perfons of high rank, probably made a difficulty to receive the 
 conftable's orders when the kingwa&in the camp, which difficulty might havecaufcd this^ 
 regulation. 
 
 HerbI
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. -zii 
 
 Here follows another piece, containing the prerogative of the 
 conftable alfopreferved in the chamber of accounts at Paris, in the 
 regifter, entitled Pater, fol. 183. 
 
 " I. The conftable is fuperior to all other perfons in the army 
 excepting the king. If there are dukes, barons, counts, knights, 
 efquires, horfe or foot folJiers, of what eftate foever, they muft 
 obey him. 
 
 II. Item, The marefchals of the army are under him, and 
 have their diftinft offices of receiving men at arms, dukes, counts, 
 barons, knights and efquires, and their companions ; (b) but can- 
 not, nor ought not, to go out on any expedition, nor order any 
 battle, without the direction of the conftable, nor make any ban or 
 proclamation, without the commands of the king or conftable. 
 
 III. Item, The conftable Ihould order all battles, expeditions, 
 and eftablifliments of pofts, both in the field andgarrifons. (c) 
 
 IV. Item, Whenever the army moves from one place to ano- 
 ther, the conftable takes and delivers by his right, their different 
 ftations in the troops, to the king, and other officers of the army, 
 immediately after the mafter of the crofs bows, and then the bat- 
 talions, and the marefchal fhould be in his battail." (d) 
 
 This matter, which (fays Pere Daniel) is exprefled in an obfcure 
 manner, is explained by an ancient manufcript in my poffcffion, at 
 the head of which is an ordonance of Philip le Bel, of the year 
 1306, touching the gages of Battailles. Many other matters are 
 there treated, and among them is this title, " Ordonnance of the 
 king when he goes with the army." The contents are as follows : 
 
 " When the king takes the field with the army, he ought to 
 march in battalia j and firft, the conftable ihoukl command forth 
 
 (b) Probably in order to afTign their quarters in garrifon, or ground in a camp. 
 
 (c) EsTABLiES. This word, in the old French, fignifies as well pofts in the field, as 
 garrifons. || (d) Battail wjs an ancient military term for an indefinite body of men i 
 atmics were frequently divided into three battles. 
 
 tha
 
 222 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 the Icouts, who llioukl be good foldieis and well mounted ; after 
 them a marefchal, or other vaiUiant man, leading a fquadron of 
 choice men, having a fufficient number of archers, for the protec- 
 tion of the fcouts ; and there fliould be the mafters of offices, pre- 
 vofts, fourriers and their people, for diftributing quarters ; after 
 thefe comes the conftable in the van-guard, with a fufficient num- 
 ber of barons, and good foldiers ; and there are their pennons, 
 banners and ftandards, and their body of archers who go before. 
 
 After them comes the mailer of the crofs bows, with the archers ; 
 then comes the firft efquire of theefquiery (e) who carries, or cau- 
 fes to be carried, the royal ftandard, until it is wanted for fervice ; 
 and after him are the pages on barded war horfes (f), and the king's 
 horfes, who bear rich bacinets, helmets, lances, falades and hats ; after 
 them come the trumpets, and then the king's banner, which the firft 
 chamberlain, furrounded by kings of arms, heralds and purfui- 
 vants, is to bear, or caufe to be borne, till it is wanted for fervice ; 
 after all thefe comes the king in perfon, accompanied by dukes, 
 counts, barons, and princes, and other noble and powerful men ; and 
 the firft groom carver (g) fliould be next behind him carrying his 
 penon, which fliould move to and fro every where the king goes, 
 in order that every one may know where he is ; and the banner, 
 pennon, and ftandard horfes are at the conclufion of the campaign, 
 the right of thofe who have born thofe enfigns, the two wings of 
 the corps de battail, and their archers, fliould be commanded by 
 two princes, admirals, or marefchals, or other wife and vaiUiant 
 captains, who fliould fpecdily fend fome good and able cavalry, to 
 reconnoitre the way and country ; after all thefe comes the rear guard, 
 commanded by a duke, count, or marefchal, well accompanied by 
 vaiUiant men, and the archers belonging to them, who behind them 
 fliould have a little fquare (h) of good troops ; and after them fome 
 
 (e) EscuvYER dEfcuyerie. || (Q Armed or barded horfes. || (g) Premier 
 Varlet Tranchent. 
 
 liorfemen
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 223 
 
 horfemen well mounted, to prevent their being attacked in the rear.' 
 
 By this extraiSl, may be clearly feen, what is confufedly told in, 
 the preceding article, fliewing in what manner the conftable, by vir- 
 'tue of his office, and of his right, affigned to the king and the offi- 
 cers, the po(t each fliould hold in the march of the army. Firfl of all 
 the conftable made a detachment which marched before the army; 
 and in that detachment were the fouriers and other officers deftined 
 to diftribute the ground in the place, where the camp was to be 
 formed. 
 
 Secondly, The conftable marched at the head of the van 
 guard. Thirdly, after the van guard, and before the corps de 
 battaille, marched the grand mafter of the crofs bow men, whofe 
 corps was very numerous ; and then followed the corps de battaille, 
 where the king was, after the body commanded by the mafter of 
 the crofs bow men ; and finally followed the rear guard, behind 
 which was a detachment of brave foldiers, to prevent the enemy 
 from troubling them in their march. I return to the fuite of func- 
 tions or prerogatives of the conftable. 
 
 " Item, The king, if with the army, ought not to ride forth 011 
 any expedition, nor the other combattants, unlefs by the ordon- 
 nance and council of the conftable. 
 
 Item, The conftable has the care of fending meflengers and 
 fpies for the ufe of the army, every where he fliall fee neceflary, 
 as alfo when requifite, couriers, and other horfemen." 
 
 The four articles following refpeifl the right the conftable has 
 to take a day's pay from each man of war in the wages or pay of 
 the king, of which mention has been made in the other acls. 
 
 In an account of William Charrier, of the year 1424, imder 
 Charles VII. taken from the chamber of accounts, I have remarked 
 a privilege of the conftable, namely, that he fhould have for every 
 
 (h) That is a fmall body of men, ranged in rank and file, which fcems to flicw, 
 that the other troops did not oblcrvc much order in marching. 
 
 month
 
 224 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 month, as his predeceflbrs had, the payment of an hundred men 
 of arms, without behig liable to either mufter or review, being 
 only obliged to deliver every month, on a roll of parchment, the 
 names and furnames of thofe men at arms, certifying under his 
 feal, that he had them in his company. 
 
 These were the chief military prerogatives of the conftable of 
 France, from whence probably thofc of the Englifli conftables 
 were taken. This office was fuppreflcd in France, by Louis XIII. 
 in the year 1627 : the motives mentioned in theordonnance for this 
 fuppreffion, were the great appointments and power of this officer, 
 the latter frequently in prejudice to the royal authority. 
 
 The marefchal, or marftial, was the officer next in command to 
 the conftable, (i) 
 
 This office is as old as the conquefl:, there were two marfhals 
 created by William the Conqueror, Roger de Montgomery, and 
 Williarfif Fitzofborne. It was conferred for fcveral generatiqns, in 
 the family of de Clares, Earls of Pembroke, after which, re- 
 verting to the crown, it was held by different great perfonages, till 
 the 25th Hen. VIII. when it was granted to Thomas Howard, Duke 
 of Norfolk, and his heirs male for ever, with power to execute it 
 by deputy, fince which it has, with fome interruptions, arifing from 
 attainders, and other confequcnces of civil diflentions, continued 
 in that family. 
 
 Besides the earl marfliall, it appears that other marflials have 
 been occafionally appointed for commanding our armies, perhaps 
 fox the fame reafons as were fuggefted refpeding the con- 
 ftable. (k) 
 
 The 
 
 (i) Some derive the term marefchal from tlic two faxon words, mar, march, or marach, 
 ■equus, and fcalch praefe<flus, that is to fay, that the office of marfhal was tormerly the fu- 
 perintenc! ncy of the king's horfes, like that of conflable, but fubordinate to it. || (k) King 
 Henry \ JI. alb:it there was an earle marfliall of England in being, appointed Sir Robert 
 
 Willoughby,
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 225 
 
 The following lift of droits and fees claimed and enjoyed by 
 Thomas de Brotherton, fon of King Edward I. in virtue of his 
 office of marfliall of England, is prcfcrved in the Britifli Mu- 
 feum, written in the old French. (1) 
 
 These 
 
 A\'iIloughby, Lord Brooke, to be mardiall of his army or hoaft, in the eiglith year of his 
 reign ; and gave authority to Sir John Digby, knight, marfliall, and Sir Robert Clifford, 
 to ufe marfliall law againft rebeiles, in the twelfth year of his reigne. Hiftorical Anecdote* 
 of the Howard Family, p. 171. 
 
 (1) Cotton, MS, Nerv. D. VI, . An Englifli copy is printed in the Hiflorlcal Anecdotes 
 of the Howard Family, p, 151, faid there to be truly copied out of a book, written in 
 the time of King Henry VIH, alio in the Cotton collection ; as this copy is in fomc ani- 
 cles, fuller than the French, and differs in others, it is here given. 
 
 *' FjasT, The rparefliali, by authority and power of his oflice, ought to have the 
 foreward in every field, and to have it by the king's affignment. 
 
 Of th( number tffoldien, Thb marcfliall ought to appoint the number of the noble- 
 men, of what srms, snd of all the chicfeft in battajle, and other routs, and of ilX ar- 
 cherj. 
 
 Of the appointment of Itdglngs, Thb marefliall, with his officers, and lawful depu- 
 ties, when they ride out, to appoint lodgings for every eftatc after their degrees. 
 
 Of the m<i'^e/l)a!l's witch. The marefliall ought to be abroad in tiie field, until tha 
 other be lodijcd, for many confidcrations ; and ought not to coma to his own lodging, 
 uotill the carriages be come into the faid field. 
 
 Of the watching banner. The mareflia! tq !)3ve borne before him, a watchinge banner, 
 v'Ucrcby every captain fhall know him by the fame. 
 
 Of the tr,art/h<iil' ! (ourtu The marefl)^!! ought to have all the courts and leetes holden 
 under him, and in the name of the marefliall of England, 
 
 Offuch (ofiUi oi be taken in lime of K'arre, within theroaJe. 'I"lic marefliall ougiit to 
 liavc, when he maketh any roadc, all manner of bcafls that have no horns, and all the 
 horfes unfliodd, and all hoggs, and other gelded beafls. 
 
 mat he ft)ould have of every buyer anti feller j and offuch as ft up lodging. Thr mare- 
 fluU ou^h.t to have of every merchant, buyer, or feller of any thing araongft the hoft, 
 every week, fourc- pence j and of every one that fcttgth up lodgings, lourc pence. 
 
 How he ought to have all forfeitures, Th8 marefliall ought to have all forfeitures of 
 harnyi, of fuch as be mifdoers, cither by day or night. 
 
 How he ought to felt price, and have aj/izc of a-'e ar:d beer. The marefliall ought to 
 fctt price of all wvnc and ale, and have all ze thereof ; and alfo to fcti price of all other 
 
 Vol.. I. Cj g vi:luali
 
 226 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 These are the ufages that Thomas de Brotherton claimed to 
 ufe, by his office of marflialfey. 
 
 Also, It is right, that the conftable and marefchal fliall have 
 the number of the armed men, and the names of every one em- 
 bodied, 
 
 vifhials that arc fold in the hoft ; alfo, he ought to have, of ev«ry barrel of ale or beerc 
 fold in the hoff, one penny. 
 
 Hotv ht fliall have all new pelfrey. The marefhall ought to have all fuch towns as are 
 taken and given up without compoficion, all the barneys, hole clothes that be new, all 
 manner of veflels, coats, flieets, coverletts, feather bcdds, table clothes, towells, with 
 all other things of pelfrey to his advantage. 
 
 How the conjlable and marefltall fljall watch. The conftable and marefliall fliall ordeyne 
 and devife the manner of watching, and the marefhall to fett the watch, and the confta- 
 ble to vifit them, and to give them the watch word ; and all thefe things muft be obferved 
 at the fiege of a town, or a caftle, or when they remove, whither foever it be. 
 
 How they ought to watch in the king's campe or hojie. The conftable one night, and 
 the marefhall another night, fhall make certain watch, to ride out for to fcoure, and aflurc 
 the hoft ; alfo to take all ftrangers out of the hoft ; and as for the conftable and marefhall, 
 they ought not to watch nightly, but in default of others. 
 
 How the marefliall admitteth all the king's fervants in warres. The marefhall, and 
 the clerke of the king's wardrobe, ought to receive all the fervants that ihall come to ferve 
 the king, by XL daies : and after they have ferved out that terme, they ought not, nor 
 may not depart from the hoft, untill he or they have a letter of teftification from the con- 
 flable or marefhall, witneiTing that they have done their fervice. 
 
 For priftng of horfes. The marefliall or his deputies and officers, ftiall prize the horfes 
 that fhall be fold. Alfo, the marefliall's clerke, when any plea ou^ht to be pleaded, ought 
 to make pleaagainft the king's clerke. 
 
 The ordering of the king's battaile. The marefhall ought to be with the conftable before 
 the king, at the ordering of the battailes ; and he ought to have in his companie, all man- 
 ner of men of warre, as well footmen as horfemen, as the conftable hath ; and thereby 
 he may the better devife to lodge all the hoft, and the fcouts to the fafeguard of the hoft. 
 
 How the pleas belong to the conjiable and marefliall. Also, when the battailes be or- 
 deyned, the fteward ought not in any thing to inter-meddle with the pleas that be in the 
 hoft, but only the conftable and marefhall ; of which the conftable ftiall have the fines 
 and the mareftiall the amerciaments and forfeitures of them that liave derer\xd juftice, and 
 the profits of them that be commanded to prifcn. 
 
 What the mareftiall fliall have of every artificer. The marefliall fliould have of every 
 merchant, armorer, taylor, barber, and of every man that buyeth and felleth in the field, 
 
 every
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 227 
 
 bodied, and under arms, as alfo of the archers ; and when they 
 ride forth, the conftable and marfliall fliall aflign their quarters ; 
 firft, as is reafonable, to the van guard, and every other battaile to 
 remain in the field till the preceding one is quartered ; when they 
 are lodged in tents or pavillions, the white banner fiiall be the 
 rear guard of the whole ; and no carriage to remain behind it. 
 
 When an inroad takes place, the conftable fliall have, out of 
 the plunder taken, all the beafts without horns, all the unfliod 
 horfes, and hogs, the marfhall fhall have allthe caftrated beafts. 
 
 Item, The conftable fhall have of every merchant or futler, 
 buying or felling in the army, ^d. and for a barrel id. and faall 
 have the aftize of all things fold, wine or beer. 
 
 every Saturday, in and for adlgning of them their places for keeping of their fhopps, 
 four pence ; and in likcwife he fliall have, if the faid perfons fojourne but only two or three 
 dales in one place. 
 
 For the /nare/hairs couft. Also, no order ought to be made without the condable and 
 marefliall, and in every company ought to be a knight or an efquirc under the high con- 
 ftable and marefliall, to appoint their lodgings, and to ciayme their fees, and the marelhall 
 ftiall have, as is aforcfaid, all the gelded beafts, horfes, and fuch other beafts as have no 
 horns ; and the conftable hath been accuftomed to have all the fliorne beafts, or fuch as 
 have ufed to be fliorne ; and all colts and other beafts, as maircs, ftieep, and goats and 
 hoggs, except fuch as have been gelded, to be free and common to all them that may get 
 them ; ai^.d likcwifc, be all manner of beafts, when they be brought into the field and cried 
 havoke, then every man to take his part, if the time therefore be^convenient, and that the 
 fame may be done without prejudice of the hoft. 
 
 For prifoners that efcape and ie taken agatnc. Also, if it fortune any prifoner to be 
 taken in warre, and the faid prifoner efcape out of the hold of him that took him, and if 
 he fortune to be taken by the watch, they fliall bring him to the marcftiall, and the mare- 
 fliall ought to have the proflit of his ranfomc, for he is taken as aneftraye. 
 
 0/ every homager armed. If any do homage armed, or on horfebacke, the marefliall 
 fliall have the horfe, with all the harneys. 
 
 0/ the marejhairt court. And at fuch times as the king is in warre, then ought the 
 conftable and mcreftiall to hold the courts, and the marelhall to have the amerciaments and 
 forfeitures of them that break the commandemcnis of the conftable and the marefliall." 
 
 Gg 2 Ite.m,
 
 228 HISTORYOF 
 
 ITE^^, He fliall take of every proftitute, 4d. a week ] and 
 from thofe who ereft lodges or ftalls, the marfliall fliall have 
 four pence. 
 
 Item, The confVable fliall have all the forfeitures of armour, of 
 thofe who milhehave, day or night ; and alfo in towns taken and 
 furrendered at dlfcretion, he fliall have the armour, and all the 
 entire or uncut cloth. 
 
 Item, The marfliall fliall have all the vefl!els of filver, cotes, 
 feathers, flieets, coverlets, table cloths, towels, and other kinds of 
 pelf. 
 
 Item, The conftable and marfliall fliall order the nianer of thofe 
 who watch and the marflial fliall caufe them to make themfelves ready 
 at the hour of eating. The marfliall fliall poft them, and the con- 
 flable vifit them, and give them the watch word ; and thefe things 
 fliall be done at the fiege of town or caftle ; and when the army 
 is in tents or pavillions, the conftable one night, and tlic mar- 
 fliall another, fliall caufe certain pcrfons to ride abroad, to prote£l 
 the army from marauders belonging to it ; and the conftable and 
 marfliall fliall not watch, but on default of others. 
 
 Item, The conftable ought to have from the army, horfes for 
 himfelf and fuite ; and the marfliall, and a clerk of the king's 
 wardrobe, ought to receive all the perfons who come to ferve the 
 king for forty days, who, when they have performed their fer- 
 vices, cannot depart from the army, untill they have letters from 
 the conftable and marfliall, teftifying, that they have duly per- 
 formed them : and the marftiall ought to appreciate the horfes, 
 which are to be prized -, and his clerk ought to a6l as counter 
 pleader, againft the clerks of our lord the king. 
 
 Item, The marfliall fliould be at the ordaining of the battailes, 
 before the king and council, refpefting their arrangement into 
 conftableriers J and he ought, as well as the conftable, to have a roll 
 of all the men of arms in the army, and of all the infantry, to be 
 the more able to appoint the watches, fentinels, and fcoutSj for 
 
 the.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 229 
 
 the fafety of the army ; and when the battailes are arranged, the 
 fenefchal ought not to meddle with the pleas in the army, which 
 belong only to the conftable and marfhall, of which the confta- 
 ble is to have the fines, and the marflial, the amercements and 
 forfeitures of all thofe condemned, and the profit of all thofe 
 committed to prifon. 
 
 The marlhall fliall have of every merchant that follows the 
 army, of every armourer, taylor, fuller, barber or cook ; and 
 from every man that buys and fells in the army ; and from every 
 proltitute, every Saturday they fojourne there ; and of every one 
 keeping a fhop, 4d. ; and in the fame manner, at every removal of 
 the army, after their fojourning two or three days ; and the marfhalt 
 Ihall have all the gelded beafls taken by the foldiers of the army in 
 any inroad, and no parties to go forth on any enterprife, without 
 the permiffion of the coiiftable and marfliall ; each party fliould 
 have a knight, or in his place, an efquire, to quarter them, that 
 is to fay, the marHiall fhall have all the caflrated beafts, and 
 the conftable all the colts, thefe are the fees of the conftable and 
 marlhall ; the mares belong to thofe that can take them, and the 
 fliod horfes to the conftable. 
 
 Item, all the flieep and hogs belong to fuch private foldiers of 
 the army as can take them ; and when they come into the army, 
 and havock is cried, every one may take his part. 
 
 Item, If a prifoner is taken in the feat of war, and fliall efcape 
 from the cuftody of him who took him, and is retaken by ths 
 guard, they fhall take him to the marftialfea, when the marflial 
 fliall have the advantage of his ranfome, he being a kind of eftray. * 
 
 These are the principal rights and privileges of the marflial, 
 confidcred as a military officer j he had diverfe others, in virtue of 
 his duty about the king's court, which are alfo fpecified in the 
 anecdotes before-mentioned ; and as fome of them are of a very An- 
 
 gular
 
 230 II 1 S T O R Y O F 
 
 gular nature, and ftrongly mark the barbarity of the manners pf 
 thofe times, they are tranfcribed in the note, (m) 
 
 At prefent the earl marflial is not confidered as a military offi- 
 cer. 
 
 Next in order to the marfliall, was the mafter of the ord- 
 nance, but this was no farther back than the firft year of the 
 reign of King Richard III. when " Rauf Bigod was appointed 
 to the mafterfhip of the ordnance, during life, with an hundred 
 
 (m) The marflialley is a ferjeantry granted to the Earl of Norfolk in fee, who when he 
 cannot perfonally execute the office, may appoint a knight, but witli tlie king's confent. 
 If the knight mardiall fo appointed, do make any default, the earle marftiall fliall not be 
 amerced as earle, but only as fervitor. 
 
 He hath a vierge to be carried before the king, when upon the fpace about the king, 
 wherefoever he be in England, contcining twelve miles (leucarum) is called the vierge. 
 
 In warre he is not bound to keep watch, but every night fhall place the watch, and dif- 
 charge them in the morning ; he Ihall go out with the forragers, with banners difplaied for 
 their protedlion. 
 
 He (hall fee execution done upon the judgments of the king's ftewards within the 
 vierge. 
 
 He fliall have the charge of the prifoners. 
 
 He fliall have all fpotted hearts, or of diverfe colours; and of every pound of that fee* 
 he fliall pay two pence to the king. 
 
 There is affigned unto him one clerk, and one ferjeant, for keeping of them that are 
 attached. 
 
 It is their charge to keep the vierge from harletts. 
 
 The marfliall fliall have of every common harlett, within the limits of the houfe, 
 fourpence the (irft daie. 
 
 If flie be found againe, flie fliall be forbidden before the fteward, not to enter into the 
 king's houfe, nor the queene's, nor their children. 
 
 If the third time flie be found, flie fliall be imprifoned or abjured the court. 
 
 If flic be found the fourth time, her private parts fliall be (haven. 
 
 If the fifth time, her upper lip fliall be cut off. 
 
 And it was wont, that the marfliall had belonging to the court, feventeen fingle women, 
 that fliould fweerc to the knight marefliall, that they knew no more common women but 
 themfelves following the court, no thief, no mefell, but they (hould utter it to the mare- 
 IhalJ, and they ought to ferve the court, and no other. 
 
 marks
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 231 
 
 marks fee for himfelf, and the wages of 6d. per diem for a clerk, 
 and 6d. for a yeoman, to be paid out of the iflues of the manors of 
 Kyrton and Lyndefay in Lincohifliire, with the knight lyvery of 
 houfehold. (n) This is the firfl mafler of the ordnance I have been 
 able to find on record } the clerk of the ordnance is mentioned in 
 Rymer as early as the 5th of Henry V. (0) 
 
 It does not appear that the Englifli had any particular officer 
 prefiding over their projeftile machines or artillery, previous to the 
 invention of gunpowder and canon, (p) although in France they 
 were under the direftion of an officer ftiled the grand mafter of 
 the crofs bowes, an office of great antiquity in that kingdom, at 
 leaft: as old as the reign of St. Louis, who died anno 1270. From 
 this and the little mentioned in our public records refpefting thefe 
 machines, it feems they were not very numerous in our armies, 
 but that they had and ufed them in fieges, we learn from a variety 
 of hiftorians. 
 
 Besides the grant to Rauf Bigod before mentioned, there occur 
 in the fame reign and manufcript, diverfe others refpefting the ord- 
 nance, which though not immediately in point to our prefent fub- 
 jeft, yet as they ferve to fhew the very low flate of that eftablifli- 
 mcnt in its infancy, I fliall here tranfcribe them in the note be- 
 low, (q) From 
 
 (n) No. 433. Harl. MS. p. 105. 
 
 (o) Where a writ is direded to John Louth clerke of the ordnance, and John Benet 
 o* Maidllone, mafoii, reciting tiiat a fufficient number of mafons and labourers had been 
 aflic^ne for making feven ihoufand ftone ihot for guns of different forts, with a fufficicncy 
 of ftone for the fame, as well in the quarries of Maidftone or clfewhere, as fliould be moft 
 for the benefit of the fervice. 
 
 The workmen to be kept till the whole war completed, and men to beimprciTcd for the 
 carting, boating, or oihcr carriage of the laid Qones. 
 
 (p) Machines for (hooting ftones and darts, ufed in fieges before the invention of fire 
 arms were called artillery. 
 
 (q) To Richard Warmyngton th' office of the artillerie within the town of Calais, 
 with the wages of izd. by the day, and 6d. for a yeoman under him for life. 
 
 John
 
 232 H I S T O R Y O r 
 
 From this flender beginning, the office of mafter of the ord- 
 nance foon grew into great importance, as may be fecn by the 
 eftablifhment for the expedition to St. Quintin's, in the year iS57> 
 given in note (r) from a manufcript in the Britifh Mufeum. 
 
 An 
 
 John Stoke th' office of clerk ot th' ordonnance within England or elfewh?rc, fo>' 
 tyme of Ivis life, with the wages of 6d, by the day, to be received of the lordrtiips of 
 Wrytell, Havering, Boyton, Hadleigho, Raylclghe and Rochford in Eflcx, and of the ma- 
 nors of Tunbrugge, Penlhmft, Middleton and Mai-den in Kent, 
 
 William Tempih, th' office of yeoman of th' ordonnance for life, with wages of 6d, 
 by the day, to be received out of tl^e Jordfliips at above, 
 
 To Richerd Garnet the office of ferjeant of the king's tents for life, with wages of jad, 
 per diem for himfeif, and ^d, per diem for a yeoman under him, and j»5os, for a hoyfe to 
 by the tents in j 46s, gd. for his robes 1 13s. 4.d, for his yeoman's robes, to be taken 
 from the ifTues of the lordd^ips of Wrytell, Havering, Boyton, Hedleigh, Rayleigh, and 
 Rocheforthe, in eo, Eflex, and the iordlliip of THnbrggge, Penlhurft, Myddleton and 
 Mcrden, In co. Kent, by the hands ef the receyvours, 
 
 John Atjiyn»on kcp, of the armour, In the tower, or clfewhere, within England for 
 life, with fee of 6d. per diem, to be received a« £ib«»ve, 
 
 To Henry Grey the younger /fj^ler, the king hath eotiftrmeil unto him th' office of tho 
 keeping of the armowry within th« tower of Lo^doo f^r term Qf his life, with the wage? 
 and fees accuilomed to be received by fee f?rm of Norwichc. 
 
 ViNCBNT Tpntlfr, ermourcr' 1 tho king hath ccnftrmed unto him to be his armourer 
 during hii life, with aol. fee by the hsnd» of the treaJlirer and chamberlain of the ex- 
 chequer, 
 
 Sir John Donne, knight j th' o.%8 of ferjeant Of mBrter of the armou^ within thg 
 tower of London, during his life, v/ith wageg of ijd< for hlmfelf, 6d, for a yeoman, sind 
 3d. for a gov/ne, by the hands of the flieriff of London snd Midd, of the Ifilies, ^?, this lift 
 grant wa* in the 3d, a!) the reft in the ift of K. Richard lU, 
 
 J^tr Dim, 
 
 n) Thk mafter of th' ordy- 
 nance .....i...., iti..(«tti..*fii<i.i, 
 
 His licutchsnt 
 
 Matter of the carrisgeg ., , 
 
 The trcnehe maflcr 
 
 A chaplain , 
 
 A Clerkoof th'prdynsnce 
 
 r ,-":i dcrkes 
 
 ,1 6 8 
 
 s 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 l|.*l...|ll»..t..|.M.I. 
 
 •I'Mr.i.itii 
 
 Sixe bovveyer* 
 
 Sixe fletchcrs 
 
 Three cprpenters 
 
 Three fmythcs ,, 
 
 Three guydcrs of th' ordon- \ 
 
 I, f, (i, 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 e 
 3 
 3 
 4- 
 
 Twelve 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 233 
 
 An ancient manufcript in the Harlcian Colleclion, marked 
 No. 46S5, entitled " The Order of a Campe or Army Royall, witli 
 the Dutie of every Ofncer belonging to the fame, per B. Con Milit. 
 1518." defcribes the duty of the mafter of the ordnance in the field, 
 in thefe words : 
 
 " First, it is the office of the Mr. of th' ordinnance, after that 
 he hathe recyved his charge at the councelles handes, he mufl: firfte 
 of all, in anie wife before he fliall goe fovvrthe to the campe, fe that 
 they lacke no kynde of municon or fuch other neceflaries whiche 
 apperteine to the faid Mr. of th' ordonnancc. 
 
 And there are apperteyninge to the Mr. of th' ordonnance, a 
 leyvctenent and certaine clerkes, which are all in wages. 
 
 Also the fayd Mr. of th' ordonnance muft alfo fiift of all re- 
 ceyve the ordonnance, fliotte, corne powder, ferpentine powdei", 
 match and all other municions, as fire-workcs, bowes, arrowes, 
 firings, pikes, billes, halberts, harquebuflcs, qualivers, launces, light 
 horfemens (laves, javelins and bore fpeares. 
 
 Akd further the faid Mr. of th' ordonnance mufl: receyve all 
 kinds of neceflaries, that is to faie, ladders, ladles and fpunges, for 
 artillcrie, mattocks, fpades, ftiovells, pick-axes, crowcs of iron, cart 
 wheeles for ordinnances, carriages for ordonnance, axeltrees, hand- 
 axes, axeltrees for ordonnances, windofes for the defence of ordon- 
 nance, cart traces, with all kind of cart wares, as ropes, crefled and 
 creflcttes, lights, lanthorns, candcU and linkes, with all other ne- 
 
 Pcr D 
 
 er Litem. 
 
 I. 
 
 Twelve carriages 3 
 
 A drumme o 
 
 A phife o 
 
 A hundreth ami twcntic fy 
 myres 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 o 
 I 
 I 
 
 I S 
 
 d. 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 II h 
 
 Per Duin. 
 
 I. s. d. 
 
 Ten halberJyers 0100 
 
 Havtiuebuttcrs on horfcback for ? r 
 ' . J 6 o 
 
 tlic lieutenant J 
 
 Mr. gonner 034 
 
 Twelve gunners o 16 
 
 See No. 6844, ILirl. MS. 
 
 ccflaries.
 
 234 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 ceflarjes, vvhiche mufte be forcfenc, that there be no lack before 
 their goinge on. 
 
 Further yt is the office of the Mr, of th' ordonnance, after he 
 comes into campe, and the provoft marfhall hathe appointed the 
 grownde moft mete and neceffarie for the artillerie, then muft the 
 aforefaide Mr. of th' ordonnance caufe the faide ordonnance to be 
 brought to the faide place appointed, there to be placed to the moft 
 advantage. 
 
 Item, the faide Mr. of th' ordonnance muft caufe the faid muni- 
 tion to be brought to the place appointed and mete therefore, 
 which m\ift be trenched about, for the danger of fyre; and the 
 aforefaid Mr. of th' ordonnance muft charge fome difcreet man 
 withe watch, yf it ftande in neede. 
 
 Also the faid Mr. of th" ordonnance muft fe that there be at- 
 tendinge on the office of ordonnance, certaine artificers, as carpen- 
 ters, wheele wrights, fmithes, bowyers, fletchers, mafojis, and fuche 
 other neceff'arie men, mete and convenient therefore. 
 
 The faid Mr. of th' ordonnance his office is, that yf there be 
 any capteine that lacketh municion for his foldiers, the faid cap- 
 teine fliall come to the Mr. of th' ordonnance, and he m.uft com- 
 mande the clerke of th' ordonnance to deliver fuche municion as 
 he lacketh ; providinge alwaies that the clerke of th' ordonnance do 
 take a bill of the captaine's hand, or of his lyvetennent, for the faid 
 municion, and at the paye daye the clerke (hall deliver the faide 
 bille unto the treafurer, that he maye ftaye fo muche monye in his 
 handes as fliall anfwer the queen for the municion fo delivered. 
 
 Furthermore yt is the office of the Mr. of th' ordonnance, 
 that if the enemye and yowe joyne battaile, the grownde beinge 
 appointed by th' officer of the field where the battaile fhall be 
 pytched, to repaire to the field, there to fee th' ordonnance planted 
 to the moft advantage ; and yf occafion flialbe given, to remove the 
 faid artillarie, as fliall feme good to the Mr. of th' ordonnance, and 
 
 in
 
 THE ENGLISH A R M Y. 235 
 
 in anye wife to be circumfpe6l that the Mr. gonners do their duties 
 belonging thereto." 
 
 Another, and feemingly a more ancient manufcript, late the 
 property of Mr. Anftis, has feveral curious particulars refpecling 
 the pov^er and perquifites of the mafter of the ordnance, intermixed 
 with the duty of the provoft marfliall of the artillery, under the 
 following head : 
 
 a 
 
 These be the Authoritii-s and Power that the Provoste 
 Marshall and his Lieftenant have in the Jurifdidlion of 
 the Artillerie. 
 
 " FiRSTE, the provofte marfliall hath none authoritie to bear 
 his ftaffe nor his lieftenent within the jurifdiftion of the artillerie, 
 withoute licence of the provofte of the artillerie, but to lett his 
 ftaffe before the artillerie gate, as the antient cuftome is in the 
 realmes of France, Spaync, Portingale, Naples, £cc. &cc. Cicellic 
 and Levant. 
 
 Item, if there be anie perfon found in the artillerie, charged 
 with a crymc, foe muft the provofte of the artillerie deliver him 
 out of the artillerie unto the provofte marfliall or his lieftennents, 
 refervinge alKvayes that the faide provofte of the artillerie fliall 
 keepe for bimfelfc all thofe goods and clothinges belonging to the 
 forefaid " crymeneux dedely patient." (s) 
 
 Item, all thofe of the fmall artillerie, as fcrpentines, courtoux, 
 bombardes, are bounden and muft forth with cache of their mafter 
 gunners and other gunners, at the commandement of the originall 
 mafter gunner, uppon the payne and correflinge of the chief mafter 
 of the artillerie and his counfell. 
 
 Item, that all the carpenters are bounden to be by their (t) 
 mantells and workes in the artillerie, as well in the fieldcs as els 
 
 (s) So ia the original. || (t) Probably mantlets. 
 
 H h 2 whearc,
 
 236 HISTORY OF 
 
 wheare, tliat is, in anie bufines to doe, upon paync to abide the 
 corredtinge of the faid mafter and his counfell. 
 
 Item, the mafter of the artillerie fliall doe crie with found of 
 trunipett, within his jurifdiclione of the artillerie, with his pro- 
 vofte, that all mafter gunners, courtcux, ferpeutines, and all other 
 beinge of the fame offices, that each man fhall keepe the ordinances 
 made by the great mafter of the artillerie, every man feverlic 
 keepinge his place, his peece, and their fire and powder ; and 
 their fervants and boies fliall diligentlie watch upon their mafters, 
 and abide by them, to fee what they have need of, or anye thinge 
 flioulde lacke, as is powder, ftones, pellets, ncccifarie unto them 
 wheare they lie, uppon the paine to abide the correction of the 
 mafter of the artillerie, lieftennent or provofte. 
 
 Item, the provofte fliall goe with the lieftennent of the kinge 
 or prince of the armie, with the confent and licence of the great 
 mafter of the artillerie, to make place, as is accuftomed to be done 
 of olde, and that they fliall take footemen enough to make a j)lace 
 to fl^iote, and diche it as apparteyneth, within the which they may 
 bringe in their waynes and cartes with powder and other neceflTarie 
 thinges, and foe there uppon to depute and ordeigne VI. or VII. 
 men deputed or affigned by the mafter of the artilleiie to the de- 
 fence of the fame, upon the payne to be corredled as is aforefaid. 
 
 And wheareas the mafter of the ordinance is committed and 
 made by anie kinge, prince or captaine generall, and by their coun- 
 fell, is admitted and charged with the gunners in towne or in field, 
 their ought no man without commandement of the faid prince, 
 lieftennent, captaine generall, and the faide counfelle, to put noe 
 gunner, in or out the ordinannce, without the licence of the faid 
 mafter, or the lieftennent, for his difcharge. 
 
 Item, all other waynes and cartes that bee laden fhalbe fett in 
 good ordinance, as it hathe been of olde and antient cuftome to be, 
 on paine as is aforefaid. 
 
 Item, that all the mantells and timber worke, bafilifques, water 
 
 milles,
 
 THE E'N G L I S H ARMY. 237 
 
 milles, and other inftrumcnts belonginge to the fieged towne or 
 caflelJ, the which fhalbe brought foe fecretlie by night and darkenes 
 as is poffible to be done. 
 
 Item, the gentlemen deputed to give attendance upon the maf- 
 ter of the artillerie, to govern any bombards or cannon, fliall not 
 doc nothinge, otherwife then is ordeyned by the faid mafter of the 
 artillerie, uppon payne to abide the correftion of the faidc mafter. 
 
 Item, that all fervants and officers that have to doe under the 
 authoritie of the mafter of the artillerie, and in his abfence, his 
 licftennent and officers, as his chappeleyne, receivor, comptroller, 
 provoftes and clerkes, mafter gunners of cortoUes or ferpentines, 
 and all other fervants, as waggoners, carters, their fervants, with 
 other, ftiall keepe and fulfil all fuch ftatutes as are ordained by the 
 great mafter of the artillerie and his counfcll, lisftennent and pro- 
 vofte, upon payne to be correfled to the example of all other. 
 
 Item, as a towne is wonne, whether it is by aflalt, per force, 
 fabtile praftife, or by anie other manner given up, be it towne, 
 caftell, pyle, church, or baftile, or fortrefie, the chief mafter of the 
 artillerie, or his lieftennent, ftiall ordayne, that the mafter gunners 
 and their companie fliall have the beft bell within that place foe 
 wonne, or the churchwardens Ihall appoynt or compound with the 
 great mafter of the artillerie and his counfell ; and that to be re- 
 ported by the provofte of the artillerie, and given knowledge to the 
 lords and rulers of that place foe wonne, with the comons of the 
 fame, what that the mafter of the artillerie, his counfcll and rnafter 
 gunners, and their companie have determined ami orJcyned, by a 
 convenable and reafonable eftimacion, to fee and knowe if the 
 lordes and commons will hold the ordinance and appoyntmcnt 
 made, (u) Item, 
 
 (u) In France this perquifite belongs to the grand marterof the artillery, " Le grand 
 naitre » encore une privilege dont il n'eA point fait mention dans ics provifkons ; c'cft que 
 
 qiuiul
 
 233 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Item, that all the butchers of the artillerie fliall flea their beafls 
 without the precin6l of the artillerie, and that they grave and bu- 
 rie the filth of thofe hearts in the yearth, without the artillerie, up- 
 pon payne to be, &c. &.c. 
 
 Item, that all the horfes and other beaftes that be killed, or die 
 one their own death, being carrion, the provoft of the artillerie muft 
 
 quaiid unc villc ou fortercfle a laiffc tirer le canon, les clochss deseglifcs, Ics iitenllls de 
 
 cuivre 5: autre mctail lui apparticiinciit, & doivent etrc raclieiees d'uiie fomme d'aigeiit 
 
 par les habitans, a moins que dans la capitulation on ne convienne du conrraire. 
 
 Ce droit pourroit bien avor cte accorde au grand inaitrc de I'artillerie en de dommage- 
 
 ment d'un autre qu' avoit le grand inaitre des arbalctriers, auqucl a fuccede le grand maitre 
 
 de rartilkrie, & qui eft ainfi exprime dans un ancien regiilre quejni citeaillcurs. " ^e 
 
 Je 'jille, fortrejfe ou chateau ejl pris, a lui apperlitnt toute I'artilUrie qutllt que foil qui 
 
 trauvee y ejl." P. Daniel Hilh de la Mil. Franc, torn. 2. p. 526. Something like this 
 
 pcrquifite to the grand niafter of the crofs bowes, was allowed by King Wiliiam III. to the 
 
 cominandingofficerof artillery in Ireland, as is fticwn by the following warrant : William R. 
 
 Whereas by our royal warrant bearing date the 25th day of February, in the 4th year of 
 
 our reign ; we did authorize and empower the lieut. general ami principal officers of our 
 
 ordnance, to pay to our trufiy and well beloved colonel, John Whynant Goor, the fum of 
 
 five hundred pounds, in confideration of feveral broken and unferviceable brafs ordnanc«, 
 
 &c. found in the towns reduced during the war in our kingdom in Ireland, being a per- 
 
 quifite belonging and apcrtaining to the faid colonel Goor, and were by him delivered into 
 
 our magazines for pur future fervice ; and whereas the faid coll. Goor hath not yet received 
 
 any part of the faid five hundred pounds, by reafon it was to be paid out of fuch moneys 
 
 as fhould be appointed for payment of the arrears of the train in Ireland, which payment 
 
 we have not yet thought fit to direct; we are therefore out of our Royal favour to the faid 
 
 colonel Goor, gracioufly pleafcd to dired you to caufe the faid fum of five hundred pounds, 
 
 to be paid out of the moneys appropriated to the office of our ordnance on account of land 
 
 fervice, and for fo doing, this fliail be as well to you as to the auditor of our inqueft a 
 
 fufficicnt warrant. Given at our court at Whitehall, this 14th day of February 1693, in 
 
 the fixth year of our reign. 
 
 By his majefty's command, 
 
 J. T R E N C HA R D. 
 
 To our right trufty and well beloved coufin and counfelier Henry Vilcount Sidney, 
 matter general of our ordnance, &c. Memorandum. The mafter general of the 
 ordnance, his fignification upon the above faid warrrant, dated the 19th day of 
 February, 1693 — 4. 
 
 convey
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 239 
 
 convey them out of the parke of artilleiie, for becaufe of infe6lion, 
 uppon the payne to be corre6led by the maftcr and his counfell, or 
 his lieftennent. 
 
 Item, the provoft of the artillerie fhall have his right of the 
 vi6luallers within his jurifdiftione, in liisevvife as the provoft mar- 
 fliall hath in the greate armye by eftimatione." 
 
 Having here given the general outlines of the duties and pri- 
 vileges of the ancient matters general of the ordnance, I fhall con- 
 clude the article with a lift of the mafters general of the ordnance 
 from its firft inftitution to the year 1780, referving the modern re- 
 gulations refpefting this ulEcc for the article of artillery. 
 
 Succession of Masters General of the Ordnance.. 
 
 Rauf Bigod __-_-_ 2 June, 1483, for life 
 
 Sir Richard Gylcford - - - - ^'i^^St 
 
 Sir Chryftopher Mones, Knt. was 7 ,^,,-^_ 
 mafter - - ]29H.VIII.,;37. 
 
 Sir Francis Flemynge, Knt. ^547> 
 
 Sir Philip Hoby, Knt. _ _ _ 1548, 
 
 Ambrofe Dudley, Earl of Warwick ^S^Jy 
 
 Robert Devereux, Earl of EfTex - 29 Mar. 1596, 
 
 Charles Blount, Earl of Devon,! ^ , 1 • , ^ 
 
 „., , , r . J fio Sept. 1603, during pleafure 
 
 ftiled general of the ordnance J ° ^ 
 
 George Carew, Earl of Totnefs - 27 June, 1609, ditto 
 
 Horatio Lord Vere _ - - - 5 May, 1617, for life 
 
 Sir Richard Morrifon - - - - 26 Aug. 1623, ditto 
 
 Sir Thomas Staftbrd - - - - 1628, ditto 
 
 Mountjoy Blount, Earl of Newport 2 Sept. 1634, ditto 
 
 Sir William Compton _ _ _ 22 Jan. 1660, ditto 
 
 John Lord Berkcly - - - - 21 Oct. 1664, during pleafure 
 
 Sir John Duncomb, Knt. - - ditto, ditto 
 
 Sir
 
 '21 Oct. 1664, during pleafure 
 
 240 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Sir Thomas Chicheley, Knt. firft" 
 called mafter general of the ord- 
 nance ------- 
 
 Thomas Chicheley - _ - - 4 June, 1670, ditto 
 'Sir John Chicheley - - - 
 Sir William Hickman - - 
 Sir Charles Mulgrave - - 
 George Legge, Lord Dartmouth - 28 Jan. 1681, ditto 
 David Schomberg ----- 28 Ap. 1689, ditto (x) 
 
 Henry Sidney, Vifcount Sidney, 7 „ ^ 1 , v 
 c 1 4- 1 f n f 28 July, 1693, ditto 
 
 afterwards Earl of Romney - J •' "' ^^ 
 
 ' 23 Jan. 1679, ditto 
 
 afterwards Earl of Romney 
 
 29 June, 1702, ditto 
 
 John Churchill, Earl of, and af- 7 
 
 ^ 4 Oct. 1 7 14, ditto 
 
 terwards Duke of Marlboroug 
 Richard Savage, Earl of Rivers - 10 Sept. 1711, ditto 
 James Duke of Hamilton - - 5 Sept. 1712, ditto 
 John Churchill, Duke of Marlbo- 1 
 
 rough ---.--. 
 
 William Cadogan, Earl of Cadogan 22 June, 1722, ditto 
 
 John Xampell, Duke of Argyle] 
 
 i"^ • I. f 3 June, 1725, ditto 
 
 and Greenwich ----J '/j' 
 
 John Montagu, Duke of Montagu 30 May, 1730, ditto 
 
 Charles Spencer, Duke of Marl-l 
 
 borough 1 '75S> ditto 
 
 John Liffonier, Vifcount, after-1 ^_ 
 
 , " . r • • ^ 30 Nov. 1 757, ditto 
 
 wards earl Ligonier - - - J 
 
 John Manners, Marquis of Granby 1763, ditto 
 
 Georee Townfhend, Vifcount! 
 
 Townfhend - j ^ 772, ditto 
 
 (x) Im Millian's Lift, it is F/cderick Duke of Schomberg. 
 
 In
 
 THE E N G L I S H A R M Y. 241 
 
 In fmall armies, and after the difufe of the office of high con- 
 flable, the officer commanding in chief was (tiled captain general. 
 This was the cafe in the lift of the army fent to St. Quintins, 
 before quoted j where next in fucceffion to the captain general, 
 ftands the lieutenant general, and the high marfliall occupies only 
 the third place in order and command. 
 
 The ftafFc and fuite, 6cc. of the captaine general were, a fecre- 
 tary, another for the Frenche tongue, two ftirgeons, a trounche 
 man, (y) ten carriages, for tranfportinge his baggage, two trum- 
 petters, a drum, a phife, and thirty halberdiers for his guard. 
 
 The ftaff and fuite of the lieutenant general, v/ere a chaplaine, a 
 furgeon, a trouncheman, three carriages, a trumpetter, and fifteen 
 halberdiers. 
 
 The highe marifchall had a mafter of the campe, a chaplain, a 
 furgeon, three carriages, a trumpetter, a drum, and fifteen halber- 
 dyers. 
 
 The next officer in rank in this army, was the generall of the 
 horfemen, his ftaff, a lieutenant, a chaplain, a furgeon, four com- 
 miffaries, his trumpetter, and fifteen halberdiers. 
 
 The infantry was commanded by an officer ftiled captain gene- 
 ral of the footmen, and had a lieutenant, a ferjeant m.ajor, (z) fix 
 wyfflers, (a) a chaplain, a furgeon, three carriages, a drum, a fife, 
 and fifteen halberdiers. 
 
 The 
 
 (y) Probably a truncheon man, or tipfiaff, commonly attendant on perfons ot liigli 
 rank, as well military as civil, in order to clear the way, in procclTions, i^c. 
 
 (z) Serjeant major licre feems to mean a genera! officer, al'terwards called f rjeant 
 mijor general ; ferjeant major commonly meant, in the l.iiiguagcof thole times, the office 
 now ftiled major. 
 
 (aj Wyftlf-Rs are commonly underftood to mean a fort of fers, yet from the fol- 
 lowing pallige in an ancient MS. late in thc^collection of Mr. Anftis, they feem to have 
 been concerned in drilling of the men ; this manufcript is anonymous, but from the hand 
 writing, foems of the time of Qiieen Elizabeth, " A charge for tvcrywyJfe'.Ur^ fiyrlk, 
 that they inllriiclc the fowlilycrs how they ihall carry there weapons. 
 
 \'oj.. I. I i Secondly,
 
 242 HISTORYOF 
 
 ■ The duties and powers of the maftcr of the ordnance havhig 
 been before delcribed, and thofe of the captain and lieutenant ge- 
 neral differing very little from thofe of the conftable and marflial ; 
 we come next to general of the horfemen. 
 
 The offices of generals of the horfemen and footmen require no 
 particular explanation, except that their duties were generally rc- 
 rtrifled to their different fervices ; the generals of cavalry rarely in- 
 terfering with thofe of the infantry, or thofe of the infantry with 
 the cavalry, (b) Nor did officers of the fame rank always command 
 according to their feniority. (c) la fome inftances the command 
 
 between 
 
 Secondly, to (how what fpace betwixte rancke and rancke, i betwixte every gunner, 
 twife the lengtli of his gutine, an J betwixte every rancke of archers, as moche fpace as lie 
 may goe his bowe by thcnd and to reche to his foer goer. Betwixt every rancke of pykes, 
 half the pyke length, that thende of his pjke may be within a foote of his fcUowe, he that 
 goeth before hym. And betwixt every bill man, the lengthe of hys weapon ; and they 
 fhall not tomotche, neither ftay to drincke, and that when any rancke is laft behynd to haft 
 the follower ; and yf the followers cannot conveniently overtake the foregoers, that one 
 whyfFeler call to another before hym, to flay the whole armye, that all may goe together ; 
 and in any wyfle, when they ringe be a makeinge, which bcginncth as fone as the fyrft raiike 
 ys entered the fylde, that then every whyffeler doogreate diligence to keepe men together 
 in order, and that one rancke doe not lagge behynde another at the entry of tlie ringe, and 
 likewife within the ringe, that every rancke follow inftantly and diredly his foregoer, and 
 that the fhowlder of one man to be from another, that they may eafily handell there wea- 
 pons for to fight ; and when they fland to ftay, that every man ftayeth, a pyke, to fct up his 
 pyke on hys (houlder, and that the hand that holdeth the pyke fett the bought of his elbow 
 out warlycke, and the other hand to be fett under his fyde, elles upon the bylte of his 
 fworde, and likewife the bill." 
 
 (b) The title of general is not of very ancient date in the Englifti armies, as we do not 
 find it till about the reign of Henry VIII. after which we meet with the term captain 
 general of the horfemen, and captain general of the footmen, in armies commanded by 
 perfons bearing only the title of general. The fame army fometimes had a captain at;d 
 lieutenant general, and alfo a captain general of the horfemen or foot. An inftancc of 
 this occurs in the army fcnt to St. Quintins. 
 
 (c) See an inrtance in Rymer, 34th of Eliz. A. D. 1592. In fome regulations re- 
 fpedling two thoufand footmen, and one hundred horfe, to be fent from the Low Countries 
 into France, wherein is the following pafiage ; " And becaufe it llandeth with fome good 
 
 order.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 243 
 
 between the officers of the fame denomination, was thus fettled. 
 In the field the officers of cavalry commanded thofe of the infantry 
 of the fame rank, and vice verfa in garrifon, the infantry com- 
 manded their equals in the cavalry, without any refpeft to the dates 
 of their appointments. 
 
 In the reign of King James II. the officers of the cavalry took 
 rank on detachment according to the dates of their commiffions, 
 but thofc of the infantry on like occafion commanded according to 
 the fcniority of the corps to which they belonged ; fo that a cap- 
 tain or any other officer of the firft regiment, though but juft ap- 
 pointed, would have commanded a captain, or other officer of like 
 rank with himfelf, of ten years ftanding, in the fecond or any other 
 corps. For this regulation, fee the note below, (d) 
 
 The ferjeant major general, fometimes denominated ferjeant ma- 
 jor of the camp or field, was what is now called major general, as 
 ferjeant major of a regiment formerly fignified the officer now 
 
 order, that all the feveral captains with their bands, inay orderlie take their voyage, with 
 one confcnt, and agree amongft themfelves, confidering, as they are captaines, they will 
 cveric of them accompt themfelves equal one with another ; Sir Robert Sidney and you 
 fliail let them know, that it is thought convenient that Sir John Poolcy, Knt. fliould take 
 the charge of the fliipping of all their forces, and that they (hall for their paflage, and 
 during the time untill they (hould land, be advifed by him, as we doubt not but he will 
 perform the fame difcrcetly to their contentation ; and at their landing, Sir John Pooley 
 Ihail have knowledge of her mnjerty's pleafure from hence, under whofc commandement 
 both he himfelf and all the reft Ihall there ferve in France." From this it is evident, that 
 it was not then the practice for the eldert officer to command on detachments, where 
 there were feveral of equal rank ; had it been fo, there would not have been any occafion 
 for the regulation here cited, in favour of Capt. Pooley. 
 
 (d) Upon detachments or parties, all officers of horfc are to command according to 
 the dates of their commiffions, and all officers of foot according to the ranks of their regi- 
 ments, and not according to their commiffions ; but all lieutenants and enfigns of the fame 
 regiments, upon fuch detachments or parties are to command among themfelves, according 
 to their commiffions, and not to the rank of th«ir companies. Jbridgmtnt ef the Englijh 
 Military Difcipline, publifhed by authority, 1680. 
 
 I i 2 ftiled
 
 244 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 ftiled major. The duty of this officer is thus laid down in the 
 fame manufcript with that of the mafter of the ordnance. 
 
 " The Office of the Serjeant Major in the field or campe, 
 with the Duties thereunto belonging, viz. 
 
 Ffirst of all the ferjeant rriajor of the campe ys to receive at 
 the handes of the high marfliall the whole nomber of footmen, that 
 be in the armye, and beinge fo receyved he muft divide the weapons 
 feverallie, that he may perfecSllie knowe what nomber he hathe of 
 everie kinde of weapon, and fo to fet the order of the battaills ac- 
 cordinglie. 
 
 Item, the faid ferjeant major muft receyve commandement from 
 the leyvetenent generall, and he muft put in order of battaile all 
 the battaile aforefaid, as he is appointed to do, by the faid leyvete- 
 nent, his commandement, in ufe. 
 
