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 f^jfT SKETCHES 
 
 OP 
 
 THE HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 
 
 AND 
 
 MOORS' CHARITY SCHOOL, 
 
 "WI^H A PARTICULAR ACCOUNT OF 
 
 SOME LATE REMARKABLE PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BOARD OF TRUSTEES, 
 
 FROM THE YEAR 1779 
 TO THE YEAR 1815.
 
 14? . : 
 W5 7S 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 IN a cursory view of the rise and progress of Dartmouth 
 College we survey with delight the benefits resulting from it, in 
 former times, to the best interests of mankind. But the mind is 
 filled with regret at the aspect of events within a short period — 
 a spirit of innovation — attempts from an occult, origin, ripening 
 into forcible efforts, to change the first principles, and design of 
 the institution. 
 
 It was the intention of the writer, who is personally acquaint- 
 ed with the facts, at his entrance on the present work, to have on- 
 ly pointed out, in a more private manner, certain errors and de- 
 fects, hoping that the authors of this destructive undertaking 
 would desist from their purposes, and correct their own abuses. 
 In the progress of committing his remarks to writing, new acts 
 of aggression and violation appeared — he found the evils multi- 
 plying, and disorder sanctioned by laws spreading through the 
 departments of the Seminary. These reasons led the writer to 
 enlarge the work to its present size ; and now to submit it to the 
 public view. There might have been some improvement in its 
 ^ general arrangement : but facts are presented in a clearer view, 
 ^ as traced, under distinct heads, in the natural order of their suc- 
 ^ cession in the different branches of management, than if they h€d 
 nL been confounded, and presented in one chronological chain. 
 >* They are entitled Sketches, but the Notes, collectively, present 
 , the most important and interesting events of that seminary, be- 
 r< tween the limits of the periods assigned. 
 
 ^ For the facts contained in the following work, we are indebted 
 . to President Wheelock ; and their substance may be relied on as 
 true. — Of the justness and importance of the reflections and in- 
 ferences, deduced from them, it is submitted for the impartial pub- 
 Tic to judge and determine. 
 
 
 V^ 
 
 <•>►, kjr.-l 
 
 409£
 
 1. THEOLOGICAL ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 THE Hou. John Phillips, one of the earliest, and the great- 
 est benefactor to the Institution, in the year 1789, made dona- 
 tions, nf lands to t.hi» Trustees to be sequestered as a foundation 
 for the support of a Professor of Theology. The fund being ex- 
 pressly restricted to that office by the donor, no doubt could a- 
 rise but it embraced public systematical lectures, classical and 
 individual instruction. That it could not be justly extended to 
 the discharge of duties in any other department, not even that 
 of preaching, in the common acceptation of the word, will be 
 made abundantly to appear from what was understood of the will 
 of the donor; from the votes and practice of the Board of Trustees 
 for many years immediately succeeding the deposit in their trust ; 
 and from the common sense of mankind, concerning the nature of 
 the case. — The mind of the donor, and the sense and practice of 
 the Board are brought into open view by the following resolutions 
 and statement of facts. 
 
 M a Meeting of the Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College, 
 May 7th, 1789. 
 
 " President Wheelock having informed this Board, that he hath 
 "received of the Hon. John Phillips, L.L. D. 1 37 10 0, to be 
 " applied to the use and benefit of this College, provided this 
 " Board will sequester, as a foundation for support of a Professor 
 " of Divinity, at this College, those lands, which have*been given 
 *' by him to this Board, for the benefit of said College, since the 
 " year 1780, also 400 acres in Warren, and so much other lands in 
 "their hands, as may amount in value to the sum of 1 37 10 0. — 
 " Whereupon voted, to sequester, as a foundation for the support 
 " of a Professor of Divinity, at this College, forever, all the lands
 
 6 
 
 " conveyed by said Dr. Phillips by his deed of October 10th, 1781,. 
 "and also, 100 acres in Sandwich, being of the value of 1 37 10 0, 
 "also 400 acres in Warren." — Attached to this was a vote of 
 thanks to the munificent benefactor ; and, then, immediately the 
 said Board proceeded to the resolution which follows: 
 
 " Voted, that, for the future, the tuition bills of the students be 
 " applied solely for the purpose of paying, annually, the salaries 
 " of the Instructors of this College ; the annual allowance for 
 " preaching ; and the allowance to the Treasurer for accounting 
 " and collecting said bills, till such salaries and allowances be 
 " discharged," &c. 
 
 The conclusions seem obviously to result from the above ; that 
 it was the will of Doctor Phillips, communicated by the Presi- 
 dent, in the case, as it appears to have been impressed on the 
 mind of the Board, that the fund, on the conditions of acceptance, 
 could not in future be applied to the support of any official in- 
 struction then existing ; no, nor to what they justly expressed as 
 detached, the employment of preaching. That such was the idea 
 of the Board of Trustees of the designation of the Donor, and as 
 such accordingly adopted by them, as a principle of practice, ap- 
 pears also, by their vote at their bcaL meeting, iu August 26th^ 
 1790. 
 
 " On a question respecting the application of the rents arising 
 " from lands appropriated to the use of a Professor of Divinity, 
 " till such time as such Professor of Divinity be established at this 
 " College : — Voted that Jonathan Freeman, Esq. the Financier, 
 " be requested to confer with Doctor Phillips on the subject and 
 " govern himself according to his advice, provided that can be 
 " obtained ; this board, at the same time engaging, that, provid- 
 " ed Doctor Phillips advise to a temporary application of such 
 " rents for other purposes, for the use of the College, and that 
 " they be so applied, this board will refund the amount of such 
 " rent so applied, and the interest arising thereon, for the use of 
 " a Professor of Divinity, when one shall be appointed." At 
 the same meeting we find their resolutions, as follows ; 
 
 " Voted that Professor Smith be requested to preach at the 
 " Chapel, the ensuing year and that he be allowed the same sum 
 " in compensation as heretofore." — " Voted, that James Whee- 
 " lock Esq. be requested to apply to the people in this place, to 
 " advance to Professor Smith what is equitable, on their part, on 
 " account of his preaching to the people and students." 
 
 In the same manner, as before, the Rev. John Smith, Pro- 
 fessor of the Languages, was requested, annually, by the Board 
 and paid by them the sum, generally, of 1 26 distinct from his 
 salary as Professor, for discharging the office of a preacher to the 
 students connected with the people in the chapel, till the year 
 1795 ; and, afterwards, by their order, in the meeting-house, till 
 1802, to the students, in the same connection with the people ;- — 
 and, in like manner, during the whole time, the Board requested^
 
 and insisted in different shapes, that the people should pay their 
 proportion of the expence of preaching. In that period the Trea- 
 surer, by their order, continued to pay to him for this service the 
 annual sum voted out of the tuition bills. 
 
 For the first time, then in 1801, ordered, that Professor Smith 
 should be paid, for the discharge of that duty, by the Financier 
 
 out of the funds appropriated for a Projessor of Theology; yet, in 
 
 the following year, it was so far reversed, that the allowance for 
 preaching was paid, as it always before had been, out of the tui- 
 tion bill at the treasury — At this time, August 1802, it was re- 
 solved, according as was understood to have been his will, that 
 the lands given By Dr. Phillips, and their rents, and interest of the 
 same annually arising from the respective per* As of their receipts, 
 should all be consolidated into the capital fund for the Professor- 
 ship of Theology. 
 
 We leave the. past, and now enter upon the stage of new 
 conceptions and new measures, gradually ripening for the dispo- 
 sal of that fund. 
 
 M an annual meeting of the Board of Trustees of Dartmouth 
 College, August 26, 1803. 
 
 " Voted that it be the duty of the Phillips Professofof The- 
 t ; ology to exhibit theological lectures to the students in public 
 u oneeaweek; to perform religious worship in the chapel, as 
 " shall be directed by the Board when it is inconvenient for thfc 
 " president to attend ; to preach on the sabbath, and to instruct 
 a the students by classes, as shall he agreed by the executive 
 " authority, in theology, moral philosophy, and the belles lettres, 
 " or in part of said branches or in other branches of science, as 
 " the Trustees may, from time to time, direct." 
 
 The above prescript, became the rule of professorial prac- 
 tice to Mr. Roswell Shirt lit!', who was appointed by the Board 
 in August, 1804. 
 
 For two years from his entrance into office, the professor de- 
 livered not a single lecture on theology. 
 
 " Jit an annual meeting of the Board of Trustees of DartmoiUh 
 College, August 29, 1806." 
 
 « Resolved that the Phillips Professor of Theology perform 
 " divine service in said house [the meeting-house] on the sab- 
 " baths and other instituted days of public worship, by himself 
 " or such other clergyman, or candidate, as shall not be disap- 
 " proved by the president or a majority of the executive author- 
 « ijy — That the said Professor in addition to the foregoing ser-
 
 8 
 
 « vice, shall deliver, at least, one Theological lecture, at the 
 « College chapel, in each week in term time, extraordinary cases 
 *< excepted ; and votes heretofore passed, respecting the duties of 
 « a professor of divinity be and hereby are repealed." &c. — "It 
 « was resolved, that the said Professor should receive the same 
 " salary [8500 pr. ann.~\ as the Professors of Languages and Ma- 
 (i thematics." — The following was added as part of the same vote. 
 •— w JYdr shall he, by any contract or subscription, receive any e- 
 
 * moluments, except from the Trustees of said College." To 
 this we annex another vote at the same session — " That as the 
 " people in this vicinity esteem it a duty and privilege to con- 
 " li tribute, according to their abilities towards a compensation to 
 " the Professor of Theology, for his administration to them, they 
 " have that privilege ; provided it be not done in a way repug- 
 " nant to the true intent of the resolution of theBoard of Trustees 
 " in relation to the manner of his receiving his yearly compensa- 
 " tionfor his services as professor of Theology." — The foregoing 
 votes were contained in the reports of their Committees, received 
 and accepted by the Board ! ! 
 
 One resolution more, passed by them at that session, comes 
 next in our way, relevant to the subjeet in view. — " Voted, that, 
 " for the year to come, the Professor of Divinity be excused from 
 '* lecturing, publickly, to the students, in the chapel, more than 
 " once in three weeks ; that he lecture, privately, on theological 
 " subjects, to such of the students, as the Executive shall direct ; 
 " and that he preach on the Sabbath, as often as his ability will 
 
 * permit." 
 
 Through this year, till August, 1807, the service performed by 
 the Professor of Theology, pursuant to the above resolution, con- 
 sisted of, at most, eight lectures in theology, to the students, and 
 preaching to the students and people twenty -four weeks and a 
 half, the desk being supplied the remainder of term time, by ex- 
 changes or foreign preachers, or candidates. 
 
 At a meeting of the Trustees of Dartmouth-College, August, 1807. 
 
 " Voted, That, for the current year, the Professor of Theology 
 " be excused from lecturing, publickly, oftener than once in a 
 « fortnight." 
 
 We have arrived at an important epoeh in the history of mea- 
 sures, interesting to the object before us ; but it behoves us that 
 we retrace, and cast our eyes on some connected circumstances, 
 to collect the light from all to a. focus. 
 
 The fund given by Dr. Phillips consisted of various uncultiva- 
 ted tracts of land, to be leased, presenting different prospects, as 
 to the time and amount of their rents. The most valuable par- 
 cels had been disposed of by lease, at early dates, and the neat
 
 i*ents, with the interest of some accumulations of the former con- 
 solidated with the capital, produced an annual income, in August, 
 1804, of two hundred and sixty-three dollars, and fifty cents. 
 This sum was one among the items that filled the general statement 
 of the annual income, as reported by their committee to the Trus- 
 tees then sitting — and, in the same report, was inserted among 
 the items, which composed the statement of annual expenditures, 
 the sum of five hundred dollars, a proposed allowance to the 
 Professor of Theology just elected. That allowance was voted 
 with a perquisite in the use of some land. 
 
 Mr. Freeman was Financier of the College from about the time 
 when the donation was made, and continued in that office till his 
 death. He was entrusted with the whole care of the lands com- 
 posing this fund. He alone was responsible to attend to the man- 
 agement of them — he, in behalf of the Board, leased them, as 
 their circumstances would admit — he collected and applied the 
 rents to inerease tbe capital — he consulted, and held intercourse 
 with the donor, and knew his mind. 
 
 In consequence of the regulations adopted by the Board in 
 said August 180-1 preaching on the sabbath was no longer to be 
 remunerated from the tuition bills : it was associated with lec- 
 tures, and with them assigned as a duty, to the Professor of The- 
 ology, who derived his pay from the Phillips rents, blended with 
 other incomes. — The Financier called this arrangement in ques- 
 tion ; and, at their meeting in August 1807, he stated to the 
 Trustees; that, by their own appointment and express desire, he 
 had at an early period consulted fully with the donor, who assur- 
 ed him as agent of the Board, that his aim and view in giving 
 was to make an entire establishment of the professorship — that 
 the lands, being new, would require time to become productive : 
 that he wished them to be leased as soon as could be to advantage* 
 and the rents and their interest accumulate, till the fund should, 
 of itself be sufficient to support the office ; that he consided its I 
 duties to eonsist in public and classical lectures to the students, 
 and more private instructions, to prepare their minds for the min- 
 istry, should providence open the way : finally, that he did not 
 consider preaching as the official business of the professor ; and, 
 therefore, did not expect, and could not consent, that any part of 
 the fund should be applied to the support of a preacher, any far- 
 ther than that what of the fund may be used by the Board in this 
 way, shall be replaced with interest. — Mr. Freeman added, that 
 blending the products of this gift with foreign monies and its 
 object with foreign objects, was contrary to the original design ; 
 and that, in any case, the rents eould not be alienated nor used 
 except as loans to be refunded with interest. He, then, remarked 
 that there were rents of that donation to a considerable amount 
 applied by them to other uses, particularly to the support of a 
 preacher to the inhabitants of the town andstudents, in the meet- 
 ing-hotis". in the character of a Professor of Theology, which 
 8
 
 10 
 
 rents with interest ought sacredly to be refunded, and incorporated 
 with, to enlarge the capital according to the views and wishes of 
 Dr. Phillips, from the time of the donation till his death. 
 
 No measures being adopted on the above representation of 
 the financier, he gave notice, that the subject should again be 
 brought up, at the adjourned session in January succeeding. On 
 this last occasion, Mr. Freeman presented the same object to the 
 view of the Board — expressed the substance of what he had be- 
 fore stated — he enlarged upon it, and appealed to the apprehen- 
 sion, and practice of the Board in former times — he urged that 
 the late incomes of the Phillips lands, paid by their order for a 
 foreign purpose, for common preaching as pertaining to the Phillip 
 Theological professorship be replaced to the credit of the fund of 
 the donor and carried into the capital ; and, that otherwise the 
 fund was perverted. — The oldest members, present, were in opin- 
 ion with Mr. Freeman. — The Rev. Professor Smith adduced a 
 letter of Dr. Phillips in reply to one written by him, while offi- 
 ciating as the appointed preacher, on the subject ; in which reply 
 the donor, with great caution, would not consent that any avails 
 of his donations should be used for preaching, any further than 
 in the way of loan to be refunded to the establishment. The re- 
 mark, furthermore, ought to be noted, which was made by an em- 
 inent and highly respected character, a member, then present — 
 the intimate friend and confident of Dr. Phillips,* — He observed, 
 " that he was in opinion with the Financier, from the substance 
 of remarks that had fallen in conversations, from the lips of the 
 donor ; and that, on his death bed, he intimated, that he should 
 have done more for the college, were it not for his fear, that there 
 would be a future perversion." 
 
 The subject being of a peculiar nature, and the Board not 
 then prepared to act, Mr. Freeman, at the close, remarked, that 
 he should bring the same forward, again, at the next session ; 
 and should consider himself bound in duty to pursue it, until there 
 was a change in measures. His death, the ensuiDg summer, put 
 an end to the immediate prosecution of the design. 
 
 Those, who could not discern the justice and propriety of as- 
 signing such specific duties to that professorial office, and of grant- 
 ing it support in such a channel, thought it prudent, however, 
 from circumstances, to suppress their apprehensions, during the 
 two years succeeding the death of the Rev. Dr. John Smith, which 
 rather lessened the prospect of procuring any change. — He was 
 among the earliest members of the Corporation, well understood 
 the primitive principles of the Institution, and the establishment 
 of the Theological professorship, and the intention of its bene- 
 factor. 
 
 An impulse of duty, at length, overcame all doubtful calcula- 
 tions of the particular issue ; and a letter from the President, 
 Aug. 26, £811, was addressed to the Board of Trustees, then about 
 
 * Gov. Gilman.
 
 11 
 
 sitting. Among other matters, the foregoing was brought into 
 view, in a qualified manner, as the delicacy of its circumstances, 
 and the former sensations, which it had produced in some, seemed 
 to require. The limitation of the fund for the professorship of 
 Theology to the object intended by the Donor, the statements of 
 Mr. Freeman, the Financier and Agent, the former proceeding* 
 of the Board, and other evidences, above mentioned, against de- 
 voting it, in any part, to the support of a preacher of the gospel, 
 were all noticed and referred to — the importance of their particu- 
 lar inquiry and attention was suggested i that, should there be a 
 possible deviation, it might be rectified. 
 
 They adjourned their session to the 22i day of October follow- 
 ing — and then took into view the matters contained in the said 
 letter. We will here confine ourselves to the parts of their co- 
 pious resolution, which express their ideas and determination in- 
 relation to the subject now before us. — The Trustees expressly de- 
 clare any administration of the ordinances, or attention to 'parochial 
 concerns, which interfere with the regular discharge of the duties, 
 of the Professor of Theology, to be, in their opinion, improper and 
 unjustifiable. They declare, that " they cannot accede to the 
 " idea contained in the memorial — [i.e. the letter] — that any de- 
 " viation from the will of the late Doctor Phillips, or any per- 
 " version of the Phillips fund, hath taken place by requiring 
 " Professor Shurtliffto preach in the meeting-house, on Sabbath 
 " and other days of public worship; or by permitting him to ad- 
 " minister gospel ordinances, when such administration does not 
 " interfere with the prescribed duties of his professorship." (In. 
 another clause) " The Trustees consider, that they have made 
 " such provision for religious instruction and the administration 
 '* of the odinances, as circumstances required," &c. It will 
 enlighten our path to compare these declarations with one another 
 and with their former resolves. 
 
 The Professor of Theology had on the preceding winter re- 
 ceived ordination, and became the pastor of the new church. 
 From August 1810 to August 1811, in the study term consisting 
 of 39 weeks, he delivered but ten lectures to the students, and 
 preached fifteen sabbaths and a half to the people and students 
 in the meeting-house ; the desk being supplied on the other sab- 
 baths by occasional candidates or preachers, or by exchanges with 
 neighbouring ministers. At the close of the year in said August, 
 the Trustees, at their meeting, passed the following vote:— « 
 " Whereas the Professor of Divinity has, for the present season, 
 " improved certain College lands not appropriated to him — and 
 " whereas, the duties assigned him for the year past have been. 
 " greater than usual — Voted that he be allowed the use of those 
 " lands for this season free of claim on the part of the Board." 
 In the year after, from March to August, 1,812, being twenty-five 
 weeks, study term, the Professor preached seven sabbaths and a 
 half to the inhabitants and students in the meeting-house ; and, 
 for the remaining seventeen and half sabbaths, he obtained assist
 
 ance from occasional preachers, or by exchanges. How often he 
 delivered lectures in the chapel, and, preached in the meeting- 
 house, during the first term, 14 weeks, of the year last mentioned, 
 and how often from August, 1807, to August, 1S10, there are no 
 minutes to determine. In that year, 1810, his salary was raised 
 by the Board to six hundred dollars, and was afterward increased 
 to seven hundred, with the former perquisites continued. 
 
 THE history is now finished of the origin and progress of this 
 Theological establishment. It exhibits a chain of facts, with 
 their bearings, from the first act of the donor, through the pro- 
 ceedings of the donees, connected with other events and circum- 
 stances, filling the period of twenty-two years. They lead, in 
 their unequivocal exposition, to the following results. 
 
 1. The Hon. Dr. John Phillips, in the year 1789, laid, in the 
 gift of valuable wild lands to the Trustees of this College, a 
 foundation for the support of a professorship of Theology. It 
 was his will, that the products of these lands, so fast as they 
 could be leased or rented, should be annually accumulated in the 
 principal until sufficient, by its income, to support the establish- 
 ment ; and that it should be kept distinct and entire, in its man- 
 agement, and use. — For the truth of this we appeal to the man- 
 ner, in which his mind was, originally, Communicated by the Pre- 
 sident, the negociator, to the Trustees ; and which appears to 
 have been their understanding, by the foregoing votes of the Board, 
 in May 7, 1789, and in Angust 26, 1790. — We appeal to this last 
 vote ; and to their vote in August, 1802 ; — we appeal to tile re- 
 port and uniform assurance of the Hon. Jonathan Freeman, who, 
 as appointed by the Board, consulted and conferred with Dr. 
 Phillips, and obtained his wishes — and to the constant practice of 
 said Freeman, who, as agent of the Board, had the management 
 of that fund. 
 
 2. The donor never identified the ordinary duties of a preacher 
 of the gospel with the duties of a Professor of Theology, con- 
 templated to receive support from his establishment — never did 
 he consent that any part of the rents of the lands, given by him 
 for this purpose, should be devoted, or used to pay for preaching, 
 any further than, what the Trustees might take and apply to that 
 object, should be considered by them as borrowed, and they sa- 
 credly holden to replace the same, with interest, to the credit of 
 his donation. Is it needful here, to recur to the official testimo- 
 ny, and arrangements to this effect, of the financier or agent ? — 
 there are those, who well remember his declarations at the time, 
 and after the Board had formed a new channel, and turned info 
 it the stream of the fund. Is it needful to recur to the remem-
 
 13 
 
 
 
 hrance of that letter, written by the Donor to Doctor Smith then 
 the incumbent preacher ? — There are those, too, now living, who 
 remember such a letter. But rather would we recur to the sense 
 and conception of the Board, indicating to -the same purpose by 
 their annual votes, appointing a preacher, from August, 1790, to 
 August, 1802 ; and ordering his pay from a source wholly distinct 
 from the Phillips fund, even years after it had become productive. 
 
 Thus we discern the aim, and wishes, of Dr. Phillips, in lay- 
 ing a foundation for classical knowledge, and learned improve- 
 ment, in Theology ; and we discern the Board of Trustees cau- 
 tiously conforming, in measures and agency, till the period last 
 mentioned. But it is not less evident, they were now to be gov- 
 erned by other rules in reverse of the former. 
 
 1. Never, after, was there any further accumulation of the rents 
 and interest with the principal, though all the just ground and 
 reasons remained for doing it, as the whole would still be inade- 
 quate to the support of the professorship, the design originally 
 contemplated. On the contrary, the Trustees, by votes in Au- 
 gust 1804, and in August 1806, ordered the incomes of the Phil- 
 lips fund to be mingled with other resources, to make the amount 
 of the salary, to be paid to the Professor of Theology. And for 
 what ? — As a reward for discharging a part only of the real du- 
 ties of a Professor, blended with foreign services imposed, also, 
 on him in the same eharactar. 
 
 2- The Trustees by their said resolutions have constituted 
 preaching to be a part of the office of the Theological Professor! 
 —preaching, not as a systematical, didactic, academical exercise, 
 to form students into learned divines, but preaching just in the 
 sense it had been performed before — preaching according to the 
 ordinary meaning of the word — Can there be a doubt of this ? 
 have they not required the Professor, as such, to preach to the 
 students and inhabitants of the town in the meeting-house? Have 
 they not allowed him to preach as convenient, and exchange free- 
 ly with other clergymen ? If, by their vote in 1S06, there was 
 some qualified restriction, was not this wholly removed by their 
 measures afterwards ; and have they not, thus, employed him, as 
 professor of Theology, and taken it upon themselves to pay him, 
 exclusively, for services, which before they had insisted the people 
 ought to pay for ? All this appears by their doings, and in the re- 
 sult, by the ordinary service of a minister of the gospel performed, 
 for years, as a duty of the Phillips professor. 
 
 3. By their resolutions in 1803 and 1806, it became a perma- 
 nent part of the duty of the professor of Theology to deliver a 
 lecture, every week, in the chapel. There was, however, an ex- 
 ception, at the time of the latter date, excusing him, for one year, 
 from delivering above one lecture in three weeks ; and a vote, in 
 1807, excused him, for one year, from delivering more than one 
 lecture in a fornight. But we have seen that only eight lectures 
 were delivered in three years, ending at August, i«?o7, and only
 
 1* 
 
 ten lectures in one year, closed in August, 1811 ; and we are left 
 to judge of the rest. We have seen the delivery of sermons, by 
 the professor, only fifty-three Sabbaths and a half during all the 
 study terras of the former three years ; and the delivery of ser- 
 mons by him only fifteen Sabbaths and a half in the year last men- 
 tioned ; and seven Sabbaths and a half in the term ending in Au- 
 gust, 1812 It hence, therefore, appears, that by warrant of the 
 
 Trustees, the duty of the professor of Theology, in preaching one 
 hundred and eighty -one weeks, has been performed Dy him, sev- 
 enty-six Sabbaths and a half; and, by neighbouring and foreign 
 ministers and occasional candidates, one hundred and four Sab- 
 baths and a half. Such are the services, and in such a manner 
 performed, to which the Board have applied the incomes of 
 twelve years from the unripened Phillips fund. 
 
 The question is not on the propriety of providing for religious 
 administration at the College — It is their duty to see that provi- 
 sion be made, and to support, as their predecessors had always 
 done, a preacher and gospel minister — to do it from other re- 
 jsources of the Institution with the assistance of the people ; — but 
 not to turn into this channel the donation of the venerable John 
 Phillips, and devoted by him to another purpose. 
 
 What conclusion can be drawn from the whole survey, but that 
 the Trustees have left the beaten path of those who went before 
 them. They have ceased to accumulate the fund, according to 
 the view of the donor, for the purpose of a theological establish- 
 ment — they have nipped its green fruit — they have amalgamated 
 it with foreign products — they have, thus, devoted it to support 
 duties, partly nominal, and partly irrelevent ; to pay a preacher, 
 a gospel minister, under the title of Phillips professor — a preach- 
 er gratuitously paid by them for the people — a preacher author- 
 ized, as he finds, convenient to barter the duty of a professor with 
 any clergyman or candidate. 
 
 Even were there never a word, or intimation, from the munir 
 ficent benefactor ; nor ground to conjecture what his will might 
 be, yet, to apply a gift for such an establishment to pay for preach- 
 ing or administering the gospel in the above form, or according 
 to the common meaning of the word, would be a misapplication or 
 perversion of the same. I need only appeal to the common 
 ideas and sense of mankind. Near four thousand dollars, belong- 
 ing to the fund, laid by Dr. Phillips for a professorship in divin- 
 ity, have been turned from their proper course into the channel, 
 as has been described — all spenW^-not a trace left behind. I must 
 not suppress my moral feelings— Justice, and a respect for the 
 will of the deceased benefactor, the prosperity of this Institution, 
 and the good of mankind, require, that the sums drawn from his 
 establishment, and diverted to a foreign use, should be restored 
 for their primitive purpose. A sense of propriety and fitness re-* 
 quire, that the exotic branches be pruned, away from this pro- 
 fessorial office, and replaced by others more congenial to its na.^ 
 hire.
 
 15 
 
 Some truth's, which have not entirely escaped notice, will stand 
 in clearer light in the progress of our next inquiry. 
 
