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X HE defign of this work being to give an hiftorical and chronological detail of the different conftituent parts of the Englifh army, from the conquell to the prefent time, with the various changes they have fucceflively undergone ; for the fake of method, they will be arranged, and confidered under the following heads. A BRIEF account of the Anglo Saxon army before the battle of Haftings. The general outlines of that part of the feudal fyilem which refpe£ts military fervice, inilituted by William I. The conllitutional force of this kingdom fliortly after the Norman invafion, with the. fubfequent re- gulations relative thereto. Of llipcndiary, or mercenary troops. Of troops, provifion, and munition, levied by the Royal Prerogative* Vol. I. A The 1C45211 IV ADVERTISEMENT. The modes of fummoning the military tenants. The forms of. afTembling the poll'e comitatus. Of embodying, and arming the clergy. Commlffions of array. Methods of engaging for troops by indenture, and other occafional ex- pedients pratSlifcd for levying foldiers in cafes of emergency. The different kinds of troops of which our armies have from time to time been compofed. Their arms offenfive and defenfive, the divifion of the ancient forces into troops and companies, the number and denomination of their offi- cers, with the fucceffive alterations to the prefent time. The general field and ftaff officers of different ranks. The ancient manner of muftering the troops, and appre- ciating the horfes of the cavalry, with the prices allowed for them. The pay of the officers and foldiers at different periods. Cloathing, quarters, callrametation, colours, ftandards, and military^ mufick, exercife, evolutions and manoeuvres. Administration of jullice, and the various manners of trying military delinquents. The military laws and ordon- nances of different reigns. Obfervations on the prefent articles of war. Mihtary rewards and punifliments. Artillery. The ancient machines ufed for proje£ting darts and (tones, their conilruftion, power, and ranges. The machines impelled by human force. Thofe contrived for covering troops employed in a fiege. The Greek fire, and other artificial fireworks. Gunpowder, with an invefiigation of ADVERTISEMENT. v of the time when and by whom it was invented. Propor- tions obferved at different times in the materials of which it is compounded. The invention of cannons and mortars, with their improvements. The introduction of hand guns of different forts and denominations. Fortification. The ancient manner of attack and defence of towns, forts and caftles before the ufe of gun- powder ; alterations and improvements lince that invention. Mines, and infernals. The laws and cuftoms refpe£ling prifoners of war, their parole, and ranfome. These are the different articles under which the author propofes to conduct his enquiry ; an undertaking it muft be confeffed of no fmall magnitude ; but as the due execution of it will depend more on induftry than genius, he flatters himfclf a degree of patience and application, a great liking for the fubjeft, and many years praftical experience in di- verfe branches of it, will enable him to complete his un- dertaking, if not in a manner equal to his wiflies, at leaft fo as to efcape the accufation of temerity for the attempt, and he farther hopes, that his endeavours may excite fome more able writer to take up the fubje6t. ■ It may be neceffary to obferve, that aUho' the number of references to culloms and ufages obferved in France, brought as proofs of like practices in England, may' at firil fight be deemed incompetent evidence ; yet when it is confidered, that VI ADVERTISEMENT. that the Conqueror would undoubtedly, with the feudal fy- llem, introduce all the other Norman cuftoms into his Eng- lifh army ; and when we recoUeft the intimate connexion that Ions: fubfiiled between the two nations, and that mod of our great barons were formerly pofleiTed of eftates and feigneuries in both countries, with the number of French troops that ferved in the Englifli armies, this objeftion will vanifli, and the propriety of the introduction become appa- rent. Indeed the fimilarity of military ufages was not con- fined to France and England ; the number of different na- tions affembled by the crufades could not fail of making the military curtoms, arms, machines and difcipline pretty much ahke throughout Europe. As many records and other authorities are cited In fup- port of afTertions, in which the mere word of the author ought not to be taken as fufficient proof, fuch of them as cannot be conveniently Inferted in the notes, will be placed at the end of each volume, under the title of Appendix. HISTORY HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH ARMY. Although in the following work, I propofe to commence my inveftigations from the period immediately fucceeding the Nor- man invafion, it will throw fome light on the fubjc6l, briefly to defcribe the military eftablilhment of the Anglo Saxons, at, and about the time of that event. By the Saxon laws, every freeman of an age capable of bearing arms, and not incapacitated by any bodily infirmity, was, in cafe of a foreign invafion, internal infurredlion, or other emergency, obliged to join the army, that being one of the three fervices com- prifcd under the title of the trinoda ncceflltas ; thcfe were, attend- ing pcrfonally in war for the defence of the nation, working at, and Vol. I. B con- a HISTORYOF contributing to the building of tlie publick caftles and fortrefles, and repairing bridges and highways. In forming their armies the following regulations were obferved : all fuch as were qualified to bear arms in one family, were led to the field by the head of that, family. Every ten families made a tything, which was commanded by the borfholder, in his military capacity ftiled condu6tor. Ten tythings conftituted an hundred; the Ibldiers of each hundred were led by the chief magiftrate of the hundred, fometimes called the hundredary. Several hundreds formed a trything, (a) which was commanded by the officer, cal- led a trything-man ; and the force of the country or fliire, was^ commanded by the hertoch, dux, or duke, and he by the king, or aa officer called the kynings hold, i. e. the king's lieutenant or general,, which office lafted only during the war. In times of peace, or when the king did not think it neceflary to have a general, the militia remained under the command of the dukes of each county. Every landholder was obliged to keep armour and weapons ac- cording to his rank and pofTeffions ; thefe he might neither fell,, lend, nor pledge, nor e\*cn alienate from his heirs-. In order to. inftruft them in the ufe of arms, they had their ftated times for performing their military exercife ; and once in a. year, ufually ini the fpring, there was a general review of arms, throughout each, county. The clergy were exempted from perfonal military fervlces, not only as being contrary to their profeflion, but likewife that they, might the better attend to their religious duties. Their eflates,. (a) Corruptly in Yorkfhire called a ryding, from the fimilarlty of found; the eaft;, "north, and weft ridings, really meaning the call north and weft trythings. This officer was defied by the hundred, at their publick court, where they met armed,, and every member as a token of his obedience, touched tlic weapon of the hundredary,. whence thefe courts were called wopentakes^ a name ftill kept up in Yorkftiire. though THE ENGLISH ARMY. j though held in franc almoigne, were hov/ever chargeable to the trinoda necelTitas, the only impofition to which they were liable. The greater part of the Anglo Saxon forces confided of infantry; the cavalry was chiefly compofed of the Thanes, and fuch men of property as kept horfes. The Saxon cavalry are frequently delineated in ancient illumi- nations as riding without fliiTups, with no other defenfivc armour than a helmet ; their weapon a fpear. It is never thelefs certain, that defenfive armour was worn by their officers and great men about the time of the Norman conqueft. Their infantry feem to have been of two forts, the heavy and light armed. The firft are reprefented with helmets made of the fkins of beafts, the hair outwards, large oval convex fhields, with fpikes projecting from the bolfes, long and very broad fwords, and fpears. The light infantry with fpears only, and fome no other weapon than a fword, befides which, different hiftories relate that they alfo ufed clubs, battle-axes, or bills, and javelins, the latter they darted v^ith great dexterity, and then inftantly came to clofe fight. Th€ drefs of both horfe and foot, was a tunic with fleeves, the Ikirts reaching down to the knees, the horfemen wore fpurs with only one point. The kings commonly wore their crowns in battle, which alfo in fome meafure anfwered the purpofe of a helmet. The Anglo Saxon mode of drawing up their armies, was in one large denfe body, furrounding their ftandard, and placing their foot with their heavy battle-axes in the front. By the laws of King Edward the Confeflbr, any man who from cowardice abandoned his lord, or fellow foldiers, whilft under the command of the hertoch, in any expedition by land or fea, forfeited both his life and property, and his lord might refume any lands he had formerly grantctl him. He who was flain in war fighting before his lord, either at home or abroad, all payments due for reliefs on his eftates were remitted to his heirs, who were to enjoy £ 2 his 4 ir I S T O R Y O F his lands and money without any diminution, and might divide it among them, (b) The introdudion of the feudal fyftem, which took place in this kingdom about the year 1086, gave a very confiderable change to the military eftablifhment of the nation. This alteration in the conftitution, was not, it is faid, effected by the fole power of King William, but was ad\ppted with the confent of the great council of the realm, alFembled at Sarum, where all the principal land holders fubjecled their poflcfiions to military fervices, became the king's vafTals, and did homage, and fwore fealty to his perfon for the lands held of him, as fuperior lord and original proprietor, (c) But when it is confidered, that the great land-holders at that meeting were moil of them Normans, the friends and followers of the king, on- whom he had beftowed the eftates taken from the Englifh j the- fufFrage of fuch an aflembly, though freely obtained,, will fcarce juflify the meafure being deemed a national choice. By this fvftem all the lands of the realm were confidered as. divided into certain portions, each producing an annual revenue,, ftiled a knight's fee. Our ancient lawyers are not agreed as to the quantity of land, or fum of money of which it confifled -, it indeed; feems to have varied at different periods : however, in the reigns- of Henry II. and Edv^'ard II. a knight's fee was flated at 20I. per annum, the number of knight's fees in this kingdom was eftimated at fixty thoufand. By the feudal law,^ every tenant in capite, that is, every perfon- holding immediately from the king, the quantity of land amounting' (b) Lambard Arch. fol. 135, de heretochiis. (c) Rex tenuit magnum concilium, & graves fermones habuit cum fuis proceribus de hac terra, quo mode incoleretur et a quibus hominibus. Chron. Sax. an. 1085. • Omnes predia tenentes, quotquot eflent notae melioris per totam Angliam, ejus homines fafli funt, et omnes fe ill! fubdidere, ejufque hQi funt vafalli ac ei fidelitatis juramenta prieftitirunt, fe contra alios quofcunque iJli iidos futures. Ibid. A. D. 1086. to THE ENGLISH ARMY. ^ to a knight's fee, was bound to hold himfelf in readinefs, with horfe and arms to ferve the king in his wars, either at home or abroad, at his own expence, for a ftated time, generally forty days in a year, (d) to be reckoned from the time of joining the army. Per- fons holding more or lefs, were bound to do duty in proportion to their tenures, thus one pofTefled of but half a fee, was to perform fervice for twenty days only, (e) The lands of the church were not exempt, but ecclefiaftics were generally indulged with perform- ing their fervice by deputies. Although fometimes their perfonal appearance was infifted on, pofTibly from a fuppofition that their prefence with the army, would give a confidence to the foldiers,. and a fandion. ta the caufe, effedls not unlikely in thofe days of fuperflition ; or perhaps the inflance here particularly alluded to, was occafioned by fome new contrivance of the clergy, to avoid the performance of their military fervices, by calling a convo- cation, (f ) B 3 The (d) Omnes comites et barones, et militcs, et fervientes, et univerf; liberi homines totius regni noftri praediiSi, habeant Si. teneant fe fempcr bene in armis et in equis, ut decet et oportet : et fint femper prompti et bene parati ad fervitium fuum integrum nobis explendum ct peragcndum cum opus fuerit ; fecundum quod nobis debent defoedis et tenementis fuis' dejure facere ; et ficut illis ftatuimus per commune concilium totius regni noftri prsdi^^i. Cap. 58, Wilk. 228. (e) Knight's fees were often divided into many parts, fome tenants in chief holding only a fourth, or an eighth part ; and an inftance occurs of a tenant in capite, enfeoffed after the death of Henry I. who had only one twentieth. Thcfc fmall tenancies are fuppofcd to have arifon, from the dcfire of holding in chief of the crown, though by ever. fo fmall a fief, on account of the honor and fuperior proteflion annexed to that tenure. (f ) An inftanije of this happened in tlic /|.ifl of Hen. III. as appears by the followins writ, printed in RymL-r's Kicdcra, which, as it fecms extremely lingular, is here given at length. Rex H. Line. Epifcopo falutem. Cum pro exercitu noftro, cum quo tendimus ad partes Ce(lri;u contra Wallcnfis inimicos nortros, vos et omnes alios prjclatos & mag- nates regni noftri fecerimus lummoneri, ad cimdem nobil'cum cum toto fcrvitio fuo, nobis debito, pro defcnfione terrx noftrae contra prajdi{51os Wallenfes. Et archiepifcopos can- tuaricnfis tjuondam convocationcm epifcoporum fieri fecit London, in oilabri afl'umptionis Beats. * HISTORY OF The fervlce being accompli flied, the tenant was at liberty to •return home ; if he, or his followers afterwards continued to fervc with the army, they were paid by the king : certificates from the conftable or marfliall were fometimcs required, in proof that a knight had duly performed his fervice. If a tenant in capite, or knight could not perform his fervice in perfon, through ficknefs, being a minor, or any other caufe, he obtained leave to fend fome able perfon in his ftead, an indulgence for which it was often neceffary to fine to the king, a fine being in the language of thofe days, not only an amercement for an offence, but alfo the price of a favor. Our records afford feveral inftances, wherein feudal tenants unable to bear arms, were by proclamation directed to find unexceptionable perfons to perform their fervices for them, (g) As Beatae Mariae ut audivimus ; quae quidem convocatio, aut alii tra '' -s, The lieutenants and deputy-lieutenants, or the chief officers '^ upon the place in the refpeftive counties and places, might charge carts, waggons, wains, and horfes, for the carrying of powder, match, bullet, and other ammunition or accoutrements, allowing; fixpcnce a mile outward only, to every fuch cart, waggon and wain with five horfes, or fix oxen, and fo proportionably, and for every borfe employed out of waggon or cart one penny, upon the march- ing of any regiment company or troop, on occafion of invafion, infurrcction, or rebellion. The lieutenants were authorifed to appoint one or more treafu- rers, or clerks, for receiving and paying fuch monies as were levied}, of all which receipts and difburfenients thereof, they were, every fix rffonths, to give in written accounts upon oath, to the lieutenants and deputies, or three of them, which accounts were forthwith to bs 3^ II I S T O R Y O F be certified to the privy council, and duplicates thereof to be cre- tified by thejufticcs at the next feflions. It was provided that the lieutenants or their deputies fliould not iflue warrants for raifing any trophy money, (b) till thejuftices in feflions fliould have examined, flated and allowed the accounts of the trophy money, collected for any preceding year, and certified fuch examination. TttE lieutenants, or two of their deputies, might, by warrant under their hands and feals, employ fuch perfons as they thought fit (of which a commiftoned officer, and the conftable or his de- puty, or in his abfence fome other perfon bearing office in the pa- rifli where the fearch was to be made, were always to be two) to fcarch for and feize all arms in the cuftody of any perfon whom the lieutenants or two of their deputies judged dangerous to the peace of the kingdom, and to fecure the fame, and thereof to give an account to the lieutenants, and in their abfence or by their direc- tion to the deputies or two of them : provided that no fearch was made in any houfe between fun-fetting and fun-rifing, other than in cities or their fuburbs, and towns corporate, market towns, and houfes within the bills of mortality, where they might fearch in the night time, if the warrant fo direftcd ; and in cafe of refiflance, might enter by force : but no dwelling houfe of a peer might be fcarched, but by immediate warrant from the king, or in prefence of the lieutenant or a deputy lieutenant : and in all places and houfes whatfoever, where fearch was to be made, it was lawful, in cafe of refinance, to enter by force. And the arms fo feized might be reftored to the owners, if the lieutenants, or in their abfence as aforefaid, their deputies, or two of them fo thought fit. If any militia man did not appear and ferve, completely fur- (b) Trophy Money originally meant a fund for providing annmunition, drums, co- lours, mufic, and other contingent expences. niflied THE ENGLISH ARMY. 33 nidied with horfe, arms and other furniture, at the beat of the drum, found of the trumpet, or other fummons : the deputies or two of them, if the default was in that perfon, might imprifon hira for five days ; or might infli6l a penalty, if a horfeman, not ex- ceeding twenty fliillings, and if a footman, not exceeding ten fliil- lings : and the lieutenants or deputies, or chief officers upon the place might imprifon mutineers and fuch foldiers as did ^f>t do their duty at the days of mufter and training: and might inflidV for punilhment for every fuch offence any pecuniary mul61:, not exceeding five fl:iillings, or imprifonment, not exceeiding twenty- days. No militia man duly enlifted, could be exchanged, difcharged, or leave his colours, but by the leave of the lieutenants, or two depu- ties, or his captain, upon reafonable caufe, firft obtained under his hand and feal, on pain of forfeiture of 20I. to be levied as other penalties ; and for non-payment, or want of diftrefs, he was to be committed to the common gaol of the county, for any time not ex- ceeding three months. If any perfon detained, or embezzled his horfe, arms, or furni- ture, the lieutenants, and in their abfencc, or by their directions, the deputies, or two of them, if the default was in fuch perfon, might imprifon him till he had made fatisfaction. The pay of the officers, during fuch time as they were with their foldiers, not exceeding one month in a£Vual fervice, was to be pro- vided for by the king, out of the trcafury. And the lieutenants and deputies, or three of them, were authorifcd to difpofe of fo much of the fourth part of the jo.oool. a month, to the inferior officers, for their pains and encouragement, as to them fliould feem expedient. EvEHY perfon charged, was on pain of 5s. to pay on demand, 2s 6d. a day to each trooper; and on pain of 2s. on demand, is. a d:iy I. J f.ich toot foldier, for fo many days as they were abfent from their dwellings, or callings, by occafion of muikr or exercifc. Vol. I. F unlefs 3^ HISTORYOF unlefs fome certain agreement had been made to the contrai^, be- fore good witnefs, and the faid penalty was to be paid to fuch fol- dier, to whom his pay was denied: the refpe£live penalties to be demanded in fix weeks after default, or at, or before the next muf- ter, or exercife, and not afterwards. And in cafe of invafions, infurreftions, or rebellions, whereby occaTOns happened for drawing out fuch foldiers into a6lual fer- vice ; the peifons fo charged, were to provide each their foldier, with pay in hand, not exceeding one month's pay, as fliould be directed by the lieutenants, and in their abfence, or by their direc- tions, by the deputies, or any two of them, for the payment where- of provifion was to be made by the king, out of the treafury. And in cafe a month's pay had been provided, and advanced as aforefaid, no perfon who had advanced his proportion thereof, could be charged with any other like month's payment, untill he had been reimburfed the faid month's pay, and fo from time to time the month's pay by him laft before provided and advanced. All forfeitures, penalties, and payments, by the 15th of Ch. 11. c. 4. not otherwife directed by this aft, might be recovered by war- rant under the hands and feals of the lieutenants and deputies, or three of them, by diftrefs and fale j and if fufficient diftrefs could not be found, then the party to be imprifoned till fatisfaclion fliould be made. And all high and petty conftables, and other officers and minifters, were direfted to be aiding and aflifting to the lieutenants and their deputies, or any of them. These ordinances were for a while executed, and the militia occafionally muflered and exercifed, but being found expenfive and troublefome to the country, it was by degrees neglected, infomuch, that the city of London excepted, the name of a militia mufter was almoft forgotten : but about the year 1756, the nation being fo much alarmed by the apprehenfion of an invafion, that a body of Hanoverians and Heflians were called in for its defence ; many leading perfons refumed the idea of inftituting a well difciplined militia THE ENGLISH ARMY. 35 militia, which after fome oppofition, was at length carried into a law (c). By which it was ena6led, that a body of thirty thoufand kvcn hundred and forty men, fliould be forthwith raifed in the different counties of England and Wales, in the proportions fpecified in the note below, (d) Thefe, in cafe of adual invafion or rebellion, might be (c) The new militia laws were at firft fct on foot in the 30th of George II. which ire a few years time received fo many alterations, that in the 2d of George III. it was thought neceflary to repeal the whole, and reduce the fubftance thereof into one a£l of parliament. Since which time fo many other alterations have been made, that a new revival thereof feems very defirable, and this the rather as the leading ftatute, 2d of George III. c. 20. to which all the fubfcquent ftatutes refer, was founded on the principles of the original ftatute, of the 30th of George II. c. 25. being before any militia were then raifed, and confcquently proceeds all along upon that fuppofition, giving direflions concerning the firft raifing of the militia in the feveral places, which direaions, when the militia are now already on foot, are in fome infiances fuperfluous, or otherwife inapplicable. Burn's Digeji of the Militia Laws, 1779- (d) Number of men to be raifed in the feveral counties. Bedford Berks Bucks -------- Cambridge ------- Chefler, with the city and county of the city of Cheftcr - . _ - Cornwall ------- Cumberland ------ Derby -------- Devon, with the city and county of the city of Kxeter Dorlct, with the illand of Purbeck, and the tov. n and county of the town of Pool - - . - - Durham _...--- Efllx Glouceflcr, with the city and county ol the city ot Brillol - • - Hcrciord ------- Hertford ------- 400 560 560 480 560 640 320 560 - - 1600 640 400 960 960 480 560 Huntingdon _■ — --- Kent, with the city and county of the city of Canterbury - - - Loncafler ------- Leicefter -_-_--_ Lincoln, with the city and county of the city of Lincoln - - - Middlefex, (exclufive of the Tower Hamlets) ------ Monmouth ------- Norfolk, with the citv and county of the city of Norwich - - Northanipion ------ Northumberland, with the town an(l county of the town of Ncw- caflle, and town of Berwick Nottingham, with flic town and county of the town of Notting- ham -------- Oxford 32» 960 800 560 1200 1600 240 960 640 56a 480 560 F2 Rutlaad 36 HISTORY OF be called forth, tn^bodied, and put under the command of general officers, who might march them to any part of the kingdom ; but they might not on any account be tranfported out of the reahn. The general out-lines of the chief regulations of this a(St, flood in the year J 779, as follows : In order to put this law into execution, the lords lieutenants of counties were authorifed, with the king's approbation, to appoint twenty, or more gentlemen, in each county, all having a freehold eftate of 200I. per annum, in a6lual podefllon, being heirs apparent to double that fum, (e) or poflefled of an eftate for life, or leafe determinable on one or more lives. A certain number of thefc,. might, in cafe of the vacancy of a lieutenant, or in his abfence, by Rutland -------- 120 Salop -------- 640 Somerfet ------- 840 Southampton, with the town and county of the town of Southamp- ton .---.---- g6o StafFord, with the city and county of the city of Litcliiield - - - 560 Suffolk q6o Surry -------- 800 Suflex 800 Warwick, with the city and county of the city of Coventry - - - 64O Weftmorland ------ 240 Worcefler, with the city and county of the city of Worceller - - - 560 WUts 8ao York, Weft Riding, with the city and county of the city of York - 1240 North Riding ------ jto York, Eaft Riding, with thetown and county of the town of Kingfton 400 Anglefea --..-.- go Brecknock ------- 16O' Cardigan ------- 120 Caermarthen ------ 200 Caernarvon ------- 80 Denbigh ------- 280 Flint ..----__ 120 Glamorgan ------- 360 Merioneth ------- 80 Alontgomery ------ 240 Pembroke -------160 Radnor --------j20 Total 30,740 (e) The qualifications for deputy lieutenants and officers. Tlie counties of Cumber- land, Huntingdon, Monmouth, Weflmorland, and Rutland, were for a deputy lieute- nant 150, colonel 600, lieutenant colonel, or major commandant 400, major, or cap- tain 150, lieutenant 30, and enfign 2C, or the proportionable reverfions, &c. In the Ifleof Fly, the qualification of a deputy lieutenant was 150I. per ann. a captain lool. lieutenant 30I. and enfign 20I. the THE ENGLISH ARMY. 37 the king's appointment, a6t for him. They were likewife to pro- portion the numbers of men, to be raifed in the different divifions, or parifhes, and at their meetings to ballot for the men to complete the eftablifhment, and fill up occafional vacancies. The commifTion officers to be appointed by the lord lieutenant, the king's approbation firft obtained, he having a right to difap- provc, or difmifs any deputy lieutenant, or officer, at his pleafure. That the command of the militia might be in the hands of perfons interefted in the defence of the kingdom, it was required that every commilfion officer fhould be pofTefTed of a certain eftate, according to the rank in which he ferved. The qualification of a colonel was iGcol, a year, in pofTeffion, or double that fum in expe6lancy, as heir apparent. A lieutenant colonel 600I. a year, or being heir apparent to fome perfon poffefTed of i,2ool. a year. Major, or captain, an cflate of the yearly value of 200I. heir apparent to fome perfon poffefTed of an eftate of the yearly value of double that fum, or the younger fon of fome perfon, who at his death was pofTefTed of an eftate of the yearly value of 600I. A lieutenant an eftate of 50I. per annum, perfonal eftate alone of the value of loool. real and perfonal eftate together, amounting to 2000I. or being the fon of a perfon who died pofTefled of an eftate of the yearly value of 600I. An enfign, an eftate of 20I. a year, perfonal alone to the value of 500I. real and perfonal together, to the value of loool. or being the fon of fome perfon, who at the time of his death was pofTefTed of an eftate of the annual value of 50I. perfonal eftate alone, to the amount of loool. or real and perfonal eftates together, of the value of loool. a moiety of all thcfe eftates to be fituated in the counties for which the officers ferved. On receiving their commifTions, the different officers were obliged to lodge a dcfcription of their quali- fications with the clerk of the peace, and to take the proper oaths, and fign the declaration. The penalty of afling, not being quali- fied, or neglecting to deliver in their qualifications, and taking the oaths, 6cc. was for a colonel, lieutenant colonel, or major, 200I. captain 38 IIISTORYOF captain, lieutenant, or enfign, lool. half to the perfon who fued for it. Tiie acceptance of a commiflion in the militia, did not vacate a feat in parliament, or prevent the party, if a reduced officer, from receiving his half pay, and exempted him from ferving the office of high flicriff. The pay of the militia officers, when called out for their annual exercife, was the fame as the fubfiftence of the officers of the army, (f ) but the field officers received no other fubfiftence than as captains. When the militia were embodied, and called out into aot bound to obey any other officers of the army but a general, they cannot be admitted into feveral of our garrifons ..nd caftles, where the lieutenant j:overnors are mofily under that rank, as in that cafe, uch lieutenant governor would have a gairifon he did not command. By a claufe in the ar ides of war, the officers and foldiers of the foot 'uards can be tried only by their own officers, except m particular cafes, where one half the members of tlie court THE ENGLISH ARMY. '53 the army, and their quarters, were to extend to the officers, and private militia men, (except only fuch particulars as were, or fhould be, otherwife fpecially provided for by any aft, or afts of parliament for regulating the militia forces) ; on being difembodied, they were to return to the fame regulations they were under before they were called forth. The lieutenant of the county, on receiving his majefty's orders for embodying the militia, or in his abfence, three deputy lieute- nants, were immediately to iffue their precepts to the chief confla- bles, with diredlions to them to forward the fame to the petty con- ftables, or other officers of the pariflies, and places within the county, and fuch conftables were on the receipt thereof, forthwith to give, or leave in writing at their abodes, notices to the feveral militia men, to attend at the time and place mentioned in fuch order. If any militia man, fo ordered to be drawn out and embodied, (not labouring under any infirmities incapacitating him to ferve) did not appear, and march in purfuance thereof, on conviflion before two juftices, he forfeited 40I. which if he did not immediately pay, he was to be by them committed to the common gaol for twelve months, or untill he had paid the fame. Any pcrfon har- court may be officers of the line ; they likewife commonly do feparate dut)', yet I believ, no iiiftancc can be fhewn, where any officer or foldier of that corps, refufed to obey any fupcrior officer, thougli of a marching regiment. Soon after the militia was firft embodied, C.iptain Linch of the Suffolk regiment, was tried tor difobtying the orders of Lieutenant Governor Thicknefs, of Land-guard-fort. As was Captain Lewis of the Surry, for difabcdience of thofc of Lieutenant Colonel Strode of the invalids, botli under the rank of generals ; had not the militia been fubjeft to their orders, fuch difokcdience could not have been deemed criminal, nor would warrants to try tJKm have been granted, the right of Mr, Thicknefs and Lieutenant Colonel Strode, to iifue orders to the militia being thtreby admitted. It is n be hoped, that this, and fcvcral otner doubtful points, will be clearly fettled in fome future iSt. bouring, 54 II I S T O R Y O F bouring, or concealing a militia man, not attending when ordered into a6lual fcrvice, knowing him to be fuch, on conviction thereof before one juftice, forfeited 5I. to be levied by diftrefs, and for want of fufficient diftrefs, fuch jurtice to commit him to the houfe of .corre6lion for two months, or to caufe him to be publickly whipped. In order to enable the militia men, ordered out on adual fcrvice, to provide themfelves with necefTaries, it was enabled, that when the militia vvas fo ordered out, the receiver general of the land tax for the refpe6tive county, or place, fliould pay to the captain, or other commanding officer of each company fo ordered, one guinea for each private militia man belonging to his company, to be by him paid to fuch militia man, on, or before the day appointed for their marching ; and the fame for every militia man, who fhould afterwards be enrolled and ordered out, to be paid when he joined his company. But this mode being found productive of great irregularities, the man fpending it in liquor, inftead of applying it to the purpofe intended, that claufe was afterwards altered ; and the commanding officer of the company was authorifed to lay out that guinea, in a manner moft advantageous for each militia man, giving him an account within three months, or as foon as defiied, how fuch money had been expended. In cafe any militia man chofen by lot to ferve in a corps that was embodied and called into a6lual fervice, left a family unable to fup- port themfelves, one juftice might order the overfeers of the poor of the parifh, where fuch family dwelt, to pay them a weekly allow- ance according to the following rule: for any child under ten years of age, a fum not exceeding the price of one day's labour ; for two children under that age, a fum not exceeding two days labour ; for three or four children under the age aforefaid, any fum not ex- ceeding the price of three days labour; and for five or more child- ren, under the age before named, any fum nor exceeding four days labour i and for the v »te of fuch militia man, any fum not exceed- ing the price of one day's labour : the fame was to be forthwith reimburfed THE ENGLISH ARMY. 55 reimbuifed to fuch overfeer by the treafurer of the county, out of the county ftock. The families of fubftitutcs, hired men, or volun- teers were likewife to be taken care of by the parifh wherein they dwelt, without fuch allowance making them removeable. Any perfon having ferved in the militia when called into actual fervice, and being a married man, might fet up and exercife fuch trade as he was apt and able for, in any town or place within great Britain or Ireland without moleftation, the fame as any foldier or mariner. The clothes of an embodied militia man were to be applied at the end of every year as the commanding officer fhould judge beft for the ufe of fuch militia man. About the year 1780, it being thought expedient to increafe the militia, perfons duly qualified according to the militia a<5l then in force, were authorifed to raife one or more volunteer companies, to be added to the regiment or battalion of any county ; and the lord lieutenant was, with the king's approbation, to grant commiffions to a fufficient number of officers for the fame, and on a certificate from the commanding officer of the regiment of thefe companies being complete, they were entitled to the allowance of bounty, fub- fiftence money, arms and clothing, and to be fubjedl to the fame regulations in every refpedt as the reft of the militia forces. By a former claufe, captains were authorifed when embodied, to augment their companies with volunteers, but then it was required they fliould be already trained, armed and clothed. These are fome of the moft important claufes in the militia a(5V, a more particular account. would have exceeded the limits allowed for that part of the work, a general outline of it being all that is meant to be delineated, (i) (i) Such pcrfons as wi(h to fee an entire code of the Militia Laws, will meet with ample iefoanafion from a digcrt of them, both old and new, drawn up by the RcvtrencL Dodor Burne, from wliith myft of thcfe cxtrafls have been taken. Besides 56 IIISTORYOF Besides thele conflitutional forces, there were in the Engllfli armies and garrifons, at all times, from the conqucft downwards, ^ipendiary troops, both national and foreigners, the firft hired by our kings, with the money paid by perfons commuting for their feudal fcrvices, and employed in caftle guards, foreign garrifons, and protecting the marches or borders of the kingdom, next Wales and Scotland. The foreigners were paid out of the privy purfe, or y fuffcred to live upon free quarters. They were known by the vari- ous names of ruptarii, routers, and ryters, the laft from a German word, fignifying a horfeman, or knight j they were alfo ftiled bra- bancons, provencales, coterclli, and Flemmings; and were really a fct of freebooters of all nations, ready to embrace any fide for hire j thefe were chiefly called in by our kings, in their difputes with their great barons. They were employed by the Kings Wil- liam Rufus, Stephen, Henry II. and John. Henry I. it is faid, hired no foreigners to ferve him in England, but this is contradicted by fevcral deeds preferved in Rymer's Fcedera, wherein there are agrejements between that king and the earl of Flanders, and others; one wherein that earl, for the confideration of four hundred marks of filver per annum, engages to furnifli five hundred foldiers for the J^ing's fervice, either in England or Normandy, each foldier having three horfes. (k) The garrifons in Ireland were at firft chiefly kept up by the perfons who held lands there by grants from the crown ; there were afterwards, befides thefe, a fmall number of the king's troops, thefe gradually encreafed, as may be feen in the note below. (1) King (k) Vol. i. p. i, 2, 3. fl (1) The firft cflabliflied force in Ireland, was the 14th of Ed- ward IV. when one hundred and twenty archers on horfeback, forty horfemen, and forty pages were eftablilhed by parliament there, thefe were fix years afterwards reduced to eighty archers, and twenty fpeannen on horfeback. In the reign of Henry VIII. anno 1535, the army in Ireland confifted of three hundred men, and in 1543, was increafed to three hundred and eighty horfe, and one hundred and fixty foot, which was then tlie peace edabhftiment. THE ENGLISH ARMY. ^j King Edward I. employed mercenary foldiers in his French wars. In Rymer there is an order from his fon Edward II. A. D. 1308, to the conftable of Burgundy, to pay the arrears due to diverfe officers, particularly to Elias de Ponte, and William Alarde, for their wages, and thofe of their followers. A. D. 13 10, an allowance is direfled to be made to Walter de Scudamore, flieriff of Dorfet, for 25I. 5s. paid by the king's order to four men at arms, four crofs bows, and four archers, of the guard of the caflle of Shireburn, for one hundred arid one days wages, (m) A. D. 1322, the fenefchal of Gafcony, wa« direfled to raife two hundred crofs bow men, and two hundred lancemen, both foot, and to bring them over, fo that they might be at Newcaftle upon, Tyne in Oclober, to go againft the Scots. Raymunde de Mille Saclis was made chief leader, (n) From the time of King Edward III. when it became cuflomary for our kings to engage with their fubjefls, and other perfons by indenture, to furnifli foldiers at certain wages, moft of our armies confided of flipendiary troops ; fuch was the army raifed and com- manded by the biOiop of Norwich, A. D. 13B2, the 6th of Ri- chard II. and in the army of the i6th of Henry V. In France eftablKhment. When the Irlfli were in rebellion, which frequently happened, the armies were confidcrably encreafed. In the reign of Queen Mary, the flanding forces in Ireland amounted to about one thoufand two hundred men. During ii»e greateft part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the Irifh were in open relx;iion, but when that was fupprcfll-d, the force kept up was between one thoufand five hundred and two thoufand men, at which number they con- tinued till the army raifed by lord Stafibrd, the 15th of Kin? Cliarles I. Anno 1680, the edablilhrncnt in Ireland was fcven thoufand eight hundred men, : officeis included. And in King William's reign, anno 1698, twenty-four thoafand eight j hundred and ninety-ooe. Trtnchard's Short Hljhry of Standing Annus, London, 1698. (m) See Rymcr in anno. j| (n) Ibid. Vol. I. I the,^ 58 HISTORYOF there were Co many ftipendiaries, that in his orders to the captain of Rouen, they, and the fokiiers are feparatcly mentioned, and that in feveral articles, (o) the particulars of thefe contracts, both as to form and fubftance, will be elfewhere fully explained : but as the agreement with the bifhop of Norwich, refpefling the army here alluded to, gave caufe to a very extraordinary military trial, the fub- ftance of it, as extradled from the rolls of parliament, is here laid before the readers. The bifliop of Norwich, who had before made an offer for guarding the feas, now came before the king and parliament, and offered, if he would grant him the whole fifteenth, lately voted by the commons for carrying on the war, he would ferve him in France for one whole year, with two thoufand five hundred men at arms, and two thoufand five hundred archers, all well arrayed and mounted, of whom one thoufand men at arms, and the fame number of archers, fhould (God willing) be at the fea fide, within twenty days from the payment of the money, pro- perly equipped, and ready to embark for the fuccour of the city of Gaunt, and the county of Flanders ; he likewife undertook to pay the expence of tranfporting this army, and all other incidental charges, for the due performance of which, he offered to enter inta fufficient obligations. This propofal appeared to the king and his parliament, fair and advantageous ; but before it was accepted, the king defired he, and his council, might be acquainted what leaders the bifhop intended to procure for commanding thefe troops, their numbers, and names, as it was well known, that unlefs an army had good officers at its head, it would foon fall to anarchy and ruin. To this the bifhop anfwered, that if it pleafed the king to accept of (o) The words foldier and ftipendiary are etymologically the fame ; foldier is derived from foide pay, and ftipendiary from ftipendium, wages or hire. Cuftom perhaps made tlie difference; the firft fignifying one of the conrtitutionai military and ftipcndiary of the indented troops. See the orders above-mentioned in Rymer. his THE ENGLISH ARMY. S9 his propofals, he would employ fome of the beft captains in the land, his majefty and the blood royal excepted, but that he would not give their names, till he was fuie of having a grant of the ex- pedition ; on this it was alked him, what lord he defired to have with him, to aft as the king's lieutenant, as one was abfolutely neceflary in fo high and weighty a bufinefs, who fliould have power to take cognizance of crimes, and to do other things neceflary, ' which office never was to this time granted to a prelate, or any man of holy church. The bifhop then offered to give the .king in writing, the names of a certain number of lords, out of whom he might feledl any one he thought beft qualified for that office, who on his appointment, fliould have orders to obey him, (the bifliop) in all things appertaining to the crufade, (p) and he on his part, would engage to obey the lieutenant in all things relative to his lieutenantcy, and moreover, if within the faid year it fliould happen, that the kingdom of France fubmitted to Urban the true pope, he would furl and withdraw the banner of the crufade, and ferve the king the remainder of the year with his ftipulated number of men, under his own proper banner. This being approved of by the king and parliament, the king granted his licence to all fuch perfons as chofe to accompany the bifliop in this expedition, the royal retinue, and thofe of the great lords excepted, to leave the realm without molefl:ation. The bifliop then delivered to the king, the names of four perfons of his kingdom, from among whom he might chufe his lieutenant, this he did not do, for what reafon is unknown ; but granted, that if the bifliop could not agree with any of the lords by him named, or fome other fufficient perfon, worthy to bear fo high an office, he might in that cafe have the government and difpofition of the army in all things. (p) A CRUSADE was at that time on foot againft Clement, the anti-pope, of which the bifliop of Norwich was bj'Pope Urban appointed genera!. I 2 These 6o " H I ST O R Y O F These ftipendlary forces were, the ganifons and caftle guards excepted, kept up only in time of war, andtho' mercenary, were not ftanding armies. Their fubfiflence was drawn from the grants made by parliament, in which their fpecific numbers were fometimes flipulated. The firft {landing forces employed by our kings, were their im- mediate body guards, fuch as the ferjeants at arms, the yeomen of the guards, and gentlemen penfioners, yet thefe were rather calcu- lated for the fplendour of a court, than the operations of the field* During the troubles under Charles I. a number of troops wera levied by both parties, without any attention, to law or cuftom, their inftitution does not therefore come within the fcope of this work. Many of the regiments raifcd by the parliament were on the reftoration of Charles II. difbanded, and the fame day relevied for that king's fervice. (q) Two regiments of guards raifed by him (q) MERCURiusPoLiTicus,Weftminfter, Feb. 20, 1661. — And on Thurfday, i4thof this inftant February, they (the commiffioners) di(banded the lord generall's regiment of foot and life guard of iiorfe, on Tower Hill (being the only remaining land forces of the army) with more than ordinary folemnily. Sir William Doylcy, William Prynne, Efq; Colonel Edward King, and Colonel John Birch (four of the commiffioners for WeiH- -minfler) went in a coach to Tower Hill, about ten of the clock, on Thurfday, 14th of this inftant (being Valentine's Day) when the lord generall's regiment of foot and life^ guard appearing with their arms before them, they, ordered five companies of the foot to draw up in a ring about Mr. Prynne, and the other five about Colonel Birch, who made two (hort fpeeches to them to this effed : " That God had highly honoured them in the ties and hearts of the king and kingdome, yea, and made them renowned throughout tlie world, and to all pofterity, in ftirring them up to be eminently inftrumental in the hapjxy reftauration of his majefty to his royal throne, the parliament to their privileges, and our whole three kingdoms to their antient laws, liberties and government, without' any battle or bloodrtied : for which fignal fervices his majefty and the whole kingdome returned them not only their verbal, but real thanks ; the king having given them one week's pay, by way of gratuity, over and above their wages, and the parliament and kingdome pro- vided monies for their juft arrears ftated on their refpe»flive accounts, which upon their dilbanding (hould be forthwith paid for their ufe, into their officer's hands. That this regiment. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 6i him in 1660, one of horfe, and one of foot, formed the two firft corps of our prefent army : thefe were afterwards confiderably in- creafed. In 1661, the firft regiment, or royal Scotch, were brought back from France, (r) where they had ferved from the time of King. regiment, as it was the firft of the army who promoted liis majefty's glorious reftitution to his crown, fo it hath this fignal badge of honour now put upon them, to be his lafl regiment dilbanded ; and although they were ordered and declared to be di(banded in re- lation to tlie kingclome's pay, yet they were immediately to be advanced to his majefty's- fervice, aj an extraordinary guard to his royal perfon, whom God long preferve in health and happinefs." Which fpeeches being ended, they all cried out, with reiterated fhouts and acclamations, God fave King Charles the Second ! waving and throwing up their hats, difplaying their enfigns, beating their drums, and difcharging their mufkets, over and over, till commanded to draw off to their refpedlive colours, when they were called over and diftjanded by Mr. Prynne, Colonel King, and Colonel Birch ; Mr. Prynne caufing all thofe four companies he dilbanded to lay down their arms at his feet, in tefti- moiiy of their dilbanding, and then to take them up again, as entertained by his msjefty in fervice. In the mean time Sir William Doyley made a fpeech to the life guard of horfe, whom he called over and difbanded ; after which, between twelve and one, the regiment marched back with their arms, in a regimental order, to their quarters, by the lord mayor's houfe, who having notice thereof, came forth to the door, on whom the foldiers bertowed fcvcral vollies of (hot, as they pafled by him, moft of the officers dined with him, defiring him further to provide monies for payment of their arrears out of tl.« city's three months prefent aflefrment, defigr.ed to them by the commiflloners order. Their ftated arrears amounting to 13038I. i6s. 3d. befides 3800I. advanced to th.em to defray their quarters, in all 16338I. i6s. 3d. whereas if the city's and other monies had come in as was expected, when their arrears were firft ftated, io,2Col. would have paid them all oft". The life guards arrears, for want of monies to pay them off when firft ftated, cncrcafed from 500CI. to 8121I. i6s. iid. 7000I. whereof they fcnt a party to rc« ceive at Nortliamptorf, on Thurfday laft ; the refidue was paid them by the treafurers at war, in London : moft of them arc fince entertained by liis majefty for his horfe guards. (r) This regiment is from its antiquity jocularly ftilcd Pontius Pilate's guards. Father Daniel gives the following hiftory of it, under the title of the Scotch Re- giment of Douglas. " This regiment ferved feveral years in France, and diftinguifticd itfcif very greatly. I find in the ordonancc of Louis XIV. of the year 167c, for the rank of regiments, that it was one of the firft, it came from Scotland to Franco in the time of James VL The chevalier Hepburne was the colonel, he was a man of diftinguilhed merit, and.be- lovcd 62 HISTORY OF King James I. There were alfo, about the fame time, an Englifli corps of cavalry in the French fervice. (s) Among loved by Henry IV. and Louis XIII. he was called in France Colonel Hebron, the name of Hepburne being difficult to pronounce. Altho' he was killed (anno 1636) I'uring the rciga of Louis XIII. his memory was fo dear in France, that King Louis XIV. caufed a mag- nificent monument to be eredted for him in the cathedral of Toul. After t'le death of Hepburne, the Lord James Douglas was appointed colonel of the regiment, which from that time began to be called the regiment of Douglas. This colonel was killed V Jtween Douay and Arras, commanding a flying camp. He was a lieutenant general, and highly efteemed in France for his bravery and conduct. His brother, the Lord George Douglas, who had afterwards the title of Lor J Dumbarton, was appointed colonel of this regiment, and did not yield in merit to his predeceflbrs. This regiment of Douglas being in garrifon at Avennes in i66r, had orders to pafs over to England, where it rendered very confiderable fcrvices to King Charles 11. It confifted but of eight companies when it left France, but on its return a year after- wards, had thirty-three companies, which were compofed at the leaft of an hundred men each. Lord George Douglas always commanded it in France. It is to be obferved, that there was at the fame time in France another regiment of Douglas, the colonel of which was brother to the two lords before mentioned ; he was alfo called the Lord James Douglas. This regiment, which confifted of but one battalion, was incorporated with that of liis brother. The regiment of my Lord George Douglas was recalled to England about the year 1678. After the laft revolution, the colonel who had then the title of Lord Dumbarton, lieutenant general in France and England, and a great number of officers, followed the late King James into France. Many foldiers imitated the example of their officers. This regiment ftill fubfifts, and is inconteftibly the fineft corps in England. It is com- manded by the Lord Orkney, a lieutenant general, and brother to the late duke of Ha- milton, and nephew to the Lord Dumbarton. It is called the royal regiment, or Orkney's regiment. This regiment has furniftied a number of excellent officers, many of whom arc ftill ferving in France. What I have here related was taken from the memoirs of a Scotch officer who was well informed on this fubjed. There were befides this regiment, another of feventeen hundred men, commanded by Collonel Rutherford, which ranked as guards in France, they came over from Scotland in 1643, and were at the battle of Lens, in 1648. When King Charles was reftored to the crown, he appointed Rutherford governor of Dunkirk, who quitted the French fervice without paying the proper compliments to the king of France, by whom he had been loved and entruiled. On his quitting France the regiment was reduced, and the fubalterns and fuch foldiers as chofe to ferve in France, incorporated in Douglas's regiment. (s) The Englifh company of gens d'armes which is the fecond, was brought into France, in THE ENGLISH ARMY. 63 Among other unconftitutional innovations made by the ill-ad- vifed James II. that of difmifling the proteftant officers from his army, and introducing Irifli papifts in their room, was the moft impolitic, and loft him the afFeftion and fupport of his troops, which towards the latter end of his reign were increafed to up- wards of twenty thoufand men in England, and eight thoufand feven hundred in Ireland, (t) A lift of the military eftabllfliment for the year 1684, is given in the appendix. The in 1667, by the Count George Hamilton lord of the branch of Hamihon Albercome, long eftablifhed in Ireland ; this company came into France on the following occafion. Charles II. having remounted on the throne in 1660, caufed fome cathoiick officers and foldiers, who had fcrved in Flanders under him and liis two brothers, to come to England, thefe he incorporated into his guards ; fome time after the parliament being at variance with the court obliged that prince to difmifs all thefe cathoiick officers and foldiers of his guards. On this occafion George Hamilton had permiffion from the king his mafter to enroll thefe officers and foldiers, and to take them over to France. Tliere were in this company Englifh, Scotch, and Irifh. On Hamilton's arrival, the king of France, finding they were good and well made men, formed them into a company of gens d'armes, under the title of the Englifli gens d'armes, excepting that he draughted out the Scotch, and incorporated them in the Scotch gens d' armes ; he declared himfelf captain of this new company, and appointed George Hamilton captain lieutenant, who was killed at the head of the regi- ment bearing his name, in an engagement near Severne, in 1675. P.Daniel, torn. 2, p. 249. (t) These all, except the royal regiment, confided of independent companies or troops, till April 1683, when they were regimented by King Charles II. and formed into three re- giments of horfc, and eight of foot. The 18th was one of thefe regiments, the earl of Granard was the firft colonel, he refigned it to his fon. A fingular circumftance hap- pened to this corps, in the year 1689, on the dilbanding of the Irifh regiments on the arrival of K. Will. IH. which is thus related by one, then a foldier in it : " A moft unac- countable rumour prevailed throughout the kingdom, that all the Irilh foldiers had got together, burning and deftroying all before them, and this alarm had fo wonderful an ef- ici\, that not a town or village but had an account, that the very next town or village was in flames : in fltort it had prevailed fo far, that the trained bands of London were all un- der arms, guarding the ftreets and avenues leading to the city. Upon this alarm the country people came down in great numbers, to be revenged on th.: ln(h re;iiment at Brentford, for the depredations their countrymen were making all over the kingdom i Sir John Edgworth, our major, was commanding officer (for Lord Brillas, 64 HISTORYOF The revolution, which fliortl'y after fucceeded, caufed the mili- -tary part of the conftitution to be new modelled, and the army to he voted from year to year only, by an a6t flilcd the mutiny bill, •which is prefaced by a declaratory claufe, that it is unlawful to raife or keep a {landing army in time of peace, without the permifTion of ■parliament. In this aft, the numbers of which the army is to con- iift are fpecified, and divers laws and regulations for their govern- ment are laid down, from thefe the king is authorifed to frame fuch other articles as he fliall deem expedient and neccffary. This aft has of late been regularly pafled every year, whence an opinion has arifen, that fliould it be fuffeied to expire, the army would of courfe be difbanded, and that the foldiers might quit their colours without being liable to any punifliment j this is however not uni- vcrfally Brittas, our lieutenant colonel, being a papift, had fled) he ordered the regiment to their arms immediately, and drew them with all difpatch he could, within the walls of Lord Oflinton's court yard. From thence he expoftulated with the populace, but all to no purpofe ; they would have revenge. At laft, perceiving two gentlemen among the croud, he called them to him, and aflured them that his men were not Irirti papifts, as they ima- gined, but proteftants, and defcended from Englirtimen, though born in Ireland ; and to convince them they were all true church of England men, he defired they would fend for the parfon of the parifli to read prayers to them ; the parfon was fent for, and to prayers they went. The foldiers had moft of them thejr common prayer books about them, and (whether it was out of fear or devotion) they anfwered the rcfponfals of the church fo difhndly, and behaved with fo much decency, that it furprized both the parfon and the gentlemen ; whereupon they returned to the crowd who gave us a huzza ; cried, the prince of Orange for ever ! and went away. This regiment going to Flanders, a difpute arofe refpecling its rank in the army, which a board of general officers was appointed to fettle ; but being all colonels of regiments in- terefted in the decillon, they would allow it rank only from the time it came on Englifh pay, by which it loft precedency of eleven regiments. It obtained the title of a royal re- giment for its gallant behaviour in mounting the breach at Namur, in 1695. See Captain Robert Parker's Memoirs. The lift of the army publiflied by Milan, and Kane in his Campaigns, date the raifing of this regiment April j, 1684. In THE ENGLISH ARMY. 65 verfally allowed, (u) and cannot in time of war be legal. The decla- ratory claufe abovementioned being reftrided to the time of peace only ;■ and it being declared felony by the a61:s of the 7th of Hen- ry VII. cap. I, and 3d Henry VIII. cap. 5, for any foldier to depart from the army without the king's licence, which a6ts were, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, pronounced by all the judges (x) perpe- tual ; and Blackftone in his Commentaries, vol. 4, p. iot, fays, defertion from the king's armies in time of war, whether by land or £ea, in England or in parts beyond the feas, is by the {landing laws of the land (exclufive of the annual afts of parliament to punifli mutiny and defertion) and particularly by flatute 18th Hen. VI. c. 19, and 5th Eliz. c. 5. made felony, but not without benefit of clergy: but by the ftatute of 2d and 3d Edward VI, c. 2, clergy is taken away from fuch deferters, and the offence is made triable by the juftices of every (hire. The fame ftatutes punifh other inferior military offences, with fines, imprifonment and other penalties. The regular modes of affembling the national forces were ancient- ly as follows: the great barons, bifhops, abbots, and other tenants (u) Notwithstanding this opinion, the mutiny act has expired, and been fuffered to remain for feme time unrenewed, more than once, fince its inrtitution ; tlie firft time was A. D. i68g, when the mutiny bill having expired the lothof November, the new bill, which originated with the lords, was not feat to the commons, till the 14th, four days after the former aft had expired ; and tho' it did not receive the royal aflent, till the 23d of Decem- ber, it was direiflcd to take place on the 20th. In the year 1691, the mutiny bill, which expired on the 2Cth of December, was not renewed till March 14th, 1692-3, but ordered to be in force from the loth. In the year l6^4, the new mutiny bill was not pafild till the 16th of April, altho' it ccafed on the the loth of the preceding month of March ; and in tiie fucceeding year it did not receive the royal alTent till the 22d of April, fix days after its expiration. After the bill which was paflcd in the ift of April, \(}()-],for one year longer^ had ex- pired, no other bill was paflld or ordered till January 31ft, lyoi, when one was offered >^hich received the royal affcnr, 2d of March, 1701-2. See the Journals of the houfes of lords and commons. (x) See Coke's Reports, p. 520, cafe of foldicrs. Trinit. 43 Eliz. Vol. I.. K holding 66 HISTORYOF holding immetUately from the king, were, when circumftances per- mitted, warned to allcmble by both a fpecial and general fummons > the firft was by the royal mandate particularly directed to each ba- ron, bifliop, or abbot, fent to the flierifFs of the counties wherein they refided, to be by them or their officers perfonally ferved on the parties to whom they were addrefled. (y) In thefe notices they were pofitively enjoined on their fidelity, as they regarded the king's honour and the lands they held of him, to be at a certain time and place, with their due fervice of men and horfes, properly equipped, to fet out with the king or his general on the intended expedition ; this was peculiar to the tenants in capite or great barons j they likewife partook with the inferior feudal tenants, in being fum- moned by publick proclamation, made by the fheriffs and their of- ficers in all market towns and boroughs within their counties, com- manding all perfons bound to perform military fervice, to alll'mblc at a time and place therein named, duly mounted and armed, under penalty of forfeiting their fees, or being feverely amerced. Thefe proclamations were made in confequence of the king's writ to the flierifF, many fpecimens of which are to be found in Rymer and other publick records, (z) See the form of one in the note below. (y) See a fummons of this nature to William de Fortibus, A. D. 1257, 41 Hen. III. Rymer, vol. i, p. 635. The fummonfes for fuch perfons as reCded at the king's court, were fent by the treafurer to the exchequer, and thence to the keepers of the king's wardrobe, who delivered them. Madox Hijl. Excheq. (z) VicEcoMiTi Kanciae falutem. Prscipimus tibi quod line delatione fummoneri facias per totam ballivam tuam archiepifcopos, epifcopos, abbates, priores, comites, ba- roiies, milites & libere tenentes, & omnes alios qui fervitiam nobis dcbent, five fervitiam militare vel ferjeantiae : quodque fimiliter clamari facias per totam baillivam tuam, quod fint apud Wigorniam in craftino St. Trinitatis, anno regni noftri feptimo, omni dilatione & occafione poftpofitis, cum toto hujufmodo fervitio quod nobis debent, paratis cum equis et armis, ad eundum in fervitium noftrum, quo eis praeceperimus. T. H. &c. apud Weftmon. 25 die Maii, eodcm modo fcribitur ononibus vicecomitibus Angliae. CI. 7. H. 3. m. 10. dorfo. If THE ENGLISH ARMY. (,y If it was found neceflary to alter or poftpone the time or place of meeting, it was done by like proclamation. In cafes of popular infurreclion, rebellion, or the apprehenfion of a foreign invafion, where it was deemed neceflary to colle6l a greater force than the feudal troops, the king ifl'ued his writ to the flieriffs of thofe counties, whofe forces it was thought expedient to array and embody, directing them to ride night and day through their diftridts, caufing it to be proclaimed wherever they came, that all perfons between the ages of fixteen and fixty, not labouring un- der bodily difability, called defenfible men, were commanded to join the king's army, with all pofllble fpeed, at a place appointed, compe- tently armed, according to their poflefllons, under pain of forfeiture of life, limb, and every other thing they could forfeit. It was alfo cuflomary, whilft the ftatute of Winchefl-er, or that of Philip and Mary continued in force, for the king to ifi'ue commif- fions of array, appointing certain experienced officers, in whom they could confide, to afiemble, mufter, array, and try, or exercife the inhabitants of certain diflriils, with an intent to fee they had their proper armour and weapons ; and alfo in fome meafure to inftruft them in the ufe of arms. Diverfe commiflions of array occur in Rymer's Focdcra, two will be given in the appendix. The form of thefe commiflions was fettled in parliament the 5th of Henry IV. Under the article of fummoning the defenfible men of the realm, may be placed fome very extraordinary writs, ilfued in the reigns of King Edward III. and Richard II. dire(5ted to the arch- tifliops and bifliops, direfting them to arm, array, and regiment all the abbots, priors, monks, and other ccclefiaftical perfons, of what diocefc focver, between the ages of fixteen and fixty. As this appears a matter of great curiofity a literal tranflation of one of thcfe writs is here given. " The King to the Venerable Father in Chrifl, William, by the faid grace Archbifhop of Canterbury, Primate of all England, greeting. As in our lafl parliament, by your aflent, and that of the K z other 68 HISTORYOF other prelates, nobles, and commons of our realm, it hath been or- dered that all the men of our faid kingdom of England, as well clergy as laity, to wit, every one of them according to their ftate, poQefllons, and abilities, fliould be armed and arrayed, to go forth, for the fafety of holy church and the faid kingdom, againft our enemies, if any Ihall prefume to enter the faid kingdom. Wherefore, by diverfe of our commiflions, we have afligned certain of our truily perfons in every county of our kingdom, for ar- raying, and caufing to be arrayed and armed, all defenfible men there found, between the ages of fixteen and fixty years, and to caufe them to be divided into thoufands, hundreds and twenties, fo that the faid men, fo armed and arrayed, and well furniflied with com- petent arms, may be ready and prepared to refill the faid enemy, for the fafety and defence of the faid church and kingdom. And bccaufe our enemies the French, having broken the peace between France and England, laft entered into at Calais, have in an hoftile manner taken our cities, caftles, towns, and many other places, flaying our faithful fubjefts refiding therein, and taking them into their own hands, thus detaining and occupying them. And not coiitent with this alone, they have aflembled and are dili- gently preparing with the utmofl: expedition, in diverfe parts of the fea coafts, a large fleet of fliips, with a multitude of forces and armed men, in order fliortly to invade our faid kingdom, and us, our faid kingdom and people, to conquer by force, and to fubvert our realm and the church of England. We willing in the mofl convenient manner, to provide for the fafety and defence of the church and our faid kingdom with all our power. And adverting that you and all the other prelates, and all the clergy of the faid kingdom, with our other faithful fubjedls, are bound to lend an afTifting hand to refift our faid enemies, for the fafety of holy church and the faid kingdom. We therefore firmly enjoin and command you by the fealty and lovfi by which you are bound unto us, and confidering the immi- nent THE ENGLISH ARMY. 69 nent perils and heavy damages threatened by the invafion of our aforefaid enemies, that you caufe all abbots, priors, religious, and other ecclefiaflical pcrfons (every delay being laid afide) to be arm- ed, arrayed, and furniflicd with competent arms (to wit) every one between the faid ages, according to their faid ftate, pofleflions, and abilities, and thefe to be arranged into thoufands, hundreds, and twenties, fo that they may be ready and prepared to fet forth to- gether with our other faithful fubjefls, againft our faid enemies, within our kingdom, in order with God's afTiflance, to conquer, repel, and deflroy them, and to punifli their audacity. And this, as you efteem us and our honour, your own and the fafety of holy church and our kingdom, you will by no manner omit. Witness the King at Weftmlnfter, the 6th day of July, A. D. 1369, clauf. 43, Ed. III. M. 13. Like writs were fent directed to the archbifliop of York, and every other bifhop in England, (a) Notwithstanding thefe writs were at leafl three or four times i^ued, hiftory does not inform us that thefe reverend batta- lions were ever aflually called forth under arms. Indeed many feemingly infuperable obftacles militated againft it. Firft, the im- munities of the church, which would have been highly violated by making private foldiers of its members ; next, many councils and canons, as well as the determinations of different popes, all con- curred in prohibiting ecclefiaftics to ufe any other fword than that of the fpirit, or by any means to fpill human blood. Befidcs, the very order directed an Impoflibility : how could a monk, who had no private property, purchafc armour or weapons, had it even been (a) Two other writs of this kind, and in the fame reign, occur in Rymer, the ift In the 46th year, and the other in the 47th ; another tlic id of Richard II, lawful 7© IIISTORYOF lawful for him to make ufe of them. Bcfides fuppofing them af- fembled, armed and regimented, it would have required a much greater time to render them in any degree fit for fervice, than the exigency of the caufe for which they were aflcmbled would admit. Perhaps after all, thefe fummonfes were iflued rather with an in- tent to draw a commutation from their treafury, than to call them to the field. It feems extremely difficult to reconcile the practice of the ec- clefiaftics of ancient times with their principles and laws. We every- where read of bifhops ferving in, and fometimes commanding armies ; and frequently of their fighting, like private troopers, in the ranks of a fquadron, and that not in crufados or religious wars : at the fame time canons, councils, and popes inianimoufly forbid ecclefi- aftics of all degrees to ufe the fword, or engage in any military ope- rations. An inftance of this is fhewn in the cafe of Philip de Dreux, bifliop of Beavais ; who, as Mathew Paris relates, being taken pri- foner by King Richard I. in complete armour, was confined in prifon ; the pope, interfering in his behalf, follicited his releafe,. under the title of his fon and the fon of the church : in anfwer to which, the king fent him the coat of mail, wherein the bifhop- was taken, with the following queftion, " Is this thy fon's coat or not ?" to which the pope ingenuoufly anfwered, it was neither his fon's coat, nor the coat of the fon of the church ; thereby difavow- ing him, and declining to interefl himfelf for an ecclefiaftic fo im- properly employed. This bifliop in order to avoid offending the letter of the canon and other regulations, did not ufe a fword, but fought with a mace, of which he made fo powerful an ufe, that at the battle of Bovines, he beat down Long Sword earl of Salisbury; how he contrived to avoid the fpilling of blood, is not fo evident, fince it would be next to impofTible, to beat out a man's brains, without caufing the pro- hibited efFufion. In the ancient poem of the fiege of Caerlaverok, Anthony Beck, bifhop THE ENGLISH ARMY. 71 bifliop of Durham, is complimented on his courage, and is there faid to be the moft valliant clerk in the kingdom or indeed in Chrif- tendome, but abfent from that fervice, on account of a wound he had received. Henry Spencer bifliop of Norwich, in the reign of King Richard II. not only raifed, but alfo commanded, an army in France. And at Ickingham near Newmarket, leaped his horfe over fome barricados and a trench, with which fome rebels had fortified themfelves, and Godwin fays, " rode into the very midil of them, and beftirred himfelf fo manfully, as, if it had been an aclion agree- able to his calling, had deferved great commendations." Among the perfons indenting to raife foldiers fox King Henry V. are fcveral bifliops : and at the battle of Floddon Field, there were flain of the Scots, one archbiihop, two bifliops and four abbots. Father Daniel fuggefts a motive, which perhaps, befides thi love of glory, caufcd the bifliops and other great ecleflaflics to fol- low the armies, which was, that by their being accuftomed to the ufe of arms, they were the better able to defend themfelves againfl the encroachments of the great barons, who frequently, particular- ly in France, fcized on their revenues, under pretence of reimbur- fing themfelves the expences they had been at, in fighting for the defence of the church and fl:ate. In France the abbots frequently impoveriflied their abbies, by fitting out their equipages for war, although forbidden by the council of Soiflbns, an. 774. (b) Perhaps likewife, they were by fome claufe unknown to us, obliged by their tenures, on certain occafions, to attend perfonally, Indeed, one inftance has already been quoted in this work, wherein it is commanded, (c) but at the fame time it is probable, the prelates and great abbots did not entirely diflike it, otherwife confidering the many arguments to (b) Pere Daniex, torn. 1, p. 15. ij (c) Note, (f) page 5. be 72 HISTORYOF be adduced againft it, and the high power of the church, it would eafily have been over-ruled. The methods of raifing the ftipendiaryj or mercenai7 troops, were either by commifTions, in fubftance much like our prefent beating orders, authorifuig perfons to enlift volunteers ; or by in- denture, a praclice that began about the latter end of the reign of King Edward III. (d) and in that of Henry V. became general. By thefe indentures, different perfons engaged themfelves to provide a certain number of able men, properly armed, to ferve the king for a ftated time, at a ftipulated pay and bounty, then ftiled wages and regards j both the wages and regards were calculated according to the nature of the fervice, and place in which it was to be per- formed : befides fettling the quantum of the pay and bounty, with the time and manner of payment, thefe indentures contained diverfe covenants, refpecting the fliaring of prifoners of war, or booty that might happen to be taken by the contractor or his men, ranfome being at that time one of the principal emoluments arifing from miUtary fervice, and confidered by the foldiers of thofe days as aii expectancy, fimilar to that of prize money in our prefent navy. Not only foldiers of fortune indented for this fervice, but alfo bifhops and other ecclefiaftical and civil perfons. Specimens of thefe in- dentures (e) are given In the notes and appendix : the originals are liill. (d) Although indentures with the king's fubjefts were not common before this period, Rymer contains feveral records of agreements with foreigners to find foldiers for our earlier kings. (e) Indenture of war. John Haytely, Efquire, Dame Beatrice Shirley, Bundel 8. This indenture made between the- king our fovereign lord of the one parr, and John Haytely, Efquire, of the other part, witnefieth, that the faid John is bound to our faid lord: the king to do him fervice of war, in the parts beyond fea, for three quarters of a yeapj and the faid John to have continually remaining with him during tlw faid time, three ar- chers mounted and arrayed as appertains to their eftate, and the. faid Joha (hall take for wages for himfelf twelve pence a day, with accuflomed regards, and for each of his faid archers THE ENGLISH ARMY. 7Z flill extant at the Paper Office, Whitehall. In thefe agreements it was ufual for the king to advance part of the pay before hand, afterwards called imprcft money, and alfo to give fecurity for the regular payment of the remainder; for this purpofe King Henry V. pledged all his jewels, which were not redeemed till after his death. archers fixpence the day, during the time above mentioned, wiiich w?ges and regards flial! be paid to liim for hinifelf and liis faid arc!