 Ffurtiier yt ys the office of the ferjeant major, that yf the 
 enemie drawe fo near unto yower armye, that the battaile is ap- 
 pointed, then is it moft mete and convenyent, that the faid ferjeant 
 major repaire to the highe marifliall, to attend on him when he 
 goeth to viewe the field, where he intendeth the battayle fhalbe 
 pytched, and he to take viewe of the grownde of advantage for fet- 
 tinge the battayle, and that beinge done, to return and make re- 
 porte to the lord leyvetennent generall, howe he hathe furveycd the 
 grownde, and the moft advantage thereof; and to make declara- 
 tion what order he thinketh mofte mete and convenient to fet the 
 battaile in. And if it be the aforefaid leyvetennent's pleafurc, the 
 faid lord generall being therewith well content that it flialbe fo don. 
 
 The ferjeant major muft then repare alfo unto the faid field, 
 there to fet the order of the battaile to the moft advantage accord- 
 ing to the ground. And ffirft of all, he muft divide his weapons, 
 and appoint everie ranke withe weapons moft convenient according 
 to order ; that being done, and the battailes beinge fet, and everie 
 
 weapon
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 24^ 
 
 weapon placed in everierank moft convenient, then mufl the faid fer- 
 jeant major fe that the kinge's ftandard be placed in the middeft of the 
 mayne battaile, and the marifhall's enfigne in the right hand of the 
 kinge's ftandard, and the treafurer's enfigne on the left, and to ap- 
 point three or foure other enfignes, as the ferjeant major fliall thinke 
 goode, for the furnyfhin'ge out of the faid rank. Alfo the faid fer- 
 jeant major muft appoint certaine drumes and phifes, to attend on 
 the aforefaid enfignes. 
 
 Also the faid ferjeant major muft appoint fix ranks of halbertss, 
 that is to faie, three rankes to be placed before the kinge's majeftie's 
 ftandarde, and other three ranks behinde the ftandard, of the moft 
 talleft, and beft armed, that can be found in the whole battaile, for 
 the garde of the kinge's majeftie's ftandard. 
 
 The aforefaid ferjeant major muft alfo appoint the refidewe of 
 the enfignes, everie of them in the places, as the faid ferjeant major 
 fliall thinke moft mete. That beinge done, and all the battailes in 
 good order, the weapons with their drumes, enfignes and phyfFes ac- 
 cordinglie, then muft the faid ferjeant major appoint unto everie 
 capteine their fpeciall places within everie battaile ; fome in the fore 
 part of the battaile, fome in the myddeft, fome in the fydes of the 
 faid battaile, and other fome in the hindermoft part of the faid bat- 
 taile, as he ftiall think meteft. 
 
 Item, the faid ferjeant major muft alfo fe that the fliotte be 
 placed within the wynges of every battaile, for the impalement and 
 garde of the aforefaid battailes j and the faid ferjeant major muft 
 alfo appoint certaine capteins to have the charge of the faid fiiotte, 
 and leadinge of them. 
 
 Also the faid ferjeant major muft appoint the forlorn hope in 
 his order before the front of the battaile, and to charge certain cap- 
 teynes with the leadinge of them. 
 
 It is alfo the office of the faid ferjeant major to ferve with his 
 own perfon in the fore front of the battail, and to lead the bat- 
 tail." 
 
 Thf,
 
 246 HISTORYOF 
 
 The treafurer, fometimes called the high treafurer of the army, 
 was an officer of great truft as well as authority, Ibmewhat like 
 tliat of the paymafter general of tlie prefcnt time, but invefted with 
 more power. The duties of this office as defcribed by Ralphc 
 Smithe are : " Alfoe you oughte to chufe unto you a highe trea- 
 furer, which is an office of great reputation, and therefore he oughte 
 to be a man of greate wifedome, experte in martiall affaires, for 
 that hee is to fpeake his opinion in all offices, as well concerninge 
 other offices as his owne, otherwife committed to his chardge ; the 
 payment of all highe officers, namelye, captaines and corronells : 
 likewife he (ball receive from the generall the true nomber of horfc- 
 men and footemen within the army, and to make a perfitte booke 
 every moneth, how much is due untoeverye officer and fouldierj hee 
 is to conferre with the mafter of the ordenance, for the ftoring of 
 munition of all forts ; and likewife with the mafter of the viclualls ; 
 and to fee that he be well furnilhed thereof at all tymes. All other 
 thinges which oughte dulie to be obferved and performed by him, 
 the which I do not make relation hereof, butt refer it to wifcr 
 heads." Another military treatife (e) fays of this officer, " He is 
 flill the king's counfell, efpecially that you tearme martiall, and is 
 to give his opinion in all proceedings of the army, and fometimes 
 may deny difl^urfements though the generall command the fame. 
 His office extends to take account of the mufters, and to booke the 
 companies ; whereby the prince or generall may ftill know the 
 flrength of the camp, and he himfelf know how to difcharge the 
 fouldier. He is alfo to conferre with the mafter of the ordnance 
 about the fpending of powder and provifion of munition ; yea, all 
 inferior officers, as the provoft mafter, mufter mafter, commiffiiries, 
 undertakers for vicluall and apparell, pay mafters, captaine of the 
 pioners, carriage mafters and fuch like, are all fubje(5l to his parti- 
 
 (e) The Military Art of Trayning, tfc. London, 1620. 
 
 cular
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 247 
 
 cular examination, by way of placing and difplacing as he feeth juft 
 occafion." 
 
 The high harbinger was the quarter mafter general of former 
 times ; his office is very minutely defcribed in the manufcript before 
 quoted, (f) 
 
 " The Office of the Harbinger in the field or campe, with 
 the Duties thereunto belonginge, videlicet. 
 
 Ffirst, the harbinger, after that he is appointed unto his charge, 
 ought to refort to the lord lieutenant general, to enquire of him the 
 names of all the officers of honor, and counfeillors, belonginge to 
 the armye, and alfo all other meane officers apperteyninge to the 
 fame, that he may appoint lodgings for them accordinglie. Alfo, 
 he muft know of the faid lord lieutenant generall, the place where 
 the armye Ihall affemble to be muftered j and thither muft he 
 repaire, callinge before him the cheefe rulers of the towne, decla- 
 ringe unto them that he is come to provide lodginge for the lord 
 lieutenant generall and the armye ; and to charge the faid rulers, 
 that they fend fome of their officers, to bringe him to everie houfe 
 in the towne that is hable to make any lodginge, that he may take 
 a note what beddes they make within the towne, or fubberbs of the 
 fame, and to command them to provide viftualls fufficient for fuche 
 fouldiers as they do lodge, upon prices reafonable ; and after that he 
 has divided his lodgings, and made his booke of them, he mufl firft 
 appoint for the lord generall, the chiefe lodgings, and next after 
 him his two lordes lieutenants of the fore and rear wards j the maf- 
 ter of the ordinnance, and all other meane officers, to be lodged as 
 near to the counfaile as he convenientlie maie, that they may be 
 rcadic to attend uppon the lord lieutenant generall, when they fliail 
 
 (f ) No. 4685. Harl. 
 
 be
 
 24S HISTORY OF 
 
 be called for : and after he hathe lodged the lord lieutenant generall 
 and the counfaile, he mull referve certain of the bert lodgings for 
 the captaines and men of worfhip that fcrve in the field, deliveringe 
 to every man's fervant that cometh for a lodginge for his mafter, 
 one billet, naminge therein the lodginge for him, and what number 
 of beddes are appointed for him, whiche billet he muil enter into 
 a booke for his remembrance. 
 
 The faid harbinger oughte to have alfo fome under him, and he 
 fliould deliver to everie of them a huoke, devidinge the lodginges 
 in the tovvne in four partes, appomnnge to everie clerke one part 
 of the towne to make lodgings in, whiche clerkes muft appoint no 
 lodginges but fuch as the harbinger appointeth by billet. 
 
 And their office ys to fe that no man take any lodginge in their 
 quarter, but where they be affigned ; and yf they do, and will not be 
 avoyded, then mufte they refort to the highe marifchall, who may 
 remove them ; the harbinger muft alfo make ftreight commaunde- 
 ment, that no houfeholder, upon paine of imprifonmcnt, doc take 
 into his houfe anie man to lodge without billet from him, upon 
 paine of anfweringe to the fame. 
 
 Ff ART HER the faid harbinger and his fervants muft give their 
 attendance upon the high mariftaall, when he goeth to vicwe the 
 ground where the camp flialbe pitched. And after that the highe 
 mariihall hath appointed the ground for the camp, then the pro- 
 voft marifchall makethe devifion of the quarters of the camp, af- 
 figning a place for the market, or place of aflemblie, and the ftrcetes 
 for the fame ; and the harbinger being made privie thereunto muft 
 remaine upon the fame grounde, readie to anfvver all fuche as come 
 before, to knovve where they fliall pitche their tentes and difcharge 
 the carriages. 
 
 Also for that every man fl:!all knovve where to pitche their 
 tentes, and to be lodged in fuch place as they marche in ; that is, he 
 that marcheth in the vvaward to be placed there; and in the bat- 
 tailes, the harbinger ought to have one of his clerkes to give atten- 
 dance,
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 249 
 
 dance, to affigii the places appointed, and one other being the 
 fourthe clerke fliall attend on and uppon the grownd appointed for 
 the horfemen likewifc, to let them in order for their lodginges. And 
 the cheefe harbinger fliall have ynough to doe, to fe all thefe thinges 
 done accordinge to his direction : and his office is to amende fuche 
 faultes as he fliall finde done contrarie to his order ; and if he be 
 letted fo to doe, then mufl; he complaine to the highe marifhall, 
 which ought to reforme the fame." 
 
 The provoll: marfhal or chief provoft of the army, feems to have 
 been formerly an office of much greater rank and authority than it 
 is at prefent. This we learn from the manufcript quoted in the 
 preceding article, and according to the detail of the duties of 
 that office, there laid down, in feveral inftances bordered on thofe 
 of the quarter mafter general ; a tranfcript of that article is here 
 given. 
 
 " The Office of the Provost Marshall in the fielde or 
 campe, with the Devvties thereunto bclonginge. 
 
 Ffirst, yt is the office of the provoft marfliall to receyve at the 
 handes of the highe marifchall the whole nomber bothe of horfe- 
 men and footemen that are in the armye, to the ende, the faid pro- 
 voft marifliall male bothe order and appointe the campes accordinge 
 to the nombers. 
 
 Item, the faid provoft marifliall, after that the highe marifiiall 
 hathe appointed the grownd where the campe flialbe, then muft the 
 provoft marlhall divide the ground into feverall quarters, appoint- 
 inge to evcrie battaile their quarter, and to everie capten their fe- 
 veral growndes within the quarters of the faid battaile. 
 
 The provoft marihall muft alfo when he maketh the campe, ap- 
 point within the faid campe, a large market place of affemblic, and 
 to appoint certaine ftreetes in the faid campe, between the quarters 
 
 Vol. I. K k of
 
 zjo H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 of everic battaile, and to appoint the leyvetenent generall's place, 
 giving him the place of honor in the fieldc. 
 
 Ffurther, that the faid provoft marifchall muft give ftraight 
 commandement, that no man pitch anie tent near unto the ryng of 
 the faid campe by fome fcore foote at the leaft ; and everie captaine, 
 after they be encamped, fhall commande that their carriages (hall go 
 to the impalement of the faide campe. 
 
 Also the faid provoft marfhall muft give commandement to the 
 captaine of the pyoners, to appointe certain of his labourers to en- 
 trench the faide campe or place of aflemblie. 
 
 And further the faid provoft mariftiall muft appoint in the ringe 
 of the campe, grownd of advantage for th'artillerie mete and con- 
 venient. 
 
 And further the faid provoft marifliall muft fe all watches to be 
 fet himfelfe, and alfo give to everie watche their charge, v^ith the 
 watche worde, then muft he twife or thrife in the night himfelf 
 goe to fearche them, that goode watch be kepte, and that everie 
 man doe his dutie accordinglie. 
 
 Also the faid provoft marifliall muft appoint within the market 
 place or place of aflemblie, within the aforefaid campe, a place for 
 the munition, not neare the danger of fire. 
 
 And the aforefaid provoft marifliall muft caufe it to be trenched 
 about, and to give charge and commandement unto the Mr. of 
 th' ordinnance, and he fliall command and appoint fome difcreet 
 honeft man to have the charge of the watch thereof. 
 
 Item the faid provoft marifliall muft appoint near unto the 
 place where the municion is fet, a place convenient for the mafter 
 of th' ordonnance, with the office of th' ordonnance. 
 
 If it chance that the enemy and you joyne in battaile together, 
 then is the office of the provoft marfliall to ferve in his owne per- 
 fon with the footemen, in the rank with the ferjeant major. 
 
 The provoft marfliall alfo ought to fee all proclamations to be 
 
 proclaimed
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 251 
 
 proclaimed with the harrald at armes, and the trompetter, in the 
 lorde leyvetenente generall his name. 
 
 Item, the faid provofte marifchall muft likewife gyve ftreighte 
 commandement that after the watch be fet, and the watche piece 
 fhotten off, there be no maner of noyfe in the campe, but that all 
 men be at quiet. 
 
 Moreover, the tipftaves of the faid provoft marifchall ought to 
 fe that good order be kept within the aforefaid campe, that there 
 be no brawlinge nor fightinge within the faid campe, but forthwith 
 the faid tipftaves to bringe them that fo offend unto the mariilial- 
 iie, and there to be puniflied at the dire6lion of the faid provoft 
 marifchal." 
 
 At prefent the chief duties of the provoft marflial of an army 
 are : the keeping of all prifoners, particularly thofe confined for 
 great offences, apprehending deferters, marauders or foldiers ftrag- 
 gliug beyond the limits of the camp. At night, by his rounds or 
 thofe of his deputies, preventing any difturbances among the petty 
 futlers in the rear, and apprehending all foldiers out of camp after 
 gun-firing. Caufing the butchers to bury all their offal j alio to 
 kill all glandered horfes, and to bury them, and all others dying in 
 the camp, in order to prevent infe6lion. To enable him to perform 
 thofe duties, the provoft martial has a ferjeant's, and fometimes a 
 fubaltern's guard ; and occafionally to give him the more autho- 
 rity, has the rank of captain ; befides which, he is permitted to 
 make out a contingent bill, for his fees for executions, and other 
 expences attending his office, A very curious one of Afl'aiias Van 
 Velthoven, a Dutchman, provoft general in Ireland, under King 
 William III. is prefcrved in the Mufeum, which in one campaign 
 amounted to 307I. los. (g) This being thought an enormous 
 charge, fome perfons were authorifed to enquire into it ; what was 
 
 (g) No. 6844, Harl. MS. 
 
 K k c their
 
 ^5- 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 their report does not appear, but there is the king's order for 
 paying the bill. As a matter of curiofity, feveral fpecimens of his 
 charges are given in the note, (h) with fome of the evidences 
 
 brought 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 15 o 
 
 (li) Account of the Charges and Disbursements done by the Provoft General 
 Velthovcn, concerning the pri loners, who by order of his Excellency and by the High 
 Counfel of Warr are acquitted, as alfo of thofe that are executed in order of th« 
 fentence. 
 
 Kilkenny, 9th of June, (1691.) Have bene fend In areft by order of hisi I. 
 excellency the Lord of Sgravemore, two perfons, named Thomas Trafli 
 and Philip Wodli, being both raperies, and remained in the areft until the 
 nth of Feb. when the fame in purfuance of the fentence and approba- Y 
 tion of the Lord of Sgravemore in Kilkenny, hane bene puniflied with 
 tht rope to death, amounts for 33 dales diet, from the gth of January 
 
 untill the i ith of Feb. at 6d. a day, is for both of them 
 
 For extraordinary treats, after the fentence of death of the patients as other- \ 
 
 wife, eacii one fix (hillings, is together ■' 
 
 Paid unto the thre fervants that hane fit up with and ferved the patients, ■» 
 after the fentence of death, accordinge to cuftome, half a crowne a day, > o 
 
 is for two days and a night - J 
 
 For the reading of the fentences o 
 
 Unto the executioner, for hanging and takeing downe, as otherwife, ten 
 
 fhillings apiece, is together 
 
 For the ladder, ropes and bolts o 3 
 
 For the locking and unlocking of each, 2s. 6d o 5 
 
 For affifting in the execution according to cuftom for me '. o 10 
 
 For the liftenent o 4 
 
 Paid for burying unto the fervant, 2s. 6d. each o 5 
 
 Dec. 19th. Hane bene fend in areft by the CoUonel Floid, John Gerritfe," 
 drummer, and John Wright, fouldier, under do. regiment, under the 
 company of Capt. Perfon, defertcrs, and remained until the 13th of Feb. 
 when the fame by the fentence of the high counfel of warr and the ap- 
 probation of the General Ginkel (hould haine bene punilhed to death, 
 but John Gerritfe has got his freedom with diceing under the gallows, 
 but John Wright has puniflicd with the rope unto death : for 57 dales 
 diet, from the 19th of December to the 13th of February, at 6d. a day, 
 
 amounts to • > 
 
 N- B, Charges of execution as before. 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 Feb.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 253 
 
 brought to invalidate them. His eftablirtiment was a lieutenant, 
 a Tub lieutenant, a fciivner or clerk, an executioner, eight horfe- 
 men for his guard, a prifon, a prifon keeper, with four fervants ; 
 
 he 
 
 Feb. 25th. Brought in arreft William Waters for a repery, and do. re- 1. s. d, 
 
 mained to the 5th of March, after he had fcverely bene whipped with 
 rods, without Kilkenny, accordinge to his fcntence, upon the 28th day 
 of February. 
 For 9 daies diet, from the 25th of February to the 5th of March, at 6d. 7 , 
 
 a day, is 1 
 
 For reading of the fentence 026 
 
 For whipping 050 
 
 For locking and unlocking 026 
 
 Feb. 26. Made by order of the Lord of Sgravcmore, a new gallows without 
 Kilkenny. 
 
 Paid for wood for the fame i 15 O 
 
 For making and erefling the fame o 15 o 
 
 For the ladders and bringing 030 
 
 For - 02 
 
 March 20. By order of the Lord General ordered to be brought into a rome, 
 and there given them notice of their death, the following foldiers of the 
 regiment of the Earl of Naflaw, having bene abroad upon panic, and nut 
 done their dutie, namely Abraham de Vlicger, Peter ile Moy, Hery Corn- 
 raed, Cafper Willem Hager, Pieter Etterfen, Jacus Slim, Benediclus Moet, 
 and have accordingly to the fentence the next day plaid at dice, and the lot 
 for to dye is fallen upon Cafper Willem Hager, but have afterwards bene 
 pardoned, and on the 23d arquitted. 
 Their ordinary diet was fent to them from ther regiment, but for their ex- \ 
 
 traordinarys after their condemnation to death, 2s. 6d. each is J 
 
 For five fervants that waited on them after their condemnation to death, at 1 
 
 2S. 6d. a day, for two days and one night is J 
 
 For locking and unlocking, is. each, is , 070 
 
 Lift of the fervants of the executioner concerning the horfes in the late camp, 
 as alfo by the head quarters and the particular regiment arc buried, as alfo 
 fomc dead bodies in Athlone, and before Limericke buried. 
 Jan. 4th, Buried horfes, 7. 
 In all buried horfes 102, at 2s. 6d. each. 
 
 Jan.
 
 254 HISTORYOF 
 
 was likewife allowed two waggons with eight horfes, for the car- 
 riage of fick prifoners, with carters to drive them. As Veltboven 
 was a foreigner, it will account for the extraordinary bad Englifli, 
 in which his bill is written. 
 
 The 
 
 January 24. Buried before Athlone, 7 men. 
 
 For each 2S. 6d. 
 
 July 31. Buried before Athlone, 30 men. 
 
 Thefe are particular articles extraflcd from the bill, and often occur in it ; the objeflions 
 
 againfl it were thefe. 
 
 Objections againft Affarias Velthoven's Account of Disbursement's hereunto 
 
 annexed. 
 
 K s. 
 That he gives no particulars how he laid out the 60I. he owns by his firft 7 c„ „ 
 
 article to have received, yet charges the fame again in fol. 32 S 
 
 Overcharged the 9th of June 47 O 
 
 From 3d June, 1691, to 2d November following, charges 6d. apiece, 1669' 
 days, 41I. 14s. 6d. when he allowed them but one ammunition loaf for 2 
 days, which (vkhen he pays Mr. Perrara for) will coft him 3^d. apiece, 
 overcharged 
 
 That he chargeth for extraordinary treats to 26 perfons after fentence of" 
 death pafled upon them, 7I. i6s. whereas he gave fome only one pot of 
 beer, fome had a pot of beer, and two pounds of meat and bread, and 
 fome nothing at all, at is. a head, which is far more than they cort him, 
 is il. 6s. — overcharged 
 
 Feb. 25th. He chargetli for 3 days diet of _ 
 
 68 officers, 30I 12s. whereas all the meat (,036 
 coft him but J 
 
 The beer at 3d. a pint o 17 o 
 
 Thecheefe at 6d. per lb 086 
 
 The bifket at id. per piece 2 11 o 
 
 400, 
 
 He charges for watching condemned perfons, but inafmuch as where onc"\ 
 
 watched, he fets down two, and where two he chargeth four or five, and ( 
 
 when one.night, fometimes a night and a day, or two nights ; if he pays | 
 
 the men (which as yet he hath not) it will coft him 3I. los. — overchargedj 
 
 d. 
 
 y 27 13 9 
 
 6 10 
 
 t overcharged .... 26 12 
 
 7thly.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 255 
 
 The fcowt mafter was another ancient fttfF officer, whofe duties 
 are defcribed in this manufcript, in the following words. 
 
 " The Office of the Scowt Master in the fielde or camp, 
 with the Duties belonging to the fame. 
 
 " Ffirst, the office of the fcout mafter is, that he attend upon 
 the highe marifliall when he goeth to viewe the ground, where he 
 
 intendeth 
 
 ^thly. He charges for executing 24 men, as paid by him 12L when he pays 
 
 the executioner, it will coft him but 61. — overciiarged 
 
 8thly. He chargeth for whipping 3 men paid by him, 15s. if he pays the 
 
 executioner, it will coft him but 7s. 6d. — overcharged 
 
 gthly. When one or more are executed, he is allowed to charge los. for 
 himfclf, for his day's attendance, and no more, as appears by his own ac- 
 count, fol. 14, where he chargeth but los. for executing 5 perfons. 
 On the 13th of Fcbruar)', 1691, John Langton and John ^Vhite were both 
 hanged, fol. 3, he chargeth 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 For himfelf 0100 
 
 For his lieutenant 040 
 
 For watching o 10 o 
 
 For reading the fentence 026 
 
 For ladder 010 
 
 o 17 6 
 
 Fol. 4. He chargeth them all over again for John White, faving that he 
 fays, 15s. for watching, whereby he puts clear into his, pocket 
 
 iith. For the new gallows he bought for il. 5?. he overcharged my Lord 
 Sgraveinorc il. and received of him for the fame 2I. 5s. yet now 
 chargeth 2I. 5s. to the king's account for them, whereby the king is 
 wronged 
 
 For burying men and horfes, he chargeth 12I. 15s. but did not pay it. 
 
 He chargeth for burying a man, who according to his fentence was left hang- 
 ing on the gallows. N. B. Another paper refpc(5ling thefc charges, fays, 
 the men charged as bu ied were thrown into the river. He is there alfo 
 charged 9I, for a lined tent, given to a lady of pleafurc. 
 
 7 6 
 
 I 12 
 
 3 5 
 
 He
 
 256 II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 intcndeth to campe. Then muft the faid fcowtc mader both view 
 and fe in what fort he niay fet the fcowte, that when the trum- 
 pet foundeth to the watche at night, then muft the faid fcowt 
 mafter repaire to the tent of the generall of the horfemen, there 
 the faid generall or his lieutenant Ihall appoint certaine horfemen 
 that attend on the fcowt, to be in the fcowt that night. Ffurther- 
 more, the faid generall muft in anie wife gyve ftraight commande- 
 ment unto the faid fcowt mafter after the relief be founded, that 
 
 they 
 
 He chargeth for extraordinary treats of fevcn foldiers of the T J. s. d. 1. s. d. 
 
 EarlofNaflaw's regiment, after condemnation, 17s. 6d. f 012 
 
 he only gave them 7 quarts of beer, which coft liim .... 
 
 Small beer _ 006 
 
 More ftrong beer, a pint apiece 007 
 
 More ftrong drink 006 
 
 029 
 Befides what is undifcovered, there is overcharged 217 18 9 
 
 J. HOFFLINGH, 
 JOHN GOEDART. 
 
 Johannes Hoffelingh, native of the Hague in Holland, aged 34. years, or thereabouts, 
 maketh oath, that about the beginning of the month of Odober, Ac. Dni, 1691, Aflarias 
 Van Velihoven, the Dutch Provoe being in the camp before Limerick, in Ireland, gave 
 one of the beft horfes in his troop to his fon John Chrillian Van Velthoven, cadet in 
 another company, making his trooper ferve on foot. That in the month of November 
 following, the faid Van Velthoven gave Mrs. Mary Valentine (iiis lady of pleafure) one 
 tent lyned with blew, and four very good harneffes for waggon horfes belonging to their 
 majefties. That the faid Van Velthoven bought very bad horfes for his troopers, one 
 whereof coft him but three pounds, another two guineys, and another but two cobbs, or 
 nine fhillings and fixpence, infomuch, that if they had occafion to ride five or fix miles in 
 one day (leaft they fliould founder) faid,Velthoven would often caufc them to lite and walk 
 on foot in their jack boots, to their no fmall fatigue. 
 
 Ttiat whilft the army was before Limmenck, and many died for want of bread, the 
 faid Velthoven, under pretence he had many prifoners in his cuftody, fent for great quan- 
 titys of bread from the king's ftores, wherewith (to fave charges) he caufed his whole 
 troop of horfes to be fed, yet at the fame time brought their inajeftics a Dutch guilder a 
 
 day
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. z^y 
 
 they fhall not, upon paine of deathe, ft ir re from their charge before 
 the fcurriers be come into the field to take their places, and then 
 they may depart. 
 
 Also the faid fcowt mafter, when the trumpet foundeth the re- 
 lief of the watch in the morninge, muft repair unto the lieutenant 
 of the horfemen, there to receive at his hands, fuche horfemen as 
 the faid lieutenant fliall appoint to be in the fcurrage that daie. 
 
 Item, it is the office of the fcowt mafter, when he cometh inta 
 
 day to accoimt, for the keeping of each horfe in his troop, giving as a reafon for his know- 
 ledge, that he the deponent was under Heutenant to faid Affarias Van Vclthoven, and 
 
 privie to the preinifes. 
 
 J. HOFFELINGH. 
 
 Sworne before the Commiflloners of accompts, the 27th day of September, 1692. 
 
 Zyrach Gout, one of the troopers in his troop, alfo fwears, that although the faid 
 Velthoven received money from their majefties in 1690, for the purchafe of new boots and 
 piftols for his troop, he bought fuch old ones, that the piilols were unferviceable, and the 
 boots obliged to be new footed on their arrival in Ireland, for which he obliged his troopers 
 to pay. 
 
 John Goedart alfo confirmed the former evidence, and further accufcd Velthoeven 
 of fwapping away one of the beft horfes of his troop with one Capt. Young, for one fo 
 very old, that he was left behind in Ireland, as unferviceable, and alfo that before the faid 
 Van Velthoeven went to Ireland, he kept three men for fcveral months, ready for a falfc 
 m after ; that he received pay for a clerk, and an allowance for his horfe, 37 guilders ten 
 ftivcrs for the firft, and a gilder a day for the horfe, and kept neither. This deponent was 
 his upper lieutenant. His fcrvant John, borne a Polander, alfo on oath, confirmed thefe 
 accufations, and added feveral inftances of his changing and felling the hor/es, furniture 
 &c. and alfo accufcd him of leaving in Dublin, with a coufin of Mrs. Valentine, a large 
 portmanteau full of iron bar^, chains, fetters and other things ufcful for fecuring of pri- 
 foncrs, one other tent lined with blue, and the harntfs for four waggon horfes, all which 
 belonged to their majefties. 
 
 In Van Vclihocven's anfwcr to thefe charges many he denies, for feveral he pleads cuf- 
 tom in Holland, and rcfpcifling \Irs. Vallcntine, he fays the irons in qiieflion were fent 
 to Holland by miftake, but that he has more irons with him than he received from the 
 king, out of which he will make them good ; with refped to falfc mufters, he never was 
 muQcrcd himfclf, nor his company. 
 
 Vol.. I. LI the
 
 2^8 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 the field to fet and appoint the fcowrage, he muft appoint fome to 
 the high hillcs, that aie thereaboutes, to viewe and fe if they can 
 difcover any thnige. 
 
 Also the faid fcowte mafter muft appointe one other companle 
 of fcuragcrs, to feaiche and viewe every- valley thereabouts, that 
 there be no enemies laide privilie for the anoyange of the faid 
 campe, and if they do difcover anie, they are to advertife the fcowt 
 mafter ; and he muft either bring, or fend worde to the high ma- 
 rifchall of their advertifement, with fpeed. 
 
 The faid fcowt mafter muft alfo contvnuallie, bothe dale and 
 night, be in the fielde hinifelf, or appoint fome difcrete honeft man, 
 whom he may truft in his abfence, to forefee that bothe the fcowte 
 in the night feafon, and fcurriers in the dale, may do their duties 
 that appertene to their charge ; for there lieth a great charge of yt, 
 as muche as the life of the fcowt mafter is wurthe, if any thinge 
 happen amifle : and the faid fcowte mafter muft contynuallie bringe 
 advertifement of all thinges that the fcowrriers here or fe." 
 
 " The Trench Mafter (fays Markham) hath command over all the 
 pyoners, in all their works, and by his dire6lions ( i. e. the mafter 
 general of the ordnance) feeth all manner of trenches caft up, whe- 
 ther it be for guard and inclofing of the campe, or for other parti- 
 cular annoyance to the enemye, or for the building of fconces, or 
 other defence or offence, as directions fliall be given, (i) This officer 
 feems fometimes to have been ftiled " Devifour of the fortifications 
 to be made." In the lift of the ftaft' of the Duke of Somerfet's ar- 
 my, employed againft the Scots, at the battle of Muflelborough, 
 Sir Richard Lee, Knight, held an office fo denominated, (k) 
 
 The Carriage Mafter general or waggon mafter, who amongft 
 the Romans was called impedimentorum magifter, the mafter of 
 
 (i) Soldiers Grammar, p. 128. || (k) See Patten's Account of the Expedition, 
 printed by Richard Grafton, 1548. 
 
 the
 
 THE E N G L I S PI ARMY. 259 
 
 the impediments or hinderances in the warres ; for it is true, that 
 from nicenefleand curiofuy, firft grew the foundation of this office; 
 he hathe fupream authority over all waggons, carriages, fledds and 
 the like, and foreleeth that they march orderly, without cloying up 
 the high waies, or doing fouie annoyances one to the other in 
 their marches, with a world of other obfervations which are too 
 long to recite in that place. (1) 
 
 Sir James Turner, (m) under the head of the waggon mafter^ 
 has the following curious particulars refpe6ling that office. 
 
 " Every regiment, whether of horfc or foot, fliould have a 
 waggon or a baggage mafter, and where the eflablifliment of the 
 prince doth allow him no pay, the colonel fhould order a fufficient 
 ferjeant or corporal to exercife that office by turns ; thefe are to 
 fee, that every officer's baggage, from the highcft to the lowefl, 
 march accordingly to the dignity and precedency of him to whom 
 it belongs, whether it be carried on waggons, carts or horfes ; but 
 thefe regiment baggage maftcrs are not to fuffer the baggage of the 
 regiments to march, till they have received their direflions from 
 the waggon mafler general, when and in what manner it fhall be 
 done. The waggon mafter general's charge is extremely toylfome, 
 when an army marcheth, every night after the army comes to quar- 
 ter, and every morning before it march, he muft attend the major 
 generals of the cavalry and infantiy, and receive his orders from 
 them, if the whole army march together i but if the cavalry march 
 apart, then the major general of tiie foot gives the waggon mafter 
 his inftru6lions, particularly a lift in what order the army is ta 
 march; for ordinarily, regiments and brigades chaigc by turns, and 
 their baggage muft march in the fame order that themfelves do : 
 the waggon mafter having got his lift, he accordingly orders the 
 regiment baggage mafters (who aie ouliged to wait on him every 
 
 '. (I) S« Markham's Soldier's Grammar, |. 128. || (m) Pallas Armata, p. 276. 
 
 LI 2 morning)
 
 i6o H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 morning) to caufe their luggage march, wherein they may not faiU 
 for (unlefs fome extraordinary occafion alters it) the prince, or in 
 his abl'ence, the commander in chief, his coach or coaches, with his 
 waggons, go firfl ; then the whole train of artillery behind it ; the 
 coaches and waggons of all the general officers, according to their 
 dignity ; after them the waggons of that brigade that hath the van 
 for that day, and fo all the reft in order, according as the regiments 
 or brigades march. If any waggons or baggage horfes prefs to be 
 before thefe, behind whom the v/aggon mafter general has ordered 
 them to march, he may fafely make prize of them, owne them who 
 will. When the waggons couie to a heath, or a champaign field, 
 the waggon mafter fliould order the waggons to draw up, two, four 
 or five in rank, and to drive in that order fo long as the ground per- 
 mits them to do fo, and this faves time, and makes difpatch ; and 
 when they come to ftrait ground, they are to fall off, by the right 
 hand, in that order wherein they were before ; the fame courfe he 
 is to take with baggage horfes. 
 
 This baggage mafter general is allowed to have two lieutenants; 
 fo that if the army march three feveral ways (as fometimes it doth), 
 himfelf and his two deputies ferve to marftiall the baggage of all 
 the three. If the army is divided into two, or the cavalry march 
 alone, one of his lieutenants goes along with the horfe, the other 
 ftays with himfelf, and he is conftantly to be there where the gene- 
 ral of the army and train of artillery either marcheth or quartereth. 
 
 Many times waggons are commanded to be burnt and deftroyed; 
 fometimes all the v/omen and moft of the baggage are left behind at 
 fome garrifon and fortified place, or with the body of the infantry 
 and artillery, when expedition calls away all the horfe, dragoons, 
 and as many foot as are able to march luftily. In fome of thefe 
 occafions officers go fair to lofe their waggons and fome of their 
 moveables . 
 
 Women who follow an army may be ordered (if they can be or- 
 dered) in three ranks, or rather in clafTes, one below another ; the 
 
 firft
 
 THE ENGLISH A R M Y. 261 
 
 firfl fliall be of thole who are ladies, and are the wives of the ge- 
 neral and other principal commanders of the army, who for the 
 moil: part are carried in coaches ; but thofe coaches mull drive ac- 
 cording to the quality of them to whom the ladies belong, and as 
 the baggage of their hufbands is appointed to march by the waggon 
 mafter general. The fecond clafle is of thofe who ride on horfe- 
 back, and thefe muft ride in no other place than where the baggage 
 of the regiment to whom they belong marcheth, but they are very 
 oft extravagant, gadding here and there, and therefore in fome 
 places they are put in companies, and have one or more to com- 
 mand and overfee them, called in Germany Hureweibles, rulers 
 or marflials of the whores ; I have feen them ride, keep troop, rank 
 and file, very well, after that captain of theirs who led them, and a 
 banner with them which one of the women carried. The third 
 clafle is of thofe who walk on foot, and are the wives of inferior 
 officers and fouldiers ; thefe muft walk befide the baggage of the 
 feveral regiments to whom they belong, and over them the feveral 
 regiment marflials have infpe<Slion. As woman was created to be 
 a helper to man, fo women are great helpers in armies, to their 
 huftands, efpecially thofe of the lower condition, neither fliould 
 they be raflily baniflit out of armies ; fent away they may be fome- 
 times for!weighty confiderations ; they provide, buy and drefs their 
 hufband's meat, when their hufbands are on duty, or nev/ly come 
 from it, they bring in fewel for fire, and wafh their linens, and in 
 fuch manner of employment, a fouldier's wife may be helpful to 
 others, and gain money to her hufband and herfelf ; efpecially they 
 are ufeful in camp and leaguers, being permitted (which fliould not 
 be refufed them) to go fome miles from the camp to buy vi<5luals 
 aad other necefl'aries. (n) 
 
 At 
 
 (n) Formerly the foldicrs had boys to attend them, to provide fuel, fetch water, 
 &c. thcic were called, garciones and goujats, and in the French army fo late as the be- 
 ginning
 
 262 HISTORYOF 
 
 At the long ficge of Breda, made by Spinola, it was obferved that 
 the manied fouldiers fared better, looked more vigoroufly, and were 
 able to do more duty, than the batchellors ; and all the fpite was 
 done the poor women was to be called their hulbands' mules, by 
 thofe who would be glad to have had fuch mules for theml'elves. 
 Among all theie kinds of women in well ordered armies, there are 
 none but thofc who are married : if there be any elfe upon exami- 
 nation made by the minifter, priefl, or confiftory, they are put away' 
 with ignominy, at leaft fhould be, conformable to all articles of war. 
 
 But a ftrange ftory is writ by good authors of that famous duke 
 of Alva, whofe name is yet fo hateful to moft of the Netherlands ; 
 they fay, at that time that he marched from Italy to the Lowe 
 Countries, to reduce them to the obedience of his mafter, the king 
 of Spain, a permiffion was given to courtezans to follow his army, 
 but they were to ride in troops with banners ; they had their feve- 
 ral captainefles, and alfieras or flie cornets, and other officers, who 
 kept amongft them an exa.6i difcipline in all points that concerned 
 their profeflion ; they were divided into feveral fquadrons, accord- 
 ing to their quality j and that was diftinguiflied no otherwife but 
 by the difference of their beauties, faces, and features. Thofe of 
 the beft fort were permitted only to traffick with men of the highcil 
 quality j thofe of the fecond rank with commanders of great note ; 
 thofe of the third with officers of a lower condition j and thofe of 
 the fourth degreee with officers who were of the meancft quality^ 
 and fouldiers, whom thofe of the other three ranks rejedled. An 
 excellent commonwealth ! where it was prohibited under all grie- 
 vous pains, not to fuffer therafelves to be courted by any either 
 above or below the rank wherein they were placed, and that was 
 impartially done, according to the talent nature had beftowed upoa 
 
 ginning of the i6th century, one of thefe goujats was allowed to every two foldiers : the 
 tnglilh troops under Henry V. had a number of thefe boys. 
 
 themj
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 263 
 
 them ; fo that every common fouldier, inferior perfon or low offi- 
 cer, enfign, captain, colonel, or general commander, knew to whom 
 they might addrefs themfelves, and from whom they might buy re- 
 pentance ; a practice which, I fuppofe, never had a precedent in 
 either Chriflian or Pagan army, and which, with an impudent face, 
 loudly cried defyance to both religion and moral honefty. 
 
 *' The Office of the Capteine of the Pioners in the fielde oi 
 campe, with the Duties thereto belonging. 
 
 Ffirst the office of the captaine of the pioners ys, that after 
 he hath knowledge of the lord lieutennant what nomber of pyo- 
 ners he fhall have under his charge, he ought to take a viewe of 
 them, and to fe that they be hable and ftrong men, to endure anie 
 laboure. (o) 
 
 Also he muft appoint certaine capteines under him to hane the 
 leading and government of them, whiche capteines ought to be rea- 
 
 die 
 
 (o) PioNrERS were not formerly taken from the troops, as has been the praftice of 
 Jate years, but were fturdy labourers, prefled and equipped for the fervice they were to 
 perform. Several inftanccs occur in Rymer of writs to the iheriffs of diiferent counties, 
 directing them to furnifh miners, or other labourers, from their refpe^tive diftridls. 
 
 About the time of Queen Elizabeth, foldiers guilty of certain offences were degraded 
 to pioneers j tliis is alluded to by Shakfpeare, in the following f|)eech of Othello : 
 
 I had been happy, if the general camp, 
 Pioners and all, had taftcd her fwect body. 
 So I had nothing known. 
 
 In the ordinances of war of the earl of Northumberland, A. D. 1640, the following 
 offences are li.ible to this puni(hment. " If any trooper fliall lofe his horfc or hackney ; 
 or a footman any part of his armcs by negligence or lewdneffe, by dice or cards : he or 
 they (hall remain in qualitie of pioners and fcavcngers, till they be furnifli'd with as good 
 as were loft, at their own charge. 
 
 Ik a trooper fhall fpoil his horfe willingly, of purpofc to be rid of the fervice j he fliall 
 lofe his horfc, and remain in camp for a pioner. 
 
 A RE-
 
 264 HISTORYOF 
 
 die at all tymes to bringe the pioners to worke where they flialbc 
 appointed, and then to tarrye thenafelves to fe them vvoike ac- 
 cordinglic. 
 
 Item, he muft hane to every hundred pioners one clarke, who 
 muft everie morninge call them by their names, to fe whether he 
 want anie of his nomber or no, and if he want anie, he muft make 
 good enquirie whether thefe that are wantinge be ficke, deade, or 
 ronne awaie ; and as he findethe the truth, fo to make report to the 
 chiefe capteine thereof. 
 
 Also he muft appoint certaine vi6luallers to provide vidualls 
 for them, and to biinge yt to them where they worke, which vic- 
 tualls muft be brought to them at fuch hours as are appointed them 
 to take their reft in ; and their victuallers ftiall receive vicluallcs, 
 and they fliall have them brought to them when they do not worke, 
 at fuche place as they be commanded to bring them unto, for that 
 they muft alweies be kept together, to be redie at commandement. 
 
 The faid capteine of the pioners ought to goe withe the marifliall 
 when he goethe to viewe the grownd, where the campe flial be 
 pitched, that he may fe whether the ware be eafie and good for the 
 great artillerie and other carriages, to pafTe or no ; and if he do per- 
 ceive that the waie is not good, he muft caufe the pioners to mend 
 it, againft the artillerie and carriages do come, fo as they maye hane 
 readie pafTage without anie ftoppe. 
 
 Ffurther the faid capteine of the pioners muft attende upon 
 the highe marifchall to know whether the campe ftiall be en- 
 trenched about or not, and all tyraes the faid capteine and his pi- 
 
 A REGIMENT OF Company of horfe or foot, that chargeth the enemy, and retreats before 
 they come to handy ftrokes, Ihall anfwer it before a council of warr : and if the fault te 
 found in the officers, they rtial! be banifhed the camp ; if in the fouldiers, then every tenth 
 man fliall be punillied at difcretion, and the reft ferve for pioners and fcavcngcrs, till a 
 worthy exploit take off the blot." 
 
 oners
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 265 
 
 oners ought to be at the commandemcnt of the higlie niarifchall 
 bothe dale and night, to do fuche thinges as he fliall thuik moil 
 convenient to command them. 
 
 The proviant mafter general was a commifTary of provifions; 
 his office is defcribed by Sir James Turner. 
 
 *' Since money (fays he) is generally fcarce in the wars, info- 
 much that foldiers cannot receive their wages duly, let us fee what 
 allowance of meat and drink (ordinarily called proviant) princes 
 allow their foldiery ; to furnifli which every army fliould have a 
 general proviant mafter ; and truly I conceive him to be an officer 
 as neceflary and ufeful, if not more, in the fields, where moftly our 
 modern armies are entertained with proviant, as either a general, 
 commiflary, or a treafurer : his charge is to provide vi61:uals, corn, 
 fleih, wine, bread and beer; he hath the infpeclion of them, and 
 (hould fee them equally and proportionably divided to the regi- 
 ments, according to their feveral ftrengths ; for which purpofe he 
 fliould have all the rolls and lifts by him, which his fecretaries 
 fliould carefully keep. He hath no power to fell any proviant un- 
 der what pretence foever, without the general's exprefs warrant. 
 All mills where the army comes are under his protection , and he 
 is obliged to protect them. He hath the ordering of all the maga- 
 zines for victuals, and to him belongs the care of feeing the gar- 
 rifons and fortified places fufficiently provided with fuch meats and 
 drinks as are moft fit to preferve ; thcfe are, corn, grain and meal 
 of feveral kinds, ftock fifli, herrings, and all other falted fiflics ; 
 falted and hung flclhes, efpecially beef and bacon, cheefe, butter, 
 almonds, chefnuts, and hazel nuts, wine, beer, malr, honey, vine- 
 gar, oyl, tobaco, wood and coal for firing, and as many living 
 oxen, cows, flieep and fwinc, hens and turkies, as can be conve- 
 niently fed ; for which purpofe, as alfo for horfes, he is to provide 
 ftravv, hay, and oats. This general proviant mafter hath under 
 him a lieutenant, a fecretary, a cUrk, a fmith, a waggon mafter, 
 
 Vol. I. M m and
 
 266 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 aind a waggon maker, a quarter maflcr, and fome officers who are 
 called direclors. 
 
 There are few princes who have not their particular efl-ablifli- 
 ment for their proviant, both in field and garrifon, as well as for 
 money ; the order whereof commonly is this : they allow fo much 
 bread, flefli, wine or beer to every trooper and foot foldier, which 
 ordinarily is alike to both ; then they allow to the officers, accord- 
 ing to their dignities and charges, double, triple, and quadruple 
 portions ; as to an enfign four times more than to a common foul- 
 dier, a colonel commonly having twelve portions allowed him. 
 The ordinary allowance for a foldier in the field is daily, two pound 
 of bread, one pound of flefli, or in lieu of it, one pound of cheefe, 
 one pottle of wine, or in lieu of it, two pottles of beer. It is 
 enough, cry the fouldiers, we defire no more, it is enough in con- 
 fcience. But this allowance will not laft very long, they mu.n: be 
 contented to march fometimes one whole week, and fcarce get two 
 pounds of bread all the while, and their officers as little as they ; 
 ■who, if they have no provifions of their own, carried about with 
 them, mufi: be fatisfied with commis-bread and cold water, as well 
 as the common foldier, unlefs they have money to buy better enter- 
 tainment from futlers. I have known captains give a very great 
 demonitration of their patience, and their affection to their mailer's 
 fervice, by fatisfying their appetites with water, and very coarfe 
 bread, one whole fummer, and part of the next winter." 
 
 The cuftom of paying by provand is highly reprobated by Sir 
 John Smythe, who fays it was firfl introduced in the reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth, among the Englifii troops fent to the affiftance of the 
 States of Holland, his words are : 
 
 " And now in the fame later time, when all things fhould by 
 all reafon have been reduced into order and difcipline, becaufe the 
 nature of the war was altered from mercenary and voluntary, to 
 princely authority ; I mean the fommer before the earl of Leicefter 
 
 went
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 267 
 
 went over, our fuch men of war that had fcrved divers ycares before 
 in thofe parts devifed a newe invention, never heard nor read of 
 before amongft men of warre, but onely upon fome great lackes 
 and extremities, and that was that their foldiers infteade of pay with 
 money, lliould be paid in provand, which was bread and cheefe^ 
 and other fuch vi(5luall of the belt cheape and bafefl fort, and that 
 taxed by meafure, faying, that it was not convenient that their 
 fouldiours fhould receive their own payes, becaufe they knew not 
 bow to lay out their money, but that they would fpend it idly : 
 which fmiplicity and ignorance, if it had been in them (as it 
 was not) they and their officers by good inftruflion, fliould have 
 reformed the fame. But fuch covetous men of warre, under the 
 pretence (as though their fouldiours had beene either naturall 
 fooles or children) did contrarie to all militarie order, put the 
 greateft part of their fouldiours pay into their own purfes, allow- 
 ing them great fcarcity of provand. Ky which means it come to 
 pafle, that diverfe thoufands of their fouldiours in thofe plentiful 
 countries, partly by hunger and partly by evil lodging, and altoge- 
 ther by the fmall care and mifufe of our fuch men of warre did pe- 
 rifli. Befides that, great numbers of fuch their ficke and ftarved 
 foldiers, by order of the earle of Leicefler, were in thofe partes em- 
 barked and tranfport^d into EfTex and Kent, and other partes of 
 England, to recover health ; of which forcfaid great numbers of 
 miferable and pitiful ghofts, or rather fhaddowes of men, the Effex 
 and Kentifli carts and carters (that carried them) can teftifie ; of 
 which fcarce the fortieth man efcaped with life. 
 
 Also, when any of their fouldiers, through the naughtinefs or 
 fcareitie of their vi6luall, or by their evill lodging, or by the pef- 
 tering, or lying of two or three hundred of them together in fome 
 one churche, and fo in divers churches, upon the bare pavements, 
 or upon diverfe other diforders and mifufages of fome of our fuch 
 men of warre, fell fickc, our fuch men of warre did cafle, and dif- 
 charge them out of their bands for dead men, turning their pro- 
 
 M m 2 vand
 
 268 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 vand money, with all overplunes into their own puiTes, procuring 
 ncwc fupplics of well apparelled and lufty young men out of Eng- 
 land, to the intent to ferve their own turns, and to confume people 
 after people. All which marveillous diforders of fomc of our fuch 
 men of warre againft: their fouldiers, contrary to all difcipline mili- 
 tarie by them pradlifed and ufed, with infinit others (which to re- 
 hearfe would make a huge volume) were the occafion that manie 
 thoufands of the luftieft and difpoft fort of our Englilh people, were 
 in thofe warres (as it were) wittingly and willingly caft away, be- 
 fides great numbers, that at divers times did choofe rather to flie to 
 the enemy, than to ferve under fuch cruell and difordered chief- 
 taines. And thefe wonderful diforders, with innumerable others, 
 did continue and increafe, untill fuch time as diverfe young noble- 
 men lately comming to take principall charges in thofe warres, as 
 alfo divers knights and gentlemen of noble and of worfliipful 
 houfes, and themfelves of great valour and woorthines, did com- 
 plaine of, and difcover thofe moft ftrange and wonderful abufes, 
 unto the queeneand to her counfell, who underftanding thereof, did 
 very nobly reforme and redreffe diverfe of thofe diforders, taking 
 further orders that the aforefaid newe devifed provand fhould 
 be aboliflied, and that in fteade thereof, the fouldiours fhould re- 
 ceive their own payes in money : which with the wife and wor- 
 thie proceedings and courfesof the aforefaid noblemen, knights and 
 gentlemen, that began with great order and difcipline, to ferve in 
 thofe warres, fome at, and others fmce, the going over of the earle 
 of Leicefter hath of late greatly prevailed, and redounded to the re- 
 formation of diverfe of thofe ftrange inventions and abufes, invented 
 and brought into thofe warres by the aforefaide newe fantafied men 
 of warre. (p) 
 
 The 
 
 (p) See Sir John Sm\the Proeme Dedic^tone, &c. to his booke entitled Certain Dif- 
 courfesj written by Sir John Smythe, Knight, anno 1590. See fome account of this 
 
 writer,
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 269 
 
 The corporals of the field feem, by the defcription of their du- 
 ties laid down in the treatife entitled the Military Art of Trayning, 
 to have been fomething like our prefent majors of brigade; they 
 rarely occur before the time of the Queens Mary or Elizabeth. 
 " The corporal of the field," fays the writer of that anony- 
 mous work, " is an office of good reputation, tho' of great paines, 
 labour and induftry : there are commonly four of them, of which 
 two are alwayes attending on the marfliall or generall, as their 
 right hands, difcharging by their endurances the governours of the 
 campe of many travailes, cares and watchings : they ought either 
 to be ancient captaines, caflieer'd as we fay in the altering and 
 charging the lift of the army : or experienced fouldiers that know 
 how to beftowe the companies, and where to order the regiments 
 and ambufcadocs ; but in no cafe they muft be chofen either for 
 favour or affedlion, becaule their fervice confifts in knowledge and 
 underftanding the fecrets of the warre, as having the overlooking 
 of the colonels and captaines companies, that they march in order ; 
 the informing of the quarter maftcrs what fquadrons fliall goe to 
 the watch or other employments, the giving the alarums to the 
 campe, as taking notice of the fcowt mafter's dire6lion ; the ac- 
 quainting the colonel of the regiment volantem, with any danger 
 or bufines ; the overfeeing of ikirmilhes, and fo to certifie the ma- 
 rifhall and ferjeant major, where is any defeat or neede of fupply : 
 and a continuall attending both night and day, as never out of 
 employment when the enemye lodgeth neare, or any towne or place 
 is bcficged." 
 
 Markham, in his Souldiers Grammar, (q) fays, " the forrage 
 mafter general is a principal! dependant upon the lord marlhall: to 
 this officer's charge is delivered the difpofing of all manner of horfe 
 
 writer, in Wood's Athenae Oxcnienfcs ; alfo Strype's Annals, vol. iv. p. 46 ; more of 
 him idem, p. 296, 297, 298, 299. || ((],) Page 128. 
 
 provifions,
 
 270 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 provifions, as haye, corne, ftraw, grafTe, forrage, and the like, and 
 hee forefeeth that all inferiour officers which have charge herein, 
 do their duties trucly, and that equal diftribution be made, and 
 no fouldier be hindered of his true allowance, and where fault is, 
 to fee due punifliment executed on the offenders." The work lad 
 cited likewife (r) gives the following detail of the function of this 
 officer. " You have likewife belonging to the campe, a forage 
 mafter, an office of great ufe and expectation, as attending on the 
 lieutenant of the horfe, who puts him in truft with a convoy and 
 a trumpet, to fetch in necefTaries, both of grafTe and ftuffer ; fo that 
 when all thinges are ready, as the found of the trumpet troopt 
 them together, they mufl likewife returne by the found of trumpet, 
 ■without flraggling, placing their forage horfes in the middefl ; but 
 if every horfe carry the provifion behinde him, then is he to fore- 
 fee that no mifchief happen by negligence or retardance." 
 
 The judge marfhal, by fome lliled auditor general, and fince 
 called judge advocate, was an officer fkilled in the civil, municipal, 
 and martial laws, his office was to affift the marfliall or general, in 
 doubtful cafes; he had a clerk who took down the proceedings. In 
 the army fent to St. Quintins, there were two judges, each having a 
 clerk. A judge marflial is alfo mentioned in the eftimate of the 
 army intended for the recovery of the palatinate. 
 
 Sir James Turner defcribes the qualifications and duty of a judge 
 marfhal in the following words. " He ought to be a grave and 
 judicious perfon, who fears God, and hates vice, efpecially bribery. 
 A lawyer he fliould be, in regard mofl articles of war have their 
 rife from law, and many cafes chance to be avoided in courts of 
 tvar, where no military article is clear, but mufl be determined by 
 the civil law, or by the municipal law of the prince, to whom the 
 army belongs ; and the judge marflial's duty is to inform the court 
 
 (r) P. 25. 
 
 what
 
 THE ENGLISH A R M \ . 
 