 II. RELIGIOUS ORDINANCES. 
 
 IT will appear, in the course of our examination, how far 
 the matter, under this head, is, in certain points of contact, con- 
 nected with the preceding: and how far improper means have 
 been made subordinate to an improper end. What may remain to 
 carry to the credit of mistaken desire, to effect a purpose, remote 
 from the public advantage, or of innocent mistake, to which all 
 good men are liable, will be left to the award of sober reason. 
 To understand the case, and arrive at a just conclusion, it is ne- 
 cessary to go back, and trace the chain of events in their order. 
 
 In the year 1790, the President made a contract, and erected a 
 chapel to accommodate the members of the Institution in their 
 public exercises, and the people of the vicinity with them on the 
 Sabbaths. They paid their proportion, by purchase of their seats. 
 Four years after the inhabitants, for the purpose of more spacious 
 and convenient accommodations, in the character of proprietors, 
 undertook and completed a meeting-house ; the Trustees repaying 
 to the owners their purchases in the chapel. We will follow, 
 with this clue, these guardians of the seminary, in the course of 
 their measures leading from a fair outset to an unexpected event- 
 ful issue, saddening the hearts of the wise and good. 
 
 a At a meeting of the Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College, at 
 said College, August 25, 1795," 
 
 A committee was chosen to agree with the Proprietors for 
 seats in the meeting-house for the use of the Students, and with 
 the people respecting their aid in supporting the preacher. 
 
 The committee and people did not unite in terms of agreement. 
 At an adjourned meeting of the Board in February following, Mr. 
 Woodward was appointed to agree with the proprietors and people, 
 for the use of the meeting-house at the, then, next commencement , 
 for the use of seats for the Students on future public occasions, and 
 to confer in respect to preaching, and report still, it will im- 
 mediately appear that nothing could be done to effect. 
 
 i: At an annual meeting of the Board of Trustees of Dartmouth 
 " College, on the Tuesday next preceding the fourth Wednesday 
 " in August, A. D. 1796, at said College." 
 
 Another committee was chosen to contract with the Propri- 
 etors for the use of the meeting-house. 
 
 It appears, that, under the sanction of the Board, the meeting-
 
 ltf 
 
 Louse had been, on Sabbaths, in times past, and 'was for the fu- 
 ture year, to be occupied by the Students with the people. Dr. 
 Smith, professor of languages, accordingly, there administered 
 the ordinances under sanction, and pay from the same ; the peo- 
 ple, also, contributing something, annually, for his services. — 
 But the parties concerned in the business of accommodation, be- 
 came more remote from terms of agreement — the breach widened. 
 
 " M an annual meeting of the Board of Trustees of Dartmouth 
 " College, holden at said College, on the Tuesday next preceding 
 " the fourth Wednesday in August, Jl. D. 1797." 
 
 " Voted, That Professor Smith be desired to preach, the 
 " ensuing year, and that he be allowed therefor the sum of one 
 « hundred and twenty dollars ; and that public worship, on the 
 « Sabbath, be attended by the officers and students of the Col- 
 " lege, either at the meeting-house in the vicinity, or the chapel, 
 " as the officers may agree, and determine, so that no expense 
 " accrue to the Board for seats, excepting for unreasonable dam- 
 « age done by the Students in the apartments, where they may 
 « sit." 
 
 The executive officers wished to be firm and faithful in the dis- 
 charge of their duty — but they well knew the delicaey of the 
 case ; how the feelings of some of the leading proprietors were- 
 wrought up — it was therefore their aim to apply the most pacific 
 and conciliatory means to accomplish the end. They still con- 
 tinued with the Students to attend public worship in common, at 
 the meeting-house. The proprietors, chiefly inhabiting the vicin- 
 ity, insisted in louder tone on their determination to require pay 
 for the seats. The sensibility of the Students at length awaked : 
 some^egan to absent from the house of worship ; but returned, at 
 once, on advice. The officers of the College, in the mean time, 
 were not unmindful to seek proper occasions to converse with in- 
 dividuals of the claimauts ; and urged against the demand, that 
 they and the members had left the chapel, where the seats were 
 free, to accommodate the people in connexion ; and that the Board 
 paid the principal expense of supporting the pastor. They, also, 
 conferred with the proprietors, at their meeting on the 12th of 
 October, when they passed the resolve; "that the proprietors 
 " have nothing to do with the votes of the Board of Trustees of 
 " Dartmouth College, further than to hear them." Other attempts 
 were, still made, but all in vain. Despairing of success, and bound 
 to conform to the order of the Board, there remained no alterna- 
 tive, but for the officers and students, early in November, to remove 
 to the chapel. 
 
 It behoves us that we attend to this event, and mark the cri- 
 sis. It was important; then was sowed, and guarded by evil 
 hands, the seed, which late sprang up, and was fostered by those, 
 who ought to have been concerned in its extirpation, and like the 
 upas, extended its deleterious branches, — In the latter part of
 
 17 
 
 December the proprietors opened the way, and the officers and 
 students again took their seats in the meeting-house. The Rev. 
 Professor Smith whose removal was involved in the same order 
 received, also, a friendly communication from the inhabitants that 
 he would perform his ministerial labours in that house, as before. 
 He complied — but, a few individuals, insensible of the sacred ties, 
 that bound him in the late exchange, proved by letters and seven 
 years practice, that they could neither forget, nor forgive. 
 
 The promising appearance of general coalescence was wa- 
 vering : it was protracted by a partial adjustment between the 
 Trustees and proprietors, in August 1798 ; and in the ensuing 
 August, was made by (heir agreement, more durable. In this 
 state Professor Smith continued as before, the preacher and pas- 
 tor till August 180^ the Board, the officers, the students, the 
 church, and the people, uniting in general harmony. — To form a 
 just idea of the events now ushering in, it is needful to revert to 
 the original religious principle established in the seminary, and 
 the order issuing from it, and maintained with marked distinc- 
 tion to this period. 
 
 No spiritual servitude, no incroachment on the rights of con- 
 science, no compulsive creeds of belief. — All these were proscrib- 
 ed forever — The institution was founded in faith. The doctrines 
 proclaimed were the doctrines of the reformed churches of Gene- 
 va, of Switzerland, of Holland, and of Scotland — its motto, peace 
 and good will to all men. So soon as it existed, so soon as an al- 
 tar could be erected in the year 1771, to offer the vows of homage 
 and praise to God — Hear the words of the Founder in the contin- 
 uation of his narrative. " The twenty third day of January was 
 kept as a day of solemn jasting and prayer ; on which I gathered, 
 a church in this College and school, which consisted of twenty -seven 
 members, and three since added." Besides the students, some of 
 this number inhabited a neighbourhood about three miles distant, 
 and their descendants with an accession of others have always, 
 since, contiuued as members of the same, and many added in the 
 vicinity of College. From the beginning the preacher to the 
 students and people was the pastor of this church, constantly, and 
 in uninterrupted succession — the founder, Mr. Ripley, Messrs. 
 Riuley and Smith, colleagues, and Mr. Smith, in a line to the last 
 date. The Trustees knew it — yes while they, annually, after the 
 decease of the founder in 1779, appointed the preacher to the- 
 students with the people, they well knew, that he was the pastor 
 of the church, — when they paid him for preaching, they knew that 
 it was for services part of, and blended with all the duties of a 
 paslor of this very church, organized at its birth and continued 
 on the Presbyterian plan of government — they knew, that they 
 ought to provide for the support of the other administrations, us 
 well as of mere preaching. — Such were the views, such the prac- 
 tice of the Board, and general harmony in the church and order 
 in religious relations till August 1801 
 3
 
 18 
 
 Dr. Smith had repeatedly expressed to the Trustees his de- 
 sire to be relieved from the service of preacher at the College, so 
 soon as another could be provided — His duties, as Professor of the 
 Languages, demanded his attention, and his health was impaired. 
 It was concluded that his desire might be gratified by the person, 
 who should be elected Professor of Theology, an object, which the 
 Trustees had contemplated and proposed to consider in their ses- 
 sion at this time. Different persons were brought into view to 
 fill that office, but they lived too remote to be conferred with for 
 the Board then to act. They had been disappointed before : and 
 the problem whether those now proposed would accept was un- 
 promising. — Finally, Mr. Shurtliff*, who had been tutor, was a, 
 candidate preacher, and then in the place, was proposed. There 
 were doubts on the subject — an individual or individuals convers- 
 ed with him — it was said, that probably he would accept, if ap- 
 pointed. The Board had been some time in session — the time 
 was crowding. At length it was proposed, that Professor Smith 
 and the President should have some conversation with him. Dur- 
 ing the interview Mr. Shurtliff remarked that he had no objection 
 to the church, nor to the Presbyterian form of government — The 
 President then plainly told him that his election depended on his 
 disposition, and the assurances which he might give of his attach- 
 ment to the church, and its form of government, and his engage- 
 ment to walk with them, and in friendship with Dr. Smith, until 
 he should cease to be a pastor. — The President then wished again 
 for a direct and categorical answer without any condition — He 
 said it would be agreeable, and that he should if appointed, unite 
 with the church and act as they might be inclined — Said the Pre- 
 sident repeating it, may we depend on you — He assented with a 
 inDtion of his head in the words there shall beno difficulty. — The 
 President then replied, that he would have his vote, and that of 
 others, and.no doubt, would be elected. — A number of the mem- 
 bers of the Board knew Mr. Smith's and the President's object in 
 this interview with Mr. Shurtliff — and they concluded that they 
 were fully satisfied. Thus he was elected ; and, on other ground 
 would have been inevitably rejected. 
 
 But three months after, when those individuals, before refer- 
 red to, who had expressed their indignant feelings at the ex- 
 ecutive officers, and particularly Dr. Smith, in leaving the meet-' 
 ing-house for the chapel, now, for the first time, found circum- 
 stances favourable to exhibit in practice that aversion and asperi- 
 ty, which had lain partly concealed seven years : but which seveu 
 years could not cool or abate. They collected followers, male and 
 female, formed a corps of eighteen, less than a fifth part of the 
 church which they left ; proceeded in rapid march, and under the 
 auspices of six congregational ministers, stiling themselves an eoff 
 parte council, and soon after three congregational ministers, en- 
 titled the organizing council. Yes; and these three counsellors, 
 without warrant from their churches, or a single delegate to act
 
 19 
 
 with them, formed a new church. Its members, and those very 
 ministers knew it, had then, and in future, to depend wholly on 
 the meeting-house, as the place of their religious celebrations — 
 that house, which the College church had considered themselves 
 destined by the measures of the Board to hold. What a phenom- 
 enon in sacred story ! a new body of believers re-pairing to the same 
 temple for worship, the same desk for instruction, the same altar 
 for sacrifice, mingling, on the same occasion, with those who dar- 
 ed not own them ! But we forbear all discussion of any local dis- 
 pute — at best, it affords a detail of folly and passion, unproduc- 
 tive of profit or delight. It is sufficient to glance at circumstances 
 attached to the bearings of events in the train before us. 
 
 In the month of December, following his appointment to office, 
 Professor Shurtliff was invited by the College church to be or- 
 dained and take a pastoral charge. He thought proper to sus- 
 pend an answer. Dr. Smith renewed his desire, that he would 
 unite and assist him in the exercise* of the desk, on days of spe- 
 cial administrations — but he found it most convenient to decline, 
 notwithstanding his promises to the President, but when the new 
 organized body had occasion for a pastor, on their particular days 
 of celebration, he could accommodate their wishes by exchanging 
 with neighbouring ministers. Thus we behold causes multiply- 
 ing to countenance the zeal of party, passions ripening into in- 
 vective and obloquy, a project, with ardent professions of piety, 
 to establish a new order of things by exterminating the original 
 principles, adopted by the founder, and sanctioned by the conduc- 
 tors of the institution, uninterruptedly, till that time. 
 
 The executive officers of College, affected by the evil of such 
 a disordered scene ; and viewing with solicitude consequences; 
 which threatened the best interests of the institution, laid their 
 situation, and the state of matters, partly in writing, and in part 
 orally, before the Board of Trustees and their committee, at their 
 meeting, August 31, 1803. 
 
 The committee of the Board recommended ; that the executive 
 be earnestly requested to make every exertion, consistent with the 
 honour of the College, and the spirit of Christianity, to settle the 
 difficulties ; and, if they should not be able, then, to call to their 
 aid a mutual council. — Also, that a committee of their body be ap- 
 pointed to attend to all matters of difficulty, which might be laid 
 before them ; and that, should the executive be finally unable to ef- 
 fect a settlement, the said committee should endeavour to do it, if 
 possible, and restore harmony — that, in case of failure, they should 
 make a statement of facts, and such measures as they, the said com- 
 mittee, should think expedient for the Trustees to adopt. The re- 
 port was adopted, and a committee appointed. The Board then 
 proceeded to the following resolutions. 
 
 " Voted, that the Professor of Divinity be requested not to ac- 
 " cept of ordination until the next session of this Board, or until 
 w he bo notified by the President of the College, that the existing
 
 so 
 
 " difficulties, which have occasioned the above mentioned execu- 
 " tive representation, are removed." 
 
 " Voted, that the Rev. Dr. John Smith, having retired, at his 
 " own request, from the labour of preaching to the members of 
 " College, and having, for nearly twenty-one years, ministered 
 " to the people, in this vicinity, and, during all that time, walked 
 « in exemplary godliness and honesty, and proved himself to be 
 «* a faithful and useful preacher and pastor — we deem it our duty 
 " to express an entire approbation of his past, services, our grate- 
 " ful acknowledgements therefor, and fervent prayers for his 
 " happiness." 
 
 Pursuant to the advice of the Board, a mutual eouncil was 
 called — the vague, indeterminate style of their result increased 
 the evil. The committee, also above mentioned, according to their 
 instructions, attended carefully to the matter, and eyed every op- 
 eration in the scene. They conversed with individuals, and con- 
 ferred with the leaders. The measures of the executive officers 
 accorded wholly with the advice of this committee, who found ev- 
 ery proposition made by them, every endeavour, to no effect. It 
 remained for them to make report to the Trustees ; it was dated 
 the 16th of May, and contained a statement of facts and their 
 opiuion — that the measures of the executive had been accommo- 
 dating, and conformable to the advice of the Board — that the com- 
 mittee had adopted every possible expedient with those in opposition, 
 which might terminate the difficulties and restore peace ; but all 
 abortive. Jlnd that no alternative remained but to recommend the 
 propriety of accommodating the officers and students with some 
 proper place for religious tvor ship, and administration of the or- 
 dinances. 
 
 " Jit a meeting of the Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College, at 
 " said College, August 29, 1806." 
 
 " Voted, that the report of the committee appointed in re- 
 (i lation to existing difficulties be recommitted to the same com- 
 " mittee, and that they be requested to point out, particularly, 
 " the place of public worship contemplated, &c— and the man- 
 " ner in which their report may be carried into effect." 
 
 They might, at once, have fixed upon the chapel as the place — 
 it was amply sufficient for all the religious purposes of the insti- 
 tution; and, besides the members, others might, conveniently, 
 have attended. But the meeting-house being larger, there was a 
 desire to retain it, as the place, for the accommodation of a great- 
 er number. Hence the same committee, in addition to their for- 
 mer report of May 16th, among other things, not essential to the 
 present purpose, recommended the purchase of seats to the amount 
 of one thousand dollars. 
 
 An agent was appointed, in conformity, to contract with the 
 owners, for the purchase of seats in the meeting-house, but oh -
 
 ti 
 
 struetions arose from the unorganized state of the proprietors, 
 and the spirit of some, who had long undertaken to profit hy 
 troubles ; and, by flattery, and by threats, now thought to allure, 
 or to awe the Board to change their design. The agent made hiu 
 report— a committee was appointed to attend to, and consider the 
 same. With views and apprehensions, produced in the rapid con- 
 juncture, they formed into a plan, the materials prepared, and ri- 
 pened in private consultations, between some individuals and the 
 leaders in opposition, and adapted to their wishes. This plan 
 Mas presented by the committee ; and it became an act of the 
 Trustees. We will turn our eyes to that ominous part of it, 
 which, under the semblance of equal justice, was made a covert 
 to demolish ancient rights and usages, acknowledged and conse- 
 crated by themselves. 
 
 The Board now resolved, that the officers and students of Col- 
 lege should have equal and common right to the said house, with 
 the proprietors, for the purpose of religious worship and adminis- 
 tration of the ordinances—" and provided, there shall be two or 
 " more bodies of professing christians who usually attend public 
 " worship in said house, and who may wish to enjoy the admin- 
 *' istration of the ordinances in said house, and who do not hold 
 " fellowship with each other* (hat they may not interrupt each 
 " other, they may and shall have their previously stated days in 
 u succession for such administration, so as not to have the ad- 
 " ministration to the one on the day prefixed for the administra- 
 " tion to the other." " Provided the Professor of Theology may 
 " exchange with any regular ordained minister, conformably to 
 " an arrangement already made by the whole of the executive, 
 " [this arrangement of the executive, and authorized by the Board, 
 " was confined to an exception of those clergymen alone, who dar- 
 " ed to incroach on Presbyterian ground, to interfere with its 
 " government, extract its members to form them into a new ec- 
 u clesiastical machine, modelled by their assumed power, without 
 ;< example in the purer usages of the congregational order] when 
 " thereto requested by any number of professing christians, who 
 " usually attend upon his preaching, for the purpose of having 
 " special religious ordinances administered to them by such min- 
 (i ister ; provided reasonable notice be publickly given from the 
 " desk of the time or times fixed for such administration, and the 
 " time or times, so fixed, do not interfere with other administra- 
 ii tions of the same kind." 
 
 This resolve, with that just before, is a fair picture of the de- 
 scent of the Trustees from the dignified post of their predecessors, 
 and their own, to a shiftless course of procedure. But how was 
 such a change affected, the work of two days ? Was it, that they 
 were overwhelmed with fear by an address signed by a number of 
 ministers,* mostly men of worth, innocently moved by the delusive 
 
 * The petition of these ministers that Mr. Shu rt lift" mii^'it preach in the meetinjr-hoine w»« 
 dismissed by vote, but the measure they desired was adopted. Some of them have expressed 
 their sorrow tor their interference in the affairs of College.
 
 28 
 
 representations, and ghostly tales of a few designing declaimers 
 for orthodoxy ? or was it their harmless wish, in a season fruitful 
 of discoveries, to try an experiment on religion and the rights of 
 men, which they had guaranteed and fostered by usage ? Be this 
 as it may, that body of professors united in the institution which 
 had been nourished by the Board from its cradle, and existed by 
 their support forty-six years, was now thrust into the same house 
 of public worship with a new body of professors, who, in the words 
 of the Trustees, were not in fellowship with the College church, 
 its President or Professors, one excepted. This Professor, in- 
 stead of appropriating his time to lectures of Theology, is made 
 the preacher of the village, and authorized to procure some or-, 
 dained minister to administer the sacraments to this new body, 
 which was not in fellowship with any of his colleagues in office. 
 Thus, the College church not chargeable with crime or disorder, 
 and irreproachable, as declared by the most authentic scrutiny, 
 was left without the proper means of future existence — the preach- 
 er of the Trustees, who, we have seen, as such ought to have been 
 distinct, though in this character he was the Professor of Theol- 
 ogy, not walking in fellowship had other attachments. — The be- 
 nevolence of Dr. Smith continued to administer, and the vener- 
 able Dr. Burroughs, whose hoary loots betrayed his near approach 
 to eighty years, succeeded him in care and goodness, without any 
 possible adequate reward. The vine, however, with its harmo- 
 nious branches, was drooping : it felt the blast of power. Exiled 
 from the enjoyment of repose and privilege, the sufferers remain- 
 ed with no relief, but the testimony of a good conscience before 
 God, and the sanction of their innocence by that high tribunal, to 
 which they were subject. But all polemic discussion, and eccle- 
 siastical dispute, is foreign from our subject, which only concerns 
 the cause of justice, in regard to the institution and the rights of 
 individuals connected therewith. 
 
 Through the four succeeding years, with solicitude that obsta- 
 cles might be removed and harmony established, attempts were 
 made by personal conferences and committees. These being with- 
 out effect, the case was referred to the presbytery in July 1811. 
 Having carefully examined the matter through the long train of 
 its stages, with all objections, that could be offered (and the oppo- 
 sers were invited to bring any charges they pleased against the 
 body or any individuals) they declared in their result, that the 
 course pursued, and the measures adopted by the College church, 
 had been regular and consistent from the beginning — and that it 
 became its incumbent duty to continue firm and steadfast on the 
 ground, which it had invariably held. 
 
 Whether the poison, which had been so long contaminating 
 social order, was increased by the resolutions and measures of 
 the Board will appear by the chain of faithful copies, and ex- 
 tracts, and references, exhibited in this work. Be this as it may, 
 they held, at will, the controul of the stated preaching and ail-
 
 ministration of ordinances in their support, at this place. It 
 became, therefore, a duty, as the only alternative, to endeavour 
 to revive their consideration of a subject so familiarized to their 
 view and practice in former times. This attempt occupied a 
 part of a letter to them, referred to in the former note, at their, 
 session, August 27, 1811. It recalled to their mind the religious 
 interests of the institution, the measures, in regard to the pastoral 
 administrations and concerns, which had been adopted, and con- 
 tinued till a late period, by the sanction and support of the Board ; 
 the disorders naturally arising, consequent to a change of those 
 measures, destructive of peace and reproachful to religion ; and 
 the oppression of the College church, and its members, with their 
 blighted hopes. The Trustees were entreated to restore order in 
 its former arrangement, that the wounds of the institution might 
 be healed, and its prosperity revive. The consideration of the 
 subject was laid over to their adjourned meeting in October fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 The Board of Trustees, accordingly, at their session, October 
 23d, attended to the above part of the said letter referred to, and 
 in answer, resolved in the words before mentioned, on another oc- 
 casion, that they have made such provision for religions instruction 
 and the administration of the ordinances, as circumstances required : 
 
 A vacancy had been recently occasioned in the professorship of 
 Philosophy, by the death of the learned and amiable John Hubbard. 
 At the election to fill that office, the Board were earnestly request- 
 ed to appoint one, who might act as administrator to those of the 
 old church at the College, without interfering with the duties of his 
 office, without any expense to the Corporation, without incommod- 
 ing any persons newly organized and united with the professor of 
 Theology, and which would remove all difficulties, and disorders, 
 which had so long afflicted the peace of the College. Two or 
 three were nominated ; one, in particular, a person distinguished 
 for his talents, manners, and piety, and in high rank for classic 
 taste and improvement. He was passed by. The name of another 
 was mentioned, with whom the members of the Board were little 
 acquainted, except by some solitary individuals, who appeared to 
 take, on this occasion, a strong interest in his favour. A letter 
 from a distant clergyman, in his behalf, to a member, was read ; 
 and he was, at once, elected. In the midst of these transactions, it 
 did not require a prophetic eye to discern his probable acceptance, 
 and its baleful issue to the desirable object, the prosperity of the 
 College. 
 
 As a last effort to terminate all disorder and confusion, which 
 affected the social state of the university, and to enjoy the ordi- 
 nances in peace and harmony, without incommoding others, an 
 address was made to the Board, by the President, with the desire 
 of other officers, that they would consent and give their countenance 
 to them and such students as might incline to meet for religious 
 purposes in some place more conducive to the public good than that.
 
 u 
 
 in its circumstances, which they had occupied. This request was 
 accompanied with the express wishes to the same effect, of a great, 
 majority of the members of the institution then present. 
 
 In answer to the above representation, the Trustees resolved— 
 that they would make no other provision, but what they had already 
 made at the meeting-house ; " but, as there ivas a very unhappy 
 " division among the professors of religion," and the President 
 desires some other place may be provided, where religious ordinan- 
 ces may be attended to, he and those officers, who counot with com- 
 fort and edification worship with the society, usually worshipping 
 at the meeting-house, may withdraiv to worship at the College 
 chapel, or other place which they may appoint, and such students 
 may attend with them as request that permission of any of the ex- 
 ecutive officers. — Thus a law was made — the die was cast; that 
 the President, other officers, and members of College with them, 
 were destined to enjoy the privileges of worship and religious 
 ordinances only at the same place under circumstances, which 
 for the sake of peace, they had long submitted to in silence ; — 
 and no consolation for the afflicted, but permission to withdraw, 
 if not contented, to the chapel, or where they pleased, and pro- 
 vide for themselves, at their own private cost. 
 
 We have traced the history of religious worship and ordinances 
 of the Institution and the interesting measures and regulations of 
 the Board, in relation to them, during the course of above forty 
 years. It remains now to review the picture, to collect, and bring 
 into clear light the more important facts. 
 
 It is then undeniable that a church, was established at the Col- 
 lege, that this church, religious ordinances, and preaching, were, 
 from the beginning supported and cherished by the Board of 
 Trustees, who made annual provision, as necessary, for the same, 
 and that, on the faith of such habitual practice, the officers and 
 members of the Institution, and the neighboring people convened 
 for worship, and many through succeeding years entered into cov- 
 enant in this religious community. By the order of the Board, 
 the officers, the pastor, the worship, and ordinances, were trans- 
 ferred in 1796 from the chapel to the meeting-house. An unhap- 
 py dispute arising between the proprietors of the house and the 
 Board, they ordered all back to the chapel, in the following year. 
 At this period, the hostile feelings of a mercenary few, members 
 of the church, and proprietors, or connected with them, commenc- 
 ed against the officers of the Institution, and especially the 
 preacher and pastor. These were still retained and cherished, 
 after the Board again ordered the officers to return and the ordi- 
 nances to be restored at the meeting-house. A new preacher, as 
 Professor of Theology, was appointed by the Board in 1804. He 
 did not, as the pastor and church had the fullest ground to expect, 
 from his promise, unite with them iu fellowship : — he was ap- 
 plauded, and his praises celebrated by those disaffected persons. 
 A very few speedily associated — they professed to rally around
 
 %9 
 
 his standard — the party was formed — though but about one sixth 
 
 of the number of the church, they left it abruptly Organized 
 
 under the name of a new church, they took possession of the 
 
 meeting-house for the administration of their ordinances, all a- 
 
 gainst the expostulations, and remonstrances of the body who it 
 was obvious, could hold no fellowship with them. 
 
 Let us now turn to the Board of Trustees, who held the appoint- 
 ments, support, and control. They determined no provision to be 
 made for the College church, but only at the same house, which 
 the new organized persons had claimed ;— they proceeded by vote, 
 to authorize the Professor of Theology, (he being not yet ordain- 
 ed) to supply this new body with administrators by exchanges 
 
 They adopted a measure, which placed the religious administra- 
 tions more completely at their command ; for they resolved that 
 the partial support, which they had urged the people, before, an- 
 nually to allow for preaching, should no longer be received; but 
 that, in future, the Professor or preacher should be exclusively 
 supported by themselves, though the people had become more 
 numerous and wealthy. When the Professors Smith and Hub- 
 bard, who belonged to the old communion, were removed bj death, 
 in the years 1809 and 1810, the opinion of the President, and any, 
 who respected the former principles, system, and usages of the 
 seminary, were of no avail, and such were elected, who entered 
 into the measures and views of the leaders of the new body ; — and. 
 the Professor of Theology, receiving ordination, became its pastor. 
 We have only to add the finishing resolve of the Board, which,, 
 in amount, decreed, that the ancient church with its professors 
 should remain in privation under the burden of grievance and 
 sorrow. 
 
 For the truth of what has been said, we appeal to the volu- 
 minous records of the Institution, the very votes of the Trustees, 
 in the foregoing copies, extracts, and references — to other testi- 
 monials ana written documents, if needful, which, to avoid prolix- 
 ity, are not brought into the present view. What is wanting, but 
 a glance through the chain of their proceedings, to show, that the 
 Board of Trustees supported and encouraged the being, the. 
 