>crs, ininiediatcly in hand for two months and for the third month at his mufter ; and for tl>e fecond and third quarter abovementioned, the faid John fliall be paid from niontli to month, at the beginning of each month, in Fnghfh gold, or in fome other money then current in France, of the value of the faitl gold in England abovefaid, by the hands of the trcafurer of war of the kin^ our faid fove- reign lord, for the time being. And the faid John Ihall be bound to be with the people of his faid retinue at the port of Southampton, the ift day of April next comeinc, to make a full miiftcr of himfclf and his faid retinue, and the faid term fliall commence on the day of the faid mufter ; and our faid lord the king (hall have as well the third part of the gains of war of the aforefaid John, as the third part of the thirds for which tlie people of his retinue (hall be anfwerable to him out of their gains of war, be they prifoners, booty or other things taken and all the other accullomed droits ; for which thirds of thirds and droits tlie faid John fhall be bound to anfwcr to our faid fovereign lord the king, at his exchequer, in England, upon onth, to be taken by the faid John or the executor or execu- tors of his will, in his name and not otherwife, and the laid John fliall have all tlie prifoners during the faid time by him or any of his faid people taken, except kings and princes, and the fons of kings, and in particular Charles called the Dauphin of \'ienne and other great captains of the blood royal, alfo chieftains and lieutenants having power from the faid Charles, and excepting alfo thofe who killed and flew John late Duke of Bour- gundy, or were knowing and confenting, or councilling and aiding thereunto, of whom z\\ and every one (liall remain the prifoners of our faid lord the king, for whom he (lull make a reafonable agreement to him or them who (hall have taken them ; and the faid John fliall perform watch and ward, and alfo murter himfclf and his retinue when and as often as it fhall be by our faid lord the king duly warned and required during the time aforefaid ; and the faid John (lull have the tranfportation of Jiimfelf, his men and horfes to France and back at thcexpcnce of our lord the king before named. In witnefs whereof the faid John has affixed his ftal to part of this indenture, before our faid lord the kin;^. Given at Wcllminlkr the 7th day of February, in the 9th year of the reign of our faid fovereign lord. O.w the back— Tlie Indenture of John Haytclcy, Efijuire, for and in the name of Dame Beatrice Shirley. Vol. I. L An 74 HISTORY OF An expedient fometimes praclifed by our kings to procure troops for foreign fcrvice, was to pardon criminals, on condition of their ferving in the king's army abroad, and finding fccurity to anfwer any profecution if called upon at their return, (f ) Some of the- king's juftices were occafionally empowered to iffue thefe pardons, and to receive the obligations of the criminals, (g) after which they were allowed a fmall time to prepare for their voyage, they were then afTembJed by writs iffued to the flierilfs of the different coun- ties of England, directing them to caufe it to be cried throughout their diftri6ts, that all fuch as had charters of pardon, fliould re- pair towards the fea, to enter into the pay and fervice of the king; thofe in the weft at Dartmouth; thofe in the counties of Kent,. Surry and Suflex at Winchelfea ; in Cambridge, Huntingdon, Nor- folk, Suffolk, Lincoln, Northampton, or Rutland, and the neigh- bouring counties at Yarmouth and St. Botolf 's, fo that they were there by a ftated time under penalty of lofing their charters of pardoa. (h) These were the regular and conftitutlonal modes of afiembling, our armies in former times, befides which fevcral of our fovereigns- under the authority of the royal prerogative, obliged diftrifts, ci- ties, towns, corporations, and even particular perfons, to find men,, horfes, and arms, or to pay contributions for that purpofe, not al- ways according to any regular proportion or afleflinent, but allot- ted folely by their will and pleafure. This being contrary to the ftatute of the ift of King Edward I. was complained of by the commons in the reign of King Edward. III. when although a more ftriiSt obfervation was promifed, and alfo directed by a ftatute, yet both in that and the fucceeding reigns, particularly thofe of Hen- ry VIII. and Elizabeth, the fame was frequently praflifed. ^ (f) See Hal. PI. Cr. vol. ii. p. 145, and Barrington on the Statutes. || (g) RoTt Vafcon, anno Ed. M. 8. N. 11. MS. Yelvert. 1| (h) Rot. Pari, anno 13 Ld. III. The THE ENGLISH ARMY. 75 The following curious abftrafl of the different kings who have exercifed this prerogative, was drawn up by Sir Robert Cotton, as it appears, by the order of the king, and laid before the lords of the privy council, it is now in the Cotton library, in the Britifh Mufeum. Julius, F. 6. Raifing Forces at the Counties Charge. King John ordered in councill, that every nine men fliould find the tenth at their own chardges. — Pat, 6 Johs. Henry III. of every two ploughlands commanded one man to attende his fervice for 40 daies, at the publique chardge of the vil- ladge. Dorf. Clauf. 14. Hen. III. Scutage he alfcired feveral times, for his fervices, and for fuch fervice unto Gafcoigne, William de Umfreville made fine 100 marks, many others at the fame time. Rot. Fin. 26 H. III. & clauf. 15 H. III. In the 14th he caufed his fubje£ts, jurare ad arma, proportion- able from a knite fee to 20s. to be ready at the Whitfuntide follow- ing, (i) Thefe men the year following were reminded to furnifh themfelvcs at the country's chardge with munition and vi6luals for 40 days, (k) making fine of fuch as held in capite, and attended not, and levied vi6lualls upon his people for fupplie of his army. And 27 the like fervices were commanded in Gafcoigne, the names of the attendants entered upon the roll. (1) The nobles by Ed. I. were enjoined fervices into Gafcoigne in the 22d, and their names entered upon the roll, (m) The like the fame year to go againft Wales, (n) Edward II, impofed fea fervice twelve feveral times upon the (i) This was only ad dcfcnfioncm nri U fua rcgni. Dorf. clauf. 14 H. 3. m. 6. (k) Dors, clauf. 15 II. 3. m. 8. H (1) Rot. Vafc. 27 H. 3. H (in) Rot. Vafc. 22 Ed. I. in dorf. H (n) Rot. Wall, ix K. 1. dorf. L 2 porte 76 • HISTORY OF porte towns at their owne cofte, fomctimes for a month, as rimo. ibme for four, as i2mo. fometimcs for feven as 410. (o) In his 17th year Southampton is charged with fixteen fhipps, and one hundred and eighteen fea townes more ratably. And he caufcd fome of them to build gallies at their own charges, as ho did Southampton of one hundred and twenty oares, in the 23d of his reign. By Ed. II. in his firft yeare, men at aiTnes, the countrey vicluals and the port towns fliippes. The charges of m.en and munition fo? them for feven weeks, in his 4th yeare, and one out of every towne for fixty dayes and to feize their goods, and imprifon their perfons that refuftd. (p) The D. of Lancafter is commanded out of his land to leavy two thoufand foot, and bring them to Newcaftle ; the like to other no- blemen. The cities and villadges to find for forty daies men and furniture at their cofte; the number in this roll is exprefied, and there an ordinance of the K. and Cls. to furniflr the armes of every^ degree is entered. Five hundred men are afefled on London fump- tibus proprijs in his 12th year, (q) In the J 3th thofe of 40s. land that attended not upon the king's fummons, were fined for the fijft default, at a third of their goodes, and the refle for their fecond, and their bodies to be at the king's- pleafure for the third ; and of every knight's fee twenty pounds were taken of him that fayled, (r) In the 15th one of every town fumptibus proprijs for 40 daies and the fhire of Bucks redeemed- their fervice of their men with 600 marks fine, all that had 40!. land, were commanded at tlieir own chardges to ferve the king, at the forfeiture of their lande and chattels, (s) The nobility with horfe (n) Rot. CI. et Pat. de Ans. infra. || (o) Rot. Scac, I. Ed. 2 Dors, (p) Claus et Pat. 12. Ed. If. || (q) Claus. et Pat. in 13. Ed. II. (r) Rot Qaus. 15. Ed. II. and THE ENGLISH ARMT. 77 and armes are commanded in the 18th year, and their numbers en- tered on the roll, (t) Edward III. in his firft yeare charged upon the fea towns, all their fhipps from 60 tonne upwards, and the year following 76 poort townes, are commanded to furnifti all their barks above 40 tonn. (u) The nobility are fummoned in his eighth year to attend att Rokef- burgh with armed men. (x) The like in the loth, upon the citie of London he impofed a- Icavy of men, (y) and aflefled upon the fliires of England, certaine horfeman, as eighty out of SufFolke, he difpenfeth with their fer- vice, fo they fend him money after the rate they fliould be at, (z) and the fee towns are enjoyned to build barges to attend the king's fleete at their own chardge. (a) In the i ith yeare the towns and borrowghs are commanded tofur- nifhmen. (b) All men enjoynedtofindmenaccording to their tenures. The clergie furnifh the king with armed men and all from fixteeu to fixty, to be ready to ferve, the impotente and aged to contribute to the chardge, and power given to arreft goods of fuch as fliould re- fufe, tanquam de inimicis. (c) The cinque ports maintained thirty fliipps, during the time of war, and when the fubjedls complained In parliament of thefe chardges, they received no farther anfwerthan this, "it fliall be as before." (d) In the i6th diverfe men exprefled by name in the record, do fur- niflie the king with men at armes, and archers j (e) and pardon is granted to all felons, that fhall be ready to ferve the king in his warres, (f ) the year following at the chardge of the nobility, divers (t) Vasc. 18. Ed. II. II (u) Pat. and C!aus. de ann. i. and 2. Ed. III. (x) Rot. Scoc. 8. Ed. III. || (y) Rot. Scoc. 10. Ed. III. Dor. || (z) Rot. Scoc. 10. Ed. III. 10 Aug. H (a) Claus. 10 Ed. III. jj (b) Vasc. li.Ed. III. ( ) Rot 13. Ed. III. H (d) Claus. et Pat, 13. Ed. III. || (e)RoT. Franc. 16. Ed. 111. || (f ) Rot. Franc 17. Ed. IJI. armej 78 -• II I S T O R Y O F armed men are fet forth. Every man that had lande to the value of five pound, was ordered to find the king one archer for his warres : in the 20th yeaie, (g) the cities and towns find the king for his warres armed men ; in anno 24th, and the yeare followinge, the citie of London furnifhed three hundred archers for the king's chardge. And that thefe chardges were legally aflcfled thoughe not by parlia- ment, it appeareth, becaufe diverfe men procure themfelves patents of difchardge out of fpeciall favour, (h) After this year, thefe forms and courfes were changed totally, and this king and fo all following for the mofl: parte furnifl^.ed their «ccafions of warre, by contra6ling with their nobility and gentrie, to finde them a proportion of men at certain wages: the indentures from this king, unto Edward IV. remaine for the mod part with the clerk of the Pells at Weftminfter, and the kings had lefs reafon to chardge their people, in this kings time and followinge, becaufe they were fupplied by parliament that was annuall. Richard II. in anno 22d, levied horfes, and cartes, and vi<5la- allers of his people, for their voyadge into Ireland, (i) Henry VI. in his 20th year enjoned the perfons to attend him in his warrs, and difpenfeth with as many as would contribute to his occafions. The chardge of two daies expence if they ferved in perfon. (k) Henry VII. muftered his army, partly by benevolence, and partly at his fubje6ls chardge, the diftin^lion is entered on the lift. (1) Henry VIII. impofed on his people, the finding of archers for his warres aflefling fome one knight at forty pound as Sir Adrian Fortefcue, and the like in the i6th, but at a higher cefs, fome one (g) Rot. Franc. 20. Ed. III. || (li) Rot. Franc. 21. Ed. III. H (i) Chron. Walfingham. || (k) Original Inftrudlions A. 20. Hen. VI. ap. Rob. Cotton. (1) Fragment Inftrudlion ap. Rob. Cottoa. knight THE ENGLISH ARMY. 79 knight finding a hundred men, (m) the lords and chief men of every county, commanded to attend the king in his warres, fome one with fifty men for the defence of Calais in the 14th yeare, (n) a leavy of fix hundred archers fefied upon the nobility, clergie, and good townes ; in the 20th, every knight furnifhinge ten foot at the lead. A like leavy of men in the 25th, fome one perfon being charged with fifty foot, and three launces. A proportion I have, at that time drawn (whether a6led or not uncertaine) for an army royall to at- tend Henry VIII. into Fraunce, in which, on all his fubjedls from 4000I. land or fees, to 20I. in goodes, a proportion is fet to find for the king's fervice, proportions of men. (o) The late queen to withftand the Spanifh invafion in Ireland, im- pofed a chardge of horfe and furniture, upon the nobilty, gen- trie, and her ableft fubjecls, which was willingly performed accord- ingly by all. (p) Having thus far in obedience to his majefty's command, with a light touch prefented to your honour the many chardges, occafions of (late have lead the foregoing princes, to lay upon their people by fupreme power, and not by parliament; in all humility I offer up unto your lordfliips thefe two confiderations. Firft, that many of thefe though entered upon record, may never be produced to efFedl; the rolls of the faid receipts, perufed to fee what levies of men and money have been retourncd, in purfuite of any of thcfc intentes, will relieve that doubt; the other, that the fuccefie of thefe maybe exam- ined by fearch of ftories of thofe times, wherein they were foe put in practice, of which I have moft remayning with me. The fmooth and ufual cure of all defc(5ls and maladyes of flate, hath becne by parliament, expect fome few in Hen. III. Ed. II. Rich. II. and Hen. Vi. tymes when fuch remedy proved more dan- (m) LjTTERA Orig. manu Regis." 13 Hen. V] II. ap. Rob. Cotton. || (n) Orig. ap. Rob. Coiton. II (o) Orig. np. Robtum Cotton. | (p) Letters of Councill. gerous 8o HISTORYOF gerous tlian the d'lfcafc, malignant fpirits vveaiinge more power, tlian well compofed tempers. In the year 1585, by the queen's order, a letter was written, from the privy council, to William Chalderton, bifliop of Chcfter, fig- nifying her intent offending a thoufand launces, well mounted and furnifhed, to the alTiftance of the Hollanders, but to prevent her kingdom being drained of war horfes, flie thought it beft to pur- chafe them abroad, cftimating each horfe and furniture, at twenty- five pounds. She therefore required him and his clergy to pay for fo many horfes, as were fettled in an annexed fchedule. The Bifliop, 3 The Dean, i The Chapter, 2 Edward Fleetwood, Parfon of Wigan, i John Caldwell, Parfon of Wynwicke, 2 Edward Afliton, Parfon of Middleton. i John Nutter, Prebendary, Parfon of Seflbn, of Anghton and 7 Babbington J Richard Gerrard, Prebendary in Southwell, and Parfon of 1 Stopport in Chefliire. J This money to be paid to Robert Freak, Efq. teller of the Ex- chequer, (q) About the reign of King Henry VIII. lieutenants were appointed to the different countries throughout the realm, as Handing repre- (p) Pbck's Defiderata Curiofa, Vol. i. During the reign of this queen, the livings of the clergy were a fieffed for providing armour, according to the aft of Philip and Mary. Any clergymen poflefiing one, or more benefices, of 30I. per annum or upwards, was charged according to fuch proportion as the temporality were charged by that ftatute, on account of their moveable goods ; clergymen having temporal lands and fpiritual prefer- ment might be charged according to the greateft rate for either, but not for botji. The bifliops, deans and prebendaries were rated among the temporality, the birtiops for lands, the deans and prebendaries for good, from 30I. and upwards. Contributions were alfo levied on them by order of the privy council, to provide horfe for quelling the rebellion in Ireland. The bilhop of London was charged fixty pounds, the dean of St, Paul's, 30I. SfcWLlkins, Concil. Vol. 4, p. -256, 341, and 358. fentatives THE ENGLISH ARMY. 8i fentatlves of the crown, and to them, and their deputies all ifiilitary arrangements within their refpeftive diftricls were entrufted. A CONSTANT apprehenfion of an invafion from Spain, during the firft part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, caufcd that queen to be very attentive to her internal forces, and was the caufe of the follow- ing commiflion, and the regulations therein contained, ena6tedfole- ly by her own authority, with the advice of her privy council : the original is preferved in the Harlean library. No. 6,844. "Instructions for the executyon of the commiflion dire6ledto all the juftices of the peace in the countie of for generall mufters, andtrayning, of all manner of perfons, hable for thewarrs, to ferve as well on horfeback as on foote. The principal intent of the queen's majeftie, as may appear by the exprefs wordcs of her majeftie's commiflion, is to have perfe6t knowledge of the numbers, qualities, habilities and fufficiencieof all her fubjefls in that countie, as by the like commiflion fent into all other fliires of the realme ; the like is intended from the age of fix- teen yeares upwarde, that may be founde hable to beare armoure, or to ufe weapon on horfebacke, or on foote, and out of that totall and univerfall nomber being viewed, muftered and regiftered to have a convenient and fufficient nomber of the moft hable, to be chofeii and colledled, to be by the reafonable chardge of the inhabi- tants in everie fliiretryed, armed and weaponed, and fo confequent- lie taughte and trayned, for to ufe, handle andexercife their horfes, armure, fliott and other weapons, both on horfebacke, and on foote, for the fervice and defence of her majefl:ic, her crown and realme, againfl: all attempts, both inward and oiitwarde : for which purpofe althoughe her majeftie doubte not, but that according to the fpe- ciall truft repofcd in you, and for that the kynde of fervice at this tyme, tendeth onlie for contynuaunce of the publick peace, whichc by Godd's goodncfs, the realme nowenjoycthe morcthan any other in Chriftcndonie dothe ; you will carefullie and fpcdilie ymploie your whole undciftandinges, labours and powers, witliout any re- VoL. 1. M • fpeft 82 HISTORYOF fpciSl of chardges, or paynes, to execute the commlfnon in all poyntes tending univerfally to fo good an ende. Yet to thentcnt you may the more redeley, efteftuallie and uniformly proceed herein, herma- jeftiehath, with th'advice of us, of her counfaill, ordeyned that thefe articles foUowinge fliould be conceived in writing, and fcnt unto you, and others authorized by like commiflion, in other partes of the realme, as inftruccyons or memorialls to diredl you the more order- lie in the executyon of the faid comraifiion j not therebie fecludinge you from fuche other manner of proceedings as maye befte tende al- {o to the more fpedie or more efFe(5luall execution of the faide com- miflion, fo as the fame be not manifeftalie repugnant to thefe in- ftruftyons. And furdermore confidering that this kind of fervice requireth the attendance and labour of verie manie perfons accord- ing to the quantitie of the flieire, and as the ufual divifions of the fame mai feme to require feveral aflemblies, in fonderie places, and yet the diredlion of the whole fervice to be uniformely ordered, oughte properly for avoiding of confufion to apperteyne to the care of fome fewer in nomber, beinge partlie for their degrees and callinge of more reputacyon, and partlie for their knowledge in fuche kynde of marfliall fervices moll hable to direct the fame, therefore J choice cf fptciaii l^er majeftiehath ordeyned A, B, C, D, E, &c. flioulde men to take the chief j^j^g fj-jg pnncipall caic of thexecutyon of this com- care of the commij- _ '• fion. miflion, and of the contents of thefe infl;ru(5tyons ; and that you and the reft of the juftices of the peace of that flieire doe, notwithftanding your beft endeavours as nede (hall require, and as you ihalbe appoynted to farder the fayde fervice in your fe- veral divifions, and be in all reafonable thinges aidinge and afllft- inge the reft, to whomethis fpeciall care is corny ted. And for that you, that be afore fpeciallye named to have this fpeciall care, may, perchance not be refident within that countie at all times requifite, for thexecutyon of this commiflion ; therefore it is our intent, (notwithftanding the abfence of fome few of you, fo the moft parte be not abfcnt out of the flieire, that you the reft beinge within the ftieire fliall proceede in the fayde commiflion according to thefe in- ftru6lyons. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 83 1%! griateft part of ftruftyons, in like cafe as if you were all there tke Jieciat commijfion ^ i a i • /• i to proceed in abfence pvelcnt as you are named. And in cafe the more ofotheri. parte of you, fo above fpeciallie named, fliall be ab- fent out of that flicire, at the tymcs requifite to execute this commifli- on, then you the refte, fliall fo certifie us with your opynions who were mete to fupplie the rooms of the perfons abfent, whereupon directions flialbe given accordinglie, for fupplie of thofe defects. And confidering it may feme inconvenient, to call men to fuche ge- nerall mufters, before the feafon of the yeare fliallbe more apte thereto, for fayrenefs of weather, and yet the benefit of this fervice rcquireth all good expedition, confideringe the ftate of matters in other countries, neare to this realme ; therefore it is left to the Begmmngthemuflers, difcrccyou of you thc commiflioncrs, fpeciallie nam- reftrredtotbe commif- . , , _ ^ _ fionert direahn. cd to bcgyH With thcfc muiters, at fuche tyme as you fhall finde mete, and to contynewe your travells therein as you fhall finde mete, for feafonablcnefs of weather and eafe of the people to be muflered; and yet neverthelefs you maie aflenible yourfeffes and confider your commifllon and thefe inftruCtyons, and devife upon the manner of the execution, and by your precepte caufe all perfons To ajfembu and pre- to bc wamcd to prepare thcmfelfes, and their armour fare things ready M .. . i r .. U n. i i. r the mujier. ^ud wcapous HI icadyneis to be mulrereti, whenfo-^ ever theie flialbe called; and generallie to caufe all things to be done that maie convenientlie be don without any notable trouble to the people, by reafon of the feafon of the yeare ; fo as when tyme fliall come to mete for the mufters to be made openlie in the fieldcs, you may finde all thinges in the better redynefs to haften the fervice. The Articles of the InJlruBjons. Prtnpii of fummom It is neceirailc that by your precepte to the con- toaUp.rfo«stoappere. ^^^^^ ^f ^j^^ hundreds, or othcr officers there- to requifite and ufuall, all liable perfons from fixtccn upwards, M 2 which 84, K I S T O R Y O F which are within the lynietts of this your commiffion in any parifh, hamlett or village, be fummoned to appere at daies and places, certaia and mete for the mufters, fo none beinge hable of any degree be* forborne, to be warned and called to the fame general mufters, Qtherwife than in fome fpeciall cafes hereafter flialbe remembred. And therefore, it flialbe well don, to commande in your precepte that the names and furnames of all perfons in everie pariflie, aperte. hable to bear armour or to ufe weapons, as above is faide, be ym- mediatelie colletSled and put in writing, by the faide conftables of the hundreds or other like officers, ufed in fuch cafes ; namyne in the faide writinge or note, everie houfeholder by himfelf, with his: fonnes, fervants, prentices, journeymen or any other fojourners or. jndwellers remayninge in their houfes, being hable to wear armure. or ufe weapons mete for the warres. And that the faide houfeholders be charged to bringe all the faide perfons by name, with their ar- mour and weapons at fuche feveraltymes and places, as flialbe there- to lymeted. And fo after the returne to the commillloners of the; faide writinge, conteyning their names, the faid commiffioners flialL call for the perfons, and proceed to the mufters of them, and re-- gifter the names of fuch as fliall appear, with notes of their ar-~ mour and weapons ; and when fome fliall not have armour or wea- pons mete there, it fhalbe noted to what kinde of fervice for the. warres, everie of the faide perfons fliall feme mete, wherein is meant,., not to omytte to note what number of them male ferve for labo-. rers or pioners, and who are alfo carpenters, fmythes, or fuch like artificers, fo as there maye be fome ufe had of their* habilities for fervice of theire countrie, as caufe fliall require, though theie fliall . nott have armor. And of fuche as fliall not appere, having ben , warned, to make a fpeciall note and cheke, and to examyne dulie the caufes of their abfence, and according to reafon to allowe or pu- nyflie, and redrefle the defaultes, that no forberinge be had of any without verie evident necefl*arie and lawfuU caufe, but that the parties being abfent at one tyme, upon reafonable caufe maie yet at fome othef THE ENGLISH A R nl Y. 85 other ty-me appere, to be viewed, muftered, and regiftered as others of the like condycion flialbe; and becaufe it maie feme mete, that the houfeholders in all places fhoulde not be compelled fo bring all their fervants, or indvvellers and hable perfons, at one tyme from their dwelling houfes, it flialbe well therefore, that in the warrants to the aforefaid conftables or other officers, it maie be exprefl'ed, that theie conferre with the houfehoulders, upon the makinge of theire firft bookes of names, to bringe as manye as maie reafon- ablie be fpared at the firft daie, and thereafter to appoint theire ap- pearance ; wherein the commiffioners maie alfo, as theie fee caufe, diredl the order how many fhall come at the firft tyme, and howe manye at other tyme; and yet that the writing contayne trulie the names and furnames bothe of them that fhall appeared at the firft daie, and of them that fhall remayne at home, and the houfeholders to be charged by the commiffioners or otherwife to bring or fende the reft of the perfons at fome other daie, to be by them lymited, to be viewed, muftered and ufed, as hereafter fhall appere theie oughte to be, fo as all the nombers of the parfons hable maie at feverall tymes be viewed and muflered; or if contynuance of ficknefs fliall deteyne any parfon from acccfs to the mufters, during this com- miflion, yet the name of fuche perfon fhalbe certified and regiftered with a note of his habilitie to ferve, when his ficknelTe fliall ceafe, and of his furnyture to ferve according to his degree. Item, it is to be underftood, that no houfeholder of any degree, except the prelates and lordes of parliament, and others of the Pr(iaies,hrjjo/f>ar- privic counfaiJ, (thc Certain nomber whereof is al- c'liZTJtmttedjy'L readie well knowen) flialbe forborne, if he be hable prfonai apptarauct. for helthc or ftrcngthc to come himfelf to thofe mufters ; and as for all other inferior perfons ecclcfiafticall, beinge not lordes of parliament, whofe vocation is to attend pcrfonallie upon their miniflerie and cures, and for the juf^ices of the one bench or other, or fuch other hed officers of any of her majefties courtcs of record 86 IIISTORYOF record, occupienge judiciall places ; it is ment that as well thefaide ecclefiafticall perfons, as the faide jiiftices and other judiciall offi- cers, fhall not be compelled to appere at thofe niufters, but fliall fend HoufehoLiprvants ec thcm hable fcrvants and houfehold men, at fome cUfiaJiU all perfons and . y r \\ i i t judges. convenient and leverali tymes and places, to be viewed, muftered and rcgiftered as others are or flialbe, with their ar- mour and weapons, fo as there maie be neverthelefs a feveral muftcr book made of all the houfcholde fervants of the faide clergie aparte. And as for the fervants of the faide judges and judiciall officers, with all their furnyture of armour and weapons to be added to the mufters of the layitie, according to their feverall dwellinge places. And as for any houfehould fervants of any of the prelates and lordes of parliament, or of any of the privie counfail, becaufe the faid prelates for their perfons arc to be fpared, and the perfonal fervices of the faide lordes temporall, or counfaillors are to be diredcd by fpeciall commandment of her majeftie, about her perfon, or other- wife accordinge to their callinges ; there is another fpeciall order appoynted aparte from her majeftie to the faid prelates, lordes and counfaillors, to certifie in writinge to her majeftie, the num- bers and names of their houfehold fervants mete to ferve with them, being their lordes and mafters, with the furnyture alfo of theire horfes, geldinges, armour and weapons, which theie have or oughte to have in readynes, or will encreafe for her majefties fcrvice, and for all others that are not houfehold fervauntes, or dalie attend- auntes, to anie of the faide temporall lordes of parliament or counfaillors, and yet havinge their dwellinge and proper houfe- holdes in that fliire, pretending that theie doe belonge to any of the faide lordes temporall or counfaillors as retaynors, fuche flialbe fum- moned in like cafe as others fhalbe at theire dwelling houfes to ap- pcare, and flialbe muftered and charged accordinge to theire habi- Hties to be furniflied with armour and weapons, and flialbe charge- able THE ENGLISH ARMY. Zj Servants retayncd by ^^^^ ^^ ^ -^^ therewith to all muftcrs, and to lorJs of parliament ' j ^ <.<-> and counfaiiiort. rcfofte to any fervicc vvithui the flieire, as any other of the fame flieue flialbe charged, upon calling for to the de- fence of the fea coafte or invafion of the reaime. And yet there fhalbe a particular note and regifter kept of the perfons beinge fo retayned, and theire dweliinge places, and in what forte theie do pretend to be retayned by their lordes and mafters. And the com- mifiions fliall forbear to make entrie of anie fuchc, fo knowen to be lafullye reteyned by their lordes and mafters, into any fpeciall companyes and bands of the reft of the foldiers to be appoynted for that country. But to be chargeable as is abovefaid onlie to reforte with the reft of their neighbours and parifhioners in warlike man- ner to the defence of theire countrie at all tymes, when theie fliall not be called out of the faide countrie by commandment of theyre lorde or mafters ; in which cafe in refpect of the fervices to be done perfonallie to their lordes and mafters as caufe fliall requier, the faide perfons, fo lafullye reteyned, flialbc excufed duringe the tyme that theie flialbe abfent upon the commandement of the lordes and mafters. Item, the commiflloners fliall upon the firft raufters confider particularlie all the imperfeccyons in the perfons appearing, and in the armures, weapons and fuch like, and fliall give particular in- Ymperfecciom oj men ftruccyous and chardgc how to remedie the fame \t'!jlrJel7n7e'firft ^Y ^""^^ ^Y^^" theruuto to be fpedalie lymitted, and mufieri. fliall appoiute certaine perfons in the mean tyme within everie hundred or other divifion, to fee to, and give order for the reformacyon thereof againft the tyme of the nexte mufters. Item, where alwaies of verie ancyent tyme there hath been and ftill are a nomber certain of foldiers furniflicd of armure and wea- pons, to be founde of the comon chardge of everie towne or pariflie, over and befides fuche particular perfons as are by the late ftatutcs chargeable, by reafon of their own private pofleflions or goods to finde foldyers, armure and weapons. The '88 HISTORYOF The commilTioners fiiall do well upon the regiftilngc of the faide gcnerall mufters to caufe fpeciall entries to be made aparte of the faide nombers found by the panlhcs in the mufter books dif- tin6le from the others, that therebie it maie appeare how manye are of one forte, and howe many of the other. And for the more encreafe of hablemen to be furniflied with armour and weapon, the commiflioners fliall caufe the meaner forte of freeholders, franklyns, formers or merchants, beinge not of fufficient valewe of frecholde or of goods to have one whale furniture of armour or weapons, to be treated withall by good perfuafion, and for the love of their countrie to be induced to joyne together by two or three or more, in the provifion of a furniture, either of a pikeman, archer, or harquebufier, to ferve as occafion fliall requier. And furdermore they fliall perfuade all manner of riche ffarmours and freeholders to keep in their houfe perfons mete for archerie and fliott, left when the faid farmours and freeholders fliall for their owne expenfe offer to finde other to ferve in their fl:eade as foldiers, by hiringe them againfl: the daie of mufters, theie doe nott feeke for fuche perfons dwellinge out of their houfes, for fuche borrovvinge of men to farve niuft not fuffered, but that either thefe kepe fuche hable men in their houfes to be alwaies ready, or els that theie be com- pelled to ferve in theire owne proper perfons when neceflitie fliall requier. Item, that after the commifTioners fliall have don theire utter- raofte in procuringe of thefe generall mufters in fuche forte as none be fuffered to be abfent, that is hable to carrie armure or wea- pon, otherwife than afore is lymitted; and that the full nombers flialbe knowen of all hable perfons and their qualities, and that the quanti- ties of armure and weapons flialbe alfo feene and confidered in everie divifion J the faide commiflioners with good deliberacyon fliall make choice of perfons meteft to be captaynesand petty-captaynes, notfor- bearinge any under the degree of a lorde of parliament, totackechardge of certaine nombers according to their qualities, fo as concyderacyon be THE ENGLISH ARMY. 89 be had, that perfons of mofte worfliippe, creditt and valewe, be ap- poynted to take chardge of more or lefle nombere, accordinge to theire degrees, that is to faie, feme of the beft worfliipp to have chardge of 200 or 300, and that others of meaner degrees and va- lues in livinge, doe take chardge under them, of everie of the faide hundredc apartej and that there be alfo, with confent of the cap- taynes, a charge made of the fkilfuU and experte perfons, to be lieu- tenants of everie hundred, and neceffarie officers to governe and lead the faide bandes. In choice whereof, fpeciall regarde alfo flialbe had, that no perfons being knowen, or havinge given ma~ nifell caufe to be fufpecled as unvi'iUinge to ferve the queen's ma- jcftie and the realme, have any truft of chardge or leadinge of men comytted to them. Item, becaufe the trayninge and exercife of a multitude of peo- ple, in their armour and weapons, and namely archers and harque- bufiers, may feme coftlie and chardgeablc, and that it fliall not feme neceffarie in many places, to have the whole nombers of the liable people, to be armed and weaponed. Therefore the faid A, B, C, D, 6cc. with the afllftance aforefaid, fliall therein ufe theire difcrecyons, after theie fliall have made a generall mufter of the nombers of the whole flieire, and fliall confidcr and determyne, what were, or maie be a convenient number in everie parte of the flieirc, to be collected out of the totall nombcr, mete to be forted in bandes, and to be trayned and exercifed in fuch forte, as maye reafon- ablie be borne by a common chardge of the whole countric, and there- of, and alfo of the rcfl: of the whole nombre, thcie fliall fpedilic certifie the queens majeftic's privie counfail in a briefe manner, no- tynge holie the nombrcs, wherebie to have theire opynions concern- inge the lymitation of the faid nombers to be felcftcd, fo as the fame bcinge fo allowed, or otherwife altered, there may thereupon be a direction to the comniiflioners to putt the fame in execucyon, and the chardges alfo, for the trayninge of the faid nomber, ys to be confidcrcd, that being reafonablic allotted by ihc divifions of the Vol. I, N fchire, 90 HISTORYOF fchire through all the pariflics, it may be as eafie a chardge as rea- fonablie maie be borne, and yet fo neceflarie a thinge it is to be procured, as without that helpe, the reft will ferve to (mall purpofej wherein it is to be remembered, that it is not ment to have a con- chardse> fir trap,, tynuancc of any fuch chardge, but now at the be- '«.?'• gynninge, fome reafonable allotment wolde be made to beare the chardges of them that flialbc occupied under the commif- fioners in the muftringe and trayninge of the faide bandes of foldiers that flaalbe fo fele6led out of the toatal nomber muftered, and alfo to paye for the powder that neceffarilie flialbe fpent in the faide ex- ercife, befide other neceffarie chardges, to be imploied by fome al- lowance upon the foldiers themfelves, that flialbe trayned, for fome helpe and reliefe to them, in refpect of the tyme theie fliall fpende^ in refortinge to their mufters, attendinge upon their exercifes, to be ufed; and in taxatyon of any fuch fomes of money regarde woulde be had to fpare as much as maie be, the poor huibandman, the cotager and artifan, and to chardge fuch chieflie as be riche and not mete to ferve in theire own perfons, and where any ftran- gers flialbe refident, beinge not naturall borne fubjefts, it fhalbe reafonable to chardge them accordinge to their powers, confider- inge theie are nott perfonallie to be ufed in fervice as others are. Item, there fhalbe regarde had howe to divide and diftribute the ufe of the weapons, in the fortinge of the bands, that there maie be in everie hundred footmen, at the leaft, fortye harqucbufiers and twenty archers, if fo it mai be convenientlie procured ; and to that end, the faid commifiioners Ihall ufe all good perfv/afions, and fhall give fome good example in the countrie, by exercife in games and matches, to encreafe thofe two weapons, forefeycnge, that the archers maie be men of ftrcngthe, and fo the more hable to fhoote in the longe bowes ; and becaufe it is not lafull for any parfon, but fuch as by the ftatute are thereto licenfed, to flioot in any handgonne, or harquebufs, her majeftie is pleafed, that all fuch as flialbe appoynted by the commiflloners to be liarquebufiers, to ufe THE ENGLISH ARMY. 91 life their faide weapons without daunger of the lawes, fo as theie do nott ufe the fame otherwife than others may do that are by the ftatute licenfed ; and for the manner of thetrayninge and exercife of the faide fele6ted nomber, the faid commifTioners alfo (hall ufe theire difcrecyone, for choice of tyme and places mete and convenient for fuch affembUes, in everie fevcral divifion of the (hire, for the more eafe of the people, and that the aflemblies be nott greater, in any one place and tyme, than is convenient ; and fpe- ciallie to forefce that no publique aflemblies, nor exercife of wea- pons be had for this purpofe, but that there be at the faide place and tyme, two juftices of the peace, at the leaft, lymitted 4o be prefent, or elfe one of the fpeciall commiflioners here before nam- ed, fo as bothe good order may be ufed for the faid exercife, and that no other unneceflarie nombcrs of people reforte thereto, but fuch as are to be exercifcd and trayned, or other neceffarilie attend- inge upon them, or thereto licenfed by the commiflioners ; and fpe- ciallie to fee that the peace be dulie kept, or otherwife that thefharp- Pface to be kept in the ell and fpccdiefl: punyfliment be ufed v^'ithout delaye, ejembiia. ^j^^j. ^^^ lefullie be upon the breakers of the peace at any fuch afliemblies ; and it be alfo ordered that no foldier do come to any fuch alfemblie, but fuch as flialbc appoyntc. M Y. 105 charging or fliocking with vigour; this mafk was called a chafron, or fbafront. Frequently from the center of the forehead, projefled an iron fpike, refembling the horn given to that fabulous animal an unicorn; their necks were defended by a number of fmall plates connected together, called a criniere, or mancfairc ; they had poi- trinals for their breafts, croupieres and flancois for covering their buttocks and flanks, reaching down to the hocks ; all thefe pieces were generally of iron or brafs, though fometimes of cuir-bouillie, i. e. jacked leather. Occafionally they were covered all over with mail, or linen Huffed and quilted like the gambefon and adorned with rich embroidery. Horfes thus covered, were called barded, and corruptly barbed horfes, they were alfo frequently failed covered horfes. (g) To prevent their horfes from being fatigued under all their own incumbrances, and the enormous weight of their riders, and to pre- ferve their vigour for the charge, the men at arms had commonly hackneys for riding on a march, and did not mount their war hor- fes till they were certain of coming to action; a circumftance which has frequently occafioned them to be furprifed and defeated, before they could mount their chargers and form. rBarded horfes were in wfe in our armies, at the time of King Edward VI. When plate armour came into general ufe, which as has been be- fore obferved, was about the middle of the fourteenth century, (h) the different pieces for a man at arms, were thefe ; a clofe helmet, having a vifor to lift up and let down, or one with a vifor and bever, both revolving on the fame pivots, (i) When thefe were clofed the (g) Barde', in old French, fignilies, covered. (h) It is not to be fuppofed that before that time, plate armour was unknown, hiftory affords us plenty of inrtances to the contrary, but probably, it was in the earlier periods too dear to be generally worn ; there are ftill many fpccitnens of Roman plate armour in the muTeums of the curious. (ij The vifor was opened to obtain a Icfs obftruacd fight, and the bcver, to enable the wearer to converfe more freely, and to cat oi drink ; their ufc is pointed out by thcirnames. Vol. I. P air xo6 H I S T O R Y O F air WAS admitted through apertures made alfo for fight, and other fmaller perforations oppofite the mouth and noflrils. The neck and throat were defended by a gorget, or hallercet ; the body by a cuirafs, formed of two pieces hooked together, denominated backs and breaft pieces, from the parts they covered ; to the back was joined, a gard de reines, or culet j the arms were covered with braflarts, called alfo- avant bras, and corruptly vambraces, the hands by gauntlets, the Ihoulders by pouldrons, the thighs by cuiflarts, and the legs by iron boots, called greaves, and fometimes by boots of jacked leather. Un- der all thefe, was worn a jacket of thick fuftian or buff leather ; Ihields feem to have been left off by the cavalry, before this alteration. Plate armour was fome time after its introdudlion, made of a prodigious thicknefs; Monfieur de la Noue, in his fifth mili- tary difcourfe, fays, that to guard againft the violence of harque- buffes and pikes, the men at arms loaded themfelves with anvils, inftead of covering themfelves with armour ; it was alfo fo clofely fitted as to make it difficult to penetrate the joints with the miferi- corde, or dagger. Father Daniel, quotes from Philip de Comines, an inftance of this at the battle of Fornoue, under Charles VIIL. where a number of Italian knights who were overthrown, could not be flain on account of the ftrength of their armour, till broke up like huge lobflers by the fervants and followers of the army, with large wood cutters axes ; each man at arms having three or four men employed about him. (k) About the time of Queen Mary, the appellation of men at arms, fignifying the heavy armed cavalry, feems to have been changed to that of fpears and launces, and afterwards to cuirafliers. The armour of a lancier was much the fame as laft defcribed ; their ofFenfive weapons, were a lance of fixteen or eighteen feet (k) Hist, de la Mil. Fr. vol. i. p. 396. long. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 107 long, a fvvord and petrenels, (1) the laft were fomewhat longer than the piftols then in ufe. The cuirafier was alfo armed cap-a-pie, and had under his ar- mour a good buff coat ; his offenfive arms were a fpit fvvord, with a iliarp point, piftols, or petrenels, his faddle and bit itrong, and the reins of his bridle ftrengthened with an iron chain to prevent their being cut. HoBiLBRs, were afpecies of light horfemen chiefly calculated for the purpofesofreconnoitering, carrying intelligence, harrafling troops on a march, intercepting convoys, and purfuing a routed army; (1; The prefideiit Faucher, the French antiquary, who lived at the time of Francis I. and died in the reign of Henry IV. fays, within thcfe twenty or thirty years, tlie name of petrinel has been given to a weapon between the harquebuffe and piftols, having a flrongcr and more fuddcn wheel; it is thought this weapon was the invention of the ban- douliers of the Pyrenncan mountains. Nicot, who was his contemporary, in his diflionary thus dcfcribcd the petrinci ; it is, fays he, a fort of harquebufe, (horter than tiie mufquet, but of a greater caliber; which, on account of its weight, is carried in a large (lioulder belt, and when fired, is reftcd on the breaft of the perfon who difcharges it ; whence it is called the petrinci, or poitrinal. The piftol was of more antient date, it derives its name from having been made at Piftoya in Spain ; Sir James Turner fays, the piftol was invented firft by Camillo Vitelli, an Italian, when Ferdinand of Arragon reigned in Spain, Charles VIII. and Lewis XII. in France, Henry VIII. in England, and James V. in Scotland, not above one hundred and fifty years ago, and confequently more than two hundred years after the German monk had found out gunpowder. The harqucbufs is of older date. The bore of the piftol long ago was made for twenty bullets in one pound of lead, but it being found that the ball entered not eafily, generally they cart one pound of lead, into four and twenty piftol ball ; the half of the weight of the powder ferves, if it be good, if not, they take two thirds ; as for one pound and a half of lead, one pound of powder; but if it be fine, half will ferve, as for two pounds of lead, one pound of powder : the barrel of the piftol may be two foot for the longcft, (Ixteen inches for the (liortcft. The French ufe locks with half bends ; and fo do for the moft part the Englifh and the Scots ; the Ger- mans, rore or wheel works ; the Hollander makes xxk of both. If the chamber of a piftol be loadcn three times the diameter of her bore with powder, (which is eafily mea- furcd by her rammer) (lie hath her due charge, but all horfemen lliould always have the charges of their piftols ready in patrons, the powder made up compadly in paper, and the ball tied to it with a piece of packthread. P 2 the io8 HISTORYOF the fmallnefs of their horfes rendering them unfit to ftand the fhock of a charge; they feem alfo to have been occafionally like the ori- ginal dragoons of the French, (from whom we borrowed both the name and cftablifhment of thofe troops), who, Father Daniel fays, were rather confidered as infantry mounted on horfeback for the fake of moving with celerity, than cavarly fit to charge in the line. Some, among whom is Bailey (m) derive the term hobifer from a Danifli word, fignifying a mare, not confidering that any confi- derable number of mares, could not have been fuffered in an army where the men at arms, were chiefly mounted on floned horfes, and that befides in the days of chivalry it was confidered as a degradation for any knight, or man at arms, to be feen mounted on a mare, (n) molt (m) See his diflionary, hoblers, or hobilers (hobelarii) erant milites gregarii levi arma- jura & mediocri equo, ad omnem motum agili. Sub Edwardo III. in Gallia moventes didti (ut reor) vel ab iflius modi cquo, an hobby appcliato, vel potius a Gal. hobilU tunica; Tabulae claffes defcribentes in exercitu ejufdem Edwardi Caletam obfidientes, anno 1350^ fie habent. Sub Comite Kildaras banerets i, knights i, efquires 28, hobilers 27, &c. Thefe were li^ht horfemen, or certain tenants, who by their tenure v/ere bound to main- tain a little light nag, for certifying an invafion, or fuch like peril, towards the fea fide, as Portfmouth, &c. of which you may read, iSthEd. III. flat. i. c. 7 and 25. ejufdem ftat. 5; cap. 8. and Cambden's Brit. fol. 272. Duravit vocabnlum ufquead aetatem Hen. VIII.- fays Spelman, Gentz d'armcs & hobelours. See Prin's Animadv. on the 4th infl. f. 307; Hobeleries. Rot. Pari. 21. Ed. III. Sometimes the word fignifies thofe who ufcJ bows and arrows, viz. pro warda maris tempore guerrse pro hoberariis fagittariis inveni- endis, &c. Thorn, anno 1364. So in the Monafticon. Pro munitione & appsratibus ho- minum ad arma, hobelariorum fagittariorum, Cowel edit. 127. Cunningham's LawDidi- onary. Camden fays, in the paflage above quoted, p. 273, " In old times there were fet horfemen at parts, in many places, whom our anceftor« called, hobelers, who, in the day (hould give notice of the enemies approach. (n) In a writ to the bifliop of Durham, A. D. 1324, 18. Ed. II. diredling him to raife within his diocefe, the greateft number, and muft valiant men at arms, hobilers and footmen he can polTibly, there is the following exception to mares. Des hobelours con- venablement apparaillez montez a chivaux autre qe jumentz. Rymer, C0LEMBIER£ THE E N G L I S II A' R M Y. 109 moft probably they borrowed their name from the hobbies, or fmall horfes on which they rodej hobbies are defined by Johnfoii and others to be fmall Irifli horfes. It commonly fappofed that the eflablifliment of hobilers did not take place, till the reign of Edward III. this is evidently a miflake, for they are mentioned as part of the Britifli army that attended King Edward II. into Scotland, in the year 1322 : (o) the name feems totally loft, the latter end of the reign of Henry VIII. or Queen Mary, thefe troops being then diftinguiflied by the ap- pellation of Demy launces and light horfe. The arms and appointments of a hobiler as dire6led by King Edward III. were, a horfe, a haqueton, or armour of plate, a ba- cinet, iron gauntlets, a fword, knife and a lance, (p) Sometimes archers were mounted on light horfes, whence they were ftiled ho- biler archers ; thefe frequently occur in hiftory. The arms both ofFenfive and defenfive, of a demi launcc or light horfeman, are thus defcribed by Markham. (q) " The fecond troop of horfe were launciers, or demy launciers,' they were armed at all pieces, from the head to the knee, like the gentlemen atarmcs, and their offcnlive weapons were a launce, a cafe CoLEMBiERE fays, if any one prefented himftif at a tournament, under falfe proofs of nobility, lie was then condemned to ride upon the rail of the barrier bare headed, his fhielil and cafque were revcrfcd and trodden under feet, his horfe confifcated and given to the officers of arms, and he was fcnt back upon a mare, wiiich was deemed a great (hame, for a true knight would anciently have been equally dilhonoured by mounting a mare, whether in time of war or peace j even geldings, fo much efteemed at prefent, were banifhed from among them. (o) TiTULUs de Denariis folutis dlverfis comitibus, baronibus et aliis pro vadiis fuis & hominum fuorum ad arm.i & hobelariorum tarn in guerra Scotie quam in munitionibus caf- trorum in marchia Scotie & Anglic a primo die Alaii, anno quintodccimo, ufque feptimuin diem Julii anno Reijni ejufdem fexto, decimo finicntc tempore Roger! dc VValtham tunc cuftodis et Robert! dc Baldok tunc contrarotulatoris garderobe MS. in Bib. 1'ho. Allle Ar. (p) Yelverton MS. in the fame library. || (q) P. 34. in tlw Souldiers accidence, publifliedA. D. 1645. of no H I S T O R Y O F of fliort plftols, a battle axe, fword and dagger, ftrong horfcs, well ridden for the field, armed with a ftecl faddle, hcadftall, raines, bit, breaftplate, crooper, trappings, girtes, ftirrops and leathers. The third fort of ancient horfemen, were called light-horfe, and they were armed for defence with burgenets or fteel caps, gorgets, curats, or plate coats, gauntlets or gloves of mail : for ofFenfive arms they had a flender chafing ftafie, a fingle piftol, and fome- times a cafe, a fword and dagger. Their horfes were nimble light geldings, fair trotting and well ridden : the furniture for the horfe was a headftall and raines, a bitt, a morocco faddle, pcttrell, crop- per, light trappings and other neceflaries fuitable, the men to be handfomc yeomen or fcrving men, light timbred and of a comely fhape, where it fkills not much for the tallnefie or greatnefie of bo- dy, but for the height of fpirit, and thegoodneflTeof the inclination ; in which little David (many times) puts downe the greateft Goliah." The fame author then proceeds to defcribe the cavalry of his time, "thus (fays he) for your knowledge, not your example, I have iliewed you the feveral compofitions and armings of horfemen, ac- cording to the ancient times, when the bow and the hargobus had the firft place, and the mufket, and other fiery weapons lay obfcu- red. But to come to thefe our prefent times, wherein the utter- mofl flrength of the fire is found out and explained, and to fliew you that which you muft only imitate and follow, you fliall know that all our horfe-troopes are reduced to one of thefe three formes. The firfl and principall troop of horfemen, for the generality, are now called cuirafiers, or piftoliers, and thefe men ought to be of the befl degree, becaufe, the meanefl: in one of thofe troops, is ever by his place a gentleman, and fo efteemed. They have for de- fenfive arnies, gorgets, curats, cutafes, which fome call culets, others the guard de reine, becaufe it armeth the hinder parts, from the wade to the faddle crootch, then pouldrons, vambraces, a left- hand gauntlet, taces, cuifles, a caflce, a fword, girdle and hangers. For oftenfive armes, they fliall have a cafe of long piflols, firelocks (if THE ENGLISH ARMY. m (if it may be) but fnaphaunces where they are wanting j the barrels of the pillols would be twenty-fix inches long, and the bore of thir- ty-fix bullets in the pound, flaik, priming box, key and mouldes j their horfes (hould be ftoned and of the beft races, faire trotting and well ridden for the wars, that is to fay, being able to pafle a flrong and fwift cariere, to flop clofe, to retire at pleafure, and to turnc readily on both hands, either in large rings or in ilrayt, ef- pecially the turn called terra, terra ; the horfe (hall have a faddle, bridle, bitt, petrell, crooper, with leathers to faften his piftols and his neceflary facke of carriage, with other neceflary things accord- ing to the forme of good horfcmanfhip j the fecond fort (of which many troopes of horfe are compounded) are called hargobufiers or carbines, thefe men ought to be the beft of the firft inferior degree, that is to firy, of the beft yeomen or beft fervingmen, having adlive and nimble bodies, joyned with good fpirits, and ripe underftand- ings ; thefe men fhall have for defenfive armes, gorgets, curats, cutafes, pouldrons, vambraces, and a light head-piece, wide fight- ed, and the bevers to let downe upon bars of iron ; for offenfive armes, he fhall have an hargobus of three foote three inches long, and the bore of twenty bullets in the pound, with flafke, priming box and moulds, or inftead of thefe, cartalages, which will ferve either for this, or any other piece on horfebacke ; alfo a good fword, and other accoutrements according to his place. His horfe ihall be either a faire ftoned trotting horfe, or a lufty ftrong gueld- ing well ridden, he fhall be armed with a morocco faddle, bridle, bit, petrell, and crooper, with the reft before fliewcd neceflary to his place. The laft fort of which our horfe troops are compofed are called dragons, (r) which are a kind of footmen on horfebacke, and do now (r) According to P. Daniel, torn. 2. p. 498, dragons are of French origin, and were invented 112 H I S T O R Y OF now indeed fucceed the light horfemen, and are of fingular ufe in all aclions of warre, their aimes defenfive, are an open head-piece .with cheeks, and a good bufte coat, with decpe ikirts ; and for cfFenfive armes, they have a faite dragon, fitted with an iron worke to be caryed in a belt of leather, which is buckled over the right flioulder, and under the left arme, having a turnill of iron with a ring, through which the piece runnes up and downe ; and thefe dragons are fhort pieces of fixteen inches the barrell, and full muf- quet bore, with firelocks or fnaphaunces ; (s) alfo a belt, with a fialke, pryming box, key and bullet bag, and a good fword : the invented by Charles de Cofle, Marefchall de Brifac, wlien he commanded the army of that nation, in Piedmont, fometime about tlie year 1600 : he fuppofes they were called dragons, from the celerity of their motions, and the rapidity with which thev ravaged a country, thereby refcmbling the fabulous monfterof that denomination. Sir James Turner feems much of the' fame opinion "For what they got the denomination of dragoons, (fays he), is notfo eafy to be told, but" becaufe in all languages they are called fo, we mav fuppofe, they may borrow their name from dragon, becaufe a mufketeer on horfeback with his burning match, riding a gallop as many times. He doth, may fomething refemble that beaft, which naturalifts call a' fiery dragon. The eldeft regiment of dragoons in the Englifh army, is the Scotch greys, who were raifed 19th Nov. 1683. Capt. Cruso, in his Military InftruiSions for the Cavalry, publifhed A. D. 1632, fays there are two forts of dragons, the pikeman and the mufketeers, the pikeman is to have a thong of leather about the middle of his pike, for the more commodious carrying it. The mufketeer is to have a flrap or belt fattened to the (lock of his muflcet almoft from one end to the other, by which (being on horfeback) he hangeth it at his bao!:, his burn- ing match and the bridle in the left hand. (s) The piece here mentioned fccms to have been a kind of carabine, or blunderbufs, ■which is thus defcribed by Sir James Turner, p. 137. " Tlie carabiners carry their cara- bines in bandileers ofleatherabout theirneck, a fareafier way than long ago, when they hung tiiem at their faddles, feme inftead of carabines carry blunderbuffes, which are fhort hand guns of a great bore, wherein they may put feveral prftol or carabine balls, or fmall flugs of iron. I do believe the word is corrupted, for I guefs it is a German term, and ftiould be donnerbucksy and that is thundering guns ^ ^/e««^r fignifying thunder, and ^wr^ra gun." Lord Orrery in liis Treatife on the Art of War, propofes that every regiment of cavaliy fliould confift of fcven troops, fix of heavy armed horfe, and one of dragoons ; an idea that has fince been adopted, by the attaching a light troop to every regiment of dragoons. horfe THE ENGLISH ARMY. 113 horfe {hall be armed with a faddle, bridle, bit, peterell, crooper, with ftraps for his fack of neceflaries ; and the horfe himfelf fliall be either a good lufty gelding, or a nimble ftoned horfe. Thefe dragons in their marches are allowed to be eleaven in a rank or file, becaufe when they ferve, it is many times on foote, for the maintenance or furprizing of ftrait wayes, bridges or foords, fo that when ten men alight to ferve, the eleventh man holdeth their horfes : fo that to every troope of an hundred, there is an hundred and ten men allowed. A MANUSCRIPT in the Harleian library, marked No. 6008, and entitled, A Brief Treatife of War, &c. &c. by W. T. in the year of our redemption 1649, ^'^ *^^^ fubjeft of dragoons, has the following pafTages : As for dragoniers they are to be as lightly armed as may be, and therefore they are onlie to have as followeth, calivers and powder flafkes. I would alfo have each dragonier conftantly to car- rye at his girdle, two fwyn feathers, or foot pallifados, of four feet length and a half, headed with fliarp forked iron heads of fix inches length, and a fliarp iron foot, to flick into the ground for their defence, whereas they may come to be forced to make refift- ance againft horfe." When the bayonet was fiift introduced, the ufe of it was chiefly confined to the dragoons and grenadiers, (t) After the revolution and difbanding of the army in 1698, (t) The bayonet is much of the fame length as the poniard ; it hnth neither guard nor handle, but only the haft of wood eight or nine inches long, the blade is fliarp pointed and two edged, a foot in length, and a large inch in breadth. The bayonet is very ufeful to dragoons, fufilccrs and fouldicrs, that are often commanded out on parties ; becaufe that when they have tired their difcharges, and want powder and fliot, they put the haft of it into the mouth of the barrel of their pieces, and defend themfelves therewith as well as with a partizan. Englifh Military Difcipline, &c. printed for Robert Harford, i68o> p. 13. As late as the year 1750, dragoons were armed with iron fcull caps, which they carried at their faddle bow. Vol. I. Q^ the 114 II I S T O R Y O F the Engliih cavalry confiftcd of the life guards, 'horfe grenadier guards, (u) horfe, and dragoons, till the year 1746, when a regiment of light dragoons was railed, chiefly in the county of Nottingham, and the duke of Cumberland appointed colonel of it; (x) the fame year the third and fourth troops of horfe guards were difbandcd, and three regiments of horfe reduced to the pay and fervice of dragoons, but as" fome compenfation they were gratified with the honorary title of dragoon guards, and precedency of ^\l other dragoons. In the year 1755 a light troop was added to each regiment of dragoons, and feveral regiments of light dragoons have been fmce raifed. The gallant behaviour of one of them in Germany, (y) their general utility, and the fmartnefs of their appearance, has of late brought them into fuch eftimation, that feveral old regiments of dragoons have obtained leave to change their heavy black horfes, for others of a lighter breed, not confidering that as they now oc- cupy the place of cavalry, there being but one regiment of horfe on the Englifli eftablifliment, they Ihould not rifque that fuperi- ority the flrength, fize and weight of their horfes have hitherto given them over the cavalry of every other iiation. Light troops (u) The grenadier guards were firft raifed as grenadiers to the troops of horfe guards, in imitation of the grenadier companies annexed to the regiments of infantry. (x) The warrant for raifing this regiment was dated 8th Sept. 1746 ; it wasdilbanded in 1748 or 1749. Upon the raifing of this regiment, the printer of the London Evening Port obfervcd, that formerly our cavalry refembled giants mounted on elephants, but this regiment was like monkies upon lean cats. For this and fome other unhc:ndfome reflec- tions on the corps, they deputed one of their officers to give him fome proper correction, which he moft faithfully "and ably adminiftered : the expences of the profecution were paid by a regimental contribution. (y) The 15th regiment of light dragoons. This corps when firft completed, is faid to have confined chiefly of taylors ; if fo, they demonftrated that Sir John Hawkwood was not the only inftance in which the vulgar joke on their profeflion has proved a falfity. are THE ENGLISH ARMY. 115 are extremely ufeful on diverfe occafions, but it is the heavy horfe only that are fit to charge in the line. The band of gentlemen penfioners was a corps of cavalry infti- tuted by King Henry VIII. for an honourable body guard, and to form a nurfery for officers of his army and governors of his caftles and fortified places. The following orders and regulations for raifing and governing it, approved of, and figncd by that king, will befl: defcribe what he intended it fliould be. (z) Certain ordinances and ftatutes devifed and figned by the king's majeftie for a retinevve of fperes or men of arms, to be chofen of gentlemen that be commen and extradte of noble blood. With a forme of their othe. Henry R. FoRASMocHE as the king oure fouveraine lorde, of his greatt noblenefTe, wifedom and prudence, confidreth that in this his reame of England be many yong gentlemen of noble blod, whiche have non exercife in the feate of armes, in handling and renying the fpere and other faits of werre on horfebacke, like as in other reames and cuntreys be dailey pra6lifed and ufed, to the greate honor and laude of theim that foo dothe, his highnes hath ordeyned and ap- pointed to have a retynuc daily of certaine fperes called men of armes, to be chofen of gentlemen that be comen and extra(5le of noble blod, to thentent that they fliall exercife the faid feate of armes, and be the more mete and able to ferve theire prince, as well in tyme of werre as othcrwife, and to have good wages to leve upon accordingly. (z) This curious manufcript is prcferved in tlic Cottonian library, it is written on five fiiialJ quarto leaves of indented vellum, marked Titus, A xiii. N. 24. Qj2 And ii6 II I S T O R Y O F And to thentcnt alfoo, that every of them fliall knowe howe to order and demeane themfelfs,- his highnes hath made, ordeyned and eftabliihed certaine ordenances and ftatutes followinge. Fur ST, evry of the faid gentlemen ftiall have his harneys com- plete and all other habiliments mete and neceflary for him, with twoo double horfes at the leefte for himfelf and his page, conve- nient and neceflaryc for a man of arms ; alfo his couftrell, (a) with a javelyn or demy-launce, well armed and horfed as it apperteyn- eth. And they fhall obeye, in everye condicon, the captaine that fliall be ordeyned and deputed by the king's highnes, or his deputie lieutenante, to have the rule, conduite, and gov'nance of themm, in all things that thei fliall be commanded to doo on the king's behalf. Itm. That they fliall make their abode in liiche places as the king's grace fliall appoint thelm, or the faid captaine, or the deputy lieutenante in the king's name, Vv'hedder it be in places nigh his perfon, or elfewhere, upon pain for every fuch defaulte to lofe fix days wages. Itm. Evry of the faid fperes and couftrellys fliall, at every time, cary with theim thire horfes, harnys, and other habiliments of werre as thei have, and fliall mufl:er with, not lacking, at any time, pece or parcel of theire faid habilyments of werre, nor horfes, upon payne of lofing fix dayes wages for every fuche daye and tyme as he fliall be founden in defaulte, being afore commaunded by the king, captaine, or lieutenante. Itm. In likewife that non of the faid fperes nor couflirells fliall in no wife departe oute of the place, where they be afligned to make theire faid abode, withoute the fpecial licence of the king our (a) CousTRELL, corruptly written for couftill, derived from the French word couflil- lier, which Pere Daniel fuppofes to have been a foldier armed with a fpecies of fword called coutille, or cultellus, longer than the fword then in common ufe, and (harp from the guard to the point, very flender, and having three edges. Hift. de France, torn. iv. p. 162, edit. Amft. 1720. Cotgrave renders it " the fervant of a man at arms." fouvraine THE ENGLISH ARMY 117' fouvraine lorde, or of theire faid captaine, or deputie lieutenante : and to fuche as licenfc fliall be granted unto by the king's grace, or the faid captaine or lieutenante, and the daye appointed theim for their returne not to faille, withoute lawfull excufe of ficknefle or otherwife duely proved, upon paine of the lofTe of double theire wages for every daye, as thei fhall faille in comying after the faid daye to them lymited and afTigned. Itm. That evry of the forefaid men of armes fliall furnyflie and make redy twoo good archers, well horfed and harnefled, and to bring theim to mufter before the king's grace, or fuche perfones as his grace fhall appointe, within a moneth at the fartheft after the daye that they fhall be commanded foo to doo by the king's grace, or theire captaine or lieutenante, and not to faille foo to doo, upon paine of lofing their romes, and their bodies to be ponyfhed atte the king's pleafure. Itm. If any of the faid archers after they be admitted, fortune to dye, the faid fperes fliall not admitte any other in theire place, but fhall name oon mete perfon for that rome of archer unto the king's highnes, and bring him to his prefens, to be admitted at his pleafure, or els to the faid captaine or lieutenante. Itm. For the wages and ent'teyning of the faid fperes and archers, the king's highnes hath ordeyned and appointed, that every fpere fhall have and receive for himfelf, his couftrell, his page, and his two archers, thre fliillings and foure pens flrlings by the daye, to be paid by hands of the treafburer of the king's cham- bre, whiche is appointed by the king's highnes to paye them the fame. And furthermore the Aiid fperes ihall receive theire faid wages for them and for theire archers at thend of every moneth. Itm. The king's pleafure is, that the faid lieutenante fhall have for the wages and entertaining of himfelf, his cuftrell, page, and fix archers, fix fliillings by the daye, to be payed in like manner as the faid fperes fliall be. Itm, ii8 H I S T O R Y O F Itm. The king's grace woll that the faide captaine or lleute- nante, with fuche other pfones as his grace fliall appointe, fliall evry quarter of the yere, as it {hal be the king's pleafure, fee the mufters of the faid men of armes and theire company, if any of them lakke horfe, harneys, or if any of theire faid horfes and bar- neys be not fufficient as they fhould be : if thei be not, that they be commanded by the forefaid captaine or lieutenante, to provide for fuche as flial be good and fufficient, upon raifonable daye, by the faid captaine or lieutenante to be appointed. And fuche as foo be founden in defaulte, that the faide captaine or lieutenante, flial) reftrain his wages in the hands of the faid treafourer of the cham- bre, till he be fufficiently apparelled of fuche thinges as he foo fliall lakkc, and thus the faid captaine or lieutenante to doo upon payne of the king's difpleafure, and lofing of Jiis rome. Itm. To thentent that the laid fperes, fliall alwayes be in the more arrcdynes, (b) with theire retynue, and fuche horfe and har- neys, and other things as flial be necefl'arye in that behalf, the king's pleafure is, that the faid fperes flial be redy always to mufter befor the faid captaine or lieutenante at fuche tyme or tymes as they flial be by them commaunded foo to doo. Itm. It is the king's commaundement, that the faid fperes and theire companye fliall obferve and kepe good rule and gov'nance, and nothynge attenipte againfl:e the king's fubjedls, contrarye to his lawes ; and that thei duely and truely content and paye in redy money for vittals and all other necefl'aries, that thei flial take for themfelfs, theire faid fervants and horfes, upon payne to be po- niflicd after the king's pleafure. And if .any of theini fliall be founde three times culpable in any fuch defaults, then he or thei to be deprived of his rome, and his body to be poniflied at the king's pleafure. (b) Readiness. Itm. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 119 iTM.'ltis the king's pleafure and commaundement, that none of the faid fperes lliall prefume to take his lodging by his owne audoritic, but be ordered theirin, and take fuch lodging, as by the king's herbergiers (c) for that purpofe deputed, fliall be appointed unto thcim, upon ponyfliement aforfaid. Itm. It is the king's pleafure and commaundement, that non of the faid fperes ihall geve wages unto any archer, couftrell, or page of any other fpere, nor to reteigne him as his frvante, excepte he be put to him by his own mafter, being oon of the faid fperes. The O T H E. I siiAL be true and faith full fubjc£le and fervante unto oure Soverine Lord King Henry VIII. and to his heirs, kings of Eng- land, and diligently and truely give myn attendance in the room of one of his fperes ; and I fliall be reteyned to no man, pfone, ne pfones of what degree or condicon foever he be, by othe, lyvrec, bagge, [badge] promife or othcrwife, but oonly to his grace, with- out his efpeciall licence. And I fliall not hereafter knowe or here of any thing that fhal be hurtefull or prejudicial! to his moft royal pfon, fpecially in treafon, but I flial withftand it to th' utermoft of my power, and the fame, with all diligence to me poflible, difclofc to the king's highnes, or to the captaine of the faid fperes, or his deputie lieutenante, or fuch others of his counfaile as I fliall know woll difcover the fame unto his grace. I fliall not leye to pledge, ne putte awaye fuche horfe and barneys, as I now have muftered with before the king, to any pfone or pfones, ne put oute of fervice any archer, cuftrell or page, that I have nowe with me, onles I have before Ihcwed caufe reafonable foo to doo, to the king, or the faid captaine or his deputie lieutenante in his abfence : nor I fliall knowe of any of my company in likevvifo to leye to pledge or put (c) Harbingers. away 120 HISTORYOF away any horfc, barneys, or archers, but that I fliall fhowe the fame to the king's grace, his faid captaine, or deputic lieutenante, in as brief tyme as I conveniently maye. I ftiall alfo truely and faithfully to my power obferve and kepe from this daye forwards, all and evry article comprized in a boke afllgned with the king's hand, and all manner of flatutes and ordinances in the fame and in evry of theim conteined. On this I fhall be obeyfaunte unto my captaine or deputie lieutenante, and the commaundements I fliall obferve and kepe at all tymes, foo the fame be or concerne the fervice of the king's grace. And all fuch caufes fecrete as fliall be flievved unto me by the king's grace, the faide captaine, or deputie lieutenante, I /hall keep counfaill, without difcov'ring of the fame to any pfone or pfones till I be commaunded. I fhall diligently give my attend- aunce with my retynue upon the king's grace, in fuch wife as I fliall be commaunded and appointed by the faid captaine, or his faid deputie lieutenante ; and not abfente or departe from the courte without licence of the king or of the faid captaine or his de- putie lieutenante, in his abfence, by the fpace of foure dayes. And alfo all fuche horfe, barneys, and other habiliments of werre, as I nowe have muftered with before the king's grace, the faid captaine or deputie lieutenante, be my own proper goods and non other man's : nor alfo I fliall not mufter at any tyme before the king's grace, the faid captaine or deputie lieutenante, with any archer, couflrell or page, but oonly with fuche as I have reteyned with me to ferve the king's highnes for the fame entent. And thus I fliall well and truly obferve and kepe, and ferve the king in the faid rome of oon of his fperes : fo help me God and theis holy Evan- gelies. As there is no date to thefe regulations, it is uncertain when they were made, but from diverfe concurrent circumflances, there are good reafons to fuppofe they were compiled, and the corps formed in the year 1509, the firft of that king's reign ; what was the THE ENGLISH ARMY. 121 the original number is not there mentioned, moft of the chronicles fix it at fifty. This eftablifliment being, it is faid, found too expenfive, the corps was difbanded, a fliort time after .its inftitution, and before the year 1526 revived on a fmaller pay; it is mentioned that year in the houfchold flatutes made at Eltham, under the defcrip- tion of the band of gentlemen penfioners, their prefent title, when the corps flood thus A captain with the falary of - - - 200 marks A lieutenant -------- 100 pounds A ftandard bearer (d) - - - ,- - 100 marks Fifty gentlemen penfioners, each (e) - 46I. 1 3s. 4d. A clerk of the checque ----- 40 pounds A harbinger (f) ------- 18 pounds About this time they appear to have done duty on foot in the court, probably armed with their battle-axes. Towards the latter end of his reign, King Henry indulged them with permiflion to do their duty by quarterly attendance, half the band waiting at one time ; for which favour each of them was to furnifh an additional great horfe ; (g) they were neverthelefs all obliged to attend at the four (d) According to Doflor Chamberlayne's Angliae Notitiaof the year 1672, the band had two ftandards, one St. George's crofs, tlie other, four bends j but in tlie latter the colours of tlie licid and charge are not mentioned. (e) This fecms a fingular fum ; but as it is the amount of 70 marks, the common mode of reckoning at that time when wages did not often run per diem, probably on ac- count of this diminution in their wages, a lefs retinue miglit be required of them. Hol- linglhcad fays, fol. 1574, they were only bound to fupply two horfes, or optionally, one horfe and a gelding of fervicc, (f) Neither the flandard bearer, clerk of the chc-iue, nor harbinger, arc mentioned ia the original ordinance. (g) Item, in confidcracon whereof, whereas now they arc bounden to the findinge of two greate horfes only, they flull each one fiom lienceforthe, kecpe three horfes furnilhcd Vol. I. R accord- 122 HISTORY OF four principal feafts of the year, Chriftmas, Eaftcr, Whitfuntide, and AUhallowtide. King Henry VIII. wa& attended by the band at the fiege of Boullogne, and after its furrender, they made part of the cavalcade at his triumphal entry into that place. In the fuc- ceeding reigns of Edward VI. Mary and Elizabeth, (h) they were occafionally mullered with the other forces of the kingdom, and frequently performed their military exercifes before the court. During Cromwell's proteclorfliip, this corps was fufpended, but was embodied again foon after the reftoration. King James II. in the firft year of his reign gave a new fet of orders to the band, differing much from thofe of Queen -Elizabeth and King Charles I. fome of the moft remarkable are here tran- fcribcd : the band at that time confifted of forty gentlemen in ordi- nary, and eighty extraordinary. Art. 3. If we or the captain of the faid band fliall think fit to remove any or all of the forty gentlemen penfioners in ordinary now of the band, thofe who have bought their places, that fliall be fo removed, fhall receive half pay during their lives refpeflively, and thofe that fucceed in their places the other half, and after their death the whole* Art. II. The faid gentlemen penfioners in ordinary being re- quired by their inftitution every of them to be well and fufiiciently provided and furnifiied with three great horfes for himfelf and his fervants, with arms and all other habiliments to the fame apper- taining, the performance whereof our late brother King Charles II. accordingly. Thefe orders were ifTued, when Sir Anthony Brown was captain of the band. See Ciirialia, No. 2, p. 25. (h) From fome articles made for the government of the band, it appears, that in this reign there was a table allowed to the gentlemen in waiting, as well as to the officers ; this was relinquished in the reign of King Charles II. on their pay being raifed to its prefetit fuin, which took place, A. D. 1670, part of the fund for that augmentation arofe from the rccluftion of the band from fifty to forty. was THE ENGLISH ARMY, 125 was pleafcd to difpenfe with till he (hould think fit to require the fame ; it is our pleafure, that from henceforth the forty gentlemen penfioners in ordinary, and the eighty gentlemen penfioners extra- ordinary, fliall each of them be fufficiently furniflied with a cafe of piflols, a broad fsvbrd, an iron back, bread, and head piece, with proper furniture and accoutrements to the fame appertaining, to be ready therewith, within two days warning, to be given to them by their captain, lieutenant or ftandard bearer, on failure whereof the gentlemen penfioners in ordinary to forfeit ten days wages, for the firft default, and for the fecond default to forfeit a month's wages, and for the third default to be clearly expulfed and put out of the room of a gentleman penfioner in ordinary, and to lofe his whole quarter's wages. And every gentleman penfioner extraordi- nary, who fliall fail to be furniflied and provided with horfe and arms as aforefaid, and* to be ready therewith, within two days no- tice, to be given him by his captain, lieutenant, or ftandard bearer, fliall be clearly expulfed, and put out of the room of a gentleman penfioner extraordinary. Art. 12. Every gentleman penfioner in ordinary fliall alfo fuf- ficiently furnifli and provide himfelf with three great liorfes, with piftols, fwords, iron backs, breafts, and head-pieces, with proper furniture and accoutrements to the fame appertaining, for himfelf and two fcrvants, whenever we fliall think fit to require the fame, to be ready therewith within fourteen days notice, to be given unto them by their captain, lieutenant, or ftandard bearer, under the pc> nalty for every default to be chequed, or expulfed clearly, and put out of the room of a gentleman penfioner as aforementioned. Art. 15. The captain of the band fliall have a due regard that fuch gentlemen penfioners in ordinary, and gentlemen penfioners extraordinary, whom he fliall appoint to do the duty of corporals, fub-corporals, file-leaders, and adjutants to the band, fliall hence- forth always be fuch of the gentlemen as fliali have the moft knov>^- R 2 ledge 124 II I S T O R Y O F ledge and experience in military difcipline, without having regard to the fcniority of admifiion intb the band. Art. i6. The habits, arms and cloathing of the gentlemen pen- fioners in ordinary, and of the gentlemen at arms, or penfioners extraordinary, fhall be fuch as we or their ciiptain fhall appoint. Art. i8. The trumpeters of our houfeho'd attending on the faid band, when they are under arms, Iliall, on every fuch attendance, henceforth be mounted upon white horfes. Art. 2 1. The gentlemen penfioners in ordinary, and the gentle- men at arms, or penfioners extraordinary of the faid band, fhall be advanced to be commilTioned officers in our army, preferably to all other perfons whatfoever. (i) During the rebellion in 1745, when the king fignified his inten- tion of fetting up his ftandard on Finchley common, the gentlemen of the band had notice to hold themfelves in readinefs to take the field, with their fervants, horfes, and arms. The captain of this corps carries an ebony flaff, with a gold head, which, on his appointment, he receives from the king, with- out any other commiffion, but is fworn into his pofl by the lord chamberlain in perfon, by virtue of the king's warrant, the lieute- nant and flandard bearer have fimilar flaves of ebony with filver heads, which they likewife receive from the king, as inveflitures in office, after which they are fworn by the clerk of the cheque, who, fince the year 1737, has alfo carried an ebony flaff, with a head partly filver and partly ivory, but lefs ornamented than thofe of the other officers. The uniform of this corps is fcarlet, richly laced; the clerk of the cheque wears an officer's uniform. The (1) The idea of providing for the gentlemen penfioners in the army was refumed by the earl of Lichfield, when captain of the band, in the prefent reign ; he propofed giving companies to a certain number of them, but fome difficulties. arifing concerning rank, the matter dropped. An idea was lately fuggefted of filling up the vacancies in the band, from the lialf pay of the army and navy, gentlemen THE ENGLISH A 41 AI Y. 125 gentlemen cany pole-axes, an elongated kind of battle-ax. Five of them, who are on the quarterly rota, now appear every leve day and drav/ing-room day, in the prefencc chamber, and ftand to their arms when any of the royal family pafs through. When the king goes to chapel and other like times of ceremony, the whole quarterly guard of twenty, appear under arms. By a petition pre- fented to the houfe of commons in the year 1782, it appears that the office of gentleman penfioner has been generally purchafed at the price of a thoufand guineas, in confidence of being permitted to fell it again with the approbation of the captain. The falary, after the various deductions to which it is fubjedled, with the pur- chafe of the uniform, is reduced to about feventy-fix pounds per annum. Thefe are the general outlines of the eftablifliment of this corps, confidered in their military capacity ; a very particular account of them in every refpefl is given by Mr. Pcgge in the fecond number of his curious and ufeful work, ftiled Curialia, from which the preceding account is chiefly collcfted. (k) The infantry of this country, at and foraetime after the con- quefl, not being the pofle comitatus, were formed of the yeomanry, vafTals, dependants of the feudal tenants, and afterwards of in- dented folcjiers ; moft of thefe in the earlier periods were defcn- fively armed, with a kind of iron fcull cap, named a bacinet from its fimilarity to a bafon, and a coarfe leathern or linen doublet, ftuffed with cotton or wool, called an acketon, or hoqueton, and fometimes a jack 3 (1) from the verfes quoted below, it feems as if Englilh (k) The militia cavalry have been defcribed under tlic article of the pofle comi- tatus. (1) In the wardrobe account of the wages paid the army raifcd to go againft the Scots, A. D. 1322, 15 Ed. II. the original of which is in the library of Thomas Artie, Efq; arc the following entries. De Com. Norf. Ricardo Warin, Johanni Dacrc, Henrico de Nor- ton, & Johanni Plaice centenariis pro vadiis fuis, 436 pcdites, cum aketon & bacinet. 126 II I S T O R Y O F Englifli jacks were not famous for the elegance of their make, (m) Such men as wanted thefe appointments, were returned under the denomination of naked foot, (n) and received an inferior pay. The weapons chiefly ufed by the infantry were tHe lance, fvvord, and dagger, the gifarme, battle-ax, pole-ax, black or brown bill, mallet, morris-pike, halbert and pike. The archers had the long and crofs bow, which after the introduction of fire arms were gia- dualiy fuperfeded by the hand gun, harquebufs, mulket, caliver, and firelock, as was the pike by the bayonet. Of thefe the lance was the mofl ancient, it was ufcd by the Anglo-Saxons, both horfe and foot ; thofe ufed by the latter, and by the Englifli after the conqueft, were fhorter and.flronger in the ftafF than thofe borne by the cavalry ; indeed, Father Daniel tells us, that when the men of arms difmounted to fight on foot, they cut off part of the ftaves of their lances, to make them more manageable j if any dependance may be placed on illuminated manufcripts, the lances of the infantry were, according to their reprefentations, about nine feet long. Sometimes the lance-men carried targets or bucklers. The gifarme is fo varioufly defcribed, that its form remains doubtful, it is, however, mofl probable, that it was fomewhat of &c. De Com. Suff. Witto de Ryhall Sc Henrico Poer centenariis pro vadiis fuis, & 240 peditum cum aktoii & bacinet, &c. This frequently occurs. (m) Cctoit ua purpoint de Chamois Farci de Boure fus et fous Un grand vilain Jaque d'Anglois Qiii lui pendoit jufqu' aux gcnous. Coquillart, dans fori livre dcs droits nouveaux, quoted by P. Daniel, torn, i . p. 240, ^c. (n) Com. Lincoln, Jordano de Blakeneye duftori peditum de Keftevene, in Comitatu Lincoln pro vadiis 100 peditum nudorum, &c. De Com. Norhpt. Edmundo de Leke- nore, Stephano Scotr, Thome de la Hufle, & Johanni Jewel, cervtenariis pro vadiis fuis 2i 440 peditum nudorum de comitatu Northampt. &c. IFardrsbe Jcct. 1322. the THE ENGLISH ARMY. - 127 the bill kind, (o) It is directed by the ftatute of Winchefter to be provided and kept by perfons poflefled of lefs than forty fhillings land, and is defcribed among the inferior weapons. Of the battle-ax there are various forts and forms, fome calcu- lated for being ufed with one hand, and fome with both ; the latter were chiefly carried by the foot, and were commonly put into the hands of ftrong and active men. The battle-ax was alfo confidered as a royal weapon, and was borne as fuch, at the funerals of Henry VII. and Queen Mary, and folemnly offered up at the altar, with the helmet, gauntlets and crefl. This weapon is by the French called hache d'arms. Richelet, in his Dictionary, thus defcribes it : " an ofFenfive arm, fometimes (o) This weapon is alfo called gifaring and by Fleta fifarmes. Du Cange in his Gbf- fary renders it by focuris, and derives it from the geefum of the Gauls ; La Combe in the Supplement to his Didionary of old French, defines the term gifarme, to fignify a fort of lance or pike ; Bailey calls it a military weapon with two points or pikes ; Strutt, I know not from what authority, has, in his Horda Angel-cynnan, reprefented the gi- farme as a battle ax on a long Ibfi", with a fpike projeiSting from the back of the ax. This weapon is mentioned in the ancient poem of the battle of Floddon Field. « Some made a mell of maffey lead. Which iron all about did bind. Some made rtrong helmets for the head. And fome their gr'ijly gifaringi grind. The Reverend Mr. Lamb, editor of that poem, has the following note on this pafTage: Gifarings, hnlberts, derived from the French guifarme, a kind of oftenlive long handled and long headed weapon ; or, as the Spani(h, vifaima^ a flaff tiiat hath within it two long pikes, which, with a ihoot or thruft forward, come forth. An ancient ftatutc of VV'illiam King of Scotland, " de venientibus ad gucrram," ch. 23, faith, " Et qui minus quam quadraginta folidos terra-, habeat gyfarutn, quod dicitur hand-bill, arcum et fagittam." And a ftatutc of Edward \. " Et qui miens a de quaiante fols de tcrrc, foit jure a fau- chions, gifarmes, &c." Every knight ' Two javelins fpears, or than gifarm ftavcs. Gavin Dcuglas. made 128 H I S T O R Y O F made like a common ax, except that it has a longer handle, and that the blade is broader, flronger and fliarpcr, it had formerly a great handle like that of a pertuifan, with a large iron at the end, in form like the cutting knife of a flroemaker, well fliarpened, but much bigger and broader. The horfc guards of the king's houfehold have a fcymeter, a battle-ax, a fufil, and a pouch filled with gre- nades. Battle-axes are ufed in forties, and in breaches to prevent a;n cfcalde." In a manufcript account of the armour and weapons in the dif- ferent arfenals and armouries of this kingdom, taken in the firft of Edward VI. (p) among thofc in the armoury at Weftminfter, are four battle-axes parcel guilt, with long fmall ftaves of braflell, garniflied with velvet white and green and filkej thcfe probably were intended for the king, or fome great officer. Battle-axes are, as has been before obferved, ftill carried by the gentlemen penfion- ers, the guards of the lord lieutenant of Ireland. The pole-ax differs very little from the battle-ax, except in name, fome derive its appellation from that kind of ax being much ufed in Poland, and fay, that its true name is the Polifh-ax ; fome again deduce it from its fuppofed ufe, which was to flrike at the head or poll ; and others fay it is called a pole-ax, from being fixed on a long pole or handle. In the manufcript jull now quoted we meet with a variety of pole-axes, as flievvn in the note, (q) Ie feems likely, that both battle-axes and pole-axes were latterly more ufed for the {\ate guards of princes and generals, than for the common purpofes of war. (p) This curious manufcript is the property of Guftavus Brandcr, Efq; of Chrift Church, Hants. (q) Pole AXES with gonnes in th'endes XXVI. Poleaxes without gonnes, II. Short poleaxes playne C. Two hand poleaxes IV. Hand poleaxes with a gonne and a cafe for the fame oone. Polea.xes gilte, the ftaves covered with crenfiyfyne velvet, fringed with filkeofgoldelV. The THE ENGLISH ARMY. 129 The black or, as it is fome times called, the brown bill was a kind of halbert, the cutting part hooked like a woodman's bill, from the back of which projekham's Soldiers Accidence^ p. 4. . . The THE ENGLISH ARMY. jjy The pike was a fpecies of fpear or lance, folely appropriated to the infantiy. In the form as laft ufed it was of no great antiqui- ty. Father Daniel fays, that pikes are not mentioned in the hifto- ries of France before the reign of Louis XI. Pikes were introduced into France by the S withers, (b) Mark- (b) In a military treatife, tranflated by Paule Ive, gent, and publidied A. D. 1589, from tiie Frencli of Monfieur William de Beliay ; there is, p. 26* tliis account of the pike: " But let us paffe further to fpeake of the pike, of which although the Switzers liave not been the inventors, yet have they at the leaft brought it again into ufc, for that they being poore, and defirous to live at libertie, were conftrained to fight againft the prin- ces of Germany, wlio being rich, and of great power, did maintaine many horflemen, which the faid Switzers could not do ; and therefore making their warres afoote, they were conftrained to runne untu the ancient manner, and out of it to choofe fome armes, wherewith they might defend themfelves from the enemies horfemen, which necefTitie had made them either to maintaine, or to find out againe the orders of times pad, without which pikes, footmen are wholly unprofitable } they tooke therefore pikes as weapons not only fit for to withftand horfemen, but alfo to vanquifli them : by the help of which weapon, and through the truft they have in their own good order, they have taken fuch a boldnelTe, that fiftcene or twenty thoufand of their men dare cnterprize upon a whole worrJ of horiTnien, as they have made proofe at Navare and at Marignan, although the one battaile fell out better on their fide then the other. The examples of the vertue that thefe people have lliewed to be in them for their fcates of arms afoote, have caufed fince the voyage of King Charles VIII. other nations to iinitate them, fpecially the Germains and Sp.inyards, who are mounted unto the reputation that we do hould them of at this day, by imitating the orders that the fayd Switzers do keepc, and tlie manner of armes they do carry. The Italians afterward have given themfelves unto it, and we laAly : b\it we arc fo farrc off, that we Hiall never be like unto them for order, except we do make the ufc of thefe weapons to be of more cftimation amongft us, then it hath bin hitherto, fo mutch there is alfo, that they can learne us no other point -, we mull therefore take paints to get this order, or if it be pofTible, to find or frame a iiiore fure, by the incanes whereof we might defend out fclves, and cxcell other nations. And to do this, we muft arm our foldicrs well, to the intent that they may be lelTe in daunger of blowcs, and the harder to be overthrowne : principally thofe that (hould ferve in the firft fronts of the bat- tailes ; and alfo all others, if it were polTiblc, every man according unto the weapon that he doth carry. The armes that we mull tarry mull be lacfi; : tirll of all, tlvj corlkt com- plete with the talTcs downe to the kne^, hofeof male, a codpcece of yron, good vambraccs, and gauntlets or gloves of male, and a good head pecce, with the fight almoll covered. 'J'hc other harticlTc for the body mull be a lliirt or jerkin, with llceves and gloves of nin!c. Vol. I. T and s 138 11 I S T O R Y O F Markham, in the Souklier's Accidence, gives ji defcription of the manner in which a pikeman fliould be armed : " Next (fays he) he (the captain) fliall fee that every man be well and fufficicntly armed, v/ith good and allowable armes ; that is to fay, all his pike- men fliall have good combe-caps for their heads, well lined with quilted caps, curaces for their bodies of nimble and good mould, being high pike proof; large and well compa6l gordgetts for their neckes, fayre and clofe joyned taches, to armc to the mid-thigh ; as for the pouldron or the vantbrace, they may be fpared, becaufe they are but cumberfome. All this armour is to be rather of ruf- fet, fanguine, or blacke colour, then white or milled, for it will keepe the longer from ruflr. These fliall have flirong, fl:raight, yet nimble pikes of afli wood, well headed with fteel, and armed with plates downward from the head, at leaft: foure foote, and the full fize or length of every pike fhalbe fifteene foote befides the head. These pikemen fliall alfo have good, fliarpe, and broade fwords (of which the Turkie and Bilboe are befl:) fl:rong fcabbards, chapt with iron, girdle, hangers, or bautricke of ftrong leather; and laftly, if to the pikeman's head piece be fafl:ened a fmall ring of iron, and to the right flde of his back peece (below his girdle) an iron hooke, to hang his fl:eele cap upon, it will be a great eafe to the fouldier, and a nimble carriage in the time of long marches. By the regulations in the acl of the 13th of Charles II. a pike- man was to be armed with a pike of afli, not under fixteen feet in and a head peece with the face uncovered. The weapons muft be thefe r a fword of meane length, neither wholly after the manner of the Frenchmen, nor altogether like unto ihe Almaigns : for the wearing of it too lowe doth greatly trouble a fouldier. The ftiort d.!gger alfo is ons of the moft neceflTarieft weapons, wherewith in a preafe a man may better help himfelf than with a fword. The pike, a halberd, and amongft many halbards, fome pcrtuifar.s are alfo called weapons. The target may not be called a weapon, not- withflandlng it is a very good peece.'' length THE ENGLISH ARMY. ^39 length (head and foot included) with a back, breafl, headpiece and fvvord. (b) The talleft and ftrongeft men were generally felecled for the pike, and in France their pay was fomewhat greater than that of the mufketeers. The general introdu6lion of the bayonet fuperfeded the pike, the ufe of which was aboliflied in France, by a royal ordonnance, ifllied in the year 1703, with the advice of the Marefchal de Vau- ban, though contrary to the opinion of Monfieur d' Artagan, afterwards Marefchal of France, under the name of Montefquiou. The exa6l period when pikes were laid afide in England, I have not been able to difcover : it, however, certainly took place about the fame time as in France ; a book of the exercife of the foot, publiflied by the royal command in 1690, has the exercife of the pike, which proves it was not then laid afide ; and the Gentleman's Di6lionary, publifhed in 1705, defcribes it as a weapon formerly in ufe, but then changed for the mulket, fo that the alteration muft have taken place fometime between the years 1690 and 1705. (c) The (b) The Prices of a Pikeman's Armour and Pike as ejlablijhed by the Council tf War, 'jtb of Charles I. I. The brcaft o The back o The taflets o The comb'd head i piece lyned J The gorgett lyncd o 6 6 o 6 6 Total 120 If tlie brcall, back and talTcts be 1) ncd with red Icatlicr, the price will be 140 (2) Pikes are the arms carried by pikemen, who ufcd formeily to be (he third part of the company, but they are now turned to mufqucttccrs. The pike is made of a point T 2 of Price of the Pike. The ftaffe I. s. d. *> ^ The head Socket and colouring .. I 8 004. Total 046 140 II I S T O R Y O F The long bow was fiift introduced here, as a military weapon, by the Normans, who at the battle of Haftings too fully demon- ftrated its utility and excellence, as they are faid to have been, in a great mcafure, indebted to it for the fuccefs of that day. , It is not to be fuppofed that tlie Englifla were ignorant of the bow and its ufes j they undoubtedly knew and ufed it in the chace, but had not then admitted it into their armies. It is probable that the Conqueror, fenfible of the importance of archery, encouraged and commanded the pra6lice of it ; for in a Ihort time we find that art much cultivated, fo that the Englifli archers formed a very confiderable part of the national infantry, and were univerfally confidered as fuperior to thofe of moll other countries. To preferve this fuperiorlty by conftant practice feems to have been the fludy of many of our kings, diverfe flatutes enforcing it having been enafted, even long after the invention of fire-arms j and a number of laws, ordonnances and regulations made, for pro- curing a conftant fupply of good bow ftaves, for furnifliing the counties diftant from London with bowyers, ftring makers, fletch- ers and arrow head makers, and for guarding againft the frauds and Iieglefls of thofe artificers. To enforce the pra6lice of archery, it was enabled by a ftatute of the 33d of Henry VIII. that every man under the age of fixty not labouring under fome bodily incapacity, ecclefiaftics and of iron, in form of the leaf of an apricock tree, called the fpear, about four inches long, and broad in the middle, from whence it runs to a point : the fpjar has two branches or plates of iron, to fix it to the ftafF, of about a foot long, and ftrong enough to refift the ftroke of a broad fword. The ftaff or fhaft of a pike is about thirteen or fourteen feet long, made of a flip of afh, very ftraight, about an inch and a quarter thick at the greateft end, which is (hod with brafs or iron, fiiarpened to a point, to flick in the ground. Gentleman's Di^fionary, Part il. judges THE ENGLISH ARMY. 141 judges excepted, fliould ufc the exerclfe of fliooting in the long bow, and keep In then' pofll-flion, bows and arrows. The fathers, governors, and maftcrs, ihould inftrucl and bring up their fons and youths under their charge in the knowledge of fhooting; that every man having a boy or boys in his houfe, fliould provide for each of them, of the age of feven years, and untill he arrived to that of feventeen, a bow and two (hafts, to induce him to learn and prac- tife archery ; if a fervant, the coft of the bow and arrowes might be deducted out of his wages; and that after fuch youth had ar- rived at his feventeenth year, he fliould then buy, and conftantly keep a bow and four arrows. That if any parent or mafter, having a youth or youths under feventeen years of age, fliould fuftcr any one of them to want a bow and two arrows for one month toge- ther, he Ihould for every fuch negle6l forfeit 6s. 8d. and every fervant above feventeen years of age, and under fixty, who re- ceived wages, neglefting to furnifli himfelf as' here directed, for every default' fliould forfeit 63. 8d. Juflices of aflize of gaol de- livery, juftices of the peace and ftewards of franchifes, lects and law days, had power to enquire refpedling the obfervance of this law, and to punifli perfons wanting bows and arrows, as here di- Ted:ed. That the young archers might acquire an accurate eye, and a ftrength of arm, none under twenty-four years of age, might flioot at any ftanding mark, except it was for a rover, and then he was to change his mark at every fliot, under the penalty of four pence, for every fliot made contrary to this regulation. It was alfo enadled that no perfon above the faid age fliould Ihoot at any niaik that was not above elex'^n fcore yards diftant, under pain of forfeiting for every fliot fix fliillings and eight pence. The inhabitants of all towns and places were direded to make up their butts againft a day afligned, and to maintain and keep them in repair under penalty of 20s. for every month they were wanting : 142 n I S T O R Y O F wanting : they were alfo commanded to exercife themfclves with fliooting thereat on holidays, and all other convenient times, (d) To fecLire a proper lupply of bow ftaves, merchants trading from places whence bow ftaves were commonly brought, were obliged to import four bow ftaves for every ton of merchandize, and that in the fome fhip, in which the goods were loaded ; (e) they were alfo bound to bring in ten bov/ ftaves of good and able fluff, with every ton of Malmfey or Tyre wine, (f ) To encourage the voluntary importation, bow ftaves of fix feet and a half long or more, were cxcufed the payment of any duty : and the chief ma- giftrates of the difterent ports were authorifed to appoint proper and fkilful perfons to examine the bow ftaves imported, and to fee that they were good and fufficient. (g) To prevent a too great confumption of yew, which was the beft wood for bows, bowyers were to make four bows of witch hazel, aQi, or elm, to one of yew, and no perfon under feventeen years of age, unlefs pofTelfed of moveables worth forty marks, or the fon of parents having an eftale of ten pounds per annum, might ftioot in. a yew bow, under a penalty of fix fhiUings and eight pence, (h) (d) So jealous were the Englifli of otlicr nations acquiring a fkiil in archery, that by the 33d of Henry VIII. aliens were forbidden to flioot with long bows, without the king's licence, under jicnalty of forfeiting their bows to any perfon who would feize them. (e) i2th Edw. IV. under penalty of 6s, 8d. to the king for each bow ftave deficient. (f) ift Rich. III. under penalty of 13s. 4^. (g) This feems to (hew that our ancient bows were at lead fix feet long. A gentle- man of the fociety of archers, wl-.o has maiie the properties of the long bow his particu- lar fludy, fays, that the bell length for a bow is five feet eight inches from nock to nock j and that of an arrow two feet three inches. We however in ancient poems read of ar- rows a cloth ell long. (h) It lias been fuppofed that yew trees were originally planted in church-yards, in order to furnifli bow Oaves; bur it is more probable, that they being ever- greens, are plaiUcd there as an emblem of the immortality of the foul, which, though the body is dead, ftill flouriflies. See Bourne's Jutiquitiis of the Common People, ch. iii. That THE ENGLISH ARMY. 143 That every man might be able to furnifh himfelf with tliofe inferior bows on the fliortefl notice ; every bovvyer dwelling in the cities of London or Weftminfter, or the borough of Southwark, was always to have in his cuftody fifty good bows of elm, witch- hazel, or afli, well and fubflantialiy made and wrought, upon pain that every of the faid bowyers, who for the fpace of twenty days fliould not have the number of bows of thofe materials, ready made and fit to be fold and ufed, fliould for every bow wanting of that number, forfeit los, one half to the queen, and the other half to any armourer, fletcher, or maker of bow firings, that would fue for it. The prices of bows were occafionally regulated by acEls of par- liament, from whence we learn, that the price of bow ftaves had encreafed from 2I. to 12I. the hundred, between the reigns of Ed- ward III. and the 8th of Elizabeth, though tins is faid to have been partly efFefted by the confederacy of the Lombards. In the reign of Edward III. the price of a painted bow was is. 6d. that of a white bow is. a fheaf of arrows if " acerata," or with fleeled points, is. 2d. if non acerata, blunt or unftcelcd, is. In the 24th of Edward IV. no bowyer might fell a yew bow to any of the king's fubje61"s for more than 3s. 4d. and in the 38th of Henry VIII. the price of a yew bow, for any perfon between the ages of feven and fourteen years, was not to exceed i2d. The bowyers were befides to have by them inferior bows of all prices from 6d. to i2d. The price of a yew bow of the tax called elk, to any of the king's fubjccts, was limited to 3s. 4d. In the 8th of Elizabeth, bows of foreign yew were dire6ted to be fold for 6s. 8d. the fecond fort at 3s. 4d. and the coarfe fort, called livery bows, at a price not exceeding two fhillings each, and bows of Englifli yew at the fame. A claufe of a former acl, diredling the bowyers of London and Wcftminfter to make four bows of different wood for one of yew, was repealed, with refpe6l to thofe artificers dwelling 144. HISTORYOF dwelling in thofe places, on their reprefentation that the citizens of London would purchafe none but yew bows. Aliens might not convey, fell, nor exchange any bows or ar- rows to parts out of the king's obeifance, without his fpecial li- cence, under pain of forfeiture of the fame, or the value thereof, and imprifonment, till they had paid fuch fine as fliould be impofed on them, by two juftices of the peace, or find furety for the pay- ment, (i) All bow-ilaves brought into the kingdom, to be fold open, and not in bundles, to the intent that the buyers might know their qualities, (k) Arrows were made of different kinds of wood, but according to Roger Afcham, afli was the beft. Their heads were of the beft iron, pointed with fteel ; for this purpofe, the flooks of anchors were fometimes ufed. (1) Arrows were armed with iron heads of different forms and denominations ; fome were barbed, which rendered it impofTible to draw them forth from the wound, without laceration ; they were feathered with part of a goofe's wing, (m) Arrows were reckoned by flieaves ; aflieaf confifted of twenty-four arrows. They were carried in a quiver, worn on the right fide, or at the back. This ferved for the magazine ; arrows for immediate ufe were often worn in the girdle. By an adt of parliament, made 7th of Henry IV. it was enabled, That for the future, all the heads of arrows and quarrels fliould be well boiled or brafed, and hardened at the point with fleel j and that (i) Stat. 33 Hen. VIII. chap. 9. || (k) Ibid. (1) The (lieriff of Norfolk being ordered 42 Ed. III. to provide a certain number of garbs or (heaves of arrows headed with fteel, for the king's ufe, is directed to fcize aU the flooks of anchors, (omnes alas ancarum) neceflary for making the heads. Swindcti's Hijl. Great Yarmouth, (m) Many inftances occur in our ancient records, where the (heriffs of different coun> tics are direiled to find feathers from the wings of gecfe for arrows. every THE ENGLISH ARM Y. 145 every head of an arrow or quarrel fliould have the mark of the ma- ker; workmen offending againft this acf, were liable to a fine and imprifonment, at the king's will; and thejuftices of the peace in every county in England, and alfo the mayors, flierififs, and bailiffs of cities and boroughs, were authoril'cd to enquire concerning all makers of arrow-heads, and to punifh defaulters. In order that the diftant counties might be furniflied with the ne- cefTary artificers for making bows and arrows, bowyers, fletchers, firing-makers, and arrow-head-makers, not being freemen of Lon- don, might be fent, by the appointment of the king's council, the lord chancellor, lord privy feal, or one of them, to inhabit any citv, borough, or town within the realm, that was deflitute of fuch arti- ficers. Any of thefc workmen, being duly warned, negletfling to repair to the places direcled, were liable to a penalty of 40s. for every day's ncgleft, and contrary abode, (n) For the foreign gar- rifons of cafllcs in the tinie of Edward II. one artificer, fliled artil- lator, was appointed, (o) The range of a bow, according to Neade, was from fixteen to twenty fcore yards ; and fo quick were the ancient archers, or fo flow the mufketeers, that he fays, an archer could flioot fix arrows in the time of charging and difcharging one mufket. The force with which an arrow ftruck an object at a moderate diftance, may be conceived from an inllancc given by King Ed- ward VI. in his journal, wlierein he fays, that an hundred archers of his guard fliot before him, two arrows each, and afterwards all together, that they fliot at an inch hoard, which fome pierced quite thorough, and fluck into the other board, divcrfc pierced it quite (m) 33(i Hen. VIII. fee. S. (oj Ite.m ouliiuium crt, quod fit unus artillator qui facial ballirtas, caicllos, arcos,- fagittas, laiiccas, fpiculas ; & alia anna ncccffaria pro garrifonibus caftroruin. Di Ojjicit SenefcdUl jfqti'ttanife, quoted by F, Daniel, vol. i. p. 196. Vol. I. U through 146 HISTORYOF through with the heads of their arrows, the boards being well feafoned timber: their diftance from the mark is not mentioned, (p) In ancient times phials of combuftible compofition for burning houfes or fliips were fixed on the heads of arrows, and fliot from long bows, (q) Neade fays he has known by experience, that an archer may Ihoot an ounce of fire-work upon an arrow, twelve fcore yards. Arrows with wild-fire, and arrows for fire works, are mentioned among the ftores at Newhaven and Barwick, in the ift of Edward VI. (r) Chaucer in his prologue to the Canterbury Tales, thus dc- fcribes an archer of his time. And he was cladde in cote and hode of grene A fliefe of peacock arwes bright and kene Under his belt he bore ful thriftily, Well coude he drefie his takel yewmanly. His arwes drouped not with fetheres lowe. And in his hand, he bare a mighty bowe, A not-hed hadde he, with broune vifage. Of wood crafte could he wel all the ufage j Upon his arme he had a gai bracer, (s) And by his fide a fword and a bokeler. (p) See K. Ed. VI. Journal in Burnet's H'tjl. of the Reformation, fq) MisiMUS igitur fuper eos fpicub ignita. Mat. Paris, p. logo. And, p. 1091, Et phialas picnas calce, arcubus per parva haftilia ad modum fagittarum fuper hoftes ja— culandas. Arrows of this kind were ufed by the Romans, and called falarica and mallioli.. (r) In Mr. Brander's MSS. Where, in the armoury at Weftminfter, there is alfo an. entry of " two longe bowes of ewghe to (bote tones in, with cafes of lether to them." (s) A BRACER ferveth for two caufes ; one to fave his arme from the ftrype of the ftringe, and his doublet from wearing, and the other is, that the firing gliding fliarplye and quicklye off tlie bracer, may make the Qiarper (hot. A fhooting glove is chiefly to fave a man's fingers from hurting, that he may be able to bear the fliarp ftringe to tlie ui- termoft of his ftrength. Roger Jfcham. And THE ENGLISH ARMY. 147 And on the other fide a gai daggere Harneifed wel, and fliarp as pointe of fpere : A criftofre on his breft of filver fliene, An horn he bare, the baudrik was of grene, A forefter was he fothely as I gefle." The drefs of our ancient archers is given in feveral chronicles. Fabian (t) fays the yomen hadde at thofe dayes theyr lymmes at ly- bertye, for theyr hofyn were then faftened with one point, and theyr jackes were longe and eafy to fliote in, fo that they myghtc drawe bowes of great ftrength, and fliotc arrowes of a yerde longe ; and according to Caxton, (u) the yeomanry hadde theyr hofen tec- ven or bounden bynethe the knee having long jackys. But every man hadde a good bowe, a fheaf of arrowes and a fword. The following defcription of an archer, his bow and accoutre- ments is given by Ralphe Smithe. Archers of Long Bows. Captains and officers fliould be IkilfuU of that mofl noble weapon, and to fee that their foldiers according to their draught and ftrength, have good bowes, well nocked, well ftrynged, everic flringe whippe in their nocke, and in the myddes rubbed with wax, brafer, and fhuting glove, fome fpare ftringes trymed as aforefaid ; every man one fliefe of arrowes, with a cafe of leather defenfi- ble againft the rayne, and in the fame fower and twentie arrowes, whereof eight of them fhould be lighter than the refidue, to gall or aftoyne the enemye with the hail fliot of light arrowes, before they fhall come within the danger of their harquebufs fliot. Let every man have a brigandine, or a little cote of plate, a flcull or hufkyn, a mawle of leade, of five foote in lengthe, and a pike, and (t) Vol. ii. p. 172. II (u) PoLYCHRON. book viii. chap. 13. U 2 Che 143 II I S T O R Y O F the fame hanging by his girdle, with a hooke, and a dagger ; being thus furniflicd, teach them by mufters to march, fliootc and retire, kecpingo their faces upon the enemys. Sumtyme put them into great nowmbers, as to battell apperteyneth, and thus ufe them often times praclifcd, till they be perfe6le ; ffor thofe men in bat- tel), ne {kirmi(h can not be fpared ; none other weapon maye com- pare with the fame noble weapon. The bow maintained it's place in our armies, long after the introdudion of fire-arms, and many experienced foldiers have been advocates for it's continuance, and even, in fome cafes, pre- ferred it to the mufket. (x) King Charles I. granted two commif- fions under the great feal, for enforcing the ufe of the long bovve; the firfl in the 4th year of his reign ; (y) but this was revoked by proclamation, four years afterwards, on account of diverfe extor- tions and abufes committed under fan6lion thereof. Tli,e fecond, an. 1633, in the 9th year of his reign, to William Neade and his fon alfo named William, wherein the former is Itiled an ancient archer, who had prefented to the king a warlike ijivention of the pike and. bow, iccw and approved of by him and his council of war : where- (x) The long bow. might 00 fomc occafions undoubtedly at this time be ufed with great advantage, particularly againft cavalry : a few horfes wounded by arrows left flicking in them would probably become fo unruly as to diforder a whole fquadron ; befides the iight and whizzing of the arrows before the heads of thofe horfes they did not hit, would keep them in a conftant ftate of terror and reftivenefs. l^or would a flight of arrows fal- fing on a battalion of foot fail of a confiderable effeft, independent of the men they killed or wounded, as when fliot with an elevation they would be vifible almoft from the time they left the bow, and it would require a more than ordinary exertion of courage to re- frain from looking at them, and endeavouring by fome movement to avoid them ; this, by engrofling the attention of the men, would prevent their adting with vigour againft a battalion oppofed to them ; archers could aft in the rear of a battalion of infantry, and even of a fquadron of cavalry. (y) To Timothy Taylor^ John Hubert, Henry Hubert, Gentlemen, and Jeffery Le, Neve, Efq. Rymtr. fore THE ENGLISH ARM Y. 149 fore his majefty had granted them a commifTion to teach and excr- cife his loving fubjefts in the faid invention, which he particularly recommended the chief officers of his trained bands to learn and praftife ; and th? juftices and the other chief magiftrates through- out England, are therein enjoined to ufe every means in their pow- er to anift Neade, his fon, and all perfons authorifcd by them in the furtherance, propagation and pracJilice of this ufeful invention. Both the commiflion and proclamation are printed at large in Ry- mer. (z) At the breaking out of the civil war, the earl of Eflex if- fued a precept, dated November 1643, " for ftirring up all well- affefted people by benevolence, towards the raiflng of a company of archers for the fervice of the king and parliament." And in a pamphlet printed anno 1664, giving an account of the fuccefs of the Marquis of Montrofe againft the Scots, bow men are repeatedly mentioned. To protect themfelves againft the attacks of cavalry, our archers carried each of them one or two long ftakes, pointed at both ends, thefe they planted in the earth, floping before them, the points prefented the height of a horfe's breaft. In the ift of Edward VI. three hundred and fifty of thefe were in the ftores of the town of Berwick, under the article of archers ftakes ; there were alfo at the fame time eight bundles of archers ftakes in Pontefracl caftle. (a) Stakes of this kind were ordered by the earl of Salift)urye, in the wars of Henry V. in France, (b) Ta (z) This exercifc was printctl, A. D. 1625, under tlie title of the Double armcJ Man, witli figures rcprclenting the Motions. From the preface it appears, that Ncad caufcd a foldier to pertonn this exercife before the King, and petitioned him to give orders for i(s being praiSifed in tlie artillcrie gardens of London and Wellniinfter ; to which the king anf.>cred, " That it were mecttr for tliem to practile it of their own accord :" he ncverthelefs was afterwards prevailed on to ifliie the requefled orders. This exercifo with the explanatory ligures, will be given under the article of the exercifc of the pike. (a) Mr. Brander's MSS. |1 (b) For to make ftakes againft 3 battayle or journey. Alfoft 150 H I S T O R Y O F To the many laws, ordonanccs and regulations iilued for the fupport of archery, may be added the inftitution of the artillery company, which was incorporated by the patent of Henry VIII. in the year 1537, to Sir Chriftopher Morris, Knight, mafter of the ordnance, Anthony Knevett and Peter Mewtes, gentlemen of of the privy chamber, overfeers of the fraternity or guild of St. George, granting licence to them to be overfeers of the fcience of artillery, videlicet for long bows, crofs bows and hand guns; and the faid Sir Chriftopher Morres, Cornelys Johnfon, Anthony An- thony, and Henry Johnfon to be maflcrs and rulers of the faid fcience of artillery, during their lives ; and to them and their fuc- ceflbrs for ever, being Engliflimen or Denifons and the king's fer- vants, authority to eftablifli a perpetual fraternity or guild, and to admit all honed perfons whatfoever, as well flrangers as others, into a body corporate, having perpetual fucceflion, by the name of mailers, rulers and commonality of the fraternity or guild of ar- tillery of long bows, crofs bows and hand guns, with the ufual powers granted to corporations of purchafmg lands, and ufmg a ■common feal. This fociety might elefl four under mafters, either Englifli or flrangers of good chara6ler, to overfee and govern the <;ompany, and to have the cuflody of their property, real and per- fonal ; thefe might be chofen annually. The fraternity were alfo authorifed to exercife themfelves in fliooting in long bows, crofs bows and hand guns at all manner of marks and butts, and at the game of the popyemaye, (c) and other game or games, as at the fowie Alfoe that every captayne doecompell their yeomen, every man in all hafte to make him a good fubftantiall ftake of a xi feete in lengthe for certain tieings (tidings) that lords have heard, and in payne to be punilhed as hereto beiongeth.'* MSS. of Mr. Petyt's in the In- ner Temple, entitled C'ylU^anea^ vol. i. p. 509, & feq. (c) So in the charter : undoubtedly the popinjay. Maitland fays the crofs bow makers ufed to exercife themfelves in (hooting at the popinjay or artificial parrot, in a Held called Ta&l THE ENGLISH ARMY. 151 fowle and fowles, as well in the city of London and fuburbs, as iix all other places wherefoever, within the realme of England, Ireland, Calais and the Marches of Wales, and elfewhere within the king's dominions, his forefts, chafes and parks, without his efpecial war- rant referved and excepted, as alfo game of heron and pheafant, within two miles of the royal manors, caftles and other places, where the king fhould fortune to be or lie, for the time only. The mafters of this corporation were authorifed to keep long bows, crofs bows, and hand guns in their houfes, and their fer- vants to carry the faid weapons, when and where ordered by their mailers, which fervants carrying fuch crofs bows or guns might not fhoot at any fort of fowl, under penalty of paying the forfei- ture according to the a6l. No other fraternity of this fort might be formed or kept in any part of England without the licence of thefe mafters and rulers. The patent alfo permitted them to ufe any fort of embroidery, or any cognifancc of filver they fhould think proper, on their gowns and jackets, coats or doublets, and to ufe in them any kind of filk or velvet, fatin or damalk (the colours of purple and fcarlet only excepted) and alfo to have on their gowns or other garments all forts of furrs, not above that of Mar- tyns, without incurring the penalty of any a£l or proclamation re- fpeding apparell. (d) The TalTel Clofe, in London, from the number of thirties growing there ; tliis was afterwards hired by the artillery company, and ib tailed the Old Artillery Ground. The excrcife of the popinjay was an ancient ainiifement in France, as is fliewn by the following paflage : L'excrtife du papegaye ou papegault, que 1* on fait encore aujourd' hui dans quelques villcs de France, ou il y a des prix propofcz pour cclui qui tirera !e mieux, eft un rcfte de 1' ar- cien cxercife, qu'on failbit faire uu.\ Bourgeois. Ec je crois que cet exercife en quelques endroits ell aulFi ancien que 1' inftituiion dc l» inilice des communes, St de la jurifdnflion des maifons de ville, qui furent inftitutiee fous le regne de Philippe I. quatrieme Roi de ]a premire race ainfi que jc I'ai dit ailleurs. P. Daniel Hiji. de la ^f:l. Fr. torn. i. p. 379. (d] Many fumptuary edicts were iu former times publiilicd by proclamatio;), regulat- ing 152 II I S T O R Y O F The mailers and rulers of this fraternity were exempted from fcrving on any inqueft within the city of London or anywhere elfe within the reahn: and the king further granted, that if any of the fraternity fliooting at a known and accuflomed butt, having firll pronounced or fpoken the ufual word Fast, (e) fiiould after that happen by mifchance to kill any paflenger, he fliould not fuffer death, nor be impeached, troubled, or imprifoned for it. The pa- tent was direfted to be made out under the great feal, without the payment of any fees to the king, his heirs, or the Iianaper, and was paffed the 29th of Hen. VIII. (f ) ~ Another patent was granted by King James I. in the 3d year of his reign, A. D. 1605, to the lord mayor of London, tlie lord Ellefmcrc, lord cl-iancellor of England, Thomas earl of Dorfct, high treafurer, Thomas earl of Suffolk, chamberlain of the houfe- hold, Charles duke of Devonfliire, mafler of the ordnance, Robert earl of Salilbury, principal fecretary, with diverfe judges, knights and gentlemen for the encouragement of the artillery company and the maintenance of archery and artillery within the realm of Eng- land. In this patent, after reciting the national utility of this compa- ny, it is Hated that diverfe perfons for their own gain and ad- vantage have plucked up the ancient marks ufed in fliooting, rai- fed .the banks' and hedges, and deepened the ditches, thereby pre- venting the neceflary communications in the fields, anciently ap- propriated to this exercife contrary to the ancient cuftoms of inf the materials, colours and decorations of th garments to be worn by different ranks of people; among the trimmings, furrs of different animals made a very diftinguifhing part, and were particularly appropriated. (e) Fast, i. e. ftand faff, a notice not to move till after the perfon giving fuch notice had made his fliot. (f) This charter is printed in a brief hillorical account of the artillery company, by Mr. Bhckvvcll, adjutant and clerk to the company, anno 1726. London, THE ENGLISH ARMY. 153 London, ftatutes, provifions and proclamations, whereby there is a danger that many perfons being deprived of their ufual amiife- mcnts, might haunt and frequent unlawful games ; wherefore the commifTioners, or any fix of them, were empowered to furvey the grounds near the city of London, where the archers had been ac- cuflomed to flioot, and to caufe them to be reduced to the ftate in which they were in the beginning of the reign of King Henry VIIL by calling before them the owners and occupiers of thofe lands, where any alterations had been made fince that period, to be pro- ved by oath, by fuch honeft and lawful men as they fhould deem competent witneffes, and ordering the faid owners and occupiers to do the neceflary work, at their own coft and charges. Any perfons refifting, refufing, or negleding to obey thofe orders, were to be puniihed with fine and imprifonment to the king's ufe. In this patent the coat of arms they now bear was granted them. A SIMILAR commiffion was granted by King Charles I. in the 8th year of his reign, A. D. 1633, wherein the grounds ufed for archery were directed to be reduced to the ftate in which they were in the beginning of the reign of King James I. (g) In the year 1638, the company performed an exerclfe of arms at Merchant Taylors Hall, before the lord mayor, court of aldermen, and many other eminent citizens, fo much to their fatisfaftion, that in teftimony thereof, they made a prcfent to them of the ground they now enjoy, to ferve them for a military field of exer- cife, it was then called the Artillery Garden. The company was aUo enriched by many gifts and legacies. Anno 1641, Charles (5) Ukder thefe claufcs, a cow keeper, named Pitfield, wns, fo late as 1746, obliged to renew one of the (liooting marks wlueh he had difplaccd, on which the artiliery eompa- ny cut the tollowing infeription, viz. Phfield'i Rtpcntcnce : and the Hon. iJaines Bar- lington, in his ingenious treatife on archery, publifhed in tlie 7th volume of tiic Archxo- logia, fays, he is informed that Mr. Scott, the great brick maker, hath been under tlic necefTity of making his fubmifllon on a like occafiorj. Vol. I X prince 154 HISTORYOF piince of Wales (afterwards King Charles II.) the duke of Bavaria, and James duke of York (afterwards King James II.) entered them- felves members of this company. It received feme interruption during the civil wars, and had no exercife from 1643 to 1656, at which time it was again revived, many citizens entering themfelves members of it. In 1644, the duke of York was appointed captain general of the company, and exercifed it ; the fame year, the dukes of Mon- mouth, Albermarle, and Ormond, the earls of Sandwich, Manchef- ter, Anglcfea, and the Lord Craven became members of it. After the revolution. King William in the year 1689, reftored the company to the right of annual eleflions of its officers, which in the two preceding reigns had been interrupted from political motives ; he alfo declared himfelf captain general, appointing his grace the duke of Norfolk his deputy, during his abfence abroad. On the acceflion of Queen Anne, fhe appointed her royal confort. Prince George of Denmark, to be captain general, (h) In the year 1719, his majefty ordered that all the commiflion and ftafF officers of the city trained bands fliould become members of the artillery company, and exercife with them at all convenient times, in order to qualify themfelves the better for their refpe6live ftations. It was alfo ordered, that the above mentioned officers fhould not fail to make their appearances at the three annual marches or exercifes of the faid company, unlefs hindered by fome extraordinary bufinefs, and in fuch cafe, that they {hould provide fome other perfon to appear in their ftead : fmce which, no perfon can have a commiffion in the trained bands from the court of lieu- tenantcy, unlefs he produces a certificate, that he is a member of the artillery company. On the 30th of May, 1722, his majefty (h) Archery feems at this time to have been totally laid afide by the company, who exercifed themfelves in the ufe of the mufket and pike, caufed THE ENGLISH ARMY. i_j_j caufed the company to march in review before him in St. James's Park, and was pleafed to make them a prefent of five hundred pounds. Although both long and crofs bows have for many years been laid afide, the company ilill continues to exercife in the artillery ground. His Royal Highnefs the Prince of Wales is captain ge- nera], there is alfo a prefident, vice prefident, treafurer, colonel, lieutenant colonel and major (ufually chofen from the court of al- dermen or other fubftantial citizens) with an adjutant, engineer, furgcon, chaplain, clerk, feijeant major, drum major, and mef- fenger. The crofs bow, or arbalifl:, called in Latin arcus baliftarius, or balifta manualis, and in French arbalet, is faid by fome to be of Sicilian origin, others afcribe its invention to the Cretans. It is fiippofed to have been introduced into France by the firH: crufaders, and is mentioned by the abbe Sugcr in the life of Louis le Gros, as being ufed by that prince, in the beginning of his reign, (i) which commenced in the year i io8, Verstigan fcems to attribute the introduction of this weapon into England, to the Saxons under Hengifl and Horfa, but cites no authority in fupport of that fuppofition. In a print reprefcnting the landing of thofe generals, the foremoft: of them is delineated with a crofs bow on his ftioulder, and others are fecn in tlie hands of the diftant figures of their followers, landed and landing from their fliips ; of this print he fays, " and becaufe thefe noble gentle- men were the firft biingers in and conduftors of the anceftors of Englillimen into Britaine, from whence unto their pofterity, the poflefTioii of their countrey hath enfucd, I thought fit here in pour- traiture to fit down their firft arrival!, therewithall to fliewe the manner of the apparell which they wore, the weapons which they (i) P. Daniel Hift, de la Mil. Fr. torn. i. p. 425. X 2 ufed, 156 II I S T O R Y O F ufed, and the banner or enfign firfl: by them fpred In the field. Some writers fay, William the Conqueror had crofs bows in his army at the battle of Haftings. The Genoefe were reckoned fkil- ful in the ufe of this weapon; a great number of them were in the French fervice at the battle of Crefcy. The efFe6ls of this weapon were deemed fo fatal and cruel, that the ufe of it was forbidden by the fecond Lateran council, in 1139, under the penalty of an anathema, as hateful to God and un- fit to be employed among Chriflians, which prohibition was con- firmed by Pope Innocent III. it was neverthelefs introduced into our armies by King Richard I. who being flain by a quarrel fliot from one of them, at the fiege of the caftle of Chaluz in Nor- mandy, his death was confidered as a judgment from Heaven, in- flicted upon him for his impiety. Notwithftanding this example, the crofs bow continued to be mttch ufed by the Britilh troops, and in the lift of the forces raifed by King Edward II. againft the Scots, the crofs bow men make the fecond article in the enumera- tion of the different kinds of foldiers of which it confifted. (k) The crofs bow kept its footing in our armies even fo late as the year 1572, when Queen Elizabeth, in a treaty with King Charles IX. of France engaged to furnifti him with fix thoufand men, part of them armed with long bows, and part with crofs bows. And in the attack made by the Englidi on the ifle of Rhee in 1627, fome crofs bow men were, it is faid, in that army. Cross bows were of different kinds, fome called latches, and fome prodds. The bow was commonly of fteel, though fometimes (k) TiTUtus de vadiistam peditum, baliftarlorum, lanceatonim, & fagittariorum An- gliae, Waliiae & Vafcon ; quam quorundam hominiiin ad arma ct hobelariorum, reten- torum ad vadia domini regis Edwardi, filii regis Edward!, in guerra Scotix et alibi, a primo die Maii, anno quintu decimo, ufqje feptimum diem Julii, anno regni ejufdein fextO' rfecimo, finiente tempore. Rogeri de Waltham tunc cuftodis, et Roberti de Ealdok tunc contra rotulatoris garderobae. JldSS^ in the Library ofTha. AjiU^ Efq. of THE ENGLISH ARMY. 157 of wood or horn ; the fmaller bows were bent with the hand by means of a fmall flccl lever, called the goat's foot, from it's being cloven or forked on that fide that refted on the crofs bow and cord; the larger were bent with one or both feet, put into a kind of ftir- rup : fome were alfo bent with a machine called a moulinct. Cross bows not only difcharged arrows, but alfo darts called quarreaux, from their heads, which were fquare pyramids of iron, corruptly named quarrells, thcfe were fometimes feathered (as the term was) with wood or brals : crofs bows alfo fliot Hones or leaden balls. According to Sir John Smith, in his Inflruflions and Obfer- vations, &:c. p. 204, a crofs bow would kill point blank between forty and fixty yards, and, if elevated, fix, feven, and even eight fcore yards ; the range indeed depended on the fize and ftrength of the bow ; but the dillanccs here given are fuch as a common crofs bow would carry. Monsieur de Bellay, in the treatife before quoted, fpeaka highly of the crofs bow, which he prefers to the harquebufs, and fays it would kill an hundred or two hundred paces ; (1) probably he here meant only military paces, of two feet, or two feet and a half. Cross bow men were drefled, and otherwife armed, much in the fame manner as the archers, and like them were frequently mount- ed on horfeback. The invention of gunpowder and its application to artillery and fmall arms, did not produce that fudden change in the art of war, or weapons that might, on a firft confideration, be expected. Man- kinil in general, have an almoll fupcrltitious reverence for old pro- fcflional cuftoms, which they ever relinquifh unwilHngly, and flow- ly, adopting improvements by degrees only. This arifes, not only (i) Book i. p. 26. from 158 , H I S T O R Y O F from a ftrong prcpoflefllon in favour of opinions they have been taught all their lives to confider as uncontrovertible, but becaufe improvements tend to Ihew that the rifing generation is vvifer than their forefathers and feniors, a pofition old men will never willingly allow J this diflike to innovations is peculiarly found in old foldiers, becaufe by adopting new weapons, and confequently a new exercife, the old and expert foldiers find themfclves in a worfe ilate than new recruits ; as they have not only a new exercife to learn, which after a certain age is no eafy matter, but alfo the old one to forget: for the truth of this obfervation, I appeal to every military man, who has feen any alteration made in the ordinary routine of duty or exercife. This was the cafe, with refpeft to changing the long bow for the harquebufs ; to prove it a number of inftances might be pro- duced, which mufl: occur to every reader of ancient military books ; it likewife is ftrongly marked by a letter written by Camden, tran- fcribed in the note below, (m) Indeed many of the ancient fol- diers (m) Camden to Sir Ed. Cecil. Honorable Sir. The propofition you make is oute of the reachc of my profeffion, and not of antiquitie, but of late memorie ; by reafon of Sir Rob. Qott.'s abfence I can imparte nothing from him as yet, and for my owne obfervation it is very flender, onely I remember, that after Captain Morgan in the yeare 1572 had firft carried to Flufhing 300 Englifli, and had (perfuaded) procured Sir Humphrey Gilbert to bring over more, and to be coronell of the EnglKh there, a new inilitarie difcipline was (hortly after brought in, and the new marche by fome that had ferved the duke of Alva, and entertained efpecially by the important inftance of Sir Roger Williams, although ftrong oppofition was then againft it, by Captaine Pykeman, and af- terward by Captaine Reade, ancient leaders, and Sir William Pelham, who were fcorn- fully tcarmed by the contrary parte, Saincte George's fouldados ; and Sir John Smith, who had ferved under the conftable Momorancy twice in Hungary, att Penon de Veliz and Malta, yea, and under Dalva, encountered with his penneagainft the newe Dift-ipline, and did writght much whi^h was never publifhed. This m haft, untill I may (cann) happen upon Sir Robert Cotton, T thought good to imparte to your Ifp. to whom I wilh 9II happye fuccefle to the encreafe and compliment of your honor. This THE ENGLISH ARMY. 159 diers were much divided on that fubjeft, no!» does it appear that the government of thofe days had formed any decided opinion upon it, as the ftrongeft ftatutes for enforcing the pra6lice of archery were enabled after the introdu6lion of fire arms : and fo indifferent were our rulers under Queen Mary, to the introdu6lion of them, that in her ordonnance refpe£Hng armour and weapons, the ahernative is left to the choice of the people, whether they would find a long bow and flieaf of arrows, or a haquebut, in every cafe where they were by law charged with the latter. This national backwardnefs to a general adoption of fire-arms muft ftrike every perfon, when it is fliewn how long hand guns were known and introduced here, before the ufe of them became general. Fire-arms difcharged by hand were firfl called hand canons," hand culverines, and hand guns ; they afterwards acquired the ap- pellations of hackbuts, •harquebufles, mufkets and calivers, and laftly their prefent name of firelocks. Various are the opinions and accounts, refpe^ling their origin, and the time and place where they were firft ufed. The chief of thefe are given in the note, (n) Hand This letter, which is in the Cott. Lib. Julius F. 6, fol, 441, is not (igned, and by the correolions here marked, feems to have been a foul copy ; probably the perfon who marked it as Camden's knew his hand. One of the treatifcs written by Sir John Smith, and here mentioned by Camden, was printed in London, ift May, 1590, in quarto, it is entitled, " Certain Difcourfes written by Sir John Smythe, knight, concerning the formes and efFedls of diverfc forts of weapons, and other very important matters militarie, greatlie miftaken by divers of our men of warre, in thcfe daies, and chiefly of tiie mofquet, the caliver, and the long bow, as alfo of the great futficicncie, exccllencie, and wonderful ef- {eAs of artlicrs , with many notable examples and other particularities, by hisn prefentcd to the nobilitie of this realinc, and publKhed for the bencfite of this his native countrie of England." ■ (n) Father Daniel has colIeRcd the following particul.irs rcfpccf^ing the different kinds of lire-arms. " 'Flie prefident Fauchct fays, that the firit of our hirtorians who has fpokcn of tliefc canons and hand culverines which I have before mentioned, is Mon- ftrtlet, whofc hiftory begins in 1400, and terminates in 1467, that is to fay, a little beyond the i6o H I S T O R Y O F Hand guns were firfl:.V.-,'v. Monfieur de la Noue, in his eighteenth Military Difcourfc, confirms what I fay : In THE ENGLISH ARMY. i6i fliiie brought with him among other forces, three hundred Fle- mings In tlie mean time, fays he, we muft give the honour to the Reitres, of having firft brouglu piftols into ufe, which I think are very dangerous when properly ufed. They are men- tioned as early as tlie year 1544, under the reign of Francis I. I have feen one at Chan- tilii, which is all iron except tlie ramrod. Another arm Was afterwards made, a medium between the harquebufs and pTfloi, it was called a petriiia! or poitrinal, tliis we learn from the prefident Fauchet, who lived under Francis I. and died under Henry IV. " Within twenty or thirty years, fays he, they call petrinals like inftriiments, the mean between harquebuflTes and piftols, having a very ftrong and quick wheel ; and it is believed that this arm is the invention of the ban- douiiers of the Pyrencan mountains. NicoT, who was of the fame time, thus defcribes a poitrinal in Iiis Dictionary : " It is, fays he, a fpecies of harquebufs, fliorter than the muflcet, but of a greater calibre, and on account of its weight is carried in a broad baudrick worn over the flioulder, and refted on the breaft of the pcrfon who carries it, when he fires it, wherefore it received its name. The poitrinalier is the foldier who carries and ufcs.the poitrinal." This arm is men- tioned in the relation of the fiege of Rouen by Henry IV. in 1592. After the harquebuffcs came mufkets ; they were made in the time of Francis I. for in the fame cabinet of arms at Cliantilly, there is one marked with the arms of France and the falamander, which was the de-ice of that prince. Neverlhelefs, if we will believe Brantome, it was the duke d'Alva, who firft brought them into ufe in the armies, when during the reign of Philip II. he went to take upon him the government of the low coun- tries in the year 1567 ; but that only means, he brought them more into fa(hion than they were till that time, and that till then they were rarely ufed, at leaft in the field. He fays then in his elogy on Monfieur de Strozzi, colonel general of the French infantry un- der Charles IX. that it was that officer who introduced the ufe of the mufquet into France, by this is to be underllood the common ufe of it. Pistols with a fimple fpring, inflead of the wheel formerly made ufe of, fufils and mulketoons, all tlicfc are modern and well known ; but I know not the inventors ; it is the workmen themfclvcs who have improved upon thcfe arms, and rendered them more fimple. I have been afliired, that in 165S, the ufe of wheel locked pillols was not then abolidied. I SHALL remark likcwifc upon the article of mudceis, that the Spaniards of the time of Philip II. caufed them to be made of a very great calibre, and fuch that a ftrong and vi- gorous foot foldier might carry them, but that tlicy were fo lieavy that they could not be prefented, without theaftlfl.mce of flaves fliod and pointed at the bottom, and which they fixed into the earth, and made ufe of a fork that was at the top, as a prop to fuftain the end Voi. I. Y of i62 H I S T O R Y O F mings armed with " hange gunnes :" (o) this is fifty years before the date generally afligned for their introdu6lion ; Mr. Anderfon and diverfe other writers placing that event in the year 152 1, at the fiege of Berwick, (p) There is reafon to believe that this innovation in the ancient military fyflem was not generally approved of by the Englifh, or was not productive of any very ftriking effects, fince we fcarcely hear any mention made of fire-arms, till they occur in the ftatute of the 33d of Henry VIII. when it was enacted, that no hand guns fliould be ufed of lefs dimenfions than one yard in length, gun and of the mufket ; they made ufe of them not only inficges to fire over the walls, but alfo in battles J thefe large mufkets carried to a great diftance, and by the fize of their bails made terrible wounds : but fince on account of their weight they have left off ufing them in the field, and they are only ufed in fieges. HarquebufTes and pirtols with wlieel locks are at this time very little known, and rarely to be found, except in arfenals and in the cabinets of arms, where fome of them arc preferved out of curiofity : I muft therefore explain what this wheel was which gave movement to all the fprings. It was a little folid wheel of rteel, fixed againft the plate of the lock of the harquebufs or piftol, it had an axis that pierced it in its center, at the interior end of this axis which went into the lock, a chain was faftened, which twifted round it on the wheel being turned, and bent the fpring by which it v/as held : to bend this fpring a key was made ufe of, into which the exterior end of the axis was infcrted. By turning this key from left to right, the wheel was made to revolve, and by this inovement a little Aider of copper, which covered the pan with the priming, retired from over it ; and by the fame movernent the cock, armed with a flint like the cock of a fufil, was in a ftate to be difcharged on pulling the tricker with the finger, as in ordinary piftols ; the cock then falling on the wheel, produced fire, and communicated it to the priming. (o) In the XLIX yere of King Henry VI. cam King Edward witli the Lord Haftings, the Lord Say and IX. C. Englifche men, and III.C. Flemings with hange gunnes. Le- lancCs ColUSi. vol. i. p. 721. Probably the word hange is an error of either the tranfcriber or printer, and fhould have been hand. (p) Anderson's IlifJ. of Commerce, vol. i. p. 351. The mufket is mentioned as a weapon of the infantry in Poland in the year 1475. " Quilibet pedituin habeat baliftam vel bombardam." Lit. Cafmerii III. an. 1475. Leg. Polon. torn. i. p. 228. Thefe are generally afligned to the year 1520. Add. to vol. i. and ii. of Warton's Hift. of Poetry. flock THE ENGLISH ARMY. 163 flock included, which fliews that the early hand guns were of a much fmallcr length than thoie afterwards made ; probably their calibre was in proportion, in which cafe they would do but little execution on men moftly armed : this perhaps may, in fome mea- fure account for their being fo flowly adopted. The piece called the haquebut or hagbut was ftill fhorter, for by the fame ftatute, it might not be under three quarters of a yard long, gun and flock, as before, included. This piece is by fome writers fuppofed to owe it's name to its butt being hooked or bent, fomewhat like thofe now ufed, the butts of the firft hand guns being, it is faid, nearly flraight. There were likewife fome pieces called demi haques, either from being lefs in iize, or from having their butts lefs curved. A fort of piftol, called a dag, was alfo ufed about the fame time as hand guns and haquebuts. Piftols were fo called from being made at Pifloya, in Tufcany. After fome time, the haquebut obtained the name of harquebufs, which is by Fauchet derived from the Ita- lian words " area bouza," or the bow with a hole. It docs not appear that the harquebufs was originally confined to any particu- lar length or bore. All thcfe pieces, namely, the hand gun, hack- but, harquebufs and dag, were at firfl: fired with a match, and fome of them afterwards with a wheel lock ; the former, by means of a fpring let down a burning match upon the priming in the pan j and the latter was a contrivance for exciting fparks of fire, by the fridlion of a notched wheel of fteel, at the bottom of the pan, which with a quick revolution grated againfl; a flint ; the fpring which turned this wheel was wound up, or, as the term was, fpan- ned, with an infl:rumcnt called a fpanncr, fomewhat like the key of a clock. The machinery of the wheel lock is defcribed by Father Daniel in the note, p. 162. The inconfiderable execution done by pieces of fmall callibrc probably caufcd the introdu6tion of the mufquet, which was a long heavy piece, carrying large balls, and on account of its fize and Y 2 weight 164 H I S T O R Y O F weight fired on a kind of fork, called a reft ; the reft continued in ufe for a confiderable time, but on certain occafions, being found unwieldy and inconvenient, a lighter kind of piece was introduced, generally known by the name of the caliver, (q) which was fired without any fuch affiftance. But before the entire difmiflion of the reft, diverfe attempts were made to convert it to a defence againft cavalry, vvhilft the mufkcteer was loading, by arming it with a projecting fpike from one of the prongs of the fork, ferving for (q) The caliver was a lighter kind of matchlock piece, between a harquebufs and a mufket, and fired without a reft. The following explanation of it's name is given by Edmund York, an officer who had ferved in the low countries, and was employed by Qiicen Elizabeth to regulate the militia of London, at the time the kingdom was threat- ened with a Spanifh invafion. " I remember (fays he) when I was firft brought up in Piemont, in the countie of Brifacks regiment of old bandes,^ we had our particular calibre of harquebufe to our regiment, boih for that one bullet fliould ferve all the harquebufes of" our regiment, as for that our colonel fhould not be deceived of his arms ; of which word calibre, came firft that unapt term, we ufe, to call a harquebufe a caliver, which is the height of the bullet, and not of the piece. Before the battle of Mountgunter, the princes x)f the religion caufed feveral thoufand harquebufcs to be made all of one calibre, wliich wjs called harquebufe du calibre dc Monfieur le Prince ; fo, I think fome man, not un- dcrftanding French, brought hither the name of the height of the bullet of the piece, which word calibre is yet continued with our good canoniers." See Matiland's Hiji. of Londouy in Art. Artillery. Sir John Smith, in his Confutation of Capt. Berwick, MS. Bib. Harl. No. 4685, thus explains the word Caliver : " It is fuppofed by many, that the weapon, called a ca- liver, is another thing than a harquebufe ; whereas in troth it is not, but only a harquebufe, favinge that it is of greater circuite or bullet, than the other is of ; wherefore the Erench- man doth call it a pcece de calibre ; which is as much as to faie, a peece of bigger circuite.'