 117! 
 
 what either of thcfe laws provides In fuch cafes ; Ibme princes remit 
 the whole jaflice of the army fo abfolutely to the judge marflial, 
 that they give him power to punilh foldiers who tranfgrefs publick 
 proclamations of himfclf, without the colonel's confcnt, yea, whe- 
 ther he will or not. The provoft marlhal general, and all the of- 
 ficers of juftice of the army, whatever name they bear, are to obey 
 the judge marlhal's directions and orders. He may caufe delin- 
 quents to be apprehended, and fend them to the regiments to which 
 they belong, with dire6tion to the colonels to call regiment courts 
 of war, at which he may appoint the provoft marfhal or his deputy 
 to be prefcnt, and to appeal from it in cafe any unjuft or partial 
 lentence be pronounced. All complaints, whether in matters civil 
 or criminal, are to be brought before him j and in many of them 
 he hath power to give judgment himfelf, without any court, and in 
 others he hath authority to oblige colonels to do juftice, wherein if 
 they fail, he may bring them before a general court, to anAver for 
 their partiality. All differences that are among merchants, tradef- 
 men, mark tenters, and futlers, who are permitted to frequent the 
 army, or that happen between any of them and the officers and 
 foldiers, are brought before him, and in them all (after due exami- 
 nation of the whole fafl and witnefTes) he hath power to judge and 
 give fentencc. He hath power to call together a general court of 
 war, and to call fuch colonels to it as he thinks fit, but herein he 
 feldom acts till the general or felt marfliall advife the matter witli 
 him. Such colonels as he cites to be afTclfors, and do not appear, 
 he may fine, and by the fifcal exafl the fines he hath impofed. 
 He is bound to examine all prifoners of war, as alfo all fuch as fre- 
 quent the army, and may be fufpe6led to be fpics. All teftaments, 
 contra6ls and obligations between party and party, are judged to 
 be in force, when they arc figned and attefted by him. He hath 
 power of the meafures and weights within the army, and may order 
 the marflials to fct fitting prices on all vendible things that are for 
 back or belly. And he is to have a care that the provoft marflials 
 
 neither
 
 -72 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 neither wrong the foldiers, nor the merchants, viduallers or futlers, 
 and he is judge in any difference that may arife between them. 
 
 Among the Harleian manulcripts in the Britifli Mufeum, there 
 is a copy of tire form of a commifllon granted A. D. 1661, by 
 Henry earl of Peterborough, to the judge advocate of the army 
 employed in Africa, which, as it dcfcribes the duties of that office, 
 I have tranfcribed in the note below, (s) No name is mentioned, 
 fo that probably it was a rough draught of the commilTion for that 
 appointment. 
 
 The military furgeons of ancient times are very little mentioned 
 in hiftory, perhaps they were not in very great eftimation, (t) the 
 
 (s) Henry earl of Peterburgh peere of England, lord Mordaunt, lord baron of Tiir- 
 vey, captain geaer.il, and commander in chief of all his majerty's forces raifcd or hereafter 
 to be raifed for his majeily's fervicc, in the kingdoms of Suez, Fez, and Morocco, and 
 governor of the city of Tanjer, and of all other citties, townes, cafiles or villages which 
 are or (hall at any time hereafter be reduced to his majeftic's obedience in the above men- 
 tioned dominions. 
 
 To advocate to the army. By virtue of the power and authority to me given 
 
 by his moft excellent majeftie Charles II. by the grace of God king of England, Scotland 
 France and Ireland, defender of the faith, Isfc. I do hereby conftitute and appoint you 
 advocate as well in caufe«. civil as criminal!, in the army, raifed or to be raifed for his 
 majeflies fervice in the kingdoms of Suez, Fez and Morocco, requiring and authorifing 
 you by all lawful means and by oathes of parties, to enquire of and examine all perfons 
 accufsd, delated, fufpecSed, or defamed, for any crime or ofTence committed, or duties 
 omiticd, which are againft the laws civill and ordinances of warr received or edablirtied, 
 and af er ail fuch cnquirey and examination, you are to purfue all fuch offenders to a con- 
 digne punidiment, before myfelf or a counfeli of warre, appointed in pursuance of the 
 truth (trull) in you repal'ed, and your duty to his majefly. Given under my hand and 
 feale ati armes, the 12th day of Occtober, 1661, in the 13th yeere of his mnjcllies rcigne. 
 
 Signed, PETERBURGH. 
 No. 6844. Bib. Harl. 
 
 (t) This fecms probable frotn the perfons with whom they are claflcd in the military 
 code made at Mans, by Henry V. where under the head of the perfons I'ubjed to the 
 confl.-.blc and marflial, the medici are introduced in the following company : " Whether 
 foldieis, (hoemakers, taylors, barbers, phyficians, or waOierwomen. See Upton dc Re 
 Militari. 
 
 fuper-
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. zji 
 
 fupcrftitious abhorrence of wliat was deemed a violation of the 
 dead, prevented their having an accurate knowledge of the human 
 frame, which is only to be acquired by frequent difledlions : the 
 pra6lice of thofe times feems to have been confined to the compofition 
 of certain oils, balms and balfams, prepared with the grofreH: fuper- 
 ftition, and adminillered under the rules of aftrology. The low 
 ftate of the art of furgery in France, even fo late as the time of 
 Francis I. contemporary with Henry VIII. may be gathered from 
 the following note, (u) How terrible mufl have been the ftate of 
 
 the 
 
 (u) In the year of our Lord, 1536, the victorious King Fraunces fcnt a great army 
 into Piedmont to vitaile Thurin, &c. — I was at that time but a young cliirurgioii, and 
 but little experienced in the art, becaufe I never had (as yet) feen the curation of wounds 
 made by gun fliot. 7Vue it is, I liad read John do \'igo, his firfle bockc of v.'ounds in 
 general), chap. 8. wliere he faith, that thofe woumis maJe by fiery engines do participate 
 of venenofity, becaufe oi the powder, and for their curation lie commands to cauterize 
 them with the oile of elders, mixed with a little treacle. Yet nevcrtlicleiTe becaufe I would 
 not be deceived, before I made ufe of the faid boyling oile, knowing that it brought ex- 
 treme paine to the patient, I obferved the method of other chirurgeons in the firft drclTingc 
 of fuch wounds, whicli was by the application and infufion of the aforefaid oile, as hot as 
 pofliWy they could fuffer it, with tents and fetons : wlicrcfors I became emboldened to do 
 as they did. But in the end my oile failed tne, fo that I was conftrained to ufe inllead 
 thereof, a digeftive made of the yolk of an egge, oil of rofes and terebinth. The night 
 following I could hardly fleep at mine cafe, fearing Icll that for want of cauterizing, I 
 (hould find my pntients, on whom 1 had not ufed the aforefaid oyle, dead and empoy- 
 foned ; which made me rife early in the inorning to vifit them, where beyond my expec- 
 tation, I found them on whom 1 had ufed the digeftive medicine, to feele but little paine, 
 and their wounds without inflammation or tumor, having refled well all that niglit : tlic 
 reft, on whom the aforefaid oile was -jiplied, I found them inclining to feavcrs, with greaic 
 paine, tumor and inflammation about their wounds : then I refulved with myfelfe, never 
 to burne fo cruelly the wounded patients by gun-(hot any more. A famous chirurgion at 
 Turin, propofed a balm for gun-ftiot wounds as follows : two young whelps, one pound of 
 earth worms, two pounds of the oil of lillies, fix ounces of the terebinth of Venice, and 
 one ounce of aqua vit« ; in my prefence he boiled the whelps alive in the faid oil, untiU 
 the flcfli dcfcrted from the bones ; afterwards he took the worms, having before killed and 
 purified thchi in while wine, to purge themfclves of the earth, which they have always in 
 their bodies; being fo prepared, he boiled thein alfo in the faid oil, till they became dry j 
 
 Vox. I. N t\ this
 
 274 HISTORYOF 
 
 the military hofpitals, and what numbers of men muft have fallen 
 a facrifice to ignorance, who under proper management might have 
 been recovered to the fervice of their country ; but bad as the fur- 
 geons were, fome were neverthelefs neceflary in our armies ; and 
 although the general mode of raifing and paying them is not 
 handed down, certainly fome regular form of doing it muft have 
 exifted. 
 
 In the wardrobe account of the pay of the army raifed againft the 
 Scots, by Edward II. in the 1 5th year of his reign, many of the 
 Welch corps have an officer ftiled Medicus ; but whether by that 
 term, a phyfician or a furgeon is meant, feems doubtful, as the 
 word medicus is fometimes ufed for both a furgeon and an apothe- 
 cary. None of thefe phyficians or furgeons are charged to the 
 Englifh levies. And to the Welch they feem to bear no regular 
 proportion to the number of private men j a corps of one thoufand 
 nine hundred and feven men having only one, and another of nine 
 hundred and fixty-eight having two ; the wages of all, except the 
 two laft named, was 6d. per diem each ; thofe which were raifed on 
 the king's land in Cardiganfiiire had only 4d. each per diem. 
 
 In the lift of the troops that attended King Edward III. to the 
 fiege of Calais, only one furgeon is mentioned, who feems to have 
 been part of the retinue of the prince of Wales ; and in the military 
 eftabliftiment of the 18th of the faid reign, as given in the accounts 
 of Walter Wentwayt, treafurer of tiie houfehold, (x) there is one 
 furgeon for the king's houfehold troops j four dotflors, and one fur- 
 
 this he ftrained thorow a napkin without any great expreffion ; that doone hee added thereto 
 the terebinth ; and laftly the aqua vitae, and called God to witneffe that this was his balme, 
 which he ufed in all wounds made by gun-(hott, and in others which required fuppuration ; 
 withal! (-raying me not to divul-re his fecret. Treafure of antient and modern times, being 
 colledions from MefTrs. Francis Sanfovino, Anthony de Verdier, Loys Guyon, &c. Lon- 
 don, 1619. 
 
 (x) MSS. in my poffeflion. 
 
 geon
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 275 
 
 geon for the army of North Wales ; two do6tours and one furgcoa 
 for that of South Wales ; a number by no means competent to the 
 number of men to which they were appointed, fuppofing the infe- 
 rior furgeons to have been ftiled barbers, like the field fliaver of the 
 Germans, it feems reafonable to expecl they would fomewhere ap- 
 pear on the mufter roll. 
 
 Henry V. A. D. 141 5, engaged Mafter Nicholas Colnct, a 
 phyfician, to ferve him for one whole year, in the voyage then to 
 be made either to the dutchy of Guycnne or France. Colnet was 
 to bring with him three archers. If the expedition went to Guy- 
 enne, he was to have for his own wages forty marks, and twenty 
 marks for each of his archers, for the whole year. If to France, 
 for his own wages is. and for each of his archers 6d. a day, with 
 regards. 
 
 In the fame year the king engaged Thomas de MoreO-ede, a fur- 
 geon, who contracted to bring with him twelve other furgeons and 
 three archers. Moreftede was to be paid as a man at arms, lad. by 
 the day, and his twelve afliftants and three archers each 6d. with 
 the ufual regard. The fame conditions were covenanted in cafe the 
 campaign lay In Guyenne, that were made with Colnet. Upon a 
 petition, the king granted Morftedc one waggon and two fumpter 
 horfes, for the carriage of the baggage and necelfaries for himfelf 
 and the twelve other furgeons. He likewife petitioned for money 
 to buy neceflaries for his office, but it was not granted. 
 
 The next year the king employed Moreftede, joining with him 
 William Bredcwardyn, with the title of his furgeons, in a com- 
 miflion to imprefs as many furgeons as they thought neceflary for 
 the expedition, with a fufficient number of artificers for making 
 their inftruments, to be taken wherever they could be found, (y) 
 
 (y) Rymer, torn. 9. p. 362. 
 
 N n 2 Amonc
 
 276 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 Among the different perfons who indented in the 14th of Ed- 
 ward IV. to ferve that king in Normandy and France, for one 
 year, are the following phyficians and furgeons. (z) 
 
 Mafter Jacobus Fryle, king's phyfician, 2S. per diem, with two 
 
 fervants at 6d. per diem. 
 Mafter William Hobbis, phyfician and furgeon of the king's body, 
 
 i8d. per diem. 
 Richard Felde - - 
 Richard Elftie - 
 John Smith - - 
 
 Richard Brightmore ^ Surgeons every one at Xlld. per diem. 
 Thomas Colard - 
 Richard Clambre - 
 Symon Coll - - 
 William Coke 
 Richard Smythys - 
 John Stanley - ■ 
 John Denyfe - - 
 Alexander Ledell 
 
 Other furgeons, every one at VId. per diem, 
 for their attendance in the faid fervice be- 
 yond fea. 
 
 It is remarkable, that here are juft twelve furgeons, the fame 
 number that appears to have been employed on the expedition un- 
 der Henry V. 
 
 In the expedition to St. Qujntin's, in the reign of Philip and 
 Mary, 1557, an army confifting of five hundred heavy armed horfe, 
 five hundred light horfe, four thoufand foot, and two hundred pi- 
 oneers, with officers and a train of artillery proportionable, there 
 were fifty-feven furgeons, two of them belonging to the fuite of 
 
 (z) MS. in the library of Thomas Aftle, Efq; being an Abridgement of the Inden- 
 tures for raifing Soldiers for different Kings, by Peter Le Neve Norrong j the original 
 indentures are now remaining in the Paper Office. 
 
 tht
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 277 
 
 the general, one to the lieutenant general, one to the high ma- 
 rifchal, one to the general of the horfemen, one to the general of 
 the infantry, and one to the mafter of the ordnance ; all thefe at 
 the daily pay of is. each. The remainder belonged to the corps 
 of horfe, light horfe and infantry, in the proportion of one fur- 
 geon to an hundred men ; the daily pay of a furgeon of heavy 
 horfe was 2s. of light horfe is. 6d. and of infantry is. No furgeon 
 is charged for either the ordnance or pioneers, (a) 
 
 Besides the king's pay, it feems as if the furgeons of former 
 times, as well as thofe of late, received a weekly floppage from the 
 private men. This may be gathered from the following defcription 
 of the duties of a military furgeon, written in the reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth, (b) 
 
 •* Surgeons flioulde be men of fobrietie, of good confcience, 
 and fkillfull in that fcience, able to heal all foares and woundes, 
 fpecially to take oute a pellett oute of the fame. All captaines muft 
 have fuche furgeons, and ought to fee them to have all their oyles, 
 balmes, falves and inftruments, and neceflary ftuffe to them be- 
 longinge, allowinge and fparinge carriadge for the fame. That every 
 fouldier, at the paye daye, doe give unto the furgeon 2d. " as in 
 tymes paft hathe beene accuftomed," to the augmentation of his 
 wages ; in confideration whereof, the furgeon oughte rcadilie to 
 employ his induftrie uppon the foare and wounded fouldiers, not 
 intermedlinge with any other cures to them noyfome. Regarde 
 that the fuigeon bee truelye paid his wages, and all money due 
 to hym for cures, that bye the fame bee maye bee able to provide 
 all fuche ftuffe as to him is needfull. Such furgeons mufte weare 
 their baklricke, whereby they may be knowen in the tyme of llaugh- 
 ter, it is their charter in the field, (c) In 
 
 (a) No. 6844, Harleian MS. || (b) Ralph Smith's MS. before quoterf. 
 (c) From this p:"..T'5c it fhould fecm ihat furgeons formerly wore a dlftinguKhinc; belt 
 over their fliouldcrs, like that now ufed by the itinerant farriers, vulgarly ftikd fow-gclders, 
 
 in-
 
 278 H I ;5 T O R y O F 
 
 In an cftimate made anno 1620, for an army of twenty-five 
 thoufand foot, five thoufand horfe, and twenty pieces of artillery, 
 propofed by King James to be fent to the Palatinate, a number 
 of furgeons are appointed, but no allowance or provifion what- 
 ever appears in the eftimate, for medicines or an hqfpital, al- 
 though there is a very minute detail of almoft every other neceflary 
 (lore J and this feems the more extraordinary, as many of the moft 
 experienced officers of that time were called in to affift in forming 
 the eftimate. 
 
 The medicinal lift appointed for this expedition were : 
 
 " In the general's trayne two phyficians, at 6s, 8d. per diem 
 each ; two apothecarys at 3s. 4d, and two furgeons, each at 6s. 8d. 
 
 Every regiment of foot confifted of twelve companies of one 
 hundred and fifty men each, and had one chief furgeon, at 4s. per 
 diem, and another furgeon to each company at is. per diem. 
 
 Among the general officers of horfe is one chief furgeon at 4s. 
 a day, probably to fuperintend the furgeons of troops. 
 
 To every troop which was to confift of an hundred men, one 
 furgeon was allotted, his daily pay 2s. 6d. 
 
 To the ordnance, pioneers, &c. there was allowed one barber 
 furgeon, at 2s. per diem, and two under barber furgeons, at 6d. 
 a day each." 
 
 One reafon may be afligned for our ancient armies being able 
 to do with fo fmall a number of furgeons, which is, that immedi- 
 ately after a battle, fuch of the ineaner fort of foldiers, whofe 
 v/ounds feemed to require a confiderable time for cure, were by the 
 general difmifiTed, with a fmall pecuniary provifion to carry them 
 home : this, according to Barnes's Hiftory of Edward III. was 
 done immediately after the battle of Poiftiers. 
 
 in order to protefi their perfons whilft adminiftering to the wounded in the field of battle, 
 a circumftance now rendered unneceflary by the apparatus of bandages, &c. carried by 
 furgeons attending a party where fervice is cxpeded, or in a field of battle. 
 
 Perhaps
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 279 
 
 Perhaps likewife the inferior furgeons, ftiled barbers, were ta- 
 ken from the ranks, and therefore paid and mullered as private 
 men. 
 
 It feems uncertain at what time our armies were firft divided 
 into regiments, or rather, at what time that term was firft intro- 
 duced into our fervice ; and the fame difficulty occurs with refpect 
 to the rank and title of colonel, (d) Sir James Turner, who ap- 
 pears to be the beft informed military writer of his time, cannot 
 folve that queftion; fpeaking of a regiment he fays, " I fliall define 
 it to be a certain number of companies joined in one body under 
 one head. This definition agrees with all regiments of whatfoever 
 flrength they be. There is not a definite number of companies or- 
 dained for each regiment ; fome confifting of fix, fome eight, fome 
 twelve, and fome of twenty ; but ten is now moft ordinary, and 
 formerly it was fo when regiments were three thoufand ftrong, and 
 each company three hundred ; yet I find, that in every French le- 
 gion (which confifted of eighteen companies) there were about 
 three hundred three and thuty men in each company, for every 
 legion was fix thoufand ftrong. Nor is this word [regiment] one 
 hundred years old, nor do I know of what language it is ; in the 
 French and Italian tongues it was called a legion, and fo it was in 
 Latin, and he who commanded in chief over it was called colonel 
 and colonello j (e) in Spanifti it was called a terzo, (f) and its com- 
 mander maiftro del campo ; in High Dutch it was called faulein, 
 and he who commanded it, oberfter, which fignifies fuperior or fu- 
 
 (d) Smith, in his Military Di<aionary fays, regiments were firft inftitutcd in England, 
 A. D. 1660, but cites no authority for liis afllrtion. 
 
 (e) The term tcrtio was ufed to fignify a corps or regiment, fo late as tlie civil war 
 under K. Cliarlts I. 
 
 (f ) Some derive the term colonel from the French word colonne or column, becaufc 
 the colonel marches at the iitad of the column. This officer is by fome of our ancient 
 military writers called coroiK'll, crowncll, and by Kelly (in his book entitled Pallas Ar- 
 mata, publiflicd 1627J crowncr i the cnfigii he calls handlignc. 
 
 pre me.
 
 28o H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 pieme. But colonel is now underftood in all languages, and the 
 word [regiment] however barbarous it be in itlclf, hath fuppreft 
 all other names and titles, and is now only uicd in all European 
 tongues." From this afiertion, and divers other ccmcurrent circum- 
 ilances, we may, without being very much miftaken, place the in- 
 troduction of regiments and colonels about th^ reign of King 
 Henry VIII. The ranks of lieutenant colonel, ard ferjeant major, 
 as the office now ftiled major was originally called do not feem to 
 have been fo foon adopted, for we find both the terms regiments 
 and colonels in Fynes Morrifon's Account of Queen Elizabeth's 
 army in Ireland, A. D. 1600 ; but do not meet with thofe of lieu- 
 tenant colonel, nor ferjeant major, as regimental officers. Nor do 
 they appear to have been generally ertat.l ihed in the year 1591, for 
 though a colonel general and a ferjeant major are both mentioned 
 in a military treatife, publiflied that year by Gyles Clayton, the de- 
 tail of their duties fhew them to have been confidcred rather as 
 general than regimental officers. We however find both thefe of- 
 ficers, with a defcription of their duties, in Ward's Animadverfions 
 of Warre, publifhed A. D. 1639, from which it appears, there was 
 little or no difference betwecen the duty of thofe officers, then 
 and at the prefent time. " The office of a colonell (fays he) is very 
 honourable, and a place of great confequence in the army, where- 
 fore he ought to bee a grave experienced fouldier, religious, wife, 
 temperate and valiant ; his command is not of fo high an extent as 
 the ferjeant major generall's is ; for his command extends no fur- 
 ther than tenne or twelve companies, which he is to fee well or- 
 dered, and ftriftly governed ; hee that hath his commiffion firft is 
 to be accounted the eldeff, and is to take place both in quarters, 
 and in the march, and fo every one fucceffively, according to the 
 date of their commiffion. He hath under his command two fpe- 
 ■cial officers ; his lieutenant colonell and ferjeant major : his office 
 is, in time of warre, to fee his regiment compleate, and to order his 
 divifions, and draw them into forme of battell ; his place in the 
 
 battell
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 281 
 
 battell is various, according as he fliall be commanded by the 
 general!, but mofi: ufuall, he takes his place before the right wing 
 of his owne regiment, ordering his officers as he fhall have direc- 
 tions from his fiiperiors in authority ; hee is to be forv/ard in 
 flievving good examples to his officers, that his worth and valour 
 may not be blemiflied j his eye is to be duly upon his owne officers 
 and fouldiers, to rebuke them that are negligent and cowardly, and 
 to animate thofe that are forward ; hee ought to have all the co- 
 lours of his regiment to be alike, both in colour and fafliion, to 
 avoide confufion, fo that the fouldiers may difcerne their owne re- 
 giment from the other troopes ; likewife every particular captain 
 of his regiment may have fome fmall diftinclion in their colours, 
 as their armes, or fome emblcme, cr the like, fo that one company 
 may be difcerned from another, (g) Hee oughte in time of fkir- 
 milhing in battell, to pry and take ferious notice of the enemies 
 battalias, how they are ordered, and what advantages are to be 
 gained, which fuddenly he is to encounter and atchieve; hee muft 
 be as cautelous and circumfpect in taking notice how the enemye 
 playes his game, as himfclfe is to be wary and cunning in playing 
 and managing his owne ; hee is not be put upon any defperate 
 fervice, unlefTe he hath the command of five hundred or a thoufand 
 fouldiers ; hee ought to be very expert in raifing of fortifications, 
 and m all kind of ftratagems, in as ample a manner as the gene- 
 rail ; becaufe many times he hath the fole command in beleaguered 
 towns, and in certain quarters in the trenches againll: a fort be- 
 leagured j alfo many times hee is to command divers troopes as 
 gcnerall in fome kind of fervices ; hee is to have a well-governed 
 and religious preacher to his regiment, fo that by his life and doc- 
 trine the fouldiers may be drawne to goodncfi'e ; hee is to caufe fo 
 many of his regiment as are to releeve the watch, morning and 
 
 (g) Formerly and till the reign of Queen Anne, each company had a colour. 
 Vol. I. O o evening
 
 282 II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 evening to be diawne in parado before tlie head of the quarters, 
 where divine duties arc to bee performed by the preacher amongft 
 them : every fabbath day he is to have a fermon in his tent fore- 
 noon and afternoone, and every officer of his regiment is to compell 
 his fouldiers that are freed from the guard to repaire thither ; and 
 that no futler fliall dravve any beere in the time of divine fervice 
 and fermon : hee is to have a fpecial care to fee fuch dut)es per- 
 formed by his officers as are given them in charge : there is no 
 impunity or remiffnefTe to be ufed in the warres, to any one that 
 Ihall negle6l or flight any duty or command: hee is to fee that all 
 guards, paffages and fortifications, vi'herein any of his regiment are 
 to .guard or maintainc, that it be fufficiently guarded with fouldiers j 
 he feklome watcheth himfelfe in perfon in the campe, only in be- 
 leaguered townes hee paffeth upon his duty : hee is to caufe his 
 owne drumme to beate, to prepare for the relief of the watch, mor- 
 ning and evening ; likewife all the drums of the regiment are, at 
 the fame time to beate ; hee is to appoint the captaine of the watch 
 in his regiment ; the eldeft captaine firfl beginneth, and fucceflively 
 one after another, according to their antiquity ; he hath only a 
 lieutenant and enfigne, his lieutenant is titularly called captaine ; 
 hee is to have a fufficient quarter mafler to his regiment ; hee is 
 alfo to have an under marfliall, whofe office is to lay irons upon 
 fuch delinquents as ihall be committed to his charge; hee is like- 
 wife to looke to all futlers, that no abufe be in their exceffive prices 
 or ill meafures ; there are able and fufficient futlers to bee provided 
 for his regiment. The colonell is to fit in. counfell with the gene- 
 rall, and to advife accordinge to his wifedome and experience, about 
 all flate affaires : hee is to fit in the marfhal's court, and to give his 
 voyce for the puniHiing of delinquents ; hee is to be a man free 
 from all vices ; hee is to be religious, grave, wife, and truly valiant. 
 A LIEUTENANT coloncl of a regiment is a place of high confe- 
 quence and great dignitie, being the fecond perfon in the regiment ; 
 hee is not to be deficient in all kindes of literature, but to bee as 
 
 able
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 283 
 
 able both in valour and experience as the colonell ; in regard in the 
 colonell's abfence, hee hath the fole ordering of the regiment, and 
 upon all occafions as his colonell fliall command, hee is to bee 
 ready and dutifuU to performe : there is much toyle and paines 
 belonging to his office, in regard- he frees the colonell's execution 
 of his duties ; hee ought, in time and caufes of prefent perill, to 
 give his beft advice to his colonell, and to give him notice of every 
 particular pafiage in the regiment ; hee is not of his owne authority 
 to act any thinge without his colonel's command ; all the captaines 
 and officers of the regiment ought to refpect and obey his com- 
 mands J hee is to fee the regiment well ordered ; the watches fet, 
 and the guards duly relieved ; in time of battell, he is in many 
 times commanded to draw up divifions to charge the enemy : in 
 befieges hee relieves his colonell, taking his command by turnes : it 
 is his charge to fee to the regiment that all things are orderly per- 
 formed, and that all neceflaries be provided both for food and am- 
 munition ; hee is to fee every captaine demcane themfelves faire to 
 their companies, that their pay be duly diftributed amongft the. 
 fouldiers ; hee is to fee their amies fixed and fitting for fervice : 
 every captain is to have two powder bougets, with powder, bullet 
 and match ; hee is to command the captaines to drawe out their 
 companies into the field, and to fee them exercife them j hee is to 
 exercife every company in the regiment himfelfe at his pleafure ; 
 hee is to obferve how every captaine clothes his fonldiers, and to 
 have his eare open to the complaints of poore diftrefled fouldiers, 
 and fee them righted ; hee is to take notice of all quarrels and dif- 
 putes among the officers, and endeavour to reconcile them, other- 
 wife to lay his command on them, and to confine them to their 
 lodgings untill his colonel underlliands of it ; hee is to releafe no 
 delinquent from prifon, that is laid in by the confent of his co- 
 lonell ; hcc is to fit in the marfliall's court in the abfence of his 
 colonell } hee is to fee the fcrjeant major order the regiment for the 
 march, and hee is to aflift him in ordering and drawing up the di. 
 
 O o 2 vifion
 
 284 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 vifions Into battalia ; and to conclude, hec ought to be difcreet, 
 wife, valiant and religious, I'o that hee fliould be a patterne to all 
 the officers of his regiment to fteere their courfes by. 
 
 A SERJEANT major is the third and principall officer of the 
 field, hee ought to participate of all the perfe6tions that officers of 
 higher authority fliould have ; his place and office doth fomewhat 
 corrcfpond with the major general's, onely his duty is tending to 
 officiate betweene the colonell and the officers of the regiment ; he 
 is to be learned in all the liberal fciences, he ought to have both 
 fpeculative and prafticke knowledge in all things belonging to his 
 profeffion, he muft be very civill, wife and difcreet in his carriage 
 and a6lions, in regard he is to manage a world of affaires of high 
 confequence, which may ferve to the conferving or ruining of the 
 army j he is duly to attend his colonel's pleafure, and morning, 
 noone and night, he is to watch upon the major generall, and to 
 receive fuch orders, as are by the generall of the army delivered un- 
 to him ; hee is fpeedily to certifie his colonell what the orders are, 
 and what the generall's pleafure is, and alfo, with all celerity, to 
 execute fuch things as his colonell fliall give him in charge ; he is 
 not onely to be a good fcholler and witty, but he muft be quick in 
 apprehenfion, and furniflat with an able memory ; he muft have a 
 paper book, with pen and incke, to fet down all orders and com- 
 mands, that he may not erre nor vary one tittle from what was de- 
 livered him in charge : at drums-beat he is to repair to the general's 
 tent, and take the word of the major general, and orders for that 
 night's proceedings, then he is to repaire to his colonell's tent, 
 where he is to deliver him the word, and to his lieutenant colonel, 
 with fuch orders as he has received. 
 
 The ferjeants of every company of his regiment are to repaire to 
 him, to take the word from him, with fuch orders as he fliall give 
 them, and they are fpeedily to acquaint their captaine and other 
 officers with it ; all the inferior ferjeants are to ftand round about 
 him, and he is to deliver the word very privately in the ear of the 
 
 ferjeant
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 285 
 
 ferjeant which ftands at liis right hand, and he is fecretly to whif- 
 per it in the eare of the next, and fo from one to another round, 
 and the laft man is to give it to the ferjeant major againe, if the 
 lafl man give it him wrong, then he mull give it over again. He 
 is to iiave them draw billets for their guards, in regard much dif- 
 putes may arife, becaufe many guards are more fubjecl to the dan- 
 ger of the enemy, than fome others are ; and alfo to prevent treafon, 
 fo that no officer know his guard beforehand : hee is alfo to pro- 
 vide powder, match and bullets, and diflribute it among the officers 
 of his regiment ; he ought to have able officers to his owne com- 
 pany, becaufe hee cannot tend unto them, his employments are fo 
 great ; hee ought to have a fwift nagge, to carrye him about the 
 quarters, and to vifit his guards, for his bufinefle lyes very con- 
 fufedly in the army ; hee is likewife to view all outward guards, 
 both in the day time, and in the night, where his regiment hath 
 command, every captaine is to give him the word, and from one 
 guard to another he is to be guarded with certaine mufquetiers j hee 
 is to inft:ru6le and fhewe fuch of his officers as are to pafle upon 
 watch, where to place their fentinels and perdues ; he is likewife 
 to fhew every officer whether to draw his company to join with the 
 rcfl: in batalia, if the enemy fhould give an alarme. He is to exer- 
 cife all the companies of his regiment at convenient times. 
 
 The office of a captaine being fo honourable and a place of fuch 
 great confequence, that it ought not flightly to bee confidered of, 
 wherefore they ought to be men of excellent quality, and of un- 
 daunted valiant refolution j hee fliould not be inferior in knowledge 
 and Ikill, and in all the circumftances and a(5lions belonging to 
 warre, in as profound a manner as the chiefeft officer of the field, 
 for he hath a charge of great importance committed into him, hee 
 being many times called to execute the olHce of ferjeant major, or 
 lieutenant colonell ; bcfides hee is cxpofed to all manner of danger 
 in the warres, for no captaine but mull leade on his men in the 
 face of an enemy, and charge them in the teeth, which if he be not 
 
 Ikilfull
 
 286 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Ikilfull as well to leade them off as to draw them on, hoe may be 
 the occafion of fpilling much bloud ; hee ought not to be a man 
 chofen altogether for birth, meancs, perfonage, favour or affection ; 
 but for his wifedome, civility, valour "and experience; the uncxpert- 
 neffe of a captaine hathe beene the ruine of armies and deftruiSlion 
 of commonwealths : in the time of peace, every brave fellow defues 
 to bee honoured with the name and charge of a captaine, but when 
 warre approacheth, and the enemy is at hand, they quake their 
 fwords out of their fcabbards, and had rather make ufe in fight of 
 their wings tlien their tallents. A captaine ouglUe to be well HecwQ 
 and read in all the liberal fciences, to be acquainted wicli hillory, 
 and to have what fpeculative knowledge that may be to joyne with 
 their praflice ; all kinde of ftratagems fliould be familiar with him, 
 and nothing fliould be wanting that might make him an accom- 
 pliflied fouldier : a captaine ought to have regard to the due exer- 
 cifmg of his fouldiers, fitting them in all points for fervice ; he 
 ought to -fee his fouldiers furniflied with all things needful ; as 
 amies, munition, and their weekly pay duely at the appoynted times ; 
 hee is to be very confcionable in delivering them their off-reckonings 
 and apparell ; he is to paffe very ftri6lly (if it be in time of warre) 
 upon his watch ; being captaine of the watch, he is to command 
 the gentlemen of the rounds to be fet out, and to have the word 
 given them ; if he be in the field he fliould lead out the perdues, and 
 iee them vifited in due fcafon ; then afterwards his lieutenant and 
 other inferior officers are to do the like. If he be in garrifon, in 
 time of danger, hee is precifely to go the firft: round himfelfe, being 
 ayded with his ferjeant and divers gentlemen, v.'here he may viewe 
 the flrength and fufficiency of every guard, and how every officer 
 doth difpofe of his fouldiers ; hee is to take the word of every offi- 
 cer in his round at every corps du guard. If he be incampt in the 
 field, then he is to goe the patroule through his owne regiment, 
 and caufe all futlers to extinguifli their candles, and to fuffer no 
 drinking after the warning peece is difcharged : if his company be 
 
 two
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 287 
 
 two hundred llrong, hee is to have fourc corporalls, and to divide 
 his company into foure even parts, viz. fifty fouldiers in a corporal- 
 fliip : in the time of peace and being in garrifon, one fquadron 
 onely watcheth, beginning with the eldeft corporal-fliip the firft 
 night, and fo fucceflively, one corporal-fliip reheving the other : in 
 time of warre, halfe or whole companies, fpecially being in the 
 fielde i no guard fliould be reUeved but once in twenty-four houres; 
 hee is to make the choyce of the chief and ablcfl: fouldiers being 
 men of quality, to be gentlemen of his company ; they are to guard 
 with the captaine of the watch by turns, and to walke the round 
 aboute all the walls and bulwarkes ; they are to give the word to 
 the corporalls at every guard ; they are to difcover the enemy, and 
 to fee the fentinells doe their duty; which if they cannot, or millake 
 it, the guard is to charge them with their weapons, and apprehend 
 them as enemies ; the captaine is to lay out thefe gentlemen perdue 
 upon convenient paflages and apt places, to difcover if the enemy 
 fhould fally out ; accordinge as the place is in diflance from the 
 enemies trenches, fo muft the number of perdues be laid, one a 
 pretty diflance behindc the other, fo that if occafion bee, they mayc 
 retreate backe one to the other, and fo give notice to the campe, that 
 they may prepare for an aflault : thefe are to be relieved every hour 
 or half houre ; alfo the captaine to inftru6l his fouldiers how to 
 make an aifault againft the enemy, and alfo how to defend an af- 
 fault : hee muft be a good engineere, to knowe howe to raife all 
 kinde of workes and trenches, and how to place his men upon the 
 flankes to fcowre the bulwarkes by the lyne of level), upon a brcfte 
 worke in the campe, hee is to place betwixt every two mufqucts, a 
 pike, the mufquctiers are to give fire and fall off, and another im- 
 mediately to prcfent in his place, the pikes are to ftand firmc : the 
 captain is to have his armour of proofe and a faire pike, for his 
 ofFcnfive and defenfive armes : hee is to have two great bougets 
 made of dry neats leather, which will hold a hundred weight of 
 powder apeece, to furnilh his mufqueticrs withall : hee is to fee the 
 
 bandyliers
 
 288 HISTORYOF 
 
 bandvliers filled with powder, with fufficient match and bullets ; hce 
 muft ever be in readinefle to anfwer an allarum, and the firfl: that fhall 
 charge the enemy ; if the enemy make his approaches againrt: the 
 campc, after the captaine hathe drawne his men up to the parapet, to 
 make refiftance, and being all ready to give fire, hee is to command 
 that no man gives fire until he gives order, and to fuffer the enemy 
 to come in as clofe as may bee, and then give him a brave volley of 
 Ihot altogether in his teeth, one mufquetire relieving the other, the 
 pikes charging manfully and fledfaftly ; at all convenient times hee is 
 to drill his fouldiers very accurately, fhewing them all the poftures of 
 the pike and mufquet, then how to march, counter march, to double 
 their files and rankes, the middle men to double to the front, to ad- 
 vance forwards, and to retreat backwards at the found of the drummc, 
 to wheele about his mufquetiers, to make redy, prefent and give fire, 
 to give fire in the front, in the reare and upon either flanke, to f\ll 
 off by files and give fire, as we fhall hereafter more largely difcourfe 
 of. A captaine oughte to march into the field in the front of his 
 company, and his lieutenant in the reare ; but marching out of the 
 fielde the captaine's place is to bring up the reare, and the lieutenant 
 to leade the company ; the enfigne is to march before the firft divi- 
 fion of pikes, the eldeft ferjeant is to bring up the next divifion of 
 pikes, and another ferjeant the laft divifion of mufquetiers. 
 
 The captaine ought not to doe any reall adl in the warres without 
 'Commifiion from higher authority, he is to lead up the right wing of 
 his mufquetiers, to charge the enemy, and his lieutenant the left : 
 when a captaine makes choice of a lieutenant, or enfigne, he is to 
 drawe his company into armes, and one of the gentlemen is to carry 
 the p.utifen or colours, and being marched into the field, the captaine 
 is to deliver the pattifen or colours (in the head of the troope) to the 
 officer he -hath made choife of, commanding the fouldiers to take 
 notice of him, and to obey him as their officer; he is to make choice 
 of diligent ferjeants and vigilant corporals, a trufty clerke, and good 
 drummes; he ought to have one waggon at the lead:, to carry his 
 i).iggagi, and to conduce ficke fouldiers ; hee is to be as Uttle peftered 
 
 with
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. zSp 
 
 with luggage of his owne, or his fouldiers, as pofTibly may be, left 
 it fliould hinder their niarch ; and alfo upon any fervice be rather 
 forward to fight for goods, than have their mindes homewards, 
 fearing to lofe their own ; he ought not to be covetous nor nig- 
 gardly, but forward to gratify all good fervices, with fome guifts 
 and courtefie, whereby he fliall indeere his fouldiers to be prodigall 
 of their lives to doe him fervice : he muft be familiar and eloquent 
 in perfuading and difwading his fouldiers, and to ftirre up their 
 valors to undergoe pain and perill ; if a fouldier tranfgreffc, he 
 ought not to beate him, but to fend him to the provoft marfhall, 
 to have irons laid on him j by beating of a fouldier, a world of ha- 
 tred will be ftirred up, and happily private revenge j he ought to be 
 very careful to keepe his fouldiers in aftion, whereby idle expence 
 of time (as drinking and playing) may be prevented, which ufually 
 ends in quarrelling and bloud-fhed : he is to have lanthornes and 
 torches, fuche as will burne, in any florme and tempefl:, for they 
 may ftand him many times in great ftead : he is to have his tent in 
 the head of all his troope, and to be converfant with them, fhew- 
 ing them enfamples of hardfliip ; he ought always to have his co- 
 lours and drumme in the field when he exercifeth his company, as 
 well to give the more reputation unto the aflion, as alfo that the 
 ufe of them may be well knowne. 
 
 Lastly, a captaine ought to carry himfclf in fuch a way, that 
 his fouldiers may both feate and love him j too much familiarity 
 breeds contempt, and to fternc a carriage begets hatiedj and fo let 
 him not over-value his life, but expofe it to tlic foitune of the 
 warre ; ufing his bcft (kill and indeavours to annoy his enemies, 
 and to be diligent and forward in executing fuch commands as au- 
 thoiity injoins him, and fo to perfift in a refolution to feare no- 
 thing but infamic. 
 
 And I will conclude with an exhortation to all noble captaines, 
 defiling them for their credits fake, and for the honour of our gra- 
 cious king and wellfarc of our kingdome, to be more diligent in 
 
 Vol. I. P p the
 
 290 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 the difcij-llning of their foldiers, and not to chop and change fo 
 many new men hi then- companies, that betwetnc muflcr and muf- 
 ter, the third part of the company are new untutored fcllowes, that 
 knowes not their right hand from their left ; fo that it is a labor 
 in vain to infl:ru6t them, and they are the meanes of putting all 
 thofe that have fome knowledge out of fquare, by their awckward 
 doings J befides all bafe beggarly fellovves are admitted into the 
 mufter rowle, when as the beft and chiefeft yeomen ought to doe 
 their king and country fcrvice in their ovvne perfons. Then laftly, 
 that every captaine would command his officers to inftru6t the 
 pikes and mufquets whilft the reft are a calling over, and then ey- 
 ther himfelfe or his lieutenant to exercife them in grofle all their 
 poftures; and caufe them to give fire in way of Ikirmifli -, and not 
 to goe into the towne untill all the exercife bee finifht. 
 
 A LIEUTENANT is an office of high credit and reputation, and 
 he ought in all refpe<5ls to bee well indo6Vrinated and qualified in 
 the arts military, and ought not to be inferiour in knowledge to 
 any officer of higher authority ; for an unlkilfull captaine may bet- 
 ter demeane himfelfe with an experiented lieutenant, then an un- 
 fkilful lieutenant can fadge with a fkilful captaine ; becaufe all 
 bufmefle belonging to a company, is for the moft part ordered by 
 the lieutenant, the captaine having other imployments of greate 
 importance, hee is to fee the company fitted in all refpcds for 
 fervice ; hee is the right hand to his captaine, in ayding and affift- 
 ing him, as well in the brunt of battle, as in peace; hee is to fee 
 to the fitting and furnifliing of all things neceflary belonging to 
 the company ; hee is to keepe a perfect roule of all the fouldiers in 
 the company, and to obferve that every fquadron be compleate ; hee 
 is to view the fufficiency and fixenefle of the armes, and to give 
 order for the repayring of fuche as fhall be found defeftive : he is 
 to order and ranke the company fit for his captaine to marche 
 with ; hee is to divide his company into foure divifions ; making 
 two divifions of the pikes and two of the mufquetieres ; hee is to 
 
 ranke
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 291 
 
 rankc the firft divifion of mufquets in the front, and the fecond 
 divifion of mufquets in the leare of the pikes ; hee is to march in 
 the reare of the company into the field j and in marching out of the 
 field, the captaine is to marci> in the rear, and the lieutenant in the 
 front ; hee is carefully to paffe upon his duty, ta fee the fquadrons 
 drawne to the guards for to watch ; hee is to be very carefull and 
 diligent in exercifing his company ; either by iquadrons upon the 
 guards, or the whole company in the field, affuming fit and con- 
 venient times ; hee is to lead on the left wing of fliot in time of 
 fervfce ; in time of exercifing, hee is to helpe order the company fo 
 that his captain may have the more eafe and frecdome ; hee ought to 
 be filent, and to caufe filence in the company, during the time of 
 his captaine's exercife ; hee ought to bee in the reare of the com- 
 pany to inftrucl the fouldiers how to a6l and obferve the captaine's 
 commands ; hee ought to call over the company, and to take a 
 particular furvey of every defe6l ; hee ought to rule over the com- 
 pany, and take a particular furvey of every foldier in his captaine's 
 abfence, for then hee is in abfolute authority, and the fouldiers are 
 bound to obey him as their chief in all refpeiSls > hee ought not to 
 refufe to bee put upon any fervice by his captaine or colonell, or 
 any chiefe officer of the field ; alfo he is not to bee fent upon any 
 convoy, or to guard any palFage without a fufficient troope of foul- 
 diers ; fifty or fixty at leaft ; if lefl'e, then the enfigne is of fuffi- 
 ciency to command them : hee is to view his captaine thrice a day, 
 morne, noone and night, but efpecially in the time of warre, to fee 
 what hee hath to command him ; hee is to take notice of what 
 difcords, quarrels and debates arife amongil the fouldiers of his 
 band; hee is to pacific them if it may bee, otherwife to commit 
 them : hee is to judge and determine fucli difputes with gravity 
 and good fpecches, and where the fault is, to make Inm acknow- 
 ledge it, and crave pardon of the party hee hath abufcd : hee is 
 duly to fee the watch fet, and to follow them to the guard, and fee 
 the fcntinells fet out, and give them their charge what they arc to 
 
 P p 2 doe :
 
 292 II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 tloe : if lice bee in the field, hee is to vifit tlie fentry perdues very 
 often : he is to command the foldiers in a kindc of perfwafory 
 way, to obey their corporals and ferjants ; wherefore hee ought 
 to give good language, in a difcreet and wife manner, to move 
 and perfuade them, with fome reafons, to the obfervation and 
 obedience of military difciplinc, difburthening his captaine of 
 many toyles ; hee is to be careful that every fouldier have a fuf- 
 ficient lodging in garrifon, and in the field a hut : hee is alfo 
 to take due care of the ficke and maymcd, that they perifli not for 
 want of means or looking unto ; he is alfo to take care that the 
 lutlers do not opprelle and rack the poor fouldiers in their victuals 
 and drinke; he is to fee the company provided with all kinde of 
 ammunition, with axes, mattockes, fpades and the like, to build 
 their hutts withall ; thefe inftruments are to have the marke of the 
 gallowfe fet on them, in token of deathe to them that fleale them ; 
 hee is, in his captaine's abfence, to fit in the chriftrade or marOiall's 
 court, to define of the punifliments which are to be inflicted upon 
 delinquents and malefaclours, their punifbment going by moft 
 voyces ; hee is to fet a guard at his captaine's tent, and likewife at 
 riie cuUours, where hee ought to give order for fitting a place to 
 hang up loofe armes ; his butt ought to bee in the head of the 
 quarter upon the right hand, and the enfignes on the left, and the 
 ferjants at the reare of the quarter ; hee is to bee alwaies in readi- 
 nefle to anfwer an allarum, and with all fpeed to draw his men, if 
 tiiey bee in garrifon, to that part or guard his fquadron hath the 
 watch at ; if in the campe, then to the breft-worke before fheir 
 quarters, where hee is to place between each mufquet a pike, for 
 their better defence : in garrifon hee is to bee captaine of the watch, 
 in his captaine's fi:ead, onely for the eafe of his captaine ; where 
 hee muft be very circumfpeft upon his guard ; hee is to have his 
 enfign and his ferjeants to attend him, hee is to goe the firfl round 
 with a ferjeant and two gentlemen at the lead to attend him, 
 where hee is to take the word of every corporall, and to fee that 
 
 the
 
 T H E E N G L I S II A R M Y. 293 
 
 the fentinells bee duly plact out, and to give them chai'ge to bee 
 very circumfpecl in their watches, that upon the fight of the 
 enemy, or the feeing of their matches fparkle, or hearing their ar- 
 mour clatter, they prefently informe the corporalls, fo that an 
 allarum may be given to the towne ; but hee that lliall give a falfc 
 alarum is to bee imprifoned. The lieutenant is to go the patroule 
 with a fufficient guard about all the ftreets, within the night, to 
 prevent treafon in the town, or to difcover fire or ill ordeis, as 
 quarelling, &c. Hee is to march in the morning with the major 
 of the garrifon, at tlie drumme beating, to the opening of the 
 ports i hee is to be guarded with all the gentlenien of the 
 roun<i ; in fommer time, at watch fet, hee is to draw his men in 
 parrado in the market place, with all the reft of the companies in 
 the towne, their companies being compleate : if in the field and to 
 goe upon fervice, hee ought to fee prayers read in the head of the 
 troopes every night ; and every fabbath all thofe fouldiers that have 
 not the guard, hee is to compell them to goe to their colonel's tent 
 to hcare prayers and preaching ; hee is to bee religious, valiant and 
 wife ; his armes is only a gorget and pattifen. 
 
 An enfigne, being the foundation of the company, ought to be 
 endued with valour and wifcdome, and to equall his fuperior offi- 
 cers in ikill, if it were poffible ; the honour and reputation both of 
 the captaine and fouldiers, depends upon the welfare of the colours, 
 and contrarily there can be no greater difhonour then to lofe them. 
 I have read in hiftory of enfignes, that rather then they would un- 
 dergoe the diflionour of lofing their colours, being fo dangeroufly 
 charged by the enemy, that either they muft yield them up, or be 
 flaine, have chofen rather to wrappe them about their bodycs, and 
 have leapt into the mercileile waters, where they have pcriiht with 
 their colours, moft honourably to their immortal fames : (h) After 
 ♦ny company is cafliircd, if the enfigne hath behaved himfelfe ho- 
 
 ^h) Ensign Erps, at the battle of FLndcrs, (jf(. 
 
 nourably,
 
 294 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 nourably, the captaine ought to beftow the colours on him as a 
 favour : in the abfence of his fuperior officers, hee is pundually to 
 fupply their places, and to pafTe upon thofe duties which they 
 fhould ; whether it be to be captaine of the watch, or to bee 
 commanded out with fome troopes for the guarding of fome paf- 
 fage, to prevent the enemies approches ; hee is to exercife his com- 
 pany in all their poftures ; he ought to be gallantly apparelled, 
 with a faire fword and brigandine ; if hee be commanded to pafle 
 upon any fervice with part of the company, he is not to carry his 
 colours ; alfo, if the whole company are to guard fome dangeroiis 
 out-workes, as a halfe moone or a redout, the company is to troope 
 thither, and he is to leave his colours in the quarters, with a fuffi- 
 cient guard over them, and hee is to take for his weapon a good 
 pike. 
 
 Also, every fouldier's honour is highly engaged to defend and 
 preferve their enfigne, and if occafion of neceffity fliould happen, 
 they muft not fpare to runne upon the pikes to relieve him, as di- 
 vers valiant fouldiers formerly have done : hiftories have eternized 
 to their immortall fame, the honourable exploits of Capt, Morerula 
 and his two brothers ; one of them being his enfigne at the fiege of the 
 citie of Africa, in Barbary, in Charles the Fifth's time, when John 
 de Vega, viceroy of Sicilia, fcaled the walls of it;, this enfigne being 
 fore wounded and overthrowne, his brother, being ferjeant, feconded 
 him, and recovered the colours, who advancing forwards like a va- 
 liant fouldier, was flaine ; the captaine, brother to them both, tooke 
 up the colours, and performed the enfigne's office ; who in the 
 fcaling of the wall, vs'as fore hurt, and died thereof; thus three 
 valiant bretheren died honourably in defending their colours. If 
 an enfigne fhould lofe all his colours from the llaffe and hofe, it is 
 iio difhonour. When an army is drawne into batalia, the enfigne 
 ought to ftand out before the front of it, fome five paces ; and i^ 
 the generall, or fome other chiefe officer of the fielde pafs by, he 
 is gently to vaile his colours, holding the butte end of his flaffe at 
 
 bis
 
 THE ENGLISH .ARM Y. 295 
 
 his girdlefled : alfo a maxime that no fouldier moves hat or liclmct 
 to the greateft commander that is, but only to bow his body to him ; 
 likewife, in time of battell, the enfigne is to withdraw himfelfe for 
 his fafety into the middlemoft rankeof the pikes ; likewife in a march 
 the enfigne is to march before the firft divifion of pikes, with his 
 flying colours. If a kinge or great prince paffeth by, the enfigne 
 is to vaile his colours clofe to the ground, with his knee bending, 
 in token of allegiance and fubmiffion ; every enfigne of private 
 companies ought to obferve how the enfigne of the right hand of 
 the battell orders his colours, after the fame manner hee is to order 
 his ; every fouldier upon an allarme is fpeedily to repaire to his 
 colours ; likewife not to forfake them until they be lodged ; when 
 any company fliall march cither into campe, guard, fortrefTe or 
 caftle, no fouldier ought to difarme himfelfe, untUI they fee firfl 
 the colours placed, and the enfigne difarmed : likewife no fooner 
 fliall a fouldier fee the enfigne take up his colours, but they fhould 
 arme and rankc themfelves immediately. 
 
 No enfigne ought to difarme himfelf upon any guard, campe, or 
 field, untill hee fees that with fafety he may doc it : likewife an en- 
 figne fliould fliew himfelfe forwardefl: with his colours in aflaulting 
 a fort, or entering a breach, to encourage the fouldiers manfully to 
 fall on to defend and make way for them : he ought to behave 
 himfelf fo, that he may gain the love of all the fouldiers, whereby 
 his owne perfon fliall be in the more fafetie, when he fliall attempt 
 any perillous exploits, for love will command a fouldier to fight, 
 when all things in the world elfe cannot fpur him forwards ; and 
 let him know that the vertue of the enfigne fctteth forth the vertuc 
 and valour of the captaine and his whole band. I could wifli our 
 noble captaines would be pleafed to be more circumfpect iii their 
 eledion of officers, and not to put undcferving fellowes of bafc 
 birth and qualitie into place of comand, which dcfervcs gentle- 
 men of quality to officiate, the office of the enfigne being a place 
 of repute and honour, doth not fute every yeoman, taylor, or fidler; 
 
 as
 
 296 HISTORYOF 
 
 as I have knowne to one company in EfTex, all thefe or the like me- 
 chanick fellovves have had the honour to beare the colours before 
 a generous captaine of noble birth, whofe name I forbeare to relate, 
 but let it be an item to all generous captaines to make choyce of 
 officers that are well bred and deferving ; otherwife they doe but 
 difgrace themfelves, and abufe his Majeftie's fervice, and the repu- 
 tation of our countrey." 
 
 Venn, in his Military Obfervations, (i) is very copious in treat- 
 ing on enfigns or colours, their dignity, the difgraces to which they 
 are liable, the ufe and ordering of them, with the poftures and 
 flourifhes thereunto belonging : thefe, as they contain diverfe curious 
 regulations, as well as ancient cuftoms, are here laid before the 
 reader, (k) Perhaps that part refpecling the flouriflies of the co- 
 lours would have come more regularly under the article of exercife, 
 but unwilling to feparate it from the reft, I have ventured to tranf- 
 grefs a little on method. 
 
