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THE CASE

HIS HIGHNESS PRINCE AZEEM JAH.

NAWAUB OF THE CARNATIC, AND SOUBAHDAR OF ARCOT.

in Support of tf)c ^ftttionsi Imi SliS feigJjnciSS to tijf fimpcfial JPadiamtnt of ©rtat ©ritain.

AGENTS:

ADAM BUEN, 14, GKEAT CARTER LANE.
DEANS AND ROGERS, 20, GREAT GEORGE STREET, WESTMINSTER.

1859.

TABLE OF THE NAWAUB'S DESCENT.

Anwar-ad-dien,

Nawaub of the Carnatic 1744.

Slain in Battle 1749.

Succeeded by

his Son

Mahomed Ali, afterwards, by

Royal Firmand, named

Wallah Jah Ummeer ul Hind.

Died on 13th October 1795,— leaving

Eldest Son,

Second Son,

Omdut ul Omrah, who succeeded

his Father, and died on

15th July 1801.

Ameer ul Omrah,

died, leaving a

Son.

Left reputed Son Ali Hous.sain,

passed over and died on 6th April 1802,

without issue.

Azeem ood Dowlah succeeded his Uncle

0^rDUT ul Omrah.

Died 3d August 1819,— leaving

Eldest Son.

Second

Son.

AzuM Jah, succeeded his Father,

died 12th Nov. 1825, leaving

a minor Son.

Azeem Jah,

The Claimant,

now in right of the Nawaubship.

Mahomed Ghouse Khan, who succeeded
his Father under the Regency

of his Uncle, Azeem Jah.
Died is.sueless, 7th Oct. 1855.

THE

CARNATIC CASE.

vN the 7th day of October 1855 his Highness Gholam Mahomed Ghodse

Khan, Nawaiib of the Carnatic and Soiibahdar of Arcot, after having enjoyed the

^ honours of his elevated position for a period of thirty years, departed this hfe.

> He left no issue, and his uncle and nearest relative. Prince Azeem Jah, was en-

2= titled, according to Mahomedan law, to succeed him in the rights, titles, and

revenues of the Nawaubship.

Prince Azeem Jah is the second son of his late Highness Azeem TJl Dowlah,
Nawaub of the Carnatic, who was elevated to the Musnud in 1801. He is the
brother, by the same mother, of his late Highness Azum Jah, who succeeded to
the Musnud upon the death of their father in 1819. And, as already stated, he
is the uncle of his late Highness Gholam Mahomed Ghouse Khan, the next and
last Nawaub, who succeeded in 1825, and to whom, upon the occurrence of that
event, — he being then an infant, — his Highness Prince Azeem Jah, as next heir
to the throne, was appointed Prince Regent, or, as it is termed in the native
language, Naib-i-Mooktar.

Prince Azeem Jah was born not long after his father's elevation to the Musnud.
By birth a prince, and from the earliest moment of his somewhat long life asso-
ciated with an illustrious title, — the immediate relative of successive sovereigns,
— surroiuided by everything which in India gives the kingly title its importance, —
and for the last thirty years the openly recognised heir to the throne of his ances-
tors, his accession suddenly became only the unexpected signal for an unmerited
and bitter degradation. Without a rival, — without a crime laid to his charge, — in
the midst of peace, — an attached ally of the British Government, — it was made
known to him that that Government, through the Honourable the East India
Company, had, after a period of more than half a century, for the first time dis-
covered that the Treaty with his father extended not to the son, and that thence-
forth the title of Is^awaub of the Carnatic, which for centuries had been a title of
power and dignity in India, and even, by its association with British arms and
history, of world-known fame, was extinct, and the revenues by which its splen-
dours had been maintained, and which for the last fifty-four years liad been
expressly provided and set apart for its maintenance by treaty, were now to be
appropriated by that same power with whom the treaty had been made. Unfor-
tunately for his Highness, that treaty had placed the collection of the revenues in
the hands of the East India Company, and it became an easy matter to enforce
their decision.

By this decision (which will afterwards be more fully explained) a great wrong

358057

was done to an innocent man ; and to those acquainted with the facts, it is difficult
at first to refrain from imputing to those by whom the decision was made, the
unworthy motive of desiring to replenish an impoverished treasury, by denying
the rights of one who was not able to resist their power. But from the imputa-
tion of such base injustice any association of English gentlemen, unaccustomed
to it in dealings amongst themselves, may well be freed. The British name
has become proverbial amongst the nations of the world for its strict fidelity
to its enoasements in all circumstances, whether these engagements should be
to its gain or prove to its loss. Accordingly, by the very Act by which the
sovereignty of the great Empire of India was transferred to the Queen, the
Legislature took care expressly to provide that " all treaties made by the East
India Company shall be binding on Her Majesty."

In considering, therefore, the decision of the Directors of the East India
Company, it is not possible to conceive it, emanating as it does from a body of
high-minded Englishmen, to have been dictated by anything but an honest and
conscientious regard to considerations believed to be sound and accurate. Taking
this view of the matter, it will be the business of this paper to show, in a manner
conclusive and irresistible, that their consideration and decision were erroneous,
and must have proceeded upon imperfect information of the real facts of the
case.

Indian Territorial The head of the great Empire of India formerly was the Great Mogul or Em-

Dignities. peror of Delhi. "The dominions of the Great Mogul," says Mr Orme, "consist

The Gr t~M o- 1 ^^ twenty-two provinces, six of which, comprehending more than one-third of the

Y„, j jg, ° empire, compose the Soubahship of the Deccan ; the viceroy of which division is,

by a title still more emphatical than that of Sonbah, styled in the language of the

The Nizam of the court I^izam-al-muluck, or regulator of the empire : his jurisdiction extends in a

Deccan, jj^^g nearly north and south from Brampore to Cape Comorin, and eastward from

that line to the sea. Golcondah, one of these provinces, comprehends what

Europeans call the ifabobsliips of Arcot, Canoid, Cudapah, Raja-manch-um, and

Cliicacole ; so that there were under !N izam-al-muluck thii-ty sucli Nabobs, besides

several powerful Indian kings and many others of lesser note."

The Subahdar, " From the word Soubah, signifying a province, the viceroy of this vast

itid. p. 35. territory," Mr Orme mentions at another place, " is called Soubahdar, and by

Europeans improperly Soubah. Of the countries under his jurisdiction, some are

entirely subjected to the throne of Delhi, and governed by Mahomedans, whom

Europeans as improperly call Moors ; whilst others remain under the government

of their original Indian Princes or Rajahs, and are suffered to follow their ancient

modes, on condition of paying tribute to the Great Mogul. The INIoorlsh

governors, depending on the Soubah, assume, when treating with their inferiors.

The Nabob. the title of Nabob, which signifies Deputy ; but this, in the registers of the throne,

is synonymous to Soubahdar ; and the greater part of those who style themselves

Nawabs or Nabobs, are ranked at Delhi under the title of Phous-dar, which is

much inferior to that which they assume, signifying no more than the commander

of a body of forces. The Em'opeans established in the territories of these pseudo

Nabobs (if we may be allowed the expression), following the example of the

natives, with whom they have most intercourse, have agreed in giving them the

title they so much aft'ect." The Nabobs themselves, however, were frecjuently

styled Soubahs or Soubahdars.

It will thus be seen that under the Emperor was tlie Nizam or Soubah, or more
correctly than both, the Soubahdar, and under the Nizam were the Nabobs.
Under them again were various gradations of rank or oflice, into which it is need-
less, for the purposes of the present case, to make Incpiiry. The system bore, in
some respects, a resemblance to the feudal polity, and this not more in the sub-
ordination of successive superiors than in other features. The oflSces wei'e held
partly by tenure of military service, and partly for payment of specified tribute.
The Soubahs and Nabobs were bound to render to their superior military assist-
ance, and the superior extended to them his protection. At first the offices were,
like the feudal fiefs, personal and dependent upon the will of the Emperor, who,

upon the death of a Soubalidar, or of a Nabob, appointed his successor; but in
course of time, and especially aw the power of the Great Mogul declined, and as
the advantages of licieditary rule were made ajiparent, the ottices became heredi-
tary, either tacitly or by express confirmation of the Emperor.

AH of these potentates wore possessed of great military power. At a time Military strength
when the military maintained by the English might be counted by tens and <**' Native Princes,
units — their troops, in the words of Macaulay, being "scarcely numerous enough
to man the batteries of three or four ill-constructed forts which liad been erected
for the ])rotection of the warehouses at Madras" — Anwar ad-Dien, a Nabob of
the Carnatic, to whom attention will imme<liately be drawn, maintained a well-
ajipointed army of 12,000 cavalry and 8000 infantry, while the Soubah of theorme, p. iiiu.
Deccan is mentioned as n)arching with armies of 300,000 fighting men. The/iiU p. las.
army which the Emperor could call into the field, is stated to iiave amounted to Tennant, i. 3.00.
five millions of men. Whatever may have been the real strength of these armies,
as compared with European troops, th(!ir chiefs were held in great dread where
they held dominion, and in no little awe by the European colonists.

The Carnatic is a province on the south-east of tlie pcninsnia of Jlindostan. The Carnatic.
In length it is about 500 miles, and in breadth it varies from 70 to 120 miles.
It is bounded on the north by tlie Northern Circars, on the west by the Province
of Mysore, and on the east by the Coromandel Sea. The native capital town is
Arcot, from which the Nawaub of the Carnatic has sometimes been termed the
Nabob or Soubahdar of Arcot. The province contains a population of about
5,000,000 persons.

Upon an inquiry into the early history of the Carnatic, it is not of any import-
ance to the present case to enter. But it is necessary to the proper under-
standing of the history of the events which took place towards the end of the
last century, and upon the connection of which the pi-esent case will be found in
a great measure to turn, to go back to a period shortly antecedent to that in
which the East India Company came to be connected with the Carnatic. And,
first of all, it will be proper, by a brief sketch, to trace the elevation to the
Musnud of the Carnatic, of that august family of which Prince Azeem Jah is
now the venerable and respected representative.

Upon the elevation in 1713 of Ferokhser to the throne of the Great Mogul, Events leading
Cheen Kulich Khan was appointed to the Soubahdarry of the Deccan, and was '■o elevation of
decorated with the title, which that Soubahdar for the first time bore, of Nizam- Ef®'^®"'' ^°y''^
al-MuIk. At this time Sadatullah was Nabob of the Carnatic, and he held the
reins of government under the Nizam till the year 1732, when he died. Sada-
tullah had no issue male. In conformity with a common Indian practice, he
had therefore adopted Dost All and Bdkir All, the two sons of a brother ; —
Bakir AH he made Govei'nor of Velore, and Dost AH he nominated to the
Nabobship. Dost Ali accordingly succeeded upon Sadatullah's death to the
vacant Musnud. He had two sons and four daughters. Of these daughters one
was married to Mortiz Ali, the son of his brother Bakir Ali, Governor of Velore
— and another to Chunda Sahib, who became Dewan or Minister of the Finances
of the Carnatic under Dost Ali his father-in-law, and will immediately be found
to be acting a very prominent jiart in the affiiirs of that province.

The Hindoo Rajahs of Tanjore and Trichinopoly (petty tributary kingdoms
within the Carnatic) had become alarmed at certain apparently ambitious pro-
ceedings of the Nabob Dost Ali and his son-in-law Chunda Sahib, and incited the
Mahrattas, a neighbouring powerful military nation, to march to tiieir assistance.
In the month of May 1740, an army of 10,000 Mahrattas suddenly invaded the
Carnatic. Dost Ali encountered the invaders, but he and his son Hassam Ali
were killed on the field of battle. His other and eldest son Sufter Ali, who
now succeeded to the Nabobship, was advancing to his father's assistance when he
heard of his death, and took refuge in Velore, where Mortiz Ali his brother-in-
law (Bakir Ali being dead) was now Governor. Mortiz Ali procured the assas-
sination of the Nabob, attempted to establish himself in the Nabobship, and in
point of fact went the length of proclaiming himself Nabob at Arcot in November
1742 : but his own officers effected a revolt, and Mortiz Ali, in disguise, escaped
to Velore, whereupon the army proclaimed Seib Mahomed Khan, the infant son
of Sufder Ali, Nabob.

During this eventful period, the attention of the Nizam had been engaged in
watching another and distant part of his dominions. Upon being rek'a^'ed fnmi
anxiety in regard to it, he, in March 1743, arrived at Arcot, with an army con-
sisting" of 80,000 horse and 200,000 foot ; and it may here be mentioned, as iliiis-
tratino- the importance and dignity attached to tlie othce of Nabob, that, when he
arrived at Arcot, he was struclc with amazement at the anarchy vvhicli prevailed,
every petty Governor having assumed the title of Nabob ; so that one day, "after
ornip, i. p. 51. having received the homage of several of these little lords, Nizara-al-Muluck said

that he had that day seen no less than eighteen Nabobs in the Carnatic, whereas
he had alwavs imagined that there Avas but one in all the southern provinces.
He then turned to his guards, and ordered thf-m to scourge the first person who
for the future should in his ]iresence assume the title of Nabob."

The Nizam treated Sufder Ali's son with respect, and appointed Coga Ar-
DULLA Khan, the General of his army, to the Government of the Carnatic during
his minority. A few months afterwards, viz., in March 1744, Coga Abdulla died
suddenly, believed to have been poisoned. Upon this, the Nizam appointed
Anwar ad-Dien Khan in his stead. Anwar was the son of a man noted for
his learning and piety. He had governed as Nabob at Yalore and Rajamundrum,
from 1725 to 1741 ; and from that period till this appointment took place, he
had acted as Nabob or Governor of Golconda. Ostensibly at least AnMar was
only appointed Governor till the young Prince should arrive at the years of man-
hood ; and, in the meantime, he maintained the Prince in a splendour adequate
to his birth, and assigned the Palace in the Fort of Arcot for his residence.
.June 1744. Shortly afterwards, upon occasion of the wedding of one of Sufder All's relatives,

to which Mortiz Ali, the detested murderer of Sufder Ali, fell as a relation to be
invited, the voung Prince was cruelly assassinated by certain Pitan soldiers in his
service, and Mortiz Ali had a second time to fly from Arcot, suspected of the
crime. Thereupon the Nizam sent Anwar ad-Dien, Avho was an able and vigor-
Elevation of An- ous Governor, a Sunnud of appointment as Nabob of Arcot. This Anwar ad-
war ad-Dien. Dien was the great-great-grandfather of his Highness Prince Azeem J ah.

Then Position of Previous to this time The East India Company had participated but little in
India Company, the aflairs of the Carnatic, and had not figured in its history. They had been only
a weak and struggling mercantile body, contending m ith the Dutch, and afterwards
with the French, for a share of trade. It a]ij)ears only incidentally that they had
acquired and held three villages in the neighbourhood of Madras from the Nabob
of Arcot, which had been resumed by that Government ; and that, for their restora-
tion in perpetuity, the Company had humbly to petition the Emperor of Delhi,
obtaining this, among other privileges, only after repeated applications, long delays,
and in consequence of a lucky incident. INIadras itself was built upon a piece of
ground obtained in 1G39 by grant from the llajah of Chandragheri. Such, a cen-
tury ago, was the extent of the Company's possessions in the Nabob's dominions.
He was a powerful Sovereign ; they were merely traders, holding small pieces of
land within liis territories, and dependent upon his favour for retaining even what
little they had.

c-. , T J- Tir About the period of Anwar ad-Dien's elevation to the Musnud or throne of the

first Indian War , rl i t^ i- i /^ i i i i i i i

betwpcn French Carnatic, the French and English Governments at home had declared war, and hos-

aiid English. tilities Mere commenced in 1745 by the English in the Indian Seas. A small squa-
dron of vessels of war threatened Pondicherry, the seat of the French colony in the
Carnatic, situated on the coast about 85 miles south of Madras. M. Du])leix was
then the Governor of Pondicherry ; and, alainied for its safety, he ])revai]ed on the
Nabob to issue his commands to the Government of Madras, that the English ships
The Nabob An- should not commit hostilities against the French within the territories of Arcot.
war proliibits War The Nabob at the same time, however, intimated to the French that he Mould re-
in his Territories, quire them to observe the same law of inertion. The threats of the Nabob made so
much impression upon the Government of Madras that the shipswere sent elsewhere.
French violate in- But De la Bourdonnais, by direction of th(> French Government, resolved, in viola-
junction, and taketion of the Nabob's injunction, to strike a blow at the East Indian trade of the
Madras. English ; and in Se]itember 1746 anchored near Madras, Mhich be bombarded, and

Nabob comes to the town cajiituhited. Viewing this as an affront, the Nabob sent an army of 1 0,000
as-slstaiice of En- j^jen to revenge it, which was, however, on this occasion repulsed. Thus commenced,
Khsh, and founds ^^^, hundred and thirteen years ago, by a voluntary act on the j)art of the Nabob
in a most critical juncture, the connection between him and the English, which

has subsisted unbroken througli his descendants to the present day. Dupleix
afterwards invested the English fort of St David, situated to the south of Pon-
dichorry, when the Nabob again sent an army to the relief of the English. His
assistance was attended this time with more success ; and Dupleix found that he
could effect nothing against the English at St David so long as they were assisted
l)y the troops of the Nal)ob. Tic; therefore had recourse to cunning and corre-
spondence, and ill course of time succeeded in detacliing the Nabob's troops from
the Englisli ; and St David would also have fallen into the hands of the French,
had not, in March 1747, the Englisli squadron unexpectedly hove in sight. A
fleet afti'rwards arrived from England, and an attempt was made by the English
against Pondicherry; but the attempt failed, and Dupleix took advantage of the
failure to impress upon the native ])owers an idea of the Frencji su])('riority. Un-
der the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, by which the English and French were in 1748
restored to peace, Madras was redelivered to the English.

Dupleix was a vain and ambitious man, possessed of very considerable ability, Frencli Ambition.
and burning with desire to extend the French power in India. With all his
vanity, however, he united profundity as a politician, while lie was jiossessed of
rare address in the management of Indian affairs. He saw clearly that, on the
one hand, the existence of any other Europeans in India, and particularly of the
Englisli, would be perilous to his hopes, and on the other, that he never could
succeed but through alliances with the native princes, and by siniulating adhesion
to the cause of some powerful chief. For the French to have ventured upon an
open war of conquest on their own account, would only have been to have invoked
the contempt and vengeance of all the neighbouring princes. Naturally, with such
views, he must side, not with the legitimate reigning powers, but against them ;
and the opportunity was found, just where it was most needful, in the province in
Avhich his schemes of aggrandisement must first find their vent, and against that
ruler whose displeasure he had aroused.

When the Nabob Anwar ascended the Musnud, it seems there was among the
Carnatic chiefs a feeling against his elevation, and in favour of the family of Sada-
tullah, which for several generations had ruled in peace, and with advantage to
their subjects. Chunda Sahib, although only a member of the family by marriage, ChundaSalubcon-
resolved to avail himself of this feeling, and was watching his opportunity, although spires against the
detained a prisoner by the Mahrattoes. Dupleix, quick to discover his man, and '^°^ Anwar,
skilful to turn his vigilance to account, used every art to promote an alliance, and
ultimately guaranteed the heavy ransom which released him from captivity. In
1748 Nizam-al-Muluck died at an advanced age. He had obtained his eldest son
appointed to the high office of Ameer ul Omrah at the Court of Delhi. His second
son Nazir Jung had hitherto in his absence managed the affairs of the Deccan, and
upon the Nizam's death he assumed the Government. A rival, however, started
up in the person of Moozuffer Jung, his nephew — a favourite grandson of the
late Nizam Moozuffer Jung. He had been, for several years during the life of his
grandfather, Nabob of Beejapore, and it was given out and believed he had been
nominated, by his grandfather's will, successor to the Soubahdarrv. At this time
Chunda Sahib was at the head of 6000 men. He immediately entered into a league
with Moozuffer, and was joined by the French. Moozuffer was prevailed upon to Alliance with
commence the campaign in the Carnatic ; and the combined forces attacked the t'rench.
city of Arcot, which, after a very stubborn resistance, was taken. Anwar ad-Dien, Anwar slain, and
the Nabob, who had reached the great age of 107 years, was slain in the engage- *"^*=*^^'^®<^.^3' **^"
ment, and his son Mahomed Ali escaped with the remains of the army to the strong °™
fort of Trichinopoly. Moozuffer and Chunda Sahib neglected the advice of Du-
pleix promptly to follow up their advantage ; and Nazir Jung, who had been The Nizam tokes
marching to Delhi, having heard M'hat had taken place, retraced his steps, and ad- the field,
vanced into the Carnatic with an army of 300,000 fighting men, with 800 pieces
of cannon, and 1300 elephants. He thereupon summoned Mahomed Ali to join
him, and despatched letters to Fort St David requesting the English to send a
body of Europeans.

From the beginning of 1747 the English had been intriguing both with Nizam-
al-Muluck and Nazir Jung against the French ; and a mandate had been issued to
Anwar, directing him to protect, aid, and assist them in all respects, and to use his
best endeavours for the chastisement of the French and recovery of Madras. The
arrival of Moozuffer Jung, the defeat of Anwar, and the apprehended schemes of
Dupleix, had struck the English with alarm. They saw the dangers to which

Tlie French re-
treat.

Nizam murdered
and Moozuffer
elevated.

Moozuffer slain,
and French ele-
vate Salabut Jung

Vol. iii., p. 79.

Death of Chunda
.Saliib.

Conference be-
tween French and
English.

Vol. iii. p. 9.1.

they were exposed, but were incapal)le of acting with the necessary vigour. They
had allowed the fleet with troops to sail for England, and only 120 Europeans
were sent to support Mahomed Ali at Trichinopoly. But upon the arrival of
Nazir Jung, Major Lawrence, with GOO Euroj)eans, joined his immense army in
the capacity of Allies.

The French retreated in the face of this force, leaving Moozuffer and Chunda
Sahib in a state of despair. Moozuffer yielded himself up to his uncle, by whom
he M'as placed in fetters, and Chunda Sahib retreated with his troops to Pondi-
cherry. Hostilities took place ; and although the French obtained some advan-
tages, they could not have maintained the field very long against Nazir, had not
Dupleix entered into correspondence with some of Nazir's Pitan chiefs, who were
incited to treachery, and by one of whom Nazir Jung was shot through the heart.
Moozuffer Jung was now freed from his imprisonment, and assumed the autho-
rity of Soubalidar. Dupleix was appointed by him Governor of the Mogul do-
minions on the coast of Coromandel, from the river Kistna to Cape Comorin,
being the full extent of the Carnatic, or rather more; and Chunda Sahib -was ap-
pointed his deputy at Arcot. Thereafter Moozuffer Jung set out with his army
towards Golconda in the Deccan. On the march the Pitan chiefs who had joined
his standard revolted, and in the conflict which ensued Moozuffer was slain.
Upon this emergency, the French General at once resolved to elevate Salabut
Jung, the eldest surviving son of Nizam, who was present in the camp. Salabut
Jung became thenceforth the French Soubah, and promised the same concessions
to the French which had been made by his predecessors, and the army continued
its march towards Golconda. " The Europeans in India," says Mr Mill, " who
hitherto had crouched at the feet of the meanest of the petty governors of the
district, were astonished at the progress of the French, who now seemed to pre-
side over the whole region of the Deccan. A letter to Dupleix from a friend in
the camp of Salabut Jung, affirmed that in a little time the Mogul on his throne
would tremble at the name of Dupleix ; and however presumptuous thi.s jirophecy
might appear, little was wanting to secure its fulfilment."

The English, with their ally Mahomed Ali, were now sunk in apathy and
despair, and, in conjunction with him, made proposals which were haughtily
declined. The English then took the field, and at first suffered repulses ; on one
occasion, with disgrace flying from the field, leaving the native troops fighting.
Then Mas it that Clive, having obtained the command of a small force, attacked
and took Arcot, and made that ever-memorable defence of that place which first
gave a name to the British arms in India, and may be said to have been the turn-
ing point of their career in that empire. This, however, was a mere diversion.
The enemy's efforts were directed to the reduction of the strong fort of Trichino-
poly, which Mahomed Ali was occupying. In the difficulties which befell Mahomed
Ali, he applied to the Mysoreans, and obtained from them a force of 20,000 men.
The King of Tanjore likewise sent 5000 men, and Lawrence arrived with 400
Europeans and 1100 Sepoys. By aid of these forces, and the vigorous proceed-
ings which were adopted, the enemy were driven to extremity, and Chunda Sahib
surrendered himself to the King of Tanjore, who immediately ordered him to be
assassinated ; the English General not esteeming himself sufficiently powerful to
interfere.

The hostilities which had been commenced to unseat Mahomed Ali, and
ostensibly to elevate Chunda Sahib, but more truly on the part of the French to
drive the English out of the Carnatic and make them.selves supreme, were, how-
ever, after Chunda Sahib's death, resumed and continued till October 1754. But
the war had become exceedingly hateful to the Directors and Proprietors of both
the English and French Companies in Europe; and in January 1754, Dupleix
had opened a negotiation with Saunders, the Governor of Madras. " The real
point in dispute," says Mr Mill, "was, whether or not Mahomed Ali should be
acknowledfjed Nabob of the Carnatic ; the English contending tliat he should be
recognised by the French, the French contending that he should be given up by
the English." The dispute turned u])on title, — the French stating that they held
patents from Moozuffer Jung and Salabut Jung, confirmed by the Great Mogul,
in favour of Dupleix and Chunda Sahib. The English stated that they held
patents from Nazir Jung, Gazoe o deen Khan, the eldest son of the Nizam, and
the Great Mogul, in favour of Mahomed Ali. The English proposed to meet the
difliculty by a compromise, by which Salabut Jung should be recognised as Sou-
bahdar. and Mahomed Ali as Nabob, on condition of Salabut Jung confirming the

others appointment. But Dupleix "was so intoxicated by his connexions with Oimc, vol. i. p. 339.
SaLabad Jing and liis notions of his own autliority in the Carnatic, that he rejected
Mr Saunders' proposal with disdain." In the meantime, a discovery was made
that the patent, which the Frencli produced from the Great Mogul, was a forgery,
and the cordcrence, on its eleventh day, was broken off.

The parties in Europe met each other in a better spirit, and agreed that a
neeotiation should bo conducted in India, between Mr Saunders the English
Governor, and M. Godhcu, as Connnissioner sent out on the part of the French,
superseding Dupleix, whose ambitiousncss was odious to both nations. A Pro-ProvisionalTreaty
visional Treaty was concluded in December, 1754, by which " everything for which '^;''i"een t'le En}:-
they had been contending was gained by the English; every advantage of whicli "'' "'"^ 1* ■'ench.
they had come into possession was given tip by the French, by a stipulation to' ' '^" '"' '''
withdraw effectually from interference in the affairs of native princes, Mahomed
Ali was left, by the fact, Nabob of the Carnatic or Arcot." The expectations War renewed by
that the blessings of peace would be secured by this Treaty, were, however, com- French,
plctely deceived, — " it procured not so much as a moment's repose." DupleixMiii, vol. m. p. 103.
was recalled; but shortly afterwards Count de Lally, an able and and)itious military
commander, was sent out by the French Government, and, in consequence, for a
series of years, the Carnatic became again the theatre of war, in the course of which,
that there might not be wanting a pretext for their hostilities, the French decorated
Raja Salieb, the eldest son of Chunda Saheb, with the title of Nabob. The war/WiZ, p. 1G2.
was attended with varied success, Arcot was taken and retaken, but at last the
arms of the allies triumjjhed. The triumph of the English and of Mahomed Ali Allies triumph,
being completed by the taking of Pondiclierry in 1701.

The English were now in the ascendant ; but the wars were attended with im-
mense expense — were productive of much and continual bloodshed (many thousand
men having been killed in the struggle), and were a source of continual injury to
the country, and of disturbance to the proper collection of its revenues, and pro-
secution of its trade and Industry. It can scarcely, therefore, be matter of sur-
prise, that both the French and the English in Europe, were most desirous of their
termination. Accordingly, when the terms of the Treaty of Paris, of date 10th Treaty of Paris,
February 1763, came to be adjusted, the restoration of peace in India became thel7G3, acknow-
subject of an express Article, In which It was agreed that, "in order to jjyeserve^'l'^p^ ^^^^^'^^'^
future peace on the coast of Caromandel and Orixa, the English and French shall " .. ^ „
acknowledge Mahomed Ali KJian for lawful Nabob of the Carnatic, and Salabut of Treaties, vol. l, p.
Jung for lawful Soubah of the Deccan." IMahoraed All was thus, by a solemn ^^'''
Treaty, " acknowledged " by both the European nations as Nabob, and the terms
of the Treaty show that this acknowledgment removed all the pretence there was
for war. Mahomed Ali, in truth, both by birth and otherwise, was the person
legitimately entitled or naturally having right to that high station. All the others
were pretenders or adventurers who were thrust forward by the French, to give
an excuse for their appearing In the field, and obtaining the assistance of the
native princes to the ambitious projects of their leaders.

In agreeing upon the acknowledgment, however, of the French Soubah,

Salabut Jung, the framers of the Treaty had not been aware that that personaorexv „ ai-i, ,,„
111 • 111 1 1 • ■ 111-1 1 -ivy » 1- -P -iNizam Ah becomes

had been previously dethroned and imprisoned by his brother JNizam All, who, Soubalidar of

upon learning the terms of the Treaty, caused him Immediately to be put to death, Deccan.

and thus became, without a rival, Soubahdar of the Deccan.

The English Company had, prior to the Treaty, become desirous of obtalnlno-
from the Great Mogul, the confirmation, among other things, of Mahomed All's Application to the
title as Nabob of the Carnatic, and of certain grants of land which, as will be ^'"'^'i' Mogul to
afterwards mentioned, they had obtained from him in Jaghire. In the general^)" ^^ ^lome
letter from Bengal, dated 12th November 1761, It Is said, —

" We directed Major Carnac and Mr M'Gwire, and afterwards Colonel Coote and Mr M-Gwire,
to apply, as soon as Shall Alkim should be acknowledged king, for Sunnuds, for the Company's pos-
sessions and privileges in Bengal. . . . We directed also apijlication to be made at same time for the
Sunnuds for the Provinces of Arcot, in the name of the Nabob Aly Verdi Cawn, otherwise called
Miamud Ally Cawn, with whom we have been so long allied. These requests wei'e made by Major
Carnac, who was detached by Colonel Coote to escort the king to the borders of the Province ; and
the king wrote upon the papers of Requests, that they sliould be granted whenever a proper Peskouh
or Tribute was remitted. The Major transmitted to us copies of the said papers of Requests, with
the king's superscription ; and advised us, at the same time, that the king had offered to confer on the
Company the Duannee of Bengal, on condition of our being answerable for the Royal Revenues ; but
as we are sensible that our accepting of this post would cause jealousy and ill will between us and
the Nabob, we thought it more prudent to decline it."

The answer of the Directors upon this siihjcct was contained in their general
letter to Bengal, dated 9th March 1703, in the I'ollowing terms : —

Common's 3il Report, " Your refusal of the Duannee of Bengal, offered by the King, was certainly right, and we are well

1773, p. 383. satisfied with the just and prudent Reasons you give for declining that offer: However, it seems

something extraordinary to us, that, at the time the King makes this advance, he should return the
applications made to him for the Sunnuds to confii-m our Privileges and Possessions in Bengal,
granted by the late and present Nabob, in so loose and unsatisfactory a manner, and even to require
a Piscah or Present before he passes the order in due form. The great services we had rendered
His Majesty, and the generous treatment he met with from us as well as from our Ally the Nabob,
durinn- his stay at Patna, surely claimed a more distinguished treatment, and at least a full grant
of our request, without such an expensive demand annexed ; the time and manner of the refusal
seem likewise very extraordinary, your applications being returned at the very juncture Major
Carnac was escorting him to the Caramnassa, or borders of the Province — a service which must
then be fresh in the King's memory ; and, therefore, we think there is reason to apprehend the
Kin" is not so cordially attached to us as we might have expected: However, if you judge the
obtaining such Sunnuds to be absolutely necessary, you have, we doubt not, continued your appli-
cation to have them perfected. It was a 2^>'>'dent consideration in you, to add to your applications on,
this subject, our Ally, Ally Verdi-Cawn, otherwise called Mhamud AUy-Cawn, as Nabob ofArcot, which,
we suppose, you have or will continue to do, when you think proper to move again in this affair ;
and should the King succeed in his pretensions to the throne, the sooner the grants are obtained,
the less, we apprehend, will be the expense attending it."

In the following year, the Directors of the East India Company addressed the
following letter to the Nabob : —

" To His Excellency Umdatul Mullc Serajah Dowlah Anawerdean Cawn Behaudor Munsoor Jung,
Nabob of the Carnatic Payngaut.

" May it please todr Excellency —

" Amidst the deep concern with which we are touched on account of the disorders which have
arisen in the Kingdom of Bengal, we have the satisfaction to learn, that the friendship which has so
long subsisted between your Excellency and the Company is daily increasing. The assurances Mr
Pigot, our late Governor of Madras, has given us of your continued attachment to the Company,
and the strong proofs you have yourself produced of your generous attention and good will, in taking
on yourself the wlioje charges of the sieges of Madras and Pondicherry, and in the grants you have
lately made to the Company of lands in the vicinity of Madras, are pleasing and acceptable to us in
the highest degree. We are at a loss how to express our acknowledgments, otherwise than by the
strongest assurance of our firm intention to prove to you at once the sincerity of our past, and the
warmth of our present friendship, by supporting you in the most effectual manner in your Govern-
ment, and by endeavouring, as much as in us lies, to perpetuate the succession thereof in the direct
line of yonr Family.

" The good effects which have been derived both to your Excellency and to the Company,
from the cordial friendship which has at all times subsisted lietween you and our late Governor, IMr
Pigot, have been so conspicuous, and his conduct in this respect particularly has given us so much
satisfaction, that we thought proper, on his arrival here, to receive him with the most honourable
testimonials of our approbation.

" May your Excellency long continue to enjoy the blessing of a peaceful and prosperous Govern-
ment, with continued increase of honours and wealth.

"In testimony whereof we hereunto affix our Great Seal, in the City of London, this first day
of the month of June, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and sixty-four."

In evidence of the Company's friendly feelings thus expressed towards Ma-
homed Ali, and of their desire to maintain him and his descendants in the throne
of the Carnatic, they renewed their application to the Emperor for the Eoyal
Grant in his and their favour.
The Eoyal P'ir- The Eoyal Firmaunds, however, were not obtained until August 1765. On 12th
maunds granted j^^^gugt, 1765, the Emperor Shah Allum granted a confirmation in favour of the
^^^^- English Company, their heirs and descendants for ever and ever, of the grants

by the Nabob from the Circar of the Carnatic. And on 26th August 1765, the
Emperor granted a Firmaund confirming Mahomed All's right and title to the
Nawaubship of the Carnatic. This important document confirmed a previous Fir-
maund of the Emperor Ahmed Shah in Mahomed All's favour, dated in 1750, and
conferred upon Mahomed Ali and his eldest son, and their heirs for ever, the govern-

Iment of the Carnatic Tayen Ghaut and the countries dej^endcnt thereon, to be
held immediately of hiui, the Emperor, without dependence upon the Soubahdar
of the Deccan, By the same Firinaund, he bestowed upon the Nabob Mahomed
Ali, the new titles of Walla-Jah, Ummlr-id-IIind, which he ever afterwards used.
Anotlicr firmaund, dated 12th August 1705, was likewise granted to the Com-
pany, conferring upon them the Five Northern Circars, which foriued a part of the
Soubah of the Deccan, from de])cndence upon whicli they wore accordingly thereby
released. To take possession of these jjrovinccs General Calliaud marched with

the troops of tlie Carnatic. Nizam Ali, the Soubali, Immediately took steps to '

avenge himself, and was preparing to invade the Carnatic, when the Presidency,

alarmed at the prospect of war with the Soohahdar, sent orders to Calliaud to

negotiate a peace. Arrangements were accordingly concluded with the Nizam,

and a Treaty was subscribed by the parties. The only part of the arrangement Treaty between

of present importance was that by which, in consideration of a payment by theJ'^nglish and Ni-

Nabob of L.50,000, he secured for himself and his successors a discharge of all^,'*'"-

demands by the Soubah against him and them. The discharge is in the following; ""!*"' ° f'' ^"'
JO to o by iSizam to Isa-

tcrms : — bob.

"In consideration of the fidelity and attaclimcnt flic said Omdct-iil-Mulek Behaudor (Mahomed 12tli Nov. 1766.
Ali) has promised and engaged to my Court, by the means of General Caillaiid, and in return for Vol. of Trcatic-B, p. 3C7.
the sum of five lacs of rupees (agreeable to tiio jjetilion hereto mentioned countersigned by us (this
disduirrje is now given to him, the said Omdet-ul-Mulck, Itk sons and heirs, for the whole of the above-
mentioned countries (the Carnatic I'ayen Ghaut, from the borders of the I'ahiaud country to the
further extremity of those of the Malavar country), fis ivcU past, present, as the future also."

At the same time, with a view to remove doubts and suspicions from the mind
of the Soubah regarding the Nabob, and to " strengthen and establish in the
strongest manner the alliance, attachment, and fidelity between his Highnei^s " the
Nabob and the English Company, General Caillaud subscribed an obligation, by
which he engaged, on the part of the Nabob, that he would "do nothing preju- voi.ofTrcatie«,p.3i;8.
dicial to the interests of his Highness, or contrary to the friendship and alliance
by the means of the said Company, now happily established between them, for the
true and just performance of which the aforesaid Company do hereby become
securities."

This alliance with the Nizam was of short duration. Hyder Ali soon afterwards
succeeded in gaining over the Soubahdar, and concluding a Treaty with him. He
prepared to invade the Carnatic, and Mahomed Ali suggested to the English to
attack the Nizam before he could effect a junction with Hyder. His advice was
neglected — the English were attacked by the united forces, and had to fly — the
country was desolated by Hyder, who marched to Madras. Fortunately the
English were reinforced, and in an engagement with Nizam and Hyder, the
latter were defeated and had to retire. The Nizam had previously made over-
tures of peace, and his motions were now quickened by this disaster. Negotia-
tions were opened between him and the English and the Nabob, who in all these
affairs lent the English his assistance. The result was a Treaty, dated 23d Feb.
1768, entitled,

" A Treaty of perpetual friendship and alliance, made and concluded at Fort St George, between Treaty of 1768
the Hon. United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, in conjunction with the with Nizam.
Nabob WokiM Jan, Omdet-ul-Mulck Ummeer-ul-Hind Serajah Dowlah Annever-Deen Khan Be-
hauder Monsoor Jung Sippa Sardar of the Carnatic Payen Ghaut, on the one jiart, and the Great y i ( Treaties d 369
Nabob, high in station, Ausuph .Jah Nizam-ul-Mulck Meer Nizam Ally Khan Behauder Phuttah
Jung Sippa Sardar Soubah of the Deccan, on the other part ; by the Hon. Charles Bourchier,
Esq., President and Governor of Fort St George, and the Council thereof, on behalf of the said
English East India Company ; the Nabob Wolau Jau Omdet-ul-Mulck, on behalf of himself as
Nabob of the Carnatic ; and the Nabob Eecun-ud-Dowlah Dewan invested with full powers, on
behalf of the said Nabob Ausuph Jau Nizam-ul-Mulck, his heirs and successors, as Soubah of the
Deccan."

This treaty referred to the previous treaty of 17G6, and contained various pro-
visions, and, among others, by Article 6 it was agreed

" That a mutual peace, confidence, and friendship shall subsist for ever between the English Com-
pany, his Highness Ausuph Jah, and the Nabob Wolau Jah ; the enemies of either shall be regarded
as the enemies of the other two powers, and the friends of either be treated as the friends of all ;
and in case any trouble should arise, or any enemies invade the countries under the government of
either of the contracting parties, the other two shall give no countenance or assistance to such
enemies or invaders."

The most important, however, of the articles of this Treaty to the present
question was the 7th, which is as follows : —

" The exalted and illustrious Emperor Shah Allura, having been pleased, out of his great favour
and high esteem for the Nabob Wolau Jah, to give and to gi-ant to him, and his eldest son Meyen-
ul-Mulck Omdet-ul-Orarah, and their heirs for ever, the Government of the Carnatic Payen Ghaut, and
the countries dependent thereon, by his Royal Firmaund, bearing date the 26th of August 1765, or
the 27th of the moon Zuphur, in the Cth year of the said Emperor's reign ; and the Nabob Ausuph •

Jah Nizam-ul-Mulck, etc., having also out of his affection and regard for the said Nabob Wolau Jah,
released him, his son Meyen-ul-Mulck, etc., and their heirs in succession for ever, from all dependence on
the Deccan, and given him a full discharge of all demands, past, present, and to come, on the said
Carnatic Payen Ghaut, by a sunnud under his hand and seal dated the 12th of November 1766, in

Nabob released
from dependence
on Deccan.

Mahomed Ali thus
by every power
acknowledged.

His title derived
from native autho-
rities.

The Nabob an in-
dependent prince.

consideration of the said Nabob Wolau Jah having paid the Soubah five lacks of rupees, it is now
agreed and acknowledged by the said Ausuph Jah Nizam-ul-Mulck, that the said Nabob Wolau Jah,
and after him his son JMeyen-ul-lMulck, and their heirs and succession, shall enjoy for ever, as an ultumgau
or free gift, the Government of the Carnatic Pai/en Ghaut in the J'ullest and amplest manner, the said Nabob
Ausuph Jah promising and engaging not to hold or keep up any kind of correspondence with any
person or persons in the said Carnatic Payen Ghaut, or in the Sircars before and now ceded to the Eng-
lish Company, except the said Nabob Wolau Jah, or the said English Company, by the means of their
President and Council of Madras, — who, on their part, in conjunction with tlie said Nabob Wolau
Jah, en"-ao-e likewise not to hold or maintain any correspondence with any person or persons in the
Deccan, except the Nabob Ausuph Jah, his Dewan, and the securities whose names are hereunto
subscribed."

By this Treaty, therefore, the Eoyal Firmaund of the Emperor in favour of the
Nabob Wolau Jah was recognised, not merely by the Soubahdar, but by the
English Government, while the Soubahdar himself, so far as he was concerned,
confirmed or conferred upon the Nabob, in free gift, the Government of the Car-
natic. Thus, by every power concerned, — by the Emperor, by the Soubahdar,
and by the English Company, the right of Wolau Jah to the Nabobship or Govern-
ment of the Carnatic was expressly acknowledged in the most solemn manner,
while it is most important to observe that these documents prove not merely their
right, but that it flowed from the lawful native authorities, and was not in any
view the creation of the English Company. Nor is this observation wholly un-
necessary, for there have been persons Ignorant enough to have supposed that
Wolau Jah, as Nabob, derived his title and right from the English, and was
some mere dependent of the Company, or, at all events, he was the tolerated ruler
of a conquered kingdom. Such an idea is not to be discovered as existing in the
mind of any one at the period at which we have now arrived. It could not be.
It was directly contrary to the fact. He ivas found an independent prince. The
Eno-lish had gone to war for him, but they had never gone to war against him. His
position could not, therefore, have been changed, and necessarily the whole course
of the Company's dealings with him was upon the footing of his being a Sovereign
in his own right. Thus the Nabob himself writes : —

" By the blessing of God I am an hereditary jn-ince, and a firm and steady friend and ally of the
King of Great Britain, and am the most attached to the English nation of all the princes of India.
My friendship and sincere regard to them has been frequently put to the test both in times of pros-
perity and adversity, and, through the strict connection which subsists between me and the Company,
our concerns are the same, and my country is independent of every Sirdar, however powerful, by
means of my alliance with the King of Great Britain."

So far removed, however, from discussion was the subject, that the mention of
the title is at first, at least, only incidental. Thus, in the Draft of a Treaty between
the English and Dutch East India Companies and the Nabob, which was prepared
by the Madras Government in January 1781, the Nabob Wolau Jah is incidentally
thus designated, " who is the sovereign of the Carnatic Payen Ghaut."

His right indeed was expressly acknowledged in the agreement entered into
Gth Report, p. 1083. between the Company and the Nabob in December 1781. This agreement took
the form of requests and replies ; and the second article of the Nabob's requests
was in the following terms : —

" / am hereditary Prince of the Carnatic andofBalla GJmuts, under Peanghaut, and am independent of
every one, and I have entire right and authority over my country, my children, my family, my
servants, and subjects ; and have power, in the jiolitical and domestic administration of my country.
This ought to bo altogether dependent on me, and let not my friends intcrfci-e in it." The reply
of the Honourable the Governor-General and Council went beyond the request. "The right and
authority which the Nabob possesses over his country, his children, his family, his servants, and
subjects, in all the political and domestic administration of his country, ive will maintain and
support."

At a much later period, a legal difficulty arose out of the position of the
Nawaub ; and in the following dispatch in relation to it, it is very distinctly
laid down what was the status of His Highness : —

Extract of Political Letter.

Fort St George, 18th March 1801.

Para 17. In our despatch of the 9th October last, we apprised your honourable Court of the pro-
bable agitation before the Court of Recorder, of questions relative to property of liis lliglmess the
Nabob of the Carnatic, situated within the limits of the Court. An application had indeed already
been submitted to us by Mr Lautour, but we postponed any decision on the points stated by that
gentleman, from an earnest desire tliat liis Highness the Nabob should be induced to anticipate, by
an amicable adjustment of the accounts, the necessity of defining the nature of his Highness' situa-
tion with respect to the jurisdiction of the Recorder's Court.

Oct. 14, 1775.
Fifth Report of Com-
mittee of Secrecy, p.
97.

6th Report, p. 1036.

Papers relatinfr to Car-
nntic, printed 1803.
Vol. C , p. 220.

18. All endeavours having however failed to produce a conciliatory disposition on the partof liis
lliphness the Nabob, ive consulted the opinion of the Atto7-uei/- General on this cnse, and informed Mr
Lalour tluit we considered the Ndbub of the C'arnatic to he an indejjendent Prince, representing liiniself
in the Britisli territories, now subject to tiie jurisdiction of the Court of Recorder, and tliat his
Highness was tlierelbre entitled to tlie rights and immunities secured to Foreign Ambassadors by
the Law of Nations and the Statute of Queen Anne. But we did not limit tiie Nabob to tiie privi-
leges of an ordinary ambassador; adverting to the nature of the connection formed between his
Highness' family and the British (iovcrnment in India, and to the establishment of the seat of
his Highness' political government in tlie vicinity of Madras, we deemed it incumbent on the
national honour and justice to extend to his Highness, and to Ids fiimily, the riglits and immunities
of a Foreiijn A inhuxsador in a superior degree.

But while the documents to which reference has been made expressly esta- Bight conferred
blished Mahomed Ali in the throne of the Carnatic, it is ecjually important to"P°" him and /■«
observe that they as expressly conferred that rioht upon his descendants. It has" '^^'^" '^" ""
been seen that the Coui|jany itself promoted the application to the Emperor for '
confirmation of the Nabob's right. In the letter from the Directors to the
Nabob, dated 1st June 1704, already quoted, they expressed their desire to
manifest their friendship, " bi/ endeavouring, as much as in us lies, to perpetuate the
succession thereof in the direct line of your family." Accordingly, the Firmaund
which was obtained, bore expressly, as the above quotation from the Treaty of
1768, shows, that it was granted in favour of " the Nabob Wolau Jah and his
eldest son Meyeu ul Mulck Omdut ul Omrah, and their heirs for ever ;" while the
Soubah agrees with the Nabob that he and " after him his son Meyen ul Mulck,
and their heirs in succession, shall enjoy for ever" the government of the Carnatic.
The grant so made in favour of the Nabob's descendants received the entire con-
currence of the English power. His late Majesty George HI., in a letter to the
Nabob, dated 19th March 1771, expressed the Royal hope or wish : " We are
satisfied that our friendship and protection to you and your posterity will descend
through our successors y?'om generation to generation." The Directors themselves
employed terms even more explicit ; for upon the 25th November 1775, they
wrote to the President and Council at Fort St George, " you are to secure to his
Highness' children the government of the Carnatic in a just and lineal succes-
sion, accordinfj to the Firmaund from the Emperor Shah Allum and the Treaty of
1768, between the Company, the Soubah of the Decan, and the Nabob.

These acknowledgments and directions on the part of the Company were,
no doubt, dictated by the warmest feelings of friendship towards an eminent,
constant, and important ally, but they may not have been without their political
use. It is very true that the Company had at that time attained to consider- Alliance with Xa-
able power in India, and particularly in the southern portion of the peninsula, hob a political ne-
and they had made the English name to be both feared and respected. But, at*^^^^'*^'
the same time, they had not attained to the position which they now occupy, of
being the predominant power. They had many enemies among the Native Princes,
and these Princes were very powerful. It was, therefore, a matter of importance to
cultivate and retain the friendship and alliance of the Nabob Wolau-Jah. It mioht
be that his power alone could have made but feeble resistance of itself to the
English forces ; but he might have leagued himself with one of the great native
powers ; and had he done so, there were times when it might have occasioned the
entire eradication of the English from the Carnatic. Fortunately for him — and it
may be said with some confidence, for the English Company — he maintained
throughout his whole life the most cordial friendship and strictest alliance — an
alliance which endured in his person for the remarkable length of half a century.
It was, accordingly, as an esteemed friend and as a close ally, that he was reo-arded
by the English Coiiipany.

And it may not be unimportant now to introduce a few excerpts, by which How relations
this relationship, and the views and anxieties of the parties become more fully "''th Nabob
apparent. Here, in the first place, the letters of the Nabob are very explicit. A ^'^^'^'^•
quotation has already been made from one of his letters. The followino- is an
extract from another letter from him, dated 23d February 1779 : —

"I have lived in strict friendship and alliance with the Company and English Nation near First Report of Corn-
forty years, during which time I have spent the best part of my life, and all my treasures, in reducins '"'"^'^ "'" Secrecy, p.
their enemies. When those enemies were superior to them in force by ten to one, I have, in every "^^'
respect, continued the unalterable and firm friend of the English, and considered their loss as my
own. When the King and the Princes of this country saw the rectitude which the English ob-

served in all their dealings, and their attachment and sincerity, they desired to make friendship with
them through my mediation, and to have their protection. I have repeatedly given assurances of
this to former Governors, and we have had frequent opportunities of trying who were our friends
and foes, and of settling our affairs in Indostan, in such a manner that we should have no fear of
having our tranquillity afterwards disturbed."

The following are Extracts from tlie wri+ings of the Company : —

Extract from Letter of Hon. Court of Directors, dated 30th June 1769.

Fifth Report of Cora- a You will see, by the whole tenor of our letters to you and the other Presidencies, that we are

mit^tee of Secrecy, rather jealous of the Maratta Power, yet we have sought to continue in peace with them, and to
^' ' ■ keep up a friendly intercourse ; but if they think fit to take a hostile part against us, to send you

insulting messages, and to brave your Port with their Grabs, it is time to take vigorous measures
for preserving that respect which we have hitherto held on your side of India. When you wrote
your letter of the 13th December, giving an account of the Maratta fleet cruising off the harbour,
and of the insolent answer of Vissajee Punt, you had ships in your harbour more than sufficient to
have destroyed his fleet, or brought him to a more becoming and explicit declaration ; and when
Madarao informed you that his designs were to demand the Chout from the Nabob of Arcot, pre-
serving at the same time towards the English, you should have told him that those two things were
incompatible; t/iat the Nabob of Arcot was, as he knew, in Jinn friendship and alliance icith the English;
and that any demand made upon him at the head of an army laying waste his country, would be
answered by the English forces in all parts of India, who never would suffer a people under their
protection to be distressed and plundered under any pretence whatsoever. That accounts should be
settled between their respective agents in the usual manner ; and, if any thing was due from the
Nabob of Arcot, your good offices should be employed in bringing the matter to an amicable con-
clusion. This sort of language, with some vigorous preparations at the same time by sea and land,
would have been more likely to preserve peace with the Marattas, than the silent respect with
which you seem to have received aU their insults.

Extract from General Letter to Fort St Georf^e, dated 10th April 1771.

Second Report of " Having expressed to our Select Committee the earnestness of our desire that every conciliatory

Committee of Secrecy, measure should be employed to remove from the Nabob's mind any jealousies, and eradicate any suspi-
''■ ■ cions he may have unjustly conceived respecting the sincerity of our attachment to him, we shall here

confine ourselves to your inquiry concerning the disposal of the jaghire lands at the expiration of
the present Cowle. Impressed as we are with the most friendly disposition towards the Nabob, we
can by no means think of increasing his jealousy, or depriving him of the least degree of importance,
by not admitting him as a renter of the Enaum lands."

Letter, President and Council at Fort St George, to tlie Governor-General and Council

of Bengal, 7th December 1774.

First Report of Com- " We come now to speak of the Nabob of Arcot, the Company's ancient ally."

mittee of Secrecy, p.

258.

Extract Letter from Governor-General and Council read at Fort St George, Military

Consultations, 13th November 1775.

Second Report of " It shall always be our study, as far as can depend on us, to promote a mutual confidence

Committee of Secrecy, between your Presidency and the Nabob, ichose interest we regard as inseparably united ivith the Com-
pany's, in the Carnatic."

Extract from Letter, Governor-General and Council to Colonel Upton, 16th August 1775.

Fifth Report of Com- « As the Nabob of Arcot is a particular friend and all^ of the English, and as his interest may be

rnittee of Secrecy, p. affected with any Treaty you may conclude with the Maratta Government, we direct that you make
the Maratta Chiefs acquainted with the union that subsists between him and the Company, and
insist on including him in the Treaty, in an express article to the following effect : — That the Nabob
Walla Jail Bahadar, Nabob of the Carnatic, having been for a considerable course of years united
to the English Company by lite strongest lies of fricndslrip and alliance, and the Company having ever
considered his enemies as their enemies, and his friends as their friends, it is agreed that the
IMahratta Chiefs likewise shall hereafter regard him as their friend, and his enemies as their enemies.
At the same time we are to accjuaint you, that we have desired the Nabob of Arcot, if there are
any particular articles which he wishes to have stipulated for him, to state these articles to us,
assuring him that we would take them into consideration, and give you such further orders re-
specting them as shall be compatible with the other objects which we have in view in concluding
tlie Treaty of Peace with the Marattas."

Extract from President's Minute, Fort St George, Revenue Consultations, 2d October

1778.

second Report of " I am aware that there have been opinions that it would, on many accounts, be better if his

Committee of Secrecy, Highness was to reside at his own capital. I nuist profess I always differed from them. We never
P- *"^- can have a greater inlhience in the Carnatic, nor a stronger assurance of attachment, I may say de-

pendence, than whilst tlie Soubah with his iinnily, and everything that is dear to him, is living with
us, and absolutely under the protection and fire of our own guns. Some inconveniences, 1 idlow,
arise ; but I am jiersuaded they are much overbalanced by the advantages accruing from his resi-
Ihid. p. 587 dcncc here." " And however repugnant it may be to us to take any step that may hurt the feel-

ings of our ancient friend and much-respected ally, we cannot consent to divest ourselves of that

immediate and absolute authority in the Guntoor Circar, which we deem necessary for its protec-
tion and improvement."

Extract from President's Minute, submitted at Fort St George — Select Consultations,

4th February 1779.

"All attention and support is certainly due to the Nabob, as our old and faithful albi, co»n«ctec/ f ''"«' K^port of Com-
with us hi/ eva-i/ tin, ami demandiii(j from iis I'.ren/ iiidiihiciicc ; for, il' we take a view from the southern "'.'"''''^ " Secrecy, y.
boundary of Indo.staii, to the northern extremity, wliere the English forces have proved victorious, "
where shall we hnd one Native Prince who has not severely felt the effects of our power, and that
is now lamenting the rapid success of our arras, and the credulity that ever induced him to trust
to our engagements? Mahomed Ally can alone boast that we have not entirely violated every
principle on wliich he has depended ; and" the minute concludes with these memorable words,
"w/io, with his faiiiili/, it is to be wished, ma// loiiij remain instances of our national faith."

Extract from a Letter from Warren Hastings, Governor-General of Bengal, to tlie
Court of Directors, 28th November 1783.

. . . The Nabob Walla Jah, your old and faithful friend and ally. . . . An aged prince. Papers relatini; to
whose life, to the last dregs of it, had been spent in the mutual intercourse of friendship with the '^"j" ''(''''"l *'^'''.''^' .
Company and the British nation, and in participation of all the vicissitudes which had attended their 2d June isoii, I'aKe 4.
fortune.

But, probably, the following extract from " considerations upon the present
jiolitical state of the Company in India, written at Madras in January 1780," by
Sir Thomas Rumbold, then Governor of Madras, will best explain the position of
the Nabob, and of the feelings entertained towards him by the Company : —

" The first and most distinguished of our connections is that which has been long formed with the Sixtli Report, Commit-
present Nabob of the Carnatic. The cause and progress of this alliance have been often traced, and ^"^ of Secrecy, p. 'JTO.
are now so generally known, that it were superfluous to dwell upon them. It began upon a principle
of mutual advantage, and has been cementing during a series of more than 30 years, by the exchange
of all sorts of good offices, so that at this time, or at least very lately, it might be said to have ripened
into a sincere and eipial attachment. Much, indeed, were it to be wished that all our alliances had
been formed on the same principles, and that we had never taken advantage of our strength to estab-
lish a superiority which might perhaps have been as well or as permanently acquired by more
justifiable means. Our influence in the Carnatic is founded on the free ivill and consent of the Nabob.
From his confidence in our attachment and our power, he requested, of his own accord, that the Com-
pany might garrison his forts, and maintain troopj? at his expense, for the protection of the Carnatic.
Such a confidence ought never to be abused : to have deserved it, reflects lionour upon our moder-
ation : to abuse it loould be to throw an indelible stain upon our character and memory.

" I have often wondered that a connection of more than thirty years' standing should have sub-
sisted without any specific treaty or agreement, for I do not remember that any was ever yet formed
between the Company and the Nabob ; possibly it may be owing to this circumstance that their
friendship has continued so long. Where express stipulations are established as the ground of an
alliance, the parties are so much upon their guard, and so watchful of the conduct of each other,
that jealousy and distrust too often assume the place of confidence and good will. These inconve-
niences are more likely to be felt where the intercourse is frequent and even constant, as that which
has always existed between the Nabob and the Company. By maintaining a connection upon the
mutual exchange of good offices, without expressly defining the views and wishes of either party,
such a latitude is given as cannot fail of producing confidence and friendship. In these cases, mis-
understandings, when they happen, are removed by liberal explanations and arguments drawn from
genei'al questions, and not by the construction of words and phrases which may admit of various
opinions, and be strained occasionally to the views and purposes of either party.