 ?rowth, and increase of a religious community, united with the 
 nstitution, from its cradle thirty five years f What but that the 
 pastor, the preacher of their own appointment, and other officers, 
 members of this community, by faithfully obeying and executing 
 the express orders of this Board, excited irritation and hostile 
 feelings in some individuals opposed to those orders ? After these 
 had proceeded till they became the leaders of a few associates, 
 and broke the ties which had bound them, and formed into a new 
 religious band, did not the Board of Trustees repeal their accep- 
 tance of the report of their own committee, and soon enter int»> 
 temporizing measures to give countenance and favor to this new 
 created body ? Did not the Board go on to encourage, and estab- 
 lish this new body of opposers on the ruins of the long continue! 
 4
 
 36 
 
 and proper church, by giving full support to the Professor of ThV 
 ology, as the preacher -and pastor of the former, by passing by th« 
 opinion of those of their number unnoticed, who thought differ- 
 ently, and cautiously supplied vacancies with such as would fully 
 unite in the measures, opposed to the ancient system ? — In a 
 word this venerable religious establishment, which God has been 
 pleased to own and bless ; which, in the midst of imperfections, 
 lias endeavoured to move with innocence, which is conscious of 
 no just cause of offence to any ; which has been acquitted of all 
 chargable guilt, and justified by a propter and authorized tribunal, 
 and is in good standing with all the regular and orthodox ;— this 
 very establishment, the church at the college, consecrated, through 
 the Emanuel to the God of Jacob, which the Board by their re- 
 solves had always before nourished and supported, they have at 
 length, for some unknown reason, consigned to neglect, as a pro- 
 per object of extermination. They have turned their calculations, 
 their powers, the funds, the resources of the seminary, to build up, 
 and fortify the novel structure, which we have seen. — And what 
 besides, but they have converted the sufferings, in executing their 
 orders, into the occasion of new afflictions to their faithful ser- 
 vants, to say no more, the oldest and active friends of the semi- 
 nary :— But though its beloved pastor is no more, and the church 
 is left to wander in a state of pilgrimage, still may it rejoice and 
 trust in the Lord. He is the rock of ages, and he will protect his 
 heritage, and those who are faithful and love him. 
 
 Will any pretend, that the members of the Board, who turned 
 the votes to favor the recent innovations, were actuated by sen- 
 timents of liberality, to have no concern with any particular re- 
 ligious denomination ?— The principle itself is incorrect— and how 
 far they have been actuated by that, or by other motives, their 
 resolutions and doings, already exhibited, will testify. New light 
 may be added, by bringing into view other considerations, which 
 draw our attention. 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 Causes of the revival, progress, and prosperity of the 
 College and School, from the year 1779- 
 
 Never can it be made a question, that, from the nature and 
 design of all literary Institutions, those, who are appointed to in- 
 struct and govern the same, should be actuated by a spirit of har- 
 mony and confidence in one another. This remark derives pecu 
 liar force, as applied to the establishment now before us, from its 
 circumstances, and its charter, and the Board of Trustees contin- 
 ued, for thirty years, their lively sense of its importance. 
 From their firsst meeting, in the year 1770, in all executive ap-
 
 27 
 
 pointments, different persons were thought of and brought into 
 Tievv, the existing executive authority consulted together, under 
 the best advantages by their situation to judge of proper charac- 
 ters, under no influence, but to tix their eye on such as would ba 
 most useful to the seminary, and deeply interested, for tbe public 
 good, that those be chosen, who could move in open unreserved 
 friendship, unitedly, in the regulation and instruction of the mem- 
 bers — the Trustees considered the executive entitled to regard in 
 a case so delicate in its nature and circumstances, they felt its im- 
 portance, and it had just weight with them in all their annual e- 
 JLections till the year 1809. During that long protracted period 
 they never elected one to till a vacancy, in the executive of the in- 
 ternal government and instruction, against the serious objection 
 of the President and others with him in office. 
 
 It was such harmonious and undisguised confidence, pervading 
 the Board, and the executive officers, that raised from its seed, 
 planted by Divine Providence in a remote wilderness, the stock 
 to a towering height, with extending branches. Thus, by the la- 
 bor of the founder, and his successor, with the cooperation of Pro- 
 fessors, Woodward, Ripley, Smith and Hubbard, and tutors annu- 
 ally chosen, one thousand and seven students, from remote parts 
 of the union in gradually increasing numbers, completed their ed- 
 ucation, within the limits of thirty years. Many besides at the 
 same time, in uninterrupted succession, were educated in Moors' 
 School— We cannot, within the same period, fail to turn our eyes- 
 to the medical department ; that splendid establishment, made ia 
 the year 1798, to instruct students for the profession of physic ^ 
 for the basis, superstructure and management of which greatly is 
 the republic of science and humanity indebted to the genius, en- 
 terprise, and skill of Dr. Nathan Smith, and to the capacity, learn- 
 ing, and perseverance of Dr. Cyrus Perkins, afterwards associat- 
 ed with him in the Professorship. The streams from the gener- 
 al fountain presented about three hundred engaging in the sacred 
 ministry, many in the practice of physic, more in the political, civ- 
 il, and literary occupations, all scattered through the states, some 
 high in fame, and few, very few, not made by God blessings to 
 church and state. 
 
 Under the same benign influences of friendly confidence and 
 harmonious cooperation, in those times that are passed, the ex- 
 ternal concerns of the Institution were conducted, God protected 
 the ship, riding o'er the ocean, through shelves, and breakers, and 
 quicksands, in blasts, and storms, to a goodly port. — The founder 
 ami first president spent the nine first years of that period, in 
 planting and raising up a new society, in converting forests into 
 fields,— supporting many youths on charity. Persevering through 
 difficulties, without any stipend for his labors, the seminary grew 
 in vital strength ; — but destitute of patronage in America, its re- 
 sources in Europe mostly expended, and the residue wholly ob- 
 structed, beset with calamities by the troubles and disasters of the
 
 revolutionary war, it was reduced, in childhood, to nakedness and 
 want, in the year 1779. Soon after the treasurer, making an es- 
 timate of the demands upon it, pronounced that all the property 
 of the corporation, if sold at vendue, would not be sufficient to 
 cancel its debts. — Under these clouds, the successor of the foun- 
 der came into office, with a humble sense of his duty, and a be- 
 lief that God, who had protected and sustained the seminary, in 
 floods of trouble, would relieve, and build it up. He solicited 
 benefactions abroad for support of the charity youths of the school 
 in 1780, 1781, and 1782. 
 
 In the latter part of that year Dr. Wheelock, the president, 
 sat off for Europe. The Institution and his design were known, 
 and sanctioned by very ample recommendations, unnecessary to 
 be inserted here, issuing from the highest sources in America — 
 from the President and a great majority of the members of Con- 
 gress, in their official characters ; — it ought to be recorded — from 
 the Father of his Country, Gborge YVashington, who well 
 knew Dr. Wheelock, while an officer in the revolutionary war, 
 and honored him with his particular notice and friendship 5 from 
 many of the most celebrated generals of the army, and Governors 
 of the different states, with introductory letters from the Cheva- 
 lier de l'Luzern minister plenipotentiary from the court of Ver- 
 sailles to Count de Vergennes prime minister of France, from the 
 Secretary of the United States, and other eminent characters to 
 different parts of Europe. 
 
 After some weeks spent in France, Dr. Wheelock, receiving 
 introductory and friendly letters to Mr. Dumas, the American 
 Charge des Jlffairs, and others in Holland, from Dr. Franklin, 
 and John Adams, proceeded to the Netherlands. A considerable 
 sum was obtained in the Netherlands : but we omit a particular 
 account of the respectful treatment and generous benefactions he 
 received from the prince of Orange and others. high in office. 
 
 Thence he embarked for Great -Britain, partly with a view, 
 much lessened by the public feelings from the revolution in A- 
 merica, to obtain some new aids; but chiefly to reclaim and nego- 
 tiate for the fund in Scotland, belonging to the School. It had 
 been barred from before the death of his predecessor, whose bills 
 were protested, and still lay with their charges unredeemed, be- 
 sides large accounts for the support of Indian youths, without the 
 means of payment, unless by exhausting the residue of the prop- 
 erty of the College. He travelled from Poole to London, where 
 he paid his first and grateful respects to the Earl of Dartmouth, 
 Mr. John Thornton (a father, by his virtues, deserving of two 
 sons both distinguished members of parliament, and one embassa- 
 dor to the court of Sweeden) and others, who, being formerly 
 the board of trust, had been in friendly relations with the found- 
 er, and patronized, and cherished the seminary, in the jeopardies 
 of its infancy. With his eyes invariably on the object, by an in- 
 troductory letter from Dr. Macclion, to Ralph Griffith, Esq
 
 29 
 
 L. L. D. he obtained friendly access to Mr. Straghn, member of 
 parliament and tiie king's printer, and became acquainted with 
 his son-in-law, Mr. Spotswood. This respected gentleman, large- 
 ly connected, and concerned in the agencies of Scotland, took a be- 
 nevolent and decisive part in consulting, and adopting measures to 
 restore the fund, at Edinburgh, in the care of the society, to its 
 primitive channel. Communications were opened — the bills were 
 paid ; and the way prepared for future negotiations, till the so- 
 ciety were convinced of the justice of the claim. The money has, 
 since, been applied to the support of the school in its original de- 
 sign ; and arrearages of interest remitted to the President to can- 
 cel the debts overwhelming the seminary. He, also, while in 
 England, as on the continent, procured some coins and articles ap- 
 preciated by the virtuosi. By the benevolence of Paul Went worth 
 Esq. Doctor Rose and other friends to the College some valuable 
 philosophical instruments were obtained, and others promised, the 
 making of which the two former kindly engaged to superintend, 
 and forward the whole, so soon as completed, to America. A way, 
 besides, was preparing to provide natural curiosities for a muse- 
 um. Those instruments, with their additions, well constructed, 
 forming an apparatus sufficient for all the more important experi- 
 ments aud observations in natural philosophy, afterwards arrived ; 
 and at the same time a curious and valuable collection of stones 
 and fossils from India, and different parts of Europe, for the mu- 
 seum, from the beneficent Mr. Forsythe, keeper of the king's gar- 
 dens, at Kensington. All these, with costs of transportation, 
 were gifts received at the College, by the Trustees. Only a word 
 more ; a large and elegant gold medal was presented by Mr. Clyde 
 of London, to Dr. Wheelock, in his official character. It is wholly 
 irrelevant to our purpose, and needless to speak of the personal 
 civilities and friendly notices of lord Rawden, by whose goodness 
 he was introduced at the house of lords, of Sir John Wentworth, 
 Sir J. Blois,Dr. Price, and others, besides those before mentioned. 
 Late in autumn, at Gravesend, he went on board ship, Capt. 
 Callihan commander, for America. Dismasted on the banks of 
 Newfoundland, it put in at Halifax, a few days. Sailing thence, 
 a violent storm arose— the vessel, two days under bare poles, on 
 the third night, stranded and broke, overwhelmed with the raging 
 billows, supposed on George's banks.— The passengers, with sev- 
 eral old captains, and all on board, except the captain and mate 
 lashed to the masts, confined below, almost suffocated, expected 
 instant death. In the morning the headland of Cape-Cod was 
 discerned, the shattered mass beating towards the coast at Prov- 
 incetown. The inhabitants on shore hastened to relieve the dis- 
 tressed, and carried them from the wreck to the beech : — and thus 
 God protected, and rescued thein from the jaws of destruction. 
 Losing all but the clothes, which he wore, he proceeded to Boston ; 
 and, towards the end of January, in 1784, arrived at Hanover. 
 Happy that he could not take with him on his return from Europe,
 
 30 
 
 those remittances and effects for the College and school, which, 
 by his arrangements, were afterwards received. 
 
 In the same year, M'ithin three months after the President's re- 
 turn, the Board of Trustees convened and resolved, if sufficient 
 means could be obtained, to erect an edifice of about 150 by 50 
 feet, three stories in height, for the College with convenient ac- 
 commodations for the members. The President, Professors, and 
 some of the Trustees in the vicinity, were requested by the Board 
 to solicit subscriptions for the purpose. They depended on Dr. 
 Wheelock's exertions, he cheerfully undertook. By his arrange- 
 ment and exertions, in that and the following year 1785, and by 
 his agents, near fifteen thousand dollars were given but mostly 
 subscribed to be paid, and chiefly by responsible men in different 
 places. The subscriptions and payments were all put into the 
 hands of the contractor. He commenced and carried on the 
 building. But in 1786 he was unable to procure supplies and 
 nothing but an immediate cessation of the business appeared — 
 Dr. Wheelock afforded relief, by furnishing the joiners about 
 twenty in number with sustenance through the season, and aiding 
 in the collection of materials. In the succeeding years, the sub- 
 scriptions and means in the hands of the contractor being exhaust- 
 ed, he procured by bills on Mrs. Wheelock's agent in the West 
 Indies, and by a residue remitted from Holland and in other ways 
 by his friends abroad, and his own donation of g333 00, all the 
 glass, the nails* the vane and spire and other articles and some 
 pay towards the labor. A bell he had by solicitation, obtained 
 before. By the seventh year from the beginning of its foundation, 
 the edifice was finished, and well prepared for the reception of 
 .the students. We will now return to trace another chain of Op- 
 eration. 
 
 Dr. Wheelock, though not at the particular request of the 
 Board, attended the Legislature of Vermont, June 14, 1785 — he 
 solicited ; and they made a grant of a township, 23,010 acres, one 
 half to the College and the other half to the School, to be free 
 from all public taxes forever. As soon as practical he procured 
 a survey — obtained a charter — and made calculations for its set- 
 tlement. Families rapidly moved in, till near the number of one 
 hundred. He disposed of a large part of the tract in small por- 
 tions on long leases. A few years rent free, the annual product 
 has been to the College and School, each, six hundred dollars. 
 
 We now turn to the state of New-Hampshire. Dr. Wheelock 
 had applied by the desire of the Board, to the General Court for 
 a Lottery, and obtained it ; but from unexpected events not an- 
 swering the jpurpose, they requested him in 1787 to present a 
 memorial to the Legislature for another lottery under different 
 modifications — Professor Woodward attended as agent — the de- 
 sign was effected, and the avails received by the Board. 
 
 The pressure of demands on the College induced him to apply 
 and attend the Legislature, in the month of January, 1789, for the
 
 3i 
 
 charter of a tract of land on Connecticut river and near the north- 
 ern confine of the state. A committee was appointed — occasional 
 discussions arose for several days — the matter was finally brought 
 before the House. The Senate and House of Representatives 
 passed an act granting to the Trustees of Dartmouth College a 
 valuable tract of eight miles square, about 42,000 acres adjoining 
 north of Stewarts town. The forcible and energetic eloquence 
 of General Sullivan, that eminent commander in the revolution- 
 ary war, in the debate on this subject, cannot be forgotten — It 
 drew him from his bed, amidst the first attaeks of fatal disease — 
 and it was the last speech which he ever made in public. — This 
 interesting grant scattered the clouds just bursting' on the Institu- 
 tion. It Mas now harrassed with heavy debts of an early stand- 
 ing in its losses at JLandaff, which amounted to 830,000. 
 
 At the time of obtaining the above grant, Dr. Wheelock also 
 negotiated to recover the donation of five hundred and eighty-three 
 dollars, made by Dr. John Phillips, in 1772, to the College, and 
 deposited in the hands of Gov. Wentworth, which, after he left 
 the country was considered, from his circumstances, as wholly 
 lost — But Dr. Wheelock adopted measures and secured an account 
 of the same and interest out of confiscated property twelve hun- 
 dred and three dollars in notes and certificates, which he received 
 of the Treasurer of the State, for the Trustees. He, also, receiv- 
 ed about that period, one hundred and twenty-five dollars, com- 
 mitted to his agency by the same great benefactor, in a particular 
 conference, to transact with the Board, said sum to be given in 
 his name to them ; only on the express condition, that they would 
 agree to sequester with it his gift of about 4000 acres of land by 
 deed to them in 1781. As an accumulating fund for the express 
 purpose of supporting a professor of Theology. They accepted 
 the gift and sequestered the property on the terms of the donor. 
 Reader, please to compare this with some things in the first sec- 
 tion. 
 
 The President had taken into his own hands, at the desire of the 
 Board, the management of the finances and external interest of 
 the College, aud continued to conduct, and regulate them, for five 
 years, through its difficult and trying scenes. Having, besides 
 what has been mentioned, among other arrangements, leased a 
 number of lots permanently productive, secured the appropriation 
 of several valuable tracts, in the vicinity of the College, to the 
 nse of professorships, and provided relief by obtaining the means 
 to free the seminary from its weight of debts, he resigned to the 
 Board, in August following, the particular charge of the finances, 
 except retaining in trust the disposal of the College moiety of the 
 township in Vermont till a few years after, when he had complet- 
 ed the proposed object of settling and leasing the same. 
 
 The next year, 1790, there being no proper place for the public 
 religious and literary exercises of the members of the seminary, 
 the apartment of the old building falling into decay and ruin, b*
 
 32 
 
 undertook, made arrangements, provided the means, and erected, 
 by contract, in five months, a chapel, near the new College edi- 
 fice. It is 50 feet by 36, of two stories height, arched within, 
 and completely finished, and painted without — convenient, and 
 well adapted to the objects proposed. 
 
 While Dr. Wheelock was thus advancing the fiscal interest of 
 the institution, never did he lose sight of Moors' Charity School, 
 the root, plauted in 1742, by the former President, from which the 
 luxuriant stock of the College sprang. His successor entering in- 
 to office, found, as we have seen, both languishing and destitute 
 of property — but convinced of the' loving kindness of God to the 
 humble and faithful, and that the cause, as it had been, would be 
 owned by him, he continued the maintenance of the school, and 
 youths of different tribes left to him on charity. A smaller part 
 bestowed by the beneficent, the most was furnished for them at his 
 own expense and credit : — no source, but his own, for the board of 
 a master, many years, till the income from lands rented by him, 
 in the tract given by Vermont. This fund, by the grant, might 
 he applied for the benefit of youths of our nation and Indian 
 tribes — the latter were the exclusive object of the fund in Scot- 
 land, at which we will glance. 
 
 Not long after his return from Europe, he received a letter from 
 the Society for propagating Christian knowledge, dated October 
 7, 1784, mentioning their readiness, from the satisfactory evidence 
 adduced to pay the protested bills of his predecessor and to apply 
 in future the avails of the fund, collected for the school, to its 
 support in instructing the Indians. In 1783, he sent to the soci- 
 ety an account of former expenditures for the support of Indian 
 youths, and drew bills to the amount of six hundred and twenty- 
 five pounds sterling, in part of what was due — the debts con- 
 tracted by the first President, and a smaller amount by himself, on 
 the credit of the monies in their care for the school. Soon after 
 they organized a board of Commissioners, at Boston, and autho- 
 rized and desired them to examine particularly the accounts and 
 expenditures of the school. The Commissioners, after a full ex- 
 amination of the same with their vouchers, resolved, April 9. 
 1788, that they had no reason to doubt but the expenditures were 
 made according to his accounts. — Their result, with other testi- 
 monials, were forwarded, accompanying another bill, drawn by 
 him, on the society. Faithful to their trust, and still desirous 
 of more light, they refused acceptance of this bill. They desired 
 their Commissoners again to attend, to be minute in their enqui- 
 ries, and inspections into all the accounts and expeditures of the 
 school from the beginning to that time ; to ascertain, if they had 
 been kept distinct from the interest of the College ; and what 
 property the school might be possessed of in America. Dr. Whee- 
 lock, accordingly, with all the accounts, original entries, docu- 
 ments, vouchers, testimonies, and other evidences, met the Com- 
 missioners at Boston. After a critical examination and investi-
 
 33 
 
 gation of particulars and circumstances through the whole, after 
 several days they formed a result on the 11th of June, 1789, that 
 there had been no perversion of the monies by the late Dr. Whee- 
 lock ; that the accounts had been kept distinct from those of the 
 College ; and that there was justly due to the present Dr., W bee- 
 lock the balance of one thousand one hundred and ninety* pounds 
 ten shillings and one penny, expended for the benefit of the school 
 exclusively, in expectation of being repaid by the society. — Thus, 
 in the triumph of truth and justice, the affair, after a long train 
 
 of embarrassing, unexpected difficulties, was put at restl The 
 
 channel of that fund has been since unobstructed — its interest at 
 4 per cent has, in general supported three of the natives, at 
 School, with every necessary and convenience. 
 
 He caused a new building to be erected and finished, with a 
 yard, in 1791 — two stories high, the lower appartment convenient 
 to accommodate near a hundred youths. The school was improv- 
 ed in the order and regulation of its members under the distin- 
 guished talents and fidelity of their instructor Mr. Dunham, the 
 present Secretary of Vermont.: — At the request of the society 
 three years after it was visited by a committee of their Boston 
 commissioners charged with the solution of a number of queries 
 in regard to its state, relations and property. Their favorable 
 report was transmitted to Scotland. 
 
 Of the large debts accumulated for the support of the school, 
 in the latter years of the first president, to discharge the most 
 pressing part, the Trustees had consented to the disposal of lands 
 and property in their hands, hoping that the amount would be re- 
 placed. The advances, thus made, the President considered him- 
 self as holden injustice to refund ; and accordingly paid them for 
 the College, in the year 1793, four thousand dollars, besides some 
 items of small amount before. 
 
 Not long after the Vermont grant began to yield a partial rent 
 to the College and school, dark surmises were circulated, and grew 
 into reports ; that it was obtained by art and collusion — the school 
 never incorporated to be known in law — the title to the land, con- 
 sequently, invalid. The dealers in malice and speculation united, 
 with the countenance and aid of one, however absurd, highly in- 
 fluential in the concerns of the Institution. Matters prepared, a 
 petition was presented in 1799, to the General Assembly sitting 
 at Windsor, to vacate the grant. — A large committee was appoint- 
 ed to examine the case, and make report. Dr. Wbeelock was no- 
 tified by the chairman when they should sit. He repaired to the 
 place with the proper documents. In the result of long and ad- 
 journed inquiries and discussions, the committee resolved and re- 
 ported, that the grant was fairly made, the school had a well 
 known being, and they could find no ground for process to vacate 
 the title. It was carried before the House, and the matter seem- 
 ed to be put to perpetual rest, though only to revive in future 
 time with a more threatening and dangerous aspect.
 
 34 
 
 The Institution was increasing; and its interest in a prosperous 
 train till the year 1805. Its exigencies then requiring it, he in 
 June, personally attended the General Court of New-Hampshire j 
 and obtained of them a grant of nine hundred dollars, for the 
 College. 
 
 The Rev. Israel Evans at that time was a member of the 
 Board. He had expressed more than once, in intimate conversa- 
 tion, to Dr. Wheelock, their friendship having been long cement- 
 ed in scenes of war and peace, his desire to do something for the 
 good of mankind and the Institution. He, finally, remarked that 
 he had made up his mind to sequester a portion of his property 
 as the foundation for a professorship of eloquence ; which he 
 knew would also be agreeable to Mrs. Evans. Confined by sick- 
 ness, the succeeding year, at his earnest Bequest by a special Mes- 
 sage, the Doctor paid him a visit. The latter expressed in his 
 family, his views and design ; and receiving from the former an 
 assent to his wishes to insert his name as oive of the executors, 
 proceeded in the full exercise of his mental faculties, to complete 
 his will. Besides his bequests otherwise, he gave of money in the 
 funds, and real estate, the amount of about seven thousand dollars, 
 or upwards, in reversion to the Trustees of Dartmouth College, 
 after the death of his wife, as a permanent fund for a professor of 
 eloquence. 
 
 About the same time, Dr. Wheelock attended the General Court, 
 to open the way for their favorable attention to the important ob- 
 jects of the Institution — Matters were in suspense till the next 
 session, in June 1807, when he, again, personally appeared before 
 the Legislature. His memorial was considered, committed, and 
 after report, an act was made, granting to the Trustees of the 
 College a township of the contents of six miles square, to be laid 
 out on the border of the District of Maine, to the approbation of 
 the Governor and counsel. The land was surveyed ; mostly an 
 excellent tract, watered by a branch of the river Amoriscogin run- 
 ning central through the whole, and near the northern turnpike 
 road — he waited on them with the plan, and obtained their rati- 
 fication in 1808. 
 
 In the progress of those events, the spirit of surmise, and jeal- 
 ousy arose from its restless slumbers. Dark hints swelled into 
 charges, that he was applying property, passing into his hands 
 for the seminary from Europe, New-Hampshire and Vermont, to 
 his private benefit. An attempt was at length made to revive 
 the subject of the grant in Vermont, which had been considered 
 and laid aside at Windsor; and resume the old reasons with some 
 more recent charges, to prove it a nullity, or at least a forfeiture 
 to the State. In October 1806, Dr. Wheelock received intelli- 
 gence from Middlebury. There the General Assembly had con- 
 vened, and determined to call up the subject, and adopt some 
 measure upon it — He repaired to that place, where Judge Jacob, 
 in behalf of the Trustees, joined him ; for the College associated
 
 35 
 
 with the School in the same grant, the fate of the former was in- 
 volved in that of the latter. Already had a committee been ap- 
 pointed to make report. They proposed a surrender of the char- 
 ter. It was refused. — They, then, recommended to the Legisla- 
 ture to institute an action to vacate the charter. Many upright 
 judicious members were brought to suppose the President guiltv 
 of gross abuses. They were ready to act : but adjourned the bu- 
 siness, to agree on the mode. — This was prepared and fixed at 
 their next meeting in Woodstock. The General Assembly then, 
 in October 1807, appointed and authorized two agents, counsellors 
 at law, for the seizing that town with all its valuable settlements 
 from the school and of course the College, to institute a prosecu- 
 tion in behalf of the state, against John JVheelock, and to file in 
 a bill against him before their high Court of Chancery. This 
 hill was voluminous with recitals, and heavy charges of fraud, 
 perversion and embezzlement of public property. The action was 
 brought befor«the court, September following ; — and, on the plea 
 of the accused, the trial was adjourned. — The conjuncture was 
 critical and interesting. He contemplated his doom at the im- 
 pending trial ; as the popular current was strong against him and 
 Ins cause, and, as the judges, elected, annually, by the legislature, 
 would be subject to powerful motives of interest, and office to de- 
 termine as the organ of their supposed will. As the only alter- 
 native, aud at the only time in that interval, the next month, 
 transporting the ledgers, origiual entries, documents, papers, evi- 
 dences, of all receipts, and applications of public property, in 
 Europe and America, particularly in Vermont, that had passed 
 through his hands ; also, authorities, and evidences, that the 
 school, in a sole corporate capacity, could of right hold property 
 in law — with these he appeared at the General Assembly sitting 
 in Montpelier. His memorial represented to them the state anuV 
 circumstances of the action ; the importance of its issue to the In- 
 stitution, and what ought to be considered more interesting to him 
 than life itself, his own character and reputation. He desired, 
 that, as their court of chancery stood in a delicate relation to 
 them, and he and the Institution belonged to another state, to 
 produce a fair and impartial trial, they would condescend to agree 
 with the defendant to transfer the action to the federal tribunal, 
 or to eminent jurists in the neighboring states mutually chosen. 
 These proposals were utterly rejected. He then entreated the 
 house to become a tribunal themselves — offering to appear, at any 
 hour for trial before their whole body or their committee, — and 
 remarked that he had in the place, and was ready to exhibit be- 
 fore all, or any individuals, in the most open and unreserved man- 
 ner, all accounts of receipts and expenditures of any public pro- 
 perty which had ever fallen into his hands, especially of that, in 
 their state, belonging to the seminary; and also, evidence to prove 
 its eight and title to the same. The legislature granted his re- 
 quest, and appointed a very large committee to examine iuto the
 
 36 
 
 state of the school, the grant, and managements in relation to 
 them. After many particular and minute inquiries, attending 
 to numerous documents, papers and evidences at adjourned meet- 
 ings, they made a result and reported it to the house — That the 
 school had capacity to hold estates, the grant fairly made, and 
 matters regularly conducted— that there was no room for a ques- 
 tion, but the prosecution instituted in chancery ought to be with- 
 drawn by the state. — This report was recommitted to a new com- 
 mittee, who also reported, confirming what the former committee 
 had done. The Council, and House of Representatives, then re- 
 solved Nov. 5, 1808, by an overwhelming majority, to accept the 
 reports ; and issued an order to withdraw the Bill from the files 
 of chancery, also passing a bill to confirm the grant. Thus the 
 long dispute in Vermont ended, the land is confirmed to the Col- 
 lege and School, and no ground for future doubt. 
 