*^ Pecke, in h.is Defiderata Curiofa, has preferved the price of a caliver and its accoutrements^ as paid by the flieriffs of Lancalliire, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, anno 1584, for the ufe of the recruits raifed for the Irifh fervice, which was, the caliver, furniflied with flafice and touche box, laces and moulds, thirteen (hillings and fixpence. In an eftimate, made the i8th of James I. anno 1620, of the expences of a royal army of thirty thoufand men, intended to be fent into the Palatinate, a caliver, with bandaleers, is valued at 14s. lod.. The price of a new mufket, as fettled the 7th of Charles I. was 15s. 6d. a reft, lod. For a new bandalier, carrying twelve charges, a primer, a priming wire, bullet-bag, and a flrap or belt, two inches broad, zs. 6d^ thfr THE ENGLISH A R M Y. 165 the head, or part on which the mulketwas laid: or by enclafing a tuck in the fliaft of the rcll, which on opening a fmail valve, fprung out; refts thus armed, were called the fwines or Sweedifh feathers, and v/ere contrivancei; preceding the ufe of the bayonet, (r) The harquebufliers or foldicrs bearing harquebufles, were often armed with morions, or fteel hats called pots, cuirafTes confifting of backs and brcafts, and tafiLts covering their thighs. Thefe fuits are known in the tower by the name of harquebufs armour. When hand guns firft came into ufe, not only balls, but alfo .fleel quarrels, and v/ooden arrows called fprites, were difcharged , from them : of the effects of the laft Sir Richard Hawkins gives a very wonderful account, v/hich I own I do not comprehend any more than Lord Verulam's reafoning on it, and have therefore tran- fcribed both paffagcs verbatim et literatim, for the judgment of my readers. '• In this difcourfc, Generall Michael Angell demanded for what purpofe ferved the little fliort arrowes which we had in our fhippe, and tliofe in great quantitie : I fatisfied him that they were for our mufkets. They are not as yet in ufe among the Spa- (r) The Swedifli, or fwine's feather, is mentioned by feveral ancient military writers, particularly Ward, Turner, and the Dulte of Albemarle. " Mufket refts (fays Turner) were ufcd a long time, and in feme places arc yet, to eafe the mufketcers in dlfcharging their guns, and when they fiood centinel; but in the late expeditions in moft places ia Chriftendoai, they have been found more troub'.efome than helpful ; a mufketeerin any fudden occafion, not beinw able to do his duty with mufkct, fword, and reft, efpecially if you five liim a S-.vediih feather to mnnaoe with them. Bokeler, the engineer, fpeaks of an inftrument '.ii t might icrve for both reft and feather, and fuch, perhaps, would be very ufefiil and -'^liverient ; he would have it at the top as all refts are, like a fork on the one fide, whereof '.e would have an iron, of one foot and a half long, flicking our, fliarply pointed ; thefc r' ntcd in the van or flanks where you expect the charge, as the Swedifti feathers ufed {.< lie, will futficienily pallifade and defend mufkctteers from horfe, and upon them they may can their mufkets when they give fire." Turner's Pallas /frmata, p. 176. The Duke ot Albemarle, in his Obfervations upon Military and Political Aft"airs, printed anno 167 1, recommends thearmingmufkettters and dragoons with niufqucts having fwine's leathers, with the heads of rcfts falkncd to them. niards i66 H I S T O R Y O F iiiards, yet of fmgular eftefl and execution, as our enemies con- fclTcd ; for the upper worke of their lliippcs being mufket proofe, in all places they palled through both fides with facilitie, and wrought extraordinary difallers, which caufed admiration to fee themfelves wounded with fmall Ihott, where they thought them- felves fecure, and by no means could find where they entered, nor come to any fight of any of the fliott. Hereof they proved to profit themfelves after; but for that they wanted the tamp- kingSj which are firft to be driven home, before the arrow be put in, and as then underftood not the fecret, they reje6led them as un- certaine, and therefore not to be ufed j but of all the fliot ufed now adayes, for the annoying of an enemic in fight by fea, few are of greater moment for many refpe6ls, which I hold not convenient to treat of in publique." (s) Thus far Sir Richard Hawkins. My Lord Verulam, taking the fa£l for granted, endeavours to account for it on philofophical principles, " The Turkifli bowe (fays he) giveth a very forcible flioot, infomuch as it hath been known, that the arrow has pierced a fteel target, or a piece of brnfs, two inches thick : but that which is more ftrange, the arrow, if it be headed with wood, hath been known to pierce through a piece of wood of eight inches thick : and it is certain, that we had in ufe at one time for fea fight, fliort arrows which they call fprights, without any other heads fave wood fliarpened ; which were difcharged out of mufkets, and would pierce through the fides of fhips, where a bullet would not pierce. But this dependeth upon one of the greatcfl: fecrets in all nature; which is, that fimilitude of fubftance will caufe attraftion, where the body is wholly freed from the mo- tion of gravity ; for if that were taken away, lead would draw lead, and gold would draw gold, and iron would draw iron, without the help of the loadftone. But this fame motion of weight or gravity (s) Voyage to the South Seas, A. D.,1591, p. 164, fee. Ixvi. (which THE ENGLISH ARMY. 167 (which is a mere motion of matter, and hath no affinity with the form or kinde) doth kill the other motion, except itfelf be killed by a violent motion ; and in thefe inftances of arrows, for then the motion of attraction by fim.ilitude of fubflance beginneth to fliew itfelf. But we ihall handle this point of Nature fully in due place, (t) The following extract from a military treatife, written in the year 1619, exhibits a ftriking delineation of the muflceteer of thofe days : (u) " Therefore a fouldier muft either accuftome himfelfe to beare a peece or pike : if he bear a peece, then muft he firft learn to hold the fame, to accommodate his match betweene his two formoft fingers and his thombe, and to plant the great end on his brcaft with a gallant fouldier-like grace : and being ignorant, to the intent he may be more encouraged, let him acquaint himfelf firft with the firing of touch-powder in his panne, and fo by de- grees both to flioote off, to bow and beare up his body, and fo confequently to attaine to the levell and praclife of an afiiired and ferviceable ftiot, readily charge, and with a comely couch difcharge, making choife at the fame inftant of his marke, with a quick and vigilant eie. His flafke and touch box muft keepe his powder, his purfe and mouth his bullets ; in fkirmifti his left hand muft hold his match and peece, and the right hand ufe the office of charging and difcharging. Being againft the enemie, whilft with an indented courfe he doth travell his plaine ground, or elfe takes advantage of his place and invafion, as under the fafeguard of a trench, the back of a (t) Sylva Sylvarum, p. 148. (u) England's Trainings and plainly demonftrating the dutie of a private fouldier, with the office of each feverall officer belonging to a foot company, and the martiall lawcs of the field ; as alfo the office and charge of a colonell ; the excrcife of trayiiing or dril- ling : Nvitli divcrfc other ncccflary and prolitablc difciplincd notes and obfervations : by Edward Davits, gentleman, 1619, p. 4. . ditch, i68 H I S T O R Y O F ditch, old-wall, tree, or fuch like j let him ever firft load his peece with powder out of his flaflce, then with her bullet, and laft with aniuring and touch-powder, forcfceing ever that the panne bee cleane, the cover clofe, and the tutch-hole wide, or elfe well proind : fo that ftill obferving modeft order in his traverfe, neither over-flow nor over-fpeedy, to the entent he become not each man's marke through his fluggiflineffe, nor run himfelf out of breath through his owne raflinefle, for the moft parte keeping his fide towards his enemie : let him difcharge going, but never {landing : fo fliall he the better fhunne the enimies fliot, and chufe his afl'ured ad- vantage. A fouldier ought to be careful that his furniture be good, fubflantiall, and flaunche from raine, the charge of his flaflce jufl: for his peece, and the fpring quick and fliarpe : the pipe of his touch-box fomewhat wide, that the powder may have free pafl^age, which otherwife would choak up. In time of marching and travelling by the way, let him keepe a paper in his panne and tutch hole, and in wet weather have a cafe for his peece, fomewhat portable, or elfe of neceflltie he muft keepe the fame from wet under his arm-hole or caflbcke, or by fome other invention free from damage of the weather, and his match in his pocket, onely that except which he burnes : and that likewife {o clofe in the hollow of his hand, or fome artificiall pipe of pewter hanging at his girdle, as the coale by wet or water go not out. It is moreover requiflte, that a fouldier keepe his cocke with oyle free in falling, and his peece bright without rufliing, neither mufl: he want his necefl'arie tooles, as afcowrer, tiiebalc and worme, having every one a vice to turne into the end of the fcouring flicke, fo that if tl.orough wet weather, or any other accident, his peece •will not be difcharged, the fkilful fouldier may with his tireball pull out his bullet with the worme, the paper, and wet powder, and vi'ith Ins fcourer make his peece cleane witl'n. His fcourer ill be tr -umed on the end with a linen cloth of fufficient fub- iLnce, therewith to make cleane the cannon of his peece within. The THE ENGLISH ARMY. 169 The one end of his fcouring ftick ought to have a round cr ! of bone of juft bignefTe with the mouth of his peece, therewiLhall at his })leafuie, to ramme in powder and paper, or inltead oi paper, fuche fofte haire as they fluff faddles withall, the danger whereof is not like ; but this the foldier muft ufe when time permits. Du- ring the time of his fervice let him ever have a diligcit care to keepe his peece cleane and bright within, and once a fortnight, or at the leaft once a month, take out the breech, and throroughly view and wafh the barrell within, to fee whether it hath any flawes, brackes, chambers, frettings or ruptures, which would endanger the breaking thereof j efpecially if before hand the end of his bare fcourer hath given him any caufe to fufpeft fuch faults, to the in- tent he may change the fame for a new for feare of fpoiling him- felfe. He that loves the faftie of his owne perfon, and delights in the goodnefs and beautie of a peece, let him alwayes make choice of one that is double breeched, and if it be poflible, a Myllan peece, for they be of tough and perfeiSl temper, light, fquare, and bigge of breech, and very ftrong where the powder doth lie, and where the violent force of the fire doth confift, and notwithflanding thinne at the end. Our Engliih peeces approach very neare unto them in goodnefle and beautie (their heavinefle only excepted) fo that they be made of purpofe, and not one of thefe common fale peeces with round barrels, whereunto a beaten fouldier will have great refpedl, and choofe rather to pay double money for a good peece, than to fpare his purfe, and endanger himfelfe. But to returne to my matter ; let a fouldier have hanging ever at the firings of his tutch box, or fomc other readic part of his garment, a couple of proyning pinncs nt the Icafl, that if by for- tune the tutch hole of his peece be flopped or furred up, hee may tlierewith both make his pan cleane, and yceld a ready paOage, tlvat the fire may have her courfc, by incorporating both the tutch-pou- Voi. I. Z dcr 170 H I S T O R Y O F der without and the corn-powder within together, (x) But a rcydy fouldier will alwaies forefee that the tutch-hole be fo wide as the pouder without in the pan may have free concourfe to that within the peece, thereby to hafteii more fpeedy difcharge, confider- ing a fouldier cannot have leifure and commodity to proine his piece at all times, but muft of neceflltie ufe a great dexterity. But fince I am falne into the fpeech of a quicke charge and nimble difcharge, I will by way declare the opinion of certaine na- tions therein. Experience of late dales hath taught us, that thofe nations which foUowe the warres, invent every way how they may endo- mage the enemie in all their enterprifes, but efpeclally in fkirmifli, which for the moft parte confifts in (hot, and by fuch as can with the eye of his ininde make an affured levell, and with a nimble difcharge, both choofe out and kill his enemie. And therefore thofe fouldiers which in our time have beene for the moft part levied in the low countries, efpeclally thofe of Artoys and Henault, called by the generall name of Wallownes, have ufed to hang about their ncckes, upon a baudrlcke or border, or at their girdles, certaine pipes, which they call charges, of copper and tin, made with covers, which they thinke in fkirmilh to bee the more readie way. But the Spaniard difplfing that order doth altogether ufe his flaflce. The Frenchman, both charge and flafke. But fome of our En- glifh nation their pocket ; which in refpefl of the danger of the fparks of their match, the uncertaine charge, the expence and fpoile of pouder, the difcommodltie of wet, I account more apt for the fhow of a triumph and wanton fkirmifh before ladies and gentle- women, then fit for the field in a day of fervice in the face of an (x) This paflage fhews that the touch-powder contained in the primer was mealed, or •what was formerly called ferpentine powder, enemy : T H E E N G L I S H ARMY. 171 enemy : and in like fort the charge which either doth fiied and loofe his powder, whilfl: a fouldier doth traverfe his ground, or eife is Co doddered and rammed together, that he (hall be forced fomc- times to faile of halfe his charge. Therefore I conclude with the Spaniard, that a good flalke is that which is moft warlike and rea- dy in fervice, without the curious help of any extraordinary in- vention. One of the greatefl: helpes confifts in pouder and match : for a fouldier muft ever buy his pouder fliarpe in tafle, well incorporate with faltpeter, and not full of coole-duft. Let him accuftome to drie his pouder, if hee can in the funne, firft fprinkled over with aqua vitae or flrong claret wine. Let him make his tutch-pouder being finely farfed and fifted, with quick-pale, which is to be: bought at the pouder makers or apothecaries : and let his match be boiled in afhes-lye and pouder, that it will both burne well, carrie a long coale, and that will not breake off with the touch of your finger. The preparations will at the firft touch give fire, and procure a violent, fpeedy, and thundering difcharge. Some ufe brimftone finely pov^'dered in their tutch-pouder, but that furs and flops up your breech and tutch-hole. The bullet of a fouldier's peece muft be of a juft bignefle with the mouth of the fame, fo that falling in fmoothly, it may drive down, and clofe up the mouth of the pouder. Some contrary to the lawes of the field ufe chaine-fliot, and quarter-ftiot, which is good in the defence of a breach, to keepe a fortreffe, or upon fliip- board ; but being daily ufed, it will gaule a peece within, and put it in hazard to breake, fpccially in a long Ikirmifli where the barrel! is hot. Note, that after his peece is very hoate, let the fouldier if he can, give fomevvhat a Icflc charge for feare of burfting his peece, unlefl'e he have good triall thereof. If the ftocke of his peece be crooked, he ought to place the end juft before above his left pappe: Z 2 if ,72 II I S T O R Y O F if long and ftraight as the Spaniards ufe them, then upon the point of his right flioulder, ufing a (lately upright pace in difcharge. It is not in vaine to advertife him, that in fkirmifli he muft hold his peece betwixt his thombe and the ends of his fingers, which I account a fare meane, betwixt griping of the barrell, and laying tlie fame oncly upon his foremoft finger and thombe j for the one is over dangerous, and the other altogether unfteedy. I JUDGE it likewife moft convenient for him, to take hold of his peece with his left hand in that part of the wood (wherein the barrell lies) there as the peece is of moft equall ballance ; although fome accuftome themfelves to hold it juft under the cocke, by rea- ibn whereof he fhall be enforced to change his hand, if he charge out of a flalke, into the niidft of the peece, to bring downe the mouth to his flafke, which is great delay and hinderance in fkir- mifh. So to conclude, he that meanes to be accompted a forward and perfe6l goode fliot, by continuall exercife muft be fo ready, that in all particular points touching his peece, pouder, match » bullets, and the ufe of them, that he neither be to feeke, nor grow amazed in the furious rage of Bellona's fiery Ikirmiflies, her fud- daine furprifes and bloody (laughter, of dangerous aflaults, of cruell battailes. The mufket is to be ufcd in all refpefts like unto the hargabufe, fave that in refpefl he carries a double bullet, and is much more weightie. He ufeth a ftafFe breafte high, in the one end a pike to pitch in the ground, and in the other an iron forke to reft his peece upon, and a hoale a little beneath the fame in the ftaffe : whcreunto he doth adde a ftring, which tied and wrapped about his wreft, yeelds him commodity to traine his forke or ftaffe after him, whilft he in fkirmifli doth charge his mufket afrefti with pou- der and bullet. Now to fpeake fomewhat of a pikeman's charge, a few words fhall fuffice, becaufe I will not be over tedious- Let him learne to tofTe his pike, couch and crofiie the fame, to receive the violent charge THE ENGLISH ARMY. ,73 charge of horfemen, to front the furious fliocke of footemen, and be able to furnifh out his fight both afarre ofF and neere hand : which notes with the like will be fufficient, by reafon that he is for the mod part put to ftand in a maine and fquare battaile. Both the hargabufier, and the pikeman mud: weare a fhort rapier and a fmall poinado : for if in the middeft of encounters and fkirmifhes, they be driven to ufe them, their length is an occafion they cannot be drawne, unlefle he abandon his peece or pike, whereby he fhall either loofe his pike, or want his rapier, which at the fcra and clofe, is very neceflary both for defence and offence : contrary to the carelefle cuftome of fome whom I have feene come into the field without rapier or dagger, which was an aflured argument, that their heeles fliould be their target, and their fliamefull flight their fafety, when their pouder was fpent. Now as thefe carelefle perfons farre mifle the marke with over- great fecuritic, fo fome bring in a cufliome of too much curiofitie in arming hargabufiers, for befides a peece, flaflce, tutch-box, ra- pier and dagger, they loade them with a heavie fliirt of male, and a burganet : fo that by that time they have marched in the heat of fommcr, or deepe of the winter, ten or twelve Englifh miles, they are more apt to refl;, then ready to fight, whereby it comes to pafl"e, that either the enterprife they go about, which requires celerity, fhall become fruftrate by reafon of the flay they make in refrefliing themfelves, or elfe they are in danger to be repulfed, for want of luftinefl'c, breath and agilitie. Wherefore in mine opinion it is not necefl*ary, that this ex- traordinary arming of fliot fliould be ufed, but in furprifes of townes, efcalades, and aflaults of breeches, to defend the fouldiers heads from flones, and fuch fluffe as they befiegcd have prepared to drive them from their enteiprife : or elfe in fome fpcciall fct battaile agalnfl; the cut and thruft of weapons : which exploits, for that they be not {o ordinarye as is the flcirmifli, fo arc thcfe amies nothing fo ncceflarie, but rather a burthen, more beautiful than bcncficiall. 174. H I S T O R Y O F beneficiail, and of greater charge then commoditie, fpecially a flilrt of male, which is very dangerous for fliot, if a number of t.iofe fmall peeces fliould bee driven into a man's body by a bullet. The furniture due to a pikeman, befides his pike, rapier and dagger, confifting of a common corfelet, having a coller, curiat, tafes, back-part, poldrowes, wambrades, and burganets for the head, for that they be fufficiently knowne, becaufe I will not be over prolixe upon every particular point, I will onely fay thus much more touching the pikeman, that he ought to have his pike at the point and middeft trimmed with handfome taflels, and a handle, not fo much for ornament, as to defend the fouldiers body from water, which in raine dolh runne downealongft the wood.(y) Every fouldier ought to carry his hargabufe, pike, or halberd, upon that flioulder and fide which is outward in ranke, for that fide which is difcovered inward is more defended by the general or- der that is kept than any other, v/hich order of carrying armes is not onely ready and commodious to ufe at all occafions, but alfo doth make a gallant fhew, and a general forme of good proportion and true profpe6l j a thing moft neceffarie for a man of valour to ufe in all his doings." (z) The exchange of the match-lock mufket for the fire-lock, fufil. (y) The parts of this quotation defcribing the armour and appointments of the pike- man, which have been already treated of, being very Ihort, were here given, to avoid breaking the thread of the defcription. (z) Although the arms and appointments of a mufketeer are here pretty minutely defcribed, it may be neceflary toobferve, that theFiemifhcuftom for foldiers to carry their powder in fmall cafes of copper, tin, leather, pafteboard or other fubftances, with each its cover, was adopted here ; a dozen of them hung to a belt worn over the left fhoulder, was called abandaleer, or bandaleers ; to the fame belt hung the bullet bag, flafk for priming, and lometimes the fpare match. Thefe fmall cafes were fometimes fixed to a belt worn round the waift. The arms and appointments of a mulketeer about the 13th of Charles II. are .peciricd in p. 27. or THE ENGLISH ARMY. ly^ or fnaphance, (a) mod probably was not made at the fame time, throughout the army, but brought about by degrees. The fire-lock feems to have been known as early as the reign of Henry VIII. many pieces fo named occur in the furvey of the different ar- mouries and arfenals of this realm and its dependencies, taken ift Ed. VI. (b) but whether by the term fire-lock a wheel-lock was meant, admits of a doubt ; certainly the wheel-lock is as much a fire-lock as the fnaphance, both being fired by the coUifion of the flint and fleel. The duke of Albemarle recommends arming a dra- goon with a fnaphance to a mulket barrel, becaufe on occafion he might ufe it on horfeback, and go upon fervice in the night, with- out being difcovered by the light of his match, (c) The fire-lock mufket is alfo recommended by the earl of Orrery, in preference to that with the match-lock, in his Treatife on the Art of War, publiflied in the year 1677, (d) for which he gives thefe reafons : " Firft, it is exceedingly more ready ; for with the firelock you have only to cock, and you are prepared to fhoot ; but (a) Snaphance, the Dutch name for a fire-lock ; the firft firelocks were fo called here. (b) Greenwich, item, one chamber pcce blacke, the ftocke of redde woode, fet with bone vvorke, \viti\ a fier-locke in a cafe of crymfen vcllet. Item, one longe wlilte pcce, with a fier-locke. Item, one longe pcce, graven and guilte, with a ftocke of redde woode, fct with white bone, with a fier-lock, in a cafe of lether. Item, two chamber peeces, guilt and graven, with a fier-locke, in a ftocke of yellow vellet, &c. Mr. Brander^s AIS. (c) Observations upon Military and Political Affairs, by George duke of Albemarle, 1671, p. 27. To prevent tiie matches being feen in the night, fmall metal tubes of about a foot long, big enough to contain a match, and pierced full of little holes to admit the air, were worn by the Flenndi mufkcteers ; this contrivance is faid to have been invented by Maurice, prince of Orange, and was the origin of grenadiers match-boxes. Thefe tubes are delcribed by Walhuyfen, in p. 136 of his book entitled 1' Art Militairc pour I'irtfanterie, pub. in 16 15. (d) Capt. Smith, in his Military DiiSionary, fays, fiic-locks were firft made ufe of in 1690, when match- locks were univerUlly diiufedj but he does not Ciic any authority for this aftcrtion. with 176 HISTORYOF with your match-lock you have feveral motions, the leaft of which is as long a performing, as but that one of the other, and oftentimes much more hazardous ; befides if you fire not the match-lock mvilket 35 foon as you have blown your n-atch (which often, efpe- cially in heci2;e fights and in fieges, you ci'nnot do) you mufl; a fe- cond time blow your match, or the ailics it gathers hinders it from firing. Secondly, the match is very dangerous, either where bandeleers are ufed, or where foldiers run haftily in fight to the budge-barrel, to refill their bandeleers ; I have often feen fad inflances thereof. Thirdly, marching in the nights, to avoid an enemy, or to fur- prize one, or to afiault a fortrcfs, the matches often difcover you, aiid inform the enemy where you are, whereby you fuftcr much, and he obtains much. Fourthly, in wet weather, the pan of the mufket being made wide open for a while, the rain often deads the powder, and the match too ; and in windy weather, blows away the powder, ere the match can touch the pan : nay, often in very high winds, I have feen the fparks blown from the match, fire the mufket ere the fol- dier meant it j and either thereby lofe his fhot, or v/ound or kill fome one before him. Whereas in the firelock, the motion is fo fudden, that what makes the cock fall on the hammer, ftrikes the fire, and opens the pan at once. Lastly, to omit many other reafons, the quantity of match ufed in an army, does much add to the baggage, and being of a very dry quality, naturally draws the moifturc of the air, which makes it relax, and confequently lefs fit, though carried in clofe waggons : but if you march without waggons, the match is the more expofed -, and without being dried again in ovens, is but of half the ufe which otherwife it would be of: and which is full as bad, the fk^^ans you give the corporals, and the links you give the private foldiers (of which near an enemy, or on the ordinary guard duty, they muft never be unfurniftied) if they lodge in huts or tents THE ENGLISH ARMY. T77 tents, or if they keep guard in the open field, (as mofl often It hap- pens) all the match for inftant fervice is too often rendered uncer- tain, or ufelefs ; nothing of all which can be faid of the flint, but much of it to the contrary. And then the foldiers generally wearing their links of match near the bottom of the belt, on which their bandaleers are faftened, in wet weather generally fpoil the match they have, and if they are to fight on a fudden, and in the rain, you lofe the ufe of your fmall fliot, which is fometimes of irreperable prejudice." A SMALL anonymous military treatife (e) printed in the year 1680, fays the fufil or fire-lock was then in ufe in our army, efpe- cially among the fufileers and grenadiers ; in all likelihood the ap- pellation of fufileers was given to thofe troops who were armed with fufils ; in that cafe the date of the eldeft regiment of that de- nomination will give fome little diredlion toward finding their firft introduftion. Perhaps the fufileers regiments were originally a fort of grena-; diers, as like them they wear caps, and have no enfigns. (f ) (e) English Military Difcipline, or the Way and Method of cxercifing Horfe and Foot, printed for Richard Harford, p. 19. (f) FusiLEERS are foot foldiers armed with fufecs with flings to fling them. There are four regiments in our army, wiiich have always been called fufileers, and go by the name of the Englifli, Scotch, Irifli, and Welch fufclecrs ; but now we have nojic but fu- feleers abroad, for the pikes are quite laid afide. The firft defign of fufelcers was to guard the artillery, for which end the regiment of EnglilTi fufileers, now comniaiidcd by Sir Chailcs O'Hara were firft raifed. To fupply the want of pikes, and to fccure themfclves againft horfe, the fulllccrs ufcd to carry turnpikes along with tjicm, which in a camp were placed along the frqnt of a battalion, and on a march were carried by the foldiers, each carrying one of the fliort pikes, and two, by turns, the fparr through which they arc thruft, fo that they were quickly put together. Gentleuuins DiSllomiry. According to Millrn's Succefllon of Colonels, the 7th regiment, or royal Knglifli fufileers, were raifed, June nth, 1685 ; the 21ft regiment, or roy.al North Britifh fufileers, 23d Sept. 1679 ; the 23d, or royal Welch fulileers, J7th March, 1688, but there is no Irilh regiment bear- ing the appellation of fufileers. A a The 178 H I S T O R Y O F The life of cartridges, which feems to have taken place about the fame time as the firelock, introduced the cartridge-box inftead of the bandelcers. This was a very confiderable improvement, as the ammunition was not only more commodioufly and fafely car- ried, but by ufing cartridges, a foldier was enabled to fire at leaft three times the number of fhot he could difcharge when loading from his bandeleers, which were befides fubjefl to many inconve- niencies and obje6lions. Their imperfections are fully dated by my lord Orrery. " I am alfo (fays he) on long experience, an enemy to the ufe of bandeleers, but a great approver of boxes of car- tridges ; for then but by biting off the bottom of the cartridge, you charge your mulket for fervice with one ramming. I WOULD have thefe cartridge boxes of tin, as the carabines ufe them, becaufe they are not fo apt to break as the wooden ones are, and do not in wet weather, or lying in the tents, relax. Besides, I have often feen much prejudice in the ufe of banda- leers, which being worn in the belts for them, above the foldiers coats, are often apt to take fire, efpecially if the match-lock muf- quet be ufed; and when they take fire, they commonly wound and often kill him that v/ears them, and thofe near him: for -likely if one bandaleer take fire, all the reft do in that collar : they often tangle thofe which ufe them on fervice, when they have fired, and are falling off by the flanks of the files of the intervals, to get into the rear to charge again. To which I fhall add, that in fecret attempts in the night; their ratling often difcovers the defign, and enables the enemy to prevent it ; and in the day time on fervice, efpecially if the weather be windy, their rattling alfo too frequently hinders the foldiers from hearing, and confequently obeying, the officer's word of command, which mud be fatal when it happens : whereas the cartridge boxes exempt thofe who ufe them from all thefe dangers and prejudices : they enable the foldiers on fervice to fire more expeditioufly ; they are alfo ufually worn about the wafte of the foldier, the fkirts of whofc doubelet and his coate,. doubly THE ENGLISH ARIMY. 179 doubly defend them from all rain that doth not pierce both j and being worn clofe to his body, the heat theiccf keeps the powder dryer, and therefore more fit to be fired in fervlce. Besides all this, whoever loads his mufket with cartridges, is fure the bullet will not drop out, though he takes liis aim under breaft high, for the paper of the cartridge keeps it in ; whereas thofe foldiers which on fervice take their bullets out of their mouths (which is the nimblefl way) or out of their pouches, which is flow, feldom put any paper, tow or grafs, to ram the bullet in ; whereby if they fire above breafl high, the bullet pafies over the head of the enemy ; and if they aim low, the bullet drops out ere the muflcet is fired ; and 'tis to this that I attribute the little exe- cution I have feen muflieteers do in time of fight, though they fired at great battalions, and thofe alfo reafonable near. It might alfo do well, if the foldiers tyed their links of match about their middle, and under their coat and doublets, inftcad of tying them to their bandeleer belt, or coller, for by that means the match would be kept dryer, and fitter for fervice in the time of aftion. The inftitution of grenadiers originated in France, from whence vie borrowed it ; the.y were, as their denomination imports, foldiers trained to the art of throwing hand grenades, in the attack of trenches or the covert way." Father JL»aniel iays the hrlt grenadiers in the French troops were placed in the king's regiment, in the year j 667, w hen there were four of them in each company, and that in the year 1670, the king united them into one company, the comn\and of which he gave to M. de Riotor, who was the firft captain of grenadiers. I HAVE not been able to difcover the time, when grenadiers were iirft introduced into the Englilliarmy : Smith, in his Military Dic- tionary, fays they were firfl known here in the year 1685; but in this he is greatly miftakcn ; as in a lifl: of the army, publilhed in tbt A a 2 year i8o H I S T O R Y b F year 16S4, (g) we meet with grenadier companies to moft of the regiments of infantry ; they were armed with mufkets and bay- onets, without fwords, and wore caps. Grenadiers, at their firil inftitution, were not confined to the infantry ; for to each of the three troops of horfe-guards, a corps of fixty-four grenadiers, with two drums, four hautbois, two cor- porals, two ferjeants, and two lieutenants, were attached. Thefe corps were armed with harquebuzes and bayonets, and diftinguifh- ed by caps and looped clothes, (h) but had no captains, being then confidered as parts of the troops of guards to which they were annexed : they appear to have been afterwards formed into two troops ; the firfl, 06lober 4th, 1693 ; the fecond on the 27th of May, 1702. The command of them were given to the earl of Cholmondeley, and W. Lord Forbes. In a book of exercife, (i) publifhed by authority in the year 1686, the grenadiers appear to have been armed with fire-lock, or fnaphancs mufkets, flings, fwords, daggers and pouches with gre- nades ; they had alfo hatchets, with which, after firing and throw- ing their grenades,. they were on the word of command " fall on," to rulli upon the enemy. The praflice of fcrewing the dagger into the muzzle cf the piece, is alfo there direfted j it likewife appears that they then loaded v»"ith cartridges, and that the match- (g) A GENERAL and complete Lift Military of every commifTion officer of horfe ani foot, now commanding his majeftie's land forces of England (excepting the unregimenfed companies) as alfo the proper diftinflions of their cloathings, badges of honour, and co- lours of each troop and regiment. The names of the chief officers of the ordnance, and other officers belonging to the army, &c. &c. as eftablifhed at the time of the review upon- putney Heath, the ift of Oiiober, 1684, &c. (h) This dillinclion is mentioned in the old grenadier fong : Come let us fill a bumper, and drink a health to thofe. Who wear the caps and pouches, and eke the looped clothes. (1) An Abridgment of the Engli(h Military Difcipline, primed by efpecial command^ for the ufe of his majeftie's forces, i686. lock THE ENGLISH ARMY. i-Si Jock and fire-lock or fnaphance were both then in ufe, the exercife for both being laid down in that book. In another book of exercife, publiflied alfo by royal authority, in the year 1690, (k) the match-lock exercife and the ufe of the bandileers are ftill retained, but the grenadiers appear to have been armed with fire-locks, and to have ufcd cartridges; their daggers are here ftiled bayonets, but were flill fcrewed mto the muzzles of their pieces. Bayonets were folely appropriated to the grenadiers and dragoons. The hatchet is not mentioned in this book. I HAVE in vain endeavored to afcertain the precife time when the bayonets of the prefent form were firfl adopted here j that im- provement, as well as the original invention, is of French (1) extrac- tion. The following anecdote refpeding that weapon was commu- nicated to me by Lieutenant Colonel Chriftopher Maxwell, of the (k) The Exercife of the Foot, witli the evolutions according to the words of com- mand, as they are explained ; as alfo the forming of battalions, with diredions to be ob- fervcd by all colonels, captains, and other officers in their majefties armies : by their majertics command, 1690. (1) Father Daniel fays, the regular introduilion of bayonets took place in Franca about the year 1671, the drft corps armed with them was the regiment of fulllcers raifed that year, and fincc called the rojal regiment of artillery, but although the adoption of tthe bayonet is fo recent, the idea of it had long occurred to different officers, fome of whom had occafionally put it in practice ; among them was Monfieur de Puifegar, in the dilUi£l in Flanders, where he commanded : " For my part (fays he in his Memoirs) when I commanded in Bergue, in Ypres, Dixmudc and C>iienoque, all the parties I feat out palTcd the canals in this fort ; it is true that the foldiers liad no fwords, but they had bay- onets Nvith handles of a foot long, the blades of thcfe bayonets were as long as the handles, the ends of which were fitted for being put info the barrels of the tufils, to defend them- fclves, if attacked after they had fired." The term bayonet was derived from thefe wea- pons being' firft made at Bayonne in Spain ; they were called by the French ba\onets a manche, or ibayonets with handles, there arc many of them in the fmall armory in the tower of London. The modern bayonets arc called bayonets a douillc, i, e. bayonets with fuckets, ^ \ i82 HISTORYOF 30th regiment of foot, who had it from his grandfather, formerly lieutenant colonel of the 25th regiment of foot. In one of the campaigns of King William III. in Flanders, in an engagement, the name of which he had forgot, there were three French regiments, whofe bayonets were made to fix after the pre- fent fafliion, a contrivance then unknown in the Britifla army ; one of them advanced againft the 25th regiment with fixed bayonets ; Lieut. Col. Maxwell who cominanded it, ordered his men to fcrew their bayonets into their muzzles to receive them ; thinking they meant to decide the affair point to point; but to his great furprize, when they came v/ithin a proper diftance, the French threw in a heavy fire, which for a moment ilaggered his people, who by no means expelled fuch a greeting, not conceiving it poflible they could fire with fixed bayonets ; they neverthelefs recovered them- felves, charged and drove the enemy out of the line. Notwithstanding this inftance of the fuperiority of the fockct bayonet, it feems as if that invention was not immediately adopted, but that the old bayonets underwent a mutation or two, before they arrived at their prefent form ; one of them was a cou- ple of rings fixed into their handle, for the purpofe of receiving the muzzle of the piece, like the focket of the prefent bayonet, by which means the foldier w^as enabled both to fire, and load his mufket, without unfixing it. The late Reverend Mr. Goflling, of Canter- bury, who was extremely inquifitive refpefling military affairs, told xne he remembered to have feen two horfe grenadiers ride befcre the coach of Queen Anne, with their bayonets fixed by means of the rings here defcribed. The 42d regiment of foot differs from all the others in his ma- jcfty's fervice, in their drefs and appointments, their uniform being the ancient habit of the Scottilli Highlanders, confiftin'-g of the tonnet, plaid, red jacket faced with blue, the Philibeg rand Tartan hofe. Their arms, befidcs thofc borne by the other vegiments of infantry, namely firelocks and bayonets, are large bafket hiked broad THE ENGLISH ARMY. 183 broad fwords, and daggers of about eighteen Inches long, called dirks, (m) Th 1 s regiment was compofed of independent companies raifed for the j)rote6lion of the country againft robbers, thence called the high- land watch, they were regimented Oft. 25th, 1739, when John earl of Crauford was appointed colonel, (n) Some of the chiefs in raifmg thefe companies had given them promifes they were not authorifed by government to make j among other inducements to enlift, thus improperly held forth, it is faid, the men were aflured they fhould not go out of their own country ; under the faith of this promife, many reputable farmers and yeomen's fons entered themfelves as privates in the corps, who would not otherwife have thought of enlifling. It being found neceflary to fend this regiment on foreign fer- vlce, it was ordered up to the environs of London, in the begin- ning of May, 1743, and was the fourteenth reviewed on Finchley common by General Wade. A REPcvRT having been circulated that it was deftined to the Weft Indies, a great uneafmefs arofe among the private men, which was encreafcd on account of fome ftoppages in their pay, probably only the ufual arrears: thefe difcontents were fomented by fome evil minded people, who magnified to them the unwholefomenefs of the country, to which they were fuppofed to be ordered, and terrified them with the fate of the troops on the expedition under General Wentworth. Under the influence of thefe notions a body of one hundred andt fifty of them aiVembled, on the 17th, about Hampftead and High* (m) I DouBy whether the dirk is part of their regimental arms, but I remember in- the jear 1747, moft of the private men had them, and many were alfo pcrmilted t(j»' carry targets ; t\ie regiment was then on fervice in Flanders. (n) See Millan's SucccfTion of Colonels, gate. i84 H I S T O R Y O F gate, with their arms, fourteen cartridges each, and fix days provl- fions, and putting themfelvcs under the command of a corporal of the name of M'Pherfon, marched otf with a refolution to return to Scotland ; the remainder of the regiment was ordered for im- mediate embarkation. On the news of this mutiny, a party of General Wade's horfe, commanded by Captain Ball, was fent, by General Blakeney, after the fugitive;, towards Stilton, on which they took flicker in Lady- Wood, fow-r miles from Oundle in Northamptonfliire ; of this Ma- jor Creed, one of the juftices of the peace for that county, having information, on the 21ft went to them, and endeavoured to per- fuade them to lay down their arms, to which, on condition of a pardon, they feemed fomcv/hat inclinable ; whereupon that gentle- man, engaged to write in their favour to the duke of Montague, and wrote at the fame time to Mr.jor Otway, who then commanded the horfe fent. after them, to requefl: that he would not proceed to ex- tremities till he had received his grace's anfvv.er ; but the High- landers having moved to another part of the wood, contrary to their pronxilc, General Wade was applied to for further orders ; end a fquadron of General Churchill's regiment was ordered to furround the wood, vvhilft Captain Ball endeavoured to bring them to a peaceable fubmiffion, which they at firfl: rejected j but on finding, they were furrounded, they fent to defire Captain Ball might again come to them with conditions of capitulation ; but no- thing lefs than an unconditional furrender being required of them, they abfolytely refufed it, and declared they v/ould defend them- felvcs to the laft ; but the Captain conferring with them feparately, M'Pherfon was prevailed upon to lay down his arms ; his example was immediately followed by the reft, and they were conducted to the tower under a ftrong guard J a court martial was immediately appointed, and three of their leaders, Samuel and Malcolm M' Pherfon, corporals, and Farquhar Shaw, private, were fentenced to die, and on the 18th of July were fhot on the parade in the tower, ^^ the THE ENGLISH ARMY. 185 the reft of their camerades being drawn out to fee the fentence executed. The unhappy men met their fate with great fortitude, and the remainder of the mutineers v^ere in September difpofed of to difterent foreign garrifons, thirty to Gibraker, twenty to Minor- ca, twenty to the leeward iflands, to Jamaica twenty-eight, and to Georgia thirty-eight, the laft were allowed to carry their wives with them ; thefe men marched for the places of their deftination with the greateft Ihew of alacrity and fatisfaclion ; thus ended this un- happy affair; and it is but juftice to obferve, that this regiment, by its faithful and gallant behaviour, in a variety of inftances, has much more than effaced any ftigma that might have fallen on it, from the error of a few deceived brave, but ill-judging men, who conceived themfelves defrauded of their pay, and entrapped to ferve in a foreign and unwholefome climate, contrary to the mofl folcmn promifes : like juflice alfo requires it to be faid, that go- vernment behaved in this inftance with ail pofTible lenity; to have pardoned all the offenders would have been a dangerous precedent : in military tranfaflions, ftridl juftice, and even fcverity to a few, is frequently mercy to the whole, (o) There (o) This tranfaclion likcwife ftiews the danger and even cruelty of making promifes to recruits, under any thing Icfs tlian the greateft certainty they will be faithfully ohfcrycd ; tiic contrary has more than once produced the is brother, liis coufin, or feveral of his townfmen belong to it ; or perhaps ^jecaulc the fun of his father's landlord, or his nephew, is an ofiker in it ; this man perhaps would not have engaged in any other corps ; here probably, after fome years fcrvice, he av;iiuir(.i a good cliaradter, and the confidence of his Veh. I. B b oificcrs. i86 H I S T O R Y O F There were during the laft war and that of 1760, feveral other Highland corps, which have been reduced. It having been found neceflary on many occafions to embark a number of foldiers on board our fliips of war, and mere landfmen being at firft extremely unheahhy, and for fome tin\e, until they had been.accuftomed to the fea, in a great meafure unferviceable, it was at -length, judged expedient to appoint certain regiments for that fervice, who were trained to the different modes of fea fighting, and alfo made ufeful in fome of thofe manccuvres of a fhip, where a great number of hands were required ; thcfe, from the nature of their duty, were diftinguiflied by the appellations of maritime fol- diers and marines. The precife time when this inftitution firft took place, is, like inany other pieces of military hiflory, involved in obfcurity. The oldefl corps of this kind I have been able to difcover, flands the third regiment of infantry in the Lift of the Army for the year officers, and confequently thofe little indulgences ufually and witli propriety granted to a good foldierj and he, on his fide looks upon the regiment as his brothers, and the command- ing officer as his father, in fliort, contracts that afFcdion for the corps, which every officer and foldier feds for the regiment in which lie firft ferved ; how cruel, how impolitic is it then to tear him from it, and to fend him to a regiment where his good qualities are un- known, and where lie, for a long time, is no more regarded tlian the moft wortli'.efs ma- lingeror. The legality of this meafure I have befides heard difputed, at leaft according ta the common form of our atteftations. It has been pleaded, that an attcftation contains a fpecific agreement 10 ferve the king in one particular corps and no other ; that an agree- ment to ferve in the cavalry does not bind the contradVing party to fcrve in tlie infantry or marines-; nor will an undertaking to ferve as a private fokiicr in the igtii or any particular regiment of foot, compel the undertaker to ferve in the 20th or any other corps, but that fpecifted. It may be faid that tliefe dilVim^lions are too like the quibbles of an attorney } it is granted : but would it not be beft to avo:u every ftiadow of doubt, or means of quib- ble ? which may be done b) inferting the powei of draughting in the atteftation. Should it be afked, how is any corps on foreign fervice to be otherwife recruited ^ the anfwer is, by volunteers from the different regiments at home, a meafure never known to fail, and by which a corps gets rid of thofe reftlefs fpirits, who are beft when employed on aftive fervice. . ;684, THE ENGLISH ARMY. 187 1684, before quoted; it there appears under the defcrlption of •' the Lord High Admiral of England, his Royal Highnefs the Duke of York and Albany's maritime regiment of foot, commanded by the Hon. Sir Charles Littleton, called alfo the Admiral Regi- ment." It then confifted of twelve companies, without grenadiers, the men were clothed in yellow coats, lined with red, their colours were a red crofs, with rays of the fun illuing from each of its an- gles. This was not the prefent third regiment now diftinguirtied by the name of the old buffs, that regiment then ftood the fourth on the lift, and was commanded by John earl of Mulgrave. (p) Probably the admiral regiment was reduced, by which the buffs gained a ftep in feniority. Nothing refpe6ting it appears in Mil- lan's Lift. In the reign of King William III. there were feveral marine re- giments, particularly thofe of Colonel Mordaunt, Colonel Thoma« Brudenell, Colonel William Seymour, and Colonel William But- ton Colt. By a vote of parliament, ift Auguft, 1698, three of the abovementioned corps, namely, Mordaunt's, Seymour's, and Colt'?, were put on the eftablifliment of the navy, and were afterwards difbanded. (q) In the beginning of the reign of Queen Anne, fix regiments of marines were raifed : the following account of them is given in (p) This agrees with Millan's Lift of tlie Succefllon of Colonels, according to which, this regiment was raifed 31ft of March, 1665, and J. carl of Mulgrave, the fecond of that name and title appears colonel, 261!) Janunry, 1684. This regiment is faid, by Major Dunkin, in his Military Colleflions and Remarks, publiflicd at New York, A. D. 1777, " to have the privilege of marching through the city of London, with drums beating, and colours flyinp;, which the city difputes not only with all other marching corps, but even with the king's guards, going on duty to the tower." It was called the Holland regiment, from having been, with diverfe others, in the fcr\'icc of the ftatcs. The fame privilege of marching through the city, is, it is faid, claimed by the marines. (q) The Journals alfo mention the Marquis of Caermarthen's, Sir Cloudcfly Shovel's and Lord Torrington's regiments of marines, dilbanded about the year 1698. B b 2 Burchet's i88 HISTORYOF Burchet's Naval Iliftoiy : (i) " Here let me take rp a little of your time by acquainting you, that her majefty was pieafed to eftablifli fix marine regiments ; but they were put on a different foot than thofe which were thought neceflary at the beginning, but difcon- tlnued before the clofc of the laft war ; for as the foldiers were for- merly difcharged from the regiments, and entered on the (hip's books as foiemafl men, when they had qualified themfelves to ferve as fuch, and no money allovved to the officer to procure others in their room ; fo now when any of the marine foldiers died, or were otherwife mifling, the companies were only made full by levy mo- ney to the officers, without any regard to their being a nurfery for feamen, whicli was one of the principal motives for the firft raifing fuch a body of men. The charge of thefe regiments was defrayed by the navy, as being part of the men voted by parliament for fea fervice, and money was iil'ued out from time to time, by the trea- furer thereof, by warrants from the lord high treafurer, to a perfon particularly appointed to receive and pay the fame ; fo that the navy board, who as well as the admiralty, were, in the former war, put to a confiderable trouble on this account, had no other now, than the ordering the payment of money, from time to time, ia grofs fums > and that the reader may be informed what the annual charge of thefe regiments was, 1 have hereafter inferted the eftab- lifhment ; (s) and in the next place, the rules eftablifhed by her majefty for their government. Experience hath fliewn that thefe regiments have been very iifeful, but more efpecially upon fitting out fquadrons of fhips for an immediate expedition -, for as they are conllantly quartered when not at fea, as near the principal ports as poffible, namely, Plymouth, Poxtfmouth, and Chatham, (o were they v\ ith great fa.- (r) Book 5. cliap. 9, p. 615. || (s) The eftabli/liment will be given under the article of pay» cility THE ENGLISH ARMY. 189 tillty put on board fuch fhips as had moft occafion for them ; for they were under the immediate direction of the admiralty; and the rules and inftru6tions for the better government of them, fettled by her majefly in council, the ift of July, 1702, were as follows, viz. I. They were to be employed on board her majefty's fhips, as there fiiould be occafion, and quartered (as I have already faid) at or near as might be, to the dock-yards, when on ihore, to guard them from embezzlements, or any attempt of the enemy. II. In all matters relating to their fubfiflence and clearings, when on board or on fliore, they were to be paid in like manner as the land forces, and the fame deduftions to be made from them for cloathing, and one day's pay once a year from each foldier for the hofpital. III. They were to be allowed an equal proportion of provifions with the feamen, without dedu6tions from their pay for the fame. IV. And to have the fame allowance for Ihort provifions as the feamen, to be paid to them or their afligns. V. Such part of the regiments as (hould be on fliore were to be muflered by a commilTliry or commifTaries, in the fame manner as the land forces, excepting in this cafe that they, the faid commifTa- ries, were obliged to allow at each mufler on his or their rolls, all fuch officers and foldiers as Ihould appear to him or them, by au- thentic vouchers and certificates, to be put on board any of her majefty's fhips or veffels : and that fuch part o^f the aforefaid regi- ment as fhoukl be at fea, might be paid vvhilft they were fo, it was direficd, that the commanding marine officer with them fliould, every two months, return to the commiffary general of the muflers, a perfecl lill of all the otficers and fcUlicis on board each fhip, figned by hlmfclf and all the marine officers, exprelfiug the times of entry, death and difchargc of each man, that fo the commiHary might compare the faid lilb with the monthly books fent to the Navy Office. J 90 II I S T O R Y O F Office, and allow fuch of the laid officers as fliould appear to him fit to be allowed. VI. To prevent confufion, not Icfs than fifteen marine foldicrs, and with them an officer, were to be put on board a fliip, at any one time, unlefs in cafes of neceffity. VII. And for the eafe of the whole, a particular paymafter was appointed, with power to folicit the arrears of the regiments, and to receive all funis of money from the treafurer of the navy, and immediately upon the receipt thereof to ifl'ue the fame to the re- fpedlive colonels or their agents ; he was alfo required diligently and carefully to adjuft all accounts relating to the regiments, ac- cording to fuch mufter rolls as fliould be delivered to him by the commiifary, or commifl'aries, and thofe mufter rolls were to be al- lowed of, as fufficient vouchers for the charges in the accounts, and for making out debentures and warrants. VIII. To enable the aforefaid paymafter to keep an office, and to defray the charge thereof, and of clerks and other contingencies, he was allowed fixpence in the pound, purfuant to the fubfcripticHi of the refpe6live colonels, which he had power to dedu6l out of all monies ifiued to him, in the fame manner as the poundage is de- duced from the land forces. IX. For rendering fuch part of the regiments as fliould be on fliore, the more ufeful, her majefty declared it fliould be left to herfelf or the high admiral, to difpofe of them at fuch places neareft to the feveral dock-yards, as might be judged moft convenient; and fince there might be occafion for labourers to difpatch necef- fary works, her majefty empowered her high admiral, or commif- fioners for executing that office, to caufe to be employed in the aforefaid dock-yards, fo many of the marine foldiers as fliould be judged fitting, and to make them fuch daily allowance for the fame, befides their ordinary pay, as to him or them fliould feem reafonable. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 191 And for the better regulating of thefe regiments, his royal highnefs, as lord high admiral, empowered Colonel William Sey- mour (brigadier, and fmce lieutenant general of his majefly's forces) to take upon him the command of them, and not only to fee that they are well quartered, but that the refpe6live officers diligently attend their duty, and that, when ordered on boaid her majefly's fhips, the foldiers were fupplied with proper fea cloaths, chefts, and other neceifaries. In the war preceding the peace of 1748, there were ten regi- ments of marines, which were difbanded about the year 1749; thefe were under the dire6lion of the lords of the admiralty, and when afliore were quartered in the neighbourhood of the docks and fca ports. In the year 1755 a number of com.panies of marines were raifed, under the diredlion of the fecretary of war : they were afterwards formed into three divifions, and ftationed at the towns of Ply- mouth, Portfmouth, and Chatham; and at each of thefe places have now convenient barracks. Thefe companies, A. D. 1761, being 130 in number, were, from the time of their cftabliflmient, put under the immediate direction of the lords of the admiralty. At the ])eace many of them were reduced, and in 1770 there re- mained only feventy companies ; but in the year 1782, they were increafed to one hundred and fifty ; at prefent they confill of feven- ty companies. The marines are clothed and armed in the fame manner as his majefly's other corps of infantry, their uniform is fcarlct, turned up with wliite, white linings, waiflcoats and breeches ; they alfo wear caps, like thofe of the fufileer regiments, this canfed them ^'hen ferving on fliore, at the fiege of Bellille (where they gained great honour) to be called by the French Ics pctits grenadiers. The invalids form another department of the Britilli forces, Thefe confifl: of foldiers partly difabled by their wounds, and vete- rans, who from old age and length of fcrvice are rendered incapa- ble 192 H I S T O R Y O F ble of the duties of an aftive campaign, but are flill judged fit for garrifon duty. Of thefe the 4iit regiment is compofed, (t) and there were likewife in 1782, thirty-fix independent co;npanies, forming the garrifons of Jerfey, Guernfcy, Scilly, Portfmouth, Ply- mouth, Chefter, Hull, and other forts and caftles. Invalids have been known in this kingdom ever fince the refloration of Charles II. The invalids are armed like other regiments of infantry, their uni- form red, faced with blue, and plain button holes. The fencible corps were a fpecies of militia, ralfed for the de- fence of particular diftri6ls, from which feveral of them could not by the conditions of their inftitution be detached. The firfl: of thefe corps were the fencible men of Argilefliire, who were raifed the Sift of July, 1759; their fervice was rcftrifled to the county in which they were raifed. The adjutant and quarter mafter of this corps were the only officers entitled to half pay. Several of thefe fencible corps, and others called provincial regiments, both foot and dragoons, were raifed in the years 1778 and 1779, v/hen by a claufe in an a6t of parliament, their officers were declared to rank with thofe of militia, according to the dates of their commiffions ; (u) eonfequently they ranked with the army as youngert of each degree. About the fame time many new regiments were raifed, feveral (t) The 41(1 regiment was regimented nth March, 1719 : in 1782, there were ten independent companies of invalids in Ireland. (u) And whereas it is neceffary to afcertain the rank to be held by the officers of cer- tain corps raifed or to be raifed, within that part of Great Britain, called Scotland, called fencible men, or of any other corps of men, which may be raifed within Great Britain, wherein iuch officers fliail not be eniitled to rank or half pay, except during the time of the adual fervice of fuch corps, with refpedt to the officers of the miiiiia of that part of Great Britain called England, during the time that the officers of fuch corps, and of the rnilitia ll.all f:rve together; be it therefore enacted by the authority aforefaid, that the cfficers of fuch corps and of the militia, of equal degree, fhall rank according to the datg cf their relpective commiffions. Stat. 18 Geo, III. cap. 59. of THE ENGLISH ARMY. 193 of svhofe colonels, field officers and captains, having never fcrved be- fore, or having no military rank, it was (lipulated by the fecretary of war with them, that they fhould not be entitled to either rank or half pay after the rcduftion of their corps, but the enfigns, or thofe officers who came from the half pay or out of eftabliflied regiments, and gained only one {l;p, were permitted to retain their acquired rank, with the half pay belonging to it. (x) The city of London feems to have long had fomewhat like a militia for its own particular defence. Maitland fays, fuch a force is mentioned in the Saxon Chronicle, as early as the year 896, un- der the title of auxiliaries, when they having joined Alfred, marched to diflodge the Danes from a town in Hertfordfliire, fuppofed to have been Hertford. ^ The prefent city trained bands appear to have arifen out of the artillery company, a body of the principal citizens who volunta- rily aficmbled to praclife archery and military exercifes, and who, three years after their firft inftitution, amounted to near three hun- dred men. (y) From this body in the year 1585, when the kingdom was threat- ened with a Spanilh invafion, many perfons were appointed officers (x) Diverse independent companies were alfo raifed towards the dofc of this war and that of 1762, feme of which were afterwards regimented. Thefe were moftly railed by fubahcrns, who undertook to complete them againft a ftated time, and at their own cxpence, on condition of being appointed to tiie command of them. The bcft idea of thcfe companies may be gatiicrcd from the definition given of them by a private foldier at Bellillc, during the.fiege of Palais. A number of thcfe independent companies beinci re- gimented were fent out to tl>at place ; one night in the trenches an officer overheard feveial of the men ui liigh difpute concerning the meaning of the term independent, in which tlicy CQuId by no means agree, til! one of them, an old grenadier, raifing his voice, called liis comrades a pnckof llupid fellows, forpu.;zling .it fo obvious a term : " You fee what fluirthey are (faid he) now it is plain they arc called independents, bccaufe ihey are uot to be depended upon. (y) See the charter and privileges grar.tcd by K. Hci>ry VIII. to this company, p. 150. Vol. L C c _ in T94 HISTORY OF in the militia of feveial parts of the kingdom, in order to inflruft them in military difcipline. In the fiicceeding year the more efFeftually to guard againft any infarreflion that might be made by the papifts, diverfe excellent regulations were drawn up by thefe citizens j among them were thefe : " I. That every alderman of his warde affifted with the graveft inhabitants there, do gather and regifter the names of all fuch houfeholders, their children and fervants, as dwell in the fame warde, who openlye profefle and fliewe themfelves to love the gof- pel and hate poperie, being of fufficient wealthe to mainteyne their owne ftate, and able to beare armes. II. That from the more apte of thofe citizens, there be chofen out for fpecial leaders (every of them to leade five and twenty of his neighbours dwelling next him) and that there be fo manye of thofe leaders as after that rate lliall be fufficient to lead four or five thoufand men, or more or lefs, as fliall be thought meete, and that the faid number of men be chofen out of thofe to be regiftered as aforefayd. III. That the mofl valiant, grave and wife amonge the fayd re- giftred citizens be chofen captaynes of bandes, every one of them under feverall enfignes, to rcceave tenne of the fayd fpeciall leaders, with every of them his five and twentie men, fo fliall there be two hundred and fifty men under an enfigne, and that they have their feveral enfignes accordinglye. IV. That of the fayd citizens, there be chofen to ferve under everie fuche of their captaynes, their feveral lyevetenants, enfign- bearers and fergeantes, with a fit drumfter : And that there be af- figned a place certcn to every captayne, whereunto he fliall reforte upon any fudden alarme. And that he know all his officers, and thofe petty leaders know the fame place and their captayne. V. That after fuch ele6lion and appointment as aforefayd, everie one applye himfelf to learne and knowe how to exercife their feveral THE ENGLISH ARMY. 195 feveral offices and roomes, as apperteyneth j and that everie houfc- holder have readie in his howfe all weapons and furniture for him- felf and thofe of his howfe to be appointed in his fervice." Shortly after this, Edmond York, a gentleman who had ferved long in the low countries, gave, by order of the privy council, cer- tain rules for the better defence of the city, in cafe of neceffity ; thofe refpe6ling the militia were in fubftance as follows. The city to be divided into as many diftri6ts or quarters as can furnifli fifteen hundred men each. In every quarter the mayor and marfiiall to chufe one colonel, a man of fubftance and reputation, who fliall have under him ten captains, to be chofen by him, and approved by the mayor and marfliall. The company of each cap- tain to confift of one hundred and fifty men, to be formed of eight halberdiers, fixty armed pikes, thirty mufketeers, and fifty harque- bufiers, with the two odd men for ferjeants. All, both officers and private men, to be inhabitants of the fame quarter or diftricl, and the latter either houfeholders, the fons of houfeholders, or domeflic and continued fervants. " This done, the city fliall be divided into fo many quarters as there is fifteene hundredth men ; in everie quarter fliall be chofen one colonell, a man there dvvellinge, and a citizen of honeflie, re- putation and wealth, eleded by the mayor and marfliall (after your lordlhip's allowance) who fhall have under hyni tenne captaynes, all dwellers in that quarter ; and everie captayne flial! have a hun- dreth and fifrie men, all inhabitants of that quarter, which fliall be either the houfeholder, his fonnc, or his continewed fcrvant : provided that the colonels be none of the aldermen; bccaufe they are already chofen to the civil government, (z) Thk regiment being all dv/ellers together in one quarter, doe (z) At prefcnt many of the aldermen arc colonels of the city regiments. C c 2 make 196 n I S T O R Y O F make the colonclls government eafye, and make the afTemblye of the fouldiers fpeedie. The colloncUs chofen, and the quarters divided, then fhall everie collonel choofe fix captaynes, which fhall be allowed by the mayor and marfhall (after they have informed your lordfliips) being all dwellers in the collonels quarter. After the captaynes chofen, the lord mayor, his bretheren, and the marfliall, fliall deliver fo many houfeholders, their fons or con- tinewed fervants, as will furnifli every e captaync one hundred and fiftie men with weapons thus divided : that is, eight halbardiers, fixty armed pikes, thirty muilceteers, and fiftie harquebufiers ; and the tv/o odd men fliall be for the fergeants. For to put into thefe trayned companyes any archers, or fuperfiuous number of fliort weapons, it were inconvenient ; for that the multitude upon any alarum, will come furniflied with thofe weapons ; and therefore to teach that by art which nature gives, were time loft, and to charge a people with that which is not wanting were frivolous. The companies furniflied, as aforefayd, then the ferjeant major or his corporals, fliall vifit every man's particular furniture in their private houfes ; as well to fee the goodnefs of their arms, as to fee it in order, leaft they fliould diflionour their commanders, for not performing that which apperteynes to men of judgment and foul- diers to doc. After your armes provided and reviewed, a mufter general of the army fliall be held in fonie convenient place; at which mufters fliall only be the fliew of the men with their amies, vv'ithout any exercife, which fliall be held in the prefence of fuch honourable perfons as your lordfliips fliall appoint, joined with the mayor, his bretheren, the marfliall and fargeant major : at which tyme the marfliall, fergeant major and provoft fliall be prcfented unto the collonels, captaynes and fouldiers, and their commifllons pub- Jiflied." Such was the method laid down for raiflng thefe troops. Mait- land THE ENGLISH ARMY. 197 land fays the danger being over by the defl:ru6lion of the Spanidi fleet, the pra6life of inftrucling the citizens in the art military was difcontinued till the year 16 10, when it was revived, and the pro- moters to encourage the pra6litioners in that art, erc6led an ar- mory, and furnilhed it with a variety of arms, and reafluming the ancient appellati.-m of the Artillery Company, increafed to fuch a degree, that in tlie late civil war they fupplied the parliament with a great number both of officers and foldiers. During the troubles under Charles I. we find the city trained bands regimented and diftinguifced under the different titles of the red, yellow, and orange regiments, &c. and in the year 1643, two of thefe regiments marched to join the parliamentary army, on Brackley Heath. In the engagement near Newbury, that year, the orange regiment gained great honor, and was efteemed as fine a one as any in the army. Anno 1647, in the loth of July, an ordinance paffed the lords and commons, empowering committee of the militia to raife horfej any perfon charged to find horfe, rider, or furniture, refufing or negle(5ling to fend them, to forfeit twenty pounds, to be levied by diftrefs of goods, or to punifh the defaulters by imprifoning their perfons till paid. Any perfon fending an unferviceable horfe, an unfufficient rider, or unferviceable arms, to forfeit ten pounds, to be levied in like manner. The faid committee were alfo empowered to levy by diftrefs a fine of forty fliillings on any foot foKher of either the trained bands or auxiliaries, who Ihould neglect to repair to his colours on the beat of drum ; or to miprifon the ort'ender till thai fum was pai<|)» Thefe committees had alfo power to olct'-l: major generals for the command of the forces to be raifed in tlie city ; they were alfo au- thorifed to difann and fecure tiie perfons of any who (hould endea- vour to impede this fcrvice either in the city or tower hamlets. At prefcnt the military government of London is managed by a ^ court 198 HISTORYOF court of lieutenancy, which is compofed of a certain number of ci- tizens, the principal whereof are the lord mayor and aldermen. The commiffioners appoint the officers for the city trained bands, who are formed into fix regiments ; the blue containing eight com- panies and 141 1 men. 2. The Green, eight companies, and 1566 men. 3. The Yellow, eight companies, and 1526 men. 4. The Orange, eight companies, and 17402 men. 5. The White, eight companies, and 2088 i men. 6. The Red, eight companies, and 1630 men, including officers and drums. In the out-parts not fubjeft to the government of the city, there is alfo the following military eftablifliment. Two regiments of trained bands belonging to the tower ham- lets, the firft regiment containing 2299 i men; the fecond 1898 men, including officers and drums. Two regiments of trained bands belonging to the city of Weflminfter and county of Middle- fex : the Weftminfter regiment containing twelve companies, and 4182 men; the Middlefcx regiment, nine companies, and 2597 men. Besides the above fpecified eleven regiments of trained bands, . the artillery company, of about four hundred men, is ftill fubfifl:- ing, and ferves as a nurfery of officers for the faid regiments ; whereby it appears, that the numbers of troops for the defence of this city and fuburbs amount to twenty-four thoufand fix hundred and twenty-one men. These are the different fpecies of troops, of which the Brltifli armies have at different times been formed -, (a) two only remain to be dcfcribed, who, though originally deemed military bodies, have long fince been confidcred as part of the fuit of the king's houfe- IJlliold ; they are the ferjeants at arms, and the yeomen of the guards. The ferjeants at arms were firft inftituted by King Richard I. in (a) Thf. royal regiment of artillery and corps of engineers will be confidcred under the article of artillery. n^rni- THE ENGLISH ARMY. 199 imitation of a corps of the fame name, formed by Philip Auguflus King of France, when on a crufade, to guard him againft the fub- je6ts of the old man of the mountain, famous for their daring af- faflinations. The duty of thefe feijeants originally was to watch round the king's tent in complete armour, with a mace, a bow, arrows, and a fword, and occafionally to arreft traitors and other offenders about the court, for which the mace was deemed a fufficient authority. They were called the valorous force of the king's errand, in the ex- ecution of juftice ; they held their places for life ; their number was originally twenty-four, all perfons of approved worth, and not \mder the degree of the fon of a knight : and afterwards the fons of gentlemen were admitted into the body. In the reign of Edward I. the ferjeants at arms were allowed two marks for winter, and the fame for fummer robes. Their pay in that of Edward II. was twelve-pence per diem, when they attended on horfeback, and eight-pence when they attended without a horfe. A MS. of the expences of Ed. III. in the 21ft year of his reign, there is the following entry of the " Sergeauntes at amies, with their retinew. Standard-bearers 4, feargeauntes 67, men at amies 3, archers of horfe 7, archers on foote 9." (b) Their allowance, when abfent from court on the king's affairs, was 1 2d. each by the day; and under another head (c) they appear (b) The title of this MS. runs thus : " Here enfue the rates of wages, of peace and warre, expences, neccfTaryes of officers, and other charges concerning the houfehohl of the prince of noble memory, Edward III. as well in tynic of {)eace as warre; and alfo the number of foldiers, as well by land as fca, and fliippcs rctayned in the warrcs of the faide k.ingc, as by the parcells of the accompte of Waiter Wentwayt, treafurer of the faid houfehoid, from the 2ift.day of Aprill, in the i8th year of the raigne of the fame king, uiuo the 24th day of Deccinbcr, in the 21ft year of tlie (;ime icingc's raigne. (c) Rates of wages in time of peace, fees of banncretts, and bachelors of the king's lioufc, robes, and all other places, officers, minifters and fcrvauntes of the fame, and ly- veiics of mens fcr\'auntcs, intitlcd Calciatura, bcfidcs all waccs in manner ai followcth.'