 " The dignitie and eftimation of enfignes in all ages hath been 
 held moft venerable and worthy : they have been efteemed the glory 
 of the captain and his company, and indeed they are no Icfs ; for 
 where they perifh with difgrace, there the captaine's honour faileth, 
 and the fouldiers in hazzard of ruine ; for if the lofs proceed either 
 from their cowardice (or mifgovernment) it hath been death by the 
 law of armes to all that furvive ; and the beft mercy that can 
 be expc(5led, is, that every fouldier fliall draw a lot for his life (file 
 by file) fo that one out of every file perifheth for it. 
 
 2. The next dignitie of the enftgn is, that every fouldier, as 
 foon as he is inroUed and hath received either pay or imprefs, they 
 antiently took a folenin oath to be faithful to their colours, to 
 attend them carefully, and to defend them valiantly ; and that upon 
 
 (i) Military and Maritime Difcipline in three books, &c. by Captain Thomas 
 Venn, pubhfhed 1672. Ii (k) P. 180. 
 
 all
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 297 
 
 all fummons of the trumpet or drum, or command of their officers, 
 to repair to them wherefoever they fhall be lodged, ftand or be, and 
 not to depart or ftragle from them until they have received orders. 
 
 3. The enfign hath another dignity, that vvhcnfoever he fliall 
 enter into city, town, garrifon, camp, or other randefvouze of 
 aboad, he is to be firfl: lodged, before any other ofliccr or fouldier; 
 and not in any meane place, but the heft and mofl fpacious for the 
 drav\'ing up of the fouldiers upon any alarme; and his quarter 
 ought to be the moft fecure from danger. 
 
 4. The enfign hath dignity of place according to the antl- 
 <iuity of his captain ; but in one particular cafe, it hath been judged 
 to be greater than his captain, and lendeth place to him; as thus, 
 no captain can receive his antiquity from his inrollment, but from 
 the firfl: hour in which his colours flevv; for if two be inrolled 
 upon one day, and the latter marcheth before the face of his enemy 
 with his colours flying, in this cafe the firfl has loft his priority, 
 and the latter for ever after fhall preceed him. 
 
 I HAVE read of another refolve, three captains (or more as occa- 
 sion happencth) were all inrolled upon a day, and all their colours 
 flying ; prefently upon a truce, compofition, or other occafion, 
 there is fome fmall ceflation of armes, and thefe new inrolled cap- 
 tains are cafheered (or difmift) for the prefent fervice : now the two 
 firft that had priority of place, not only by inrollment but by fly- 
 ing of their enfigns, becaufe they would not be out of action (to a 
 fouldier the tafte of gain is pleafant) took upon them the commands 
 as lieutenants of two colonels companies. Sec. which are captaines 
 places in courtefie, retaining thofe titles, and in fome courts of war 
 have had their voices ; now the third all this time taketh upon him 
 no place, but remaincth in ftatu quo prius ; and in revolution of 
 time all thefe three captaines aforefaid are again commiffioned for 
 three new companies of their own ; the qucftion was, vvhofe enfign 
 fliould fly firil:, and which of the three fliould have the priority of 
 place ? it was thus anfwered and adjudged by the old earl of Elfex and 
 
 Vol. I. Q^q Sir
 
 298 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Sir Francis Vere, Sec. that the two fiift who had taken upon thenv 
 lieutenancies had utterly loft their fuperiorities, and the third whofe 
 honor flept, but diminiflied not, had precedencie of place, and his 
 enfign flew before the other ever after. 
 
 5. The enfigne hath this dignity, to have a guard ever about it, 
 which no otlier officer hath, neither is it to be difembogued or 
 unlodged, without a fpecial guard attending upon it, both of muf- 
 quetteers and pikes j (and fo for a cornet with his own fquadron 
 of horfe.) Alfo in the field, if it be in particular difcipline or 
 otherwife upon an alt or ftand, at fuch time as the army or com- 
 pany are to refrefli themfelves with vi6luals or other reft ; in this 
 cafe the enfigne fl^all by no means lay his colours upon the ground, 
 or put them in unworthy or bafe hands, but he fhall firfte furle and 
 fold them up, and fet the butt end on the ground, fupported with 
 the ferjeants halberts, and the enfigne himfelf ftiall not go from 
 the view thereof, unlefs he fhall leave a fufficient guard for them. 
 
 6. Another dignity of an enfigne is, if a nobleman or an. 
 efquire will take upon him the command of a private company, and 
 have no other fuperior place in an army ; and a mean gentleman 
 hath the like equal command, but a great deal more antient, aU 
 though there ought to be a refpefl if they fhould happen in com- 
 pany, unto the worth and quality of the perfon ; yet the meaner 
 gentleman's colours fiiall fly before the other. 
 
 As this hath been the antient praflife in the wars, how then do 
 thofe captains debafe themfelves, and their enfigns, to fuffer young 
 captains to ftep in (either by greatnefs in quality or favour) to fly 
 their colours before them, &c. 
 
 7. Every enfign hath his dignity, although he is wholly to be 
 at the captain's command ; yet in juftice no captain nor other of- 
 ficer can command the enfign-bearer from his colours, for they are 
 man and wife, and ought not to endure a feperation; nor can he be 
 commanded with his enfign to any bafe (diflionourable) place or 
 adion : and hence it is, that to this day, this place and mark of 
 
 honour
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 299 
 
 honour is held in fuch a venerable and worthy eftimation amongfl: 
 the Spaniards and Italians, that they will not allow of any fecond 
 between him and the captain, as the name of a lieutenant to be 
 amongft them, thinking it to be a fuperfluous charge and com- 
 mand, becaufe it is, in their judgments, a lefleningand a bateing of 
 the enfign's honour. 
 
 But in this, although we efteem an enfign very honourable, we 
 in England differ from them, owning the place of a lieutenant to 
 be honourable and neceffary, who ought to be a man of moft ap- 
 proved experience ; for he takes from the captain thofe heavy bur- 
 dens, which otherwife would make the captain's trouble infupport- 
 able ; nor can the enfigne discharge them, unlefs he negledls his 
 care and duty to his colours. 
 
 8. As for the dignity of the enfign in England, (not mcdling 
 with the ftandard royal) to a regimental dignity: the colonel's 
 colours in the firft place is of a pure and clean colour, without any 
 mixture, the lieutenant colonel's only with Saint George's armes in 
 the upper corner next the flaff; the major's the fame, but in the 
 lower and outmofl corner with a little ftream blazont, and every 
 captaine with Saint George's armes alone, but with fo many fpots 
 or feveral devices as pertain to the dignity of their refpective places. 
 
 But with us in England, placing and difplacing is left to the 
 generalillimo, dec. and fo to his fubftitutes, or deputies: it is to me 
 a ridle, that any perfon who cannot be ftained with the leaft ble- 
 mifli, fhould lofe his advancing honour; but killing goes by favour. 
 
 Of Disgraces to the Ensign. 
 
 There are as many difgraces that belong to the enfign as dig- 
 nities ; I fliall for brevity fake mention but fome few : all which 
 muft proceed from miftakes in one of thefe three, unflcilful com- 
 pofurc, negligent government, or rafli aftions. 
 
 I. Touching unlkilful compofure, either in falfc making, 01 
 bearing of enfigns, and that you may be informed for the compofures 
 
 Q^q 2 thereof,
 
 300 HISTORYOF 
 
 therefore I cannot better it than to declare to you Markham's owii 
 words out of his Soldier's Accidence, page 31, he faith, " There 
 mufl be in military honour nine feveral faces, or complexions, that 
 is to fay, two which be called metals, as yellow and white, figuring 
 gold and filver ; feven which are called proper colours, as black, 
 blew, red, green, purple, tunnis, and ermine. 
 
 And here it is to be noted, that no mettal is to be carried 
 upon mettal, and for the fignification of thofe colours, you Ihall 
 underftand that : 
 
 1. Yellow betokeneth honour, or height of fpirit, which being 
 never feperated from virtue, of all things is moft jealous of difgrace, 
 and may not indure the lead fhadow of imputation. 
 
 2. White fignifieth innocencie or purity of confcience, truth- 
 and upright integrity without blemifli. 
 
 3. Black fignifieth wifdome and fobriety, together with fevere 
 corredllon of too much ambition, being mixed with yellow, or witb 
 too much belief or lenity, being mixed with white. 
 
 4. Blew fignifieth faith, conftancy, or truth in aflfeclion. 
 
 5. Red fignifieth juftice, or noble worthy anger, in defence of 
 religion or the opprefTed. 
 
 6. Green fignifieth good hope, or the accomplifhment of holy 
 and honourable aftions. 
 
 7. Purple fignifieth fortitude with difcretion, or a moft true 
 difcharge of any truft repofed, 
 
 8. Tunnis or tawny fignifieth merit or defert, and a foe to 
 ingratitude. 
 
 9. Ermine, which is only a rich furr, with curious fpots, fig- 
 nifieth religion or holinefs, and that all aimes are not divine objects. 
 
 Now from thefe colours and their mixtures are derived many 
 baftard and diflionourable colours, as carnation, orange tawny, 
 popengie, &c. which fignifie craft, pride and wantonnefs j fo that 
 all commanders are left at their own pleafure for their mixtures, 
 but with thefe confiderations } as 
 
 J. Not
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. jar 
 
 1. Not to put in his enfign his full coat armour. 
 
 2. Not to bear one black fpot and no more in his enfign, for it 
 flieweth fome blemifh in the owner ; if the fpot be round, fquare, 
 or of equal proportion. 
 
 3. If the fpot be unequal, it fignifieth a funeral or deadly revenge. 
 
 4. Not to carry words in his colours without a device, nor a de- 
 vice without words ; and the words not to exceed four in number, 
 for if there be more, it flieweth imperfection. 
 
 5. Not to carry more colours than tvvo; except it be for fome 
 fpecial note, or the enfign of feveral kingdoms, it is a furcharge, 
 and efleemed folly. 
 
 2. Having fliewed the true colours, and thedifgraces that may 
 arife in the compofure of them, as mentioned by Mr. Markham, I 
 come to the next difgraces, which proceed from negligence in gou- 
 vernment j as in carrying his colours furl'd (or folded) up, when 
 they fliould be flying ; or to let his colours fly, when they fliould 
 be folded up ; or to difplay (or flourifli them) when they fliould 
 be carried without any hand motions ; or to carry them without 
 motion when they fliould be difplayed ; or to vaile them, when they 
 fhould be advanced, or to advance them when they fliould be vailed. 
 
 To lodge or diflodge colours without a guard, or to fuffer any 
 .man to handle them that hath not a lawful authority. Now the 
 avoydance hereof is fufhcient to keep any man from grofs errors. 
 
 3. The lafl:difgrace as to the dignity of the enfign is 
 
 1. From the raflinefs and unadvifednefs of aiflions ; when he is 
 in fafety, out of a phantaflical bravado, to thrufl: himfclf into dan- 
 ger, as to charge the enemy when he fliould Hand ftill : it is not 
 only a difgrace ; but the offence hath been adjudged worthy of 
 death, although he may obtain victory by that forward adion. 
 
 2. If in a march, battalia, or fetting of the parade, or upon any 
 other military employments, he fliall mifplace himfclf, it is a dif- 
 grace. 
 
 3. If in a battel, fkirmifli, or fight, where the enfign is put to 
 
 rctrcit.
 
 302 HISTORYOF 
 
 retrelt, his colours fliall be furled (or folded) up, or fhouldred, and 
 not flying, and held forth and extended with the left arm, and his 
 fword advanced in his right hand, his colours are difgraced, and 
 fuch retreit is bafe and unworthy. 
 
 4. If the enfign-bearer fliall happen either in battel or (kirmifli, 
 to be flain, and fo the colours fall to the ground, if thofe or fome of 
 them, next adjoining thereunto, do not recover and advance them 
 up, it is not only a difgrace to the enfign, but an utter diflionour 
 to the whole company ; as I have declared, that if the colours be 
 loft, there muft be a fevere account given for them ; and indeed a 
 greater a6l of cowardice cannot be found, than to fuffer the colours 
 to be loft. 
 
 There is an ancient prefident, but frefli in memory, that in 
 great defeats when armies have been overthrown, fcattered and dif- 
 perfed fo that particular fafety hath made men forget general ob- 
 fervations ; even then the enfign being wounded to death, and de- 
 fperate of all relief, hath ftript his enfign from the ftaff, and wrapt 
 or folded it about his body, and fo periflied with it. This enfign 
 cannot be faid to be loft, becaufe the honour thereof was carried 
 with his freed foul to heaven, to the poflellion of the eternal fort 
 for ever : now in this particular the enemy cannot boaft of any 
 triumph then purchafed, more then every fexton may do when he 
 robs the dead of his winding flieet. 
 
 Thus it hath reported that Sebaftian king of Portugal, dyed at 
 the battel of Alcazar : and I have read of many of our brave Eng- 
 lifti that thus dyed at the renowned battel at Newport, and have 
 heard that many have fo done in the army of our late fovereign of 
 ever blelTed memory. 
 
 5. And laftly, if any man fliall recover the loft enfign, and 
 bring it away flying, &c. no matter how low in condition the man 
 is, if the captain upon any after confiderations beftow thofe co- 
 lours upon fome other man, it is a difgrace both to the captain and 
 his enfign, for he doth injury to vertue and difcourage valour. 
 
 Ob J.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 303 
 
 Obj. But fome may objccl, that upon compofition with the 
 party deferving, the captain may difpofe of his colours where he 
 pleafeth : I confefs it true, but if this compofition be forced, it is 
 injurious ; and if it come by a voluntary confent of the party, it ia 
 bafe and mofl unworthy in him alfo. 
 
 Of the right Use and Ordering of the Ensign or Colours > 
 with the Postures and Flourishes thereunto belonging. 
 
 As to my beft remembrance, I have given a catalogue of the dif- 
 graces 5 fo I fhall here infert, as to my knowledge, the true ufe of 
 the enfign, whereby thofe injuries may be avoyded. 
 
 1. And firft, you fliall underfland, that in all extended marches 
 (and not drawn into a body) as when they march either into a 
 friend's or enemie's country j or otherwife are conducled to fome 
 remote randefvouz ; here the enfign (or colours) ought to be half 
 furled (or folded) up, and half flying, (liall be fhouldred, and born 
 a little crofs the enfign-bearer's neck, with his hand extended a 
 good diftance from his body, and his left hand upon his fide or hilt 
 of his fvvord ; this is termed marching in ftate. 
 
 2. If he fliall enter into any city or great town, then he fhall 
 unfold or open his colours, and let them fly at full length, and 
 carry them in his right hand clofe under the bofe, with a lofty 
 hand, and extended arm ; this is marching in triumph : but if the 
 wind blow flifl^, or there is a weaknefs, or wearifumenefs in the 
 enfign-bearcr, then he may fet the butt end againrt his waifte, and 
 not otherwife : and is to have but one hand upon his flaff in any 
 march whatever. 
 
 3. In all troopings, the enfign fliall ever be furl'd, and carried in 
 the fame poftures as the pikes ought to be. 
 
 4. When the company is drawn up in a body, the colours niuft 
 be flying ; and by the way, in cafe the general, or fupreme of the 
 wars, or any noble llranger, worthy of refpc6l, do come, imme- 
 diately upon his or their approach, the cnfign-bearer, in all humi- 
 lity.
 
 50!j. HISTORYOF 
 
 lity, is to bow the head of his colours, waving them with the bow 
 of his body, and to raife both it and himfelf up again : and as the 
 faid perfon fhall pafs away, the drum fliall beat, and the colours 
 fliall be difplayed : this alfo the enfign fliall do in all marchings, 
 or other motions of civil exercifes, where your fuperiors pafs by 
 you, or you by them : nay, it is expedient and fit fo to be done to 
 any gentleman that is your familiar; for it is no more but as vail- 
 ing your hat, or giving your friend a courtefie. 
 
 5. Now when the body is drawn up into battalia, and the ene- 
 my within view thereof, then every man being in his place is to 
 exprefs all the gallantry he can, and efpecially the enfign-bearer, 
 either in difplaying his colours {landing, marching, charging and 
 retreiting (or retiring) ; and all thefe ought not to be done at one 
 time, but when the bodies are joyning, and they muft be done with 
 great refpedl, fur to ufe the poflures dire6lly to the motion or 
 {landing of the body ; and not to do as I have ieen fome in ordinary 
 -militia difcipline, that have but one or two motions of their co- 
 lours, upon and for all occafions ; as if true honour had fuch weak 
 inventions ; this without doubt is mofl bafe and unworthy. 
 
 To proceed to the poflures of the enfign. 
 
 They are in general as followeth, fo well as I can exprefs them ; 
 for they are better in execution, and to be taught by example, 
 than any pen can defcribe them. 
 
 1. To change them with a plain wave from hand to hand. 
 
 2. To change them with lofty turns from hand to hand : each 
 hand performing their turns before you deliver them, as from the 
 right to the left, and from the left to the right, as at firit. 
 
 3. From the right hand with a wave and lofty turn, jutting the 
 colours upon the left {houlder, and raifing them up with the fame 
 hand again, and with lofty turns to deliver it into the left hand, 
 that fo thereby you may execute the fame upon the right flioulder, 
 and after the turns, to deliver it into the right hand, as at firfl. 
 
 4. With (and from) the right hand with lofty turns, throw 
 
 your
 
 THE E N G L I S H A R M Y. 305 
 
 your colours under the left arm, recovering them fpcedily back with 
 conceived floriflics, you deliver them into the left hand : you may 
 execute the fame with the left hand. 
 
 5. With turns or flouriflies you bring the butt end of the flafr 
 to your left hand, turning the palm of your left hand outwards (but 
 not for the reception of it) and with the fame hand only throw it 
 off upon its turn with a flourifli, to deliver it into the left hand, and 
 to perform the fame with the left hand and deliver the colours into 
 the right hand, as at firll. 
 
 6. With lofty turns bring the colours over the head down right 
 (but not too low) before, and raifing it again, with the fore-turn 
 and back-turn over the head, changing of hands, and delivering as 
 before. 
 
 7. From the right handdeliver into your left hand, with the palm 
 of your hand uppermofl, the butt end of your ftaff turning it back- 
 wards upon the left flioulder ; and turning it over the head with 
 the fame hand, you deliver it into the right hand after the fame 
 manner, which being performed with the right hand, you proceed 
 to the next. 
 
 8. From the right hand with lofty turns, fore-turns and back- 
 turns, you deUver your ftaff into your left hand, and wheel it with the 
 fame hand on the fame fide, and after your recovery to deliver it into 
 the right hand, performing of the fame, and proceed. 
 
 9. From the right hand upon the left flioulder, raifing it and 
 turning with its back-turn into the neck ; with its returns and lofty 
 flourilhes over the head, you deliver the colours into the lef!, and 
 with the left hand upon the right flioulder you execute the fame, 
 delivering them into your right hand as firft. 
 
 10. 'Tis by fome termed the figure of eight; that is with the 
 light hand the half wheel to the left fide, and fo back on the right 
 fide, and then delivering it into the left hand to performe the fame. 
 
 11. To turn it round the head oftentimes upon the palm with 
 your fingers of your right hand, fo recovering it, witli lofty ilo- 
 
 Vo I.. I. R r liflics
 
 3o6 HISTORYOF 
 
 riflies you deliver it into your left hand to performe the fame, and 
 fo delivering of them into the right hand. 
 
 And if it be your pleafure to be compleat in the exercife of 
 them, you go back to the tenth, and fo conclude with the firft. 
 
 And in your conclufion, I have feen fome to furl them up as 
 they difplay them, and fo to open them again, but to furl them up 
 in the field is moft ridiculous. 
 
 Others there are, that I have feen to round them oftentimes 
 about their middles, but I cannot juflifie it upon any military ac- 
 count. 
 
 Others I have feen, that thinking to difplay their colours 
 bravely, delivered them from hand to hand under leg ; I mufl 
 boldly inform fuch as ufe it, that 'tis a debafement to the captain's 
 colours, and an unworthy a£l in the performers of it. 
 
 I TOLD you of fome particular poftures, and proper for the 
 cnfign-bearer to obferve. 
 
 1. Standing, when the body ftands, you are to difplay the 
 colours to and fro, in a diredt circle, and changing from hand to 
 hand, and no more, without you are commanded to fliew the ex- 
 cellency of your parts ; but be fure to be well guarded when you 
 fliall be fo commanded. 
 
 2. In marching, the pofture is to difplay the colours with the 
 right hand only, cafting the enfign flill forwards, waving it clofe 
 over and by the right Ihoulder, never crofiing the body, but ftill 
 keeping it flying on the outfide of the right flioulder. 
 
 3. The charging pofture is to carry the flaff extended flreight 
 forward before your body, waving it to and fro as high as your bo- 
 fom, being ready to give the afliftance or aid with the left hand for 
 the prefervation of your colours, or to offend the enemy if occa- 
 fion require. 
 
 The retiring or retreiting pofture is a mixture compounded of 
 the three former, for in the firft retreit, or drawing away of the 
 company, he fliall ufe the pofture of marching: but if the enemy 
 
 prefs
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 307 
 
 pi'efs near upon him, he fliall ftand upon his guard, and ufe the 
 pofture of charging ; and in fine, having quit himfelf-of danger, he 
 fliall ufe the {landing pofture a little, and then march or troop away, 
 according to the diredlions of the commander. 
 
 And laftly, when the enfign returns from the field, and is to be 
 lodged ; in former times the lieutenant had the van guard j but 
 that I fliall not infift upon, becaufe I have obferved it to be left off 
 by able foldiers. 
 
 The captain leading them out of the field, and coming near the 
 place intended to lodge his colours, converts the ranks of mufquetteers 
 of both divifions to the right and left outwards, andjoyns them ; and 
 being fo fixed, the body of pikes ftand in the rear, and the enfign 
 in the head of them, the captain before the colours with the drums, 
 and farjants guarding the colours on each fide, and the lieutenant 
 behind the enfign bearer, and all being advanced, ftiall troop up 
 with the colours furled to his lodging or quarters, and as he ap- 
 proacheth thereto, he fliall with a bow to his captain carry in his 
 colours ; then the word fliall be given to all the mufquetters to 
 make ready ; that being done, they fhall all prefent, and upon the 
 beat of the drum, or other word of command, give one intire vol- 
 ley ; and then command every ofiicer to go to their quarters, and 
 to be in readinefs upon the next fummons either by drum or 
 command. 
 
 It may fall out, that time will not permit this large circuni- 
 ftance ; then the whole company being drawn up in a body fliall 
 troop up to the place, where the enfign fliall quarter, to lee the co- 
 lours fafely lodged, which being effecled, the mufquetteers fliall 
 with one entire volley difcharge their mufquets, and (o depart to 
 their refpe£live quarters ; commanding all upon the next fummons 
 to be in readinefs, &c. 
 
 And I might here adde the funeral pofture: if for a private 
 fouldier, the enfign is to march in his place on the head of the 
 pikes, with the pikes trailing revers'd, but the colours furl'd and 
 
 R r 2 revcrfed
 
 3o8 HISTORYOF 
 
 leverfcd only : but if it be a commander that is to be interred>, 
 he is then to march juft before the hearfe, with his colours re- 
 verfed, 8cc. 
 
 If I have writ any thing amifs, or omitted any thing as may pre- 
 judice the honour of the enfign, I beg your better advice, for it 
 was in the year 1641 and 1642, that I minded any of thofe mili- 
 tary actions ; therefore for any error herein, let the length of time 
 plead my excufe : however, I could wifli that every enfign would 
 but obferve thefe rules, he would then the better know his own 
 worth, and what duty lieth incumbent upon him ; and being care- 
 ful in the performance of them, his. own honour will be difplayed 
 in his colours." 
 
 The officer next in command in a company of foot is a non- 
 Gommiflioned one, namely the ferjeant, whofe duty is thus defcribed 
 by Ward. (1) 
 
 "A SERJEANT of 3. private company ought to be a man of 
 good experience, and fufficiently inftrutSted in all martial exercifesj 
 and if it were pofllble, he fliould not be inferiour in knowledge and 
 fkill to his fuperior officers -y hee ought to have a quicke fpirit and 
 aftive body, able both fuddinly to conceive, and painfully to exe- 
 cute his fuperior officer's orders and commands ; it importeth much 
 that hee bee a IkilfuU valiant foldier, in regard hee is put upon 
 weighty and dangerous fervices -, hee ought to be very ready and 
 Ikilfull, in ordering and ranking the company, and in knowledge 
 of exercifmg the fame j hee ought to take all occafions in time of 
 peace, to call forth fuch fquadrons as have the guard, and duly to 
 exercife them there j alfo to there every particular foldier their fe- 
 veral poftures, and fo to fit them in readinefle for the chiefe offi- 
 cers to exercife in grofle^ he ought to be learned both in writing 
 and arethmaticke j he is to have alwayes a fquadran-rowle about 
 
 (1) P. 196. 
 
 him.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 309 
 
 him, wherein hee fhoulcl diftinguifla every man by the armes he 
 beares ; his duty is, when the drumme beates for the watch fetting, 
 to rcpaire with his holberd to his colours, where he ought to call over 
 particularly every fouldier of that fquadron, and view the fixennefli 
 of their armes, and what match, bullets and powder every man 
 hath ; he is to rancke the fquadron ; and if no fuperior officer bee 
 there, he is to troope away with them to the guard, with his hol- 
 bert advanced. 
 
 Hee is to attend the coming of the major of a garrifon, or the 
 ferjeant major of his regiment (if they bee intrencht in the field) 
 for the watchword ; and to receive fuch orders from him, as he 
 hath received from the ferjeant major generall of the army, or 
 from the governor of the garrifon, he is to give the word to his 
 captaine firft, if he bee in the place, and then to each fuperior offi- 
 cer, and laftly to the corporall j the eldeft ferjant in a march leadeth 
 up the divifion of mufquetires in the reare ; in time of training, 
 they are to looke that every man keepes his rankes and files duly, 
 helpe order the company all the time of exercife : in time of warre, 
 he is imployed upon parties which are fent out to difcover, or to 
 fetch in bootie and farrage ; likewife many times to the guarding, 
 of paflages ; alfo in laying out of perdues, and vifiting them : alfo 
 in ordering of troops that are dravvne out to charge fome part of 
 the enemy, where he is to bring up the mufquetiers to his fuperior 
 officer, in good order to Ikirmiih, and to give fire upon the enemy, 
 and fo orderly to leade them off againe, feeing them rankc them- 
 felves fairly, and caufing them to make ready their pceces to come 
 up and fire againe; alfo in retreite, he ought to affill the fouldiers 
 difcreetly in keeping their orders, left confufion betides them; alfo 
 in time of fight, to fee the foldicrs bandaliers filled ready, that no 
 ftay bee made, and to fee the powder tranfportcd after them fe- 
 curely ; he is alfo (when his captaine is captaine of the watch) to 
 call out the gentlemen of the round to doc their duties, and to give 
 them the word 3 he ought to afligne every fouldier his due and pro- 
 per
 
 3IO H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 per place to marche in, that no contention may arife ; hee is to place 
 the chief gentlemen in the front, on the right hand file ; the next 
 in degree is to lead the left hand file, fo placing every man accord- 
 ing to his degree ; hee ought to fee that every corporall be a muf- 
 quetierci hee is to fetch the powder, fliot, and match from the 
 magazene, and diftribute it to each corporall, and fo to each foldicr 
 of their fquadron : hee is, at his captaine's command, to carry all 
 delinquents to prifon, and fee irons put upon thCm ; if fcarcity 
 of victuals Ihould be in the campe, he is to procure it from the am- 
 munitioner of the army, left the company fall in want, which being 
 procured, hee is to diftribute it to the corporalls, and they to their 
 fquadronsj hee is alio to inftrucl the drummes the true tone of 
 beating, viz. a call, a march, a troope, a charge, an allarme, a 
 retreite, &c. hee ought to be refolute and forward in times of fkir- 
 miftiing, ftiewing worthy examples to the fouldiers, that they might 
 imitate him ; hee ought, by his ferviceablenefle and care, to gaine 
 the love of the whole company ; it muft be farre from him to be 
 addifled to the hellifli vice of drinking, drabbing or dicing, ufing 
 his beft endeavours to fliame fuche as fliould in that kind tranf- 
 grefle j alfo he is not to permit any fouldier that is in diinke to 
 performe any duty of charge for that time, for feare of fleeping or 
 quarrelling, v.-hereby much inconveniencies may enfue ; but rather 
 feeke to punifli him feverely, that all may take example by him, to 
 beware of the like overfight : hee is every night at drum beating to 
 draw billets for his guard, and accordingly to leade his fquadron to 
 it ; (m) and thus behaving himfelfe wifely and valiantly, hee fliall 
 gaine honour and reputation, which will be fteps to advance him to 
 higher fortunes : and to define the office of a ferjeant truly, hee is 
 to bee the eye, eare, mouth, hand and feet of his fuperior offi- 
 
 (in) If the guard bee at a port, then the ferjant is to guard with his holbert all the day 
 with the fquadron, and many times all night in times of danger. 
 
 cers.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 311 
 
 eers. I could wifti our feijeants of bands here in England were 
 thus qualified, for their captaines fakes ; but I fear the blind will 
 leade the blind, and fo fall both into the ditch ; it were happy if 
 they would endeavor to learne to underfland their office againft his 
 majefty fliould have occafion to ufe them." 
 
 Sir James Turner, in his Pallas Armata, p. 220, defines the duty 
 of a lerjeant in fubllance pretty fimilar to the defcription of it iiere 
 given; but adds, that a ferjeaiu hath power to corre6l the foldiers 
 with his halbert and fword, and commit to prifon anyfoldier. 
 
 The corporal, or more properly the caporal, is the next in rank 
 to the fcrjeant, his title is of Italian origin, derived fiom capo, which 
 figuifies head, he being the capo de efcadra, or chief of his fquad or 
 fquadron. A caporal, fays Sir James Turner, ought to be an ex- 
 perienced, vigilant and laborious foldier; he hath an abfolute com- 
 mand of his fquadron, neither may any in it difobey him; if any do, 
 the caporal may beat him with his fword, and commit him to pri- 
 fon ; when a mufquet reft was in fafhion, he was permitted to beat 
 with it. He is to warn all his fquadron, or a part of it (according 
 as he receives order) to the watch, or to be fent on party or other 
 duties; upon the watch the corporal (having got his orders from his 
 fuperiors) appoints when, v/here, and how long each of his men are 
 to fland centinel, and he is bound to teach them how they arc to 
 behave themfelves when centinels, and is to vifit them frequently ; 
 but if he finds any of them aflcep, he muft not leave him as he found 
 him, as an Athenian captain did (who kill'd a fleeping centinal) but 
 he muft bring him to the corps de guard, and there make him pri- 
 foncr till furtiier order. The caporal is to receive the rounds at 
 his court of guard, and take the word from them, but of this I fliall 
 tell you more in another place ; he is alfo obliged, when he is not on 
 the watch, to teach all that belong to his ft^uadron their poftures, 
 and to handle their arms. So you fee this caporal of ours hath 
 work enough to do for all the pay or wages he gets. 
 
 The lancepefata, anfpefade, or as the prefcnt term is, lance cor- 
 poral.
 
 ;i2 HISTORYOF 
 
 poral, was originally a man. at arms or trooper, who having broken 
 his lance on the enemy, and loft his horfe in fight, was entertained, 
 ns a volunteer alliftant to a captain of foot, receiving his pay as a 
 trooper, (ii) untill he could remount himfelf; from being the 
 companion of the captain, he was foon degraded to the afliftant of 
 the corporal, and at prefent does the duty of that ofiicer, on the 
 pay of a private foldier. (o) 
 
 Disbanded officers, called reformado's, or reformed, fometimes 
 carried arms as privates, till they could be re-inftated. Thefe gen- 
 tlemen. Sir James Turner fays, were in fome places permitted to be 
 without arms. 
 
 A GENTLEMAN of 3 Company is a term that frequently occurs 
 among our ancient military writers ; thefe feem to have been a kind 
 of cadets, except that they had greater pay than the private men, 
 arifing, as it feems from fome allowance from the captain or co- 
 lonel. Sir James Turner defcribes a gentleman of a company as 
 one fomething more than an ordinary foldier, having a little more 
 pay, and who did not ftand centinel. 
 
 (n) Perb Daniel torn. ii. p. 71. 
 
 (o) Lancespesate is a word derived from tlie Italian, lance-fpefata, which is a 
 Ijroken or fpent lance. He is a gentleman of no ancient flanding in the militia 
 for he draws his pedigree from the time of the wars, between Francis I. and 
 his fon Henry IL Kings of France, on the one part ; and the Emperor Charles V. 
 and his brother in law the Duke of Savoy, on the otiier part ; in thofe wars when a gen- 
 tleman of a troop of horfe, in any (kirmilh, battle or rencounter, had broke his lance on 
 the enemy, and loft his horfe in the fcuffle, he was entertain'd (under the name of a broken 
 lance) by a captain of a foot company as his comerade, till he was again mounted. But 
 as all good orders fall foon from their primitive mftitution, fo in a (hort time our Monfieur 
 Lanceflefata (for fo he was called) was forced to delcend from being the captain's come- 
 rade, and become the caporal's companion, and aflifted him in the exercife of his charge, 
 and therefore was fometimes called by the French, aide caporal. But when the caporal 
 grew weary of the comeradclhip of his lancefpefata, he made him officiate under him, and 
 for that, had fome allowance of pay more than the common fouldier. See Sir James 
 Xurner, in Pallas Armata, page 219. 
 
 A MILl-
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 313 
 
 A MILITARY manufcript in the Brltifli mufeum, (p) recom- 
 mends, that a number of wife and worthy foldiers fhould be re- 
 tained by the colonel to be gentlemen of his company, lance fpez- 
 zates, or to ferve for extraordinary lieutenants, whom he fhould 
 not only ufe and entreat well, with an advantage in their pay, but 
 alfoe feaft them, cherifh them, and fet them oftymes by courfe at 
 his own table, and always Qiew them a courteous countenance." 
 
 The office of drum major does not appear to have been univcr- 
 fally admitted into our fervice, till about the latter end of the reign 
 of K. Charles I. Sir James Turner pofitively denies the exiftence 
 of fuch an officer in our fervice at the time he wrote. 
 
 " There is, (fays he) another inconfiderable ftaflf officer in mofl 
 armies, yet neceffary enough in all regiments of foot, and that is 
 the drummer-major, the French call him colonel drummer : hee is 
 to receive his direftions from the major of the regiment, at what 
 hour he is to beat to the watch, when the dian, and when the tap- 
 too, wherewith he is to acquaint tlie feveral drummers of compa- 
 nies, and to appoint them by turns for there beatings ; he is alfo 
 to order them in what divifions each of them lliall beat, when the 
 regiment marcheth ; and they are to obey all his directions punc- 
 tually. In fome places he gets a third more of pay than other 
 drummers, but here at home we acknowledge no fuch creature." 
 
 Notwithstanding this, the drum major is mentioned by 
 Ward (q) and Venn, (r) and his duty defcribed ; poffibly fome re- 
 giments who had ferved abroad, might have adopted that appoint- 
 ment. BefiJes a drum major to each regiment, there is now, and 
 has been for fome time, a drum major general to the army, who is 
 appointed by his majefly's commiffion, running exadly in the fame 
 
 (p) No. 5109.. Bib. Harl. A colonel, his charge and cmploiment notably demon* 
 ftrated by E. D. late commander in the Losvc Countries, 
 (q) P. 194. II (r) P. ,93. 
 
 Vol. I. S s words
 
 314 HISTORYOF 
 
 words as the commiflion to any fubaltern officer. A copy of the 
 commiflion of the prefent drum major general is given in the note 
 below J (s) he is alfo drum major to the third regiment of guards. 
 
 Every company had one or two drummers, according to it's 
 ftrength, and fometimes a phifcr, by old writers often ftiled whif- 
 flers, (s) tho' I am apt to think there was fome fmall difference in 
 the inftrument, as in the lift of the forces fent to St. Quintin's, both 
 fifers and whifflers are mentioned. The quaUfications of drum- 
 mers and fifers are thus laid down by Ralph Smith. 
 
 (s) GEORGE R. 
 
 /^"*\ GEORGE tlie Third, by the grace of God, king of Great Britain, France 
 
 (J , e ^ and Ireland, defender of tlic faith, &c. to our trufty and well-beloved Charles 
 J Stuart, gent, greeting. We do by thefe prefenis, conftitute and appoint you to 
 ^""^ be our drum major general of our forces. You are therefore carefully and di- 
 ligently to difcharge the duty of our drum major general, by doing and performing all and 
 all manner of things thereunto belonging or appertaining. And you are to obferve and 
 follow fuch orders and diredions from time to time, as you (hall receive from us, or any 
 other your fuperior officer, accordmg to the rules and difcipline of war. Given at our 
 court at St. James's, the 4th day of January, 1777, in the 17th year of our reign. 
 
 By his Majefty's command. 
 Entered with the fecretary SUFFOLK, 
 
 at war. Entered with the commiflary 
 
 M. LEWIS. general of mufters. 
 
 JOHN F. HESSE. 
 Charles Stuart, Gent. 
 
 1 rum major general. 
 
 (t) It is mentioned in this fenfe by Shakefpear, in Henry V. aft 4. fc. ult. 
 
 . Behold the Britifh beach 
 
 Pales in the flood, with men, with wives and boys, 
 Whofe (bouts and claps out-voice the deep mouth'd fea^ 
 Which like a mighty whiffler 'fore the king,. 
 Seems to prepare the way. 
 
 Some derive this from the old French word, viffleur, but no fuch word occurs in eltiicr 
 Cotgrave, Laccomb, Richelet, or Boyer. 
 
 The 6fe is of German origin, and called by Sir James Turner and other old writers, 
 the Ailamaine vihiftU. 
 
 " All
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 315 
 
 *' All captains muft have drommes and ffifes and men to ufe the 
 fame, whoe flioulde be faithfull, fecrette, and ingenious, of ableper- 
 fonage to ule their inftruments and office, of fundiie languages; 
 for oftentimes they bee fente to parley with their enemies, to fom- 
 mon theire fforts or townes, to redeeme and conducle pryfoners and 
 dyverfe other meffages, which of neceflitie requireth language. If fuch 
 drommes and ffifes fhoulde fortune to fall into the handes of the 
 enemies, noe guifte nor force flioulde caufe them to difclofc any fe- 
 crettes that they knowe. They mufl: ofte pra6lifc theire inflru- 
 ments, teache the companye the foundes of the maiche, allarum, 
 approache, affaulte, battaile, retreate, ikirmifhe, or any other cal- 
 linge that of neceffitie flioulde be knowen. They mufte be obediente 
 to the commandemente of theyre captaine and enfigne, when as 
 they fliall commande them to comme, goe, or ftande, or founde 
 their retreate, or other callinge. Many thinges elfe belonge to 
 their office, as in dyverfe places of this treatife flial be faide." 
 
 It does not appear that drummers were at this time employed to 
 execute the fentences of courts martial; indeed we learn from the 
 account of Affarius Velthoven, the provofl: martial, page 253, that 
 it was the duty of that officer, or his deputies, to execute all cor- 
 poral punifliments, for which he made a charge in his contingent 
 bill: fo that the cufliom of having thofe punifliments inflicled by 
 the drummers, feems to have taken place after the reign of King 
 William, (u) From the following paflages in Sir James Turner it 
 it looks as if every regiment was not entitled to fifers on the efta- 
 blifliment, but that they were paid by the captain or colonel : " with 
 us, fays he, any captain may keep a piper in his company, and main- 
 
 (u) Sir James Turner, p. 223, fays, " wlicrc regimental hangmen arc wanting, capi- 
 tal crimes muft be puniflicd by harquebuficrs, and fcourging muft be converted into the 
 gatloupe :" and further, treating of the regimental provoft marflial, fays, " lie is to be 
 prcfent at tlie execution of every fcntencc; and when a foldier is to run the gatloupe, lie 
 is to give hiin the firft iafti." 
 
 S s 2 tain
 
 3i6 HISTORYOF 
 
 tain him too, for no pay Is allowed him, perhaps juft as much as 
 he deferveth." 
 
 Fifes were for a long time laid afide in our armies, and only- 
 revived about the year 1745, by the Duke of Cumberland, who in- 
 troduced them into the guards ; the firft marching regiment that 
 adopted them was the 19th, in the year 1747, a Hanoverian lad be- 
 ing then given to the lieutenant colonel of that corps. Fifers were 
 afterwards only allowed to the grenadier company ; but moft of the 
 drummers were taught the ufe of the fife as well as of the drum. 
 
 A CLERK of a company frequently occurs in the military writers 
 of the laft century, but he feems rather to have been the fervant of 
 the captain, than any part of the military eftablifhment of the 
 corps, at leaft no additional payment was allowed to him over and 
 above that of a private foldier. The qualifications required in a 
 clerk of a company were integrity, fobriety, writing a good hand, 
 and a fuflUcient fkill in arithmetick, to enable him to keep the ac- 
 counts of the company. 
 
 These were the officers, commifiioned and non commifiioned, 
 ufually found in a regiment of infantry, till about the middle of 
 the feventeenth century j fince which, one diftinguiflied by the 
 title of a ftatf officer, (x) has been added to every battalion; this is 
 the adjutant or aide major. Each regiment of cavalry has alfo an 
 adjutant. 
 
 This officer, particularly from the term aide major, feems to 
 have been borrowed from the French, and was, according to Father 
 
 (x) A STAFF officer is one whofe duty is not confined to any fingle company, but lies 
 equally with the whole corps, battalion or regiment. The commiffioned ftaff officers cf 
 a corps of infantry are the chaplain, adjutant, quarter mafter and furgeon. The fargeons 
 mates, though reckoned among the ft.iff, have only warrants from the colonel. The 
 quarter maflerb of cavalry are warant orficers, except thofe of the blues, who have the 
 king's com.niirion, The duty of an ancient regimental quarter mafter has been defcribed 
 under the article of herberger, the more modern duties will occur ia the article of quarters. 
 
 Danielj
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 317 
 
 Daniel, not introduced into that fervice before the year 1666. No 
 fuch officer is mentioned by Ralph Smith, Davis, Ward, Markham, 
 Venn, or Sir James Turner; but we find him in the lift of the 
 army reviewed upon Putney Heath, in tlie year 1684. It is the 
 peculiar duty of the adjutant to fuperintend the drilling of the 
 recruits and awkward men ; to receive the orders fron the brigade 
 major, and to deliver them out to the ferjeants, together with the 
 particular regimental orders given by the commanding officer. 
 The adjutant is charged with making out all the returns, and over- 
 looking all the executions of the fentences of regimental courts 
 martial. He, as well as the major, is to be on horfeback when the 
 whole regiment is under arms. In camp and in garrifon the adju- 
 tant is to parade all guards, to fee the men are properly dreffed, that 
 their arms are clean and in good order, and that they have their 
 number of cartridges. In (hort, there is fcarce any duty going for- 
 wards in a regiment, without the adjutant having feme fliare in 
 it. (y) As the adjutant is an affiftant to the major, in like manner 
 he is affifted by the chief fcrjeant, ftiled ferjeant major. 
 
 The field, ftaff, and regimental officers of the cavalry have in 
 part been already mentioned; I fhall neverthelefs, from Markham, 
 give a defcription of the appointments of the commiffion and non 
 
 (y) It is remarkable, that in the Britirti fervice, this office, which requires abilities, 
 atieiition, and a thorough knowledge of every part and etiquette of the fervice, and on 
 the due execution of which the general appearance of the regiment fo much depends, has 
 no rank annexed to it, the adjutant being commanded by the youiigeft enfign in the re- 
 giment ; this, as his duty frequently obliges him, in fome meafure, to interfere with the 
 men of every company, at times, occafions heart-burnings and jealoufy among the fubal- 
 tern officers, and caufes the difcipline of the regiment fometimes to fuffer from his want 
 of autiiority to enforce what he fees necefljry, without a formal complaint to tlie com- 
 manding officer. It is true, the adjutant till lately ufually held a lieutenancy or enfigncy, 
 and was formerly even a captain ; but it having been fince fettled, the adjutant fliould 
 hold no other commiffion, it furely would be for the benefit of the fervice, if the rank of 
 lieutenant at Icafl, was added to it, with fome additional pay. 
 
 commiffion
 
 3i8 HISTORYOF 
 
 commifTion officers of a troop, about the middle of the feventeenth 
 century. 
 
 Now for the arming of the fuperior officers of thefe troopes, you 
 fliall underftand that a captaine of curiaffiers may be armed at all 
 peeces, cap a pe, in fuch fort as I fliewed for the gentleman at a mes, 
 only he fhall have no launce nor battle axe, but only his piftols 
 and fword; his own head, his horfe's head, and his horfc's buttocks 
 may be plumed; he may lead his men with a white truncheon 
 charged on his right thigh. His place is on the head of his troope 
 before the trumpet ; he hath the abfolutc government of his troope, 
 both for inftruclion and maintenance : onely he is to receive all fpe- 
 ciall orders from his coUonell, his coUonel from the ferjeant major 
 of the field, and the ferjeant major from the marfliall. 
 
 The lieutenant may be armed to the knee like the captaine, and 
 his own head and his horfe's plumed ; his place is the reare, and in 
 inarches he may carry a truncheon, but of a thicker fize than that 
 ©f the captaine's. 
 
 The cornet fliall be armed and horft in all points both defenfive 
 smd offenfive like the lieutenant, onely inftead of the truncheon, 
 hee fliall carry charged on his right thigh, his captaine's cornet, 
 v/hich (being a private captaine) fliould be compounded of colour 
 and mettal impaled, that is, the one half colour, the other mettall. 
 The fubftance of the cornet fhould bee of damafke, and the forme 
 muft be almofl fquare (only a little longer from the ftafFe, then on 
 the flaffis) and fringed about futably. The flaffis fliould be fmall, 
 like a foot enfigne, and not fo long as an ordinary launce ; it mufl: 
 be headed with fl:eele, and either guilt or filvered ; with faire taflels 
 fuitable to the cornet. If the cornet belong to a great officer, it 
 fliall then be of one entire colour, of lefTe quantitie, and fl:ill fquare; 
 and in this cornet, the captaine may carry devife and word, or elfe 
 none, at his own pleafure. 
 
 The trumpet is not bound to any armes at all, more than 
 iiis fword, which in former times was not allowed, but with the 
 
 point
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 319 
 
 broken : he fliall have a faire trumpet, with cordens fuitable to the 
 captaine's colours, and to his trumpet fliall be made faft a faire 
 banner, containing his captaine's full coat armour j he may weare 
 a fcarfe and feather, and all other ordinary accoutrements of a 
 horfeman ; and for his horfe, it fliall be a good hackney, with 
 gentleman-like furniture. 
 
 The corporalls fliall be armed at all points, and horft like the 
 maine body of the troope, oncly in their right hands they fliall 
 carry truncheons ; for their office is to be like the ferjeants of foot 
 companies, to ride extravagantly up and downe on either fide the 
 troope, and to fee them keepe their rankes and files, and that all 
 thinges may bee performed which fliall come from the captaine's 
 direflion. They are likewife to fupply and doe all the duties of 
 corporalls and lamprezadoes of foote, both upon fcoutes, watches 
 and guards, as alfo to lookc to the provifion of all necelfary things 
 which appertaine to the troope, and where their own power cannot 
 reforme, there to informe their fiiperior officers ; and therefore 
 thefe officers are to be chofen out of the troope, as the principall 
 and befl; underftanding men therein. 
 
 The captaine of the hargobuffieres fliall be armed, horfl: and ac- 
 coutered, at all points, like the lieutenant of curiaffiers, and tli€ 
 lieutenant of the hargobuffieres like the cornet of cuiraffireres ; and 
 the cornet of hargobuffieres like a private gentleman of the troope 
 of cuiraffieres. 
 
 The captaine of dragons fliall be armed like the lieutenant of 
 the hargobuffieres, the lieutenant of dragons like the cornet of har- 
 gobuffieres, the cornet and piftols excepted (for he fliall carry the 
 weapons of his owne troope), and the guydon (for thefe fliall not 
 be led with a cornet) of the dragons fliall be armed like a private 
 gentleman of the hargobuffieres ; and here is to be noted, that the 
 difference betwixt the cornet and the guidon is much ; for the gui- 
 don is the firft colours that any commander of horfe can let file in 
 the field 5 this guydon is of damaik fringed, and may be charged 
 
 cither
 
 320 HISTORYOF 
 
 with the crefl: of him that is the owner thereof, or with other de- 
 vife at his pleafure ; it is in proportion three foot at the leaft deepe 
 in the top, next the ftafFe, and upon the ftaffe, and fo extendeth 
 downe narrower and narrower to the bottome, where the en<' : is 
 Iharpe, but with a flit divided into two peaks a foot deepe ; the 
 whole guidon is fixe foote longe, and flioulde be carried upon a 
 lance flaffe. If the captaine (owner of this guidon) fiiall doe a 
 good daies fervice, or produce from his vertue fomcthing worthy ad- 
 vancement, fo that he is called to a better command, as to lead 
 hargobuffieres or cuiraflleres, then the generall or ofiicei in chiefe 
 fhall with a knife cut away the two peaks, and then it is made a 
 cornet, which is longer one way than another, if (after that) hee 
 doe any thing worthily, whereby he is made by the king or fu- 
 preme, either bannaret or baron, then fliall his cornet be made juft 
 fquare in forme of a banner;, which none may carry in the fielde on 
 horfeback, under thofe degrees ; now if thefe noble curtomes be 
 neglefled, and that men out of ambition, ufurpation, ignorance, 
 or connivance, take to themfelves other liberties ; let thofe great 
 knowledges which have command of armies reforme it ; or elfe ver- 
 tue will fit mourning at the ladder foote, becaufe fliee hath not one 
 true round left to mount by. 
 
 Sir James Turner gives the following lift of the officers of a 
 troop of cavalry, which evidently appears to have been taken from 
 the Germans. 
 
 " The ftronger the troop be, it fliould have the more corporals, 
 who begin now to be qualified with the title of brigadeers, for it 
 feems not proportionable for a troop of one hundred and twenty to 
 have no more corporals than a troop of fixty or feventy. Yet for 
 moft part now all troops have a like number of officers; and thefe 
 are the captain or ritmafter, the lieutenant, the cornet, the quarter 
 mafter, three corporals or biigadeers, two trumpeters, fome have 
 three, and fome four, a fadler and a fmith, and fome allow a chi- 
 iTurgeon, and a clerk. Many troops have no allowance for the laft 
 
 four.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 321 
 
 four, though all four are very neceflliry j in fome {)laces, if a chi- 
 rurgeon be allowed for every regiment, it is thought very fair; 
 many ritmafters entertain a fadler and a fmith in their troops, 
 allowing them the pay of troopers, and what benefit elfe they can 
 make by their feveral trades ; but if all who ride in the troop be 
 gentlemen, they will not pemit thefe two mechanicks to ride with 
 them ; yet my opinion is, fince all who ride now in troops, are not 
 gentlemen, ihey may, without any difparagement, fufter a fmith 
 and a fadler to ride in rank with them, being they are profitable 
 members of that little commonwealth. It is, I think, an overfight 
 that a clerk is not allowed for every company of horfe, for a quar- 
 ter mafter hath enough to do othervvifc, though he be not bound to 
 officiate for the clerk, to receive the pay of the troop, and give it 
 out, and keep the accounts of it ; unlefs you will fay, that the 
 paying money to a troop falls out fo fcidom, that the receiving it 
 will be rather a divertifement then a trouble to the quarter mailer. 
 
 Having fpoke to the duties of a captain, lieutenant, and 
 enfign-bearer of a foot company, I have nothing to add to the 
 duties of a ritmafter, lieutenant and cornet j but between the quar- 
 termafters of foot and horfe there is the difiierence, that the firil 
 hath no command, but the fecond hath, in other duties there is 
 none. But I fliall tell the quarter mailers of horfe, that they Ihould 
 have Ikill in caftrametation, as much as the foot quarter mailers 
 have, and rather more ; for the lall look only to the regular quar- 
 tering of men in the field, the firfl: to the quartering of both men 
 and horfes, A corporal of horfe fliould have experience, for he 
 either aflifls the lieutenant in placing or fetting the guards, or he 
 doth it himfclf without his lieutenant ; he fets the centinels and fees 
 them reliev'd ; and orders the patrouels, which are rounds. He is 
 to ride in rank, and if the troop march not in bread, but in three 
 feveral fquadrons, then there is a corporal on the right hand of 
 every fquadron ; but in abfcncc of higher officers, corporals lead 
 
 Vol. I. T t divifions,
 
 322 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 cVivifions, fo do they thofe parties which they are to command, if 
 there be none to command above them. 
 
 When a troop is divided into three fquadrons they have not 
 their denominations from the corporals or brigadeers, but the firfl 
 is called the captain's fquadron, the fecond the lieutenant's, the 
 third the cornet's, and if there be a fourth it is called the quarter 
 maker's. When a troop marcheth, the captain leads the firft divi- 
 fion, the cornet with his ftandard the fecond, the quarter mafter 
 leads the third, and the lieutenant brings up ; yet fome will have 
 the eldeft corporal to lead the laft divifion, and the quarter mafter 
 to bring up on the lieutenant's left hand, for which I fee very fmall 
 reafon, or rather none at all. Some French troops, and ours like- 
 wife, have befides thefe officers whom I have named, a fub lieute- 
 nant or under lieutenant who hath no command in the lieutenant's 
 prefence, but in his abfence he commands over the cornet : the 
 French have likewife a guidon, to whom perhaps may anfwer he 
 who in other places is appointed to carry the ftandard, either in 
 the cornet's abfence, or when he pleafeth to appoint him to carry it. 
 As to the officers of the regiment ftaff of the cavalry, they are the 
 fame with thofe of the foot. 
 
 The pay of our ancient armies comes next into confideration, in 
 which, as has before been obferved, there were at all times, both 
 before and fince the conqueft, befides the feudal tenants, ftipendi- 
 ary or mercenary foldiers, both natives as well as foreigners. The 
 feudal tenants, likewife, having performed the number of days fer- 
 vice due on account of their tenures, were entitled to the king's 
 pay or wages, during the time they afterwards remained with the 
 army ; this feems to have been regulated by their civil rank and 
 condition : thus the commander in chief of an army, being a duke, 
 received double what he was allowed if an earl, perhaps this might 
 be in confideration that the higher the rank of the perfon, the more 
 attendants and vaffals he was likely to bring into the field. 
 