 In tracing the fiscal history of the Institution, another increas- 
 ing source of profit must not escape our view. — In the year 1779, 
 while the burden was destined to ProfessorWoodward to develope 
 its intricate involvements and attend to its remaining property 
 and ingulfing debts, the instruction of the classes, and preaching, 
 were assigned to Professors Ripley and Smith, when the second 
 President came into office. Of the twenty eight, the number of 
 students, several were wholly on charity, others objects of charity, 
 a large part of the residue scanty in the means of support. No 
 source of income, but the tuition of those, able to pay, its small 
 amount and partly in produce, was divided between the instruc- 
 tors, the President receiving nothing — and this was insufficient to 
 supply them with the necessaries of life without some avails of 
 the college lands exposed to sale for creditors. With the in- 
 crease of the number of students, the circumstances of the instruc- 
 tors became more easy. Small occasional allowances were made, 
 and their salaries gradually raised till 1807, when they amounted 
 to six hundred dollars to each of the Professors and about 3008 to 
 the tutor. The board had uniformly adopted the strictest frugal- 
 ity in their allowances. — And, except a few latter years, but three 
 instructors with the President unitedly and indefatigably engaged 
 in the whole care of the government, classical literature, and re- 
 ligious ordinances. By such economy the product of the tuition 
 bills progressively increased till the year 1809. Then it appear- 
 ed that the Treasurer held from that source, after balancing the 
 demands for instruction and deducting a number of payments to 
 cancel foreign debts, the sum of eight thousand dollars in bonds, 
 obligations, and accounts, mostly good, and real estate in which 
 a part had been vested, due to the Trustees. We shall see what 
 share with the other officers the president had in promoting this 
 accumulation while concerned in what was of more interesting im- 
 portance, the education of the youths. 
 
 Besides his care and attention to the internal and external con- 
 cerns of the school, his time was devoted to the faithful discharge
 
 87 
 
 of the duties of his office in the College. Unless, while absent 
 in Europe, or occasionally, at short intervals, by the imperious 
 calls of the seminary, as in cases which we have glanced over, or 
 by very rare special providence, he has been uninterruptedly oc- 
 cupied in the government, and instruction of the members, and 
 pursuits of science. Constantly, from the first, once only in each 
 week excepted, has he performed the religious service, morning 
 and evening, at the altar, and expounding the scriptures. The 
 instruction of the senior class has ever been in his care, and su- 
 perintendence of all the public literary exercises. Add to this 
 his perpetuated practice of one public discussion, every week, on 
 some important topics arranged in the circle of science, two lec- 
 tures on systematicalTheology, every week for twenty -three years, 
 till the appointment of a professor, and one written lecture on 
 ecclesiastical history and the prophesies, each week, for ten years. 
 
 While a tutor in the College, more than a year, he received no 
 salary ; and, entering into the office of President, he rendered all 
 his services for the school, near thirty years, without any reward — 
 nor M'ould he receive any compensation for his care and labours 
 for the College during a number of years. In 1782, the Trustees 
 voted 1000 dollars per year to him as President, for three years* 
 services, as his just due. He desired the Trustees to accept this 
 three thousand dollars, as his free gift to the seminary. In 1780 
 the Board of Trustees, in addition to a former resolve for an al- 
 lowance of one hundred pound towards his expenses, voted to pay 
 to him 800 pounds as an inadequate reward for his care and 
 labours as President during the four preceding years. In return, 
 he desired the Board to accept this sum of eight hundred pounds, 
 or two thousand six hundred and sixty-six d (liars and sixty-six 
 cents, " provided he shall die before making a particular arrange - 
 " ment for the application of it — and, in case of his decease, as 
 " aforesaid, the Board would consider said sum as his free gift 
 " to the Trustees, to be applied by them for some permanent 
 " fund for some office in the College." In 1789, his involvements 
 and advances towards the new building and other concerns of 
 College, (its circumstances admitting a compliance without in- 
 convenience) obliged him to request the interest, indefinitely, of 
 said sum in the hands of the Trustees. Four years after, in ad- 
 justment of accounts, obtaining relief, he relinquished said eight 
 hundred pounds for the use of the College, without any pecuniary 
 consideration, replacing it on the former original conditions of 
 the gift. 
 
 The historical anecdotes, now given, lead us to see under what 
 circumstances, by divine providence, this seminary has been built 
 up — and the circumstances, under which, alone, all establishments 
 of the same nature can be made to prosper and flourish. Rarely 
 has an arduous achievement been accomplished by public deliber- 
 ative bodies. Was it not Theseus, who vanquished the minataurr 
 and Hercules who took the golden apples, and cut off the heads 

 
 38 
 
 of the Hydra? Was it not Paul and Peter, and the apostles, and 
 the fathers, who hy their individual labours, planted the gospel, 
 through immense regions of idolatry ? Still modern history is not 
 barren of instances, when societies have encouraged great exer- 
 tions and enterprize for their own establishment, or its objeets. 
 But such cases imply that the members of the body are intimately 
 acquainted with its circumstances and design ; interested with 
 primary concern to supply its wants and subserve its purposes, un- 
 biassed by personal or party motives, and liberal of confidence in 
 their faithful agents. We have discerned the rare phenomenon 
 of these combined qualities, distinguishing in their effects the 
 Board and its ministers — which conducted the seminary in that 
 long career, through trials and dangers, to its heighth of prosperi- 
 ty sketched in our view. 
 
 A large portion of the members, (some of them officers) who 
 during those times composed the Board, lived in the vicinity of 
 the College, familiarly acquainted, even before their election, 
 with its first principles and concerns, and bound by stronger ties 
 than is common to men in public relations. At length, the con- 
 ception, starting from a solitary mind, was embraced by some, 
 that importance would be added to the institution by filling future 
 vacancies by characters remote in different parts and more un- 
 connected. From 1803, in the course of a few years, a number of 
 those veterans were removed by death. The new project brought 
 into trial; men of the proposed description were chosen to replace 
 them; respectable in character, but without their means of dis- 
 cerning the true nature and relations of the seminary— its more 
 domestic bearings disclosed in a former note. It must be added, 
 that the election of some, best informed of the first principles and 
 state of the seminary, was repeatedly urged but pointedly or art- 
 fully opposed, lest by consanguinity, or friendship, they might 
 be attached to former views or methods, or any inheriting the 
 spirit of the founder. 
 
 The apprehension was not groundless, that individuals of the 
 Board, and the zealous partizans in the religious disorders, and 
 certain individuals of the clergy, who adventured in the same 
 cause, took a deep interest in these elections. Whether those e- 
 let-ted to the successive vacancies, had been, or were more in the 
 way of new sources of opinion and feeling, than of the old, and 
 their minds overwhelmed by innnendos, and dark charges, under 
 the semblance of godliness or public spirit, is of no importance to 
 the point in view. There is no disposition to doubt of their good 
 intention. But certain it is, thai the ancient, unadulterated ccin 
 of opinion began to be decried, and a coin of new conceptions was 
 brought, to circulate in the market. Its evidence appears in fol- 
 lowing (he footsteps of the Board in their new and astonishing 
 measures concerning the Phillips fund, and the ordinances of re- 
 ligion, from ihe year 1804 to 1811, by their own resolutions, and 
 facts, exhibited already in this work. It appears too, by conipar-
 
 39 
 
 'ng the finances, for the six last years, with their progress and 
 attainment in the preceding period. We have just seen the wealth 
 of the institution rising from nihility, in the year 1779, and grad- 
 ually expanding. We have seen, to accomplish this purpose, the 
 means concerted, the projects, in succession, rapidly executed, un- 
 der the sanction of those venerable Trustees, in a train, now sleep- 
 ing in their graves — We have seen by what agency through toils 
 and labours, and hazards. To say no more, but in the result, 
 looking through the annals, in the year 1808, we beheld the sem- 
 inary released from overwhelming debts, left the gainful proprie- 
 tor of seventy thousand acres of valuable land, and reaping the 
 profit of rents from a considerable part — a stately building with 
 accommodations, and a temple for the students to worship and 
 praise the Lord in — an apparatus ; a museum ; an increased li- 
 brary : a treasury of near eight thousand dollars, accumulating 
 by the growing amount of the tuition bills, the whole expenses of 
 instruction rising from a less sum to an annual average amount 
 of about two thousand one hundred dollars, in the latter part of 
 that term. But descending through years succeeding, we find the 
 scene reversed. Plans, votes and operations, directed to the over- 
 throw of the original system — for this the theological fund con- 
 tinues to be applied, as the fact has been shown, to support a new 
 religious foreign association, to strengthen its alliance and entwine 
 its interest with the College ; — for this the singular appointment* 
 lo office, the new mode of elections, the duties and support of the 
 officers — in a word, the disposal of the charter. The late resolu- 
 tions of the Board, contrasted with the former, are perceived to 
 draw the mind from the great field of projects for science and hu- 
 manity, to impound it in a sheepcot — to contract expanded benev- 
 olence, to the fractional interest of a sect, or the by-view of indi- 
 viduals. Is it not, thus, that, through the new drama, filling the 
 space from the last benefaction in our list, generous enterprize 
 has been paralized; solicitude to improve its funds succeeded by 
 apathy ; the flood-gate of munificence shut ? Is it not by such 
 means that instead of increase, there has been rather a diminn- 
 tion of the property of the College ? Instead of open friendly can- 
 dour in conducting its concerns, have not measures and projects 
 been formed in secret, matured and prepared during the recesses 
 hy private consultation and agreement in retired abodes, and sud- 
 denly introduced and adopted without inquiry or discussion in the 
 public meetings ? 
 
 A developement of these truths is, in part, already made : — 
 what remains of the business will be finished in the ensuing ex- 
 posure.
 
 40 
 
 IV. GOVERNMENT AND INSTRUCTION. 
 
 WE have drawn under distinct heads sketches of the history 
 of the institution from its origin, and, more particularly, from the 
 death of the first president — the loving-kindness of God — and the 
 means which, under him, produced its growth, and elevation, 
 through stages of adversity. Yes, with delight we followed the 
 Trustees and their ministers, with minds and hearts united, in 
 concerns and projects of the different departments, for Zion and 
 for man. Uninterrupted joy — till, at length, a cloud appeared 
 rising from the horizon to obscure the scene. The work of de- 
 struction commenced in secret hints, indirect measures, votes pre- 
 senting ambiguity in motive : — but soon their effects dispelled the 
 mystery, solved the problem, and exposed the design ; nothing 
 short of exterminating the first principles, spirit, and system com- 
 mitted to their charge. Evidence is exhibited in the detail of re- 
 solves and facts, in a string, 1o the year 1809, and of some, in 
 close connexion, two years later. Other proofs shall be given in 
 a view of their proceedings from the former of these last periods 
 to the present time. 
 
 The subject is divided into two heads : 1st. the government and 
 instruction of the College ; 2d. the concerns of its funds and proper- 
 ty. The former I shall survey through succeeding periods, in two 
 parts. 
 
 Part 1. Dr. John Smith, Professor of the Languages, a Trus- 
 tee, and still pastor, under circumstances already noticed, of the 
 College church, a disciple of the old school, perceived in his last 
 years, and strongly resisted, the spirit of innovation. To those 
 of the Board imbued with this spirit, and others whom we have 
 seen from former party motives imbodying with them for mutual 
 convenience, his death was interesting. Two offices, important to 
 their design, were to be filled, and the basis of a third to be shaken. 
 Symptoms of intrigue, or artful management, had been discover- 
 ed ; but soon its full growth will be seen in the light of day. — ■ 
 Not three months after his body was deposited under the clods, 
 the springs of the machine were set in motion — a secret negoci- 
 ation of a distant member of the Board to sound the views and 
 feelings of a gentleman to undertake, if chosen, as Professor of 
 the Languages —letters and words passed from some to others — and 
 did the omens appear ? — but open facts are more decisive than 
 augury. 
 
 Soon the Board of Trustees collected at their anniversary meet- 
 ing, August 24, 1809. There was a ripened understanding be- 
 tween those conspiring in the labour of extermination. In the 
 Board were two vacancies. It was, early, proposed to supply the 
 vacancy made by the decease of Mr. 01cott,then late Lieutenant- 
 Governor of Vermont. Mr. Dunham, now Secretary of that State.
 
 41 
 
 whose genius, literature, magnanimity and knowledge of the old 
 principles of the seminary, are too well known by the public to 
 be made a question, was brought into view — but his generous at- 
 tachment, his aversion to the religious violent sectarism, its pro- 
 gressive artful amalgamation with the collegiate concerns, at the 
 expense of the Phillips fund, the union of the leaders to efFect, 
 in one combined movement, the by-ends of all were undisguised— 
 another was chosen by a scanty majority, more agreeable to their 
 views. 
 
 It was next proposed to fill the vacancy of Dr. Smith in the 
 Board.— The name of William H. Woodward, their secretary, 
 and now chief justice of the western circuit court of the state; — 
 living contiguous, and grownup from childhood in acquaintance 
 with the interest of the College, his talents, his integrity and can- 
 dor—all these were urged, and that the office of Trustees could 
 not essentially incommode that of Secretary, as from the example 
 of his highly deserving father, who, for many years, performed 
 the duties of both offices to great public benefit— but he, too, was 
 friendly to the old system, to the president and his friends ; he, 
 too, was opposed to the fabrick of heterogeneous materials. On 
 the contrary the person, who had signed his name with others of 
 the Rev. clergy to an address in 1807, to the Board, calculated to 
 aid the sectarian body and interweave it with the interest of the 
 College, containing, also, dark and pointed insinuations and al- 
 lusions against a certain character, without any specific charge, 
 which address had been laid before the state convention of the 
 clergy, to obtain signers, (accompanied, as reported, by a remark, 
 the President, it is said, is growing too rich and powerful, and 
 it seems necessary to check him J the same that was afterwards ex' 
 punged from the files of the Board, as glanced at in the second 
 note: — this man was drawn, by a majority of one, into the Board, 
 prepared with the livery and watchword of the party. 
 
 Next, in the series, was an appointment of a Professor in the 
 College. Here the President took a review of the state of reli- 
 gious relations. — He remarked " that the former Professor, with- 
 44 out any inconvenience to his office, had long held the pastoral 
 " care of the College church, which, by the divine blessing, had 
 " flourished, and literature prosperously advancing — that the 
 " Professor of Theology, after his appointment, declining eon- 
 " nexion with the accustomed establishment, entered into con- 
 " nexion and fellowship with a new society, then rising into ex- 
 " istence, and had continued his watchful care over their con- 
 " cerns." He added, " that the College church was, and had al- 
 " ways been, in regular standing — that its members wished to be 
 " remote from any contention or interference with others, and 
 " sighed for peace and repose — that, the pastor removed, they 
 <«■ must be scattered and dissolved, unless provided (they bein^ 
 << unable) with another, as they always had been. "The Board, said 
 he, " had given support to the new associatiou in the destiny of 
 6
 
 4& 
 
 * the Phillips Professor; and now the auspicious moment has ar- 
 li rived when by a word they could assuage the wounds inflicted, 
 " and restore comfort, and preserve the beaten path of all their 
 " predecessors, by appointing one to succeed the late Professor of 
 " the Languages, who might be, also, of a character to succeed as 
 " occasional minister of the church, without interfering, in the 
 " least, with his official duties, and without any expense to the 
 
 * College." One or two were nominated for the purpose ; than 
 whom (exclusive of this innocent and desirable circumstance) none 
 in the estimation of good judges, was more deserving of that office. 
 Those present, in whom was preserved, like the vestal fire, the 
 spirit of the fathers of the institution, impressively spake, and 
 moved to the same effect — to the same, that man of patriotic vir- 
 tues, whose fame will live in other times. But all the effusions 
 of Hecla never can dissolve the northern ice. A Professor, by a 
 tried and small majority, was appointed — the one with whom 
 there had been some dealing months before. — Wavering hope was 
 soon extinguished. "With decent appearance of moderation, but 
 undeviating steps, he moved as in a path, as if before explored, 
 till arriviug at an open provided stand, in the circle of the new 
 religious cause, and the interest of his electors. 
 
 The next year the chair of the Profess-or of Philosophy and 
 Mathematicks became vaeant by the death of Mr. Hubbard, and 
 the Professor of the Lauguages was chosen to fill it. A door for 
 future management was still open. They certainly did not neg- 
 lect this opportunity of adding a Professor of Languages to their 
 active band, to encrease their strength in establishing a party in- 
 terest by adding the number of those who depended on their plea- 
 sure for an opulent salary. 
 
 From indirect hints, there was ground to apprehend, as early as 
 in May, that the man was marked out to be the Professor elect. 
 Some of the Trustees knew nothing about him, and the President 
 had no acquaintance with him, since on the stage of public life. 
 But he was well known to some of that party — in the way of in- 
 tercourse with the two Professors, and especially in habits of in- 
 timacy with one. It remained only to prepare his mind, and form 
 a channel to effect the purpose in a specious manner. 
 
 We now arrive at facts the revealers of mystery and messen- 
 gers of truth. They were brought to our view in a former note, 
 but will now appear in some other bearings. 
 
 " M an annual meeting of the Trustees of Dartmouth College, 
 " August 29, 1811." 
 
 After disposing of smaller matters, their attention was called 
 to the election of a Professor, when they assumed an air of de- 
 liberation, and one of their number read a letter from a distant 
 clergyman, highly recommending the person whom it Mas under-
 
 43 
 
 stood had been long selected as their man. A number of the 
 Board, then observed that they were wholly straugers to that gen- 
 tleman, his genius, taste, and classical literature, that from the 
 circumstances of his occupation and standing, however worthy his 
 character, there arose in their mind a doubt — The president re- 
 marked that he was ignorant what mental habits and literary 
 treasures the proposed candidate might have acquired, through 
 the lapse of many years, that it was importaut to the welfare of 
 the seminary, he should have ground to place unreserved confi- 
 dence in his friendly views and co-operation, whoever might be ap- 
 pointed, — a person of enlarged mind, candid, unbiassed in feeling, 
 not devoted to the interest of a particular party or body of men. 
 He therefore took the liberty to mention the same, who had been 
 proposed, on the like occasion, two years before, and for the same 
 reasons, a person who lived in the state, and whose qualifications 
 for the office had not been made a question. Others, with whose 
 opinion this accorded, expressed a wish that should the last nom- 
 ination not be acceptable, the former might be suspended till the 
 members unacquainted with his character (the event being new 
 to them) could have time to obtain satisfactory evidence, concern- 
 ing his qualifications. But, no delay — his recommendations, it 
 ivas said, is from a high source, the professors think well of him, 
 and one from intimate knowledge. — Then the Rev. Zepheniah S. 
 Moore was appointed, by ballot, professor of languages. 
 
 Through such a train of means, a third professor was secured, 
 and pontioned, to enter into their secret counsels and executive 
 results,aud soon to be more fully initiated into their mysteries and 
 tactics by a letter, and visit of one or two disciplinarians of their 
 own corps. 
 
 Messrs. Mann and Maek, respected for the qualities of their 
 mind and heart, were friendly to the President.. They had been 
 Tutors in the year then closing — the latter was passed unnoticed 
 by the said members of the Board — their class had tendered to 
 them in some books expressions of their gratitude and affection, 
 as had at times, been done, from the earliest period, in relation 
 to tutors, though not to the Professors. Such a mark of attach- 
 ment happened now for the first time to be made a serious ques- 
 tion — a hint was probably given to one of these Trustees by some 
 resident in the vicinage. — Early, at a meeting on the 30th, the 
 motion made, it was voted ; " that this Board recommend to the 
 4i Professors and Tutors of this Institution to accept of no presents 
 " from the students ; and that public notice be given to the mein- 
 K bers of the Institution, at the beginning of the next term, that 
 " none will be expected or received." Such an evil and bitter 
 thing it was for Tutors to respect the President. 
 
 Some matters on hand finished, the importance of electing a new 
 Tutor was suggested. Two or three unexceptionable characters 
 were just mentioned by the President. — But, without discussion, 
 comparitive views, or a question, it was moved and carried for an
 
 JTll 
 
 adjournment, and to make this the first subject, when convened in 
 the afternoon. — So soon as the members had again met. instead of 
 caudid deliberation and inquiry, which formerly had been prac- 
 tised, on such an occasion, the word was given — and the vote 
 passed to proceed, immediately, by ballot, to the election. On ex- 
 amining the ballots the name of Mr. P — was inscribed on five ; 
 obscurely Pierce written on one, and others on four. The teller, 
 then, observed ; he felt a little at a loss to declare whether Mr. 
 p — was appointed or not, as five were for him, and another 
 might intend him, though the slight range of the letters presen- 
 ed some appearance of Pierce, the name of no man conceivable 
 to stand as candidate for that office. The will was good, but one 
 tool had not been drilled long enough, to recollect tho name of 
 the candidate for whom he meant obsequiously to vote. 
 
 This Mr. P had taken his bachelors degree but two days 
 
 before, and never an instance had occurred of one in so early a 
 stage, placed in that office. His name had not been mentioned ; 
 and how thought of for it, unless to an indirect end ? He was 
 young, ardent in attachment, a zealous active partizan of the 
 new body, the pastor, the professors and his electors, in the scheme 
 of overthrow: — add, what was well known, the pointed reflections 
 and criminations, publicly thrown by him against the president.* 
 When the ballots were opened, a Member expressed his surprise 
 at the matter, and manner. He said, that he had long known the 
 Institution, but never seen nor heard till lately of an election, 
 especially under such circumstances, secretly projected and plan- 
 ned, and decided, out of doors, and, voted into an act, by a ma- 
 jority, without a word; — he had heard of caucassing among theJac- 
 obins at Paris, and that samples of it had been imported by Irish- 
 men into the United States, but who could believe it would find its 
 way to professed guardians of Science and Religion, at Dartmouth 
 College ! Mr. Burroughs expressed his astonishment and regret at 
 such a mode of transaction. But we cannot neglect an offering 
 to the best interests of mankind by passing unnoticed the reflec- 
 tions of the man, in whom it is difficult to say — whether most to 
 admire the power of his intellect, his integrity, or his candor. 
 
 " Inexpressible is the pain which I feel," said Governor Oil- 
 man, " that a seminary, built up by the labours and toils of so 
 " many years, should be now prostituted, and the hopes of the 
 " world blighted. Its most important matters are not now, as in 
 " former times, considered and conducted by the Board ; but ap- 
 " pear to be canvassed, shaped and consummated, at private 
 " meetings of individuals abroad :-- the questions to be solved are 
 " not what will tend to the good of the College and public, but 
 " what will promote the interest of a sect or party. In the late 
 
 * The gentleman referred to is a worthy and deserving character. He was. then, in early 
 age. beset by zealous partizans, and, by varnished tales and misinformations, drawn into the 
 jortex. Time and enquiry have removed the veil ; and his reflections, and views, have beet) 
 honorable to himself, and just to the cause of truth and religion.
 
 45 
 
 f< elections, whether of trustees or executive officers, it seems as 
 " if the main enquiry has not been, does he possess talents and 
 <; virtues, which will render him publicly useful in office ? but, 
 u is he opposed to the president ? will he join the confederated 
 " band to new him down to the dust ? If any one has a charge 
 " against him* let it be specified, let it be brought forward, let 
 " him be fairly tried; and, if guilty, he ought to be condemned— 
 " but, if nothing of this appears, why conduct matters in such a 
 " shape, and carry them to such a length ?" — Dr. VVheeloek 
 then added, if any charge or matter could be alledged against 
 him, he wished and invited it to be brought into view from what- 
 ever quarter, or of whatever nature. The votes were withdrawn ; 
 another person chosen ; but no moral change in the agents. 
 
 The Board resolved upon an adjournment. The president's 
 letter connected with the subjects of the two first Notes was be- 
 fore them; and indirect symptoms appeared in the minds of 
 some, as if other matters of interesting magnitude might require 
 attention. 
 
 While the machine was playing off such contrivances within, 
 strong whispers (we have seen the text book of their sires and 
 nurses) were circulated without. As the adjourned session ap- 
 proached, dark allusions were dropt by some of the party as if 
 something important, some great event would soon take place. 
 
 We pass to the Trustees convened in October. Besides their 
 avowed declaration of the Philips fund and religious ordinances 
 adverted to in a former part, those same members made an at- 
 tack, by a new experiment, on the constitution of the College. — 
 Their vote of the 34th will expose the breach to publie view. 
 
 " Resolved, That the executive officers of College be empow- 
 " ered to prohibit the students from trading at, or frequenting 
 " any retailer's shop or store, when in the opinion of the ma- 
 " jority of such officers, the morals of the students shall be en- 
 " dangered by such intercourse ; and, if any student shall be 
 " guilty of a violation of such prohibition, he shall be either pri- 
 " vately, or publicly, admonished, suspended, or expelled, ac- 
 " cording to the nature and aggravation of the offence. " 
 
 In calling the question of passing the above resolution, the 
 yeas and nays were taken, at the request of Mr. Gilman; and 
 the usual disciplined majority were found in the affirmative. 
 The minority entered their protest as follows : 
 
 " The subscribers having given their votes against the fore- 
 " going resolutions, assign the following reasons therefor, which 
 " they request may be inserted on the records :" 
 
 " Although they are in sentiment with those, who voted in fa- 
 " vor of the resolution, as to the orders therein contained— yet, 
 il they dissent, because of a change in the phraseology; namely. 
 " the words " Executive Officers of College" are used instead of 
 " the words " Executive Authority" which last terms have been 
 y heretofore used — and. more especially, as it has been avowed
 
 46 * 
 
 * by one or more members of the Board, that this change in the 
 " phraseology is intended to convey an opinion that decisions on 
 " such like regulations should be made by a simple majority of 
 " the whole number of officers present, including the president, 
 " professors and tutors ; not allowing to the president, in su«h 
 " cases, any more authority, than to any other individual officer 
 « of College. 
 
 " EDEN BURROUGHS, 
 " STEPHEN JACQB, 
 « J. T. OILMAN." 
 
 Turning to the charter of the College, we find the boundaries 
 of power clearly defined. The clauses are express, 1st, That the 
 president have the care of the education and government of the 
 students— and 2ndly, That the trustees appoint as many tutors 
 and professors to assist the president, in the education and gov- 
 ernment of the students, as they may think needful and serviceable. 
 
 No room, here, for dialectic refinement: — the impropriety of 
 the foregoing act is at once exposed in the light of these funda- 
 mental prescripts. What ! was it not enough for these members 
 to be engaged in the deplorable work of extirpating religious and 
 economical establishments ; ancient and venerable usages ? and 
 could they proceed to lay hold on the shrine of the charter ? to 
 disorganize the constitution ? to new-model the executive system ? 
 