" But, although it be allowed that such advantages have arisen from the nature of our connec-
tion with the Nabob, yet, in another view, it must be confessed that the want of some precise line
for the guidance of the Company's servants in their intercourse with him hath been, and must continue
to be, productive of much embarrassment ; for example, the Nabob has always been considered and treated
by the Company as an independent prince ; an union of interests and of measures has generally taken
place between them ; and, at his request, a certain force is continually kept up under the Company's
authority for the defence of the Carnatic ; it has not, however, yet been settled how far the Nabob,
in virtue of his independency, or the Company in the character of his friends and protectors, should
direct and superintend the interests of the Carnatic. If this privilege belong solely to the Nabob,
and he (as is natural to suppose) should wish to exercise it, then the Company may, without, and
even against their consent, i)e drawn into measures directly affecting their own interests and pos-
sessions, for it is not possible in any case to separate their cause from that of the Nabob without
totally giving up all concern in his affairs. On the other hand, if the Company, in virtue of their
character as protectors of the Nabob's Government, claim the riglit of directing the interests of the
Carnatic, then they infringe the acknowledged independency of the Nabob, and become in flict the
rulers instead of the defenders of his country. It seems reasonable, indeed, that the Company, who
have taken upon themselves the office of protector, should be allowed the lead in all pohtical trans-
actions that affect the Carnatic, and this the Nabob has hitherto generally admitted ; but there are
instances on record where he has claimed tlie privilege of acting for himself, even in opposition to
the advice .and remonstrances of the Company's Government, and it is upon these occasions that the
Company's servants will always find themselves perplexed, until it be absolutely determined how far
they or the Nabob are to yield upon any diflTerences of opinion.

" There are other embarrassments of a different nature attending the close connection we have
with the Nabob, which do not come so properly within my present purpose to mention ; but it is cer-

tain that all the inconveniences ive suffer are amphj compensated by the advantages derived from an exclusive
injtuence in the Nabob's coiintn/, sufficient to establish a decided superiority, and to prevent all com-
petitors, European or native, from hurting the commerce, or disturbing the possessions of the Com-
pany. It is unquestionably to this influence that we are indebted for a great part of our prosperity, for our
success against the French in India the last war, and for the decisive stroke made against tiiem so early in the
present war, to which, as affairs have since turned out, we otce perhaps our present eo:istence in the East.

" Under these circumstances, if our gratitude alone be too weak a tie to bind us to the Nabob, a sense of
interest should teach us the importance of so useful an attachment; and by showing how much we have
profited and may still profit by it, instruct us on the other hand how diiferent our situation would
have been and may still be, if that attachment should ever be dissolved or transferred to our rivals.

" But, it has been often urged, that the benefits resulting from this connection are reciprocal,
and that the Nabob having received the same advantage from our alliance and support that we have
derived from his friendship, is equally bound, upon principles of gratitude and of interest, to remain
stedfast in his attachment to the Company. There can be no doubt tliat the Nabob owes the pos-
session and security of his Government to the Company; and he has never been wanting in acknow-
ledgments for their favour and protection; though it be certain that the support of the Company was
originally given to him, not upon his account, but their own; and that having effectually answered their
own purposes by estabhshing him in his Government, the numerous gifts and fixvours he has since
bestowed on them, ought to be considered rather as earnests of his attachment than returns for
benefits received.

" Sucli being the state of our connection with the Nabob, it were extremely to be wished that
nothing had been ever done by us which might tend to impress on his mind any unfavourable ideas
of our justice, or the sincerity of our attachment."

Sir Thomas Rumbold then enters into a consideration of the Nabob's con-
nection with the Eajah of Tanjore, and adds, —

Sixth Report of Com- " I have dwelt the longer upon the affairs of the Nabob separately ; and as they are connected

inittee of Secrecy, p. -nrith those of Tanjore, because as he is the oldest, and, properly speaking, the only natural ally of
'■''■'■ the Company, it is fit that his situation, his grievances, his embarrassments, should be perfectly

known and understood. If it shall appear from a cool and candid examination of past measures,
that he has been treated with a severity ill suited to the long and faithful attachment he had confessedly
borne to the Company ; if it shall appear that we have, in any instances, used our power unjustly
to exact compliances from him, which he might have otherwise thought it dishonourable to grant ;
if it shall appear that we have raised into our favour and alHance, a man whom he, and whom the
Company have considered as a dependent on him, who was obnoxious to him, who had deservedly,
on more occasions than one, drawn on himself the Company's displeasure, and who never made any
effort to deserve their friendship ; if it shall appear that we have done this in a manner the most
distinguishing to that man, the most humiliating and disgraceful to the Nabob; and, lastly, if it shall
appear that these acts have been committed at the expense of our public faith, pledged to the Nabob
in repeated and positive engagements ; I am at a loss to conceive how we shall be able to atone for
such accumulated injustice. Certain it is, we ought to lose no time in making every reparation in
our power ; and, though we have as yet been slow in our attempts towards it, I hope we shall not
confirm and add to the injuries we have committed, by neglecting any longer to redress them."

Tiie Nabob as an In the capacity of a friend and ally of the English, the ISTabob was in the con-
ally, stant habit of communicating intelligence to the English authorities, and his in-
telligence was usually so far in advance of that obtained by the English, that it
was sometimes discredited, and the English occasionally failed to act upon his
advice,. to their and his great injury. That they did apply to him for his advice,
also appears, as, for example, may be seen in the proceedings of the Fort St
2.1 Report, Committee QeQi-gg Military ConsultatioHS of 30th August 1775, Avhile in every war which

ecrccj,p. occurred, they were in the habit of applying to His Highness for assistance.

E.-itimation in Personally, he had secured for himself the esteem of the Company's highest

helir^ ^'''^°'' '* officers ; Clive, writing on 30th September 17G5. describes him as " the best Mus-
3dKe'port, i"3,v. 395. sulman I cvev knew.'" And Sir Archibald Campbell, President of Madras, twenty-
.Miii, vol. V. p. 255. two years later, said, — " I have narrowly watched the Nabob's conduct and senti-
ments since my arrival in this country, and I am ready to declare that I do not
think it possible that any prince or person on earth can be more sincerely attached
to the prosperity of the Honourable Company than His Highness, or that any one
has a higlier claim to their favour and liberality."

But there was another relation wliich the Nabob bore, or, more properly
speaking, tmdertook towards the Company, whicli was destined to have conse-
quences as regarded the relations between liim or his descendants and the Com-
pany, of a very serious description, and to which it is now necessary to advert.

From tlie brief sketch wliich has been given in the earlier part of this state-
ment, it will be seen that the wars between the English and the French in India,
were virtually commenced, as they were jierpetuated, by tho French, and that the
Nabob Anwar voluntarily came with a large force to the succour of the J'jiiglish.
The attachment of the linglish to the cause of Anwar and of his son Mahomed

Ali, was one, therefore, orioinally dictated by natural gratitude. The power of the
Enghsh, however, was at lirst remarkably limited. Had they stood alone, they
must necessarily have been driven out of the Carnatic. It was only by leaguing
themselves with the native powers, and by obtaining the co-operation of large
native armies, that they succeeded in retaining any hold upon the country. But
even with all the assistance which they thus procured, they were frequently re-
duced to extremity. In the course of the struggle Madras had been taken,. Fort
St David had been taken, Arcot had been taken, and it may be said that every
post of importance, Trichinopoly excepted, had been taken by the Erench. Had
the ambition of the French Commanders been seconded by their Government at
home in the way in which it might have been, the French power in India, and, in
any view, in the Carnatic, must have become everywhere predominant, and the
English would, in all probability, have been entirely extirpated. The struggles
of the English, therefore, were as much for the sake of maintaining the existence
of their own power, possessions, and trade in India, as for the sake of assisting
and maintaining the power of the Nabob ; and the result of the long continued
struggle was to place the English in a position of power and importance, and to
stir up their ambition in a way which possibly they never might have dreamt of,
had they been let alone by the French.

But necessarily these struggles occasioned the English a large expenditure of
money ; and therefore, when the war came to a conclusion, they looked, and per-
haps naturally looked, to the Nabob for, to some extent at least, reimbursement
of their expenditure. The Nabob promptly and cheerfully met the demand, but N:ibob j)l;ices him-
from the day he undertook the obligation, he placed himaelf and his successors in *''^y '" '^ i"Tr'^'
the dangerous position of debtors and oMiyants to the East India Company. ^^^ i^ Comitanv

Prior to the surrender of the French in Pondicherry, the Nabob presented a Demands on him.
draft of the conditions to which it appeared to him expedient that the two parties
should bind themselves. One of these conditions was an oft'er to pay to the Com- '^^'^'' "''"^- "'•' p- -^*-
pany, in liquidation of the sums for which in the course of the war he had become
responsible, 28 lacsof rupees (L.280,000) annually till the debts should be discharged,
and 3 lacs of rupees (L.30,000) annually to defray the expense of the garrison at
Trichinopoly. The President, Mr Pigot, agreed to these conditions by letter
dated 23d June 1760. However, not long afterwards he presented to the Nabob
a requisition for 50 lacs of rupees (L.500,000), which the Nabob, not possessing,
had to raise by loan upon very disadvantageous terms ; and the Company, through
the President, made other demands which were equally oppressive.

These demands were made at a time, moreover, when the country was in a
condition little fitted to supply the Nabob with the means of payment. It had
been desolated by successive and continued wars, and the different antagonists had
collected the revenues and levied contributions in those districts which had at any
time fallen into their hands. Not only so, but the collection was difficult by reason
of the anarchy which these wars occasioned. The Nabob's treasury was exhausted ;
and having no means of meeting the demands of the English, pressure was made
upon the Rajah of Tanjore, and 22 lacs of rupees (L.220,000) were agreed by him
to be paid to the Nabob, a sum which was at once appropriated by the Company.

The English, however, began to represent to the Nabob the propriety of bestow- Grants a .Jaghire.
ing upon them a Jaghire or grant of lands, the rents and revenues of which, free
from any deduction to the Nabob's treasury, should accrue to themselves. Ac-
cordingly, the Nabob agreed to grant them a Jaghire of certain districts, and
sunnuds were in the year 17G3 issued, granting the Jaghire of these districts, ex-
pressed in the following terras : —

" Be it known to the Deesmokees, Deespondees, Muccuddems, husbandmen, and others, inhab- Vol. of Treaties, p. ;j49.
itants of the District of Chingleput, belonc^ing to the said Sircar, and depending upon the Subah of
Arcot, for and in consideration of the many services rendered to my affairs by tlie Enghsh East India
Company, their firm friendship for me, and the dependence I have of their always, in future, remaining
firm in alliance with, and supporting myself and sons, I have given and made over to them, in Jaghire"

the several districts therein mentioned, the revenues of which amounted to 442,881
pagodas, equal to nearly L. 180,000 per annum. These sunnuds obtained the
confirmation of the Mogul by Firman already mentioned, dated 12th August 1765.
[n addition, however, to this, agreement was made with the Nabob that he should Contributes to
defray the expense of the Company's maintaining ten battalions of Sepovs for the Company's mili-
"pi ■' tary expense.

se'crec'^''''' coa'a'nd^ protection of tliG Camatic, which necessarily involved a heavy annual contribution
7^1. ' or appropriation of the revenues.

While the Nabob thus came under obligation, and granted Jaghires to the
His own military Company, he maintained a large, probably an unnecessarily large, military force
expenditure. himself. The exact amount of that force the Company appear at first not to have

First Rep. Com. of knowu, but it secms that in 1770 it amounted to nearly 40,000 men, and these

Secr6cy d. 37. • • j ^ ^

troops were well disciplined ; for in a letter from Fort St George, dated 4th July
1775, it is stated that his,

lb., p. 258. " the Nabob's, second son, Ummeer ul Urarah, has seven distinct corjis, consisting of Cavalry, light

armed Sepoys, and Artillery; 12 battalions of sepoys, with near 1000 artillery; all which are
far better disciplined than those of any of the country powers. Some of his black cavali-y, we
are informed, are as well disciplined as any of the English troops ; his artillery attached to them may
vie almost with Europeans." — " He pays them himself, and all look up to him for honour and
wealth."

Eeference has been already made to the victory which the English obtained
War with Hyder. over the united forces of Hyder and the Soubah, which resulted in the Treaty of
Vol. Hi., p. 333. 1768. This victory, says Mill, —

" Elevated the Madras Government to a high tone of ambition. They resolved not only to
caiTy their arms into Mysore, but to make the conquest and acquisition of the country. They
pressed Mohammed Ali to join the army, that the war might, as far as possible, appear to be his.
' They pompously' (as the Directors afterwards reproached them) ' appointed him Phousdar of
Mysore,' and afterwards accused him, for accepting that very title, ' of an insatiable desire of
extending his dominions.' "

The war was disastrous to the English, and resulted in their being obliged to
Occasions fresh de- conclude a treaty with Hyder. The war was then made the occasion of a fresh de-
mands, mand upon the Nabob ; and in a letter to the Court of Directors, dated 20th
March 1772, he wrote as follows : —

2d Rep. Cora, of " Every demand hitherto made on me by your Governor and Council I have fully paid, though

Secrecy, 1 7., p. 3J. j could not prevail on them to give me my accounts till very lately ; and even those are wrote in
such a manner, that neither I nor any of my people can well understand them. However, from the
beginning of my transactions to the end of October 1771, there is not a Daum* due from me to the
Company. The Governor and Council, in December 1769, thought proper to charge to my account
Ten Lacks of Pagodas, as my share of the expense of the Mysore war ; they have frequently men-
tioned, in their letters to me, that I acknowledged this as a just debt, and promised to pay it; and I
understand, from your letters, that they had been at great pains to write in the same manner to England.
In the Mysore war 1 expended large sums, as I maintained the whole army, paid the expense of the
troops, as well as those employed in the war, as in the defence of the Carnatick at the time. By what
management, then, could the extraordinary e.xpenses amount to such a sum ? This is the sense I
have always had of the agreement I entered into with the Governor and Council in 1768 : That I
was to be put in possession of the conquered country, out of the revenues of which the whole ex-
pense of the war was to have been paid. The event of the war is well known, and in every one
article the Governor and Council failed on their part, even in such as I esteemed essential to my
honour as well as to my interest, and that of my country. I desire you to consider this matter well,
and am certain that you will then see this matter in the light I do ; and I appeal to yourselves,
whether you think it probable I ever could be brought voluntarily to acknowledge this demand as a
just debt in such circumstances.

" I have nothing so much at heart as endeavouring by every means to make my friendship
with the Company stronger and stronger; and, therefore, in my last letter, by the ship Lord North,
I told you that the next ship should bring you accounts of my friendship, that you might set your
minds at ease. What is money to me without your friendship '? or what sum can equal the value I
have for you ? Therefore, since you have been told that 1 would pay you Ten Lacks of Pagodas
(L.400,0P0), I now tell you, that out of pure friendship, and merely as the result of my own free will
Nabob agrees to and choice, I will, in time of peace and tranquillity, pay to my friends, the East India Company, Ten
pay L.400,000. Lacks of Pagodas; I ask nothing in return but your friendship, which I doubt not you will readily
grant."

Renewed War In 1779, the Presidency of Madras resolved upon an expedition against Mah6.

with Hyder. ipj^jg ^^^ ^^^ territory of a petty prince on the Western Coast, who, with the

other petty princes, his neighbours, had been rendered tribvitary to llyder. The
Nabob remonstrated against the expedition, and urged the necessity of making
peace with Hyder, or, on the other hand, of first making terms with the Marattas
and the Soubahdar. Instead of following his advice, the Presidency formed an
arrano-cmcnt with Jkizalut Jung, which in the highest degree alurmed and exas-
perated l)otli. The consequence was, that Hyder invaded and devastated the
Carnatir, and involved the Company and the Nabob in a useless and protracted
wai', whicli was costly to botli of the allied powers, and materially disturbed
the internal tranquillity of the Carnatic, and was especially injurious to the

* A Daum is equal to about a peiwiy.

Nabob remon
strates.

Nabob. Again, and witli little semblance of justice, the Company made their Fresli demands on
demands upon the Nabob, who informed them that it was completely out of his Nabob,
power to render them assistance. " Participatinn^ in the general aversion to be-
heve that the Nabob" was so circumstanced, the President renewed his importu-
nities ; and probably in consequence the Nabob applied to the Governor-General,
concluded an arrangement with him, and intimated the fact to the J 'resident. Arrangements
This transaction is thus narrated in the letter from Jiengal to the Court of Direc- with Governor-
tors, dated 27th April 1781 : — General.

" About tlie middle of Last niontli, arrived in Fort William, Syod Assam Cawn Beliaudre, De- sixth Rep. Com. of
wan of bis Highness the Nabob Walla Jaw, accompanied by Mr Ricliard .Joseph Sullivan. Their Secrecy, p. 1054.
arrival was reported to us by the Governor-General on the 29th of that month, .and a translation of
their credentials as Ministers and ricnipotentiaries Extraordinary from his Ilighncss the Nabob
Walla Jaw was laid before us, together with a pai>er of re(piisitions prepared by the Dewan, who,
in the name of his Master, requested the JJoard's rcjdy, expressing their resolution on each article
as expeditiously as i)ossible ; their object being of the utmost importance, not only to the future
prosperity of his country, but also to the safety of the English possessions in the Carnatic, and to
the relief of his numerous creditors, whose claims and necessities he rejircscnted as •'reat and dis-
tressing. We had, a few days before, received from tlie N.abob's new consolidated creditors a pro-
posal for the siitisfaction of the debt owing to them from his Highness, and your Select Committee
at Fort St George had transmitted to us with it a copy of their Mnutes on a similar proposal made
to them.

" Sensible of the heavy load of difficulties under which the Nabob Walla Jaw hath laboured for
a considerable length of time, and anxious that a permanent plan should be adopted for the future
regulation of the affairs of the Carnatic, we readily acquiesced in the desire of Syed Assam Cawn,
that distinct replies should be given by us to each of the several propositions of the Nabob; and we
agreed that the replies, if approved by the Dewan, should serve for the basis of an agreement be-
tween this Government and that of the Carnatic. As the agreement includes many particulars
which cannot be made so clear in an abstract of them as in the perusal of the agi-eement itself, we
have thought it necessary to transmit to you a copy of the requests of the Nabob Wallah .Tab, and
of our replies to them, which together form the agreement, numbers in this dispatch. The a^ree-
raent having been fairly engrossed on two distinct papers bearing the seal and signature of the Nabob
Wallah Jaw, and the Dewan, Syed Assam Cawn Behaudre, and Mr Richard Joseph Sullivan,
attending at our Council on the 2d inst., it was sealed and signed by them in our presence, and
by us in their presence, and formally interchanged.

" We should have previously acquainted you that we were fully satisfied with the sufficiency
of the powers with which Syed Assam Cawn Behaudre and Mr Richard Joseph Sullivan were in-
vested on the part of the Nawaub Wallah Jaw ; and being anxious that speedy and effectual reme-
dies should be applied to the disordered state of the affairs of the Carnatic, deemed it of essential
moment that the entire sanction of the controlling Government of India should be given to the
agreement ; and the more especially, as in the letters which have been received from the Presidency
of Fort St George since the commencement of the late troubles in the Carnatic, they have repeat-
edly declared their total and absolute inability to obtain from the Carnatic the smallest supply of
money for the maintenance of the war, or the support of their current expenses."

The requests of the Nabob, which formed the one part of this agreement, were p. 1082.

inter alia as follows : — " 1. Let a treaty be firmly established between us which Agreement with
may last for ever, and be subject to no deviation." The answer to this article is Nabob,
important, as showing the permanency of endurance with which the treaties
afterwards concluded with the Nabobs of the Carnatic were intended to be
regarded : —

" A temporary treaty shall be made, subject to the revision and approbation of the Company; and
it is hoped this may serve as the basis of another treaty, to be concluded under the orders and in-
structions of the Company, and even with the sanction of the EngUsh Parliament, which may endure
for ever, and rendered so binding that it shall not be in the power of any individual to break it or
to depart from it." '

After some other articles, the sixth article is as follows : —

" After peace and alliance is made between us and the English Corapanj', the enemies, the
security, and the dangers of both will be the same ; that is to s.ay, whoever of us suffers an injury,
it will be felt by both of us. I therefore wish that the English in India, or the Kino- of Great
Britain, would make a treaty of peace with the King of France ; and let the peace and security of
the Carnatic and the rights of my Government, without the connection of any one, and my power
to appoint a successor in the Carnatic, be settled in a solid manner, and included in the treaty."

The appointment of a successor by will, here referred to, was a favourite subject
with Mahomed Ali, his wish being that his second son, Ameer-ul-Omrah, should
succeed him. Whether he ever executed such a will in favour of that son is not
known, but it is not improbable. The answer to this article admitted the right : —

" In whatever treaty," it bore, " shall be concluded between the Nabob and the Company, it will
of course be stipulated that the friends or enemies of either party should be held as equally the fi-iends
or enemies of the other, and their interest, their safety, and their danger the same. Such has
been the implied condition of the alliance hitherto subsisting between the Nabob and the Company,
although unsupported by any written engagements. Respecting the latter claim of this article, we
are informed by Assam Cawn, the Nabob's Dewan, that the Nabob possesses letters from the Com-

pany, the King's Minister, and the King himself, on the subject of his will ; and he has produced
copies of those from the King and from the Company, ivhich all express a clear acbiowkdr/ment of the
NaboVs rifjht to appoint a successor to the Government of the Carnatic. It is therefore unnecessary, and
would be unbecoming in this Government, to make any provision, even in a temporary treaty, for
such event, which we hope is far distant. Sueli aclcnowledgments are equivalent to treaties, and of
the highest possible authority, and must be binding on all the servants of the Company, and on all
the King's subjects."

In Article 8 the Nabob says —

" My constant wish has been to discharge the money due to the troops stationed by the Com-
pany, and I have always exerted myself for this purpose ; from the commencement of my connection
I have paid veiy considerable sums on this account, and on the day that Hyder invaded tlie Carnatic I
owed the Governor and Council of Madras less than one lac of pagodas, which I was in hopes of
dischar^inc by receiving bills from the bankers in tlie country ; when in the meanwhile tlie attack of
our enemy began, and, instead of paying the balance in money to the Company, provided in my
country a "reater amount than that, in rice, and bullocks, and sheep for the army, besides the stores
in my forts, of which there is a large supply in Trichinopoly, and a less quantity in Velore, etc. ;
and what was in those forts which our enemy has taken is in his possession ; had not my bad destiny
produced many obstacles, there is no doubt but at this time I should not have been indebted one
single pagoda to the Company."

He then makes a proposal in regard to certain talooks, which he proposes
should be handed over to his creditors ; and mentions in Article 9, that for several
reasons, and from the invasion of his enemy, which were not unknown to his
friends, he was greatly distressed, and his subjects were not in a state to suffer
him to have any hopes from them. The answer of the Company was, —

8. " This is just. Let the Nabob consent and engage to assign all the reeemtes of his country during
the war, without any exception, to the Company for the actual support of the war." Then entering
further into explanations, they conclude, " By this arrangement the resources of the Carnatic will be
applied, as they oun'ht to be, to its immediate defence and preservation ; and the Nabob's faith and
the ri"-hts of the creditors will be secure';^, and this is agreeable to the request which the creditors
themselves have formerly made."

And with reference to the Nabob's statement as to the debts he was owing to
his creditors, a new adjustment was advised to be made.

The receipt of this communication occasioned discussion. The Nabob was
naturally reluctant to part with his revenues, while the Company's servants were
as naturally desirous of securing them. Their sole object, however, was the good
of both parties. For even Sir Eyre Coote, who took a strong view of matters,
thus wrote to -the Select Committee on lltli September 1781 : —

Carnatic Papers, 1803, " I am fully persuaded in my own mind, that we should stand justified both to our King and

vol. ii., p. .52. country in taking for a time the entire management of the Carnatic ; and in guaranteeing in their
just rights and privileges such of the Polygars as either from necessity or ill-usage have been induced
to become subservient to Hyder-; and would upon such protection unite -ndth us and against him,
not meaning thereby to rob the Nabob of either Ids honour or his lights, but upon principles of the soundest
friendship, and, with all due respect and regard for his person and authority, to give that real assistance
towards his future interests, which, from a mistaken policy, he hinaself denies them. All resources
which mio'ht by such a measure be obtained, would necessarily be employed in support of a war, and
be credited to the Nabob in our accounts ; which will carry with it tlie appearance of having given
some assistance to the cause, whereas at present there is none."

Mill, V..1. iv., p. iia. " "With much negotiation, it was at last arranged ; that the revenues of all the
dominions of the Nabob should be transferred to the Company for a period of
Nabob assigns re- f^ye years at least ; that of the proceeds one-sixth part should be reserved for the
venues to Com- pj.jy^tg expenses of himself and his family, the remainder being placed to his ac-
pany or o years. ^^^^^ . ^i^^^j. ^j^g collectors should all be appointed by the President : and that
the Nabob should not interfere. By this deed, which bore date the 2d of De-
cember 1781, the inconveniences of a double government, which by its very
nature enorendered discordance, neghgence, rapacity, and profusion, were so far
o-ot rid of ; though yet tlie misery and weakness to which they had contributed
could not immediately be removed."

The assignment of the revenues, by lessening the ostensible importance of the
Nabob, and infringing on his acknowledged indopondency, was most naturally
distasteful to him, and he made representation against it to the Governor-
General. Upon the Information which the latter obtained, a resolution was
passed on 8tli January 1783 to surrender the assignment into tlie liands of the
Nabol) ; but this was opposed to the views both of the Directors and of tlio Madras
Presidency, and the resolution was not carried into effect at that time.
CariLitic Paper.-, 1803, Tlic Opinions entertained arc thus expressed in tlie two following letters to the
vol. ii.. p. ,>s-y. Secret Committee of Directors, from Lord Macartney, then President at Madras,

by whom the assignments had been carried througli shortly after his arrival at the
Presidency : —

24th January 1784.

Para. 10. Having, on my .arrival in this country, found your affiiirs most critically situated in
all respects, 1 cniloavourcid, by an early and laborious attention, to acquire exact information of the
stiUe of every department, and have communicated to you, from time to time, the result of my in-
quiries and observations.

11. The first thing that struck me as defective in your system, was the nature of the Company's
connection with tiic Nabob, by which the rosource-i of a province garrisoned and defended by your
forces in peace and war were altogetlier in the control of his Highness, under a simple and insecure
engagement of reimbursing, by instalments, the current charges of a certain proportion of those
forces. This stipulation, even in peace, was, from constant failure and backwardness in the Nabob, a
source of [lerpetual alarm to (Government, which often found itself absolutely unable to provide for
the payment of the troops when it became due. But if such are the inconveniences of this system
in time of peace, how totally unprovided, weak, and defenceless must be your situation under it iti
time of war, and particularly of an invasion of the country trom whence this scanty resource is to
come? When Ilyder Alii entered the Carnatic in July 1780, there was an instant sto[) to all pay-
ments from the Nabob, upon a [)lea of absolute inability. Your army, at the very moment that its
expenses were doubled, lost even its usual supply, and the whole charges of the war, ordinary and
e.iftraordinary, and even the daily sustenance of the troops, were thrown upon you; in this dreadful
exigency was obtained that Assignment, without which all your revenues and credit must have been
inevitably sunk to no purpose.

12. In my letter of the 1st December, [ declared my opinion, that from the moment you should
surrender that Assignment, you would cease to be a nation on the coast : I now repeat to you the
same opinion. Whatever reliance you may formerly have had upon the gratitude, friendship, or
fidelity of the neighbouring princes, has been long since at an end ; from the time of Ilyder's cnterin"-
the Carnatic in July 1780, to the Assignment of December 1781. The inability or unwillingness
of the Nabob to assist you appears fully detailed on your records before my arrival in this country ;
and the Assignment itself, from the date of it till the Company had the full management of the
revenue, was mere moonshine, and did not furnish you with a shilling. By the establishment secured
under the late peace to the French on this coast, and by the force they possess and seem determined
to maintain here, it is past a doubt that your first and principal stand against that nation, in case of
a rupture, must be made in the Carnatic. What, then, have you to trust to ? To nothing but your-
selves having the administration and direction of the revenues of the country which is to be defended.

14th October 1784. voi. u., p. 60.

Para. 7. From the statements now enclosed, you must perceive at once how impossible it will
be for you to exist in the Carnatic if you surrender the Assignment. With every attention to the
management of the revenue on its present advantageous footing, your relief from this resource will
not be very material for the next three years; afterwards, indeed, if the peace of the country be not
disturbed, a rapid progress may be made in the discharge of the Company's and the Nabob's incum-
brances ; but without the Assignment, I see not a ray of hope for the preservation of the Company
or the security of the Nabob on this coast. As my voucher for this assertion, I must call to your
remembrance the disordered and ruinous state of the country, and the extreme insufficiency of the
Nabob's payments while he collected the revenues himself. During the first eighteen months of the
late invasion, the Company obtained scarcely any assistance from him. The Assignment was then
procured ; and in the next eighteen months, notwithstanding the devastations of the enemy, and the
gi-eatest opposition and intrigue on the part of the Nabob himself, you will observe, from the books
of this Presidency, what considerable resources have been drawn from the country, — resources without
which all our other aids must have totally failed in carrying us through the multiplied embarrass-
ments of the war.

The Board of Control, lio\vever, iaterferrecl ; and for the purpose of giving to
all the powers of India a strong proof of the national faith, ordered restoration of
the revenues; and, in June 1785, a preliminary treaty was entered into with the Voi. of Treaties, p.
Nabob, by which the Nabob agreed to pay his proportion, fixed at 4 lacs of pagodas Ireiiminary Treaty of
per annum (L. 160,000), of the current charges, and 12 lacs of pagodas per annum '"^■
(L.480,000) on account of his debts to the Company and private creditors until
those debts were discharged ; and, in the event of failure in the payment, certain
districts were assigned to the Company in security ; and by the last article it was
declared, " the within conditions being first duly signed and sealed bv the respective
parties, the agreement of the 2d December 1781 will be immediately returned to
his Highness the Nabob, vvho is hereby restored to the possession of, and full ex-
ercise of sovereignty over, the Carnatic."

Sir Archibald Campbell arrived at Madras as President of that Presidency Sir A. Campbe^l■^
after this restoration to the Nabob of the collection of his revenues, and one of the negotiations,
principal duties he had then to perform was that of effecting a new arrangement
with the Nabob. The instructions he had received appear to have been, to have
required a much larger aimual payment from the Nabob than what had hitherto
been agreed upon, and on this subject he, on 18th April 1786, thus feelingly
wrote : —

Though I may fail iri accomplishing all you wish, be assured that I will leave nothing untried Carnatic Papers, isoa,
to make the arrangement with his Highness and the Eajah of Tanjore as consonant as possible to ^°'" "■■ P' ^^■
your instructions, and that no deviation from them shall ever meet with my approbation, except
where the case may render it indispensably necessary. At the same sime, I wish you to be aware

hat, from the Nabob being assessed 12 lacks for the payment of his debts, and 4 lacks towards
military charges, his country, under its present management, may not, perhaps, be found able to
bear any great additional burden, although, in strict justice, and in compliance with your orders, a
much greater demand will be fully warranted.

12. Wliile I call in question any part of the agreement lately entered into with the Nabob of
Arcot, I must do liim the justice to say that, so far as it has gone, his Higness has acted up to the
terms agreed upon by paying his Kists punctually as they became due ; which, joined to the great
respect I have for liis Highness, cannot fail to secure to him every degree of kindness and attention
on the part of this Government.

Treaty of 1787. After some negotiation, a treaty was entered into, dated 24tli February 1787-
This treaty proceeded upon tlie narrative, that

The Court of Directors of the Honourable United East India Company, having taken into their
serious consideration the great advantages which may be attained by improving the blessings of
peace, now happily re-established on the coast of Coromandel and the Carnatic ; and considering the
present hour the best suited for settling and arranging, by a just and equitable treaty, a plan for the
future defence and protection of the Carnatic and the Northern Sircars on a solid and lasting found-
ation, have communicated these their sentiments to his Highness the Nabob of the Carnatic, who,
being fully impressed with the propriety and wisdom of such an arrangement, has for himself, his
heirs and successors, adjusted and concluded a solid and permanent treaty with the President and
Council of Fort St George, upon the principles and conditions herein after mentioned ; in consequence
whereof, it is stipulated and agreed that due provision shall be made for the military peace estab-
lishment ; and also, that, for discharging the expense of war, in the event of a war breaking out in
the Carnatic, or on the coast of Coromandel, certain contributions or proportions of the revenues of
the contracting parties shall be united into one common stock, to be applied for their mutual security
and defence. And as it is necessary that the application of the said contributions, both for peace and
war, shall be reposed in the United Company or their representatives, together with the direction of
the war, the company of the army, magazines of stores and provisions (the granaries and present
magazines of his Highness the Nabob excepted), with full power to occupy or dismantle such forts as by
them shall be deemed necessary for the general security, the said contracting parties do hereby
solemnly engage and agree, for themselves and their successors, to and with each other, in manner
following, — that is to say. Article 1. The friends and enemies of his Highness the Nabob of he
Carnatic, and of the English United East India Company, shall be considered as the friends and
enemies of both.

It was then provided that the Nabob should contribute towards the mihtary
peace estabhshment, and should pay into the treasury of the Company the annual
sum of 9 lacs of pagodas(L.360,000), in place of the 4 lacs agreed by the Preliminary
Treaty ; and that the Company should, with the aid of Tanjore, contribute such
further suras as might be necessary, and should annually furnish the Nabob with
an account of the troops maintained by his contribution ; and the security of the
assignment of districts was made to the Company in case of failure in the punctual
payment of the 9 lacs. It was further provided that, in the event of any war
breaking out in the Carnatic or on the coast of Coromandel, the Company should
charge themselves with the direction, order, and conduct thereof, and both parties
should each contribute four-fifths of their whole revenues in the Carnatic to the
military expenses of the war. It was further agreed by Article 15, that,

" Whenever the Company shall enter into any negotiations, wherein the interests of the Car-
natic and its dependencies may be concerned, the President in Council of Fort St George shall
communicate the proceedings to his Highness the Nabob of the Carnatic, as the firm ally of the
Company ; and although the direction of the combined force of the country is committed entirely
to the Honourable Company or their representatives, it is nevertheless understood, that his High-
ness shall bo informed of all measures which shall relate to the declaring of war or making of peace
with any of the princes and powers of Ilindostan, so far as the interests of the Carnatic may be im-
mediately concerned therein, and the name of his Highness shall be inserted in all treaties regarding
the Carnatic, and Ifis Highness will not enter into any political negotiations or controversies with any
state or power, without the consent or approbation of the President in Council of Fort St George."

By Article 19 it was further stipulated that the articles of agreement contained
in the Preliminary Treaty above-mentioned, in so far as they related to the dis-
charge of the debts of liis Highness the Nabob, should be in continual full force
— in other words, that the Nabob should continue to pay 12 lacs of pagodas per
annum to the reduction of his debts ; but in so far as regarded the agreement to
pay 4 lacs towards ctirrent ox])enses, the previous article declared that the Preli-
minary Treaty sliould be null and void.

Sir Archibald Campbell, in his letter of 24th Feb. 1787 to the Court of
Directors annonncing the coui])letion of this Treaty, after alluding to his in-
stigations and negotiations, thus wrote : —

Letter Sir A. Under the Nuholl's present expensive system of manafjiiKj his revenues, I think it almost certain

Campbell an- ^^^^ '"^ Jlu/lincss novhl not (i/pinl to pat) the 1 0^ lacks of pagodas annually, and 1 2 lacks more to his cre-
nouncing Treaty. •^''°''^' without involving himself and family in very great difficulties ; and 1 think it my duty to say
<;;iriiatif Papers. l«o3,80 Candidly, rather than mislead the Company into expectations which can only tend to deceive
»iii. !•., |i. «1 them. Viewinir matters in tliis li^'ht, I iiroposed to his Highness, that in case the Court of Directors

2.3

illj not comply with his request for an abatement of two lacks of pagodas from the annual sum paid
to the creditors, and in case the revenues of liis Highness should not be found adecjuate to the dis-
charge of the same, I should have great pleasure in assenting to those two lacks of pagodas bein"'
carried to the account current of his Higiiness with the Coni|)any.

14. On a suhsc(pient meeting witli the old Nabob, his Highness in a very afftctiiig manner
stated his distresses, and warmly represented ids disposition to do whatever 1 should, in the nana;
of the Company, say lie in justice ought to pay ; at tlie same time throwing himself upon the gene-
rosity and friendshi]) of the Company, from a conviction that tiiey would never ask him to engage
for more than he was able actually to perform. The old J'rince was considerably agitated at this
period, and retired, leaving iiis son the Ameer (ul-Omrah) to communicate his sentiments as to the
extent of his powers to com[)ly with the re(|uisitions pro])osed.

15. Pleased with the moderation and pro[)ricty of the Nabob's conduct, I desired tiie Ameer
to inform me what sum his Highness could pay witii ease to himself and comfort to his family.
The Ameer replied that he was instructed by his father to say, that he could pay tnue lacks of
pagodas annually to the army peace establishment, and have a sullicient surplus to make himself
and his family liajtpy and comfortable.

16. An oiler of such magnitude, accompanied with tlie certain prospect of giving satisfaction
to a venerable Prince and haiipiness to his whole family, could not fail to be acceded to, especially
as it produced an additional revenue of five lacks of pagodas, or L.2OO,0UO sterling, annually to the
Company ; and was unanimously approved of by the Council on my laying the ofler before them.

17. Exclusive of tlie jdeasure I enjoyed in diffusing happiness to all the branches of a family
who look up to this Government for protection and support, the consideration of the Nabob's inva-
riable attachment to the British nation, and the strong assurances which his Highness had uniformly
received of the friendship and liberality of the India Company, rendered it in my opinion a matter
of wisdom and good policy to deviate in a small degree fi-om the rigid principles set forth in my
minute, especially as such a deviation was most likely to obtain much greater objects in the Treaty.
If to these considerations I am permitted to add the impressions I had received from your letter
of the 22d of September 1785, which directs every degree of attention to the convenience and hajjpi-
ness of the Nabob in forming this Treaty, I trust you will think I did not make any unwarranted or
improper sacrifice of the Honourable Company's interest in acceding to the Nabob's proposal.

He then proceeds to mention the arrangements made for time of war, and that
it had been agreed that

The Nabob of the Carnatic, after deducting certain jaghires and charities, amounting to
2,34,787 pagodas, should contribute four-fifths of his gross revenues to the purposes of the war,
leaving (and it may be of some importance to note this) the other fifth to answer for the current cltarges
of his family and cieil government. It was also stipulated and agreed tliat the Nabob should pay
twenty-five fifty-one parts of all expenses incurred in time of war.

As being in strict proportion to the amount of his revenues, as compared
with those of the Company and of the Eajah of Tanjore — He adds, —

20. The care I have taken in securing to the Company the punctual payment of the several
sums agreed upon, will be sufficiently illustrated by the Treaty itself, which I have the honour to
enclose. It is therefore necessary only to observe that this, as well as all the other objects recom-
mended to me by the Court of Directors, have been minutely attended to in this Treaty.

21. The potver of the purse and stvord is now completely secured to the Company ivithout lessening the
consequence of the Nabob ; and I pledge myself that these powers, so long as I have the honour to
preside in this Government, will be exerted with discretion, and to the utmost of my abilities, to
secure the interests and promote the honour and prosperity of the India Company.

22. If the articles of this Treaty appear satisfactory to you ; if they produce, as I trust they will,
solid and lasting advantages to the India Company, by the very respectable addition of five lacs ofjiago-
das to their annucd receipts, ivhile the Nabob of the Carnatic is happy and pleased with the arrangement, I
shall think my labours well bestowed, and feel that I am fully rewarded for all the fatigue and
anxiety of mind I have undergone, preparatory to and during the whole of this negotiation, which I
can with truth say has greatly exceeded any description that I can possibly convey.

I should not, he adds, discharge my duty to the Honourable Company, were I not to re- Mill, vol. v., p. 25i.
commend the present state of the Nabob's finances to your most serious consideration. The volun-
tary grant of so large a proportion of his revenues to the public and private creditors of his Highness
does, in my opinion, infinite honour, and marks his real character. But it ought to be considered
that this grant was made at a time when he thought his proportion for the defence of the Carnatic
would not exceed the sum of four lacs of pagodas annually. His contribution for this defence is
now extended to nine lacs ; and I can easily perceive that, although he has cheerfully agreed to pay
for that purpose five lacs of pagodas more than he expected, yet it is from a conviction that such a
contribution is indispensable for the general security ; and that this venerable Prince would rather
subject himself and family to the feelings of difficulty and distress, than be thought backward for a
single moment in contributing most liberally to any arrangement which might tend effectually to
the defence and prosperity of the Carnatic.

Of this arrangement in general the Directors expressed great approbation, but Directors require
required that, instead of 9 lacs, the Ifabob should be obliged to pay 11 lacs additional pay-
towards the current expenses ; and he was obliged to agree to this hard "proposal, ™^°'''
although the Nabob strongly remonstrated, stating his inability to meet so heavy
a demand.

The Treaty was not long in being considered defective in its machinery for Treaty found im
carrying out the purposes of the parties ; the management of the Nabob M-as pro- Pfrfect ; Commu-
bably, like that of most of the native powers, defective and insufficient for ti^g "'nations as to
realisation of the revenues. At all events, it was not so complete as the English'

were accustomed to in their own aiFairs; and General Meadows, then President of
Madras, on 31st March, 1790, wrote to the Court of Directors : —

Camatic Papers, jjjg Higijness the Nabob is so backward in his payments, so oppressive to his Polygnrs, whom

'"■■''*■ ■ at this time it is so necessary to have on our side, that I conceive it will be absolutely neces-
sary, upon his first material delay of payment, to talce the 7nanagement of his country into your own
lumds ; a measure, in spite of the opposition to it, so advantageous to you, the country, and even to
his Hiqhness himself, when so wisely projected and ably executed by Lord Macartney (referring to
the agreement of 1781).

On 16th September 1790, the President and Council at Madras wrote: —

We resolved to submit to the Supreme Government the correspondence which had taken
place between our President and the Nabob ; and to point out to his Lordship in Council the im-
policy of depending for our principal resources, at a time when the greatest exertions were necessary,
and pecuniary supplies were of the utmost importance, upon the operations and management of the
Nabob's Government, of which the system ivas, perhajis, as defective and inefficient as any u])oii earth. And
we did not hesitate to declare it as our unqualified opinion, that this Government (meaning the
Company), ought, during the war, to take the Nabob's country under their own management, as
afibrding the only means by which the resources to be derived from it could be realised, and the
fidelity and attachment of the Polygars and tributaries secured, which is of the utmost importance
to the successful operations of the war. In the event of his Lordship's agreeing with us in opinion,
and instructing us to act in conformity, we suljmitted to him the necessity of our adopting the
measure in so comprehensive a manner as to preclude any kind of interference on the part of the
Nabob while the country might be under our management ; and stating, that if this were not done,
he expected advantages could not be derived.

The Governor-General, upon receipt, recommended obtaining the consent of
the Nabob to assuming the Government of the country. To this the Nabob was
vehemently opposed ; and the Madras Council wrote : —

We cannot say that the event has surprised us ; for when it is considered how many people
attached to the Durbar are interested in the Nabob's retaining the management of his country in
his hands, it will not be a matter of wonder that every effort should be made to prevent his again
ceding what, in a former instance, he had much diificulty in recovering. We are convinced he will
never make a voluntary assignment of his country.

On 21st June the Governor-General in Council, declaring their

Perfect persuasion of the impossibility of obtaining in future the stipulated proportion of the
Nabob's revenues through the medium of his own managers, which also precluded all hopes of being
able by those means to recover the immense amount of his balance, authorised and directed the
Governor and Council of Madras to take effectual measures to put the Company into immediate pos-
session of the management of his Highness' revenues and country, in order that the total amount of the
collections might be applied with fidelity and economy in the proportions that had been ah-eady
settled, To defray the exigencies of the war, and to supiwrt his Highness' own family and dignity.

And add,

We trust, however, that before long his Highness will be fully sensible of the interested and
criminal motives of the advisers by whom he has been influenced to resist your solicitations; and
that he will soon see, that whilst his people will be treated with justice and humanity, a liberal
fund will be secured for the maintenance of his own family and dignity, and that the remainder of
the revenues will be secured from the hands of extortioners and usurers, and honourably applied
to the defence and protection of his subjects and dominions.

10th August 1790. In reporting upon these transactions to the Court of Directors, the Governor-
General thus wrote : —

I was impelled to the determination of assuming the revenues of the Carnatic by the
strongest considerations of humanity, justice, and public necessity. The flagrant failure on the
part of the Nabob in the performance of the stipulations of the Treaty with the Coni]iany, ought long
ago to have awakened the Government of F'ort St George to a sense of their public duty ; and
would, in strictness, at any time have merited the serious interference of this Government. But at
a dangerous juncture, when the resources of Bengal are totally inadequate alone to support the
expense of the war, into which we have been forced by one of the most inveterate enemies of
his Ilighness' family and of the British name, I could not for a moment hesitate in discharging
what clearly a[)peared to me to be the duty of my station, by taking the only measures that could
be effectual for securing the jjroportional assistance to which we are entitled from the funds of the
Carnatic. I must likewise observe, that b}'^ executing this resolution, 1 have every reason to believe
that whilst we provide for the general safcity, wo at the same time greatly promote the interests of
humanity. For, by the concurrent accounts that I have received from many (juarters, I am perfectly
convinced that, from the Nabob's being unacquainted with the details of business, and either from
an indifference to tlie distresses of his subjects, or from a total inca|)acity to superintend and control
the conduct of his renters and managers, the most insatiable extortions and cruel oppressions are
nowhere in Lidia more openly and genendly committed with inijiunity upon the mass of the
miserable inh.abitants, than by liis Iliglniess' officers in the internal management of his country.
And it will tlicreforc not only bo felt as a relief by the body of the people to be ))ut under the autho-
rity of the Company's servants, but we shall probabl}' be able, by mild and just treatment, to
••onciliatc on this critical occasion the attachment of the Southern I'olygars, who, from being

Viarassed by the unreasonable exactions of the Nabob's renters, have almost always been ripe for
ilisturbance and revolt. I trust, likewise, that in addition to the other advanta;,'(s that may be
expected from tlie measure of taking the management of the ('arnatic into your own hands, it may
tend to break off a connection between the Durbar and many of your servants, from which nothin"
but the most baneful cflects can result botli to your own and his Highness' interests. Tiie relation
between his lligluK^ss and tiie Company's (jiovernmont ; the delusive schemes into which he has at
different times been drawn, by the acts of intriguing and interested men, to seek for support in England
against regulations and orders no less calculated for /tis real good than for the advantage of the
Company; and the case which Europeans of all descriptions have found, by the vicinity of his residence
to Madras, in carrying on an intercourse with him, in defiance of all your jjrohibitions, have thrown
out temptations that have proved irresistible to several of your servants, and other persons, not only
recently, but during a long period of years, to engage in unjustifiable and usurious transactions with
the Durbar. And I believe I may venture to assure you, that it is to these causes, so Iiighly in-
jurious to the Company's interest, and so disgraceful to the national character, that the present state
of disorder and ruin in his Highness' affairs is principally to bo attributed. Jt will retiuire much
mature consideration to devise means that will be effectual to i)revent a repetition of tliese evils ;
and, indeed, I must freely own, that I could not venture to propose any jjlan on the success of
which I could have a firm reliance, unless the Nabob could be induced, by a larye annual revenue, to
surrender the management of his country for a long term of years to the Company.

These documents are very important, as indicating what were the views of the
officials of the Comj^any in reference to obtaining the management of tlie Carnatic
into their own hands ; and the concluding sentence of the above letter affords a
sufficient commentary upon, and explanation of, the arrangement afterwards come
to by the Treaty of 1801, to which reference will hereafter be made. It is quite
clear from this letter, which, probably, greatly exaggerated the real state of
matters, that all that was wanted was to obtain possession of the government and
collection of the revenues, as a measure of benefit to all concerned ; and had simply
in view the object of securing payment to themselves of the amount agreed to be
paid by the Treaty, and of handing over the balance to the Nabob, because the
Nabob's management was so bad and defective, that they could not trust to it for
securing payment of these obligations. As we advance, this will become still more
apparent.

This arrangement was followed by the complete approbation of the Directors,
who considered, from the experience they had had of the Assignment of 1781,
that such an Assignment was the only effectual method of securing the Nabob's
payments. The English were then at war with Tippoo, and upon its conclusion,
in 1792, the Carnatic revenues fell to be restored to the Nabob. This led to
negotiations for a new Treaty, both parties being dissatisfied with the former
Treaty; the Nabob complaining that its pecuniary conditions were heavier than the
country was able to bear, the English complaining that the securities it provided
for the payments by the Nabob were inadequate to their end. The Treaty of
1787 was therefore annulled, and a new Treaty, dated 12th July 1792, was Treaty of 1792.
entered into. This Treaty is still in subsistence, and it is therefore of importance
to attend to its terms. It narrates that —

Whereas a certain engagement entered into between the Honourable English East India Vol. of Treaties, p. k-j.
Company, and His Highness the Nawaub of the Carnatic, bearing date the 24th February 1787, for
the purpose of cementing an everlasting friendship with each other, and of contributing mutually
towards the defence of the Carnatic and countries dependent thereon ; whereby it was stipulated that
the said Company should maintain a military force, and that the said Nawaub should pay annually a
certain sum of money arising from the revenues of the Carnatic, and should furnish sufficient and
satisfactoiy security, under certain conditions expressed in the said engagement, for the regular pay-
ment of the sum stipulated to the said Company; and wdiereas it appears by the representations of
the said Nawaub, contained in a certain letter addressed by him to the Governor-General, etc., etc.,
dated the 18th of the month Shawal, 120G Higera (corresponding with the'Jth June 1792), that the
resources of the Carnatic are not competent to enable him to perform the stipulations in the said
engagement ; and whereas it further appears that the security which the said Nawaub agreed in the
above-mentioned engagement to furnish for the due p.ayment of the stipulated sum to the said Com-
pany, is, in its nature, inadequate to the end intended; and whereas certain agreements have also
been entered into between the said Company and the said Nawaub, for the discharge of certain debts
due by the said Nawaub to private persons, it has been mutually agreed, in consequence of the above
written circumstances, that the engagement aforesaid shall henceforth be considered by the contract-
ing parties as annulled, and no longer of eff"ect or in force ; and in lieu thereof, the Right Honourable
Charles Earl Cornwallis, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, Governor-General, etc., etc.,
etc., invested with full powers on the part of the said Honourable English East India Company to direct
and control the affairs of the said Company in the East Indies, in the name of and for the said
Company, their heirs and successors, on one part, and the Nawaub Wallah Jah Aniecr-ul-IIind
Omdut-ul-Moulk Asoph-ul-Dowlah Unevah-ul-Deen Hian Behauder Zuffer Jung Sepah Salar
Nabob of the Carnatic, in his own name, and for himself a»rf his successors, his eldest son Nabob
Omdut-ul-Omrah Najun-ul-Moulk Assud-ul-Dowlah Hassein Ally Khan Behauder Zool Sircar
Zung, a7id his heirs and successors, on the other part, agreed to the following Articles, which shall be
binding on the respective contracting parties for the purposes contained therein, notwithstanding all
or any of the conditions stipulated in the engagement dated the 24th February 1787 to the contrary.

Article I. The friends and enemies of either of the contracting parties shall be considered
the friends and enemies of both.

Article II. In order to execute the foregoing article in its full extent, the Honourable English
Kast India Company agree to titaintain a military force, and the Nawaub Wallah Jah Behauder agrees
to contribute annually a certain sum of money, hereinafter mentioned, as his share of the ex])ense of
the said military force ; the said Nawaub further agreeing, that the disposal of the said sum, together
with the arrangement and employment of the troops supported by it, shall be left entirely to the said
Company.

Article III. It is hereby also agreed, that for the further security and defence of the countries
belonging and subject to the contracting parties in the Carnatic, etc., that all forts shall be garrisoned
by the troops of the said Company : and in the event of war breaking out in the Carnatic and countries
appertaining to either party, and dependent on the Carnatic or contiguous thereto, it is agreed, for
the better prosecution of it, that as long as it should last, the said Company shall possess full authority over
the Carnatic (except the Jaghires belonging to the family of the said Nawaub, amounting to Star
Pasodas 2,13,911, which, on condition of the good behaviour of the Jaghiredars of the said Jaghires,
and of their fidelity to the said Nawaub and to the said Company, shall be continued to them, sub-
ject to the pleasure of the said Nawaub only, and except also certain charities, amounting to Star
Pagodas 21,366, subject to the same conditions as are mentioned with respect to the Jaghires), and
shall collect the revenues thereof, the said Company hereby engaging that, during such war, they
will pay to the said Nawaub one-fifth share of the net revenue arising therefrom, and that, at the
conclusion of the war, the Carnatic shall be restored to the said Nawaub, except in certain cases,
which are hereinafter mentioned.

Article IV. The Nawaub Wallah Jah agrees to pay to the said Company, for the purpose of
mutual defence, the sum of nine lacks of Star Pagodas annually, as his share of the expense for the
military force ; and also in consequence of certain agreements entered into by him with the said
Company, and guaranteed by the Parliament of Great Britain, for the purpose of liquidating certain
debts due by the said Nawaub, a further sum of 6,21,105 Star Pagodas annually, which further sum
of 6,21,105 Star Pagodas shall cease on the full liquidation of the debts above mentioned, and tile
sum of 9,00,000 of Star Pagodas only shall continue to be paid by the said Nawaub to the Company.
Article V. The said Nawaub having agreed to pay the aggregate sum of 15,21,105 Star
Pagodas, as mentioned in the fourth article, determines that the tributes or Peschush, payable by the
Poligars, as more particularly mentioned in the Schedule No. 1, hereunto annexed, shall be collected
by the said Company, wlio agree to make the collection thereof at their own expense and risk, and that
they will not increase the demand on the said Poligars beyond the sum mentioned in the said Schedule,
except in the case hereinafter mentioned, nor charge to the said Nawaub either the expense attend-
ing the collection or any deficiencies that may arise thereon, but will give credit to the said Nawaub
annually for the aforesaid tributes or Peschush, in part payment of the sum of nine lacks of Star
Pagodas above mentioned, without any deduction whatever. Although the contracting parties have,
in the present instrument, agreed that the sum of 2,64,704 Star Pagodas 20 Fanams 26 Cash be
deducted from the sum of nine lacks of Pagodas, as the amount of the tributes or Peschush from the
Poligars; yet should it, on future inquiry, appear that the said Poligars ought, by virtue of any ex-
isting and lawful engagements, to pay a larger sum, it shall be demanded of them ; and any addition
that shall thus be made to the sums mentioned in the said Schedule, shall be deducted from the sum
of nine lacks, in like manner with the sum of 2,64,704 Star Pagodas 20 Fanams 26 Cash, and a
similar deduction shall, in consequence, be made in the Kistbundy hereinafter mentioned. It is,
however, mutually agreed, that the diminution of this aggregate sum which shall take place on the
full liquidation of the debts, as specified in the fourth article, shall make no change in this article,
which shall, notwithstanding such diminution, remain in full force.

Article VI. The said Company, desirous of preserving the lights of sovereignty over the said Poli-
gars to the said Nawaub, engage to the utmost of their power, and consistent with the realisation of the
tributes of Peschush from them, to enforce the allegiance and submission of the said Poligars to the
said Nawaub, in customary ceremonies, and in furnishing the Poligar Peons, according to established
custom, for the collection of the revenues, the support of Government, and for the protection of the
property of the inhabitants of the said Nawaub's country, promising that all acts of authority shall
be exercised, and all accounts of revenue (of which accounts the said Nawaub, if he so wishes, siiall
be annually furnished with copies) shall bear his, the said Nawaub's, name. For the better execution
of this and the fifth article, the said Nawaub promises to furnish to the said Company, that is to say,
to their representatives, the President and Council of Fort St George, the necessary orders, under
his seal and signature, addressed to each Poligar, and to the purport hereof, without delay.

Article VII. After deducting from the above-mentioned sum of nine lacks of Star Pagodas,
which forms a part of the aggregate sum of 15,21,105 Star Pagodas, mentioned in the fifth article,
the amount of the tributes or Peschush from the Poligars, as specified in the Schedule No. 1, the said
Nawaub agrees to pay annually the remaining sum, being 0,35.295 Star Pagodas 15 Fanams 54
Cash, together with the further sum of 6,21,105 Star Pagodas, for the purpose mentioned in the fourtli
article, making the sum of 12,56,400 Star Pagodas 15 Fanams 54 Cash, at the following periods: —

On the 1st September, ......

Ist October, .....

1st November, ......

1st December, . . . ...

Ist January, ......

1st February, ......

1st March, .......

1st April, ....•■.

1st May, .......

1st June, .......

Star Pagodas,

star Pagodas.

1,00,000

1,00,()()0

1,00,000

1,50,000

2,00,000

(•

1,56,400

12,56,400

And it is mutually agreed, that on tlio lull liquidation of tlie debts before mentioned, when the
payment of the sum of Star Pagodas 6,21,105 shall cease, by virtue ol tiic fourtii article, arcduction,
in equal proportion, shall take ])lacc in the above instalments.

Article VIII. The said Nawaub engages to make good to the said Company the payments
of the sums, according to the instalments of Kistbundy contained in the seventh article; and ;/; con-
trarij to his sincere inteiiiiom and exertions, an;/ oftlte Kaid sums shall not he Julli/ paid, at the e.q/iraiion of
fifteen dai/s from the time limited, in that case tiie said Nawaub arjrees, that the said Company sludl assume
tlie. management of, and incdce the collection of tJie revenue.H, from tlie districts tuentioned in tlie Schedule No.
if, hereunto annexed, according to the following conditions : and for this the jjresent engagement
shall be considered sullicient authority, the said Company, through tlieir President and Council at
Fort St George, giving immediate and o.xjjlicitinibrniation, according to the tenor thereof, to the said
Nawaub, who shall, on the arrival of the Company's ollicers in the said district, recall all his officers,
except one in each district, which officer shall remain at the Sudder Cutcherry, and shall be furnished
annually, by the officer of the said Company, with eojiies of the Sudder Cutcherry accounts, of the
gross collections, and of the net receipts, under the attestation of the officer of the said Company,
and of the Sudder Omlah of the district.

First. The said Company shall assume the management of such district or districts, the
revenues of which, after. deducting the charges of collections, shall e(iual the amount of theKist
which shall have fallen in arrear.

Second. The said Company agree, that a deduction shall take place proportionably from the
amount of each of the ten Kists above mentioned, equal to the amount of the net revenue of the
district or districts which shall have been assumed as above, such deduction commencing from
the day that the assumption shall take place. It is also mutually agreed, that an account, called
" Balance account," shall be immediately opened, for this and other purposes hereinafter men-
tioned, bearing an interest of eight per cent, per annum, between the said Nawaub and the said
Company, in which the said Nawaub shall be debited for the balance accrued in his above
stipulated payments, and also for the amount deducted, as above, from the ten Kists, and shall
be credited for the net revenue collected from the said district or districts, the said Company
continuing to exercise authority in, and to make the collections from the same, until, in conse-
quence of the full liquidation of the debts and diminution of the annual sum, to be for that pur-
pose paid by the Nabob to the said Company, according to the fourth article, the said balance
account shall be equal on the debit and credit side, and nothing shall remain due to the said
Company, then the said district or districts shall revert to the management of the said Nawaub.
Tlii.rd. Whenever the said district or districts, thus assumed, shall be restored, according
to the above condition, it is agreed, that in case any of the Kists for the sum remaining (after
the deduction of the sum of 6,35,21,105 Star Pagodas, that is to say, for the sum of 6, .35, 295
Star Pagodas 15 Fanams 54 Cash, be not paid fifteen days after the expiration of the time
limited, the said Company shall possess equal power to assume the districts mentioned in the
said Schedule, No. 2, as in the first instance, and shall accordingly assume such district or dis-
tricts, the revenues of which, after deducting the charges of collection, shall equal the amount of
the Kist which shall have fallen in arrear, from which they shall realise the balance that shall have
arisen in the payment of the Kists, and shall give credit to the said Nawaub for the surplus and
subsequent net revenues, in part paj^ment of the sum of 6,35,295 Star Pagodas 15 Fanams 54
Cash ; and, in this case, the management of the district or districts thus assumed, shall for ever
continue in the possession of the said Company, anything contained in the third article of the
present engagement to the contrary notwithstanding, and the said Company agree to give the
Nawaub credit for the revenue arising therefrom.