 Our ancient hiftorians have not handed down to us a regular 
 
 lift:
 
 THE E N G L I S H A R M Y, 323 
 
 lift of the pay of the different officers and foldiers, of which our ar- 
 mies were compofed ; but we are left to collefl it from different re- 
 cords and official accounts. Of thefe the chief and moft inftruc- 
 tive are the accounts of the great wardrobe, as that office feems 
 formerly to have had the payment of mofl of the fervants of the 
 crown ; but I believe there are none of them extant older than the 
 reipn of Kins: Edward I. 
 
 The earlicfl: information rcfpefling military pay reaches no 
 higher than the reign of King Henry II. in which reign, according 
 to Fitz Stephens a contemporary hiftorian, the knights of Archbi- 
 ihop Becket's houfehould, employed in the war of Thouloufe, who 
 were no fewer than ftven hundred in number, received 3s. a day, 
 the country being befides obliged to provide for their horfes and 
 efquires. 
 
 The pay and allowance of the conftable was fettled in that reign 
 by a book of the conflitutions of the king's houfehold, this we 
 learn from a reference made to it in the loth of Edw. I. printed in 
 Rymer; part of the contents has been already quoted (page 217.) 
 under the article of conftable ; to which maybe added, that all mat- 
 ters refpecling the king's hawks came under his regulation or that 
 of his deputy; that he was one of the fubfcribing witncffes to all 
 the accounts at the exchequer, where he had alio a right to flop 
 the fums due to him out of the wages of the ftipendiary troops. 
 
 It does not appear that the marefchal of that or feveral fuc- 
 cccding reigns had any {landing pay more than that of his rank 
 as duke or earl ; his perquifites and emoluments have been already 
 mentioned. 
 
 Mr. Petit and Dr. Brady cite a record of the 6th year of King 
 John, wherein it is ordered, that every nine knights, throughout 
 England, fhould contribute to find a tenth, well provided with 
 horfe and arms for the defence of the kingdom, and ihould allow 
 him 2s. by the day for his wages. 
 
 In the wardrobe account of the 28th of King Edward I. A. D. 
 
 T t 2 1300,
 
 224 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 1300, publiflied by the Society of Antiquaries, \vc have tlic 
 following articles refpefling the payment of the military eftablifh- 
 raent of that reign. From diverfe inftances, it appears the pay did 
 not take place till after the mufter and appreciation of the horfes, 
 probably the recruits fubfifted on their way to the army, as was 
 afterv/ards praclifed, by an allowance called conduct or preft- 
 money, which was generally paid by the fheriffs of the counties 
 wherein they were raifed, or through which they parted, according 
 to the number of days march, ftating each days march at twelve 
 and Ibnietimes fixteen miles. 
 
 The pay and emoluments of the conftable in this reign were the 
 fame as in that of Henry II. the regulations of that period being 
 cited as an authoiity. 
 
 The pay of a banneret was four {hillings; from the pafTage 
 given in the note below, it appears that fome bannerets ufed to diet 
 at court, till the pafling of the flatute of St. Alban's, when certain 
 wages were afligned them in lieu of their table, (z) 
 
 The daily pay of a knight was 2s. and that of an efquire izd. 
 both were obliged to have barded horfes, thofe who had them not, 
 or neglefted to have them muftered and appreciated, had part of 
 their pay ftruck off, of which an inftance occurs in an efquire of 
 the name of John de Clothale, who inftead of i2d. received only 
 8d. per diem, till his horfe was muftered and appreciated, (a) 
 
 rw-i 
 
 I'HE 
 
 (z) D~N o Willmo de Cantilupo, baneretto, qui folebat comedere in aula regis ante 
 ftatutum faftum apud Sanflum Albanum, de aula noa tenenda, et non comedenti auiplius, 
 fed percipienti certavad. videlt, per diem 6s. — pro fe et miiite fuo per ftatutum predic- 
 tum, pro liujiifmodi vadiis, a 27 die Junii, quo die venit primo ad curiam poft ftatutum 
 praedictum, ufque fecundum diem Julii utroque computato per 6 dies, per quos fuit in 
 Cur' et extra rotulum hofpicii per compotum fadum, cum Domino Rico" de NeviJl, 
 militi fuo, apud Drombou. il. 16s. 
 
 (a) JoHANNi de Clothale percipient' per diem 8d. — quia line equo appreriato,. pro 
 vadiii fuisj a 20 die Navembr' anno prefenti incipient' ufque 23 diem Decembr', utroque 
 
 computatOj ,
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 325 
 
 The pay of a conftable was alfo a fliilling per diem ; and though 
 the appellation of conftables in this reign was given to officers of 
 infantry as well as cavalry (b) the former, like clquires, were obli- 
 ged to have covered or barded horfes, and we find, that fuch as 
 were deficient in this article, received only 6d. a day, which was 
 only half their ordinary flipend. (c) 
 
 In this account under the article of efquires, v/e meet with 
 many perfons entitled valets, with the daily pay of lad. Du Cange, 
 and other writers, are of opinion that the appellation of valet 
 was generally given to young gentlemen of rank and family, who 
 were not yet knighted, (d). 
 
 The term foldier frequently occurs, as if the party fo diftin- 
 guifhed was of a different order from the other troops ; and there 
 likewife appears to have been different ranks of foldiers ; for wc 
 
 computato, per 3^. dies, zzs. 8d. Eidem, pro vadiis fuis a 24 die Decembr, quo die 
 cquLis fuus fuit appreciat', ufque ultimum diem ejufdcm mcnlis, utroque computato, per 
 8 dies, percipient' per diem i2d. 8s. per manus proprias ibidem, 29 die Decemb. fumma 
 il. los. 8d. p 211. 
 
 (b) Galfrido de Ampleford conftabular' cquitum, &c. the pay the fame as a con- 
 ftable of foot, i. e. IS. per diem, p. 220. 
 
 (c) cuilt. conft. per diem 6d. quia cum equis difcooperiis. p. 145. 
 
 (d) Father Daniel in the Mil. Fr. fol. i. p. 131. from Du Cange, cites an ancient 
 French manufcript Romance, called le Roman de Rou, where in fpeaking of William the 
 Conqueror, it is faid 
 
 Guillaume fut, valet petit 
 A Falaife pofe & norrit. 
 
 And in another place. 
 
 Et me fit avoir en otage 
 
 Deux valets de noble lignage, 
 
 N'ert [n'etoit] mi Chevalier, encore ert Valleton 
 
 And fpeaking of Henry II. King of England. 
 
 Cinquaiue trois ans plus fa terra juftifa 
 Emprcs I4 mort fon pcrc qui valet Ic laiiTa, 
 
 meet
 
 ;26 HISTORY OF 
 
 J) 
 
 meet with the term fcutifer, or efquire foldiers at i2d. per tliem 
 each, and others ftiled foldier conftables, and fome fmiply foldiers, 
 but all at the fame pay. (e) 
 
 The daily pay of a hobiler, was 6d. A vintner of crofs bow 
 men, 6d. A private crofs bow man, 4d. An archer 2d. There 
 appears to have been but few hobilers at this time employed, and 
 fome of thofe were Irifli men, and mofl of them belonged to 
 different garrifons. 
 
 The ferjeants at arms, of which there feem to have been many 
 admitted as volunteers, received alfo is. per diem ; (f ) leverai of 
 them appear to have been particularly afligned to different garrifons 
 for their defence ; fix were fent to the town of Berwick, (g) 
 
 Here likewife we find fome flight traces of the engineers and 
 their artificers under the following articles. Some of the engineers 
 appear to have been monks. 
 
 To Mafter Reginald, engineer, for going by the King's order 
 from Berwick upon Tweed to Newcaflle upon Tyne, to the 
 ilieriffof Northumberland, to procure and chufe timber for the 
 making of machines for the caftle of Berwick j for 78 daysexpences 
 in going and returning, and for hackneys for riding, 6cc. 2I. 8s. (h) 
 Another article charges his pay at 6d. per diem, (i) 
 
 To brother Thomas of Bamburgh, a monk of Durham, for 
 timber, and making two large engines conflru6led by him for the 
 
 (e) Page 216, 217, &c. Eidem pro vad' 50 fcutiferorum foldar' quoit, percip' per 
 diem izd. Eidem pro vad' 7 conftabl' quorum unus in numero foldar', videlt Simon de 
 Blakfale percipit vad' inter foldar. p. 145. Idem pro vad' Willi de Cardevill, foldar', 
 percip' per diem i2d. &e. P. 146. 
 
 (f) Item 28 die Julii admilTus fuit Simon de Tardetz, tanquam ferviens ad arma, ad 
 percipiend' ficut alii fervientes de hofpicio Regis. P. 211. Eidem pro vad' Robert! de 
 Neketon, Henr' Nafard, Johis de Villers, Ranulphi de Charron, Ingelrami le Charron, 
 fit Bernardi de Grifmak, fervientum Regis ad arma afTignatorum ad' morand' in muni- 
 cione predicla, per idem tempus, cuilt~, per diem i2d. 
 
 (g)P. J45. II (b) P. 78. B (i)P. 148. 
 
 defence
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 327 
 
 defence of the town of Berwick upon Tweed, in the time of 
 Dom. Phil, de Vernaco, then keeper of the faid town. 3I. 6s. 
 8d. (k) 
 
 Brother Robert de Ulmo, mafter engineer, retained in the king's 
 fervice for the Scottifh wars, with Alan Bright, carpenter j Robert 
 at 9d. per diem, Allan at 4d. (1) 
 
 Gerard de Mayak, engineer, and Gaillard Abot, carpenter, 
 employed by the king to make the pele of Dumfries, at 6d. per 
 diem each, (m) 
 
 Three mafter carpenters employed on the pele of Dumfries, 
 had 6d. per diem j each thirty five other carpenters, each 4d. and 
 four pages, probably apprentices, 2d. each, (n.) 
 
 A MASTER fmith Thomas Furneys, working on the fame pele 
 had for his daily pay 6d. and of feven other fmiths under him, two 
 of them had 5d. and five 4d. per diem each, (o) 
 
 For the repairs of the abbey of Holm Coltrom, againft the 
 king and his army fhould come thither, perhaps to take up his 
 quarters, mafter Everard of Carlifle, and fix mafons his companions, 
 were employed, Everard at 6d. and every other mafon at 4d. per 
 diem ; two labourers to ferve the faid mafons are charged at 2d. 
 and a fmith to mend the doors and windows, at 4d. per diem, (p) 
 
 Two hundred ditchers, of whom ten were vintenars, were em- 
 ployed under a mafter ; the private ditchers at 2d. the vintenars at 
 4d. and the mafter at 6d. per diem j four men were alfo paid 4d. per 
 diem, as overfeers. A number of women were likewife employed 
 to aftift thefe ditchers in clearing the ditch, at three half pence per 
 diem each : (q) a bounty was diftributed among the faid ditchers 
 
 by 
 
 (k) P. 78. II (1) P. 257. II (m) P. 268. II P. 263, and 264. |! (c) IbiJ. 
 (p) ibid. 
 
 (q) EiDEM, pro vadiis 7 mulierum coadjuvanciiim di£los folTatorcs ad mundand' didum 
 foffatum, per unum diem, vidclt. 24 diem Oclobr' cuilt. per diem jd. ob. lod, ob, Eidcm 
 
 pro
 
 «28 HISTORY OF 
 
 by the king, over and above their wages ; as alfo 5s. to the 
 mafons. 
 
 Some plaifterers were paid 3d. a day, others 2d. boys ferving as 
 iabourers to them were alfo paid 2d. (r) 
 
 Miners hired for the Scotch war, had each for their daily wages 
 3d. and their apprentices, ftiled pages, 2d. (s). Four pence per 
 diem is charged for an artificer ftiled attillator, in the caftle of 
 Berwick, the fame for a chaplain, a clerk of the chapel, a watch- 
 man, and a wallier-woman. (t) Clerks employed to chiife and pay 
 the troops, had moftly i2d. per diem, others paying the artificers, 
 only 6d. (u) 
 
 In Rymer, A. D. 1281, the loth of Edward I. there is a writ for 
 raifing a number of wood cutters in the county of Gloucefter, who 
 are dire6led to join the king's army at Rudland in Wales, they 
 wxre allowed 3d. each per diem, during their march, this was to 
 be advanced by the flieriff. 
 
 The daily pay of the conftable of the caftles of Berwick was 
 2S. that of the conftable of Jeddeworth, the fame; this feems to 
 have been the general pay for the conftable of a caftle, unlefs he 
 was of fuperior rank, as a banneret, Sec. 
 
 John de St. John, captain and keeper of the Marches of Cum- 
 berland and Vale of Annan, received 4s. per diem for that office, (x) 
 Many marches and places were defended by perfons indenting and 
 contracting for a certain fum. 
 
 The account of Roger de Waltham, keeper of the great ward- 
 robe, gives a very accurate lift of the pay of the army raifed 
 againft the Scots in the 15th and 17th years of King Edward II. 
 
 pro vadiis 9 mulierum per 3 dies, 27 die Oflobr' pro ultimo computato cuilt. per diem 
 ut prius. 3s. 4d. ob. Eidem pro vad' 10 mulierum per 28 diem Odobr. et 14 mulierum 
 per2g diem OiSobr' cuilt. ut prius. 3s. Eidem pro vad' 25 mulierum per unum diem. 
 videlt. 30 diem Oftobr. 3s. id. ob. Eidem ad diftribuend' inter didos foflatores de dono 
 et curialitate Regis ultra vadia fiia il. 5s. jd. P. 269. 
 
 (r) P. 266. II (s) Ibid. || (t) The attillator was a kind of amourer. P.-i52t 
 (u) See P. 53 and 263. (x) P. 138. 
 
 wherein
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 329 
 
 wherein the fums paid do not materially vary from thofe of 
 the preceding reign ; but the titles of the officers are different 
 in feveral inftances, among others the term conftable, applied to 
 a regimental officer, is not once mentioned ; the denomination of 
 conftable was afterwards chiefly confined to the cavalry, (y) 
 
 The account opens with the roll of the Welch foot, who have 
 diverfe officers not found in the Englilh corps ; thefe are leaders, 
 fub-leaders, chaplains, phyficians and cryers. (z) The pay of the 
 leader was 2s. per diem : Tlie fub-Ieader, every efquire, centenary 
 or commander of an hundred men, and chaplain, had is. per 
 diem, each. Phyficians 6d. Cryers, ftandard bearers and ving- 
 teners, each 4d. No regular proportion feems to have been 
 obferved between the private men and ftandard bearers. Some 
 leaders of fmall numbers, not exceeding an hundred men had 
 only 6d. a day. The pay of the other foldiers was, as is faid 
 above, the fame as in the preceding reign, except that the foot 
 foldiers armed with acketons and bacinetts, received 3d. each per 
 diem j and thofe unarmed, ftiled naked footmen, had only 2d. 
 
 Some hobilers are charged 4d. and fome 6d. a day ; no reafon 
 is affigned for this diffisrence, but perhaps the former had no 
 horfes, for we find in another corps that a centenary not having a 
 war horfe, was credited only at 6d. per diem. 
 
 Among the armed foot fent by divers ecclefiaftics and others to 
 perform their feudal fervices, fome of them having ferved the time 
 for which they were hired, remained afterwards with the army, in 
 the king's pay ; one of them, Andree de Netlee, is fliied foldario 
 
 (y) This valuable manufcript is in the library of Thomas Aftle, Efq. 
 
 (z) Stiled in the manufcript, duJ\or, fub-dui^or, centenarius, capelianus, medicus, 
 clamator, rtandanlarius, vintenarius. ^n one account there were two ilandanl bearers to 
 1818 private men, but a third was added by the king, as appears by the following entry, 
 Tres ftandardaii q" habuerunt una" fland. de novo ex libcratioijc Domini Regis. Another 
 corps of 968 men had fix ftandard bearers. 
 
 U u ad
 
 33© H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 ad arma, his daily pay was lad. Diverfe crofs bow men and lan- 
 ceirs, infantry, from Gafcony, are charged 4d. a day. 
 
 Adamar de Valence Earl of Pembroke ferving in thefe wars, 
 received for his own daily pay 8s. for every banneret in his fuite 
 4s. every knight 2s. and every man at arms is. 
 
 An ancient manufcript gives the annexed eftablifliment of the 
 army of King Edward III. in Normandy and before Calais, in the 
 20th year of his reign, with their feveral flipends. (a) 
 
 At per diem. 
 
 1. 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 s. 
 o 
 6 
 6 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 My Lord the prince 
 Bifhop of Durham 
 13 Earls, each 
 44 Barons and bannerets 
 1046 Knights _ . - 
 
 4022 Efquires, conftables, centenary and leaders 
 5104 Vintenars and archers on horfeback 
 335 Paunceners 
 500 Hoblers 
 15480 Foot archers - - 
 
 -Mafons, carpenters, fmiths, engi- 
 neers, tent makers, miners, ar- 
 mourers, gunners, and artillery 
 Lmen 
 
 r Welch foot, of whom 200 vintenars at 
 I the reft at 
 700 Mafters, conftables, mariners, and pages 
 900 Ships, barges, balingers and vifluallers 
 
 Sum total of the aforefaid men befides Lords 31000—294 
 
 314 
 
 4474 
 
 Some at lad, 
 
 >iod. 6d. and 
 
 3d. per diem. 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 8 
 8 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 6 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 (a) Ex Rotulo quodam penes Arth. Agard. Thef. in Novo Palatio, Weftm. repofito 
 colled. V. I. p. 160. The original in Latin. 
 
 Of
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 331 
 
 Of whom fome men from Germany and France, each receive for 
 their wages 1^ florins a month. 
 
 The film total of the wages of war, with the wages of the 
 mariners from the 4th day of June in the 20th of the faid King 
 Edward III. to the 12th day of Oflober in the 2ifl of the fame 
 king, for one year 131 days, as appears from the book of parti- 
 lar accounts of Walter Wentwaght, then treafurer of the houfe- 
 hold, entitled wages of war in Normandy, France, and before Calais, 
 127201I. 2s. gid. 
 
 In the account of Walter Wentwaght here mentioned, in the 
 2ift year of the fame reign, there is the following article, (b) 
 
 Rates and Wages of Warre by the Daie. 
 
 The Prince of Wales _ _ _ _ 
 
 A biflioppe, or an earle - _ - . 
 
 A barone, a bannerette, the king's chamberlaine, the 
 ftewards, the treafurer of the king's houfe, the keeper of 
 the privy feale, every man by the daye 
 
 A knight, comptroller, coferer of the king's houfe, 
 the king's ftandard bearers, the clerk of the kichine, 
 pantry and wardrope, the clerke, comptroller, and the 
 keeper of the vidlualles, every man at 
 
 The king's chaplines, efquier, fergentes of armcs, 
 men of armes, fergcauntes of office, and other clerks of the 
 king's houfe, marfliall of the hall, ufliers and fewers of . 
 the hall and chamber, fewer at drefl'cr, harbengers, 
 pantekers, butlers, furgions, minftrelles, dudlors or cen- 
 tencrs, every man by daye. - - 
 
 >o 
 
 s. 
 o 
 6 
 
 d. 
 
 3 
 8 
 
 (b) From a manufcript which fecms a copy of that cited by Brady in his H.rtorj- of 
 England. 
 
 U U 2 
 
 The
 
 332 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 The king's archers, vintners, yeomen of offices in the^ I. 
 king's houfe, archers on horfe, hobilers, mellengers, ar- 
 tificers, chaplines of Welchmen, a mafter, a clarke, and 
 conftable, and a carpenter of a fliipp, pannccos, (c) \ 
 couners, and crofsbowes of Almaynes, Lorians, and 1 
 Hymonde, every one at - - - J 
 
 Archers on horl'e, vinteners of footmen, ftandard-* 
 bearers of Welflimen, furgeons of Welflimen, and criers I o 
 of Welflimen, every man - - - J 
 
 d. 
 
 The following lifl: of the army fent to Ireland 36 of Edward III. 
 is taken from a manufcript in the Britifli Mufeum. (d) 
 
 A Roll of the Retinue of LioNELL the King's Sonne, Earl of 
 Ulfler, Lord of Clarence and Connaugh, and Lieutenant of his 
 father in Ireland. 
 
 f Hlmfelf at 6s. 8d. per diem, five knights 
 at 23. per diem, five efquires at i2d. per 
 diem, 70 archers at 6d. per diem, for a 
 quarter of a yeare, viz. from the i4tli 
 of Auguft till the 12th of November, 526I. 
 5s. 8d. and for regards (e) to the faid earl 
 and his retinue, 155I. us. lA. q^. d. Total 
 .681I. i6s. 9d. 
 
 After he was created Duke of Clarence his own wages was 
 13s. 4d. per diem, and eight knights at 2s. per diem. Total 582I. 
 
 Knights 
 Sir Thomas de la Dale 
 Sir Philip Topham 
 Sir John Cornewall 
 Sir Robert Clynton 
 Sir Symon Flemming 
 
 (c) Pannecos probably paveros or pavifors, perfons bearing pavaifes or large fhields : a 
 great number of thefe occur in the lift of the officers and foldiers that were with King 
 Edward III. at Calais, publilhed by^Bl^ve Mores. 
 
 (d) Marked Julius f. 6. Cotton. 
 
 (e) Regards was a kind of contingent allowance, which will be further explained In 
 its place. 
 
 360 Archers
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 333 
 
 360 Archers on horfeback of the county of Lancafter at 6d. per 
 diem. 
 
 23 Archers on horfeback from Wales. 
 
 Ralfe Earle of StafForde, for himfelf 6s. 8d. as aforefaid, for 
 a banneret, 4s. per diem, 17 knights at 2s. per diem, 78 efquires at 
 1 2d. per diem, 100 archers on horfeback at 6d. per diem, his en- 
 tertaignment began when he and his ritinue came to Briftow to 
 tranfmitt for Ireland. fFor a quarter 973I. us. 7d. 
 
 24 Archers out of Staffordfhire i 
 
 40 Archers out of Worcefterfliire> under the Earle of Strafiorde. 
 6 Archers out of Shropfhire J 
 
 James Earle of Ormond for himfelf, 4s. per diem, 2 knights 2s. 
 per diem, 17 efquires, i2d. per diem j 20 hobilers armed, at 6d. 
 per diem, and 20 hobilers not armed, at 4d. per diem each, to guard 
 the Marches of Leinfter for a quarter 165I. 6s. 8d. 
 
 O'Kenedy for himfelf, i2d. per diem, u hobilers at 4d. 88 
 archers on foot at i|d. per diem. 
 
 John Carew, banneret, at 4s, per diem, i knight at 2s. z 
 efquires at i2d. 10 archers on horfeback at 6d. per diem. 
 
 William Windsors for himfelf, 2S. 2 knights 2s. 44 efquire3 
 at i2d. 6 archers on horfeback at 6d. per diem each. For the 
 quarter 493I. 16s.. 
 
 Sin Thomas Hoggeshawe for himfelf, 2s. per diem, 2 
 knights 2s. 30 efquires, and 30 archers as above. 
 
 Sir John Shardlewe 2s. 2 archers on horfeback. 
 
 Sir Thomas Nanton 2s. and his valet at 6d. 
 
 Donald Gall, an Irifli captayne, 4d. per diem ; 280 archers 
 on foot at 2d. per diem. 
 
 Hugh Swiset, an Irifli captayne, at 6d. per diem, 4 hobilers 
 not armed at 4d. per diem, 35 archers at i !d. to guard the Marches 
 of Baltinglaffe. 
 
 Richard Talbot, a captaine of the Irifli, and 17 archers on 
 horfeback of Darbyfliirc, 14 of Shroplhire, 15 of Nottingham.
 
 534 n I S T O R Y O F 
 
 ViN'TEN ARIES at ^d. per diem, and 12 archers on foot 4d. per 
 diem, 150 more archers of different countries. 
 
 Siu WiNDESoRE 16 archers more. 
 
 Sir Eustace Tabrickecourt, banerett, 4s. per diem, i 
 knight, 4 efquircs, and 8 archers. 
 
 Sir John St. Laude, 5 efquircs, and 20 archers on horfcback. 
 
 The pafiage of the Duke of Clarence, the Earle of Staftord, and 
 the reft mounted to 500I. or upwards. A vintenarius had 20 
 archers under him, and no more. 
 
 No aheration appears to have been made in the pay of the army 
 during the reign of Richard II. But in the fucceeding reign there 
 feems to have been fome irregularity in that article, which had like 
 to have produced very difa^reeable circumftances to Prince John, 
 fon of King Henry IV. this we learn from the rolls of parliament 
 A. D. 1404, being the fixth year of that king's reign, wherein it 
 is recited " That whereas Monfieur John the king's fon was at the 
 point of having been put to great dillionor, and danger of his 
 foldiers, for default of payment, if it had not happened that the 
 Sire de Fournyvall affifled him and formed a credit in different 
 manners ; for the faving of the honor of the faid Sire John, as 
 well as for the honor of the faid Sire de Fornyvall, the commons 
 pray that payment be made, as reafon and good faith require. 
 
 Also the faid commons pray our lord the king, as they have 
 before done, that he will pleafe to confider the good and agreeable 
 fervice that the Duke of Everwyk has done him at the time he was 
 lieutenant in Guyen, and that the faid duke for default of pay- 
 ment of him and his faid foldiers in thofe parts, had fold and 
 pledged all his gold and fdver plate, as well for the prefervation 
 of the honor of our faid lord the king, as of himfelf and all the 
 kingdome ; and that it may pleafe our lord the king, to order that 
 payment and fatisfaclion may be made to him in thefe parts as he 
 trufteth. 
 
 Also the commons befeech our faid lord the king, that it may 
 pleafe him to have in efpecial recommendation Monfieur Thomas 
 
 de
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 335 
 
 de Erpyngham, Monfieur Thomas Remptfon, John Norbury, and 
 the other vaiUiant knights and efquires who rifqued themfelves 
 with our faid lord the king at his arrival in England, and that 
 our faid lord the king himfelf would have them in honour and 
 efteem for their good and agreeable fervice performed to him both 
 here and abroad. 
 
 Another petition appears in the fecond year of the fucceeding 
 reign, A. D. 1414, wherein the foldiers forming the garrifons of 
 the caftles on the frontiers of Picardy, fet forth, that being ob- 
 liged to come to England for payment of their wages, the ex- 
 pences of their journey coft them the greatcft part thereof, and 
 alfo that the faid frontier was confiderably weakened by their 
 abfence ; wherefore they prayed that they might receive their pay 
 at the exchequer of Calais, according to the tenure of their 
 indentures: They were referred for an anfwer to the king and 
 council, but their complaint feems not to have been remedied till 
 the next reign. 
 
 In an indenture between King Henry V. and the Duke of Cla- 
 rence, A. D. 141 5, wherein the duke covenants to ferve the king 
 for a year in France with a certain number of men to be paid as 
 follows. The duke for himfelf, 13s. 4d. for an earl 6s. 8d. a ban- 
 neret, 4s. a knight 2s. an efquire is. and for each archer 6d. per diem, 
 with the ufual regards. It was alfo covenanted that if it happened 
 that thefc troops fliould be employed in the Dutchy of Guyennc, 
 that he fliould then receive for each efquire 40 marks, and for every 
 archer 20 marks for the whole year, this to be paid half the firfl; 
 quarter on figning of the indenture, and the other half after the 
 murter. The king to find tranfports going and returning for men, 
 horfes, harnefs, and vi6luals, at the following rate : 
 
 50 Horfes for the duke himfelf 
 24 Horfes for an earl 
 16 Horfes for each banneret 
 6 Horfes for each knight 
 
 4 Horfes
 
 336 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 4 Horfes for each efquire 
 1 Horfe for each archer, (f) 
 
 In another indenture made at the fame time with Henry Le 
 Scrope, as a fecurity for the payment of the fecond quarter, the 
 king covenanted to deliver in pledge on a certain day, jewels worth 
 the fum of the faid wages and regards, which jewels were to be 
 returned at any time his Majefty ftiould chufe to redeem them 
 within a year and a day from the time of their delivery, and if not 
 redeemed within that time, Lefcrope was authorized to difpofe of 
 them at his pleafure without hindrance from the king or his heirs, 
 according to the contents of the letters patent under the great 
 feal. (g) The king likewife covenanted with the perfons thus in- 
 denting with him, that no procefs fhould ifTue againft them for 
 default of homage for any lands defcending to them during the 
 time they were abroad in his fervice. 
 
 Besides the daily ftipend paid the troops, there was an additio- 
 nal douceur ftiled regards, (h) this was a kind of perquifue to the 
 commanding officer, or chief contra6lor with the crown for every 
 body of men, to enable them to keep a table for their officers, and 
 to provide for the different contingent expences : the quantum of 
 this allowance differed according to the nature of the fervice or 
 country in which the troops were to be employed ; the ufual fum 
 was at the rate of an hundred marks for a quarter of a year, for 
 every thirty men at arms, which amounted to near fix-pence a day 
 
 (f) See Rymer, vol. g. p. 227. || (g) At the death of this king, many of his jewels 
 were in the hands of captains who had indented tofen-e him, who applied to parliament to 
 authorize them to outfet the thirds of the gains of war due from them to the king, againft 
 the arrears of pay due to them ; and alfo for permiffion to fell the jewels depofited in their 
 hands, paying the balance, if sny, into the Exchequer ; this was granted to take place 
 within half a year, if fuch jewels were not the jewels of the Crown. See Rot. Pari, ift. 
 Henry VJ. 
 
 (h) Translated by Du Cange, Reward. 
 
 each.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 337 
 
 each, (i) Sometimes we meet with a ftipuhtion for regard and a 
 half, and fometimes for double regards and double wages, (k) 
 
 It alfo appears that the troops were occafionally paid half the 
 quarter in advance, or had ailignments on the fupplies granted to 
 the king, and in fome indentures it is fpeciticd, that in default of 
 payment of their wages or other reafonable caufe, the parties in- 
 denting might dilband and go whither they pleafed, without any 
 hindrance from the king or his heirs. (1) Edward III. I think, more 
 than once paid his army with wool. 
 
 Some little alteration in the denomination of the troops, caufed 
 a difference in their pay, about the beginning of the reign of Henry 
 VII. as we. learn from an indenture of war made in the year 1492, 
 being the 7th of that king ; wherein George, Earl of Kent, en- 
 gages to ferve the king abroad in fuch places as he fhall dirc£l, for 
 one whole year, from the firft day of unifier, with fix men of arms, 
 himfelf reckoned as one.; each man of arms having with him his 
 cuftrill and page, fixteen demi-launccs, fixteen archers on horfe- 
 
 (i) Rymer, 3 Hen. V. torn. 9. p. 227. 
 
 (k) In a MS. in the library of Thomas Aflle, Efq. entitled Names of the Nobility 
 and others retained to ferve the kings of England in their warrs from the 19th. of Ed. 
 III. to Henry VIII. extra(f^cd out of the office of the Pells, by the induilry of Sir William 
 Le Neve, knight, Clarentius King of Arms, digerted by Sir Edward Walker, knight. 
 Garter, principal King of Arms, anno 1664, with an index, by J. Anftis, Garter; and the 
 feals of the pcrfons indenting, neatly drawn witli a pen in the margin. There ar« fcveral 
 inftanccs of regard and a half, double regard, and even double regard and double wages, 
 in the reigns of Edward III. and Richard II. Tiic originals of thefe indentures were 
 removed from the Pells by order of a Committee of the Houfc of Peers, anno 17 19, and 
 put into the hands of Mr. Inclcdon, iioufe-keeper of th.- Houfe of Lords, from whom they 
 were delivered to Mr. Anftis to be arranged, they remained at iiis iioufc at Mortlake till 
 after lus death. In 1756 they were taken into the cutlody of Mr. Carrington, in whole pof- 
 felTton they continued till July 1770, when purfuant to an application made by a Com- 
 mittee of the houfe of Peers to the Secretary of State, they were delivered into the State 
 Paper Office, where, anno 1784, they remained. 
 
 (I) Rymer, A. D. 1347. 21 Ed. III. 
 
 X X back.
 
 ^3R H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 back, and fixty archers on foot, all able men fit for fervice, pro- 
 perly horfed, armed, garniflied and arraied, according to their dif- 
 ferent kinds and ftations, and the cuftoms of war, or as fliall be 
 approved of by the king's commiflioners deputed for taking the 
 mufters ; the whole to be murtered at Guildford, on the 4th of 
 June, and on their arrival at Portfmouth, probably the rendezvous 
 of the whole army, to receive the conduft money, (m) which was 
 an allowance for marching, to be calculated at the rate of 6d. for 
 every twenty miles each foldier fliould march, to be reckoned from 
 his refidence to that place, each foldier to fwear to the number of 
 miles marched by him. And that from the firft day the faid earl 
 fliall arrive at Portfmouth, and during the time he fliall ferve the 
 king in his wars, he fliall receive for every man at arms, garnifhed 
 with his cuftrill and page, is. 6d. by the day ; for every demi- 
 lance, 9d. and for every archer, whether horfe or foot, 6d. The 
 earl to receive a month's pay in advance, immediately on his arrival 
 at Portfmouth, reckoning twenty-eight days for a month ; this to 
 be paid him, without any deduftion whatfoever, before the tranf- 
 ports leave the harbour, and on the lafl: day of the month fo paid, 
 he fliall receive another month in advance ; the money fo received 
 he covenants to pay within fix days to his foldiers, and in like 
 manner to continue receiving and paying, during the time of his 
 fervice. Refpeding the payment of the thirds, and thirds of thirds 
 
 (m) This conduft money feems to Iiave been in lieu of all otiier fubfirtence, as the 
 troops do not appear to have drawn any pay fron the treafurer of the army ti 1 they had 
 a3ually jijiied it. Sums of money were, about the time of King Edward V'l. and Queen 
 Elizabeth, frequently if not always iflued to troops going on foreign fervice, under the title 
 of empi eft or imprcft money, from the French word preft, a loan, being confidered as ad- 
 vanced or lent to enable them to provide fea ftores, and other neceffaries. Thus 20 days 
 impreft was ordered to the 2100 men embarked for Flurtimg, 34th Elizabeih anno I5q2, 
 under the command of Capt. Pooley, and it was diredited that they fhould have fuch 
 weekly lendings during the time they remained in France. See Rymer in anno. 
 
 of
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 339 
 
 of all plunder or prifoncrs of war, (n) performing watch and ward, 
 and other duties according to the ftatutes and ordonnances of war, 
 made by the king with the advice of the lords of his council, a 
 copy of which was delivered to him, he acknowledges himfelf liable 
 to them, and covenants that he will obey and fubmit to them and the 
 •penalties therein contained, and that if any of his corps or re- 
 tinue fliall do any thing contrary to them, he will do his utmofl: 
 to bring him to juftice according to the faid ftatutes. This inden- 
 ture was figned the 9th day of May. 
 
 Very little, if any alteration was made in the pay or eftablifli- 
 ment of our armies from this period till the reign of Queen Mary, 
 what had taken place at that time will appear from the lift of the 
 army which ferved at St. Quintin's, which is here tranfcribed. (o) 
 
 The officers, the captaines, horfemen and footemen of a rege- 
 ment of a thoufand horfemen. four thoufarid footemen, and two 
 hundred pyoncrs, with their entertaignment and wages. 10th 
 
 J"'y. ^557- 
 
 JouRNEV towards St. Qu_vntaines, 1557, in the reign of 
 
 Qn_EEN Mary. 
 Per menfem. 
 
 The captain general for his perfon 
 Three chaplaynes - - - 
 
 The fecretarie - - - 
 
 (n) Every commanding officer was accountable to the king for one third of his gains 
 of war, whether made by prifoners or plunder, and he was entitled to one third of the 
 gains of war of every one fcrving in his corps ; for one tiilrd of thcfc thirds, he was alfo 
 accountable to the king. This will be further explained under tivj ai.tii.le of prifoncrs of 
 war. 
 
 (o) There are fevcral copies of this lift, one in the Library of the College of Arms, 
 marked W. S. The other in the Britifli Muftum, among the Ilarkian Manufcripis. 
 No. 6844. 
 
 X X 2 One 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 1. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4
 
 340 HISTORYOF 
 
 Per men fern. 
 
 One for the French tongue 
 Two furgeons > - - 
 A trounche man (p) 
 Ten carriages - . - 
 Two trumpetters _ - » 
 
 A drumme - - - . 
 
 A phife - - - - 
 Thirtie halbardyers 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 1. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 O 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 lO 
 
 o 
 
 301 15 o 10 
 
 The lieutenante generall - - - 3 6 8 
 
 His chaplaine - - - - -010 
 
 A furgeon - - - -010 
 
 His trounche man - - - 020 
 
 Three carriages - - - - o 15 o 
 
 His trumpeter - - - 016 
 
 Fifteen halberdyers - - - - 0150 
 
 153 5 o 
 
 The high marfchall - - - 368 
 
 Mailer of the campe - - -100 
 
 His chaplaine - - - 010 
 
 (p) The copy in the Herald's College has it Trouchman, perhaps a corruption of the 
 ©Id French word Trucheman, an interpreter, fome have fuppofed this to mean a truncheon 
 man, a marfhal, or kind of tipflaff, fuch as attended judges and other great perfons in the 
 civil line to make way for them. 
 
 His
 
 l82 o o 
 
 341 
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 Per menfem. Per diem. 
 
 1. s. d. 1. s. d. 
 
 His Airgeon - - - - o 1 o 
 
 Three carriages - - - - o ic o 
 
 His trumpetter - - -018 
 
 His drumme - - - -010 
 
 Fifteen halbardyers - - - o 15 
 
 o 
 
 The generall of the horfemen - - 368 
 
 His lieutenant - - - -10 
 
 A chaplaine - - - . o 
 
 A furgeon - _ . , o 
 
 Ffoure carriages - - . • 100 
 
 His trumpetter - - - - -018 
 
 Ffyfteene halbardyers » - » o '5 
 
 o 
 I o 
 1 o 
 
 o 
 
 188 00 654 
 
 The captayne general of the footmen - 3 6 8 
 
 His lieutenant - - - - 100 
 
 The Serjeant major - - - o 15 o 
 
 Sixe wyfflers - - - - o 13 o 
 
 A chaplayne - - - 010 
 
 A furgeon - - - 010 
 
 Three carriages - - - o 15 o 
 
 A drumme - • - 018 
 
 A phife - - - - o 1 8 
 
 Fyfteene halbardiers - • - o 15 o 
 
 225 00 7 JO o 
 
 The
 
 342 HISTORYOF 
 
 Permenfem. Per diem." 
 
 I. s. d. 1. s. d. 
 
 The mafter of th' ordynance - - i 6 8 
 
 His lieutenant - - - - 0134 
 
 Mafter of the carnages - - 0100 
 
 The trounche Mr. (p) - - -050 
 
 A chaplain - - - o i o 
 
 A clerke of th' ordynnance - - 020 
 
 Two clerkes - - - - 020 
 
 A furgeon - - - o r o 
 
 Sixe bowyers - - - 060 
 
 Sixe fletchers - - - 060 
 
 Three carpenters - - - 030 
 
 Three fmythes - - - 030 
 
 Two guiders of th' ordinnance - 040 
 
 Twelve carriages - - 300 
 
 A drumme - - - - 010 
 
 A phife - - - - o I Q 
 
 A hundred and twentie lymyres - 150 
 Tenne halberdyers for the mafter of the ordnance o 10 o 
 Hacquebuttersonhorfebackfor the lieutenant, 6 060 
 
 Mafter gunner - - - - 034 
 
 Twelve gunners - - - 016 
 
 o 
 
 304 30 12 15 4 
 
 The treafurer - - - 168 
 
 Three clarkes - - - 030 
 
 (p) Probably the Trench mafter j fuchan officer being frequently mentioned in our 
 -ancient armies. 
 
 Tenne
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 343 
 
 Per menfem. Per diem. 
 
 1. s. d. 1. s. d. 
 
 Tenne halberders - - - o 10 o 
 
 Ffowre cariages - - - 100 
 
 96 10 
 
 17100 
 
 The Mr. of the mufters 
 His two clerkes 
 
 The provofl 
 
 Two judges 
 
 Two clerkes 
 
 Sixe halberdyers 
 
 Sixe tipftaves 
 
 A chaplayne 
 
 A troutch man 
 
 Twojaylors 
 
 A hangman and his men 
 
 Two carriages 
 
 A chief furveyor of victuals 
 
 A ciarke 
 
 Two ether furveyors 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 8 
 
 The
 
 344. HISTORYOF 
 
 Per men fern. Per diem. 
 
 1, s. d. 1- s. d. 
 
 The chief harbinger - - 040 
 
 Three other harbingers - - 060 
 
 A clarke - - - - -010 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 »3 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Mr. of the forage 
 His lieutenant 
 
 17 o o 
 
 Mr. of the fcowtes 
 His lieutenant 
 
 The harralde 
 His two men 
 A purfuivant 
 His man 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 4 
 
 Ffvve captames of the armed horfemen, every! 
 
 • . , J ^2100 
 
 captame los. by the daye - - J 
 
 Ffyve lieutenants of horfemen, at 5s. each 150 
 
 Ffyve ftandard bearers, at 3s. 4d. each o 16 8 
 
 Ffyve chaplains, at i2d. - - 050 
 
 Ffyve trumpetters, at i8d. - - 076 
 
 Ffyve furgeon, at 2s. - - o 10 o 
 
 Ffyve harbengers, at 2s. - - 0100 
 
 Ffyve
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 345 
 
 Per menfem. Per diem. 
 
 1. s. d. 1. s. d. 
 
 Ffyve fmythes, at i8d. - - 076 
 
 Ffyve carriages, at 53. the peece - 150 
 
 Horfemen 500, every hundred, 7I, los. at] 
 
 i8d. theman - - ] 37 ^^ o 
 
 1360 00 45 6 8 
 
 I 10 
 
 Captaines of light horfemen ffyve, every one 7 
 
 of them 6s. the day - - J 
 
 Lieutenants, ffyve, at 3s. the day 015 o 
 
 Standard bearers, five at 2s. 0100 
 
 Chaplaines, ffyve at is. 050 
 
 Trumpeters, ffyve at is. 6d. - 076 
 
 Surgeons, ffyve at is. 6d. - - 076 
 
 Harbengers, ffyve at 2s. - - -0100 
 
 Smythes, ffyve at is. 6d. - - 076 
 
 Carryages, ffyve at 5s. each - - 150 
 
 Light horfemen 500, every hundred 5I. - 25 o o 
 
 Ffyf tie dead payes (q) - - 2 10 o 
 
 looi 50 33 7 6 
 
 Four thoufand footmen, at 8d. the day - 133 6 8 
 
 Fortie captaines at 4s. per diem - 800 
 
 Fortie lieutenants, at 2S. per diem - 400 
 
 Fortie enfignes, at is. per diem - 200 
 
 Forty chaplaines, at is. per diem - 200 
 
 (q) Dead payes were non-effeflivc men, allowed to the capuines, ten to each troop. 
 
 Y y Forty
 
 346 HISTORYOF 
 
 Permenfem. 
 
 Forty ferjeants of bands, at i2d. 
 Forty drummers, at lad. 
 Forty fyfers, at 1 2d. 
 V Forty furgeons, at i2d. 
 
 Forty harbingers, at i2d. 
 Forty carriages, at 5s. the carriage 
 Four hundred dead payes, at 8d. the peece 
 
 Per diem 
 
 • 
 
 1. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^3 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 1240 o o 
 
 41 8 6 
 
 The captayne general of the pyoners - 100 
 
 One thoufand eight hundred pyoners, at Sd-I 
 the peece - ~ " J 
 
 Six captaines at los. the peece - 300 
 
 Six lieutenants, at 5s. _ - 1 10 o 
 
 Six ftandard bearers, at 2S. 6d. - -0150- 
 
 Six drummers at i2d. - - - 060 
 
 Two hundred myners, at 13d. the man 1016 8 
 
 Two captains, at 5s. 4d. - - 0108 
 
 Eight quarter mafters - - - 0179; 
 
 With an hundred fhillings more in the month 
 
 among the pyoners than by tlie rate of 
 
 the day aforefaid. 
 
 The next eftablifliment of the Britifli Army that occurs, is- 
 of that levied by Queen Elizabeth to repel the Spanifli Armada, 
 in which wc find feveral officers ftated at a much lower pay than: 
 in the preceding account. 
 
 The
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 347 
 
 The Rates for the Entertainment of the Officers of 
 the Companies appointed for the fervice in the year 1588. 
 
 The lieutenant general of the army, per day 
 
 — — Halberdiers, at per day - - - - 
 
 The marfhal of the field per day 
 
 Halberdiers, at per day - - 
 
 The provoft marfhal per day - _ _ 
 
 The goaler per day - - - _ _ 
 
 Eight tipftaves, at 8d. each per day 
 Ten halberdiers at ditto _ - _ 
 
 The captain general of the lances, per day 
 Lieutenant _ _ - _ 
 
 Guidon - - - - 
 
 Trumpet , - - _ _ 
 
 Clerk - - - _ 
 
 Surgeon - _ « _ 
 
 Ten halberdiers, at 8d. each - - - 
 
 The captain general of the light horfe per day 
 Lieutenant - - _. - 
 
 Guidon _ _ _ _ 
 
 Trumpet _ _ - - - 
 
 Clerk - _ - - - 
 
 Surgeon _ . - w _ 
 
 Ten halberdiers, at 8d. each 
 The colonel general of the footmen, per day 
 Lieutenant _ _ _ _ 
 
 Serjeant major - - - - 
 
 Four corporals of the field, at 4s. each 
 Ten halberdiers, at 8d. each 
 The treafurer at war, per day 
 
 Y y 2 Four 
 
 1. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8
 
 3 HISTORYQF 
 
 1. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 lO 
 
 o 
 
 Q 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 o 
 
 3+ 
 
 Four clerks at 2S. each - - - 
 
 Ten halberdiers, at 8d, each - - • 
 
 The mafter of the ordnance, per day 
 Lieutenant _ - _ - 
 
 Inferior officers of the ordnance, per day- 
 Ten halberdiers, at 
 The mufter mafter, per day 
 Four clerks at 2s. each - - 
 
 The commifiary of the viduals, per day 
 One clerk _ - - - 
 
 The trench mafter, per day » - - 
 
 The mafter of the carriages, per day 
 Mafter cart takers, each per day 
 Four clerks, each at - - - .- 
 
 The quarter mafter, per day - - - o lo o 
 
 Six farriers, each at - _ • - 
 
 The fcout mafter, per day - - - o 6 8 
 
 Two light horfe, at i6d. each - - 028 
 
 The judge general, per day - - - 028 
 
 The entertainment of the officei's of the regiment 
 The colonel, being a nobleman, per day - 10 
 
 He being a knight or nobleman's ion, per day - o 13 4 
 
 Lieutenant colonel, per day - - - 060 
 
 The pay ef the captains and fubalterns of the different corps 
 being here omitted, as well as diverfe other officers, another lift 
 of the ajmy in Ireland, A. D. 1598, is adduced from Fyne's Morri- 
 fbn's Travels to fupply thofe and other deficiencies, from which 
 it appears that the pay of the army was confiderably raifed in fo-- 
 ilaort a time as ten years.. 
 
 Pay 
 
 o
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 349 
 
 Pay of the Army in Ireland under the Earl of Essex, 
 figned by Qu^een Elizabeth, 24th March, 1598. 
 
 The lord lieutenant general '•• - - 
 
 The lieutenant of the army 
 
 General of the horfe - .. ■ 
 
 Marfhal of the camp - - - 
 
 Serjeant major - - - - 
 
 Lieutenant general of the horfe - _ _ 
 
 The quarter mafter _ - - - 
 
 The judge marfhal general - _ - 
 
 The auditor general _ _ . 
 
 The comptroller general of the victuals 
 Lieutenant of the ordnance - _ - 
 
 The furveyor - - - ^ 
 
 Two clerkes of munition, each - - - 
 
 Four corporals of the field - - . 
 
 One commifTai'y of victuals - - - 
 
 Three others, at each 
 
 The carriage mafter - « - 
 
 Twenty colonels, each - - « ;. 
 
 Captains of horfe, each at - ^, 
 
 Lieutenants of horfe, each at - » 
 
 Cornets of horfe, each at - - 
 
 Horfemen, (N. B. a troop confifted of one captain, one") 
 lieutenant, one cornet, with fifty private troopers) cachj 
 Captains of foot, each - - -. 
 
 Lieutenants of foot, each - • - 
 
 Enfigns of fpot, each r " — 
 
 Se.jeants 
 
 Pel 
 
 r diem." 
 
 1. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3- 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6
 
 350 HISTORY OF 
 
 Per die m 
 
 1. s. d 
 
 Serjeants of foot, each - - - - o i o 
 
 Drummers, each - - - - o i o 
 
 Surgeons, each - •- - - o i o 
 
 Each company confiiled of a captain, lieutenant, and enfign, 
 two ferjeants, one drummer, and one furgeon, with ninety-four 
 efFcflive private men, at 8d, per diem each, and fix dead payes for 
 non-efFetlives allowed the captain. 
 
 There is another lift anno 1599, of the army under Lord Mont- 
 joy, where all the afore-mentioned officers and men are paid as be- 
 fore, but there is the addition of a provoft marfhal for Lough 
 Foyle, and another for Bally Shannon, at 4s. per diem, each, 1600 
 gunners, canoneers, armourers and clerks of the ordnance, fome at 
 4s. fome at 2s. per diem, an inginere, at los. per diem, fixteen 
 furgeons, the chief at 5I. the other at 50s. and 40s. a peece, 
 the weok ; the lord deputy's do6lor of phyficke, at 5I, the week, and 
 his chief chaplain at the fame rate, and other ten preachers at 30s. 
 or 40s. the week, and the commifTaries of mufters augmented from 
 five to twenty, at 3s. 4d. per diem each ; one to follow the army 
 in each province, the reft to refide in garrifons. 
 
 The pay of the army in the fucceeding reign of King James L 
 with the prices of all forts of military ftores are minutely exem- 
 plified in a manufcript frequently before cited in the courfe of this 
 •work, (x) This manufcript which here follows, is entitled : 
 
 The List of a Royal Armie intended to be raifed for the re- 
 covery and protedion of the Palatinate, confyfting of 25000 
 foote, and 5000 horfe, 20 pieces of ordinance or artillerie, with 
 the officers, artificers and attendants belonging to the whole 
 
 (x) No. 5109. Harl. MSS. 
 
 army
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 351 
 
 army, the charges, allowance, and feveral pays ; with a fchedule 
 of the pparation of utenfells and habillemcnts of warre j the 
 receipts for fire-workes, with fparc pvifions for fupply of the 
 army, as by his majefty's command it was confulted, advifed and 
 concluded on by a committee of lordes and others under their 
 hands at Whitehall, London, fau. 13, 1620, 18 January, 6cc. 
 
 At the Court at Whitehall, Januarie the 13th, 1620. 
 
 Lo. Arc. Bpp. of Canty. Lo. Vifcount Doncaflre 
 
 Lo. Chancellor Bacon Lo. Vifcount Ffaulkland 
 
 Lo. Privie Scale Lo. Carew 
 
 Lo. Steward Lo. Digby 
 
 Lo. M. Hambleton Mr. Treafurer 
 
 Lo. Chamberlaine Mr. Secretary Nanton 
 
 E. of Arundel Mr. Secretary Calvert 
 
 E. of Kelcye Mr. Chancelor of the Exchequer 
 
 Mr. of the Wardes. 
 
 His majeftie having refolved to make fome royal preparations for 
 the recovery and proteflion of the Palatinate (being the ancient in- 
 heritance of his majeftie's fonne in lawe and grand children) did 
 in his high wifdome, thinke meet to appoint fome perfons of know- 
 ledge and experience in the warrcs to confider and give their ad- 
 vice in fuch propofitions as fhall be made unto them from the 
 counfel board for the better expediting of that fervice. 
 
 To which purpofe the Earl of Oxenford, and the Earle of 
 Elfex, both lately returned from the Palatinate, the Earle of Lcicef- 
 ter, the Lo. Vifcount Wilmot, the Lo. Danvers, the Lo. Caufield, 
 Sir Edd. Cecil, and bir Richard Moriifon, Knts. and Captayne John 
 Bingham ; whrc called to the table and made acquainted with his 
 majelty's pleafure, that they, or any five or more of them, with 
 Sir Horace Vere and Sir Edward Conway, knights, if they re- 
 turned into England while the committee fliall continue, Ihall 
 
 undertake
 
 352 HISTORYOF 
 
 undertake that fervice, and have their meetings and aflemblyes in 
 the ould council chamber at Whitehall, touching the affairs above- 
 mentioned. And that for their better afliftance they call unto them 
 fuch others of experience, whofe advice and opinion they fhall 
 think meete to make ufe of in their feveral confultations upon 
 I'uch things as fhall be (oc referred to them from the Board, which 
 they are to profecute without intermifllon or delay, until they fliall 
 make report of their opinions, which is to be done in writing un- 
 der five of their hands at leaft ; which is accordingly done, as here- 
 after followeth. 
 
 The particulars offered to their confiderations were thefe : 
 
 I. What proporcion or number of men as well horfe as foote, 
 with municion, vidluall, fliippinge, and treafure will bee fufficient 
 for that enterprize. 
 
 II. By what time it will be meete that thefe forces be in readi- 
 nefs, and where the armyes, municion and viftuall may beft be 
 provided ; together with fuch other circumftances, as are inci- 
 dent to any of thefe heades, ffor their better dire(5lions therein 
 Mr. Secretaryes will acquaint them with fuch intelligence as they 
 have received touching the ftrength of the enemye's forces, now 
 in the Palatinate. 
 
 Xlth Feb. 1620. 
 
 The List of aRovALL Army, confyfting of twenty-five thoufand 
 ffoote, five thoufand horfe, twenty peeces of artillery, and all 
 other hahillaments and utenfels of warre for fuch an enterprize 
 foe dificult and remote ; with our opinions and eflimate of every 
 perticular fett downe accordinge to the limits of your lordfliipps 
 dire6lions, and grounded upon fuch advertifements of the ene- 
 myes ftrength, as wee have received from the fecretaryes of 
 ftate. 
 
 The allowance of officers, and all entertainments unto this 
 ;3rrmy, are extraded from the diverfitie of former prefidents in the 
 
 feveral]
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 353 
 
 ^ 126900 o o 
 
 5000 o 
 
 feverall employments of our own nation, and onely fupplied by 
 the beft inftitutions now in practice, where they have been de- 
 fedlive. 
 