* ♦ charged 9 20C HISTORY OF # charged at 26s. 8d. each, for winter, and 20s. for fummcr. They were befides entitled to certain fees from perfons arrefled ; thefc were in proportion to their rank and degree. In the reign of King Richard II. ann. 10, the commons com- plained to the king in parliament, that the number of thcfe fer- jeants were greatly encreafcd, and that they had been guilty of many extortions and oppreffions, under colour of their office, pray- ing they might be reduced to their ancient number, and that thofe guilty of milbehaviour may be difcharged. To this the king an- fwered, he would have the eftate of his houfehold regulated by the advice of his council, (d) ^ In the 13th year of the fame king's reign, frefli complaints were ^^ laid before him in parliament, wherein it was reprefented that the ferjeants at arms were originally twenty-four in number, who re- ceived the accuilomed wages of their office ; that thefe were chofen out of the moft fufficient people of family and loyalty that were to be found, but that by a late augmentation there were a great multitude of them, who took no wages, but by means of their office committed violent extortions and oppreffions on the people ; wherefore they befought his majefty, that fuch as were guilty of thefe offences might lofe their offices, and make fine and ranfome to the king at his pleafure ; and that it might be ordered, that none fhould prefume to exercife that office above the number beforementioned, under pain of a year's imprifonment ; and after- wards to make fine and ranfome at the king's will : and that this ordinance might be fully executed wiihin a month after the par- liament enfuing. In confequence of this petition, the king caufed it to be enafted, that they fliould be all difcharged ; and that out of thofe fo difmilfed and elfewhere, fhould be taken, to the number of thirty good and fufficient perfons, for thofe offices, and no more (d) Rot. Pari, in anno. to THE ENGLISH ARMY. 20 1 to be afterwards added ; and moreover they were forbidden to med- dle with any thing that did not immediately appertain to their of- fice, or to be guilty of any kind of extortion or opprefllon on the people, under pain of iofing their office, making fine and ranfome to the king, and full fatisfaftion to the parties aggrieved, (e) It feems as if this ftatute was fuffered to lie dormant, for in the 17th of the fame king, the commons petitioned it might be put in execution, and that no more fcrjeants might be appointed, except in cafes of vacancy, and that then their names fliould be recorded in chancery ; they likewife petitioned that it might be enabled, that no ferjeant of the city of London, or any other city, town, or place, fliould carry his mace oiU of the franchife to which he belonged, under pain of forfeiting his office, and miicing fine and ranfome to the king, for the profit of the realm -, fuch feijeants under colour of their offices, arrefting men out of their franchifes, and commit- ting many oppreffions, to the prejudice of the king's majefty, and to the fcandal of his ferjeants at arms. Alfo that no alien fliould be a ferjeant at arms, and if appointed, fliould be oufted from his office, that the councils of the realm might not be by them difco- vered. To this the king gave no anfwer; and if any meafures for redreffing thefe grievances were taken, they do not fecm to have been efficacious ; for five years after (f ) the commons again moved the king on this matter, reprefenting, that formerly it was ordaine-d that the ferjeants at arms Ihould be chofen from among good, val- liant and fufficient perfons, fuch as would duly and honcilly exe- cute their offices, but that now there is a groat complaint through- out different counties, that the number of ferjeants is exceffive, that they are not valiant, nor fuch as are required for the king's honor, and that under cover of their offices they commit great oppreffions on the people j wherefore they befought the king to enquire into (e) Rot. Pari, in anno. | (f) Rot. Pari. 21 Rich. II. A. D. cjq;. Vol. I, D d the 20* H I S T O R Y O F the number and charaders of thefe ferjeants, and to ordain that only thofe who were fit and quahfied for that office, might be ap- pointed. The king confidering that their petition was good and juft, for his own honour promifed that fufficient perfons fliould be appointed to thefe offices, and of them only a reafonable number, as is ordained by the liatute. According to the orders given by Thomas of Lancafter, con- ftable at the fiege of Caen, Sept. 3d, 141 7, a ferjeant at arms was to appear in the king's prefence, with his head bare, his body armed to the feet with the arms of a knight riding, wearing a gold chain with a medal, bearing all the king's coats, with a peon royal, or maee of fdver in his right hand, and in his left hand a truncheon, (g) In the 7th of Hen. VII. they were ordered to attend the army, (h) TiTB number of this corps has varied exceedingly. In the reign of Edward IV; they were reduced to four ; in that of Edward VI. they were encreafed to twenty-two ; and in the fucceeding reign to twenty-three ; but by King James I. retrenched to fixteen ; at pre- fent there are only eight, (i) The yeomen of the guard were raifed by King Henry VII. in the year 1485. Rapin, who calls them archers, fays they were infti- •uted on the day of his coronation, which was the 30th of Octo- ber, and that they then confifted of fifty men, to attend him and his fiicceflbrs for ever ; a precaution which, in all appearance, he thought neceflary at that juncture. By the firft regulation, every yeoman of this band was to be of ihebeft quality under gentry, well made, and full fix feet high. TniEiR numbers have varied in almoft every reign, and formerly confifted of a certain number in ordinary, and an indefinite number (s,) Bib. Had. No. 297, fol. 254. || (h) Vide Raftall, chap. 3. (i) Most of the writers againft ftanding armies commence that eftabliflimcnt with the (erjeants at arms. extra- THE ENGLISH ARMY. 203 extraordinary ; and in cafe of a vacancy in the former, it was fup- pHed out of the latter number, (k) Their drefs is that which was worn in the reign of King Henry VIII. and which on many occafions was put on by that king : it confifts of a fcarlet coat reaching down to the knees, . garded with garter blue velvet, and rich badges of the rofe and crown on their breafts and backs ; their breeches are alfo fcarlet, garded with blue velvet; their caps are of black velvet, with broad round crowns, adorned with ribbons of the royal colours, viz. red, white and blue ; one half of them formerly carried bows and ar- rows, the other half harquebuiles, both had large fwords by their fules. Chamberlain fays, the harquebuffes have been difufed ever fince the reign of King William. (1) In the reign of King Edward VI. this corps was very numerous, for in his journal, publiflied in Burnet's Hiftory of the Reforma- tion, he fays " there muflered before me, an hundred archers, two arrows apiece, all of the guard ;" and afterwards " fo it was ap- pointed there fliould be ordinarily one hundred archers, and one hundred halbertiers, either good wreftlers, or carters of the bar, or Icapers or runners, all tall men of perfonage." In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the yeomen attending her in her different progreffes were occafionally mounted, a print of one of them on horfeback is given in the work, (m) In the reign of Queen Anne half this band were armed with (k) Miege's New State of England, A. D. 1703, and Cliamberlain. (I) Present State, A. D. 1735. In Rymer there is a gram made by King Cliarlcs 1 Jane 3d, 1642, to Thomas Clarke, of the office of taylor for ilie making and l\:ting of the clothes for all and fingular the yeomen of the guard, during life. (m) This print is copied from a work entitled Diverfarum Gentium' A rmatura Equcf- tris. Ubi fere Europne, Afix, atq ; Africx cquitandi ratio propria cxpreJTa, et Amlklodam^ impre/Ta in xdibus Nicolai Johanni Vifchcri, 161 7. This yeoman is called Regina: An- gli:e fattellcs fcrcntarius, probably I'rom being without defeiilivc armour. D d 2 bar- 204 H I S T O R Y O F harqucbuzcs, (n) the other half with partizans, and both with (words ; they had then wages and diet allowed them, (o) their duty was to wait upon the queen in her (landing houfes, forty by day, and twenty by night. At St. James's they waited in the firft room above flairs, called the guard chamber. It is alfo their duty to at- tend the fovereign abroad by land or water. At prcfcnt this corps confifts of a captain, lieutenant and en- fign, four cxons, a clerk of the cheque, two meflengcrs, and an hundred yeomen, eight of whom are called ufliers. Six are called yeomen hangers, and two yeomen bed goers. The pay of the cap- tain is lool. per annum, the lieutenant 500I. and the enfign 300I. The cxons 150!. each, the clerk of the cliecque the fame. Each of the ufliers 49I. iis. 3d. each hanger and bed goer the like pay as the ufliers, and every other yeoman, 39I. i is. 3d. In ancient times, when an army was to be raifed, either for fo- reign fervice, or to guard againfl: invafions or doniefl:ic infurrcc- tions, the feudal tenants and the pofle comitatus being aflembled in their proper diflricls, by the ufual methods before mentioned, they were infpecled by certain provincial officers termed arraitores, in Englifli arrayers ; two or more, being trufl:y and experienced of- ficers, were commonly appointed by the king's commiffion for each county. It was the duty of thefe arrayers not only to infped: the foldiers, and fee that they were able bodied and fit for fervice, but alfo that they were properly armed, accoutred, and otherwife ap- pointed, according to their ftation and the nature of their fervice. They were likewife to arrange both the cavalry and infantry into their proper bodies, equivalent to the prefent divifions of fquads^ troops, companies and battalions. (n) Chamberlain fays, A. D. 1705, " one half of them of late bear in their hands harquebuzes, how to reconcile this with the aflertion in note (1)1 know not. (o) In a MS. of the expenccs of the royal ertablirtimcnt for the year 1727, the charges of the table of the yeomen of the guard was 2731. 15s. The THE ENGLISH ARMY. 305 The ancient cavalry was divided into frtlall bodies called confla- bularies, from their being commanded by officers ftiled conftables ; this we learn from a writ of the 18th Edward III. 1324 ; (p) how many men a conftabularie confifted of, is not there faid ; but in a fimilar order of John king of France for dividing the French foot, a conftableric is Itatcd at tvventy-five or thirty men. (q) In a MS. account of the pay of the army of K. Edward I. in the library of the Antiquarian Society, as well as in one printed by Brady refpecling the reign of Edward III. it appears that thefe con- iVables received the fame pay as efquires, ranked with them in the army, (r) and probably had in common with them, under certain circumdanccs, the right of difplaying a pennon of their arms.(s) The title of conftable applied to the commanders of fmall bodies of men, occurs as early as the reign of King John. It was alfo gi- ven to naval officers. (t) (p) " Ita quod omncs armis fufficientibus muniti, videlicet eqiiites in conftabulariis Si peJites in centenis & vintenis arraiati prompti fist & parati." Rjmer, torn. 4. p. y8. (q) " DiscRiEiTUR Aatutum Joliannis Regis Franc, quo ftatuitur ut in poflcrura, " tous pietons foieiU mis par connellablics ou compagtiies do 25 ou 30 honimes, ;?; que chaque conncrtabie prenne double gages, & que les marefchaux pour tcs gens d'annes, & les maitres des Arbaleftriers pour pietons afTifleront aux monftres deux foix le inois." Dm Cmnge. (c) Domino Roberto de Barton derico afTignato ad vadia pcditum veniencium de com. Nortliumbr. ufq; Berwic fuper 'I'wedam ad proficiend. cum rege in cxcercitu fuo verfus Siryvelin pro rccetTu caflri r^gis ibidem, pro vadijs IIII°'* tcrriabular. cum equis cocpertib, et 392 fnglttar. ptditum de eodem com. per unum diem, vidcl'. 15 diem De- ccmbr. quo die vifus faflus t'uit, de eifdcm apud Tv/cdeinuih, cuilibet coniabular. per diem lad. cuilibet vintcnar. per diem 4d. et cuilibet alii pediti per diem 2d. (s) The pennon was the proper enfign of a bacliclor or fimple knight. Du Frcfne (hews lint even cfqviircs might bear pennons, provided they could bring a fufficicnt fuitc of v.:flals into the field. (t) Et LXXVII. W'alenfibus peditibus 5c VII. conflabulariis corum, et 4 archeriis cquitibus,qui milli fuerunt in Norweiam XXVII. I. & 14 d. de liberaiione fua de i menfe per breve regis. Mag. Rot. 3. I. Rot. 11. b. Dudwres et coufiabularii navigli regis. Hcved. P, X. p. 666. n. 10. icmp. R. 1. TlIK £o6 HISTORYOF The next dlvlfion fcems to have been that arranged under a banner, and commanded by a banneret, a rank originally conferred on fuch only as by their eftates were enabled to bring a certain liumber of vaflals into the field ; for in the petition for that rank, fuch ability was always premifed, (u) and the ufual mode of con- ferring that promotion was cutting or tearing off the point of the pennon of the candidate, and thereby rendering it fquare, perhaps in allufion to the command it conferred, which was that of a fqua- dron, fo denominated from being a fquare body, confiding of as many ranks as files. Father Daniel quotes two different regula- tions, refpefting the number of vaffals neceffary to be brought into the field by a petitioner for the rank of bannerett : the firft was twenty-five men at arms, each attended by two horfcmen, in all amounting to feventy-five men ; the fecond at leafl: fifty men at arms, accompanied as before, making together one hundred and fifty men ; taking then an hundred for the medium, that number forms a fquare of ten in each face, and is the loweft eflimation of our prefent fquadrons. Ancient writers defcribing the ftrength of (u) Froissart thus recites tlie petition of John Chaundos to the black prince and Don Pedro, king of Caftilr, for the dignity of bannerett, juA before the battle of Nafars. *' Monfeigncur. V'eez cy ma banniere je la vous bailie par telle maiiiere qu'il vous plaife la d'evelopper, & que aujourduy je la puifTe lever, car (Dieu mercy) Jay bien de quoy en terre & heritage pour tenir eftate ainfi come appartient a ce." A BANNERET vvas Originally one entitled to difplay his ftandard in the field. " When a bachelor (fays the Ceremonial) has long followed the wars, and has land fufficicnt to have gentlemen for his vaflals, and to accompany his (landard, he may lawfully raife his banner, and not otherwife ; for no man ought to difplay his banner in battle, if he has not at leaft fifty men at arms, with all the men, archers, and crofs bow men appertaining to them ; and if he has them, he ought at the firft battle at which he is prefent, to bring a pennon of his arms to the conftable or marefchal, or the king's lieutenant in the army, requeuing to bear a banner, which if granted, he muft call the heralds for witneffes, when the ge- neral or chief officer will cutoff' the tail of the pennon. Banneretts are mentioned in jCur hiilories as early as the time of King Edward I. the THE ENGLISH ARMY. 207 the cavalry in different armies, eftimate them according to the number of pennons and banners. Although the bands of cavah^y were only divided into confta- buiaries, knights might acl as intermediate officers, between the conftablc and bannerett, commanding two conftabularies under their pennon. Father Daniel fays, that in France the bannerets formerly commanded the diiferent bodies of cavalry (x) under the counts and dukes. ^ The denomination of captain and lieutenant, applied to officers commanding fmall bodies of men, equivalent to our troops and companies, was fcarcely introduced into our armies before the reign of Henry VII. and VIII. where we find them borne by the of- ficers commanding the yeomen of the guard and the band of gen- tlemen penfioners, and their occafional reprefentatives. We like- wife read of captains and petty captains in ads of the 4th and 5th of Philip and Mary againll: defertion : probably the former meant a colonel, or one commanding a corps, band, or regiment -, the latter the captain of a company, (y) (x) Le litre de capitaine a Tegard des Officiers de I'armee, excepte le general, ne fut gueres en ufage dans les temps les plus reculez de notre ancient milice PVancoife ceux qui. commandoit fous les comtes & les dues aux temps de la premiere & de la feconde race, itoient les viguiers, les centeniers, &c. dcpuis I'inftitution de la chevalerie un peu avant Philippe Augufte, c' etoient Us chevaliers bannerets avcc ce titre de banneret, qui com- mandoit les diverfes brigades de gendarmerie. Le titre de capitaine commence a etre en ufagc dans Ic fignification qu'on y donne aujourdhui, quand nos rois outre les troupes de Icur vaflaux, donnercnt des commiirions a quelque foigneurs pour lever de* compagnies dc gendarmes. Ces feigneurs priercnt le titre de cjpitaine de ccs compagnies comme on Ic voit par un ordonnancc du Rol Charles V. de laquelle jai parle ailieurs. P. Daniel, torn. 2. p. 58. (y) The term regiment was not then in ufe, being in all likelihood borrowed from the French, whofe bands were, according to Father Daniel, rirft formed into regiments in the year 1562. Sir James Turner, whofe book llilcd Pallas Armata, was publilhcd A. D. 1683, fays, the term regiment was not then an hundred years old. Jn c effe£liv; only, without favour ; and to avoid tlic frauds which frequently happen in the redoriitiori ofliorfes, all iliofe which, according to the cuftom of war, wore to bs appreciated, fliould immediately on their arrival be valued, and marked with fome particular mark, by v/hich they might again be known. Rynur. In the year 1415, Richard Redman and John Strange were appointed to take the mufter of the forces of Thomas Duke of Clarence, going abroad with the King, and to certify the numbers of the men at arms, armed men, ar.d archers, under their fcal»." IliJ. E c 2 his 212 II I S T O Tv Y OF Lis own name, mnrchinge fooithe as he is called, tliat noe man un- to tvvoe names make anfwere; yf any foldier bee ficke or huite, being not feiviceable, paye him his wages, give him his pafporte, fend him home, furniflie his roome with an hable fouldier ; yf any helthfull fouldier abfente himfelf at fuch tymes, let him be punilhcd as in the flatiites is mentioned, to the example of the reft." The following regulations were laid down for the mufter mafter, in the lawcs and ordinances of warre, eftablilhed by the earl of Northumberland, lord general of the armie and fleet of K. Charles I. J 640. " I. No muflcr mafter fliall wittingly let any paftc in the mufters, but fuch as arc really of the troop or company prefented, upon pain of death. II. All captains fliall caufe their troops and companies to be fuilcomplcat; and two dayes after the generall muftering, they Ihall fend to the lord generall a perfe6l lift or roll of all the officers of their troops and companies, and likewife of all the troopers and Ibuldicrs that arc in a6luall fervice, putting down diftinftly on ths 'head of each man his monethly pay. III. The like roll or lift fliall the captains fend to the lord ge- neral!, and to the treafurer of the armie upon every pay day, du- ring the fervice, with a pun6luall expreffion at the bottome of the faid roll, what new troopers or fouldiers have been entertained fince the laft pay day, in lieu of fuch as are either deceafed or caf- feer'd, (g) and likewife the day whereon they were fo cafleer'd and entertained. (g) Casseer'd, from the French word cafle, difbanded, difcharged; this word did not originally mean difcharged with ignominy, as it now generally does. " Cafler. Era parlant dc foldat, c'eft dcfarmer un foldat ilateiedcia campagnie, ou du regiment, et le remercier de fon fervice, mais en parlant d' officier c'cft le faire remercier de la part du Roi, par Un commiffaire dcs fervices qu'il a rcndus et le renvoir." Richkt. This word is now written cafhier'd, which has caufed an opinion that jt had fome relation to t,alh or moncv. IV. Which THE ENGLISH ARMY. 213 IV. Which faid lift or roll fliall be fubfcrlbed not onely by the captain, his lieutenant, and cornet, or enfeign, but alfo by the fer- geants and corporals refpedtively ; who fliall declare upon their oaths, that the troopers and fouldiers inrolled in the faid lift, are reall and acluall troopers and fouldiers, of the refpeclive troops and companies ; and vvhofoever fliall be convi'Sled of falfehood in any of the premifes, fliall be puniflied with death. V. No mufter mafter fliall prefume to receive or accept of any roll to make the mufters by, but the forementioned rolls, upon paine of the lofle of his place, and other punifliment at difcretion. VI. No man fhall prefume to prefent liimfelf to the mufter, or to be enrolled in the mufter rolls by a counterfeit name, or fur- name, or place of birth, upon paine of death." At or immediately after the mufter, another important bufmefs took place : tiiis was the appreciation of the horfes of the cavalry, in which the marflial and fome other officers appointed for that purpofe, fet a certain price upon each horfe, which the king was to pay to the owner, in cafe fuch horfe was either flain or incurably lamed in fervice,- this payment appears in our ancient records un- der the Latin title of Reftauratio (h), or the French one of Reftour. In order to make this valuation with the greateft exaclnefs and im- partiality, the clerk of the marflial was to adl the part of an ap- (li) Of this word Du Cangc gives the following explanation and inrtance, in the treaty made between Pliilip the Fair, king of France, and William, earl of Hainault, 28th October, 1314. " li dui marefchal de France, ou li un d'aus, ou aucuns prud- homs a ce commis, priferont et eftimeront loialement per leurs fermens les chivals morts, et Ics chivals de nos gens ; ct nous en fcra nos dis Sires plain retour fclonc Icur prifc. Et le dit marefchal ou cil qui le prife devroit fere, entendent tant que aucun cheval feufle mort ou perdu, fi rcndroit nos fires devant dit, de valeur dcs chevals par prife de bon Gent. Et infra Afquiex li Roi nos Sires priera j^jgeset rctors. Occurrit palTim in com- patosThefaurariorum Gucrram. Hue ctiaiii pertinet vetus charta, apud Ughcllum in Epifcopis Tcatinis. Qiiod fi miles dextrarium aut loricam in obfequio illo perdidcrit, milii Goffridus vd fuus ha;rcs rcddcre debet, ct tamdiu ci nullam dcbco faccrefcrvitium. praifer 214 H I S T O R Y O F praifcr in behalt of the proprietor, in oppofition to an officer called the king's clerk: the marflial fat as judge or umpire between them ; this particular we learn from a manufcript refpecSting the lights of that office, as claimed by Thomas de Brotherton. (i) Sometimes this appreciation was made by fpccial commiffioncrs appointed for that purpofe, and in France by a fort of jury upon oath. None but the war horfes or chargers were appreciated. Baggage horfes were not included in that regulation. Blount men- tions a tenant in capite, who held lands on the condition of fcrving King Edward II. in his wars, with a horfe not to appreciated, (k) The accounts of thefe appreciations were frequently ordered to be given in at the great wardrobe. Rymer, in his Fcedera, has a variety of inflances of this ap- preciation J fome as old as the reign of Henry I. where, in feveral agreements between that king and the earl of Flanders, for fur- , niflring troops, it is fllpulated, that reftauration of horfes fliall be made to the earl, in the fame manner as is done by the king to his own fubjefts. (1) Another inftance occurs anno 1355, 29 Ed. III. in a commif- lion of appreciation granted to Edward prince of Wales, Thomas de Beauchamp earl of Warwick, Robert de Ufford earl of Suffolk, John de Vere earl of Oxford, William de Montacute, earl of Sa- lifbury, and Reginald Cobham, empowering them to a£l jointly or feparately, the horfes appreciated are therein directed to be marked with a particular mark. (i) Et enfi doit le marefciial, eflre preficr des chivaux q fcrront apreGez, ct fon clerk doit eftre contreplafdour encontra ]e clerc nre, Se le Roy. Biothcrton's Claims. Nero, D.vi. Bib. Cott. II (k) Pasch. 14. Edw. II. Dorf. Blount, 31. (1) See other agreements in the fame Colledion, torn. 2. p. 265, A. D. 1284, et A. D. 1295. The laft was an agreement made 23 Edw. I. with the Duke of Brabant for iwo thoufand horfemen, armed with iron, to ferve for half a year, for which 160,000 livres Tournois was to be paid for ail demands, except the horfes of arms, which were to be replaced as ufual, and the King of England to caufc them to be valued. In % THE E N G L I S ri ARMY. 215 In the account of Roger de Waltham before cited, we meet with the particulars of a reftauration made the 15th of Ed. II. as fol- lows : " Nicholas Defpenfay had reftour for two of his horfes, viz. one forrell killed in the king's fervice at York, in the month of May, in the 15th of the faid reign, and one bay killed as aforefaid, at Fellerham, on the 15th of September, 4I." A number of fimilar en- tries follow, which feem to fliew that 40s. was the fum generally allowed for an ordinary troop horfe. (m) " To Edward earl of Arundel, on account of two of his horfes appreciated in the faid war, one for his knight, Robert de Swin- burn, and another for the lord John, extraneous another of his knight's, wliich died in harnefs, in the king's wars, on the faid day, a 61. 14s. 4d. AvMER DE Vallence, carl of Pembroke, for reftauration of two of his horfes appreciated in the Scottifh wars the prefent year; the one a forrel, for John de Freville, his retainer or fervant, and the other a brown bay for John de Berne, his fervant, dead in the king's fervice, in the month of Auguft ; by a valuation made of them by Thomas de Chefter and Godrick his clerk, at Nevvcaftle upon Tyne, the 19th September, when thefe men appreciated them at lol." First among the ftafF officers of our ancient armies flood the high conftablc, who was the fupreme commander of the army next the king, and his authority, in fome cafes, even feemed to clafli with that of royalty, infomuch that it was deemed too great to be cntrufted to any fubje(5t, and was therefore by Henry VIII. laid alide. (m) A SORT of rertoration of horfes is ftill made in our armies, there being, as I am in- formed, an allowance to the regimental flock purfe, and officers of the cavalry of 15I. for each officer's charger, or private troop horfe (lain in battle ; the like allowance is made to the contractors for furnifhing horfes to draw the artillcrj", for every liorfc that a(flually dies in harnefs. Tub 2i6 HISTORYOF The title of conftable is by fome etymologifts derived from Comes Stabuli, the earl or chief officer of the king's ftables ; others deduce it from the Saxon terms koning-ftable, the king's flay or hold. If it was at firft a civil office, it foon became a military one lignifying the commander of an army. The firft conftable of England is faid to have been created by the Conqueror, (n) and the office was afterwards held by the Bo- huns, earls of Hereford and Eflex, in confequence of their being poilelTed of certain manors, (o) whence it came to the Staffords and dukes of Buckingham as heirs general ; but Edward duke of Buck- ingham being attainted of high treafon, anno 13th Henry VIII. the office became forfeited to the crown, and fince that time has been only granted occafionally (pro hac vice) to be exercifed at a coronation, or fome other great public folemnity. By ftatute the high conftable of England had cognizance of all things appertaining to war and arms, and abroad fat as fupreme judge on all trials, as well for military offences as other matters of litigation, between foldiers or the followers of the army, in which he was affifted by the earl marflial, three or more doctors of the civil law, and a clerk, whofe duty it was, like the prefent judge advocate, to profecute all military delinquents. He was alfo at home a fupreme judge, in all matters of honour and difputes refpe6ling armorial bearings, taking precedence of the earl marftiall, even in what Vv'as denominated his own court. In a return made by the officers of the exchequer to King Ed- ward I. on being ordered by him to fearch their records for the fees ufually received by the high conftables, they ftatc, that having confulted a book of the conftitutions of Henry II. and other au- thorities, they find, that the conftables of England ought and were (n) Jacob's Law Dictionary. Q (o) The manors of Hailefigld, Newmarket, and Whitenhurrt. accuftomed THE ENGLISH AR M Y. 217 accuftomed to receive, by virtue of their office, two pence out of every pound paid by the king to his ftipendiaiy troops, with the army, or elfewhere, on his fcrvice ; and alfo that he was entitled to the fame deliveries for his fubfiftence as the chancellor and fcne- fchall ; which was, when they eat abroad, five (hillings a day, with one dominical," (p) and two falted femnels, (q) tv/o quarts of claret, (r) and one of ordinary or houfehold wine, (s) with wax and other candles ; but if they eat in the pallace, they were to receive only 3s. 6d. a day, two fait femnels, one quart of houfehold wine, and a fufficiency of candles, (t) Over and above thefe allowances, the high conftable had diverfe other privileges and emoluments ; the latter fhall be mentioned un- der the head of pay. Besides the higI^conftable of England, other conflables were fometimes appointed to command the king's armies, perhaps when particular circumflances prevented the high conftable from attend- ing ; or, they might be his deputies, when more armies than one were raifed and employed. An inftance of this is found in Rymer, in the 26th year of the reign of King Henry III. when William de Cantilupe, the younger, John de Gray, Philip Ballet and Paul Peyvur were appointed by that king to command his army in Poic- tou. (v) The rights, privileges, and power of a high conftable of France are thus ftated, by father Daniel. (p) Dominical fimnel, a better fort of bifcuit made for Sundays and holidays. (q) An inferior kind of fimnel, mixed with fait ; this, by miftake, is printed in Rymer, ii folidos, inftead of ii falata. || (r) YjNo claro, clarcf. || (s) Et unuiii fcxtariuirj de vino e.xpenfali ; which is thus explained by Du Cangc, vinum expcnfabilc, quotidians potus ill ufusdomefticorum; viii de depenfc, noftris vulgo boito, vel bouvande. |j (i) For this return, fee Rymer, Foed. tom. 2. p. 191. Mado.\'s Hift. of Exhcqucr. j) (v) Ry- mer's Fued. tom. i. p. ^i*. tom. i. p. 173. Vol. I. Ff Extract 2i8 H I S T O R Y O F Extract from the Titles of Bourbon, in the Chamber of Ac- counts in Paris. " These are the rights of the conftable of France, by virtue of his office. First, The conftable is, and ought to be the moft fecretand in- timate of the king's council ; and the king ought not to order any feat of war, without the council of the conftable, if he can be pre- fent to give his advice. Item, The conftable fliould have a lodging at court, or vvhere- ever the king fliall be. Item, If the king goes to the army, the conftable may go on an expedition as often as he pleafes, without his proper eftablifti- ment of followers, the king being obliged to furnifti him with a guard, whether he be with the fame part of the army as the king, or with another (u) ; and his retainers fliall mount no guards, un- lefs at his will ; and he fhall poft the guards when mounted by knights, (x) Item, If a fortrefs or caftle is taken by ftorm, or ftiall furrender, the horfes, harnefs, provifions, and all other things found therein, belong to the conftable, excepting gold and prifoners, which be- long to the king, and the artillery to the mafter of the crofs bows. Item, If the conftable goes out on an expedition, whether with or without the king, provided it be the king's army ; he (the con- ftable) may take ten men at arms from each battailj to accompany him, except from that of the king. Item, The conftable ferving in the king's wars, with, or without him, ought tocaufehis war horfes, and thofe of his companions and of all the people of his houfehold, to be appreciated by the marflial j (u) By this he was not liable to lofe any of his fuite, their horfes or arms. || (y) The knights rarely mounted guard but on fome particular occafion, and it was meant as an honour to that corps, that the conftable was to poft their guard, and attend its mounting. and THE ENGLISH ARMY. 219 and the price fet on them by the marfhal, fliall be reftored by the king. Item, No one fliall have any cognizance, authority, lordlhip or judgment, on any of the fuite of the conflable, except himlelf, and the mailers of his houfehold. Item, Whenever the king is at war, the conflable fliali have a day's pay of all perfons receiving wages, or who are to have a certain fum inflead thereof, (y) Any one changing his cftablifliment for another, the conflable fliall again have of him a day's pay. (z) Item, If the conflable rides out on an expedition, every thing taken by him or his houfehold is his, except gold and prifoners, which belong to the king. Item, Every day that the king rides forth armed at all points for aflault or battle, the conflable fliall have an hundred livres, but if his legs only are armed, he fliall have but fifty ; and if feveral horfes are brought to the king for fome feat of arms on that day, after the king has chofen one, the conflable fliall take the fe- cond. Item, In all legal duels within the kingdom, the conflable fliall guard the parties, and take their oaths ; and if any part of their armour fliall fall in the field, it belongs to the conflable ; and he may ftop them, or caufc them to proceed or ceafe at his diredtion ; and the lances, fwords, and armour of the dead horfes are his perquifites. Item, The conflable being on fcrvice in the king's war, all his expcnces fliall be defrayed by the king. Item, All military perfons in the army are to obey the conflable, and fuch orders as he fliall have caufed to be proclaimed ; and if (y) Probably one day's pay in the year was meant, tho' not exprcfied. || (z) Chang- IKG ot enablilhment, may mean either exchange of garrifon, or quitting one banner to cnga;jc under another, perliaps on fuperior rank or pay, in wliich cafe, the fecon.d day's pay • Js a kind of fee on promotion, F f 2 any 220 H I S T O R Y O F any one receiving pay, fliall depart from the army contrary to his will, or without his leave, his horfes and arms fliall be forfeited to him, the faid conftable, and the body of the offender remain at the king's difpofal. Item, Neither the marefchal nor the mafter of the crofs bow men, fhall undertake any feat of arms for the king's fervice, either in the army, or in garrifon, without confulting the conftable, and obtaining his affent. Item, In all places where caftles or fortrefles are taken, if the king is not prefcnt, the banner of the conftable fliall be the firft planted on them ; and for each of his two banners, the bearers are to have one hundred pence of the king : and if the king is prefent, his banners always go foremoft, and thofe of the confta- ble follow them ; but the bearers in that cafe have no perquifite. Item, In all places where the king ftiall be prefent, all procla- mations fliall be made in his name, or that of his conftable, with- out naming any other perfons. Item, Where the conftable fliall be prefent in the king's wars, whether with or without him, every ferjeant of arms fliall attend him and obey his orders, (a) Item, If a ferjeant at arms fliall mift)ehave, the conftable may take away his mace, and fufpend his fervice ; in which cafe the king ousht not to reftore him, until the conftable had related to him the caufe of deprivation. Item, When the king is at his coronation at Rheims, the con- ftable ought to be lodged at the moulinet, before Notre Dame, and fliould fend the men at arms to fetch the ampulla, or veflel hold- ing the holy oil, and go with them and convoy them back." (a) These ferjeants at arms were the king's body guard, and all of them gentlemen ; tlieir officers, who were perfons of high rank, probably made a difficulty to receive the conftable's orders when the kingwa&in the camp, which difficulty might havecaufcd this^ regulation. HerbI THE ENGLISH ARMY. -zii Here follows another piece, containing the prerogative of the conftable alfopreferved in the chamber of accounts at Paris, in the regifter, entitled Pater, fol. 183. " I. The conftable is fuperior to all other perfons in the army excepting the king. If there are dukes, barons, counts, knights, efquires, horfe or foot folJiers, of what eftate foever, they muft obey him. II. Item, The marefchals of the army are under him, and have their diftinft offices of receiving men at arms, dukes, counts, barons, knights and efquires, and their companions ; (b) but can- not, nor ought not, to go out on any expedition, nor order any battle, without the direction of the conftable, nor make any ban or proclamation, without the commands of the king or conftable. III. Item, The conftable Ihould order all battles, expeditions, and eftablifliments of pofts, both in the field andgarrifons. (c) IV. Item, Whenever the army moves from one place to ano- ther, the conftable takes and delivers by his right, their different ftations in the troops, to the king, and other officers of the army, immediately after the mafter of the crofs bows, and then the bat- talions, and the marefchal fhould be in his battail." (d) This matter, which (fays Pere Daniel) is exprefled in an obfcure manner, is explained by an ancient manufcript in my poffcffion, at the head of which is an ordonance of Philip le Bel, of the year 1306, touching the gages of Battailles. Many other matters are there treated, and among them is this title, " Ordonnance of the king when he goes with the army." The contents are as follows : " When the king takes the field with the army, he ought to march in battalia j and firft, the conftable ihoukl command forth (b) Probably in order to afTign their quarters in garrifon, or ground in a camp. (c) EsTABLiES. This word, in the old French, fignifies as well pofts in the field, as garrifons. || (d) Battail wjs an ancient military term for an indefinite body of men i atmics were frequently divided into three battles. tha 222 H I S T O R Y O F the Icouts, who llioukl be good foldieis and well mounted ; after them a marefchal, or other vaiUiant man, leading a fquadron of choice men, having a fufficient number of archers, for the protec- tion of the fcouts ; and there fliould be the mafters of offices, pre- vofts, fourriers and their people, for diftributing quarters ; after thefe comes the conftable in the van-guard, with a fufficient num- ber of barons, and good foldiers ; and there are their pennons, banners and ftandards, and their body of archers who go before. After them comes the mailer of the crofs bows, with the archers ; then comes the firft efquire of theefquiery (e) who carries, or cau- fes to be carried, the royal ftandard, until it is wanted for fervice ; and after him are the pages on barded war horfes (f), and the king's horfes, who bear rich bacinets, helmets, lances, falades and hats ; after them come the trumpets, and then the king's banner, which the firft chamberlain, furrounded by kings of arms, heralds and purfui- vants, is to bear, or caufe to be borne, till it is wanted for fervice ; after all thefe comes the king in perfon, accompanied by dukes, counts, barons, and princes, and other noble and powerful men ; and the firft groom carver (g) fliould be next behind him carrying his penon, which fliould move to and fro every where the king goes, in order that every one may know where he is ; and the banner, pennon, and ftandard horfes are at the conclufion of the campaign, the right of thofe who have born thofe enfigns, the two wings of the corps de battail, and their archers, fliould be commanded by two princes, admirals, or marefchals, or other wife and vaiUiant captains, who fliould fpecdily fend fome good and able cavalry, to reconnoitre the way and country ; after all thefe comes the rear guard, commanded by a duke, count, or marefchal, well accompanied by vaiUiant men, and the archers belonging to them, who behind them fliould have a little fquare (h) of good troops ; and after them fome (e) EscuvYER dEfcuyerie. || (Q Armed or barded horfes. || (g) Premier Varlet Tranchent. liorfemen THE ENGLISH ARMY. 223 horfemen well mounted, to prevent their being attacked in the rear.' By this extraiSl, may be clearly feen, what is confufedly told in, the preceding article, fliewing in what manner the conftable, by vir- 'tue of his office, and of his right, affigned to the king and the offi- cers, the po(t each fliould hold in the march of the army. Firfl of all the conftable made a detachment which marched before the army; and in that detachment were the fouriers and other officers deftined to diftribute the ground in the place, where the camp was to be formed. Secondly, The conftable marched at the head of the van guard. Thirdly, after the van guard, and before the corps de battaille, marched the grand mafter of the crofs bow men, whofe corps was very numerous ; and then followed the corps de battaille, where the king was, after the body commanded by the mafter of the crofs bow men ; and finally followed the rear guard, behind which was a detachment of brave foldiers, to prevent the enemy from troubling them in their march. I return to the fuite of func- tions or prerogatives of the conftable. " Item, The king, if with the army, ought not to ride forth 011 any expedition, nor the other combattants, unlefs by the ordon- nance and council of the conftable. Item, The conftable has the care of fending meflengers and fpies for the ufe of the army, every where he fliall fee neceflary, as alfo when requifite, couriers, and other horfemen." The four articles following refpeifl the right the conftable has to take a day's pay from each man of war in the wages or pay of the king, of which mention has been made in the other acls. In an account of William Charrier, of the year 1424, imder Charles VII. taken from the chamber of accounts, I have remarked a privilege of the conftable, namely, that he fhould have for every (h) That is a fmall body of men, ranged in rank and file, which fcems to flicw, that the other troops did not oblcrvc much order in marching. month 224 H I S T O R Y O F month, as his predeceflbrs had, the payment of an hundred men of arms, without behig liable to either mufter or review, being only obliged to deliver every month, on a roll of parchment, the names and furnames of thofe men at arms, certifying under his feal, that he had them in his company. These were the chief military prerogatives of the conftable of France, from whence probably thofc of the Englifli conftables were taken. This office was fuppreflcd in France, by Louis XIII. in the year 1627 : the motives mentioned in theordonnance for this fuppreffion, were the great appointments and power of this officer, the latter frequently in prejudice to the royal authority. The marefchal, or marftial, was the officer next in command to the conftable, (i) This office is as old as the conquefl:, there were two marfhals created by William the Conqueror, Roger de Montgomery, and Williarfif Fitzofborne. It was conferred for fcveral generatiqns, in the family of de Clares, Earls of Pembroke, after which, re- verting to the crown, it was held by different great perfonages, till the 25th Hen. VIII. when it was granted to Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, and his heirs male for ever, with power to execute it by deputy, fince which it has, with fome interruptions, arifing from attainders, and other confequcnces of civil diflentions, continued in that family. Besides the earl marfliall, it appears that other marflials have been occafionally appointed for commanding our armies, perhaps fox the fame reafons as were fuggefted refpeding the con- ftable. (k) The (i) Some derive the term marefchal from tlic two faxon words, mar, march, or marach, ■equus, and fcalch praefe given in note (r) from a manufcript in the Britifh Mufeum. An John Stoke th' office of clerk ot th' ordonnance within England or elfewh?rc, fo>' tyme of Ivis life, with the wages of 6d, by the day, to be received of the lordrtiips of Wrytell, Havering, Boyton, Hadleigho, Raylclghe and Rochford in Eflcx, and of the ma- nors of Tunbrugge, Penlhmft, Middleton and Mai-den in Kent, William Tempih, th' office of yeoman of th' ordonnance for life, with wages of 6d, by the day, to be received out of tl^e Jordfliips at above, To Richerd Garnet the office of ferjeant of the king's tents for life, with wages of jad, per diem for himfeif, and ^d, per diem for a yeoman under him, and j»5os, for a hoyfe to by the tents in j 46s, gd. for his robes 1 13s. 4.d, for his yeoman's robes, to be taken from the ifTues of the lordd^ips of Wrytell, Havering, Boyton, Hedleigh, Rayleigh, and Rocheforthe, in eo, Eflex, and the iordlliip of THnbrggge, Penlhurft, Myddleton and Mcrden, In co. Kent, by the hands ef the receyvours, John Atjiyn»on kcp, of the armour, In the tower, or clfewhere, within England for life, with fee of 6d. per diem, to be received a« £ib«»ve, To Henry Grey the younger /fj^ler, the king hath eotiftrmeil unto him th' office of tho keeping of the armowry within th« tower of Lo^doo f^r term Qf his life, with the wage? and fees accuilomed to be received by fee f?rm of Norwichc. ViNCBNT Tpntlfr, ermourcr' 1 tho king hath ccnftrmed unto him to be his armourer during hii life, with aol. fee by the hsnd» of the treaJlirer and chamberlain of the ex- chequer, Sir John Donne, knight j th' o.%8 of ferjeant Of mBrter of the armou^ within thg tower of London, during his life, v/ith wageg of ijd< for hlmfelf, 6d, for a yeoman, sind 3d. for a gov/ne, by the hands of the flieriff of London snd Midd, of the Ifilies, ^?, this lift grant wa* in the 3d, a!) the reft in the ift of K. Richard lU, J^tr Dim, n) Thk mafter of th' ordy- nance .....i...., iti..(«tti..*fii Sir Philip Hoby, Knt. _ _ _ 1548, Ambrofe Dudley, Earl of Warwick ^S^Jy Robert Devereux, Earl of EfTex - 29 Mar. 1596, Charles Blount, Earl of Devon,! ^ , 1 • , ^ „., , , r . J fio Sept. 1603, during pleafure ftiled general of the ordnance J ° ^ George Carew, Earl of Totnefs - 27 June, 1609, ditto Horatio Lord Vere _ - - - 5 May, 1617, for life Sir Richard Morrifon - - - - 26 Aug. 1623, ditto Sir Thomas Staftbrd - - - - 1628, ditto Mountjoy Blount, Earl of Newport 2 Sept. 1634, ditto Sir William Compton _ _ _ 22 Jan. 1660, ditto John Lord Berkcly - - - - 21 Oct. 1664, during pleafure Sir John Duncomb, Knt. - - ditto, ditto Sir '21 Oct. 1664, during pleafure 240 H I S T O R Y O F Sir Thomas Chicheley, Knt. firft" called mafter general of the ord- nance ------- Thomas Chicheley - _ - - 4 June, 1670, ditto 'Sir John Chicheley - - - Sir William Hickman - - Sir Charles Mulgrave - - George Legge, Lord Dartmouth - 28 Jan. 1681, ditto David Schomberg ----- 28 Ap. 1689, ditto (x) Henry Sidney, Vifcount Sidney, 7 „ ^ 1 , v c 1 4- 1 f n f 28 July, 1693, ditto afterwards Earl of Romney - J •' "' ^^ ' 23 Jan. 1679, ditto afterwards Earl of Romney 29 June, 1702, ditto John Churchill, Earl of, and af- 7 ^ 4 Oct. 1 7 14, ditto terwards Duke of Marlboroug Richard Savage, Earl of Rivers - 10 Sept. 1711, ditto James Duke of Hamilton - - 5 Sept. 1712, ditto John Churchill, Duke of Marlbo- 1 rough ---.--. William Cadogan, Earl of Cadogan 22 June, 1722, ditto John Xampell, Duke of Argyle] i"^ • I. f 3 June, 1725, ditto and Greenwich ----J '/j' John Montagu, Duke of Montagu 30 May, 1730, ditto Charles Spencer, Duke of Marl-l borough 1 '75S> ditto John Liffonier, Vifcount, after-1 ^_ , " . r • • ^ 30 Nov. 1 757, ditto wards earl Ligonier - - - J John Manners, Marquis of Granby 1763, ditto Georee Townfhend, Vifcount! Townfhend - j ^ 772, ditto (x) Im Millian's Lift, it is F/cderick Duke of Schomberg. In THE E N G L I S H A R M Y. 241 In fmall armies, and after the difufe of the office of high con- flable, the officer commanding in chief was (tiled captain general. This was the cafe in the lift of the army fent to St. Quintins, before quoted j where next in fucceffion to the captain general, ftands the lieutenant general, and the high marfliall occupies only the third place in order and command. The ftafFc and fuite, 6cc. of the captaine general were, a fecre- tary, another for the Frenche tongue, two ftirgeons, a trounche man, (y) ten carriages, for tranfportinge his baggage, two trum- petters, a drum, a phife, and thirty halberdiers for his guard. The ftaff and fuite of the lieutenant general, v/ere a chaplaine, a furgeon, a trouncheman, three carriages, a trumpetter, and fifteen halberdiers. The highe marifchall had a mafter of the campe, a chaplain, a furgeon, three carriages, a trumpetter, a drum, and fifteen halber- dyers. The next officer in rank in this army, was the generall of the horfemen, his ftaff, a lieutenant, a chaplain, a furgeon, four com- miffaries, his trumpetter, and fifteen halberdiers. The infantry was commanded by an officer ftiled captain gene- ral of the footmen, and had a lieutenant, a ferjeant m.ajor, (z) fix wyfflers, (a) a chaplain, a furgeon, three carriages, a drum, a fife, and fifteen halberdiers. The (y) Probably a truncheon man, or tipfiaff, commonly attendant on perfons ot liigli rank, as well military as civil, in order to clear the way, in procclTions, i^c. (z) Serjeant major licre feems to mean a genera! officer, al'terwards called f rjeant mijor general ; ferjeant major commonly meant, in the l.iiiguagcof thole times, the office now ftiled major. (aj Wyftlf-Rs are commonly underftood to mean a fort of fers, yet from the fol- lowing pallige in an ancient MS. late in thc^collection of Mr. Anftis, they feem to have been concerned in drilling of the men ; this manufcript is anonymous, but from the hand writing, foems of the time of Qiieen Elizabeth, " A charge for tvcrywyJfe'.Ur^ fiyrlk, that they inllriiclc the fowlilycrs how they ihall carry there weapons. \'oj.. I. I i Secondly, 242 HISTORYOF ■ The duties and powers of the maftcr of the ordnance havhig been before delcribed, and thofe of the captain and lieutenant ge- neral differing very little from thofe of the conftable and marflial ; we come next to general of the horfemen. The offices of generals of the horfemen and footmen require no particular explanation, except that their duties were generally rc- rtrifled to their different fervices ; the generals of cavalry rarely in- terfering with thofe of the infantry, or thofe of the infantry with the cavalry, (b) Nor did officers of the fame rank always command according to their feniority. (c) la fome inftances the command between Secondly, to (how what fpace betwixte rancke and rancke, i betwixte every gunner, twife the lengtli of his gutine, an J betwixte every rancke of archers, as moche fpace as lie may goe his bowe by thcnd and to reche to his foer goer. Betwixt every rancke of pykes, half the pyke length, that thende of his pjke may be within a foote of his fcUowe, he that goeth before hym. And betwixt every bill man, the lengthe of hys weapon ; and they fhall not tomotche, neither ftay to drincke, and that when any rancke is laft behynd to haft the follower ; and yf the followers cannot conveniently overtake the foregoers, that one whyfFeler call to another before hym, to flay the whole armye, that all may goe together ; and in any wyfle, when they ringe be a makeinge, which bcginncth as fone as the fyrft raiike ys entered the fylde, that then every whyffeler doogreate diligence to keepe men together in order, and that one rancke doe not lagge behynde another at the entry of tlie ringe, and likewife within the ringe, that every rancke follow inftantly and diredly his foregoer, and that the fhowlder of one man to be from another, that they may eafily handell there wea- pons for to fight ; and when they fland to ftay, that every man ftayeth, a pyke, to fct up his pyke on hys (houlder, and that the hand that holdeth the pyke fett the bought of his elbow out warlycke, and the other hand to be fett under his fyde, elles upon the bylte of his fworde, and likewife the bill." (b) The title of general is not of very ancient date in the Englifti armies, as we do not find it till about the reign of Henry VIII. after which we meet with the term captain general of the horfemen, and captain general of the footmen, in armies commanded by perfons bearing only the title of general. The fame army fometimes had a captain at;d lieutenant general, and alfo a captain general of the horfemen or foot. An inftancc of this occurs in the army fcnt to St. Quintins. (c) See an inrtance in Rymer, 34th of Eliz. A. D. 1592. In fome regulations re- fpedling two thoufand footmen, and one hundred horfe, to be fent from the Low Countries into France, wherein is the following pafiage ; " And becaufe it llandeth with fome good order. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 243 between the officers of the fame denomination, was thus fettled. In the field the officers of cavalry commanded thofe of the infantry of the fame rank, and vice verfa in garrifon, the infantry com- manded their equals in the cavalry, without any refpeft to the dates of their appointments. In the reign of King James II. the officers of the cavalry took rank on detachment according to the dates of their commiffions, but thofc of the infantry on like occafion commanded according to the fcniority of the corps to which they belonged ; fo that a cap- tain or any other officer of the firft regiment, though but juft ap- pointed, would have commanded a captain, or other officer of like rank with himfelf, of ten years ftanding, in the fecond or any other corps. For this regulation, fee the note below, (d) The ferjeant major general, fometimes denominated ferjeant ma- jor of the camp or field, was what is now called major general, as ferjeant major of a regiment formerly fignified the officer now order, that all the feveral captains with their bands, inay orderlie take their voyage, with one confcnt, and agree amongft themfelves, confidering, as they are captaines, they will cveric of them accompt themfelves equal one with another ; Sir Robert Sidney and you fliail let them know, that it is thought convenient that Sir John Poolcy, Knt. fliould take the charge of the fliipping of all their forces, and that they (hall for their paflage, and during the time untill they (hould land, be advifed by him, as we doubt not but he will perform the fame difcrcetly to their contentation ; and at their landing, Sir John Pooley Ihail have knowledge of her mnjerty's pleafure from hence, under whofc commandement both he himfelf and all the reft Ihall there ferve in France." From this it is evident, that it was not then the practice for the eldert officer to command on detachments, where there were feveral of equal rank ; had it been fo, there would not have been any occafion for the regulation here cited, in favour of Capt. Pooley. (d) Upon detachments or parties, all officers of horfc are to command according to the dates of their commiffions, and all officers of foot according to the ranks of their regi- ments, and not according to their commiffions ; but all lieutenants and enfigns of the fame regiments, upon fuch detachments or parties are to command among themfelves, according to their commiffions, and not to the rank of th«ir companies. Jbridgmtnt ef the Englijh Military Difcipline, publifhed by authority, 1680. I i 2 ftiled 244 H I S T O R Y O F ftiled major. The duty of this officer is thus laid down in the fame manufcript with that of the mafter of the ordnance. " The Office of the Serjeant Major in the field or campe, with the Duties thereunto belonging, viz. Ffirst of all the ferjeant rriajor of the campe ys to receive at the handes of the high marfliall the whole nomber of footmen, that be in the armye, and beinge fo receyved he muft divide the weapons feverallie, that he may perfecSllie knowe what nomber he hathe of everie kinde of weapon, and fo to fet the order of the battaills ac- cordinglie. Item, the faid ferjeant major muft receyve commandement from the leyvetenent generall, and he muft put in order of battaile all the battaile aforefaid, as he is appointed to do, by the faid leyvete- nent, his commandement, in ufe. Ffurtiier yt ys the office of the ferjeant major, that yf the enemie drawe fo near unto yower armye, that the battaile is ap- pointed, then is it moft mete and convenyent, that the faid ferjeant major repaire to the highe marifliall, to attend on him when he goeth to viewe the field, where he intendeth the battayle fhalbe pytched, and he to take viewe of the grownde of advantage for fet- tinge the battayle, and that beinge done, to return and make re- porte to the lord leyvetennent generall, howe he hathe furveycd the grownde, and the moft advantage thereof; and to make declara- tion what order he thinketh mofte mete and convenient to fet the battaile in. And if it be the aforefaid leyvetennent's pleafurc, the faid lord generall being therewith well content that it flialbe fo don. The ferjeant major muft then repare alfo unto the faid field, there to fet the order of the battaile to the moft advantage accord- ing to the ground. And ffirft of all, he muft divide his weapons, and appoint everie ranke withe weapons moft convenient according to order ; that being done, and the battailes beinge fet, and everie weapon THE ENGLISH ARMY. 24^ weapon placed in everierank moft convenient, then mufl the faid fer- jeant major fe that the kinge's ftandard be placed in the middeft of the mayne battaile, and the marifhall's enfigne in the right hand of the kinge's ftandard, and the treafurer's enfigne on the left, and to ap- point three or foure other enfignes, as the ferjeant major fliall thinke goode, for the furnyfhin'ge out of the faid rank. Alfo the faid fer- jeant major muft appoint certaine drumes and phifes, to attend on the aforefaid enfignes. Also the faid ferjeant major muft appoint fix ranks of halbertss, that is to faie, three rankes to be placed before the kinge's majeftie's ftandarde, and other three ranks behinde the ftandard, of the moft talleft, and beft armed, that can be found in the whole battaile, for the garde of the kinge's majeftie's ftandard. The aforefaid ferjeant major muft alfo appoint the refidewe of the enfignes, everie of them in the places, as the faid ferjeant major fliall thinke moft mete. That beinge done, and all the battailes in good order, the weapons with their drumes, enfignes and phyfFes ac- cordinglie, then muft the faid ferjeant major appoint unto everie capteine their fpeciall places within everie battaile ; fome in the fore part of the battaile, fome in the myddeft, fome in the fydes of the faid battaile, and other fome in the hindermoft part of the faid bat- taile, as he ftiall think meteft. Item, the faid ferjeant major muft alfo fe that the fliotte be placed within the wynges of every battaile, for the impalement and garde of the aforefaid battailes j and the faid ferjeant major muft alfo appoint certaine capteins to have the charge of the faid fiiotte, and leadinge of them. Also the faid ferjeant major muft appoint the forlorn hope in his order before the front of the battaile, and to charge certain cap- teynes with the leadinge of them. It is alfo the office of the faid ferjeant major to ferve with his own perfon in the fore front of the battail, and to lead the bat- tail." Thf, 246 HISTORYOF The treafurer, fometimes called the high treafurer of the army, was an officer of great truft as well as authority, Ibmewhat like tliat of the paymafter general of tlie prefcnt time, but invefted with more power. The duties of this office as defcribed by Ralphc Smithe are : " Alfoe you oughte to chufe unto you a highe trea- furer, which is an office of great reputation, and therefore he oughte to be a man of greate wifedome, experte in martiall affaires, for that hee is to fpeake his opinion in all offices, as well concerninge other offices as his owne, otherwife committed to his chardge ; the payment of all highe officers, namelye, captaines and corronells : likewife he (ball receive from the generall the true nomber of horfc- men and footemen within the army, and to make a perfitte booke every moneth, how much is due untoeverye officer and fouldierj hee is to conferre with the mafter of the ordenance, for the ftoring of munition of all forts ; and likewife with the mafter of the viclualls ; and to fee that he be well furnilhed thereof at all tymes. All other thinges which oughte dulie to be obferved and performed by him, the which I do not make relation hereof, butt refer it to wifcr heads." Another military treatife (e) fays of this officer, " He is flill the king's counfell, efpecially that you tearme martiall, and is to give his opinion in all proceedings of the army, and fometimes may deny difl^urfements though the generall command the fame. His office extends to take account of the mufters, and to booke the companies ; whereby the prince or generall may ftill know the flrength of the camp, and he himfelf know how to difcharge the fouldier. He is alfo to conferre with the mafter of the ordnance about the fpending of powder and provifion of munition ; yea, all inferior officers, as the provoft mafter, mufter mafter, commiffiiries, undertakers for vicluall and apparell, pay mafters, captaine of the pioners, carriage mafters and fuch like, are all fubje(5l to his parti- (e) The Military Art of Trayning, tfc. London, 1620. cular THE ENGLISH ARMY. 247 cular examination, by way of placing and difplacing as he feeth juft occafion." The high harbinger was the quarter mafter general of former times ; his office is very minutely defcribed in the manufcript before quoted, (f) " The Office of the Harbinger in the field or campe, with the Duties thereunto belonginge, videlicet. Ffirst, the harbinger, after that he is appointed unto his charge, ought to refort to the lord lieutenant general, to enquire of him the names of all the officers of honor, and counfeillors, belonginge to the armye, and alfo all other meane officers apperteyninge to the fame, that he may appoint lodgings for them accordinglie. Alfo, he muft know of the faid lord lieutenant generall, the place where the armye Ihall affemble to be muftered j and thither muft he repaire, callinge before him the cheefe rulers of the towne, decla- ringe unto them that he is come to provide lodginge for the lord lieutenant generall and the armye ; and to charge the faid rulers, that they fend fome of their officers, to bringe him to everie houfe in the towne that is hable to make any lodginge, that he may take a note what beddes they make within the towne, or fubberbs of the fame, and to command them to provide viftualls fufficient for fuche fouldiers as they do lodge, upon prices reafonable ; and after that he has divided his lodgings, and made his booke of them, he mufl firft appoint for the lord generall, the chiefe lodgings, and next after him his two lordes lieutenants of the fore and rear wards j the maf- ter of the ordinnance, and all other meane officers, to be lodged as near to the counfaile as he convenientlie maie, that they may be rcadic to attend uppon the lord lieutenant generall, when they fliail (f ) No. 4685. Harl. be 24S HISTORY OF be called for : and after he hathe lodged the lord lieutenant generall and the counfaile, he mull referve certain of the bert lodgings for the captaines and men of worfhip that fcrve in the field, deliveringe to every man's fervant that cometh for a lodginge for his mafter, one billet, naminge therein the lodginge for him, and what number of beddes are appointed for him, whiche billet he muil enter into a booke for his remembrance. The faid harbinger oughte to have alfo fome under him, and he fliould deliver to everie of them a huoke, devidinge the lodginges in the tovvne in four partes, appomnnge to everie clerke one part of the towne to make lodgings in, whiche clerkes muft appoint no lodginges but fuch as the harbinger appointeth by billet. And their office ys to fe that no man take any lodginge in their quarter, but where they be affigned ; and yf they do, and will not be avoyded, then mufte they refort to the highe marifchall, who may remove them ; the harbinger muft alfo make ftreight commaunde- ment, that no houfeholder, upon paine of imprifonmcnt, doc take into his houfe anie man to lodge without billet from him, upon paine of anfweringe to the fame. Ff ART HER the faid harbinger and his fervants muft give their attendance upon the high mariftaall, when he goeth to vicwe the ground where the camp flialbe pitched. And after that the highe mariihall hath appointed the ground for the camp, then the pro- voft marifchall makethe devifion of the quarters of the camp, af- figning a place for the market, or place of aflemblie, and the ftrcetes for the fame ; and the harbinger being made privie thereunto muft remaine upon the fame grounde, readie to anfvver all fuche as come before, to knovve where they fliall pitche their tentes and difcharge the carriages. Also for that every man fl:!all knovve where to pitche their tentes, and to be lodged in fuch place as they marche in ; that is, he that marcheth in the vvaward to be placed there; and in the bat- tailes, the harbinger ought to have one of his clerkes to give atten- dance, THE ENGLISH ARMY. 249 dance, to affigii the places appointed, and one other being the fourthe clerke fliall attend on and uppon the grownd appointed for the horfemen likewifc, to let them in order for their lodginges. And the cheefe harbinger fliall have ynough to doe, to fe all thefe thinges done accordinge to his direction : and his office is to amende fuche faultes as he fliall finde done contrarie to his order ; and if he be letted fo to doe, then mufl; he complaine to the highe marifhall, which ought to reforme the fame." The provoll: marfhal or chief provoft of the army, feems to have been formerly an office of much greater rank and authority than it is at prefent. This we learn from the manufcript quoted in the preceding article, and according to the detail of the duties of that office, there laid down, in feveral inftances bordered on thofe of the quarter mafter general ; a tranfcript of that article is here given. " The Office of the Provost Marshall in the fielde or campe, with the Devvties thereunto bclonginge. Ffirst, yt is the office of the provoft marfliall to receyve at the handes of the highe marifchall the whole nomber bothe of horfe- men and footemen that are in the armye, to the ende, the faid pro- voft marifliall male bothe order and appointe the campes accordinge to the nombers. Item, the faid provoft marifliall, after that the highe marifiiall hathe appointed the grownd where the campe flialbe, then muft the provoft marlhall divide the ground into feverall quarters, appoint- inge to evcrie battaile their quarter, and to everie capten their fe- veral growndes within the quarters of the faid battaile. The provoft marihall muft alfo when he maketh the campe, ap- point within the faid campe, a large market place of affemblic, and to appoint certaine ftreetes in the faid campe, between the quarters Vol. I. K k of zjo H I S T O R Y O F of everic battaile, and to appoint the leyvetenent generall's place, giving him the place of honor in the fieldc. Ffurther, that the faid provoft marifchall muft give ftraight commandement, that no man pitch anie tent near unto the ryng of the faid campe by fome fcore foote at the leaft ; and everie captaine, after they be encamped, fhall commande that their carriages (hall go to the impalement of the faide campe. Also the faid provoft marfhall muft give commandement to the captaine of the pyoners, to appointe certain of his labourers to en- trench the faide campe or place of aflemblie. And further the faid provoft mariftiall muft appoint in the ringe of the campe, grownd of advantage for th'artillerie mete and con- venient. And further the faid provoft marifliall muft fe all watches to be fet himfelfe, and alfo give to everie watche their charge, v^ith the watche worde, then muft he twife or thrife in the night himfelf goe to fearche them, that goode watch be kepte, and that everie man doe his dutie accordinglie. Also the faid provoft marifliall muft appoint within the market place or place of aflemblie, within the aforefaid campe, a place for the munition, not neare the danger of fire. And the aforefaid provoft marifliall muft caufe it to be trenched about, and to give charge and commandement unto the Mr. of th' ordinnance, and he fliall command and appoint fome difcreet honeft man to have the charge of the watch thereof. Item the faid provoft marifliall muft appoint near unto the place where the municion is fet, a place convenient for the mafter of th' ordonnance, with the office of th' ordonnance. If it chance that the enemy and you joyne in battaile together, then is the office of the provoft marfliall to ferve in his owne per- fon with the footemen, in the rank with the ferjeant major. The provoft marfliall alfo ought to fee all proclamations to be proclaimed THE ENGLISH ARMY. 251 proclaimed with the harrald at armes, and the trompetter, in the lorde leyvetenente generall his name. Item, the faid provofte marifchall muft likewife gyve ftreighte commandement that after the watch be fet, and the watche piece fhotten off, there be no maner of noyfe in the campe, but that all men be at quiet. Moreover, the tipftaves of the faid provoft marifchall ought to fe that good order be kept within the aforefaid campe, that there be no brawlinge nor fightinge within the faid campe, but forthwith the faid tipftaves to bringe them that fo offend unto the mariilial- iie, and there to be puniflied at the dire6lion of the faid provoft marifchal." At prefent the chief duties of the provoft marflial of an army are : the keeping of all prifoners, particularly thofe confined for great offences, apprehending deferters, marauders or foldiers ftrag- gliug beyond the limits of the camp. At night, by his rounds or thofe of his deputies, preventing any difturbances among the petty futlers in the rear, and apprehending all foldiers out of camp after gun-firing. Caufing the butchers to bury all their offal j alio to kill all glandered horfes, and to bury them, and all others dying in the camp, in order to prevent infe6lion. To enable him to perform thofe duties, the provoft martial has a ferjeant's, and fometimes a fubaltern's guard ; and occafionally to give him the more autho- rity, has the rank of captain ; befides which, he is permitted to make out a contingent bill, for his fees for executions, and other expences attending his office, A very curious one of Afl'aiias Van Velthoven, a Dutchman, provoft general in Ireland, under King William III. is prefcrved in the Mufeum, which in one campaign amounted to 307I. los. (g) This being thought an enormous charge, fome perfons were authorifed to enquire into it ; what was (g) No. 6844, Harl. MS. K k c their ^5- HISTORY OF their report does not appear, but there is the king's order for paying the bill. As a matter of curiofity, feveral fpecimens of his charges are given in the note, (h) with fome of the evidences brought 13 12 15 o (li) Account of the Charges and Disbursements done by the Provoft General Velthovcn, concerning the pri loners, who by order of his Excellency and by the High Counfel of Warr are acquitted, as alfo of thofe that are executed in order of th« fentence. Kilkenny, 9th of June, (1691.) Have bene fend In areft by order of hisi I. excellency the Lord of Sgravemore, two perfons, named Thomas Trafli and Philip Wodli, being both raperies, and remained in the areft until the nth of Feb. when the fame in purfuance of the fentence and approba- Y tion of the Lord of Sgravemore in Kilkenny, hane bene puniflied with tht rope to death, amounts for 33 dales diet, from the gth of January untill the i ith of Feb. at 6d. a day, is for both of them For extraordinary treats, after the fentence of death of the patients as other- \ wife, eacii one fix (hillings, is together ■' Paid unto the thre fervants that hane fit up with and ferved the patients, ■» after the fentence of death, accordinge to cuftome, half a crowne a day, > o is for two days and a night - J For the reading of the fentences o Unto the executioner, for hanging and takeing downe, as otherwife, ten fhillings apiece, is together For the ladder, ropes and bolts o 3 For the locking and unlocking of each, 2s. 6d o 5 For affifting in the execution according to cuftom for me '. o 10 For the liftenent o 4 Paid for burying unto the fervant, 2s. 6d. each o 5 Dec. 19th. Hane bene fend in areft by the CoUonel Floid, John Gerritfe," drummer, and John Wright, fouldier, under do. regiment, under the company of Capt. Perfon, defertcrs, and remained until the 13th of Feb. when the fame by the fentence of the high counfel of warr and the ap- probation of the General Ginkel (hould haine bene punilhed to death, but John Gerritfe has got his freedom with diceing under the gallows, but John Wright has puniflicd with the rope unto death : for 57 dales diet, from the 19th of December to the 13th of February, at 6d. a day, amounts to • > N- B, Charges of execution as before. > o o o o o Feb. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 253 brought to invalidate them. His eftablirtiment was a lieutenant, a Tub lieutenant, a fciivner or clerk, an executioner, eight horfe- men for his guard, a prifon, a prifon keeper, with four fervants ; he Feb. 25th. Brought in arreft William Waters for a repery, and do. re- 1. s. d, mained to the 5th of March, after he had fcverely bene whipped with rods, without Kilkenny, accordinge to his fcntence, upon the 28th day of February. For 9 daies diet, from the 25th of February to the 5th of March, at 6d. 7 , a day, is 1 For reading of the fentence 026 For whipping 050 For locking and unlocking 026 Feb. 26. Made by order of the Lord of Sgravcmore, a new gallows without Kilkenny. Paid for wood for the fame i 15 O For making and erefling the fame o 15 o For the ladders and bringing 030 For - 02 March 20. By order of the Lord General ordered to be brought into a rome, and there given them notice of their death, the following foldiers of the regiment of the Earl of Naflaw, having bene abroad upon panic, and nut done their dutie, namely Abraham de Vlicger, Peter ile Moy, Hery Corn- raed, Cafper Willem Hager, Pieter Etterfen, Jacus Slim, Benediclus Moet, and have accordingly to the fentence the next day plaid at dice, and the lot for to dye is fallen upon Cafper Willem Hager, but have afterwards bene pardoned, and on the 23d arquitted. Their ordinary diet was fent to them from ther regiment, but for their ex- \ traordinarys after their condemnation to death, 2s. 6d. each is J For five fervants that waited on them after their condemnation to death, at 1 2S. 6d. a day, for two days and one night is J For locking and unlocking, is. each, is , 070 Lift of the fervants of the executioner concerning the horfes in the late camp, as alfo by the head quarters and the particular regiment arc buried, as alfo fomc dead bodies in Athlone, and before Limericke buried. Jan. 4th, Buried horfes, 7. In all buried horfes 102, at 2s. 6d. each. Jan. 254 HISTORYOF was likewife allowed two waggons with eight horfes, for the car- riage of fick prifoners, with carters to drive them. As Veltboven was a foreigner, it will account for the extraordinary bad Englifli, in which his bill is written. The January 24. Buried before Athlone, 7 men. For each 2S. 6d. July 31. Buried before Athlone, 30 men. Thefe are particular articles extraflcd from the bill, and often occur in it ; the objeflions againfl it were thefe. Objections againft Affarias Velthoven's Account of Disbursement's hereunto annexed. K s. That he gives no particulars how he laid out the 60I. he owns by his firft 7 c„ „ article to have received, yet charges the fame again in fol. 32 S Overcharged the 9th of June 47 O From 3d June, 1691, to 2d November following, charges 6d. apiece, 1669' days, 41I. 14s. 6d. when he allowed them but one ammunition loaf for 2 days, which (vkhen he pays Mr. Perrara for) will coft him 3^d. apiece, overcharged That he chargeth for extraordinary treats to 26 perfons after fentence of" death pafled upon them, 7I. i6s. whereas he gave fome only one pot of beer, fome had a pot of beer, and two pounds of meat and bread, and fome nothing at all, at is. a head, which is far more than they cort him, is il. 6s. — overcharged Feb. 25th. He chargetli for 3 days diet of _ 68 officers, 30I 12s. whereas all the meat (,036 coft him but J The beer at 3d. a pint o 17 o Thecheefe at 6d. per lb 086 The bifket at id. per piece 2 11 o 400, He charges for watching condemned perfons, but inafmuch as where onc"\ watched, he fets down two, and where two he chargeth four or five, and ( when one.night, fometimes a night and a day, or two nights ; if he pays | the men (which as yet he hath not) it will coft him 3I. los. — overchargedj d. y 27 13 9 6 10 t overcharged .... 26 12 7thly. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 255 The fcowt mafter was another ancient fttfF officer, whofe duties are defcribed in this manufcript, in the following words. " The Office of the Scowt Master in the fielde or camp, with the Duties belonging to the fame. " Ffirst, the office of the fcout mafter is, that he attend upon the highe marifliall when he goeth to viewe the ground, where he intendeth ^thly. He charges for executing 24 men, as paid by him 12L when he pays the executioner, it will coft him but 61. — overciiarged 8thly. He chargeth for whipping 3 men paid by him, 15s. if he pays the executioner, it will coft him but 7s. 6d. — overcharged gthly. When one or more are executed, he is allowed to charge los. for himfclf, for his day's attendance, and no more, as appears by his own ac- count, fol. 14, where he chargeth but los. for executing 5 perfons. On the 13th of Fcbruar)', 1691, John Langton and John ^Vhite were both hanged, fol. 3, he chargeth 1. s. d. For himfelf 0100 For his lieutenant 040 For watching o 10 o For reading the fentence 026 For ladder 010 o 17 6 Fol. 4. He chargeth them all over again for John White, faving that he fays, 15s. for watching, whereby he puts clear into his, pocket iith. For the new gallows he bought for il. 5?. he overcharged my Lord Sgraveinorc il. and received of him for the fame 2I. 5s. yet now chargeth 2I. 5s. to the king's account for them, whereby the king is wronged For burying men and horfes, he chargeth 12I. 15s. but did not pay it. He chargeth for burying a man, who according to his fentence was left hang- ing on the gallows. N. B. Another paper refpc(5ling thefc charges, fays, the men charged as bu ied were thrown into the river. He is there alfo charged 9I, for a lined tent, given to a lady of pleafurc. 7 6 I 12 3 5 He 256 II I S T O R Y O F intcndeth to campe. Then muft the faid fcowtc mader both view and fe in what fort he niay fet the fcowte, that when the trum- pet foundeth to the watche at night, then muft the faid fcowt mafter repaire to the tent of the generall of the horfemen, there the faid generall or his lieutenant Ihall appoint certaine horfemen that attend on the fcowt, to be in the fcowt that night. Ffurther- more, the faid generall muft in anie wife gyve ftraight commande- ment unto the faid fcowt mafter after the relief be founded, that they He chargeth for extraordinary treats of fevcn foldiers of the T J. s. d. 1. s. d. EarlofNaflaw's regiment, after condemnation, 17s. 6d. f 012 he only gave them 7 quarts of beer, which coft liim .... Small beer _ 006 More ftrong beer, a pint apiece 007 More ftrong drink 006 029 Befides what is undifcovered, there is overcharged 217 18 9 J. HOFFLINGH, JOHN GOEDART. Johannes Hoffelingh, native of the Hague in Holland, aged 34. years, or thereabouts, maketh oath, that about the beginning of the month of Odober, Ac. Dni, 1691, Aflarias Van Velihoven, the Dutch Provoe being in the camp before Limerick, in Ireland, gave one of the beft horfes in his troop to his fon John Chrillian Van Velthoven, cadet in another company, making his trooper ferve on foot. That in the month of November following, the faid Van Velthoven gave Mrs. Mary Valentine (iiis lady of pleafure) one tent lyned with blew, and four very good harneffes for waggon horfes belonging to their majefties. That the faid Van Velthoven bought very bad horfes for his troopers, one whereof coft him but three pounds, another two guineys, and another but two cobbs, or nine fhillings and fixpence, infomuch, that if they had occafion to ride five or fix miles in one day (leaft they fliould founder) faid,Velthoven would often caufc them to lite and walk on foot in their jack boots, to their no fmall fatigue. Ttiat whilft the army was before Limmenck, and many died for want of bread, the faid Velthoven, under pretence he had many prifoners in his cuftody, fent for great quan- titys of bread from the king's ftores, wherewith (to fave charges) he caufed his whole troop of horfes to be fed, yet at the fame time brought their inajeftics a Dutch guilder a day THE ENGLISH ARMY. z^y they fhall not, upon paine of deathe, ft ir re from their charge before the fcurriers be come into the field to take their places, and then they may depart. Also the faid fcowt mafter, when the trumpet foundeth the re- lief of the watch in the morninge, muft repair unto the lieutenant of the horfemen, there to receive at his hands, fuche horfemen as the faid lieutenant fliall appoint to be in the fcurrage that daie. Item, it is the office of the fcowt mafter, when he cometh inta day to accoimt, for the keeping of each horfe in his troop, giving as a reafon for his know- ledge, that he the deponent was under Heutenant to faid Affarias Van Vclthoven, and privie to the preinifes. J. HOFFELINGH. Sworne before the Commiflloners of accompts, the 27th day of September, 1692. Zyrach Gout, one of the troopers in his troop, alfo fwears, that although the faid Velthoven received money from their majefties in 1690, for the purchafe of new boots and piftols for his troop, he bought fuch old ones, that the piilols were unferviceable, and the boots obliged to be new footed on their arrival in Ireland, for which he obliged his troopers to pay. John Goedart alfo confirmed the former evidence, and further accufcd Velthoeven of fwapping away one of the beft horfes of his troop with one Capt. Young, for one fo very old, that he was left behind in Ireland, as unferviceable, and alfo that before the faid Van Velthoeven went to Ireland, he kept three men for fcveral months, ready for a falfc m after ; that he received pay for a clerk, and an allowance for his horfe, 37 guilders ten ftivcrs for the firft, and a gilder a day for the horfe, and kept neither. This deponent was his upper lieutenant. His fcrvant John, borne a Polander, alfo on oath, confirmed thefe accufations, and added feveral inftances of his changing and felling the hor/es, furniture &c. and alfo accufcd him of leaving in Dublin, with a coufin of Mrs. Valentine, a large portmanteau full of iron bar^, chains, fetters and other things ufcful for fecuring of pri- foncrs, one other tent lined with blue, and the harntfs for four waggon horfes, all which belonged to their majefties. In Van Vclihocven's anfwcr to thefe charges many he denies, for feveral he pleads cuf- tom in Holland, and rcfpcifling \Irs. Vallcntine, he fays the irons in qiieflion were fent to Holland by miftake, but that he has more irons with him than he received from the king, out of which he will make them good ; with refped to falfc mufters, he never was muQcrcd himfclf, nor his company. Vol.. I. LI the 2^8 H I S T O R Y O F the field to fet and appoint the fcowrage, he muft appoint fome to the high hillcs, that aie thereaboutes, to viewe and fe if they can difcover any thnige. Also the faid fcowte mafter muft appointe one other companle of fcuragcrs, to feaiche and viewe every- valley thereabouts, that there be no enemies laide privilie for the anoyange of the faid campe, and if they do difcover anie, they are to advertife the fcowt mafter ; and he muft either bring, or fend worde to the high ma- rifchall of their advertifement, with fpeed. The faid fcowt mafter muft alfo contvnuallie, bothe dale and night, be in the fielde hinifelf, or appoint fome difcrete honeft man, whom he may truft in his abfence, to forefee that bothe the fcowte in the night feafon, and fcurriers in the dale, may do their duties that appertene to their charge ; for there lieth a great charge of yt, as muche as the life of the fcowt mafter is wurthe, if any thinge happen amifle : and the faid fcowte mafter muft contynuallie bringe advertifement of all thinges that the fcowrriers here or fe." " The Trench Mafter (fays Markham) hath command over all the pyoners, in all their works, and by his dire6lions ( i. e. the mafter general of the ordnance) feeth all manner of trenches caft up, whe- ther it be for guard and inclofing of the campe, or for other parti- cular annoyance to the enemye, or for the building of fconces, or other defence or offence, as directions fliall be given, (i) This officer feems fometimes to have been ftiled " Devifour of the fortifications to be made." In the lift of the ftaft' of the Duke of Somerfet's ar- my, employed againft the Scots, at the battle of Muflelborough, Sir Richard Lee, Knight, held an office fo denominated, (k) The Carriage Mafter general or waggon mafter, who amongft the Romans was called impedimentorum magifter, the mafter of (i) Soldiers Grammar, p. 128. || (k) See Patten's Account of the Expedition, printed by Richard Grafton, 1548. the THE E N G L I S PI ARMY. 259 the impediments or hinderances in the warres ; for it is true, that from nicenefleand curiofuy, firft grew the foundation of this office; he hathe fupream authority over all waggons, carriages, fledds and the like, and foreleeth that they march orderly, without cloying up the high waies, or doing fouie annoyances one to the other in their marches, with a world of other obfervations which are too long to recite in that place. (1) Sir James Turner, (m) under the head of the waggon mafter^ has the following curious particulars refpe6ling that office. " Every regiment, whether of horfc or foot, fliould have a waggon or a baggage mafter, and where the eflablifliment of the prince doth allow him no pay, the colonel fhould order a fufficient ferjeant or corporal to exercife that office by turns ; thefe are to fee, that every officer's baggage, from the highcft to the lowefl, march accordingly to the dignity and precedency of him to whom it belongs, whether it be carried on waggons, carts or horfes ; but thefe regiment baggage maftcrs are not to fuffer the baggage of the regiments to march, till they have received their direflions from the waggon mafler general, when and in what manner it fhall be done. The waggon mafter general's charge is extremely toylfome, when an army marcheth, every night after the army comes to quar- ter, and every morning before it march, he muft attend the major generals of the cavalry and infantiy, and receive his orders from them, if the whole army march together i but if the cavalry march apart, then the major general of tiie foot gives the waggon mafter his inftru6lions, particularly a lift in what order the army is ta march; for ordinarily, regiments and brigades chaigc by turns, and their baggage muft march in the fame order that themfelves do : the waggon mafter having got his lift, he accordingly orders the regiment baggage mafters (who aie ouliged to wait on him every '. (I) S« Markham's Soldier's Grammar, |. 128. || (m) Pallas Armata, p. 276. LI 2 morning) i6o H I S T O R Y O F morning) to caufe their luggage march, wherein they may not faiU for (unlefs fome extraordinary occafion alters it) the prince, or in his abl'ence, the commander in chief, his coach or coaches, with his waggons, go firfl ; then the whole train of artillery behind it ; the coaches and waggons of all the general officers, according to their dignity ; after them the waggons of that brigade that hath the van for that day, and fo all the reft in order, according as the regiments or brigades march. If any waggons or baggage horfes prefs to be before thefe, behind whom the v/aggon mafter general has ordered them to march, he may fafely make prize of them, owne them who will. When the waggons couie to a heath, or a champaign field, the waggon mafter fliould order the waggons to draw up, two, four or five in rank, and to drive in that order fo long as the ground per- mits them to do fo, and this faves time, and makes difpatch ; and when they come to ftrait ground, they are to fall off, by the right hand, in that order wherein they were before ; the fame courfe he is to take with baggage horfes. This baggage mafter general is allowed to have two lieutenants; fo that if the army march three feveral ways (as fometimes it doth), himfelf and his two deputies ferve to marftiall the baggage of all the three. If the army is divided into two, or the cavalry march alone, one of his lieutenants goes along with the horfe, the other ftays with himfelf, and he is conftantly to be there where the gene- ral of the army and train of artillery either marcheth or quartereth. Many times waggons are commanded to be burnt and deftroyed; fometimes all the v/omen and moft of the baggage are left behind at fome garrifon and fortified place, or with the body of the infantry and artillery, when expedition calls away all the horfe, dragoons, and as many foot as are able to march luftily. In fome of thefe occafions officers go fair to lofe their waggons and fome of their moveables . Women who follow an army may be ordered (if they can be or- dered) in three ranks, or rather in clafTes, one below another ; the firft THE ENGLISH A R M Y. 261 firfl fliall be of thole who are ladies, and are the wives of the ge- neral and other principal commanders of the army, who for the moil: part are carried in coaches ; but thofe coaches mull drive ac- cording to the quality of them to whom the ladies belong, and as the baggage of their hufbands is appointed to march by the waggon mafter general. The fecond clafle is of thofe who ride on horfe- back, and thefe muft ride in no other place than where the baggage of the regiment to whom they belong marcheth, but they are very oft extravagant, gadding here and there, and therefore in fome places they are put in companies, and have one or more to com- mand and overfee them, called in Germany Hureweibles, rulers or marflials of the whores ; I have feen them ride, keep troop, rank and file, very well, after that captain of theirs who led them, and a banner with them which one of the women carried. The third clafle is of thofe who walk on foot, and are the wives of inferior officers and fouldiers ; thefe muft walk befide the baggage of the feveral regiments to whom they belong, and over them the feveral regiment marflials have infpe in the rear, and the lieutenant in the front ; hee is carefully to paffe upon his duty, ta fee the fquadrons drawne to the guards for to watch ; hee is to be very carefull and diligent in exercifing his company ; either by iquadrons upon the guards, or the whole company in the field, affuming fit and con- venient times ; hee is to lead on the left wing of fliot in time of fervfce ; in time of exercifing, hee is to helpe order the company fo that his captain may have the more eafe and frecdome ; hee ought to be filent, and to caufe filence in the company, during the time of his captaine's exercife ; hee ought to bee in the reare of the com- pany to inftrucl the fouldiers how to a6l and obferve the captaine's commands ; hee ought to call over the company, and to take a particular furvey of every defe6l ; hee ought to rule over the com- pany, and take a particular furvey of every foldier in his captaine's abfence, for then hee is in abfolute authority, and the fouldiers are bound to obey him as their chief in all refpeiSls > hee ought not to refufe to bee put upon any fervice by his captaine or colonell, or any chiefe officer of the field ; alfo he is not to bee fent upon any convoy, or to guard any palFage without a fufficient troope of foul- diers ; fifty or fixty at leaft ; if lefl'e, then the enfigne is of fuffi- ciency to command them : hee is to view his captaine thrice a day, morne, noone and night, but efpecially in the time of warre, to fee what hee hath to command him ; hee is to take notice of what difcords, quarrels and debates arife amongil the fouldiers of his band; hee is to pacific them if it may bee, otherwife to commit them : hee is to judge and determine fucli difputes with gravity and good fpecches, and where the fault is, to make Inm acknow- ledge it, and crave pardon of the party hee hath abufcd : hee is duly to fee the watch fet, and to follow them to the guard, and fee the fcntinells fet out, and give them their charge what they arc to P p 2 doe : 292 II I S T O R Y O F tloe : if lice bee in the field, hee is to vifit tlie fentry perdues very often : he is to command the foldiers in a kindc of perfwafory way, to obey their corporals and ferjants ; wherefore hee ought to give good language, in a difcreet and wife manner, to move and perfuade them, with fome reafons, to the obfervation and obedience of military difciplinc, difburthening his captaine of many toyles ; hee is to be careful that every fouldier have a fuf- ficient lodging in garrifon, and in the field a hut : hee is alfo to take due care of the ficke and maymcd, that they perifli not for want of means or looking unto ; he is alfo to take care that the lutlers do not opprelle and rack the poor fouldiers in their victuals and drinke; he is to fee the company provided with all kinde of ammunition, with axes, mattockes, fpades and the like, to build their hutts withall ; thefe inftruments are to have the marke of the gallowfe fet on them, in token of deathe to them that fleale them ; hee is, in his captaine's abfence, to fit in the chriftrade or marOiall's court, to define of the punifliments which are to be inflicted upon delinquents and malefaclours, their punifbment going by moft voyces ; hee is to fet a guard at his captaine's tent, and likewife at riie cuUours, where hee ought to give order for fitting a place to hang up loofe armes ; his butt ought to bee in the head of the quarter upon the right hand, and the enfignes on the left, and the ferjants at the reare of the quarter ; hee is to bee alwaies in readi- nefle to anfwer an allarum, and with all fpeed to draw his men, if tiiey bee in garrifon, to that part or guard his fquadron hath the watch at ; if in the campe, then to the breft-worke before fheir quarters, where hee is to place between each mufquet a pike, for their better defence : in garrifon hee is to bee captaine of the watch, in his captaine's fi:ead, onely for the eafe of his captaine ; where hee muft be very circumfpeft upon his guard ; hee is to have his enfign and his ferjeants to attend him, hee is to goe the firfl round with a ferjeant and two gentlemen at the lead to attend him, where hee is to take the word of every corporall, and to fee that the T H E E N G L I S II A R M Y. 293 the fentinells bee duly plact out, and to give them chai'ge to bee very circumfpecl in their watches, that upon the fight of the enemy, or the feeing of their matches fparkle, or hearing their ar- mour clatter, they prefently informe the corporalls, fo that an allarum may be given to the towne ; but hee that lliall give a falfc alarum is to bee imprifoned. The lieutenant is to go the patroule with a fufficient guard about all the ftreets, within the night, to prevent treafon in the town, or to difcover fire or ill ordeis, as quarelling, &c. Hee is to march in the morning with the major of the garrifon, at tlie drumme beating, to the opening of the ports i hee is to be guarded with all the gentlenien of the roun with the Postures and Flourishes thereunto belonging. As to my beft remembrance, I have given a catalogue of the dif- graces 5 fo I fhall here infert, as to my knowledge, the true ufe of the enfign, whereby thofe injuries may be avoyded. 1. And firft, you fliall underfland, that in all extended marches (and not drawn into a body) as when they march either into a friend's or enemie's country j or otherwife are conducled to fome remote randefvouz ; here the enfign (or colours) ought to be half furled (or folded) up, and half flying, (liall be fhouldred, and born a little crofs the enfign-bearer's neck, with his hand extended a good diftance from his body, and his left hand upon his fide or hilt of his fvvord ; this is termed marching in ftate. 2. If he fliall enter into any city or great town, then he fhall unfold or open his colours, and let them fly at full length, and carry them in his right hand clofe under the bofe, with a lofty hand, and extended arm ; this is marching in triumph : but if the wind blow flifl^, or there is a weaknefs, or wearifumenefs in the enfign-bearcr, then he may fet the butt end againrt his waifte, and not otherwife : and is to have but one hand upon his flaff in any march whatever. 3. In all troopings, the enfign fliall ever be furl'd, and carried in the fame poftures as the pikes ought to be. 4. When the company is drawn up in a body, the colours niuft be flying ; and by the way, in cafe the general, or fupreme of the wars, or any noble llranger, worthy of refpc6l, do come, imme- diately upon his or their approach, the cnfign-bearer, in all humi- lity. 50!j. HISTORYOF lity, is to bow the head of his colours, waving them with the bow of his body, and to raife both it and himfelf up again : and as the faid perfon fhall pafs away, the drum fliall beat, and the colours fliall be difplayed : this alfo the enfign fliall do in all marchings, or other motions of civil exercifes, where your fuperiors pafs by you, or you by them : nay, it is expedient and fit fo to be done to any gentleman that is your familiar; for it is no more but as vail- ing your hat, or giving your friend a courtefie. 5. Now when the body is drawn up into battalia, and the ene- my within view thereof, then every man being in his place is to exprefs all the gallantry he can, and efpecially the enfign-bearer, either in difplaying his colours {landing, marching, charging and retreiting (or retiring) ; and all thefe ought not to be done at one time, but when the bodies are joyning, and they muft be done with great refpedl, fur to ufe the poflures dire6lly to the motion or {landing of the body ; and not to do as I have ieen fome in ordinary -militia difcipline, that have but one or two motions of their co- lours, upon and for all occafions ; as if true honour had fuch weak inventions ; this without doubt is mofl bafe and unworthy. To proceed to the poflures of the enfign. They are in general as followeth, fo well as I can exprefs them ; for they are better in execution, and to be taught by example, than any pen can defcribe them. 1. To change them with a plain wave from hand to hand. 2. To change them with lofty turns from hand to hand : each hand performing their turns before you deliver them, as from the right to the left, and from the left to the right, as at firit. 3. From the right hand with a wave and lofty turn, jutting the colours upon the left {houlder, and raifing them up with the fame hand again, and with lofty turns to deliver it into the left hand, that fo thereby you may execute the fame upon the right flioulder, and after the turns, to deliver it into the right hand, as at firfl. 4. With (and from) the right hand with lofty turns, throw your THE E N G L I S H A R M Y. 305 your colours under the left arm, recovering them fpcedily back with conceived floriflics, you deliver them into the left hand : you may execute the fame with the left hand. 5. With turns or flouriflies you bring the butt end of the flafr to your left hand, turning the palm of your left hand outwards (but not for the reception of it) and with the fame hand only throw it off upon its turn with a flourifli, to deliver it into the left hand, and to perform the fame with the left hand and deliver the colours into the right hand, as at firll. 6. With lofty turns bring the colours over the head down right (but not too low) before, and raifing it again, with the fore-turn and back-turn over the head, changing of hands, and delivering as before. 7. From the right handdeliver into your left hand, with the palm of your hand uppermofl, the butt end of your ftaff turning it back- wards upon the left flioulder ; and turning it over the head with the fame hand, you deliver it into the right hand after the fame manner, which being performed with the right hand, you proceed to the next. 8. From the right hand with lofty turns, fore-turns and back- turns, you deUver your ftaff into your left hand, and wheel it with the fame hand on the fame fide, and after your recovery to deliver it into the right hand, performing of the fame, and proceed. 9. From the right hand upon the left flioulder, raifing it and turning with its back-turn into the neck ; with its returns and lofty flourilhes over the head, you deliver the colours into the lef!, and with the left hand upon the right flioulder you execute the fame, delivering them into your right hand as firft. 10. 'Tis by fome termed the figure of eight; that is with the light hand the half wheel to the left fide, and fo back on the right fide, and then delivering it into the left hand to performe the fame. 11. To turn it round the head oftentimes upon the palm with your fingers of your right hand, fo recovering it, witli lofty ilo- Vo I.. I. R r liflics 3o6 HISTORYOF riflies you deliver it into your left hand to performe the fame, and fo delivering of them into the right hand. And if it be your pleafure to be compleat in the exercife of them, you go back to the tenth, and fo conclude with the firft. And in your conclufion, I have feen fome to furl them up as they difplay them, and fo to open them again, but to furl them up in the field is moft ridiculous. Others there are, that I have feen to round them oftentimes about their middles, but I cannot juflifie it upon any military ac- count. Others I have feen, that thinking to difplay their colours bravely, delivered them from hand to hand under leg ; I mufl boldly inform fuch as ufe it, that 'tis a debafement to the captain's colours, and an unworthy a£l in the performers of it. I TOLD you of fome particular poftures, and proper for the cnfign-bearer to obferve. 1. Standing, when the body ftands, you are to difplay the colours to and fro, in a diredt circle, and changing from hand to hand, and no more, without you are commanded to fliew the ex- cellency of your parts ; but be fure to be well guarded when you fliall be fo commanded. 2. In marching, the pofture is to difplay the colours with the right hand only, cafting the enfign flill forwards, waving it clofe over and by the right Ihoulder, never crofiing the body, but ftill keeping it flying on the outfide of the right flioulder. 3. The charging pofture is to carry the flaff extended flreight forward before your body, waving it to and fro as high as your bo- fom, being ready to give the afliftance or aid with the left hand for the prefervation of your colours, or to offend the enemy if occa- fion require. The retiring or retreiting pofture is a mixture compounded of the three former, for in the firft retreit, or drawing away of the company, he fliall ufe the pofture of marching: but if the enemy prefs THE ENGLISH ARMY. 307 pi'efs near upon him, he fliall ftand upon his guard, and ufe the pofture of charging ; and in fine, having quit himfelf-of danger, he fliall ufe the {landing pofture a little, and then march or troop away, according to the diredlions of the commander. And laftly, when the enfign returns from the field, and is to be lodged ; in former times the lieutenant had the van guard j but that I fliall not infift upon, becaufe I have obferved it to be left off by able foldiers. The captain leading them out of the field, and coming near the place intended to lodge his colours, converts the ranks of mufquetteers of both divifions to the right and left outwards, andjoyns them ; and being fo fixed, the body of pikes ftand in the rear, and the enfign in the head of them, the captain before the colours with the drums, and farjants guarding the colours on each fide, and the lieutenant behind the enfign bearer, and all being advanced, ftiall troop up with the colours furled to his lodging or quarters, and as he ap- proacheth thereto, he fliall with a bow to his captain carry in his colours ; then the word fliall be given to all the mufquetters to make ready ; that being done, they fhall all prefent, and upon the beat of the drum, or other word of command, give one intire vol- ley ; and then command every ofiicer to go to their quarters, and to be in readinefs upon the next fummons either by drum or command. It may fall out, that time will not permit this large circuni- ftance ; then the whole company being drawn up in a body fliall troop up to the place, where the enfign fliall quarter, to lee the co- lours fafely lodged, which being effecled, the mufquetteers fliall with one entire volley difcharge their mufquets, and (o depart to their refpe£live quarters ; commanding all upon the next fummons to be in readinefs, &c. And I might here adde the funeral pofture: if for a private fouldier, the enfign is to march in his place on the head of the pikes, with the pikes trailing revers'd, but the colours furl'd and R r 2 revcrfed 3o8 HISTORYOF leverfcd only : but if it be a commander that is to be interred>, he is then to march juft before the hearfe, with his colours re- verfed, 8cc. If I have writ any thing amifs, or omitted any thing as may pre- judice the honour of the enfign, I beg your better advice, for it was in the year 1641 and 1642, that I minded any of thofe mili- tary actions ; therefore for any error herein, let the length of time plead my excufe : however, I could wifli that every enfign would but obferve thefe rules, he would then the better know his own worth, and what duty lieth incumbent upon him ; and being care- ful in the performance of them, his. own honour will be difplayed in his colours." The officer next in command in a company of foot is a non- Gommiflioned one, namely the ferjeant, whofe duty is thus defcribed by Ward. (1) "A SERJEANT of 3. private company ought to be a man of good experience, and fufficiently inftrutSted in all martial exercifesj and if it were pofllble, he fliould not be inferiour in knowledge and fkill to his fuperior officers -y hee ought to have a quicke fpirit and aftive body, able both fuddinly to conceive, and painfully to exe- cute his fuperior officer's orders and commands ; it importeth much that hee bee a IkilfuU valiant foldier, in regard hee is put upon weighty and dangerous fervices -, hee ought to be very ready and Ikilfull, in ordering and ranking the company, and in knowledge of exercifmg the fame j hee ought to take all occafions in time of peace, to call forth fuch fquadrons as have the guard, and duly to exercife them there j alfo to there every particular foldier their fe- veral poftures, and fo to fit them in readinefle for the chiefe offi- cers to exercife in grofle^ he ought to be learned both in writing and arethmaticke j he is to have alwayes a fquadran-rowle about (1) P. 196. him. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 309 him, wherein hee fhoulcl diftinguifla every man by the armes he beares ; his duty is, when the drumme beates for the watch fetting, to rcpaire with his holberd to his colours, where he ought to call over particularly every fouldier of that fquadron, and view the fixennefli of their armes, and what match, bullets and powder every man hath ; he is to rancke the fquadron ; and if no fuperior officer bee there, he is to troope away with them to the guard, with his hol- bert advanced. Hee is to attend the coming of the major of a garrifon, or the ferjeant major of his regiment (if they bee intrencht in the field) for the watchword ; and to receive fuch orders from him, as he hath received from the ferjeant major generall of the army, or from the governor of the garrifon, he is to give the word to his captaine firft, if he bee in the place, and then to each fuperior offi- cer, and laftly to the corporall j the eldeft ferjant in a march leadeth up the divifion of mufquetires in the reare ; in time of training, they are to looke that every man keepes his rankes and files duly, helpe order the company all the time of exercife : in time of warre, he is imployed upon parties which are fent out to difcover, or to fetch in bootie and farrage ; likewife many times to the guarding, of paflages ; alfo in laying out of perdues, and vifiting them : alfo in ordering of troops that are dravvne out to charge fome part of the enemy, where he is to bring up the mufquetiers to his fuperior officer, in good order to Ikirmiih, and to give fire upon the enemy, and fo orderly to leade them off againe, feeing them rankc them- felves fairly, and caufing them to make ready their pceces to come up and fire againe; alfo in retreite, he ought to affill the fouldiers difcreetly in keeping their orders, left confufion betides them; alfo in time of fight, to fee the foldicrs bandaliers filled ready, that no ftay bee made, and to fee the powder tranfportcd after them fe- curely ; he is alfo (when his captaine is captaine of the watch) to call out the gentlemen of the round to doc their duties, and to give them the word 3 he ought to afligne every fouldier his due and pro- per 3IO H I S T O R Y O F per place to marche in, that no contention may arife ; hee is to place the chief gentlemen in the front, on the right hand file ; the next in degree is to lead the left hand file, fo placing every man accord- ing to his degree ; hee ought to fee that every corporall be a muf- quetierci hee is to fetch the powder, fliot, and match from the magazene, and diftribute it to each corporall, and fo to each foldicr of their fquadron : hee is, at his captaine's command, to carry all delinquents to prifon, and fee irons put upon thCm ; if fcarcity of victuals Ihould be in the campe, he is to procure it from the am- munitioner of the army, left the company fall in want, which being procured, hee is to diftribute it to the corporalls, and they to their fquadronsj hee is alio to inftrucl the drummes the true tone of beating, viz. a call, a march, a troope, a charge, an allarme, a retreite, &c. hee ought to be refolute and forward in times of fkir- miftiing, ftiewing worthy examples to the fouldiers, that they might imitate him ; hee ought, by his ferviceablenefle and care, to gaine the love of the whole company ; it muft be farre from him to be addifled to the hellifli vice of drinking, drabbing or dicing, ufing his beft endeavours to fliame fuche as fliould in that kind tranf- grefle j alfo he is not to permit any fouldier that is in diinke to performe any duty of charge for that time, for feare of fleeping or quarrelling, v.-hereby much inconveniencies may enfue ; but rather feeke to punifli him feverely, that all may take example by him, to beware of the like overfight : hee is every night at drum beating to draw billets for his guard, and accordingly to leade his fquadron to it ; (m) and thus behaving himfelfe wifely and valiantly, hee fliall gaine honour and reputation, which will be fteps to advance him to higher fortunes : and to define the office of a ferjeant truly, hee is to bee the eye, eare, mouth, hand and feet of his fuperior offi- (in) If the guard bee at a port, then the ferjant is to guard with his holbert all the day with the fquadron, and many times all night in times of danger. cers. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 311 eers. I could wifti our feijeants of bands here in England were thus qualified, for their captaines fakes ; but I fear the blind will leade the blind, and fo fall both into the ditch ; it were happy if they would endeavor to learne to underfland their office againft his majefty fliould have occafion to ufe them." Sir James Turner, in his Pallas Armata, p. 220, defines the duty of a lerjeant in fubllance pretty fimilar to the defcription of it iiere given; but adds, that a ferjeaiu hath power to corre6l the foldiers with his halbert and fword, and commit to prifon anyfoldier. The corporal, or more properly the caporal, is the next in rank to the fcrjeant, his title is of Italian origin, derived fiom capo, which figuifies head, he being the capo de efcadra, or chief of his fquad or fquadron. A caporal, fays Sir James Turner, ought to be an ex- perienced, vigilant and laborious foldier; he hath an abfolute com- mand of his fquadron, neither may any in it difobey him; if any do, the caporal may beat him with his fword, and commit him to pri- fon ; when a mufquet reft was in fafhion, he was permitted to beat with it. He is to warn all his fquadron, or a part of it (according as he receives order) to the watch, or to be fent on party or other duties; upon the watch the corporal (having got his orders from his fuperiors) appoints when, v/here, and how long each of his men are to fland centinel, and he is bound to teach them how they arc to behave themfelves when centinels, and is to vifit them frequently ; but if he finds any of them aflcep, he muft not leave him as he found him, as an Athenian captain did (who kill'd a fleeping centinal) but he muft bring him to the corps de guard, and there make him pri- foncr till furtiier order. The caporal is to receive the rounds at his court of guard, and take the word from them, but of this I fliall tell you more in another place ; he is alfo obliged, when he is not on the watch, to teach all that belong to his ft^uadron their poftures, and to handle their arms. So you fee this caporal of ours hath work enough to do for all the pay or wages he gets. The lancepefata, anfpefade, or as the prefcnt term is, lance cor- poral. ;i2 HISTORYOF poral, was originally a man. at arms or trooper, who having broken his lance on the enemy, and loft his horfe in fight, was entertained, ns a volunteer alliftant to a captain of foot, receiving his pay as a trooper, (ii) untill he could remount himfelf; from being the companion of the captain, he was foon degraded to the afliftant of the corporal, and at prefent does the duty of that ofiicer, on the pay of a private foldier. (o) Disbanded officers, called reformado's, or reformed, fometimes carried arms as privates, till they could be re-inftated. Thefe gen- tlemen. Sir James Turner fays, were in fome places permitted to be without arms. A GENTLEMAN of 3 Company is a term that frequently occurs among our ancient military writers ; thefe feem to have been a kind of cadets, except that they had greater pay than the private men, arifing, as it feems from fome allowance from the captain or co- lonel. Sir James Turner defcribes a gentleman of a company as one fomething more than an ordinary foldier, having a little more pay, and who did not ftand centinel. (n) Perb Daniel torn. ii. p. 71. (o) Lancespesate is a word derived from tlie Italian, lance-fpefata, which is a Ijroken or fpent lance. He is a gentleman of no ancient flanding in the militia for he draws his pedigree from the time of the wars, between Francis I. and his fon Henry IL Kings of France, on the one part ; and the Emperor Charles V. and his brother in law the Duke of Savoy, on the otiier part ; in thofe wars when a gen- tleman of a troop of horfe, in any (kirmilh, battle or rencounter, had broke his lance on the enemy, and loft his horfe in the fcuffle, he was entertain'd (under the name of a broken lance) by a captain of a foot company as his comerade, till he was again mounted. But as all good orders fall foon from their primitive mftitution, fo in a (hort time our Monfieur Lanceflefata (for fo he was called) was forced to delcend from being the captain's come- rade, and become the caporal's companion, and aflifted him in the exercife of his charge, and therefore was fometimes called by the French, aide caporal. But when the caporal grew weary of the comeradclhip of his lancefpefata, he made him officiate under him, and for that, had fome allowance of pay more than the common fouldier. See Sir James Xurner, in Pallas Armata, page 219. A MILl- THE ENGLISH ARMY. 313 A MILITARY manufcript in the Brltifli mufeum, (p) recom- mends, that a number of wife and worthy foldiers fhould be re- tained by the colonel to be gentlemen of his company, lance fpez- zates, or to ferve for extraordinary lieutenants, whom he fhould not only ufe and entreat well, with an advantage in their pay, but alfoe feaft them, cherifh them, and fet them oftymes by courfe at his own table, and always Qiew them a courteous countenance." The office of drum major does not appear to have been univcr- fally admitted into our fervice, till about the latter end of the reign of K. Charles I. Sir James Turner pofitively denies the exiftence of fuch an officer in our fervice at the time he wrote. " There is, (fays he) another inconfiderable ftaflf officer in mofl armies, yet neceffary enough in all regiments of foot, and that is the drummer-major, the French call him colonel drummer : hee is to receive his direftions from the major of the regiment, at what hour he is to beat to the watch, when the dian, and when the tap- too, wherewith he is to acquaint tlie feveral drummers of compa- nies, and to appoint them by turns for there beatings ; he is alfo to order them in what divifions each of them lliall beat, when the regiment marcheth ; and they are to obey all his directions punc- tually. In fome places he gets a third more of pay than other drummers, but here at home we acknowledge no fuch creature." Notwithstanding this, the drum major is mentioned by Ward (q) and Venn, (r) and his duty defcribed ; poffibly fome re- giments who had ferved abroad, might have adopted that appoint- ment. BefiJes a drum major to each regiment, there is now, and has been for fome time, a drum major general to the army, who is appointed by his majefly's commiffion, running exadly in the fame (p) No. 5109.. Bib. Harl. A colonel, his charge and cmploiment notably demon* ftrated by E. D. late commander in the Losvc Countries, (q) P. 194. II (r) P. ,93. Vol. I. S s words 314 HISTORYOF words as the commiflion to any fubaltern officer. A copy of the commiflion of the prefent drum major general is given in the note below J (s) he is alfo drum major to the third regiment of guards. Every company had one or two drummers, according to it's ftrength, and fometimes a phifcr, by old writers often ftiled whif- flers, (s) tho' I am apt to think there was fome fmall difference in the inftrument, as in the lift of the forces fent to St. Quintin's, both fifers and whifflers are mentioned. The quaUfications of drum- mers and fifers are thus laid down by Ralph Smith. (s) GEORGE R. /^"*\ GEORGE tlie Third, by the grace of God, king of Great Britain, France (J , e ^ and Ireland, defender of tlic faith, &c. to our trufty and well-beloved Charles J Stuart, gent, greeting. We do by thefe prefenis, conftitute and appoint you to ^""^ be our drum major general of our forces. You are therefore carefully and di- ligently to difcharge the duty of our drum major general, by doing and performing all and all manner of things thereunto belonging or appertaining. And you are to obferve and follow fuch orders and diredions from time to time, as you (hall receive from us, or any other your fuperior officer, accordmg to the rules and difcipline of war. Given at our court at St. James's, the 4th day of January, 1777, in the 17th year of our reign. By his Majefty's command. Entered with the fecretary SUFFOLK, at war. Entered with the commiflary M. LEWIS. general of mufters. JOHN F. HESSE. Charles Stuart, Gent. 1 rum major general. (t) It is mentioned in this fenfe by Shakefpear, in Henry V. aft 4. fc. ult. . Behold the Britifh beach Pales in the flood, with men, with wives and boys, Whofe (bouts and claps out-voice the deep mouth'd fea^ Which like a mighty whiffler 'fore the king,. Seems to prepare the way. Some derive this from the old French word, viffleur, but no fuch word occurs in eltiicr Cotgrave, Laccomb, Richelet, or Boyer. The 6fe is of German origin, and called by Sir James Turner and other old writers, the Ailamaine vihiftU. " All THE ENGLISH ARMY. 315 *' All captains muft have drommes and ffifes and men to ufe the fame, whoe flioulde be faithfull, fecrette, and ingenious, of ableper- fonage to ule their inftruments and office, of fundiie languages; for oftentimes they bee fente to parley with their enemies, to fom- mon theire fforts or townes, to redeeme and conducle pryfoners and dyverfe other meffages, which of neceflitie requireth language. If fuch drommes and ffifes fhoulde fortune to fall into the handes of the enemies, noe guifte nor force flioulde caufe them to difclofc any fe- crettes that they knowe. They mufl: ofte pra6lifc theire inflru- ments, teache the companye the foundes of the maiche, allarum, approache, affaulte, battaile, retreate, ikirmifhe, or any other cal- linge that of neceffitie flioulde be knowen. They mufte be obediente to the commandemente of theyre captaine and enfigne, when as they fliall commande them to comme, goe, or ftande, or founde their retreate, or other callinge. Many thinges elfe belonge to their office, as in dyverfe places of this treatife flial be faide." It does not appear that drummers were at this time employed to execute the fentences of courts martial; indeed we learn from the account of Affarius Velthoven, the provofl: martial, page 253, that it was the duty of that officer, or his deputies, to execute all cor- poral punifliments, for which he made a charge in his contingent bill: fo that the cufliom of having thofe punifliments inflicled by the drummers, feems to have taken place after the reign of King William, (u) From the following paflages in Sir James Turner it it looks as if every regiment was not entitled to fifers on the efta- blifliment, but that they were paid by the captain or colonel : " with us, fays he, any captain may keep a piper in his company, and main- (u) Sir James Turner, p. 223, fays, " wlicrc regimental hangmen arc wanting, capi- tal crimes muft be puniflicd by harquebuficrs, and fcourging muft be converted into the gatloupe :" and further, treating of the regimental provoft marflial, fays, " lie is to be prcfent at tlie execution of every fcntencc; and when a foldier is to run the gatloupe, lie is to give hiin the firft iafti." S s 2 tain 3i6 HISTORYOF tain him too, for no pay Is allowed him, perhaps juft as much as he deferveth." Fifes were for a long time laid afide in our armies, and only- revived about the year 1745, by the Duke of Cumberland, who in- troduced them into the guards ; the firft marching regiment that adopted them was the 19th, in the year 1747, a Hanoverian lad be- ing then given to the lieutenant colonel of that corps. Fifers were afterwards only allowed to the grenadier company ; but moft of the drummers were taught the ufe of the fife as well as of the drum. A CLERK of a company frequently occurs in the military writers of the laft century, but he feems rather to have been the fervant of the captain, than any part of the military eftablifhment of the corps, at leaft no additional payment was allowed to him over and above that of a private foldier. The qualifications required in a clerk of a company were integrity, fobriety, writing a good hand, and a fuflUcient fkill in arithmetick, to enable him to keep the ac- counts of the company. These were the officers, commifiioned and non commifiioned, ufually found in a regiment of infantry, till about the middle of the feventeenth century j fince which, one diftinguiflied by the title of a ftatf officer, (x) has been added to every battalion; this is the adjutant or aide major. Each regiment of cavalry has alfo an adjutant. This officer, particularly from the term aide major, feems to have been borrowed from the French, and was, according to Father (x) A STAFF officer is one whofe duty is not confined to any fingle company, but lies equally with the whole corps, battalion or regiment. The commiffioned ftaff officers cf a corps of infantry are the chaplain, adjutant, quarter mafter and furgeon. The fargeons mates, though reckoned among the ft.iff, have only warrants from the colonel. The quarter maflerb of cavalry are warant orficers, except thofe of the blues, who have the king's com.niirion, The duty of an ancient regimental quarter mafter has been defcribed under the article of herberger, the more modern duties will occur ia the article of quarters. Danielj THE ENGLISH ARMY. 317 Daniel, not introduced into that fervice before the year 1666. No fuch officer is mentioned by Ralph Smith, Davis, Ward, Markham, Venn, or Sir James Turner; but we find him in the lift of the army reviewed upon Putney Heath, in tlie year 1684. It is the peculiar duty of the adjutant to fuperintend the drilling of the recruits and awkward men ; to receive the orders fron the brigade major, and to deliver them out to the ferjeants, together with the particular regimental orders given by the commanding officer. The adjutant is charged with making out all the returns, and over- looking all the executions of the fentences of regimental courts martial. He, as well as the major, is to be on horfeback when the whole regiment is under arms. In camp and in garrifon the adju- tant is to parade all guards, to fee the men are properly dreffed, that their arms are clean and in good order, and that they have their number of cartridges. In (hort, there is fcarce any duty going for- wards in a regiment, without the adjutant having feme fliare in it. (y) As the adjutant is an affiftant to the major, in like manner he is affifted by the chief fcrjeant, ftiled ferjeant major. The field, ftaff, and regimental officers of the cavalry have in part been already mentioned; I fhall neverthelefs, from Markham, give a defcription of the appointments of the commiffion and non (y) It is remarkable, that in the Britirti fervice, this office, which requires abilities, atieiition, and a thorough knowledge of every part and etiquette of the fervice, and on the due execution of which the general appearance of the regiment fo much depends, has no rank annexed to it, the adjutant being commanded by the youiigeft enfign in the re- giment ; this, as his duty frequently obliges him, in fome meafure, to interfere with the men of every company, at times, occafions heart-burnings and jealoufy among the fubal- tern officers, and caufes the difcipline of the regiment fometimes to fuffer from his want of autiiority to enforce what he fees necefljry, without a formal complaint to tlie com- manding officer. It is true, the adjutant till lately ufually held a lieutenancy or enfigncy, and was formerly even a captain ; but it having been fince fettled, the adjutant fliould hold no other commiffion, it furely would be for the benefit of the fervice, if the rank of lieutenant at Icafl, was added to it, with fome additional pay. commiffion 3i8 HISTORYOF commifTion officers of a troop, about the middle of the feventeenth century. Now for the arming of the fuperior officers of thefe troopes, you fliall underftand that a captaine of curiaffiers may be armed at all peeces, cap a pe, in fuch fort as I fliewed for the gentleman at a mes, only he fhall have no launce nor battle axe, but only his piftols and fword; his own head, his horfe's head, and his horfc's buttocks may be plumed; he may lead his men with a white truncheon charged on his right thigh. His place is on the head of his troope before the trumpet ; he hath the abfolutc government of his troope, both for inftruclion and maintenance : onely he is to receive all fpe- ciall orders from his coUonell, his coUonel from the ferjeant major of the field, and the ferjeant major from the marfliall. The lieutenant may be armed to the knee like the captaine, and his own head and his horfe's plumed ; his place is the reare, and in inarches he may carry a truncheon, but of a thicker fize than that ©f the captaine's. The cornet fliall be armed and horft in all points both defenfive smd offenfive like the lieutenant, onely inftead of the truncheon, hee fliall carry charged on his right thigh, his captaine's cornet, v/hich (being a private captaine) fliould be compounded of colour and mettal impaled, that is, the one half colour, the other mettall. The fubftance of the cornet fhould bee of damafke, and the forme muft be almofl fquare (only a little longer from the ftafFe, then on the flaffis) and fringed about futably. The flaffis fliould be fmall, like a foot enfigne, and not fo long as an ordinary launce ; it mufl: be headed with fl:eele, and either guilt or filvered ; with faire taflels fuitable to the cornet. If the cornet belong to a great officer, it fliall then be of one entire colour, of lefTe quantitie, and fl:ill fquare; and in this cornet, the captaine may carry devife and word, or elfe none, at his own pleafure. The trumpet is not bound to any armes at all, more than iiis fword, which in former times was not allowed, but with the point THE ENGLISH ARMY. 319 broken : he fliall have a faire trumpet, with cordens fuitable to the captaine's colours, and to his trumpet fliall be made faft a faire banner, containing his captaine's full coat armour j he may weare a fcarfe and feather, and all other ordinary accoutrements of a horfeman ; and for his horfe, it fliall be a good hackney, with gentleman-like furniture. The corporalls fliall be armed at all points, and horft like the maine body of the troope, oncly in their right hands they fliall carry truncheons ; for their office is to be like the ferjeants of foot companies, to ride extravagantly up and downe on either fide the troope, and to fee them keepe their rankes and files, and that all thinges may bee performed which fliall come from the captaine's direflion. They are likewife to fupply and doe all the duties of corporalls and lamprezadoes of foote, both upon fcoutes, watches and guards, as alfo to lookc to the provifion of all necelfary things which appertaine to the troope, and where their own power cannot reforme, there to informe their fiiperior officers ; and therefore thefe officers are to be chofen out of the troope, as the principall and befl; underftanding men therein. The captaine of the hargobuffieres fliall be armed, horfl: and ac- coutered, at all points, like the lieutenant of curiaffiers, and tli€ lieutenant of the hargobuffieres like the cornet of cuiraffireres ; and the cornet of hargobuffieres like a private gentleman of the troope of cuiraffieres. The captaine of dragons fliall be armed like the lieutenant of the hargobuffieres, the lieutenant of dragons like the cornet of har- gobuffieres, the cornet and piftols excepted (for he fliall carry the weapons of his owne troope), and the guydon (for thefe fliall not be led with a cornet) of the dragons fliall be armed like a private gentleman of the hargobuffieres ; and here is to be noted, that the difference betwixt the cornet and the guidon is much ; for the gui- don is the firft colours that any commander of horfe can let file in the field 5 this guydon is of damaik fringed, and may be charged cither 320 HISTORYOF with the crefl: of him that is the owner thereof, or with other de- vife at his pleafure ; it is in proportion three foot at the leaft deepe in the top, next the ftafFe, and upon the ftaffe, and fo extendeth downe narrower and narrower to the bottome, where the en<' : is Iharpe, but with a flit divided into two peaks a foot deepe ; the whole guidon is fixe foote longe, and flioulde be carried upon a lance flaffe. If the captaine (owner of this guidon) fiiall doe a good daies fervice, or produce from his vertue fomcthing worthy ad- vancement, fo that he is called to a better command, as to lead hargobuffieres or cuiraflleres, then the generall or ofiicei in chiefe fhall with a knife cut away the two peaks, and then it is made a cornet, which is longer one way than another, if (after that) hee doe any thing worthily, whereby he is made by the king or fu- preme, either bannaret or baron, then fliall his cornet be made juft fquare in forme of a banner;, which none may carry in the fielde on horfeback, under thofe degrees ; now if thefe noble curtomes be neglefled, and that men out of ambition, ufurpation, ignorance, or connivance, take to themfelves other liberties ; let thofe great knowledges which have command of armies reforme it ; or elfe ver- tue will fit mourning at the ladder foote, becaufe fliee hath not one true round left to mount by. Sir James Turner gives the following lift of the officers of a troop of cavalry, which evidently appears to have been taken from the Germans. " The ftronger the troop be, it fliould have the more corporals, who begin now to be qualified with the title of brigadeers, for it feems not proportionable for a troop of one hundred and twenty to have no more corporals than a troop of fixty or feventy. Yet for moft part now all troops have a like number of officers; and thefe are the captain or ritmafter, the lieutenant, the cornet, the quarter mafter, three corporals or biigadeers, two trumpeters, fome have three, and fome four, a fadler and a fmith, and fome allow a chi- iTurgeon, and a clerk. Many troops have no allowance for the laft four. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 321 four, though all four are very neceflliry j in fome {)laces, if a chi- rurgeon be allowed for every regiment, it is thought very fair; many ritmafters entertain a fadler and a fmith in their troops, allowing them the pay of troopers, and what benefit elfe they can make by their feveral trades ; but if all who ride in the troop be gentlemen, they will not pemit thefe two mechanicks to ride with them ; yet my opinion is, fince all who ride now in troops, are not gentlemen, ihey may, without any difparagement, fufter a fmith and a fadler to ride in rank with them, being they are profitable members of that little commonwealth. It is, I think, an overfight that a clerk is not allowed for every company of horfe, for a quar- ter mafter hath enough to do othervvifc, though he be not bound to officiate for the clerk, to receive the pay of the troop, and give it out, and keep the accounts of it ; unlefs you will fay, that the paying money to a troop falls out fo fcidom, that the receiving it will be rather a divertifement then a trouble to the quarter mailer. Having fpoke to the duties of a captain, lieutenant, and enfign-bearer of a foot company, I have nothing to add to the duties of a ritmafter, lieutenant and cornet j but between the quar- termafters of foot and horfe there is the difiierence, that the firil hath no command, but the fecond hath, in other duties there is none. But I fliall tell the quarter mailers of horfe, that they Ihould have Ikill in caftrametation, as much as the foot quarter mailers have, and rather more ; for the lall look only to the regular quar- tering of men in the field, the firfl: to the quartering of both men and horfes, A corporal of horfe fliould have experience, for he either aflifls the lieutenant in placing or fetting the guards, or he doth it himfclf without his lieutenant ; he fets the centinels and fees them reliev'd ; and orders the patrouels, which are rounds. He is to ride in rank, and if the troop march not in bread, but in three feveral fquadrons, then there is a corporal on the right hand of every fquadron ; but in abfcncc of higher officers, corporals lead Vol. I. T t divifions, 322 H I S T O R Y O F cVivifions, fo do they thofe parties which they are to command, if there be none to command above them. When a troop is divided into three fquadrons they have not their denominations from the corporals or brigadeers, but the firfl is called the captain's fquadron, the fecond the lieutenant's, the third the cornet's, and if there be a fourth it is called the quarter maker's. When a troop marcheth, the captain leads the firft divi- fion, the cornet with his ftandard the fecond, the quarter mafter leads the third, and the lieutenant brings up ; yet fome will have the eldeft corporal to lead the laft divifion, and the quarter mafter to bring up on the lieutenant's left hand, for which I fee very fmall reafon, or rather none at all. Some French troops, and ours like- wife, have befides thefe officers whom I have named, a fub lieute- nant or under lieutenant who hath no command in the lieutenant's prefence, but in his abfence he commands over the cornet : the French have likewife a guidon, to whom perhaps may anfwer he who in other places is appointed to carry the ftandard, either in the cornet's abfence, or when he pleafeth to appoint him to carry it. As to the officers of the regiment ftaff of the cavalry, they are the fame with thofe of the foot. The pay of our ancient armies comes next into confideration, in which, as has before been obferved, there were at all times, both before and fince the conqueft, befides the feudal tenants, ftipendi- ary or mercenary foldiers, both natives as well as foreigners. The feudal tenants, likewife, having performed the number of days fer- vice due on account of their tenures, were entitled to the king's pay or wages, during the time they afterwards remained with the army ; this feems to have been regulated by their civil rank and condition : thus the commander in chief of an army, being a duke, received double what he was allowed if an earl, perhaps this might be in confideration that the higher the rank of the perfon, the more attendants and vaffals he was likely to bring into the field. Our ancient hiftorians have not handed down to us a regular lift: THE E N G L I S H A R M Y, 323 lift of the pay of the different officers and foldiers, of which our ar- mies were compofed ; but we are left to collefl it from different re- cords and official accounts. Of thefe the chief and moft inftruc- tive are the accounts of the great wardrobe, as that office feems formerly to have had the payment of mofl of the fervants of the crown ; but I believe there are none of them extant older than the reipn of Kins: Edward I. The earlicfl: information rcfpefling military pay reaches no higher than the reign of King Henry II. in which reign, according to Fitz Stephens a contemporary hiftorian, the knights of Archbi- ihop Becket's houfehould, employed in the war of Thouloufe, who were no fewer than ftven hundred in number, received 3s. a day, the country being befides obliged to provide for their horfes and efquires. The pay and allowance of the conftable was fettled in that reign by a book of the conflitutions of the king's houfehold, this we learn from a reference made to it in the loth of Edw. I. printed in Rymer; part of the contents has been already quoted (page 217.) under the article of conftable ; to which maybe added, that all mat- ters refpecling the king's hawks came under his regulation or that of his deputy; that he was one of the fubfcribing witncffes to all the accounts at the exchequer, where he had alio a right to flop the fums due to him out of the wages of the ftipendiary troops. It does not appear that the marefchal of that or feveral fuc- cccding reigns had any {landing pay more than that of his rank as duke or earl ; his perquifites and emoluments have been already mentioned. Mr. Petit and Dr. Brady cite a record of the 6th year of King John, wherein it is ordered, that every nine knights, throughout England, fhould contribute to find a tenth, well provided with horfe and arms for the defence of the kingdom, and ihould allow him 2s. by the day for his wages. In the wardrobe account of the 28th of King Edward I. A. D. T t 2 1300, 224 H I S T O R Y O F 1300, publiflied by the Society of Antiquaries, \vc have tlic following articles refpefling the payment of the military eftablifh- raent of that reign. From diverfe inftances, it appears the pay did not take place till after the mufter and appreciation of the horfes, probably the recruits fubfifted on their way to the army, as was afterv/ards praclifed, by an allowance called conduct or preft- money, which was generally paid by the fheriffs of the counties wherein they were raifed, or through which they parted, according to the number of days march, ftating each days march at twelve and Ibnietimes fixteen miles. The pay and emoluments of the conftable in this reign were the fame as in that of Henry II. the regulations of that period being cited as an authoiity. The pay of a banneret was four {hillings; from the pafTage given in the note below, it appears that fome bannerets ufed to diet at court, till the pafling of the flatute of St. Alban's, when certain wages were afligned them in lieu of their table, (z) The daily pay of a knight was 2s. and that of an efquire izd. both were obliged to have barded horfes, thofe who had them not, or neglefted to have them muftered and appreciated, had part of their pay ftruck off, of which an inftance occurs in an efquire of the name of John de Clothale, who inftead of i2d. received only 8d. per diem, till his horfe was muftered and appreciated, (a) rw-i I'HE (z) D~N o Willmo de Cantilupo, baneretto, qui folebat comedere in aula regis ante ftatutum faftum apud Sanflum Albanum, de aula noa tenenda, et non comedenti auiplius, fed percipienti certavad. videlt, per diem 6s. — pro fe et miiite fuo per ftatutum predic- tum, pro liujiifmodi vadiis, a 27 die Junii, quo die venit primo ad curiam poft ftatutum praedictum, ufque fecundum diem Julii utroque computato per 6 dies, per quos fuit in Cur' et extra rotulum hofpicii per compotum fadum, cum Domino Rico" de NeviJl, militi fuo, apud Drombou. il. 16s. (a) JoHANNi de Clothale percipient' per diem 8d. — quia line equo appreriato,. pro vadiii fuisj a 20 die Navembr' anno prefenti incipient' ufque 23 diem Decembr', utroque computatOj , THE ENGLISH ARMY. 325 The pay of a conftable was alfo a fliilling per diem ; and though the appellation of conftables in this reign was given to officers of infantry as well as cavalry (b) the former, like clquires, were obli- ged to have covered or barded horfes, and we find, that fuch as were deficient in this article, received only 6d. a day, which was only half their ordinary flipend. (c) In this account under the article of efquires, v/e meet with many perfons entitled valets, with the daily pay of lad. Du Cange, and other writers, are of opinion that the appellation of valet was generally given to young gentlemen of rank and family, who were not yet knighted, (d). The term foldier frequently occurs, as if the party fo diftin- guifhed was of a different order from the other troops ; and there likewife appears to have been different ranks of foldiers ; for wc computato, per 3^. dies, zzs. 8d. Eidem, pro vadiis fuis a 24 die Decembr, quo die cquLis fuus fuit appreciat', ufque ultimum diem ejufdcm mcnlis, utroque computato, per 8 dies, percipient' per diem i2d. 8s. per manus proprias ibidem, 29 die Decemb. fumma il. los. 8d. p 211. (b) Galfrido de Ampleford conftabular' cquitum, &c. the pay the fame as a con- ftable of foot, i. e. IS. per diem, p. 220. (c) cuilt. conft. per diem 6d. quia cum equis difcooperiis. p. 145. (d) Father Daniel in the Mil. Fr. fol. i. p. 131. from Du Cange, cites an ancient French manufcript Romance, called le Roman de Rou, where in fpeaking of William the Conqueror, it is faid Guillaume fut, valet petit A Falaife pofe & norrit. And in another place. Et me fit avoir en otage Deux valets de noble lignage, N'ert [n'etoit] mi Chevalier, encore ert Valleton And fpeaking of Henry II. King of England. Cinquaiue trois ans plus fa terra juftifa Emprcs I4 mort fon pcrc qui valet Ic laiiTa, meet ;26 HISTORY OF J) meet with the term fcutifer, or efquire foldiers at i2d. per tliem each, and others ftiled foldier conftables, and fome fmiply foldiers, but all at the fame pay. (e) The daily pay of a hobiler, was 6d. A vintner of crofs bow men, 6d. A private crofs bow man, 4d. An archer 2d. There appears to have been but few hobilers at this time employed, and fome of thofe were Irifli men, and mofl of them belonged to different garrifons. The ferjeants at arms, of which there feem to have been many admitted as volunteers, received alfo is. per diem ; (f ) leverai of them appear to have been particularly afligned to different garrifons for their defence ; fix were fent to the town of Berwick, (g) Here likewife we find fome flight traces of the engineers and their artificers under the following articles. Some of the engineers appear to have been monks. To Mafter Reginald, engineer, for going by the King's order from Berwick upon Tweed to Newcaflle upon Tyne, to the ilieriffof Northumberland, to procure and chufe timber for the making of machines for the caftle of Berwick j for 78 daysexpences in going and returning, and for hackneys for riding, 6cc. 2I. 8s. (h) Another article charges his pay at 6d. per diem, (i) To brother Thomas of Bamburgh, a monk of Durham, for timber, and making two large engines conflru6led by him for the (e) Page 216, 217, &c. Eidem pro vad' 50 fcutiferorum foldar' quoit, percip' per diem izd. Eidem pro vad' 7 conftabl' quorum unus in numero foldar', videlt Simon de Blakfale percipit vad' inter foldar. p. 145. Idem pro vad' Willi de Cardevill, foldar', percip' per diem i2d. &e. P. 146. (f) Item 28 die Julii admilTus fuit Simon de Tardetz, tanquam ferviens ad arma, ad percipiend' ficut alii fervientes de hofpicio Regis. P. 211. Eidem pro vad' Robert! de Neketon, Henr' Nafard, Johis de Villers, Ranulphi de Charron, Ingelrami le Charron, fit Bernardi de Grifmak, fervientum Regis ad arma afTignatorum ad' morand' in muni- cione predicla, per idem tempus, cuilt~, per diem i2d. (g)P. J45. II (b) P. 78. B (i)P. 148. defence THE ENGLISH ARMY. 327 defence of the town of Berwick upon Tweed, in the time of Dom. Phil, de Vernaco, then keeper of the faid town. 3I. 6s. 8d. (k) Brother Robert de Ulmo, mafter engineer, retained in the king's fervice for the Scottifh wars, with Alan Bright, carpenter j Robert at 9d. per diem, Allan at 4d. (1) Gerard de Mayak, engineer, and Gaillard Abot, carpenter, employed by the king to make the pele of Dumfries, at 6d. per diem each, (m) Three mafter carpenters employed on the pele of Dumfries, had 6d. per diem j each thirty five other carpenters, each 4d. and four pages, probably apprentices, 2d. each, (n.) A MASTER fmith Thomas Furneys, working on the fame pele had for his daily pay 6d. and of feven other fmiths under him, two of them had 5d. and five 4d. per diem each, (o) For the repairs of the abbey of Holm Coltrom, againft the king and his army fhould come thither, perhaps to take up his quarters, mafter Everard of Carlifle, and fix mafons his companions, were employed, Everard at 6d. and every other mafon at 4d. per diem ; two labourers to ferve the faid mafons are charged at 2d. and a fmith to mend the doors and windows, at 4d. per diem, (p) Two hundred ditchers, of whom ten were vintenars, were em- ployed under a mafter ; the private ditchers at 2d. the vintenars at 4d. and the mafter at 6d. per diem j four men were alfo paid 4d. per diem, as overfeers. A number of women were likewife employed to aftift thefe ditchers in clearing the ditch, at three half pence per diem each : (q) a bounty was diftributed among the faid ditchers by (k) P. 78. II (1) P. 257. II (m) P. 268. II P. 263, and 264. |! (c) IbiJ. (p) ibid. (q) EiDEM, pro vadiis 7 mulierum coadjuvanciiim di£los folTatorcs ad mundand' didum foffatum, per unum diem, vidclt. 