Fourth. In order to prevent any loss arising to either party from this measure, it is mutually
agreed, that the district or districts which shall thus be assumed by the said Company, shall be
entire, as mentioned in the said (schedule, and not parts of districts.

Fifth. In consequence of this measure, whereby the districts mentioned in the Schedule,
No. 2, become responsible for any arrears that may accrue in the payment of the above stipulated
Kists, the said Nawaub agrees, that he will not grant Tunkaws, or assignments, on any account
on the revenues thereof, and if, contrary to this condition, any Tunkaws or assignments should
exist, where the said districts or any of them shall be assumed by the said Company, such Tun-
kaws, or assignments, shall be declared by the said Company and the said Nawaub to be of no
value, nor shall they remain in effect.

Sixth. It is agreed between the contracting parties, that the above described balance account
sh.all be annually adjusted, and a committee, consisting of four respectable and capable persons,
of which two shall be nominated by the said Company and two by the said Nawaub, shall
assemble, on the 1st day of August of every year, commencing with 1 793, for the purpose of
adjusting and drawing out a fair and e(iuitable statement thereof

Ajrticle IX. In case the said Nawaub shall, at any time, have occasion for any number of
troops for the collection of his revenues, the support of his authority, or the good order and govern-
ment of his country, the said Company agree to furnish a sufficient number of troops for that purpose,
on public representation being made by the said Nawaub to the President and Council of Fort St
George, of the necessity of employing such troops, and of the objects to be obtained thereby ; and
the said Nawaub agrees to defray the additional expense of such troops, so long as they may be
employed at his request, this additional expense being the sum over and above the expense of such
troops while in garrison or at fixed quarters : and it shall be at the option of the said Nawaub to re-
imburse the said surplus expense, either on the conclusion of the service on which such troops may
have been employed, in money, or to add it to the debit side of the account called balance account,
as more particularly explained in the second condition of the eighth article.

Article X. The said Nawaub shall receive regular information of any negotiation which shall
relate to declaring war or making peace, wherein the said Company may engage, and the interests
of the Carnatic and its dependencies may be concerned ; and the said Nawaub shall be considered
as an ally of the Said Company in all Treaties which shall in any respect affect the Carnatic and
countries depending thereon, or belonging to either of the contracting parties contiguous thereto ; and
the said Nawaub agrees that he will not enter into any negotiation or political correspondence
with any European or native power without the consent of the said Company.

Tliis Treaty, consisting of ten articles, and having two Schedules annexed thereto, marked No,
] and No. 2, shall be in force and have effect from the 12th day of July 1792 (coiTes])onding with
the 22d day of the month Zekaida, 120G Higera); and the contracting parties having affixed their
respective seals and signatures to two counterparts, on the dates undermentioned, that is to say, the
Right Honourable Charles Earl Cornwallis, K.G., Governor-General, etc. etc. etc., shall affix his seal
and signature to one counterpart, on the part of the Honourable English East India Company, and
the Nawaub Walla Jah Behauder, Nawaub of the Carnatic, shall affix his seal and signature to
another counterpart, shall be exchanged.

Signed and Sealed at Chepauk House, this 22d day of Zekaida 1206, and 12th day of July
1792. °

The completion of this Treaty was communicated by Lord Cornwallis to the
Honourable Court of Directors, by letter dated 9th July 1792, in which he says : —

Carnatic Paners 1803 -■ ^''^ disadvantage and danger arising from the separation of the internal government and management

Tol. ii., p. 84. ' 'of the revenue of the country from the responsibilitii for its defence, is so obvious, that if there had appeared
to be the least chance o{ obtaining the Xalob's voluntary acquiescence, I should without hesitation have
been ready to propose to him, as the plan best calculated for promoting his own interest and comfort,
and the happiness of the inhabitants 'of the Carnatic, that he should intrust the Company with the
entire management of the country, in addition to the responsibility for its defence, under an engagement
on their part, after allotting certain sums for public purposes, and for the gradual liquidation of hia
private debts, to pay to hiui regularly a liberal portion of its revenues for the maintenance of his family, and
the support of his dignity. But the Nabob's own disposition, and the influence of a number of inter-
ested people of a variety of descriptions with whom he has intercourse, left me no ground to hope that
he could be brought to give his free consent to an arrangement of that nature ; and a regard to justice and liber-
ality towards an old ally, as well as to our own reputation in India, equcdly precluded the most distant idea of
making use of any other means than those of persuasion, which I knew luould be ineffectual.

His Lordship then proceeds to mention that he had entered upon negotiations
for a new arrangement, at the rej^eated urgent request of the Nabob, which had
resulted in the treaty, and in explanation says : —

Ibid. p. 85. 8. I do not think myself called upon to endeavour to account for the Nabob's having been pre-

vailed upon to agree, by the Treaty which he concluded with Sir Archibald Campbell, to pay a sum
into the Company's treasury which so far exceeded the real resources of his country, but shall only ob-
serve, that it was full time that this delusion, so flattering, but in the end so injurious to the Com-
pany and to his private creditors, should cease ; and I am persuaded that you will feel as I did, that,
exclusive of the Jaghires, not less than a fifth part of the revenues of the Carnatic should, under any circum-
stances whatever, be left for the support (f his Highness family.

9. By observing this rule in the present agreement, it has certainly been rendered possible for
the Nabob to be regular in his future payments ; but, from the general improvidence of his manage-
ment, and in particular from his having unluckily fallen into inveterate habits of allowing himself to
be preyed upon by artful and interested men, I cannot help apprehending that his Kists will before
long fall again as formerly into arrear ; and although the assumption of the ditierent districts at the
period of each failure will protect the Company against future disappointments, yet, as his share of
one-fifth of his revenues is never to be diminished, the amount of those arrears, and the accruing in-
terest upon them, must stand over in account as a debt to the Company until all his consolidated
debts shall be discharged.

10. This could only have been avoided by an article in the Treaty, to entitle the Company, upon
the failure of the payment of a Kist, to take the immediate management of the whole of the districts
mentioned in the schedule ; but I should have been restrained from making such a proposition from
the harshiless of its nature, even if I had thouglit it possible that his Highness could have been in-
duced to consent to it

14. The Nabob's foilure in making good his stipulated payments alone compelled us, at the
commencement of the war, to take the management of his revenues into our own hands ; but experi-
ence having convinced me, since my arrival upon this coast, that it would have been impossible to
carry on the war without having likewise the means in our power to command, without delay or in-
terruption, the resources that the Carnatic could allord of grain and cattle for the use of the army, I
thought it my duty to propose that the Nabob should agree, that, in case of a future war with any
of the neighbouring powers, the Company should, during tlie pci-iod of the war, assume the entire manage-
ment of his country, and it gave me great pleasure to find that neither his Highness or his son made
the least objection to that article.

Vol. T., p. am Referring to the foregoing dispatch, Mr Mill observes, that it appears that " Lord

Cornwallis set a great value upon this arrangement (the Treaty 1792), and fondly
The Treaty found believed it was calculated to answer all the ends which it was the object of liimself
unsatisfactory. ^nd his countrymen to secure. The complaints of which he had heard were chiefly
complaints rcspoctiiig the securities for the payments of the Nabob. The seciu'ities
wliicli lie had taken had the apj)earance of being complete, and he saw not far
beyond first appearances. The observation is just, " that though this engagement
sim])liried in some points, and greatly ameliorated in others, the engagement which
Sir Arcliibald Caiii[)bell had contracted, it corraied nane of its radical defects.'"
Management during a limited and precarious period excluded that minute know-
ledge on which alone could l)e founded an assessment just either to the Companv
or tlir, Iiiliabltaiits ; ensured the l»ad oHices of all descriptions of the people, who
had an interest in courting the Government which they were again to obey; and

totally prevented the introdm-tion of a new inanao;cment in place of that crnel and
oppressive system, which, under tlio Government of the Nabob, desolated the
country."

I'atY

It will be observed, that the effect of the arrangement made by this Treaty of Eftj^^'^' '^'''^
1792, so far as the Nabob was concerned, simply was to oblige him in time of peace ° ' ' '
to contribute a certain sum towards the defence of the Carnatic and reduction of
his debts, and to entitle the Company, in the event of failure in timeous payment,
to assume the management and make the collection of the revenues from certain
stipulated districts; and it was only in the event of war breaking out that the
Company were empowered to assume fidl authority over the Carnatic, and to
collect the revenues thereof, in time of peace the collection and management of
the revenues and government of the country was left entirely in the hands of the
Nabob. As, however, the Company were entitled, in the event of failure in due
payment of the stipulated annual contributions, to enter upon the possession of
certain districts of sufficient value to meet the obligation, it might bo supposed,
and in point of fact it was supposed by Lord Cornwallis, that the interests of the
Company were sufficiently protected ; and so undoubtedly they would have been,
if the Nawaub's management had resembled the wise and beneficent Government Cniipes of delects
to which the British people have been accustomed in the management of their "' ^ '<'"')■•
own affairs. But unfortunately the government of the Nabob was not of that Nawaub's Govern-
description ; at all events, the opinion formed by the English with regard to it, ment.
was, not merely that it was oppressive to his subjects (with which directly they
had no concern), but that it was disastrous and ruinous to the interests of the
Nabob, and to the condition of his revenues, in the prosperity of which their
interest was direct and deep. The evils, moreover, which attended upon a
divided government, — that is to say, a country subjected to the government of
two separate and independent sets of rulers (for by this time the English had
necessarily their share of rule In the Carnatic) — began to be felt. The extracts
already furnished from the dispatches show that the opinion had been gaining
ground, even prior to the Treaty of 1792, that the Carnatic never would be in a Remedy,
satisfactory state, as well for the Nabob as for the Company, until the enth'e col-
lection of the revenues, and vianagement or government of the country, were at all
times, whether during peace or during war, entrusted to die Company. Not that
it was desired by obtaining such management to acquire the possession of any
abstract power, but simply because, in a pecuniary point of view, such manage-
ment would be more certain to ensure regular payment of the annual contribu-
tions for which the Nabob had become bound. Nor was it with any view, at
least at this period, of extracting a revenue. Still less was there in the minds of
the Company the most remote idea of affecting the status of the Nawaub, as
sovereign of the Carnatic, or of doing anything but a benefit to him and his
subjects.

The difficulty in the way was the very natural opposition of the Xawaub him- Nawaub's opposi-
self His opposition to It when it was agreed to in 1781, and for a short time """•
acted upon, has been already seen. And the Company felt that it would be a
most ungracious, Impolitic, and improper act towards one who stood to them
111 the position of an ancient ally, united to them by every tie of friendship and
alliance for a long period of years, to use anything like force to compel him to
accede to their wishes. Accordingly, in recommending the accpilsltlon of the
management, they uniformly enjoined the. use of no other means than those only
of persuasion.

If the opinion so entertained prior to the Treaty of 1792 was well founded, facts,
which seem to have come to light afterwards, confirmed the Company and its officers The real causes
still more strongly in the necessity of carrying that opinion into practical effect ; ^^^^^^
and as It is of the greatest importance to the present case to demonstrate that the
opinion so entertained was the real cause which led to the next and last Treaty,
— that of 1801, — which has been so erroneously misconstrued by the Directors
of the East India Company in dealing with his Highness Prince Azeem Jab, — It
will now be proper to introduce in considerable detail a variety of dispatches by de'iionpirated by
which the fact is substantiated.

The following dispatch is dated during the lifetime of Mahomed All : —

CanuitioPapei-s, 1803, EXTRACT of tlie Company's POLITICAL Lettee to Fort St George, dated 19th February

Paua. 9. The abi/sen practised nnder the Nabob's management in the collection of the tribute, and
the uncertainty of the demands of his Government, continually vai-ying with his own necessities
and with the avarice and extortion of his officers, have naturally rendered the Poligars suspicious
even of the just and reasonable demands of Governn.dnt. We are therefore glad to find that you
have commenced a settlement of the tribute upon fixed and definite principles ; and it is of the
greatest importance that the Poligars should be convinced, that it is the determination of Govern-
ment to exact nothing from them in future beyond the amount of the tribute stipulated in the re-
spective engagements, so long as they shall adhere faithfully on their part to the conditions of the
settlement which has been concluded with them.

On 13th Oct. 1795, the Nabob Mahomed AU died at the age of 78, after a
reign of close upon 50 years. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Omdut-ul-
Vui. v-i., p. 40. Omrah. Mr j\Iill, in recording this event, observes,

"From the date of the Treaty, framed by Lord Cornwallis in 1792, the payments of the
Nabob, being in the years of peace, had through the agency of the money lenders been regular.
But the country, made over to the cruel exactions of this description of men, had rapidly declined.
The continued operation of the same causes threatened to extinguish the resources of the Govern-
ment ; and, thoiigh no attempt had been made to ameliorate the state of aifairs during the life of
Mahomed Ali, the succession of Omdut-ul-Omrah ajipeared to Lord Hobart to present a favourable
opportunity for introducing those reforms of which the necessity had become so urgent."

Accordingly on the 24th of the same month in which the Nabob died. Lord
Hobart, President at Madras, placed on record the following Minute in Council : —

LoRt> Hobart's Minute in Council, the 24tli October 1 795.

Carnatic Papers, 1803, The proposed arrangements which have been brought into discussion since the death of hi.'^

IV.. p. 99. Highness the Nabob Walajah, make it necessary for me to advert with more minuteness than has

been usual upon the Public Records to the system on which the administration of his revenue has
been conducted, because it manifestly shows the necessity of that change which it is my object to
accomplish, both in respect to the country itself, which, though under the immediate control of his
Highness, it is the duty of tliis Government, in a general point of ^dew, to cherish and protect, and
in respect to the security which has been pledged to the Company for the support of their military
establishment, and for the discharge of the consolidated debts guaranteed by Parliament to the
private creditors of his Highness the Nabob. I shall therefore in this Minute lay before the Board
the information which I have collected, and the consequent observations which have occurred to
me, upon the usurious loans which it has long been the practice (principally among the European
gentlemen of the Presidency) to make to the Durbar, for mortgages upon the different provinces of
the Carnatic ; and here I may be allowed to express my belief, that though the Honourable Court
of Directors have been extremely pointed in their orders and observations against this practice, the
continuance of it has been owing in some measure to the want of that candid exposition of the fact,
which it is my intention to make.

The southern districts of the Nabob's country, and Tinnevelly in particular, as being the most
distant from the Presidency, have been the theatre in which these scenes have been chiefiy exhi-
bited ; but it is notorious that similar practices have been introduced, and are now actually in use,
in Nellore, Arcot, and Trichinopoly.

The transaction commences at IVIadras, where the Kists of his Highness are payable, and is
opened by an agreement between the Nabob and some one of the principal houses of business, or
even some of the Company's servants, for the payment of a certain sum into the Treasury on ac-
count of his Highness' public engagements. The advancers of this money knowing from experience
that a simple mortgage would be insufficient security, unless the means of reimbursing themselves
should be placed in their own hands, find it necessary not only that a person of their own nomina-
tion should be appointed to the management of the mortgaged province, but that there should be a
vigilant superintendence and a powerful support of the concern upon the S[iot ; hence the expedi-
ency of a connection between them and the military commanding officer in the district : he also finds
it advantageous to embark in the speculation, because he thereby adds considerable weight to his
own interest, and because it fiicilitates the means of raising money to carry on his part of the con-
cern. From this connection both j)arties derive ample security for their money, by the absolute
power of the one in command upon the spot, and by the weighty influence of the other in command
of monied interest at Madras. This outline is filled up by a liirther connection with the person who
appears to receive the appointment of Aumildar or Manager from the Nabob ; hence it is either
stipulated that a person chosen by the money lenders at Madras shall be nominated to manage the
district, or, wdiere men of rank may have already been appointed as Foujdars by his Highness, the
same effect is produced by a connuunication between him, the commanding officer, and the money
lenders, jirevious to the agreement for a loan at the Durbar. The combination is in this latter case
completed by tiie appointment of a Tehsaldar on the part of the money lenders, and thenceforward
produces an uniform, consistent, and connected oi)eration. His Highness having by this arrange-
ment obtained his principal object — provision for the payment of his Kist without any immediate
disbursement from himself — delivers his poo[)le and his province u[) to the control and j)ower of the
Manager, evidently without rcganl to their situation ; because, as his terms with the money lenders
necessarily provide for the removal of all restraint from the governing power, so he must e.\j)ect that
the Manager, who can have no interest in the future prosperity of the country, will have recourse
to every means by which he may hope to bear himself and his connections hannles.s, and that within
the shortest time possible.

The interest allowed by the Sirkar varies in different places, and depends not a little upon the
influence which the lender may hajipen to have at the Durbar; at a medium, however, it may be

stated at four per cent, per month, besides the i>iiy of all tlie servants employed by the junto in re-
ceiving the revenue. This last charge is always a fixed sum at the expense of the Nabob, consider-
ably above the actual expense incurred by the Tehsaldar, and the dilfercnce is considered amongst
the customary advantages of the concern. The Manager, arrived within his district, innnediately
assembles his Under Managers, Anniildars, and Renters, and tlien ensues tlu; second part of this o])-
pressive system. Tiie Tehsaldar is importunate, and the Miinager must find means of satisfying his
demands; suljordinate Sotikurs, native as w(dl as European, are called u))on ibr assistance. Tlie
Soukar makes his advance; and in tiiefirst instance the Aumildar, or Renter of tlie districts assigned
over as security for such advance, grants liis bond until other securities shall be fbrtlicoming : these
are either the bonds of the inhabitants or grain. In time, al)out tla-ee-lburths of the sum are
secured to tiie Soukar by grain made over to him, and placed uniler charge of his servants; and for
the other one-fourth, the bonds of tiie iniiabitants arc made over for that part of the revenue payal)le
by them to the Sirkar in ready money upon tiie cultivation of doy grain, etc. Those are frecjuentiy
forced from them at the commencement of tlie season, which consecpiently compels them to anticipate
the crops, and pay interest upon money before it be due from them.

At this period of the transaction, the Soukar sends his servants and Peons into the country, with
an order from the Nabob's Manager to the guards placed therein to afford every assistance (as it is
generally called), but in fact to obey them im])licitly in collecting the amount of the bonds from the
inhabitants. Anxiety to secure so precarious a projierty naturally leads the Soukar to ado|it such
measures as power enables him, and the custom of the country authorises. Then follows this (iro-
cess : if the Ityot is dilatoiy in the discharge of his bond, he is confined without victuals, beaten with
rods, and comjielled to pay batta to those vei-y Peons and guards who are the means of his confine-
ment and punishment. In this manner, 1 am credibly informed that an inhabitant who grants his
bond for 100 chuckrums (nearly 40 pagodas), is compelled, before he is released from the consequences,
to pay from 110 to 115 chuckrums, according to circumstances. If his credit or his other means
is exhausted, which is too often the case, he must necessarily dispose of some part of his stock, which
consists of cattle and seed grain.

The first part of the system which I have stated desci-ibes the original cause at the fountain-head,
the second comprises the detail which springs out of it, — in both, the considerations of the means
which are immediately employed, and of' the effect which it may produce upon the future revenue,
is abandoned ; and while the grand mover of these effects is at a distance from the scene, and the
subordinate instrument is hardened by practice, conscience is lulled to rest by the delusive opiate
of interest upon interest.

Thus far I have traced the progress of a loan secured upon the bonds of the inhabitants : it will
not be less principal for me to pursue it to the disposal of the .Paddy.

The first endeavour of those who are engaged in a concern of this nature is to enhance the price
of grain by artificial means, lest the ordinary price of that article, the sole subsistence of the natives,
should fail to answer the large advance of money, and the exorbitant advantage expected upon it by '
the Soukar. The means of eftecting this purpose is easy ; for the necessitous condition of the Ryots
compels them to dispose of their grain as soon as it comes into their possession, in order to satisfy
the urgent demands upon them which I have already described. The purchasers of this grain
monopolise it until the demand, which increases with the consumption, advances the price ; if, towards
the expiration of the season, any part of the grain should yet remain on hand, the expedient is to
divide the whole quantity, in whatever condition it may be, among the inhabitants, and to force it
upon them by Guddyum. This Guddyum, it appears, compels the people (in general the manufac-
turers) to receive grain at a valuation considerably above the market price ; and it would seem to
be of ancient establishment and current practice; Ibr, in the agreement which I was successful in
negotiating with his late Highness the Nabob Walajah for placing a portion of the Tinnevelly weavers
under the immediate superintendence of the Company's Resident, his Highness has expressly re-
served, nor could be prevailed upon to relinquish, the right of his Siikar to exercise this Guddyum.
The inferior servants of the Sirkar, whose duty should be to watch over the public interests, are
placed under the arlfitrary control of the money lenders, without whose permission not an anna can
be expended, nor a measure of grain issued, except by stealth : indeed, I understand that, upon the
aJTival of a Soukar, or his representative, in a mortgaged district, the usual custom is to notify his
authority throughout the villages, and to prohibit the expenditure of grain or money but by his
order : this prohibition extends to the ordinar}' charges of pagodas, mauiums, and sibbeendy ; and
when an order is granted from the Sudder Cutcherry for any of these purposes, the persons
receiving the Sunnud must wait at the Cutcherry of the money lender for a confirmation of his

Instead of receiving relief by Tukavy (or advances for cultivation) at the proper season, by which
to replace their cattle, and to provide seed for extending their cultivation, the inhabitants are often
obliged to sacrifice both to their own immediate wants and the rapacity of the Soukar ; of course no
system of regulation can prevail, and every hope of improvement must be relinquished. Some of
tlie means Ibr enhancing the price of grain I have already related, but the subject is exhaustless.
The Poligars have been prevented by the Manager of Tinnevelly from selling within the Sirkar
lands the grain which is allowed them for Dash Cavellry (or watching fees) ; and I should hesitate
to advance, if I was not supported by the authority of public record, that during a late scarcity of
grain in the southern provinces, Extabar Khan, the Nabob's Manager, had the hardiness to write a
public complaint to the Company's collector against the Poligars for selling grain to the inhabitants ;
nor was the evil removed without the interposition of this Government, who, by sending vessels
loaded with grain, induced the monopolisers, from regard to their own interests, to restore their
usual supplies to the market : yet did the Company not escape the efi'ects of this monopoly, for they
were reduced to the necessity of purchasing grain at the price to which the monopolisers had raised
it, for the subsistence of those troops who were stationed there for the protection of his Highness'
territories.

After this exposition, no comment can be required to show that this species of government, if
it deserves the name of government, coiiiains the most grievous oppression of tJie people, tlte certain im-
poverishment of the country, and consequently the inevitable decay of revenue; but it will be useful to
show the particular manner in which it affects the resources of his Highness the Nawaub.

It is estimated, and I believe not with exaggeration, that the Province of Tinnevelly alone i»
annually mortgaged, upon the terras I have described, to the amount of 300,000 jKigodas ; and
calculating the period for which interest is paid upon the whole sum at six months, the amount of
interest at 4 per cent, per month is - - - - - - 72,000

The charges paid by the Sirkar for the Sibbundy of the money lenders, during that

period, cannot amount to less than ----- 3,000

The amount of loss therefore to the Sirkar on this transaction is, pagodas - 75;000

That an individual gentleman should, in less than three years, amass a fortune of more than
L.50,000 would be a matter of wonder, if this statement did not at the same time afford a solution
of the difficulty and a proof of its own correctness.

But the scene is not closed here : besides the dealings of the principal Soukars with the Head
Manager, there are subordinate transactions of a similar nature among the inferior officers, and
those who possess but smaller means for usurious practices, amounting in all perhaps from fifty
thousand to a lack of pagodas ; this brings an additional expense upon the Sirkar, because interest
is allowed on all advances made by the Renters on pressing occasions, before the Kists are due ; and,
on the other hand, the inhabitants are not exempt from a part of this expense, which is imposed
upon them by fine, forfeiture, or guddyuni, in order that he may be enabled to make the advance
upon which he receives interest.

As the Manager is under engagements to pay the fullest computed value of the district, he is
justified, according to the custom of the country, in availing himself of every possible resource. A
proportion of the church allowances is withheld ; the pay of all descriptions of servants is kept in
long arrear, and in partiitular the Sibbendy sepoys : a small advance indeed is sometimes made for
subsistence ; but their principal resource (and it is not unproductive) is in the Batta, which they
receive by acknowledged practice while doing the duty of Sezawuls, and in the dexterous manage-
ment of the power which that service gives them, to extort presents for their forbearance. The
Manager knows from experience, that in the event of assuming the country, the English Govern-
ment will be induced, either from motives of humanity to attend to the calls of these unhappy
people, or from motives of policy to satisfy the clamours of a mutinous and undisciplined rabble.
Thus, at the very time when the exigencies of Government became most pressing, a part of their
resources, which ought to be immediate, is appropriated to the liquidation of arrears.

If this is a true history of the present management, it may be asked, why an immediate and
large defalcation of the revenue does not i'ollow ; ibr the operation of such system as I have de-
scribed tends directly to the point of ruin ? Nothing less than the hand of arbitrary power could
avert it, even for a time. In proportion as the means of cultivation decrease, the price of grain is
enhanced ; and it is a notorious but inhuman maxim of Eastern finances, that a year of scarcity is
more productive than a year of plenty to the Sirkar ; because, as a given number of mouths can
only consume a proportionable quantity of grain, the immediate advantage or disadvantage of
Government arises from the price at which that given quantity is sold. In years of plenty, the
superfluous grain is in a great measure useless, owing to tlie partial and difficult means of exporta-
tion ; in years of scarcity, the same given quantity is required for the subsistence of the people ; and
as the demand is greater than the supply, an increase of the price is produced by the usual effects
of a competition in the market.

Though the dealings of Soukars in the collection of the revenue are not of recent establishment,
yet the terms of loans have never been carried to so usurious an extent as since the practice has
been introduced among Europeans ; and though the inevitable effects of it may be protracted by
the harsh expedients of an arbitrary Government, yet no man who reflects upon such a system can
doubt that the resources of the country have hem undeitmned ; that the wealth of the people Is exhausted;
and that a principle of decline has been establislied ivhich is now precipitating the C'arnatic, u'ith accumulated
weight and rapiditi/, to destruction. Impressed as I am with a serious conviction of this truth, I can-
not but look with extreme anxiety to the nature of the securit// pro\ided by the Treaty of 1792, for
those resources on which the British intereM on the coast of Coromandel niaterialli/ depend. I cannot but
see that ihe. present si/stein of collecting the revenues cf the Curnatic luanifesth/ invalidates that security ; and
that, whenever a failure may happen in the payment of his Highness' Kists, we shall in vain have
recourse to it for the recovery of the defalcation. As those juiyments, though avowedly moderate
in their extent, are now kept up by the exti'aordinary means which I have described, so it is reason-
able to suppose that a failure, whenever it may hajipen, will arise from the total inijiovcrishment of
the people. In taking possession of a district under such circumstances — for the amount of a Kist
which will then have fallen in arrear — we shall, instead of fniding the immediate means of reim-
bursement, become charged with an exhausted country, requiring all the liberal assistance and fos-
tering attention of a lenient and indulgent Government. It is not only that our means will be cur-
tailed at our greatest need, but that humanity and i)olicy will call upon us for advances of money
at a time when our expenses will be most burthensome. This is an embarrassment from which tho
known resources of this (Jovernment arc unecjual to extricate us, and it is a dilemma unprovided for
by the Treaty of 1792 ; for the objects of that Treaty are, the payment of a debt guaranteed by
Parliament, which we arc not at liberty to postpone ; and the discharge of military pay, which can»
not be interrupted without danger to the State.

To avert the ranscqucuces of an evil big with, such eminent danger, is an object Ihat merits the most
serious as well as the most unwearied attention of tiiis Government; and it is a matter of verj'
great mortification to me, that, seeing the jirogress of this calamity, and anlicipaling as I do its
pestiferous effects, I am compelled to acknowledge that the means of arresting its course is extremely
difficult.

The prohibitory ordt'rs hitherto published liavc all failed of their object ; because the evasion
of them is easy to lOuropeans through tiie agency of their native servants, and because the enormous
profits which arise from those usurious loans hold out an irresistible temi)talion to ail venturers.
To ])rohibit the intercourse of Kuropc'ans at the Durbar is ineflectual ; — other channels of communi-
cation are open ; and the superintendent of an usurious loan at Palamcotah conveys his demands
to the ears of the Nabob with no less certainty than he who lives in the [jrccincls of Chepauk. As

long, therefore, as his ITighness shall be so regardless of his true interests as to deliver up his pro-
vinces and his people to juiblic depredation, so long will there be found men who, in the ])i4rsuit of
extravagant advantages, will overleap the bounds of discretion and of moral obligation.

So (les])erate a malady fcijinres a reiueihi iIkU nhdU rcdclt its sutircc ; and I have no hesitation in
stating my opinion, that there is no mode of eradicating the disease but by removing the original
cause, and pLtriiKj those distrii'tri ir/iirk mr p/edijed fur the si'fun'ti/ af liif KiMs hciiond the rejich of his Ilii/h-
jjesV maiiiiijeiiient. Tiie disposition which his Highness has already evinced to suppose such an
arrangement, leaves me in no doubt of the real cause. It is not possible to calculate the extent and
variet// of interests which are involued in this one pursuit ; and though they arc subdivided in every
direction of the Carnatic, yet, at the call of danger, theii alt rail// round a nniunon centre. The great
houses of business who are the principal money lenders at the Durbar, borrow from individuals who,
though not absolutely engaged in the loan itself, are partakers of the speculation in a remote degree,
and feel with no less sensibility than their principals the approach of danger : similarity of interest
makes it a common cause; and the great body of inHnence which is condensed upon this principle
is uniforndy exerti^d /" snpiiort his /fii/hness the Nabob in <tn iiijle.rilile resislanre afjuinst a melioration of
gi/Stem, and to oppose a reformation v^hirh I consider essenti(d to the national welfare.

In the proposition which I have made to his Highness the Nabob, I am aware that I have
offered great concessions on the part of the Company ; but with the impression of the evils I have
stated strongly on my mind, I could not but consider the object 1 had in view above every idea of
a pecuniary nature, even if the system of the Nabob's Government was not in itself calculated
completely to annihilate every source of revenue. (Signed) Hobakt.

The subject was awaln brought up by tlie President \ipon the 24th November
1795, when his Lordship gave in the following Minute, from which it will be ob-
served that he had found the Nabob unwilling, or rather unable, from the pressure
of those about him, to agree to his proposals : —

President's Minute in Councii,, 24th November 1795. n>- i^-. p- lOi.

Entrusted with the government of the Company's affairs upon the coast, it is my duty not merely
to look to that temporary prosperity which an increase in their revenues, and the manifest improve-
ment of their commercial concerns, is calculated to afford; but, considering their permanent interests
as the substantial object of every administration, to point out all defects in their system, and more
particularly if they are of a nature tending to undermine their resources, and contribute, in an alarm-
ing degree, to the insecurity of their possessions.

Under this conviction, the Minute, to which the opinions I am now offering may be deemed
supplementary, has been submitted.

The Treaty of 1792, entered into by Lord Cornwallis on the part of the Company and the Nabob
Walajah, appears to have embraced three objects, viz. : the discharge of the Nabob's private consoli-
dated debts ; provision for a military establishment in time of peace ; and an arrangement to supply
resources for a period of hostility.

The Company binding themselves for a stipulated sum (9 lacks of pagodas) to furnish a sufficient
military force for the defence of the Carnatic, and the Nabob engaging to pay a certain subsidy under
a guarantee of landed security, whereby a proportion of the revenues of the Carnatic were mortgaged
for the execution of the provisions of the Treaty ; and. therefore, so long as the Company fulfil the
conditions on their part, the}' have acc|uired an interest, and eventually a right of interference, to
prevent the declension of those revenues to the extent of their being rendered inadequate to the
security for which they have been pledged.

As they can have no claim, and, notwithstanding the increase of their military expenses, have
made none under any circumstances, for calling upon the Nabob to augment his stipulated payments,
so, on the other hand, under a liberal and equal construction of the Treaty, they would be justified
in interposing their authority to guard against a positive deficiency in the appropriated resources.

Was the security in bullion or moveables of any kind, an attempt to transport it out of the reach
of the Company, even during a period that no defalcation had arisen in the payment of the Kists,
would probably be resisted, if necessary, by force. The difference in the case now imder discussion
is, that whatever diminution (and it is considerable) in value the security is gradually though rapidly
sustaining, carries along with it the destruction of the human race and the desolation of the country.

The Treaty is formed upon a well-founded presumption, that the districts specified therein are
capable, either in the hands of the Company or of the Nabob, of producing revenues competent to
the purposes for which they are given as security ; but that security becomes nugatory if the exces-
sive deterioration of it shall not be deemed a virtual violation of the Treaty, and warrant the adoption
of measures watli a view to avert the injurious effects of such deterioration.

If we look back to the origin of the Treaty of 1792, we shall find that it arose from the repre-
sentations of the Nabob Walajah, that, without imposing burthens upon this people which they were
not able to bear, he could not make the payments to the Company stipulated for in the Treaty of
1787; but he had no sooner prevailed upon the Govei-nment to acquiesce in a reduction of those
payments, which he effected by the Treaty of 1 792, than, by the manner in which he carried the pro-
visions of it into execution, he increased the miseries of his peojile tenfold, and defeated every humane
and salutary object it was intended to attain.

Should the principle I have laid down be deemed insufficient to warrant a revision of the Treaty,
the open and notorious violation of it on the part of the Nabob, by gi-anting without the authority of
Government Tuncas or assignments upon the mortgaged districts, contraiy to an express article of it,
would indisputably justify such measures as might be thought advisable for the security of the Com-
pany ; and, in my opinion, calls upon the Court of Directors to issue such orders as maybe best cal-
culated to guard the interests of their constituents from so alarming and extensive an evil.

Under such an impression, I have ventured to make a proposition to the Nabob, offering great,
but in my mind necessary, sacrifices on the ]3art of the Company for the accomplishment of an object
connecting their substantial interests with the welfare of the people of the Carnatic.

To those wlio may think the sacrifice too gi-eat, 1 would observe, that the realisation of tiie sums
proposed to be relinquished (probably about 30 lacks of pagodas), under the present system, is a
phantom that may be held up to their view, but must for ever disappoint their expectations.

The advantages to the Nabob, as well as to the Company, in the plan I have suggested, are ex-
tremely obvious during the period of hostility ; an increase of revenue arising from an improved
manat'ement would be an essential resource to Government, in which his Highness would participate ;
from the receipt of a proportional addition to his fifth of the whole produce whilst in peace, the
benefit would \>e exclusively his.

Under existing circumstances, the Company sustain no loss except in extinction of the inhabit-
ants of the Carnatic ; but in the arduous season of war, they must experience the most fatal defal-
cations.

It has been with the deepest regret that / have found the Nabob unmoved by nty entreaties and re-
monstrances iijion the subject, not that he has been insensible to the justice and expediency of irhat I have pro-
posed, but, as he has candidly confessed at several interviews with me, that he has not the resolution to comply :
informing me, that his native ministers and European advisers so perplexed, jtlagued, and intimidated him, that
he could not venture upon, the measure, notwithstanding his conviction that he ought to do so.

In my Minute of the 24th ultimo I went into a full explanation of the mischiefs resulting froii)
the pernicious practice of usurious loans. I traced the iniquitous system through all its intricacies,
and exposed a detail of oppression and rapine not less offensive to humanity than destructive of
public property, and ruinous to the permanent interests of the Camatic.

The operation, however, of this system is not confined to the subjects of his Highness : it takes
a wide range, and affects in a sensible degree the public credit of the Company ; for a very large
proportion of the specie in circulation being applied to the uses of the Nabob at an exorbitant in-
terest, Government are forced into the measure of depreciating their own paper, in order to raise
funds adequate to the exigencies of the State.

Tlie persons concerned with the Durbar, from the immense profit they reap, are well able to
afford to raise money at 12 per cent., the legal interest of the country, and to lodge ample security
for the debt; and hence it is that the Company are driven to the necessity of increasing the rate of
interest upon their own paper, in order to supply their immediate wants.

The effects of these usurious loans upon the commercial interests of the country, as well as
every national improvement which would require a capital, are most lamentable ; no trade can stand
a competition with such exorbitant profits; and when the ])ractice which so generally prevails with
the Eastern Princes, of hoarding up every pagoda they can lay hold of, is superadded to the various
corroding evils that have been stated, it would seem that such a complicated system of ruin and devas-
tation was ivithout a precedent in the annals of the world.

Had the Treaty of 1792 been adhered to with that good faith which the British nation had a
right to expect from his Highness the Nabob, the country would have found in it a source of in-
creasing prosperity ; since, by its wise provisions, a considerable portion of the Carnatic was ex-
onerated from those private assignments, which have ever been productive of such oppression and
distress to the inhabitants.

To the violation, therefore, of the Treaty, may be attributed those evils which have been so
fully set forth, and which loudly demand instant eradication.

(His Lordship then alludes to the state of Tanjore, in which, he mentions, the
same system prevailed, and for which he proposes similar remedies.)

The acts of the Legislature with respect to usurious barg:iins ; the reiterated orders of the
Company on the subject, and the iniquity of such transactions, aljstractedly considered, have had so
little effect, that I scarcely know what to suggest as a means of future prevention. Possibly it
might be attended with good consequences, if the Court of Directors were to order the Governor and
Council of Fort St George to take an oath, that in every case where, according to his or their belief,
there shall be reason to suppose that any servant of the Company, or person living under the Com-
))any's protection, shall, subsequently to the publication of the orders in question, have been con-
cerned, directly or indirectly, in any lo;in or other money transaction with any of the native powers,
unless with the knowledge and express permission of the Government, such servant of the Company,
or person living under the Company's protection, shall be called before the Council Board, and ex-
amined upon oath touching such supposed loan oi' money transaction ; and in the event of such
servant of the Comi)any, or other jierson living under the Company's protection, refusing to answer
to such questions as may be put to him, or not answering satisfactorily, so as to excul|>ate himself
from all concern, directly or indirectly, in such loan or money transaction, he shall be sent to
Europe by the first op[)ortunity, for having beeu guilty of a disobedience of the orders of the Com-
pany, and punished accordingly. And with a view more eflectually to check this mischief, I would
recommend that a proclamation should be issued, inviting to the discovery of these nefarious
transactions, and oflfcring a reward to any one that should bring forward substantial proof that such
])rohibited loans had been negotiated.

The pains, the trouble, the anxiety, and, above all, the pressure upon my personal feelings,
arising from the investigation and exposure of this subject in its ti-uc colota'S, must be a test to the
Court of Directors how important I consider it to their interest, as well as to the welfare of British
India.

I am aware of the numerous enemies who will start \\\> against mc for the ptirt I have taken ;
hut I have a shield in the consciousness of an honest execution of my duly, which blunts tlieir arrows,
and which will ultimately render all their ('Iforts impotent and unavailable.

I have forborne to bring forward the names of individuals, imt because I am not able to do .so,
but because the subject is above jjorsonal considerations.

Let those who have amassed wealth by such means enjoy it as well as they can : let it be my
pride to have paid this tribute to suH'ering humanity, by deterring others from the commission of
similar enormities.

(Signed) Huhakt.

Shortly after receipt of tJie intclliocnce of Mahomed Ali's death, and of the

communications wliicli were thereafter lield witli liis successor, the Directors ad-
dressed th(! following letters, the one to the Presidency and the other to the
Nabob : —

ExTKACT of Political Lettek to Fort St George, dated 31st August 1796.

We were greatly concerned at the intelligence, tiiat the Nabob of Arcot and the Rajah of Tan- Camatic Papers, 1*).%
jore had deviated from tlieir engagements with the Company, by gi-anting assignments upon llie dis-"> I'- ''■'"•
tricts tiiat were actually mortgaged to tlie Company as a security for the paynjeiit of their annual
subsidy for llu: protection afforded them. Itappears by the papers wliich acc'oinpanied your dispatch
of the 25th February last, that the Rajah has acknowledged this iiilraction of the Treaty under his
own hand. But you have not furnished us with any proof of smli infraction on the part of the
Nabob; though, after the ])ositive manner in which you have communicated the information, we
have no reason to doubt of the fact. It does not appear, however, even if the most undeniable proofs
had been laid before us, that we siiould be strictly justilied, under the 8th Article of the Treaty of
1792, in assuming the collection of the revenues of the districts mentioned in the Schedule No. 2,
annexed to the Treaty. From the baneful consequences, however, which are likely to follow to the
countries upon which these assignments have been issued, and which must tend greatly to weaken,
if not to annihilate, the Company's security, we siiiccrcbl Idinent that the Nabob could not be prevdikdupon
to adopt the inodijicdtuni- iij' the Tiriil// proposed by you upon his accession, founded upon principles of
sound policy, humanity, and justice. We are so thoroughly convinced of the necessity of this
arrangement, that >cf authorise you to renew the propcsitinu in our name ; and you will render a most
acceptable service to the Company, should you, bi/ address, coticitiation, ami persuasion, be successful in
procuring his Hii/hness' consent thereto. And as, at the conclusion of the Treaty of 1792, the late
Nabob agreed with Lord Cornwallis that his debt to tlie Company at that time should be examined
into by proper persons appointed tijr that purpose, and that he would abide by his Lordship's ultimate
award, or the award of the Governor-General and Council, we are willing to consent, if his High-
ness' acquiescence in the proposed arrangement cannot be otherwise obtained, to exonerate him from
the whole of that demand, provided he will surrender to the Company's management the districts
named in the Schedule before mentioned.

Letter, the Honourable Court of Directors to His Highness the Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah,
Oindut-ul-Mulk, Umnieer-ul-Hind, Asopii Dowlali, Anaveideen Cawn Behauder,
Zupher Jung, Seppa Salar Soubardar of the Carnatic.

To the Nabob of Arcot. Jbi'l. 7, p. 241.

1. We have received your Highness' letter, dated Chepauk House, the 22d October 179.5, con-
taining the melancholy tidings of the death of your venerable father the Nabob Wallajah Behauder,
and that, in consequence, your Highness had succeeded to the Government of the Carnatic. We
sincerely condole with your Highness on the loss you have sustained : at the same time we offer
your Highness our unfeigned congratulations upon your accession to the Musnud, in virtue of the
Treaty of 1792, and assure you of our unalterable friendship and regard.

2. It was with great concern we received the intelligence, that your Highness had made some
objection to the modification of the Treaty of 1792, proposed by Lord Hobart upon your Highness'
accession. That your Hiijhness had the option to accede to or reject tlie jnvposal made to you by Lord
Hobart, for a modification of the Treaty of 1792, «ce readily admit; but permit us to observe, that the
leading features of that Treaty are, protection on the one side, and security for tlie jKiyment of a fixed sub-
sidy on the other.

The Company, by fulfilling this important condition of the Treaty on their part, and in constantly
maintaining a large army, the expenses of which have considerably increased since the Treaty was
concluded, are peculiarly interested in whatever concerns your Highness' prosperity, or the prosperity
of your country; and cannot possibly view with indifference any measures which have a tendency to
depreciate the revenues, which have been specifically assigned as a security for the subsidy, to the ex-
tent of their being rendered inadequate to the security lor which they have been pledged. It must
be obvious to your Highness, that we allude to the practice of negotiating usurious loans for Tuncaws
on the revenues, and which, if extended to the districts named in the Schedule annexed to the Treaty,
must be considered by every impartial judge as a deviation from the Treaty, and ol'a tendency to lessen,
if not to annihilate, the value of the Company's security. In this observation, it is far from our in-
tention to produce any unpleasant sensation in the breast of your Highness: at the same time, per-
mit us to observe, that if the projMsed modification of the Trtaly of 1792 could be so arranged as to be
made unobjectionable to your Highness, evei~y possible cau.9e of difference between your Hiyhness and the
Company iu. future woidd be avoided.

We have therefore directed Lord Hobart to enter upon another negotiation with your Highness
for this purpose, and we in the most earnest manner entreat your Highness to lend a favourable ear
to the proposition, so evidently calculated for tlie ease and advantage of both parties. In the adoption
of the arrangement, your Highness will afford an early and unequivocal manifestation of your regard
for the Company and the British nation. Should you unfortunately not be induced to accede thereto,
we shall not cease to lament that your accession should be marked by a disinclination to attend to
the first representation which your friends, the Company, have had occasion to make to your High-
ness ; nor, permit us to observe, is it our wish alone that your Highness adopt the proposed arrange-
ment, but we have reason to know it is also most ardently desired by the confidential ministers of
our illustrious Sovereign.

It appears (for the correspondence was not returned to Parliament along ^i"' ^''- p- ^•^•
with the other papers ordered to be printed in 1803) that on 25th October 1795,
the Governor of Fort St George had addressed a letter to the Governor-General in
Council, in which he represented that, in consequence of several commruiications
which he had with Mr Dundas and with Lord Cornwallis before leaving Eneland.

respecting the necessity of a change in that state of things which was estabHshed
by the Treaty of 1792,' he had opened a negotiation for that purpose with Omdut-
id-Omrah, and that he liad not communicated his intention to the Supreme
Government, or waited for its concun-ence, on account of the intrigues of those
who, from personal interest, endeavoured to prevent the accomphshment of his

object.

The members of the Supreme Government, however, had no sooner known ot
the decease of the Nabob, than, on 28th Oct. 1795, they wrote to the President
of Fort St George, with instructions to endeavour to obtain the consent of Oindut-
ul-Omrah ti the cession of all his territories, which was carrying their views or ex-
pectations a good deal further than those of the President of the Council of

Madras.

Lord Hobart was desirous of taking more decided measures than the Gover-
nor-General approved, and the two Presidencies came thus into collision, which
occasioned some rather acrimonious writing. The views of the Governor-General,
however, appear from the following paragraph from a dispatch of Lord Hobart to
have concurred with his Lordship, in holding that there were evils of a flagrant
nature necessitating a change : —

Lamatic Pa Mi-s 1803 ExcERPT of a LETTER from LoRD HoBART to the Honourable the Court of Directors,
^™*iit p^ssf" ' etc., etc., etc., dated Fort St George, 15th September 1796.

Para. 8. Havin" established it as a maxim of British government that circumstances may
justify the deprivation of the Nabob's guaranteed rights, the Governor-General in Council proceeds
to enumerate some of the evils which have resulted to himself, his people, and the Company, from
the undue exercise of those rights. The nial-administration under which his country has so long
suffered the evils of a divided government, the pernicious effects of Durbar influence and intrigue,
the embarrassment of the Nabob and the Company from the usurious system of loans and assign-
ments, and the ruinous consequences attending it to his Highness' subjects, are all acknowledged
and lamented by the Supreme Board ; and it appears, from the tenor of the Governor-General's
correspondence, to be a desideratum of national importance, implicating the most serious interests of
humanity, that these causes of decay should be removed, and such an arrangement introduced for
the administration of the Carnatic as might avert impending ruin, and lay the foundation of future
prosperity.

His Lordship then enters upon a discussion in regard to some of the matters
of difference. One of these appears to have been a question as to the right of the
Nawaub to demand Nuzzers, which seem to resemble feudal casualties payable by
heirs or singular successors to their overlords at entry, and may be adverted to
simply as indicating the status or relationship which the Nawaub was considered
to hold towards dependencies.

P;^].a_ 21. Upon the death of the late Rajah of Calastry, the Nabob intimated his intention of
Jlfid., 11.. p. 91. (igmanJiiitT a Nuzzer on the investiture of bis son, which, understanding to be the custom of the Car-
natic and^lookino- upon it as a complimentary acknowledgment of the Nabob's right of sovereignty,
I was disposed to admit, but at all events judged it prudent to solicit the opinion of the Supreme
Government upon the subject. In reply, the Governor-General in Council, conceiving that the
Nabob " was rather tenacious as to the principle, than anxious as to the amount," suggested that. he
should be allowed to receive a sum, which might fairly be deemed a complimentary acknowledgment
of his sovereign ri^ht, but also directed, " That it should be settled with his Highness' acquiescence."

22. A communication of the Nabob's sentiments soon discovered that he looked upon the
Nuzzers as a source ol revenue, and not as mere compliment ; upon which I immediately saw the
necessity of urging the terms of the Treaty as a bar to that understanding of the subject. His
Hifhness adhered to his original idea ; a second reference w.as made to the Supreme Government,
and the discussion terminated in the Nabob's receiving a lack of rupees. The Governor-General
has stated the precedent to the Nabob, as the rule by which he is at liberty to exercise his sovereign
ri-'hts. 1 resist it as incompatible with the realisation of the tribute.

23. An appeal to the whole of the proceedings upon this trans.action would be the most ample tes-
timony of my consistency ; but I shall merely trouble your Honourable Court, in addition to the
extracts furnished by the Governor-General in Council, with copies of my letter to the Nabob of
the 26th April, of my Minute of the 21st May 1795, and of the concluding paragraph of the letter

^'Z'^^rtmT''"'^fTom this Government of the same date.

The paragraphs which follow, in which Jjord Hobart presses the propriety of
renuirino- from the Nabob an exact observance of his part of the Treaty, arc of
no little imixirtauce at a time when the Company may be said to be refusing to
fulfil their part of a Treaty obligation.

24. I cannot forego this opportunity of expressing to your Honourable Court the deeji
retrret I have felt at the freriucnt uMiniiulvcrsions the Supreme Government have made upon my
conduct. I will not j)resunie to assert it is free from error.-*, but whatever tlio.se errors may be, I
can confidently declare they have been the result of the mosl zealous anxiety to promote the interests
of the Kast India Company.

25. The satisfaction to be derived from disinterestedness and generosity, is too gratcl'ul to a
well (li.-;po8cd mind to be checked by any considerations except those of duty ; but to publish to

all tlie Indian world that our allies may violate the faith of treaties, undermine the resources of the British
Government, and icithhold the li(/iiidation (f their debts to tiie Company, without incurring any possible
inconvenience, appears to be a sacrifice despenitely alarminji; to the public welfare.

21). For my part, I must for ever disclaiiii that spi^oios of reputation which is to be raised upon
the ruin of those interests which it is my duty to preserve, or to be acquired l)y resorting to popular
arguuienls in support of a depopulating system. An adherence to the faith of treaties is a i/rent principle
ofthejirst /iiililir iilililij ; but if it be not uniform, it cannot be just, ft must be bindimj on both, or con-
clnsive against neither partj/. Vatel tells us, " If the eiiiiniiniaenU (fa trcatij impose on one side a perfect
ohlirjatiiin, the// </ire, to the other a perfect right. To violate a treaty, is to violate the perfect right of iiim
with whom it has been contracted, — it is to do Iiim an injury."

27. The relative situation of the Nabol) and the Company renders our protection to his country
an act of indispensable necessity : he is indebted to our arms for the possession of it, and his interest
is so interwoven with ours ns to have become absolutely inseparable from it. Various engagements
have been entered into between the Company and his father, for the purpose of realising liis propor-
tion of the military expenses, and for securing the li(|uidation of his private debts ; but it is notorious
that the Nabob has never fulfil led Ids eni/iii/emeitts ; and that his arrears at the opening of the last war
were so enormous as to oblige Lord Cornwallis to take his country into the immediate management
of the Company's servants. The Treaty of 1792, had it been adhered to, was admirably calculated
to correct the evils of the prevailing system, since, by making the forfeiture of a large proportion of
the country the inevitable consequence of a <lefalcation in his Kists, it secured the payments to the
Cxovernment and the creditors from falling into arrear ; and if the express stipulation against grant-
ing assignments upon the mortgaged districts had not been viohited, the effect of the measure would
have been as beneficial as its design was sagacious. The fullest consideration of this important sub-
ject, with the contemplation of that ruin in which the Nabob's breach of engagement is involving
the Carnatic ; the daily accounts I receive of the oppression and miseries of the unfortunate inhabi-
tants ; and the conviction I have of the progressive annihilation of the resources of the Company,
have so strongly impressed my mind with the necessity of a change of system, that I have no hesita-
tion in saying, if there be no doubt (and it is not possible that any man in India can doubt it) of
tlie Treaty of 1792 having been violated by the Nabob, there can be no question of our right to
avail ourselves of every means in our power to enforce such a modification of the Treaty as will
guard against the fatal consequences of future violation ; and I am not afraid to hazard my character
upon this opinion, resting it upon the policy, the justice, or the humanity of the measures.

28. I shall conclude this address with the recital of two paragraphs from Lord Cornwallis'
letter to the Court of Directors, dated the 10th of August 1792.

29. The change of circumstances since that period seems to have lessened the weight of those
arguments which his Lordship was apprehensive might be urged against an alteration in the system.
The present Nabob, though heir to the possessions, cannot have the same claim to your consideration
to which his father was entitled. The expectations justly entertained from the operation of the
Treaty of 1792 have been disappointed, and the evils of the administration of the Carnatic have, if
possible, been increased tenfold since the decease of Mahomed Ally.

Extracts of a Letter from Ijord Cornwallis to the Coukt of Directors, dated 10th

August 1790.

Para. 22. I must freely own that I could not venture to propose any plan on the success of
which I could have any firm reliance, unless the Nabob could be induced, by a large annual revenue
regularly paid and properly secured to him, to surrender the management of his country for a long
term of years to the Company.

Para. 24. The Nabob's age, his long connection with us, his rights to the possession of the
country, which, however, without our assistance, would have been but of little value to him, and
exaggerated accounts of his former services, may furnish topics for popular declamation, and may
possibly engage the nation upon mistaken ideas of humanity to support a system of cruelty and
oppression. But whilst I feel conscious that I am endeavouring to promote the happiness of man-
kind and the good of my country, I shall give very little weight to such considerations, and should
conceive that I had not performed the duty of the high and responsible office in which you did me
the honour to place me, if I did not declare that the present mixed government cannot prosper even
in the best hands in which your part of it can be placed ; and that unless some such plan as that
which I have proposed should be adopted, the inhabitants of the Carnatic must continue to be
wretched ; the Nabob must remain an indigent bankrujit, and his country an useless and expensive
burthen to the Company and to the nation. — I have, etc. (Signed) Hobakt

In consequence of the Nawanb being advised to refuse to agree to Lord Hobarfs
propositions, and of this unfortunate want of unanimity between the Presidencies,
the proposal fell to the ground. That there were or were not, in point of fact, evils
more or less great in the management of the Nabob, is not of any importance to
the present case. The important point is, that the East India Comjiany and its
officials, whether right or wrong, were deeply impressed with an opinion of their
existence. Some of these evils are of rather a curious description, and it is scarcely
for the English to cast the first stone at the Nabob's Corn Law policy, which Lord
Hobart so strongly condemns; but it is a circumstance which, in a case of this kind,
may not altogether be lost sight of, that the evils of the Nabob's Government were
to a very great extent the fruit of the English protection and interference In the English protection
affairs of the Carnatic. This is very clearly expressed by Mr Mill : — a cause of evil.

" A fact is here very forcibly urged upon our attention, of which it is important to find the true Vol. tI.
explanation. Under their dependence upon the English Government, it has been seen that the people
of Oude and the Carnatic, two of the noblest portions of India, were by misgovernment plunged into

358037

a state of wretchedness with which no other part of India, hardly any part of the earth, had aiiytliirij:
to compare. In what manner did the dependence of tlie native States upon the Englisli tend to pro-
duce those horrid effects? The ditHciilty of tlie answer is not very great. The oiipressions of the
native governments were limited by their weakness. When they received tlie use of the Engli.sh
strength, their oppressions were limited by nothing but the physical powers of the people to exist
under oppression. So ill has the science of government been hitherto understood, that, under all the
governments which ever yet existed, except perhaps one or two, there is no regular and effective
restraint upon bad government except from the dread of the insurrection and rebellion of the people.
In the government of Asia this produces no inconsiderable effects, as the frequent revolutions and
changes of dynasty abundantly demonstrate. Wiien misery had produced disaffection, and disaffec-
tion had increased to a certain height, there was generally some popular leader who offered himself
to the nation as an instrument of revenge, and cast the unworthy possessor from liis throne. The
progress in general was rapid and easy. When oppression produced a decline of revenue, the evident
instability of the Government deterred lenders ; money became wanting to psxy the troops ; the troops
first clamoured, and then mutinied ; the voice of the nation joined that of the army ; a revolution took
place ; and, commonly, for two or three generations, the new family governed comparatively well.
Among the small sovereignties of India, misgovernment produced we;ikness, and weakness invited
conquest. The misgovernment, for example, of the Carnatic and Oude, would infallibly have pro-
duced the conquest of the one by Tippoo, and of the other by the Mahrattas ; and as a prince was
commonly strong only because he governed well, to be conquered was among the happiest results
which the people knew. Till, indeed, governments attain that high pitch of excellence at which they
really perform, in the best manner and at the cheapest rate, the services of government to the people,
all changes are in general for the good of the people. It is the stability of governments which, before
this state of excellence, human nature has to dread. Now, it is evident, that when the uncontrollable
force of a British army is lent to an Indian prince, his subjects are immediately placed without the
pale of hope. The prince is completely set above the only fears which, in his situation, could operate
as a restraint upon his disposition to oppress — that of insurrection, and that of being conquered. The
source of almost all oppression in Asiatic and European Governments alike is the rage of extorting
more and more of their earnings from the ]ieople. This passion, instead of being abated by the con-
nection with the English, is prodigiously inflamed ; when the tributary prince is carried to all the
excesses of taxation, not only by his own rapacity, but the necessity of supplying the enormous de-
mands of his European masters ; and when his soldiers, as well as people, are kept in abject
hopeless subjection by the terror of European arms. The progress of this oppression produced
in the English any determinate resolution of reform only when desolation of the country presented the
prospect of a rapidly approaching moment at which the English subsidy could no longer be found."

Lord Hobart had been appointed to succeed the Marquis Cornwalhs as
Governor-General of India. For the reason which will now appear to be some-
what extraordinary — his attempt to transfer to the Company the civil as well as
the military government of the Carnatic- — it was considered inexpedient that he
should continue in India. His Lordship was recalled, and the Earl of Mornintrton
was appointed to be Governor-General in lieu of the Marquis Cornwallis, who
had resigned his appointments.

At the period of liis departure, the Directors transmitted the following Dis-
patch to the President and Council at Fort St George.

4th October 1797.
Carnatic Papei-s, Political Department.