 It was remarked before the Board, that, besides impropriety in 
 the construction of the act, there could be no possible occasion for 
 it, as there never had been any difficulty from such a source, nev- 
 er had the president acted without the concurrence of the major- 
 ity. It was an invariable habit ; and any one was challenged to 
 produce an instance to the contrary. The authors of the act were 
 then asked, what could be their motive or reason — whether the 
 president was deficient in capacity, or in any respect chargeable, 
 in his official or moral conduct. They were entreated to bring 
 forward any thing they pleased or could assign as a season. As 
 they omitted to do it in words, we take the liberty to do it from 
 their practice, a dialect, which never deceives. — They have been 
 traced, combining with others, aiming in their movements at one 
 end, selecting and filling vacancies with those instructed in their 
 mysteries, and ready for their battles — they began now, to calcu- 
 late on a possible majority in the executive department to coope- 
 rate with them, which might turn the internal bearings of the 
 seminary to their views — they could naturally suppose matters 
 might be introduced by their confederates, being a majority, at 
 the meeting of the officers, in which the president would not ac- 
 cord. Hence collisions, and in the result the president would be- 
 come unpopular, and they find a favourable conjuncture to con= 
 demn him. There was an appearance of such a design even at 
 this session. One of their number lamented that there was not 
 harmony among the executive officers. Another of them rejoined
 
 47 
 
 that the want of harmony would endanger the Institution — then, 
 directing his speech to the president, in a moving attitude, his 
 arm extended with a menacing tone, he declared, that unless the 
 difficulties were settled between him and the professors he or one 
 of them should be removed ; and it would not be hard to determine 
 which. Thus they made the pile, bound the victim, and set fire 
 to the fagots, and then insulted him, as author of the conflagra- 
 tion. 
 
 If any thing further were necessary to unveil their design, and 
 their assumption of power to controul the rights of charter, we 
 niight bring into view their appointment of " a committee to as- 
 " certain the constitutional powers of the president, professors, 
 " and tutors, respectively;" — which committee was dismissed, 
 after the foregoing act was passed, Our eye9 are drawn from 
 that to behold an extension of their devastating principles. 
 
 October 25, " Mr. Niles moved that it be voted that the pro- 
 " lessors of the medical department shall not be considered as ex- 
 ** ecutive officers, except in the government of the medical stu- 
 " dents" — " which, being seconded:" — " Voted, that the consid- 
 " eration thereof be postponed to the next session." 
 
 Though no ultimate resolve was taken upon the above proposal 
 yet its enrolment, with attending circumstances, in the records of 
 the College, will show, to future times, the unauthorized estimate 
 which the mover and his associates stamped on their own right 
 and power. If the charter is to be held in any respect, there 
 can be no ground for a question; for it has constituted the power 
 of all the professors, clearly and definitely, equal and co-exten- 
 sive. Such, of course, had been always the practice, and of tlie 
 medical professors, too, thirteen years, from their first appoint- 
 ment. What motive, then, to an infraction of this nature, and at 
 this time? A solution of this singular problem is ready. The 
 medical professors, and it was well known to them, were not so 
 well pleased with their heated visionary conceptions, forming an 
 assemblage of religious party and collegiate interests in their the- 
 ory — they were not so well fitted to the work, as tools made for 
 the purpose — they preferred old tried principles and institutions 
 to the projects of devastation and persecution. 
 
 That philanthropist, that eminent and indefatigable professiou- 
 alist, the founder of the medical establishment, the friend, the 
 cooperator, and adventurer with Dr. Wheelock, through trying 
 and adverse scenes, in advancing the seminary, that man, Dr. J\'a- 
 than Smith, had long beheld with anxiety and regret the increas- 
 ing influence of one in the Board, well known by bis restless and 
 disorganizing habits — a gradual accession of members artfully in- 
 troduced to enlist in his cause — a party of Trustees, instead of 
 impartial fathers and tender guardians of the ark handed down 
 to them in trust, uniting with their votes and funds to support the 
 cause of another party ; the two amalgamating to form a common 
 interest— these members of the Board indissolubly combined and
 
 thus fortified, proceeding cautiously to fill all vacancies in their 
 own body, and executive department, with ouly such officers as 
 were devoted to their views and final end, the destruction of ev- 
 ery vestige of the former establishment, and erecting another of 
 their own creed, and dogmas, and usages. Such were the reflec- 
 tions of Dr. Smith, added to an alliance, which he considered as 
 uncomfortable with the new officers. 
 
 Hence he began to indulge the idea of resigning — he undulated 
 and waited, hoping for some possible change, and better times. 
 Long was his mind struggling between the importunity of his 
 friends, and the. causes of its oppression.— But he beheld the tor- 
 rent increasing and threatening, in its issue, to lay waste the 
 fruits of his labours, and his hopes, despairing of any alteration, 
 he at length resigned, left the place, and formed a new connexion 
 with the medical faculty at New-Haven. However lightly some 
 may speak of his motives ; certainly a weighty consideration 
 must have induced him, against the conflicts of powerful feelings 
 and attachment, to leave the child of his hope, which he had 
 brought into the world, and, by persevering toils of years, had 
 raised from the cradle to a promising state. The cause is to be 
 sought for near home, those Trustees will find it in their innova- 
 tions, their imposing measures and the results Yes ; here we 
 
 shall find the cause, that drove this benefactor, and luminary: 
 from the Institution. And what returns to him for all his emin- 
 ent services ? Can there not be found in the records even a single 
 testimony of grateful remembrance ? But in its stead there is to 
 he seen a vote of the majority, at their session in October 1814, 
 accepting his resignation and charging him as having been neg- 
 lectful of his duty. 
 
 That the writer of these sheets has not been influenced by im- 
 aginary conceptions of the views and motives of those members 
 of the Board, as naturally inferred from their own resolutions and. 
 
 f>roceedings faithfully copied and stated above, he will take the 
 iberty to present some extracts of a letter to the same effect. It 
 hears date October 21, 1811, written by a character unconnected 
 with the Institution, a christian, a man high in science and polit- 
 ical rank, to a Trustee of the league, before the meeting just men- 
 tioned. On comparing his remarks with their resolutions, we ad- 
 mire in the language of Burke, on another occasion, with what 
 prophetic eye he discerned their spirit and proceedings. 
 
 " I shall take it for granted, that the reputation of Dart- 
 
 tl moiil Ji College has been, for several years past, by some means 
 " or other, declining. What is the cause ? Is there not some- 
 " thing rotten in Denmark ? And are the measures pursued by 
 " the corporation likely to remove the difficulties that exist." 
 
 ' ; A schism it seems has happened." — " Whence has it arisen r" 
 u Is the fault with the President ?" — " Has he usurped any povv- 
 '* ers ? Does he exercise more than is allowed by charter ? Has 
 '•' he abused any powers ?— Is he unfaithful to his trust ? Does
 
 49 
 
 fc he imbue the minds of his pupils with unchristian, or hetero- 
 " dox principles ,• — If any of these things are true, let the charges 
 " be substantiated ; let him be openly convicted, and fairly re - 
 " moved. If not; then have you not some reason to believe, that, 
 " for indirect purposes, a hue and cry has been raised against 
 " him ? and will not these charges, on a full and candid inves- 
 •* tigation dwindle to a bugbear P ,r 
 
 " Let me ask you a few questions. Is there not a dark spirit 
 " in your Board, which is actuated by sinister motives ; which 
 " cautiously shuns the light ; and, yet, which actively, and insid- 
 ** iously, and powerfully operating, subjects some of its members, 
 ** unawares, to its deleterious influence; and makes them the 
 " dupes of a miserable intrigue. On what other principle can 
 " you account for the recent proceedings in the choice of a tutor 
 
 " — How should it happen that six out often should unite in 
 
 " without his being previously named to the Board ? Was it the 
 4i effect of accident or design ? Not the former certainly : as 
 ** well might you say, that accident produced a world." — ** In- 
 " deed I have no hesitation in saying, that instead of honest wis- 
 " dom, it must have been the result of wicked design." — " And 
 u sir, the circumstances will ever carry to an impartial world, so 
 " far as they are known, prima facie evidence of this truth : — es- 
 
 *' pecially when it comes to be know, that was literally a 
 
 *' graduate of yesterday; that he had taken a leading and active 
 
 " part in the College difficulties, siding with S against the 
 
 " president. Nay, who was openly so implacable in his hostility 
 " to the latter, as to have intemperately declared, that he would 
 " never accept a diploma, if it must bear on its margin the name of 
 " Wheelock. I would not insinuate ought against the honour or 
 " honesty of this respectable Board — but 1 do say, that under 
 " such circumstances, these sir or some of them, at least, must 
 il have been wittingly the authors, or unwittingly the dupes of a 
 « most miserable and shameful intrigue." 
 
 " Where did it originate !" — '•' It originated in an unreasona- 
 " ble and implacable hostility to president Wheelock; and good 
 " old father N s was its author." 
 
 " Hence the cry of want of orthodoxy ; too much power, &c. 
 " Hence the schism in the church and society. Hence the estab- 
 
 " lishment of S upon that schism — hence the division among 
 
 « the officers of College — hence the attempt, in every new ap- 
 " pointment, to strengthen the opposition — hence the spirit of 
 " party — which is now raging in the College — hence, possibly 
 " attempts to invade the charter rights and usages of the Insti- 
 " tution." 
 
 " Do not, do not murder the president by inches. Either im- 
 " peach; convict; and remove him, (it is your duty, if he is 
 " guilty) or support him in his rightful authority. You will nev- 
 " er be able (you and I know it) to elbow him out of his chair. 
 " He is made of the wrong stuff for that. No, sir, he will hold 
 
 7
 
 60 
 
 * it out ; and if neccessary die in the last ditch — consider thaff 
 
 • Dartmouth College was a child of his father, and his own life 
 ' has been engrafted on it — he has devoted to that Institution a 
 ' life of more industry, and of less repose, than is to be found in 
 ; that of any other man, perhaps, in New-England. You and I 
 i know it well. Has not his whole heart and soul been wrapt 
 ' up in its prospects ; in its utility ; in its prosperity. Is it not 
 ' a child of his last fond hopes and affection ? and is- it not also, 
 ; heir apparent to one moiety, at least, of his whole worldly es- 
 ; tate ? Who, else can better manage its affairs ? Or, who, 
 1 else, as president of the College, will merit more from the pub- 
 : lie, or do more for the cause of science and religion ?" 
 
 " Think and ponder well on these things. Examine, and 
 ; weigh your reasons, before you act ; before you take any im- 
 1 portant steps which you may possibly find fatal to the inter- 
 
 *' estS of the University, when it shall be too late to retrace your 
 
 " steps, or to remedy the evil." 
 
 I will now, with the same liberty, turn to the answer, dated 
 December 9th, 1811, and take the extracts more emphatically re- 
 levant to the object. They assign the reasons of the six, the no- 
 Vitiate and their associates, and lead us to guess at their spirit. 
 
 ** I sincerely lament with you the difficulties which have dis- 
 " tracted the College, during a few years ; and which in my o- 
 " pinion threaten its downfall; but I perceive, by the spirit of 
 si your letter, we should differ in opinion respecting the cause of 
 
 " these evils." " I did hope, sir, that you had a better opin- 
 
 " ion of such men as , . . . ., and 
 
 " than to suppose them capable of being the dupes of any such 
 " intrigue as you suppose." 
 
 " I do believe there is not a man in the Board of Trustees, 
 " who wishes for the removal of the president ; or that wishes to 
 " anoy him, provided he will go on in the execution of his official 
 " duties without throwing embarrassments in the way of others. 
 a The late acts of the Board prove they wish to support him : 
 " for they have associated with him such men as could afford 
 " him the most efficient aid in the instruction and government of 
 " the Institution" — ' ; I will, therefore, with much readiness, 
 " give you my opinion of the real causes of these evils, which 
 * 4 we both lament. The cause is this ; whenever you bring any 
 " man of an independant mind in contact with the president, there 
 ■' will be clashing." — 
 
 " Respecting the case of , I do not hesitate to say he was 
 
 " talked of among a number of the Trustees as a suitable person 
 li for a tutor. It was not a matter of design ; but merely an over- 
 " sight, that he was not nominated ; and none of us, who had 
 H conversed together, had a thought of his being so offensive to
 
 51 
 
 * the president. When we saw that the president was disturbed, 
 44 we immediately gave up our candidate. 
 
 " Thus I have been plain in the statement of my opinion. 
 " Such is my view of the real cause of those difficulties. 1 am 
 44 willing to tell the president, himself, that I firmly believe a 
 ** determination in him to be the 4 omnis homo' of that College is 
 " the cause of these lamentable troubles. He has been told that 
 ** he has proclaimed a war of extermination ; and that nothing 
 " will satisfy him, but the removal of every man, who may ever 
 *' turn to express and maintain opinions of their own." 
 
 The Grecian cannot be concealed in Trojan armour. To 
 this very letter we appeal for subsidiary evidence of what has 
 been declared : — through its shaded texture the truth is discover- 
 ed to a discerning eye. The interested author has justly limited 
 the duration of the difficulties to a few years, fully implying as 
 has been abundantly shown, that till then, the reign of peace had 
 •extended down — yes there had been harmony near thirty years 
 between the officers and the president, and the Hoard and the 
 president. Never did they treat him as an alien, nor persecute 
 him, nor charge him with assumption: for he felt himself their 
 faithful servant, devoted to their interest: and without jealousies, 
 surmises, and detractions, they cordially encouraged his labours. 
 It was through the grace of God by such confidential feelings, 
 and undissembled co-operations, (we repeat it, for we dwell on 
 those times with mournful joy) that the Institution was raised 
 from the dust to its eminent height, and scarcely a year which 
 was not marked by some distinguished acquisition to its advan- 
 tage. 
 
 But how was the scene changed within " those feiv years" af- 
 ter the difficulties commenced ! And how did they commence ? 
 «ot by any neglect of duty, or breach of trust in the executive 
 officers; but by a party that rose up against them and the reli- 
 gious institution in the College. By a member of the board, who 
 by secret management, by direct and indirect means drew others 
 into his interest combined with that of the party — by their applying 
 the Phillips fund, and patronizing the professor of theology to 
 build up that party — and in return for their strict fidelity, sacri- 
 ficing to it the rights and privileges, and comforts of the officers, 
 and the ancient establishment. Those trustees still went on to 
 extend their alliance to particular ministers of the gospel, and 
 other individuals, who were attached to the cause of these parti- 
 sans, and gradually blended with it the influences, the interest, 
 and the character of the seminary. They united in their plan 
 the idea of an entire change in its former principles and order, 
 and received, in their turn, countenance and support from allies 
 whom they were favouring. To promote this end they concent- 
 ered their suffrages only in such men to fill the vacancies of the 
 Board and executive department, as embraced their creed, und 
 understood their signs, uud manmuvres, but especially embued with
 
 52 
 
 jealousy and hatred to the president, and friends of the former 
 system. 
 
 It is needless to repeat what is contained in the preceding sheets 
 — Whoever you are, sir that wrote this letter, read them ; they 
 are the history of facts and truth ; — you will tindthem emblazon- 
 ed by the recorded resolves of your associates in the Board. Can 
 you realize, as you seem to suppose, that men, eminent in the 
 public confidence, can do no wrong, or that wrong measures may 
 be sheltered under the splendour of their name, or receive ano- 
 ther nature from their reputation. Did the councils do right, 
 who persecuted Athanasius into the wilderness and into caves ? 
 or the council which banished Chrysostom to the inhospitable re- 
 gion of the Caspian ? Or the council that sentenced John Huss to 
 the stake ? Or, finally, that which interdicted Martin Luther ? 
 But all these councils, in succession, were thought in their days 
 especially, by their own parties, to consist of very honourable and 
 respectable characters. You do not think your partners could be 
 duped by N s. But mark the fact — there is plentiful evi- 
 dence ; the very plan that he was author of, and at first stood 
 alone in, they have since been zealously executing — he brought 
 the galley to the point and they were, after, tugging at the oars 
 with him. Whatever you may say of the charge, please to cast 
 your eye a little back, on the diagnostic in a vote, which seems 
 to show that he still stands pretty high in your list. 
 
 Can it, sir, be believed, they never stoop to intrigue ? Turn 
 only to the case of the tutor. Your own acknowledgment that 
 the fraternity consulted and agreed together, on a person, apart 
 from the Board, and without nomination proceeded to act, gives 
 the shape of the animal-— but add its true appendages and nat- 
 ural color; and then what will you call the monster? 
 
 Your letter expresses their wishes to support the president, as 
 they had associated with him men, who could afford him most ef- 
 ficient aid.* I have nothing to say of the professors, but that 
 they might be useful in elements to which their minds and tempers 
 are adapted. But we have seen how they have been elected, and 
 to what end. Was it to be expected that they would forget those, 
 who had elected them, and given them their importance ? Was it 
 to be expected that they would thwart those very projects for 
 which they had been selected ? Did any man conceive that they 
 would comfort and assist the President f This would be expecting 
 too much of human nature. AVith strong forbodings of these evils 
 at an early period, he wrote a letter to one, soon after his ap- 
 pointment, dictated by that frank disposition and benevolent wish- 
 es, which might tend to produce accommodating habits. But, 
 what is an affectionate address more than a bulrush to stop the 
 
 * Was it to support the president, that Mr. P . . . an inveterate enemy of the president, was 
 voted for as tutor, doubtless by the re commendation of the professors or of one of them.' audi 
 (hat persons were appointed to whom he objected ?
 
 53 
 
 «cean, against feelings attuned and disciplined to the passion of a 
 league ? 
 
 It is insinuated, that the President makes difficulties, and clogs 
 the wheels. — Did not those compeers in the Board calculate and 
 expect, as the consequence of their devices, and train of matches, 
 that he would startle when scorched, and rise in opposition ; and, 
 thus, give ground of complaint, and, then, they might proceed to 
 a decisive step against him ? And have they not, in a formal 
 manner, on motion of Mr. N — s, called their professors before the 
 Board, and enquired, if they knew of any instance of failure or 
 impropriety in the discharge of his duties ? The nugatory result 
 is well known.* — Long he discerned the ordeal of heated plough- 
 shares, and directed his course with cautious steps. Repeatedly 
 did he intreat the Board and individual members, or any others, 
 to tell him in what he had done amiss — to bring forward any 
 charge against him whatever, whether defect in capacity, or sci- 
 ence, or in religious principles, or neglect or abuse of his trust, 
 or any immoral or dishonourable action as a man. If there were 
 reports (and that there were, and black ones too) — why did they 
 not bring the reporters forward ? and why did these not appear, 
 as desired, with their proofs ? 
 
 To these importunities they had no reasonable reply, and we 
 challenge the whole band, Trustees and companions, of the new 
 model — to produce an instance of usurpation, or want of strict 
 fidelity in conforming to their laws, and discharging his duties. 
 We believe he possesses too much elevation of mind to he delight- 
 ed with animosities and contentions, that quagmire of vermin. 
 If firmly to retain the religion of his fathers, consecrated by di- 
 vine revelation ; — of peace and good will to all men ; if to retain 
 principles sanctioned by the experience of ages ; to be inviolably 
 attached to the original establishment and design of the seminary, 
 may be called contention, then is he contentious. If, when in- 
 dividuals of a corporation, formed into a corps, to promote an 
 interest apart from their trust, they apply the funds, not according 
 to the well known will of donors ; when they enter into ties of 
 close connexion with a religious party, sot. upon no regular prin- 
 ciples of former usage, and hostile to the old establishment, erected 
 in and for the benefit of the College, and recognised as in good 
 standing; when they withdrew from it the means of its existence, 
 (and which the Board had always considered as intrusted with 
 them to aftbrd) to support a recent establishment of their new 
 friends; when they wrest from the officers, with their families, 
 and associates, their religious rights and privileges, and. in the 
 unavoidable result of their measures, assign them in chains to 
 the wheels of the car of their new made chiefs; when in their 
 revolutionary career for their own purpose and that of their sect, 
 \hey violate the charter, appoint ministers, and practice secret 
 
 * Thtir disclosures amounud onlv tn riilioulom tcll-ialci.
 
 •methods, and open violence to clear every remaining obstacle 
 from their path ; if after this a sigh or a groan is a mark of con- 
 tention, then is he contentious. What sensations may be excited 
 even by a respectful petition and submissive proposal may be 
 seen by hie address to them, and their resolutions 3 at the end of 
 these sheets. 
 
 THE INSTRUCTION AND GOVERNMENT FROM 
 THE YEAR 1811, TO THE YEAR 1815. 
 
 DURING the events, which occupied our last attention, and 
 not long after the adjourned meeting of the Trustees, Mr. Moore 
 with his family arrived at the college (his communications con- 
 fined to those interested in his appointment) and took his station 
 with the other two professors. We may form some idea of his 
 duties by the vote of the Board, at their preceding annual session, 
 when he was elected. 
 
 " August 30, 1811. Resolved, that it shall, among other 
 " things, be the duty of the professor of languages, elect, if he 
 *•' shall accept the appointment, to hear recitations in the learn- 
 :i ed languages, according to such arrangements as are or shall 
 " be made by the executive authority ; that he shall deliver lec- 
 '* tures on the languages to the students once, in four weeks, 
 " during the year ensuing; and, after that time, as often as the 
 " Trustees shall direct." 
 
 Of instructors in the College, distinct from the medical depart-, 
 ment, there were, then, and the same number has been since con- 
 tinued by the Trustees, besides the president, three professors, 
 and two tutors. The president, in addition to his attention to 
 the religious and other exercises in the chapel and the general 
 regulations that devolved on him, always had and continued to 
 have the particular care of the instruction of the senior class ; 
 the two tutors, as was expected and had been the usage, one in- 
 structing a class, had the care of the sophomore and freshman 
 classes; it remained that provision be made only for the junior 
 class, and the talents of two professors be employed. 
 
 On a former occasion, we took notice of the duties and services 
 of the professor of theology. In the short periods of former times, 
 when there had been two tutors, Dr. Smith, professor of languages.
 
 55 
 
 in addition to ordinary classical services, instructed in Hebrew * 
 and Mr. Hubbard, professor of mathematics and philosophy, de- 
 voted part of his attention, and delivered a number of public lec- 
 tures. His successor, on coming into office, contemplated the 
 same object ; but there were causes to produce a postponement • 
 the necessity of some time to prepare, of some new books, and 
 some philosophical instruments : An important part of the two 
 latter were received above a year ago ; but, perhaps, more of 
 these are still desirable, and more also of the first. The new 
 professor of the languages, likewise, according to the order of 
 the Board, proposed to enter on a course of public lectures ; but 
 he wanted, first, to attend to some preparatory studies, and to 
 obtain an acquaintance with the Hebrew dialect. The instruction 
 of the junior class is but little more arduous, if any, than the la- 
 bour assigned to either of the tutors, especially of the sophomore 
 class; the literary attention of the two professors was chiefly confin- 
 ed to the first, each with a salary above those of both the tutors. 
 Not a lecture has been delivered by either of these professors, 
 the majority of the Board acquiescing with their vote at rest. 
 
 But other duties and other purposes in the mean time were in- 
 tended by their appointment. These have, in part, appeared in 
 surveying the plan of operations, and the machinery employed : 
 more will be revealed, as we extend our view down the annals of 
 truth. 
 
 Instruction was quietly conducted, in the above manner, till a 
 
 short time before the meeting of the Board, in August, 1813 
 
 A private hint was then dropt by one (not less than a professor) 
 in close affinity with the source of action, that a motion Mould be 
 made to alleviate the burden of the president by transferring the 
 recitations of his class to the professors. Nothing on the subject 
 though strongly expected, was brought into public view, while 
 the trustees were in session— nothing suggested to him by any of 
 them — but after they rose, a slip, left perhaps through mistake, 
 was accidentally noticed among the fragments of their papers, 
 on the table, with this inscription : 
 
 " Resolved, that the president shall be relieved from his long 
 " supported labour of attending to the recitations of the senior 
 " class ; and that this duty shall devolve on the professors for 
 " the time being; and that the president be requested to examine 
 " the senior class, occasionally, at his discretion, in the subjects 
 •'< of their studies." It appeared, to those acquainted, the hand 
 writing of Mr. N— s, and carries its own evidence. 
 
 As before, all things afterwards, remained in silence ; and thus, 
 the internal state, and disposal of the classes, continued invariable 
 until the adjourned meeting of the Board, in November, 1814.— 
 Then convened those trustees, with minds harmoniously marshal- 
 led, by the experiments and address of four years, in the system 
 of occult management. For evidence, we can only as before, ap- 
 peal to votes and facts, which will be brought into view
 
 56 
 
 We ought to rejoice that the three Professors, iii easy circum- 
 stances, are proprietors of buildings for the accommodations of 
 their families and friends. To their houses conveniently near to 
 each other, these confidential associates have repaired, in appro- 
 priate assignments, for the hospitalities of domestic abode and in- 
 tercourse, during the late sessions — There these strangers to the 
 more important interests of the seminary could receive informa- 
 tion from their ministers and dependants (whose short acquaint- 
 ance and knowledge of it has been confined to their classical 
 ratine) of the practical state and present aspect of their plans : — 
 and there, in their secret laboratories they could mingle sugges- 
 tions, and form projects. We will lay open the facts. 
 
 " M an annual meeting of the Trustees of Dartmouth College 
 " August 22, 18t-i, and holden by adjournment on the 8th day of 
 " November following : 
 
 " PRESENT 
 
 « JOHN WHEELOCK,Presi't 
 « STEPHEN JACOB, 
 « TIMOTHY FARRAR, 
 " ELIJAH PAINE, 
 « CHARLES MARSH, 
 " ASA McFARLAND, 
 « JOHN SMITH, 
 " SETH PAYSON* 
 On the eleventh of said November, the last day of their session, 
 the members convened, the regular business before them finished, 
 and the Board as if on the wing to rise, when Mr. Marsh came 
 forward with a paper. t — He expressed a hope that the President 
 would take no exceptions, the object being only to lighten the 
 pressure of his long and arduous labours, from which he ought to 
 be relieved — then added, that he had in his hand the form of a 
 resolution, and hoped it might be adopted. — He read it, as 
 follows : — 
 
 " Whereas, the duties of the President of this university have 
 <; become very multiplied and arduous ; and, whereas, it is neces- 
 " sary, that he should continue to attend to the concerns of this 
 '* Institution, and the various officers and departments thereof: 
 " and should have time to prepare and lay before this Board the 
 « business, to which its attention should be directed ;" 
 
 " Therefore, resolved, that, in order to relieve the President 
 " from some portion of the burdens, which unavoidably devolve 
 
 * Dr. P is an honest man. He had been nominated two years !>efore by one of the old 
 
 friends of the College in the Boardjbutit was then strenuously opposed by one of the majority 
 living in his vicinity. The mind of the former was not then known or prepared ; but in Au- 
 gust 1813, he was strenuously, as in the reverse before, recommended by the latter and was elect- 
 ed by bis parly to be a member. From its leaders he has received all his information, and they 
 have been careful to secure his prejudices and attachment as of others whom they elect. 
 
 t Mr. N was detained in body ; but his spirit was with the artizans of the structure, 
 
 whose foundation stone he had laid.
 
 ft 
 
 " on him, that in future he be excused from hearing the recita- 
 " tions of the senior class in Locke, Edwards, Stewart." 
 
 f< Resolved, that the professors Shurtliff and Moore, jointly 
 " supply the pulpit, in such manner as may be agreed between 
 " them."—" That professor Shurtliff hear the recitation of the 
 " senior class in Edwards on the Will :" " That professor Adams 
 " hear the recitation of the senior class in Locke, on the Human 
 " Understanding :" " That professor Moore hear the recitation 
 " of the senior class in Stewart's philosophy of the mind ; and 
 " that he hear them recite in both volumes of that work." 
 