24 diem Oclobr' cuilt. per diem jd. ob. lod, ob, Eidcm pro «28 HISTORY OF by the king, over and above their wages ; as alfo 5s. to the mafons. Some plaifterers were paid 3d. a day, others 2d. boys ferving as iabourers to them were alfo paid 2d. (r) Miners hired for the Scotch war, had each for their daily wages 3d. and their apprentices, ftiled pages, 2d. (s). Four pence per diem is charged for an artificer ftiled attillator, in the caftle of Berwick, the fame for a chaplain, a clerk of the chapel, a watch- man, and a wallier-woman. (t) Clerks employed to chiife and pay the troops, had moftly i2d. per diem, others paying the artificers, only 6d. (u) In Rymer, A. D. 1281, the loth of Edward I. there is a writ for raifing a number of wood cutters in the county of Gloucefter, who are dire6led to join the king's army at Rudland in Wales, they wxre allowed 3d. each per diem, during their march, this was to be advanced by the flieriff. The daily pay of the conftable of the caftles of Berwick was 2S. that of the conftable of Jeddeworth, the fame; this feems to have been the general pay for the conftable of a caftle, unlefs he was of fuperior rank, as a banneret, Sec. John de St. John, captain and keeper of the Marches of Cum- berland and Vale of Annan, received 4s. per diem for that office, (x) Many marches and places were defended by perfons indenting and contracting for a certain fum. The account of Roger de Waltham, keeper of the great ward- robe, gives a very accurate lift of the pay of the army raifed againft the Scots in the 15th and 17th years of King Edward II. pro vadiis 9 mulierum per 3 dies, 27 die Oflobr' pro ultimo computato cuilt. per diem ut prius. 3s. 4d. ob. Eidem pro vad' 10 mulierum per 28 diem Odobr. et 14 mulierum per2g diem OiSobr' cuilt. ut prius. 3s. Eidem pro vad' 25 mulierum per unum diem. videlt. 30 diem Oftobr. 3s. id. ob. Eidem ad diftribuend' inter didos foflatores de dono et curialitate Regis ultra vadia fiia il. 5s. jd. P. 269. (r) P. 266. II (s) Ibid. || (t) The attillator was a kind of amourer. P.-i52t (u) See P. 53 and 263. (x) P. 138. wherein THE ENGLISH ARMY. 329 wherein the fums paid do not materially vary from thofe of the preceding reign ; but the titles of the officers are different in feveral inftances, among others the term conftable, applied to a regimental officer, is not once mentioned ; the denomination of conftable was afterwards chiefly confined to the cavalry, (y) The account opens with the roll of the Welch foot, who have diverfe officers not found in the Englilh corps ; thefe are leaders, fub-leaders, chaplains, phyficians and cryers. (z) The pay of the leader was 2s. per diem : Tlie fub-Ieader, every efquire, centenary or commander of an hundred men, and chaplain, had is. per diem, each. Phyficians 6d. Cryers, ftandard bearers and ving- teners, each 4d. No regular proportion feems to have been obferved between the private men and ftandard bearers. Some leaders of fmall numbers, not exceeding an hundred men had only 6d. a day. The pay of the other foldiers was, as is faid above, the fame as in the preceding reign, except that the foot foldiers armed with acketons and bacinetts, received 3d. each per diem j and thofe unarmed, ftiled naked footmen, had only 2d. Some hobilers are charged 4d. and fome 6d. a day ; no reafon is affigned for this diffisrence, but perhaps the former had no horfes, for we find in another corps that a centenary not having a war horfe, was credited only at 6d. per diem. Among the armed foot fent by divers ecclefiaftics and others to perform their feudal fervices, fome of them having ferved the time for which they were hired, remained afterwards with the army, in the king's pay ; one of them, Andree de Netlee, is fliied foldario (y) This valuable manufcript is in the library of Thomas Aftle, Efq. (z) Stiled in the manufcript, duJ\or, fub-dui^or, centenarius, capelianus, medicus, clamator, rtandanlarius, vintenarius. ^n one account there were two ilandanl bearers to 1818 private men, but a third was added by the king, as appears by the following entry, Tres ftandardaii q" habuerunt una" fland. de novo ex libcratioijc Domini Regis. Another corps of 968 men had fix ftandard bearers. U u ad 33© H I S T O R Y O F ad arma, his daily pay was lad. Diverfe crofs bow men and lan- ceirs, infantry, from Gafcony, are charged 4d. a day. Adamar de Valence Earl of Pembroke ferving in thefe wars, received for his own daily pay 8s. for every banneret in his fuite 4s. every knight 2s. and every man at arms is. An ancient manufcript gives the annexed eftablifliment of the army of King Edward III. in Normandy and before Calais, in the 20th year of his reign, with their feveral flipends. (a) At per diem. 1. I o o o o o o s. o 6 6 4 2 I o My Lord the prince Bifhop of Durham 13 Earls, each 44 Barons and bannerets 1046 Knights _ . - 4022 Efquires, conftables, centenary and leaders 5104 Vintenars and archers on horfeback 335 Paunceners 500 Hoblers 15480 Foot archers - - -Mafons, carpenters, fmiths, engi- neers, tent makers, miners, ar- mourers, gunners, and artillery Lmen r Welch foot, of whom 200 vintenars at I the reft at 700 Mafters, conftables, mariners, and pages 900 Ships, barges, balingers and vifluallers Sum total of the aforefaid men befides Lords 31000—294 314 4474 Some at lad, >iod. 6d. and 3d. per diem. o o o 8 8 o o o 6 4 2 (a) Ex Rotulo quodam penes Arth. Agard. Thef. in Novo Palatio, Weftm. repofito colled. V. I. p. 160. The original in Latin. Of THE ENGLISH ARMY. 331 Of whom fome men from Germany and France, each receive for their wages 1^ florins a month. The film total of the wages of war, with the wages of the mariners from the 4th day of June in the 20th of the faid King Edward III. to the 12th day of Oflober in the 2ifl of the fame king, for one year 131 days, as appears from the book of parti- lar accounts of Walter Wentwaght, then treafurer of the houfe- hold, entitled wages of war in Normandy, France, and before Calais, 127201I. 2s. gid. In the account of Walter Wentwaght here mentioned, in the 2ift year of the fame reign, there is the following article, (b) Rates and Wages of Warre by the Daie. The Prince of Wales _ _ _ _ A biflioppe, or an earle - _ - . A barone, a bannerette, the king's chamberlaine, the ftewards, the treafurer of the king's houfe, the keeper of the privy feale, every man by the daye A knight, comptroller, coferer of the king's houfe, the king's ftandard bearers, the clerk of the kichine, pantry and wardrope, the clerke, comptroller, and the keeper of the vidlualles, every man at The king's chaplines, efquier, fergentes of armcs, men of armes, fergcauntes of office, and other clerks of the king's houfe, marfliall of the hall, ufliers and fewers of . the hall and chamber, fewer at drefl'cr, harbengers, pantekers, butlers, furgions, minftrelles, dudlors or cen- tencrs, every man by daye. - - >o s. o 6 d. 3 8 (b) From a manufcript which fecms a copy of that cited by Brady in his H.rtorj- of England. U U 2 The 332 HISTORY OF The king's archers, vintners, yeomen of offices in the^ I. king's houfe, archers on horfe, hobilers, mellengers, ar- tificers, chaplines of Welchmen, a mafter, a clarke, and conftable, and a carpenter of a fliipp, pannccos, (c) \ couners, and crofsbowes of Almaynes, Lorians, and 1 Hymonde, every one at - - - J Archers on horl'e, vinteners of footmen, ftandard-* bearers of Welflimen, furgeons of Welflimen, and criers I o of Welflimen, every man - - - J d. The following lifl: of the army fent to Ireland 36 of Edward III. is taken from a manufcript in the Britifli Mufeum. (d) A Roll of the Retinue of LioNELL the King's Sonne, Earl of Ulfler, Lord of Clarence and Connaugh, and Lieutenant of his father in Ireland. f Hlmfelf at 6s. 8d. per diem, five knights at 23. per diem, five efquires at i2d. per diem, 70 archers at 6d. per diem, for a quarter of a yeare, viz. from the i4tli of Auguft till the 12th of November, 526I. 5s. 8d. and for regards (e) to the faid earl and his retinue, 155I. us. lA. q^. d. Total .681I. i6s. 9d. After he was created Duke of Clarence his own wages was 13s. 4d. per diem, and eight knights at 2s. per diem. Total 582I. Knights Sir Thomas de la Dale Sir Philip Topham Sir John Cornewall Sir Robert Clynton Sir Symon Flemming (c) Pannecos probably paveros or pavifors, perfons bearing pavaifes or large fhields : a great number of thefe occur in the lift of the officers and foldiers that were with King Edward III. at Calais, publilhed by^Bl^ve Mores. (d) Marked Julius f. 6. Cotton. (e) Regards was a kind of contingent allowance, which will be further explained In its place. 360 Archers THE ENGLISH ARMY. 333 360 Archers on horfeback of the county of Lancafter at 6d. per diem. 23 Archers on horfeback from Wales. Ralfe Earle of StafForde, for himfelf 6s. 8d. as aforefaid, for a banneret, 4s. per diem, 17 knights at 2s. per diem, 78 efquires at 1 2d. per diem, 100 archers on horfeback at 6d. per diem, his en- tertaignment began when he and his ritinue came to Briftow to tranfmitt for Ireland. fFor a quarter 973I. us. 7d. 24 Archers out of Staffordfhire i 40 Archers out of Worcefterfliire> under the Earle of Strafiorde. 6 Archers out of Shropfhire J James Earle of Ormond for himfelf, 4s. per diem, 2 knights 2s. per diem, 17 efquires, i2d. per diem j 20 hobilers armed, at 6d. per diem, and 20 hobilers not armed, at 4d. per diem each, to guard the Marches of Leinfter for a quarter 165I. 6s. 8d. O'Kenedy for himfelf, i2d. per diem, u hobilers at 4d. 88 archers on foot at i|d. per diem. John Carew, banneret, at 4s, per diem, i knight at 2s. z efquires at i2d. 10 archers on horfeback at 6d. per diem. William Windsors for himfelf, 2S. 2 knights 2s. 44 efquire3 at i2d. 6 archers on horfeback at 6d. per diem each. For the quarter 493I. 16s.. Sin Thomas Hoggeshawe for himfelf, 2s. per diem, 2 knights 2s. 30 efquires, and 30 archers as above. Sir John Shardlewe 2s. 2 archers on horfeback. Sir Thomas Nanton 2s. and his valet at 6d. Donald Gall, an Irifli captayne, 4d. per diem ; 280 archers on foot at 2d. per diem. Hugh Swiset, an Irifli captayne, at 6d. per diem, 4 hobilers not armed at 4d. per diem, 35 archers at i !d. to guard the Marches of Baltinglaffe. Richard Talbot, a captaine of the Irifli, and 17 archers on horfeback of Darbyfliirc, 14 of Shroplhire, 15 of Nottingham. 534 n I S T O R Y O F ViN'TEN ARIES at ^d. per diem, and 12 archers on foot 4d. per diem, 150 more archers of different countries. Siu WiNDESoRE 16 archers more. Sir Eustace Tabrickecourt, banerett, 4s. per diem, i knight, 4 efquircs, and 8 archers. Sir John St. Laude, 5 efquircs, and 20 archers on horfcback. The pafiage of the Duke of Clarence, the Earle of Staftord, and the reft mounted to 500I. or upwards. A vintenarius had 20 archers under him, and no more. No aheration appears to have been made in the pay of the army during the reign of Richard II. But in the fucceeding reign there feems to have been fome irregularity in that article, which had like to have produced very difa^reeable circumftances to Prince John, fon of King Henry IV. this we learn from the rolls of parliament A. D. 1404, being the fixth year of that king's reign, wherein it is recited " That whereas Monfieur John the king's fon was at the point of having been put to great dillionor, and danger of his foldiers, for default of payment, if it had not happened that the Sire de Fournyvall affifled him and formed a credit in different manners ; for the faving of the honor of the faid Sire John, as well as for the honor of the faid Sire de Fornyvall, the commons pray that payment be made, as reafon and good faith require. Also the faid commons pray our lord the king, as they have before done, that he will pleafe to confider the good and agreeable fervice that the Duke of Everwyk has done him at the time he was lieutenant in Guyen, and that the faid duke for default of pay- ment of him and his faid foldiers in thofe parts, had fold and pledged all his gold and fdver plate, as well for the prefervation of the honor of our faid lord the king, as of himfelf and all the kingdome ; and that it may pleafe our lord the king, to order that payment and fatisfaclion may be made to him in thefe parts as he trufteth. Also the commons befeech our faid lord the king, that it may pleafe him to have in efpecial recommendation Monfieur Thomas de THE ENGLISH ARMY. 335 de Erpyngham, Monfieur Thomas Remptfon, John Norbury, and the other vaiUiant knights and efquires who rifqued themfelves with our faid lord the king at his arrival in England, and that our faid lord the king himfelf would have them in honour and efteem for their good and agreeable fervice performed to him both here and abroad. Another petition appears in the fecond year of the fucceeding reign, A. D. 1414, wherein the foldiers forming the garrifons of the caftles on the frontiers of Picardy, fet forth, that being ob- liged to come to England for payment of their wages, the ex- pences of their journey coft them the greatcft part thereof, and alfo that the faid frontier was confiderably weakened by their abfence ; wherefore they prayed that they might receive their pay at the exchequer of Calais, according to the tenure of their indentures: They were referred for an anfwer to the king and council, but their complaint feems not to have been remedied till the next reign. In an indenture between King Henry V. and the Duke of Cla- rence, A. D. 141 5, wherein the duke covenants to ferve the king for a year in France with a certain number of men to be paid as follows. The duke for himfelf, 13s. 4d. for an earl 6s. 8d. a ban- neret, 4s. a knight 2s. an efquire is. and for each archer 6d. per diem, with the ufual regards. It was alfo covenanted that if it happened that thefc troops fliould be employed in the Dutchy of Guyennc, that he fliould then receive for each efquire 40 marks, and for every archer 20 marks for the whole year, this to be paid half the firfl; quarter on figning of the indenture, and the other half after the murter. The king to find tranfports going and returning for men, horfes, harnefs, and vi6luals, at the following rate : 50 Horfes for the duke himfelf 24 Horfes for an earl 16 Horfes for each banneret 6 Horfes for each knight 4 Horfes 336 H I S T O R Y O F 4 Horfes for each efquire 1 Horfe for each archer, (f) In another indenture made at the fame time with Henry Le Scrope, as a fecurity for the payment of the fecond quarter, the king covenanted to deliver in pledge on a certain day, jewels worth the fum of the faid wages and regards, which jewels were to be returned at any time his Majefty ftiould chufe to redeem them within a year and a day from the time of their delivery, and if not redeemed within that time, Lefcrope was authorized to difpofe of them at his pleafure without hindrance from the king or his heirs, according to the contents of the letters patent under the great feal. (g) The king likewife covenanted with the perfons thus in- denting with him, that no procefs fhould ifTue againft them for default of homage for any lands defcending to them during the time they were abroad in his fervice. Besides the daily ftipend paid the troops, there was an additio- nal douceur ftiled regards, (h) this was a kind of perquifue to the commanding officer, or chief contra6lor with the crown for every body of men, to enable them to keep a table for their officers, and to provide for the different contingent expences : the quantum of this allowance differed according to the nature of the fervice or country in which the troops were to be employed ; the ufual fum was at the rate of an hundred marks for a quarter of a year, for every thirty men at arms, which amounted to near fix-pence a day (f) See Rymer, vol. g. p. 227. || (g) At the death of this king, many of his jewels were in the hands of captains who had indented tofen-e him, who applied to parliament to authorize them to outfet the thirds of the gains of war due from them to the king, againft the arrears of pay due to them ; and alfo for permiffion to fell the jewels depofited in their hands, paying the balance, if sny, into the Exchequer ; this was granted to take place within half a year, if fuch jewels were not the jewels of the Crown. See Rot. Pari, ift. Henry VJ. (h) Translated by Du Cange, Reward. each. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 337 each, (i) Sometimes we meet with a ftipuhtion for regard and a half, and fometimes for double regards and double wages, (k) It alfo appears that the troops were occafionally paid half the quarter in advance, or had ailignments on the fupplies granted to the king, and in fome indentures it is fpeciticd, that in default of payment of their wages or other reafonable caufe, the parties in- denting might dilband and go whither they pleafed, without any hindrance from the king or his heirs. (1) Edward III. I think, more than once paid his army with wool. Some little alteration in the denomination of the troops, caufed a difference in their pay, about the beginning of the reign of Henry VII. as we. learn from an indenture of war made in the year 1492, being the 7th of that king ; wherein George, Earl of Kent, en- gages to ferve the king abroad in fuch places as he fhall dirc£l, for one whole year, from the firft day of unifier, with fix men of arms, himfelf reckoned as one.; each man of arms having with him his cuftrill and page, fixteen demi-launccs, fixteen archers on horfe- (i) Rymer, 3 Hen. V. torn. 9. p. 227. (k) In a MS. in the library of Thomas Aflle, Efq. entitled Names of the Nobility and others retained to ferve the kings of England in their warrs from the 19th. of Ed. III. to Henry VIII. extra(f^cd out of the office of the Pells, by the induilry of Sir William Le Neve, knight, Clarentius King of Arms, digerted by Sir Edward Walker, knight. Garter, principal King of Arms, anno 1664, with an index, by J. Anftis, Garter; and the feals of the pcrfons indenting, neatly drawn witli a pen in the margin. There ar« fcveral inftanccs of regard and a half, double regard, and even double regard and double wages, in the reigns of Edward III. and Richard II. Tiic originals of thefe indentures were removed from the Pells by order of a Committee of the Houfc of Peers, anno 17 19, and put into the hands of Mr. Inclcdon, iioufe-keeper of th.- Houfe of Lords, from whom they were delivered to Mr. Anftis to be arranged, they remained at iiis iioufc at Mortlake till after lus death. In 1756 they were taken into the cutlody of Mr. Carrington, in whole pof- felTton they continued till July 1770, when purfuant to an application made by a Com- mittee of the houfe of Peers to the Secretary of State, they were delivered into the State Paper Office, where, anno 1784, they remained. (I) Rymer, A. D. 1347. 21 Ed. III. X X back. ^3R H I S T O R Y O F back, and fixty archers on foot, all able men fit for fervice, pro- perly horfed, armed, garniflied and arraied, according to their dif- ferent kinds and ftations, and the cuftoms of war, or as fliall be approved of by the king's commiflioners deputed for taking the mufters ; the whole to be murtered at Guildford, on the 4th of June, and on their arrival at Portfmouth, probably the rendezvous of the whole army, to receive the conduft money, (m) which was an allowance for marching, to be calculated at the rate of 6d. for every twenty miles each foldier fliould march, to be reckoned from his refidence to that place, each foldier to fwear to the number of miles marched by him. And that from the firft day the faid earl fliall arrive at Portfmouth, and during the time he fliall ferve the king in his wars, he fliall receive for every man at arms, garnifhed with his cuftrill and page, is. 6d. by the day ; for every demi- lance, 9d. and for every archer, whether horfe or foot, 6d. The earl to receive a month's pay in advance, immediately on his arrival at Portfmouth, reckoning twenty-eight days for a month ; this to be paid him, without any deduftion whatfoever, before the tranf- ports leave the harbour, and on the lafl: day of the month fo paid, he fliall receive another month in advance ; the money fo received he covenants to pay within fix days to his foldiers, and in like manner to continue receiving and paying, during the time of his fervice. Refpeding the payment of the thirds, and thirds of thirds (m) This conduft money feems to Iiave been in lieu of all otiier fubfirtence, as the troops do not appear to have drawn any pay fron the treafurer of the army ti 1 they had a3ually jijiied it. Sums of money were, about the time of King Edward V'l. and Queen Elizabeth, frequently if not always iflued to troops going on foreign fervice, under the title of empi eft or imprcft money, from the French word preft, a loan, being confidered as ad- vanced or lent to enable them to provide fea ftores, and other neceffaries. Thus 20 days impreft was ordered to the 2100 men embarked for Flurtimg, 34th Elizabeih anno I5q2, under the command of Capt. Pooley, and it was diredited that they fhould have fuch weekly lendings during the time they remained in France. See Rymer in anno. of THE ENGLISH ARMY. 339 of all plunder or prifoncrs of war, (n) performing watch and ward, and other duties according to the ftatutes and ordonnances of war, made by the king with the advice of the lords of his council, a copy of which was delivered to him, he acknowledges himfelf liable to them, and covenants that he will obey and fubmit to them and the •penalties therein contained, and that if any of his corps or re- tinue fliall do any thing contrary to them, he will do his utmofl: to bring him to juftice according to the faid ftatutes. This inden- ture was figned the 9th day of May. Very little, if any alteration was made in the pay or eftablifli- ment of our armies from this period till the reign of Queen Mary, what had taken place at that time will appear from the lift of the army which ferved at St. Quintin's, which is here tranfcribed. (o) The officers, the captaines, horfemen and footemen of a rege- ment of a thoufand horfemen. four thoufarid footemen, and two hundred pyoncrs, with their entertaignment and wages. 10th J"'y. ^557- JouRNEV towards St. Qu_vntaines, 1557, in the reign of Qn_EEN Mary. Per menfem. The captain general for his perfon Three chaplaynes - - - The fecretarie - - - (n) Every commanding officer was accountable to the king for one third of his gains of war, whether made by prifoners or plunder, and he was entitled to one third of the gains of war of every one fcrving in his corps ; for one tiilrd of thcfc thirds, he was alfo accountable to the king. This will be further explained under tivj ai.tii.le of prifoncrs of war. (o) There are fevcral copies of this lift, one in the Library of the College of Arms, marked W. S. The other in the Britifli Muftum, among the Ilarkian Manufcripis. No. 6844. X X 2 One Per diem. 1. s. d. 5 I 2 3 3 4 340 HISTORYOF Per men fern. One for the French tongue Two furgeons > - - A trounche man (p) Ten carriages - . - Two trumpetters _ - » A drumme - - - . A phife - - - - Thirtie halbardyers Per diem. 1. s. d. o 3 4 o I o o 2 o 2 10 o O 3 o O I 8 O I 8 1 lO o 301 15 o 10 The lieutenante generall - - - 3 6 8 His chaplaine - - - - -010 A furgeon - - - -010 His trounche man - - - 020 Three carriages - - - - o 15 o His trumpeter - - - 016 Fifteen halberdyers - - - - 0150 153 5 o The high marfchall - - - 368 Mailer of the campe - - -100 His chaplaine - - - 010 (p) The copy in the Herald's College has it Trouchman, perhaps a corruption of the ©Id French word Trucheman, an interpreter, fome have fuppofed this to mean a truncheon man, a marfhal, or kind of tipflaff, fuch as attended judges and other great perfons in the civil line to make way for them. His l82 o o 341 THE ENGLISH ARMY. Per menfem. Per diem. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. His Airgeon - - - - o 1 o Three carriages - - - - o ic o His trumpetter - - -018 His drumme - - - -010 Fifteen halbardyers - - - o 15 o The generall of the horfemen - - 368 His lieutenant - - - -10 A chaplaine - - - . o A furgeon - _ . , o Ffoure carriages - - . • 100 His trumpetter - - - - -018 Ffyfteene halbardyers » - » o '5 o I o 1 o o 188 00 654 The captayne general of the footmen - 3 6 8 His lieutenant - - - - 100 The Serjeant major - - - o 15 o Sixe wyfflers - - - - o 13 o A chaplayne - - - 010 A furgeon - - - 010 Three carriages - - - o 15 o A drumme - • - 018 A phife - - - - o 1 8 Fyfteene halbardiers - • - o 15 o 225 00 7 JO o The 342 HISTORYOF Permenfem. Per diem." I. s. d. 1. s. d. The mafter of th' ordynance - - i 6 8 His lieutenant - - - - 0134 Mafter of the carnages - - 0100 The trounche Mr. (p) - - -050 A chaplain - - - o i o A clerke of th' ordynnance - - 020 Two clerkes - - - - 020 A furgeon - - - o r o Sixe bowyers - - - 060 Sixe fletchers - - - 060 Three carpenters - - - 030 Three fmythes - - - 030 Two guiders of th' ordinnance - 040 Twelve carriages - - 300 A drumme - - - - 010 A phife - - - - o I Q A hundred and twentie lymyres - 150 Tenne halberdyers for the mafter of the ordnance o 10 o Hacquebuttersonhorfebackfor the lieutenant, 6 060 Mafter gunner - - - - 034 Twelve gunners - - - 016 o 304 30 12 15 4 The treafurer - - - 168 Three clarkes - - - 030 (p) Probably the Trench mafter j fuchan officer being frequently mentioned in our -ancient armies. Tenne THE ENGLISH ARMY. 343 Per menfem. Per diem. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. Tenne halberders - - - o 10 o Ffowre cariages - - - 100 96 10 17100 The Mr. of the mufters His two clerkes The provofl Two judges Two clerkes Sixe halberdyers Sixe tipftaves A chaplayne A troutch man Twojaylors A hangman and his men Two carriages A chief furveyor of victuals A ciarke Two ether furveyors 2 19 8 16 8 2 8 19 4 I 13 4 2 6 6 I 2 2 2 10 3 4 4 6 8 I 4 1 1 8 The 344. HISTORYOF Per men fern. Per diem. 1, s. d. 1- s. d. The chief harbinger - - 040 Three other harbingers - - 060 A clarke - - - - -010 16 10 »3 10 13 10 Mr. of the forage His lieutenant 17 o o Mr. of the fcowtes His lieutenant The harralde His two men A purfuivant His man 1 1 6 3 9 6 3 9 5 2 3 4 I 1 1 4 Ffvve captames of the armed horfemen, every! • . , J ^2100 captame los. by the daye - - J Ffyve lieutenants of horfemen, at 5s. each 150 Ffyve ftandard bearers, at 3s. 4d. each o 16 8 Ffyve chaplains, at i2d. - - 050 Ffyve trumpetters, at i8d. - - 076 Ffyve furgeon, at 2s. - - o 10 o Ffyve harbengers, at 2s. - - 0100 Ffyve THE ENGLISH ARMY. 345 Per menfem. Per diem. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. Ffyve fmythes, at i8d. - - 076 Ffyve carriages, at 53. the peece - 150 Horfemen 500, every hundred, 7I, los. at] i8d. theman - - ] 37 ^^ o 1360 00 45 6 8 I 10 Captaines of light horfemen ffyve, every one 7 of them 6s. the day - - J Lieutenants, ffyve, at 3s. the day 015 o Standard bearers, five at 2s. 0100 Chaplaines, ffyve at is. 050 Trumpeters, ffyve at is. 6d. - 076 Surgeons, ffyve at is. 6d. - - 076 Harbengers, ffyve at 2s. - - -0100 Smythes, ffyve at is. 6d. - - 076 Carryages, ffyve at 5s. each - - 150 Light horfemen 500, every hundred 5I. - 25 o o Ffyf tie dead payes (q) - - 2 10 o looi 50 33 7 6 Four thoufand footmen, at 8d. the day - 133 6 8 Fortie captaines at 4s. per diem - 800 Fortie lieutenants, at 2S. per diem - 400 Fortie enfignes, at is. per diem - 200 Forty chaplaines, at is. per diem - 200 (q) Dead payes were non-effeflivc men, allowed to the capuines, ten to each troop. Y y Forty 346 HISTORYOF Permenfem. Forty ferjeants of bands, at i2d. Forty drummers, at lad. Forty fyfers, at 1 2d. V Forty furgeons, at i2d. Forty harbingers, at i2d. Forty carriages, at 5s. the carriage Four hundred dead payes, at 8d. the peece Per diem • 1. s. d. 2 2 2 2 2 10 ^3 6 8 1240 o o 41 8 6 The captayne general of the pyoners - 100 One thoufand eight hundred pyoners, at Sd-I the peece - ~ " J Six captaines at los. the peece - 300 Six lieutenants, at 5s. _ - 1 10 o Six ftandard bearers, at 2S. 6d. - -0150- Six drummers at i2d. - - - 060 Two hundred myners, at 13d. the man 1016 8 Two captains, at 5s. 4d. - - 0108 Eight quarter mafters - - - 0179; With an hundred fhillings more in the month among the pyoners than by tlie rate of the day aforefaid. The next eftablifliment of the Britifli Army that occurs, is- of that levied by Queen Elizabeth to repel the Spanifli Armada, in which wc find feveral officers ftated at a much lower pay than: in the preceding account. The THE ENGLISH ARMY. 347 The Rates for the Entertainment of the Officers of the Companies appointed for the fervice in the year 1588. The lieutenant general of the army, per day — — Halberdiers, at per day - - - - The marfhal of the field per day Halberdiers, at per day - - The provoft marfhal per day - _ _ The goaler per day - - - _ _ Eight tipftaves, at 8d. each per day Ten halberdiers at ditto _ - _ The captain general of the lances, per day Lieutenant _ _ - _ Guidon - - - - Trumpet , - - _ _ Clerk - - - _ Surgeon - _ « _ Ten halberdiers, at 8d. each - - - The captain general of the light horfe per day Lieutenant - - _. - Guidon _ _ _ _ Trumpet _ _ - - - Clerk - _ - - - Surgeon _ . - w _ Ten halberdiers, at 8d. each The colonel general of the footmen, per day Lieutenant _ _ _ _ Serjeant major - - - - Four corporals of the field, at 4s. each Ten halberdiers, at 8d. each The treafurer at war, per day Y y 2 Four 1. s. d. 6 J 10 2 15 13 4 I 8 5 4 6 8 I 10 I 6 I 6 I 6 T 6 6 8 I 10 I 6 I 6 I 6 I 6 6 8 2 10 10 16 6 8 6 8 3 HISTORYQF 1. s. d. o 8 o o 6 8 o lO o Q 6 8 o 6 8 o 8 o o 6 8 o 2 o o 6 o 4 o 3+ Four clerks at 2S. each - - - Ten halberdiers, at 8d, each - - • The mafter of the ordnance, per day Lieutenant _ - _ - Inferior officers of the ordnance, per day- Ten halberdiers, at The mufter mafter, per day Four clerks at 2s. each - - The commifiary of the viduals, per day One clerk _ - - - The trench mafter, per day » - - The mafter of the carriages, per day Mafter cart takers, each per day Four clerks, each at - - - .- The quarter mafter, per day - - - o lo o Six farriers, each at - _ • - The fcout mafter, per day - - - o 6 8 Two light horfe, at i6d. each - - 028 The judge general, per day - - - 028 The entertainment of the officei's of the regiment The colonel, being a nobleman, per day - 10 He being a knight or nobleman's ion, per day - o 13 4 Lieutenant colonel, per day - - - 060 The pay ef the captains and fubalterns of the different corps being here omitted, as well as diverfe other officers, another lift of the ajmy in Ireland, A. D. 1598, is adduced from Fyne's Morri- fbn's Travels to fupply thofe and other deficiencies, from which it appears that the pay of the army was confiderably raifed in fo-- ilaort a time as ten years.. Pay o THE ENGLISH ARMY. 349 Pay of the Army in Ireland under the Earl of Essex, figned by Qu^een Elizabeth, 24th March, 1598. The lord lieutenant general '•• - - The lieutenant of the army General of the horfe - .. ■ Marfhal of the camp - - - Serjeant major - - - - Lieutenant general of the horfe - _ _ The quarter mafter _ - - - The judge marfhal general - _ - The auditor general _ _ . The comptroller general of the victuals Lieutenant of the ordnance - _ - The furveyor - - - ^ Two clerkes of munition, each - - - Four corporals of the field - - . One commifTai'y of victuals - - - Three others, at each The carriage mafter - « - Twenty colonels, each - - « ;. Captains of horfe, each at - ^, Lieutenants of horfe, each at - » Cornets of horfe, each at - - Horfemen, (N. B. a troop confifted of one captain, one") lieutenant, one cornet, with fifty private troopers) cachj Captains of foot, each - - -. Lieutenants of foot, each - • - Enfigns of fpot, each r " — Se.jeants Pel r diem." 1. s. d. 10 3 10 10 13 4 10 10 6 8 5 6 8 8 6 6 S 10 4 2 6 2 1 3- 4 2 I 6 350 HISTORY OF Per die m 1. s. d Serjeants of foot, each - - - - o i o Drummers, each - - - - o i o Surgeons, each - •- - - o i o Each company confiiled of a captain, lieutenant, and enfign, two ferjeants, one drummer, and one furgeon, with ninety-four efFcflive private men, at 8d, per diem each, and fix dead payes for non-efFetlives allowed the captain. There is another lift anno 1599, of the army under Lord Mont- joy, where all the afore-mentioned officers and men are paid as be- fore, but there is the addition of a provoft marfhal for Lough Foyle, and another for Bally Shannon, at 4s. per diem, each, 1600 gunners, canoneers, armourers and clerks of the ordnance, fome at 4s. fome at 2s. per diem, an inginere, at los. per diem, fixteen furgeons, the chief at 5I. the other at 50s. and 40s. a peece, the weok ; the lord deputy's do6lor of phyficke, at 5I, the week, and his chief chaplain at the fame rate, and other ten preachers at 30s. or 40s. the week, and the commifTaries of mufters augmented from five to twenty, at 3s. 4d. per diem each ; one to follow the army in each province, the reft to refide in garrifons. The pay of the army in the fucceeding reign of King James L with the prices of all forts of military ftores are minutely exem- plified in a manufcript frequently before cited in the courfe of this •work, (x) This manufcript which here follows, is entitled : The List of a Royal Armie intended to be raifed for the re- covery and protedion of the Palatinate, confyfting of 25000 foote, and 5000 horfe, 20 pieces of ordinance or artillerie, with the officers, artificers and attendants belonging to the whole (x) No. 5109. Harl. MSS. army THE ENGLISH ARMY. 351 army, the charges, allowance, and feveral pays ; with a fchedule of the pparation of utenfells and habillemcnts of warre j the receipts for fire-workes, with fparc pvifions for fupply of the army, as by his majefty's command it was confulted, advifed and concluded on by a committee of lordes and others under their hands at Whitehall, London, fau. 13, 1620, 18 January, 6cc. At the Court at Whitehall, Januarie the 13th, 1620. Lo. Arc. Bpp. of Canty. Lo. Vifcount Doncaflre Lo. Chancellor Bacon Lo. Vifcount Ffaulkland Lo. Privie Scale Lo. Carew Lo. Steward Lo. Digby Lo. M. Hambleton Mr. Treafurer Lo. Chamberlaine Mr. Secretary Nanton E. of Arundel Mr. Secretary Calvert E. of Kelcye Mr. Chancelor of the Exchequer Mr. of the Wardes. His majeftie having refolved to make fome royal preparations for the recovery and proteflion of the Palatinate (being the ancient in- heritance of his majeftie's fonne in lawe and grand children) did in his high wifdome, thinke meet to appoint fome perfons of know- ledge and experience in the warrcs to confider and give their ad- vice in fuch propofitions as fhall be made unto them from the counfel board for the better expediting of that fervice. To which purpofe the Earl of Oxenford, and the Earle of Elfex, both lately returned from the Palatinate, the Earle of Lcicef- ter, the Lo. Vifcount Wilmot, the Lo. Danvers, the Lo. Caufield, Sir Edd. Cecil, and bir Richard Moriifon, Knts. and Captayne John Bingham ; whrc called to the table and made acquainted with his majelty's pleafure, that they, or any five or more of them, with Sir Horace Vere and Sir Edward Conway, knights, if they re- turned into England while the committee fliall continue, Ihall undertake 352 HISTORYOF undertake that fervice, and have their meetings and aflemblyes in the ould council chamber at Whitehall, touching the affairs above- mentioned. And that for their better afliftance they call unto them fuch others of experience, whofe advice and opinion they fhall think meete to make ufe of in their feveral confultations upon I'uch things as fhall be (oc referred to them from the Board, which they are to profecute without intermifllon or delay, until they fliall make report of their opinions, which is to be done in writing un- der five of their hands at leaft ; which is accordingly done, as here- after followeth. The particulars offered to their confiderations were thefe : I. What proporcion or number of men as well horfe as foote, with municion, vidluall, fliippinge, and treafure will bee fufficient for that enterprize. II. By what time it will be meete that thefe forces be in readi- nefs, and where the armyes, municion and viftuall may beft be provided ; together with fuch other circumftances, as are inci- dent to any of thefe heades, ffor their better dire(5lions therein Mr. Secretaryes will acquaint them with fuch intelligence as they have received touching the ftrength of the enemye's forces, now in the Palatinate. Xlth Feb. 1620. The List of aRovALL Army, confyfting of twenty-five thoufand ffoote, five thoufand horfe, twenty peeces of artillery, and all other hahillaments and utenfels of warre for fuch an enterprize foe dificult and remote ; with our opinions and eflimate of every perticular fett downe accordinge to the limits of your lordfliipps dire6lions, and grounded upon fuch advertifements of the ene- myes ftrength, as wee have received from the fecretaryes of ftate. The allowance of officers, and all entertainments unto this ;3rrmy, are extraded from the diverfitie of former prefidents in the feveral] THE ENGLISH ARMY. 353 ^ 126900 o o 5000 o feverall employments of our own nation, and onely fupplied by the beft inftitutions now in practice, where they have been de- fedlive. First. The charge of rayfmg the faid 25000 footed 1. s.d. for their apparell and arms, viz. 20000 pikes and mufkets, at 3I. los. a man ; and 5000 calivers, at 3I. }» 77836 8 o 6s. a man, abateing all dead payes, will amount to the fume of - - The charge of rayfinge of 5000, viz. 3500 cur- rafeers, at 30I. a piece, and 1500 carbynes at 20I. a peece all dead payes being likewife abated, will amount to the fum of - - - - The charge of tranfportinge of 25000 footmen, to the mod convenient places of landing in the river of Maize, ufed by the dates in the low countreyes for landing there foldiers in like expeditions, at 4s. the man, will amount to the fum of - - The charge of tranfportinge 5000 horfemen to the-] fame place at i8s. a peice for horfc and man, wi amount to the fum of - - The twentie pieces of greate ordnance before-mentioned; two mortar pieces for fireworks, muft be all mounted upon field car- riages with four wheeles, and lymmers, fully compleate, and to be furnifhed and attended with fpare carriages and wheels, blocke car- riages, copper ladles furnilhed with fpunges and rammers, and with all other habillaments and utenfells of warre, and with many other fmall provifions which are foe neccflary for the trayne of ar- tillery, that without them they can neither march nor be ufed. To which alfoe muft be added fome proportion of fmall provifions for the fupply of the army. All which we have caufcd to be drawn in a fchedule hereunto annexed, and being rated by way of eftimate as necrc as we can, do amount to the fume of 4450I. 17s. Z z The ;he-i rill I 4500 o o 354 HISTORYOF The powder for the fervice of the fame twenty pieces of grate ordnance, allowing 960 fhott for every of the fourteen pieces of battery, for ten dayes battery in fix months ; and three tymes as many for the fix field pieces, will amount to 138 lafts. And for the ufe of fmall fliot, allowing one pound a v/eeke to every mufket, and three quarters of a pound a weeke to every caleever, for matches, and all occafions of fervice during the fpace' of two months, will amount to 260 lafts, out of which all fire-workes for the mortar pieces, muft be made. The peterrs furnifhed, and petrinells and piftolles fupplyed, as ther fhal be occafion. All which powder, rated at lool. the laft, by eftimation will amount to the fumme of 26200I. It will be likewife neceflary to have 186 tunne of match, accord- ing to the neat great hundred, which being rated at 27I. the tunne,. by eftimation will amount to the fum of 5022I. And of round fhot of iron for greate ordinanfe, it will be like-- wife neceflary to have 260 tunne, 1760 pounds weight, which at 9I. los. per tunn, by eftimate, accordinge to the neat greate hun- dred, will amount to the fum of 2478I. los. And of lead for bullets for the ufe of the mufkets and callevers to have 124 tunne, which according to the neate hundred, at 17I.. the tunne, per eftimate, will amount to the fum of 2108L All which pieces of greate ordinance, morter Forfoemuch of thofe . , . r ^^ r • 1 n t <- , , . pieces and carriages or all iortes with all the afore- feveral natures as ^ o /hall be produced in faid powder, match, fhott of iron and lead for the parts beyond the fhott ; and with all the habiUements and utenfels. feas, the charge of ^^ vvarre, and other fmall provifions abovemen- tranfportation will be . _ . . , r -n -n faved, and if (hipping ^1°"^^' ncceffarie for the trayne of artillery, will as be hired at the beft near as we caii rate them, amount to ii59tunnes hand, as Flemiih qj. thereabouts, the tranfportation thereof rated at bottoms fitted for . -i, ^ ^ ^\ r r o/: i 1 cs. per tunne, Will amount to the lum or 86gl. cs. tranfportaiion, the -^ ^ y j tonnage will not coft ^oR the land carriage and draught of all the •foe much. faid 1 1 59 tunnes, allowing eight horfes to every tunne. / THE ENGLISH ARMY. 255 If a place of fatetie tuiiiie, and for 380 waggons, which we conceive ■' . , will be neceflarie for the carriages of all the officers magazine near the ^ place where the warre ^^^ army, befides allowing three horfes to a wag- is to be made, then gon, it will be necefiary to have 10412 horfes, a greate parte of this ^yj^j^-j^ ^^^ be bought here, or in the low coun- charge of carriages . , , t i ^l i 1 1 • 1 • 1 , , r I tries, or where they may be belt had, which with and horlcs may be ' ■' ■' f;ived. their furniture, we rate at 9I. the peece, one with another, amounting to the fum of 93800I. or be hired, which we rate at 2s. a day for every horfe, the carters to drive and keep them, which will amount to the fum of 1042I. 4s. per diem. To which courfe of livinge we do rather incline, for that the charge of the hire will not begin until the army begin to march, and will be very much leflened fo foone as they fliall arrive at a place where the war fiiall be made, and a place obtained for a magazine ; and for all the time that the army Ihall be in garrifon, (which is like will be the greateft part of the yeare) will wholy determyne untill it fliall begin to marche again ; whereas if horfes Ihould be bought, the charges will be prcfent, and the hire of carters very great. Yet we think it very neceflarie that 200 ftrong cart horfes of the largefl: fize, (fuch as cannot be hired) fliould be bought and con- tinually kept for the ufe of the ordnance and munition, upon all occafions of entcrprizc, which horfes, together with their harneiFe and furnituj-e, we do rate 15I. a horfe, amounting to the fum of 3000I. Z z 2 Tlic 356 H I S T O R Y O F The feveral Payes of all the Officers. Bands and TroopeSj Of the faid foot, horfe, and trayne of artillery, viz. The pay of The pay Officers of the Field.. the army per diem. The lord generall at lol. per diem, d mounting for a month of 28 days toj;; 10 o the fum of - Lord Marflial at - - - 400 Serjeant major general - -200 Quarter mafter generall - -100 Provoft marfhall general - - 068 Carriage mafter generall - •- 068 Eight corporalls the peece - - 068 The Lord Generall his trayne Treafurer at warre, at - - Mufter mafter generall CommifTary general of the victuals Judge marftiall Two chaplaynes le peece Two phifitians le peece Two apothecaryes, at 3s. 4d. per diem, lei peece - - - ■" j Afecretary to the councell, at p. per diem, o Two furgeons, at 6s. 8d. per diem le peece o Fifty halberteers, at i2d. per diem, le peece o o o 10 10 6 6 5 6 o o o o 8 8 3 4 o 8 o per men fern of the army.. 1. s. d. 280 o o 1 12 56 28 9 9 o o o 6 6 74 13 14 o 14 o 18 13 18 13 o o o 8 8 4 569 6 8 56 o O- 28 o o o o 4 4 8 700 18 13 4 70 o o 254 6 8 Officers THE ENGLISH ARMY. Per diem 5. 8d. le| Officers of the twelve regiments I. Twelve colonels, at 20s. per diem, le peece i Twelve lieutenant colonels, at 6s peece 12 Serjeant majors, at 5s. per diem o 12 Quarter mafters, at 5s. per diem, le peece o 12 Preachers, at 4s. per diem, le peece o 12 Provofts, at 5s. per diem, le peecee o 12 Carriage mailers, at 3s. 4d. per diem7 le peece - . - ^ J 12 Chief chirurgeons, at 4s, per diem le/ piece _ - _ _ J The twelve colonels companyes of 200 men a peece, whereof 4 gentlemen and 4 corporalls at i2d. per diem, le peece, and the other 192, at 8d. per diem, le peece t zz " each, s. d. o o 6 8 5 5 4 5 Officers of the 12 Colonel's Companyes. 12 Captaynes, at 8s. per diem, le peece 12 Lieutenants at 4s. per diem, le peece 12 Enfigns at 2S. 6d. per diem, le peece r Serjeants, at i2d. per diem, le peece [Drummers, at i2d.le peece 12 Chirurgeons, at i2d. per diem Ic peece o i o o o o 3 4 257 Per menfera 28 days. 1. s. d. 336 o o 112 84 84 84 56 67 4 o o o 4 o o o o o 890 8 8 134 8 4 67 4 2 6 42 I 50 8 1 50 8 I 16 16 361 4 2284 16 o officers 358 H I S T O R Y u F Officers of the 144 companies of foot 150 men each, a pecce Per diem. 1. 6. d. rCaptains, at 6s. 8d. per diem, le pecce o 144] Lieutenants, at 3s. per diem, le pcece o *-Enfignes, at 2s. 6d. per diem, le peece o fSerjeants, at lad. per diem le peece o [Drumes, at i2d. per diem - o 144 Chirurgeons, at 1 2d. per diem le peece o 6 3 2 I I I o 6 o o Per men fern. I. s. d. 1209 12 604 16 504 o 403 4 403 4 201 12 o o o o o o 3326 8 o >■ - 20563 4 o The 144 companyes of 150 men a peece, whereof 3 gentlemen and 3 corporalls, at 1 2d. per diem, and the other 1441 at 8d. per diem, le peece Memorandum, that the 12 regiments be- fore-mentioned, do make but 24000, whofe monthly pays are above fpeci- fyed J the other 1000 men are left to be difpofed of by the lord general, for his owne guard, and to fuch other prin- f" - - 1 102 10 cipal officers and men of quality in the army, as he fhall think fit j and they and their officers being rated as com- panyes of 200 men, their monthly payes to amount to the fume of Summa totalis to the officers and bands of 25000 footmen for their entertaynment for one month of 28 dayes, amounteth to the fum of 29352I. 4s. Per menfem. Officers generall for the horfe. 1. s. d. Lord general of the horfe, at 4I. per diem - -1/200 JLi56o7 4 o amounteth to the fum of - - J Officers, artificers and attendants to the trayne of artillery, viz. Per diem. Per menfem. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. The mafter of the ordnance, at 3I. per diem,") amounting for one month of 28 dayes to> 300 84 o o tht fum of - _ _ J The lieutenant, at - ;: 1002800 A furveyor 360 HISTORY ach-1 5, atj 1' A fufveyor Two clarkes le peece One auditor Two clarks, at Aray mafter, at - - Two clerks, at - - A trench mafter general Six engineers for fortifications, approach- ings, and quarteringe the regiments le peece - - One clarke and 3 guides or conductors of the works for approaches, at le peece The clarke of the ordinance, at Four clerks under him, at - - Nine gentlemen of the ordnance Thirty herquebufliiers to guard the mafter,| at le peece - - - j A quarter mafter at - - o Eight halberteers to guard the mafter, le peece o Four horfemen to attend the quarter mafter") at le peece ~ " J frhree fourryers, or harbingers, likewife under him, at le peece Three under fourryers, le peece - o A commiffary to diftribute the viftuals o Two clerkes, under him, at the peece o A mafter for the horfes, carts, mufter and") pyoneirs, &c. - ~ - j Two clerks to attend him, at - o A purveyor general both for munition, vic- tuall, and all other neceflaryesbelongingej to the ordinance F Per diem. Per menfem. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. -06 8 968 2 5 12 6 8 968 2 5 12 6 8 968 - 2 512 ID 1400 1 6 8 56 6 2 5 o 8 6 o 8 10 I 5 2 o o o 6 8 14 8 9 6 14 o 37 16 63 o 7 9 o 6 8 8 8 8 4 o 12 12 o o o 8 o o o 6 8 4 7 5 9 5 880 Two horfe- THE ENGLISH ARMY Per diem. I. s. (1. Two horfemen allowed him, at - o i 6 A mafter of the carriages for the artillery, at o 6 o 2 Halberteers to attend him, at - o i o 3 Overfeers of the carriages, at - 030 The mafter of the myeners, at - -050 25 Other myeners, at the peece - 020 3 Captaincs to 450 pyoners, at - 040 3 Lieutenants, at - - -020 3 Overfeers of the pyoner's work - 016 2 Chief petarders, at - -068 To each of them 10 attendants, at -016 I Mafter gunner, at - - 060 3 Mafter gunner's mates, at - 026 3 Conftables, or quarter gunners, at 020 124 Other gunners, at - - 016 212 Labourers, at - - -010 I Provoft marfliall of the artillery -050 3 Provofts or jealers for punyfliment of all offenders under the charge of the [o i mafter of the ordnance 3 Under goalers, at I Founder of brafs ordinance His man at - - - - Mafter of the fire-workes A chaj)Iain _ - _ An enfigne - _ _ _ I Drummer, at - - - I Trunipetter, at - - 1 Barber furgeon 2 Under barber furgeons I Mafter carpenter A a a 361 Per menfem. 1. s. d. 4 4 8 8 2 16 12 12 7 o 16 16 8 8 6 6 18 13 42 o 6 6 10 10 8 8 260 8 296 16 7 o o o o o o o o o o 4 o o o o o o o 660 I 4 4 3 5 J2 2 2 16 4 5 12 5 7 2 2 16 I I 8 2 2 16 2 6 3 10 I 2 16 3 4 8 2 Mates ^62 H I S T O R Y O F Per diem. Per menfem. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. 2 Mates - - - 020 5120 24 Other carpenters - - -016 50 80 1 Mafter fmith - - -030 480 2 Mates - - - 0205120 18 Servants, workmen for three forges 016 37 16 o 1 Mafter wheeler - - 030 440 2 Mates - - - - 020 5120 18 Servants - - - 016 37 160 I Ffuryer, at - - -026 3100 6 Servants, workmen - - 016 12 12 o 450 008 100 o o I Conductor to every 160 cart-horfes, in] „ n A J ;n- J o 2 o 182 o o all 65 conductors - - J 3 Tent keepers - - - 020 880 9 Servants to them - - 010 12120 I Amourer - - -030440 4 Servants to him - - -016 880 I Collar maker - - - 030 44c 4 Servants to him - - 016 880 I Ffurbifher for ftore of armes - 030 440 4 Servants to him - - 016880 1 Balket maker for gabyons, hurdles, and) bafkets - - - J 4 Servants to him - - -010 5120 1 Radlemaker - - -030 440 2 Servants to him - - 016 440 1 Gun maker - - - 030440 2 Servants - - - 016440 I Cowper - - - 030440 4 Servants ■>• - -016 880 Ffor 2 16 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 363 Per diem. Per menfem. 1. d. 1. d. 2S0 140 840 jj 51 18 Ffor hay, or grafle, or provender for 200' horfes, which are to be kept in readines for all occafions, rated at lad. a peece, per diem _ _ _ Ffor 100 carters to keepe and drive them^ at 1 2d. a peece, per diem - - J Ffor the hire of 100 waggons to be con-1 tinually kept in pay for the carrying of] vi^lualls and ficke men, and for all other occafions, rated at 6s. per diem, for every waggon Summa total to the officers, artificers, and attendants on the artillary, for their en- tertainment for one month of 28 dayes, and for the charge of the faid horfes and waggons, amounting to the fum of For the rayfing of the horfes of currafeers and carbynes, we conceive fome good number may be had in this kingdome, and the reft in the low countries ; and the lieutenants or deputy lieutenants may, if it pleafe his majefty, be required to certifie what proportion of horfes fitt for fervice each Ihire or countye can afforde. For victualls, his majefty is not to be at any charge more than for fuch waggons as in fome cafes of ncceflity lliall be requifite; for all men's dyctts muft be defrayed by their own payes and enter- tainments. CoNCERNiNGE the provifion of powder, mulkets, calevecrs, and other municions and amies fit for fuch an army, we have called unto us both Mr. Edward Evelyn, the powder maker, and the chief company of armourers, gun-makers and cuttlcrs in and about the city of London, and wee do find them able to fupplie foe little A a a 2 ill 3^-4 HISTORY OF in any kind upon fo fhort a warning as 3 moneths, that the greateft parte of powder and of amies for horfe and foote, muft be provided in the lowe countrey, where (wee conceive) it may be befl: had. And for fuch provifion as can be made here, tlie artificers doc defire to receive fpeedy dire6lions, that they may fet themfelves on worke accordingly. And lallly for the tyme when it would be raeete that thefe fforces fliould be in readinefs, we are of opinion that it is prelently necefTarie to ufe all expedition to make readie the fame, for that the great quantities both of powder and armes of all fortes might bee provided in fForiaigne partes. The total charge of rayinge arminge and clothinge 1. s. d. the whole army as aforefaid, with 200 cart-horfes only, to be bought for the ufe of the artillary, all J- 207736 the reft to be hired as theire fliall be occafion, will amount to the fume of - - The total charge of the tranfportation of the whole-^ army, and of all the trayne and provifions afore- ( 10369 faid, will amount to the fume of - - J The total charge of all the provifions of powder," match, fliott, lead, fheld carriages, and all other . municion, habilliments and utenfills of warre belonginge to the trayne of the artillery, and for \- 40254 7 fupply of the army in fome few particulars wliich are to be provided here, will amount to the fume of - - - - J The total charge of rayfinge all the faid army of~ horle, foote, and of 200 cart-horfes for the artil- lery, and for all the provifions of powder, armes, and habillaments of warre aforefaid, and of the f ^ ^^ tranfportacion of the fame will amount to the fume of - « - _ , Beiides THE ENGLISH ARMY. Befides the charge of rayfing 9912 cart horfes at 9I. a pcece, if they be bought The totall of the monthly payes, as well of all the" officers, bands and troops both of horfe and foote, as of all the officers and trayne of artillary with the ftandinge charge of 200 cart-horfes for the artillary, and a 100 waggons, and for otiier neceflary occafions, will amount to the fum of ^ Ecfides the hyer of 9912 horfes, if they be hyred at 2S. per diem, le peece, which for a month of 28 daves will amount to _ _ _ Soe the total of monthly payes, including the hyer of horfes, amounts to the fume of 3^5 d. ■483 1 1 27753 12 o > 76064 17 8 There bee diverfe other contyngent charges, which cannot fall into any certain rate, as namely Ffirft. Allowance for the wafte of munition and armes. 2dly. Rewards for intelligences and approaches. 3dly. For diverfe fmall materials and tools, neceflary for amourers, gun-makers, ffurbifliers, and diverfe other artificers. And laftly, for all fuch provifions necellary for the trayne of the artillery, or for any parte of the army which are mentioned in the fchedule hereunto annexed ; and (for faving the charge of tranfportation and carryage) are dire£led to be provided beyond the feas as occafions fliall require. Ffor all which fervices and occafions, nioneyes muft be advanced to the treafurer, by way of imprert, to be yfi'ucd by him as he (hall receive order by warrant from the lord generall, for which the faid treafurer muft account. The proj)ortion of expence above-mentioned will bee in fome meafure cafcd by the convenience of thefe provicions which are beft to be hadd in the lowe countryes, and much more may well bee 366 HISTORYOF bee faved when the army fliall arrive in the Palatinite, but can hardly fufFer any fignall abatement for the firfl ffivt months. Hen. Oxenford H. Danvers. Rob. Effex Toby Caufeild Leiceder E. Sackvile Willmott Ed. Cecill R. Lefley Rich. Morrifon John Bingham. A Schedule, or a view of the proportion of utenfiUs and habilla- ments of warre to attend the 20 peeces of ordinance for battery and field before-mentioned, for the lift of the army of thirtie thoufand men, with a fmall proportion of fpare provifions for fupplie of the army upon occafion. Provifions to be fent from hence. Ffield carriages with faire wheels 3L,ymmers fully compleate, viz. Spare field car- riages, framed but not fett together, viz. Ffor< Mortar peeces of brafle, 2 Stocks for morter peece, 2, at 4I. los. Cannone of the furhes, 4 at 28I. Di cannons 4 at 28I. Culverings 6at25l. Di culverings 4at22l. .Sakers 2 at 16I. Canons of 7 inches, 4 Di cannons 4 ^ Culverings 6 Di culverings 4 Sakers 2 le peece VIZ. for at 463. 8d.Ie peece Spare carriages compleate, at iil. 6s. 8d. le peece Spare THE ENGLISH ARMY. 367 Spare 1 viz. wheels J for ] Canons of 7 inches, 4 pre-| at 48s. 8d. a pre Dl canons Culveiings Di CLilverings Sakers 20s. a pre for do wledghig in all 43I. 6s. and 8d. 4 P' c 6 pre 4 pre. 2 pre — att 33s. 4d. le pre, 13s. 4d. for dowledging, in all 46s. 8d. le pre. Copper ladles furniflied with fponges and rammers Lynch pynnes, 20 pre, at 8d. le pre Wafliers, 20, at lod. le peece Entryes, whereof 13 barred with iron, 20, at 5s. le peece for the wheele, and 20s. le peece for lefmith, in all 25s. Woodhookes, ftaved, 30 at 2od.] Cole chizells, - 12 at i6d. \ le peece Cole prefies all pouches, 12 at lad.j Canons of 7 inches, 8\ T-. ' o 1 ^t 13s. 4d. Dy canons 8J -^ Ffor <{ Culverings 12 at 13s, 4d. llepeecc Di culveringes 8 at 12s. lod. _Sakers - 4 at 9s. 4d. Ladle ftaves fpare, 5 dozen at 13 le dozen Heads of rammers of all fort, fpare 5 dozen, at c)6. le pre, one with another Canons of 7 inches, 2 Dy canons 2 . Culverynes 2 !► Dy culverings Sakers Fformers ofl Ffor all forts .nt i2d. le peece, one with another. Coynes, 10 doz. at 8s. le doz. Winches, 5 pre, at 50s. le pre Handfpykes, 1200, at 33s. le C. Comaundes, 10 doz. at 14s. le doz. Gynnes 363 H I S T O Ts. Y O F Gynnes with rammer heads, ^ Shives of bralTe and walnut > at 4I. los. le pecce Ropes fully complete, 20 J- Rammer heads with fliivers of brafle, fpare 6, at 35s. le p. Gynne rope, fpare 2000 cwt. at 37s. 4d. le cwt. Hand and draught 1200 wt. 37s. 4d. le cwt. Sheet lead for covers to the ordnance 300 weight, at 12 le cwt. Iron in barres, 6 tunne, at 16I. le tunne Shovells and fpades 40000, at 2od. le peece Spikes of iron 3000, by eftimation 1000 weight, at 28s. le cwt. Pick-axes, helved, 40, at 2s. 6d. le- peece Felling axes helved 300, at 13d. le p. Hedging bills, helved, 500, at i6d. le p. Steele 600 weight, at 50s. le cwt. Hatchets, helved, 40, at 2s. le p. Sledges helved 40, at 7s. le p. Piercers 6 doz. at 12s. le doz. Augers, greatc, with handles, 5 doz. at 30s. le doz. Augers, fmall, with handles. 5 doz. at 22s. le doz. Whappfavi'es 50, with boxes and tillers, at 8s. le p. Tennant fawes 70, at i2d. le p. Gouges 30, at 3s. le p. Chezills, broad, 30 at 22d. le p. Chezills, narrow, 30, at 8d. le p. Broad axes, helved, 30, at 4s. le peece Spoke fliares v.ith ftocke 23, at i8d. le p. Adzes 12, at 3s. Ic p. Spare barres 8, at 4s. le p. Wheeler's axes 24, at 5s. le peece Gryndftones with troughes and winches, 3, at los.le peece Nayles of all forts 6 barr, at 4I. 3s. 4d, le barr Melting ladles, greate, 30, at 4s. le peece Melting ladles, fmall, 8 doz. at 6s. le doz,. Bare THE E N G L I S H A R M Y. 367 Bare hides, 12, at 2I. los. le peece Tanned hydes, 60, at 22s. le peece Tilts of canvas to cover the carts of powder afidl , , ,„ >• at IDS. le peece match, 680 _ _ . - J ^ Sheepe fkins, 12 doz. at 24s. le doz. Lanthornes, large, 200, at i6d. lep. Soutage for blynders, 6 ells, at 8d. per ell Copper nayles for ladles, 1500, at i6d. le C. Canvas for cartouches, 1000 ells, at i6d. le ell Boxes, fquare, bound with iron, to carry fhot for any peece of ordinance, 70, at 6s. 8d. le p. Leather bagges to carry powder, 40 at 6d. le p. Small cafke for bullets, 600, at i2d. le p. Budge barrels, with leather baggs, 9 dozen, at 14s. le doz. ' Soape, 1000 weight, at 4d. le lib. Tallow, 1000 weight, at 5d. le lib. Candles, 3000 weight, at ^d. le lib, Maundes for lanthornes packing, 24, at 5s. le p. Small calke for foape and tallow, 20, at i4d. le p. Frernd barrels for packing of candles, 24, at 2s. 4d. Ic p. Spare hoopes, 40 pecces, at i2d. le peece Smith's forges with tooles compleat, 3, at 12I. le p. Scales with beamesof the greater fort for weiehins;') ^ ^ * t at 20S. Ic pan- or powder, 6 pair ~ " ~ J Lead cart: in weights, 600 weight, at 15s. 6d. Ic cwt. Trufling canvafs, an 100 ells, at 6d. le ell " Trufllng coard, 150 rowlcs, at i4d. le rowle Packthread and twyne, 100 wt. at 8s. Ic lib. Needles, 60 doz. at 6d. le doz. Paper, 20 reams, at 26s. 8d. le rcame Inke, 9 gallons, at 2s. le gallon Browne thread, 30 pound, at 2s. Ic lib. Pullycs of wood, 20 payrc, at 2s. 6d. Ic paire Vol. I. D b b Scaling 368 H I S T O R Y O F Scaling lathers, 20, at 40s. Ic peece Iron wedges, 20, at i8d. le p. Brafle morters with peftelles for fire-workes, 4, at 20s, le peece Sives of hayre and leather, narrow and large, 20, at 5s. le peece Boulters fine, 20, at 2s. 6d. le p. Kettles of copper, 2, at 40s. le p. Buckets of leather to carry water, 10 doz. as 36s. le doz. Baeees of (Iron ee canvas") ,, 111, °^ . " , [ ^00 ells, at 2od. le ell Ot facking to carry earth J Colltroppes, 10,000, at i6d. le C. Small fcales to weigh powder, 6 pair, at 6s. le peece Large tents for munition, 3, at 40I. le peece Crefletts flained, 50, at 7s. le p. CrefTett lights, 600 weight, at 10s. le cwt. Horfe-fhoes, 1000, at 6d. le p. Horfe-flioe nayles, 10,000, at 2d. le C. Horfe harnefle with traces, 100, at 13s. 4d. le p. Iron roddes for horfe-fhoe nayles, 300 weight, at 19s. le cwt. White leather hides for the faide harnes, 70, at 9s. le peece Funnells of plate, 20, at 4s. le peece Receipts for fire-works. Trunkes for fire-workes, 40, at 4s. le peece, being of the largeft fort Salt peter mealed, 400 weight, at 4I. mealed Sulphure mealed, 600 weight, at i8s. le C. Camphire, 40 pounds, at 20s. le pound Rofeaker, 12 pounds, at 2s. le pound Affafettida. 12 pounds, at 3s. le pound Sal armoniache, 12 pounds, at 5s. 6d. le pound Linfeed oyle, 6 gallons, at 4s. le gallon Turpentine, 120 pound, at 4d. le lib. Verdigreefe, 12 pound, at 5s. le pound Rofen, 300 weight, at los.le cwt. Marlyn, 240 pounds, at jd. le lib. Tyne THE ENGLISH ARMY. Tyne, 28 pound, at 8d. le lib. Pitch, 3 barrils, at us. le barrel! Tallow, 26 hundred weight, at ^d. le lib. Canvafle, 60 ells, at i6d. le ell. 369 Provisions to bee made in the Low Countryes, or elle where beyond the Seas. Oaken plank for platformes Oaken tymber for joyfts Fyrre poles _ _ _ _ Skyddes for ordinance - - Deales for gabyons _ _ _ Hand balketts - _ « Square bafketts - _ - Sea coals - , - Wooden troughes - _ - _ Cables for 14 boates for bridges of 30 fathoms apeece _ _ . ,. Anchors for the fame ufe Boates for bridges » _ - Planks ■] Tymber r for the fame ufe Firr poles J Tumbrells to carry earth fliotts Hampers for the tents Hurdles Towe for y* ordinance and y* boates, 300 wcigiit Dragges _ .. - - 6 Wheel-barrowes - - - 100 Hand-barrowes - » - 100 Gabyons _ - * - 100 20 tunnes 10 tunncs 1000 20 1000 1500 1000 18 chauldrons 6 ! 28 1 28 H 5° 8 B b b 2 Spare 370 HISTORY OF Spare Provisions to fupply the Army upon occafion, valued by Eftimation. Mnfkets with bandaleers and refts, 400 at 20s. 8d. le peece Caleevers with bandaliers, 200 at 14s. lod. le peece Petrinells with firelockes 7 „ , ^ r, , , ^ r \ JOG at 28s. le peece Ffiaflies, touch boxes and caics J Long piftolls with firelocks ] , ° ^ , , , - > 100 at 30S. le peece Fflames, touch boxes and cafes j Swordes 300, at 6s. le peece White halberts 100, at 4s. le peece Longe pikes 400, at 4s. 2d. le peece Short pikes 200, at 2S. le peece Black bills 250, at 2S. le peece. Sum MA Total, of all the provifions contained in this fchedule, befides thofe which are to be made beyond the feas 4455I. 17s. N I s. Rush WORTH has preferved an account of the eftabliflied pay for the army raifed by King Charles I. againft the Scotch, in the year 1639, which here follows. A List of the feveral Entertainments of the Officers Ge- neral of the Field, the Lord General his Train ; Officers of four Regiments of Foot Bands, and Companies of Footmen ; Officers General of the Horfe, and Twelve Troops of Horfe. Officers gen. of the field. Per diem. N.B. 28 days the month. 1. s. d. The lord general - 1000 The lieutenant general 600 'er menfem. Per annum. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. 280 3065 168 2190 Serjeant THE ENGLISH ARMY. 371 Per diem. Per menfem. Per annum. 1. s. d. I. Serjeant major general 2 Qi\ mafter general - i Provofl marfhal general o Waggon or carriage ] matter ~ ~ j Four corporals of the 1 field, at 6s. 8d. each J s. o o 6 d. o o 8 8 8 56 28 9 9 37 o o 6 6 6 o o 8 8 8 The Lord General's Train. of] [ o 10 Treafurer at war - 20 Miifter-mafter general i o Commifl'ary general of the victuals Judge marflial - 010 Two chaplains, at 6s. t 8d. each ' " 1 Two phyficians, at 6s. ") I O I '' 8d. each - - ] ^ Two apothecaries at ] 3s. 4d. each " - J Secretary to the coun- ] •1 r ^ o 10 cil of war - - J Two chirurgcons, at 4s. each Fifty halberdiers, at IS. 7 l^each - - - J o o 13 4 13 4 6 8 ■■'1 8 2 10 56 o o 28 o o 1400 14 o o j8 13 4 18 13 4 9 6 8 14 o o II 40 70 o o 1. s. d. 730 o o 365 o o 121 I 121 I 486 13 4 7665 o o 730 o o 365 o o 128 10 o 128 10 o 243 6 8 243 6 8 121 13 4 182 o o 146 o o 91210 o 73309 6 8 Four 372 HISTORY OF Per diem. 1. s. d. Four colonels of four ~1 regiments of foot, each regiment con- | fiflingof 1500 men, at il. each colonel per diem Four lieutenant colo- nels, at 10s. each Four ferjeant majors, at 6s. each - - Four quarter niafters, at 5s. each - 1^ 4 1 2 1 r Per menfem, 1. s. d. 112 o 56 o 33 12 28 o Per annum. I. s. d. 1460 o o 730 o o 438 o o 365 o o A List of the Train of Artillery, according to his Ma- jefty's Direction, reduced to fuch a Number of Officers and other Minifters as will be meerly neceffary for a mean Train of 30 or j\.o Pieces of Ordnance, viz. The general of the ordnance lieutenants - - - ! Per diem. 1. s. d. Per menfem. 1. s. d. 112 o o 28 o o Per annum. I. s. d. 1460 o o 365 o o Sundry other Officers, Artificers, and Attendants upon the Ord- nance and Train of Artillery, viz. 1. s. d. A comptroller, per diem - - - o 10 o Two commifTaries of the two magazines of municion, viz. one for the train, at - - The } THE ENGLISH ARMY. 373 1. s. d. The other for the army, at - - 050 Four clerks under them, each - - 020 Two engineers, one at - - -080 And the other at - - - 060 Two clerks for them, each - - -020 Six conductors of the trenches and fortifications, each at o 2 o One fireworker - - - - 030 His aOiftant - - - - 018 One petardier - - - - 026 Twelve afllftants, each - - - 010 One mailer gunner - - - 068 Four gentlemen, each - - - 040 Gunner's mates, each - - - 026 Thirty gunners, each - - - 016 A paymafter - - - - 05° Captain of the pioneers - - - 050 Qu_arter mafter - - - - 040 Four conductors of the matrozes - - 026 Forty matrozes, each - - - 010 A purveyor - - - - o 3 ° One mafter fmith - - - 03° Six fervants under him, each - - c 1 o One mafter wheelwright, at - - 026 Four fervants under him, each - - 010 One tent maker - - - 028 Two fervants, each - - - - o i o A tent keeper, at - - - 016 One afliftant to him - - - 008 A mafter carpenter - - - " 03° Six fervants under him, each - - 010 One coidagc maker - - * 020 Two 374 H I S T O R Y O F Two fervants under hira, each One faddle maker _ - _ One fervant under him - - One cooper _ _ - . Two fervants under liim, each Four armorers, each Four fervants under them, each Two gunfmiths, each Four fervants, each _ _ _ One harnefs maker, at _ _ . Two fervants under him, each One farrier, at - - - Two fervants under him, at each - - One bridgemaker _ - _ Six fervants, €ach _ _ _ One provoft marfhal _ « _ Two fervants under him, each One chirurgeon - - - - One fervant under him One waggoner for the train _ _ _ One affiftant to him Two principal condu^lors, viz. one for the munition 1 of the army, the other for the munition of the ar- j. o tiliery, each _ _ _ _ j Forty conductors, viz. 20 for the waggons and 20 for the ordnance, each - - - One commifl'ary for the draught horfes, at Two afllflants to him, each - - - In all per diem Per menfem Per annum 1. s. d. I I 6 I 2 1 2 6 I 2 6 I I 6 I 2 6 I 2 6 I 2 I 4 I 5 2 6 4 2 6 21 7 6 598 10 ■182 Sum THE ENGLISH ARMY. 375 Sum total of the officers, artificers, and other attendants : I. s. d. Per diem - - - - 26 7 6 Per menfcm _ - _ _ 678 10 o Per annum _ _ . _ 8820 10 o Per diem. Per menfcm. Per annum. 1. s. d. 1, s. d. J. s. d. Four provofl: marflials, 1 r, , , ^100 28 O O TOC o o at 5s. each - " J Four carriage mafters, ] , , , f o 12 o 10 16 o 210 o o at 3s. each - J Four preachers, at 3s. 1 \ o 12 o 10 16 o 21000 each - - J P'our chirurgeons, at 4s. each [ o 16 o 22 8 o 292 o o The Pay of a Colonel's Company of 200 Men in each of the four Regiments. A CAPTAIN per diem 8s. lieutenant 4s. enfign 2s. 6d. three feijeants at is. 2d. each, three drums at is. each ; three corporals at lod. each ; 188 fouldiers at 8d. each. Being in all for one colonel's company of 200 men : 1. s. d. Per diem - - - 7810 Per menfem - - 208 7 4 Per annum - - 2717 4 2 The Pay of a Lieutenant Colonel's Company of 150 Men in each of the four Regiments. A CAPTAINE per diem 8s. a lieutenant 4s. enfign 2s. 6d. two Vol. L C c c ferjeants 376 H I S T O R Y O F ferjeants at is, 2d. apiece; two drums at is. apiece; three corpo- rals at lod. apiece, and 140 foldiers at 8d. apiece. 1 _ .1. s. d. In all per diem - - - 5148 Per men fern - - 160 10 8 Per annum - - 2092 13 4 And for four Lieutenant Colonel's Companies of 150 Men : 1. s. d. Per diem - - - 22 18 8 Per menfem - - 642 2 8 Per annum - - ^37° ^3 4 Four Regiments of Foot, containing in Officers and Soul- diers 6000 Men, being 1500 Men in each Regiment, viz. The Pay of a Company of 115 Men, viz. A CAPTAIN per diem 8s. lieutenant 4s. enfign 2s. 6d. two fer- jeants at i4d. each ; three corporals at lod. each ; and 105 fol- diers at 8d. each per diem. In all for one company of 1 15 men : Per diem _ _ _ Per menfem Per annum - - 1666 6 8 And fo for forty companies of 115 men the piece, being ten companies in each of the four regiments, befides the colonel's and lieutenant colonel's companies : Per diem Per menfem Per annum 1. s. d. 4 1 1 4 127 17 4 I. s. d. 182 13 4 5114 ^3 4 66673 6 8 Officers THE ENGLISH ARM Y. Officers General of the Horse. \77 4 o 5 12 o -71 o o 4 5 12 o 73 o o Per diem. Per menfem. Per annum. I. s. d. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. The general of the horfe 500 140 o o 1825 o o The lieutenant general 200 56 o o 730 o o Serjeant major or com- ") ,. .^. , > I 10 o 42 o o c+b 10 o miliary general - J Quarter mafter general 068 968 121134 ProvoH marflial - 050 700 9150 Wajrcfon or carriasre ] , , r> a f o 3 4 4 13 4 60 16 8 niafter - - J ^ r j t Preacher - o Chirurgeon - o The Pay of a Troop of a hundred horfe, viz. A CAPTAIN per diem 8s.* (a) a lieutenant 5s. a coronet 4s. three corporals at 2s. each ; two trumpeters, one quarter . ^ „o, ^ mailer, a chirurgeon and 80 horfemcn, at 2s. 6d. each per '""'^'^'=- diem. After which rates, the pay of a troop of 100 horfemen, with their officers, is Per diem - - - Per menfem Per annum (a) The above marginal note is in Rufhworth : probably the allowance for horfes is omitted \ the pay here dated being the fame as tlut of a captain of infantry. C c c 2 And 1. s. d. ^l I 365 8 4763 5 378 H I S T O R Y O F And fo the pay for 12 troops of 100 horfe the piece, with their officers, is I. s. d. Per diem - - - 156 12 o Per menfem - - 4384 16 o Per annum - - 57^59 o o Sum total of the entertainment aforefaid is Per diem - _ - 4^2 \j 8 Per menfem - - 12420 14 8 Dated .9.1. Mnrch. Per annum - - 161652 8 4 .639. After the breaking out of the troubles between K. Charles I. and his parliament, feveral -alterations were from time to time made by the latter in their military cftablifliments. And, accord- ing to Rufliworth, an ordnance was alfo pafled, September 1643, wherein it was enafled, that all officers of Lord Eflex's army, whofe pay amounted to ten fliillings a day or upwards, fliould re- gularly receive only half their pay, the other half to be refpited till the troubles were over. All officers whofe daily pay was lefs than ten fhillings, to receive only two thirds thereof. When three months refpited pay became due, the general was authorized to grant certificates thereof to the different officers. April 13th, A. D. 1647. The following entry appears on the journals of the Houfe of Commons, fliewing the pay of the officers of the parliamentary troops, ferving in England ; and the manner in which that of the cavalry was computed. Resolved, &c. That the proportions following are fit propor- tions of pay for the officers of horfe that are to continue in this kingdom, (b) Colonel (b) April 9th, 1647. Refolved, &c. That the pay of fuch commanders and officers as fliall be employed in the fervice of Ireland, fliall be higher than fuch as (hall be em- ployed in England. 12. Re- THE ENGLISH ARMY. 179 J. s. d. Per diem, r As colonel - - o 12 o 1 1. s. d. Colonel \ Four horfes - - o8o|.iioo L As captain - - o jo o ] r As major - - o 5 o 1 Major \ Three horfes - - o 6 o |. i i o o 14 1_ As captain - - o 10 o I Captain [ ^'P^'i" , " " o 10 o | (. Two horfes - - 040) T . f Lieutenant - - o c o 7 Lieutenant ^^ , . f o I Two horles - - o 4 o J r Cornet - - o 4 o 1 Cornet 1 rp , <- ^08 l^ Two horfes - - o 4 o J { 4 Quarter maftcr - 040] One horfe - - 020]^ ^ Provoft marflial ■- - 034] Two men - - - 04oj°'^'^ Corporals and trumpets, each - -0260C0 Resolved, That the proportions following are fit proportions for the officers of foot that are to continue in this kingdom. Per diem. ]. s. d. Captains - - - - 080 Lieutenants - - - -040 12. Resolved, &c. That this Houfe doth agree with the Committee, that the ertablllhmciii for the officers and foldicrs, now in Ireland, and to go over thither, (lull be the fame with that of Sir I'homas Fairfaxe's army : and that the fame proportion of pay, whicii was rcfpited upon the public faith, to Sir Thomas Fairfaxe's army, (hall now alfo be refpitid for the prcfent, and m.ulc good unto them out of the rebels l.inds, by tnglilh mcafure, according to die rates and proportions fettled by aift of parliament, upon the tinilhing of the war, after fati$fa£tion (hall be lir(l given to the adventurers. Rcfolvcd, U.C. That coats and knapfacks fliall He provided, over and above their pay, for the foot foldicrs of the army that arc to go for Iieland, for their better cncourageincnt. Enfigns Per diem. 1. s. d. o 2 6 o 8 12 o o 12 o o 12 3g<3 H I S T O R Y O F Enfigns ■_ _ - - Serjeants _ _ _ _ Drummers _ _ _ - Corporals _ _ _ _ Resolved, Sec. That there fliall be no officer within any gar- rifon, above a captain, but only the governor. Resolved, Sec. That there fliall be no company in any garri- fon, under the number of one hundred, where there is above one company in that garrifon. Resolved, That the governors of Pendennis, Chcfler, Ply- mouth, Hull, Gloucefter, Leverpoole, Lynn, Ncwcaftle, Portfmouth, fliall have for their pay, twelve fliillings as governor, and eight fhillings as captain. Resolved, &c. That the governors of Weymouth, Tynmouth caftle, the caftleand great fort of Briftol, fliall have each of them feven fliillings as governor j eight fliillings as captain. Resolved, See. That all fuch garrifons as have fifty foot, and under, their governors to have have five fliillings per diem only : the reft of the garrifons not named, that have above fifty, the governor to have ten fliillings per diem as governor and captain. Resolved, Sec. that as many of the dragoons of the army as can be perfuaded to go for the ferviceof Ireland may receive order for that purpofe. Resolved, Sec. That the officers, &c. that fliall go for Ireland, may have their debentures for their arrears ; and that their ac- counts fliall be made up, according to their mufters, in their abfence. Among the manufcripts in the Harleian Library is one marked No. 6844, entitled " An Eftablifliment of the Forces in England and Wales, as the fame flicod the 27th February, 1659," wherein the pay of every officer and foldier is flated as follows. General THE ENGLISH ARMY. 381 General officers. Commander in chief Lieutenant general of the army Lieutenant general of the horfe Major general of the foot CommifTary general of the horfe Scout maftcr general Quarter mafter general Judge advocate to the army, at 15s. and ] his clerk, at 3s. 4d. - - J One adjutant general of horfe and foot One adjutant general of horfe and foot ^ who hath command of a troop of <■ horfe i Per diem. Per menfem. 