18n.<i. 5, p. 203. '■

Para. 1. We have requested Lord Mornington to make a short stay at Jladras, previous, to
his proceeding to take upon himself the Government-General of Bengal, for the purpose of endea-
vouring to prevail on the Nabob of Arcot to agree to a modification of the Treaty with his lli'^hness
in 1792. It were to be wished that the zealous endeavours of Lord Hobart lor that purpose had
proved successful ; and as, hi our opinion, nothing short of the modification proposed is likely to
answer any beneficial purpose. Lord Mornington will render a most essential service to the
Company, should he be able to accomplish that object, or an arrangement similar thereto : but
feeling as ive do the necessity of mai/Uaining our credit with the country pmvers by an exact observance of
Treaties — a principle so honourably established under Lord Cornwallis' administration — we cannot
authorise liis Lordship to exert other poirers than those ofpei-smision, to induce the Nabob to I'onn a new
arranyenient. To enter into a particular explanation of the relative situation of the Company and
tlie Nabob would be superfluous; to point out the necessity of that connection being clcarlv defined
would be equally so : nor is it less evident, that the regular payment of his subsidy should be insured ;
that in conse(iuence of our being obliged to have recourse to the security in case of failure on his
part, we may find the value of such security undiminished, and the several districts forming such
security, not impoverished under the management of those to whom Tuncaws or assignments may
have been granted.

2. Being ccpially desirous that some arrangement should he formed for the gradual liquidation
of any debt that may be found due to the Company by the Nabob, wc also recommend this object
to Lord Mornington's attention. — We arc, etc.

The following extracts from the Dispatches Ixuir out the views already
expressed.

ExTKACT from PoLiTiCAr. Lkttek from Fort St George, dated 19th February 1798.

'■•aifiBlIc I'ftpora, Para. 27. Having so fully entered in our last Dispatch from this Deparlnienl into the slate of

18(13, 6, p. 219. the Tanjore country and the Carnatic, wu shall forbear to press u|>on your Uiinourable Court the

subject of these piovernments, further than to assure you each day's experience tends to confirm
our observation, and to point out the nh.tobite iiecessit;/ of providiiuj some means to rescue from ruin the
ultimate security for our existence tin the coast.

Extract Letter from Lord Mornington to the Secret Committee,
dated 23d Juno 1798.

Para. 4. Ry the Overhand Dispatch, which will leave Calcutta on the .'5d July, I intend to
submit to you the whole clctail of my proceedings with the Nabob of Areot.

To the Secret Committee of the Honourable Court of Directors.

Fort William, 1th July 1708.
HoNOUKABLE SiKS, — We had the iionour to address you on the :5d instant.

2. We avail ourselves of this Dispatch further to advise you, that tiie Right Honourable the
Governor-General has acquainted us, that immediately on his arrival at Fort St George, he lost no
time in taking the necessary steps for ojjoning a negotiation with the Nabob of Arcot, with a view
to the accomplishment of your wishes with regard to the modilication of the Treaty of 1792.

3. Tlie Goccrnor-General, hoiuever, found his Higlmess so complelehj indisposed to that arranijement as
to preclude all hopes of ohtainiiit/ his consent to it at present.

4. His Lordship trusted that he should have had it in his power to forward to you the detail of
his communications with the Nabob on this subject by the present Dispatch. Other important
matters, however, having pressed more immediately on his attention, he has been under tiie necessity

of postponing the transmission of those details to a future opportunity. The delay appeared to him * Has never been
of the less importance, as his Highness' refusal to consent to the modification of the Treaty of coursesent.
precluded his Lordship from taking any further immediate steps in the business.

Extract Political Letter from Fort St George, dated 15th October 1798. Nabob's resist-

ance.

Para. 67. In a preceding part of this letter we have attracted the notice of your Honour- camatif Papers,
able Court to the peculiar style in which his Highness the Nabob has continued to address us, i^''^*- R- 1^- 2'-"-
upon the completion of his Kist in the month of March last. His Highness took occasion to
expatiate upon what he pleased to terra the arbitrary and tyrannical proposal which had been made
to him for a modification of his Treaty of 1792. His Highness concluded this letter by a request
for assistance of troops to suppress certain disturbances in the southern provinces.

63. This opprobrious expression was so inconsistent with the friendship and respect which his
Highness in the same letter professed to entertain for the King, the nation, and the Company, of
England, that we felt it incumbent upon us to expostulate wdth him upon the subject, and to explain,
that the proposal in question had been made in strict conformity with the wishes and instructions of
the Court of Directors, and of his Majesty's principal confidential ministers, founded upon a just and
clear conception of his Highness' permanent welfare and happiness, as well as upon principles of
justice, humanity, and policy ; and we expressed our concern that his indisposition to meet those ivishes,
and his determination against the introduction of reform, had prevented a renewal of that proposal according
to the orders of your Honourable Court.

Matters, however, were making but little ])rogress. The ftovernor-General,
in April 1799, put himself in communication with the Nabob, without effecting
any result, as appears from the following Dispatch :

Extract of Secret Letter from Fort St George, dated 13th August 1799.

75. At our consultation of the 23d July, the Governor-General recorded a letter from his /i«'. 5, p. 2' "4.
Lordship to the Nabob, together with his Highness' answer, upon the subject of a modification of
the existing engagements between the Company and his Highness.

70. It is the intention of the Governor-General to record, at a future period, the whole * of «Has nrver been re-
his Lordship's negotiation with the Nabob ; but, in the meanwhile, we transmit, at his Lordship's corded,
request, a copy of these papers for your information.

To liis Highness the Nabob of the Carnatic.
(Written 24th April 1799.)

May it please your Highness, —

1. Within a few days subsequent to my arrival at this Presidency. I had the honour to inform
your Highness of the state of tlie differences existing between the Honourable Company and Tippoo
Sultan ; and conformably to the lOtii Article of the Treaty of 1792, I explained to your Highness,
in the fullest manner, the probability of an approaching rupture with that Prince.

2. The conduct of Tippoo Sultan since that time having rendered war absolutely necessary for
the security of the allied powers, hostilities have actually commenced.

3. The third Article of the Treaty of 1792 stipulates, " That in the event of war breaking out
in the Carnatic, and countries appertaining to either party, and dependent on the Carnatic, or con-
tiguous thereto, it is agreed, for the better prosecution of it, that as long as it shall last, the said
Company shall possess full authority over the Carnatic (except the Jagheers belonging to the family
of the said Nawaub, and except also certain charities), and shall collect the revenues thereof, the
said Company hereby engaging that, during such war, they will pay to the said Nawaub one-fifth
share of the net revenue arising therefrom."

4. Under this Article it is now become the right of the Company to exercise that full authority

over the Carnatic which is thus formally acknowledged to be necessary for the better prosecution of
the war.

5. Your Highness, I am persuaded, is also satisfied that it is now become my indispensable
duty, without delay, to assume the revenues of the Carnatic, conformably to the third Article of the
Treaty of 1792, unkss some neiv arrangemmt can now be framed, with the consent of both parties, which
shall afford equal security to the common interests of your Highness and of the Company for the vigorous
and effectual prosecution of tlie war.

6. I am aware that both your Highness and yoiu- respected father have ever been disinclined to
the assumption of the Carnatic by the Company in the manner specified by the Article in question ; and
entertaining an anxious and sincere desire, not only to promote your Highness' interests and wel-
fare, but to respect your inclinations and sentiments to the utmost extent compatible with the secu-
rity of the Carnatic, I am induced to submit to your Highness' consideration tin- plan of a new
arrangement between your Highness and the Company, which, if it shall prove acceptable to your
Highness, will preclude the necessity of resorting to the stipulations of the third Article of the
Treaty of 1792, and of assuming the whole of the Carnatic, not only during the present, but during
any future war.

7. In framing an arrangement on this foundation, I have endeavoured to extend its provisions
with the view of comprehending the whole state and condition of your Highness' connection with
the Company, as well as the equitable adjustment of the various subjects of complaint which your
Highness has been pleased to represent to me, since the period of my taking charge of the General
Government of India.

8. Before I proceed to the details of this plan, I shall submit to your Highness' consideration
some observations, which, as they proceed from my good wishes for your prosperity and happiness,
I trust you will receive with the cordiality of friendship.

9. Your Highness' situation, for some years past, has neither been satisfactory to yourself,
nor advantageous to the interests either of your own subjects or of the Company.

10. Your stipulated monthly payments, under the Treaty of 1792, are not only moderate in
their amount, but cannot be stated to bear a due proportion to the increased military charges now
defrayed by the Company for the defence of the Carnatic.

11. Your Highness will never forget that the amount of these payments was settled hj Lord
Cornwallis under an indulgent modification of the Treaty of 1787, the benefits of wlach the Company
cheerfully relinquished for the purpose of relieving his Ilighness the late Nabob of the Carnatic, and
ultimately your Highness, from distress of circumstances and from anxiety of mind.

12. Moderate as these payments are in their amount, they have proved the source of continual
vexation to the late Nabob of the Carnatic, and to your Highness ; and you have never been able to
realise them in the Company's Treasury, without the utmost degree of difficulty and embarrassment
arming from in fortunate defects in the administration of your affairs.

13. These embarrassments have occasioned the adoption of temporary expedients for the pur-
pose of removing the pressure of the moment ; and the consequence of resorting to such eapedicnts has
been injurious, not only to the peace of your Highness' mind, but to the permanent interests and happi-
ness of your subjects, and to the foundations of the opulence and prosperity of the Carnatic.

14. The truth of this faithful and amicable representation will, I am persuaded, produce a just
impression on your Highness' mind, when you reflect on the large amount of those sums of money
applied to defray the exorbitant rates of interests on all the various loans occasioned by the necessity of
discharging your monthly payments.

15. These loans have usually been accompanied by assignments of territory to the creditors, whose
vexatious management of the revenues assigned has been the continual cause of the most aggravated
calamities to the inhabitant of the Carnatic. In these transactions Me loss has fallen on your Highness,
your subjects, a^d your funds ; and the illicit profit has enriched those who (to use the words of your
respected father, addressed to Lord Cornwallis) never approach your Durbar for any other purpose
than to pursue their habitual views of jilunder and rapine.

10. Upon the whole, tjie final result of this system has been that your Highness' mind has
continued in a perpetual state of solicitude and alarm, from the difficulty of satisfying the Company's
claims, of which the moderation and justice cannot hv contested ; that the resources of your country have
fallen into a state of ]irogresxire decay : and that the Company regularly receiving your Highness'
monthly payments into the l^reasury, has viewed, with unavailing regret, the approach of that crisis in
the Carnatic, ichen every source of public revenue and credit, as well as (f private opulence, industry, and
population, must be reduced to the lowest condition.

17. Neither your Highness nor the Company can reflect witli satisfaction on the regular dis-
charge of your monthly payments, when those payments are known and acknowledged to be cttected
by means which aggravate your Highness' embarrassments, and rapidly exhaust the territorial secu-
rity pledged to the Company for the military subsidy.

18. The collateral operation of this unhappy system is not less injurious than its direct tendency.
The notoriety of these embarrassments, which conqwl your Higlmess to resort to the expedients of
loans and assignments of territory, tends to a general ex]iectation of the approaching failure of your
monthly payments, and, eonseciuently, of a speedy transfer of the pledged districts to the manage-
ment of the Company.

19. A constant expectation of war for some years past, has further countenanced the notion
that the (Company's management must soon be extended over a large part of your Highness' terri-
tories, under the third Article of the Treaty of 1792.

20. These expectations have precluded the possibility of introilucing, for the relief of your High-
ness' subjects, any improvement founded on fixed and durable i)rincii)les.

21. The Carnatic, therefore, in addition to the calamitous misrule of those who have governed it
under temporary assignments of territory, has been subjected to all the accumulated evils of a divided
Covcmment, and of a fluctuating and i)recarious authority.

22. These sentiments relating to your Highness' situation are not the result of my judgment
alone: / submit them to you a.'< the result oj' the (khberate judgment if the Honourable Court of Directors and
of his Majesty's Mini-tters, formed u/ion a full, dispassionate, and iniparlial investigation oJ' the relation in, ivhich
your Ilighruiss stands towards the Company, and of the whole state of your afliiirs.

23. TIic principles of sound jind comprelicnsivc policy, tiie duties of respect and regard for your
Highness, as well as of those of humane consideration for the welfare of your subjects, demand that
the Company and his jMnjesty's Ministers s/iould look bei/ond tlie mere convenience of the present liour, to
the certain operation of eui/s meuiicinij the permanent resources of your countri/.

24. The apprehension of the approach of tliat period, when the necessary effect of these evils
must break fortii, to l/ie entire ruin of the interests of your Ilii/hness and the Company in the Carnatic, has
induced the Court of Directors and liie Government of Fort St George to urge with earnestness the
nece.'isity of a new arrangement with your Highness. Tliey have, however, refrained from insisting to its
full extent in that claim of justice and riglit which the Com|)any derives from the letter, as well as
from the gcnctral substance and spirit, of the Treaty of 1702, according to the established rnaxinis of
public law and national faith.

2ij. Under tiiat Treaty your Highness' faith is unequivocally pledged never to grant Tuncaws
or assignments of revenue on the districts composing the security for your monthly payments to the
Company.

2G. I am aware that the same article has also provided for the avoidance of all such Tiincawa
or assignments as siiall be found to exist on any of the pledged districts which shall pass into the
hands of the Company, under the operation of the precediiig articles of the Treaty. But this pro-
vision cannot be viewed in any other light than that of an extraordinary precaution to establish an
additional securit^'for the interests of the Company; it cannot be continued to absolve your Ili'diness
from the positive obligation which you have contracted in specific sums, " not to grant Tuncaws or
assignments on any account, on the revenues of tlie districts responsible for any arrears which may
accrue in the payment of the stipulated Kists."

27. If the Treaty of 1792 has not provided a sufficient security for the due performance of this
obligation, and if the neglect of this obligation tlirealens to defeat the primary object of the whole
Treaty, and to destroy the fundamental principle of your Highness' connection with the Company,
the contracting parties must resort to tlie (joieral law of luitions to supply the defective provisions of an
engagement which it is their mutual interest to preserve inviolate, according to its true tenor and
original spirit.

28. Tiie permanent establishment of an adequate territorial security for the payment of your
Highness' share of the expense of defending the Carnatic, is the principal object of the Treaty of
1792. The Treaty, therefore, would become nugatory and delusive if no remedy could be provided
against the continuance of a system whose unrestrained progress must ultimately deprive your High-
ness of the power of satisfying your engagements to the Company, and must leave the Company be-
reft of all means of recovering the ruinous consequences of such a failure; your Highness' own dis-
cernment will at once enable you to judge whether it was the intention of Lord Cornwallis, in signing
the Ti'eaty of 1792, to provide a real, substantial, and lasting security for the Company's military sub-
sidy, or to sanction a system of disorder, by which the whole value and efficiency of that security must be an-
nihilated before the Company could derive any benefit from it.

29. It is not necessary at present to trouble your Highness with a more detailed representation
on this subject. The plan which I now have the honour to submit to you, is calculated to preclude
all such discussions; and I have revived the subject in this place merely for the purpose of pointing
your attention to one of the principal causes wdiich have rendered a new arrangement with your
Highness indispensable.

30. Your Highness, I am persuaded, cannot reasonably view the proposition for a new arrange-
ment proceeding from the Company with any degree of jealousy or alarm : I must repeat the obser-
vation, and I recommend it with all the earnestness of friendship to your most serious consideration,
that a similar jealousy on the part of the Company would have bound his Highness the late Nabob,
and your Highness, to the stipulations of the Treaty of 1787.

31. If the Company had pertinaciously adhered to the letter of that Treaty, and had insisted on
a strict performance of the engagements contracted under it, I leave it to your Highness' candour
and justice to declare what would have been the actual condition of your affairs? But the Company
then waived its undeniable rights under a subsisting Treaty, and consented to a new arrangement at
your solicitation and for your benefit. The Company has therefore a just claim to your Highness'
favourable attention on the present occasion ; and I trust that under this impression your Highness
will not receive my earnest proposition for a modification of the Treaty of 1792, with any other sen-
.sations than those with which Lord Cornwallis received your respected father's application for a
modification of the Treaty of 1787.

32. In proceeding to submit to your Higliness the details of my proposed plan, I shall, in the
first instance, state certain general princijiles which appear to me necessary to be observed, ybr the com-
mon benefit of all parties.

First, That the new Treaty shall comprehend the adjustment of every branch of your Highness'
affairs as connected with your relation to the Company, and shall leave no question open to future dis-
cussion.

Second, That whatever adjustment shall now take place, shall be so framed as to afford the
utmost degree of practicable security against the possibility of future change, in order that the new
Treaty may become a final and conclusive settlement between your Highness and the Company.

Thirdly, That, with a view to secure the stability of the new Treaty, as well as to provide an
adequate remedy for the evils already enumerated in this letter, effectual provision be made, that no
part of the Carnatic shall remain or fall under a divided government, or a fluctuating or precarious
authority.

33. Referring to these general principles, the first object of consideration in the state of your
Highness' affairs is your debt to the Company. This now consists, — First, of the balance, as re-
ported by IMessrs Woolf and Place on the 1st July 1793, str. pagodas 3.^,06,135 : second, Balance
of the Kiftbundy account, as per account made up to 7th September 1791, str, pagodas 19,98,006 :
third. Balance of the New Cavalry Loan, with interest at 8 per cent, to the 12th October 1798,
str. pags. 11,62,770: Total pags., 66,66,911.

34. The two first articles of this debt, at the earnest desire of his Highness the late Nabob of
the Carnatic, were referred to the arbitration of the Governor-General in Council in the year 1793 ;
and a Committee was appointed in Bengal for the purpose of assisting the Governor-General in de-
ciding upon them.

This Committee has never yet delivered in nny report ; but having myself entered into a minute
examination of the whole of these disputed accounts, and having considered with impartiality tlie re-
spective claims of your Highness and of the Company, I have no doubt that, upon the balance of
these accounts, you will be found justly indebted to the Company to a very large amount. If, iiow-
ever, a new arrangement should be acceptable to your Highness, I am ready, on the part of the
Company, to consider whether it may not be practicable to compromise the whole of this claim
(amounting to 55,04,141 pagodas), as well as the amouat of any claim arising out of the payments
made by the Company to your Highness' consolidated creditors of 1787. The extreme solicitude
manifested by the late Nabob of the Carnatic to induce Lord Cornwallis to place these disputed ac-
counts in a way of adjustment, and the engagement by whieh his Highness bound himself to submit
implicitly to the award of the Governor-General in Council, with relation to themselves, are sufficient
testimonies of the importance and value of the concession which the Company may be disposed to
make to your Highness in this article during the course of the negotiation.

35. With regard to tlie advance made by the Company to the late Nabob for the discharge of
his Highness' debt, denominated the New Cavalry Loan, I am satisfied that this branch of your
Highness' debt to the Company should be liquidated, partly by an arrangement stated from the 37th
to the 41st paragraph of this letter, and partly (in the manner already proposed by your Highness
to Sir John Shore) by the application of the sum of G,21,105 pagodas, after your Highness' present
guaranteed debt shall have been liquidated by the operation of that fund.

36. The great branches of your debt to the Company would thus be entirely extinguished by
their indulgence, and the period of the discharge of your New Cavalry Debt would be settled in such
a manner that it could never interfere with your convenience. A stipulation may be inserted in
the Treaty binding the Company never to apply to your Highness for any advance of money on ac-
count of the New Cavalry Debt, previous to the period when its liquidation shall commence by the
operation of the fund assigned for that purpose.

37. Your Highness has at different times preserved certain claims with respect to the Eamnad
Surplus, and to the Peishcush of Jadras, and to the Pearl Fishery of Ceylon.

38. Your Highness has been informed that the whole question respecting Eamnad has been
refex-red to the Court of Directors. If, however, I should be enabled to conclude a new Treaty with
your Highness, I shall be ready to decide the question of Eamnad without waiting for the result of
the reference to the Honourable the Court of Directors. And being anxious to pay every attention
to your Highness' just claims, I shall direct the balance of the revenues of Kamnad remaining after
the deduction of all expenses, according to the 9th Article of the Agreement of 17'J5, concluded by
Lord Hobart, to be carried to your Highness' credit in the account of the New Cavalry Debt im-
mediately after your acceptance of the general arrangement which may be concluded between your
Highness and the Company in consequence of this letter.

39. I propose to dii'ect that the whole amount of the Peishcush due to your Highness since
Jadras has been in the hands of the Company shall be can'ied to your credit in the same account.

40. Your Highness' share of the Pearl Fishery has been calculated, on principles which admit of
no contest, to be one-fifth part of the number of boats employed in the Fishery in each season, and
an equivalent sum of money has been allowed to your Highness in your general account. Immedi-
ately after the execution of the New Treaty, I shall direct tiiis sum also to be carried to your credit
on the same account and in the same manner as the two preceding sums ; the Governor of Ceylon being
now at this Presidency in consequence of having received my orders to meet me here for the purpose
of settling the affairs of his Government under my directions. If the proposals stated in this letter
should meet your Highness' approbation, I shall direct the Governor of Ceylon to form a Treaty
with your Highness, securing to you the i-egular payment of your share of the Pearl Fishery ; the
payment to be made by the Governor of Ceylon into 3'our Highness' Treasury.

41. The Governor of Ceylon will state to your Highness the great injury which would arise to
the Fishery, from suffering any persons to interfere with those to whom it is farmed ; and I there-
fore trust that your Highness will not desire to send any boats to the Fishery. The punctual pay-
ment of your just share appears to me to be the most advantageous settlement which can be made
for your interests, as well as for those of the Governor of Ceylon.

42. Having thus manifested my desire to attend to the several objects which I know to be inter-
esting to your Highness, I am further to inform you, that I am ready, by an article of the new
Treaty, to relinquish the right of the Company to the assumption of the Carnatic, during the present
and during all future wars, on the following conditions : —

43. That your Highness shall place wide?' the exclusive management, control, and authoriti/ of the
Company in perpetuity a territory equal to secure the receipts of the rrhole of your monthly payments into the
Company's Treasury, wliich payments are, of course, to cease fi-om tliat time. Tiie territory to be
placed under the managenunt of the Company is described in a memorandum annexed to tliis letter.
Your Highness will observe that I have included the Southern Division of the Arcot Province,
although not one of the mortgaged districts, witli a view to preserve in your Highness' manage-
ment the countries surrounding your capital, and that the revenues under each authority respec-

• tively may be as compact as circumstances will admit. In place of the Northern Division of Arcot,
I propose to hold a district in the Southern Division of that province to the amount si)ecitied in the
annexed memorandum. I sliall also, for the convenience of both parties, be ready to exchange dis-
tricts in the Southern Division of Arcot, adjoining to tliose of the centre, in place of the Jaghire
lands which your Highness liolds to the southvvard of il\e Colcware, for a similar jmrpose of avertinff the
evils of a divided authority.

44. If the territory placed under the management of the Company should produce more than
the stipulated amount of 12,56 — 400.15.54., the wliole surplus sluill be paid into your Uigiiness'
Treasury, upon an account to be settled every third year, or more frequently when a permanent
.settlement of the revenue of the Carnatic shall take place.

45. On the otiier hand, if, from any accident o( season, or from any otlun- casualty, any defi-
ciency should arise in the revenue of the countries managed by the Conqiany, the loss shall fall
exclu.sively on the Company, and your Higiiness sliall not be responsible for any part of it.

46. Willi res[)ect to tlie districts remaining in your Highness' hands, your Highness shall not
be accoiititable fur any increase of their jiroduce under your management, nor shall the Company be
responsible hereal'ter for any contingent diminution of it.

47. As the expense of maintaining and repairing the Fort contained in the districts to be placed
under the Company's management will necessarily be transferred to the Company, an annual sum
will be allotted i'or the purpose chargeable on the assigned revenue. The amount of this sum will
be settled, with your Highness' approbation, during the negotiation of the new Treaty.

48. I have already observed to your Highness, that the increase of military charges for the
defence of the Carnatic has rendered the amount of your subsidy disproportioned to its original ob-
ject ; on every principle of justice, the Company would be warranted in proposing to your Highness
an augmentation of your military subsidy; Iml as J din anximis to preseiTe to ijour J/ii/hiioiS t/ie J'ull en-
joyment of an ample ami unencumbered revenue, I have ende;ivoured to provide a I'und for the increase
of the military subsidy without any diminution of your actual receipts.

49. I propose, therefore, that whatever claims on the part of your Highness, or of the Company,
remain in doubt respecting the Poligars, under the Treaty of 1793, should be now fully adjusted
with the Company ; and I am willing to accept that adjustment in lieu of all claims for an increase
of your military subsidy, proportioned to the increased ex]jcnse of defending the Carnatic.

.50. The principle which induced the Company to seek the transfer of the I'oligar Peishcush,
will not admit any considerable augmentation oi the anuual payments from those tributaries. If the
Company should liereafter deem it to bo a wise policy, the increase must be very moderate, and must
be considered as a commutation for the military services of the Poligars.

51. Under a new Treaty founded on the basis described, I entertain no doubt that ,?/«//• Ilujhmsfs'
clear revenue would he considcrah/j/ increased ; and I am persuaded that you will concur with me in this
opinion, when you refer to the former and [iresent value of the countries which will remain in your
Highness' hands ; and when you recollect the extent of your charges for collection and other contin-
gencies, and the enormous sums which you are compelled to waste every year on account of interest
and charges attending loans of money.

52. Under such a Treaty, the evils of a divided government, and of an imsettled and ill-defined potver,
would cease throughout the Carnatic. The authority of the Company and that of your Highness could
never interfere with each other ; and the new settlement would bear such unequivocal marks of per-
manency and security as would inspire general confidence, facilitate the introduction of an improved
system of mamigement, and revive the decaying principles of general industry, productive labour, and
individual affluence.

53. In order to render this settlement perfect in all its parts, and to secure your Highness'
future ease and comfort under all possible contingencies, it will be expedient to establish some certain
fund for the satisfaction of those private creditors of the late Nabob of the Carnatic, and of your
Highness, whose claims now stand without security.

54. T!ie operation of the sum of 0,21,105 pagodas will have liquidated the whole of the con-
solidated private debt guaranteed by Parliament in the year 1804.

55. After that period, by your Highness' agreement with Sir John Shore, the whole of this
fund would be applicable to the New Cavalry Debt ; but I propose that one-half the sum — namely,
3,10,552 pagodas 8 fanams — be appropriated to the payment of the interest and principal of the
New Cavalry Debt, and the remaining half to the discharge of such just unconsolidated debt due by
your father and by your Highness to individuals as shall, after the most strict examination, receive
the sanction of your Highness, and of the Court of Directors.

56. After the licfuidation of the New Cavalry Debt, I propose that the whole fund of 6,21,105
pagodas shall be applied to tbe payment of the unconsolidated debt, according to the principles stated
in the foregoing paragraph ; and when the whole of the private debt (thus sanctioned by your High-
ness and by the Court of Directors) shall have been discharged, I propose that the full amount of the
sum of 6,21,1 05 pagodas shall be annually paid in cash by the Company into your Highness' Treasury.

57. Thus, Sir, have I submitted to your Highness the outline of the ordy plan which appears to me
to promise the hope of order to your affairs, of tranquillity to your mind, and of security to the interests of
the Company committed to my charge.

58. Under the new arrangement, your Highness would be relieved from all urgent demands
either of a public or private nature, and you would possess a much more ample revenue than you now
enjoy, with the additional satisfaction of reflecting that your possession was liable to no disturbance
either from the contingencies of war or from any casual failure of your resources. You would beat
liberty to direct your undivided attention to the cultivation and improvement of those resources to the
utmost practicable extent, and you never could feel the necessity of injuring the mainsprings of your
revenues for the purpose of meeting the exigency of occasional difficulty.

59. Whatever increase of produce might arise in the districts managed by the Company would
be a new source of wcaltli to your Highness, and you would feel a personal interest in every improvement
which the Company might be enabled to introduce into the system of your revenue.

60. With these observations I shall conclude, earnestly entreating your Highness to give your
most serious attention to this letter. The opportunity is now peculiarly favourable to the final ad-
justment of your Highness' affairs. If you suffer it to pass away without improvement, events may
intervene to aggravate your Highness' embarrassments, to postpone or even to preclude all final
arrangement of your affairs, and ultimately to involve you in inextricable distress.

61. If the general principles which I have suggested with the freedom and sincerity of friend-
ship should meet your Highness' approbation, they may speedily be reduced to the form of a Treaty,
and I may be enabled, before my return to Bengal, to have the satisfaction of laying the foundation
of perpetual ease to your Highness' mind, and of progressive improvement to this fertile but declining
country.

62. Your Highness will observe, that, throughout the whole of this letter, I have avoided any
reference to your late failure in your engagements to assist the Company in the present exigency by
the immediate payment of a part of the JSTew Cavalry Debt. I trust you will attribute my silence on
this recent transaction to my earnest desire of abstaining from any discussion which can be painful
to your Highness. — I have the honour to be, with great respect and attachment, your Highness'
most faithful humble servant, (Signed) Moknington.

Fort St George, 24th April 1799.

The Nabob's answer, dated 13tli May 1799: —

Carnatic Papers, ^Y LoRD, — Having read your Lordship's letter of the 24th ult. with great and serious attcn-

1803, 6, p. 213. ' lion, suitable to the importance of the contents, I shall return to it a fair and explicit answer. Tlie

candour and sincerity of my character, witliout a request from your Lordship, would liave induced
me on this, as well as on all other occasions, to speak without disguise. I liave an additional induce-
ment, however, for plainness of language and sentiment in the earnest desire and manly example of
your Lordship.

I acknowledge, my Lord, that, under certain circumstances explained by the third Article of the
Treaty of 1792, the Company are vested with authority to assume tlie Carnatic, and amongst other
things, empowered to collect the revenue which it yields ; and I confess (without regard to the conse-
quence of that confession) that the assumption of the control over the affairs and revenues of my
country, under the provision of the Treaty, would occasion a severe and heartfelt afiliction, yet, if the
time should arrive which should render it necessary that the Company avail themselves of the objects
■which that article secures, I hope that Divine Providence will endue me with fortitude adapted to the
necessity of the season and the adversity of fortune, that I m.ay make the sacrifice required of me, if
not with cheerfulness, at least with dignity and resignation ; and in performing this extreme act which
the Treaty enjoins (if it ever be demanded of me), I shall have a constant consolation in reflecting
on the letter of the Treaty itself, which stipulates that, as soon as the exigencies of the times which
required the temporary sacrifice shall have been satisfied, I shall be reinstated in all my privileges and
authority ; and I should wrong your Lordship's honour, and shir'the reputation of those whom your
Lordship represents, if I could suspect for an instant, that, whilst I was fulfilling every relation to
the Company with fidelity and exactness, they should hesitate on their parts to discharge their relative
connective duties.

Possessing these avowed sentiments within myself, and this declared sense of the honour and
justice of my allies, I have no disinclination of that strong and rooted kind which your Lordship
would seem to indulge, so as to induce me to enter into any new arrangement rather than conform
myself to the provisions of the existing engagements. No, my Lord : the Treaty of 1792 was con-
cluded under such happy auspices, and is calculated, from its precision and clearness, to promote and
maintain so good understanding between the parties to it, and is, moreover, so recommended to mj'
affections by the loved and revered personages who framed it, that I could not for any personal in-
convenience, were it ten times greater, so it were created by the Treaty, consent that it should be
altered even in a letter.

But your Lordship has submitted reasons, ajiparently more cogent, why a new arrangement would
be desirable ; and these arise out of the supposed defect of the Treaty itself to insure the objects v/hich
it had in view, and tlie probable deficiency of my means to fulfil hereafter the duties which it imposes.
I cannot overlook a circumstance which, in affairs of this sort, must naturally present itself to
the mind of your Lordship, that the Treaty which is now suggested to be defective, has had a trial,
my Lord, of more than seven years, and without a single exception, has been found for that period
not only sufficient for all common purposes, but has secured the fulfilment of every engagement stipu-
lated in it with an harmony uninterrupted, and perhaps I might add, almost unprecedented in any
country or age; and if experience be the true test of human institutions, there can be nothing, my
Lord, to apprehend of th6 competency of the Treaty of 1792 to continue to the contracting parties
to an incalculable date that happiness, that security, and that universal good-will which it has
hitherto produced.

But, my Lord, you have directed my observation beyond the present hour, and have informed
me that your Lordship and the Ministers of his Majesty the King of Great Britain (whom may the
Almighty preserve ! ) have looked, and do still look, with a politic care and wise prudence to future
probabilities and events as they regard our mutual conditions, and that the prospect is terrifying.

I do not presuire to know the grounds on which your Lordship has formed your opinion of
the instability of my affairs, nor is it necessary that I should be acquainted with them : it is
sufficient for me to know that they arc abundant enough to enable me to keep with punctuality
my plighted faith. Your Lordship, however, has supposed that, from a difficulty to raise the Kists
periodically payable to the Company, that I have been reduced to so great pecuniary' distresses, that
to provide a remedy for them I have had recourse to measures which I cannot bring myself to
name, and that these measures, in their expected consequences, may affect the interests of the Com-
pany as connected with the Treat}'.

Your Lordship has a right undoubted to expect an cxidanation of me as to any public matter
which may regard tlie affairs of the Company as interwoven with my own ; and I shall be happy on
all occasions, as I am at the present opportunity, of answering that part of your Lordship's letter
which respects the alleged assignment of certain districts set apart by the Treaty of 1792, as a
security for the Company on the possible occurrence of a described event. But as to anything
foreign to this, that may relate either to the internal management of my countries or the govern-
ment of my people, I must on princiides as obvious as they are just, decline to enter into a
discussion.

The supposed assignment of the districts alluded to by your Lordship is stated as having been
productive of the greater part of the mischief which is lamented and deplored in your Lordship's
letter, and as having laid the seeds of a more deadly and extensive ruin ; and your Lordship
relying [irincipally on this and on the reasons ajiplicable to it, has suggested the necessity of a new
arriingcnu'iit. I am happy, my Lord, to oiler an unqualilied explanation of this alleged transaction ;
and I have a double motive to rejoice at the opportunity allbrded by your Lordship, since it will
serve to free my character and honour from the imputations which at present rest upon it, and will
convince you, my Lord, that there are no subst;iiitial reasons, which must give your Lordship infinite
satisfaction, for any apprehensions on this or any other ground related to it.

I do most unc(piivocally assure your Lordship, on the word and faith of a Sovereign, that no
one foot of the districts set a[)art by the Treaty of 1792 have been, or are in any manner or
way, directly or indirectly assigned liy me, or ztvV/i my kiiowkdgc, to any individual whatsoever. And
liaving made thi.s solemn aii<l unreserved declaration, I would hope that I need not urge more.

But I have sullercd, my Lord, so much from reports, founded on an erroneous conception of my

conduct in tliis particular, tliat I am unavoidaljly led to bo more explicit, perhaps, tiian might be
expected by your Lordsiiip. I liavc been represented, my Lord, to the world (and it were impos-
sible to calculate how far I may yet be injured by it, unless I put a limit to the r('pre>eutalion) to
have notoriously mortf;'ag('(l and ashif^ned the districts pledged to the Company, and the manner of
my doiu};' it has been publicly and conlidently s])ol<en of and proclaimed. That the ill-will of those
who arc inimical to my interests may have no further pretence for their assertions, and that it may
be unable furtluir to opi'rate to my prejudice on the enli.n'litened mind of your Lordship, I shall
briefly state the manner in which payments arc made into my Treasury from those districts by the
officers of my revenue departments, and which are ordinarily said to give rise to the assignments in
question ; and it is in this simple way :—

As my monthly Kists require to be paid with refjrularity, and as the expense and daufrer of the
remittance of money in S])ecie from a distant counti'y to the Presidency are great, my Atunils or
Managers, for the amount of their respective payments, procure bills from the Sircars for the parti-
cular sums to be remitted, and these bills are indifferently purchased of native bankers who may
have money unemployed at Madras. They are taken without reference to me or to any connected
with my Durbar ; they are paid in specie or grain, and never superinduce an agreement of any sort
to which I am made a party, directly or collaterally. The transaction ends, as it originates, with
the Managers and the Sircars.

Having convinced your Lordship, as I would believe, that the evil anticipated by your Lordship
of the expected failure of my resources to answer the exigencies of the Treaty can never happen
from any of the causes mentioned by your Lordship, and that the Treaty in its operation is callable
of insuring all these advantages which it was designed to secure, I will not enter, my Lor<], into a
detail of the new proposals, (bounded on supposed circumstances which I have shown to your Ijord-
ship to have been without existence.

The wisdom and justice which pervades many parts of the arrangement proposed, I cannot but
admire, as I have hitherto admired all the public acts and propositions of your Lordship. They are
the certain and avowed offsprings of a great and comprehensive mind ; and although I cannot so
fiir accede to the measure as to give it, in as much as it regards myself, all the weight and authority
of a treaty, yet I shall endeavour, as far as circumstances allow, to observe the genuine maxims
which your Lordship has used to enforce your proposals, and the conduct which they would inculcate.

You need not be told, my Lord, of the unconquerable and insurmountable obstacle in the way of
any new engagement, which could not be overstepped without outraging every principle that should
make engagements binding ; for your Lordship is not unacquainted that my revered and honoured
father, with his departing spirit, entreated and enjoined me th;\t I would not consent to the alteration
of a Treaty which he had painfully concluded ; and I assured him, on the most sacred obligation that
religion imposes, that I would obey his dying commands. Does it remain for me to conjure your
Lordship, by the noljleness of your own nature, tiy your filial piety, by the reverence you owe to God,
by each and all of these, not to renew an application which I camiot accede to without a breach of
all moral and religious duties, and cannot listen to without reproach.

My Lord, praise be to the Almighty God, that in consequence of your Lordship's wise and
resolute measures, the strong fortress of Seringapatam, which is equal to the wall of Alexander, and
which has for a great length of time withstood all the attempts of other princes, has been captured,
and the extensive country of Mysore restored to tranqiuUity and safety by the annihilation of the dis-
turber of that country. This has conveyed to my mind unspeakable joy and gladness : it was right
that such a glorious victory, and the acquisition of such honourable advantages, should be derived
purely from your Lordship's good fortune, and it will remain for ever on the records of time.
Verse : " It is a hapjiy plan that has succeeded ; this affair has been effected by you, and is such as
is done by the brave." The victories which my friends liave obtained by Divine favour, has given the
greatest joy to me, who am their ancient ally; I consider them as an ansjiicious omen of my own
happiness, and am persuaded that your Lordship will manifest your kindness toward me, especially
in the support of my rights. The Talooks of Currore, the two Sealams, and as far as Tungarpeatty,
have always been dependencies on Trichinopoly. The father of Tippoo arrogantly usurped these
Talooks ; I hope they will now be restored to me by your Lordship's justice. Another request I
have to make, and with which I trust your Lordship will not only be not offended, but that you will
grant my desire, is this, — when friends acquire an inunensity of power, those wdio are their sincere
and ancient friends are inspired with certain hopes of obtaining their wishes. The troops for which
I pay nine lacks of pagodas yearly, in the service of the Company, were employed with those of my
friends in the reduction of the Mysore country. I trust, therefore, that I shall be allowed to partici-
pate in the conquered countries in proportion to the sum I contribute for those troops, and that
thereb)', through your Lordship's justice and equity, I, who have always followed the fortunes of my
friends, and jirayed for their acquirements of such success, maj obtain my wishes. May your days
be happy ! What more 1

Upon receiving Lord Mornington's dispatch, announcing the opposition of the
Naboh to an alteration of the Treaty, the Directors betlxought themselves of an
expedient to meet the difficulty.

Extract Political Letter to Fort St George, dated otli June 1799.

Para. IG. Since the preceding ]iara2:raphs were written, we have received several papers Carnatic Tapers,
respecting Lord Mornington's negotiation with the Nabob, in which wc observe his Highness has "' P- "^•'*'-
proposed to relinquish his sovereignty over the Poligar countiies, on certain conditions. As Lord
Mornington has not given an opinion relative to this proposition, it is not our intention either to
express our ajiprobation of, or to oft'er any objections to, the terms proposed by his Highness. The
only purpose which we have in view in adverting to these papers, is, that the Governor-General in
Council should give you instructions as to the terms upon which the negotiations should be carried
on, and that you may be guided by their opinion and directions before any arrangement shall be
finally concluded.

17. We have been advised by the Earl of Mornington, that tlie Nabob conlinues to Dispose a

determined resolution to the modification of the Treaty of 1702, which has been repeatedly proposed to liim.
At the same time we observe, that his Iligliness has distinctly acknowledged that he is in the practice
of raising money annually, by assifjmncuts of the revenues of those districts which form the security for
the payment of the Company's subsidy. As this practice is unquestionably contrary to tlie letter and
subversive of the spirit of that Treaty, we direct that, immediately upon the receipt hereof, you adopt the
necesscwy measures for talcing possession, in the name of the Company, of the whole or any part of the said
districts, the revenues of which shall appear to be so assigned, and that you continue to hold the
same, and collect the rents thereof, in order that the Company may not in future be dqmved of the only
security ivhich they possess, under the before-mentioned Treaty, to answer any failure in the Nabob in the
discharging his subsidy. You will immediately communicate to the Nabob the determination we have
come to, and the orders you have received relative to this point.

A few clays later, however, it would appear from the following Dispatch, that
another idea had occurred to them, arising out of the stipulation in the Treaty
of 1792 for the event of war.

Extract Letter from the Secret Committee to Lord MoRNrNGTON, approved by the

Board, 13th June 1799

narnath- Papeis, jp ^jjg event of a War with Tippo Sultan, the respective eonntries of the Nabob of Arcot and

"'■ ^' ' ■ the Rajah of Tanjore will of course come under the Company's management ; and we direct that

they be not relinquished without special orders from us or from the Court of Directors for that purpose,

in order to afford sufficient time for the formation of arrangements for reUeving those respective Princes

from all incumbrances upon their revenues.

The state of the Carnatic continued to be the subject of Dispatches.

Extract from Political Letter to Fort St George, dated 16th October 1797.

//.!</. WYi. 7, p. 2.51. ■\Ye arc extremely concerned at the frequent representations which you have occasion to make

to us of the distressful situation to irhich the administration of the Nabob is reducing the Carnatic; nor can
we cease to lament that no effectual remedy has yet been devised for correcting the evils arising out of the
present divided system of government ; the more especially as you have been reduced to the necessity of
incurring a considerable expense for protection of the Pollams under the management of the Company,
against the devastations committed by the Nabob's revolted CoUeries.

Extract of Letter fi-om Lord Mornington to the Secret Committee, dated 25th

Januar)' 1800.

Carnatic Papers, 1803, Para. 14. The short duration of the war rendered it inexpedient for me to assume the manage-

V- 21T. ment of the respective countries of the Nabob of the Carnatic and of the Rajah of Tanjore, on behalf

of the Company. The immediate effect of such an assumption would have been a considerable fail-
ure of actual resource at a period of the utmost exigency. I shall hereafter communicate my senti-
ments at large with respect to the state of Tanjore and the Cai-natic. The latter now occupies my
particular attention, and I fear that the perverse councils of the Nabob of Arcot will prove a serious obstacle
to any effectual improvement of your affairs in that quarter.

Another expedient occurred to the mind of the Governor-General, which, it is
important to observe, contains the germ of the mode in which, with some varia-
tions, the desired arrangement was subsequently carried out.

Official Letter from the Governor-General to Lord Cliat;, dated 2Gth Mai-ch 1800.

To the Right Hon. Lord Clive, etc. etc. etc.
Caniatic Papers, vol. My LoiiD, — Having at present under my consideration the state of our relation witli the Nabob

'•• P- 59- Omdut-ul-Omrah, and the whole tenor of his Highness' conduct towards your Government, I shall

soon be prepared to communicate to your Lordship the final result of my determination on these im-
portant subjects. In the meanwhile, the possibility of the sudden contingency of his Highness' death
renders it expedient that I should state to your Lordship, in an official i'orm, the opinions and direc-
tions which 1 communicated to you verbally during my residence at Fort St George, for your Lord-
ship's guidance in the event of the Nabob Onulut-n!-Omrah's death.

Althongii the Treaty of 1 7'.I2 was concluded in the name and on the behalf of the Nabob Walla-
jah and his successors, no obligation of that Treaty binds the Company to place or to support on the
Musnud any individual of the family (if an}' should lie nominated by the reigning Nabob) whose pre-
tensions to the succession may be actually disputed or may appear (incstionable.

Various rumours exist relative to the birth of the ])erson of whom the Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah
declares himself to be the father ; it is, however, certain that the mother of this yon?ig man is of low
origin, and that she teas never married to the Nabob. It is reasonable to believe that the succession of
this young man would ho felt as an injury to the rights of the late Ameer's son by all who might think
favourably of the latter's title, and all such persons would undoubtedly use every practicable effort
to defeat such a succession.

Under the circumstances, neither party could claim our support under existing Treaties; and in deter-
mining to ivhom your support shall be granted, ire are at liberty to consider the security of Great Jhilain's
interest in the Carnatic, and the general prosperity of the country, and the happiness of its people, as
the i)riniaiy objects both of our right and duty.

On this principle, it is manifest that, Jj-om, the candidate whom we may resolve to raise to the
IMiisnud, we may justly require the most ample pledges for the effectual remedy oftlie evils which now aj/lict
the Carnatic.

For this purpose, the successor of Omdut-nL-Omrah must be required to surrender to the Company,
in the most absolute manner, the civil and militarii admin i.-<lral ion of the Carnatic, not retiiiiiing possession
of a single fortress, nor maintainin<^iiny armed force, under any pretext whatever: no otlier arrange-
ment woidd be adequate to the attainment of llie indispensable objeets wliicli have been stated.

The general princifjles of the late Treaty with the liajah of Tanjore may be made the model of
the agreement to be concluded with the successor of Onidut-ul-Omrah ; such modifications of that
Treaty as may be rendered necessary by a variation ol' circumstances, will readily suggest themselves
to your Lordship's mind. The article relative to Forts and Military Establishments, noticed in the
preceding paragraph, will admit of no modification. The amount of the provision to he made for
the support of the succeeding Nabob, and of the other branches of the family of the late Wallajah,
should be regulated with reference to the numbers and rank of the persons to be maintained, and on
a scale of reasonalde liberality.

Although the elevation of the su])poscd .son of Onidut-ul-Oiiirah to the Musnud would probably
be disagreeable to the principal Mussuhiien in the Carnatic, 1 am of opinion that he mif/ht he rendered
a hitler instrument for the accomplishment <f the salntarn ends pro/iosed than the son of the late Ameer
could be expected to prove. Whenever, therefore, the death of the present Nabob may take place,
your Lordship anil place the youncj man irho passes for his son on the vacant Musnud, previousli/ requiring
his consent to the conditions generally described in this Disi)atcli, unless any objection to this disposition
should occur to your Lordshi|)'s mind; in which event, your Lordship will be so good as to state your
objections to me immediately after the receipt of this letter.

If the NuhoVs supjwsed son should refuse or delay to subscribe to these conditions within twenty-four
hours from the jircsent Nabob's death, you will then give the son of the late Ameer the option of the succession
ON THE SAME TEitMS. If Iic also should reject the necessary conditions, your Lordship will immediately
proceed to establish the Company's authority in the couipletest manner throughout the Carnatic; and
you will suspend all further negotiation on the subject of the succession till the receipt of instructions
from the Governor-General in Council.

I am not aware that the Ameer has left more than one son: in the event of his male offspring
being more numerous, your Lordship will consider these directions as applicable oidy to his eldest
son; and you will not treat witii any younger branch of his family.

Your Lordship will bear iu mind the expediency of making a reasonable provision, iu any of the
cases supjiosed, for the Nabob's family, and for all natives of distiuction and character, as well as for
indigent fauiihes at present dependent on the sources or bounty of the Nabob of the Carnatic. Any
arrangement which may be necessary for this purpose, should take place, if possible, in the same in-
stant with the establishment of the Company's authority throughout the country. — I have, etc.
Fort William, 2Gth March 1800. (Signed) Mornington.

Extract of Letter from Lord Cuve to the Secret Committee, dated Uth April 1800. camatic Papers, isos.

Your letter to the Governor-General, dated the IGth June 1799, is still under his Lordship's**' Lord Welleslev.
consideration ; but it is material for me to repeat, and with impressive earnestness, that no security
sufficiently extensive and ej/icientfor the British interest in the Carnatic can be derived from the Treaty of
1792; and that no divided power, however modified, can possibly avert the utter ruin of that devoted country.

Extract Secret Letter from Fort St George, dated 14tli April 1800.

Para. 7. In all our late Dispatches we have been under the necessity of attracting your notice Carnatic Papers, iso.-;.
to ^^progressive decline in the prosperity of the Carnatic, and to the ruinous effects of the Nabob's Admi-^> P- 216.
nistration. We have accordingly confirmed the opinion already transmitted to the Court of
Directors — an opinion which cannot be too urgently repeated — that the Government of his Highness is
rapidly approaching that state of weakness which cannot be relieved but by a radical reform.

The negotiations for an arrangement with the Nabob were thus alluded to by
Mr Secretary Dundas in Parhamcnt, in laying before Parliament, on 2oth March
1800, the India Budget :—

The due performance of the stipulations in the treaties with the Nabob of Arcot and the Rajah
of Tanjore is secured by specific assignments of districts in their respective territories. As to the
Nabob of Arcot, it was reasonably to be expected that the long-established alliance with his family,
and a grateful sense of the eminent services they had received, would have been inducements to the
most friendly and cordial co-operation in whatever might have a tendency to further the interests of
his allies. A modification of the arrangements made in the year 1792 was desirable for the interests
of both parties. The remonstrances with him on that subject have been formerly stated to the Com-
mittee ; nothing, however, has been yet effected.

On 12th June 1801, Mr Dundas, in bringing up his India Budget, again alluded to his repeatedly
expressed wish that the Treaty of 1792 "might undergo several modifications, the interests of the
Company and the welfare of the inhabitants of the districts under his Highness' government required it."

From all the quotations which have now been made, it is proved to demon- Result of evidence,
stration —

\st, That the Company were deeply impressed, whether right or wrong, with
the opinion, that the Government of the Nawaub was not only injurious to him-
self and to liis subjects, but threatened to be, at least ultimately, destructive of
the securities for the British interests in the Carnatic. The objection was not, jj ecessitv of
however, it will be observed, that he was not making regular payment of his con- change. '
tributions ; but that his management threatened to destroy the security for the

future pavments. ^ .

1 ;' T ri 1 • • 1 T • 1 c Company embar-

2d, ihat the Company were at their very wit's end to devise the means oi rassed to procure

it.

A fortunate dis-
covery.

P. 24.

Papers, ISO'i, vol. v.,
p. 217.

Inquiry ordered.

Vol. VI., p. 217

niHTRo p.ntircly
nnsupporled by
evidence.

obtaining such a change as would secure these interests beyond the reach of
danger ; and,

3d, Tiiat they did not feel themselves warranted in using other means than
persuasion with the Nawaub to bring this change about.

But whilst they were alternately suggesting first one means and then another,
and were latterly approaching the di^ipositioa of employing some pressure under
cover of the provisions of the Treaty then in force ; whilst they were anticipating
the death of the then Nawaub, and the changes wliich would necessarily follow,
and in doing so, ingeniously insinuating the possibility of there being contending
claimants to the throne, and sowing the seeds of contention by casting a doubt
upon the legitimacy of the next heir, so as to render, on one side or the other,
the assistance of a great Power an object of importance, but an object to be
secured only by granting those concessions which had been so ineffectually desired
at the liands of his predecessors ; whilst the discussion and anxiety on the subject
waxed so hot and so high as to lead to the recall of one Governor, and perhaps
in some measure to the resignation of another, — a circumstance fortunately oc-
curred which, to the relief of all their embarrassment, was at once and with
eagerness seized upon as affording a plausible pretext for assuming the attitude
of imperiously demanding that the proposals of the English Government should,
without more ado, be agreed to. At the storming of Seringapatam, certain
letters were found which had passed between the two Nabobs of Arcot, Wallajah
and Omdut, and the Sultan of Mysore, — " the inveterate enemy" (to use lan-
guage already quoted) " of his Highness' family and of the British name." The
correspondence was at once set down as proving not merely the insincerity of
the Nawaubs' attachment, but that they had thereby become public enemies, and
had forfeited every claim to consideration. The letter in which the discovery
was announced to the Governor at Madras is a very remarkable document, and
contains proof within itself of the light in which the discovery was regarded.

Extract of Letter from the Governok-Genekal to Lord Clite, dated April 7th, 1800.

Para. 10. Tour Lordship will concur with me in opinion, that the disclosure made by the
annexed documents of the disaffection of the Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah supersedes the necessity of
any further consideration of the state of the Company's connection with that Prince, under the
orders lately conveyed by the Honourable Court of Directors to your Lordship m Council. While

THOSE ORDERS WERE UNDER SIT CONSIDERATION, A COMBINATION OP FORTUNATE CIRCUMST.ANCES

REVEALED THAT CORRESPONDENCE, which at oucc fumishcs au cxplauatiou of the perverse spirits
of his Highness' councils since his accession to the Musnud, and demands the appUcation of the
sole effectual reined!/ for the evils which those councils have brought upon his people.

The Governor-General having announced this "fortunate circumstance" of
the discovery of public enemies, in the person of those who for more than fifty
years had been, or been considered, close allies and firm friends, gave instructions
to Lord Olive to conduct inquiry into the subject, and transmitted a list of
witnesses whose evidence was to be carefully and zealously collected.

" In the meantime," says Mr Mill, "the Governor-General himself had completely prejudged the
question, and did what depended upon him to make Lord Clive prejudge it in a similar manner. ' A
deliberate consideration,' .says he, in llie very letter which directed inquiry, 'of the evidence resulting
from the whole of these documents, has not only conHrmed in the most unquestionable manner my
suspicions of the existence of a secret coiTespondenco between the personages already named, but
satisfied my judgment, that its olyoct on the part of the Nabobs Wallajah and Omdut-nl-Onu'ab,
and especially of the latter, was of the most hostile tendency to the British interests. The proofs
arising from the papers would certainly be sufficient to justify the British Government in depriving
that faithless and ungrateful Prince of all means of rendering any part of the resources of the terri-
tories which he holds under the protection of the Company subservient to the further violation of his
engagements, and to the prosecution of his desperato ]Hirposes of treachery and ingratitude.'

"However, the Ciovernor-(ieneral thought it wonld, notwithstanding, be more consonant v,ilh 'the
dignity and systematic inoileration of the J5ritish Government,' not to take the country from its
Prince till some inquiry had first been made. But he says, ' Although it is my wish to dehiy the actual
assumption of his Iligliness' government until that incpiiry shall bo completed, I deem it necessary to
authorise your Lordship to proceed imnuMliately to make every arrangement preparatory- to that
measure, which now api)ears to have become inevitable.'"

It is a matter in reality of very little importance to tlie present case, whether
the evidence was or was not sufficient to c>tabHsh tlie charoc which was fastened
upon the Nawaubs. It is not usual, except in fable, to justify by accusing the
great grandfather where tlio great grandson is without blame; and, accordingly,
the Directors of tlie Honourable Company do not seem to make a point of the
alleged fact. But it may be as well just at once to dispose of the matter, by quot-

ing the opinion of an historian entitled to every consideration, and who manifestly
has gone into the subject with much care, arriving easily at the conclusion,
that there was no evidence to sup])ort tiic cliarge, — a circumstance wliicli may
readily enough be believed, when the object of making that charge, which the
preceding remarks have explained, is clearly understood.

" Notliiiiji, surely," says Mr Mill, "ever was more fortunate than sueli a discovery at such a Vul. vi., p. 218.
time. "When the Governor-General, and all Jiis superiors and all his subordinates in the govern-
ment of India, were languishing and panting for the possession of the Carriatic, but afraid without
some more plausible reason than they yet possessed to coninienee the seizure, here it was provided
for them in extraordinary perfection. Uut the very circumstance which recommended it to the eager
aifeetious of the East India fuuctionai'ies, will recommend it to the rigid scrutiny of those whose
minds are more hajjpily situated for a]ipreciating the facts.

" The documents ou which so extraordinary a value was set by the Governor-General, consisted
almost entirely of certain things picked out from a mass of corrcspondericc which purpoited to have
passed between the ' Presence' (the title which Tippoo bestowed upon himself) and the two Vakeels,
Golam Ali Khan and Ali Reza Khan, who accompanied in 1792 the hostage sons of the Sultaun to
Madras. Uesides these, only two letters were produced ; one from a suliscquent Vakeel of Tippoo at
Madras; another supposed to be from Omdut-ul-Onirah, but under a fictitious name."

Mr Mill then adverts to the possibility of the documents being fabricated, but that it was ex-
tremely improbable, and goes on to say — " But an argument more conclusive than any argument
from character, either national or individual, can almost ever be, at any rate to strangers, and those
whose partiality one has no reason to expect, is this ; that the papers prove nothing ; which most
assuredly would not have been the case, had they been fabricated for the purpose of proving. On
the other hand, if they had exhibited a proof which was very strong and specific, it would have Ijeen
no easy task, after the very exceptionable manner in which they were examined, to have proved that
all suspicion of them was utterly groundless."

He then, by a variety of explanations, shows how the correspondence proves nothing : —

" To establish still further the dark designs which the (iovernor-General firmly concluded that a
few hyperbolical expressions had already proved, a Hst of nine witnesses was transmitted to Madras,
of whom the two Vakeels, Golam Ali Khan and Ali Eeza Khan, were the chief. A commission
consisting of two of the most approved servants of the Company, Mr Webbe, the Secretary to the
Madras Government, and Colonel Close, were selected to conduct the investigation. Every precau-
tion was taken, such as that of preventing comniimication between the witnesses, to get from them
either the evidence pure, or the means of detecting its imjiurity.

" It was resolved to begin with the two Vakeels, who of course could best elucidate their own
correspondence. To form a proper judgment of their testimony, several circumstances ought to be
remarked. In the first place, they were Orientals ; that is, men accustomed, in the use of language
toward those on whom their hopes and their fears depended, to regard very little the connection
between their words and the corresponding matters of fact, but chiefly the connection between those
words, and the impression, favourable or unfavourable, which they were likely to make ou the minds
of the great persons, on whose power the interests of the speaker most remarkably depended.
In the second place, it is impossible to conceive any dependence more abject, than was, at this
time, the dependence of the Khans, Golam Ah and Ali Re2;a, upon the Enghsh Government. The
government, under which they had found employment, was totally destroyed. Every source of
Independent subsistence was cut off ; they Uved upon a pension which they received from the Enghsh
Government, and wdiieh it was only necessary to withhold, to plunge them into the deepest abyss of
human misery. They had every motive which interest could yield, to affirm what would be agree-
able to the English Government. They could have no interested motive to speak what would be
agreeable to Tippoo, Wallajah, or Omdut-ul-Omrah. In these circumstances, if they had given a
testimony in every respect conformable to the wishes of the Enghsh Government, what depended
upon their affirmation would have been regarded as of little oi; no value by any impartial judge. But
in as far as they gave a testimony in opposition to those wishes, that is, in opposition, as they must
have believed, to their own interests, their testimony has some of the strongest possible claims upon
our behef.