 Not a word said, but a motion soon made and seconded to pass 
 it. The president then wished to remark, if not out of order, that 
 the matter was interesting to the seminary, and to him ; that it 
 was new, as it had never been brought into any inquiry or dis- 
 cussion in the Board, nor had he ever been conferred with, nor 
 even an idea intimated to him on the subject by any individual of 
 the trustees or officers ; that intellectual philosophy was a favor- 
 ite pursuit, and with delight, from the first of his office, had he* 
 heard the senior class in this branch of science ; that scarcely 
 had he ever omitted a single exercise, never unless imperiously 
 prevented by sickness, or called away to obtain support for the 
 institution ; and never had he heard of the least complaint or dis- 
 satisfaction from the Board, or from any individual of the thirty- 
 five classes whom he had taught, or from any others. Mr. Jacob, 
 to whom the subject was also wholly new and unexpected, oppos- 
 ed the motion : and one of their own number faintly proposed ; 
 whether, as the president said he had no knowledge of the thing 
 before, they would not judge it better to put it over to the next 
 meeting ? But no reply, no remark — the object seemed familiar 
 to them, and their minds organically attuned to the work. The 
 vote was called, and passed. The class were, thus suddenly, taken, 
 from the instruction of the president, in the midst of an intricate 
 chapter of metaphysics, and consigned over, in their next recita- 
 tion, to a professor ; who had never expressed much love or de- 
 votedness to that branch; and perhaps, never reviewed the author 
 since he was graduated. 
 
 The president, considering the peculiarity of the resolution and 
 its circumstances, proposed, if it might not be deemed improper, 
 to ask, What could induce the trustees to a measure, so novel 
 aud surprising ? No reply made — he renewed his desire ; adding, 
 that conscious of the most scrupulous and cheerful, and he had 
 hoped successful fidelity, he had no conception of the cause, and 
 was bewildered in the business. Mr. Marsh, (who seemed the 
 organ of those members in the whole affair) at length made an- 
 swer ; that it was a very delicate matter, and they did not wish 
 to hurt his feelings — but he would venture to mention a thing as. 
 a great secret ; and wished it might be so considered and kept — 
 he understood the class were dissatisfied with the instructions. 
 The president asked, in what respects ? aud, whether any. and 
 8
 
 58 
 
 \vho had ever expressed it ? Mr. M — gave no solution of the 
 last — and his answer seemed rather indefinite to the first ; it im- 
 plied as if some points were not explained with sufficient minute- 
 ness ; and then went on, and inquired how much in Edwards on 
 the Will, had occupied each recitation ? He was answered, that 
 as there was a great difference between the different parts of this 
 author, in abstruseness and simplicity of reasoning, so the differ- 
 ence was proportionate in the number of pages for each -recita- 
 tion — from fifteen to twenty, large type, in his more abstract chap- 
 ters — that much explanation and discussion was necessary to 
 give the students just and clear ideas, and in guarding against 
 fatalism on the one hand and independence on the other — that 
 the students had always been invited, and freely indulged, in ask- 
 ing any question, or proposing any doubt for solution, on whatever 
 point they desired — and that more time had, in general, been spent 
 at their recitations than at thosfe of the other classes. He was 
 persuaded that the insinuations were unfounded; and lamented 
 that, instead of ushering abruptly, the whole matter into, and 
 striking the blow, in the last instant, the very heal of the session, 
 the authors of the resolve, or some one of them, had not given on- 
 ly a few hours notice of the object, and then the truth could have 
 appeared. He felt that the class could not but be, in general, sat- 
 isfied, except some solitary individuals, whose minds had been 
 worked over and drawn, by some confederated leader and dark 
 agent, meerly for a handle to subserve the base party purpose of 
 cruelty. 
 
 The president proceeded It is publicly known, that those 
 
 professors were appointed for instruction in particular branches, 
 and accordingly to deliver periodical lectures. It is publicly 
 known, what they have done, and that they never have delivered 
 a single lecture in philosophy or the languages, as ordered. Why 
 have you not seen to the discharge of duties which you ordered to 
 be performed ? Why have you, habitually, suffered these to be 
 wholly neglected ; and have continued to pay the public monies 
 to the officers, the same as if the services had been rendered ? 
 Why, now, like the unexpected explosion of a volcano, suddenly 
 derange the literary order of the institution ? Why, now, wrest 
 the instruction of intellectual philosophy from the hands of him 
 who had always attended to it, and made it a particular object of 
 pursuit ? Why violently cut this science into piece-meals, all to 
 be taught to the same class, a part by him designated professor of 
 mathematics and philosophy ; a second part by him denominated 
 Phillips professor of theology ; a third part by him stiled pro- 
 fessor of the languages : men, as supposed by the model of their 
 minds, their former habits of attention, and their professorial ap- 
 pointments, who did not calculate for an inscription of fame in 
 that science on their monuments ? He had conceived, that while 
 he was fit to take the care of the instruction and government, with 
 *he assistance of the tutors and professors, he had a right even by
 
 59 
 
 uharter to teach in the present state of things, and unless good 
 reasons to the contrary be shown, this branch in which he had 
 always instructed. The only remark in return was by Mr.Marsh — 
 *« If you do go on contrary to the resolution of the Board, you will 
 take the responsibility on yourself." The president added no 
 more ; but, that he saw the object at which they aimed, and lhat 
 he was prepared for any thing they should chuse to do. Mr. 
 Marsh then moved, whether it were not expedient to appoint some 
 person, in case the President should resign or die before their next 
 meeting, to take his place. Professor Shurtliff was named. The 
 President then enquired whether they had determined to throw the 
 charter wholly aside, which had made the most ample and explicit 
 provision in such a case. Mr. Marsh then hesitated, queried, 
 looked at the charter book, and was silent. 
 
 The account of the foregoing extraordinary votes, facts and 
 eircumstances, necessarily conduct to the following remarks, aud 
 justify the inferences that will arise. 
 
 1. Bring now in a range before our eyes the secret communi- 
 cation made, as before noticed, by one of those professors, of an 
 intended attempt to change the instruction of the senior class ! — 
 the vote soon after, in August 1813, discovered among the loo»e 
 papers of the trustees at their meeting ! — the resolution in No- 
 vember 181*, just exhibited ! all to the same effect. Consider the 
 intimate and domiciliary connexion between those trustees and 
 their three professors, t'«e partition of the instructions of the 
 three authors between them, the introduction of the second volume 
 of Stewart, and the arrangement for the pulpit, which never 
 could have been made without consulting the ideas and feelings 
 of these professors, if it be not more easy to suppose the plan first 
 suggested by them, or one of them, to their legislative associates, 
 prepared, in concert, to enforce it by a deadly fiat. See the crea- 
 ture bursting from darkness into light- an evil spirit, with hide- 
 ous features, led by its parents from their murky cavern into the 
 Board, to receive its mark in their own vote, and then let loose ! 
 Can such a transaction have a place hut in the chain of plots and 
 intrigues to subserve the sinister purposes of a party, at the ex- 
 pense of the purest moral and literary interest of man? And what 
 is a Board or corporation when deliberation is banished, and it 
 becomes a meer organ to the resolves of individuals in retired 
 meetings ? 
 
 2. If the charter of the College is any thing more than a dead 
 letter ; if the rights of the President, enrolled in it, are of any ac- 
 count ; if he is faithful, and has not justly forfeited a title to the 
 office ; on what principle were the Trustees authorized to inter- 
 dict his instructions of the students ? to introduce new authors, 
 and new arrangements in their exercises, without the pretence of 
 a reason, without the least notice, without even offering an oppor- 
 tunity for the suggestion of his views or opinion on the subject ? 
 It cannot be marked bv a better name than usurpation when a
 
 60 
 
 body of meii exercise their power beyond the limits prescribed by 
 the grant of the sovereign ; — nor by a better name than oppres* 
 sion, when they deprive ministers of the rights of office, to which 
 they are entitled. And the body, whicli make their charter a 
 convenience for their own protection, and for private and party 
 purposes, abandon the design of their Institution, to become inju- 
 rious to the public good. But can the Trustees add to disrespect, 
 to the boundaries of their power, a disregard to the claims of hu- 
 manity ? For what cause have a number df them associated in 
 arms to afflict and destroy the President ? For what, under the 
 semblance of friendship are reproaches heaped on him, who has 
 spent his life for the Institution, in study and toils, who resuscitat- 
 ed the College and School from ruins, and obtained by his own ex- 
 ertions and solicitations that wealth, those resources now employ- 
 ed by them to convert those venerable establishments of religion 
 and science into the machiues of a plodding party. Look, where 
 you will on the internal or external existence of the seminary and 
 you see the effects of his past labours : — and now he is led a vic- 
 tim in silence, that the public repose be not disturbed, and offered 
 on their altar, d'Enghein in the grove, Pichegreu in the prison ! 
 But we have a word more to say. 
 
 The following statement shows the unrelenting spirit of the men. 
 
 On his first arrival at College Professor Moore received, an in- 
 vitation from the College church, destitute, shattered, and oppress- 
 ed by the acts and measures already recorded, and from a great 
 portion of the citizens in the district, holders of more than half 
 the property, and attached to the old religious order of things. It 
 expressed their earnest wishes, that he would consent to take 
 some pastoral care for them, not in any way interfering with his 
 official concerns, nor with Mr. Shurtliff and those under his 
 charge. After this application he and another Professor with 
 him, it was said, made a visit to their particular friend, at Wood- 
 stock. Returning from that place he soon wrote an answer with 
 expressions of his good will for the success of their church, but 
 an absolute negative to their desire — and proceeded immediately, 
 and joined in communion, with the professorial pastor and his 
 party. The new professor, however, stood in occasional readiness, 
 and supplied vacancies, during the three years ; but holding him- 
 self in reserve, at the call of his patrons, to promote their end. 
 Matters, in the progress of operations, at length prepared, they 
 have associated him coHeague with their former incumbent, in 
 the pulpit; who proclaimed the same publickly, and that, it 
 would in future be expected, the ordinary parochial fees be equal- 
 ly divided between them. — Who was the officious agent of this 
 resolution ? Was private advice given, three years before from 
 the same source, leading to the same exterminating effect ? Thus 
 the President's proposal which if it had been accepted might 
 have restored peace to the college, was rejecied. This is not the 
 first time, that by a single act, they might have ended all dis»
 
 61 
 
 putes. However those men, irahodied in designs and practices, 
 may profess an impartial regard to the cause of religion, justice 
 and literature, we have only to recur to the tenor of their votes 
 and proceedings to find the truth. Such a history will tell no 
 lies. It shows by the records of the former pages with what ob- 
 stinate zeal they have supported a schism, ana nurtered it to be- 
 come the common cause of a sect or party. — It shows how they 
 have distinguished themselves among its leaders by attempts to 
 convert this seminary into a theatre for their triumphs — how to 
 subserve the purpose of their ambition they have proceeded to un- 
 dermine its establishments and demolish its principles, to trans- 
 form its moral and its literary order — how they have battered 
 down the bulwark of the charter, and set up their own despotism 
 and new modelled the form of government : Yes, they have, with- 
 out any cause, destroyed the constitutional rights of the presi- 
 dential office, and invested them in others. To the proofs already 
 brought of this, I add that act, passed in their late meeting, more 
 explicit than the one before noticed, in 1811. It refers to those 
 holding entertainments or treats, the penalty to be iuflicted " at 
 the discretion of a majority of the executive officers." The mat- 
 ter of the law is good, and it ever had been strictly and harmoni- 
 ously executed. Why then this arbitrary transfer of rightful trust? 
 The reader finds a clue in the record of facts to solve the pro- 
 blem.* 
 
 We leave their arrangements of instruction and government, 
 and will turn our eyes on the property in their hands. 
 
 V. OF THE PROPERTY AND EXPENDITURES OF 
 
 THE COLLEGE FROM THE FEAR 180« 
 
 TO THE YEAR 1815. 
 
 IT has been made manifest how the College, by the kind 
 providence of God, was revived from its expiring state in 1769 — 
 how it was raised up to flourish in its number,and in its internal state 
 — how its oppresive debts were all discharged — and how it became 
 possessed of buildings, estates, funds, and means of improvement, 
 until the consumation of the whole in the close of the year 1808. 
 It was then the proprietor of upwards of forty thousand acres of 
 wild land and many thousands, besides, yielding annual rents, and 
 bonds and notes on interest of a considerable amount for former 
 tuition, in the treasury. 
 
 Since that period, it has received no grant, no donation, no 
 
 • Some of the most distinguislietl authors of thosr imieliioin, dnorff»nizirtt* arts \\\r m the 
 State of Vermont.
 
 63 
 
 gratuitous endowment of any consequence. Its interests have 
 
 been palsied ; and we have seen the melancholy causes. Of the 
 
 then amount of its annual incomes, we may form an idea from a 
 
 statement of the treasurer for the last year. 
 
 " From rents on leases of lands, gl338 28 
 
 *' Rents of rooms and accommodations to students, 507 52 
 
 *' Tuition to students at 5 25 cts. to each stu-> ' AA .. 
 ■ , >■ 29-10 00 
 
 dent per quarter ^ 
 
 " Other items amounting to 255 00 
 
 85040 80' 
 
 At the former time there was a considerable increasing a- 
 mount in the treasury above the annual demand of payments. But, 
 since, by the measures, and applications of that ruling party, in 
 the board, the annual incomes have been nearly exhausted. With 
 what economy and propriety the expenditures have been made, the 
 result of facts will exhibit. 
 
 " M an annual meeting of the Board of Trustees at Dartmouth 
 College, August 23d, 1810. 
 " Voted, that the Professors of Divinity, Mathematics and 
 " Philosophy, and the Languages, in future receive each a salary 
 " of six hundred dollars a year, instead of five hundred dollars as 
 " heretofore established." 
 
 M the very next meeting of the Trustees, August 2$th, 1811, and 
 on the day when they had elected Mr. Moore, the following re- 
 solve was passed by them — 
 
 " Voted that the Treasurer be directed to pay to the Profes- 
 " sors of Divinity, and Mathematics and Philosophy, the sum of 
 " one hundred dollars, eacb, for their services the year past, in 
 " addition to their salary of six hundred dollars each/' Besides 
 the perquisites, in the use of lands annexed to their respective of- 
 fices, yielding about sixty or seventy dollars per annum. It was 
 expected that the same would be afterwards continued, and was 
 presented, among the motives to the professor of the languages, 
 that it should also extend to him. Those three professors have 
 accordingly since received that allowance. 
 
 It has appeared, what the services of the professor of theology 
 were, in former times, and which have continued the same, ex- 
 cept that the last year, he delivered near one lecture a fortnight 
 — it has been equally manifest what the services of the two oth- 
 er professors were during the three last years. If now in the re- 
 sult of a comparison, conviction should arise (and it gains strength 
 by inquiry) that the whole of the labours of the three professors 
 have not, at most, exceeded in quantity or quality, what had been 
 before cheerfully performed by two professors, the unavoidable 
 inferrence must be an unprofitable expenditure of the public mo
 
 63 
 
 ney. Seven hundred and sixty dollars, the salary and perquisite* 
 of one professor, and annexed to it the special allowance of two- 
 hundred dollars to the others, making nine hundred and sixtv dol- 
 lars annually which might have been saved. This ought to have been 
 devoted to the support of an establishment, yielding a new acces- 
 sion of intellectual wealth to the 9tudents : — Or it ought not to 
 have been received (under the illusive show of advantages embel- 
 lished with professorial titles) from the parents or guardians of 
 the students ; for chiefly on tuition do the trustees depend to re- 
 munerate instruction ; and never can they in justice draw from 
 that source for services which experience has proved are not e- 
 quivalent. Nor is the evil removed by a few recitations added 
 to the labour of the professors, which the trustees braving the 
 rights of charter, abruptly and violently wrested from the presi- 
 dent, and assigned to them. But those gentle duties, and grants, 
 and assortments, made by the contrivance and overbearing force 
 of a corps in the Board, they no doubt considered as important 
 means to promote their own end ; no doubt the recipients were 
 gratified; no doubt they have made returns, estimated as answer- 
 able to the hopes ; and valuable as the courtesy of their patrons 
 and party. 
 
 It would be useless to retrace the origin and fate of the 
 Phillips fund, but not irrelevant here to recollect that in the year 
 1804* its annual amount by leases, was 8263. Some small rents 
 have been added to it ; but no accumulation of interest, according 
 to the donor's will, has or ever will be made, according to the pres- 
 ent mode of conduct. The inadequate sum is still mingled by the 
 trustees in the common mass of income at the treasury* and paid 
 out for what we have seen. The mind is prepared by this to 
 proceed to other scenes, in which, the leading characters the same, 
 it is conducted through a traiu of events to extraordinary and 
 more recent consequences. 
 
 Doctor Wheelock, after the death of his father, followed his 
 footsteps through incessant toils and labours, under clouds of 
 darkness, amidst obstaeles, in trials and perplexities, to build up 
 a seminary founded in faith, owned by God, and encouraged by 
 the friends of religion and man. We have glanced at his under- 
 takings, his attention to instruction and the internal concerns, the 
 reliefs, the funds and accommodations for the College and School 
 obtained by him, and, besides, his acts of beneficence. It is pro- 
 per to place mere fully in view a part of the last, from the effects 
 which became interesting in the sequel. The reference is partic- 
 ularly to compensations for his early services ; and we will cast 
 our eyes on the records of the Institution. 
 
 " At an annual meeting of the Hon. Board of Trustees at Dart - 
 " mouth College, September 21st, 1782 ? ' — " Resolved, that this 
 " Board esteem the finances of the College such as will not ad- 
 " mit a compensation to the president any way adequate lo his 
 " station and services — as we esteem cue thousand dollars per
 
 (54 
 
 * 
 " annum to lie his just due ; yet, considering that his circunistan- 
 " ces require something to be advanced towards his support, the 
 " Board hereby order that one thousand dollars be granted to 
 " him, in part payment for his services as pesident for three 
 " years last past." 
 
 " The foregoing resolution being communicated to the presi- 
 " dent, he signified his intention not to accept any pecuniary re- 
 " ward for his past services, on account of the reduced state of 
 " the finances of the College; yet he had the highest sense of 
 " the liberality of the Board in their resolution for granting him 
 " one thousand dollars," — " therefore, 
 
 u Resolved, that this Board have the most grateful sense of 
 " the liberality of the Hon. President of this University, in the 
 i; generous donation of three thousand dollars due to him, which 
 " he has this day generously made for the benefit of this Institu- 
 4 < tion ; and beg that their thankful acknowledgements for this, 
 " and many other singular favours, may be acceptable to the Pre- 
 « sident." 
 
 Though, from that period, in the course of the four succeed- 
 ing years, many of the debts of the College and School had been 
 discharged, and very considerable acquisitions of property had 
 been made ; still of this a great part was unproductive, consist- 
 ing of real estate, subsidiary aids to mental improvement, and 
 money in expectancy. Besides, provision was to be made for the 
 expenses of erecting the new building, and demands were arising 
 from the claims of the grantees under the first charter of the 
 township of Landaff. Doctor Wheelock therefore had nothing 
 for himself. 
 
 " M an annual meeting of the Board of Trustees of Dartmouth 
 College, at said College, September 22d, 17S6." 
 " This Board, taking into consideration, that the Hon. Pre- 
 " dent Wheelock hath received no compensation for his services, 
 " since he hath been in office — that in the year 1782, he gener- 
 " ously declined accepting a reward for services prior to that 
 " date, since which time, a reasonable compensation for his ser- 
 " vices, in his said office of president, is justly due; considering 
 " also the low state of the College finances, which renders us 
 " unable to make that compensation, which might be reasonably 
 " expected, were our funds more ample — Resolved, that there be. 
 " and hereby is granted to the Hon. John Wheelock, Esq. presi- 
 " dent of this College, for his labours and services in the inter- 
 " est of this College, two hundred pounds lawful money, salary 
 " per annum, from commencement, A. D. 1782, to the present 
 " time, and for the year ensuing : and his said salary to rise, so 
 " fast as the finances of the College will admit, until it amount 
 " to three hundred pounds per annum." 
 
 " In consequence of a communication of the foregoing reso- 
 " lution, the Hon. President Wheelock, by a writing under his
 
 65 
 
 K hand, datfed this day, and founded on said resolution, signified 
 t; his desire that the Board accept of eight hundred pounds due 
 " to him from the College, for his services from the year one 
 " thousand seven hundred and eighty two to this day, provided 
 " he shall die before he shall have made a particular arrange- 
 " ment for the application of said sum ;• — and that in case of his 
 " decease, as aforesaid, this Board consider the said sum as his 
 " free donation and gift to the Trustees, to be applied as they 
 « shall think proper, for some permanent fund for some office of 
 " the College." " Whereupon, 
 
 " Resolved, that the thanks of this Board be rendered to the 
 " Hon. president Wheelock, for the foregoing communication of 
 " his beneficent disposition towards this literary institution ; and 
 " the Board eheerfully aceept the donation of eight hundred 
 *' pounds, by him made to the College, under the restrictions 
 " mentioned in his communication in said writing." 
 
 From this time, as before, Dr. Wheelock, besides his unremit- 
 ted attention to the instruction and government, continued to have 
 the care and management of the external concerns of the institu- 
 tion. The increasing difficulties of titles at Landaff, some old 
 debts still remaining, but especially the necessity of procuring a 
 part of the materials for the building and board for the workmen, 
 not to be furnished by the subscriptions, demanded ready money. 1 1<- 
 Mas bent on saving the residue of the old, and all the new landed 
 property,from the great loss in alienation. After all accommodations 
 made, and charities obtained for the purpose, he was, unavoidably, 
 reduced, by these causes, that the seminary might prosper, to in- 
 volve himself, personally, towards six thousand dollars. The ev- 
 idence is preserved in his aecounts— they were fairly and mi- 
 nutely kept, with their vouchers, and carefully audited. In the 
 course of these oppressive embarrassments, his family were with- 
 out the means of comfortable subsistence. He was thus obliged 
 to apply to the Board for the use of the eight hundred pounds (it 
 had been in their hands, three years) until he should be able, 
 otherwise, to obtain relief. 
 
 Accordingly the Board of Trustees, at their meeting August 
 26th, 1789 — " Voted, that the rents of the 500 acres of land in 
 " Greensborough, including the whole of Mr. Ingalls' lease be 
 " applied to the use of the president, on account of interest of his 
 " salary, which is now due prior to the past year; and that the 
 " secretary be, and, hereby is impowered to assign the leases of 
 " those lands agreeable to said resolution." 
 
 Though he was involved on its account, the College, thereby 
 became enriched ; and the foundations secured for the increase of 
 its revenues. In that and the three following jears: we have seen 
 the means obtained, the demands in the loss of Landaff and other re- 
 maining debts paid, a valuable tract of land added to the property of 
 the seminary, the moiety of Wheelock leased and shortly to yield 
 above 600 dollars, per annum, the building finished, its chamber* 
 9
 
 66 
 
 producing an annual rent of more than 300 dollars ; the yearly in- 
 come by tuition (the number of students increasing) in 1792 ex- 
 ceeding, in the treasury, at least 600 dollars, the amount in 1786. 
 The president's salary therefore, by the repeated votes of the 
 Board, ought to haye been raised, by the year 1791, if not before, 
 from two hundred to three hundred pounds, and, thus, continued 
 in future. — Others had been allowed for their care of the finances 
 from one hundred and fifty to two hundred dollars, per annum : 
 to him, as observed, was committed, the extra charge of the whole 
 management of them five years (and a part much longer) a peri- 
 od of critical and multiplied operations. 
 
 Such were the circumstances when the Board, in August 1793, 
 appointed a committee to adjust and finally settle, in their be- 
 half, all demands between them and the president — before this, 
 they were not enabled to do it to so good effect for the interest of 
 the seminary. 
 
 The committee, attending on the business, with him, he re- 
 marked, as a preliminary, that he felt no disposition, more than 
 at first, to require the payment of the 800/. and should not bring 
 it into account for settlement with them— that from necessity he 
 had received the use of it four years, but ever intended to re- 
 place it in the Board, as in 1786, and, therefore, did relinquish 
 it to them for the use of the College, according to the proposal 
 then made— that he was then enabled to gratify his desire in do- 
 ing it, being relieved from a pressure of debts on account of the 
 Seminary, and should receive a sufficiency to support his family, 
 from what they would now find otherwise due to him. As to 
 what, on a final adjustment, might fairly remain in his favor, the 
 items and evidences were before them ; he was disposed to be 
 moderate, and would rest fully satisfied with whatever they might 
 think equitable and right. After particularly examining the ac- 
 counts, and other matters of the increase of his salary, and his at- 
 tentions to the finances, they formed their result; and proposed 
 Z963 3 8, as what was right and equitable, and the Trustees 
 ought, in justice, to allow. 
 
 The whole of the above, in their distinct parts, and the modes 
 of payment of what was, then, considered unconditionally due is 
 clearly presented in a report of the committee sometime after the 
 settlement. 
 
 " The committee appointed August 1793, to settle accounts 
 ** with the Hon. president Wheelock, made report, which being 
 " read and considered— Voted, that the same be accepted ; and is 
 " as follows namely" — 
 
 " To the Hon. Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College." 
 
 " Your Committee appointed to adjust and finally settle in be- 
 " half of said board all demands between them and the Hon. John 
 " Wheelock, president of said College ; and to make a state- 
 " ment of their proceedings therein— report as follows, viz :" — 
 
 " That they find, at a meeting of the Board, 1786, they voted 
 :s to the president eight hundred pounds, as what was then due
 
 67 
 
 ** to him for his salary, for the four preceding years ; which sum 
 " of eight hundred pounds the president has now relinquished to 
 « said Trustees for the use of the College, agreeahly to a former 
 « proposal, and without any pecuniary compensation from them." 
 
 <{ That we find the balance of the president's account with Ike 
 " College amounts to the sum of one thousand six hundred and 
 lt seventy-seven pound twelve shillings and three pence in his 
 " favor, that the president has now credited the Trustees with 
 " the sum of twelve hundred pounds, which is on account of 
 " school monies received, and due from said seheol to said Col- 
 " lege; which leaves a balance, in favor of the president, of four 
 " hundred and seventy-seven pounds twelve shillings and three 
 " pence." 
 
 " It further appears by sundry votes the Board passed iu the 
 « years 1782, 1786, and 1789, they have manifested it as their 
 " opinion, that the president ought to have, and receive for his 
 " salary the sum of three hundred pounds per annum, so soon as 
 " the state of the finances will admit. That he has not received 
 " any compensation for his personal services, as. financier, for 
 " five years." 
 
 " Therefore, in consideration of the aforesaid balance of four 
 < ; hundred and seventy-seventy pounds twelve shillings and three 
 " pence : and in consideration of his personal services, as finan- 
 " cier, for five years : and, in consideration, that he relinquish- 
 <• es all claim to more than the sum of two hundred pounds, per 
 " annum, by virtue of any vote of said Board, heretofore passed, 
 " exclusive of usual fees for degrees, your committee have agreed 
 " with and directed the financier to convey to said president 
 " Wheelock the annual rents, which shall become due on about 
 « six hundred and twenty acres of land in the township of Han- 
 u over and Lebanon, being in the neighborhood of Greensborough 
 " (so called,) said rents amounting to the sum of fifty six pounds 
 << seven shillings, per annum, during the term of nine hundred 
 *' and ninety years, for which term said lands are now leased — 
 " and, also, to settle, and pay for him about eighty dollars, in 
 << sundry small balances, as by him represented to the Board, in 
 " August, 1793." 
 
 u o- iu S" JONATHAN FREEMAN, 
 "bigned by £ u ERENr BREWSTER." 
 
 Dartmouth College, August 29, 1793." 
 
 By this detail we have a clear view of the position of the eight 
 hundred pounds, how it was the whole reward for four of his sev- 
 en years arduous services, which he intended an ottering to the 
 seminary — the express proposal, on which he, immediately after 
 the vote" of payment by the Board in 1786, lodged it in their care 
 and use — the cause that obliged him afler three years to ask fur 
 the use of it, four years— and the means, by which he was ena- 
 bled to replace it for the use of the college, (as steadily intend-
 
 68 
 
 ed) on the terms originally proposed. We have, before us, the 
 whole doings of the Board with him on the subject ; and no oth- 
 er but this proposal was ever mentioned, or intended, or could be 
 referred to by the above committee. They, accordingly, and with 
 his desire wholly excepted it from the articles of pecuniary ad- 
 justment aud settlement. 
 