1. s. d. ]. s. d. 10 2 So I 23 I 28 I 28 15 21 I 28 I 3 3^ 4 18 4 25 ^3 4 15 21 G 5 7 CommifTary general of the mufters 158.^ ten deputies each at 5s. and one clerk r- 3 7 6 94 10 o at 2s. 6d. ~ - J Surgeon to the commander in chief and his mates Mardiall general of the army los. and | 1" and fix men and horfes, each at 2s. 6d. 1 1 ^0 22 16 10 6^9 1 1 4 Field 382 HISTORYOF Field and -Staff Officers to a Regiment of Plorfe, Per diem. Per menfem. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. Colonel, as colonel - - 0120 16160 Major, as major - - 058 7188 Surzeon 4s. and one horfe to carry his 1 . _ „ f.^ •'{•obo 880 chcft 2S. - - J 138 33 2 8 I , , O 14 O lO J2 O each at 2s. ' Major's Troop. Major, as captain, los. and two horfes, | Lieutenant 6s. and 2 horfes, each at 2s, Cornet 5s. and two horfes each at 2s. Quarter mafter 4s. and one horfe at 2s. One trumpeter _ _ _ Two corporals, above trooper's pay, jd. ] each - - - J Eighty foldiers, each at 2s. 3d. .^ Colonel's Troop. Colonel, as captain, los. and two horfes , }• O 14 O 19 12 each at 2s. - - J Lieutenant 6s. and two horfes, each at 2s. 010 Cornet 5s. and two horfes, each 2s. Quarter mafter 4s. and one horfe at 2s. Two trumpeters, each at 2s. 8d. Two corporals, above trooper's pay each 5d. Eighty fouldiers, each at 2s. 3d. 10 H 9 12 12 6 S 8 5 4 7 9 4 ;o J 1 J 4 9 252 J I 5 2 315 4 10 H 9 12 12 6 8 8 2 8 3 H 8 10 I 3 4 9 252 1 1 2 6 311 10 The THE ENGLISH A R M V. 3S3 Per diem. Per mcnrein. The pay of four troops more to "] 1. s. d. complete a regiment of horfc, at the fame rates and numbers vvhidi are mentioned in the major's troop . > 44 10 o 1246 o o In all for one regiment confifting of T 480 fouldiers befides officers - J J b / ^ In all for nine fuch regiments - 61212 o 171 52 16 o Field and Staff Officers of a Regiment of Foot. Colonel, as colonel Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant colonel Major, as major Picacher _ _ _ Surtn'on 4s. and one mate 2s. 6d. Quarter mafier and provofl: marflial, to be executed by one perfon (c) 12 16 16 7 9 16 5 7 6 8 9 6 6 6 9 2 5 '- 2 12 2 57 12 8 (c) At prcfcnt the office of provoftmarlli.il is executed by the adjutant, whofc duty 't is to fee all fcntences of regimental courts martial inflidlcd. Vol. I. D d d A Com- 384 HISTORY OF A Company of Foot. Per diem. Per menfem. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. Captain - - - 8 ih 4 Lrieutenant - - . _ 4 5 12 Enfigne - - 3 4 4 Two ferjeants, each at i8d. 3 4 4 Three corporals, at 3d. per diem each above fouldiers pay 1- 9 I I One drumm I I 8 One hundred and twenty fouldiers, each at gd. } ^ 10 126 5 9 9 153 13 The pay of nine fuch companys " more to compleat a regiment of ffoot, confifting of 1200 fouldiers befides officers In all for one regiment ' 49 7 9 1382 17 o 54 17 In all for twelve regiments of foot, confifting of 14400 fouldiers be- \ 683 4 o fides officers A fegiment of foot more, confifting of nine companys and 11 00 foul- diers befidesi officers In all for two regiments Ffive companys of foot, confifting of 500 fouldiers befides officers, f 24 colonel's pay included 5 9 1536 10 o 19129 12 o 51 8 II 1440 9 8 102 17 10 2880 19 4 680 I o Three THE ENGLISH ARMY. 3S5 Per diem. Per menfem. 1. s. d. 397 19 o 23088 1 1 4 Three companys more, confiftlng of 1 300 fouldiers befides officers - J In all for fourteen regiments and eight companys as above 1. s. d, H 4 3 [824 II 10 Life Guard. Captain - - - Lieutenant _ _ - Cornet _ _ _ Quarter maftcr - - - Ffour corporals, at 5s. each Two trumpeters, each at 3s. 4d. Two other trumpeters, each at 3s. 6d. One hundred and fixty fouldiers, | each at 3s. 6d. - - J o 19 o 14 o o I o o 28 l: 9 o 6 Engineer general - 010 Comiifary of ammunition o 5 Trayne ^ Quarter mafter of the trayne o 4 A tent maker - 02 Three mattroffes, each at i2d. o 3 8 o o o o 8 o o o o 6 o 27 10 8 19 12 o 16 16 o 12 12 O 28 O O 9 6 S 9160 7S4 o o 9^7 13 4 14 o o 700 512 o 310 o 440 34 6 o Dd d 2 The 3P6 H I S T O R Y O F The ISLE of WIGHT, viz. Caillbrook Caftle, Sandham Caftle, Bryn Bridge and Nettlefeigh Forts, Cowcs Caftle and Guenarde Fort, Yarmouth and Caries Sconce. 1 Governor Commillary and marfliall, to be e)?e^ cuted by one perfon Surgeon _ - - Mailer gunner Four gunners, each at 2od. Four mattroffes, each at i6d. Ten mattroffes, each at lod. Fire and candle for the guards in Ca- riPorook Caftle Fire and candle for the guards in Covves Caftle and Guernards Fort Fire and candle for the guards in "1 Sandham Caftle, Bryn Bridge and ). Nettlefeigh Fort - - J Fire and candle for the guards in t Yarmouth and Caries Sconce - f Two companys as of foot, for the guard of the faid caftle and forts, viz. One company of foot, confifting of a captain at 8s. lieutenant and major , ys. enfigne at 3s. three ferjeants, each at i8d. four corporals, each at i2d. two drums, each at lad. and 140 private foldicrs, each at 8d. Per diem. Per menfcm. 1. s. d. ]. s. d. 12 16 16 o o o o o 3 2 6 5 8 o 6 8 4 4 6 I 10 4 3 9 7 1 1 10 4 10 6 9 2 2 17c i I o o o 4 4 o 1 17 4 One T H E E N G L I S II A R M Y. 387 Per diem. Per menfem. One other company of foot, confift- "1 1. s. d. 1. a. d. ing of a captain at 8s. lieutenant 4s. cnfign 3s. three ferjeants, each [►4122 129 IS. 6d. four corporals, each is. and ICO private foldiers, each at 8d. 12 19 362 16 8 The officers, foldiers, gunners, See. above mentioned, to be from time to time diflributed and placed in the faid refpeftive caftlcs and forts, as the governor, or in his abfence, the deputy governor, ihall think fit and appoint. GUERNSEY. Per diem. Governor, befides captain's pay Preacher Surgeon, who is alfo to be commi fary of provifion One company of foot, confifting of a captain at 8s. lieutenant 4s. en- fign 3s. tv\'o ferjeants, each is. 6d. three corporalls and one drum, each at is. and 100 fouldiers, each at 8d. 'i 1. o o s. 10 6 o 8 8 8 Per menfem. 1. s. d. 1400 968 700 124 5 'o 4 154 9 4 Governor 3S« HISTORY OF JERSEY. •Governor, befidcs captain's pay - • Preacher . > _ Mafter gunner, and ftore-keeper Two gunner's- mates, each is. 4d. Eight mattrolles, each lod. CommiiTary of provifions and marlliain to be executed by one perfon J Surgeon - A boatman Fire and candle for the guards ^ - One corporall of horfe Quarter mailer, 4s. and one horfe 2s. One trumpeter, above foldier's pay, 6d. Twenty horfemen, whereof the trum- peter to be one, at 2S. Two companys of foot, confifting of two captains, each 8s. two lieute- nants, each 4s. two enfigns, each 3s. four ferjeants, each is. 6d. fix corporals and two drums, each at 1 2d. and 180 fouldiers at 8.d. J Per diem. Per menfcm. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. 0100 14 068 968 030 440 028 3 H 068 968 4 4 18 4 5 12 1 .0 I 8 2 2 16 3 4 4 6 8 8 6 H --> 56 12 13 229 12 O 354 4 ^ 6CILLY ISLANDS. Governour, befides captain's pay - 0100 Preacher - - - 068 Comiflary and marfhall, to be execu- cuted by one jierfon -! 14 o o 968 440 Surgeon THE ENGLISH ARMY. 389 Per diem. Per menfem. Surgeon - - • Maftcr gunner One gunner - _ - Two gunner's mates, each at i6d. Ten mattrofles, each at lod. A gun fmith Fire and candle for the guards Two companys of foot, confiding of two captains, each at 8s. two lieutenants, each at 4s. four fer- jeants, each i8d. fixcorporalls and two drums, each at is. and 160 foldiers, each at 8d. 1. o o o o o o o s. 3 2 I A* 8 I -^ d. o 6 8 8 4 o 4 7 4 6 10 The ISLE of MAN. Governour, befules captain's pay Surgeon - - Mafter gunnel", to be alfo flore-keeper One gunner's mate Four mattrofles, each lod. rirc and candle for the guards Two companys of foot, confifting of two captains, each at 8s, two lieu- tenants, each 4s. four ferjeants, each at i8d. four corporals and two drums, each is. and 140 foul- dicrs, each at 8d. 9 4 9 10 ]. 4 3 2 s. 4 10 6 3 H \ 1 I I 4 13 '0 8 261 1 1 iS: O o 8 8 4 o 4 2C2 10 8 6 8 8 3 4 4 n 6 3 10 I 8 2 6 8 3 4 4 13 4 4 5 12 2cy 15 4 MOUNT >9o HISTORY OF ns {luard 1 ^, . ^ , ,• > f , > Thirty-two louldiers, / reduced. J , oj f each at 8d. - J M O U NT, viz? Per diem. Per ' menfcm. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. - 030 440 - I 8 260 t - ■ 016 220 Governor A gunner ^, . , -I A ferieant This """••'' ^ -^ is reduced. J _ ' ^ „, -^114 29 17 4 38 10 o PENDENNIS CASTLE and MAUDES, viz. Governor Marfliall and flore-keeper, to be exe- "j cuted by one pcrfon - J A boatman Tu'o gunners, each 2od. Two gunners mates, each i6d. Six mattrofles, each at lod. Fire and candle for the guards The governor of Maudes A gunner A mate - - ^ Two mattrofles, each at lod. 6 8 8 2 6 3 10 I I 8 3 4 4 13 4 2 8 3 14 8 5 7 2 8 3 H 8 4 5 12 I 8 2 6 8 r 4 I 17 4 I 8 2 6 8 For THE ENGLISH For the guards of Pendennis Caftle and Maudes, two companys of foot, confifting of two cap- tains, at 8s. each ; two lieutenants, each at 4s. two enfigns, each at 3s. four fcrjeaiits, each at i8d. lix corporals and two drums, each at lid. and 1 60 fouldiers, each at 8d, A R M Y. Per diem. 1. s. d. 10 8, Per menfcm, 1. s. d. 210 iS 8 255 lo 6 PLYMOUTJi CASTLE, and ISLAND, viz. Governour - - Storekeeper - - - Mafter gunner Two gunners, each at 2od. Three gunners mates, each at i6d. Eight mattrofTes, each at lod. A boatman Fire and candle for the guards Two companys of foot, confifting of two captains, -» each at 8s. two lieutenants, each at 4s. two en- iigns, each at 3s. four ferjeants, each at i8d. fix }■ corporals and two drums, at i2d. and 200 I fouldiers, each 8d. J 8 1 1 4 2 2 16 2 2 16 3 4 4 '3 4 4 5 12 6 8 9 6 8 I I 8 3 4 4 13 4 17 4 248 5 4 10 290 14 8 PORTLAND, WEYMOUTH jnd S A N D F O R D C A S 1^ L E S, viz. Governor A ferjeant One corporal 1 Thirty-fix foldicrs, each 8d. A gunner Two mattrolVes, each lod. Ffire and candle for the guards 014 1174 Vol. I. E c e For o o o I o o o 6 I I 4 I I I 8 6 o o 8 8 4 I 33 2 6 8 1 2 6 6 8 o o o 8 8 392 HISTORY OF A gunner For Weymouth and Sandfoot Castle. Per diem. 1. s. d. o I 8 o I 8 Two mattroffes, each at lod. 2 I 2 • Per mcnfem. 1. s. d. 268 268 57 12 8 BROWN SEA CASTLE, viz. Goveinour - - 034 A gunner - - 018 Two mattroffes, each at lod. - o i 8 Fire and candle for the guards being to be kept by the army ' i o o 8 074 4 13 4 268 268 o 18 8 10 5 4 CALSHOT CASTLE. Governor _ _ - 5 7 Two corporalls, each at i2d. 2 2 16 Eighteen fouldiers, each at 8d. 12 16 16 A gunner I 8 2 6 8 Two mattrofTes, each at lod. I 8 2 6 8 Fire and candle for the guards 8 18 8 I 3 o 32 4 o HURST THE ENGLISH ARMY. 393 HURST CASTLE, viz. Governor - - _ Two corporals and one drum, each at 1 2d. Tliirty-fix fouldiers, each at 8d. A gunner A mate _ _ _ Two mattrofles, each at lod. Fire and candle for the guards ! Per diem. 1. s. d. Per men fern. S. d. o 5 o 7 o o ° 3 o 4 4 o I 4 O I o 8 1 1 2 12 O 6 8 O I O I 4 8 I 2 17 4 6 8 O 1 o I 8 I ^7 PORTSMOUTH and SOUTHSEA CASTLE. Governour Deputy governor Storekeeper and provofl marfliall, to be executed by one perfon Surgeon _ _ _ Mafter gunner Two gunners each, at 2od. Two gunners mates, each at i6d. Eight mattrofles, each at lod. Clerk of reports Porter _ _ _ Fire and candle for the guard Three companys of foot, confining of three captains, - each at 8s. three lieutenants each at 4s, three en- figns, each at 3s. • six servants, eacli at i8d. nine corporals and three drums, each at I ad. and 24O feamen and fouldiers, each at 8d. ------ Memorandum, that thofe three companys arc taken olJ here, and arc included in one of the giments. £ c e 2 o o 8 3 o o 52 14 8 II 4 8 440 • So in orig. 3 4 4 6 ■^ J 10 3 4 4 '3 4 2 8 ^ '4 8 6 8 9 6 8 6 14 6 14 4 5 12 1 1 8 322 iS 8 irc laKcn -» foot re- i J'3 372 17 4 D O \' E R 394 HISTORY OF DOVER CASTLE, MOATS BULLWERK, ART LIFE FORT and SANDGATE CASTLE. Governor Preacher - - Mafter gunner and ftorekeeper A gunner A mate _ - - Ffour mattroffes, each at lod. Marfliall Ffire and candle for the guarde One company of foot, confifting of a captain, at 1 8s. lieutenant 4s. enfign 3s. two fervants, each ! iSd. three corporals and one drum, each jzd. | and 70 fouldiers, each at 8d. - - - J One other company of foot confifting of a captain, at 8s. lieutenant 4s. enfign 3s. two fervants, each at i8d. three corporalls (above fouldier's pay, each 4d.) one drummer, i2d. and 80 foul- diers, (the three corporals included,) each at 8d, Pe r diem. Per menfem. 1. S. d. 1. s. d. 8 II 4 4 5 12 2 2 16 I 8 2 6 8 1 4 I 17 4 3 4 4 13 4 1 6 2 2 2 2 16 8 8 3 13 4 96 2 8 102 13 4 SANDGATE CASTLE. Governour Two corporalls, each at i2d. Twenty fouldiers, each at 8d. A gunner Two mattroffes, each at lod. Fire and candle for the guard 3 4 4 2 2 16 13 4 18 13 4 1 8 2 6 8 I >8 2 6 8 8 18 8 263 8 8 WALMER THE ENGLISH ARMY. 395 WALMER CASTLE. Governor Two corporalls, each at lad. Twenty fouldiers, each at 8d. A gunner Two mattrofTes, each at lod. Fire and candle for the guards Per diem. Per menfem. I. S. d. 1. S. d. 5 7 2 2 16 13 4 18 13 4 I 8 2 6 8 I 8 6 8 8 18 8 I 4 4 DE ALE CASTLE • Governour - 5 7 A gunner - I 8 2 6 8 A mate - - I 4 I 17 4 Two mattrofles, each at lod. - I 8 2 6 8 Two corporalls, each at i2d. - 2 2 16 Thirty fouldiers , each at 8d. > 1 28 Fire and candle for the guards 8 18 8 SANDOWN CASTLE. 45 5 4 Governour - - 050 700 Two corporals, each 1 2d. - 020 2 16 o Twenty fouldiers, each at 8d. - 0134 18 13 4 A gunner - - - 018 268 Two mattrofles, each at lod. - 018 268 Fire and candle for the guard - 008 o 1 8 8 144 34 I 4 U P N E R 396 HISTORYOF UPNER CASTLE, Per diem. Per menfcm. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. Goveinour o 5 o 7 A gunner _ _ - o I 8 2 6 8 A fervant - - - o I 6 2 2 Two corporals and one drum, each | at 1 2d. - - - J 3 o 4 4 Thirty fouldiers each at 8d. I o o 28 Fire and candle for the guards o I o I 8 I 12 2 45 TILBURY FORT. Governour A gunner Two mates, each at i6d. Four mattroffes, each at lod. A lieutenant Two corporalls and one drum, at 1 2d. each - _ _ Thirty-four fouldiers, each at 8d. Fire and candle for the guards } 6 8 8 I 8 2 6 8 2 8 3 H 8 3 4 4 13 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 I 2 8 31 H 8 2 8 3 14 8 63 LAND- THE ENGLISH ARMY. 397 LANDGUARD FORT. Goveinour Preacher - - » Marfhail and ftorekeeper united A gunner A gunner's mate Two mattrofles, each at lod. Two boatmen, each at lad. Ffire and candle for the guards One company of foot, confilling of a captain, at 8s. " who is to be governor ; a lieutenant, 4s. two ferjeants, each at i8d. two corporals and one drum, each at lad. and fixt)'foiiIdiers each at 8d. Per I. diem. s. d. Per 1. menfem. s. d. 2 2 16 4 5 12 I 6 2 2 I 8 2 6 8 I 1 4 8 I 2 17 4 6 8 2 2 16 I 4 I ^7 4 y 2 j8 81 3 13 102 18 o YARMOUTH, viz. Gunner - - - o Ffour mattrofTes, each at lod, - o Fire and candle for the guards being to be kept by the army 1" 8 4 268 4 ^3 4 216 o 9 16 HULL. 398 HISTORY OF H U L L. Governour Store-keeper and marfhallj to be exe- cuted by one Preacher Surgeon Mafter gunner Two gunners, each at 2od. Two gunners mates, each at i6d. Six mattrofl'es, each at lod. A boatman Fire and candles for the guards Four companys as of foot, confifting of four cap- tains, each at 8s. four lieutenants, at 4s. four enfigns, each 3s. eight ferjeants i8d. twelve cor- porals and four drums, each at ijd. and 272 fouldiers, at 8d. ! Per diem. 1. s. d. 8 o 3 o 6 8 o o o o o o o 2 3 2 5 I 4 o o 4 8 o o o h3 9 4 15 8 Per inenfcm. 1. s. d. 1 1 4 4 4 9 6 8 4 4 2 16 4 ^3 4 3 H 8 7 I 8 5 12 377 I 4 43 i CLIFFORD'S TOWER, viz. Gunner - - - o A mate - - - o Two mattrofles, each at lod. - o Ffire and candle for the guards being | to be kept by the army - J I 8 2 6 8 I I 4 8 1 17 2 6 4 8 o 18 8 15 13 4 438 13 4 SCAR- THE ENGLISH ARMY. 399 SCARBOROUGH, viz. Per diem. 1. s. d. A gunner o 8 A mate - o 4 Two mattroffes, each lod. - o 8 A ftorekeeper Fire and candle for the guard - _l o 6 One company of foot, confifling of, viz. A captain, at - Lieutenant Enfigne _ _ - Two ferjeants, each i8d. Three corporals, and one drum 1. o o o 2 s. 8 4 3 3 4 5 d. o 4 . . 3 7 4 Sixty-eiglit fouidiers, at 8d. J4 6 T I N M O U T H CA ST L£. Governour - o 4 1 Storekeeper and marfhall executed by one perfon A boatman Mafter gunner A gunner _ _ _ Two gunners mates, each at i6d. Ffour mattrolfes, each at lod. Fire and candle for the guard One company of foot, confifting of one major, 5s. ~) o O o o o o I 2 I 2 3 2 one captain, one lieutenant, one cnfign, two I ferjeants, three corporals, one drummer, 120 1 fotdiers. J Anotlior company, one captain, one lieutenant, one cnfign, t\so ferjeants, three corporalls, one drum- mer, eighty privates . _ - !- 5 7 9 '9 o o 8 8 4 o Per menfem. 1. s. d. 2 6 8 1 17 4 2 6 8 I 8 2 2 94 5 4 104 6 o 5 12 o 2160 1 8 2 16 2 6 3 14 4 ^3 2 i6 o o 8 8 4 o Vot. I. !• f f 149 16 o I c 2 1 3 4 278 12 o BERWICK. 400 HISTORY OF BERWICK, Per diem. 1. 1 Governor, befiJes lieutenant colonel's and captain's pay Store-keeper and marfhall, to be exe- cuted by one perfon Mafter gunner _ - - Two gunners each, at 2od. Two gunners mates, each at i6d. Eight mattrofles, each at lod. A preacher A furgeon 4s. a mate 2s. 6d. Fire and candle for the guard Five companys of foot, confilling of a lieutenant 1 colonel, ys. five captains, each at 8s. five lieute- ' nants, at 4s. five enfigns, at 3s. ten ferjeants, at j 20 i8d. each; fifteen corporals and five drums at 1 I2d. each; and 430rfoldiers at 8d. - ■' Another company confifting of one captain, one lieutenant, one enfign, two ferjeants, three cor- porals, one drummer, 86 privates, pay as above ! s. d. 3 19 4 Per menfeirK 1. s. d. 3 4 4 13 4 2 2 16 •-> :> 4 4 13 4 2 8 3 H 8 6 8 9 6 8 G 6 8 9 6 8 6 6 9 2 4 5 12 s(^s 1 1 1 HOLY ISLAND. A gunner 2od. a gunner's mate i6d. Two mattrofles, each at lod. Fire and candle for the guards 030 o I 8 008 440 268 o 18 8 26 8 6 739 18 o CARLISLE. THE E N G L I S H A R M Y. 401 CARLISLE. Per diem. I. S. d. The colonel who is to be governor 012 o Mafter gunner - - 020 A gunner - - 018 Four mattrofies, each at lod. - 034 A gunner's mate - - 014 Fire and candle for the guard - 036 Three companys of foot, tlirce captains, tliree lieu- "] tenants, three cnfigns, fix ferjeants, nine corporals, > 1 3 12 8 3S114 8 three drutnmers, 310 privates SHREWSBURY, Governor befides captain's pay Mafter gunner and florekeeper to be "1 executed by one perfon I One mattrofie _ _ _ Fire and candle for the guard One company of one captain, one lieutenant, one "| enfign, two fcrjcnnts, three corporals, one drur.i- > nier, 100 privates WARWICK. Governor Lieutenant Two corporalls, each i2d. Sixty fouldicrs, at 8d. each Fire and candles for the guard Per meni cm. ]. s. d. 16 6 2 16 2 6 8 4 13 4 I 17 4 4 18 14 16 6 415 2 2 16 2 16 lO I ■y J 4 I I 8 4 8 8 124 2 8 4 14 6 132 6 o Kff 5 700 3 440 2 216 56 1 ] 8 1 1 71 S W 1 N I) S R. 402 HISTORY OF WINDSOR. Governour A gunner A mate - - - Two raattroffes, each at lod. Ffire and candle for the guard One company of foot, one captain, one lieutenant, one enfign, four fcrjeants, four corporals, two drummers, 120 privates, pay as above Per diem. 1. S. d. 2 I I I I O o o o o CHEPSTOW. Governor (befides captain's pay) A gunner A mattrofle Fire and candle for the guards One company of foot, one captain, one lieutenant, two ferjeants, three corporals, one drummer, 62 privates, pay as before HEREFORD, Governour, befides captain's pay Fire and candle for the guard One company of foot, one captain, one lieutenant, two ferjeants, three corporals, one drummer, 120 privates _ _ - - } o 8 o 8 6 5 7 4 19 Tower— guards -Fire and candle for the 1- Per menfem, 1. s. d. 2160 268 I 8 o 268 220 149 16 o 5 14 10 160 15 4 2 2 16 I 8 2 6 8 10 I 3 4 8 18 8 3 4 84 91 9 4 3 5 6 1, 2 2 16 1 I 8 138 12 O - - 142 16 O 5 12 O CARDIFF. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 403 CARDIFF. Per diem. Per menfem. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. Gunner and ftorekeeper to be executed 7 r. ^ o '■ J' o I 8 268 by one _ . _ j One mattrofle - - 0010 134 Fire and candle for the guards - 018 268 One company of foot, one captain, one lieutenant, "j one ferjeant, two corporals, one drummer, 48 ?• 2 8 6 67 1 8 O privates _ . . _ J Governour, befides captain's pay A gunner A mattrofTe Fire and candle for the guard One company of foot, one captain, one lieutenant, two ferjeants, two corporals, one drumme privates _ _ - HOLY HEAD. 2 12 8 73 H BEAUMARES. 2 2 16 I 8 2 6 8 10 I 3 4 I I 8 3 1 1 4 99 17 4 nant, "J r, 80 j 3 16 10 107 II Governour - - _ 5 7 A ferjeant _ _ - I 6 2 2 One drum and two corporals at is. 3 4 4 Thirty-four fouldiers, at 8d. I 2 8 31 14 8 A gunner I 8 2 6 8 A matroffe _ _ _ JO I 3 4 Fire and candies for the guards 8 ]S 8 I 'S 4 49 9 4 T Y N B E Y. 40+ n I S T O R Y O F TYNBEY. Per diem. Per menfcm. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. Gunner - - - oi8 268 A mattrofs - - - 0010 134 Fire and candle for the guards - 010 i 8 o One captain, one lieutenant, (N. B. lieutenant, 3s. ) T two fcrjeants, two corporals, one drummer, 50(2104 71 9 4 privates •' RED CASTLE, One company, one captain, oHe lieutenant, oneen- fign, two ferjeanti mer, 69 privates, EXON. !Fire and candle for the guards to be kept by the army [00 kept by the army 1 2 13 10 76 7 4 Governor - - 050 700 Forty-five foldiers, each at 8d. - i 10 o 42 o o 1 15 o 49 o o CHESTER. >ne company, one captain, oHe lieutenant, one en- T fign, two ferjeants, three corporals, one drum- (380 95 4 o mer. 60 privates, - _ » J 094 LUDLOW. Fire and candle for the guards to be , 010 180 Total THE ENGLISH ARMY. 405 Total Charge of this Establishment. Per diem. Per menfem. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. General officers - - 22 16 10 6^9 11 4 Nine regiments of horfe - 612 12 o V52 '6 o Fourteen regiments and eight com- 7n c r ^ ^024 II 10 2^088 u 4 panics or root - - J j . t Life guard of horfe - 32 8 4 907 13 4 Trayn >• - - 146 34 60 Guarrifons - - 205 15 2 5761 4 8 Contingencies - - - - 1500 o o Totall per menfem _ _ _ 49084 2 8 Totall for a year at thirteen months - 638093 14 8 1 Men. 4S70 This eftablifhment conllfls of nine regiments of horfe, with a troop of guards, officers included Fourteen regiments of foot, with the officers - 1S732 The fouldiers, gunners, mattrolles, and officers em- T ployed in the garrifons - » J '^^'^ I'he whole army of horfe and foot as above cxprelfcd, -« befidcs the general officers, officers of the trayne of ( 28342 artillery and ftafF officers, containeth in all - J Whereof the annual charge of their pay, with ^ 1. s. d. the pay of the general officers, trains of artil- I , „ 1 , ■ ■ , 1 X r > 6^8093 14 S lery and contnigcncics doth amount to the fum \ ^ ■'^ ^ of - - . - J In 4o6 M I S T O R V O F In the Journals of the Houfe of Commons of the ifl: of King William III. in the eftimate of the charge of diverfe regiments of horfe, dragoons and foot to be employed in the fervice of Ireland, the following funis were allowed for the pay of the officers and private men. HORSE. Colonel, as colonel 12s. as captain los. and tw horfes, at 2s. each _ _ _ Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant colonel 8s. as cap tain, IDS. and two horfes, each 2s. Major, as major (N. B. No troop) Captain, as captain, los. and two horfes at 2s. each Lieutenant 6s. and two horfes, each 2s. Cornet 5s. and two horfes, each 2s. Quarter mafler 4s. and one horfe 2s. Corporal 3s. - - - - Trumpeter 2s. 8d. Private trooper - _ - DRAGOONS. Colonel, as colonel J5S., as captain 8s. and three horfes at is. each _ _ .. Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant cplonel 9s. as captain 1 8s. and three horfes 2s. - - J Major, who has no troop - - - 100 Captain 8s. and three horfes, at IS. each - o 11 o Lieutenant 4s. and two horfes - - 060 Cornet 3s. and two horfes - - - 050 Quarter mafter, for himfelf and horfe - - 040 Serjeant is. 6 J. and is. for his horfe - - 026 Corporal is. and is. for his horfe - - - 020 Drummer Per Jiem. 1. s. d. ,,j I 6 -] I 2 - 100 I 0140 - 0100 090 - 060 * 030 028 026 •■] THE ENGLISH ARMY. 407 Per diem. ]. s. d. Drummer is. and is. for his horfe - - 020 Hautboy is. and is for his horfe - - - 020 Private dragoon IS. 6d. for himfelf and horfe - 016 Adjutant - - - - o Surgeon - - - - 060 Chaplain - - - - 068 Gunfniith and his fervant - - - 050 FOOT. Colonel, as colonel 12s, as captain 8s. - - 100 Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant colonel 7s. as captain 8s. o 15 o Major, as major 5s. as captain 8s - - 0130 Captain - - - - 080 Lieutenant - - - - 040 Enfign - - - - -030 Adjutant - - - - 040 Quarter m after - - - - 040 Surgeon 4s. and mate 2s. 6d. - - - 066 Chaplain 6s. 8d. - - - 068 Serjeant - - - - 016 Corporal - - - - - - 010 Drummer - - - - 010 Private foldier - - - - - 008 In addition to the daily pay here ftated, the ofikers of the dif- ferent corps of the army had the following allowance of fervants, whofe pay they were permitted to receive. At what time it was firft granted, I have not been able to difcover, but in the year 1697-8, being the loth of the reign of King William III. it was allowed in the computation of the half pay, then lirft eftablillicd. Vol. I. G g g by 4o8 HISTORY OF by the King's warrant (a) given in the note below, from the Votes of the Houfe of Commons. It feems as if this allowance was not at that time made to the whole army, for it is faid in the report from the committee appointed to confider the ftate of the land forces and marines in 1746, that " the firft increafe in the charge of the land forces, (a) WitLiAM R, - ■ Whereas our regiments of foot commanded by our right trufty and right entirely beloved coufin and counfellor, Charles Duke of Bolton, and out trufty and well beloved Colonel Richard Coote, Colonel Thomas Brudenell, Colonel Thomas Saundcrfon, Ma- jor General Thomas Erie, Colonel John Gibfon, Colonel William Ncrthcote, and Colonel Thomas Farrington, together with the independent companies commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Roufe and Captain John Pitt, have been lately difbanded ; and we being gracioully pleafed to allow half pay to the officers of our faid regiments and compa- nies for their fupport uiitill they (hall be fully paid off and cleared, and be otherwife pro- vided for ; our will and pleafure is, that out of fuch monies as are or fliall come to your hands, for the ufe of our forces, you pay unto the feveral officers of our faid regiments and companies, the refpeftive allowances mentioned in the lift and eftablOiment hereunto annexed, being the half pay of tiiemfelvcs and fervants, refpeftively ; to commence from the ift day of April next, and to be paid unto them by monthly or quarterly payments, upon ccriiiicates from our commiiTary general or deputy commiffary general of the muflers, of their being alive and qualified as aforementioned ; and for fo doing, this with the acquittances of the faid officers, or of their affigns, (hall be from time to time your fufficient warrant and difcharge. Given at our court at Kenfington, the i6th of March 1697-8, in the tenth of our reign^ By his Majelty's command. "To our right trufty and right well beloved coufin and counfellor, Richard Earl of Ranelagh, Faymafler General of our forces. Cha. Montague Ste. Fox Tho. Littleton T. Pelham. Vol. 12. 567. HORSE. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 409 forces, (fince the year 1700) was by virtue of an eftablifliment figncd the 15th of June, 171 3, to take place from the 24th of that month; fo that it did not commence till almoft three months after the HORSE. Chaplain ^s. 4d. N. B. No adjutant mentioned. Per diem. 1. s. d. I. s. d. Colonel, as colonel and cnptain - - - o 13 o For fix fervants, at i5d. each - » - 076 Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant colonel and captain - o 1 1 o For three fervants, each at 1 5d. - - - 039 Major, as major and captain - - •■ 099 For three fervants, cacli 1 5d. - - - o 3 9 Captain - - - • -070 For three fervants, at 1 5d. each - - - o 3 9 Captain lieutenant - - - - -050 For two fervants, 1 5d. each - » - "026 The lieutenant the fame. Cornet - - - - - - 046 For two fervants, at i5d. each - - - m 026 Quarter-mafler - <• - - - -030 One fervant at 1 5d. • - - - » o i 3 106 o 14 9 13 6 10 9 076 070 4 o G g g 2 D R A- 410 HISTORYOF the peace of Utrecht; and this firft addition to the national expence confifted entirely of allowances to Commifl-ion Officers in lieu of their fervants : this was afterwards twice encreafed, once by an eftablifliment DRAGOONS. Colonel, as colonel and captain For fix fervants, at gd. per diem each Lieutenant colonel, as lieutenant colonel and captain For- three fervants, at gd. each Major, as major and captain For three fervants, at gd, each Captain For three fervants, at gd. each Captain lieutenanr For two fervants, at gd. each Other lieutenants the fame Cornet For two fervants, at gd. each Quarter-mafler _ - - - For one fervant at gd. , ._ .. Chaplain 3s. 4d. N. B. Adjutant not mentioned, FOOT. Per diem. 1. s. d. 13 c 4 6 17 6 10 2 3 12 3- 8 2 3 10 3 5 6 2 3 7 9 3 I 6 *" ' ~ 4 6 2 6 I 6 ■^■~ 4 2 9 2 9 THE ENGLISH ARMY. 411 eftbaliihment figned the 29th of April, 1714, to commence from the 25th of December 1713, when a further charge was introduced FOOT. Per diem. ]. s. d. ], s. d. Colonel, as colonel and captain ~ - •■ o lo o For fix fervants, at 4d. each 020 o 12 Lieutenant, colonel as lieutenant colonel and captain - 076 For three fervants, at 4d. each - - - 010 086 Major, as major and captain - - • 066 For three fervants, at 4d. each - - - 010 • 076 Captain -.- _ - 040 For three fervants, jt 4d. each - - 010 050 Captain lieutenant - - - - 020 One fervant, at 4d. - « - - 004 024 Lieutenant 020 One fervant -- - - - O o 4 024 Enfign - - - - 016 One fervant at4d. - - - - 004 I o 1 ic Chaplain _-- . _ 0.3 4 Quarter- maftcr - - - • 024 o 5 8 and •412 HISTORY OF for fcrvaiits to officers and quartcr-maflers of horfe ami dragoons ; and a fecond time by an eftablifliment figned the 24th of June, 171 8, when a further increafe was made for fervants to the quarter- mafters of thirty battalions of foot. Altliough thofe allowances has continued ever fmce, it was not confolidated to their pay in Ire- land till the year 1728, when it was done by the warrant tranfcribed in the note below from an authentic MS, eftablifliment for that country, (b) Two other fmall additions were likewife made to the pay of the army, one in the feventh year of King George I. when three- pence was added to the pay of the ferjeants, corporals and private men of the dragoons, and four-pence per day to the pay of the feijeants and corporals of the three regiments of foot guards ; but at what particular time the laft addition took place, the committee before mentioned reported they were not able to learn, (c) Some farther (b) Whereas we have thought fit in the foregoing eftablifliinent to add to the perfonal pay of the officers of our army, the number of fervants which have been ufually allowed them, wliereby the efFeclive men do more plainly appear, and oar faid officers are more regularly entitled to the pay of their fervants than formerly. Our will and pleafure there- fore is, and we do hereby ftriclly require and command, that all the otficers of our faid army, now and for the time being, do make their care, that their refpeJlive companies are kept complete, and that they do contain the number of effi;, and ftating thjt it was in a great meafure caufed by the extor- tions of tlie agents and impofitions of the colonel, who had alfo been guilty of diverfe afls of tyranny and oppreflion therein ftated, for which he was by the King difmiffed the fer- vice. About the fame time various petitions for long arrears of pay to the widows and reprcfentatives of particular officers occur in the journals of the Houfe of Commons. Another inflance in the fame reign occurs in Ireland, refpefling the InifKiiiinf rci- ment of dragoons, who for a long time received no pay, but fubfirted ihemfelves at their own expence. At length, A. D. 1694, a great number of both officers and foldiers, un- able to procure any payment, though repeatedly promifed by General Ginkle, furrounded the coach of the Lord Lieutenant Capel, when going in Rate to St. Patrick's church, end declared that if they did not in a few days receive what was due to them, tiiey would ufe force to obtain it. The Lord Lieutenant promifed them redrefs, and thre.v out his purfe with thirty guineas in it, to one of the foldiers, who contemptuoully threw it back into the coach through the giafs of the window. Queen Mary was then regent, the Kin^ be- ing in Flanders, an account of this matter was fcnt to her, whereupon (he ordered a thou- fand pounds to be paid to the officers and men, out of her privy purfe, promifing that the remuii.dcr ihould be (hortly paid, their demands being then fettling by aboard of officers. In the year jyca, 2000I. more was paid, which was all they got for their pay, from the year i68g, a very fmall portion confidering they were then a regiment of nine troops. This anecdote was communicated to me by an old officer, who had it from his grandfather. The fame gentleman gave me the following accoum of a like irreguJaiity, fo l.ite as the latter end of the reign of King George I. AcouT ^,4 H I S T O R Y O F Jill, from each corporal and drum, and id. per week from each private man, in the reijimcnts of infantry, for the ufc of the pay- mall-er and furgcon. The prefent pay of the different corps of the army with their full pay, fubfiftence and nett arrears, are given under their different effablilhments. The following computation gives the pay of tiic ftaff ofiicers, with the different dedudions to which they are fubjecled. About tlic year 171S or ijig, the 7th regiment of foor, witli anotlicr, whofe number is forgotten, were put on board Admiral Byng's fleet, after the aiStion oft' Meirina ; they were landed and quartered at the Devizes in Wiltfhire, Taunton m SonierLiiliire, anrl the neighbouring towns, at which time there was four years pay due to mod of tl;e omccrs and men, fome excepted, who held employments about the court. Ahliougli no money was ifiued for the above time, a kind of commifTary, by tlie connivance of tho colonel, attended tlic regiment, occafionally furnifliing necefiaries to the different ofEct's, and even fometimes paying their tavern bills, taking udirious afTignments on their piy for fjclx goods and dilburfements. After fome time, the officers preli^nt' d a t moMa! fo j ord Tjrawley their colonel ; he referred them to Mr. Ford their an;ent, wi.o fr-d ht hj(' not received any money from the trcafury for fix years. On this they memoi'ial'd the colonel anew and alio the War-office ; and after a courfe of time were promifed to u.: p.- id lu the following proportions, till money could be raifcd to pay them in full ; a captain to re- ceive lieutenant's pav, a lieutenant tliat of an enfign, and an enfign one ha!f of liis daily fubfiflence ; but this promife was not kept. In ihe mean time the officers paid none of their bills, and kept together in bodies, armed, to prevent arrcfis, and finally embarked for Ireland, without clearing any of their fcorcs. On their arrival in Ireland their pay being greatly diminifhed, by the diiTcrence of the eflablifliments, it cnufed the officers more earneflly to folicit for their arrears of pav, and they accordingly. filed a bill in Chancery againf^ Mr. Ford, who in his anfwer depofed, that Lord Tyrawley had for twenty years charged ceitain fums againlt eacli officer's pay on their firft appointment or promotion, viz. to a captain 120I. a lieutenant 70!. and an enfign 40I. fome more fome lefs ; on complaint being made of tliis to my Lord, he pleaded the cuflom of the arrny, and faid it was not unknown to the King, After many years thefe particulars were laid before King George II. «ho paid my informanr, then a midfhipman, icol. as fome compenfation for the demands of his father, on account of his pay of lieutenant and adjutant. COMPUTA- THE ENGLISH ARMY. 415 COMPUTATION OF THE PAY OF THE STAFF OFFICERS IN GREAT BRITAIN FOR, 182 DAYS, EXHIBITING THE SEVERAL DEDUCTIONS. Quality. Obfervalions.^ Capt. general | •when upon I Capt. general — fervice has | Four aids de camp to do-l 10/. per di- I at loj. per diem each J em, J Secretary to ditto — Lieut, gen. in S. Britain, "1 and two aids dc camp — ' J Major gen. in do. and 1 aid de camp One major gen. more, the like — Commander in chief in No. Britain, at 4I . T per diem, and (or his aids decamp and > fecretary at los. per diem each — J Mijor gen in N. Brit, and 1 aid dc camp Major of brigade in N. Brir. — Paymafter gen. of the forces — Secretary to the forces — Comptroller of the accountt of the army One comptroller more, the l;ke — ComifTary general of the muftcrs — Deputy comilTary general of the muders One deputy comilTary of the muflers Five dcp. comilf. more at the fame rate Dep. comilT. of the muftcfs. North Biit, Ditto in Guernfey and Jetfcy — Diilo at Seilly — — CommilT. gen.^z cleikt at 2S. 6d, each, perl diem — — J Judge advocate general for himfelf — And for his clcik at 2s. 6d. per diem, and"| for his deputy at Guernfey and Jetfcy, > at ss.6d. per diem — J Adjutant general — — Quarter maftcr general — Dep. quarter mailer general — ~ Dep. quarter mailer gen. in North Britain I'hyfician general — — Surgeon general — — Apoihecary general — — ■ Secretary to the comptroller of the ac-"l counts of the army — J fecretary to the focces in N. Britain Dcp. judge advocate, and clerk of the"! courts martial in N. Britain — J Baggage matter and infpcdlorof the roads'^ in N. Biiialn — — J One aid de camf- to his majcdy — >ivc aids dc camp to his majclly more Marlhal to the horfe grenadier guards Piovoft marlhal to the foot guards — Surveyor of the guards — Fire mafter to the grenadiers — Mcdenger to the (rcreury of the forces MelTenger to the payrtufler gen. of the forces Drum major general — — ProvoU miiHial general — Barrack m.'fter general. No. Briiain — Surveyor of the barracks in ihe Savoy Barrack mailer to the Sa ny — rive nitn attending the judge advocalcT gen. at is. Gd. per Uicm — J Pay per diem. 1. s. d. : o o to 5 ° s 10 2 10 10 10 'i ■i 6 o O 10 o 5 o 10 o 10 o 10 16 1 o 6l O lO 1 li 2 14 9( 44 3 8} For i8j days. \. «. d. 364 o o 91 o o 910 o o 455 ° o 455 o o 1001 o o 455 o ° qi o o 182 00 182 o o 373 '9 ° 373 '9 ° 159 5 o 209 D O 91 O O 455 o o 91 o o 22 I'j o la 3 8 45 >° o 136 10 o 45 >o o 182 o o 182 o o 91 o o 45 'o o 91 o o 9100 9100 149 11 7 182 o o gi o o 45 'O o 100 o o 500 o o 8343 8 3 63 1 1 o 87 6 o 12 Ij O 17 6 o 14 ig o 14 19 o 14 ig o 45 'O » i8i n o 36 8 o 29 18 o 40 19 o Poundage at i2d. per pound. 1. s. d. 18 4 o 411 o 45 10 o 22 Ij O 22 15 O 50 1 O 4 >» 9 2 9 2 18 14 18 14 7 '9 10 9 4 11 22 15 4 >i 1 2 O 12 256 6 16 6 9 2 920 4 11 256 4 11 o 411 411 o 7 9 7 920 411 o 256 5 o 25 o 3 3 I 7 > 7 o 15 o 15 o 15 o • 56 g a o 1 16 5 1 ig 1 1 Vol. I. 47 o iij 8564 I 3 i«8 Pnundige, al ltd. per pound Diito al 6d. per pound Hofpital — H h h Poundage at 6J. per pound. 1. y d. 4 7 9 2 2 5 22 15 7 7 1 1 25 1 1 1 7 2 5 4 n 4 '» 9 7 9 7 3 '9 5 4 2 5 7 5 3 8 3 4 " 4 11 a 5 1 2 <= 5 2 5 * 5 3 '4 '0 3 '4 >o 256 2 10 12 10 4 " aoi 7 Hofpital. 1. s. d. o 5 2 10 > 5 « 5 2 15 > 5 o 5 o 10 o 10 o 8 O 1 1 o 5 > 5 o 5 o 013 008 026 076 026 O 10 o 010 o 050 o a 6 050 050 050 083 5 6 7 6 036 016 o 1 3 016 0010 o u 10 0010 o 2 <• 0100 o a o o 1 8 23 Net. I. 3. d. 335 '4 o 83 iS 6 839 5 • 419 IS 419 12 9^3 3 6 419 12 83 '8 167 17 167 17 344 '7 344 >7 146 17 193 o 83 18 419 12 83 -8 2111 o 11 9 10 43 2 o •25 >7 43 - 1G7 17 167 17 83 18 41 iq 83 .8 83 .8 8j 18 137 18 167 17 83 .8 43 ga 4G1 4 6 a 6 6j 6 »5 '7 as 11 25 »7 >4 3 M 3 »4 3 43 - 167 17 34 9 a8 b 38 "5 7910 18 9 4^8 4 7 aoi 7 a 23 10 9 8564 1 3 4i6 HISTORYOF THE FIRST TROOP OF HORSE GUARDS ACCORDING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF 1753. Full pay Subfilleiice Arrears per ann. / Per diem. Per diem. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. I. s. d. Captain and col. i 16 o 170 129 12 Firil lieutenant and lieut. col. Second lieut. and lieut. colonel Cornet and major i6o 0196 93 120 captains, eachj 4 Brigadiers and lieut. each 181 o [iiio ^33 III 12 r I 7 o 106 92 12 Guidon and major 140 0180 86 8 4 Exempts and o 016 o 012 If 5419107- Olio 082* 40 5 o I i 4 Sub brigad. and 1 ^ . . , , fOOO 048 r lyi-JQY cornets each J / j ? Chaplain 068 050 24 00 Adjutant .^ oiio 086 35 ^9 Surgeon 080 060 28160 4 Trumpeters, each 050 040 1389 Kettle drummer 050 040 1389 I CO Private gentle- ") •^ , J.040 0210T men, each J 1 do. fuperannuated 040 o 2 lOr 2 ditto widows 080 2 ditto agent 080 058* I ditto riding mafter 040 02 lor 17 o il (d) The difference between the full pay of each officer and the fum of the fubfiftence and arrears added together, is deducted for poundage, at is. in the pound. One day's full THE ENGLISH ARMY. 417 FIRST TROOP OF GRENADIER ING TO THE ESTABLISH M Full pay Per diem. I. s. d 10 2 o I Captain and colonel i I Lieutenant and lieutenant col. i 1 Major I 2 Lieutenants and captains, each o 17 1 Guidon and captain o 16 2 Sub lieutenants, each o 10 I Chaplain o 6 1 Surgeon o 8 I Adjutant o 7 6 Serjeants each o 4 6 Corporals each o 3 4 Drummers each o 2 4 Hautbois each o 2 02 1 1 5 Privates each 6 Captains and colonel 3 Lieutenant colonel 2 Major 2 Lieutenant and captain 1 Guidon 2 Sub lieutenants 1 Adjutant 2 Riding mafler I VV'idows 3 Agent 6 Recruiting horfes 1 Pr;- ate man 1 To the clerk 176 GUARDS ENT OF I Subfiflcncc Per diem, 1. s. d. o 6 o o o o 8 o o o o 6 6 6 I 2 o 17 o 13 O 12 o 7 o o o o o o o o 29 Warrant men, viz. 5 5 3 2 2 2 2 6 6 o o o 6 o o 6 6 6 o o o ACCORD. 753- Net arrears. ]. s. d. 108 o o 69 II loj 72 o o 56 12 9 57 12 o 36 o o 24 o o 28 16 o 20 12 9 5 5 6 6 14 4| full pay to Chclfca Hofpital, agency and contingencies. The arrears arc not paid at any ftaicd time, but as it fuits the convcniency of government. Exact diflrilnitions, with each particular dedudion, will be given in the appendix. The other troop is paid in the fame proportion. In ti^c ellablifliment of the tirrt troop of horfegiiards for 1759, there are four quarter mafters, whofc full pay is each 6s. and fubfiilence 4s. gd. per diem ; there are alfo four corporals at 5s. each f\ill pay, fubfirtcnce 3s. gd, with an allowance for the pur- veyor of IS. per diem, and the fame to the rough rider. llhhi FULL 4i5 HISTORYOF FULL PAY, SUBSISTENCE AND ARREARS OF THE ROYAL REGIMENT OF HORSE GUARDS BLUE, CON- FORMABLE TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE YEAR 1753. (e) Full pay ^^ Full pay Net Per diem. Subfiftcnce, Clearings. I. s. d. 1. s. d. I. s. d. I Colonel and captain 210 i n o 143 o 9 I Lieutenant Colonel! . , , }-ioo 126 99712 and captain J 1 Major and captain 170 116 74 79 I Chaplain 068 050 24 00 270 Private men, each 026 02 Allowance to widows 250 Allowance to col. 1 for clothing J Allowance to th^ 7 captains J Allowance to the 7 o agent 16 o o 18 16 o I 16 .18 o o 18 o I Surgeon 060 046 2112 I Adjutant 050 046 463 6 Captains, each 116 0166 70111I 9 Lieutenants, each 0150 on6 49 89 9 Cornets, each o 14 o o 11 o 41 5 6 9 Quartermafters, each 086 066 28 6 41 I Kettle drummer 030 026 649 18 Corporals, each 030 026 9 Trumpeters, each 028 020 9120 337 73 12 8 56 6 6 (e) A Particular account of all the deductions made from the full pay of the horfe and grenadier guards, horfe, dragoons, foot guards, and foot, as well as the regulations for the regimental ftoppages from the non commiflion officers, and privates, and payments, will be given in the appendix. FULL THE ENGLISH ARMY. 419 FtTLL PAY, SUBSISTENCE AND ARREARS OF THE FIRST REGIMENT OF DRAGOON GUARDS, CON- FORMABLE TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE YEAR 1753. Full pay Subfiftence Net arrears Per diem. Per diem. Per ann. 1. s. d. 1. s. d, 1. s. d. 1 Col. and captain i 15 o 166 121 8 9 I Lieutenant col. 7 and captain J 46 o 18 6 85 18 4' I Major and captain 106 0156 71104 s I Chaplain 068 050 24 00 I Adjutant 050 046 463 I Surgeon 060 046 21120 6 Captains, each 0156 0116 5817L- 9 Lieutenants, each 090 070 27 169 9 Cornets, each 080 060 28160 Q Quarter mafters,7 each j ° 5 6 040 18 Serjeants, each 029 023 18 Corporals, each 023 019 18 Drummers, each 023 019 9 Hautbois, each 020 016 324 Privates, each 019 015 Allowance to widows Allow, to the col-l for clothes loft r by deferters J Allowance to the captain for re cruiting Allowance to the agent 1 1 o U O ID o 10 6 o 10 22 1 7I 426 420 HISTORYOF PAY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT OF FOOT GUARDS ACCORDING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE Full pay Subfiftencc Net arrears Per diem. Per diem. Per aim. 1. s. d. I. s. d. }. s. d. I Col. and captain i 19 o 1 10 o 126 14 3 1 Lieutenant col.l ^ g ^ ^ ^ ^ 100 6 4! and captain J 2 Majors and cap- 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^3 ^ 85 18 4I tains, each j 1 2 6 I Chaplain 068 050 2400I 1 Surgeon 040 030 24 8 oi 4 Mates, each 026 020 6 14 4! 3 Adjutants, each 040 030 14 8 ol 2 Quarter maf- ] , . ^'— {-040 030 14001 ters, each J I Sollicitor 04a 030 1480^ 1 Drum major 016 010 7 ^l 1\ 1 Deputy marfliall 010 009 3120 3 Hautbois, each 016 010 7130 24 Captains, each 0166 0126 57 2 4I 32 Lieutenants, each o 7 10 060 25 18 4! 24 Enfigns, each 0510 046 18 14 4i 56 Serjeants, each o 1 10 014 84 Corporals, each 012 o o 10* 56 Drummers 010 008? 1344 Privates, each o lo o o o 6? 1641 Allov.'ance to widows Ditto to the col. 261 Ditto to cap- -j tains for re- > in 6 cruiting J Ditto to agent 015 9 N. B. This regiment confifts of 28 companies including four companies ojgrenad in each of which is, two ferjeants, three corporals, two drums, and 40 private men. leri. THE ENGLISH ARMY. 421 A DISTRIBUTION OF THE FULL PAY, SUBSISTENCE AND ARREARS OF A REGIMENT OF FOOT OF EIGHT COMPANIES, AGREEABLE TO THE ESTABLISHMENT COMMENCING 25th D E C. 1783. Full pay Per diem. Subfiftcnce Per diem. Net clearings Per ann. ]. s. d. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. I Colonel and captain I 4 18 82 H I Lieutenant colonel] and captain J 17 13 54 I I Major and captain 15 • 1 1 6 47 3 I 5 Captains, each 10 7 6 34 9 7 I Captain lieutenant 4 8 •^ J 6 16 I 9 9 Lieutenants, each 4 8 6 16 I 9 6 Enfigns, each 3 8 3 8 I 7 I Chaplain 6 8 5 22 19 9 I Quarter mafter 4 8 3 6 16 I 9 1 Adjutant 4 n 15 10 I Surgeon 4 3 13 15 10 I Surgeons mate '^ J 6 5 4 6 16 Seijeants, each I 6 I 24 Corporals I 8 18 Drummers and 1 fifers, each J I 8 384 Privates, each 8 6 Allowance to the , widows [ 10 3 ^ Ditto to the capt.^ at 8s. per diem f Ditto to the colo-i nel 9s. 4d. J Do. to the agent 4s. PAY 422 HISTORY OF PAY OF THE GENERAL AND STAFF OFFICERS ON THE IRISH ESTABLISHMENT OF THE YEAR 1728. Ivord lieutenant, deputy juftices, or other chief governor, or governors general of Ireland for all their al- lowances and entertainments Two aids de camp each, los. Lieutenant general and commander? in chief under the government ^ One aid de camp One lieutenant general Three major generals, il. 6s* 6ld. each Eight brigadiers, 20s. each Mufter mafter general and clerk of the cheques in full of all allowances and not to receive the day's pay Six deputy commiflarys, 8s. each Quarter-mafter general Adjutant general Judge advocate general Chyrurgeon general Provoft marfhal general Phyfician general Total B B ■ Per diem. 1. S. d. Per ann 1. S. d. 8 I 3tV ^593 6 8 I 365 4 1460 10 182 10 2 13 3 19 8 8| 970 1455 2920 I 7 4I 500 2 8 I I 876 3^5 365 6 8 1 21 13 4 6 8 121 13 4 4 10 73 182 10 45 6 9!: 16550 13 4 FULL THE ENGLISH ARMY. 423 FULL PAY AND SUBSISTENCE OF A REGIMENT OF HORSE, A REGIMENT OF DRAGOONS, AND A REGIMENT OF FOOT, ON THE IRISH ESTABLISHMENT OP THE YEAR I738. HOF S E. D R A C N S. V T. Full pay SubulU Full pay Subfift- F jU pay Subnil- per cnce per per ence per per eiice per diem. diem. dicm. dii-iii. c icm. diem. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. 1 s. d. 1. s. d. I 18 I 8 9 Ill 4 I 3 8 I + iS 4 I 5 19 1 19 4 14 7 16 6 12 7 I 2 6 17 II 17 4 013 I 13 6 10 4 17 0130 012 4 092 9 6 7 T 10 6 080 062 049 4 6 3 4 086 068 052 3 10 3 6 2 10 050 048 20 03c 029 72 4 030 4. 030 040 030 4 2 6 030 024 6 8 050 6 8 050 6 8 050 026 024 10 . . . . - - 026 III 24 - . _ . - . 016 010 36 - - 016 026 I 8 I I 7 I I 5(5 10 87i I I 6 I 008 I 009 026 I II «4 1 la 014 1 10 014 7 005 Colonel and captain Lieutenant colonel and captain Major and captain Captain — Captain lieutenant and lieutenant Cornet and enfign Quarter mailer — AHjutant — Surgeon — Surgeon's mate — Chaplain — Kettle drummer — Trumpeter — Haiiibuis — Drummer — Serjeant — Corporal — Private (g) — The officer appointed to pay the troops was ftiled treafurer of war, he had under him diverfe clerks who paid particular bodies ; their pay in the time of Edward I. was is. per diem. What was the pay of the treafurer is not mentioned, the clerks paying artifi- cers had only 6d. In the 6th of Henry IV. the Lord Furnivall, and Sir John Pel- ham vverc treafurers of the wars, and certain perfons were appointed to audit their accounts, (h) A. D. 1548, I ft of Edward VI. from Patin's account of the expedition toMufll-lborough in Scotland under the duke of Somer- (g) Of tlic private men in the foot regiments, 40 men received 6d. per diem full pay, and 4d. per dicm fubfiftence ; 3+0 fcven pence per diem full pay, and five pence per dicm fubfillciice. In tiic eftabiifhment of the year 1728, the offices of adjutant and quarter matter were held by one perlbn, who had 4s. per diem full pay. || (h) Rot. Pail, in anno. Vol. I. I i i f<-'f> 424 H I S T O R Y O F fet, we learn that Syr Raufe Sadclyr, knight, was treafurer of the army, but what were his allowances for that office, is not there mentioned. A. D. 15S7, 29th Elizabeth, Sir Thomas Shirley, knight, was appointed treafurer of the army in the Low Countries, with allow- ance of il. 6s. 8d. per diem, for his own diet. For his vice trea- furer los. and for three paymafters 6s. 8d. per diem each, with allowance for portage of ten pounds in the thoufand, out of all fuch fums as fliould come into his hands, with all fuch profits and advantages as were enjoyed by the late treafurer, Richard Huddle- flone, Efq. (i) In the 39th of the fame reign, William Meredith, Gent, was appointed to the fame office, under the title of paymafter, he was bound to find fecurity foi' the fums with which he Ihould be entrufted. (k) In Rymer A. D. 1638, 14 Charles I. is the king's commiflion, appointing Sir William Uvedale, knight, treafurer of war for the army intended againll: the Scots, with an allovvance of 40s. per diem for his own diet, and for all fuch fums of money as fliould pafs through his hands, the hundredth penny to be paid by tiiofe who received money of him, for a deputy 6s. 8d. per diem, four clerks, each 2S. and one meflenger at i2d. per diem. The next year another commiffion was iffued, when the allow- ance for money paffing through the hands of the paymafter was raifed, from the hundreth penny, or il. in the hundred to 12I. los. for every thoufand pounds coming into his hands, for portage money. His own daily pay for diet was the fame as before, but he was allowed two deputies, fix clerks, and one melfenger, all paid as before. (i) Rymer vol. 16. p. 5. (k) See Rymer in anno. By the above commKTion Sir Thomas Shirley wis to receive and yfiue all fuch our treafure, as ihall be ymploycd about the chardges of coates, conduct money, tranfportation, and the monthlye payment of fuche foldiers as are, and Hiall be tranfported out of this our realme, and fuch others as doc or (hall fervc in the faid Lowe Coimtryes under our paye. Thb THE E N G L I S H A R M Y. 425 The falaries and allowances of the paymafter general of the year 1782, are Hated in the fixtli report of the commiflloners ap- pointed to examine the public accounts of the kingdom, prefented in that year. The paymafler general (it is there faid) is appointed by letters patent under the great feal, during pleafurej he receives four an- nual allowances as paymafter general of the forces, and one as treafurer of Chelfea hofpital : The four are, three thoufand pounds as the particular falary belonging to his office ; one thoufand feven hundred and fixty pounds for the payment of clerks ; fix hundred pounds for contingent expences of his office, and twenty fliillings a day as cue of the flaff upon the eflablilhment ; the other allow- ance is twenty ihiilings a day as treafurer of Chelfea hofpital. The amount of thefe allowances is fix thoufand and ninety-two pounds : out of which he paid for himfelf and officers in taxes, nine hundred and fixty-two pounds, nineteen {hillings and nine- pence ; to clerks one thoufand (even hundred and feven pounds ; and for the contingent difburfements of his office, three hundred and fixty pounds, feven fliillings and eight pence ; making together three thoufand and thirty pounds, feven fliillings and five pence; which reduced his clear receipt to three thoufand and fixty-onc pounds, twelve fliillings and feven-pence." Ample as this allowance may appear, it makes but a fmall part of the emoluments of a paymafter general, in comparifon with thofe accruing from the lai-ge funis conftantly remaining in their hands, and the vaft balances retained by them for many years, even after they have refigned their offices. " We procured, (fay the commiffioncrs before mentioned) from the Pay-office, ac- counts of the balances and funis received and paid every year by each of thefe paymaftcrs (1) fince they went out of office ; a com- (I) Lord Holland refigned tliis officG, in 1765; Mr. Charles Townflicnil in 1-66 i Lord North and Mr. Cooke in 1767; Mr. Cooks and Mr. Thomas Tcwnihcnd, in 1768. putatioii 426 H I S T O R Y O F putatlon of intereft, at 4 per cent, per annum, upon thcfc balances every year, from fix months after they feverally refigned the office, proves that the lofs by the money left in the hands of Lord Hol- land, amounts at fimple intereft to 248,394!. 13s. of Mr. Charles Tovvnfliend, to 24,2471. 3s. of Lord North and Mr. Cooke to 18,775!. 3s. of Mr. Cooke and Mr. Tho. Townfliend 3,419!. 15s. Total 249,8361. 14s. The deputy paymafter has a clear yearly income of 962I. los. He is appointed by the paymafter general, who has the nomination of all the officers and clerks employed in his office. There are befides in the paymafter general's office, the fix fol- lowing lucrative departments, whofe net annual emoluments arc thus ftated in the before cited report, (m) The cafliier - - - - The accountant . - - The ledger keeper - - - - The computer of off-reckonings The cafliier of half pay - - _ The entering clerk _ - « The deputy paymafters abroad are paid an allowance) fix of them thirty fliillings a day, and three of them three pounds a day. They have befides many very confiderable known fees and emolu- ments, befides private advantages. (m) From the account in the appendix, it appears that the grofs amount of the emo- luments received in this office, was 25,108!. 19s. id. The nett amount 23,561!. is. 8d. The fum of 13,450!. received for falaries and allowances was paid by the public: The fum of 1 15573!. 195. id. for fees and gratuities, was paid by individuals. Sixth Report, p. 85. 1. s. d. 8,389 15 6 2,715 3 9 529 16 1,038 5 6 583 5 1,498 5 4 End of the First Volume. ( 427 ) INDEX TO THE FIRST VOLUME. :^^^ A XX B B E Y of Holm Coltram repaired, 327 Account of Roger de Waltham, keeper of the great wardrobe, temp. Ed. II. 328 Adjutant or aide major, when introduced, 316 — his duties, 317 Aketon, 125 Anfpefade, lancefpefata, or lance corporal, the origin of, 312. Archers on horfcback, their pay, 330 — Ditto on foot, ibid. — Drefs of the ancient archers, p. 147 — Earl of ElTex attempts to raifc a corps of archers, 149 — To proted them from the cavalry, the ancient archers carried pointed Hakes, which they placed llopingly before them, ibiJ. Armies, Saxon, how formed, 2. — Armed 3. — Saxon puniliimcnt for cowardice, ibid. Army f- nt to Ireland, 36 Edward III. pay of, 3^2 — Ditto of the army, and artillviv,and .irtKiccrs, raifcd A. 1). 1639, by '\,r.' Charles I. againft the Scots, 370, J.ul 372 Vol. 1. K Armour and weapons directed by law, temp. Hen. II. to be kept by perfons of different degrees, with regulations made refpedling them, 11 — Aflize of, 13 Ed- ward I. called flatuteof Winchefter, 12 — Repealed ift. of Philip and Mary with re- gulations then made, 13, &c. — Different forts of armour and weapons explained, fee notes, 13, &c. — Armour plate, when firft in general ufe, 105 Armourers, pay of, 330 Arms, men at, tlu-jr pay, 338 Arms fpare, to fupply an army, valued by ertimation, 370 Array, writ of, 67 Arrayers, their office, 204 Arrows, of what wood, 144 — How fea- thered, ibid. Arrow heads, to be made of the flooks of anchors, 144 — To be marked with the names of the makers, 145 Artillery companv, account of, 1 5^, 193 Aficnibiing the national forces, mode of, 65 Atillaior, 328 ' Auditor gcncial, 270 k B A C I. •s 1 N D X. B B A CI NET, 125. Jianneiet, 2c6 — Pny of, 324. UuiJed horfes, wliat, the term cxpbineJ, 105 Bayonets, when fii ft introduced, iSi — Anecdote refpecling them, 182 Dell, the hcil in any town, taken from the enemy, the perquifite ot the m.iller gun- ner and his company, 237 Bever, 105 Bidi'^p of Norwich, indents to fcrve King Richard II. a whole year in France, with 25QO men at arms and 2500 archers, 58 Bi(hops, frequently commanded armies, and fought like private troopers in the ranks, ufing the mace, in order to evade the prohibition of the fv\ord — Story of Philip de Dre\jx bifl^op of Beauvais, 70 Black or brown bill, 129 Bow, long, when firft introduced into the Englifh army, 140 — Laws and regula- tions rcfpciling it, 141, c<:c. — Prices of bows, 143— Range of an arrow iliot from a long bow, 143 — Force with which it will ftrike an objecf, ib. — Two conimif- fions granted by King Charles I. for en- forcing the ufe of the long bow, 148 — An archer having pronounced the word FAST, before he Ihot, was not liable to any punilhment although he fliould by accident kill a man, 152 Brabancons, Provencales, Coterelii and Flemmings, mercenary troops frequently hired by our Kings, 56 Brigadeer or corporal, 322. CaLIVER, a lighter kind of muflcet fired without a reft, 164 Captain general, his fuitc, &c. 241 Captain and keeper of the marches of Cum- berland, his pay, 328. Carriage mafter general, liis duty, 259 Curpcnter, pny of, 327 Carnidgcs, when introduced, 178 Cavalry, ancient, divided into conllabu- laries, and commanded by officers flilcd conflables, 20; Cavalry, officers of, commanded the infan- try in the field, 243 — Regulations be- tween the officers of cavalry and ihofe of infantry tefpeifling command, 243 Chafron or Chainfrein, its ufe, loi — Con- trived to prevent horfes feeing right before them, ibid. Charges made by the provoft marflial V'an Velthovens, for executing raparees In Ireland, 252, 253 — Objections to the faid accounts, and depofitions refpefling them, 256, ». City trained bands, their origin, 193 — Ac- count of them, iq6, 197 Clergy of all denominations diredled by the king's writ to be arrayed, armed, and regimented, 67 — P'orbitldcn to hold a convocation when the king was with the army, and they fummoned to perform their feudal fcrvice, 6 — Their livings af- felTed to find armour. So, n. — Queen Elizabeth, by her letter dirtdcd to the bilhop of Chefter "to contribute to the railing of horfe for the affillance of the Hollanders, 80 Clerk of a company, 316 Combuftible compofitions for burning liQufes or fhips, fixed on the heads of arrows, and (hot with long bows, 146 Commons petition that the Sire de Fourni- vall may be repaid the money advanced to preferve the credit of Prince John, and to pay his troops, 334 Conftable, high, his allowances, 217 — Of PVance, his privileges, &c. ibid, and 221 Conftable, INDEX. 429 Conflublc, pay of, &c. 217, 323, 325 ConcJuit monev, 324 Conrtilutional forte fooii after the con- qiicfl, 8 Crcft--, 103 Criminals, pardoned on condition of ferving ill the king's army abroad, -.f. Criniere or main fairc, 105 Crofs bow, its origin, 155 — Different forts, '157- Crofs bowmen, how drefled and anncd, 157 — Their pay, 126 Croupieres and flancois, 105 Cuirafle, what, ic6 Curaifier, how armed, 107, 318, 319 Centenary, pav of, 32; — Not having a war horfe, ibid. Chaplains, pay of, 329, &c. Corporals of the field, their duty, 269 Corporal or caporal, his title, whence de- rived, 31 1 — A corporal might correiSt the foldiers with his fword or mufket reft, iiis duty, ibid. — Lance corporal, 312 Courtezans of tiie duke of Alva's army, divided into feveral fquadrons, under cap- taineffes and alfera's or (he cornets, and according to their beauty allotted to the officers of different ranks, 262 CouHrel, etymology of, 116, « (a) Crycrs, pay of, 329 D D E M I. L A U N C E, pay of, 337 Different kinds of troops of which our ar- mies confuted, foon after the conqucft, lOI, &c. Ditchers and their vingtcners, pay of, 327 — Pay of the women aHifting the ditciicrs, ibid. Dragoons, the captain, lieutenant, and gui- don, how armed and mounted, 319 — Kk Difference between the cornet and gui- don, ibid. Draughting of regiments detrimental to the fervice, 185, n. Drefs of ancieiit archers, 14.7 Dreux, Philip do, bifhop of Beauvais, a ftory told of him by Mathew Paris, 70 Droits and fees of the marifchall as claimed by Thoinas de Brotherton, 225 — Ditto from a MS. in the Cotton library, 225, n. (1) — His charge over the liarlots of the court, and remarkable punilhment infli:l- ed on interlopers, 23?, n. (m) Drum major, 313 — Drum major general of the king's forces, his cominillion, 314, «. (s) — Drummer not originally cm- ployed to inflidl the fcntences of courts martial, 315, and n. (u) Duke of Alva's arrangement of the courte- zans following his army in the Nether- lands, 262 Durham, bifhop of, his pay, 3;^ r!j A R L, pay of, 330 Elizabeth, Qiieen, her inflruflions for the execution of a commiffion directed to the jultices of the peace, for a general mufler and trayning of all manner of perfons liable for the wars to fervc ,as well on horfeback as on foot, 81 — Her regulation refpe^ting the proportions of hartjuebufiers and archers in every hundred footmen, 90 Engineer, pay of, 326 — .Mailer engineer, 327 Enligns (colours), difgraccs that may hap- pen to them, 229 — Of the right ufc and ordering of them, v\ith the pollures and flouriihes thereunto belongintr, 303 Enfigns, V'ere, on their dignity, 296 Efquirc, pay of, 325, 329, 335 k a Ertimatc 430 N D X. Eftlmate for the raifing, equipment and pay of a royal at my, to be raifed for the re- covery of the Palatinate, A. D. 1620. 351, &c. A EE, a knight's, 5 Fenclble corps, 192 — Their rank, ibid. Feudal fcrvices, regulations refpetfling them, 7, 8/ Fifers different from vvhiflcrs, 314 — Long laid afide, and revived about the year, 1745, 316. Firelock or fnaphance, when introduced, 175 Forage mafter general, 269 Foot armed with acketons and bacinetts, pay of, 329 Full pay, fabfifience, and arrears of the horfe and grenadier guards, 416, 417 — Of the horfe guards blue, 418 — Dragoons, 419 — Foot guards, 420 — And foot on the Englifh eftablifliment, 421 — Full pay, fubfiftence, and arrears of a regiment of liorfe, one of dragoons, and one of foot on the Irilh eftablilhment, 423 — The flaff officers on theEnglidi eftablithment, 415 —Ditto Irifh, 422 — Fufileers, what, 177 GaMBESONS what, lor Gentlemen penfioners, ordinances and fla- tutes made for their government by King Henry VIII. 115 — Their oath, 119 — Pay for felves and retinue, 117 — Dif- banded and re-eftabliflied ona fmaller pay, 121 — Sufpended and re-embodied, 122 New orders by King James II. ibid. Gentlemen penfioners to be advanced to commiflions in the army preferable to all other perfons whatfoever, 214 — Prefent uniform and eftablifliment, ibid. \ Gentlemen of a company, 312 Gifarme, 126 Grenadiers, when firfl inftituted, 180 Goujats or foldiers boys, 261, «. Gunpowder fprinklcd with aqua vitxor cla- ret wine, 1 7 1 Gunners, pay of, 330 H HaLBERT, 136 Hand guns, or hangc guns, firft introduced into England, their length fettled by zSt of parliament, 162 Harbinger or herbergcr, his duty, 249 Harquebus, pillol, petrinal, and mufket dc- fcribed, 162, n. Harquebufiers, how defenfively armed, 165 Hauberk in France peculiarly appropriated to perfons poffefled of certain feignuries called fiefs d'haubert, 101 Helmet, 102 High conftable, his power and allowances, 217 — High conftable of France his pri- vileges, &c. ibid, and 221 Highland or 42d regiment, its origin and ftory, 183 Hobiler, 107 — Error refpefling their firft inftitution, log — The name loft, ibid.^ Arms and appointments, ibid. — Pay of, 326, 329 Horfes for public fervice, to be kept by per- fons of diff"erent degrees or eftates^ ir, 12, 13, &c. J ACK, acketon, and bacinet, what, 125 Jewels of the crown pledged by King Henry V. as fecurity for the regular payment of his troops, 73 Indenture, a mode of raifing troops, 57— Form of one, 72, n. (c) — Bifhop of Norwich N D E X. 43' Norwich indents with King Ricliard II. 58 — Another indenture, between King Henry V. and the duke of Clarence, 335 — Heniy Le Scroope, 336 — Henry Vll. and George earl of Kent, 337 Infantry, at and foon after tlie conqucft, how formed ard armed, 125 Invalids, igi Judge advocate general, for the kingdoms of Suez, FeZ; and Morocco, his commifTion, 272 Judge marflial or auditor general, 270 K Ia-ING James I. his ironical praife of armour, 104, k. (e) Knight, his fee, 5 — Armour, loi — Pay, 330 — Ancient knights frequently carried two fwords, 104, «. (f ) 1- 330 Lieutenants appointed to the different coun- ties, 80 Light dragoons, the firft regiment of, raifed 1746, 1 14 — A light troop added to each regiment of dragoons, ibid. M Mallet or mell of arms, 131 — Ufedbythe Englilh archers, 132 — Me- morable combat fought in Bretagne, be- tween thirty Kii,:;ii(h cliampions and tlic like number of Frenchmen, 133 Marc, to be mounted on one held dilhonor- ablc, 107, n. (n) Marines, their inftitutlon, 187 Mafons, pay of, 330 Match cafes, 170 Marifcli.il or marlhal, antiquity of that of- fice, 224 — Droits and fees claimed by Thomas de Brotherton, 225 — Ditto from a AIS. in the Co'ton library, 225, >!. (1) — Marifclials charge over the hailots at court, and remarkable punishment of intruders, 230, n. (m) Maficrs general of the ordnance, fuccefl'ion of, 239 Militia inQituted by Charles II. laws and regulations thereof, 20, &c. — How ar- med, 27 — Proportions of the aflcfiment for their pay, 29 — Militia, new, number of men to be raifed in the different coun- ties, 35, and note — Laws refpeiSing it, 45, &c. — Notion that the embodied mili- tia were not liable to be commanded by any officer of the regular forces under the rank of a general, confidcred and con- futed, 52 «. (h) Miners, pay of, 330 Mifericorde, 104 Morris or moorifh pike, the invention of it falfely attributed to prince Maurice, 135 Mutiny aafirft pafTed, A..D. 1689— Not always immediately renewed, 65, n. (o) N IN A K E D or unarmed footj^iay of, 329 Navy of Queen Elizabeth, 1 30, &c. and nole (x) Norman laws refpe«5ting feudal fervice, 4 Ordnance, Rauf Bigod firft maf- terof, 231 — Different officers of the ord- nance, temp. Richard III. 232 — Efla- bhlhmcnt of ditto, A. D. 1557, 232, ». CO 432 I N D ;;. (r) — Mafler of theorJnance, his duty, 233 — King Williain III. his letter refpecl- ing certain perquifites ot the cominanding officer of the ordnance, 237 — SucceiFion cf mafters general, 231 Ordonnance of the King of France when he goes with tlie army, 221 Pages, 330 Pay of, earls, barons, bannerets, knights, efquires, paunceners, centenaries, vingt- ners, archers on horfcback and foot, with the other officers, foldiers, and artilicers of an army, temp. Edward T. 330 Pay of an army of King Edward II. raifed againft the Scots, A. D. 329, 330 — Of the army of King Edward III. before Calais, ibid, and 331 — Of the army fent to Ireland 36 Edward III. 332 — Of the army at St.Quintyn's, A.D. 1557, temp. Philip and Mary, 339— Pay of the officers of the companies appointed for fervice in the year 1588, 347 — Of the army in Ire- land under the earlofEflex, A. D. 1598, 349— Eftimate of the expences of an army to be raifed for the recovery of the Palatinate, temp. James I. 1620, 351 — Of the army raifed by Charles I. A. D. 1639 againft the Scots, 370 — Pay of the parliamentary troops, A. D. 1647, 378 — Pay of the army, garrifons, &c. A. D. 1659,381. Paymafter genera', 425, — His office, 426 Pay of the Hrft troop of horfe-guards, 416 — Firft troop of grenadier guards, 417 — Horfe-guards, blue, 418 — Firft regiment of dragoon guards, 419 — Firft regiment of foot guards, 420 — A regiment of foot 421. Phyficians, pay of, 329 E X. Pioneers, captai.T of, his duty, 263 — Sol- diers made to fcrvc as pioneers, as a pu- nilhment for milbehavioiir, pafliige in Shakefpeare refpeding pioneers expiained, ibid. Pikemen how armed, 138 — E:Iabiilhed prices of pikemcns armour anU weapons, 139 Plan of this work, fee advertifement Plaftron, loi Poitrinal, 105 Pole-ax, 128 Pofle comitatus, wliat, g Prelling for foldiers, praclifed under Queen Elizabeth, ico — Argument againlt it as ufually executed, 100, n- (t) Prick fpur, 103 Prince, pay of, 330 Printer of the London €vei\ing port cor- rected, 114, n. (x) Proviand mnfter, his office, cuftom of paying by proviand, Sir John Smythe's objcciions to it, 266 Provoft marfhal, his duty, 249 — Provoft marfhal. Van V^ehhoven's charges for executing raparees in Ireland, 2^2 note— For a new gallows, 253 — for whipping, ibid. — This account objeiled to, depo- fition of Johannes HofFelingh relpecling Velthoveii's troop, 256, «. — Of Zyrach Gout and John Goedort refpeding the fame,and his gift to his concubine Airs. \'alentiiie, ibid. Punifliment of appearing at a tournament with falfe proofs of nobility, log, '/. (n) Q U I N T Y N, St. lift of the army that ferved there A. D. 1557, with their pay, 339 QLiarrels I N D Quarrels fhot from crofs bows and guns, 157 Quartcrmafler of horfe, 319 — Should un- derhand caftrametation, ibid. X. 433 R AX. A I S I N G forces at the county's charge, 75 Reformadoes, 312 Regards, 336. Regiments, parliamentary, difbanded and raifed for the fervice of King Charles II . 60, ». (q) Royal or ift rcpiment of foot, hirtory of, 61, n. (r) ftlled Pontius Pilate's guards, 61 Royal IrlHi or 18th regiment, a fingular flory of them, 63, n. (t) Ruptarii, routers or ryters, foreign cavalry occafionally hired by our kings, 56 O AXON laws refpe£)ing perfons obliged to bear arms, and perform public fervices, i Schedule or proportion of uienfils, &c. to attend the 20 pieces of ordnance for the army to be raifed for the recovery of the Palatinate, 3O6 Scow[ mailer, his duty, 258 Scijtunt, I he dcfcripiion and duty of, 308 — A ferjoaiit may corre<5l the foldicrs with his halbert and fAord, ibid. > Serjeants at arms raifed by King Ric^hard I. as his body guard, 199 — How armed, their pay and allowances, ibid. — Com- plained of by the commons, 200 — Num- bers iiave varied, 202 — Prefent number, 202 — Pay, 326 Serjeant major, duties of, 244 Servieiites, ici Shicf of arrows, 144 Shield, 102 Silk gown, French hood, velvet bonnet, &c. worn by the wives of under a certain rank or eftate, fubjefled their hufbands to find a horfe for the fervice of the coun- try, 17 Simnel Dominical, 217, n. (p)— Salted Simnel, ibid. Smiths, pay of, 330 Soldario ad arma, pay of, 330 Soldier, 325— EnllileJ for three years only, in the army ferving under the duke of Marlborough, 99 Clanfe in the mu- tiny ail authorifmg fuch inlifting, 100, ft. (s) — Soldiers of the garrifon of the cnfllcs on the frontiers of Picardy, petition that they may be paid at the exchequer at Calais, and not be obliged to come over to England to receive their pay, 335 — Soldier ileparting from the army in time of war without the king's licence, felony, without benefit of clergy, and may be tried by the jufiices of every (I'.irc, 65 Standing army, growth of, 56, >i. (k)— Mercenary troops always found in the Englilh armies and garrifons, 56 Staff or fuite of a captain general, the higii marifchall, general of horfcmen, and ge- neral of footmen, 341 Spears, fee gentlemen penfioners Sprites (lion wooden arrows ufed on fliip- buard, 165 Staff officers, 316 — Staff and general officers on the Englilh eilablillimcnt, 415 — On the Irifh, 422 Stakes, iharp pointed, carried by archers, 149. Surgeons, very few in ancient armies, 275 — Only thirteen with that of King Henry V^ in France, their pay, 275 — Low ftalc of furgcry in the I'jih century, 273 n. (u) — Orders for prefTmg — furgcons and 43+ N D and artificers to make their inftruments, 5-75 Swines or Svveedifli feather, a contrivance to defend mufketeers againft cavalry, 165 T. 1 E NT-Makers, pay of, 330 Trenfurer of the army, his duty, 246 Trench maf^er, his duty, 258 Troops paid in advance, 337 Trophy-money, 32, and n. (b) Trumpeter, formerly not allowed to wear any ofFenfive arms, unlefs a fword with the point broken ; the form of his trum- pet, banner and furniture, 318, 319 Turner, Sir James, his lift of officers of a troop of horfe, 319 V. Valentine, Mrs. lady of plea- fure to AfTarias Velthoven, his gifts to her, 256, n. Valets, young gentlemen of rank and for- tune, not knighted, 325 E X. Vingtner, what, pay, 329, 330-fcVIngtncl of crofs bows, pay of, 326 Vifor, 105 W. W E LCH foot, pay of, 329, 330 Whifflers, 241, n. (a) — Different from fifers, 314 Women employed to afTift the ditchers, 327 — Their pay, ibid. — ^Vomen follow- ing the army, how ranged or ordered on a march, 261 — '^V'omen riding on horfe- back, fometimes divided into companies commanded by female marrtials,. called in Germany, Hureweibles, or marfhals of the whores, with a ftandard carried before them, ibid. Y, Yeoman of the guard, when firft eflabliflied, their fize and quality, 202 — Drefs and arms, 203 — Sometimes car- ried bows and arrows, fometimes fire- arms, occafionally mounted on horfeback. fee a print of one, 203 — Their duty, 204 — Prefent number, officers, arms, pay, and clothing, ibid. DIRECT! N S to the BINDER. 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