" Everything was done to remove any obstructions which might exist in the minds of the witnesses ,
to the production of such evidence as was expected. They were given to understand that no
blame would be attached to them, who only acted under legitimate orders, for their instrumentality
in the designs of their master. And they were assured in the strongest language, that any appear-
ance of a design to conceal the truth, and they well knew what eastern rulers were accustomed to
call the truth, would be visited upon them with all the weight of English indignation

" Of the two Vakeels, Ali Reza was residing at Velore, Golam AH at Seringa]iatam. As least
remote, Ali Reza was examined first. In him, the examining commissioners say, in their report to
the Governor, ' We thuik it necessary to apprise your Lordship that we discovered an earnest dis-
position to develop the truth.' Golam Ali they accused of base endeavours at concealment. The
evidence of both, taken together, tends not to confirm one single suspicion, if any could have been
justly derived from the papers, but to remove them, every one."

The historian then proceeds to dispose of the proofs, and adds, after some detail —

" The commissioners say, ' We examined Gholam Ah Meer Suddor, the Dewan Purniah, and
the Moonshee Hubljeeb Olla,' that is, the men above all others acquainted with the secrets of
Tippoo's government ; ' but as their testimony did not establish any fact, we thought it unnecessary
to record their evidence.'

"Not only does this evidence afford no p7riofofa criminal correspondence with Tippoo, on the part of the

Nabob ; but the total inability of the English to produce further evidence, with all the records of the Mysore

Governmentin their hands, and all the living agents ofitwithin titeir absolute power, is aproofofthe contrary ;

since it is not credible that a criminal correspondence should have existed, and not have left more traces of

itself.

MiU. Ti., p. 228.

GoTernor's
instrnctions.

The course of
reasoning.

" It is just to bewail the unhappy situation in which the minds of Englishmen in India are placed.
Acted upon by circumstances which strongly excite them, their understandings are dragged, like
those of other men, towards a conformity with their desires ; and they are not guarded against
the grossest illusions of self-deceit by those salutary influences which operate upon the human mind
in a more favourable situation. The people of India among whom tliey live, and upon whom the
miserable effects of their delusion descend, are not in a situation to expose the sophistry by which
their rulers impose upon themselves. They neither dare to do it, nor does their education lit them
for doin"' it, nor do they enjoy a press, the instrument with which it can be done. Their rulers,
therefore, have no motive to set a guard upon themselves, and to examine rigidly the arguments by
which they justify to themselves an obedience to their own incUuations. The human mind, when
thus set free from restraint, is easily satisfied with reasons for self-gratification ; and the under-
standing waits, an humble servant, upon the affections. Not only are the English rulers in India
deprived of the salutary dread of the scrutinising minds and free pens of an enlightened public, in
the regions in which they act ; they well know, that distance and other circumstances so completely
veil the truth from English eyes, that, if the case will but bear a varnish, and if they take care to
stand well with the minister, they have in England everything to hope, and seldom anything to dread,
from the successful gratification of the passion of acquiring.

" It is most remarkable, that of all the Englishmen in India, of whose sentiments upon the occa-
sion we have any record, the Governor-General and his Council, the Governor of Fort St George
and his Council, the examining commissioners, and the Persian translator, the very foremost men in
India, not one appears to have douljted, that the evideuee we have examined established undeniably
the facts which they so eagerly desired to infer."

It will be seen from this, that Mr Mill gives the officials of the Company credit
for apparent sincerity in their imputation, and undoubtedly this was the most
charitable opinion which could be taken ; but it is one extremely difficult to arrive
at in a full view of the whole circumstances, and particularly in the knowledge,
which the Company repeatedly expressed in their Dispatches, of the Nabob's
" settled hatred" of " the Mysorean," and it is much more likely to have been
simply the result of cautious official policy In penning their Dispatches. In any
view, what motive could there have been for real alarm after the hated Mysorean
had been killed, his capital stormed, and his country subjugated ?

But so obviously did the proofs fall short of evidence, that even Mr Wilson,
who, in editing Mr Mill's work, generally agrees to differ from his author, although
he is insufficiently informed as to the position of the Nawaubs of the Carnatic,
is forced to admit with much obvious reluctance, " that upon the face of the
correspondence little aiypeared to convict the Nawaubs of the Carnatic of actual
treachery against the British Government."

The " examination of witnesses was closed, and the report of the Com-
missioners drawn up and signed at Seringapatam, on the 18th of May 1800.
It was not till the 28th of May 1801 that any further instructions of the Cxovernor-
General were dispatched.

" The critical situation of the negotiation depending with the Nizam, appeared to me to render it
advisable to postpone the adoption of measures required for the security of the Carnatic. The suc-
cessful issue of that negotiation appeared likely to facilitate the arrangements which became indis-
pensably necessary in the Carnatic ; while a premature prosecution of these arrangements might have
impeded, and perhaps frustrated, the successful issue of the negotiation at Hyderabad." Another
reason was, that for some time he indulged the hope of being aljle to employ the weight of his own
presence, in removing the obstacles which he expected to oppose the intended revolution in the
Carnatic. When that hope was rehnquished, he desired that Mr Webbe, the Chief Secretary to the
Government at Madras, might join him in Bengal, to communicate a more minute knowledge of
circumstances than he could otherwise acquire.

" The delay," says the Governor-General, " which has occurred, has enabled me to receive the
sentiments of the President of the Board of Commissioners for the affairs of India, and of the Secret
Committee of the Court of Directors, on the sulaject of the correspondence of the late and present
Nabob of Arcot with Tippoo Sultauu. Those sentiments entirely accord with your Lordship's, and
with mine, on the same subject."

There follows in this and in subsequent Dispatches, to be immediately quoted,
what is elsewhere designated by the rather appropriate phrase, " the course of
reasoning" which was to be erected upon the letters, to justify the Company's
attitude and secure compliance with their demands.

Carnatic Papers, 1803,
Tol. i., p. 45.

Excerpt from an Official Letter from the Governor-General to the Right
Honourable Lord Clive, etc., etc., dated 28th May 1801.

{Most Secret.)

My Loud,

Para. l."). In determining the mode in .which it may be expedient to exercise the rights of the
British (Jovernment, under Ihis discovery of the Nabob's violation of the alliance, our right to
establish whatever system shall \m judged advisalile for administering the civil and military govern-
ment of the Carnatic is erdirdii rdieird from the. iiupaJimatts hitlie.rUi ajipused tn l/ie prorjrcss of impruve-
ment, by considerations jjcrsonal tu the Nabob, and to his llighness' family. In all the different

discussions wliicli have taken place in every niodifieatioii wliieli has been proposed for the improvement
of the connection between (iie Company and the Naliob ol' Arcot, territorial pox.Hcssioti lias justly been
considered to alVord the only adequate securily for the military subsidy of the (Jaruatic. My
knowledge of the intei'nal administration of his llii^hness' alVairs convinces me that the resources of the
Carnatic can never be faithfully applied to the e.\i{;eneies of public all'aii's, while his Highness shall
exercise the executive government. 1 have no hesitation, therefore, in stating my decided judgment,
that no actual serurity can be established for the rif/hts pledijcd to the Company in the (Jarnatic, for the
effectual restraint of the adverse and faithless disposition of the Nabob of Arcot, or for the successful intro-
ductton of an improved system of finance, I'evenue, and judicature into the territm-ies subject to tfte Government
of Fort St Georije, by any other mode than by admiuislerinfj, tlirouyh the (jompam^s officers, the entire civil
and militai-y i/overnment of the Carnatic.

10. In the execution of this necessary measure, it would have been satisfactory to my mind if
the safety of the British interests had permitted me to consult the personal convenience of the ?v abob
of Arcot, to the extent proposed in the modilicalion of the Treaty of 17U2, offered by Lord Ilobart
to his Highness' acceptance, and in the general plan for the arrangement of his Ilighness' affairs
vrhich I proposed to him during the progress of the late war in Mysore. It would have been an act of
wisdom to have sacrificed to the principles of national moderation and magnanimity, the advantages
which I had proposed to surrender for the attainment of the Nabob's cheerful concurrence in an
engagement which he was considered at liberty to reject ; but his Highness' hostile disposition
having transpired, his violation of the most sacred ties of amity and alliance having been detected,
it is become my duty to deprive him of the future means of injuring the British Government. Wisdom
and prudence retpiire, justice and moderation warrant, that his Highness should not retain the pos-
session of actual resources greater than shall be requisite for the support of the rank which he shall
hereafter be permitted to hold in the Carnatic. Reduced by his own conduct to the condition of a
public enemy, he has forfeited all positive right to any share of the resources of the Carnatic ; and his
future situation must be determined entirely by the prudence of the Company, tempered with those
considerations of lenity which, I trust, will always enter into the councils of every British authority.
Under this view of the subject, it is my opinion that the stipend to be allowed to his Highness the
Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah, and to his family, should not exceed the sum of pagodas three lacs, nor be
less than the sum of two lacs of pagodas.

1 7. I consider it to be extremely desirable that the Nabob should be induced, under a full con-
viction of the rights acquired by the Company, in consequence of the discovery of his father's
negotiations, and of liis own, to accede to the proposed arrangement in the form of a treaty. In
expressing this wish, I am more desirous of consulting the dignity of the British Government, than
of admitting any claim to its generosity and forbearance on the part of the Nabobs Mahomed Aly
and Omdut-ul-Omrah. It would, however, be painful to your Lordship, and to me, to be compelled
to expose to the world all the humiliating proofs of the ingratitude and treachery of those
infatuated princes towards that power which has uniformly proved their guardian and protector. I
therefore request that your Lordship will immediately open a negotiation, trith the Nabob Omdut-nl-
Omrah, for the purpose of adjusting an arrangement for the entire transfer of the civil and military
government of the Carnatic to the hands of the Company, on the terms specified in the draft of a treaty,
which I have now the honour of transmitting to your Lordship.

IH. In order to obtain his Highness' acquiescence in this mode of adjustment, it will be proper
for your Lordship (after havmg fully apprised the Nabob of the nature of the proofs which we
possess of his correspondence with Tippoo Sultaun) to offer the inducement of the largest provision
to be made for his Highness' personal expenses ; and in that event, I authorise your Lordship to
insert in the Treaty the sum of three lacs of pagodas (L. 120,000).

19. It is possible, however, that, in the actual state of his Highness' councils and temper, the
Nabob may be disposed to reject even this moderate proposition ; and to appeal to the authority of
the Honourable the Court of Directors. In that event, being already in. possession of the sentiments of
the Secret Committee, founded on the discovery of the Nabob's faithless conduct, / shall consider it to be
injudicious and unnecessary to admit the appeal, and by that admission to enter upon a formal trial of
his Highness' criminal conduct. The case requires that we should act as against a state on the basis
of the general law of nations, and that we should employ the power of the British Empire in India to
demand, and, if necessary, to enforce an adequate security for our rights and interests against the machina-
tions of a faithless ally, who has violated the fundamental principles of a pubhc alliance to the extent
of placing himself in the condition of a pmhlic enemy. If, therefore, the Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah, by
refusing to acquiesce in the proposed arrangements, should compel the British Government, contrary
to its wishes and intentions, to exercise its rights and its power to their full extent, I authorise and
direct your Lordship to assume the civil and military government of the Carnatic ; and I have the
honour of enclosing a declaration, which, in that event, I request your Lordship to publish under
the authority of the Governor-General in Council. Even under this contingency it is not my intention
that the allowance to be made to the Nabob should be less than two lacs of star pagodas.

Prior to the date, and apparently to the receipt of this letter, Lord Clive had
addressed the following letter to the Governor-General : —

To His Excellency the Most Noble the Marquis Welleslet, K.P., etc., etc. Voi. i. p. 83.

My Lord, — The reports which I continue to receive of the declining health of his Highness the
Nabob of the Carnatic, afford the strongest reason to expect his speedy dissolution.

The letter of your Lordship's official dispatch (No. 12), dated 2Gth March 1800, sufSciently
determines the measures which, at that period, your Lordshp expected me to adopt on the occur-
rence of his Highness' death, at any period previous to the receipt of your Lordship's final determi-
nation on the whole tenor of his Highness' conduct, then under your Lordship's consideration.

But in the decision of this delicate and important question, it is also material to bear in mind,
that the result of the investigation, which was directed in your Lordship's subsequent dispatch (No.
13), had not at that time been brought under your Lordship's observation ; that, in consequence of
the report of this investigation, your Lordship had made arrangements for proceeding professionally

to Fort. St George for the execution of the measures which your Lordship had resolved to adopt ;
and that, being disappointed in the expectation, your Lordship had required the preference at Fort
William of the principal executive officer of this Govermnent, for the purpose of connecting, among
other important objects, the whole detail of the measures to be adopted for the future government
of the Caruatic.

If, therefore, in the event of his Highness' death, I should proceed to the execution of a treaty
with his successor, according to the discretionary powers which have been vested in me by your Lord-
ship's Dispatch (Ko. 2), it is manifest that I should anticipate those details which are either at this
time under your Lordship's inmiediate consideration, or have been calculated or determined by your
Lordship's authority ; and that, in either case, some new and important view, which a revision of the
whole case may have suggested to your Lordship's mind, might be defeated by my premature inter-
ference.

After the most mature reflection on all the circumstances which are connected with these im-
portant considerations, I am satisfied that no material injury is likely to arise, but that much future
facihty will probably ensue, from holding the succession itself, as well as all its consequent arrange-
ments, ojjen for your Lordship's future commands.

I am accordingly prepared to limit my immediate views on the expected contingency to the
assumption of the civil and military government of the Carnatic, according to the draft of a procla-
mation which I have the honour to enclose for your Lordship's consideration; for the transmission
of which to all quarters of the Carnatic, on the moment of his Highness' decease, I have made the
requisite arrangements.

I have the honour to ti'ansmit for your Lordship's consideration the draft of a Treaty which
I had prepared, in conformity with your Lordship's orders in your Dispatch (No. 12) 1800, but which
the considerations already stated in this letter have induced me to postpone for your Lordship's
further commands.

Although this draft appears to me to be founded on the spirit of your Lordship's instructions,
as being modelled on the principles of the late Treaty of Tanjore, it is proper for me to observe, that
a full consideration of its efl'ect, compared wath the actual state and increased difficulties of the
finances of the Company, will probably justify in your Lordship's opinion an arrangement more fa-
vourable to the interests of the Company. — I have, etc. (Signed) Clive.

Fort St George, 21st May 1801.

Enclosed in tliis letter were the drafts of a Treaty and of a Proclamation.
In a letter of the following day, Lord Clive transmitted a paragraph which he pro-
posed to add to the intended proclamation, '•for the purpose of tranqidllidng the
minds of the Mussulman inhabitants at large." This fact is not a little important ;
and it escapes again and again in the subsequent Dispatches that the British
Government were alive to the necessity of conciliating the good opinion of the
natives, and especially by avoiding every appearance in their dealings of violat-
ing their rights.

The two following letters were transmitted in reply. The instructions to Mr
Webbe, therein referred to, do not appear to have been returned to Parliament: —

„ , . ., To the Right Honourable Lord Clive, etc., etc.

Vol 1., p. S3. & ' '

Mr Lord, —
2d June 1801. j_ j jj^yg j^g^jj (jjg honour to receive your Lordship's Dispatch (No. 11), dated the 21st ult. ; and

I think it of importance to communicate to your Lordship, with .all practicable expedition, my entire
approbation of the arrangement which your Lordship proposes to adopt in the event of the death of
his Highness the Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah, for exercising provisionally, on the part of the Honourable
Company, the entire civil and military government of the Carnatic.

2. Having recently considered the subject of the aflairs of the Carnatic connected with the trans-
actions described in the correspondence discovered at Seringapatam, it is my hitcntion to transmit
to your Lordship, by Mr Webbe, my detailed instructions for your Lordship's guidance, which will
embrace as well the contingency of the Nabob's death, as the nature of the security to he pnwided for the
future interests of the Company in the Carnatic. LTntil your Lordship shall receive these instructions, it
is my wish that the civil and military government of the Carnatic should be exercised by the Govern-
ment of Fort St George, in the event of the death of Omdut-ul-Omrah; but it is my desire thsit your
Lordship should entirely refrain from any negotiation with the reputed son of the Nabob, or with
any other sujijioscd heir of his Highness, until my intentions M'ith regard to the future government
of the Carnatic should be fully communicated to your Lordship. — I have, etc.

Fort William, 2d June 1801. (Signed) Wellesley.

Toi i p 60. Official Letter from the Governor-Genekal to tlie Right Honourable Lord Clive,

etc., etc., dated 4th June 1801.

Mt Lord, —

Para. 1. My separate in.structions were delivered to Mr Welibe for your Lord.ship's information
and guidance, and provided for the conlingency of the Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah's death, and for the
arrangements which it would in that event be advisalile to ado])t for the future government of Ihc
Carnatic; but the tenor of your Lorilship's oflicial I)isi)ate]i, No. 11, dated 21st ultimo (May), having
indicated the probability of his Highness' immediate demise, I now judge it i>rudent to furnish your
Lordt-liij) with my sentiments on that subject, in the form of an oflicial Dispaldi.

2. Whatever right the reputed son of the Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah nuiy be supposed to possess
to the ('()iri]iany's support of his pretensions to the govermnent of the Carnatic on the death of liia
Highness, is founded on the grounds of tiie rights of Omdut-ul-Omrah himself; the right of the Nabob

Orndut-ul-Oinrah to the assistance of the Com])an)/ in securimj his succession to the Nabob Mahoinod A'ote. — Ashistaucc
Ally in tlie uovcn'iiiiient of Arnot, was founded on the exprei-s stipulations of the Treaty of 17!l2. Thc^^"** "k^'t atiktKl uor
result of the written and oral evidence obtained from tli(^ papers diseovcred at .Seringapatani, has estab-"^''"^"'''
lished abundant proof that (he fundamental priueiples of tin; alliance between the Coin|)any and the
House of Mahouiecl Ally,as well as the exjjress letter of the Treaty of 1787 (of which the 'I'reaty of 1792
was an indulgent uiodilication), had been aJisolutely violated, and rendered of no ell'eel by the Nabobs
Mahomed Ally and Onidut-ul-Onii'ali, previously to fhe ostensilile conclusion of the Treaty of 1792.
It is manifest, therefore, that the Naliob ()nidul-ul-Onirah could derive no rij^ht from the foi'mal rati-
fication of that instrument, the vital spirit of which liad already been annihilated by his Highness'
conduct; and that the Nabobs Mahomed Ally and Omdut-ul-Omrah, by forming an intimate union
of interests with Tippoo Sultaun, had placed themselves and their whole House in the relation ofjmbl'c
enemies to the British Empire in India.

3. Whatever right to the Company's protection and support the reputed son of Omdut-ul-Omrah
may derive from his supjiosed fatlier, had been utterly destroyed by the hostile conduct of Omdut-ul-
Omrah ; and my instructions to your Lordship in consecjucnce of the discovery of the inimical conduct
of Mahomed Ally and of Omdut-ul-Onu'ah, having j)rovidcd for the inuiUHliate exercise of the civil
and military government of the Carnatic on the part of the Comjiany, as the only measure of self-
defence and security, under all the circumstances of the case, it follows that the reputed son of Omdut-
ul-Omrah (in the event of his Highness' death ])reviously to your Lordship's execution of my orders)
must succeed to the condition of his father; and that the British Government in India will, in that
event, remain at liberty to exercise its riglits, founded on the faithless ])olicy of its ally, in whatever
manner may be deemed most conducive to the immediate safety and to the general interests of the
Company in the Carnatic.

4. Under this view of the question, the British Government in India is at liberty to proceed to
exercise, on the part of the Company, the civil and military government of the Carnatic, if it should
judge that the most advisable plan of arrangement.

5. Many considerations, however, of expediency and policy must be connected with a measure
of so much magnitude ; the long-established connection Itctween the Company and the House of
Mahomed Ally justifies us in sacrificing to the sentiments of national magnanimity and generosity the
resentment occasioned by his Highness' flilgrant breach of the alliance; and in every event it would
be incumbent on the British Government to make a pecuniary provision for the family, suitable to its
dignity. The discharge of this duty is fully a]3preciated by the natives of India ; but it is hij no means
certain that, in the event of our proceeding to exercise a right founded on a violation of Treaty, and on the
necessity of self-defence, the powers of Ilindostan woidd refrain from confounding the abstract principles of
the general law of nations n:ith ambitious views of aggrandisement and extension <f dominion. If, therefore,
it should be practicable to obtain equal advantage and security for the Company by I'elaxing the ex-
ercise of its actual right, and by substituting the more gracious mode of conciliation and indulgence,
I am disposed to think, under all the circumstances of the case, that it will be more consistent with
the principles of our policy and character to adopt the most lenient method of arranging the future
Government of the Carnatic.

6. In this view of the question, it appears to me, that, under the insufficiency of the pretensions
of the Nabob Omdut-nl-Omrah's reputed son, as well as of all other claimants to the government of
the Carnatic, no obstacles can be opposed to such an arrangement as the British Government may
deem it expedient to adopt for the affairs of the Carnatic ; while the proofs of the violation of the
alliance between the Company and the house of Mahomed Ally will furnish your Lordship with
abundant reason, upon every principle of precautionary policy and of justice, for reducing the pecu-
niary stipend of the proposed successor of Omdut-ul-Orarah to the lowest scale, consistent with the
dignity and honour of the British Government.

7. If, therefore, upon the receipt of this Dispatch, your Lordship should be satisfied of the dis-
position of the Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah'' s reputed son to consent to an adjustment of the all'airs of the Car-
natic by the Treaty, on the priueiples of the draft which I have had the honour of transmitting to your
Lordship, I authorise and direct your Lordship in council to acknowledge the reputed son of Omdut-ul-
Omrah to be the heir of his father, and to conclude a Treaty ivith him as Nabob of the Carnatic, on the terms
and conditions ivhich I have specified.

8. But if the reputed son of Omdut-nl-Omrah shall oppose any resistance to such an arrange-
ment, it will be proper for your Lordship in Council to proceed to exercise the government of the
Carnatic, by publishing the declaration inclosed in my separate Dispatch of the 28th of iSlay, with
such additions as the change of circumstances shall have rendered necessary, adverting to the reason-
ing contained in the second and third paragraphs of this Dispatch.

In either of these events, the stipend to be granted to the reputed son of Omdut-ul-Omrah should
be diminished below the standard of that proposed for his Highness ; and if the Government of Fort
St George should be compelled to proceed by declaration, it will be proper that the stipend of Om-
dut-ul-Omrah's reputed son should be regulated by the general scale of allowance to be granted for
the support of the other branches of Mahomed Ally's family. — I have, etc.

Fort WiUiam, 4th June 1801. (Signed) Welleslet.

P.S. — Your Lordship will observe that the reasoning applied in this Dispatch to the reputed son
of Omdut-ul-Omrah is equally applicable to any person whom his Highness may nominate to the succes-
sion. It does not appear probable that his Highness will make any other nomination than of his
reputed son ; but if he should proceed to any such act previously to his dissolution, the person whom
he shall name his heir must be acknowledged, and a Treaty concluded with him on the conditions
already specified. W.

Letter to the
Along- witli the letter of 28th May to Lord Clivo, there was sent a letter ofNabob.

tsame date from the Governor-General to the Nabob, in Mhich allusion in general

terms is made to what had been " brought to light ; " the determination which

had been formed in consequence is expressed, and it concludes by stating —

Ti-oops stationed
in Palace to pre-
vent disturbance.

Death of Omdut.

" I have communicated my final opinion to Lord Clive, with my positive directions to carry into
effect without delay those arrangements which the nature of the case appears to me to require /<> tlie
security of the Btitish interests in the Carnatic. Lord Clive will enter into a full explanation of all the
evidence which has been discovered at Seringapataru, and will also state to your Highness the purport
of the instructions which have been received from me. I request your Highness to consider Lord
Clive to be fully authorised by me to terminate the requisite arrangements ; and under this view of
the question, I trust that you will not expect from me any interruption to the course of those mea-
sures which I have judged to be indispensably necessary, and which 1 have directed Lord Clive to
accomplish without further reference to my authority."

"When this peremptory letter arrived, Ouidut-ul-Omrah was labouring under
his last illness ; and upon a medical affidavit to the injury which would result from
its communication, it was not delivered to his Highness, but its terms were ob-
viously intended to indicate that it would no longer be of any use to offer that
opposition to the proposals of the Company with which they had hitherto been
so systematically, but most naturally, met by the Nabob and his advisers.

On 5th July Lord Clive reported to the Governor-General that the Nabob
was not expected long to survive ; and that, having been informed that means
had been used to Introduce armed men into the Nabob's Palace of Chepauk, he
had judged it expedient to station some of the Company's troops at the Palace,
" for the purpose of preserving order until an arrangement of the affairs of the
Carnatic can be effected ;" and that he had the satisfaction of informing his Lord-
ship that the troops had taken their position, " without producing any commotion
on the part of his Highness' family, dependents, or troops ; and your Lordship
may rely that every degree of conciliation and humanity, consistent with the
secure attainment of the ultimate object of this arrangement^ will be observed in the
further communications with the Nabob, and with every part of his Highness'
family."

Omdut-ul-Omrah died on the 15th July 1801. Immediately upon receipt
of the intelliofence, Lord Clive addressed the following written instructions to
Messrs AVebbe and Close for their instant attention : —

Instructions to To J. Webbe, Esq., and Lieut.-Col. Close.

In consequence of the death of his Highness the Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah, it is my earnest desire,
founded on the instructions of his Excellency the Governor-General, that a complete adjustment of
the affairs of the Carnatic should be made with the least practicable delay.

The nature of the evidence which has been obtained of the violation of the alliance by the
Nabobs, Mahommed Ally and Omdut-ul-Omrah, and t/ie course of reasoning upon the condition in
which the family of their Highnesses has, by that discovery, been placed in relation to the British
Government, are subjects so famiUar to you, that any particular instructions from me with regard to
the principles, or to the detailed considerations of the question, appear to be superfluous. It will be
sufficient for me, therefore, to state that the death of the Nahob has produced no chaneje in the principles
by which it will be proper to regulate the conduct of the British Government towards the family of
his Highness ; but in the application of those principles to the actual state of affairs, I judge it to be
of the greatest importance to the national character, as well as the critical state of our afairs, that the
arrangement of the alVairs of the Carnatic should be adjusted hi/ an awicable negotiation.

I accordingly depute you to conduct this negotiation, and hereby authorise and empower you to
exercise your own discretion, for the purpose of carrying into effect my intentions, and the instruc-
tions of his Excellency the Governor-General.

The ofiBcer commanding the forces at Chepauk will obey such orders as he may receive from
you. — I am, etc. (Signed) Clive.

Commissioners' Messrs Webbe and Close Immediately repaired to the Palace, where they were

Proceedings, met by some of the principal persons in tlie si'rvice of the late Nabob. It is not

,.~ ,o„, of importance to enter upon all the details of what took place on this and subse-

p. 8.

Commissioners'
Proceedings.

quent days, but there are some passages In the Conunlssioners' Report of the
proceedings which are extremely useful, as showing distinctly the object of the
interviews, and natiu-e and effect of the proposals which were made : —

July l.'ith, 1801.

In conformity to your Lordshi])'s instructions, wo ])roceeded to the palace of Chepauk, having
previously caused a message intinuiting our a]i])roach to be communicated through the channel of
Lieut.-Col. M'Ncil to the principal ollicers of the late Nabob Om<lut-ul-Omrah.

On our arrival at ( 'lu'pauk, we were received by Najccb Khan, Tukliia Ally Khan, Kadir Nawas
Khan, and Mr TiKJinns Barrett, who introduced themselves as the princi])al ollicers of the government
of his JlighnesK Omdul-ul-OiMrah. Najceb Khan sippcared to hnld no disliuct oHicc, but to have been
a companion of the family since the time of Anwar ul Dcen Khan, and to liiive Ijcen Cdusultod generally
on all occasions of interest to the Nabob of tiie ('arnatic. Tukliia Ally Khan was intrusted with tiie
militiiry .ilfuirs of the late Naliob. Kadir Nawas Khan supcrintendcil the general and intcruni de-
partments of his Highness' govcnmient. I5ul the most im])i)rtiiiit part of his Highness' goverumentl
the iiilMiiiiislration of the revenues of tiie Ciinuitic, had been intrusted to the charge of Mr Harrctt.
As that branch of the Nabob's govermnent all'ccted more particularly than any other the rights and

i nterests of the Company, wc judge it to be proper to explain to your Lordsliip tiiat Mr Barrett is of
tiie lowest tribe of native I'ortuguese, equally destitute of education, manners, and knowledge.

We in((nire(l vvli('tli(!r any particular arrangement had been made by the Nabob for the adminis-
tration of the allairs of his government, in the event which had recently occurred ; and having been
informed that an aiilheiitic will, und(!r his seal and signature, had been left by ()mdnt-ul-()inrah, we
desired that it might be produced. Najeeb Khan, who directed the conversation, madi' the usual Nabob's will, ap-
objections, founded on the recency of the Nabob's death, on the necessity of allowing a sullicient in-l>ointing Ally
terval of time for the ceremonies of the occasion, and on the decorum of postponing to open the willlloussaiu his suc-
until the heir appointed should be at libiu'ty, in conformity to the usual ])raetice, to attend to theeessor.
transaction of public business. We repli(!d, that the Uritish (iovermnent was aware of the prevailing
usages observed l)y the professors of the Mahommedan religion on all ordinary occasions of this
nature ; that your Lordship could have no wish that those usages should be unnecessarily transgressed;
but that the affairs of a great government, on wliich onr request was founded, could not be regulated
by the ordinary practice of individual families. Having in consequence been informed that the Nabob
had appointed his reputed son (Padj-nl-Onirah, commonly called Ally Uoussain) to be his sole heir,
wc again urged the necessity of producing the will, and retiuested that the young man should be irj-
troduced to us. The Khans having retired to consider this demand, we learned, during a desultory
conversation with Mr Barrett, that tiie Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah had become acquainted with the in-
tention of Hussum-ul-Mulk to emph)y an armed force at the Talace of Chepauk, for the accomplish-
ment of his views at the expected termination of his Highness' life; that the measure of stationing a
body of the Company's troops for the protection of the family had in consequence been entirely accept-
able to his Highness, and (to use his own ligurative expression) that the security derived from that
arrangement had been the means of prolonging his Highness' life.

Tlie Khans, having been jouied by Mr Barrett, returned, assenting to our request ; and after a
short delay, the young man was introduced, with the will in his hand. The will, having been opened *''"^'^'"" "? '""
and read by Kadir Nawas Khan, was found to be an authentic instrument, expressing in clear, dig. troduced.
tinct, and explicit terms, the will of the Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah, that his reputed son (Ally Houssain) Will exhibited,
should succeed him in the possession of all his rights, possessions, property, and in the sovereignty of
the Carnatic. The will also appointed Mahommed Najeeb Klmn, Salar Jung, and Tukhia Ally
Khan, to assist the reputed son of Omdut-ul-Omrah in the administration of his affairs.

The will having been read, we excused ourselves to Ally Hussain for an intrusion which, although
unseasonable, was indispensably necessary; and he immediately retired, returning expressions of
civility.

On the departure of Ally Houssain, we requested a private conference with the two Khans only, Interview with
who had been appointed by the will of Omdut-nl-Omrah to assist the counsels of his son. Khans.

The Khans were informed of the nature of the documents discovered at Ser-
ingapatam, and some of the documents were produced. They expressed their
surprise at the charge ; pointed out the impossibihty of its being true ; and offered,
upon being furnished with the evidence, to supply explanations and counter-
proofs, upon which the Company might form a more correct judgment. It was
not of course convenient to agree to such a proposition ; —

" This discourse being apparently intended to confound the object of our deputation, we stated to Carnatic Papei-s, i8oa,
the two Khans, that in cases of disputed points between independent jmrers neither party could erect itself P- ^''•
into a judge of the conduct of the other party ; that on those questions an appeal could be made
only to the general practice of the nations of the world ; and that such differences could only be de-
cided by the means possessed by each party respectively to provide for its own security ; that, with
respect to the present case, the most abundant proofs were in the possession of the British Govern-
ment, of the violation of the alliance between the Company and the late Nabob, and jiarticularly of
the express stipulations of the Treaty of 1792 ; that the British Government, being satisfied ofthesuf-
Jiciency of those proofs, had iw intention of constituting itself a judge of the conduct of its ally ; but that,
being prepared to appeal, if necessary, to the established maxims of the public law of nations, it had
resolved to demand from the late Nabob, Omdut-ul-Omrah, satisfaction for his violation of the alliance,
and securiti/ for its rights and interests against the future operation of his Highness' hostile councils ; and
the indisposition, which had terminated in the death, of the Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah, had pre-
vented the execution of the Governor-General's orders for this purpose ; and although his Highness'
right to the support and friendship of the Company had been entirely cut off by his violation of the
alliance, the British Government, being still desirous of preserving t/ie connection so long subsisting, would
be deposed to extend those sentiments to t/ie reputed son of Omdut-ul-Omrali, if an adequate security could be
established fir t/te rights cftlie Company in the Carnatic, through the channel of an amicable adjustment."

After some further conversation, and the day being advanced, the Commissioners took their /^y jj
leave, assuring the Khans, " in the most unequivocal terms, that on t/ie ansiver which they intend to
give to our proposition would depend ivhcther the British Government wordd acknowledge the claims of the
reputed son of the late Nabob Onidut-ul-Omrah to the support of the Company, or whether the British Go-
vernment should proceed to take such measures as it might deem to be expedient for the security of
its rights and interests in the Carnatic."

Another meeting took place on the following day; and after some preliminary
communings, the Report contains this most important passage, which may with
all confidence be said to contain the elements for removing every difficulty felt by
the Directors of the Hon. Company on the subject of the claims of his present
Highness Prince Azeem Jah : —

" We proceeded accordingly to state to the Khans the inconveniences vihich had been experienced ibid.. [,. 12.
from the effects of a divided government; the difficulty of applying, under such a system, the resources
of the Carnatic to the exigencies of the public service : and the impossibihty of introducing a regular

form of internal government, until the defects of the existing system should be corrected. We then
informed the Khans, that the only remedy applicaljle to the errors of the present goyernment of the
Carnatic, was the substitution of one permanent authority, in lieu of the fluctuating authority wliich
had hitherto subsisted ; that the appropriation of the resources of the Carnatic, during the govern-
ment of the Nabob, and under the pressure of actual war, had been found from experience to be in-
compatible with the objects of the alliance ; and therefore the only adequate security for the riylit and
interest of the British Qovernment in the Carnatic against the dangers with which they have been
menaced, was the entire and exclusive administration of the civil and military government of the Carnatic.
We accordingly informed the Khans, that tltis condition would form the basis of the arrangement which it
was our intention to propose to them. Najeeb Klian observed, that such a proposition was calculated
to frustrate the professed object of the arrangement ; for, if 1 he entire government of the Carnatic should
be transferred to the hands of the Company, the station of Nabob of the Carnatic ivould be annihilated. We
replied to the Khans, that the condition now proposed actually existed in the Treaties of 1787 and
1792 ; and that, although the entire civil and military government of the Carnatic had been transferred
under the operation of that condition to the exclusive administration of the Company, no doubt was
entertained thaXtherank and d/i/nity of MiihommtidA\\y and Onvhit-u\-OmTah,as the Nabobsof the Ca}matic,
had been preserved: we therefore drew this conclusion, that the rank and dignity of the Nabob of
THE Carnatic could not be injured by extending the operation of that condition ; and that
the object of proposing an amicable adjustment, instead of proceeding to exercise the rights ac-
quired by the British Government, was manifestly founded on the desire of preserving to tlie family the
rank, dignities, and splendour of the Nabobs of the Carnatic. The Khans admitted this argument to be
conclusive ; but, without coming to any determination on the fundamental proposition stated by us,
appeared to be desirous of knowing the general outline of the arrangement which it was in the con-
templation of the British Government to establish. We thought it expedient to satisfy, by de-
scribing the principal parts of the plan intended by your Lordship and by the Governor-General, in
the event of an amicable adjustment of affairs ; but we apprised the Khans, at the same time, that
the intended arrangements, with respect to the family affairs and dependents of Onidut-ul-Omrah,
would be regulated by the acceptance or rejection of X\\b fundamental projiosition ; for in the one case
the British Government would be at liberty to consult the dictates of moderation, liberality, and
friendship, but in the other case it would be compelled to adopt such measures of precaution for the
security of its rights and interests as the hostile conduct of Omdut-ul-Omrah had justified, and as
would be rendered necessary by the perseverance of his reputed son in the spirit of those councils."

Interview with Some further conversation ensued, and an appointment was made for an in-

Ally Houssain. terview with AUyHoussain. This interview did not take place till two days later,

when the Khans having withdrawn, the young man stated with much anxiety that

he had been deceived by them.

lb. p. 19. " The entire substance of the conferences was recapitulated to Ally Houssain, the nature of the

proofs of the violation of the alhance was distinctly described, and the extent of the security recpiircd
by the British Government concisely explained." The young Prince, after a desultory conversation
of some length, at last proposed " That a Treaty should be prepared by us," upon the basis of vesting
the entire civil and military government of the Carnatic in the hands of the Company ; and stated that
he would be ready to execute the instrument, with or without the consent of the Khans, at another
separate conference, which was appointed for the next day.

Ally Houssain de- At the interview, however, held upon the following day. Ally Houssain withdrew his acquies-

clines proposals, cence. He was conveyed to a tent to meet with Lord Clive, apart from his attendants and advisers,
where he stated that he considered it to be totally incompatible with his interests and honour to accede
to the proposition on the bnsis of which he had agreed to conclude the Treaty. He was remonstrated

Ih. p. 20. with, and informed that " the alternative choice was either to become the acknoivledged Nabob of the Car-

natic, or one of the many pensioners dependent on the bounty of the Company ;" and the suspicion was ex-
pressed, that he might be influenced in his determination by interested persons, who " would be desirous
of sacrificing the permanent interests and honour of his family to the attainment of their immediate ad-
vantage" (implying that the subscrijition to the Treaty would secure the interests and honour of the
family in permanence) ; and after being interrogated whether he clearly understood the consequences
of his determination, Lord Clive. " with concern for himself individually, now apprised him that his
future situation would be that of a private person hostile to the British interests, and dependent on
the bounty of the Company. This declaration Ally Houssain received with a degree of composure
find confidence w^hich denoted that he acted from no iinjjression of fear ; and a smile of complacency
which appeared on his countenance throughout this discussion, denoted an internal satisfaction at the
line of conduct he was pursuing."

. ^. The noootiation being thus closed on the part of Ally Houssain, Lord Clive

opened withAzeem'l''"'^'*^^*^'*! ^'"-' Coiinnissioners to o])en, if ])ossible, a negotiation with Prince Azeem
ul Dowlah. ul Dowlah, the son of Ameer ul Omrah, and grandson of INIahommed Ali.

" Endeavours were accordingly used to establish a communication with him ; but it was found that
•"'• P- '-^' so strict a watch had been established over him by the adherents of Omdut-id-Omrah, that no means

appeared to be ])ractical)lc for o])ening a private connnunication with him ; while any attem]it to effect
it by o))en means ai)])eared liable lo the serious olyection of ])recii)itnting the fate of the young rriiice.
July 22d. — In this silualion of things, it was rei)orted to your liordshij) by the officer commanding
the troops at (Miepauk ihat Najeel) Khan and Tukhia Ali Khan had already i)erf(irmed the ceremony
of installing Ally Houssain in a private manner on the Musnud (jf Arcol, and that they had resolved to
instui him in a jiublie niamicr on tin; following day. Your Lordshi]) resolved lo prevent a measure
calculated to produce inniiediate conim(jlion in the provinces of the Carnatic ;" for which purjiose,
the troops already conunanding the entrance look possession of the i'alaee, removed all the guards
of the late Nabob, and placed a guard of honour about Azeem ul Dowlah, by which means Lord
Olive's object of communication with him was secured. The objects of the Company were speedily

explained to him, and the conversation had, at the interview which took place, " ended in a declar-
ation of the Prince Azeera ul Dowlah of his acknowledgment of the right ac(iiiired by the Company Azeera agrees to
under the discovery made at .Scriiigapatani, and of //« rcaiUnean to ajfonl, in the event (if his elecutiun /o Ktij)ulations.
the Mmoiiid, that saiisfdctioii and aecuriti/ winch yenir Lordsiiip and tlte (lovernor-denenil li<id deemed to be lb., p. 23.
necessan/ to tlie riiEsnuvATioN of our interests in tiic Cornatic. Having accordingly described to the
Prince the entire outline of the arrangement pro])osed for the settlement of the affairs of the farnatic
on the basis of this proposition, it was agreed tiie arrangement should Ije prepared in the form of a
Treaty, to be discussed at an interview appointed for the next day."

Accordingly, upon the following day a meeting was held, at which the Com- Treaty adjusted,
missioners produced the draft of the Treaty, the terms of which were then dis-
cussed and adjusted.

In concluding our report of this conference (the Commissioners say), we cannot omit to state to ^''-i P- 24.
your Lordship the impression made on our minds by the decorous deportment, moderation, and good
sense by which Azeera ul Uowlali distinguished himself upon his sudden elevation from a state of
penury and wretchedness to the ])OSsession of princely magnificence, honours, and rank. July 2(jth.
— This morning we had the satisfaction of presenting his Highness the Prince Azeem ul Dowlah in
a formal manner to your Lordship, and of subsetpiently conducting him as the ostensible future Nabob
of the Carnatic to the Ameer Baugh, the residence of his Highness' father, the late Ameer ul Omrah.

On the following day (27th July), Lord Clive addressed a Dispatch to the Lord Clive reports
Governor-General detailing what had taken place. This letter, recapitulating *° Governor-
various circumstances, bore that the object which the Company had in view, and^j j^/
for which it deemed itself warranted in exercising an act of power, was the attain-
ment of an adequate security for its rights and interests in the Carnatic. After
mentioning the failure of the negotiation with Ally Houssain, and that the attain-
ment of an adequate security through him had been rendered impracticable under
his Lordship's last instructions. Lord Clive adds, —

" But the spirit of your Lordship's provisional orders, under date the 26th of March 1800, is^6-i p- 72.
still applicable to the actual circumstances in which the aflairs of the Carnatic have now been placed.
Considerations independent of those connected with our external I'elations are suggested by the state
of our domestic affairs. The rebellion in the Southern Provinces has assumed a more formidable
aspect than could have been expected ; and although the force assembled is, I trust, sufficient for the
suppression of it, the movement of troops required for that purpose has unavoidably so reduced the
appointed force of the provinces, as to render extremely inconvenient any measure calculated to augment
tJte number of disajfected persons.'"

After alluding to the propriety of conciliating the affections of the Mussulmen,
Lord Clive goes on to say that,

" Evenj consideration of our general policy of expediency with respect to our external relations, and of prudence lb., p. 73.
with regard to our infernal franqvillity, requires, in ray judgment, that the actual estaljlishment of our
security, on the basis of right to exercise the entire civil and mihtary government of the Carnatic,
should be accompanied by the gracious and conciliatory measure of establisldng a branch of the house of
Mahommed Ally in a degree of rank and splendour suited to its long subsisting connection with the
Company, and consistent with the actual circumstances of the Carnatic."

Lord Clive then proceeds to mention that he had opened a negotiation with
Azeem ul Dowlah, and that he had the honour of acquainting his Lordship that
the negotiation had been brought to a successful determination ; and he enclosed
the draft of the Treaty which Azeem ul Dowlah had bound himself to execute
formally.

Here, perhaps, the inquiry may not unnaturally be made, — If the Company Might Company
had power to raise to the Musnud of the Carnatic Prince Azeem ul Dowlah, in-'^^^^ declined to
stead of the person who was considered and transacted with as the rightful heir, ^'^''^'^o^'edge any
was there any reason why the Company should not have declined to raise any
person whatever to the throne ; for, if they had the power to select the person
who was to succeed, had they not equally the power to deny the claim of every
one, and so to assume into their OM-n hands every right and title which the
Nawatibs formerly held ? And this observation may not, at first sight, seem to be
so entirely destitute of reason, as it will immediately be shown to be, when it is consi-
dered what was the position in Mhich Azeem ul Dowlah was found. His father,
Ameer ul Omrah, the second son of ]\Lahomed Ali, had lieen, as already stated,
the favoured son of his father, whose wish Mas, that he should succeed him in the
sovereignty. When he died does not appear ; but at his death, INIahomed Ali
had taken possession of his property, which was very large. What at that time
was done with the boy is not any where stated ; but it is not improbable that,
upon his grandfather's death, Azeem was, if not thrown into confinement, at least
L

kept under strict surveillance. At all events, at the death of Omdut, he was found
in a hovel in great indigence, and in custody of the Nabob's guards. Whatever
may have been the thoughts of other people, he had not himself apparently raised
his eyes to the throne, and could in no sense have been considered to be a claim-
ant to the vacant Musnud, for his subsequent elevation to which he unifonnly after-
wards expressed his deepest gratitude to the Company. Why, then, was he
elevated ?

The answer is obvious.
Reasons why they (1.) In the first place, it is by no means clear that the Company could have
could not. ventured at that time to carry out into execution, at least undisturbed, such an

act of power as depriving the country of its constitutional Head. This is partly
shown by what is stated in the above Dispatch ; but what is there stated was
merely a portion of the difficulties into which they Avould necessarily have been
])lunged by such an exercise of power. To have suppressed the Nabobsliip would
at once have been to have aroused the hostility, not merely of all the Princes of
the blood-royal, but of the whole native population of the Caruatic ; and the fires
of revolt would, at the call of some chief, have burst out in every district of the
i)rovince. Not only so ; but it would at once have brought into the field some of
the great native ])owers, such as the Mahrattas, who would naturally have fore-
seen in such an act a blow struck which was ultimately to reach themselves.
The British Government would, therefore, have been immediately involved in
an alarming, and, perhaps, fatal war, where they would necessarily have been de-
prived, from the nature of the case, of all native sujtport.

(2.) But such a proceeding would have been a direct outrage upon those laws
by which nations are regulated in their dealings with each other. Even admitting,
to the fullest extent, that the correspondence with the Sultan of Mysore had indi-
cated the most perverse hostility to the British power, the whole extent to which
that could properly have gone, would only have been to have terminated the
alliance ; and certainly, in no point of view, would it, according to ordinary usages,
have even terminated that alliance without a previous demand for explanations.
But, in the circumstances as they stood, the English Company could not have been
justified in venturing upon such a flagrant act as stamping out the kingly name
and dignity of their ally without doing an act of outrage and iniquity which would
have involved the British name in universal infamy ; and it is clear enough, even
from the papers in this case, that the Con)pany were fully alive to the importance
of maintaining their credit with the native powers, and even before the whole world.
(3.) But the abolition of the Nabobship was not in the least one of the objects
for which the Company were desirous. In the whole course of their voluminous
correspondence, such an idea never escapes them. The object which they had in
view was, as has been again and again stated, simply the attainment of a proper
security for the interests which they had created for themselves in the Carnatic.
To attain this end, they had even stretched a point. But if they succeeded in
obtaining the elevation of one willing to make concession of their demands, they
insured, in the first place, the attainment of their object, with every appearance at
least of lawful authority ; and, in the next place, they avoided the dangers which
any act of usurpation or of violence would necessarily have occasioned. Hence it
was that the Company resolved to lend its " assistance " to elevate Azecm ul
Dowlah, who had declared himself willing to accede to their demands ; and the
very circumstance of the condition in which he was, and of his being no claimant
to tlie throne, was all the stronger inducement, inasmuch as, by every feeling of
gratitude, he would necessarily be tied all the more strongly to the Comi)any.

What was done. The case being tiius relieved of the consideration of what might have been

done, it is brought back to the consideration of wiiat in jioint of fact was done.
And reserving observations to an after stage, what followed, as appearing from the
Dispatches and other documents, will now be ju'esented ; from whieh it will be seen
that the succession having been gently " sided " on to another branch of tlie family,

A zeein succeeds to ^2;eem ul Dowlah succeeded to the sovereignty of the Carnatic, and acquired the

reilrmyofTheCar-'^^i*^^'' '■^"'"^' ^^'''®' ^"^' ^^^^'^^^ ^^''''^''' *" ^''^ Nawaubs had previously belonged.

natic.

Installation. Tlu; installation of Azeem ul Dowlah took place with the usual ceremonies on

the 81st day of July 1 HOI . Upon the same day the Treaty was formally signed. It
was in substance the same as the draft which had l)een transmitted liy tlie Gover-
nor-General to 1)0 adjusted witli the late Nawaub, ( )mdut-ul-Onn-ah. The arrange-

ment ami expression of the Articles were slightly altered; but the only material
dilferences iqion the Treaty were what necessarily arose out of vVzeeni ul Dowlah's
accession. In ordinary circumstances, it is not usual in a treaty between two
powers to introduce acknowledgments or guarantees, by one of them, of the otlier's
rank or succession. In the present case, however, the condition upon which the
Prince had agreed to subscribe the Treaty, necessitated a clause of guarantee by
the Company, and some mention, consecjuently, of the circumstances in the
preamble. Tlie following is the Treaty as so signed, the new clauses I'eferred to
being indicated by brackets : —

EATY FOii SETTLING THE SUCCESSION to the SouBAmjAEKY of the Territories of Akcot, and for Treaty of 1801.
veMiiKj the Adiiunistratlon of the Civil and Military Govfirnnioiit of tlie Carnatic Payen Ghaut in
tlie United Company of Mercliants trading to tlic East Indies.

Whereas the several treaties which have been concluded between the United Company of Mer-/j., p. 33.
chants of England trading to tlie East Indies, and their Highnesses, heretofore Nabobs of the Car-
natic, have been intended to cement and identify the interests of the contracting parties ; and
whereas, in conformity to the spirit of the alliance, tlie said Company did, by the Treaty concluded
on the 12th of July 1792, with the late Nabob Walajah, relinquish extensive pecuniary advantages
acquired by the previous Treaty of 1787, with the view and on the condition of establisliing a more
adequate security for the interests of the British Government in the Carnatic ; and whereas subse-
quent experience has proved that the intention of the contracting parties has not been fulfilled by
the provisions of any of the treaties heretofore concluded between them : and whereas the musnud of
the subahdarry of the territories of Arcot has now become vacant : and whereas the right of Prince
Azeem ul Dovvlah Ji^iha.ViA&c founded upon the hereditary right of his father the Naivauh Ameer ul Omrah
Behauder, to succeed to the rank, property, and j^ossessions of his ancestors, heretofore Nawaubs of the Car-
natic, has been acknowledged by the English East India Company : and whereas the said Company,
and his said Highness the Prince Azeem ul Dowlah Behauder, have judged it expedient that a new
Treaty shall, at this time, be executed, for the purpose of supplying the defects of all former engage-
ments, and of establishing the connection between the said contracting parties on a per-
manent basis of security in all times to come : wherefore the following Treaty is now established
and concluded by the Right Honourable Edward Lord Clive, Governor in Council at Fort St George,
by and with the sanction and authority of his Excellency the Most Noble the Marquis Wellesley,
K. P., Governor-General in Council of all the British Possessions in the East Indies, on behalf of
the said United Company, on the one part ; and by his Highness the Nabob Walajah Ameer ul
Omrah Mader ul Mulk Ameer ul Hind Azeem ul Dowlah Behauder Showkut Jung Sepah Salar, Nabob
Subahdar of the Carnatic, on his own behalf, on the other part, for settling the succession to the subah-
darry of the territories of Arcot, and for vesting the administration of the civil and military govern-
ment of the Carnatic in the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies.

Article I. The right of the Nabob Azeem ul Dowlah Behauder, to succeed to the state and rank,
and the dignities dependent thereon, of his ancestors, heretofore Nabobs of the Carnatic, is hereby formally
acknowledged and guaranteed by the Honourable East India Company to his said Highness Azeem ul
Dowlah Behauder, who has accordingly succeeded to the subahdarry of the territm-ies of Arcot.

Article II. Such parts of the Treaties heretofore concluded between the said East India Com-
pany and their Highnesses, heretofore Nabobs of the Carnatic, as are calculated to strengthen the
alliance, to cement the friendship, and to identify the interests of the contracting parties, are hereby renewed
and confrmed, and accordingly the friends or enemies of either are the friends and enemies of both
parties.

Article III. The Honourable Company hereby charges itself with the maintenance and sup-
port of the military force necessary for the defence of the Carnatic, and for the protection of the
rights, person, and property of the said Nabob Azeem ul Dowlah Behauder ; and ivith the view of
reviving the fundamental principles of the alliance between his ancestors and the English Nation, the said
Nabob Azeem ul Dowlah stipulates and agrees, that he will not enter ui)on any negotiation or cor-
respondence with any European or Native power, without the knowledge and consent of the said
English Company.

Article IV. It is hereby stipulated and agreed, that the sole and exclusive administration of
the civil and military governments of all the territories and dependencies of the Carnatic Payen
Ghaut, together with the full and exclusive right to the revenues thereof (with the exception of
such portion of the said revenues as shall be appropriated for the maintenance of the said Nabob and
for the support of his dignity), shall he for ever vested in the said English Company ; and the said Com-
pany shall accordingly possess the sole power and authority of constituting and appointing, without
any interference on the part of tlie said Nabob, all otiicers for the collection of the revenues, and of
establishing courts for the administration of civil and criminal judicature.

Article V. It is hereby stipulated and agreed, that one-fifth part of the net revenijeS
OF the Cabnatio shall be annually allotted for the maintenance and support of the said
Nabob ant) of his own imjiediate family, including tlie Malial to his Highness the Ameer ul
Omrah. The said fifth part shall be paid by the Company, in monthly instalments of twelve thou-
sand Star Pan-odas ; and whatever circumstance may occur, affecting the net revenues of the Car-
natic, the said instalments shall not be less than twelve thousand Star Pagodas. Whatever balance
of the said fifth part may remain due at the expiration of each year, shall be liquidated upon the
settlement of the accounts, and the said fifth part shall be at the free disposal of the said Nabob,
consistently with the principles of the said alliance.

Article VI. The fifth part of the revenues, as stated in the preceding article, shall be calcu-
lated and determined in the following manner, viz. : all charges, of every description, incurred in the
collection of the revenues, the amount of the Jaghire lands, stated in the ninth article in the Treaty
of 1787 at Star Pagodas 2,13,421, and the sum of Pagodas 6,21,105, appropriable to the liquida-
tion of the debts of the late Maliomed Ally, shall, in the first instance, be deducted from the revenues
of the Carnatic ; and after the deduction of those three items shall have been made, one-fifth part of
the remaining net revenue (including the Polygar Peshcush, which shall always be calculated at the
sum of 2,64,704 Star Pagodas 20 Fanams 26 Cash, according to the Treaty of 1792) shall be allotted
for the maintenance of the said Nabob, and for the support of his Highness' dignity.

Article VII. Whereas it was stipulated by the fourth article of the Treaty of 1702, that the sum
of six lacks twenty-one thousand one hundred and five Star Pagodas should annually be applied to
the discharge of certain registered debts, duo by the late Nabob jNIahomed Ally to his private credi-
tors, under agreements concluded between his Highness and the Honourable Company, and gua-
ranteed by the Parliament of Great Britain, until the said registered debt should be liquidated, the
Honourable English Company, accordingly, hereby charges itself with the annual payment of
6,21,105 Pagodas from the revenues of the Carnatic, until the remainder of the said registered debt
shall be liquidated.

Article VIII. Wliereas certain debts are due to the said Company by the ancestors of the
said Nabob ; and whereas it is expedient, in order that the present Treaty may include a complete
arrangement of all affairs depending between the said Company and the said Nabob, that an adjust-
ment should be made of the afore-mentioned debts, wherefore the said Nabob formally and explicitly
acknowledges the debt, commonly called the Cavalry Loan, amounting, with its interest, to 13,24,342
Star Pagodas 6 Fanams 47 Cash, and also the portion of tlie registered debt heretofore paid by the
said Company to the creditors of the late Nabob Walajah (according to the annexed Schedule), to
be just debts ; and whereas, exclusively of the above-mentioned debts, other unadjusted debts also
remain, which were referred to the adjustment and decision of the Governor-General in Council of
Bengal ; and whereas the said unadjusted debts have not been determined according to that inten-
tion, the said Nabob hereby engages, that whenever the said determination shall be made, his High-
ness will acknowledge to be a just debt the amount of the balance which shall be so declared to be
due to the said Company. It is not, however, the intention of this article to cause any diminution
from the fifth part payable to the said Nabob ; but, on the contrary, it is specified, that no deduction
shall be made from the revenue, on any account whatever, excepting the three items stated in the
sixth article, previously to the determination of his Higliness' proportion.

Artici^ IX. The English Company engages to take into consideration the actual situation oi
the families*of their Highnesses the late Nabobs Walajah and Omdut-ul-Omrah Behauder, as well as
the situation of the principal officers of his late Highness' Government ; and the British Government
shall charge itself witli the expense (chargeable on the revenues of the Carnatic) of a suitable provi-
sion for their respective maintenance. The amount of the above-mentioned expenses, to be defrayed
by the Company, shall be distributed, with the knowledge of the said Nabob, in such a manner as
shall be judged proper.

Article X. The said Nabob Azeem ul Dowlah Behauder shall, in all places, on all occasions, and at
all times, be treated ivith the respect and attention due to his Highness' rank and situation, as an all;/ of the
British Government ; and a suitable guard shall be appointed from the Company's troops for the pro-
tection of his said Highness' person and palace.

Article XI. The entire defence of the Carnatic against foreign enemies, and the maintenance
of the internal tranquillity and police of the country, having been hereby transferred to the British
Government, his said Highness engages not to entertain or employ in his service any armed men
without the consent of the British Government, who will fix, in concert with his Highness, the num-
ber of armed men necessary to be retained for purposes of State. Such armed men as his Highness
may, in consequence of this article, engage in his service, shall be paid to the exclusive cost and
charge of the said Nabob.

Article XII. The Honourable East India Company shall, in conformity to the sti|)ulations
of this Treaty, enter upon the exclusive administration of the civil and military government of the
Carnatic, on tlie 3Ist day of .July 1801 ; and Iiis said Highness the Nabob sliall issue orders to all
his civil and military olhcers, to transfer the district or districts under their respective charge to such
persons as shall be appointed by tlie said Company to manage tlie said districts, and also to deliver
to the persons appointed all records, accounts, and oMicial ])apers, belonging to their respective
Cutcherrics or offices.

This Treaty, consisting of twelve articles, having been executed liy Edward Lord Clive, Governor
in Council aforesaid, on the one part, and his Higliness Azceiu ul Dowlali on tlie other part, is
liercby mutually interchanged ; the said Edward Lord Clive engaging tliata copy of the said Treaty
shall be transmitted to Fort William, for the purpose of being ratified by his Excellency the Most
Noble the Marquis Wellesley, Governor-General in Council ; and tliat, as soon as the ratified Treaty
shall be received from Bengal, it sliall be delivered to his said Highness, who will then return to his
LordsIii[) the copy wliicii he now receives.

In the liaiul-urititir; of Azeem ul Dovvlah —

(God is Gracious.)
I, Azeem ul Dowlali, liavinj? perused and fully coiri[)rehended the several articles of the above
Treaty, have approved aud consented to the whole of the said articles. lu witness whereof I affix
my proper signature ;

(ThoBcizof )

(A^EEM UL DOWLAII. ]

Separate and Secret Article.