 Thus, the property lay in the free use of the Trustees, through 
 many revolving seasons — But, at length, he beheld the seed of 
 poison, sown by N . . . s, generating a separate interest in the 
 Board — he beheld individual members, uniting with some in the 
 neighborhood, hostile to the executive government of college — he 
 beheld them, in their progress, by insinuations and artful mea- 
 sures, gaining strength to their party — he beheld with solicitude 
 until he saw them changing the manners, and usages, and reli- 
 gious institutions, abandoning the design of the venerable Founder 
 for a purpose, of their own— he beheld them, from 1809 to 1814, 
 by laws and other measures, practising cruelty and oppression, vi- 
 olating its charter, undermining the foundation of the seminary, 
 applying its property, particularly the Phillips fund for theology, 
 to subserve their own design. With these impressions, respon- 
 sible to 6od, and with a humble desire to devote all to his glory, 
 and the good of his fellow men, he considered it incumbent to 
 save a remnant of what he had given to the College, so far as was 
 in his power, and secure the application of it, for ever, to a pro- 
 per and useful object. — Besides, twenty eight years had elapsed 
 since the deposit of the eight hundred pounds, in their hands, 
 und twenty four years it had been in their use; to which may be 
 added one year, as it might be supposed, that the proposed plan 
 could not be brought into operation before August 1815. Thus, 
 if the interest of that sum had been accumulated, annually, in the 
 principal, (as was expected and practised in Dr. Phillips' fund, 
 while it was well managed) the capital in the twenty -five years 
 would amount to a fund producing near seven hundred dollars 
 per annum, the sum allowed to the professors. If only simple in- 
 terest were added, it would constitute a capital producing above 
 four hnndred dollars, per annum, in which case, if any difficulty 
 could have arisen, he stood ready to complete the salary. 
 
 After such a lapse of time, and so long a use of this property 
 by the Trustees, and under the peculiar circumstances, which 
 led him to fear a future perversion, the donor determined to at- 
 tend to, and place it on a sale basis of lasting good to mankind. 
 Such were the benevolent motives, which led him to address the 
 following letter. 
 
 " Hanover, Octobers, 1814. 
 
 « Sir, 
 " In September 1786, 1 deposited in the hands of the Trustees 
 " of Dartmouth College the sum of eight hundred pounds, the 
 << same as two thousand six hundred and sixty six dollars and
 
 69 
 
 " sixty six cents, for their use, to be considered as my gift, as a 
 " fund to accumulate for the support of some permanent establish- 
 " ment of an instructor in said college; to be applied for that 
 " purpose by the said Trustees after my decease ; in ease I 
 " should not think proper to apply the same, while liviug, in 
 « any other way — subject to be payable by them to me, if I should 
 " think fit to dispose of it to a different purpose. 
 
 " As the said sum with its lawful accumulation by use during 
 " above twenty four years, will now be sufficient in its annual 
 •*< interest, for the durable support of an instructor in this Insti- 
 *< tution, I wish that it may be seqnestered and identified by the 
 " Trustees, without delay, for the support of a professorship, and 
 " a character, well qualified by indisputable talents, literature, 
 " and religion, be appointed to fill the same — such as the board 
 u shall elect to my approbation. — My wish is that he be a pro- 
 " fessor of Eloquence until such time, as the legacy of the Rev. 
 " Israel Evans (destined to that office) shall, in future, become 
 " sufficiently accumulated, and free for that purpose ; — and, af- 
 " terwards, that my said fund, in its interest, snail be forever, 
 " applied to support a Professor of Civil and Ecclesiastical 
 " History." 
 
 " My sincere desire is, that the Board of trustees would accept 
 " this my free donation, to be applied in the way and manner just 
 " mentioned. A regard to promote the best interests of this sem- 
 " inary, under divine providence, has induced the subscriber to 
 " make this offering; and who conceives that the instructions, 
 ** embraced by the profession of eloquence, arc now most needed for 
 " the improvement of the students; and, next to this, ecclesias- 
 •' { tical and civil history are deemed necessary." 
 
 " Should the trustees decline to accept of this donation, and 
 " apply it as aforesaid, to the foregoing purpose, I have to desire 
 " you to pay its amount to me, it being the same sum of eight 
 " hundred pounds, with the use of it twenty-four years, last Sep- 
 * ; tember ; as it will be, in such case, my desire to devote it to 
 ;< another object. 
 
 " I am, respectfully. Sir, 
 
 " your very humble servant, 
 
 JOHN WHEELOCK. 
 u The Han. William H. Woodward, 
 
 " Treasurer of Dartmouth College." 
 
 The treasurer communicated the foregoing letter to the Board, 
 at their session, November following — we have seen a list of the 
 members. Without any interchanges with Doctor Wheelork on 
 the subject,* their minutes, to which we recur, remain alone to 
 express their views and disposition. 
 
 * One of their number just remarked to T)r. Whrrlock. that it alntie vg» not jtifllrieti' 
 the support of a professor. He replied, that in juch case j; shun Id '" ra*il; up wi'nti 
 tibing or <Ier»ngitig the in«omei of the College.
 
 70 
 
 « The following resolution was presented by Mr. Marsh — 
 
 " Resolved, that the treasurer be, and he hereby is directed to 
 " pay no part, either of the principal or interest, of the sum of 
 " eight hundred pounds, intended to be granted by the Board of 
 " trustees of Dartmouth College, at its annual meeting, in the 
 " year 1786, to John Wheelock, Esq. then and now president of 
 « said College." 
 
 M Voted, that the above resolution be adopted."! 
 
 The public have the full evidence before them. They will de- 
 termine of the justice of tbe claim, and the propriety of the said 
 resolution, and whether it be a return for beneficence. He has 
 never received a cent of this money, amounting with compound 
 interest, to eleven thousand dollars — or, with simple interest, to 
 seven thousand dollars.:}: — He had devoted it in his heart among 
 the smaller pledges of attachment to the seminary, to whose exal- 
 tation he had devoted an age of ardour and action. While its 
 sanctuary of rights and principles is assailed by those of more 
 nerves than the barbarians, who spared the Stoa and Lyceum, he 
 could wish to have preserved one monument of former things 
 among its ruins : one fund yielding known and certain fruits 
 among other funds, and monies indefinitely and unprofitably used. 
 Disappointed in his hope, he feels that he has good right to re- 
 claim it — and his intention is to devote it to another charitable 
 object. 
 
 For six years Mr. William H. Woodward has had the care of 
 the finances of the College, having been treasurer four years pre- 
 ceding. His father was many years the chief counsellor and as- 
 sistant of the founder, was long a distinguished instructor, held 
 the office of vice-president, wbile Dr. Wheelock was in Europe, 
 and skilfully managed the public property in 1779 and after. His 
 son inherits his talents and integrity, and good old notions of the 
 original design of the seminary. He stands with Governor Oil- 
 man and its best friends. The members of the new league would 
 be gratified with another in his place ; but such are his calcula- 
 tions and economy in the fiscal concerns, they cannot well do 
 without him. The meer good management of its property, how- 
 ever, will not alone save a literary establishment from ruin, nor 
 render it prosperous. There ought never to be a surplusage of 
 payment for services ; — and there ought to be provided funds to 
 support instruction in the distinct branches of the professional and 
 
 + In August 1809, before the election of a professor of the languages, the president sug- 
 gested his benevolent intention to give, then, to the College upwards of three thousand dollars, 
 towards an establishment of that professorship ; but, in such case, should expect the Board 
 would make the first appointment, in which he could accord. That friend happened to mention 
 the thing to one of those members who had begun to exhibit tokens which became afterward? 
 more distinguishable. What, he abruptly said, does the president think to bribe the Board ? 
 They are not to be bribed. This put an end to the design. What could he do who had done so 
 much for the institution, when such a mark of good will was construed into corruption. 
 
 t In addition to this sum the College is indebted to president Wheelock on account of sa! 
 ary and money lent,, near sis thousand dollars.
 
 71 
 
 higher sciences. To this end nothing will lie wanting, if the 
 guardians of the institution are pure and liberal in sentiments ; if 
 they cherish it as a garden of profit and delight to mankind, and 
 do not convert it into a nursery to subserve the interest of a sect 
 or party ; if they are candid, unbiassed and open in their measures, 
 free from favouritism, prudent in the application of property com- 
 mitted to their trust, and if they cautiously direct in the channel 
 intended by the donors. 
 
 How scrupulously those Trustees, who, for several years, have 
 controuled the counsels of the Board, have moved in the path, 
 just marked out, we leave to be determined by their own records, 
 and proceedings, in public view. Certain it is they have, for a 
 considerable time received no special tokens of benefieent patron- 
 age ; they, or their agent, last year, applied to the General Court 
 for aid, but without snccess. Let them convince the enlightened, 
 the able and benevolent, that they have not forsaken first princi- 
 ples, set up a party instead of mankind, and their own end, as the 
 common good— that for this they have not pursued favorite meas- 
 ures, and selected favorite friends with favorite pay — that they 
 have not applied gifts in a way not designed by the benefactors — 
 that they have not, with fair professions of impartiality, with- 
 drawn from the ever acknowledged religious institution of the 
 College the mean9 of its existence (which the board of their own 
 accord, had always pledged their faith to continue) and applied 
 the same to support, and cherish an alien new body set up by 
 party spirit in opposition ; and that deaf to the sighs of reason 
 and conscience, they have not broken over the barrier of the char- 
 ter, and practised oppression and cruelty : Let them bring con- 
 vincing evidence in these points or abandon their course, and the 
 friends of man and undefiled religion will soon afford all supplies 
 profitable to the cause of science in that seminary. Otherwise, 
 they may rest their hopes on the miserable expedients to which 
 they are now resorting. 
 
 The incomes of the College, the officers and their duties, have 
 been noticed. About the whole of the revenues is absorbed by the 
 annual expenses. From the tuition bills, at five dollars per quar- 
 ter for each scholar, chiefly arises the pay of instruction. To 
 establish a new office it would be necessary to resort to this source, 
 or to new modify the present establishments, or dispose of the wild 
 lands, or procure donations. The majority of the Board will not 
 undertake the second ; the third would produce a ruinous loss ; 
 the fourth, at present, is impracticable ; there only, therefore, re- 
 mains recourse to the first. Thus they viewed the subject at their 
 late meeting in November, when they adopted the following re- 
 solution — 
 
 " Voted, that Judge Paine be a committee to report a plan for 
 " establishing professors of Oratory and Chemistry." 
 
 Dr. Wheelock's letter to the treasurer, on part of the above 
 subject, had lain before them from the first of their session: bin
 
 7% 
 
 passing it by in silence, they did not think proper to eont'er with 
 him on the means of supporting a professor. The committee of- 
 fered the outlines of a report ; that professors of oratory and 
 chemistry be appointed to receive salaries equal to one of the other 
 three professors ; and that the tuition bills of all the members of 
 College should be increased to a sum, which, with the fees, that 
 they and the medical Students should pay for attending the chem- 
 ical lectures, would amount to the two salaries. After consulta- 
 tions on the subject, the fallowing was adopted. 
 
 ** Judge Paine made report of a plan for establishing profes- 
 tl sors of Oratory and Chemistry which report was recommitted 
 " to Judge Paine and Rev. Asa M^Farland." 
 
 No other than the above method of support has been contem- 
 plated : and unless some new plan should occur it becomes incum- 
 bent on the Committee to increase, and modify the rate of the 
 tuition bills answerable to the purpose 5 to find proper persous^ 
 particularly one for the chair of Oratory, and make report at the 
 next meeting in August. It is not hard to suppose that they will 
 endeavor to elect one into their family wrought up to its views 
 and feelings, and helpful with their retainers in the new work. 
 IVor is it hard to divine (should such a plan be adopted) what the 
 effect will be on the Institution, its students already burdened 
 with heavy room rents, bills of tuition, and other expenses. The 
 tendency will be to diminish their number. They ought not, in 
 general, to be taxed with payments of tuition, except for ordina- 
 ry classical instruction: And how precarious the prospect of sup- 
 port to professors, who settle with their families on such a de- 
 pendence ! 
 
 Such are the expedients, to which these present trustees seem 
 to have redueed themselves. They would become founders of ex- 
 pensive establishments (consecrated to their own end) by means 
 controuled by their edicts.* And not responsible, if they receive 
 
 * Though of hut little consequence it may, perhaps, be worthy 
 of notice that while, from the depreciation of money or other cau- 
 ses, in the habit of increasing the salaries of the Professors they 
 have been disposed to defalcate the allowance to the President. In 
 1798 we find the following act of the Board, — " Voted, that one 
 li half part of the fees for conferring the degree of Bachelor of 
 " Medicine pro meritis be a perquisite to the President, and the 
 " other half be a perquisite to the Professor of Medicine." — But 
 in November 1814, in a midtitude of far more afflictive measures, 
 Mr. Marsh brought forward the motion. — " Resolved, that the 
 i( president be authorized to receive only tfie same fees for con- 
 i( f erring Medical degrees, as by law he is entitled to receive for 
 " conferring the degree of Bachelor and Master of Jirts ; and that 
 " the remainder of the perquisites, arising from conferring med- 
 ' ; leal degrees, be equally divided between the professors in the de- 
 " partment of medicine for the time bvir.g." — By this he was cut
 
 73 
 
 charities, to apply them to the same purpose without account * 
 Thus, while more familiarized to other virtues, they may be- 
 come estranged from occasions for the exercise of gratitude. 
 
 A sketch has been given of the origin and early progress of the 
 medical establishment; and the circumstances, under which Dr. 
 Nathan Smith resigned his office. The state owns the building 
 and the land, on which it was erected in the year 1811 ; also 
 most of the medical and chemical apparatus, a small residue be- 
 longing to the trustees, their whole property in this department. 
 They appointed the officers — and we have seen their menace 
 hovering on their rights. But, as their interest is less in that 
 than in the old stock, as the existence of the former is more with- 
 in the patronage of the state, and sustained by talents indepen- 
 dent of their eontrol, they have not, as yet, been able to shape it 
 exactly to their model, among the conveniences in their despotism. 
 It stands, however, in the region of the Sirocco, and sickness in 
 the blast. Doct. Perkins, first professor, with correct and en- 
 lightened views, will never exchange force of character for vas 
 salage. Professor Mussey has lately been associated with him, 
 as successor of Doct. Smith in the theory and practice of physic. 
 But, to make the institution an enduring and prosperous nursery 
 for the children of ^Esculapius, it will be expedient to sever the 
 chain, that holds it to the College, or produce a reform in the 
 Board, which manages its concerns. 
 
 VI. AV ACCOUNT OF MOORS' SCHOOL 
 CONTINUED. 
 
 Proper informations, and satisfactory evidences being given ti> 
 the Hon. Society in Scotland, by their respectable Board of Com- 
 missioners established at Boston, its incumbrances were removed, 
 and the school, at length, brought into more extensive operation. 
 
 In the year 1799, Dr. Wheelock employed the Rev. Lymau 
 Potter on a miss'ion to the Cherokees, 1100 miles to the south. 
 He mingled with these wild natives— opened to them the book (.1* 
 life; and they appeared to receive the messages of divine grace 
 
 off from toward half of the medical fees which he had always be- 
 fore received. The fees are the only perquisite besides his salary. 
 This is the man who in his holy zeal that the President should 
 resign or die before the next session, moved that somebody might 
 be appointed to take his place. 
 10
 
 74 
 
 with gladness. Soon after, communication was opened with the 
 tribes of the Six Nations in Upper Canada. Joseph Brant, so 
 memorable in the Indian annals for his improvements and ex- 
 ploits, sent two sons to be members of the same School, in which 
 he had been educated, with letters of grateful remembrance of the 
 founder, as, to whom, under God, he owed his elevation above the 
 savage. One of them, more promising, died not long after his 
 return and many hopes were buried with him. In 1802 the Rev. 
 Mr. Merrill, then preceptor of the School, visited the tribes in 
 Lower Canada. The chiefs of St. Francis gratefully rejoieed to 
 place their children in the path of instruction ; and several of 
 them were received. Three in general, and at times four, from 
 the St. Francis, Caghnewaga and Algonquin tribes, have been 
 maintained annually at the sehooi till the last year. By obstruc- 
 tion of intercourse and interruptions by the war, there is only one 
 at present; others are expected so soon as peaceful communications 
 are opened. 
 
 All these have been supported at the sehooi with every necessa- 
 ry, by the interest of its fund in the care of the society, through 
 the medium of their commissioners, at the rate of about one hun- 
 dred and thirty dollars per annum for each. Generally, they were 
 regular and attentive, their improvements useful ; and since their 
 return, their conduct becoming, so far as we have heard. 
 
 Mr. Willey, at the desire of Dr. Wheelock, in November 1813, 
 proceeded to the Indians at St. Regis. During his short stay, he 
 opened to their view the fundamental truths of the gospel. They 
 were seriously affected — and how disposed for educalion will ap- 
 pear by an abstract of their letter. 
 
 " St. Regis, Jan. 19, 1814. 
 ' ; Honoured Father, 
 
 " We have received your letter, which gives us great satis- 
 '• faction to think that you was so good as to give us this offer, 
 " which we have received from you by the hands of Mr. Willey. 
 ' ; As soon as we can learn the movements of the armies, we will 
 ' ; be very glad to send our children ; and be very happy to think 
 ''• that they have the good fortune to be under the protection of so 
 " good a father. As soon as the present army marches from this 
 <{ place we will send one or two youths, in company with one of 
 6 ' our chiefs.* 
 
 ' ; These lines from your sincere friends, the Sachems, head 
 *' men and fathers of the Tribe at St. Regis." 
 
 « LOUIS COOK,t 
 <• SATAGAYANETO, 
 » GANOTENTIE, 
 [and others.'] 
 
 * The retreat of ouv army prevented their design. 
 
 i In the revolutionary war, lie was a bod and enterprizing adventurer through the north- 
 ern woods, reconnoitering the lines and positions of the enemy. General Washington held him 
 :i particular notice and esteem.
 
 75 
 
 Communications of earlier dates had been received from the 
 Sachems and chiefs of St. Francis, indicating the same bias of 
 mind. 
 
 A propension to improvement is natural to the human race, 
 and to be discerned in nations and individuals. It is checked by 
 the incontroulable power of the elements, the occasional circum- 
 stances of living, and the oppression of despotism. The first 
 cause operates on the Samoiede's, the inhabitants of Lapland and 
 Greenland : the second on uncultivated nations, in temperate 
 climates, which may advance civilization, as the ancient Ger- 
 mans-, Gauls and Britons; or on the lower order of people, in 
 moderate governments, confined to hard labor and want : the third 
 on all who wear the servile yoke of despotic power, as in the em- 
 pires of Turkey and Persia. 
 
 But some account the American savages, as an anomaly. They 
 consider the measures, and the zeal of two hundred years, to draw 
 them to Christianity and civilization — they note of the attempts, 
 many abortive, and none answerable to expectation — and hence 
 conclude, that they are either not susceptible of improvement, or 
 consigned by the mystery of divine providence to ignorance and 
 idolatry. The former opinion erases them from the list of our 
 species, the latter is vitiated by the pride of human exertions. 
 The experiments, under unfavourable circumstances, have been 
 imperfect, and the induction from them erroneous. 
 
 1. The strongest attachment of man is to himself and his own 
 opinions. His manners, deeply rooted in early life, and strength- 
 ened by age, are obstinate against the attacks of foreign influence ; 
 but yield to familiarized examples in the circlo of his social 
 intercourse. Conquerors never raised nations by the point of the 
 sword, from ignorance to knowledge, from their cradle to manhood 
 in improvements ; but men, who sprang up in the bosom of their 
 own societies,who were one with the people, and possessed talents 
 and qualities, which, as the president de Goguet justly remarks, $ 
 ' ; gained the public esteem and confidence."' Such were the pat- 
 riots, who, as Osiris and Phoroneus and Cecrops and Ntima, by 
 their examples, instructions and laws, accorded by their free coun- 
 trymen, gradually improved their manners, and led them from 
 barbarism towards refinement. Thus it was with the nations of 
 Europe, whose early histories have been best preserved — and, 
 turning to America, we may conclude it was so when they ex- 
 changed their wig-wams for cities in the empire of Mango-Capac ; 
 and the same in the advancement of social order among the Mex- 
 icans. The Spaniards undertook by conquest and violence, and 
 reduced the natives to servitude ; but could never improve their 
 manners. 
 
 In North-America, the English and French emigrators, actu- 
 ated by milder motives, made use of forcible or accommodating 
 measures, according to circumstances, in forming their settle 
 
 l Origin ol* Law.
 
 76 
 
 ments. Still, as the Spaniards, they have held the natives in the 
 same contempt, that is natural for the civilized to hold the savage 
 — they have treated them, as an alien and inferior race, never 
 mingling in the interchanges of the social state, needful to inspire 
 confidence, and familiarize, and draw the mind to descern, and 
 laste the pleasures of cultivation. The colonial and state gov- 
 ernments have beheld with a despotic eye the tribes within their 
 limits: the laws have provided for them some protection, without 
 affording the rights of citizens. If the friends of the Redeemer, 
 actuated by the benign precepts of the gospel, have, at times, ar- 
 dently engaged to promote instruction, and reform, among these 
 western pagans, the work, for the most part, was attempted by 
 solitary missionaries, occasional or transient residents, strangers 
 to the manners of those, who were equally estranged to them and 
 their cause. Far different were the undertakings of the apostolic 
 age, which were sustained and prospered by miraeles, and won- 
 ders, and supernatural aids, not to be expected in after times. 
 And far different in the fifth and following centuries, when to 
 extend Christianity the pious adventurers were more zealous and 
 persevering, unappalled by perils and wo; when the political in- 
 fluences of the eastern and western Roman empires, and various 
 orders of men, enlisted with the clergy to promote the cause. 
 
 2. Cicero has observed, that we should not determine the rights 
 of kingdoms and nations by the same principles we determine 
 the rights of a gutter between individuals ;* not less absurd would 
 it be to resort to the same causes, in judging of changes in the 
 manners and habits of societies,, that we resort to in the cases of 
 single persons. This, however, is a practice too common, and 
 fully exemplified in the subject before us. Because, among the 
 civilized, as in the United States, the mind of the young is soon 
 enlightened, and his manners formed and improved, by example 
 and instruction, or perhaps, the people of a district, by new 
 means of information, quickly advance in knowledge, the Indian 
 nations not yielding to the same influences, are ranged in a lower 
 order, as improper objects of further experiment. But how dif- 
 ferent from those of the former are the circumstances of the lat- 
 ter. Their principles, customs, and habits, have been establish- 
 ed, time immemorial, and perpetually confirmed by personal prac- 
 tice, and social intercourse. The former individuals are as a 
 coppice, which soon falls beneath innumerable surrounding hands ; 
 these as a wilderness to be cleared, and broken up, and only a 
 few solitary hands employed. 
 
 What has been said is verified by faithful accounts of the pro- 
 gress of improvement. The immense treasures and labors are 
 left on record, which were expended, under the princes of the 
 Carlovingian dynasty, to plant the seeds of knowledge in the for- 
 ests of Germany ; ana it required the growth of ages before that 
 
 * Lib. 1. de legibus.
 
 77 
 
 wmntry was enriched with their golden fruits. Two handred and 
 iifty years was Russia marching from the abyss of barbarism, un- 
 der Bacilowitz I. to the civiliked arts ; and well known are the 
 unremitted exertions of Peter the Great, and the late Catherine, 
 in the midst of the people, to fecilitate her progress. 
 
 If the means and obstacles be considered, as great success has 
 attended the undertakings to evangelize and enlighten the western 
 tribes, as marked the footsteps of eastern nations, in their passage 
 from darkness to light. Of all the plans for the improvement of 
 these tribes, that of the Jesuits has succeeded the best. They 
 have proved, by two examples in Spanish America, their capa- 
 bility of as high attainment in arts and social order, as falls to 
 the lot of our species.lf But these splendid events are the only 
 blessings, which those enterprising adventurers, and supporters of 
 spiritual despotism, procured to balance the calamities, which 
 they inflicted on the human race. 
 
 Besides the attempts, which the federal government are now 
 making with the Cherokees, two plans have been adopted by the 
 Anglo-Americans to enlighten and convert the savages. That of 
 sending missionaries and instructors among them has, in gener- 
 al, been productive of good effects ; but not to be compared with 
 that revolution, which might have been accomplished, had means 
 and measures been sufficiently provided, as in the former case, to 
 introduce arts to their view; had the teachers united with them 
 in social ties, and in one common interest; and, thus securing 
 their confidence, allured their attention and feelings in the path 
 of improvement. But, the plan of receiving their children to be 
 educated in the abodes of civilization, and, afterwards, returning 
 them to their native tribes is more conducive than the former, as 
 practised, to the end proposed. "With principles and manners 
 thus formed, they will, by their examples, habits and information, 
 produce more interesting and enduring impressions on the views, 
 and feelings, of their friends and associates, in the familiar in- 
 tercourse of life, than one, whom they behold as unallied, uncon- 
 nected with their interest, and foreign to their system of economy 
 and pursuits. 
 
 Such were among the powerful motives, which led to the es- 
 tablishment, and continuation of Moors' Indian Charity School. 
 In each of those ways its property has been applied to raise the 
 tribes from their abyss of ignorance and heathenism, and by the 
 goodness of God, with some success, but mostly in the latter. 
 Is it strange, that in the multitude educated at the school, some 
 should disappoint the expectations of their friends ? But we can 
 show in the list many, who yielded harvests of good fruit. To 
 pass by others, we could notice the Pumpshires, Fowler, Brant, 
 Johnson, Francis Jnnance, Francis Gill, Louis Vincent, Sauk, 
 
 %For these instances, in Parapia and California, we may refer 
 to the historical accounts of the Ahhe. Raynal and Humboldt.
 
 78 
 
 j$tacy, and some more recent, on whom our strong hopes are hov- 
 ering. They were labourers, breaking up the ground of improve- 
 ment among their countrymen, and a number of them friends te 
 vitsil piety, and followers of the cross. We could now point at, 
 the state of the tribes of those, who have been thus educated — 
 it is enough to mention, here, the St. Francis, Caghnewaga, and 
 some of the six nations ; and by comparing what they were in 
 former times, when they began to feel such influence, with what 
 they are at present, we clearly illustrate, in their gradual advan- 
 ces, the efFeet of this cause. We have shown the obstacles, and 
 the slow progress of nations towards refinement. Their motion, 
 at any one instant, is not to be discerned, more than the motion 
 of the sun in the firmament ; and it easy to see the mistake of a- 
 nalogical reasoning, in comparing the progress of nations with 
 that of individuals. Wisely have the society in Scotland and 
 their commissioners approved and sanctioned the continuation of 
 this method. It has been the only establishment of lasting ex- 
 periment of the kind in North America. We will next consider 
 the school in relation to its other disposals, and its fund in this 
 country. 
 
 Provision made for the payment of the old debts of the sehool, 
 though not for its protracted existence, it was sustained and pro- 
 tected by the abounding mercy of divine providence, without re- 
 source, but in the exertions and personal reliefs of Doctor Whee- 
 iock, till the year 1798, when the grant of Vermont began to be 
 productive in rents on long leases. He might, by disposal, have 
 received the amount of the capital below his calculated estimate, 
 but it would have been to sacrifice the lasting prosperity of the 
 seminary to its ephemeral benefit. The disadvantage of an ar- 
 rangement was therefore prepared for applying a part of the an- 
 nual incomes, till past expenses should be refunded, while the re- 
 maining part could be devoted to the support of the object with- 
 out any new involvement. 
 