 First. The charge of rayfmg the faid 25000 footed 1. s.d. 
 for their apparell and arms, viz. 20000 pikes and 
 mufkets, at 3I. los. a man ; and 5000 calivers, at 3I. }» 77836 8 o 
 6s. a man, abateing all dead payes, will amount to 
 the fume of - - 
 
 The charge of rayfinge of 5000, viz. 3500 cur- 
 rafeers, at 30I. a piece, and 1500 carbynes at 20I. a 
 peece all dead payes being likewife abated, will amount 
 to the fum of - - - - 
 
 The charge of tranfportinge of 25000 footmen, to 
 the mod convenient places of landing in the river of 
 Maize, ufed by the dates in the low countreyes for 
 landing there foldiers in like expeditions, at 4s. the 
 man, will amount to the fum of - - 
 
 The charge of tranfportinge 5000 horfemen to the-] 
 fame place at i8s. a peice for horfc and man, wi 
 amount to the fum of - - 
 
 The twentie pieces of greate ordnance before-mentioned; two 
 mortar pieces for fireworks, muft be all mounted upon field car- 
 riages with four wheeles, and lymmers, fully compleate, and to be 
 furnifhed and attended with fpare carriages and wheels, blocke car- 
 riages, copper ladles furnilhed with fpunges and rammers, and 
 with all other habillaments and utenfells of warre, and with many 
 other fmall provifions which are foe neccflary for the trayne of ar- 
 tillery, that without them they can neither march nor be ufed. 
 To which alfoe muft be added fome proportion of fmall provifions 
 for the fupply of the army. 
 
 All which we have caufcd to be drawn in a fchedule hereunto 
 annexed, and being rated by way of eftimate as necrc as we can, 
 do amount to the fume of 4450I. 17s. 
 
 Z z The 
 
 ;he-i 
 rill I 
 
 4500 o o
 
 354 HISTORYOF 
 
 The powder for the fervice of the fame twenty pieces of grate 
 ordnance, allowing 960 fhott for every of the fourteen pieces of 
 battery, for ten dayes battery in fix months ; and three tymes as 
 many for the fix field pieces, will amount to 138 lafts. And for 
 the ufe of fmall fliot, allowing one pound a v/eeke to every mufket, 
 and three quarters of a pound a weeke to every caleever, for matches, 
 and all occafions of fervice during the fpace' of two months, will 
 amount to 260 lafts, out of which all fire-workes for the mortar 
 pieces, muft be made. The peterrs furnifhed, and petrinells and 
 piftolles fupplyed, as ther fhal be occafion. All which powder, 
 rated at lool. the laft, by eftimation will amount to the fumme of 
 26200I. 
 
 It will be likewife neceflary to have 186 tunne of match, accord- 
 ing to the neat great hundred, which being rated at 27I. the tunne,. 
 by eftimation will amount to the fum of 5022I. 
 
 And of round fhot of iron for greate ordinanfe, it will be like-- 
 wife neceflary to have 260 tunne, 1760 pounds weight, which at 
 9I. los. per tunn, by eftimate, accordinge to the neat greate hun- 
 dred, will amount to the fum of 2478I. los. 
 
 And of lead for bullets for the ufe of the mufkets and callevers 
 
 to have 124 tunne, which according to the neate hundred, at 17I.. 
 
 the tunne, per eftimate, will amount to the fum of 2108L 
 
 All which pieces of greate ordinance, morter 
 Forfoemuch of thofe . , . r ^^ r • 1 n t <- 
 
 , , . pieces and carriages or all iortes with all the afore- 
 
 feveral natures as ^ o 
 
 /hall be produced in faid powder, match, fhott of iron and lead for 
 the parts beyond the fhott ; and with all the habiUements and utenfels. 
 feas, the charge of ^^ vvarre, and other fmall provifions abovemen- 
 
 tranfportation will be . _ . . , r -n -n 
 
 faved, and if (hipping ^1°"^^' ncceffarie for the trayne of artillery, will as 
 be hired at the beft near as we caii rate them, amount to ii59tunnes 
 
 hand, as Flemiih qj. thereabouts, the tranfportation thereof rated at 
 
 bottoms fitted for . -i, ^ ^ ^\ r r o/: i 
 
 1 cs. per tunne, Will amount to the lum or 86gl. cs. 
 tranfportaiion, the -^ ^ y j 
 
 tonnage will not coft ^oR the land carriage and draught of all the 
 •foe much. faid 1 1 59 tunnes, allowing eight horfes to every 
 
 tunne.
 
 / 
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 255 
 
 If a place of fatetie tuiiiie, and for 380 waggons, which we conceive 
 
 ■' . , will be neceflarie for the carriages of all the officers 
 
 magazine near the ^ 
 
 place where the warre ^^^ army, befides allowing three horfes to a wag- 
 is to be made, then gon, it will be necefiary to have 10412 horfes, 
 a greate parte of this ^yj^j^-j^ ^^^ be bought here, or in the low coun- 
 charge of carriages . , , t i ^l i 1 1 • 1 • 1 
 , , r I tries, or where they may be belt had, which with 
 and horlcs may be ' ■' ■' 
 
 f;ived. their furniture, we rate at 9I. the peece, one with 
 
 another, amounting to the fum of 93800I. or be 
 
 hired, which we rate at 2s. a day for every horfe, 
 
 the carters to drive and keep them, which will 
 
 amount to the fum of 1042I. 4s. per diem. 
 
 To which courfe of livinge we do rather incline, for that the 
 
 charge of the hire will not begin until the army begin to march, and 
 
 will be very much leflened fo foone as they fliall arrive at a place 
 
 where the war fiiall be made, and a place obtained for a magazine ; 
 
 and for all the time that the army Ihall be in garrifon, (which is 
 
 like will be the greateft part of the yeare) will wholy determyne 
 
 untill it fliall begin to marche again ; whereas if horfes Ihould be 
 
 bought, the charges will be prcfent, and the hire of carters very 
 
 great. 
 
 Yet we think it very neceflarie that 200 ftrong cart horfes of the 
 largefl: fize, (fuch as cannot be hired) fliould be bought and con- 
 tinually kept for the ufe of the ordnance and munition, upon all 
 occafions of entcrprizc, which horfes, together with their harneiFe 
 and furnituj-e, we do rate 15I. a horfe, amounting to the fum of 
 3000I. 
 
 Z z 2 Tlic
 
 356 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 The feveral Payes of all the Officers. Bands and TroopeSj 
 Of the faid foot, horfe, and trayne of artillery, viz. 
 
 The pay of The pay 
 Officers of the Field.. the army 
 
 per diem. 
 
 The lord generall at lol. per diem, d 
 
 mounting for a month of 28 days toj;; 10 o 
 the fum of - 
 
 Lord Marflial at - - - 400 
 
 Serjeant major general - -200 
 
 Quarter mafter generall - -100 
 
 Provoft marfhall general - - 068 
 
 Carriage mafter generall - •- 068 
 
 Eight corporalls the peece - - 068 
 
 The Lord Generall his trayne 
 
 Treafurer at warre, at - - 
 
 Mufter mafter generall 
 CommifTary general of the victuals 
 Judge marftiall 
 Two chaplaynes le peece 
 Two phifitians le peece 
 Two apothecaryes, at 3s. 4d. per diem, lei 
 peece - - - ■" j 
 
 Afecretary to the councell, at p. per diem, o 
 Two furgeons, at 6s. 8d. per diem le peece o 
 Fifty halberteers, at i2d. per diem, le peece o 
 
 o 
 o 
 10 
 10 
 6 
 6 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 8 
 8 
 
 3 4 
 
 o 
 8 
 o 
 
 per men fern 
 of the army.. 
 1. s. d. 
 
 280 o o 
 
 1 12 
 
 56 
 
 28 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 6 
 6 
 
 74 13 
 
 14 o 
 14 o 
 18 13 
 18 13 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 8 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 569 6 8 
 
 56 o O- 
 
 28 o o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 700 
 18 13 4 
 70 o o 
 
 254 6 8 
 
 Officers
 
 THE ENGLISH 
 
 ARMY. 
 Per diem 
 
 5. 8d. le| 
 
 Officers of the twelve regiments I. 
 
 Twelve colonels, at 20s. per diem, le peece i 
 Twelve lieutenant colonels, at 6s 
 
 peece 
 
 12 Serjeant majors, at 5s. per diem o 
 
 12 Quarter mafters, at 5s. per diem, le peece o 
 12 Preachers, at 4s. per diem, le peece o 
 
 12 Provofts, at 5s. per diem, le peecee o 
 12 Carriage mailers, at 3s. 4d. per diem7 
 
 le peece - . - ^ J 
 
 12 Chief chirurgeons, at 4s, per diem le/ 
 
 piece _ - _ _ J 
 
 The twelve colonels companyes of 200 
 men a peece, whereof 4 gentlemen and 
 4 corporalls at i2d. per diem, le peece, 
 and the other 192, at 8d. per diem, le 
 peece t zz " 
 
 each, 
 s. d. 
 
 o o 
 
 6 8 
 
 5 
 5 
 4 
 5 
 
 Officers of the 12 Colonel's Companyes. 
 
 12 Captaynes, at 8s. per diem, le peece 
 12 Lieutenants at 4s. per diem, le peece 
 12 Enfigns at 2S. 6d. per diem, le peece 
 
 r Serjeants, at i2d. per diem, le peece 
 
 [Drummers, at i2d.le peece 
 12 Chirurgeons, at i2d. per diem Ic peece o i 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 3 4 
 
 257 
 
 Per menfera 
 
 28 days. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 336 o o 
 
 112 
 
 84 
 
 84 
 
 84 
 56 
 
 67 4 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 890 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 134 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 67 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 50 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 50 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 16 16 
 
 
 
 
 361 4 
 
 
 
 2284 16 o 
 
 officers
 
 358 H I S T O R Y u F 
 
 Officers of the 144 companies of foot 150 
 men each, a pecce 
 
 Per diem. 
 1. 6. d. 
 
 rCaptains, at 6s. 8d. per diem, le pecce o 
 
 144] Lieutenants, at 3s. per diem, le pcece o 
 
 *-Enfignes, at 2s. 6d. per diem, le peece o 
 
 fSerjeants, at lad. per diem le peece o 
 
 [Drumes, at i2d. per diem - o 
 
 144 Chirurgeons, at 1 2d. per diem le peece o 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 6 
 o 
 o 
 
 
 
 Per men fern. 
 I. s. d. 
 
 1209 12 
 
 604 16 
 
 504 o 
 
 403 4 
 
 403 4 
 
 201 12 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 3326 8 o 
 
 >■ - 
 
 20563 4 o 
 
 The 144 companyes of 150 men a peece, 
 
 whereof 3 gentlemen and 3 corporalls, 
 
 at 1 2d. per diem, and the other 1441 
 
 at 8d. per diem, le peece 
 Memorandum, that the 12 regiments be- 
 fore-mentioned, do make but 24000, 
 
 whofe monthly pays are above fpeci- 
 
 fyed J the other 1000 men are left to 
 
 be difpofed of by the lord general, for 
 
 his owne guard, and to fuch other prin- f" - - 1 102 10 
 
 cipal officers and men of quality in the 
 
 army, as he fhall think fit j and they 
 
 and their officers being rated as com- 
 panyes of 200 men, their monthly payes 
 
 to amount to the fume of 
 Summa totalis to the officers and bands of 25000 footmen for 
 
 their entertaynment for one month of 28 dayes, amounteth to 
 
 the fum of 29352I. 4s. 
 
 Per menfem. 
 
 Officers generall for the horfe. 1. s. d. 
 
 Lord general of the horfe, at 4I. per diem - -1/200 
 
 JL<ieutenant general of the horfe at 2I. per diem - 56 o o 
 
 Serjeant
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 359 
 
 I. s. d. 
 
 Serjeant major at 30s. per diem - - - 42 o o 
 
 Quarter mafter generall of horfe, at 6s. 8d. per diem 968 
 
 Provoft, at 5s. per diem - - -700 
 
 Carriage mafter, at 3s. 4d. per diem - - 4134 
 
 Preacher, at 4s. per diem - - - 5 12 o 
 
 Chief chirurgeon, at 4s. per diem - - 5 12 o 
 
 242 4 o 
 
 560 
 
 
 
 
 
 350 
 
 
 
 
 
 280 
 
 
 
 
 
 525 
 
 
 
 
 
 350 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^75 
 
 
 
 
 
 '75 
 
 
 
 
 
 9800 
 
 
 
 
 
 3150 
 
 
 
 
 
 Officers to 50 troops of horfes of 100 horfes in every 
 troope, amounting in all to 5000 horfe. 
 
 SCaptaynes, at 8s. per diem 
 Lieutenants, at 5s. per diem 
 Cornets, at 4s. per diem 
 150 Corporals, at 2s. 6d. per diem, le peece 
 100 Trumpets, at 2s, 6d. per diem, le peece 
 
 {Quarter mafters, at 2s. 6d. per diem, le peece 
 Chirurgeons, at 2s. 6d. per diem, le peece 
 3500 Curaziers, at 2S. per diem, le peece 
 1500 Carbines, at i8d. per diem, le peece 
 
 Summa totalis of the officers and troopes of horfemen,T 
 
 for their entertainment for one moneth of 28 dayes,>i56o7 4 o 
 amounteth to the fum of - - J 
 
 Officers, artificers and attendants to the trayne of artillery, viz. 
 
 Per diem. Per menfem. 
 1. s. d. 1. s. d. 
 The mafter of the ordnance, at 3I. per diem,") 
 
 amounting for one month of 28 dayes to> 300 84 o o 
 tht fum of - _ _ J 
 
 The lieutenant, at - ;: 1002800 
 
 A furveyor
 
 360 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 ach-1 
 5, atj 
 
 1' 
 
 A fufveyor 
 Two clarkes le peece 
 One auditor 
 Two clarks, at 
 
 Aray mafter, at - - 
 
 Two clerks, at - - 
 
 A trench mafter general 
 Six engineers for fortifications, approach- 
 ings, and quarteringe the regiments 
 le peece - - 
 
 One clarke and 3 guides or conductors of 
 
 the works for approaches, at le peece 
 The clarke of the ordinance, at 
 Four clerks under him, at - - 
 
 Nine gentlemen of the ordnance 
 Thirty herquebufliiers to guard the mafter,| 
 at le peece - - - j 
 
 A quarter mafter at - - o 
 
 Eight halberteers to guard the mafter, le peece o 
 Four horfemen to attend the quarter mafter") 
 at le peece ~ " J 
 
 frhree fourryers, or harbingers, likewife 
 
 under him, at le peece 
 
 Three under fourryers, le peece - o 
 
 A commiffary to diftribute the viftuals o 
 
 Two clerkes, under him, at the peece o 
 
 A mafter for the horfes, carts, mufter and") 
 
 pyoneirs, &c. - ~ - j 
 
 Two clerks to attend him, at - o 
 
 A purveyor general both for munition, vic- 
 
 tuall, and all other neceflaryesbelongingej 
 
 to the ordinance 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 Per diem. Per 
 
 menfem. 
 
 1. s. 
 
 d. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 -06 
 
 8 
 
 968 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 5 12 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 968 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 5 12 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 968 
 
 - 2 
 
 
 
 512 
 
 ID 
 
 
 
 1400 
 
 1 
 
 6 8 56 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 o 
 
 8 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 2 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 6 8 
 
 14 8 
 
 9 6 
 
 14 o 
 
 37 16 
 
 63 o 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 o 
 6 
 
 8 8 
 
 8 8 
 
 4 
 o 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 8 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 6 8 
 
 4 
 7 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 880 
 Two horfe-
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY 
 
 Per diem. 
 I. s. (1. 
 Two horfemen allowed him, at - o i 6 
 
 A mafter of the carriages for the artillery, at o 6 o 
 
 2 Halberteers to attend him, at - o i o 
 
 3 Overfeers of the carriages, at - 030 
 The mafter of the myeners, at - -050 
 
 25 Other myeners, at the peece - 020 
 
 3 Captaincs to 450 pyoners, at - 040 
 
 3 Lieutenants, at - - -020 
 
 3 Overfeers of the pyoner's work - 016 
 
 2 Chief petarders, at - -068 
 To each of them 10 attendants, at -016 
 
 I Mafter gunner, at - - 060 
 
 3 Mafter gunner's mates, at - 026 
 3 Conftables, or quarter gunners, at 020 
 
 124 Other gunners, at - - 016 
 
 212 Labourers, at - - -010 
 
 I Provoft marfliall of the artillery -050 
 
 3 Provofts or jealers for punyfliment of 
 
 all offenders under the charge of the [o i 
 mafter of the ordnance 
 
 3 Under goalers, at 
 
 I Founder of brafs ordinance 
 His man at - - - - 
 
 Mafter of the fire-workes 
 A chaj)Iain _ - _ 
 
 An enfigne - _ _ _ 
 
 I Drummer, at - - - 
 
 I Trunipetter, at - - 
 
 1 Barber furgeon 
 
 2 Under barber furgeons 
 I Mafter carpenter 
 
 A a a 
 
 361 
 
 Per menfem. 
 1. s. d. 
 
 4 4 
 8 8 
 
 2 16 
 
 12 12 
 
 7 o 
 
 16 16 
 
 8 8 
 
 6 6 
 
 18 13 
 
 42 o 
 
 6 6 
 10 10 
 
 8 8 
 260 8 
 296 16 
 
 7 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 4 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 660 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 J2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 2 Mates
 
 ^62 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Per diem. Per menfem. 
 
 1. s. d. 1. s. d. 
 
 2 Mates - - - 020 5120 
 
 24 Other carpenters - - -016 50 80 
 
 1 Mafter fmith - - -030 480 
 
 2 Mates - - - 0205120 
 18 Servants, workmen for three forges 016 37 16 o 
 
 1 Mafter wheeler - - 030 440 
 
 2 Mates - - - - 020 5120 
 18 Servants - - - 016 37 160 
 
 I Ffuryer, at - - -026 3100 
 
 6 Servants, workmen - - 016 12 12 o 
 
 450 
 
 008 100 o o 
 
 I Conductor to every 160 cart-horfes, in] „ 
 
 n A J ;n- J o 2 o 182 o o 
 
 all 65 conductors - - J 
 
 3 Tent keepers - - - 020 880 
 9 Servants to them - - 010 12120 
 I Amourer - - -030440 
 
 4 Servants to him - - -016 880 
 I Collar maker - - - 030 44c 
 4 Servants to him - - 016 880 
 I Ffurbifher for ftore of armes - 030 440 
 4 Servants to him - - 016880 
 1 Balket maker for gabyons, hurdles, and) 
 
 bafkets - - - J 
 
 4 Servants to him - - -010 5120 
 
 1 Radlemaker - - -030 440 
 
 2 Servants to him - - 016 440 
 
 1 Gun maker - - - 030440 
 
 2 Servants - - - 016440 
 I Cowper - - - 030440 
 4 Servants ■>• - -016 880 
 
 Ffor 
 
 2 16
 
 THE ENGLISH 
 
 ARMY. 363 
 
 Per diem. Per menfem. 
 
 1. 
 
 d. 
 
 1. 
 
 d. 
 
 2S0 
 
 140 
 
 840 
 
 jj 
 
 51 
 
 18 
 
 Ffor hay, or grafle, or provender for 200' 
 
 horfes, which are to be kept in readines 
 
 for all occafions, rated at lad. a peece, 
 
 per diem _ _ _ 
 
 Ffor 100 carters to keepe and drive them^ 
 
 at 1 2d. a peece, per diem - - J 
 
 Ffor the hire of 100 waggons to be con-1 
 
 tinually kept in pay for the carrying of] 
 
 vi^lualls and ficke men, and for all other 
 
 occafions, rated at 6s. per diem, for 
 
 every waggon 
 Summa total to the officers, artificers, and 
 
 attendants on the artillary, for their en- 
 tertainment for one month of 28 dayes, 
 
 and for the charge of the faid horfes 
 
 and waggons, amounting to the fum of 
 
 For the rayfing of the horfes of currafeers and carbynes, we 
 conceive fome good number may be had in this kingdome, and the 
 reft in the low countries ; and the lieutenants or deputy lieutenants 
 may, if it pleafe his majefty, be required to certifie what proportion 
 of horfes fitt for fervice each Ihire or countye can afforde. 
 
 For victualls, his majefty is not to be at any charge more than 
 for fuch waggons as in fome cafes of ncceflity lliall be requifite; for 
 all men's dyctts muft be defrayed by their own payes and enter- 
 tainments. 
 
 CoNCERNiNGE the provifion of powder, mulkets, calevecrs, and 
 other municions and amies fit for fuch an army, we have called 
 unto us both Mr. Edward Evelyn, the powder maker, and the 
 chief company of armourers, gun-makers and cuttlcrs in and about 
 the city of London, and wee do find them able to fupplie foe little 
 
 A a a 2 ill
 
 3^-4 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 in any kind upon fo fhort a warning as 3 moneths, that the greateft 
 parte of powder and of amies for horfe and foote, muft be provided 
 in the lowe countrey, where (wee conceive) it may be befl: had. 
 
 And for fuch provifion as can be made here, tlie artificers doc 
 defire to receive fpeedy dire6lions, that they may fet themfelves on 
 worke accordingly. 
 
 And lallly for the tyme when it would be raeete that thefe 
 fforces fliould be in readinefs, we are of opinion that it is prelently 
 necefTarie to ufe all expedition to make readie the fame, for that 
 the great quantities both of powder and armes of all fortes might 
 bee provided in fForiaigne partes. 
 
 The total charge of rayinge arminge and clothinge 1. s. d. 
 the whole army as aforefaid, with 200 cart-horfes 
 only, to be bought for the ufe of the artillary, all J- 207736 
 the reft to be hired as theire fliall be occafion, 
 will amount to the fume of - - 
 
 The total charge of the tranfportation of the whole-^ 
 
 army, and of all the trayne and provifions afore- ( 10369 
 faid, will amount to the fume of - - J 
 
 The total charge of all the provifions of powder," 
 match, fliott, lead, fheld carriages, and all other 
 . municion, habilliments and utenfills of warre 
 belonginge to the trayne of the artillery, and for \- 40254 7 
 fupply of the army in fome few particulars wliich 
 are to be provided here, will amount to the 
 fume of - - - - J 
 
 The total charge of rayfinge all the faid army of~ 
 horle, foote, and of 200 cart-horfes for the artil- 
 lery, and for all the provifions of powder, armes, 
 and habillaments of warre aforefaid, and of the f ^ ^^ 
 tranfportacion of the fame will amount to the 
 fume of - « - _ , 
 
 Beiides
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 Befides the charge of rayfing 9912 cart horfes at 9I. a 
 pcece, if they be bought 
 
 The totall of the monthly payes, as well of all the" 
 officers, bands and troops both of horfe and 
 foote, as of all the officers and trayne of artillary 
 with the ftandinge charge of 200 cart-horfes for 
 the artillary, and a 100 waggons, and for otiier 
 neceflary occafions, will amount to the fum of ^ 
 
 Ecfides the hyer of 9912 horfes, if they be hyred 
 at 2S. per diem, le peece, which for a month of 
 28 daves will amount to _ _ _ 
 
 Soe the total of monthly payes, including the 
 hyer of horfes, amounts to the fume of 
 
 3^5 
 
 d. 
 
 ■483 1 1 
 
 27753 12 o 
 
 > 76064 17 8 
 
 There bee diverfe other contyngent charges, which cannot fall 
 into any certain rate, as namely 
 
 Ffirft. Allowance for the wafte of munition and armes. 
 
 2dly. Rewards for intelligences and approaches. 
 
 3dly. For diverfe fmall materials and tools, neceflary for amourers, 
 gun-makers, ffurbifliers, and diverfe other artificers. 
 
 And laftly, for all fuch provifions necellary for the trayne of 
 the artillery, or for any parte of the army which are mentioned 
 in the fchedule hereunto annexed ; and (for faving the charge of 
 tranfportation and carryage) are dire£led to be provided beyond 
 the feas as occafions fliall require. 
 
 Ffor all which fervices and occafions, nioneyes muft be advanced 
 to the treafurer, by way of imprert, to be yfi'ucd by him as he (hall 
 receive order by warrant from the lord generall, for which the 
 faid treafurer muft account. 
 
 The proj)ortion of expence above-mentioned will bee in fome 
 meafure cafcd by the convenience of thefe provicions which are 
 beft to be hadd in the lowe countryes, and much more may well 
 
 bee
 
 366 HISTORYOF 
 
 bee faved when the army fliall arrive in the Palatinite, but can 
 hardly fufFer any fignall abatement for the firfl ffivt months. 
 
 Hen. Oxenford H. Danvers. 
 
 Rob. Effex Toby Caufeild 
 
 Leiceder E. Sackvile 
 
 Willmott Ed. Cecill 
 
 R. Lefley Rich. Morrifon 
 
 John Bingham. 
 
 A Schedule, or a view of the proportion of utenfiUs and habilla- 
 ments of warre to attend the 20 peeces of ordinance for battery 
 and field before-mentioned, for the lift of the army of thirtie 
 thoufand men, with a fmall proportion of fpare provifions for 
 fupplie of the army upon occafion. 
 
 Provifions to be fent from hence. 
 
 Ffield carriages 
 with faire wheels 
 
 3L,ymmers fully 
 
 compleate, 
 
 viz. 
 
 Spare field car- 
 riages, framed 
 but not fett 
 together, viz. 
 
 Ffor< 
 
 Mortar peeces of brafle, 2 
 
 Stocks for morter peece, 2, at 4I. los. 
 
 Cannone of the furhes, 4 at 28I. 
 
 Di cannons 4 at 28I. 
 
 Culverings 6at25l. 
 
 Di culverings 4at22l. 
 
 .Sakers 2 at 16I. 
 
 Canons of 7 inches, 4 
 Di cannons 4 
 
 ^ Culverings 6 
 
 Di culverings 4 
 
 Sakers 2 
 
 le peece 
 
 VIZ. 
 
 for 
 
 at 463. 8d.Ie peece 
 
 Spare carriages compleate, at iil. 6s. 8d. le peece 
 
 Spare
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 367 
 
 Spare 1 viz. 
 wheels J for 
 
 ] 
 
 Canons of 7 inches, 4 pre-| at 48s. 8d. a pre 
 
 Dl canons 
 Culveiings 
 Di CLilverings 
 Sakers 
 
 20s. a pre for do wledghig 
 in all 43I. 6s. and 8d. 
 
 4 P' c 
 
 6 pre 
 
 4 pre. 
 
 2 pre — att 33s. 4d. le pre, 
 
 13s. 4d. for dowledging, 
 in all 46s. 8d. le pre. 
 
 Copper ladles 
 furniflied with 
 fponges and 
 rammers 
 
 Lynch pynnes, 20 pre, at 8d. le pre 
 Wafliers, 20, at lod. le peece 
 
 Entryes, whereof 13 barred with iron, 20, at 5s. le peece for the 
 wheele, and 20s. le peece for lefmith, in all 25s. 
 
 Woodhookes, ftaved, 30 at 2od.] 
 
 Cole chizells, - 12 at i6d. \ le peece 
 
 Cole prefies all pouches, 12 at lad.j 
 
 Canons of 7 inches, 8\ 
 
 T-. ' o 1 ^t 13s. 4d. 
 
 Dy canons 8J -^ 
 
 Ffor <{ Culverings 12 at 13s, 4d. llepeecc 
 
 Di culveringes 8 at 12s. lod. 
 
 _Sakers - 4 at 9s. 4d. 
 
 Ladle ftaves fpare, 5 dozen at 13 le dozen 
 
 Heads of rammers of all fort, fpare 5 dozen, at c)6. le pre, one 
 with another 
 
 Canons of 7 inches, 2 
 Dy canons 2 
 
 . Culverynes 2 !► 
 
 Dy culverings 
 Sakers 
 
 Fformers ofl Ffor 
 all forts 
 
 .nt i2d. le peece, one 
 with another. 
 
 Coynes, 10 doz. at 8s. le doz. 
 Winches, 5 pre, at 50s. le pre 
 Handfpykes, 1200, at 33s. le C. 
 Comaundes, 10 doz. at 14s. le doz. 
 
 Gynnes
 
 363 H I S T O Ts. Y O F 
 
 Gynnes with rammer heads, ^ 
 
 Shives of bralTe and walnut > at 4I. los. le pecce 
 
 Ropes fully complete, 20 J- 
 
 Rammer heads with fliivers of brafle, fpare 6, at 35s. le p. 
 
 Gynne rope, fpare 2000 cwt. at 37s. 4d. le cwt. 
 
 Hand and draught 1200 wt. 37s. 4d. le cwt. 
 
 Sheet lead for covers to the ordnance 300 weight, at 12 le cwt. 
 
 Iron in barres, 6 tunne, at 16I. le tunne 
 
 Shovells and fpades 40000, at 2od. le peece 
 
 Spikes of iron 3000, by eftimation 1000 weight, at 28s. le cwt. 
 
 Pick-axes, helved, 40, at 2s. 6d. le- peece 
 
 Felling axes helved 300, at 13d. le p. 
 
 Hedging bills, helved, 500, at i6d. le p. 
 
 Steele 600 weight, at 50s. le cwt. 
 
 Hatchets, helved, 40, at 2s. le p. 
 
 Sledges helved 40, at 7s. le p. 
 
 Piercers 6 doz. at 12s. le doz. 
 
 Augers, greatc, with handles, 5 doz. at 30s. le doz. 
 
 Augers, fmall, with handles. 5 doz. at 22s. le doz. 
 
 Whappfavi'es 50, with boxes and tillers, at 8s. le p. 
 
 Tennant fawes 70, at i2d. le p. 
 
 Gouges 30, at 3s. le p. 
 
 Chezills, broad, 30 at 22d. le p. 
 
 Chezills, narrow, 30, at 8d. le p. 
 
 Broad axes, helved, 30, at 4s. le peece 
 
 Spoke fliares v.ith ftocke 23, at i8d. le p. 
 
 Adzes 12, at 3s. Ic p. 
 
 Spare barres 8, at 4s. le p. 
 
 Wheeler's axes 24, at 5s. le peece 
 
 Gryndftones with troughes and winches, 3, at los.le peece 
 
 Nayles of all forts 6 barr, at 4I. 3s. 4d, le barr 
 
 Melting ladles, greate, 30, at 4s. le peece 
 
 Melting ladles, fmall, 8 doz. at 6s. le doz,. 
 
 Bare
 
 THE E N G L I S H A R M Y. 367 
 
 Bare hides, 12, at 2I. los. le peece 
 
 Tanned hydes, 60, at 22s. le peece 
 
 Tilts of canvas to cover the carts of powder afidl , 
 
 , ,„ >• at IDS. le peece 
 
 match, 680 _ _ . - J ^ 
 
 Sheepe fkins, 12 doz. at 24s. le doz. 
 
 Lanthornes, large, 200, at i6d. lep. 
 
 Soutage for blynders, 6 ells, at 8d. per ell 
 
 Copper nayles for ladles, 1500, at i6d. le C. 
 
 Canvas for cartouches, 1000 ells, at i6d. le ell 
 
 Boxes, fquare, bound with iron, to carry fhot for any peece of 
 
 ordinance, 70, at 6s. 8d. le p. 
 
 Leather bagges to carry powder, 40 at 6d. le p. 
 
 Small cafke for bullets, 600, at i2d. le p. 
 
 Budge barrels, with leather baggs, 9 dozen, at 14s. le doz. ' 
 
 Soape, 1000 weight, at 4d. le lib. 
 
 Tallow, 1000 weight, at 5d. le lib. 
 
 Candles, 3000 weight, at ^d. le lib, 
 
 Maundes for lanthornes packing, 24, at 5s. le p. 
 
 Small calke for foape and tallow, 20, at i4d. le p. 
 
 Frernd barrels for packing of candles, 24, at 2s. 4d. Ic p. 
 
 Spare hoopes, 40 pecces, at i2d. le peece 
 
 Smith's forges with tooles compleat, 3, at 12I. le p. 
 
 Scales with beamesof the greater fort for weiehins;') 
 
 ^ ^ * t at 20S. Ic pan- 
 
 or powder, 6 pair ~ " ~ J 
 
 Lead cart: in weights, 600 weight, at 15s. 6d. Ic cwt. 
 
 Trufling canvafs, an 100 ells, at 6d. le ell " 
 
 Trufllng coard, 150 rowlcs, at i4d. le rowle 
 
 Packthread and twyne, 100 wt. at 8s. Ic lib. 
 
 Needles, 60 doz. at 6d. le doz. 
 
 Paper, 20 reams, at 26s. 8d. le rcame 
 
 Inke, 9 gallons, at 2s. le gallon 
 
 Browne thread, 30 pound, at 2s. Ic lib. 
 
 Pullycs of wood, 20 payrc, at 2s. 6d. Ic paire 
 
 Vol. I. D b b Scaling
 
 368 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Scaling lathers, 20, at 40s. Ic peece 
 
 Iron wedges, 20, at i8d. le p. 
 
 Brafle morters with peftelles for fire-workes, 4, at 20s, le peece 
 
 Sives of hayre and leather, narrow and large, 20, at 5s. le peece 
 
 Boulters fine, 20, at 2s. 6d. le p. 
 
 Kettles of copper, 2, at 40s. le p. 
 
 Buckets of leather to carry water, 10 doz. as 36s. le doz. 
 
 Baeees of (Iron ee canvas") ,, 111, 
 
 °^ . " , [ ^00 ells, at 2od. le ell 
 
 Ot facking to carry earth J 
 
 Colltroppes, 10,000, at i6d. le C. 
 
 Small fcales to weigh powder, 6 pair, at 6s. le peece 
 
 Large tents for munition, 3, at 40I. le peece 
 
 Crefletts flained, 50, at 7s. le p. 
 
 CrefTett lights, 600 weight, at 10s. le cwt. 
 
 Horfe-fhoes, 1000, at 6d. le p. 
 
 Horfe-flioe nayles, 10,000, at 2d. le C. 
 
 Horfe harnefle with traces, 100, at 13s. 4d. le p. 
 
 Iron roddes for horfe-fhoe nayles, 300 weight, at 19s. le cwt. 
 
 White leather hides for the faide harnes, 70, at 9s. le peece 
 
 Funnells of plate, 20, at 4s. le peece 
 
 Receipts for fire-works. 
 
 Trunkes for fire-workes, 40, at 4s. le peece, being of the largeft fort 
 
 Salt peter mealed, 400 weight, at 4I. mealed 
 
 Sulphure mealed, 600 weight, at i8s. le C. 
 
 Camphire, 40 pounds, at 20s. le pound 
 
 Rofeaker, 12 pounds, at 2s. le pound 
 
 Affafettida. 12 pounds, at 3s. le pound 
 
 Sal armoniache, 12 pounds, at 5s. 6d. le pound 
 
 Linfeed oyle, 6 gallons, at 4s. le gallon 
 
 Turpentine, 120 pound, at 4d. le lib. 
 
 Verdigreefe, 12 pound, at 5s. le pound 
 
 Rofen, 300 weight, at los.le cwt. 
 
 Marlyn, 240 pounds, at jd. le lib. 
 
 Tyne
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 Tyne, 28 pound, at 8d. le lib. 
 Pitch, 3 barrils, at us. le barrel! 
 Tallow, 26 hundred weight, at ^d. le lib. 
 Canvafle, 60 ells, at i6d. le ell. 
 
 369 
 
 Provisions to bee made in the Low Countryes, or elle where 
 
 beyond the Seas. 
 
 Oaken plank for platformes 
 
 Oaken tymber for joyfts 
 
 Fyrre poles _ _ _ _ 
 
 Skyddes for ordinance - - 
 
 Deales for gabyons _ _ _ 
 
 Hand balketts - _ « 
 
 Square bafketts - _ - 
 
 Sea coals - , - 
 
 Wooden troughes - _ - _ 
 
 Cables for 14 boates for bridges of 30 fathoms 
 
 apeece _ _ . ,. 
 
 Anchors for the fame ufe 
 Boates for bridges » _ - 
 
 Planks ■] 
 
 Tymber r for the fame ufe 
 Firr poles J 
 
 Tumbrells to carry earth fliotts 
 Hampers for the tents 
 Hurdles 
 
 Towe for y* ordinance and y* boates, 300 wcigiit 
 Dragges _ .. - - 6 
 
 Wheel-barrowes - - - 100 
 
 Hand-barrowes - » - 100 
 
 Gabyons _ - * - 100 
 
 20 
 
 tunnes 
 
 10 
 
 tunncs 
 
 1000 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 1000 
 
 
 1500 
 
 
 1000 
 
 
 18 
 
 chauldrons 
 
 6 
 
 
 ! 28 
 
 1 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 5° 
 8 
 
 B b b 2 
 
 Spare
 
 370 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 Spare Provisions to fupply the Army upon occafion, valued 
 
 by Eftimation. 
 
 Mnfkets with bandaleers and refts, 400 at 20s. 8d. le peece 
 
 Caleevers with bandaliers, 200 at 14s. lod. le peece 
 
 Petrinells with firelockes 7 „ , 
 
 ^ r, , , ^ r \ JOG at 28s. le peece 
 
 Ffiaflies, touch boxes and caics J 
 
 Long piftolls with firelocks ] , 
 
 ° ^ , , , - > 100 at 30S. le peece 
 
 Fflames, touch boxes and cafes j 
 
 Swordes 300, at 6s. le peece 
 
 White halberts 100, at 4s. le peece 
 
 Longe pikes 400, at 4s. 2d. le peece 
 
 Short pikes 200, at 2S. le peece 
 
 Black bills 250, at 2S. le peece. 
 
 Sum MA Total, of all the provifions contained in this fchedule, 
 befides thofe which are to be made beyond the feas 4455I. 17s. 
 
 N I s. 
 
 Rush WORTH has preferved an account of the eftabliflied pay 
 for the army raifed by King Charles I. againft the Scotch, in the 
 year 1639, which here follows. 
 
 A List of the feveral Entertainments of the Officers Ge- 
 neral of the Field, the Lord General his Train ; Officers of four 
 Regiments of Foot Bands, and Companies of Footmen ; Officers 
 General of the Horfe, and Twelve Troops of Horfe. 
 
 Officers gen. of the field. Per diem. 
 N.B. 28 days the month. 1. s. d. 
 The lord general - 1000 
 The lieutenant general 600 
 
 'er menfem. 
 
 Per annum. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 280 
 
 3065 
 
 168 
 
 2190 
 
 
 Serjeant
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 371 
 
 Per diem. Per menfem. Per annum. 
 1. s. d. 
 
 I. 
 
 Serjeant major general 2 
 Qi\ mafter general - i 
 Provofl marfhal general o 
 Waggon or carriage ] 
 
 matter ~ ~ j 
 Four corporals of the 1 
 
 field, at 6s. 8d. each J 
 
 s. 
 o 
 o 
 6 
 
 d. 
 
 o 
 o 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 56 
 28 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 37 
 
 o 
 o 
 6 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 o 
 o 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 The Lord General's Train. 
 
 of] 
 
 [ o 10 
 
 Treafurer at war - 20 
 Miifter-mafter general i o 
 Commifl'ary general of 
 
 the victuals 
 Judge marflial - 010 
 
 Two chaplains, at 6s. t 
 
 8d. each ' " 1 
 Two phyficians, at 6s. ") 
 
 I O I '' 
 
 8d. each - - ] ^ 
 
 Two apothecaries at ] 
 
 3s. 4d. each " - J 
 
 Secretary to the coun- ] 
 
 •1 r ^ o 10 
 
 cil of war - - J 
 
 Two chirurgcons, at 
 
 4s. each 
 
 Fifty halberdiers, at IS. 7 
 
 l^each - - - J 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 13 4 
 
 13 4 
 6 8 
 
 ■■'1 
 
 8 
 
 2 10 
 
 56 o o 
 28 o o 
 
 1400 
 
 14 o o 
 
 j8 13 4 
 
 18 13 4 
 
 9 6 8 
 
 14 o o 
 
 II 40 
 
 70 o o 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 730 o o 
 365 o o 
 
 121 I 
 
 121 I 
 
 486 13 4 
 
 7665 o o 
 
 730 o o 
 
 365 o o 
 
 128 10 o 
 
 128 10 o 
 
 243 6 8 
 
 243 6 8 
 
 121 13 4 
 
 182 o o 
 
 146 o o 
 
 91210 o 
 
 73309 6 8 
 
 Four
 
 372 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 Per diem. 
 1. s. d. 
 
 Four colonels of four ~1 
 regiments of foot, 
 each regiment con- | 
 fiflingof 1500 men, 
 at il. each colonel 
 per diem 
 
 Four lieutenant colo- 
 nels, at 10s. each 
 
 Four ferjeant majors, 
 at 6s. each - - 
 
 Four quarter niafters, 
 at 5s. each - 
 
 1^ 4 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 Per menfem, 
 1. s. d. 
 
 112 o 
 
 56 o 
 
 33 12 
 
 28 o 
 
 Per annum. 
 I. s. d. 
 
 1460 o o 
 
 730 o o 
 
 438 o o 
 
 365 o o 
 
 A List of the Train of Artillery, according to his Ma- 
 jefty's Direction, reduced to fuch a Number of Officers and other 
 Minifters as will be meerly neceffary for a mean Train of 30 or 
 j\.o Pieces of Ordnance, viz. 
 
 The general of the 
 
 ordnance 
 lieutenants - - - 
 
 ! 
 
 Per diem. 
 1. s. d. 
 
 Per menfem. 
 1. s. d. 
 
 112 o o 
 
 28 o o 
 
 Per annum. 
 I. s. d. 
 
 1460 o o 
 
 365 o o 
 
 Sundry other Officers, Artificers, and Attendants upon the Ord- 
 nance and Train of Artillery, viz. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 A comptroller, per diem - - - o 10 o 
 
 Two commifTaries of the two magazines of municion, 
 viz. one for the train, at - - 
 
 The 
 
 }
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 373 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 The other for the army, at - - 050 
 
 Four clerks under them, each - - 020 
 
 Two engineers, one at - - -080 
 
 And the other at - - - 060 
 
 Two clerks for them, each - - -020 
 
 Six conductors of the trenches and fortifications, each at o 2 o 
 
 One fireworker - - - - 030 
 
 His aOiftant - - - - 018 
 
 One petardier - - - - 026 
 
 Twelve afllftants, each - - - 010 
 
 One mailer gunner - - - 068 
 
 Four gentlemen, each - - - 040 
 
 Gunner's mates, each - - - 026 
 
 Thirty gunners, each - - - 016 
 
 A paymafter - - - - 05° 
 
 Captain of the pioneers - - - 050 
 
 Qu_arter mafter - - - - 040 
 
 Four conductors of the matrozes - - 026 
 
 Forty matrozes, each - - - 010 
 
 A purveyor - - - - o 3 ° 
 
 One mafter fmith - - - 03° 
 
 Six fervants under him, each - - c 1 o 
 
 One mafter wheelwright, at - - 026 
 
 Four fervants under him, each - - 010 
 
 One tent maker - - - 028 
 
 Two fervants, each - - - - o i o 
 
 A tent keeper, at - - - 016 
 
 One afliftant to him - - - 008 
 
 A mafter carpenter - - - " 03° 
 
 Six fervants under him, each - - 010 
 
 One coidagc maker - - * 020 
 
 Two
 
 374 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Two fervants under hira, each 
 
 One faddle maker _ - _ 
 
 One fervant under him - - 
 
 One cooper _ _ - . 
 
 Two fervants under liim, each 
 
 Four armorers, each 
 
 Four fervants under them, each 
 
 Two gunfmiths, each 
 
 Four fervants, each _ _ _ 
 
 One harnefs maker, at _ _ . 
 
 Two fervants under him, each 
 
 One farrier, at - - - 
 
 Two fervants under him, at each - - 
 
 One bridgemaker _ - _ 
 
 Six fervants, €ach _ _ _ 
 
 One provoft marfhal _ « _ 
 
 Two fervants under him, each 
 
 One chirurgeon - - - - 
 
 One fervant under him 
 
 One waggoner for the train _ _ _ 
 
 One affiftant to him 
 
 Two principal condu^lors, viz. one for the munition 1 
 of the army, the other for the munition of the ar- j. o 
 tiliery, each _ _ _ _ j 
 
 Forty conductors, viz. 20 for the waggons and 20 for 
 the ordnance, each - - - 
 
 One commifl'ary for the draught horfes, at 
 
 Two afllflants to him, each - - - 
 
 In all per diem 
 Per menfem 
 Per annum 
 
 1. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 6 
 
 21 
 
 7 6 
 
 598 
 
 10 
 
 ■182 
 
 
 
 
 Sum
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 375 
 
 Sum total of the officers, artificers, and other attendants : 
 
 I. s. d. 
 
 Per diem - - - - 26 7 6 
 
 Per menfcm _ - _ _ 678 10 o 
 
 Per annum _ _ . _ 8820 10 o 
 
 Per diem. Per menfcm. Per annum. 
 
 1. s. d. 1, s. d. J. s. d. 
 
 Four provofl: marflials, 1 r, , 
 
 , ^100 28 O O TOC o o 
 
 at 5s. each - " J 
 
 Four carriage mafters, ] , , 
 
 , f o 12 o 10 16 o 210 o o 
 
 at 3s. each - J 
 
 Four preachers, at 3s. 1 
 
 \ o 12 o 10 16 o 21000 
 each - - J 
 
 P'our chirurgeons, at 4s. 
 each 
 
 [ o 16 o 22 8 o 292 o o 
 
 The Pay of a Colonel's Company of 200 Men in each of 
 
 the four Regiments. 
 
 A CAPTAIN per diem 8s. lieutenant 4s. enfign 2s. 6d. three 
 feijeants at is. 2d. each, three drums at is. each ; three corporals 
 at lod. each ; 188 fouldiers at 8d. each. 
 
 Being in all for one colonel's company of 200 men : 
 
 1. s. d. 
 Per diem - - - 7810 
 
 Per menfem - - 208 7 4 
 
 Per annum - - 2717 4 2 
 
 The Pay of a Lieutenant Colonel's Company of 150 
 Men in each of the four Regiments. 
 
 A CAPTAINE per diem 8s. a lieutenant 4s. enfign 2s. 6d. two 
 Vol. L C c c ferjeants
 
 376 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 ferjeants at is, 2d. apiece; two drums at is. apiece; three corpo- 
 rals at lod. apiece, and 140 foldiers at 8d. apiece. 
 
 1 _ .1. s. d. 
 
 In all per diem - - - 5148 
 
 Per men fern - - 160 10 8 
 
 Per annum - - 2092 13 4 
 
 And for four Lieutenant Colonel's Companies of 150 Men : 
 
 1. s. d. 
 Per diem - - - 22 18 8 
 
 Per menfem - - 642 2 8 
 
 Per annum - - ^37° ^3 4 
 
 Four Regiments of Foot, containing in Officers and Soul- 
 diers 6000 Men, being 1500 Men in each Regiment, viz. 
 
 The Pay of a Company of 115 Men, viz. 
 
 A CAPTAIN per diem 8s. lieutenant 4s. enfign 2s. 6d. two fer- 
 jeants at i4d. each ; three corporals at lod. each ; and 105 fol- 
 diers at 8d. each per diem. 
 
 In all for one company of 1 15 men : 
 
 Per diem _ _ _ 
 
 Per menfem 
 
 Per annum - - 1666 6 8 
 
 And fo for forty companies of 115 men the piece, being ten 
 companies in each of the four regiments, befides the colonel's and 
 lieutenant colonel's companies : 
 
 Per diem 
 Per menfem 
 Per annum 
 
 1. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 4 
 
 1 1 
 
 4 
 
 127 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 I. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 182 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 5114 
 
 ^3 
 
 4 
 
 66673 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 Officers
 
 THE ENGLISH ARM Y. 
 
 Officers General of the Horse. 
 
 \77 
 
 4 
 
 o 
 
 5 12 
 
 o 
 
 -71 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 12 
 
 o 
 
 73 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Per diem. Per menfem. Per annum. 
 
 I. s. d. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. 
 
 The general of the horfe 500 140 o o 1825 o o 
 
 The lieutenant general 200 56 o o 730 o o 
 
 Serjeant major or com- ") ,. 
 
 .^. , > I 10 o 42 o o c+b 10 o 
 miliary general - J 
 
 Quarter mafter general 068 968 121134 
 
 ProvoH marflial - 050 700 9150 
 
 Wajrcfon or carriasre ] , , r> 
 
 a f o 3 4 4 13 4 60 16 8 
 
 niafter - - J ^ r j t 
 
 Preacher - o 
 
 Chirurgeon - o 
 
 The Pay of a Troop of a hundred horfe, viz. 
 
 A CAPTAIN per diem 8s.* (a) a lieutenant 5s. a coronet 4s. 
 three corporals at 2s. each ; two trumpeters, one quarter . ^ „o, ^ 
 mailer, a chirurgeon and 80 horfemcn, at 2s. 6d. each per '""'^'^'=- 
 diem. After which rates, the pay of a troop of 100 horfemen, 
 with their officers, is 
 
 Per diem - - - 
 
 Per menfem 
 Per annum 
 
 (a) The above marginal note is in Rufhworth : probably the allowance for horfes 
 is omitted \ the pay here dated being the fame as tlut of a captain of infantry. 
 
 C c c 2 And 
 
 1. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 ^l 
 
 I 
 
 365 
 
 8 
 
 4763 
 
 5
 
 378 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 And fo the pay for 12 troops of 100 horfe the piece, with their 
 officers, is 
 
 I. s. d. 
 
 Per diem - - - 156 12 o 
 
 Per menfem - - 4384 16 o 
 
 Per annum - - 57^59 o o 
 
 Sum total of the entertainment aforefaid is 
 
 Per diem - _ - 4^2 \j 8 
 
 Per menfem - - 12420 14 8 
 
 Dated .9.1. Mnrch. Per annum - - 161652 8 4 
 
 .639. 
 
 After the breaking out of the troubles between K. Charles I. 
 and his parliament, feveral -alterations were from time to time 
 made by the latter in their military cftablifliments. And, accord- 
 ing to Rufliworth, an ordnance was alfo pafled, September 1643, 
 wherein it was enafled, that all officers of Lord Eflex's army, 
 whofe pay amounted to ten fliillings a day or upwards, fliould re- 
 gularly receive only half their pay, the other half to be refpited till 
 the troubles were over. All officers whofe daily pay was lefs than 
 ten fhillings, to receive only two thirds thereof. When three 
 months refpited pay became due, the general was authorized to 
 grant certificates thereof to the different officers. 
 
 April 13th, A. D. 1647. The following entry appears on 
 the journals of the Houfe of Commons, fliewing the pay of the 
 officers of the parliamentary troops, ferving in England ; and the 
 manner in which that of the cavalry was computed. 
 
 Resolved, &c. That the proportions following are fit propor- 
 tions of pay for the officers of horfe that are to continue in this 
 kingdom, (b) 
 
 Colonel 
 
 (b) April 9th, 1647. Refolved, &c. That the pay of fuch commanders and officers 
 as fliall be employed in the fervice of Ireland, fliall be higher than fuch as (hall be em- 
 ployed in England. 
 
 12. Re-
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 179 
 
 J. s. d. Per diem, 
 r As colonel - - o 12 o 1 1. s. d. 
 
 Colonel \ Four horfes - - o8o|.iioo 
 
 L As captain - - o jo o ] 
 
 r As major - - o 5 o 1 
 
 Major \ Three horfes - - o 6 o |. i i o 
 
 o 14 
 
 1_ As captain - - o 10 o I 
 
 Captain [ ^'P^'i" , " " o 10 o | 
 
 (. Two horfes - - 040) 
 
 T . f Lieutenant - - o c o 7 
 Lieutenant ^^ , . f o 
 
 I Two horles - - o 4 o J 
 
 r Cornet - - o 4 o 1 
 
 Cornet 1 rp , <- ^08 
 
 l^ Two horfes - - o 4 o J 
 
 { 
 
 4 
 Quarter maftcr - 040] 
 
 One horfe - - 020]^ ^ 
 
 Provoft marflial ■- - 034] 
 
 Two men - - - 04oj°'^'^ 
 
 Corporals and trumpets, each - -0260C0 
 
 Resolved, That the proportions following are fit proportions 
 for the officers of foot that are to continue in this kingdom. 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 ]. s. d. 
 
 Captains - - - - 080 
 
 Lieutenants - - - -040 
 
 12. Resolved, &c. That this Houfe doth agree with the Committee, that the 
 ertablllhmciii for the officers and foldicrs, now in Ireland, and to go over thither, (lull 
 be the fame with that of Sir I'homas Fairfaxe's army : and that the fame proportion of 
 pay, whicii was rcfpited upon the public faith, to Sir Thomas Fairfaxe's army, (hall 
 now alfo be refpitid for the prcfent, and m.ulc good unto them out of the rebels l.inds, by 
 tnglilh mcafure, according to die rates and proportions fettled by aift of parliament, upon 
 the tinilhing of the war, after fati$fa£tion (hall be lir(l given to the adventurers. Rcfolvcd, 
 U.C. That coats and knapfacks fliall He provided, over and above their pay, for the foot 
 foldicrs of the army that arc to go for Iieland, for their better cncourageincnt. 
 
 Enfigns
 
 Per 
 
 diem. 
 
 1. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 12 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 12 
 
 3g<3 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Enfigns ■_ _ - - 
 
 Serjeants _ _ _ _ 
 
 Drummers _ _ _ - 
 
 Corporals _ _ _ _ 
 
 Resolved, Sec. That there fliall be no officer within any gar- 
 rifon, above a captain, but only the governor. 
 
 Resolved, Sec. That there fliall be no company in any garri- 
 fon, under the number of one hundred, where there is above one 
 company in that garrifon. 
 
 Resolved, That the governors of Pendennis, Chcfler, Ply- 
 mouth, Hull, Gloucefter, Leverpoole, Lynn, Ncwcaftle, Portfmouth, 
 fliall have for their pay, twelve fliillings as governor, and eight 
 fhillings as captain. 
 
 Resolved, &c. That the governors of Weymouth, Tynmouth 
 caftle, the caftleand great fort of Briftol, fliall have each of them 
 feven fliillings as governor j eight fliillings as captain. 
 
 Resolved, See. That all fuch garrifons as have fifty foot, and 
 under, their governors to have have five fliillings per diem only : 
 the reft of the garrifons not named, that have above fifty, the 
 governor to have ten fliillings per diem as governor and captain. 
 
 Resolved, Sec. that as many of the dragoons of the army as 
 can be perfuaded to go for the ferviceof Ireland may receive order 
 for that purpofe. 
 
 Resolved, Sec. That the officers, &c. that fliall go for Ireland, 
 may have their debentures for their arrears ; and that their ac- 
 counts fliall be made up, according to their mufters, in their 
 abfence. 
 