Whereas his Highness the Nabob Azeem ul Dowlah, by the 8th Article of tlie Treaty now con-
cluded, has acknowledged the debt called the cavalry loan, due by his Jlij^hness' family to tlie said
Company, amounting to pagodas ; and whereas no account has been yet taken of the public

treasure of the late Government, it is stipulated ami agreed, that his Iligimess the Nabob Azeem ul
Dowlah shall immediately enter upon an investigation of tlie state of the public accounts and trea-
sure ; and that if, in communication with the British Government, the said treasure shall be found
adequate to the imrjiose, a portion of it shall be immediately applied to the entire liquidation of the
said debt called the cavalry loan, in ready money.

In the hand-writing of Azeem ul Dowlah —

(God is Gracious.)
I approve and consent to this separate aud secret article. In witness whereof I affix my proiter
signature ;

( The Beiz of (

( Azeem ul Dovvlau. J

Of the same date the following proclamation was issued, which is extremely
valuable as an exponent of the Treaty : —

Copy of Orders published to the Settlement of Fort St George, dated 31st July 1801,
relative to the Treaty between the Company and Azeem ul Dowlah.

Revenm Department.
Proclamation. Proclamation.

I. Whereas the object of the connection subsisting between the ITononrablc Company and their /j., p. 89.
Highnesses, heretofore Nabobs of the Carnatic, was intended to cement the union and alliance be-
tween the contracting parties, and to establish, on a solid foundation, the security and rights of the

said contracting parties in the territories of the Carnatic ; aud whereas the several engagements
concluded for tliat purpose liave failed to ansiver the intention of tlie contracting 'parties, whereby the form
of government throughout the provinces of the Carnatic has been subjected to changes injurious to
established opinions, to general confidence, and to permanent prosperity ; and tvhereas the Miismtd of
the subahdarry of the territories of Arcot having become vacant, his Highness the Nabob Walajah
Ameer ul Omrah, Madar ul Mulk, Ameer ul Hind, Azeem ul Dowlah, Shewkul Jung Sepah, Salar
Anweer ud Deen Klian Beliaudcr, has succeeded hy the hereditary rights of his father, and by the fall ac-
knowledgment of tlie Honourable Company, to the possession of the said Musnud : wherefore his said High-
ness the Nabob Azeem ul Dowlah Behauder, and the said Company, Ijeing desirous of correcting such
errors as have been heretofore introduced into the government of the Carnatic, and of supphjing
the defects of all former engagements between the said contracting parties ; and behig also anxious to
give full vigour and efficiency to the government of the Carnatic, with a view to fix the rights of the
people and the interests of the state on a broad aud stable foundation, have mutually, and of their o%vn
accord, agreed, by a Treaty bearing date the 31st of July 1801, that all former provisions for secur-
ing a partial or temporary interference on the part of the Honourable Company in the government,
or in the administration of the revenues of the Carnatic, shall be entirely annulled ; and that, in lieu
thereof, a permanent system for the collection of the revenue, and for the administration of civil and
criminal judicature, under the sole and undivided authority of the Honourable Company, shall be
established throughout every village, purgunnah, and province, of the entire territories of the
Carnatic.

II. Now proclamation is hereby accordingly made to all Zemindars, Jaghiredars, Talookdars,
Polygars, Cavilgars, and inhabitants of every description of the Carnatic, that the Honourable Com-
pany have, by the Treaty above mentioned, acquired a perfect right to ascertain, determine, aud
establish rights of property, to fix a reasonable assessment upon the several purgunuahs and villages
of the Carnatic, and to secure a fixed and permanent revenue, to be collected and accounted for by
such officers as shall from time to time be appointed for that purpose by the said Company. And it
is further published and declared, that the said Company have also acquired a perfect right to esta-
blish courts for the due administration of civil and criminal judicature, under the sole authority of
the said Company, which said courts shall be conducted by officers to be appointed from time to time
by the said Company, under such ordinances and regulations as shall from time to time be enacted
and pubKshed by the Governor in Council of Fort St George.

III. And whereas his said Highness the Nabob Azeem ul Dowlah Behauder has divested himself,
by the Treaty above mentioned, of aU control, authority, or interference in the collection of the re-
venue, or in the administration of civil and criminal judicature: wherefore all Zemindars, Jaghiredars.
Talookdars, Polygars, Cavilgars, and inhabitants of the Carnatic, are hereby rccjuired to take notice
of the same accordingly. And it is hereby further proclaimed and declared, that the engagement
now entered into between the contracting parties for the purposes above mentioned, are unconditional,
and liable to no change whatever. Therefore the said Zemindars, Jaghiredars, Talookdars, Polygars,
Cavilgars, and inhabitants of the Cai-uatic, are required to take notice, that the right and power of
fixing aud collecting the revenue, as well as of administering civil aud criminal judicature throughout
the provinces, purgunuahs, and villages of the Carnatic, are vested in the said Company alone, as
long as the sun and moon shall endure.

Vol. i., p. 67

IV. Wherefore all Zemindars, Jaghiredars, Talookdars, Polygars, Cavilgars, officers, and iiilia-
Ijitants of the Caniatic, are severally and collectively required, i/y virtue of the riijhts and pou-crs ac-
t/mred to the said Coiiipamj bi/ compact witli the praent lawful Nabob of the Carimiic, hh Highness the
Nabob Azeem ul Dowlah Behauder, to yield due obedience to such officers as may be appointed,
and to such ordinances or laws as may he enacted by the said Company alone, for the administration
and government of the territories of tlie Carnatic, and in all time to come.

V. Although the Eight Honourable the Governor in Council trusts that the experience which
the inhabitants of the Carnatic have already had, will have rendered it unnecessary for his Lordship
to explain the general principles of moderation, justice, protection, and security, which form the
characteristic features of the British Government; yet his Lordship, in accepting the sacred trust
transferred to the Company by the present engagements, invites the people of the Carnatic to a ready
and cheerful obedience to the authority of the Company, in a confident assurance of enjoying, under
the protection of public and defined laws, every just and ascertained civil right, witli a free exercise
of the religious institutions and domestic usages of their ancestors.

By order of the Right Honourable
the Governor in Council.

(Signed) J. Webbe,

Chief Secretary to Government.
Fort St George, 31st July 180L

A declaration of what had taken place was also, of the same date, subscribed and
transmitted to the Governor of Bombay, the Governor of Ceylon, and to the
Residents at Poonah and Hydrabad. The following is the letter which was ad-
dressed on that occasion to the last mentioned : —

To Captain J. A. KiKKPATRiCK, Resident at Hydrabad.

Sir, — I am directed by the Right Honourable the Governor in Council to mform you that his
Highness the Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah, Nabob Soubahdar of the Carnatic, died on the loth nltimo
at this place.

Previously to that event, it was the intention of his Lordship in Council, founded on the in-
structions of the Governor-General in Council, to have demanded from his Highness a more adequate se-
curity for the British interests in the Carnatic, rendered necessanj by the discovery of a flagrant violation
of the ties of amity and alliance on the part of their late Highnesses the Nabob Mahomed AUy
and the Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah. This intention was suspended at the time it became expedient for
the Governor in Council to make the demand, by the continued state of debility of the Nalwb Omdut-
ul-Omrah ; and at length frustrated by his Highness' demise.

This demand for satisfaction and security having been peremptorily refused by Tadj-ul-Omrah,
the reputed son and heir appointed by the will of the Nabob Ouidut-ul-Omrah, the Governor in Council has
been compelled to exercise the rights acquired by the British Government, under the discovery of his
Highness' faithless conduct, for the purpose of guarding the rights of the Company against the
hostile councils which appear to have been transmitted, with testamentary care, to the appointed
successor of that Prince.

In proceeding to exercise these rights, the Governor in Council would have felt great concern
at the necessity of publishing all the humiliatory proofs of the faithless and hostile conduct of these
ancient allies ; and although his Lordship in Council has been compelled by the persistence of the
Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah's reputed son, in the spirit of his father's councils, to reject his claims to the
suppm-t of the British Government, founded on the intended obligations of the Treaty of 1792, of
which the vital spirit and express stipulations have been annihilated, I have much satisfaction in
acquainting you, hj command of the Governor in Council, that his Lordship has been enabled, by a
Treaty concluded on the 'Slst ultimo, to revive the alliance between the Company and this illustrious family,
and to establish the British rights and interests of the Carnatic on the solid foundation of territorial
security.

The course of these events is particularly described in a Declaration of which I have the
honour of transnntting a copy for your information, and am directed to refer you to that paper for
the grounds of the measure adopted by this Government, in the event of any explanation on this sub-
ject being re(|uired from you by the Court of Hydrabad.

I have the honour of adding, that his Highness the Nabob Wallajah Amur ul Omrah, Madar
ul Mulk, Ameer ul Hind, Azeem ul Dowlah, Showkeet Jung, Separ Salah, Anweer o dcen Khan
Bahadar, was installed on the 31st idt., as Nabob Souliahdar of the Carnatic, on the JVIusnud of his
ancestors, with every practicable degree of splendour and of public respect from the British Govern-
ment. — 1 have, etc.,

(Signed) J. Webbk,

Chief Secretary of Government.
Fort St George, 3 1st July 1801.

The Declaration referred to the long and intimate alliance wliich had sub-
sisted, the treaties which had been contracted, the corrcsjjondcncc which had
been discovered, the deductions which were drawn from it, winding up with

1802. Papera, i>. 41. " The Nal)ob Mahomed Ally and the Nabob Omdut-id-Onirah have violated the said stipulations,
and have thereby yo/;/c(to/ «// '/'(! bcucf is of the said alliance ; and the Nabob Mahomed Ally and the
Nabob Omdut-ul-Onirah having violated the said stipulations for the express jjurjiose of establishing
an nnii)U of interests with Tip))ou Sultauu, thereby placed themselves in the condition oi public cnemic.t
to the iJrilish Government in India."

The Declaration then proceeds in the course of reasoning which had been resolved upon, and
sipresses that, in proceeding to exercise the rights imagined to arise, " it was painful to the British

Declaration.

Government to he compelled to expose to llie world all these humiliatinj? proofs of the ingrati-
tude and treachery of tlie Naboljs ;" but that the Uriiish Government was desirous of consulting its
own difi'iiity, and had intended to have made formal communication to the late Nal)ob of the proofs
of his breach of the alliance, " with the view of obtaining a satisfactory secarilij Jhr the rlnhts
pledged to the Company in the Carnalic."

It then proceeds to argue tliut the reputed son of Omdnt-ul-Omrah had " sncceeded to the
condition of his father," which condition was that of a jiublic enemy; but that, in pursuance of the
principles by which the IJritish (j'overnment had been actuated, i't had been within his power "to
form, by means of an amicable ad.jnstment, t/mt satisfuc.tkin ami secm-iti/ which the hostile and faithless
conduct of his sujiposed father had entitled the British Government' to demand, and which the dic-
tates of i)rudcncc and self-defence compelled him to require. Then mentioning that he had opposed
a determined resistance to this demand, it concludes : —

Frustrated in the hope of obtaining from tlie reimted son of the Nabob Umdut-ul-Omrali
reparation for its injuries and security for its rights, the British (Jovernment is now reluctantly com-
pelled to jiubhsli to the world the proofs of this flagrant violation of tlie most sacred tics of amity
and alliance by the Nabobs Mahomed Ally and Omdut-ul-Omrah, and the hereditary spirit of enmity
manifested by the reputed son of Omdut-ul-Omrah to the interests of the British Govermnent. The
duty and necessity of self-defence require the British Govermnent, under the circumstances of this
case, to exercise its poiver in the attainment of an adefjuate security foj- its rights; justice and moderation
warrant that the family of Omdut-ul-Omrah shall he deprived of the means of completing its sijstenuitic
course of host Hit g ; wisdom and prudence demand, that the reputed son of Omdut-ul-Oiurah shall not
be permitted to retain possession o{ resources dangerous to the tranquillitii of the British Government in
the peninsula of India.

Wherefore the British Government, still mlhering to the princijdes of moderutiun, and actuated by its
uniform desire of obtaining security for its rights and interests in the Carnatic, by an orranc/ement fimnded cm
the principles of the long subsisting alliance between the Company and the family of the Nabob Mahomed
Ally, judged it expedient to enter into a negotiation for that purpose with the Prince Azeem ul Dowlah
Behauder, the son and heir of Azeem ul Omrah, who was the second son of the Nabob Mahomed
Ally, and the immediate great-grandson by both his parents of the Nabob Auwer ud Deen Khan, of
blessed memory. And his Highness the Prince Azeem ul Dowlah Behauder having entered into
engagements for the express purpose of reviving the alliance between the Company and his illustrious an-
cestors, and of establishing an adequate security for the British interests in the Carnatic, the British Govern-
ment has now resolved to exercise its rights and its power, under Providence, in supporting and
establishing the hereditary pretensions of the Prince Azeem ul Dowlah Behauder in the Suubahdarri/ of
the territories of Arcot, and of the Carnatic Payen Ghaut.

Mr Kirkpatrick's answer was dated 21st August.

Joseph Webbe, Esq., Chief Secretary of Government, Fort St George.

1S(«. I>:i|iers, t'- «!>.

Sir, — I have the honour to acknowledge thereceipt of your letter of the 31st ultimo, apprising me
of the decease, on the 15th of that mouth, of his Highness the Nawaub Omdut-ool-Omrah, and of the
succession of his Highness Ameer ool Omrah, Azim ool Dowlah, etc. etc. etc., to the vacant Musnud.

The news of the death of the late Soobahdaur of the Carnatic excited, as might be expected, a
certain degree of curiosity at this court as to the line of succession that might eventually be adopted by
the Company's government; the inquiries respecting which, the copious details given in the interest-
ing document enclosed in your letter, enable me to answer in the most satisfactory manner.

No explanation on this delicate and important subject has, or in all probability will be, directly
required from me 1)y this Government, while it nevertheless will thankfully receive whatever com-
munications I may think proper to make on this occasion.

The most easy and natural mode of introducing the subject will, I conceive, present itself, when-
ever letters usual on such occasions from the successor to the Arcot Musnud to his Highness the
Nizam shall be received here and delivered; a form which I conclude will, of course, not be over-
looked. — I have, etc.

Hyderabad, 21st August 1801. (Signed) J. A. Kirkpatrick, Resident.

On 3d August, tlie Governor in Council of Fort St George addressed a Dispatch ^^^ , . , j..
to the Secret Committee detailing the circumstances. After mentioning Allv tors
Houssain's refusal to accede to the demands, it thus proceeds : —

11. In consequence of the resistance unexpectedly opposed by Ally Hussain to this reasonable Asiatic Register 180'
demand, it remained for Lord Clive to apply the instructions and authority conveyed to his Lordship vol. iv., p. 109.
by the Governor-General to the actual state of circumstances. In proceeding to exercise the rights
of the British Government, which the conduct of Ally Hussain had compelled his Lordship to assert.
Lord Clive still judged it to be consistent with the sentiments of national magnanimity and generosity
that the British Government should refrain from the exercise of the Company's power, and from the
absolute humiliation of the family of Mahommed Ally, if an adequate security could be obtained
through the channel of an amicable adjustment. LTnder the impression of these sentiments. Lord
Clive directed his attention to the claims and to the situation of the Prince Azeem ul Dowlah Behauder.
This Prince is the only son by afomnd marriage of the late Ameer ul Omrah, who was the second son
of the late Nabob Mahommed Ally, and is the immediate great-grandson by both his parents of the
Nabob Ameer ud Deen Khan, the founder of the family. The rights of Omdut-ul-Omrah, founded on
the Treaty of 1792, having been vitiated by that Prince's violation of the alliance, and of the stipulations of
tltat instrument, the hereditary claims of the home of Mahommed Ally descended to the second branch of the
family, represented by the Prince Azeem ul Dowlah, the son of Ameer ul Omrah, who was the second sou
of the Nabob Mahonnned Ally.

The Dispatch then proceeds to mention that the deputies opened a " communi-
cation with that Prince, for the purpose of reviving the alliance between his ances-
tors and the Company, and of estabhshing the rights and interests of the British
Government in the Carnatic on a permanent basis of security ;" that the Trince
had expressed " his willingness to afford, in the event of his elevation to the Mus-
nud of his ancestors, the security demanded by the authority of the Governor-
General," and a written engagement had been framed and executed.

" In conformity to this arrangement, we have acknoivledged Ageem. vl Dowlah to be Nabob of the
Caniatic;" and it is added, " The mode of providing for the support of the dignity of his Highness
the Nabob Azeem ul Dowlah is conformable to the principles on which the alliance between his
Highness' fiimili/ and the Company has been rech-cd and eufnUished. By these means the interests of
his Highness will become united with those of the Company in the general prosperity of the Carnatic ;
and while the actual security of the British interests provided by the present arrangement remains
undiminished, the mode of supplying a fund for the expenses of the _/<//«% in the manner suitable to
its rank, and to the dignity of the British Government, Ijy the allotment of a proportion of the public
revenues for that purpose, is entirely relieved from the degrading name and appearance of a stipendi-
ary maintenance."

Alteration in ex- The Treaty was communicated to the Governor-General on the day of its

pressiou of Treaty, execution ; and on 15th September a letter from the Governor-General in Council,
dated 18th August, was recorded at the Secret Consultations of Fort St George.
This letter is of importance, as it contains a complete answer to the very erroneous
conclusion which the Directors, in ignorance of the facts, have drawn from an
alteration upon some of the expressions in the Treaty to which this Dispatch led.
The Governor-General had probably supposed that the expression in the Treaty,
of Azeem ul Dowlah having succeeded in virtue of hereditary right — in other
words, as next heir — might perhaps lead to some little embarrassment in respect it
was not strictly true, floussain Ally being more truly the next heir. But what-
ever was the reason, it will be seen that the Governor-General attached so little
importance to the substitution he suggested (and if it had been of importance
matters were not now entire to admit of easily making correction), that he sub-
scribed a ratification of the original Treaty, and only desired the alterations to be
made if they could easily be got. The Nabob attached equally little importance
to the matter, and it will be seen at once cheerfully agreed to the alteration.

1803. Papers, vol. i., rp^ ^jjg j>A^\i Honourable Lord Clive, Governor in Council of Fort St George.

My Lori>, —

Para. 1. The Governor-General in Council has had the honour to receive the Dispatch of your
Lordship in Council, under date the 31st ultimo, together with the Treaty concluded with his High-
ness the Nabob Azeem-oo-Dowlah, for the perpetual transfer of the administration of the civil and
military government of the Carnatic to the Honourable Company.

2. His Excellency the Most Noble the Governor-General has communicated to us the corre-
spondence which Las passed between him and your Lordship, and the several documents connected
with the rise, progress, and termination of this important transaction.

3. The Governor-General in Council has the greatest satisfaction in expressing to your Lord-
ship in Council his sincere approbation of the judgment, temper, and discretion, which have distin-
guished your Lordshijj's conduct during the progress of the various events which have terminated in
an arrangement so highly advantageous to the interests of the Honourable Company.

4. The reputed son of his Highness the Nabob Omdut-ool-Omra, having met your Lordship's
just and moderate propositions for the security of the British interests in the Carnatic by a delibe-
rate refusal to enter into the engagements absolutely necessary to that indispensable object, the
general spirit of the instructions conveyed to your Lordship at different times, under the changes
which have taken place in the situation of affairs, entirely warranted your Lordship to offer to the
son of tlie late Ameor-ool-Omrah the same terms which had been proposed to the reputed son of
Omdut-ool-Omrah.

5. His Excellency in Council is of opinion, that the immediate assuraplioii ))y the Company of
the entire administration of the Carnatic, in consetiuence of Ally Hussain's refusal to accede to the
proposed Treaty (although justifiable in every point of view), w^as not necessary, under all the cir-
cumstances of the case, to secure the just rights of the Company in the Carnatic; and the establish-
ment of the acknowledged heir of the Ameer-ool-Omrah in the rank of Nabob of the Carnatic, was
therefore a measure of moderation and wisdom.

6. The reasoning stated by the Bight Honourable the Governor, in his oflicial Dis]iatch to the
Governor-General of the 27th ultimo, is so full auti conclusive, that it aiii)cars to us umieccssary to
add any further o))servatioii.

7. Under these circumstances, his Excellency in Council has the satisfaction to declare his entire
approbation of the general spirit and stipulations of the Treaty concluded with the Nabob Azcem-
oo-Dowlali. The observations which his ]<]xcellency in Council now proceeds to state with regard to
the Treaty, and the eventual modilications of the Treaty which it is now his intention to propose,
constitute no (jualitication of (lie apjirobation due to the ability and prudence manifested by your
Lordship in Council, in concluding this important arrangement; the adoption or rejection of the inodiji-
catiom v;Iiii:h will, be proposed in. this teller, is intended to be sulijcctcd, without further reference, to the
discretion of your Lordship in Council.

8. With fliis view, his Excellency in Council has, in the first instance, ratified the Treaty trans-
mitted by the Governor of Fort St (icorge; but at tlie same time has executed wiothfr Tmitii, framed
in conformity to the modidcadons herein stated. This instrnnieiit, haviu}; l)een sig'ned and sealed by
his Excellency in Council, is transmitted, together with that received from your LordshI]) in Council,
in order that it may be ev(mtually substituted for the Treaty which has been executed at Fort St
George, «;(fe.<i iimir Lorihliip in Council s/ioiild oli/erl to t/in projmncd alterations.

9. We now ]irocced to state (o your Lordship the priMciples upon which those alterations are
founded, and the instructions by which the adoption (jr rejection of (he modified Treaty is to be re-
gulated.

10. Your Lordship is fully aware (and it is dislin('tly stati'il in the Declaration accompanying
yonr Lordship's Dispatch herein acknowledged) that the result of the discovery which has been made,
of their late Highnesses the Nabobs Walajah and Omdut-ool-Omrah's treacherous correspondence
with the late Tijjpoo Sultauu, had jilaced the Soobudar of the Carnatic in the situation of a imhlic
enemy to the British Government; had annihilated the existing Treaties between the Nabob of the
Carnatic and the Company; and had sanctioned the enforcement of such measures as the British
Government might deem necessary for the security of its rights and interests as connected with fhe
Soobadary of Arcot.

11. This is the fundamental i)rincii)le upon which the late arrangements have been founded, and,
consequently, the acknowledgment of an inherent right in any member of the family of the late Nabobs
Walajah and Omdut-ool-OnH-ah to succeed to the Soobudary of the Carnatic, is incompatible with
the maintenance of that principle.

12. His Excellency ill Council is aware that it is conformable both to reason and practice to re-
cognise, by Treaty with a foreign state, the existence of rights originally conveyed by the same Treaty
of recognition. But in such cases, if the source from which those rights are derived be not distinctly
expressed, the origin of such rights should not be ascribed to any unacknowledged principle. This
observation appears to apply to the preamble of the Treaty executed by your Lordship in Council,
and to the first article of it, by both of which the right of the Nabob Azeem-oo-Dowlah to succeed
to the Soobudary of the Carnatic seems to be attributed to a supposed claim of inheritance, and not
to the liberality and moderation of the British Government.

13. This acbiowk<I<jinent, liuivever ohjcctionahle on the. stated grounds, neither affects the justice nor the
principal advantages of the stipulations of the Treaty in question. His Excellency in Council, therefore,
does not consider the objection to he of snjficient force to preclude the ratification of the Treatij in its actual
form, noi' does he deem the proposed alterations to be of sucn importance as that the// should be propjosed to
his Highness the Nabolj Azecm-oo-Do\vlah, at the hazard of Jorfeiting ant/ of the advantages alreadj' ac-
quired, or even of exciting any degree of alarm or jealousy in the mind of his Highness Azeem-oo-
Dowlah.

14. His Excellency in Council, however, deeming it advisable that the terms of the Treaty should
be strictly consistent with the fundamental principle of the arrangement, in conformity to the fore-
going observations, has introduced into the modified Treaty a change of the terms of the preamble,
and of the first article as executed by your Lordship in council; and his Excellency in council directs,
that should your Lordship be of opinion that tlie modified Treaty may be proposed to his Highness'
acceptance withont the hazard of his dissent or displeasure, or without compromising the dignity or the
public faith of Government (which your Lordship in Council may possibly have deemed it expedient
to pledge to his Highness for the acknowledgment of /(« hereditary title), your Lordship will propose
tLe modified Treaty to his acceptance. But should your Lordship in Council consider it to be unad-
visable to make this jiroposition to his Highness, either on any of the grounds herein specified or on
others, of which his Excellency in Council is not at present apprised, your Lordship is at liberty to
return the modified Treaty to Fort William, and to consider the former as conclusive and binding.

15. We now proceed to state our observations on the 5th, Cth, and 7th Articles of the Treaty
transmitted by your Lordship in Council, which, in some points, appear to his Excellency in Council to
require further explanation.

16. With regard to the amount of the Jagheers, to which the 8th Article of your Lordship's
Treaty refers, as an article of deductiou from the amount of revenue upon which his Highness, the
Nabob's share of one-fifth is to be calculated, his Excellency in Council is of opinion that the lands
included in the Jaggeers should be resumed, and declared subject to the payment of revenue to
Governuieut; and that payments in money, equal to the produce of these Jagheers (to be estimated at
the sum of 2,U1,421 pagodas, the amount stated iu the Treaty of 17'J2), should be made from the
treasury of the Company to the persons now holding the Jagheers, as long as Government shall deem
it to be proper to continue to those persons the benefit of their respective grants; his Excellency in
Council accordingly desires that your Lordship in Council will frame an explanatory article, iu con-
formity to the instructions contained iu this paragraph.

17. His PLxcellency in Council is further of opinion, that although the just hiference from the
terms of the 6th Article would be, that the sum of pagodas 6,21,105 is to form a permanent deduction
from the total amount of the revenue upon which the Nabob's share is to be calculated, yet it might
be contended to be the intent of this article, that -after the complete Liquidation of the debts, for the
discharge of which that annual sum is pledged, it should form a portion of the total sum on which
the Nabob's share is to be calculated. Under this apprehension, his Excellency in Couucil desires
that an explanatory article be added to the Treaty, for the purpose of precluding the possible opera-
tion of any reversionary rights of the Nabob to show any part of this sum, after it shall have been
liberated from the incumbrances by which it is now affected.

18. His Excellency in Couucil farther remarks, that under the actual terms of the Treaty, a
question may arise, wdiether his Highness the Nabob will be entitled to a proportionate share of any
new branches of the revenue which may be introduced into the Carnatic under the management of
the British admiuistraliou ; and whether the same principle is to be applied to any augmentation of
the existing sources of revenue in the territories of the Carnatic? His Excellency in Council antici-
pating the improvements which will probably be made in the resources of the Carnatic under the
beneficial influence of the British power, is of opinion that the income which the Nabob would derive
from the unlimited application of the priuciple supposed would hereafter amount to a larger sum than
it would be expedient to allow his Highness to receive, consistently with the dictates of poUcy, and
with consideratious inseparable from the future security of the Company's interests in the Carnatic.

His Excellency in Conncil, therefore, deems it an object of importance to guard against the operation
of this principle. His Highness being secured in the receipt of a certain income, under every possible
contingency, it is reasonable that the utmost extent of that income should likewise be Umited.

19. His Excellency in Council highly approves the consideration which has been manifested for
the prejudices and condition of his Highness, as the acknowledged Soobadar of Arcot, in apportion-
ing his income on the revenues of the Carnatic, rather than by granting it in the form of a pension,
the proposed restriction, therefore, should be made in a manner the less unacceptable to the feelings
and injurious to the rank of the Nabob : with this view his Excellency proposes, that in restricting
the extreme amount of his Highness' income, it should be expressly declared that the surplus of revenue
beyoud the amount which shall yield to his Highness the full extent of his limited income, is to be
appropriated to the purpose of establishing a fund for the contingency of war, or for any other public
purpose which it may be thought expedient to specify.

20. His Excellency in Council accordingly directs, that an explanatory article be framed in
terms conformable to the foregoing observations, limiting the extent of his Highness, the Nabob's in-
come, to such a sum as may appear proper to your Lordship in Council.

21. Whether your Lordship in Council shall adopt the modified Treaty herewith transmitted or
shall adhere to the Treaty executed at Fort St George, tiie Governor-General in Council is of opinion
that the projiosed explanations of the 5th, Gth, and 7th articles will be equally necessary.

22. His Excellency in Council, however, deems it expedient to state that he shall be ready to
receive, with due consideration, whatever remarks your Lordship in Council may think fit to make,
affecting either the expediency or the necessity of the proposed additional articles ; and, accordingly,
authorises your Lordship in Council to suspend the execution of these instructions, as far as they relate
to those articles, should your Lordship be desirous of referring the subject to the further revision of
the Governor-General in Council.

23. His Excellency in Council entirely approves the alterations which have been made in the
declarations transmitted by his Excellency to Fort St George.

24. The Governor-General in Council likewise approves the transmission of copies of the Decla-
ration to the Governor of Bombay, and to the Residents at Poonah and Hyderabad ; under the cir-
cumstances of the late arrangement, it is unnecessary to adopt any farther measures for the purpose
of publishing that Declaration. His Excellency will accordingly intimate this opinion to the Gover-
nor and Council of Bombay, and to the Residents at Poonah and Hyderabad.

25. His Excellency deems it an act of justice to record his public thanks to your Lordship in
Council, for the zeal, abihty, and discretion, which have so eminently distinguished your conduct in
the progress and termination of this important transaction. — We have, etc.

(Signed) Welleslet. P. Speke. Thos. Graham.
On board of the " Sonamookee" Yacht, off Barrackpore, August 18th 1801.

Vol. i., p. 78. To the Honourable Peter Speke, Vice-President in Council at Fort- William.

22d Sept. 1801.

HoNOUEABLE Sir, —

1. We have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of the dispatch, dated the 18th ultimo, from
his Excellency the Most Noble the Governor-General in Council, conveying to us his Excellency's
approbation of the general spirit and stipulations of the Treaty recently concluded by us with the
Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah, together with the modifications which his Excellency in Conncil judges to
be necessary to the comj)letion of that instrument.

2. Lord Clive has the honour of expressing to his Excellency the Governor- General his Lord-
ship's sincere acknowledgment of the peculiar delicacy observed by his Excellency in proposmg these
modifications, and of the confidence which the Governor-General in Council has reposed in this
government, by confiding to the exercise of this discretion the eventual adoption of the improvements
considered by his Excellency to be requisite to the final arrangement of the affairs of the Carnatic.

8. In the mode adopted by the Governor-General for conveying his Excellency's observations
and instructions on this subject of the Treaty, Lord Clive has the satisfaction of observing the most
flattering testimony of the success which has attended his Lordship's anxious and confident endeavour
, to cultivate the confidence of the Supreme Government by a zealous and cordial co-operation in the

system of measures adopted by the Governor-General with respect to this Presidency ; and Lord
Clive takes this opportunity to assure his Excellency of the unfeigned satisfaction which he has felt
on this occasion, and which he will feel on all occasions, in carrying into execution those arrange-
ments which his Excellency may judge most conducive to the honour and prosperity of the empire
in Lidia.

4. Lord Clive has the honour of explaining to the Governor-dicueral that, in framing the late
Treaty, his Ijordship was aware that the fundamental i)rincii)lc of the arrangement was the rkjht
aixjiiired by the Britisli Government to exercise its discretion in the enforcement of such measures as
might be deemed necessan/ for the security of its rif/lits and interests as connected with the Soubahdarry
of Arcot. It was not, therefore, the intention of Lord Clive, by acknowledging the right of Azeem-
ul-Dowlah, to depart from the fundamental principle now stated ; but it was his Lordship's ilesire,
according to the practice of recognised rights by Treaty not existing antecedently to the treaty of
recognition, to insert in the present Treaty such an acknowledgment on the part of the British
Government as might give the tjreatei<t practiathk dcyree of force to the rights which it was about
to bestow on the Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah.

5. Lord ('live is, however, haiii)y to inform the (Jovcrnor-General that this acknowledgment was
entirely voluntary on tlie ]iart of his Ijordship, and that the faith of the ISritish Government has iu
no degree been pledged lo recognise any inlin-mt rii//it in the Nabob A/.ccni-nl-Dowlah tjiroughout
the late negotiations. His llighncss stated his conviction that the riglits of his Highness' family,
foii.mled 0)1 its connection with the (,'oinpany, had been annihilated by the violation of the alliance,
and that he considered the causes of his own elevation to have flowed from the generosity and
moderation of the British (jlovernment. Lord Clive felt himself, therefore, relieved from the sup])i)sed
dilTiculties stated in the Govenior-dlcMcrars dispatch in projtosing to the Nabob Azeem-nl-Dowlah
the modilication recommeniled by his Excellency with respect to the preamble, and to the first article
of the Treaty of Fort St George.

C. In conformity to the princii)les repeatedly declared by his Highness, the Nabob Azecm

Dowlali received tJiii proposilion vnth the utmost degree of cheerfulness, aiui r(;linf(uisliod all claims to the
acknowledgmont of his iioreditary pretoiiKions, witlioiit expressing any dillidfncc or alarm with respect
to the intention of the proposed modification.

7. We have, therefoi'e, the honour to inform you that the Treaty framed hy the Governor-
General, according to the explanation contained iu the disjiatch of the listh nkimo from his Excel-
h^ncy in Council, lias been executed by us ; and the copy of that instrument ralilied by the Governor-
General ill C'onniMl, has been <lelivered to his Highness the Naljob Azeem-ul-J)owlah, from vviiom
we have received a corres|)ondeut copy of the 'I'reaty. Etc. etc. — We have, etc.

(Signed) Clive. J. Stitart. Wm. Pethie. E. W. Fallowfield.

Fort St George, 22d Sept. 1801.

It is evident from tliis letter that Lord Clivc did not communicate to the
Nabob that the alteration would in any way aflect his rights or status. If, there-
fore, he had supposed that, by obtaining the alteration it was as the Directors say, to
affect the rights of the Nabob's descendants, he woidd justly, though most uselessly,
have exposed himself to ignominy. " If the security of him who stipulates fory^^J, ij ^r, ^^n
anything in his own favour prompts him to require precision, fulness, and the
greatest clearness in the expressions, good faith demands, on the other liand, that
each party should express his promises clearly, and without the least ambiguity.
The faith of Treaties is basely prostituted by studying to couch them in vague or
equivocal term.'i, to introduce ambiguous expressions, to reserve subjects of disjmte, to
overreach those ivith whom we treat, and outdo them in cunning and duplicity. Let
the man who excels in these arts boast of his happy talents, and esteem himself a
keen negotiator : but reason and the sacred law of nature will class him as far
beneath a vulgar cheat, as the majesty of kings is exalted above private persons. ^

True diplomatic skill consists in guarding against imposition, not in practising it." A'"

Fortunately for Lord Clive's reputation, neither in the Governor-Genei'al's letter
to Lord Clive, nor in his Lordship's letter to the Vice-President, is there tiie
remotest allusion to such an effect as the Company now point at. On the con-
trary, the very alteration itself contained a distinct acknowledgment that the con-
nection between the parties was intended to endtu-e " in all times to come."

The Governor-General's apprehensions were not without foundation. The
act by which the transfer of the Sovereignty of the Carnatic from Houssain Ally to
Azeem-ul-Dowlah was effected was viewed by many people as a breach of British
faith. The matter was repeatedly brought up before Parliament, and in 1808
was very fully and hotly discussed. Had it not been that Houssain Ally did not
long survive the loss of the Dignity, and that the motion came thus to be viewed
as more a vote of censure on Lord Wellesley than a question of practical import,
it is difficult to say what might have been the issue. This is clear that, in the
whole course of the discussion which took place, Azeem-ul-Dowlah was never
spoken of as a life tenant.

The alterations upon the Treaty thus agreed to were as follows : —

In the Treaty as oi'iginally signed, the preamble and first article ran thus : — " And whereas, the
Munsub of the Subahdarry of the territories of Arcot has now become vacant ; and whereas the right
of Prince Azeem-ul-Dowlah, Behauder, /();«icZ«rf upon the hereditari/ right of his father, the Nawaub
Ameer-id-0/arah, Behaudor, to succeed to the rank, property, and possessions of his ancestors, here-
tofore Naw-aubs of the Carnatic, has been acknowledged by the English East India Company ; and
whereas the said Company, and his Highness the Prince Azeem-ul-Dowlah, Behauder, have judged
it expedient that a new Treaty shall at this time be executed for the purpose of supplying the defects
of all former engagements, and of establishing the connection between the said contracting parties on
a permanent basis of security in all times to come."

Art. 1. The right of the Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah, Behauder, to succeed to the state and rank,
and the dignities dependent thereon of his ancestors, heretofore Nabobs of the Carnatic, is hereby
formally acknowdedged and guaranteed by the Honourable East India Company, to hLs Highness
Azeem-ul-Dowlah Behauder, who has accordingly succeeded to the Soubahdarry of the territories of
Arcot."

The alteration is as follows : —

" And whereas the Musuud of the Soubahdarry of Arcot having become vacant, the Prince
Azeem-ul-Dowlah Behauder has now been established by the English East India Company in the
rank, property, and possessions of his ancestors, heretofore Nabobs of the Carnatic ; and whereas the
said Company and His Highness the said Prince Azeem-ul-Dowlah Behauder have judged it expedient
that additional provisions should at this time be made for the purpose of suppljdng tlie defects of all
former engagements, and of establishing the connection between the said contracting parties on a
permanent basis of security m all times to come ;"

Article 1. " The Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah, Behauder, is hereby formally estabhshed in the state
and rank, with the dignities dependant thereon, of his ancestors, heretofore Nabobs of the Carnatic.
and the possession thereof is hereby guaranteed by the Honourable East India Company to his said
Highness Azeem-ul-Dowlah, Behauder, who has accordingly succeeded to the Soubadarry of the ter-
ritories of Arcot."

It does not appear whether the [Nabob subscribed the following explanatory
articles : —

Skpakate Explanatory Articles.

Separate Explanatory Articles annexed to the Treaty for settling the Succession to tfte Soubahdarn/ of the
Territories of Arcot, and for vesting the Administration of the Civil and Militari/ Government of the
Carnatic Payen Ghaut in the United Company of Merchants of England trading to tlu. East Indies.

Article 1. Whereas it is stipulated by the fifth article of the Treaty that the sum to be appro-
priated to the support of the dignity of his Highness the Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah, Behauder, shall be
calculated at one-fifth part of the net revenues of the Carnatic ; and whereas the improvement of the
said revenues, which, under Providence, may be expected to arise from the effects of the present
arrangement, may render the said fifth part greater than will be necessary to the purposes intended
by the contracting parties, it is hereby explained, for the better understanding of the fifth article of
the Treaty, that whenever the whole net revenue of the Carnatic, including the sums to be deducted,
according to the sixth article of the Treaty, shall exceed the sum of twenty-five lacs of Star Pagodas,
then and in that ease the fifth part of such .surplus shall be applied to the repair of fortifications, to
the establishment of a separate fund for the eventual exigencies of war, or to the miUtary defence of
the Carnatic, in such manner as may be determined by the Governor in Council of Fort St George,
after the previous communication to His Highness the Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah.

Article 2. Whereas it is stipulated in the sixth article of the Treaty that the sum of 2,13,421
pagodas on account of Jagheer, and the sum of 6,21,105 pagodas on account of the private debts of
the Nabob Mahomed Ally, shall be deducted from the amount of the net revenue, previously to the
determination of the proportion to be paid to his Highness the Nabob, it is nevertheless hereby ex-
plained that it shall not be incumbent on the Honourable Company to appropriate lands yielding a
revenue to the said amount of 2,13,421 pagodas, but that tlie said Company shall be at hberty to
exercise its discretion in the mode and on the extent of the provision to be made, according to the
nhith article of the Treaty, for the support of the family and principal ofBcers of the Nabob Mahomed
Ally, and of the Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah. And it is farther explained, that, notwithstanding the
liquidation of the private debt of the Nabob Mahomed Ally, or of the debt due to the Honourable
Company, the said sum of 6,21,105 pagodas shall always be deducted from the net revenue, and shall
in no case be included in the net revenue, previously to the determination of the share to be allotted
to Ms Highness the Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah, Behauder, it being the intention of the contracting
parties that the said sum of 2,13,421 pagodas, and the said sum of 6,21,105 pagodas, shall be con-
sidered to be permanent deductions, in all times to come, from the revenue of the Carnatic.

(Signed) Clite. J. Stuart. W. Petiue. E. W. Fallofield.
By the Right Honourable the Governor-General in Council.

(Signed) J. Webbe,

Chief Secretary to Government.

The Nabob's Let- The accession of Azeem-ul-Dowlah was communicated by him to the King of

ters to the Sove- Great Britain, to the Emperor Shah Ahlur, and the Nizam, and others. The

reign powers inti- fQi^Q^jjj„ letters appear among the papers returned to Parliament in 1803 : —
mating accession. ° -^ ' o x i

Papers relating to the To the Honourable the Chaieman of the Court of Directors.

affairs of the Carnatic,

mh Au^^" I803'"orf Honble. Sir, — The Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah having judged it to be proper for him to address

p. 29. ° ■ • • |gj^^gj.g ^^ ]jjg Majesty, to his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, to the Honouralile Court of Di-
rectors, and to the Mar((uis Coruwallis, on the occasion of his elevation to the Musuud of his ances-
tors, has requested me to transmit them by the present dispatch. I have accordingly the honour to
enclose them, agreeably to his Highness' desire ; and to convey to you his Highness' further request
that the letter addressed to his Majesty and the Prince of Wales, may be conveyed to them with the
customary circumstances of respect. — I have the honour to be, etc.,

(Sd.) Clive.

Fort St George, 11th August 1801.

lb. Translation of a Letter to his Most Excellent Majesty the King of Great Britain

],etc., etc., etc., from his Highness the Nawaub Azeem-UL-Dowlau, Bahadar.

On the 15th .Inly 1801 my respected nncle departed from the stage of this transitory life to the
world of eternal duration ; in consequence of which event your Majesty's representatives, that is to
say, the Governor in (•ouncil at Madras, in virtue of my right of inheritance derived from my grand-
father and father, were pl(.'ased to instate me in the Musnud of tlie Government of the Carnatic.

I offer my gratitude and acknowledgment to your Majesty's Governors, and consider myself by
heart and soul ])iedgu(l to your royal favour.

I hope that your Majesty's protection and royal regard will in every respect be bestowed upon
me, as it was on my venerable grandfather.

Translation of a Lktteh to his Royal Iliglinoss the Prince of Wales from his Highness
the Nawaub Azeem-ul-Dowlah, Bahadar.

(After Compliments.)

j^ 30 In conso(|ucnce of the death of m ylate respected uncle, the Nawaub Omdut-ul-Omrah, P.ahadar,

the Governor in (]oinicil of Madi'as instated me in virtue of my right as heir, in the iMusnud of the
Govcriunont of the Carnatic.

I make oiler of my gratitude to your Royal Highness upon this occasion, and request to be

honoured by your Royal Highness' recommendation to mo of his illustrious Majesty the King of
Great IJritaiii.

I trust that your Royal ITighness will also honour me always with your own gracious regard.

Translation of a Lettish from liis Ilifrlmess the Nawauh Azeem-ul-Dowlau, Bahadar,

to the lIONOURAIiLE COUKT of D I HECTORS.

After the demise of my late respected uncle, which happened on the ir)th .July 18iJl, liii; rcpri'- /j
f.ontativcs of your lloiionralile Court, that is to say, the Governor in Council of Madras, instated me
in the Musnud of the Govoruniout of my ancestors : it is with pleasure that I offer my grateful ac-
knowledgments to your Honourable Court. 1 remaiii staunch and stedfast, by all means, in the safe
path of friendslii[) and fidelity, and trust that your JEouourable Court will always honour me with
your cordial friendship, in the same manner that you bestowed it upon my ancestors.

I refer your IIououral)le Court for further particulars to the dispatches of the Right Honour-
able Lord Clivc.

Diary, 14th August 1801.

Sent the following letter to Major J. A. Kirkpatkick, Resident at Hyderabad : — Vol. ii n 97

Sir, — This letter will be delivered to yon by the person intrusted by his Highness the Nabob of
the Carnatic, with letters addressed to his Highness the Nizam, and to his ministers, on the subject
of the Nabob Azeem-ul-I)owlah's succession to the Soubadahry of Arcot ; and I am directed by the
Right Hon. the Governor in Council to desire that you will endeavour to obtain an early and suitable
answer to the Nabob's letters. — I have, etc.,

(Signed) Jusiah Webbe,

Fort St George, 14th August 1801. Eecy. to Govt.

Translation of an Arzee from Azeem-oo-Dowlah, Bahauder, to his Highness the
Nizam, communicated to the Resident, October 24, 1801.

After performing the duties of attachment, be it represented : — /4., p. 101,

At this time, subsequent to the decease of the uncle of this faithful servant, the Company's
Government, who are the sincere friends of the ancestors of this well-wisher, from a due regard to
the ancient alliance and claims of my family, have fixed and established this sincerely attached person
in the Nizamut of the Carnatic.

A bounty so unexpected and great, having thus been conferred on this humble servant, he makes
bold to represent the same for the information of his Highness.

What more need be represented ?

On a separate Paper.
, The sum of seventy-one gold mohurs has been transmitted in the plenitude of attachment, as an
offering to your Highness : I am hopeful it will be approved.

Translation of an Enayul Namah from his Highness the Nizam to Azeem-ul-Dowlah, ii., \,. 104.
Bahaudar, Communicated to the Resident, October 24th, 1801.

Tour letter apprising me of the Hon. Company having, in conformity to their usual good faith,
selected and estabhshed that person of exalted dignity in the government of the Carnatic, subsequent
to the decease of Omdut-ul-Omrah, has been received, and the Nuzzer of twenty-one gold mohurs,
which was sent in the plenitude of attachment and sincerity of devotion, has been most kindly and
graciously approved. A kellut and jewels, according to the accompanying hst, have been conferred.
After returning due thanks for these works of favour, let them adorn your person ; and considerinsr
me as always well inclined towards you, let me hear from time to time of your welfare.

List of Presents from his Highness the Nizam to Azeem-oo-Dowlah, Bahadur,
Extracted from tiie Records of the Wardrobe and Treasury.

A short string of pearls with a jewel suspended thereto.
One serpeish and one jugput.
One suit for a kellut.

Translation of a Letter from Azeem ul Omrah, Bahadur, to Azeem-oo-Dowlah, Camatic Papers, toI.
Bahadur, communicated to the Resident, October 24, 1801. "■' P- '^^^■

Your friendly letter, mentioning the Honourable Company's having, after the decease of Omdut-
ul-Omrah, raised, with their usual support and good faith, that friend to the government of the
Carnatic, rejoiced me by its arrival.

The Arzee and the Nuzzar have been delivered to the resplendent Presence. A kellut and
jewels, according to the accompanying list, have, in consequence, been bestowed by the bountiful
Presence, always intent on distinguishing faithful adherents : returning, therefore, due thanks for
such distinguished marks of favour, let the same cloth adorn you.

Continue to render me happy by the transmission of accounts of your welfare.

Translate Copy of a Lktter from Sawaye Bage Roo Pundet Purdhau, to tlie Voi. ii., ,.. lor.

Nabob AzEEM-UL-DowLAH, Bahadur (without date).

Your joyful and friendly letter having arrived in the happiest season, afforded me infinite satis-
faction. You informed me, that in consequence of the will of the Omnipotent, your uncle Omdut-ul-

Omrali was removed from this transitory world to that of eternal duration ; that in consequence you
succeeded to the government (of the country) ; and that, in consideration of the ancient friendship
subsisting (between the Circars), you had communicated the circumstance for my information.

All this I have distinctly understood.

To the dispensation of the Almighty there was no other remedy applicable than submission and
resignation ; and seeing that you have succeeded in the usual manner to the government, I have de-
rived therefrom a degree of pleasure and happiness which it is impossible for me sufficiently to
express.

Continue constantly to gratify me with accounts of your welfare.

What more need be written ?

Vol. ii., p. 105. DiAKY to POLITICAL CONSULTATIONS, 18th November 1801.

Reed, the following letter : —

JosiAH Webbe, Esq., Chief Secretary to the Government, Fort St George.

Sir, — I had the honour to receive your letter of the 14th August, by the messenger who was
charged with a letter to the Paishwa, from his Highness the Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah, and who ar-
rived at Poona on the 29th September. The Paishwa being at that time absent, I forwarded the
Nabob's letter to him immediately, with a request that he would be pleased to give an early answer,
and in terms suitable to the consideration which the Nabob had evinced towards him, in notifying
his accession to the Musnud.

In the usual and systematical style of procrastination at this Court, the answer has been delayed,
under daUy promises of transmitting it to me, until last night, when it was produced, on its being
known at the Durbar that, conformably to the notice I had given, I should certainly dispatch the
Nabob's messenger this morning without it ; and of which, indeed, I had declared my determination,
after a reasonable time for an answer had elapsed.

I have perhaps had more patience on this occasion than is entirely consistent with the Nabob's
dignity, and the return to which he is entitled for his attention to the Paishwa. But as the promises
which I received of auy early answer were always attended with expressions of respect towards his
Highness, I wished to avoid taking a step which might have interrupted the harmony and good under-
standing which it may be advisable to maintain between an ally of the Company and this Court, so
long as I had reason to believe that the delay was not intentionally disrespectful to the Nabob's
person or station. — I have, etc.

(Signed) Wm. Falmek.

Poonah, 30th October 1801.

r. 107. Extract of Fort George Political Consultations, the 15th December 1801.

Translation of a Letter fi-om his Highness the Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah to the Right

Hon. Lord Clive, etc.

(Extract.)
It is my wish, in conformity with established usage, to send Arzdash with Nuzzars to the King
of Delhi, and the Shazadah, upon the occasion of my ascending to the Musnud, which has been
entirely owing to your Lordship's kindness ; and I therefore enclose two drafts of the Arzagashts
for your Lordshiji's perusal, which, if they meet your Lordship's approbation, 1 will, with your per-
mission, have copied fair, and forward them by Aircarrahs to Delhi.

Vol. ii., p. 107. Translation of an Arzdasht to the Presence of his Majesty the Emperor Shah Ahluk,

from the Nabob Azim-ul-Dowlaii, etc., etc. (without date).

This Worshipper of the shrine of true Fidelity, and Pilgrim in the path of firm allegiance, at
all times makes his prayers for the permanence of your Majesty's eternal dominion, the lesson of his
tono-ue, and his supplication for the prolongation of the illustrious, angelic, and world protecting
shadow of your royal person, the talisman of his soul.

This duty he considers his supreme happiness, nay, the most important part of his religion.

Influenced by the ardour of attachment, he ventures to represent, that on the departure of his
uncle Omdut-nl-Omrah from this transitory world to that of perpetual duration, he (the faithful re-
presentator) by the support and assistance of the Managers of tlie Honourable English Company (who
are staunch in their allegiance to themuiistcrs of your imperial throne) j« ratw of the riijhis of his fatlier
and (jr and father, was established in the r/overnment of the territories of the Carnatic.

The tribute of gratitude he ascribes to that majesty, like the tree of paradise, replete with bless-
ings; and ti'ausmits a Nuzzar of one hundred and twenty-one ashulsies to the resplendent Presence,
by the acceptance of whicii he hopes to be honoured.

isni. vol. ii.. p. 108. Translation of an Arzee to the Presence of the Prince Akrer Shah, from the Nabob

AziM-UL-DowLAii, etc., etc. (without date).

Having made the salutations of fidelity the plume of the head of allegiance, it is represented at
the place of audience, where the servants of the Presence kiss the verge of the carpet of munifi-
cence, that this attached dependant, who, like his father and grandfather, treads with firm and unde-
viating step in the paths of oljcdience and fidelity, has lately, on the event of the death of his
uncle Omdut-ul-Omrah, through the support and assistance of the Maiiai/ers of the Ilonoiirahli: Kiii//is/i
Coiiipniii/, and a'jreealili/ to tlic (indent line of inhcritanrc, sncceedcd to the government of the territories
of the (jarnatie, and is grntcful for the endless favours of his Majesty, the shadow of God.

He has dis]iatchcd an iirzdaslit with a Nnnzer to the resiiiendcnt Presence, and trusts, that by
means of the servants of the Presence, bis Highness will have the goodness to cause it to be laid before
his Majesty.

As a mark of his fidelity, he has transmitted to his Highness a Nuzzer of 21 ashnasies, which
he hopes will be accepted.

His Vakeel, Rajah Hazari Mull, will present these Nuzzers and arzees to his Highness.

Upon receipt of tlie ratification of the Treaty by the Directors, the Nabob,
who invariably expressed his gratitude to tl^c Company witli Asiatic fervour but
obvious sincerity, addressed the following letters to Lord Clive and the Governor-
General : —

Translation of a Letter from his Highness the Nawab Azim-ul-Dowlah, Bahadur, to i803, Paper«, vol. lu.,

the Eight Honourable Lord Clive. P' ^'^"

(Dated and reccivod 24tli January 1803.)

At a moment when I was looking with an.xious expectation for news from England, I had the
pleasure to receive and to understand your IjOrdshi]i's letter the 22d Ruiugan, of 17tli Jaiuiary 1803,
stating that your Lordship had received advices from the Honourable the Court of Directors, in
answer to the Dispatches of the (Tovcrnment of Madras, wherein tlie Court of Directors had signified
their approbation of the settlement of tlie all'airs of the Carnatic, and their confirmation of the Treaty
concluded with me on the 16th of September 1801 ; their approbation and applause of the several
parts of the arrangements, and their cougnitulatious on my elevation to the Musnud of the Carnatic,
and to inform me that by a future conveyance they would address me on this subject, also conveying
to me your Lordship's own friendly congratulations on the occasion.

From the innate kindness of my true friend, the Most Noble Marquis Wellesley, Governor-General,
and the sincere friendship and support of your Lordship, I was fully assured that my ascension to the
Musuud of the Carnatic should meet tlie ap])robation of the Honourable the Court of Directors ; and
praise be to the Almighty that the joyful tidings of their approval conformably to the sincere regard
of my friends, the Governor-General and your Lordship, and my own ardent wishes having been re-
ceived, have conveyed to my mind inexpressible pleasure. My joy and satisfaction on this happy
occasion have been augmented, in a more particular manner, by your Lordship's personal attendance
with the gentlemen of council and others, to deliver the gratifying letter, and to offer your congratu-
lations in pubhc durbar.

These signal instances of friendship and kindness have bound me to the Company, to the Gover-
nor-General, and to your Lordship, by the strongest ties of gratitude, and have reheved my mind
from all anxiety. The arrival of this pleasing intelligence must also have removed all the doubts of
the weak-minded. Deeply impressed with the unbounded generosity of my friends, I shall continue
firm and stedfast conformably to the existing Treaty, in the sincerest friendship and attachment to the
Honourable Company to the last hour of my life ; nor shall I ever lose sight of, or forget the obliga-
tions which have been conferred upon me : and I pray the Creator of heaven and earth to reward my
friends with a constant series of victory and prosperity !

I have addressed a letter to the Most Noble the Governor-General, which I send herewith, and
enclose a copy for your Lordship's information ; I request your Lordshi]) will be pleased to forward
the letter to liengal.

Translation of a Letter to the Marquis Wellesley, Governor-General, Bahadur, isns. Papers, vol. iii.,

p. 171.

At this auspicious time, the Right Honourable Lord CUve deUvered to me in my Pubhc Durbar
a letter, conveying the very exhilarating intelligence that replies to the Dispatches of the government
of Madras had been received from the Honourable Court of Directors, approving and confirming the
settlement of the affairs of the Carnatic, and his Lordship at the same time, in conformity with the
desire of the Honourable Company of Directors, communicated to me congratulations from the Hon-
ourable Court, as well as from himself on the occasion; hence I have derived inexpressible satisfaction
and comfort. Truly the successful termination of this important arrangement and happy adjustment
of my affairs, is wholly owing to the beneficent assistance of your Lordship, my true benefactor, and
that of my Lord Clive. If my whole hfe were devoted to the expression of my gratitude to your
Lordship it were not sufficient ; and I do not exaggerate when I say, that every minute I breathe
gratitude for your Lordship's goodness.

I transmit enclosed for your Lordship's perusal, a copy of my reply to the address of my Lord
CUve ; and 1 pray the God of glory to prolong your Lordship's precious existence in this world in
health and prosperity.

The following documents show how certain appendages of the sovereignty Appendages of the
were dealt with : — sovereignty.

Extract, Fort St George, Political Consultations, the 10th November 1801. isos, Papers, vol. ii.,

p. 103.

(Extract of President's Mixute, dated as above.)
Considering the Garden of Sautgur to be an honorary appendage to the rank and situation of Sautgur Gardens,
the Nabob, I propose that it shall be immediately relinquished to his Highness, subject to the pay-
ment of a monthly pension of two hundred and fifty rupees, which was granted to Hirasul Khan, a
descendant of the original proprietor of the Garden of Sautgur, during the time when the Carnatic
was assigned to the management of the Company by the Nabob Mahomed Ally.

Extract of a Letter from Lord Clive to tlie Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah, dated „ , ..

10th November 1801. Vol. .,.. p. m

Para. 6. In conformity to the verbal communication made to your Highness, I have now the
honour of transmitting an order for putting your Highness' officers in possession of the Garden of
Sautgur, which I consider to be an honorary ajipeudage to the rank and station of the Nabob of
the Carnatic, and request that your Highness will make an arrangement for paying to Hirasul Khan,

discarded from the original possession of that garden, a monthly pension of two hundred and fifty
rupees.

Resolved, that the necessary instructions for transferring the Garden of Sautgur to the posses-
sion of his Highness the Nabob, shall be issued from the Revenue Depai-tment.

Vol. ii., p. 95. Extract of Political Letter from Fort St George, dated 17th February 1802.

Para. 88. We have the satisfaction of Informing your Honourable Court that his Highness has
received the congratulations of the Peshwa and of the Nizam, on the occasion of his elevation to the
Musnud, and the letters from those Princes have been entered on our records.
Xuzzers. 89. Having received from the President at Travancore an application on the part of the Rajah

requesting to be made acquainted with the channel through which his stipulated annual payments were
in future to be made to his immediate superior Lord, we directed his Excellency to be informed that the
Peshcush Nuzzeranahs and Nuzzers payable by his Excellency were to be transmitted, according to
the ancient usage, to the Durbar of the Nabob of the Carnatic.

90. We have judged it to be proper to compliment the Nabob by rehnquishiiig to his Highness,
as appendages of Sovcrfignti/, the gardens of Sarelghur, the palace and gardens of Trichinopoly, and
sundry villages and other Euaums appropriated to religious purposes.

91. For any further information ou this subject, we have the honour to refer you to the lists of
the religious appropriations delivered to us by the Nabob, and to our instructions to the Board of
Revenue noticed in the margin.

92. We have issued orders to the officer commanding at Trichinopoly to afford protection to the
family of Nuspeer-ul-Mulck, the brother of the late Omdut-ul-Omrah. They api)ear to have been
exposed to the insults and menaces of the late servants of the Circar, who had grown clamorous for
the discharge of their arrears of pay. Your Honourable Court will be pleased to learn that our
protection has been extended to this family at the express desire of his Highness the Nabob.