 Most of the land is leased — the product of the rents above 
 five hundred dollars per annum. It had been more, were it not 
 that some of the settlements have been abandoned by reason of 
 the war, and others affected by the convulsive dispute concerning 
 the title. 
 
 From forty to sixty youths have been annually taught at the 
 school by a succession of instructors from Mr. Dunham in 1790, 
 when an improved system of order and instruction was introduc- 
 ed, under his watchful and skilful guidance. Mr. Perry has held 
 the charge three years, and proposes to continue. It prospers by 
 his unceasing exertions, and rare qualities to form, and embellish
 
 79 
 
 the youthful mind. The building, the fuel, the instruction of 
 from ten to sixteen, and some other occasional aids for the indi- 
 gent, are provided at the expense of the school. These benefits 
 will increase, as its fund becomes disencumbered, and when its 
 unsettled land shall be made productive, and other gifts added to 
 its property. It will be desirable and to be expected, that so soon 
 as circumstances can admit, a part of these resourses should be 
 more effectually applied, as the fund in Scotland, to the cause of 
 christianizing and enlightening the American pagans. It wat» 
 one great object in the grant, and the only object of a bequest 
 made by the founder to his successor, and an important object of 
 his own exertion, in procuring benefactions, and devoting his la- 
 bours for the school, twenty-nine years, without any reward. 
 
 The grant was made to Dr. Wheelock as president of Moors' 
 School and to his successors in office. Thus, he held in his own 
 hands all the property of the same, distinct from the monies in 
 Great Britain, and their avails, for which he was, and is respon- 
 sible to the Society in Scotland. He feared that, in some future 
 time, there might be a misapplication or perversion of the depos- 
 ites. His mind was impressed by the importance of a Board of 
 honest wise men to guard the same. The School, though distinct 
 "was nearly connected with the College : the first object of the 
 charter of the College was the same, as of the School ; and the 
 former trustees had been always faithful, and enlightened, in the 
 discharges of their trust. Hence, by agreement of the parties, an 
 act of incorporation was made June 9th, 1807 by the General 
 Court. By it the property was to be applied according to the 
 design of the donors; by it the president could apply none of its 
 funds in America without the advice and concurrence of the Board 
 of Trustees of the School; and by it all the rights of the Society 
 in Scotland were expressly excepted.* The year following by 
 the desire ofthe trustees, with the qualified consent of the presi- 
 dent, an act was passed supplementary to the former, investing 
 the president and the Board of the School, with equal rights and 
 power in the disposal and application of its property. The fol- 
 lowing is an abstract of a letter from the president to the Ageut 
 ef the Trustees, who presented their draft for the last act. 
 
 " December 2d, 1803. 
 <; 1 know of no doubt, which can in future time arise, as to the 
 " intent and meaning of every part, unless it be of the words all 
 " other concerns. I supposed from the preceding and succeeding 
 " parts, that they do not import the exercise of ministerial pow 
 " ers; but mean and intend all the uses and applications ofthe 
 ; * avails of funds or property and the objects to which they are 
 " immediately destined : and excepting the same right, which the 
 " society in Scotland claim, in relation to concerns and objects of 
 
 * See the act of incorporation, Note li
 
 80 
 
 " the fund in their care j and so I conclude, it will be considered 
 " by those concerned." 
 
 The act made it a matter of convenience, that the Board of the 
 College could, at any time during its sessions, transform itself in- 
 to the Board of the School. It is important to bear this in mind 
 for it will interpret much to our understanding in the sceneries 
 that the same individuals, who acted on one stage, were to act 
 about the same times, on the other. 
 
 For five years, the internal order and instruction of the school 
 were almost uninterruptedly preserved — the preceptors carefully 
 attended to their duty— the president, statedly, as usual, visited 
 it once every week, to question and instruct the youths in the 
 doctrines of the gospel, principles accorded in by the Genevan, 
 Dutch and Scotish churches, and Westminster divines. Nothing 
 arose to disturb its harmony, except some secret influences to dis- 
 temper the minds of certain members (particularly an individual) 
 and draw them into allegiance to a party, which we have seen, 
 and by whom patronized, and by what means supported. We 
 will not waste time to bring into respect the detestable conduct of 
 this individual, who took shelter in the arms of some of the lead- 
 ers of that party — who on their faith, and credit, has received unde- 
 served notice abroad — and placed in the charitable path of a pub- 
 lic education. The evidences are ready, if any one is disposed 
 to throw the gauntlet. 
 
 Descending to the year 1813, we light on a subject, which, 
 though at first glance it appears irrelevant, will be found connec- 
 ted with the chain of these sketches. An act of the General 
 Court incorporating Union Academy (twelve miles from the Col- 
 lege) had scarcely become cold, when it« board of Trustees, hav- 
 ing held their first session in Woodstock, Vermont, applied, in 
 August, to the Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College for their 
 patronage and aid. The answer of the latter follows. 
 
 " Voted, that, for the four years next ensuing, one half of the. 
 <* tuition money be remitted to any number of students of College, 
 " not exceeding six ; who shall, during their residence in Col- 
 " lege, be patronized by the Trustees of said academy, to the 
 " amount of forty dollars each, annually ; and be apparently suit- 
 " able objects of charity — and that a like proportion of tuilion 
 ** money be remitted to any of the said number, who may receive 
 " from said academy a sum less than forty dollars, annually." 
 
 u Resolved, that if the trustees of Union Academy deem it ex- 
 " pedient to extend the amount of patronage contemplated by the 
 " preceding resolution, viz. the sum of two hundred and forty 
 " dollars, annually, to a greater number of students of College 
 " than six, this Board will, for and during the period aforesaid, 
 " remit to each of those students so much of the charge for tuition, 
 " as will be in proportion to the patronage he receives from said 
 '* trustees of Union Academy; provided th« whole sum, so to be 
 " remitted, do not exceed sixty dollars, annually."
 
 81 
 
 After the foregoing resolutions a proposal of the same nature 
 was laid before the Board. These were the words : — 
 
 " To the Hon. Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College. 
 
 " As there are some members of Moors' Charity School, who 
 ** are esteemed promising and deserving, most of whom have in 
 il view the object of becoming ministers of the gospel, and who 
 (i have in view to complete a course of public education ; but 
 " must depend on the benevolence of the good, and on their own 
 " exertions, under many difficulties, to obtain support in aecom- 
 " plishing their design : — Considering the early relation between 
 " School and College — and the advantage that might arise to the 
 " good of mankind, and the promotion of the cause of Zion, I 
 • ; take the liberty sincerely to desire the assistance of your hon- 
 " ourable body — that you would remit in whole, or in part, the 
 " tuition of such promising and indigent youths, who have been 
 " members of Moors' School, and are now members of College ; 
 " and also such promising youths, who are now and who may be 
 " members of the school, and who will become members of the 
 " College so soon as they may be qualified. With my entreaty 
 " for your benevolent attention to* this interesting and pious de- 
 " sign, I hope and earnestly wish that you would consider the 
 " object proposed as deserving your regard and patronage, 
 
 "/am, very respectfully, JOHN WHKELOCK. 
 
 " Dartmouth College, August 26, 1813." 
 
 The Board, taking the above proposal into consideration — 
 Voted, by a majority, in the negative !! ! Application had been 
 made before to the same end, but without effect. 
 
 At their late adjourned meeting, Nov. 9, 1811, the trustees of 
 the College adopted this resolution : 
 
 " Voted, that the certificate of the treasurer of Union Acade- 
 " my, stating the amount to which any student in College is pat- 
 " ronized by said Academy, shall be, for the time being, a suffi 
 <{ cient voucher to the College treasurer." — The trustees of Union 
 Academy, at the same time, have aho applied to the trustees of 
 the College for a further extention of their patronage and assist 
 ance to them. It is in amount, that instead of six, twenty, four 
 at a time, members of College, recommended from that Academy, 
 shall be intitled to the same favor of a remission of half their 
 tuition bills. The trustees of the College have proceeded in the 
 ease, so far, as follows : 
 
 " Voted, that a consideration of the Memorial of the Commit- 
 " tee of Union Academy be postponed till the next meeting of the. 
 " Board." On this point, is it hard to judge what those will 
 do, who adopted the foregoing resolutions? 
 
 At the same session these trustees, resolving themselves into the 
 trustees of the School, adopted, as part of their vote, the subsequent 
 words : " that, for the present, no part of the funds, of which this 
 " Board has control, shall be applied to the education of Indians." 
 
 The votes, now presented in the channel of our faithful history,, 
 viewed in their relations, require no exposition, to show the aim 
 of their authors, aid their improper proceeding 8 . But to give a 
 11
 
 full perspective of the subject, in its circumstances and bearings? 
 we will cast our eyes on three points, in succession. 
 
 1. What is the design of Union Academy? It was professedly 
 erected to teach the young in the elements of literature, to fit 
 them for College, and especially to encourage and support by 
 charities such as are pious, promising, afid determined to enter, 
 when educated, into the gospel mioistry. But, who, in the days 
 of youth, can calculate the aptitude of his OWn capacity, what 
 his circumstances, what the bias of his mind in a distant period 
 of maturer life ? ; Who, may not be deceived in his own views 
 and motives ? or, if not deceived, who, at twelve, or fourteen, 
 or sixteen, or even at eighteen years, when he commences his stu- 
 dies at the academy, can say what cause may not arise, in the 
 changing events of five, six, or seven years ; what destiny of di- 
 vine providence may not point out another path cf future pur- 
 suit ? More than this ; the chance of living is diminished in- 
 versely, to the number of years, which he must spend to become 
 qualified for the proposed employment — thus, the hope of the 
 pious benefactor is lessened of realizing the contemplated fruit of 
 his bounty. Above all, may I ask — who has the hardihood to 
 spread snares of spiritual death before the youthful mind ? Is it 
 no temptation to one without piety, indigent, and ardent for im- 
 provement and fame, to find that he can procure them from the 
 hand of charity, at the easy rate of a profession, a creed, and a 
 distant promise ? The pictures are drawn. One exhibits a youth 
 pious and sincere when he promised, but in the course of years, he 
 has changed his views, and his apprehension of duty ; the other a 
 youth heedless or fascinated into false belief when he promised, 
 and never in the course of education, became qualified or inclined 
 to the undertaking proposed. Both have received earnests, and 
 given pledges, which cannot be redeemed. 
 
 Such are among the reasons, which lead strongly to call in ques- 
 tion the soundness of a principle in any Academy thatseleets those 
 only of the admitted, to be the objects of charity, who propose to 
 engage in the service of the ministry. Our conclusion is confirm 
 ed by analogy, experiments of this nature have already been made : 
 however promising, and however bound, few, comparatively, ful- 
 filled the expectations of their patrons. Benefactions bestowed 
 on the young, in the early part of education, should extend to the 
 capable and virtuous, uot to prescribe distant pursuits; but look 
 to God for his grace to prepare them, in his own way, for his glo- 
 ry, and the cause of the Redeemer. Charities designed for the 
 service of the altar are, in general, more wisely directed to the 
 pious, in the advanced stages of their collegiate course, as they 
 become established in views and habits ; still more unerringly, to 
 the support of indigent students, at the Andover Institution, or 
 Princetown Seminary. 
 
 2. The Trustees of Dartmouth College, (their own acts record 
 it) have undertaken the patronage and received Union Aca- 
 demy into their confidential alliance. Why this partiality ? Why 
 not extend the same favour and privileges to other academies in
 
 the state ? They too, may know of deserving pioas youths — they 
 have equal right to admit them, as their members," and receive 
 charities for their support, with an express view also to the sa- 
 cred ministry. Let them but be encouraged on the same ground, 
 and the trustees would receive, as proper objects of their bounty, 
 selected indigent pious students (aided by the beneficence of their 
 acquaintance) from other establishments, which have as high 
 claims, as Union Academy, to the advantages and privileges of 
 Dartmouth College. But, further, What right have the trustees, 
 by the intent of their charter, to enter into treaty with a foreign 
 corporation, to receive its members ; and, to support them, apply 
 their own funds ? Is it not a prostration of its dignity, and re- 
 signing the independent right and attributes of the College into 
 other hands ? The Board hold a trust pure in its nature, and not 
 to provide for the projects and contrivances of the few, not to pat- 
 ronize the associated interest of individuals, not to create influ- 
 ence among the constituents of a party ; — but a trust consecrated 
 to literature, to humanity, to the religion of the Bible, sealed by the 
 blood of the Son of God; which is gentle, easy to be entreated,full of 
 mercy and good fruits, without partiality, and without hypocricy. 
 It is a duty incumbent on the trustees, to afford every possible 
 pecuniary aid to alleviate the burden of the virtuous youthful tra 
 veller, oppressed with want in the path of his education. Not a 
 mere organ or handy convenience, but a tribunal of inquiry and 
 award, they should open the door to the innocent applications and 
 prayers of the needy students, and learn their circumstances and 
 qualities, and spread relief as the state of the funds admit. This 
 method, under a tender and prudent guardianship, would multiply 
 the blessings of the seminary, and enrich its treasury by the pro- 
 ducts of increased members and benevolence, more than can be 
 gained by any scheme of monopoly. The Board (its records will 
 show it,) practised in this manner, and with wonderful success, in 
 days of former years. But, there still remains a mystery, in a 
 connected view of the foregoing resolutions, not to be explained, 
 by any ascription to error of judgment, in the common course. 
 It is part of a plan, a long concerted scheme. 
 
 3. Why was such a privilege granted to Union Academy, and 
 expressly refused to Moors' School ? This is the problem — we 
 shall arrive at the solution by considering certainrfafa. — The Col- 
 lege grew out of the anterior existence of the school — both receiv- 
 ed nourishment from the same root; both instituted in the same 
 relation to one design, and closely connected through the stages, 
 of their progress. To destroy then effectually the original prin- 
 ciples and order of the establishment, it became necessary to 
 strike at the vital part of each. How certain characters, a new 
 mass in the Board, cementing with a party, have abandoned the 
 good old path of ordinances, charter, and usage, and carried on 
 their works, and methods, in sapping one foundation of the pre- 
 cious structures, their own votes and executions testify. It re 
 mained for them to attack the other. — The way was now opened. 
 A plan of an academy to educate pious youths for the gosj>el
 
 ministry^ had been projected by some worthy good persons. It 
 was. finally, modified into Union Academy, similar to common es- 
 tablishments of the same name with the additional purpose of 
 supporting the needy and promising, by charity, while there, and 
 through the course of a public education ; and this on presump- 
 tion of their eventually undertaking that sacred employ : An ob- 
 ject, that claims the best wishes and support, as most interesting 
 to the divine glory, and human happiness ; but which, for reasons 
 given, will never succeed answerably to the h»pes of the benefi- 
 cent. Some, however, of these trustees of the College and oth- 
 er individuals of their coalition in the acts and measures, which 
 have been portrayed, engaged eagerly in the cause. No doubt 
 they had a full share in preparing and establishing a plan, which 
 was to be immediately thrown into the arms of the board for 
 patronage and nurture. Yes ; one of its active members, and 
 with them, who voted down all the preceding resolutions, was the 
 organized president of the corporation of that Academy ; one of 
 their professors* became its secretary; another of their profes- 
 sors its treasurer, and both trustees to sign warrants, in favor of 
 their students, on the Treasurer of the College. 
 
 Such was the arrangement of men and measures. The mem- 
 bers of the Board, who, in the same votes, adopted a foreign A- 
 cademy to favor, from which they excluded Moors' Charity school, 
 might expect to gratify their own party, and they might hope, 
 by a specious aet, to procure new friends unacquainted with their 
 motives and design. Is it still enquired what their design could 
 he ? Consider that no reason was assigned for the exclusion, but 
 what appears on the face of the votes. Consider that one leading 
 article in the bill of indictment, by the state of Vermont, against 
 the president, in the year 1807, as cause of the forfeiture of the 
 grant, was, that no Indians were supported at the School : Bring 
 this before your eyes by the side of the preceding vote, " that for 
 " the present, no part of the funds of which this board has con- 
 " trol, shall he applied to the education of the Indians." These 
 funds consist almost wholly in this very grant which they hold in 
 trust from that state. Consider the vote itself opposed, so far as it 
 literally extends, and further, in its solitary portentous aspect, to 
 the primitive design of the seminary. Once more, we entreat 
 you to consider, that these votes, aimed at the existence of the 
 School ; were passed, by the same individuals, on the tenth of last 
 November, at the same meeting, and with as little consultation,sud- 
 denly, while, acting as a board, as when they voted the ex- 
 traordinary resolutions, before noticed, in relation to the College. 
 
 We have now finished the survey. From the parts acted by 
 the characters, in the scenes brought into view, can there be a 
 donbt of the catastrophy, which they have mei*.tated ? They have 
 laid their axe at the root of the tree. Nothing less is their aim, 
 than the entire destruction of the principles of the two establish- 
 ments — then to clear away the rubbish, and erect their own struc- 
 tures under the old veil. The overwhelming evidence of this, 
 traced in the preceding historical sketches, led to events, which 
 invite our next attention.
 
 85 
 
 VII. THE SEQUEL. 
 
 THE real friends of the Institution began to be alarmed, in 
 the year 1808, at the first appearance of a hied determination in 
 a scanty majority of the Board to manage, and direct the fund of 
 the theological establishment, in a channel deviating from the 
 path of the donor. Their fears and solicitude increased, when 
 they beheld them consigning this sacred deposite with their votes, 
 devices, and patronage, to support, and encourage an unjustifiable 
 party without the pale of their trust — when they beheld them a- 
 bandoning the principles of the old system, forming a new interest, 
 uniting, to make the leaders of this party and their adherents a 
 convenience — and beheld the energies of their power, and skill, 
 and address, employed to gain and collect friends at their stand- 
 ard, and provide instruments for their purpose — when the eye 
 followed them pressing through the barrier of the charter, find 
 discerned the foundation of the seminary giving way ; it was then 
 while the Board were convened, in August, 1812, a motion was 
 made : " That the trustees would apply to the General Court, 
 and desire it to look into, and examine all concerns, and manage- 
 ment, in relation to the funds, the government, and education of 
 the College and School." 
 
 It was proposed by a member, that the subject should lie for 
 the consideration of the Board, at a future meeting. Thus, the 
 matter rested. When the Trustees were in their next session, the 
 ensuing year, it was hoped that the subject would have been con- 
 sidered ; but it passed in silence. 
 
 At the meeting of the Board of Trustees in November last, the 
 reasons becoming more urgent and imperious, a proposal was made 
 to them in the following substance. 
 
 « November 1Ath, 1814. . 
 
 " This day the president of Dartmouth College made a motion 
 " to the Board of Trustees, to make application to the Legisla- 
 " ture of New-Hampshire, to examine by committee, or otherwise, 
 « into the situation and circumstances of the College and School, 
 " and their concerns — to enable them to rectify any thing amiss; 
 " and how far they ought with propriety to extend their patrou- 
 " age to the Institution — Which motion was negatived by the 
 " Board, and not recorded."* 
 
 " I, being present, make this certificate, at the request of 
 « the president." STEPHEN JACOB, member 
 
 of the Board." 
 
 The trustees, who lifted their hands against the above resolu- 
 tion were the same who had just before, at the same session, pas- 
 sed the votes already mentioned — votes more memorable for usur- 
 pation, and oppression, than any which have tarnished the annals 
 of a literary establishment. The authors of these, and other pro- 
 ceedings like them, now brought into light, though modelled in 
 
 * A motion w>" made to enter it on tni» re<*ord», but tlii« also \v»i neg»tive<l. The n »i< rit) 
 as i^usf!.
 
 86 
 
 different shapes, could not receive with much complacence any 
 proposal, which might leave them amenable to a higher power. 
 
 An unbridled aristocracy, whether political, religious, or aca- 
 demical, is equally to be dreaded. Power exercised under what- 
 ever name, is in its nature the same ; and carried to excess is op- 
 pression. Such a government is a hot-hed of intrigue ; and out- 
 strips in violence a single tyranny. Each member has the spirit 
 of a despot, and united they form the accumulated despotism of 
 the corps. But under no circumstances can this system revolt the 
 dictates of nature, as in a seminary of learning. Party contriv- 
 ance, intrigue, and violent acts, are all fatal to its interest. It 
 prospers only in peace ; and when, with letters, religion, and the 
 chaste virtues are cultivated, the minds of youths led to magnan- 
 imous conceptions, and not adulterated by example, or suggestion, 
 with false views, and partial attachments. 
 
 Those trustees of the Board who combined in the series of 
 late melancholy measures, already presented in their doings, have, 
 in the common course of innovators, partly by zealous professions 
 of piety, and partly of regard to the order and well-being of soci- 
 ety, gained to their confidence, and good wishes to their cause, 
 some pious and highly deserving characters of a religious denom- 
 ination, and certain others, friends to humanity, and respected in 
 the social state; while all have been strangers to the springs and 
 bearings of their practice. But we entreat them to consider — 
 Ought not such violations of charter, such perversions, such 
 wastes, such artful contrivances, such inquisitional oppression, 
 and torturing cruelty, to change the years of former joy into days 
 of mourning ? The reputed guardians of the seminary have torn 
 away its laurels, and decked it with cypress. Its interests are lan- 
 guishing ; its real glory obscured by meretricious show ; and, in 
 the method, which they are pursuing, ere long not a vestage of its 
 being will be found, but the name. 
 
 We do not say all of that Body, who gave their votes, and uni- 
 ted in these measures, were governed by the same motives. Some, 
 whose virtues are entitled to respect, might have been wrought 
 upon by others, their minds loaded with prejudices, their fears ex- 
 cited by false representations, and their hopes awakened by a new 
 theory. Thus, wholly unacquainted with the true state and cir- 
 cumstances of the Institution,they plunged into the abyss of schemes 
 and projects of their electors and associates — thus have they fol- 
 lowed close on their footsteps through every maze, moving as they 
 moved, and voting as they voted, cautiously avoiding the least ap- 
 proach to any source of information, but the lessons of their guides 
 —Thus, have the more honest members of that aristocratic corps 
 been duped by their leaders : — and hence, after discussions in pri- 
 vate, that wonderful appearance of unanimity and intuition in their 
 deadly resolves, are without example, but in the great hall, in the 
 melancholy days of Prance. 
 
 The evils produced by a body, like this, when independent and 
 not responsible, are not confined to the Institution of its charge — they 
 aaay extend to affect the wheels and movements of the civil gov-
 
 87 
 
 eminent, and the rights of its citizens. May not the members ol 
 such a corporation gradually enter into connexion with some cer- 
 tain class or description of men, who have an interest of their 
 own separate from the common good? May not the former (a kind 
 of standard or rallying point set up at the institution) add to their 
 own weight and importance by favourable accommodations, and 
 artful arrangements, in promoting the views and consequence of 
 the latter ? Why not, by such interchanges, and strengthening their 
 mutual ties, gradually form themselves into an aristocratical or- 
 der in the state ? Then, whatever creed or dogma is made the 
 watch-word, of whatever sect their livery, their empire of influence 
 is organized and established, as firm, in effect, as the habits of 
 Sparta or China. They will control law-makers, and the choice 
 of Rulers, always those who are the key stone of the vault. — 
 How was it otherwise that the universities of Paris and Oxford, 
 before the day star of liberty and knowledge broke in upon Eu- 
 rope, extended their command of opinion and influence through 
 France and England, but as they held rights, and authority, in- 
 dependent of those governments ? — and how was it, the Romish 
 hierarchy, before it was arrayed with sovereign political power, 
 in the seventh and eighth centuries, turned the lot of princes, and 
 of subjects, but as it possessed rights, and immunities, and com- 
 mand of belief, not amenable to the empire ? 
 
 It is therefore, no unfair conclusion, th«t the dialect, strongly 
 traced in the practice of the majority brought to our view, is dan- 
 gerous. We will add, it is absurd. There is not a university in 
 Europe, but what is responsible : Those in Great Britain are ac- 
 countable for the application of their funds, for their laws, and 
 use of their charter powers : and they may be brought by pro- 
 cess before the high court of chancery. The people of the Unit- 
 ed States, with the blood of their ancestors, inherit their laws and 
 usages ; and have brought them into practice in cases, where no 
 provision is made by their own statutes. By the revolution the 
 whole sovereignty of the British government over the Colonies 
 was transfered to them, assumed by each State, and lodged ac- 
 cording to its Constitution, in organized bodies. The charter ol* 
 Dartmouth College, given by the King, invests the Board of 
 Trustees with power " to make and establish such ordinances. 
 '* orders, and laws, as may tend to the good and wholesome gov 
 «* eminent of the said College" — " and to the public benefit of 
 «« the same; not repugnant to the laws and statutes of o?o* realm 
 « of Great Britain, or of this our province of New-Hampshire." 
 In other words; they should not pervert the funds, nor contra 
 vene the principles of the eharter, nor usurp ungranted power, 
 nor substitute the advantage of a few for the general good, with- 
 out being amenable to the " province of .New-Hampshire.*' 
 
 But, admitting their responsibility under the former British 
 government, who now can call them to account ? That Body, 
 which is armed with all the power of the former sovereign — the 
 legislature of the state, established and authorized by the Consti- 
 tution to secure the rights of the citizens, to prevent oppression
 
 88 
 
 « < 
 in men, or companies of men, to establish and eherish, on equal 
 and just principles, the means of knowledge, and, for this purpose, 
 to visit and reetify fundamental abuses and disorders in corporate 
 bodies- -more especially, a Board entrusted with high powers for 
 the education of youths, to make orders, and laws, and confer hon- 
 ours, in fine to model their social views and moral feelings. It 
 is of the utmost consequence, that a Board, thus entrusted with 
 the charge of forming the manners of those destined to have 
 mighty influence on the political and moral order, whatever is 
 most precious to the rights and liberty of the state, should be held 
 responsible, their violations speedily repaired, and abuses reformed. 
 This duty is assigned by God and the people, in the constitution, 
 to the legislature. If in times past, there has appeared no occa- 
 sion to erect any tribunal with competent authority to take cog- 
 nizance of this kind of evil, the power is reserved in themselves 
 to do it, or by their committee authorized in juridical capacity by 
 them for the purpose. 
 
 It will be found (and the more the subject is examined, the 
 more will this important truth appear) that disorders have, and 
 are arising by an improper use of power, and improper proceed- 
 ings, which will pollute the fountain and streams of education, 
 and are ominous to the moral and political interests of society, 
 and to the rights of humanity. A sufficient preventive of the 
 disease the charter has not provided. It remains, then, for the 
 sovereign power to prepare and apply the remedy ; and the 
 means, by some check, to unnerve an aristocratic spirit, should 
 it ever, in future, bend to unwholesome devices. To this anoth- 
 er weighty consideration may be annexed; that the immediate 
 direction of the springs and wheels of the Institution should not 
 be committed to strangers, who are exposed to inhale their con- 
 ceptions of plans, and measures, from visionary, or interested in- 
 formers. A large part at least of the board ought to be charac- 
 ters of pure and liberal minds, not living remote, acquainted with 
 all its relations, and progressive movements. 
 
 Great and many are the blessings of Divine Providence, which 
 descended, and rested on this establishment in a long train of e- 
 vents. Many the streams which have issued from it, to increase 
 the enjoyments of religion and benefits of civilized life — its influ- 
 ences have drawn the man of nature to exchange the wandering 
 chase for the abode of arts and the temple of God. While at 
 tempts are made to destroy its principles, to change its benevo- 
 lent objects, to make it a machine to subserve the purpose of a 
 few — While, thus, the interest of society and the public good is 
 jeopardized, may those who have that charity which seeketh not 
 her own ; may the fathers of the state put forth their hands to 
 protect it. But especially, let us, in humble confidence, look up 
 to him who shook the mountain, and his enemies were dismayed : 
 before whom the walls of a city fell, and the river was divided, 
 
 FINIS. 
 
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