 Among the manufcripts in the Harleian Library is one marked 
 No. 6844, entitled " An Eftablifliment of the Forces in England 
 and Wales, as the fame flicod the 27th February, 1659," wherein 
 the pay of every officer and foldier is flated as follows. 
 
 General
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 381 
 
 General officers. 
 
 Commander in chief 
 Lieutenant general of the army 
 Lieutenant general of the horfe 
 Major general of the foot 
 CommifTary general of the horfe 
 Scout maftcr general 
 Quarter mafter general 
 Judge advocate to the army, at 15s. and ] 
 his clerk, at 3s. 4d. - - J 
 
 One adjutant general of horfe and foot 
 One adjutant general of horfe and foot ^ 
 
 who hath command of a troop of <■ 
 
 horfe 
 
 i 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 Per menfem. 
 
 1. s. 
 
 d. 
 
 ]. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 2 So 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 I 3 
 
 
 
 3^ 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 
 ^3 4 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 G 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 CommifTary general of the mufters 158.^ 
 
 ten deputies each at 5s. and one clerk r- 3 7 6 94 10 o 
 
 at 2s. 6d. ~ - J 
 
 Surgeon to the commander in chief and 
 
 his mates 
 Mardiall general of the army los. and | 
 
 1" 
 
 and 
 fix men and horfes, each at 2s. 6d. 
 
 1 1 
 
 ^0 
 
 22 16 10 6^9 1 1 4 
 
 Field
 
 382 HISTORYOF 
 
 Field and -Staff Officers to a Regiment of Plorfe, 
 
 Per diem. Per menfem. 
 
 1. s. d. 1. s. d. 
 
 Colonel, as colonel - - 0120 16160 
 
 Major, as major - - 058 7188 
 
 Surzeon 4s. and one horfe to carry his 1 . _ „ 
 f.^ •'{•obo 880 
 chcft 2S. - - J 
 
 138 33 2 8 
 
 I 
 
 , , O 14 O lO J2 O 
 
 each at 2s. ' 
 
 Major's Troop. 
 Major, as captain, los. and two horfes, | 
 
 Lieutenant 6s. and 2 horfes, each at 2s, 
 Cornet 5s. and two horfes each at 2s. 
 Quarter mafter 4s. and one horfe at 2s. 
 One trumpeter _ _ _ 
 
 Two corporals, above trooper's pay, jd. ] 
 each - - - J 
 
 Eighty foldiers, each at 2s. 3d. .^ 
 
 Colonel's Troop. 
 Colonel, as captain, los. and two horfes 
 
 , }• O 14 O 19 12 
 
 each at 2s. - - J 
 
 Lieutenant 6s. and two horfes, each at 2s. 010 
 Cornet 5s. and two horfes, each 2s. 
 Quarter mafter 4s. and one horfe at 2s. 
 Two trumpeters, each at 2s. 8d. 
 Two corporals, above trooper's pay 
 
 each 5d. 
 Eighty fouldiers, each at 2s. 3d. 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;o 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 252 
 
 
 
 
 
 J I 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 315 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 252 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 311 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 The
 
 THE ENGLISH A R M V. 3S3 
 
 Per diem. Per mcnrein. 
 The pay of four troops more to "] 1. s. d. 
 complete a regiment of horfc, at 
 the fame rates and numbers vvhidi 
 are mentioned in the major's troop . 
 
 > 44 10 o 1246 o o 
 
 In all for one regiment confifting of T 
 
 480 fouldiers befides officers - J J b / ^ 
 
 In all for nine fuch regiments - 61212 o 171 52 16 o 
 
 Field and Staff Officers of a Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Colonel, as colonel 
 
 Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant 
 
 colonel 
 Major, as major 
 
 Picacher _ _ _ 
 
 Surtn'on 4s. and one mate 2s. 6d. 
 Quarter mafier and provofl: marflial, 
 
 to be executed by one perfon (c) 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 5 '- 
 
 2 12 2 57 12 8 
 
 (c) At prcfcnt the office of provoftmarlli.il is executed by the adjutant, whofc duty 
 't is to fee all fcntences of regimental courts martial inflidlcd. 
 
 Vol. I. D d d A Com-
 
 384 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 A Company of Foot. 
 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 Per menfem. 
 
 
 1. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 1. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Captain - - - 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 ih 
 
 4 
 
 Lrieutenant - - . _ 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 Enfigne - - 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Two ferjeants, each at i8d. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Three corporals, at 3d. per diem each 
 above fouldiers pay 
 
 1- 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 One drumm 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 One hundred and twenty fouldiers, 
 each at gd. 
 
 } ^ 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 126 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 153 
 
 13 
 
 The pay of nine fuch companys " 
 more to compleat a regiment of 
 ffoot, confifting of 1200 fouldiers 
 befides officers 
 
 In all for one regiment 
 
 ' 49 7 9 1382 17 o 
 
 54 17 
 
 In all for twelve regiments of foot, 
 
 confifting of 14400 fouldiers be- \ 683 4 o 
 fides officers 
 
 A fegiment of foot more, confifting 
 of nine companys and 11 00 foul- 
 diers befidesi officers 
 
 In all for two regiments 
 
 Ffive companys of foot, confifting 
 of 500 fouldiers befides officers, f 24 
 colonel's pay included 
 
 5 9 
 
 1536 10 o 
 
 19129 12 o 
 
 51 8 II 1440 9 8 
 
 102 17 10 2880 19 4 
 
 680 I o 
 Three
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 3S5 
 
 Per diem. Per menfem. 
 1. s. d. 
 
 397 19 o 
 23088 1 1 4 
 
 Three companys more, confiftlng of 1 
 300 fouldiers befides officers - J 
 
 In all for fourteen regiments and 
 eight companys as above 
 
 1. s. d, 
 H 4 3 
 
 [824 II 10 
 
 Life Guard. 
 
 Captain - - - 
 
 Lieutenant _ _ - 
 
 Cornet _ _ _ 
 
 Quarter maftcr - - - 
 
 Ffour corporals, at 5s. each 
 Two trumpeters, each at 3s. 4d. 
 Two other trumpeters, each at 3s. 6d. 
 One hundred and fixty fouldiers, | 
 each at 3s. 6d. - - J 
 
 o 19 
 o 14 
 
 o 
 o 
 I 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 28 
 
 l: 
 
 9 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 Engineer general - 010 
 
 Comiifary of ammunition o 5 
 Trayne ^ Quarter mafter of the trayne o 4 
 A tent maker - 02 
 
 Three mattroffes, each at i2d. o 3 
 
 8 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 8 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 6 
 o 
 
 27 10 8 
 19 12 o 
 16 16 o 
 
 12 12 O 
 
 28 O O 
 9 6 S 
 9160 
 
 7S4 o o 
 
 9^7 13 4 
 
 14 o o 
 700 
 512 o 
 310 o 
 
 440 
 
 34 6 o 
 
 Dd d 2 
 
 The
 
 3P6 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 The ISLE of WIGHT, viz. Caillbrook Caftle, Sandham Caftle, 
 Bryn Bridge and Nettlefeigh Forts, Cowcs Caftle and Guenarde 
 Fort, Yarmouth and Caries Sconce. 
 
 1 
 
 Governor 
 
 Commillary and marfliall, to be e)?e^ 
 
 cuted by one perfon 
 Surgeon _ - - 
 
 Mailer gunner 
 Four gunners, each at 2od. 
 Four mattroffes, each at i6d. 
 Ten mattroffes, each at lod. 
 Fire and candle for the guards in Ca- 
 
 riPorook Caftle 
 Fire and candle for the guards in 
 
 Covves Caftle and Guernards Fort 
 Fire and candle for the guards in "1 
 
 Sandham Caftle, Bryn Bridge and ). 
 
 Nettlefeigh Fort - - J 
 
 Fire and candle for the guards in t 
 
 Yarmouth and Caries Sconce - f 
 Two companys as of foot, for the 
 
 guard of the faid caftle and forts, 
 
 viz. 
 One company of foot, confifting of a 
 
 captain at 8s. lieutenant and major , 
 
 ys. enfigne at 3s. three ferjeants, 
 
 each at i8d. four corporals, each 
 
 at i2d. two drums, each at lad. 
 
 and 140 private foldicrs, each at 8d. 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 Per menfcm. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 ]. s. d. 
 
 12 
 
 16 16 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 6 
 8 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 I 10 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 1 1 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 2 2 
 
 17c i I 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 o 
 
 1 17 4 
 
 One
 
 T H E E N G L I S II A R M Y. 387 
 
 Per diem. Per menfem. 
 One other company of foot, confift- "1 1. s. d. 1. a. d. 
 
 ing of a captain at 8s. lieutenant 
 
 4s. cnfign 3s. three ferjeants, each [►4122 129 
 
 IS. 6d. four corporals, each is. and 
 ICO private foldiers, each at 8d. 
 
 12 19 
 
 362 16 8 
 
 The officers, foldiers, gunners, See. above mentioned, to be from 
 time to time diflributed and placed in the faid refpeftive caftlcs 
 and forts, as the governor, or in his abfence, the deputy governor, 
 ihall think fit and appoint. 
 
 GUERNSEY. 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 Governor, befides captain's pay 
 
 Preacher 
 
 Surgeon, who is alfo to be commi 
 fary of provifion 
 
 One company of foot, confifting of 
 a captain at 8s. lieutenant 4s. en- 
 fign 3s. tv\'o ferjeants, each is. 6d. 
 three corporalls and one drum, 
 each at is. and 100 fouldiers, each 
 at 8d. 
 
 'i 
 
 1. 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 s. 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 8 
 
 8 8 
 
 Per menfem. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 1400 
 
 968 
 
 700 
 
 124 
 
 5 'o 4 
 
 154 9 4 
 
 Governor
 
 3S« 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 JERSEY. 
 
 •Governor, befidcs captain's pay - • 
 
 Preacher . > _ 
 
 Mafter gunner, and ftore-keeper 
 
 Two gunner's- mates, each is. 4d. 
 
 Eight mattrolles, each lod. 
 
 CommiiTary of provifions and marlliain 
 to be executed by one perfon J 
 
 Surgeon - 
 
 A boatman 
 
 Fire and candle for the guards ^ - 
 
 One corporall of horfe 
 
 Quarter mailer, 4s. and one horfe 2s. 
 
 One trumpeter, above foldier's pay, 6d. 
 
 Twenty horfemen, whereof the trum- 
 peter to be one, at 2S. 
 
 Two companys of foot, confifting of 
 two captains, each 8s. two lieute- 
 nants, each 4s. two enfigns, each 
 3s. four ferjeants, each is. 6d. fix 
 corporals and two drums, each 
 at 1 2d. and 180 fouldiers at 8.d. J 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 Per menfcm. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 0100 
 
 14 
 
 068 
 
 968 
 
 030 
 
 440 
 
 028 
 
 3 H 
 
 068 
 
 968 
 
 4 
 
 4 18 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 .0 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 --> 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 13 
 
 229 12 O 
 
 354 4 ^ 
 
 6CILLY ISLANDS. 
 
 Governour, befides captain's pay - 0100 
 Preacher - - - 068 
 
 Comiflary and marfhall, to be execu- 
 cuted by one jierfon 
 
 -! 
 
 14 o o 
 968 
 
 440 
 
 Surgeon
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 389 
 
 Per diem. Per menfem. 
 
 Surgeon - - • 
 
 Maftcr gunner 
 
 One gunner - _ - 
 
 Two gunner's mates, each at i6d. 
 
 Ten mattrofles, each at lod. 
 
 A gun fmith 
 
 Fire and candle for the guards 
 
 Two companys of foot, confiding 
 of two captains, each at 8s. two 
 lieutenants, each at 4s. four fer- 
 jeants, each i8d. fixcorporalls and 
 two drums, each at is. and 160 
 foldiers, each at 8d. 
 
 1. 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 s. 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 A* 
 
 8 
 I 
 
 -^ 
 
 d. 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 7 4 
 
 6 10 
 
 The ISLE of MAN. 
 
 Governour, befules captain's pay 
 
 Surgeon - - 
 
 Mafter gunnel", to be alfo flore-keeper 
 
 One gunner's mate 
 
 Four mattrofles, each lod. 
 
 rirc and candle for the guards 
 
 Two companys of foot, confifting of 
 two captains, each at 8s, two lieu- 
 tenants, each 4s. four ferjeants, 
 each at i8d. four corporals and 
 two drums, each is. and 140 foul- 
 dicrs, each at 8d. 
 
 9 4 
 
 9 10 
 
 ]. 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 s. 
 
 4 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 3 H 
 \ 1 I 
 
 I 
 
 4 13 
 
 '0 
 8 
 
 261 
 
 1 1 
 
 iS: 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 8 
 8 
 
 4 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 2C2 10 8 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 8 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 6 
 
 3 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 2 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 13 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 12 
 
 
 
 2cy 15 4 
 MOUNT
 
 >9o 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 ns {luard 1 ^, . ^ , ,• > 
 
 f , > Thirty-two louldiers, / 
 
 reduced. J , oj f 
 
 each at 8d. - J 
 
 M O U NT, 
 
 viz? 
 
 
 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 Per 
 
 ' menfcm. 
 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 - 
 
 030 
 
 
 440 
 
 - 
 
 I 8 
 
 
 260 
 
 t - ■ 
 
 016 
 
 
 220 
 
 Governor 
 
 A gunner 
 
 ^, . , -I A ferieant 
 
 This """••'' ^ -^ 
 
 is reduced. J _ ' ^ „, -^114 29 17 4 
 
 38 10 o 
 
 PENDENNIS CASTLE and MAUDES, viz. 
 
 Governor 
 
 Marfliall and flore-keeper, to be exe- "j 
 cuted by one pcrfon - J 
 
 A boatman 
 
 Tu'o gunners, each 2od. 
 Two gunners mates, each i6d. 
 Six mattrofles, each at lod. 
 Fire and candle for the guards 
 The governor of Maudes 
 A gunner 
 
 A mate - - ^ 
 
 Two mattrofles, each at lod. 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 For
 
 THE ENGLISH 
 
 For the guards of Pendennis Caftle and Maudes, 
 two companys of foot, confifting of two cap- 
 tains, at 8s. each ; two lieutenants, each at 4s. 
 two enfigns, each at 3s. four fcrjeaiits, each at 
 i8d. lix corporals and two drums, each at lid. 
 and 1 60 fouldiers, each at 8d, 
 
 A R M Y. 
 
 Per diem. 
 1. s. d. 
 
 10 
 
 8, 
 
 Per menfcm, 
 1. s. d. 
 
 210 iS 8 
 
 255 lo 6 
 
 PLYMOUTJi CASTLE, and ISLAND, viz. 
 
 Governour - - 
 
 Storekeeper - - - 
 
 Mafter gunner 
 
 Two gunners, each at 2od. 
 
 Three gunners mates, each at i6d. 
 
 Eight mattrofTes, each at lod. 
 
 A boatman 
 
 Fire and candle for the guards 
 
 Two companys of foot, confifting of two captains, -» 
 
 each at 8s. two lieutenants, each at 4s. two en- 
 
 iigns, each at 3s. four ferjeants, each at i8d. fix }■ 
 
 corporals and two drums, at i2d. and 200 I 
 
 fouldiers, each 8d. J 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 '3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 17 4 
 
 248 5 4 
 
 10 
 
 290 14 8 
 
 PORTLAND, WEYMOUTH jnd S A N D F O R D C A S 1^ L E S, viz. 
 
 Governor 
 A ferjeant 
 One corporal 1 
 
 Thirty-fix foldicrs, each 8d. 
 A gunner 
 
 Two mattrolVes, each lod. 
 
 Ffire and candle for the guards 014 1174 
 
 Vol. I. E c e For 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 I 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 6 
 I 
 I 
 
 4 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 
 8 
 6 
 o 
 o 
 8 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 33 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 1 2 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 8 
 8
 
 392 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 A gunner 
 
 For Weymouth and Sandfoot Castle. 
 
 Per diem. 
 1. s. d. 
 o I 8 
 o I 8 
 
 Two mattroffes, each at lod. 
 
 2 I 2 
 
 • Per mcnfem. 
 1. s. d. 
 
 268 
 
 268 
 
 57 12 8 
 
 BROWN SEA CASTLE, viz. 
 
 Goveinour - - 034 
 
 A gunner - - 018 
 
 Two mattroffes, each at lod. - o i 8 
 
 Fire and candle for the guards being 
 to be kept by the army ' 
 
 i o o 
 
 8 
 
 074 
 
 4 13 4 
 268 
 
 268 
 
 o 18 8 
 
 10 5 4 
 
 CALSHOT CASTLE. 
 
 Governor _ _ - 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 Two corporalls, each at i2d. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 16 
 
 
 
 Eighteen fouldiers, each at 8d. 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 16 16 
 
 
 
 A gunner 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 2 6 
 
 8 
 
 Two mattrofTes, each at lod. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 2 6 
 
 8 
 
 Fire and candle for the guards 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 I 3 o 
 
 32 4 o 
 
 HURST
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 393 
 
 HURST CASTLE, viz. 
 
 Governor - - _ 
 
 Two corporals and one drum, each 
 
 at 1 2d. 
 Tliirty-fix fouldiers, each at 8d. 
 A gunner 
 
 A mate _ _ _ 
 
 Two mattrofles, each at lod. 
 Fire and candle for the guards 
 
 ! 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 Per 
 
 men fern. 
 S. d. 
 
 o 5 
 
 o 
 
 7 
 
 o o 
 
 ° 3 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 4 o 
 
 I 4 
 
 O I 
 
 o 
 8 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 
 
 12 O 
 
 6 8 
 
 O I 
 O I 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 I 
 2 
 
 17 4 
 6 8 
 
 O 1 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 I ^7 
 
 PORTSMOUTH and SOUTHSEA CASTLE. 
 
 Governour 
 
 Deputy governor 
 
 Storekeeper and provofl marfliall, to 
 
 be executed by one perfon 
 Surgeon _ _ _ 
 
 Mafter gunner 
 Two gunners each, at 2od. 
 Two gunners mates, each at i6d. 
 Eight mattrofles, each at lod. 
 Clerk of reports 
 
 Porter _ _ _ 
 
 Fire and candle for the guard 
 
 Three companys of foot, confining of three captains, - 
 each at 8s. three lieutenants each at 4s, three en- 
 figns, each at 3s. • six servants, eacli at 
 i8d. nine corporals and three drums, each 
 at I ad. and 24O feamen and fouldiers, 
 each at 8d. ------ 
 
 Memorandum, that thofe three companys arc taken 
 olJ here, and arc included in one of the 
 giments. 
 
 £ c e 2 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 8 
 3 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 52 14 8 
 
 II 4 8 
 
 440 
 
 • So in 
 orig. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 ■^ 
 
 J 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 '3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 '4 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 322 
 
 iS 
 
 8 
 
 irc laKcn -» 
 foot re- i 
 
 J'3 
 
 372 17 4 
 D O \' E R
 
 394 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 DOVER CASTLE, MOATS BULLWERK, ART LIFE 
 FORT and SANDGATE CASTLE. 
 
 Governor 
 
 Preacher - - 
 
 Mafter gunner and ftorekeeper 
 
 A gunner 
 
 A mate _ - - 
 
 Ffour mattroffes, each at lod. 
 
 Marfliall 
 
 Ffire and candle for the guarde 
 
 One company of foot, confifting of a captain, at 1 
 8s. lieutenant 4s. enfign 3s. two fervants, each ! 
 iSd. three corporals and one drum, each jzd. | 
 and 70 fouldiers, each at 8d. - - - J 
 
 One other company of foot confifting of a captain, 
 at 8s. lieutenant 4s. enfign 3s. two fervants, 
 each at i8d. three corporalls (above fouldier's 
 pay, each 4d.) one drummer, i2d. and 80 foul- 
 diers, (the three corporals included,) each at 8d, 
 
 Pe 
 
 r diem. 
 
 Per menfem. 
 
 1. 
 
 S. 
 
 d. 
 
 1. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 6 8 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 17 4 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 13 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 8 8 
 
 3 13 4 
 
 96 2 8 
 
 102 13 4 
 
 SANDGATE CASTLE. 
 
 Governour 
 
 Two corporalls, each at i2d. 
 
 Twenty fouldiers, each at 8d. 
 
 A gunner 
 
 Two mattroffes, each at lod. 
 
 Fire and candle for the guard 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 18 13 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 2 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 >8 
 
 2 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 263 8 8 
 
 WALMER
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 395 
 
 WALMER CASTLE. 
 
 Governor 
 
 Two corporalls, each at lad. 
 
 Twenty fouldiers, each at 8d. 
 
 A gunner 
 
 Two mattrofTes, each at lod. 
 Fire and candle for the guards 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 Per 
 
 menfem. 
 
 I. S. 
 
 d. 
 
 1. 
 
 S. d. 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 13 4 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 6 8 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 6 8 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 18 8 
 
 I 4 4 
 
 
 DE ALE 
 
 CASTLE 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 Governour 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 A gunner 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 A mate 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 Two mattrofles, 
 
 each at lod. 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 Two corporalls, 
 
 each at i2d. 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 Thirty fouldiers 
 
 , each at 8d. 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fire and candle for the guards 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 SANDOWN CASTLE. 
 
 45 5 4 
 
 Governour - - 050 700 
 
 Two corporals, each 1 2d. - 020 2 16 o 
 
 Twenty fouldiers, each at 8d. - 0134 18 13 4 
 
 A gunner - - - 018 268 
 
 Two mattrofles, each at lod. - 018 268 
 
 Fire and candle for the guard - 008 o 1 8 8 
 
 144 34 I 4 
 U P N E R
 
 396 HISTORYOF 
 
 UPNER CASTLE, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 Per menfcm. 
 
 
 1. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 1. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Goveinour 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 A gunner _ _ - 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 6 8 
 
 A fervant - - - 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Two corporals and one drum, each | 
 at 1 2d. - - - J 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Thirty fouldiers each at 8d. 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 Fire and candle for the guards 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 I 12 2 45 
 
 TILBURY FORT. 
 
 Governour 
 
 A gunner 
 
 Two mates, each at i6d. 
 
 Four mattroffes, each at lod. 
 
 A lieutenant 
 
 Two corporalls and one drum, at 
 
 1 2d. each - _ _ 
 
 Thirty-four fouldiers, each at 8d. 
 Fire and candle for the guards 
 
 } 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 31 
 
 H 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 63 
 
 LAND-
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 397 
 
 LANDGUARD FORT. 
 
 Goveinour 
 
 Preacher - - » 
 
 Marfhail and ftorekeeper united 
 
 A gunner 
 
 A gunner's mate 
 
 Two mattrofles, each at lod. 
 
 Two boatmen, each at lad. 
 
 Ffire and candle for the guards 
 
 One company of foot, confilling of a captain, at 8s. " 
 who is to be governor ; a lieutenant, 4s. two 
 ferjeants, each at i8d. two corporals and one 
 drum, each at lad. and fixt)'foiiIdiers each at 8d. 
 
 Per 
 I. 
 
 diem. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Per 
 1. 
 
 menfem. 
 s. d. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 6 8 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 1 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 I 
 2 
 
 17 4 
 6 8 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 ^7 4 
 
 y 2 j8 
 
 81 
 
 3 13 
 
 102 18 o 
 
 YARMOUTH, viz. 
 
 Gunner - - - o 
 
 Ffour mattrofTes, each at lod, - o 
 
 Fire and candle for the guards being 
 to be kept by the army 
 
 1" 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 268 
 4 ^3 4 
 216 o 
 
 9 16 
 
 HULL.
 
 398 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 H U L L. 
 
 Governour 
 
 Store-keeper and marfhallj to be exe- 
 cuted by one 
 Preacher 
 Surgeon 
 Mafter gunner 
 Two gunners, each at 2od. 
 Two gunners mates, each at i6d. 
 Six mattrofl'es, each at lod. 
 A boatman 
 Fire and candles for the guards 
 
 Four companys as of foot, confifting of four cap- 
 tains, each at 8s. four lieutenants, at 4s. four 
 enfigns, each 3s. eight ferjeants i8d. twelve cor- 
 porals and four drums, each at ijd. and 272 
 fouldiers, at 8d. 
 
 ! 
 
 Per diem. 
 1. s. d. 
 
 8 o 
 
 3 o 
 6 8 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 h3 9 4 
 
 15 8 
 
 Per inenfcm. 
 
 1. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 1 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 ^3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 377 I 4 
 
 43 i 
 
 CLIFFORD'S TOWER, viz. 
 
 Gunner - - - o 
 
 A mate - - - o 
 
 Two mattrofles, each at lod. - o 
 
 Ffire and candle for the guards being | 
 to be kept by the army - J 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 2 6 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 1 17 
 
 2 6 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 o 18 8 
 
 15 13 4 438 13 4 
 
 SCAR-
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 399 
 
 SCARBOROUGH, viz. 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 A gunner 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 8 
 
 A mate 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 4 
 
 Two mattroffes, each lod. 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 8 
 
 A ftorekeeper 
 
 Fire and candle for the guard 
 
 - 
 
 _l 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 One company of foot, confifling of, viz. 
 
 A captain, at - 
 
 Lieutenant 
 
 Enfigne _ _ - 
 
 Two ferjeants, each i8d. 
 
 Three corporals, and one drum 
 
 1. 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 2 
 
 s. 
 8 
 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 d. 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 . 
 
 . 3 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 Sixty-eiglit fouidiers, at 8d. 
 
 
 J4 
 
 6 
 
 T I N M O U T H 
 
 CA 
 
 ST 
 
 L£. 
 
 
 Governour 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Storekeeper and marfhall executed by 
 
 one perfon 
 A boatman 
 Mafter gunner 
 
 A gunner _ _ _ 
 
 Two gunners mates, each at i6d. 
 Ffour mattrolfes, each at lod. 
 Fire and candle for the guard 
 One company of foot, confifting of one major, 5s. ~) 
 
 o 
 O 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 I 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 one captain, one lieutenant, one cnfign, two I 
 
 ferjeants, three corporals, one drummer, 120 1 
 fotdiers. J 
 
 Anotlior company, one captain, one lieutenant, one 
 cnfign, t\so ferjeants, three corporalls, one drum- 
 mer, eighty privates . _ - 
 
 !- 5 7 
 
 9 '9 
 
 o 
 o 
 8 
 8 
 
 4 
 o 
 
 Per 
 
 menfem. 
 
 1. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 2 
 
 6 8 
 
 1 
 
 17 4 
 
 2 
 
 6 8 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 94 5 4 
 
 104 6 o 
 
 5 12 o 
 2160 
 
 1 8 
 
 2 16 
 
 2 6 
 
 3 14 
 
 4 ^3 
 2 i6 
 
 o 
 o 
 8 
 8 
 
 4 
 o 
 
 Vot. I. 
 
 !• f f 
 
 149 16 o 
 
 I c 2 1 3 4 
 
 278 12 o 
 BERWICK.
 
 400 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 BERWICK, 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 1. 
 
 1 
 
 Governor, befiJes lieutenant colonel's 
 and captain's pay 
 
 Store-keeper and marfhall, to be exe- 
 cuted by one perfon 
 
 Mafter gunner _ - - 
 
 Two gunners each, at 2od. 
 
 Two gunners mates, each at i6d. 
 
 Eight mattrofles, each at lod. 
 
 A preacher 
 
 A furgeon 4s. a mate 2s. 6d. 
 
 Fire and candle for the guard 
 
 Five companys of foot, confilling of a lieutenant 1 
 colonel, ys. five captains, each at 8s. five lieute- ' 
 nants, at 4s. five enfigns, at 3s. ten ferjeants, at j 20 
 i8d. each; fifteen corporals and five drums at 1 
 I2d. each; and 430rfoldiers at 8d. - ■' 
 
 Another company confifting of one captain, one 
 lieutenant, one enfign, two ferjeants, three cor- 
 porals, one drummer, 86 privates, pay as above 
 
 ! 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 3 19 4 
 
 Per menfeirK 
 1. s. d. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 •-> 
 
 :> 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 G 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 s(^s 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 HOLY ISLAND. 
 
 A gunner 2od. a gunner's mate i6d. 
 Two mattrofles, each at lod. 
 Fire and candle for the guards 
 
 030 
 o I 8 
 008 
 
 440 
 268 
 o 18 8 
 
 26 8 6 739 18 o 
 
 CARLISLE.
 
 THE E N G L I S H A R M Y. 401 
 
 CARLISLE. 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 I. S. d. 
 
 The colonel who is to be governor 012 o 
 
 Mafter gunner - - 020 
 
 A gunner - - 018 
 
 Four mattrofies, each at lod. - 034 
 
 A gunner's mate - - 014 
 
 Fire and candle for the guard - 036 
 
 Three companys of foot, tlirce captains, tliree lieu- "] 
 tenants, three cnfigns, fix ferjeants, nine corporals, > 1 3 12 8 3S114 8 
 
 three drutnmers, 310 privates 
 
 SHREWSBURY, 
 
 Governor befides captain's pay 
 Mafter gunner and florekeeper to be "1 
 executed by one perfon I 
 
 One mattrofie _ _ _ 
 
 Fire and candle for the guard 
 
 One company of one captain, one lieutenant, one "| 
 enfign, two fcrjcnnts, three corporals, one drur.i- > 
 
 nier, 100 privates 
 
 WARWICK. 
 
 Governor 
 
 Lieutenant 
 
 Two corporalls, each i2d. 
 
 Sixty fouldicrs, at 8d. each 
 
 Fire and candles for the guard 
 
 Per meni 
 
 cm. 
 
 ]. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 14 16 6 415 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lO 
 
 I 
 
 ■y 
 J 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 124 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 4 14 6 132 6 o 
 
 Kff 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 700 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 440 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 216 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ] 8 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 71 S 
 W 1 N I) S R.
 
 402 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 WINDSOR. 
 
 Governour 
 
 A gunner 
 
 A mate - - - 
 
 Two raattroffes, each at lod. 
 
 Ffire and candle for the guard 
 
 One company of foot, one captain, one lieutenant, 
 one enfign, four fcrjeants, four corporals, two 
 drummers, 120 privates, pay as above 
 
 Per diem. 
 1. S. d. 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 CHEPSTOW. 
 
 Governor (befides captain's pay) 
 
 A gunner 
 
 A mattrofle 
 
 Fire and candle for the guards 
 
 One company of foot, one captain, one lieutenant, 
 
 two ferjeants, three corporals, one drummer, 
 
 62 privates, pay as before 
 
 HEREFORD, 
 
 Governour, befides captain's pay 
 
 Fire and candle for the guard 
 
 One company of foot, one captain, one lieutenant, 
 two ferjeants, three corporals, one drummer, 120 
 privates _ _ - - 
 
 } 
 
 o 
 8 
 o 
 8 
 6 
 
 5 7 
 
 4 19 
 
 Tower— 
 guards 
 
 -Fire and candle for the 
 
 1- 
 
 Per menfem, 
 1. s. d. 
 2160 
 268 
 I 8 o 
 268 
 220 
 
 149 16 o 
 
 5 14 10 160 15 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 84 
 91 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1, 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 138 12 O 
 
 - - 
 
 142 16 O 
 
 5 12 O 
 
 CARDIFF.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 403 
 
 CARDIFF. 
 
 Per diem. Per menfem. 
 
 1. s. d. 1. s. d. 
 
 Gunner and ftorekeeper to be executed 7 r. ^ o 
 
 '■ J' o I 8 268 
 by one _ . _ j 
 
 One mattrofle - - 0010 134 
 
 Fire and candle for the guards - 018 268 
 
 One company of foot, one captain, one lieutenant, "j 
 
 one ferjeant, two corporals, one drummer, 48 ?• 2 8 6 67 1 8 O 
 privates _ . . _ J 
 
 Governour, befides captain's pay 
 
 A gunner 
 
 A mattrofTe 
 
 Fire and candle for the guard 
 
 One company of foot, one captain, one lieutenant, 
 
 two ferjeants, two corporals, one drumme 
 
 privates _ _ - 
 
 HOLY HEAD. 
 
 2 12 8 73 H 
 
 BEAUMARES. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 1 
 
 4 
 
 99 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 nant, "J 
 r, 80 j 
 
 3 16 10 107 II 
 
 Governour - - _ 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 A ferjeant _ _ - 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 One drum and two corporals at is. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Thirty-four fouldiers, at 8d. 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 31 
 
 14 8 
 
 A gunner 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 6 8 
 
 A matroffe _ _ _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 JO 
 
 I 
 
 3 4 
 
 Fire and candies for the guards 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 ]S 8 
 
 
 I 
 
 'S 
 
 4 
 
 49 
 
 9 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 T Y N B E Y.
 
 40+ n I S T O R Y O F 
 
 TYNBEY. 
 
 Per diem. Per menfcm. 
 
 1. s. d. 1. s. d. 
 
 Gunner - - - oi8 268 
 
 A mattrofs - - - 0010 134 
 
 Fire and candle for the guards - 010 i 8 o 
 One captain, one lieutenant, (N. B. lieutenant, 3s. ) T 
 
 two fcrjeants, two corporals, one drummer, 50(2104 71 9 4 
 privates •' 
 
 RED CASTLE, 
 
 One company, one captain, oHe lieutenant, oneen- 
 fign, two ferjeanti 
 mer, 69 privates, 
 
 EXON. 
 
 !Fire and candle for the guards to be 
 kept by the army 
 
 [00 
 
 kept by the army 
 
 1 
 
 2 13 10 76 7 4 
 
 Governor - - 050 700 
 
 Forty-five foldiers, each at 8d. - i 10 o 42 o o 
 
 1 15 o 49 o o 
 
 CHESTER. 
 
 >ne company, one captain, oHe lieutenant, one en- T 
 
 fign, two ferjeants, three corporals, one drum- (380 95 4 o 
 
 mer. 60 privates, - _ » J 
 
 094 
 
 LUDLOW. 
 
 Fire and candle for the guards to be , 
 
 010 180 
 
 Total
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 405 
 
 Total Charge of this Establishment. 
 
 Per diem. Per menfem. 
 
 1. s. d. 1. s. d. 
 
 General officers - - 22 16 10 6^9 11 4 
 
 Nine regiments of horfe - 612 12 o V52 '6 o 
 
 Fourteen regiments and eight com- 7n 
 
 c r ^ ^024 II 10 2^088 u 4 
 
 panics or root - - J j . t 
 
 Life guard of horfe - 32 8 4 907 13 4 
 
 Trayn >• - - 146 34 60 
 
 Guarrifons - - 205 15 2 5761 4 8 
 
 Contingencies - - - - 1500 o o 
 
 Totall per menfem _ _ _ 49084 2 8 
 
 Totall for a year at thirteen months - 638093 14 8 
 
 1 
 
 Men. 
 
 4S70 
 
 This eftablifhment conllfls of nine regiments of horfe, 
 
 with a troop of guards, officers included 
 Fourteen regiments of foot, with the officers - 1S732 
 
 The fouldiers, gunners, mattrolles, and officers em- T 
 ployed in the garrifons - » J '^^'^ 
 
 I'he whole army of horfe and foot as above cxprelfcd, -« 
 
 befidcs the general officers, officers of the trayne of ( 28342 
 artillery and ftafF officers, containeth in all - J 
 
 Whereof the annual charge of their pay, with ^ 1. s. d. 
 
 the pay of the general officers, trains of artil- I , „ 
 
 1 , ■ ■ , 1 X r > 6^8093 14 S 
 
 lery and contnigcncics doth amount to the fum \ ^ ■'^ ^ 
 
 of - - . - J 
 
 In
 
 4o6 M I S T O R V O F 
 
 In the Journals of the Houfe of Commons of the ifl: of King 
 William III. in the eftimate of the charge of diverfe regiments of 
 horfe, dragoons and foot to be employed in the fervice of Ireland, 
 the following funis were allowed for the pay of the officers and 
 private men. 
 
 HORSE. 
 
 Colonel, as colonel 12s. as captain los. and tw 
 
 horfes, at 2s. each _ _ _ 
 
 Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant colonel 8s. as cap 
 
 tain, IDS. and two horfes, each 2s. 
 Major, as major (N. B. No troop) 
 Captain, as captain, los. and two horfes at 2s. each 
 Lieutenant 6s. and two horfes, each 2s. 
 Cornet 5s. and two horfes, each 2s. 
 Quarter mafler 4s. and one horfe 2s. 
 Corporal 3s. - - - - 
 
 Trumpeter 2s. 8d. 
 Private trooper - _ - 
 
 DRAGOONS. 
 
 Colonel, as colonel J5S., as captain 8s. and three horfes 
 
 at is. each _ _ .. 
 
 Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant cplonel 9s. as captain 1 
 
 8s. and three horfes 2s. - - J 
 
 Major, who has no troop - - - 100 
 
 Captain 8s. and three horfes, at IS. each - o 11 o 
 
 Lieutenant 4s. and two horfes - - 060 
 
 Cornet 3s. and two horfes - - - 050 
 
 Quarter mafter, for himfelf and horfe - - 040 
 
 Serjeant is. 6 J. and is. for his horfe - - 026 
 
 Corporal is. and is. for his horfe - - - 020 
 
 Drummer 
 
 
 Per Jiem. 
 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 ,,j 
 
 I 6 
 
 -] 
 
 I 2 
 
 - 
 
 100 
 
 I 
 
 0140 
 
 - 
 
 0100 
 
 
 090 
 
 - 
 
 060 
 
 * 
 
 030 
 
 
 028 
 
 
 026 
 
 •■]
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 407 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 ]. s. d. 
 Drummer is. and is. for his horfe - - 020 
 
 Hautboy is. and is for his horfe - - - 020 
 
 Private dragoon IS. 6d. for himfelf and horfe - 016 
 
 Adjutant - - - - o 
 
 
 
 Surgeon - - - - 060 
 
 Chaplain - - - - 068 
 
 Gunfniith and his fervant - - - 050 
 
 FOOT. 
 
 Colonel, as colonel 12s, as captain 8s. - - 100 
 
 Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant colonel 7s. as captain 8s. o 15 o 
 Major, as major 5s. as captain 8s - - 0130 
 
 Captain - - - - 080 
 
 Lieutenant - - - - 040 
 
 Enfign - - - - -030 
 
 Adjutant - - - - 040 
 
 Quarter m after - - - - 040 
 
 Surgeon 4s. and mate 2s. 6d. - - - 066 
 
 Chaplain 6s. 8d. - - - 068 
 
 Serjeant - - - - 016 
 
 Corporal - - - - - - 010 
 
 Drummer - - - - 010 
 
 Private foldier - - - - - 008 
 
 In addition to the daily pay here ftated, the ofikers of the dif- 
 ferent corps of the army had the following allowance of fervants, 
 whofe pay they were permitted to receive. At what time it was 
 firft granted, I have not been able to difcover, but in the year 
 1697-8, being the loth of the reign of King William III. it was 
 allowed in the computation of the half pay, then lirft eftablillicd. 
 
 Vol. I. G g g by
 
 4o8 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 by the King's warrant (a) given in the note below, from the Votes of 
 the Houfe of Commons. It feems as if this allowance was not at that 
 time made to the whole army, for it is faid in the report from the 
 committee appointed to confider the ftate of the land forces and 
 marines in 1746, that " the firft increafe in the charge of the land 
 
 forces, 
 
 (a) WitLiAM R, - ■ 
 
 Whereas our regiments of foot commanded by our right trufty and right entirely 
 beloved coufin and counfellor, Charles Duke of Bolton, and out trufty and well beloved 
 Colonel Richard Coote, Colonel Thomas Brudenell, Colonel Thomas Saundcrfon, Ma- 
 jor General Thomas Erie, Colonel John Gibfon, Colonel William Ncrthcote, and 
 Colonel Thomas Farrington, together with the independent companies commanded by 
 Lieutenant Colonel Roufe and Captain John Pitt, have been lately difbanded ; and we 
 being gracioully pleafed to allow half pay to the officers of our faid regiments and compa- 
 nies for their fupport uiitill they (hall be fully paid off and cleared, and be otherwife pro- 
 vided for ; our will and pleafure is, that out of fuch monies as are or fliall come to your 
 hands, for the ufe of our forces, you pay unto the feveral officers of our faid regiments 
 and companies, the refpeftive allowances mentioned in the lift and eftablOiment hereunto 
 annexed, being the half pay of tiiemfelvcs and fervants, refpeftively ; to commence from 
 the ift day of April next, and to be paid unto them by monthly or quarterly payments, 
 upon ccriiiicates from our commiiTary general or deputy commiffary general of the 
 muflers, of their being alive and qualified as aforementioned ; and for fo doing, this with 
 the acquittances of the faid officers, or of their affigns, (hall be from time to time your 
 fufficient warrant and difcharge. 
 
 Given at our court at Kenfington, the i6th of March 1697-8, in the 
 tenth of our reign^ 
 
 By his Majelty's command. 
 
 "To our right trufty and right well beloved coufin 
 and counfellor, Richard Earl of Ranelagh, 
 Faymafler General of our forces. 
 
 Cha. Montague 
 Ste. Fox 
 Tho. Littleton 
 T. Pelham. 
 
 Vol. 12. 567. 
 HORSE.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 409 
 
 forces, (fince the year 1700) was by virtue of an eftablifliment 
 figncd the 15th of June, 171 3, to take place from the 24th of that 
 month; fo that it did not commence till almoft three months after 
 
 the 
 
 HORSE. 
 
 Chaplain ^s. 4d. 
 
 N. B. No adjutant mentioned. 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 1. s. d. I. s. d. 
 
 Colonel, as colonel and cnptain - - - o 13 o 
 
 For fix fervants, at i5d. each - » - 076 
 
 Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant colonel and captain - o 1 1 o 
 
 For three fervants, each at 1 5d. - - - 039 
 
 Major, as major and captain - - •■ 099 
 
 For three fervants, cacli 1 5d. - - - o 3 9 
 
 Captain - - - • -070 
 
 For three fervants, at 1 5d. each - - - o 3 9 
 
 Captain lieutenant - - - - -050 
 
 For two fervants, 1 5d. each - » - "026 
 
 The lieutenant the fame. 
 
 Cornet - - - - - - 046 
 
 For two fervants, at i5d. each - - - m 026 
 
 Quarter-mafler - <• - - - -030 
 
 One fervant at 1 5d. • - - - » o i 3 
 
 106 
 
 o 14 9 
 
 13 6 
 
 10 9 
 
 076 
 
 070 
 
 4 
 
 o 
 
 G g g 2 D R A-
 
 410 HISTORYOF 
 
 the peace of Utrecht; and this firft addition to the national expence 
 confifted entirely of allowances to Commifl-ion Officers in lieu of 
 their fervants : this was afterwards twice encreafed, once by an 
 
 eftablifliment 
 
 DRAGOONS. 
 
 Colonel, as colonel and captain 
 
 For fix fervants, at gd. per diem each 
 
 Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant colonel and captain 
 For- three fervants, at gd. each 
 
 Major, as major and captain 
 For three fervants, at gd, each 
 
 Captain 
 
 For three fervants, at gd. each 
 
 Captain lieutenanr 
 
 For two fervants, at gd. each 
 
 Other lieutenants the fame 
 
 Cornet 
 
 For two fervants, at gd. each 
 
 Quarter-mafler _ - - - 
 
 For one fervant at gd. , ._ .. 
 
 Chaplain 3s. 4d. 
 
 N. B. Adjutant not mentioned, 
 
 FOOT. 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 
 
 
 1. s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 3- 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 *" ' 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^■~ 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 

 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 411 
 
 eftbaliihment figned the 29th of April, 1714, to commence from 
 the 25th of December 1713, when a further charge was introduced 
 
 FOOT. 
 
 Per diem. 
 
 ]. s. d. ], s. d. 
 Colonel, as colonel and captain ~ - •■ o lo o 
 
 For fix fervants, at 4d. each 020 
 
 o 12 
 
 Lieutenant, colonel as lieutenant colonel and captain - 076 
 
 For three fervants, at 4d. each - - - 010 
 
 086 
 
 Major, as major and captain - - • 066 
 
 For three fervants, at 4d. each - - - 010 
 
 • 076 
 
 Captain -.- _ - 040 
 
 For three fervants, jt 4d. each - - 010 
 
 050 
 
 Captain lieutenant - - - - 020 
 
 One fervant, at 4d. - « - - 004 
 
 024 
 
 Lieutenant 
 
 020 
 
 One fervant -- - - - O o 4 
 
 024 
 
 Enfign - - - - 016 
 
 One fervant at4d. - - - - 004 
 
 I o 1 ic 
 
 Chaplain _-- . _ 0.3 4 
 
 Quarter- maftcr - - - • 024 
 
 o 5 8 
 
 and
 
 •412 HISTORY OF 
 
 for fcrvaiits to officers and quartcr-maflers of horfe ami dragoons ; 
 and a fecond time by an eftablifliment figned the 24th of June, 
 171 8, when a further increafe was made for fervants to the quarter- 
 mafters of thirty battalions of foot. Altliough thofe allowances has 
 continued ever fmce, it was not confolidated to their pay in Ire- 
 land till the year 1728, when it was done by the warrant tranfcribed 
 in the note below from an authentic MS, eftablifliment for that 
 country, (b) 
 
 Two other fmall additions were likewife made to the pay of the 
 army, one in the feventh year of King George I. when three- 
 pence was added to the pay of the ferjeants, corporals and private 
 men of the dragoons, and four-pence per day to the pay of the 
 feijeants and corporals of the three regiments of foot guards ; but 
 at what particular time the laft addition took place, the committee 
 before mentioned reported they were not able to learn, (c) Some 
 
 farther 
 
 (b) Whereas we have thought fit in the foregoing eftablifliinent to add to the perfonal 
 pay of the officers of our army, the number of fervants which have been ufually allowed 
 them, wliereby the efFeclive men do more plainly appear, and oar faid officers are more 
 regularly entitled to the pay of their fervants than formerly. Our will and pleafure there- 
 fore is, and we do hereby ftriclly require and command, that all the otficers of our faid 
 army, now and for the time being, do make their care, that their refpeJlive companies are 
 kept complete, and that they do contain the number of effi;<tlive men (ettled by our faid 
 cftablilliment, under pain of our difpleafure; and hereof our mufter mailers are to take par- 
 ticular notice from time to time, in the muftering of our faid forces, that the officers neg- 
 ledling the fame may be known. 
 
 (c) There appears to have been great irregularity in the payment of the army 
 during the latter end of the reign of K. James II. and that of the reign of K. William III. 
 infomuch that the publicans of feveral towns where the troops were quartered, were not 
 only obliged to truft them for their diet, but alfo to advance them part of their pay. Of 
 this we have an inftance among many of the publicans of Royfton, in Lincolnfhire, who 
 January 12th, 1694, petitioned the parliament, fetting forth, that Capt. Henry Cartwright's 
 company in Colonel Hafting's regiment of foot being quartered on them, demanded over 
 and above tlieir lodgings, and other neceflaries direded by law, the following fubfiftence to 
 
 be
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 413 
 
 farther little addition has within five or fix years been made to the 
 pay of the private men, by returning them the dedu6lion of one 
 fhiUing in the pound made out of their full pay, ajid likewife abo- 
 iifliing the weekly floppage of 2d. per week from each feijeant, 
 
 lid. 
 
 be paid them weekly, viz. to the lieutenant 17s. 6d. the enfign 14s. the fcrjeant 6s. every 
 corporal 4s. 6cl. and every private centinel 3s. 6d. threatening in cafe of non payment to 
 take the petitioners goods. That the petitioners were willing to give them fuch fubllflence 
 as they were able to do, and as the law diredls, but were not able to bear a grievance of 
 this nature, having formerly been great fufferers by quartering two companies of Sir John 
 Edgworth's regiment, from the 12th of February 1688, to the 15th of April 1689, for 
 ^hich they were never paid one farthing. They therefore prayed that the houfe would 
 take the premifes into their confideration. On this the officers in queftion, and the agents 
 of that, and feveral other regiments, v/ere ordered to attend the houfe, and were examined ; 
 in confcqiience whereof on the 26th of February, 1694, the commons caufed a reprefen- 
 tation tliereof to be made to his majefty, complaining of it as a violation of the liberty 
 and property of the fubjc(5>, and ftating thjt it was in a great meafure caufed by the extor- 
 tions of tlie agents and impofitions of the colonel, who had alfo been guilty of diverfe afls 
 of tyranny and oppreflion therein ftated, for which he was by the King difmiffed the fer- 
 vice. About the fame time various petitions for long arrears of pay to the widows and 
 reprcfentatives of particular officers occur in the journals of the Houfe of Commons. 
 
 Another inflance in the fame reign occurs in Ireland, refpefling the InifKiiiinf rci- 
 ment of dragoons, who for a long time received no pay, but fubfirted ihemfelves at their 
 own expence. At length, A. D. 1694, a great number of both officers and foldiers, un- 
 able to procure any payment, though repeatedly promifed by General Ginkle, furrounded 
 the coach of the Lord Lieutenant Capel, when going in Rate to St. Patrick's church, end 
 declared that if they did not in a few days receive what was due to them, tiiey would ufe 
 force to obtain it. The Lord Lieutenant promifed them redrefs, and thre.v out his purfe 
 with thirty guineas in it, to one of the foldiers, who contemptuoully threw it back into 
 the coach through the giafs of the window. Queen Mary was then regent, the Kin^ be- 
 ing in Flanders, an account of this matter was fcnt to her, whereupon (he ordered a thou- 
 fand pounds to be paid to the officers and men, out of her privy purfe, promifing that the 
 remuii.dcr ihould be (hortly paid, their demands being then fettling by aboard of officers. 
 In the year jyca, 2000I. more was paid, which was all they got for their pay, from the 
 year i68g, a very fmall portion confidering they were then a regiment of nine troops. This 
 anecdote was communicated to me by an old officer, who had it from his grandfather. 
 The fame gentleman gave me the following accoum of a like irreguJaiity, fo l.ite as the 
 latter end of the reign of King George I. 
 
 AcouT
 
 ^,4 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Jill, from each corporal and drum, and id. per week from each 
 private man, in the reijimcnts of infantry, for the ufc of the pay- 
 mall-er and furgcon. 
 
 The prefent pay of the different corps of the army with their 
 full pay, fubfiftence and nett arrears, are given under their different 
 effablilhments. 
 
 The following computation gives the pay of tiic ftaff ofiicers, 
 with the different dedudions to which they are fubjecled. 
 
 About tlic year 171S or ijig, the 7th regiment of foor, witli anotlicr, whofe number 
 is forgotten, were put on board Admiral Byng's fleet, after the aiStion oft' Meirina ; they 
 were landed and quartered at the Devizes in Wiltfhire, Taunton m SonierLiiliire, anrl 
 the neighbouring towns, at which time there was four years pay due to mod of tl;e omccrs 
 and men, fome excepted, who held employments about the court. Ahliougli no money 
 was ifiued for the above time, a kind of commifTary, by tlie connivance of tho colonel, 
 attended tlic regiment, occafionally furnifliing necefiaries to the different ofEct's, and even 
 fometimes paying their tavern bills, taking udirious afTignments on their piy for fjclx 
 goods and dilburfements. After fome time, the officers preli^nt' d a t moMa! fo j ord 
 Tjrawley their colonel ; he referred them to Mr. Ford their an;ent, wi.o fr-d ht hj(' not 
 received any money from the trcafury for fix years. On this they memoi'ial'd the colonel 
 anew and alio the War-office ; and after a courfe of time were promifed to u.: p.- id lu the 
 following proportions, till money could be raifcd to pay them in full ; a captain to re- 
 ceive lieutenant's pav, a lieutenant tliat of an enfign, and an enfign one ha!f of liis daily 
 fubfiflence ; but this promife was not kept. In ihe mean time the officers paid none of 
 their bills, and kept together in bodies, armed, to prevent arrcfis, and finally embarked 
 for Ireland, without clearing any of their fcorcs. 
 
 On their arrival in Ireland their pay being greatly diminifhed, by the diiTcrence of the 
 eflablifliments, it cnufed the officers more earneflly to folicit for their arrears of pav, and 
 they accordingly. filed a bill in Chancery againf^ Mr. Ford, who in his anfwer depofed, that 
 Lord Tyrawley had for twenty years charged ceitain fums againlt eacli officer's pay on 
 their firft appointment or promotion, viz. to a captain 120I. a lieutenant 70!. and an 
 enfign 40I. fome more fome lefs ; on complaint being made of tliis to my Lord, he 
 pleaded the cuflom of the arrny, and faid it was not unknown to the King, After many 
 years thefe particulars were laid before King George II. «ho paid my informanr, then 
 a midfhipman, icol. as fome compenfation for the demands of his father, on account of 
 his pay of lieutenant and adjutant. 
 
 COMPUTA-
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 415 
 
 COMPUTATION OF THE PAY OF THE STAFF OFFICERS IN GREAT BRITAIN FOR, 
 182 DAYS, EXHIBITING THE SEVERAL DEDUCTIONS. 
 
 Quality. 
 Obfervalions.^ 
 Capt. general | 
 
 •when upon I Capt. general — 
 
 fervice has | Four aids de camp to do-l 
 10/. per di- I at loj. per diem each J 
 em, J Secretary to ditto — 
 
 Lieut, gen. in S. Britain, "1 
 and two aids dc camp — ' J 
 
 Major gen. in do. and 1 aid de camp 
 One major gen. more, the like — 
 
 Commander in chief in No. Britain, at 4I . T 
 per diem, and (or his aids decamp and > 
 fecretary at los. per diem each — J 
 Mijor gen in N. Brit, and 1 aid dc camp 
 Major of brigade in N. Brir. — 
 
 Paymafter gen. of the forces — 
 
 Secretary to the forces — 
 
 Comptroller of the accountt of the army 
 One comptroller more, the l;ke — 
 ComifTary general of the muftcrs — 
 Deputy comilTary general of the muders 
 One deputy comilTary of the muflers 
 Five dcp. comilf. more at the fame rate 
 Dep. comilT. of the muftcfs. North Biit, 
 Ditto in Guernfey and Jetfcy — 
 Diilo at Seilly — — 
 
 CommilT. gen.^z cleikt at 2S. 6d, each, perl 
 diem — — J 
 
 Judge advocate general for himfelf — 
 And for his clcik at 2s. 6d. per diem, and"| 
 for his deputy at Guernfey and Jetfcy, > 
 at ss.6d. per diem — J 
 
 Adjutant general — — 
 
 Quarter maftcr general — 
 
 Dep. quarter mailer general — ~ 
 
 Dep. quarter mailer gen. in North Britain 
 I'hyfician general — — 
 
 Surgeon general — — 
 
 Apoihecary general — — ■ 
 
 Secretary to the comptroller of the ac-"l 
 counts of the army — J 
 
 fecretary to the focces in N. Britain 
 Dcp. judge advocate, and clerk of the"! 
 courts martial in N. Britain — J 
 Baggage matter and infpcdlorof the roads'^ 
 in N. Biiialn — — J 
 
 One aid de camf- to his majcdy — 
 
 >ivc aids dc camp to his majclly more 
 
 Marlhal to the horfe grenadier guards 
 Piovoft marlhal to the foot guards — 
 Surveyor of the guards — 
 
 Fire mafter to the grenadiers — 
 
 Mcdenger to the (rcreury of the forces 
 MelTenger to the payrtufler gen. of the forces 
 Drum major general — — 
 
 ProvoU miiHial general — 
 
 Barrack m.'fter general. No. Briiain — 
 Surveyor of the barracks in ihe Savoy 
 Barrack mailer to the Sa ny — 
 
 rive nitn attending the judge advocalcT 
 gen. at is. Gd. per Uicm — J 
 
 Pay per 
 diem. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 : o 
 o to 
 
 5 ° 
 s 10 
 
 2 10 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 'i 
 ■i 
 
 6 
 o 
 
 O 10 
 
 o 5 
 o 10 
 o 10 
 o 10 
 
 16 
 
 1 o 
 
 6l 
 
 O lO 1 li 
 2 14 9( 
 
 44 3 
 
 8} 
 
 For 
 i8j days. 
 