The Nawaub received Royal Honours, as appears from the following : —

Asiatic Reg. 1808, Nov. 27. — Yesterday at sunrise a royal salute was fired from Chepauk Palace, and returned by

p- 168. j]^e saluting battery of Fort St George, in honour of the anniversary of the Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah.

The Governor paid a visit of ceremony to his Highness on the occasion.

Opposition and '^^& elevation of Azeem-ul-Dowlah, and his agreement to the conditions of

troubles in Royal the Company, gave great offence and dissatisfaction to the sensitive minds of the
House. other members of the Royal House. They refused to attend at his installation,

and his Highness had, for some time, no smooth or pleasant, perhaps it may be said
no safe, life to lead amongst them. The following documents, from which this
appears, are extremely valuable in other respects, as will more clearly appear in
the sequel.

Declaration by Lord Clive, 18th December 1801.

1803, Papers, vol. ii., Xu the name of God !

P I have had the honour of receiving two papers signed hj some of the most respectable persons

connected with their Highnesses, the late Nabob Mahomed Alii, and the late Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah.

It is known to those respectable persons, that the British Government, actuated by motives of
national magnanimity and moderation, relaxed the exercise of the positive rights which it had ac-
quired uuder the violation of the alliance, by their Highnesses the late Nabob Mahomed AUi and the
late Nabob Oindut-ul-Omrah ; that relaxation was referable to no tacit acknowledgment of any dor-
mant right on the part of tlie family of those deceased Nabobs ; but it originated in the generous
wish, founded on a long intercourse of friendship and union, to preserre to that respectable faiiiihj its ancient
rank among the jn-in.ces of Hindostan.

Under that moderated exercise of the power acquired by the ]5ritish Government, it had a right
to expect the cheerful acquiescence of every Ijranch of that respectable family in the arrangements
finally adopted for the securitg of the British interests in the Carnatic, and for the preservation of the dignity
of that respectable finiili/ ; but it is sufficiently known that a general and unreasonable resistance was
ojjposed to those arrangements, by the persons w ho have signed the present representation ; while
many of those individual persons endeavoured to advance pretensions of a distinct and personal inte-
rest, thereby manifesting an indisposition to any arrangement which could have been suggested.

When the British Government finally determined to elevate his Highness the Nabob Azeem-ul-
Dowlah, Bahadur (whom Heaven preserve), to the rank of Nabob of the Carnatic, 1 encouraged a
reasonalile ground of expectation Ihat the suppression of those discordant ])rctcnsions would be fol-
lowed by a cordial and grateful disposition, on the part of the family, to meet an arrangement, calcu-
lated, in a particular nianner, to sujijiort the ancient dignity and honour of that House. In this hope,
I caused timely cominuuicatioM to be made by my atithority, and, in the name of the British Govern-
ment, to the principal menil)crs of the family, inforniing them of the intended elevation of the Nabob
Azeera-ul-Dowlah Bahadur (whose shadow be extended!) and inviting them to bo present, and to
partake the honours of his Highness' installation.

It is known to the res]iecfable persons who have signed the present representation, and it is
notorious to the whole world, Ihat not one of those ))ersons attended that distinguished ceremony,
thereby manifesting a deterujincd hostility to the Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah (whom God ))reserve !) an
ungrateful disrespect to the British Government, and a ])erverse adherence to the spirit of those
councils which liad tertninated in the forfeiture of the rights of the family.

Tills i)ub!ic denunciation on the part of the family, of its disafl'ection to the Nabob Azeem-ul-
Dowlah (whose life be prolonged!) was consistently followed by a systematic resistance opposed to
the endeavours of that Piince, and to my exhortation, for the purpose of eslablisliing union and afl'cc-
tion among the different members of that respectable family.

7-3

Tlic proffress of these unhappy dissensions I liave eonlinncd to observe with the utmost degree
nf eoncern ; and I regretted that the advice, rospecl fully oil'ored by me to her Ilighness the Begum
Sultan ul Natl'a, in my letter of the 2()th September last, should have failed to produce that concilia-
tory disposition, on the part of the family, which it was my desire to establish.

Under these ciriaunstanees of ])ul)lic insult and resistance to the authority of the Nabob Azeem-
ul-Dowlah (whom (lod |)reserve !), it is neitlier improbable nor unreasouid)le that his Highness should
have felt sentiments of resentment towards those persons who have not hesitated to avow, in the
most public manner, their determined emriity to his Highness. But I deem it necessary to slate, in
the most formal manner, that the Nabob Azecm-ul-Uowlali 15aliadur (whom God preserve!) has
repeatedly alforded to me satisfactory evidence of his disposition to revive the bonds of union, and of
natural alfection, with tlu? dissentient uiembers of his Higlincss' family.

Those members of the family who have signed the rcjiresentations addressed to rae have appealed
through me to the liritish (Jovcrnment against the violence imputed to his Highness the Nabol)
Azeem-ul-Uowlah (whose shadow be extended), stating the confinement of their persons, and the
usurpation of their ])roperty.

W/ien the Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah loas raised to the rank of Nabob of the Carnatic, iiis Highness

SUCCEEDED TO THE RIGHTS OF IIIS ILLUSTRIOUS ANCESTORS HERETOFORE NaUOBS OF THE CaRNATIC.

During a long period of time, those rights have been exercised within the jurisdiction of the British
Government; and every member of the family knows that the British (lovermnent never interfered,
otherwise than by the interposition of its friendly offices, in the internal arrangement of their High-
ness' domestic economy. One of the most memorable events which could have required such an in-
terference was the death of his late Highness the Aracer-ul-Omrah (of blessed memory) ; but it is
intimately known to some of the most respectable persons who have signed the present representation,
that the Nabob Mahomed Ali (who is in Heaven) exercised on that occasion the full and undisputed
right of an independent Sovereign, according to the Mahomcdan Laws, uncpialilied by his Highness'
e.xisting engagements with the British Government.

The principles of the engagements existing at that period of time were similar to those of the
Treaty by which the Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah (whom God preserve !) has made himself the instru-
ment of restoring the foundation of alliance with the British Government, and of the rank and dignity of
this new ilhtstrious familij. It is therefore incumbent on the British Government to respect the rights
acquired to his Highness by the late Treaty ; and it is my especial duty to resist evenj attempt which
may be maih? to encroach on those rights, or to violate the imnciples of die alliance now find ij and per-
petuatly establislied.

At the same time, however, that I declare, in this formal manner, the resolution of the British
Government to preserve to the Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah (whose shadow be extended !) the rights
which his Highness has acquired by Treaty, I also declare an equal determination to oppose au
uniform resistance to such an exercise of power within the jurisdiction of the British Government as
shall be incompatible, in my judgment, with the honour and dignity of the British nation.

Upon these principles, it is incumbent on me to declare that, if the Nabob Azcem-ul-Dowlah
(whom God preserve !) should have actually exercised his Highness' power in the manner and to
the extent implied in the representation, I should have felt it to be my duty to remonstrate with his
Highness, and ultimately to resist such an exercise of power. But such an exercise of power is
manifestly inconsistent with the vigilance of the British Government, and with the constant intercourse
established with the palace of Chepauk. It is also consistent with my positive knowledge, that
some of the facts stated in the representation are highly inflamed and maliciously exaggerated. But
notwithstanding this impression, I shall not hesitate to interpose my good offices, and to require from
his Highness the Nabob Azeem-uI-Dowlah (whom God preserve !) an explanation of the circum-
stances of inquiry stated in the representation.

As soon as I shall have received that explanation, I shall have again occasion to address myself
to those respectable persons who have signed the representation, and to afford them all the satisfac-
tion which may be consistent with the faith of the British Government, and with a true state of the
facts. (Signed) Clive.

Fort St George, 18th Dec. 1801.

To his Highness the Nabob Azeem-dl-Do\vlah, etc. etc. etc. isos, Papers, vol. ii.,

p. \'X.

May it please your Highness, —

I have observed, with much concern, that the endeavours of your Highness and myself to con-
ciliate the minds of some of the principal branches of your Highness' family have proved unsuccessful.
As long as the arrangements which have been recently concluded for the affairs of the Carnatic were
depending, it was natural to suppose that some of those persons interested in the event should feel a
disposition to oppose your Highness' pretensions ; but I indulged a reasonable expectation that the
final conclusion and ratification of the late Treaty would have removed those rival grounds of ani-
mosity, and would have established a permanent foundation for re-uniting those branches of the family
in the bonds of affection and duty with your Highness.

These sentiments your Highness knows I had the honour of communicating to her Highness
Sultaun ul Niffa Begum on a former occasion ; but having since received further representations stated
to be on the part of the family, I consider it to be proper to furnish your Highness with a copy of
those papers, together with the copy of an answer which I have inclosed, and which I request your
Highness to transmit for the information of the persons who have signed the representations. It is
not my intention, by the transmission of these papers, to establish the grounds of any improper or
unusual interference in your Highness' domestic affairs. I am fully sensible of the delicacy which it
is incumbent on the Brilisli Government to observe towards every person, and particularly towards
the female part of the families of the late Nabob Mahomed Ally, and of the late Nabob Omdut"-ul-
Omrah. I am aware that your Highness, as the constituted head of that family, is the proper channel
of regulating its domestic economy and of composing its internal dissensions.

Your Highness, however, is so fully acquainted with the principles, and with the motives of
generosity which actuated the British Government in the re-establishment of the family in its rank,
that your Highness will readily perceive the degree of concern with which I must receive communica-

tions of" the nature of those inclosed ; and although I have every reason to believe, from my constant
intercourse with your Highness, that these representations are extremely exaggerated, it is yet in-
cumbent upon me, both with respect to the public station which 1 have the honour to hold and with
regard to the attention due from me to your Highness, and to your Highness' family, to transmit
those papers to you, and to recommend to your Highness to endeavour, by the constant observance
of that moderation and forbearance which is becoming your station, to remove every ground of com-
plaint, and to retrieve the affections of persons so nearly related to your Highness.

I do myself the honour to recommend the subject to your Highness' early and serious attention.

(Signed) Clive.

Fort St George, 18th Dec. 1801.

1803, Papers, vol. ii., EXTRACT of Fort St George Political Consultations, the 22d Dec. 1801.

p. 114. ° '

Right Honourable the Presidents Minute in Council, 22d Dec. 1801.

15. I conclude that no person distrusts the general ground of belief of their Highness' the late
Nabob Mahomed Ally and the late Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah, having died possessed of great property,
and I have positive reason to believe, on the ground of circumstances which occurred during the late
negotiations, that a large property is now in the possession of some branches of the family.

16. It is a known fact that, at the death of his Highness the late Ameer-ul-Omrah, the reigning
Nabob Mahomed Ally took possession of the entire property of the deceased Prince. The father
of the late Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah succeeded to the possession of that in common with the other
property of his father, as Sovereign of the Carnatic. If, according to the principles of ]\Iahomedan
law, the Nabob Omdut-ul-Omrah Ally had a right to obtain possession of the property of the Prince
Ameer-ul-Omrah, the present Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah had the same right, on his elevation to the
rank of Nabob of the Carnatic. On the other hand, if the descendants of Omdut-ul-Omrah have a
right to hereditary property, without reference to the principles of the Mahomedan law, and the usage
of the Carnatic already stated, then the Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah has an undisputed claim to the
possession of his father's property, which is notoriously known to have been very large.

17. If the Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah had proceeded to exercise his power for the recovery of
rights so well-founded, it might have been difficult to have opposed a reasonable objection to it ;
but it is consistent with my knowledge, that his Highness has absolutely abstained from the exercise
of his power for that purpose ; and such moderation under the circumstances in which his Highness
is placed, is, in my judgment, a very deficient answer to the general imputation of violence stated on
the part of the family.

20. I have already recorded my opinion of the necessity of supporting the just rights and pre-
tensions of his Highness the Nabob Azeem-ul-DowIah, with respect to his foreign relations ; and the
same sentiments are, in my judgment, strictly applicable to the internal state of his Highness' affairs.
This obligation is incumbent on the British Government, in conformity to the terras of the Treaty
concluded and formally ratified ; any relaxation of the rights conveyed to the Nabob by that instru-
ment can only tend to encourage those hopes of change, which must protract, and proljably frustrate,
the domestic happiness of the family, while the indecision of the British Government would expose
all the branches of the family to the rapacity of those interested adventurers, who have hitherto
fattened on its spoils.

21. Under the impression of these sentiments, I consider it to be essentially necessary to the
happiness of the family, and to the consistent character of the British Government, that the fallacious
expectations of the one should be suppressed by a candid avowal, and a strict observance of the
principles of the latter.

In recording these sentiments, I judge it to be proper to repeat my opinion of the disposition,
readily and invariably evinced by the present Nabob, to meet with cheerfulness such suggestions as
I considered to be advantageous to his Highness and to the Company ; and I have no doubt that his
Highness' answer to my proposed reference will confirm on the minds of the Board this impression of
his character.

1803, Papers, vol. ii., Tkanslation of a CIRCULAR LETTER from Ills Highness the Nawaub Azeem-ul-Dowlaii,
•*■ '^■'' Bahadur, to each of the Members of the Family, as here under specified.

From the commencement of the succession of this servant of the court of the Omnipotent, to the
government of the Carnatic, the conduct, so repugiumt to the princi])les of all upright and good men,
which you have observed towards me, must be fresh in your recollection ; it is the more extraordinary,
siuce, not satisfied with this conduct to myself, you have transmitted (to others) representations replete
with accusations false and unfounded.

It is perfectly evident to the sagacity of every person of discernment and impartiality, that
besides the indispensable arrangements and regulation of my affairs, an attention to which is incum-
bent on every ruler, my conduct to you has not, even althoMgli I witnessed your refractory sentiments,
been influenced by a bias of severity. This is a fact so notorious, that it were superfluous to illustrate
it by ))articular instances.

In consequence of a line of comlnct adopted l)y iny late uncle, the Nal)ol) Onidut-ul-Omrah,
incompatiljle with his engagements with tlie IJritish Government, (flie M]i|)roved benefactors of the
Rulers of the (Jarnatic), the terms of those engagements were infringed, and our wliule house conse-
quently involved in a situation dangerous and alarming.

By the gracious and kind interposition of Providence, the British (Jovernment were (neverthe-
less) pleased to confer on me the succession to the goverimient, as mine by right, thereby preserving
secure the honour of our entire House.

The dcTncsnes and buildings of the palace, the residence and memorial of our progenitors, had
been mortgaged, and were about to lie sold, an event which, had it actually taken place, would not
have left us even the shadow of a wall.

These have been redeemed, and the demands of the mortgage discharged; denmnds which, iiad
they not been satisfied, Ood only knows what might have been the situation of the individuals of the
family.

Tliank licavoii, my intentions liave been ko void of fC'i'lt) '•^nd my disposition so averse from in-
juring even an individual, tiiat I entertain no ap[ux'liensions from your memrjrials ; nay, I imagine
tliey Avill redound to my advantage.

Now, sinee it lias pleased the Almighty God to favour me with tliis Government, and as I have
redeemed from mortgage the Garden of Chepauk, you should know that it is mine Ijy virtue of a two-
fold right.

First, it is mine as a ruler of the Carnatie.

Secondly, it is mine, having ])urehased it with my own money; thus I am the paramount and

absolute proprietor of the said garden.

Therefore, if with a view to the upholding of your rauk you should prefer to reside within the

said garden, it behoves you to submit on all occasions to my authority ; otherwise, if contrary to the

customs of the Walajahi family, you should disclaim my autiiority, then you must relinquish my

property; and in that event, I shall be no longer responsible for the defence of your honour.

The same to IIlssain-ul-Muj.k.
„ Tajul Amija.

„ Rates- ul-Omka.

„ Amekal Dowlah.

„ ISLACIIAli-m.-UoW'LAH.

„ Jatamuij-iil-Mui,k.

„ Majed-tl-Dowlah.

„ Jatazab-ul-Dowlah.

I
Translation of a Letter from the Individuals of the Family to the Nawab Azeem-ul- '*"■''' Pap*". »oi. ii.,

Dowlah, Bahadur. "• ^^^•

Your letter, dated the 29th December last, we have received, iind comprehended the contents.
You have informed us summarily, that the complaint which we were necessitated to prefer to the
Governor in Council of Madras, is false and unfounded. The prayers and the pains which you have
e.xcited in our breasts by the impropriety of your expressions, and the unkindness of your conduct,
remain concealed within these lareasts ; but the circumstances which have lately occurred, are so
notorious, that no individual can have any doubts respecting them, and your conduct of yesterday,
in imprisoning the servants and individuals of this family, is a proof in point, neither can there be any
doubts of the intentions of tlie persons who authorised the measure; a world are judges that that
person instigated what has happened to us. But we wish not to discuss this subject with you, it will
be cognizable in that tribunal where your conduct and that of the descendants of the Nawab Wallajali
Omdut-ul-()nu-ah, Bahadur (the mercy of God be upon him !) their respected In'other and father. . . .
That tribunal will not fail also to investigate the charges in which you have involved his late High-
ness ; that he, though a prince of such high power, with all the honour and dignity attached to the
Musnud of the Carnatic, humbled himself to a condition that might e.xcite shame and blushes, in order
that he might preserve the engagements entered into, and so acted, merely that by these means the
inheritance of his father and grandfather — that is, the entire country without the participation of
another- — should remain and not go into other hands. He gave up Chepauk that he might preserve
the most estimable object, the country of the Carnatic ; a country which had devolved in a series
from father to son ; and by these happy means consign it to his cliUdren iiithout interruption ; these
matters we do not discuss with you ; but we cannot make public your shame.

You are happy in the measure you have adopted of relinquishing the dominions of'the Carnatic,
for the hope of retaining Chepauk. Conceive the trouble and distress you have given us, by direct-
ing us to make choice of two things ; namely, to remain within the precincts and protection of your
authority, or if not, to abandon entirely the garden of Chepauk. Our rank and honour suffer us not
justly to clioose either alternative ; and although the most distressing of all worldly calamities is ex-
pulsion from our native soil, nevertheless, we shall speedily, according to your wishes and writing,
forsake our habitations and proceed elsewhere. Here the recollection of our ancient rank and great-
ness (alas, how changed !) perpetually recurs ; and our understandings suggest to us nothing save the
mortification of quitting this our abode, and resigning it to you. Probably you may have the heart
to remain in it ; we have no choice : we have not such hearts.

(Signed) The Son of Osidut-ul-Omkah.

„ The Son of Sult^\a-dl-Niffa Begam.

„ Hussain-dl-Mdlk.

„ Mahommed Naffur Chan.

,, AssuD Ullah Mi.vn.

(A letter the same exactly as the above was written and sent by each.)

The preceding letter bears no date. As it refers to "his late Highness," it
may have been dated subsequent to the death of Hussain Ally, announced in the
following dispatch : —

Extract fi-om Political Letter from Fort St George ; dated 3d May 1802. voi. ii._ p. 95.

Para. 2. We are concerned to be under the necessity of reporting to your Honourable Court
the death of Ally Hussain, the reputed son of the late Nabob of the Carnatic, who departed this Ufe
on the 6th ultimo.

He died without leaving any issue.

Translation of a Letter from his Highness the Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah, Bahauder, isos, Paper8 io\. Mi.
to the Right Honourable Lord Clive, etc. etc. etc. P' 16"-

I 4th Ramson 1217 Hegery,
Dated and received, < or,

{ .30th Dec. 1802.

The machinations of an infatuated part of my own family, who are adverse to the propitious
arrangements established for the administration of the aft'airs of the Carnatic, and for the happiness

of its people, are intimately known to yonr Lordship ; and you are also aware of the forbearance
•with which I have, in compliance with your Lor(lshii)'s advice, in the present situation of thinijs, re-
frained from exercising the just degree of authority necessary to relieve me from this inconvenience,
in the hope of evincing, by conciliation and forbearance, those mistaken people from the errors and
misdoings of their evil counsellors.

A recent instance, however, has occurred, in which I have found it to be indispensably necessary
to assert my authority in a more direct manner, both as the head of Mahommedan Government in
the Carnatic, and particularly of the Wallajah's family.

Shah Sawar Jung, the reputed sou, by a courtezan, of the late Nabob Omdut ul Omrah, having
conducted himself in a manner disrespectful towards me, I adopted the most lenient mode of signify-
ing my displeasure, according to the long existing usage of the Nabobs of Arcot, by placing him in
arrest in his own ajjartments, with sentinels at his door, but with strict injunctions not to interrupt
the usual supplies of his table.
Invasion of Na- Having fastened the doors of his apartments, he addressed a petition to one of the judges of the

bob's Sovereio-n Supreme Court, accusing me of withholding from him the necessaries of life, and claiming the pro-
rio-hts by Eno-lisb tection of the Court, thus endeavouring to remove himself from the authority to which be was con-
Courts, stitutionally subject as a member, though an unworthy member, of the AValhijahi family, and to seek
protection from his insolence, under an imputed intention on my part, of cruelty and inhumanity.

With respect to the calumnious part of the petition, if the communications which your Lordship
daily receives of the transactions at Chepauk were not sufficient to remove every doubt, if any doulit
existed in your Lordship's mind, I could furnish your Lordship with the most abundant proof of the
entire disregard of truth manifested by Shah Sawar Jung, but I am assured that your Lordship's
friendship and consideration for me would induce you to judge such a procedure, in the present case,
to be an unnecessary condescension from the high rank and station to which, under the favour of
Providence, I have been advanced by the British Government.

With regard to the wish apparently expressed by Shah Sawar Jung, in his petition to withdraw
himself from my authority, your Lordship will remember that, at an early period after I ascended the
Musnud of my ancestors, I apprised the disaffected members of my family, by a circular letter, of
which I furnished a copy for your Lordship's information, that if they continued to occupy apart-
ments within the precincts of my Palace, I should expect them to conform to those internal regula-
tions which I might adopt ; but if they should be desirous of withdrawing themselves from Chepauk,
it was my intention to grant them free permission to do so. I did not trouble your Lordship with
the answers I received, because they were more calculated to demonstrate a spirit of hostility than
expressive of their gratitude for the obligations which, through my Intercession, they have received
from your Lordship's government.

The insolence and disrespect manifested by Shah Sawar Jung have now given a practical ex-
ample of their intentions by an attempt to compel me to the alternative of submitting to a disrespect-
ful conduct on their part, or of suffering the indignity of a foreign interference to supersede my just
authority. I am very certain that it is not in the terms of the Treaty of the Carnatic, nor in the
spirit of the renewed alliance between me and the British nation, and still less in the gracious inten-
tion of your Lordship's mind, that I should be reduced to such a predicament. I have therefore
deemed it to be proper for me to order Shah Sawar Jung to remove liimself from the Palace of Che-
pauk ; and, as I can have no doubt that the arrangement adopted by your Lordship to regulate the
payment of the family stipends, was calculated to maintain and support the dignity and authority of
the head of it, it is my request that your Lordship will be pleased to discounteuance a procedure
subversive of subordination and repugnant to the established rules of this family and of the Maho-
medan sect, by discontinuing the payment of the monthly stipend hitherto granted to Shah Sawar
Jung and to his dependants, amounting to 15,000 rupees a year, in the expectation 1 shall refuse to
authenticate the receipts of Shah Sawar Jung, in the usual manner ; but, yonr Lordship is assured
that, although the change must be attended with inconvenience to that ill-judging person and to his
dependants, I shall prevent from exposure to distress, any person, however unworthy, being a relation
to the Wallajah family. The example will be benelieial to others by manifesting, under the sanction
of your Lordship's authority, that the rejection of my authority is not exempt from the forfeiture of
the benefits of my protection.

Although, by the blessing of the Almighty, no possible indignity can assail me while I enjoy
your Lordship's protection, I will not conceal from your Lordship the ]iainful feelings which have
disturbed my mind on hearing that the Judges of the supreme Court have cousidercd it proper and
decorous for them to inquire into the domestic arrangements of my family.

By the special grace of Him, the most merciful, my friends the English Government (who may
truly be described as the vicegerents of justice upon earth) have provided by a sacred law that the
customary authority of the heads of families of whatever persuasion shall be preserved to the lowest
of their Indian people, — a law by which the meanest of the subjects, whom I have transferred to your
Lordship's mild and beneficent authority, is exempted from the prying curiosity of strangers, and
secured in the quiet exercise of tho?e customs and prejudices which he has been taught to reverence
with an order exceeding the love of life. An exemption from this busy intrusion is accordingly my
right as a man.

But your Lordship, and I speak it with a heart full of gratitude, has habitually treated me not
only with the tenderness of a father, but with the consideration due to im/ rani <is a Sorercuju Prinee.
in conformity to the 1st article of the Treaty of the Carnatic, which secures to me the .wme ran/.;
digmliey, and innnunitieK triikh were enjoi/ed hi/ mi/ renerahle i/rand/al/ier, who reposes in Paradise. By
the favour of the Almighly, this soienni compact of the whole British nation is inca])able of violence.
A local and subordinate jui'isdiction of one ])eoi)lo cannot invade the privileges of the Sovereign of
another. By the blessing of the Founder of all order, the iiKjuisition of a, French tribinial do not
reach the sacred person of my a\igust ally the King of Great Britain, and the intrusion of the Court
of Madraspatam camuH touch the Sovereign of the Carnatic.

To your Lordship, as my friend, and as the representative of my unalterable allies the British
nation, my doors and the secrets of my heart are equally open ; but the habits of your Lordship's
illustrious rank, ami your enlightened views of the customs and institutions of the nations of the earth,
have instructed your Lordshij) in the respect which is due to what narrower and more vulgar minds

may consider as ])rojn dices ; and your Lordsliip, if you shall see it necessary, will take farther and
more powerful measures to secure for ever my honour, and the dignity of my house, from the pollution
of intruders of whatever deseri]itioii.
What sliould I write uiore ?

The English Courts of Law came again into oolhsion with the prerogatives of ''^"P''**.'' Courts

his Ilighncjs, givino' rise to the followino- important correspondence : — ?P'" invade

^ ' '-> n r> 1 1 Prerogatives.

Extract of Fort George Political and Foreign Consultations, the 18th Jaimarv "*"'' i""?*™' '''''• '"

*^ . - ' .'11. Iii9.

1803.
The following letter having returned from ciroulation is ordered to be recorded : —

Translation of a Lettek from his Highness the Naljob Azeem-ul-Dowlaii, Behadur, to the

Right lion. LoKD Clive, etc. etc.

p. 109.

Dated and received |if/''/"'"='-''"i217 Heger
(7th January 1803.

By the blessing of Almighty God, and the support of my sincere friends, the Governor
General and your Lordship, the aft'airs of my Government are established on a basis as firm as the
wall of Alexander : and under the protection of his august Majesty the King of Great Britain, and
of the English nation, I am always in perfect safety and security. Thus situated, my liniionr and
dignitji is the same as that of nil/ revered grandfatJier, the Nabob Wallajah (who reposes in paradise), and
the preservation thereof will ever be incumbent on the English Government.

On tlie 3d of the present month the Supreme Court at Madras, without any communication with
me, sent their peo])le into the house of Abdul Mabud Khan Bahader Jumsheed Jung (one of the
sons of the late Nabob Wallajah), seized his person and carried him away. This circumstance has
been a source of great uneasiness and surprise to me, that, notwithstanding the intimate connection
subsisting between me and the English (jovernment, such intemperate measures should have been
adopted by the Court against my dependants. Your Lordship knows full well that the poorest man
is the master of his own house, and is secure in it, and that none has the power of intrusion therein ;
such behig the case, it is a matter of great astonishment to me, that the people of the Court should
so far deviate from the customs of their own nation, as to go into the house of a son of the late
Nabob Wallajah, and there disgrace him. Good God ! is it consistent with the justice and ecjuity of
the Court, that men of rank and distinction should be dragged into durance in this disgraceful man-
ner ? This act of violence I conceive to be highly hijurious to my honour. By the law of nations,
as well as by the sanctions of Government, my dependants (such of them as are heartily well disposed
towards me) are equally secure from the interference of the Court, as I am in my own person. 1
have therefore to request that, during your Lordship's government, such an arrangement may be
made as shall preclude now and for ever all interference of the Court, or of strangers, with any of
my dependants.

This act of kindness in your Lordship towards me will add to my security and to my honour.

What should I write more ?

The President records the following Minute : — - v„i jij j, j-q

The Board will doubtless have received with concern the communication stated in the letter of
his Highness the Nabob of the Carnatic, dated 7th inst., of the seizure and subsequent imprisonment
for debt of Abdul Maabood Khan Bahadur, son of the Nabob W^allajah, and uncle of the present
Nabob. With regard to the facts of this case, it is proper for me to state, that about noon on the
day of the confinement of Abdul Mtwbood Khan, I had the honour to communicate the nature of
the transaction and the rank of the prisoner to his Majesty's Chief Justice, suggesting his immediate
interference ; that on the same evening I received a note from Sir Thomas Strange, affording reason
to believe that the prisoner would be immediately liberated ; but that at noon on the following dav,
finding that the Khan was still in the gaol, and his Highness the Nabob having exhibited, by repeated
and urgent remonstrances, considerable agitation of mind, I directed a gentleman of my family to
make the requisite arrangements for the release on bail of Abdul Maabood Khan.

The relation of the present Nabob to the British Government, under the Treaty of the Carnatic.
was stated to the Honourable the Judges of the Supreme Court, in a letter dated the od September
1801 ; and an arrangement was therein proposed for their consideration, intended to secure to his
Highness and to his family the honours and immunities enjoyed by his predecessors heretofore
Nabobs of the Carnatic, under provisions of public treaties.

It is much to be desired that the lion, the Judges had felt themselves at Uberty to comply with
the request contained in that letter ; but the Chief Judge having communicated to me, in a private
letter, the reasons which deterred him from stating his opinion extra-judicially, I have been anxious
to avert the serious calamities which may ensue from the impossibility, on one hand, of hesitating
to execute, to the e.vtent of our means, the spirit of the Treaty ; and, on the other, of opposing the
power of the King's Court, thus leaving to the Nabob the care of defending his own rights. I have
therefore been induced to repeat my attempts, by personal communication with the Chief Judge, to
obtain such iuformatiou of the intentions of the Court, or such an arrangement of the point at issue,
as should equally secure to the Court its jurisdiction, and to his Highness the Nabob and his family
their public rights.

It is with regret that I am to state that it has not been practicable for me to accompUsii, in a
satisfactory manner, either of these important ends. The only point of arrangement to which the
Chief Justice considered it competent for him to consent to. consisted in a notice of any intended
personal arrest, on the condition that the Government should, in such case, guarantee that the person
whom it was intended to arrest should be forthcoming.

It is scarcely necessary to observe to the Board, that the effect of such an arrangement, with

regard to the Government, would be to place it in the predicament of agreeing to violate the personal
immunities which it is bound by treaty to defend ; and that the proposal would either produce that
effect, with respect to the members of the Nabolj's family, or subject the Company to the expense of
sustaining the numerous actions which may be, and which jn-obaljly will be brought against them.

I have communicated with the Company's law oflicers on the course most expedient to pursue in
the present case ; and I have in consequence the honour to propose, that they shall be instructed to
move the Court to discharge the proceedings in the action commenced against Abdul Maubood
Khan, on the foundation of the requisite certificates from his Highness, and from the Government, of
his actual place in the family of the Nabob. If this application shall succeed, it will become neces-
sary to furnish the Court with a list certified in the same manner, of those persons who are considered
to belong to his Highness' family and retinue, under the Treaty of the Carnatic ; and shall accord-
ingly request his Highness to furnish me with a list, for the purpose of being transmitted to the
Supreme Court, according to ihe practice in England, founded on the basis of public law and
accommodated to the modes of the national Courts.

(Signed) Cuve.

Fort St George, 18th January 180.3.

Vol. iii., p. 167. Diary to Political Consultations, 22d January 1803.

To the Sub-Treasurer.

Sir, — 'Shah Sawar Jung having incurred the displeasure of his Highness the Nabob of the
Carnatic, I am directed to desire that the payment of his pension at the Treasury may cease from the
1st instant.

I am likewise directed to convey to you similar instructions with regard to Gholam Hussein, who
has been dismissed from his situation at his Highness' Durbar, and from his employment as Principal
Moonshy in the Persian Translator's Office.

The allowances of Gholam Hussein are to cease from the 18th instant. — I am, etc.

(Signed) John Chamier,

Chief Secy, to Govt.
Fort St George, 21st January 1803.

Vol. iii., p. 172. DiAKY to Foft St George Political Consultations, 26th January 1803.

Sent a letter to the Nabob (entered in C. C, No. 6.)
To His Highness Azeem-ul-Dowlah, Bahadur, Nabob Soubabdar of the Carnatic, etc.

May it please your Highness, —

I have had the honour to receive your Highness' letters of 30th December and 7th ultimo, and
am greatly concerned that any circumstance should have occurred to disturb the composure of your
Highness' mind.

It will l)e satisfactory to your Highness to be informed that I perfectly coincide in your opinion
of the unworthiness of Shah Sawar Jung to participate in your Highness' bounty, and have directed
the payment of his pension to be discontinued at the Treasury.

I am willing to believe that the late seasonable effort of resolution manifested by your Highness
in the punishment of Shah Sawar Jung will effectually secure the Nabob of the Carnatic from the
recurrence of similar effrontery.

I have already received your Highness' acknowledgments for having effected the temporary
enlargement of Abdul Mabub Khan ; and I have it in contemplation to make such further immediate
arrangements as may be practicable for the purpose of preventing the occurrence of a similar event to
any person under your Highness' protection who maybe deemed to be exempt from the jurisdiction of
the law of England. With this view I request your Highness to transmit to me a certificate under
the seal of your Government, describing the station of Abdul Mahbood Khan in the Wallajahi
family, together with a list of such persons as may be considered by your Highness to be entilled to
the privilege of exemption. — I have, etc.

(Signed) Clive.

Fort St George, 1st February 1803.

1803, Papers, vol.
p..l7:3.

Declaration that
Nabob an Inde-
pendent Prince.

These proceedings above referred to led to the Governor in Council issuing

the following remarkable and most important declaration : —

We, the undersigned, the Governor in Council of Fort St George, do hereby certify That the
Nabob Wallajah Ameer-ul-Omrah Madar-ul-Mulk Ameer-nl-Kind Azeem-ul-Dowlah Anwer-ul-
Deen Cawn Bahadur Showhilt Jung, Sepah Solar Soubdar of the Carnatic, is achioidedged and
rerMgnked hj our said Government A.s an indet'ENOKNT I'hince, ilie Souhadar of the Carnatic Pat/en
Ghaut, and an alh/ of our said Government, and we do fnrtlier certify, That from the year 1768 hitherto,
his late ITighncss the Nabob Wallajah, his late Highness Omdut-ul-Omrah, and his Highness the
said Azeeni-nl-I)owlaii, being successively Soubadars of tlie Canuitic, and allies of the Government
of Fort St (jlcorge, have severally, with their resjicctive families, resided, and his Highness the said
Azeem-ul-Dowlah dolh now reside, with the api)ro))ation of the Government of Fort St George, near
Madras, and within the tf^rritories dei)endeiit u]ion the side of Government, for the jiurpose of carry-
ing on, in concert with the Government of Fort St George, the common and united interests of the
said (Jovernment, and of tlic said several successsive Soubabdars of the Carnatic Payen Ghaul, as
such allies.

(Signed) Clive.

Wm. PETfUE.

M. Dick.

Fort St George, Ist February 1803.

Extract Political Letter from Fort St George, dated 22d February 1803. Voi. iii.. p. 155.

5. The many applications from tlio Nabob for jxMisions to be paid IVom iiis proportion of liie
revcmies, to sucli of the dependants of iiis family for whom no maintenance liad been prcjvided under
the Treaty of the Carnatic, do not by any means form the least pleasing part of his Highness'
correspondciM^e with our President.

6. Among- other instances of his prineely disposition in this respect, it is necessary that we notice,
for your information, his resolution to discharge the arrears of pay, due by the late Nabob to Mr
John Bafloy, a respectable European, cmi)loycd by his present ITighness as a Private Secretary, and
who has been employed for the period of twenty-five years in the service of the family.

7. It is necessary for us to specify this act of generosity, in order that if tiie debt in question
shall ever be acknowledged l)y your Honourable Court to be included in the adjusted debts of their
late Tlighncsses the Nabob Walajah and the Nabob Omdutul Onirah, and conse(|uently to be charged
oi\ the Uevenues of the Carnatic, you may, at the same time, take into your consideration whether
the amount ought not to l)e repaid to his Highness the Nabob Azeem ul Dowlali, who has in fact
redeemed, at his own expense, that part, of the floating debt.

8. While we dwell with pleasure on this feature of the Nabob's character, we state to you, with
regret, that his Highness has experienced, in some instances, from the inferior branches of tlic family,
a conduct very different from that to which lie was entitled both as the head of that family and as tke.
Sovereign of the Mahomedans in ike Carnatic. We shall l^y all means inculcate tliis mode of conciliation
and forbearance on the part of his Highness ; but the pertinacity with which some members of the
family adhere to their opposition, and to the vain hopes encouraged by their private agents in Europe,
appears to render it necessary that the means provided by us, for securing the respect of these
dependants, should be permitted to oi)eratc for the purpose of checking insolence and disaffection to
the Nabob. A recent case of this kind having occurred, in which Shaw Souver Jung, one of the
supposed illegitimate sons of the late Nabob Onidut ul Omrah, avowedly threw off obedience to his
Highness Azeem ul Dowlah, his Highness signified to us his intention of removing him from the
palace of Chepauk, and his wish that the payment of the separate stipend, granted with his High-
ness' concurrence to this Prince, should be suspended.

9. As this appears to be the only practicable mode by which the resistance of the inferior mem-
bers of the family to the elevation of the Nabob Azeem ul Dowlah and their personal disrespect to his
Highness can be diminished, we have concurred in his Highness' wishes on this question, and have
accordingly suspended the payment of the stipend until a better consideration of the circumstances
attached to their respective relations shall have induced Shah Souver Jung to restore himself to the
favour of the Nabob.

IG. In consequence of our former representatious on the subject, we trust that your Honourable
Court will have taken into consideration the serious inconveniences to which his Highness the Nabob
may be exposed, from the ditBculty of defining his situation as a Sovereign Prince residing with the
whole of his family, and the officers of his State, within the jurisdiction of a British Court of law.

17. This question has been in some degree agitated, by an instance which has recently occurred,
in the ai-rest and iraprisonment for debt of Abdul Mabud Khan, an uncle of his Highness, and a son
of the Nabob Mahomed Ally. The distress occasioned to the Nabob by this event is forcibiy
described in a letter from his Highness to our President, complaining of the indignity, and in the
minute recorded by his Lordship, on submitting that letter to our notice.

18. We beg leave to refer you to the minute of our President for the nature and result of his
Lordship's communications on this occasion with his Majesty's Chief Justice, who having declined to
deliver extra-judicially his opinion on the subject, we have, iu conformity to Lord Clive's suggestion,
instructed the law officers of the Company to move the Court to discharge the proceedings in the
action commenced against Abdul Mabud Khan, ou the plea of his supposed privileges as a member
of the family of the Nabob.

19. The Advocate-General has obtained a rule to show cause in the present case, and we shall
apprise your Honourable Court of the issue. Iu the meanwhile, it is obvious that the situation of the
Nabob and of his Highness' family is so singular as not to be iucluded in the usual interpretations of
public law ; and, on the other hand, the faith of the Executive Government is pledged by a Treaty to
secure to the Nabob his rights and immunities in the same full and ample manner as the;/ hare heretofore
been enjotjed htj his Hif/hness' predecessors, Nahol/s of the Carnatic. But unless all doubt shall be removed
from the interpretation of the law of England with resiiect to these rights and imnumities, it is
manifest, from the extent of the Nabob's family and dependants, that it will be impossible to prevent
similar instances of offence to his Highness' feelings, under the operation of the law as it now stands.
We therefore request, iu the most urgent manner, your attention to the subject, in order that means
may be applied to the removal of the ditriculty, if you shall judge it expedient, by applications
for the interference of Parliament.

20. Our anxiety with respect to the immediate event of this question is considerably relieved by
our reUance on his Highness' uniform moderation, and on his undiminished confidence in the protec-
tion and honour of the British Government.

21. AVe have the honour to inform you that, conformable to the principle already explained
to your Honourable Court, the Rajah of Travancore has paid to his Highness the Nabob, as the
Sovereign of the Carnatic, the sum of 2,206 pagodas and 1.5 anas, in full discharge of the Peishcush
and Cape Comorin Nuzzerauah, due to his Highness for the preceding Phuzely.

The arrangements with the Nabob, which had been so long anxiously desired Increase of Re-
and were at last effected by the Treaty of 1801, had apiiarently no other object ^en^^^not obJ«-t
in view than the "preservation" and "security" of the rights, in other words, the
])aynients or obligations then existing, for which the Nabob had become bound to
the Company. It was not only ivithont the object of acquiring increased revenue,
for not a word on the subject of increase is breathed through their whole previous
correspondence, but the Treaty with Azeoin ul Dowlah was entered into without And not antici-
pated.

the expectation of increase, at least immediately, as will appear from the following
dispatch : —

1802, Papers, p. 81. ExTBACT fi'om LETTER from Governor-General and Governor in Council of Fort St George,

to Secret Committee of the Court of Directors, dated 3d August 1801.

The calamitous impoverishment of every source of ivealth and population, of which the causes have been
repeatedl// stated to your Honourable Committee, leaves no immediate expectation that the net revenues
of the Carnatic will exceed the sum of nineteen lacks of Star Pagodas. (This fund, it is mentioned,
after providing for expenses of Nabob, etc., and payment of debt, will afford a sum probably not
exceeding nine lacks of pagodas for defrayment of charges of defence.)

19. That sum exceeds, by a very small amount, the proportion of the revenue which the pro-
vince of Tanjore contributes to the general exigencies of the state, and bears a very inadequate pro-
portion either to the expense of defending the Carnatic, or to the rate of assessment levied for the
public protection in every other part of the territories subject to this Presidency. The present
deduction of six from fifteen lacks of Pagodas is, therefore, so disproportioned to the present revenues
of the Carnatic, that we can indulge no very sanguine hope of an immediate augmentation of our pecu-
niary resources from the administration of the civil government of the Carnatic. The progressive
decline of the revenues of the Carnatic may be considered to have approached that stage at which your
committee have been prepared to expect the entire failure of the Nabob's Government, and, under
the existing engagements, the augmentation of our 7-esoui-ces must be proportioned to the gradual restora-
tion of the wealth and prosperity of the country ; every consideration, therefore, of the actual expense of
protecting the extensive provinces of the Carnatic ; every view of the indispensable necessity of
maintaining an adequate military force for the defence of the British possessions in the peninsula of
India ; and every motive of attention to the alarmhig pressure on the finances of this Presidency, re-
quired Lord Clive to establish, by the present Treaty, the best possible security for the more ade-
quate application iu future of the public revenues of the Carnatic to the exigencies of the public
service.

20. We feel great pleasure in congratulating your Honourable Committee on the completion of
an arrangement which hasaZ length secured the British interests in the Carnatic on the solid basis of territo-
rial possession ; and which is, at the same time, calculated to confirm the reputation of our national
magnanimity, generosity, and moderation. We have no doubt that your Honourable Committee
will concur in our sentiments, that the negotiation, which has terminated in the accomplishment of
these important objects, has been conducted in a manner consistent with the liberal jjolicy of the
nation, unbiassed by the adventitious advantage which might have been derived from the early excite-
ment of a competition, founded on the variety of adverse interests dependent on the determination of
the British Councils.

We have the honour to inform you that, in conformity to the terms of the Treaty, the installa-
tion of the Nabob Azeem-ul-Dowlah was completed on the 31st ult., accompanied with every demon-
stration of pubhc respect, supported by every possible degree of splendour, and confirmed under
the observance of the most formal procedure. — We have, etc.

Fort St George, 3d August 1801.

Expectation disap- In this expectation the Company were agreeably disappointed. In a letter
pointed. from Lord Clive to the Court of Directors, of date 21st February 1803, his Lord-

ship, after referring to the statement furnished by the Accountant-General for the
purpose of adjusting his Highness the Nabob's proportion of the revenue from the
1st August 1801 to 12th July 1802, says,—

1S0.3, Papers, vol. iv., 37. Your Honourable Court will have the satisfaction of observing from the preceding detail,
p. 184. that the pecuniary resources of this Presidency have been augmented by the Treaty of the Carnatic, in the

Pecuniary resour- '"'■'^ V^"^'' "f '^^ 'V''^'*''^'^' '"^^"^ amount of star pagodas 7,94,074, or L. 317,629 sterling, independently of the
of Presidency ""P''0''«"'<^"^ ff ''"^ territorial resources, and of the tranquillity of the empire obtained by that Treaty. It is
laro-elv increased ^P"^*'*^^^ ^^^^^ '^'"^ arrangements adopted by me for the attainment of those important objects, should
I'^^'^Treatv ' "°'' P^rt^^'^^ t''® injurious consequences which my authority has sustained from the effects of your late
' ' ■'' orders regarding my government ; but having made every practicable effort to mitigate the effects of

those causes, I encourage a reasonable expectation, that the beneficial operation of the Treaty of the
Carnatic will not l)e less extensive during the second than during the first year ; in that event the
arrangement ali-eady carrieil into effect for the purpose of commuting the military service of the
Western Poligars for pecuniary tribute will add the sura of star pagodas 1,78,000 or L. 71, 200 ster-
ling per annum: and extend the augmentation of pecuniary resource under the Treaty of the Carna-
tic, in the most limited point of view, to the amuud sum of star pagodas 9,72,074 or L. 388,829 sterling.
129. The Treaties of Tanjour and the Carnatic have forever removed the causes of internal solici-
tude which have flowed from the distractions of a divided Government.

This statement is so much at variance with the expectation, that looking to the
grounds of the expectation, it is not unreasonable to infer that the management of
the Nawaub Avas not so very " calamitous " as it was thought or said to be.

Lord Castlereagh, on 29th July 1803, in laying his India Budget before
Parliament, inontioncd the increase to the revenue irom the Carnatic derived from
the Treaty with Azeein-ul-Dowlah, in a ])aragra|ih which is of some use, as cor-
roboratory of what has been already advanced with regard to the object, and will
afterwards be said as to the effect of this Treaty.

Asiatic iicp;., 1 80.1, j(_ ^y^j. ]„„jr ,]|p subject of regret that the stii)ulations of the Treaty of 1792 were not found

liameut) p.^^fio!" ^^' adequate to the end designed by tliem. The necessity of a modification, and the attem])ts to induce

the late Nabob Oindat ul Omrali to accede to a revision of that Treaty, have l)oen several times stated
to the House. Thougli flic stipulated payments to the Comi)any were not often suffered to fall into
arrear, the means resorted to for nuiliiiia; them wcu'e such as mmt idtiniateli/ hove destroyed every source
of revenue, indc])endciitly of their beinf? the constiint cause of evils of a very extensive description.
The several measures pursuc<l subsetiueut to the death of the Nabob Omdat ul Ouirah, the jilacing
the present Nabob on the Musuud, and the Treaty with him, are detailed iu the papers formei'ly laid
before the House.

This t eaty was executed on the 31st of July 1801. Under it, the evils of a divided r/ovemment
are removed ; the inhabitants of extensive districts enjoy the same advantap:es as the other subjects
under (Jompaiiy's government, and i/ie Nabob receives a share of the revenues, fall ij adequate to the main-
tenance and support of his splendour and diipiiti/.

The pecuniary advantages to the Nabob arc certainly considerable, those to the Company arc
already felt ; and every probability exists, from the experience of the short time the affairs of the
Carnatic have been under the exclusive management of the Madras Government, that those advan-
tages may be still further extended, without prejudice to the prosperity and welfare of the country.
The result of the first year has been favoural^le ; the net revenue, exceeding the estimate in pagodas
30,187, or L. 14,475. The gross collection of the whole of the revenues of the Carnatic, including
those of the I'oligar countries, amounted iu this year to pagodas 30,90,339, or L.1,234,13G, which
exceeds the highest estimate given ))y Sir Archibald (Campbell in 1787. After making the several
deductions for the charges of collection, and for tlie approbiitions under the Treaty — as liquidation
of debts to private creditors, payment of the stipulated fifth to the Nabob, and pensions to his
family — the remaining surplus payable to the Com any's Treasury, is pagodas 1 .'3,72,877, or L. 02!), 151,
which exceeds the sul/sidj/ paid by the late Nabob in the «w//i <</' pagodas 0,72,870, or L. 209, 150 ; an'
increase of resource the more satisfactory, as it arises from the superior management of the Collec-
tions iu the Company's hands, and is attended with no real sacrifice of income on the pari of the Nabob,
whose fifth of the net revenues, relieved as his Highness now is (under the late treaty) of that debt
which so heavily pressed upon his predecessors, considerably exceeds the clear income which the
Carnatic could possibly have produced to the Nabob, had the revenue continued under the defective
and oppressive management of his Highness' officers.

This large increase continued afterwards not only to be maintained but aug-
mented : it may not be possible to state to what extent. But whereas in 1769 the
revenues of the Madras Presidency amounted to only L.404,530, they now exceed
L. 5,000,000. And whereas, at and after the Treaty the revenues of the Nawaub
and of the Carnatic were estimated at little more than L. 1,000,000, the land
revenues alone now amount to about L.3,600,000. If all this increase is attri-
butable to the Treaty, the English Company had much reason to be pleased with
the bargain they had made.

A Government Gazette Extraordinary, issued on 3d August 1819, announced Azeem ul Dow-
the death of his Highness Azeem ul Dowlali, on the previous evening : — lah's death.

The funeral of the late Nabob of the Carnatic took place yesterday at noon ; the ceremony was
conducted with appropriate military honours ; the flag at the Fort St George was hoisted half-mast
high the whole day. Minute guns, the number corresponding to the age of his Highness, were fired t^Tg"^ Juurnal, 1820,
from the saluting battery when the procession began to move.

Several traits of the excellent character of the Nabob have appeared in the
dispatches already quoted from. On this occasion it was mentioned : —

The late Nabob was raised to the Musnud on the 31st .July 1801 ; and, during the whole period
of his holding that elevated situation, the conduct of his Highness was distinguished by the most
loyal attachment to the Honourable the Company. The loss of this benevolent prince is deeply
lamented by the Government, by the members of his illustrious family, and by his numerous dependants. Government Gazette,

Aug. 4tli.

Azum Jah, the eldest son of the deceased Nabob, was, on 11th September Succeeded by
1819, proclaimed his successor " in the rank and title of Nabob Soubalidar of the Azum Jah.
Carnatic." There had been no question as to the right of Azum Jah to succeed
to the rank and title of Nabob, but some doubt had been thrown out as to whether
he did not require to renew the Treaty — in consequence of which the Government
agent, on 13th December 1819, wrote to his Highness conveying the opinion of
the Governor-General, that a new Treaty was unnecessary, as he considered his
Highness to be ipso facto a party to the Treaty concluded with his father in 1801.

The installation took place upon 3d February 1820 : — Installation of

The troops in garrison were paraded at an early hour ; and with the horse artillery from St ^zum Jah,
Thomas' Mouut, formed a street leading to Chepauk Palace. Shortly after 8 o'clock, the Rt. Hon. Asiatic Journal, 1320,
the Governor, accompanied by the Hon. the Chief- Justice, his Excellency the Commander-in-Chief, '*' ''*^'
the Members of the Council, the Hon. Sir E. Stanley, and other functionaries of the Government,
proceeded to Chepauk, escorted by the body guard, and was received by the Nawaub Azum Jah m
the grand saloou of the Palace. His Highness was here invested by the Rt. Honble. the Governor
with the various uisiguia of his elevated station. He was then conducted to the foot of the Musnud.
The Rt. Honble. the Governor thereupon addressed his Highness ; and, iu the course of his address,
said, — " It is with infinite satisfaction I have the honour to cougratulate your Highness upon your
ascending the Musnud in the direct line of hereditary succession to your late father, of blessed memory.
By virtue of the Treaty concluded on the 31st of July 1801, between the Nabob Azeem ul Dowlah
and the Honble. East India Company, a princely income was secured to your much lamented parent,
together with the enjoyment of certain privileges and immunities attached to his elevated rank

Under the sanction of the Most Noble the Governor-General, and your acknowledgment of the vali-
dity of the Treaty, its stipulations are now declared to be equally binding upon your Highness, as
they were upon the late Nabob and the British Government."

His Highness Azum Jah died on 12th November 1825. He left an only son,
Gholam Mahomed Ghouse Khan. This son succeeded him in his rank and title ;
but, being an infant, his uncle, his present Highness Prince Azeem Jah, next heir
to the throne, was invested with the Regency. The accession was thus mentioned
at the time : —

Asiatic Journal 1826 " ^^^ Highuess Gholam Mahomed Ghouse, only son of his late Highness Auzum Jah Bahadur,

p. 793. ' was, on the 2;3d December, proclaimed successor to his deceased father, in the rank and title of

Nabob Soubahdar of the Carnatic. During the minority of the Nabob, the affairs of the Durbar

will be conducted by his Highuess Azeem Jah Bahauder, brother of the late Nabob, with the title of

Naib-i-Mooktar."

Death of Azum
Jah.

Succeeded by his
son Gholam Ma-
homed Ghouse.

Death of Gholam

Mahomed

Ghouse.

His Highness Gholam Mahomed Ghouse Khan died upon the 7th day of Oc-
tober 1855, without issue ; and his uncle, the present claimant, Prince Azeem Jah,
is, according to Mahomedan law and custom (as in English law also), entitled to
succeed the late Nawaub as heir, representative, and successor, in all his rights,
titles, dignities, revenues, and property, as Nawaub of the Carnatic. No other
Prince Azeem Jah claimant exists ; and it may be mentioned that his Highness, who is the second
entitled to sue- son of his late Highness Azeem-ul-Dowlah, is also the nearest heir and representa-
^^^ ' tive not merely of his father, but of his great-grandfather JNIahomed Ali, of his

granduncle Omdut-uI-Omrah, and of Ali Iloussain his father's cousin.

Previous to the death of Gholam Mahomed Ghouse Klian, Prince Azeem Jah
had invariably been treated, both privately and officially, as successor to the
Musnud. It was not till after the death of his nephew that he received any inti-
mation that there would be objection to his succession. The manner in which
this objection was first hinted at and afterwards announced, with the procedure
which took place, are set forth in the Petition of his Highness.

The following was the memorial which he submitted to the Honourable the
Court of Directors : —

Objection made.

s/v/V

To the Honourable the Cottet of Directors of the East India Company, etc., etc., etc.

HoNOtTRABLE SiRS, — I have the honour to bring to the notice of your Honourable Court, that
his Highness Gholam Mahomed Ghouse Khan Bahadoor, late Nawaub of the Carnatic, having de-
ceased on the 7th October 1855, without issue, in consequence of which, being the second sou of his
Highness Azeemood Dowlah by his first Shadee Begum, I stand iu the position of heir and successor
to his late Highness, who was my nephew, he beiug the son of my elder brother Prince Azum Jah,
according to the custom and law of Mahomedan succession.

2. That on the 10th October I notified the demise of the late Nawaub to the Government
Agent at Chepauk, whom I desired to bring to the notice of Government my claim to my late
nephew's succession under the Treaty of 1801, concluded between the Honourable East India Com-
pany and my father, the said Nawaub Azeemood Dowlah ; and, on the IDth November I was in-
formed through the same channel that the Government decline to recognise my claim as successor to
his Highness the late Nabob of the Carnatic, and the whole question in regard to the vacant
Musnud will be reported by the next mail to the Honourable the Court of Directors for their consi-
deration and orders.

.3. That although extremely regretting the Government of Madras should have declined ac-
knowledging my rightful claim, I am nevertheless confident in the assurance that the reference to
your Honourable Court will eventuate in my favour, from the circumstance that my right to the
succession has been already officially acknowledged and recorded by your Honourable Court in a
public letter to the Madras Government, dated the 14th January 182'J, in reply to a communication
from that authority, notifying the appointment of Dr Scott as Physician to the Durbar of the Na-
waub, now recently deceased ; and my appointment as a Naib-i Mooktear to my infant nephew ; and
wherein your Honourable Court express your approval of the former proceeding, on the ground of
the Naib-i-Mooktear beiug the next heir in case of his demise ; which event having now taken place,
I cannot doubt but that, iu the judgment and decision of your Honourable Court, I must be duly
and regularly admitted as the next heir, and consequently indisputably entitled to the succession to
the Musnud, thus rendered vacant by my nephew's decease ; and your Honourable Court being in
this case the iiaramount auth(u-ily, it is hardly necessary for me to advert to the nuire rcceut recog-
nition of my claim by the Most Noble the Marcpiis of Twecddale, Governor in Council of Fort St
George, in the year l.sl;!, who, iu a Minute having reference to the exemption list- of the relatives of
his Highness the Nav\aul), ordered a renuirkable alteration to be made iu that list, with the follow-
ing i-cmarks: His Lordship in Council ol)served that I'rince Azeem Jah Bahadoor (the late Naib-i-
Mooktear) does not hold tliat place in List No. 1 to which he is entitled, in consideration of the po-
sition he has lately occuiiieil in conuMunicatiou with the British (iovcrnment, and that which he still
hdlds in relation of his Highness the Nawaub, and to his succession to the Alusnud. It is therefore
resolved that the name of I'rince Azeem Jah Bahadoor be placed first in the list of the male relations
of his Highness the Nawaub.

4. That although the al)ove acknowledgment recorded by your Honourable Court, and thus
acted upon by your Government of Eort St George, is amply sufficient to establish the claim I have
advanced, I beg leave to make a slight reference to the conditions of the Treaty of 1801, entered

into with my father, tlio Prince Azeemood Dowlah, when the right of snccession was transferred from
the family of Nawaiib Onuhit ool Onirah to tiio said J'rinco Azeoraood Dowiali, the founder of that
branch of tlie family, of wiiich 1 am the jirescnt lieir and representative.

5. That by tlio first Article of this Treaty the Prince Azeemood-Dowiah is formally established
in the state and rank (with the dignities dependent thereon) of his ancestors, heretofore Nawaubs of
the Carnatic ; one essential part of that dit^nity In-ing, that tlie succession to the said state and rank
is liereditary, havinj,^ been so specified in the Altumt^ah of his Majesty the Emperor of Delhi, f^ninted
totheNawaub Wallajah, whose father, A nwar-u-i)een Khan, was the original Nawaub and Souh-
bahdar of A rcot.

6. That by the second Article of the Treaty it is declared by and on behalf of butli the high con-
tracting' parties, that such parts of the treaties Iieretofore concluded between the said East India
Company and their Ilighuesses, heretofore Nawaubs of the Carnatic, as are concluded to strengthen
the alliance, to cement the friendshi)), and to identify the interests of the contracting parties, are
thereby renewed and confirmed ; and as tlie Treaties alluded to arc declared to be binding on the
heirs and successors of Ijoth the contracting parties, and as the interests of one of those parties at
least, and his heirs and successors, is inseparably liound up with the continuance of tlie said rank,
state, and dignities, 1 cannot but conclude, that although the .Madras Government has temporarily
dechned to acknowledge my claim to the succession, yet my title (hereto is too clear and too strong
to admit of question, and therefore will be honourably recognised and confirmed ]>y your Honourable
Court ; and the more readily, as your Honourable Court's admission of the validity of such title has
been placed on the public records of the State.