 \. «. d. 
 
 364 o o 
 
 91 o o 
 
 910 o o 
 
 455 ° o 
 
 455 o o 
 
 1001 o o 
 
 455 o ° 
 
 qi o o 
 
 182 00 
 
 182 o o 
 
 373 '9 ° 
 
 373 '9 ° 
 
 159 5 o 
 
 209 D O 
 
 91 O O 
 
 455 o o 
 
 91 o o 
 
 22 I'j o 
 
 la 3 8 
 
 45 >° o 
 
 136 10 o 
 
 45 >o o 
 
 182 o o 
 
 182 o o 
 
 91 o o 
 
 45 'o o 
 
 91 o o 
 9100 
 9100 
 
 149 11 7 
 
 182 o o 
 
 gi o o 
 
 45 'O o 
 
 100 o o 
 
 500 o o 
 
 8343 8 3 
 
 63 1 1 o 
 
 87 6 o 
 
 12 Ij O 
 
 17 6 o 
 
 14 ig o 
 
 14 19 o 
 
 14 ig o 
 
 45 'O » 
 
 i8i n o 
 
 36 8 o 
 
 29 18 o 
 
 40 19 o 
 
 Poundage 
 at i2d. per 
 
 pound. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 18 4 o 
 
 411 o 
 
 45 10 o 
 
 22 Ij O 
 22 15 O 
 
 50 1 O 
 
 4 >» 
 
 9 2 
 
 9 2 
 
 18 14 
 18 14 
 
 7 '9 
 10 9 
 
 4 11 
 22 15 
 
 4 >i 
 1 2 
 
 O 12 
 
 256 
 
 6 16 6 
 
 9 2 
 920 
 4 11 
 256 
 4 11 o 
 411 
 411 o 
 
 7 9 7 
 920 
 411 o 
 
 256 
 
 5 o 
 25 o 
 
 3 3 
 
 I 7 
 
 > 7 
 o 15 
 o 15 o 
 
 15 o 
 
 • 56 
 g a o 
 
 1 16 5 
 1 ig 1 1 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 47 o iij 8564 I 3 i«8 
 Pnundige, al ltd. per pound 
 Diito al 6d. per pound 
 Hofpital — 
 
 H h h 
 
 Poundage 
 
 at 6J. per 
 
 pound. 
 
 1. y d. 
 
 4 7 
 
 9 2 
 
 2 5 
 
 22 15 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 1 1 
 
 25 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 7 
 
 2 5 
 4 n 
 
 4 '» 
 9 7 
 9 7 
 
 3 '9 
 
 5 4 
 2 5 
 
 7 
 5 
 
 3 8 3 
 
 4 " 
 
 4 11 
 
 a 5 
 
 1 2 
 
 <= 5 
 
 2 5 
 * 5 
 
 3 '4 '0 
 3 '4 >o 
 256 
 
 2 10 
 
 12 10 
 
 4 " 
 
 aoi 7 
 
 Hofpital. 
 1. s. d. 
 
 o 5 
 
 2 10 
 
 > 5 
 « 5 
 
 2 15 
 
 > 5 
 o 5 
 o 10 
 o 10 
 
 o 8 
 
 O 1 1 
 
 o 5 
 
 > 5 
 
 o 5 
 
 o 
 
 013 
 008 
 
 026 
 
 076 
 
 026 
 
 O 10 o 
 
 010 o 
 050 
 o a 6 
 050 
 050 
 050 
 
 083 
 
 5 6 
 7 6 
 
 036 
 016 
 o 1 3 
 016 
 0010 
 o u 10 
 0010 
 o 2 <• 
 0100 
 o a o 
 o 1 8 
 
 23 
 
 Net. 
 
 I. 3. d. 
 
 335 '4 o 
 
 83 iS 6 
 
 839 5 • 
 
 419 IS 
 
 419 12 
 
 9^3 3 6 
 
 419 12 
 
 83 '8 
 167 17 
 167 17 
 344 '7 
 344 >7 
 146 17 
 193 o 
 
 83 18 
 419 12 
 
 83 -8 
 
 2111 o 
 
 11 9 10 
 
 43 2 o 
 
 •25 >7 
 
 43 - 
 
 1G7 17 
 
 167 17 
 
 83 18 
 
 41 iq 
 
 83 .8 
 
 83 .8 
 
 8j 18 
 
 137 18 
 
 167 17 
 83 .8 
 
 43 
 
 ga 
 
 4G1 
 
 4 6 
 a 6 
 
 6j 6 
 »5 '7 
 as 11 
 25 »7 
 >4 3 
 M 3 
 »4 3 
 43 - 
 167 17 
 
 34 9 
 a8 b 
 
 38 "5 
 
 7910 18 9 
 
 4^8 4 7 
 
 aoi 7 a 
 
 23 10 9 
 
 8564 1 3
 
 4i6 HISTORYOF 
 
 THE FIRST TROOP OF HORSE GUARDS ACCORDING 
 TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF 1753. 
 
 Full pay Subfilleiice Arrears per ann. 
 
 / Per diem. Per diem. 
 
 1. s. d. 1. s. d. I. s. d. 
 
 Captain and col. i 16 o 170 129 12 
 
 Firil lieutenant 
 and lieut. col. 
 Second lieut. and 
 
 lieut. colonel 
 Cornet and major i6o 0196 93 120 
 
 captains, eachj 
 4 Brigadiers and 
 lieut. each 
 
 181 
 
 o 
 
 [iiio ^33 III 12 
 
 r I 7 o 106 92 12 
 
 Guidon and major 140 0180 86 8 
 
 4 Exempts and 
 
 o 
 
 016 o 012 If 5419107- 
 
 Olio 082* 40 5 o I 
 
 i 
 
 4 Sub brigad. and 1 ^ . . , 
 
 , fOOO 048 r lyi-JQY 
 
 cornets each J / j ? 
 
 Chaplain 068 050 24 00 
 
 Adjutant .^ oiio 086 35 ^9 
 
 Surgeon 080 060 28160 
 
 4 Trumpeters, each 050 040 1389 
 
 Kettle drummer 050 040 1389 
 
 I CO Private gentle- ") 
 
 •^ , J.040 0210T 
 
 men, each J 
 
 1 do. fuperannuated 040 o 2 lOr 
 
 2 ditto widows 080 
 
 2 ditto agent 080 058* 
 
 I ditto riding mafter 040 02 lor 17 o il 
 
 (d) The difference between the full pay of each officer and the fum of the fubfiftence 
 and arrears added together, is deducted for poundage, at is. in the pound. One day's 
 
 full
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 417 
 
 FIRST TROOP OF GRENADIER 
 ING TO THE ESTABLISH M 
 
 Full pay 
 
 Per diem. 
 I. s. d 
 
 10 
 2 
 o 
 
 I Captain and colonel i 
 
 I Lieutenant and lieutenant col. i 
 
 1 Major I 
 
 2 Lieutenants and captains, each o 17 
 
 1 Guidon and captain o 16 
 
 2 Sub lieutenants, each o 10 
 I Chaplain o 6 
 1 Surgeon o 8 
 I Adjutant o 7 
 6 Serjeants each o 4 
 6 Corporals each o 3 
 4 Drummers each o 2 
 4 Hautbois each o 2 
 
 02 
 
 1 1 5 Privates each 
 
 6 Captains and colonel 
 3 Lieutenant colonel 
 2 Major 
 2 Lieutenant and captain 
 
 1 Guidon 
 
 2 Sub lieutenants 
 
 1 Adjutant 
 
 2 Riding mafler 
 I VV'idows 
 
 3 Agent 
 
 6 Recruiting horfes 
 1 Pr;- ate man 
 1 To the clerk 
 
 176 
 
 GUARDS 
 ENT OF I 
 
 Subfiflcncc 
 Per diem, 
 1. s. d. 
 
 o 
 6 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 8 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 I 2 
 
 o 17 
 
 o 13 
 
 O 12 
 
 o 7 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 29 Warrant men, viz. 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 6 
 6 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 6 
 o 
 o 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 ACCORD. 
 
 753- 
 
 Net arrears. 
 
 ]. s. d. 
 108 o o 
 69 II loj 
 72 o o 
 
 56 12 9 
 
 57 12 o 
 
 36 o o 
 
 24 o o 
 28 16 o 
 
 20 12 9 
 
 5 5 6 
 
 6 14 4| 
 
 full pay to Chclfca Hofpital, agency and contingencies. The arrears arc not paid at any 
 ftaicd time, but as it fuits the convcniency of government. Exact diflrilnitions, with 
 each particular dedudion, will be given in the appendix. The other troop is paid in the 
 fame proportion. In ti^c ellablifliment of the tirrt troop of horfegiiards for 1759, there are 
 four quarter mafters, whofc full pay is each 6s. and fubfiilence 4s. gd. per diem ; there are 
 alfo four corporals at 5s. each f\ill pay, fubfirtcnce 3s. gd, with an allowance for the pur- 
 veyor of IS. per diem, and the fame to the rough rider. 
 
 llhhi FULL
 
 4i5 HISTORYOF 
 
 FULL PAY, SUBSISTENCE AND ARREARS OF THE 
 ROYAL REGIMENT OF HORSE GUARDS BLUE, CON- 
 FORMABLE TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 YEAR 1753. (e) 
 
 Full pay ^^ Full pay Net 
 
 Per diem. Subfiftcnce, Clearings. 
 
 I. s. d. 1. s. d. I. s. d. 
 
 I Colonel and captain 210 i n o 143 o 9 
 
 I Lieutenant Colonel! . , , 
 
 }-ioo 126 99712 
 
 and captain J 
 
 1 Major and captain 170 116 74 79 
 
 I Chaplain 068 050 24 00 
 
 270 Private men, each 026 02 
 
 Allowance to widows 250 
 
 Allowance to col. 1 
 
 for clothing J 
 
 Allowance to th^ 7 
 
 captains J 
 
 Allowance to the 7 
 
 o 
 
 agent 
 
 16 o o 18 
 16 o I 16 
 .18 o o 18 
 
 o 
 
 I Surgeon 060 046 2112 
 
 I Adjutant 050 046 463 
 
 6 Captains, each 116 0166 70111I 
 
 9 Lieutenants, each 0150 on6 49 89 
 
 9 Cornets, each o 14 o o 11 o 41 5 6 
 
 9 Quartermafters, each 086 066 28 6 41 
 
 I Kettle drummer 030 026 649 
 
 18 Corporals, each 030 026 
 
 9 Trumpeters, each 028 020 9120 
 
 337 73 12 8 56 6 6 
 
 (e) A Particular account of all the deductions made from the full pay of the horfe 
 and grenadier guards, horfe, dragoons, foot guards, and foot, as well as the regulations for 
 the regimental ftoppages from the non commiflion officers, and privates, and payments, 
 will be given in the appendix. 
 
 FULL
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 419 
 
 FtTLL PAY, SUBSISTENCE AND ARREARS OF THE 
 FIRST REGIMENT OF DRAGOON GUARDS, CON- 
 FORMABLE TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 YEAR 1753. 
 
 Full pay Subfiftence Net arrears 
 
 Per diem. Per diem. Per ann. 
 
 1. s. d. 1. s. d, 1. s. d. 
 
 1 Col. and captain i 15 o 166 121 8 9 
 
 I Lieutenant col. 7 
 
 and captain J 
 
 46 o 18 6 85 18 4' 
 
 I Major and captain 106 0156 71104 s 
 
 I Chaplain 068 050 24 00 
 
 I Adjutant 050 046 463 
 
 I Surgeon 060 046 21120 
 
 6 Captains, each 0156 0116 5817L- 
 
 9 Lieutenants, each 090 070 27 169 
 
 9 Cornets, each 080 060 28160 
 
 Q Quarter mafters,7 
 
 each j ° 5 6 040 
 
 18 Serjeants, each 029 023 
 
 18 Corporals, each 023 019 
 
 18 Drummers, each 023 019 
 
 9 Hautbois, each 020 016 
 
 324 Privates, each 019 015 
 
 Allowance to 
 
 widows 
 Allow, to the col-l 
 
 for clothes loft r 
 
 by deferters J 
 Allowance to the 
 
 captain for re 
 
 cruiting 
 Allowance to the 
 
 agent 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 o U 
 
 O ID 
 
 o 10 6 o 10 
 
 22 1 7I 
 
 426
 
 420 HISTORYOF 
 
 PAY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT OF FOOT GUARDS 
 ACCORDING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 Full pay Subfiftencc Net arrears 
 
 Per diem. Per diem. Per aim. 
 
 1. s. d. I. s. d. }. s. d. 
 
 I Col. and captain i 19 o 1 10 o 126 14 3 
 
 1 Lieutenant col.l ^ g ^ ^ ^ ^ 100 6 4! 
 
 and captain J 
 
 2 Majors and cap- 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^3 ^ 85 18 4I 
 
 tains, each j 
 
 1 
 
 2 6 
 
 I Chaplain 068 050 2400I 
 
 1 Surgeon 040 030 24 8 oi 
 4 Mates, each 026 020 6 14 4! 
 3 Adjutants, each 040 030 14 8 ol 
 
 2 Quarter maf- ] , . 
 ^'— {-040 030 14001 
 
 ters, each J 
 
 I Sollicitor 04a 030 1480^ 
 
 1 Drum major 016 010 7 ^l 1\ 
 
 1 Deputy marfliall 010 009 3120 
 
 3 Hautbois, each 016 010 7130 
 24 Captains, each 0166 0126 57 2 4I 
 32 Lieutenants, each o 7 10 060 25 18 4! 
 24 Enfigns, each 0510 046 18 14 4i 
 56 Serjeants, each o 1 10 014 
 
 84 Corporals, each 012 o o 10* 
 
 56 Drummers 010 008? 
 
 1344 Privates, each o lo o o o 6? 
 
 1641 
 
 Allov.'ance to 
 
 widows 
 Ditto to the col. 261 
 Ditto to cap- -j 
 
 tains for re- > in 6 
 cruiting J 
 
 Ditto to agent 015 9 
 
 N. B. This regiment confifts of 28 companies including four companies ojgrenad 
 in each of which is, two ferjeants, three corporals, two drums, and 40 private men. 
 
 leri.
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 421 
 
 A DISTRIBUTION OF THE FULL PAY, SUBSISTENCE 
 AND ARREARS OF A REGIMENT OF FOOT OF EIGHT 
 COMPANIES, AGREEABLE TO THE ESTABLISHMENT 
 COMMENCING 25th D E C. 1783. 
 
 
 Full pay 
 Per diem. 
 
 Subfiftcnce 
 Per diem. 
 
 Net clearings 
 Per ann. 
 
 
 ]. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 1. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 1. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 I Colonel and captain 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 82 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 I Lieutenant colonel] 
 and captain J 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I Major and captain 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 6 
 
 47 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 5 Captains, each 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 34 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 I Captain lieutenant 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 J 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 I 
 
 9 
 
 9 Lieutenants, each 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 I 
 
 9 
 
 6 Enfigns, each 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 I Chaplain 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 I Quarter mafter 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 I 
 
 9 
 
 1 Adjutant 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 I Surgeon 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 I Surgeons mate 
 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 J 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 16 Seijeants, each 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 Corporals 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 18 Drummers and 1 
 fifers, each J 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 384 Privates, each 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 Allowance to the , 
 widows [ 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ditto to the capt.^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 at 8s. per diem f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ditto to the colo-i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nel 9s. 4d. J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do. to the agent 4s. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PAY
 
 422 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 PAY OF THE GENERAL AND STAFF OFFICERS ON 
 THE IRISH ESTABLISHMENT OF THE YEAR 1728. 
 
 Ivord lieutenant, deputy juftices, or 
 other chief governor, or governors 
 general of Ireland for all their al- 
 lowances and entertainments 
 
 Two aids de camp each, los. 
 
 Lieutenant general and commander? 
 in chief under the government ^ 
 
 One aid de camp 
 
 One lieutenant general 
 
 Three major generals, il. 6s* 6ld. each 
 
 Eight brigadiers, 20s. each 
 
 Mufter mafter general and clerk of the 
 cheques in full of all allowances and 
 not to receive the day's pay 
 
 Six deputy commiflarys, 8s. each 
 
 Quarter-mafter general 
 
 Adjutant general 
 
 Judge advocate general 
 
 Chyrurgeon general 
 
 Provoft marfhal general 
 
 Phyfician general 
 
 Total B B ■ 
 
 Per diem. 
 1. S. d. 
 
 Per ann 
 1. S. 
 
 d. 
 
 8 I 
 
 3tV 
 
 ^593 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 365 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1460 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 182 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 2 13 
 
 3 19 
 8 
 
 8| 
 
 
 970 
 
 1455 
 2920 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 7 
 
 4I 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 8 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 876 
 
 3^5 
 365 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 1 21 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 121 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 73 
 182 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 45 6 9!: 16550 13 4 
 
 FULL
 
 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 
 
 423 
 
 FULL PAY AND SUBSISTENCE OF A REGIMENT OF HORSE, A 
 REGIMENT OF DRAGOONS, AND A REGIMENT OF FOOT, ON 
 THE IRISH ESTABLISHMENT OP THE YEAR I738. 
 
 HOF 
 
 S E. 
 
 
 D R A C 
 
 N S. 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 T. 
 
 Full pay 
 
 SubulU 
 
 Full pay 
 
 Subfift- 
 
 F 
 
 jU pay 
 
 Subnil- 
 
 per 
 
 cnce per 
 
 
 per 
 
 ence per 
 
 
 
 per 
 
 eiice per 
 
 diem. 
 
 diem. 
 
 
 dicm. 
 
 dii-iii. 
 
 
 c 
 
 icm. 
 
 diem. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 
 1 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 I 18 
 
 I 8 9 
 
 
 Ill 4 
 
 I 3 8 
 
 
 I 
 
 + 
 
 iS 4 
 
 I 5 
 
 19 1 
 
 
 19 4 
 
 14 7 
 
 
 
 
 16 6 
 
 12 7 
 
 I 2 6 
 
 17 II 
 
 
 17 4 
 
 013 I 
 
 
 
 
 13 6 
 
 10 4 
 
 17 
 
 0130 
 
 
 012 4 
 
 092 
 
 
 
 
 9 6 
 
 7 T 
 
 10 6 
 
 080 
 
 
 062 
 
 049 
 
 
 
 
 4 6 
 
 3 4 
 
 086 
 
 068 
 
 
 052 
 
 3 10 
 
 
 
 
 3 6 
 
 2 10 
 
 050 
 
 048 
 
 20 
 
 03c 
 
 029 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 030 
 
 4. 
 
 030 
 
 
 040 
 
 030 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 2 6 
 
 030 
 024 
 
 6 8 
 
 050 
 
 
 6 8 
 
 050 
 
 
 
 
 6 8 
 
 050 
 
 026 
 
 024 
 
 10 
 
 . . 
 
 . . 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 026 
 
 III 
 
 24 
 
 - . 
 
 _ . 
 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 016 
 
 010 
 
 36 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 016 
 026 
 I 8 
 
 I 
 I 7 
 I I 
 
 5(5 
 10 
 87i 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 I 6 
 I 
 
 008 
 I 
 009 
 
 
 
 
 026 
 
 I II 
 
 «4 
 
 1 la 
 
 014 
 
 
 1 10 
 
 014 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 005 
 
 Colonel and captain 
 Lieutenant colonel 
 
 and captain 
 Major and captain 
 Captain — 
 
 Captain lieutenant 
 
 and lieutenant 
 Cornet and enfign 
 Quarter mailer — 
 AHjutant — 
 
 Surgeon — 
 
 Surgeon's mate — 
 Chaplain — 
 
 Kettle drummer — 
 Trumpeter — 
 Haiiibuis — 
 Drummer — 
 Serjeant — 
 
 Corporal — 
 
 Private (g) — 
 
 The officer appointed to pay the troops was ftiled treafurer of 
 war, he had under him diverfe clerks who paid particular bodies ; 
 their pay in the time of Edward I. was is. per diem. What was 
 the pay of the treafurer is not mentioned, the clerks paying artifi- 
 cers had only 6d. 
 
 In the 6th of Henry IV. the Lord Furnivall, and Sir John Pel- 
 ham vverc treafurers of the wars, and certain perfons were appointed 
 to audit their accounts, (h) 
 
 A. D. 1548, I ft of Edward VI. from Patin's account of the 
 expedition toMufll-lborough in Scotland under the duke of Somer- 
 
 (g) Of tlic private men in the foot regiments, 40 men received 6d. per diem full pay, 
 and 4d. per dicm fubfiftence ; 3+0 fcven pence per diem full pay, and five pence per dicm 
 fubfillciice. 
 
 In tiic eftabiifhment of the year 1728, the offices of adjutant and quarter matter were 
 held by one perlbn, who had 4s. per diem full pay. || (h) Rot. Pail, in anno. 
 
 Vol. I. I i i f<-'f>
 
 424 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 fet, we learn that Syr Raufe Sadclyr, knight, was treafurer of the 
 army, but what were his allowances for that office, is not there 
 mentioned. 
 
 A. D. 15S7, 29th Elizabeth, Sir Thomas Shirley, knight, was 
 appointed treafurer of the army in the Low Countries, with allow- 
 ance of il. 6s. 8d. per diem, for his own diet. For his vice trea- 
 furer los. and for three paymafters 6s. 8d. per diem each, with 
 allowance for portage of ten pounds in the thoufand, out of all 
 fuch fums as fliould come into his hands, with all fuch profits and 
 advantages as were enjoyed by the late treafurer, Richard Huddle- 
 flone, Efq. (i) In the 39th of the fame reign, William Meredith, 
 Gent, was appointed to the fame office, under the title of paymafter, 
 he was bound to find fecurity foi' the fums with which he Ihould 
 be entrufted. (k) 
 
 In Rymer A. D. 1638, 14 Charles I. is the king's commiflion, 
 appointing Sir William Uvedale, knight, treafurer of war for the 
 army intended againll: the Scots, with an allovvance of 40s. per diem 
 for his own diet, and for all fuch fums of money as fliould pafs 
 through his hands, the hundredth penny to be paid by tiiofe who 
 received money of him, for a deputy 6s. 8d. per diem, four clerks, 
 each 2S. and one meflenger at i2d. per diem. 
 
 The next year another commiffion was iffued, when the allow- 
 ance for money paffing through the hands of the paymafter was 
 raifed, from the hundreth penny, or il. in the hundred to 12I. los. 
 for every thoufand pounds coming into his hands, for portage 
 money. His own daily pay for diet was the fame as before, but he 
 was allowed two deputies, fix clerks, and one melfenger, all paid 
 as before. 
 
 (i) Rymer vol. 16. p. 5. 
 
 (k) See Rymer in anno. By the above commKTion Sir Thomas Shirley wis to receive 
 and yfiue all fuch our treafure, as ihall be ymploycd about the chardges of coates, conduct 
 money, tranfportation, and the monthlye payment of fuche foldiers as are, and Hiall be 
 tranfported out of this our realme, and fuch others as doc or (hall fervc in the faid Lowe 
 Coimtryes under our paye. 
 
 Thb
 
 THE E N G L I S H A R M Y. 425 
 
 The falaries and allowances of the paymafter general of the 
 year 1782, are Hated in the fixtli report of the commiflloners ap- 
 pointed to examine the public accounts of the kingdom, prefented 
 in that year. 
 
 The paymafler general (it is there faid) is appointed by letters 
 patent under the great feal, during pleafurej he receives four an- 
 nual allowances as paymafter general of the forces, and one as 
 treafurer of Chelfea hofpital : The four are, three thoufand pounds 
 as the particular falary belonging to his office ; one thoufand feven 
 hundred and fixty pounds for the payment of clerks ; fix hundred 
 pounds for contingent expences of his office, and twenty fliillings 
 a day as cue of the flaff upon the eflablilhment ; the other allow- 
 ance is twenty ihiilings a day as treafurer of Chelfea hofpital. 
 The amount of thefe allowances is fix thoufand and ninety-two 
 pounds : out of which he paid for himfelf and officers in taxes, 
 nine hundred and fixty-two pounds, nineteen {hillings and nine- 
 pence ; to clerks one thoufand (even hundred and feven pounds ; 
 and for the contingent difburfements of his office, three hundred 
 and fixty pounds, feven fliillings and eight pence ; making together 
 three thoufand and thirty pounds, feven fliillings and five pence; 
 which reduced his clear receipt to three thoufand and fixty-onc 
 pounds, twelve fliillings and feven-pence." 
 
 Ample as this allowance may appear, it makes but a fmall part 
 of the emoluments of a paymafter general, in comparifon with 
 thofe accruing from the lai-ge funis conftantly remaining in 
 their hands, and the vaft balances retained by them for many 
 years, even after they have refigned their offices. " We procured, 
 (fay the commiffioncrs before mentioned) from the Pay-office, ac- 
 counts of the balances and funis received and paid every year by 
 each of thefe paymaftcrs (1) fince they went out of office ; a com- 
 
 (I) Lord Holland refigned tliis officG, in 1765; Mr. Charles Townflicnil in 1-66 i 
 Lord North and Mr. Cooke in 1767; Mr. Cooks and Mr. Thomas Tcwnihcnd, in 
 1768. 
 
 putatioii
 
 426 H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 putatlon of intereft, at 4 per cent, per annum, upon thcfc balances 
 every year, from fix months after they feverally refigned the office, 
 proves that the lofs by the money left in the hands of Lord Hol- 
 land, amounts at fimple intereft to 248,394!. 13s. of Mr. Charles 
 Tovvnfliend, to 24,2471. 3s. of Lord North and Mr. Cooke to 
 18,775!. 3s. of Mr. Cooke and Mr. Tho. Townfliend 3,419!. 15s. 
 Total 249,8361. 14s. 
 
 The deputy paymafter has a clear yearly income of 962I. los. 
 He is appointed by the paymafter general, who has the nomination 
 of all the officers and clerks employed in his office. 
 
 There are befides in the paymafter general's office, the fix fol- 
 lowing lucrative departments, whofe net annual emoluments arc 
 thus ftated in the before cited report, (m) 
 
 The cafliier - - - - 
 
 The accountant . - - 
 
 The ledger keeper - - - - 
 
 The computer of off-reckonings 
 The cafliier of half pay - - _ 
 
 The entering clerk _ - « 
 
 The deputy paymafters abroad are paid an allowance) fix of 
 them thirty fliillings a day, and three of them three pounds a day. 
 They have befides many very confiderable known fees and emolu- 
 ments, befides private advantages. 
 
 (m) From the account in the appendix, it appears that the grofs amount of the emo- 
 luments received in this office, was 25,108!. 19s. id. The nett amount 23,561!. is. 8d. 
 The fum of 13,450!. received for falaries and allowances was paid by the public: The 
 fum of 1 15573!. 195. id. for fees and gratuities, was paid by individuals. 
 
 Sixth Report, p. 85. 
 
 1. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 8,389 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 2,715 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 529 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 1,038 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 583 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 1,498 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 End of the First Volume.
 
 ( 427 ) 
 
 INDEX 
 
 TO THE 
 
 FIRST 
 
 VOLUME. 
 
 :^^^ 
 
 A 
 
 XX B B E Y of Holm Coltram repaired, 327 
 
 Account of Roger de Waltham, keeper of 
 the great wardrobe, temp. Ed. II. 328 
 
 Adjutant or aide major, when introduced, 
 316 — his duties, 317 
 
 Aketon, 125 
 
 Anfpefade, lancefpefata, or lance corporal, 
 the origin of, 312. 
 
 Archers on horfcback, their pay, 330 — 
 Ditto on foot, ibid. — Drefs of the ancient 
 archers, p. 147 — Earl of ElTex attempts 
 to raifc a corps of archers, 149 — To 
 proted them from the cavalry, the ancient 
 archers carried pointed Hakes, which they 
 placed llopingly before them, ibiJ. 
 
 Armies, Saxon, how formed, 2. — Armed 
 3. — Saxon puniliimcnt for cowardice, 
 ibid. 
 
 Army f- nt to Ireland, 36 Edward III. 
 pay of, 3^2 — Ditto of the army, and 
 artillviv,and .irtKiccrs, raifcd A. 1). 1639, 
 by '\,r.' Charles I. againft the Scots, 
 370, J.ul 372 
 
 Vol. 1. K 
 
 Armour and weapons directed by law, 
 temp. Hen. II. to be kept by perfons of 
 different degrees, with regulations made 
 refpedling them, 11 — Aflize of, 13 Ed- 
 ward I. called flatuteof Winchefter, 12 — 
 Repealed ift. of Philip and Mary with re- 
 gulations then made, 13, &c. — Different 
 forts of armour and weapons explained, 
 fee notes, 13, &c. — Armour plate, when 
 firft in general ufe, 105 
 
 Armourers, pay of, 330 
 
 Arms, men at, tlu-jr pay, 338 
 
 Arms fpare, to fupply an army, valued by 
 ertimation, 370 
 
 Array, writ of, 67 
 
 Arrayers, their office, 204 
 
 Arrows, of what wood, 144 — How fea- 
 thered, ibid. 
 
 Arrow heads, to be made of the flooks of 
 anchors, 144 — To be marked with the 
 names of the makers, 145 
 
 Artillery companv, account of, 1 5^, 193 
 
 Aficnibiing the national forces, mode of, 65 
 
 Atillaior, 328 ' 
 
 Auditor gcncial, 270 
 
 k B A C I.
 
 •s 
 
 1 N D 
 
 X. 
 
 B 
 
 B A CI NET, 125. 
 
 Jianneiet, 2c6 — Pny of, 324. 
 
 UuiJed horfes, wliat, the term cxpbineJ, 
 105 
 
 Bayonets, when fii ft introduced, iSi — 
 Anecdote refpecling them, 182 
 
 Dell, the hcil in any town, taken from the 
 enemy, the perquifite ot the m.iller gun- 
 ner and his company, 237 
 
 Bever, 105 
 
 Bidi'^p of Norwich, indents to fcrve King 
 Richard II. a whole year in France, with 
 25QO men at arms and 2500 archers, 58 
 
 Bi(hops, frequently commanded armies, and 
 fought like private troopers in the ranks, 
 ufing the mace, in order to evade the 
 prohibition of the fv\ord — Story of Philip 
 de Dre\jx bifl^op of Beauvais, 70 
 
 Black or brown bill, 129 
 
 Bow, long, when firft introduced into the 
 Englifh army, 140 — Laws and regula- 
 tions rcfpciling it, 141, c<:c. — Prices of 
 bows, 143— Range of an arrow iliot from 
 a long bow, 143 — Force with which it 
 will ftrike an objecf, ib. — Two conimif- 
 fions granted by King Charles I. for en- 
 forcing the ufe of the long bow, 148 — 
 An archer having pronounced the word 
 FAST, before he Ihot, was not liable to 
 any punilhment although he fliould by 
 accident kill a man, 152 
 Brabancons, Provencales, Coterelii and 
 Flemmings, mercenary troops frequently 
 hired by our Kings, 56 
 Brigadeer or corporal, 322. 
 
 CaLIVER, a lighter kind of muflcet 
 
 fired without a reft, 164 
 Captain general, his fuitc, &c. 241 
 
 Captain and keeper of the marches of Cum- 
 berland, his pay, 328. 
 Carriage mafter general, liis duty, 259 
 Curpcnter, pny of, 327 
 Carnidgcs, when introduced, 178 
 Cavalry, ancient, divided into conllabu- 
 laries, and commanded by officers flilcd 
 conflables, 20; 
 Cavalry, officers of, commanded the infan- 
 try in the field, 243 — Regulations be- 
 tween the officers of cavalry and ihofe of 
 infantry tefpeifling command, 243 
 Chafron or Chainfrein, its ufe, loi — Con- 
 trived to prevent horfes feeing right before 
 them, ibid. 
 Charges made by the provoft marflial V'an 
 Velthovens, for executing raparees In 
 Ireland, 252, 253 — Objections to the 
 faid accounts, and depofitions refpefling 
 them, 256, ». 
 City trained bands, their origin, 193 — Ac- 
 count of them, iq6, 197 
 Clergy of all denominations diredled by the 
 king's writ to be arrayed, armed, and 
 regimented, 67 — P'orbitldcn to hold a 
 convocation when the king was with the 
 army, and they fummoned to perform 
 their feudal fcrvice, 6 — Their livings af- 
 felTed to find armour. So, n. — Queen 
 Elizabeth, by her letter dirtdcd to the 
 bilhop of Chefter "to contribute to the 
 railing of horfe for the affillance of the 
 Hollanders, 80 
 Clerk of a company, 316 
 Combuftible compofitions for burning 
 liQufes or fhips, fixed on the heads of 
 arrows, and (hot with long bows, 146 
 Commons petition that the Sire de Fourni- 
 vall may be repaid the money advanced 
 to preferve the credit of Prince John, and 
 to pay his troops, 334 
 Conftable, high, his allowances, 217 — Of 
 PVance, his privileges, &c. ibid, and 221 
 
 Conftable,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 429 
 
 Conflublc, pay of, &c. 217, 323, 325 
 
 ConcJuit monev, 324 
 
 Conrtilutional forte fooii after the con- 
 
 qiicfl, 8 
 Crcft--, 103 
 Criminals, pardoned on condition of ferving 
 
 ill the king's army abroad, -.f. 
 Criniere or main fairc, 105 
 Crofs bow, its origin, 155 — Different forts, 
 
 '157- 
 
 Crofs bowmen, how drefled and anncd, 157 
 — Their pay, 126 
 
 Croupieres and flancois, 105 
 
 Cuirafle, what, ic6 
 
 Curaifier, how armed, 107, 318, 319 
 
 Centenary, pav of, 32; — Not having a war 
 horfe, ibid. 
 
 Chaplains, pay of, 329, &c. 
 
 Corporals of the field, their duty, 269 
 
 Corporal or caporal, his title, whence de- 
 rived, 31 1 — A corporal might correiSt the 
 foldiers with his fword or mufket reft, iiis 
 duty, ibid. — Lance corporal, 312 
 
 Courtezans of tiie duke of Alva's army, 
 divided into feveral fquadrons, under cap- 
 taineffes and alfera's or (he cornets, and 
 according to their beauty allotted to the 
 officers of different ranks, 262 
 
 CouHrel, etymology of, 116, « (a) 
 
 Crycrs, pay of, 329 
 
 D 
 
 D E M I. L A U N C E, pay of, 337 
 
 Different kinds of troops of which our ar- 
 mies confuted, foon after the conqucft, 
 lOI, &c. 
 
 Ditchers and their vingtcners, pay of, 327 — 
 Pay of the women aHifting the ditciicrs, 
 ibid. 
 
 Dragoons, the captain, lieutenant, and gui- 
 don, how armed and mounted, 319 — 
 
 Kk 
 
 Difference between the cornet and gui- 
 don, ibid. 
 
 Draughting of regiments detrimental to the 
 fervice, 185, n. 
 
 Drefs of ancieiit archers, 14.7 
 
 Dreux, Philip do, bifhop of Beauvais, a ftory 
 told of him by Mathew Paris, 70 
 
 Droits and fees of the marifchall as claimed 
 by Thoinas de Brotherton, 225 — Ditto 
 from a MS. in the Cotton library, 225, 
 n. (1) — His charge over the liarlots of the 
 court, and remarkable punilhment infli:l- 
 ed on interlopers, 23?, n. (m) 
 
 Drum major, 313 — Drum major general of 
 the king's forces, his cominillion, 314, 
 «. (s) — Drummer not originally cm- 
 ployed to inflidl the fcntences of courts 
 martial, 315, and n. (u) 
 
 Duke of Alva's arrangement of the courte- 
 zans following his army in the Nether- 
 lands, 262 
 
 Durham, bifhop of, his pay, 3;^ 
 
 r!j A R L, pay of, 330 
 
 Elizabeth, Qiieen, her inflruflions for the 
 execution of a commiffion directed to the 
 jultices of the peace, for a general mufler 
 and trayning of all manner of perfons 
 liable for the wars to fervc ,as well on 
 horfeback as on foot, 81 — Her regulation 
 refpe^ting the proportions of hartjuebufiers 
 and archers in every hundred footmen, 90 
 
 Engineer, pay of, 326 — .Mailer engineer, 
 
 327 
 
 Enligns (colours), difgraccs that may hap- 
 pen to them, 229 — Of the right ufc and 
 ordering of them, v\ith the pollures and 
 flouriihes thereunto belongintr, 303 
 
 Enfigns, V'ere, on their dignity, 296 
 
 Efquirc, pay of, 325, 329, 335 
 k a Ertimatc
 
 430 
 
 N D 
 
 X. 
 
 Eftlmate for the raifing, equipment and pay 
 of a royal at my, to be raifed for the re- 
 covery of the Palatinate, A. D. 1620. 
 351, &c. 
 
 A EE, a knight's, 5 
 
 Fenclble corps, 192 — Their rank, ibid. 
 
 Feudal fcrvices, regulations refpetfling them, 
 7, 8/ 
 
 Fifers different from vvhiflcrs, 314 — Long 
 laid afide, and revived about the year, 
 1745, 316. 
 
 Firelock or fnaphance, when introduced, 175 
 
 Forage mafter general, 269 
 
 Foot armed with acketons and bacinetts, 
 pay of, 329 
 
 Full pay, fabfifience, and arrears of the horfe 
 and grenadier guards, 416, 417 — Of the 
 horfe guards blue, 418 — Dragoons, 419 
 — Foot guards, 420 — And foot on the 
 Englifh eftablifliment, 421 — Full pay, 
 fubfiftence, and arrears of a regiment of 
 liorfe, one of dragoons, and one of foot on 
 the Irilh eftablilhment, 423 — The flaff 
 officers on theEnglidi eftablithment, 415 
 —Ditto Irifh, 422 — Fufileers, what, 177 
 
 GaMBESONS what, lor 
 Gentlemen penfioners, ordinances and fla- 
 tutes made for their government by King 
 Henry VIII. 115 — Their oath, 119 — 
 Pay for felves and retinue, 117 — Dif- 
 banded and re-eftabliflied ona fmaller pay, 
 121 — Sufpended and re-embodied, 122 
 
 New orders by King James II. ibid. 
 
 Gentlemen penfioners to be advanced 
 
 to commiflions in the army preferable to 
 all other perfons whatfoever, 214 — Prefent 
 uniform and eftablifliment, ibid. 
 
 \ Gentlemen of a company, 312 
 Gifarme, 126 
 Grenadiers, when firfl inftituted, 180 
 Goujats or foldiers boys, 261, «. 
 Gunpowder fprinklcd with aqua vitxor cla- 
 ret wine, 1 7 1 
 Gunners, pay of, 330 
 
 H 
 
 HaLBERT, 136 
 
 Hand guns, or hangc guns, firft introduced 
 into England, their length fettled by zSt 
 of parliament, 162 
 
 Harbinger or herbergcr, his duty, 249 
 
 Harquebus, pillol, petrinal, and mufket dc- 
 fcribed, 162, n. 
 
 Harquebufiers, how defenfively armed, 165 
 
 Hauberk in France peculiarly appropriated 
 
 to perfons poffefled of certain feignuries 
 called fiefs d'haubert, 101 
 
 Helmet, 102 
 
 High conftable, his power and allowances, 
 217 — High conftable of France his pri- 
 vileges, &c. ibid, and 221 
 
 Highland or 42d regiment, its origin and 
 ftory, 183 
 
 Hobiler, 107 — Error refpefling their firft 
 inftitution, log — The name loft, ibid.^ 
 Arms and appointments, ibid. — Pay of, 
 326, 329 
 
 Horfes for public fervice, to be kept by per- 
 fons of diff"erent degrees or eftates^ ir, 
 12, 13, &c. 
 
 J ACK, acketon, and bacinet, what, 125 
 Jewels of the crown pledged by King Henry 
 
 V. as fecurity for the regular payment of 
 
 his troops, 73 
 Indenture, a mode of raifing troops, 57— 
 
 Form of one, 72, n. (c) — Bifhop of 
 
 Norwich
 
 N D E X. 
 
 43' 
 
 Norwich indents with King Ricliard II. 
 
 58 — Another indenture, between King 
 
 Henry V. and the duke of Clarence, 335 
 
 — Heniy Le Scroope, 336 — Henry Vll. 
 
 and George earl of Kent, 337 
 Infantry, at and foon after tlie conqucft, how 
 
 formed ard armed, 125 
 Invalids, igi 
 Judge advocate general, for the kingdoms of 
 
 Suez, FeZ; and Morocco, his commifTion, 
 
 272 
 Judge marflial or auditor general, 270 
 
 K 
 
 Ia-ING James I. his ironical praife of 
 
 armour, 104, k. (e) 
 Knight, his fee, 5 — Armour, loi — Pay, 
 
 330 — Ancient knights frequently carried 
 
 two fwords, 104, «. (f ) 
 
 1-<AUNCE 106 — Launders or demi- 
 
 launce, arms, and appointments of, 1C9 
 Lance corporal or lancepefata, 312 
 Leaders and fub leaders of Welch foot, pay 
 
 of. 329> 330 
 
 Lieutenants appointed to the different coun- 
 ties, 80 
 
 Light dragoons, the firft regiment of, raifed 
 1746, 1 14 — A light troop added to each 
 regiment of dragoons, ibid. 
 
 M 
 
 Mallet or mell of arms, 131 — 
 Ufedbythe Englilh archers, 132 — Me- 
 morable combat fought in Bretagne, be- 
 tween thirty Kii,:;ii(h cliampions and tlic 
 like number of Frenchmen, 133 
 
 Marc, to be mounted on one held dilhonor- 
 ablc, 107, n. (n) 
 
 Marines, their inftitutlon, 187 
 Mafons, pay of, 330 
 Match cafes, 170 
 
 Marifcli.il or marlhal, antiquity of that of- 
 fice, 224 — Droits and fees claimed by 
 Thomas de Brotherton, 225 — Ditto 
 from a AIS. in the Co'ton library, 225, 
 >!. (1) — Marifclials charge over the hailots 
 at court, and remarkable punishment of 
 intruders, 230, n. (m) 
 
 Maficrs general of the ordnance, fuccefl'ion 
 of, 239 
 
 Militia inQituted by Charles II. laws and 
 regulations thereof, 20, &c. — How ar- 
 med, 27 — Proportions of the aflcfiment 
 for their pay, 29 — Militia, new, number 
 of men to be raifed in the different coun- 
 ties, 35, and note — Laws refpeiSing it, 
 45, &c. — Notion that the embodied mili- 
 tia were not liable to be commanded by 
 any officer of the regular forces under the 
 rank of a general, confidcred and con- 
 futed, 52 «. (h) 
 
 Miners, pay of, 330 
 
 Mifericorde, 104 
 
 Morris or moorifh pike, the invention of 
 it falfely attributed to prince Maurice, 135 
 
 Mutiny aafirft pafTed, A..D. 1689— Not 
 always immediately renewed, 65, n. (o) 
 
 N 
 
 IN A K E D or unarmed footj^iay of, 329 
 Navy of Queen Elizabeth, 1 30, &c. and 
 
 nole (x) 
 Norman laws refpe«5ting feudal fervice, 4 
 
 Ordnance, Rauf Bigod firft maf- 
 
 terof, 231 — Different officers of the ord- 
 nance, temp. Richard III. 232 — Efla- 
 bhlhmcnt of ditto, A. D. 1557, 232, 
 
 ». CO
 
 432 
 
 I N D 
 
 ;;. (r) — Mafler of theorJnance, his duty, 
 233 — King Williain III. his letter refpecl- 
 ing certain perquifites ot the cominanding 
 officer of the ordnance, 237 — SucceiFion 
 cf mafters general, 231 
 Ordonnance of the King of France when 
 he goes with tlie army, 221 
 
 Pages, 330 
 
 Pay of, earls, barons, bannerets, knights, 
 efquires, paunceners, centenaries, vingt- 
 ners, archers on horfcback and foot, with 
 the other officers, foldiers, and artilicers of 
 an army, temp. Edward T. 330 
 
 Pay of an army of King Edward II. raifed 
 againft the Scots, A. D. 329, 330 — Of 
 the army of King Edward III. before 
 Calais, ibid, and 331 — Of the army fent 
 to Ireland 36 Edward III. 332 — Of the 
 army at St.Quintyn's, A.D. 1557, temp. 
 Philip and Mary, 339— Pay of the officers 
 of the companies appointed for fervice in 
 the year 1588, 347 — Of the army in Ire- 
 land under the earlofEflex, A. D. 1598, 
 349— Eftimate of the expences of an 
 army to be raifed for the recovery of the 
 Palatinate, temp. James I. 1620, 351 — 
 Of the army raifed by Charles I. A. D. 
 1639 againft the Scots, 370 — Pay of the 
 parliamentary troops, A. D. 1647, 378 — 
 Pay of the army, garrifons, &c. A. D. 
 1659,381. 
 
 Paymafter genera', 425, — His office, 426 
 
 Pay of the Hrft troop of horfe-guards, 416 
 — Firft troop of grenadier guards, 417 — 
 Horfe-guards, blue, 418 — Firft regiment 
 of dragoon guards, 419 — Firft regiment 
 of foot guards, 420 — A regiment of foot 
 421. 
 
 Phyficians, pay of, 329 
 
 E X. 
 
 Pioneers, captai.T of, his duty, 263 — Sol- 
 diers made to fcrvc as pioneers, as a pu- 
 nilhment for milbehavioiir, pafliige in 
 Shakefpeare refpeding pioneers expiained, 
 ibid. 
 
 Pikemen how armed, 138 — E:Iabiilhed 
 prices of pikemcns armour anU weapons, 
 
 139 
 Plan of this work, fee advertifement 
 
 Plaftron, loi 
 
 Poitrinal, 105 
 
 Pole-ax, 128 
 
 Pofle comitatus, wliat, g 
 
 Prelling for foldiers, praclifed under Queen 
 Elizabeth, ico — Argument againlt it as 
 ufually executed, 100, n- (t) 
 
 Prick fpur, 103 
 
 Prince, pay of, 330 
 
 Printer of the London €vei\ing port cor- 
 rected, 114, n. (x) 
 
 Proviand mnfter, his office, cuftom of paying 
 by proviand, Sir John Smythe's objcciions 
 to it, 266 
 
 Provoft marfhal, his duty, 249 — Provoft 
 marfhal. Van V^ehhoven's charges for 
 executing raparees in Ireland, 2^2 note— 
 For a new gallows, 253 — for whipping, 
 ibid. — This account objeiled to, depo- 
 fition of Johannes HofFelingh relpecling 
 Velthoveii's troop, 256, «. — Of Zyrach 
 Gout and John Goedort refpeding the 
 fame,and his gift to his concubine Airs. 
 \'alentiiie, ibid. 
 
 Punifliment of appearing at a tournament 
 with falfe proofs of nobility, log, '/. (n) 
 
 Q U I N T Y N, St. lift of the army that 
 ferved there A. D. 1557, with their pay, 
 
 339 
 
 QLiarrels
 
 I N D 
 
 Quarrels fhot from crofs bows and guns, 
 
 157 
 Quartcrmafler of horfe, 319 — Should un- 
 derhand caftrametation, ibid. 
 
 X. 
 
 433 
 
 R 
 
 AX. A I S I N G forces at the county's 
 
 charge, 75 
 Reformadoes, 312 
 Regards, 336. 
 Regiments, parliamentary, difbanded and 
 
 raifed for the fervice of King Charles II . 
 
 60, ». (q) 
 Royal or ift rcpiment of foot, hirtory of, 61, 
 
 n. (r) ftlled Pontius Pilate's guards, 61 
 Royal IrlHi or 18th regiment, a fingular 
 
 flory of them, 63, n. (t) 
 Ruptarii, routers or ryters, foreign cavalry 
 
 occafionally hired by our kings, 56 
 
 O AXON laws refpe£)ing perfons obliged 
 to bear arms, and perform public fervices, i 
 
 Schedule or proportion of uienfils, &c. to 
 attend the 20 pieces of ordnance for the 
 army to be raifed for the recovery of the 
 Palatinate, 3O6 
 
 Scow[ mailer, his duty, 258 
 
 Scijtunt, I he dcfcripiion and duty of, 308 
 — A ferjoaiit may corre<5l the foldicrs with 
 his halbert and fAord, ibid. > 
 
 Serjeants at arms raifed by King Ric^hard I. 
 as his body guard, 199 — How armed, 
 their pay and allowances, ibid. — Com- 
 plained of by the commons, 200 — Num- 
 bers iiave varied, 202 — Prefent number, 
 202 — Pay, 326 
 
 Serjeant major, duties of, 244 
 
 Servieiites, ici 
 
 Shicf of arrows, 144 
 
 Shield, 102 
 
 Silk gown, French hood, velvet bonnet, &c. 
 worn by the wives of under a certain 
 rank or eftate, fubjefled their hufbands to 
 find a horfe for the fervice of the coun- 
 try, 17 
 
 Simnel Dominical, 217, n. (p)— Salted 
 Simnel, ibid. 
 
 Smiths, pay of, 330 
 
 Soldario ad arma, pay of, 330 
 
 Soldier, 325— EnllileJ for three years only, 
 in the army ferving under the duke of 
 Marlborough, 99 Clanfe in the mu- 
 tiny ail authorifmg fuch inlifting, 100, 
 ft. (s) — Soldiers of the garrifon of the 
 cnfllcs on the frontiers of Picardy, petition 
 that they may be paid at the exchequer 
 at Calais, and not be obliged to come 
 over to England to receive their pay, 335 
 — Soldier ileparting from the army in 
 time of war without the king's licence, 
 felony, without benefit of clergy, and may 
 be tried by the jufiices of every (I'.irc, 65 
 
 Standing army, growth of, 56, >i. (k)— 
 Mercenary troops always found in the 
 Englilh armies and garrifons, 56 
 
 Staff or fuite of a captain general, the higii 
 marifchall, general of horfcmen, and ge- 
 neral of footmen, 341 
 
 Spears, fee gentlemen penfioners 
 
 Sprites (lion wooden arrows ufed on fliip- 
 buard, 165 
 
 Staff officers, 316 — Staff and general officers 
 on the Englilh eilablillimcnt, 415 — On 
 the Irifh, 422 
 
 Stakes, iharp pointed, carried by archers, 
 149. 
 
 Surgeons, very few in ancient armies, 275 
 — Only thirteen with that of King Henry 
 V^ in France, their pay, 275 — Low ftalc 
 of furgcry in the I'jih century, 273 
 n. (u) — Orders for prefTmg — furgcons 
 
 and
 
 43+ 
 
 N D 
 
 and artificers to make their inftruments, 
 
 5-75 
 Swines or Svveedifli feather, a contrivance to 
 
 defend mufketeers againft cavalry, 165 
 
 T. 
 
 1 E NT-Makers, pay of, 330 
 
 Trenfurer of the army, his duty, 246 
 
 Trench maf^er, his duty, 258 
 
 Troops paid in advance, 337 
 
 Trophy-money, 32, and n. (b) 
 
 Trumpeter, formerly not allowed to wear 
 any ofFenfive arms, unlefs a fword with 
 the point broken ; the form of his trum- 
 pet, banner and furniture, 318, 319 
 
 Turner, Sir James, his lift of officers of a 
 troop of horfe, 319 
 
 V. 
 
 Valentine, Mrs. lady of plea- 
 fure to AfTarias Velthoven, his gifts to 
 her, 256, n. 
 
 Valets, young gentlemen of rank and for- 
 tune, not knighted, 325 
 
 E X. 
 
 Vingtner, what, pay, 329, 330-fcVIngtncl 
 
 of crofs bows, pay of, 326 
 Vifor, 105 
 
 W. 
 
 W E LCH foot, pay of, 329, 330 
 Whifflers, 241, n. (a) — Different from 
 
 fifers, 314 
 Women employed to afTift the ditchers, 
 327 — Their pay, ibid. — ^Vomen follow- 
 ing the army, how ranged or ordered on 
 a march, 261 — '^V'omen riding on horfe- 
 back, fometimes divided into companies 
 commanded by female marrtials,. called 
 in Germany, Hureweibles, or marfhals 
 of the whores, with a ftandard carried 
 before them, ibid. 
 
 Y, 
 
 Yeoman of the guard, when firft 
 eflabliflied, their fize and quality, 202 — 
 Drefs and arms, 203 — Sometimes car- 
 ried bows and arrows, fometimes fire- 
 arms, occafionally mounted on horfeback. 
 fee a print of one, 203 — Their duty, 204 
 — Prefent number, officers, arms, pay, 
 and clothing, ibid. 
 
 DIRECT! 
 
 N S to the BINDER. 
 
 
 
 Kormih foldier Page 
 
 lOt 
 
 Croflc bowe 
 
 
 P'gt ^55 
 
 Horfcmcns arms and accoutrements — 
 
 107 
 
 Infantry 
 
 
 »65 
 
 Ancient Dragoon — — 
 
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 MufVctccrs 
 
 ■ 
 
 17a 
 
 Hotlc guard and light horferoen 
 
 J14 
 
 Highland officers and ferjeants 
 
 
 •83 
 
 Officer of pike men — 
 
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 '38 
 
 
 
 .84 
 
 >47 
 
 
 
 *o^ 
 
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