7. That as a ]iroof that the Government of India consider the provisions of the Treaty as de-
scending along with the succession to the heirs of the Nawanb, 1 beg to quote an extract from a letter
of the Government agent to my brother, the father of the late Nawaub, dated the 1.3th December
1819, conveying the opinion of the Governor-General in the following terms: — His Lordship con-
ceives a new Treaty between his Highness and the Company to be lumecessary, as he considers his
Highness to be ipso facto a party to the Treaty concluded with his father in 1801 ; whence it follows
that, as the predecessor of the late Nawaub was a party to the Treaty, as the heir of Nawaub
Azeemood Dowlah, the late Nawaub was also a party to it, as the heh- of Nawaub Azum Jah ; and
consequently, in virtue of my heirship to my nephew, I must likewise be considered a party to the
Treaty of 1801, and associated with its provisions.

8. That by the fourth, fifth, and sixth articles of the Treaty, the contracting parties stipulate
and agree on the interchange of reciprocal advantages as follows : — That the British Government
shall, in virtue of this document, assume the administration of the civil and military government of
the Carnatic, with a right to all the revenues thereof, save and except such portion of the revenues
as shall be appropriated for the maintenance of the Nawaul), and the support of his dignity, and that
of his immediate family ; the precise amount of which is declared to be one-fifth part of the net
revenues ; and I beg respectfully to urge the observation, that the mutual advantages thus detailed
are the result of the distinct stipulation and agreement with the averment of which the fourth and
fifth articles are headed and commenced, their validity on both sides being established by the joint
and mutual consent of the contracting parties, neither of which can be competent to make any alter-
ation in them without the concurrence of the other.

9. That the revenue assigned for supporting the dignity of the Nawaub and his family is as
firmly and irrevocably guaranteed and secured in its full integrity to the heirs of the said family, as
the administration of the Carnatic and the apjiropriation of the rest of its revenues are to the lieirs
of the East India Company, the former being assigned by the tenor and language of the Treaty as
the equivalent for the latter ; and only so long as the said stipulation and agreement retains its force
with regard to the former engagement, can it pass any force with respect to the latter, and as long
as the East India Company continues to possess and enjoy the administration and revenues of the
territories of the Carnatic, so long are the Company bound by every consideration of good faith and
honest dealing, of British honour and national morahty, to abide by the terms of the Treaty under
yhich these superior advantages have been acquired, and continue to be retained by them.

10. Having thus detailed my reasons for consideriug that the Treaty of 1801 justifies and up-
holds my claim to the Musnud of the Caruatic, and that my construction of the Treaty, as establish-
ing the hereditary right to it in my family, has been adopted audocficiaily recorded by the Governor-
General to your Honourable Court aiul the Government of Madras — for these several recognitions
I conceive are based on the conditions and tenor of the said Treaty. I will lastly refer to the recog-
nition of his late Majesty, King George the Third, in a short quotation taken from a letter addressed
by his Majesty to the Nawaub Azeemood Dowlah, my father, dated at our Court at St James' the
27th day of January 1804, and in the 44th year of our reign. We congratulate your Highness on
your accession to the Musnud of your ancestors, on which may you long remam with honour and
happiness. Your Highness may be assured that we shall seize every occasion of affording you proofs
of regard, and of continuing to your Highness and to your family our especial friendship and protection.

11. That, if your Honourable Court could be induced to coincide with the apparent object of
the Madras Government in setting aside the Treaty of 1801, and your own unambiguous reco"-nition
of my title in the public dispatch above quoted, no other alternative appears to remain to your Hon-
ourable Court than that of reducing the present descendants of the Prince with whom the Treaty
was contracted, by which the East India Company have obtained the wide territories and rich
revenues of a valuable portion of British India to the miserable, degraded, and uncertain position of
helpless pensioners on the precarious bounty of the Government, a condition which it was the desire
and intention of Lord Clive and the Council of Madras, during whose administration the Treaty was
framed and concluded, to prevent and avert, and who, with reference to this particular arrangement,
observe in their dispatch to the Secret Committee of your Honourable Court, dated the 3d August
1801-15. The mode of providing for the support of the dignity of his Highness the Nawaub
Azeemood Dowlah is conformable to the principles on which the alliance between his Hio-hness'
family and the Company has been received and established. By these means, the interests of his
Highness will become united with those of the Company in the general prosperity of the Carnatic ;
and, while the actual security of the British interests provided by the present arrangement remains
undiminished, the mode of supplying a fund for the expenses of the family in the manner suitable

to its rank and to the dignity of the British Government, by the allotment of a proportion of the pub-
lic revenues for that purpose, is entirely relieved from the degrading name and appearance of a
stipendiary maintenance.

12. That I have made use of the above arguments on the supposition that the objection of the
Government is referrible only to the tenor of the Treaty of 1801 ; but as it is within the range of
possibilities that a second objection may be advanced under the idea that the uncle cannot be his
nephew's successor according to Mahomedan law, as he can be by the laws of Europe and Chris-
tianity, I be" to adduce an instance to the contrary, of the recent date of 1837, in which year
Musserood Deen Hider, the king of Oude, was succeeded by Musseeood Dowlah, his uncle, the
Tandson of whom is the present king, both having succeeded to the throne with the knowledge and
sanction of the Supreme Government.

That, havinc thus argued tlie propriety of my claim as based upon the Treaty and the attest-
ations of your Honourable Court and the Governor in Council of this Presidency, and shown that
the Mahomedan custom and law are in support of it, as well as British law and practice, I finally
commend myself and my claim to the generous and favourable consideration of your Honourable
Court, and have the honour to subscribe myself.

The following is the dispatch containing the Directors' decision. It reads a
little strangely after a perusal of the foregoing statement, from which the facts as
they really stand, appear. There is, however, every excuse to be made for the
obvious mistakes in point of fact into which the Hon. Court of Directors have
fallen, in the circumstance of the distant dates of the transactions to which they
refer, and in the view of the large and confused mass of material out of which
the facts have to be gathered : —

1. The Governor-General's letter in the Foreign Department, dated 14th November 1855, and
the political letters from the Madras Government, dated the 12th October, the 20th November, and
the 4th December 1855, report to us the death, icithout direct heirs, of his Highness Mahomed Ghouse,
Nabob of the Carnatic, and communicate the views of the Governor-General and of the Governor in
Council at Madras respecting the consequences of that event.

2. In the opinion both of the Governor-General and of the Madras Government, the dignity of
the Nawaub of the Carnatic has expired ; the Treaties between the British Government and the suc-
cessive heads of the family of Wallajah are at an end ; the British Government are under no obliga-
tion to recognise any person as successor to the rights hitherto enjoyed under those Treaties ; and
expediency being wliolly against such recognition, these authorities are unanimously of opinion that
it ought not to take place.

3. We have carefully examined the past history of the relations of the British Government with
this family, and have bestowed on the important question referred to us the earnest deliberation due
to all questions which can be supposed to hivolve considerations of public faith.

4. We find that when, in 1801, the representative of the junior branch of the family of Walajah
was placed on the Musnud by the Act of the British Government, a formal announcement was made
to the following effect : The conduct of the two previous Nawabs, Walajah and Omdut ul Omrah,
had placed them in the position of public enemies of the British Government ; that all antecedent
right of the family had been forfeited ; and that the Nawab Azecmood Dowlah was solely indebted
for his titular sovereignty, and for the pecuniary and other rights annexed to it, to the grace and
favour of the British Government.

5. We find that Azeemood Dowlah fully acknowledged this fact ; and that the original Draft of
Treaty prepared by the Madras Government haring contained words implying that the British Go-
vernment did not confer a new, but recognised a pre-existing right, those words were, on that express
ground, by the desire of the jMarquis Wellesley, struck out, and others substituted which did not
contain that implication.

6. The rights of the family being thus derived from the Treaty of 1801, are necessarily limited
by its terms, and those are exclusively personal to Azeemood Dowlah. There is no mention in the
Treaty of heirs and successors, nor any stipulation respecting descendants. Two successions, indeed,
have since taken place, but on each of these occasions the question was regarded and treated as one
subject to the decision of the British Government. On the first of those occasions, the Governor-
General acknowledged the son of Azeemood Dowlah as his successor in the mark and title of Nawaub
of the Carnatic ; but the meaning of that ambiguous term was cleared up l)y the declaration. His •
Excellency is pleased to renolre that tlie pecuniary provisions of the Treaty of 1801 shall remain in
force. On that last vacancy the family were expressly informed that ''/^w the inteniion of Government
that the late Nawaub shall l)e succeeded in his state and dignity by his infant son." It was thus
distinctly held that the (jovernment might have refused its assent to the succession even of a direct
heir, and on the present occasion there are no direct heirs.

7. In the circumstances, tliore cannot be any obligation on the British Government to continue
the provisions of the Treaty of 1801 in favour of any collateral relative of the deceased Nawaubs ;
while, in tlio absence of obligation, we entirely agree with the Madras Government in the opinion,
that it would be highly inexpedient to do so. Such titular sovereignties, and the exeni))tion they
are held to confer from the conniioii operation of the law, are always an evil, and in the present case
their effect has (as was truly observed by Lord Harris) Ix-en morally most iK'rnicious, " not only by
favouring the accuuiulalion of an idle and (lissi])atc(l ])opnlation in the chief city of the Presidency,"
but by the scandalous want of principle eviiic('d in j)ecuniary matters, both by the late Nawaub and
by his uncle, Azeem Jali, the tiearest collateral relative.

8. Azeem Jali has addressed to us a Memorial, in which he professes to consider his right to
the Musnud as having been admitted liy the ^ladras (lovernment and by us. He cites with this
view an expression in the reKoliilion of Government in 1843: "The position which he holds in rela-
tion to his Highness the Nabob, and to his succession to the Musnud;" and a passage from one of
our letters to the Madras Government, dated 14tb January 1829, in which he is spoken of "as the

next heir," in case of tlic Nalxjh's doiniso. The subject then before us was not the succession to the
Musriud, but tlie appoiiitiucut of a physician to tlie young Nabob, and we iiad no intention whatever
of entering into tlie question, what niiglit be Azeem Jail's rigiits of inheritance. As tiie nearest of
Ivin, wc s])ol<e of liini as tlie lieir to whatever could be legally derived from the Xaljob by inheritance,
but the Naljobship had never lieen considered by us to be heritable liy heirs of right.

9. Wo therefore fully adopt the opinion of the Governor-({eneral and of the Madras Goverii-
nieiit, that the title and dignity of Nabob, and all the advantages annexed to it by the 'i'reaty of
1801, are at an end.

The loth and llth paragraphs of the dispatch refer to the provisions proposed to be made for
his Highness Prince Azeem Jah and the officers of the late Nawaub's household, and others, by way
of allowances and pensions, and to the payment of the debts of the late Nawaub.

12 (and last para, of the dispatch). We perceive that, in the contemplation of the Madras
Government, the Palace of Chepank will at once be at the disposal of the Slate as public property.
Sir Ilenry Montgomery says that it was mortgaged, which might imply that it was considered to be
private property. You will institntc further iiuiniries upon this point ; but, whatever may lie the
correct view of the subject, we do not wish to see the ladies of the Nabob's immediate family de-
prived, against their inclination, of the privilege of residing in that edifice ; and the most liberal con-
sideration should be given to any claims they may prefer to portions of the pin'sonal jiroperty con-
tained in the building.

Such is the force of truth and justice, that the difficulty which is now to be Answer to Com-
oxi>erienced is in repressing the multitude of answers with wliich the reasoning of ['-iny's argument.
the Directors is at once met and overwhelmed.

The real question raised by the decision of the Directors is, whether " the
dignity of tlie Nawaub of the Caruatic has exijiied." There are several points
of view from which this question can be regarded.

I. In respect there was no transfer, bj the Treaty of 1801, to thei. Sovereignty not
Company, of the Sovereignty of the Carnatic, that Sovereignty still sub- '^''^xated.
sists in the person of the present Nawaub, and cannot be terminated by
the will of the Directors, without the exercise of an unwarrantable act of
violent aggression against an unoffending and virtuous sovereign Prince.

Upon attending to the terms of the Treaty, it will be seen that all that is
conveyed to the Company, or vested in them, is the administration of the Civil
and Military Government of the Carnatic. There is no conveyance, and it is not No conveyance of
pretended that there is any, of the right of Sovereignty ; — but it is now said that sovereignty.
the right of the family had by an antecedent fact, viz., the alleged violation of a Said that right for-
previous Treaty, been forfeited. This is a most singular and startling doctrine. If felted by violation
true, it would involve this most alarming conclusion, that should at any time Her°* 'Alliance.
Majesty the Queen happen, whether Mittingly or unwittingly, to violate the faith
of any treaty with anotlier sovereign, great or small, the crown of Great Britain
would, by such an act, be immediately forfeited to that other power, or, at best,
would cease to exist. The proposition is so absurd as to require no refutation,
but it may be proper to see how the matter in this case really stands.

The Nawaubs of the Carnatic were and had been, past the records of their Relative position
country, the sovereigns of that Province — a territory which in extent was as large as of Nabobs and
the kingdom of England. The Englisli, on the other hand, were foreigners, and English.
necessarily therefore intruders. As foreigners they had no natural rights. Any
they could or did enjoy were those which the sovereigns of the country chose to
allow. They had acquired no rights by conquest from the Nabob, because not
only had he never been at war with them, but they had continually been close
allies. Any rights, therefore, which they held, they had acqtiired either by the
grant or good will of the Nawaub, or by agreement with him, or by purchase ; and
not only were they not in the position of his superiors, but he was, in point of
fact, in the position of the natural superior to them in his own country. Nor did
his sovereignty sulfer even derogation by the fact that the Company undertook, at
bis expense, to garrison his forts. vattei, u,, 12,155, > \

Any political rights which the Company held were rights derived from Treaty. Company's rights I I

The Treaty which was in ojieration at the time to which these remarks point was from Treaty. | ' I

that of 1792. That Treaty conferred certain specified rights of security upon the

Company, in the event of the Nawaub failing to make jiayment of the sums for |

which he had become bound ; but beyond this it contained no penalty. Nay, even]sfo penahv for
the clause out of which it is said that so much mischief was to accrue from its violation,
violation, is literally silent as to the effect of violation. It simply runs, " And the

said Nawaub agrees that he will not enter into any negociation or political corres-
pondence with any European or native power without the consent of the said
Company."
Consequences of There being, therefore, no express or even inferential declaration as to AA-hat

violation. ^j^g eifect would be of a violation of the Treaty, and particularly of this clause of

it, the rights of the parties fell to be regulated by the general law of nations.
And here, that there may be no room for difficulty, it may be assumed in argu-
ment, 1. That there was a violation of tlie Treaty ; 2. That it was violated in a
fundamental article ; and 3. That the Company were not bound to have demandcMJ
or allowed explanations. But, with all these admissions, the whole right wliicli
in the most aggravated point of view could arise, was that the Company would
vattei, ii. 13, 200.; have been "at liberty to chuse the alternative of either compeUmj a faithless ally
to fulfil his engagements, or, of declaring the Tveatij dissolved by his violation of it."

Company did not l^ow, although there was a good deal of erroneous assumption for a purpose
assert what now at the time, it cannot even be said that the Company either asserted or exercised
maintained. ^jjg rjgbts which are now said to have flowed from the alleged violation. A few

Case, p. 62. references to the Dispatches will show what they did assert. Thus, in the declara-

tion of 31st July, all that is said is that the Nabobs have " thereby forfeited all the
p. 65. benefits of the said alliance," and " placed themselves in the condition of public

enemies." In the Governor-General's Dispatch of 18th August, lie says that the
result was that it had placed the Soubahdar " in the situation of a public enemy,"
" had annihilated the existing Treaties," " and had sanctioned the enforcement of
such measures as the British Government might deem necessary for the security
p. 66. of its rights and interests, as connected with the Soubahdary of Arcot." Again, in

Lord Olive's Letter in reply, his Lordship simply says that the " right acquired"
was " to exercise discretion in the enforcement of such measures as might be
deemed necessary/ for the security of the rights and interests" of the British Govern-
ment, and that the Nabob had " stated his conviction that the rights of his High-
ness' family, founded on its connection with the Company, had been annihilated."
The plain meaning of all this is simply, that the alliance having been broken,
the British Government were free to demand, and, if necessary, to obtain by force
of arms " security" for that which it deemed to be existing " rights and interests"
in the Carnatic.

The expression attributed to His Highness is in precise accord with this view,
as all that he says is that the rights founded upon the alliance were at an end.
At another place His Highness himself says, " the terms of those engagements
were infringed, and our whole house consequently involved in a situation dangerous
and alarming." That was all.

The Comjiauy's view appears also from other expressions, such as designating

the part which they took in the elevation of the Nabob, as lending him their

" assistance and support," and " acknowledging" his accession.

Company attri- But so far were the Company from alleging that they had acquired the right

buted acquisitions of Sovereignty by virtue of a violation of the Treaty, that they expressly attributed

to Treaty. ^\^q acquisition of a right which could only have flowed from the sovereign, to

Treaty with the NaAvaub. In the proclamation of 31st July this is repeated over

and over again. It is there said, that " the Company have, by the Treaty above

mentioned, acquired" — that the rights acquired were "by compact" — that the

"trust" was " transl'erred to the Company by the present engagements" — and

that the Nawaub " has divested himself by the Treaty." This was equivalent to

an admission of what Avas undoubtedly true, that. Avitliout recourse to arms, it was

by compact alone tiiat the Company had ac(iuired, or could acquire, from the

Nawaub, any right in the Carnatic.

Sovereignty would And here it may be obserA'ed that such a right could not ]iass by inference or

not pass l)y infer- by anything but express grant, even if such grant Avould haA'e been laAA'ful. It

^^^''- was a right of a distinct, important, pre-eminent character, and could not be passed

except per expressum. Nay, even in case of doubt, it Avould not have ]iassed, and

Vattei, ii. 17, 305. that uj)fin the acknowledged rule in the intcr|iretation of Treaties, " that Avhatever

tends to change the present state of things is also to be ranked in the class of odious

things, for the jiroprietor cannot be dejirived of his r\<f\\{, except so far precisely

as lie relinquishes it on his pai^t ; and, in case of doubt, the presumption is in favour

of the possessor."

by"l'"HVript"ion'. Assuming, hoAvever, that any right had passed or been acquired by the Com-

pany, by reason of tlie alleged violation of the Treaty, tliat riglit must, in conse-
(|uoncc of tlie lapse of time, he held to be lost or abandoned by the operation of
tlie law of prescription. The consequence of neglect for such a length of time is,
that " the law of nature will no longer allow" a person in such a situation " to Vattei. ii. u, hi.
revive and assert his claims;" "tlie law recjuires that every jn-oprietor who, for a
long time, and without any just reason, neglects his riglit, should be presumed to
have entirely renounced and abandoned it. This is what forms the absolute pre-
sumption (juris et dejure') of its abandonment," and this is a law which holds even ib, sect. 117.
more strongly between sovereigns or between nations, than between private per-
sons, as will be afterwards pointed out.

But more conclusive even than the presumption of abandonment is an act of
actual restoration or renunciation. In the present case, any rights which could Kiglits restored
by any possibility have emerged by reason of a violation of the Treaty, were re- ^^ revival of
nounced or restored by the revival of the alliance.

The Treaty itself bears to have been executed " with the view of I'cviving the Page 59.
fimdamental principles of the alliance," and it is repeatedly mentioned in the
course of the dispatches — as, for example, in the Declaration of 31st July — that
the Treaty was entered into "for the express purpose of reviving the alliance be-
tween the Company and his illustrious ancestors ;" and again, in the Declaration
of 18th December, it is stated that Azeem ul Dowlah had made himself "the in- PageTS.
strument of restoring tlie foundation of alliance with the British Grovernment, and
of the rank and dignity of this new illustrious family." By such revival it neces-
sarily resulted that matters were restored to the position in which they Mere prior
to the interruption of the alliance, except in so far as the parties had agreed to a
change. This, however, trenches upon the next aspect of the case.

II. The Nawaub has right in virtue of express Treaty Agreement. Nawaub's right

tixed by Treaty.

In considering this part of the case, which it may be necessary to do in some
detail, it will first be shown that the right arises under the express terms of the
Treaty ; and, 2d, that, supposing doubt could possibly be entertained, there are a
multitude of facts and circumstances which determine the question. It may here
be observed, that the Treaty in reality requires little application of the rules of
interpretation, which are so distinctly laid down in Vattel's authoritative work on
the Law of Nations. Justice and good faith are at the bottom of all such rules ;
but there is one rule, against the transgression of which interpreters require to be
carefully on their guard : "That an ii\\i\eni\y false interpretation is the grossest vatteLU. 15, 2.s3.
imaginable violation of the faith of Treaties. He that resorts to such an expe-
dient, either imprudently sports with that sacred faith, or sufficiently evinces his
inward conviction of the degree of moral turpitude annexed to the violation of it.
He wishes to act a dishonest part, and yet ])reserve the character of an honest
man : he is a puritanical impostor, who aggravates his crime by the addition of a
detestable hypocrisy."

1. The Terms of Treaty.

The Directors say that the Treaty is personal to Azeem ul Dowlah. If this Is treaty personal?
view were sound, it would, as it will afterwards be shown, be the worse for the
Company ; but, as his Highness Prince Azeem Jah has no intention of claiming
that the Treaty should be considered to have been personal, he will now proceed
to show that it must be considered to be real, or descending and perpetual.

The writer of the Directors' Dispatch has been obviously misled by observing
that the Treaty bears to have been concluded by Lord Clive on the one part, and Not deduclble from
by his Highness Azeem ul Dowlah on the other. But "we are not to conclude '^eingeonelnded by
that a Treaty is a personal one, from the hare circumstance of its naming the con- :^. ^^^"^
tracting sovereigns, for the name of the reigning sovereign is often inserted with
the sole view of showinjr witli wlinm tlse Treatv has been concluded, without
meaning thereby to intimate that it has been made with himself personally. This
is an observation of the civilians Pedius and Uepian, repeated by all writers who
have treated of those subjects."

This observation is so true, that upon reference to the Treaty in (juestion, it Page 59.

will at once be seen that " the contracting parties'' are the Company upon the one
Whowerethe con- hand, and the "Nabobs of the Carnatic" upon the other; and that Azeem ul
trading parties, powlah's name is only brought in as indicating by whom the Treaty was " con-
cluded."

Circumstances in But there are various observations arising out of the terras of the Treaty

Treaty showing which are also destructive of the idea that it was a mere personal Treaty with
not personal. Azeem ul Dowlah.

1. Terms same as 1. The terms of the Treaty were, as already stated, identical, at least in sub-
Draft Treaty with stance, with the Treaty which was proposed to have been entered into with the
Omdut ul Omrah, former Nawaub Omdut ul Omrah.

Case, page 58.

2. Same terms of- 2. It is stated in dispatches that "the same terms" were offered to Azeem
fered to Houssain ul Dowlah as had been offered to Ally Houssain.

Ally, page 64.

These are external circumstances going to this, that the Treaty could not be
considered personal in that familiar sense of the term in which it is apparently
used by the Directors.

.3. Incorporation 3. The 2d Article of the Treaty bore, " that such parts of the Treaties here-

with previous tofore concluded," " as are calculated to strengthen the alliance, to cement the
reaty. friendship, and to identify the interests of the contracting parties, are hereby re-

newed and confirmed."

4. Treaty with 4. Flowing otit of this clause there is an observation which, of Itself, entirely

successors. mdlifies the objection made by the Directors, that there is no mention in the

Case, page 25. Treaty of 180i of heirs and successors, because by this article the Treaty of 1792

was, at least to the above effect, incorporated ; and that Treaty undoubtedly bore

to have been entered into by Mahomed Ali " for himself and )m successors."

tnai

v^7

5. Treaty perpe- 5. The Treaty expressly bears, that it was executed for the purpose of " sup-
tual. plying the defects of all former engagements, and of establishing the connection

"^^ ■ BETWEEN THE SAID CONTRACTING PARTIES IN ALL TIMES TO COME."

6. Perpetual ex- 6. The Treaty declares that the full and exclusive "right to the revenues
ception of provi- (with the exception of such portion of the said revenues as shall be appropriated
siou to Nabob. £^j. ^-^^ maintenance of the said Nabob and for the support of his dignity) shall be

for ever vested" in the Company. The eaxeption must necessarily be as enduring
as the grant.

7. No period at 7. There is provision made in the Treaty that a certain portion of the revenue
which Nawaub's should be (innually allotted for the maintenance and support of the Nawaub. It
rights to termi- -^ nowhere stated that this payment should cease at the death of Azeem ul
'"^'^®' Dowlah. There is, in fact, no period of termination either to this payment or to

the rights of the Nawaubs. The whole structure of the Treaty is evidently based
upon the footing that it was to be a perpetual burden, and any attempt to reduce
the Treaty to a personal Treaty with Azccm ul Dowlah, only leads to inextricable
difficulties. Thus, the provision of one-fifth of the revenues for the maintenance
and support of the said Nabob and of his own immediate family, is obviously a
provision in favour of the Nawaub for the time being, for the purpose of maiiitain-
inrr his state and dignity and his own immediate family. But to construe the
Treaty into a personal one, would lead to one of two results ; either the provision
wholly ceased upon his death, or it did not. If it did, then the royal family
would then at once be bereft of all support from the i-evenues. If it did, then it
continues so long as any one member of the family survives, and that without
diminution, althouuh the royal dignity would, ui)on the supposition, have no longer
to be maintained. AVlien such alternatives are the result of construing the Treaty
into a personal one, it is clear that any such interpretation must be erroneous.

8. Object to pcttlc 8. The Treaty expressly bore that its object partly was " for settlinrj the suc-
succession. cession" to the Soubahdarry of Arcot. This is repeated both in the title and in

the preamble.

Lastly, the express words of tlin Treaty were, " TIic Nabob Azccm ul Dowlah^-. Azoem vr
lereby formally established in the state and rank, witk the dignities ckpendcnt'''' }^^^'^^^^ '^^^'^}

vfisted

IS liereDv lormaiiv estauusiied in inc statu and kank, wiui uic uuinuies aanenuera , ,. ,. *""

; /• AT !• 1 n • jj rank ol tDriiu.T

thereon, of his anckstoks, heretofore JNABons of the Larnatic. Nabobs.

This expression is unlimited, and it can admit of no manner of doubt tliat its
plain meaning is, that he succeeded to the state and rank of his ancestors in all
their entirety, whatever that was. But one of those f[ualities which attached to that Hereditary riglit
state and rank was, that it transmitted itself to iiis heirs or descendants ; in other attadiod to state
words, the right was hereditary. That the right was hereditary is abundantly evident j'"'' '"''"'^ "'^ ^'•^'
from all that has preceded. The earliest record of the Nawaubs commences ''"'
with Sadatnllah in 1710. He was succeeded by his ado])ted son 13ost Ali, he by
his son Sufder Ali,and he again by his son Scib Mahomed Khan. That familyapjja-
rently was extinct at his death, but at all events Anwar ad Dien commenced a new
dynasty. He was succeeded by liis son Mahomed Ali ; he again by his son Omdut
ul Omrah, so that, throwing out of view the three sovereigns who have succeeded
during the fifty-four years which have elapsed since the Treaty was executed, there
can be no question that at its date hereditary succession had been the rule. It had
been so through seven Nawaubs, and for a period of at least ninety years. How
much further back is not known, nor is it material, because " the right of succession vattei, i., .i, .^9.
is not always the primitive establishment of a nation ; it may have been intro-
duced by the concession of another sovereign, and even by usurpation. But when
it is supported by long possession, the people are considered as consenting to it ;
and this tacit consent renders it lawful, though the source be vicious. It rests then
on the foundation" " that alone is lawful, and incapable of being shaken, and to
which we must ever revert," These Nawaubs had been not only acknowledged
successively by the English, but the English had even recognised their right to
appoint a successor. This was expressly admitted in the agreement with the Case, page 20.
Nawaub in 1781, and it was practically recognised by their transacting with
Ally Houssain as successor appointed by the will of his father. But the heredi- pages 53, 55, and 62.
tary right did not depend merely upon long possession and acknowledgment, it
was, as has already been distinctly shown, a matter of express grant from the Page 13.
Emperor, the Nawaub's constitutional superior, and it would be impossible for the
English Company to challenge either the power of the Emperor to make that grant,
or its efficacy, because, as has also already been shown, they were instrumental Pages ;i ami 10.
themselves in obtaining it. Indeed, it may be held to be quite undoubted that
in 1801, no one ever ventured to assert, or even to imagine, that the ITawaubship
was not hereditary. And if so, it would be most unnatural to suppose that any
person at that time understood that the succession was not to continue heredi-
tary in the person of Azeem id Dowlah. But it is truly of little consequence
although they had supposed differently, because it is perfectly clear, that succeed-
ing to the same '•' state and rank" as his ancestors, Azeem ul Dowlah was, by
every rule of law and obvious interpretation, vested with a right which trans-
mitted itself through him to his heirs and descendants.

iN^otwithstanding the impossibility of getting over these plain facts, although
it probably arises only from an ignorance of them, the Directors of the Hon.
Company labour under the impression that the Nawaub was invested merely with
a life interest in the Navvaubsliip — that he succeeded simply, in short, to a sort
of life peerage. Of course, all this proceeds upon the erroneous assumption that
the rights of the Nawaub were forfeited to the Company by the alleged violation
of the Treaty of 1792, but it will now be proper to state a variety of

2. Facts and circumstances proving that it was a real right of Sovei'eignty with 2. Facts and cir-
whicli Azeem ul Dowlah was invested. cumstances.

These facts are so numerous that they can only be mentioned with as little
observation as possible.

1. The first of them which at once arrests attention is, that the object of the 1. Object of
Treaty was not to deprive the Nawaub of his sovereignty, but simply to obtain Treaty.
" security to the Company for their existing rights and interests" in the Carnatic.
This has been proved to demonstration in the preceding part of this case, and it
is equally clear that all the allegations about violation of treaties, and the conse-
quences therefrom a,rising, were used simply as a lever j^oiver to attain the ob-
ject at which the Company aimed ; and accordingly the arrangement which was
P

carried out in 1801 was in conformity with the spirit of the arrangements which
the Company were desirous of making with the Nawaub at a time long prior to
the date at which the documents were found which were said to have vitiated the
Vattei, ii., 17, 287. alhancc. Now, the " reason of tlie law or of the Treaty, that is to say, the motive
which led to the making of it, and the object in contemplation at the time, is the
most certain clue to lead us to the discovery of its true meaning, and great at-
tention should be paid to the circumstance whenever there is question either of
explaining an obscure, ambiguous, indeterminate passage in a law or treaty, or of
applying it to a particular case." The application of this rule in the present case
is obvious.

2. Expressions
elsewhere used by
Company.

Page 56.

Page :

Vattei, ii., 17, 284.

2. It is evident, from expressions elsewhere used, that the Company had no
intention, either by the Treaty or otherwise, of injuring the Nawaub, or of in any
way affecting his status as a hereditary Prince.

In the first place, this is proved negatively by the absence of all expression
indicative of any such desire or intention.

But it is proved positively by the use of language for the express purpose of
guarding against the idea that the dignity was to be, or had been infringed ; and
without going back upon the observations made on this subject relative to the
previous Nawaubs, some of the expressions used in connection with the transac-
tion of 1801 may be adverted to.

One of these was what was stated by the Commissioners at their interview with
the Khans on 16th July 1801. The Commissioners then made this most impor-
tant statement to the Khans : " We therefore drew this conclusion, that the rank and
dignity of the Nabob of the Carnatic could not he injured by extending the operation
of that condition, and that the object of proposing an amicable adjustment instead
of proceeding to exercise the rights acquired by the British Government, was mani-
festly founded on tlie desire oi preserving to the family the rank, dignities and splendour
of the Nabobs of the Carnatic." And without adverting to other passages, atten-
tion may be drawn to the declaration by Lord Clive of 18th December 1801, in
which, besides other expressions of similar import, his Lordship declared, and the
declaration was of the more importance, seeing that it was addressed to natives of
high rank, " when the Nabob Azeem ul Dowlah was raised to the rank of Nabob of
the Carnatic, his Highness succeeded to tlie rirjhts of his illustrious ancestors, hereto-
fore Nabobs of the Carnatic." The rule upon this subject is, "if he who has ex-
pressed himself in an obscure or equivocal manner has spoken elsewhere more
clearly on the same subject, he is the best interpreter of his own words. We ought
to interpret his obscure or equivocal expressions in such a manner that they may
agree with those clear and unequivocal terms which he elsewhere used, either in
the same deed or on some other similar occasion."

'.J. Expressions
used by Nabob.

Page Ttj.

3. In like manner, it is important to observe, that Azeem ul Dowlali's under-
standing of his rights was precisely the same as that given out bv the Coinpanv. In
his letter of SOtli December 1802, he speaks of " the consideration due to my rank
as a Sovereign Prince, in conformity to the first article of the Treaty of the Car-
natic, which secures to me the same rank, dignities, and immunities wliich were
enjoyed by my venerable grandfather ;" and in his letter of 7th January 1803,
he repeats, " my honour and dignity is the same as that of my revered grand-
father."

A. Company
with Family.

Page 57.

Page 6.3.

Page 72.

lb.

Page 7.3.

dealt 4 Qf ^ kindred nature were the expressions used by the Company, indicating
that it was not with Azeem ul Dowlah as an individual, but as the representative
of a famibj, that the Company dealt. 'I'lie following expressions may be referred
to: — Lord Clive, 27th July 1801: "The gracious and conciliatory measure of
establishing a branch, of the house of Mahomed Ali." Lord Clive, 3d August :
" The alliance between his Highness' /amzVy and the Company has been revived
and established." Lord Clive, 18th December: "To preserve to that rcspectabh;
family its ancient rank," " lor tlu; preservation of the dignity of that rcspectal)k'
family." "The Nabob Azeem ul Dowlah has made himself the instkumunt of
restoring tlui rank and dignity of this nrw illustrious family." Lord Clive to
Nabob, 18th December: " 'J'he re-eslahlishiiieiii of the family in. its rank."

.'). Do not calcu- 5. ^av, so cKsarlv di<l the (Jonipnny consider themselves to be dealing with the
late upon increased fj^jjjiiy^ ^„d ^^^ ^,[^\^ .^„ individual, that, in looking forward after the Treaty to the

future augmentation of tlicir revenues, there is an entire absence of all reference to Itftveime from N'a-
additional revenues falling in by the death of the Nawaul). " Qlie augmentation 'ob's demise.
of our resources," they say, " must be proportioned to the gradual restoration of Page so.
the wealth and prosperity of the country."

6. Moreover, it is perfectly clear that the Company did not transact with the 6. Nabob not a
'N'abob in tlic capacity of a mcTC pensioner. Against this they carefully guarded. I'ensioner.
Thus, at the meeting with Ally Houssain (and it will be kept in view that " the
same terras" were proposed to Azeem ul Dowlah), ho was informed by the Com-
missioners, " that the alternative choice was either to become tlw ri.c/mowled(jed Pagcoe.
Nabob of the Carnatic, or one of the many pensioners dependent on the bounty of
the Company." Lord Clive, 3d August: "The mode of supplying a fund for the Page«4.

expenses of the family " "is entirely relieved from tlie degrading name and ap-
pearance of a stipend/an/ maintenance," Governor-Greneral, 18th August: "His Pagew;.
Excellency in Coiincil highly approves the consideration which has been manifested
for the prejudices and condition of his Highness as the acknowledged Soubahdar
of Arcot, in apportioning his income on the revenues of the Carnatic rather than
by granting it in the form of a pension.'"

7. Nor was it as a pensioner that he was treated, but as the proper legitimate
Among other circumstances, this is evidenced by the following facts :

Sovereign.

7. Ileceived a.s
Sovereign.

Page 81.

(2.) Elevation
intimated to
Sovereigns.

Page 70.

(1.) He received all the honours attached to the high station of sovereign. ^ (^O Receives
He was installed " with every practicable degree of splendour and of public re- °'^^Page"62"*
spect." He received royal honours, and annually the guns of the saluting battery Page ti.
of Fort St Geoi'ge ushered in his anniversary ; while his burial ceremony was con-
ducted with "' appropriate military honours."

(2.) His elevation to the dignity was intimated in the usual way to the various
sovereign powers with whom he had relations ; and not only is he recognised by
them as successor to the vacant musnud, but it is quite clear that he was accepted,
acknowledged, and transacted with, as successor in ordinary course — having all
the rights and status of those who had formerly held that kingly office. Indeed,
this is given actual expression to in one of the letters : — " Seeing that you have
succeeded, in the usual manner, to the government, I have derived therefrom a
degree of pleasure and happiness tvhicli it is impossible for me sufficiently to ex-
press." These letters are, moreover, of more Importance than at first appears,
because they all passed through the hands of the English Government, and they
passed without objection or comment. Nay, it is remarkable that. If so serious
a matter had befallen the Carnatic, as that the office of Its Sovereign Ruler had
lapsed or passed into another Power, and that the present occupant was to be
the last of the race, a mere Life-tenant, that some mention should not have been
made to either the Nizam or the Emperor, the legitimate over-lords. The absence
of any such intimation is only one of the many proofs of the views entertained at
the thne.

(3.) The Nawaub enjoyed the actual rights of sovereignty. It has been seen (3-) Enjoys rights
that the rioht of demandino- Nuzzers, which had been a sublect of dispute in the°i Sovereignty,
time of Omdut ul Omrah, was at once conceded to Azeem ul Dowlah as "Immediate
superior Lord" of those by whom they were payable. These Nuzzers were directed ^^^® ^^'
" to be transmitted, according to the ancient usage, to the Durbar of the Nabob p^''^^^, ^*''^*
of the Carnatic."

In like manner, the gardens of Sautgur, the palace and gardens of Trichin- Gardens of Saut-
opoly, and sundry villages, and other Enaums appropriated to religious purposes, ^"^"j^^ o^erap-
were " relinquished to his Highness as apjjendages of Sovereignty." Sovereio-nty.

Another fact flowing expressly from his position as Sovereign, and therefore ■'*•
proving what that position was, was the Immimity enjoyed by himself, and his 1™.™™''^ ^""o™
family and dependents, from the jurisdiction of the English Courts. Dispatches'"'*^ our ^ o
proving this, and containing evidence of Lord Clive's desire to maintain the im-
munity, under the faith of the Treaty, "in the same full and ample manner as ^//ey Pages 75 to 79.
have heretofore been enjoyed by his Highness' predecessors, 2iabobs of the Carnatic,'" have
been above printed. And, in short, there was no honour or right of Sovereignty,
save what had been granted away by the Treaty, which the Nawaub did not fully
enjoy.

8. But, in addition to being styled (as he certainly was) " Sovereign of the ^- Nabob certified
Carnatic" — a title by which he will be found to be designated In many places p° ndent' Pi-inoe

throughout the Dispatches — there is a document among those which have been
printed which of itself is quite sufficient to set every question at rest. This docu-
ment was the declaration, dated 1st February 1803, by which the Governor in
Page 78. Couucil at Madras did thereby certify " that the Nabob Azeem ul Dowlah was

acknowledged and recognised by our said Government as an Independent Prince,
the Soubahdar of the Carnatic Payen Ghaut, and an ally of our said Government."
Independent Prince ! Why, that is the whole (juestioii raised by the decision of
the Directors. If he was an Independent Prince, his rights transmitted in-
dependently of the Company to his successors. This declaration in itself would
be conclusive of the whole matter.

;i. Succession of 9. Accordingly, the best proof was afforded that he was regarded as an Indepen-

Azum Jah and ^q^^ Prince by the fact, that at his death his son succeeded to his rank and title,
" ■ and that upon that son's death his grandson succeeded. The succession of the

son and grandson without objection — nay, as matter of course — are in themselves
worth a world ot facts and circumstances, of documents and inferences. Beyond
the rights arising or lost by acquiescence in their accession, they contain the most
conclusive evidence within themselves of the interpretation put upon the Treaty,
at a time when the execution of the Treaty may be said to have been almost with-
in the recollection of the officials of the Company. Could better evidence of the
view so entertained by the Company (and, of course, their views are binding only
on themselves) be found anywhere than in the fact, that when the last succession
opened, the successor recognised and elevated was an infant ?

10 Azeem Jah Lastly, There is the fact, susceptible if necessary of proof, that his present

treated as next Highness Prince Azeem Jah has been treated throughout, and till his nephew's
lieir death, as next heir to the throne.

With all these facts staring one in the face, facts which speak for themselves
and require no comment, it is not possible to maintain that the Nawaubship was
an office with which Azeem ul Dowlah was invested for his life merely ; but that,
in precise conformity as well with the spirit and the terms of the Treaty as with
the whole facts and circumstances of the case, the right was one which must pass
to descendants, and now, therefore, vests in the person of his Highness Prince
Azeem Jah, the second son of Azeem ul Dowlah, and direct and indisputable
heir to the Musnud.

But there is another view of the matter which now falls to be considered.

III. International III. According to international lav^, if the Treaty was a personal

^'^^^^ one, it ought, in the circumstances, to be renewed, or, if not renewed,

the provisions on both sides fall ; but if the provisions in favour of one

of the contending parties subsist, the provisions in favour of the other

subsist also.

1. If personal, 1. Assuming the Treaty to be personal, it ought to be renewed.

Treaty should

The Treaty which was entered into in 1801 was a substantial one, in which
not only were the advantages mutual, but the advantages derived by the English
were much greater than those derived by the Nawaub ; and not only have these
advantages continued to the English, l)ut they have greatly improved in the course
of time. The English, therefore, could suil'er no wrong or injury by a renewal. In
these circumstances, what is the course of duty which is sanctioned by international
law ? " When the term for which the Treaty was made is expired, each of the
allies is perfectly i'ree, and may consent or refuse to renew it as he thinks proper.
It must however be confessed, that if one of the parties, who has almost singly
rea])ed all the atlvaiitagcs of the Treaty, shoidd. without just and substantial rea-
sons, refuse to renew it now that he thiidcs hi; will no longer stand in need of it,
and foresees the time approaching when his ally may derive advantage from it in
turn, such conduct would be dishonourable and inconsistent with that generosity
which should characterise sovereigns, and widely distant from those sentiments
of gratitude and friendship that arc due to an old and faithful ally."

2. If not renewed, 2. Assuming the Treaty to be personal and is not to be renewed, the provi-
provisions on giong ;„ favour of both parties have fallen.

both sides fall. '

be renewed.

Viittel, ii. 13, 199.

The effect of an alliance having fallen or terminated, is to destroy or terminate
the provisions and engaj^cnients on huth sides. The effect in the present case,
accordingly, would be that the whole administration, civil and military, of the
Carnatic, with the collection of the revenues, and whole revenues of the country
would fall to he restored to the Nawaidj. This would indeed be a serious matter
for the English Government; but to such a right his Highness Prince Azeem Jah
has no intention of laying claim. He rests his claim u])on the Treaty of 1801
being real and permanent. He is prepared to maintain tiie faith of the Treaty on
his part, and to enter into such engagements as may be desired with a view to
renew or confirm It.

3. Assuming the Treaty to be subsisting, the provisions in favour of the;;, ir Treaty sub-
Nawaub subsist, sist, |)rovisions

It is a rule of international law, that "real Treaties, which were intended to ''/ ^'Jiwauh cou-
subsist independently of the person who has concluded them, are undoubtedly '^"'"'"
binding on his successors; andtheobligatlon which such Treaties impose on the State
passes successively to all her rulers as soon as they assume the public authority.
The case is the same with respect to the rights acquired by those Treaties; they are Vattei, ii. 12. 191.
acquired for the State, and successively pass to her conductors." This law of reci-
procal rights is in complete harmony with all the principles of equity by which
Treaties are interpreted. The equity of the rule, in its application to the present
case, cannot for one moment be doubted,

IV. Independently of Treaty and of every other right, his High- 1 v. Right by
ness Prince Azeem Jah is entitled, by the International Law of prescrip- P''escriptive j.os-
tion or usucaption, to succeed to the dignity of Nawaub of the Carnatic,
with all the rights and revenues thereof.

After having shown that usucaption and prescription are founded In the law
of nature, Vattel says, " It Is easy to prove that they are equally a part of the law vatid n. 11, § 147.
of nations, and ought to take place between different states. For the law of
nations is but the law of nature applied to nations in a manner suitable to the
parties concerned. And so far Is the nature of the parties from affordino- them
an exemption in the case, that usucaption and prescription are much more neces-
sary between sovereign states than between Indlvldtials." " AYere we allowed to
recur to antiquity on every occasion, there are few sovereigns who could enjov
their rights In security, and there would be no peace to be hoped for on earth."
And after stating various reasons for the law, he adds, " Between nations, therefore, lo.. % m.
it becomes necessary to admit prescription founded on length of time as a valid and
incontestable title.'' " Nay more," he says, " as by virtue of that law nations are In ib., § 150.
all doubtful cases supposed to stand on a footing of equal right In treatino- with
each other, prescription, when founded on long undisputed possession, ouoht to
have its full effect between nations without admitting any allegation of the pos-
session being tmjust, unless the evidence to prove It be very clear and convlnclno-
Indeed."

Now, throwing out of view altogether that His Highness Prince Azeem Jah
Is the rightful successor to a dignity of which we have record for 150 years back

from the present time — and for how far beyond Is probably unknown there

is the fact, sufficient of Itself, that he Is the rightful successor to a dio-nltv which
has endured, without Interruption, In his father's house and family /o;- a period of
fifty-four years, and through three successive sovereigns. It signifies little, there-
fore, by what title that dignity was originally acquired, or whether any record
of Its origin even remains. Nay, the fact that the distance of time Is so o-reat that
the Company have had a difficulty In knowing what the facts really were. Is just
one of those cogent reasons upon which this most just and salutary law Is mainly
founded. The propriety of the law finds exemplification in this very case.
Without going beyond himself, the long and undisturbed possession by his family
of this hereditary sovereign dignity has nurtured His Highness Prince Azeem
Jah In a state and position, and Into prospects and hopes from which, if he be com-
pelled to descend. It can only be by doing a rude violence to all the feelinos of
humanity. With all these feelings, and under a sense of Injury to themselves, the
native population, his born subjects, fully sympathise. A Petition to the Parlia-
ment of this country in support of His Highness' claims is In course of subscrip-
tion by them, and already has been subscribed by several thousands.

But while His Highness considers that he is fairly entitled to rest his claims
upon these principles of law which regulate the intercourse of nations with each
other, he takes his chief stand upon the terms of the Treaties by which the English
Company, so much to their own advantage, became bound to the Nawaubs of the
Carnatic. Their terms he humbly conceives to be clear, unequivocal, and beyond
dispute ; and having a firm reliance on the wisdom and good faith of the Imperial
Parliament of Great Britain, he leaves his case in the hands of that enlightened
Legislature, satisfied that whatever they may do will be found to be consistent
with every just right to which he may be entitled.

And if in submitting his case to such consideration he has done so at some
length, he trusts it will not be found to be greater than was necessary to make it
fully understood, or greater than the importance of the subject may demand.
He is here as the lineal descendant and lawful representative of the oldest and
most faithful of the Allies in India of the Honourable Company, and now of Her
Most Sacred Majesty — to whom he has always been most royally attached —
claiming the birth-right which he has derived from a long line of distinguished
ancestors ; and upon every principle by which the rights of men and of nations are
determined he reposes, in confident hope that they will ultimately triumph by
obtaining for him the restitution of his revenues and his establishment in a
Sovereign Dignity which he values more than Life.

'Sote. — The petitions to Parliament arrived in England too late to be presented in the Session of
1858, and the state of public business during the past Session (1859) has precluded the possibility of
hitherto moving in the matter. In the meantime, the Legislative Council of Calcutta have passed
an Act having for its object to enable the Indian Government to sell his Highness' Ancestral
Palace of Chepauk, to assist in paying the debts of the late Nawaub, which the Company have under-
taken. His Highness, who offered to undertake any liability for such debts, was heard by Counsel
against the passing of the Act, but his opposition was ineffectual, as the Bill was rested upon the decision
of the Court of Directors. The petitions having been transmitted prior to the passing of the Act, do not
refer to it ; but if the prayer of the petitions be sustained, the Act will have to be repealed.

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE CARNATIC CASE.

Table of the Nawaub's Descent,
Introductory Observations,
Indian Territorial Dignities, .

The Emperor — the Nizam — the Nawaub.
The Carnatic, ....
Events leading to Elevation of present Royal

Family to the Musnud of the Carnatic,
Elevation of Anwaii ad Dikn, the Claimant's

Great-Great-Grandfather, 1744, .
Position at that time of the East India Com

pany in Carnatic, .
Sketch of Fu-st Indian War between French

and English,
Death of Anwar ad Dien. — His son JLvHOSiED

Ali succeeds, 1748,
Succeeding Events,
Resulting in acknowledgment by English and

French of Mahomed Ali as Nawaub of the

Carnatic, by Treaty of Paris 1703,
Confirmation by the Great Mogul of Mahomed

AJi and his Successors as Nawaubs of the

Carnatic, 1765, ....
Treaty of 1708 between the English East India

Company, Mahomed Ali, and Nizam Ali,

the Soubah of the Deccan,
Mahomed Ali acknowledged by all Powers —

The Nawaub an independent Prince,
The Right conferred also on the Descendants of

Mahomed Ali, ....

The Nawaub of the Carnatic viewed as the oldest

and most faithful of the Company's Allies,
Estimation in which Mahomed Ali held by

English, ....
He becomes Debtor and Obligant to Com

pany, ....

Agi'eement between him and East India Com

pany, 1781,
Assignment by him of Revenues of Carnatic

to Company for Five Years,
Prehminary Treaty of 1785, .
Treaty of 1787 between East India Company

and Nawaub,
Amendment of Treaty proposed.
Treaty of 1792 (stUl in force) between East

India Company and Nawaubs of Cai-natic,
Effect of this Treaty, ....
Proposal to transfer entire Collection of Re-
venues and Management of Carnatic to

Company, .....
Causes which led to Treaty of 1801 — Demon-
strated by Dispatches,
Death of Mahomed Ali, and Accession of

Omdut ul Omijah, 1795, .
Dispatches continued.

Discovery of alleged Corre.spondence, and conse-
quent charge against Nawaub,
No Evidence to support the Charge made.
The Course of Reasoning adopted to justify

the Company's Attitude, and secui-e Com-

Page
2
3
4

20
21

22
23

25
29

30
30

48
49

pUance with their Demands for A,ssignment
of the Nawaub's Revenues in Security,
Death of Omdut ul Omrah, 15th July 1801, .
Proceedings of Commissioners appoiuteii to

negotiate a Treaty,

Interviews of Commissioners with Ally Hous-

sain. Son of late Nawaub, and his Regents,

Ally Houssain declines Propo.sals of Company,

Negotiations thereupon opened with AzEESi ul

DowL.\H, Grandson of Mahomed Ah,
Stipulations agreed to by Azeem, and Treaty

(of 1801) adjusted.
Treaty signed — Lord dive's Reports to Gover-
nor-General, ....
Could the Company at this time have decUned

to recognise a Successor ? .
Reasons why they could not, .
Installation of Azeem ul Dowlah as Nawaub of

the Carnatic, 31st July 1801,
Treaty of 1801 between Company and Nawaubs
(still subsisting), ....
Proclamation following upon Treaty, .
Declaration and Dispatches,
Letter from Governor-General approving of

Treaty, but proposing an Alteration,
Alterations upon Treaty agreed to.
Separate Explanatory Articles annexed tO'
Treaty, .....
Lettere from Azeem ul Dowlah to King of Great
Britain, and other Princes and Powers, inti-
mating his Accession — and Letters received.
Appendages of Sovereignty made over to
Nawaub, .....
Troubles in the Royal House — Documents,
Death of Ally Houssain, 6th April 1802,
Collision between English Courts of Lawaud the
Prerogatives of Nawaub — Correspondence,
Declaration of Governor in Council acknow-
ledging Nawaub as an Independent Prince,
1st February 1803,
Increase of Revenue was not object of Treaty

of 1801, and not anticipated.
Pecuniary Resources of Presidency were, how-
ever, largely increased by Treaty, .
Statement in Parliament by Lord Castlereagh
in regard to Object and Effect of Ti'eaty, .
Comparative View of the Revenues of Carnatic
in 1709 and 1859, . . . _ .

Death of Azeem ul Dowlah, and Installation of

his son A/ATM J ah as Nabob, 1819,
Death of Azum Jah, and Accession of his infant
Son (jHOLAM JIahomed Ghouse Kh.u;, and
appointment of Azeem Jah as Regent, 1825,
Death of Gholam Mahomed Ghouse Khan, 1855,
Prince Azeeji Jah entitled to succeed, and
previously treated as Successor, but Objec-
tion now made to his Accession,
His Memorial to the East India Company,
Their Answer thereto,

Page

50
54

55
56

57
57

59
61
62

64
67

78
79

80
80
81
81

82
82

82
82
84

INDEX.

Page
Reasons in support of his Claim : —

Kkason I. No Transfer to Company of tlie

Sovereignty of tbe Carnatic, . 86
The Facts explained, and Reason
demonstrated, . . .85

Reason II. The Nawaub has right in virtue

of express Treaty Agi-eement, . 87

1. Terms of Treaty of 1801, . . 87
Treaty not personal to Azeem ul Dow-

lah, . . . .87

(1.) Terms same as Draft proposed

Treaty vnth Omdut ul Onirah, . 88

(2.) Same terms offered to Houssain

Ally, . . . .88

(3.) Treaty incorporated with parts of
Treaty of 1792, uvhcating per-
manence, . . .88

(4.) Treaty with Nawaub for liimseK

and liis Successors, . . 88

(5.) Treaty perpetual in its terms, . 88

(6.) Perpetual exception of provision to

Nawaub, . . .88

(7.) No period specified at which Na-

waub's Rights to terminate, . 88

(8.) One object of Treaty to settle the

Suocftssion, . . .88

(9.) Azeem ul Dowlah vested vsith State
and Rank of his Ancestors —
Right hereditary, . . 89

2. Facts andCircumstances proving Azeem

id Dowlah was invested with Right
of Sovereignty, . . .89

(1 .) Object of Treaty of 1801, .

(2.) Expressions used by Company else-
where, indicating their views, .

(3.) Expressions used by Nawaub indi-
cating his view,

(4.) Company dealt with Family and
with Azeem as their Representa-
tive or instrument,

(5.) No calculation of increased Revenues
from Azeem's death,

(fi.) Nawaub not a Pensioner, .

(7.) Treated as a Sovereign,

1. Receives Royal Honours,

2. Elevation intimated to all the

Sovereign Powers concerned,

3. Enjoys Rights, Appendages, and

* Immunities of Sovereignty, .
(8.) Azeem acknowledged by Company

to be an Independent Prince,
(9.) Succession without objection of
Azum .Jah and Gholam Mahomed
Ghouse Khan, .
(10.) Azeem Jah treated by Company
as next Heu',
Reason III. If Treaty a personal one it ought
to be renewed, or if not renewed
the provisions on both sides
fall ; but if provisions in favour
of one subsist, provisions in
favour of other subsist also,
Reason IV. The Nawaub's Right by Interna-
tional Law of Prescription,
Concluding Observations,

Pnije
89

90
91
91
91

9*2

93
94

INDEX TO TEEATIES, AGREEMENTS, AND OTHER

DOCUMENTS.

Grant of Jaghire by Nawaub to

Company, 1763,
Discharge by Nizam to Nabob,

12th Nov. 1766,
Treaty, 23d Feb. 1768,
Agreement between Nabob

and Company (Requests and

Answers), 23d Dec. 1781, .
Treaty, 24th Feb. 1787,
Treaty. 12th July 1792,

Page

11
11

12
22
25

Mr Dundas' Speech in Parlia-
ment, 25th March 1800,

Treaty of 31st July 1801,

Proclamation, 31st July 1801,

Declaration upon Treaty, 31st
July 1801, .

Alterations on Treaty,

Explanatory Articles,

Declaration by Lord CUve, 18th
Dec. 1801, .

Page

47
59
61

62
67
68

Declaration by Governor, 1st

Feb. 1803, .
Lord Castlereagh's Speech in

Parhament, 29th July 1803,
Asiatic Journal, 3d Aug. 1819,
Asiatic Journal, p. 389, 1820,
Asiatic Journal, p. 793, 1826,
Memorial of His Highness the

Claimant to the Directors of

the Company,
The Directors' decision thereon.

Pag'

80
81
81
82

82
84

INDEX TO DISPATCHES, LETTERS, AND MINUTES.

12th Nov. 1761,
9th March 1703,
1st June 1764,
30th Sept. 1765,
30th June 1769,
10th April 1771.
20th March 1772,
7th Doe. 1774,
4th July 1775,
16th August 1775,
14th Oct. 1775,
13th Nov. 1775,
2d Oct. 1778,
4th Feb. 1779,
23d Feb. 1779,
Jan. 1780,
27th April 1781,
nth Sept. 1781,
28th Nov. 1783,
24th Jan. 1784,
14th Oct. 1784,
18th A])ril 1786,
24th l''eb. 1787,
3lBt March 1790,
21st June 1790,
10th Aug. 1790,
10th Aug. 1790,
Ifith Sept. 1790,
9th July 1792,
19th i''cb. 1794,

10
10
16
14
14
18
14
18
14
12
14
14
15
13
15
19
20
15
21
21
21
22
24
24
24
37
24
28
30

24th Oct. 1795,
24th Nov. 1795,
31st Aug. 1796,
31st Aug. 1796,
15th Sept. 1796,
4th Oct. 1797,
16th Oct. 1797,
19th Feb. 1798,
23d June 1798,
4th July 1798,
15th Oct. 1798,
24th April 1799,
13th May 1799,
5th June 1799,
13th June 1799,
13th Aug. 1799,
25th Jan. 1800,
26th .March 1800,
7th Ajiril ISOO,
nth April 1800,
14th April IMOO,
18th Miircli l.HOl,
21 St May ISdl,
28th May IHOl,
28th May ISOl,
28th May llSOl,
2d June l.HOl,
4th June 1801,
July 1801, .

15th July 1801,

. 54

27th July 1801,

. 57

31st July 1801,

. 62

3d Aug. 1801,

. 63

3d Aug. 1801,

. 80

11th Aug. 1801,

. 68

14th Aug. 1801,

. 69

18th Aug. 1801,

. 64

21st Aug. 1801,

. 63

22d Sept. 1801,

. 66

24th Oct. 1801,

. 69

30th Oct. 1801,

. 70

10th Nov. 1801,

. 71

10th Nov. 1801,

. 71

15th Dec. 1801,

. 70

18th Dec. 1801,

. 73

22d Dec. 1801,

. 74

29th Dec. ISOl,

. 74

17th Feb. 1WI2,

. 72

3d May 1 802,

. 75

30th Dec. 1802,

. 75

7th Jan. 1803,

. 77

18th Jan. 1,S03,

. 77

21st Jan. 1803,

. 78

24th .Ian. 1«03,

. 71

24tli Jan. 1803,

. 71

Ist Feb. 1803,

. 78

2l8t Feb. 1803,

. 80

22d Feb. 1803,

. 79

EDINBUIiOII : PliTNTED BY MURRAY AND 011)11.

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