m 2117 Kss UC-NRLF ATIN PRONUNCIATIOr D. B. KIN G /^77^ GTH THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OE CALIFORNIA IN MEMORY OF PROFESSOR WILLIAM MERRILL AND MRS. IMOGENE MERRILL EDUCATION LIBH. LATIN PRONUNCIATION: A BRIEF OUTLINE ROMAN, CONTINENTAL, AND ENGLISH METHODS, BY Adjunct Professor of Latin in Lafayette College. BOSTON, U.S.A.: PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY. 1891. s EDUCATION IIBBt I Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1880, by D. B. KING, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, GIFT Typography by J. S. Gushing & Co., Boston, U.S.A. Prbsswork by Ginn & Co., Boston, U.S.A. B- as Ger. w, but inclining to /, e.g. Muller, which is nearer to Miller than Muller " (Roby). THE ROMAN METHOD. DIPHTHONGS. The diphthongs, commonly found in Latin, are ae, oe, an, and eu, Ou is rarely found, u having taken its place. Oi is rarely found except in inscriptions before the first century, B.C. Each element should be heard, and the two closely united in pronunciation. ^ au has the sound of ow in town. ou " " " no. eu " " ew " few. ai " " i " pine (originally, but changed subse- quently to that of a in fate). oi has the sound of oi in voice. oe " " oy " boy? ei " " ey " they. ui '* " we " we. CONSONANTS. C and g are always hard, as in can, get. b before s has the sound of p. s has the sound of s in thus. j has the sound of y in yes? n before c, g, q, and x is pronounced as in English, anchor, anger, relinquish, anxious. XL (v), with the sound of w, occurs after q, g, s, /, and r. V has the sound of w in want.^ r is always trilled. The r sound in burr approaches it. X has the sound of ks. 1 There is considerable difference of opinion in regard to the precise sounds of some of the diphthongs, and the best English illustrations of them. 2 " f? in world, or i in whirl " (Blair) ; " a in fate " (Gildersleeve) ; " owy in showy" (Haldeman). 3 See Roby, Vol. I, pp. xliii-lii. 4 Roby thinks this was its sound, " originally, at least." But see Max Miiller in Academy, 1871. lO LATIN PRONUNCIATION. 2 has the sound of z in zenith} m at the end of a word was sometimes almost, sometimes quite inaudible.^ ph, ch, and th (occurring in Greek words mostly) represent the sounds of <|>, x> and 6, and have sounds similar to those of ph^ kh, and th, in uphill, blockhead, and hothouse. Other consonants are pronounced as in English. THE CONTINENTAL METHOD. The Latin language was introduced among the nations which Rome conquered, by soldiers, colonists, traders, gov- ernors, magistrates, books, teachers, and missionaries (loo B.C.-400 A.D.) . During the first few centuries its use seems to have become pretty general in the western part of the »- Empire. In France, Spain, Italy, and Portugal, in time, it became, in a corrupted form, the language of the common people, who seem, for the most part, to have been ignorant of the literary Latin from the seventh to the eleventh century. In this period the Romance languages had their rise, though their beginnings were doubtless much earlier. The rulers did something and the church a great deal toward keeping alive a knowledge of the Latin. Ecclesiastical correspondence and the church services were conducted in Latin, and Latin seems to have been the language of whatever learning there was in this period. Subsequently, on the revival of learning (eleventh century), Latin became the language of Philos- ophy, Theology, Law, Diplomacy, and Science. During the last two or three centuries it has given place for these pur- poses to the modern languages, being no longer used as a 1 This seems to be the view of Corssen and Curtius. Roby thinks it had the sound of/ in just. 2 See Ellis's Quantitative Pronunciation of Latin, pp. 43-73. THE CONTINENTAL METHOD. II medium of communication between scholars, except on rare occasions. The Roman alphabetic writing was in many cases intro- duced along with the Latin language. The pronunciation of the educated classes at Rome, in the best period of the Latin, differed from that of the populace. There were, besides, different dialects in Italy and provinciahsms. What and how great these diversities were, it is impossible now to ascertain with accuracy. The Italian probably retains some of the peculiarities of the rustic pronunciation. It is pretty certain that in some of the dialects of the folk-speech c and g before e, i, and y had the sounds somewhat like s and// that c and g were often interchanged, — originally one character, c, was used, g was a comparatively late de- velopment, — that y between two vowels had the sound of s, — this occurred sometimes in the speech of the edu- cated, — and that / was sometimes assibilated with the fol- lowing /. There seem to have been, also, variations of vowel sounds and of intonation. We may be sure that for- eigners who undertook to learn Latin, did not always hear the literary pronunciation, and that each nation corrupted by its own peculiarities the pronunciation it had received. There was a constant tendency on the part of those who spoke different dialects of the Latin, as well as those who learned Latin from others, to conform the pronunciation of th$ literary language, as they found it in books, to that of their own tongues, giving the letters the sounds commonly heard in their own speech. This tendency, though counter- acted in various ways, in time produced great diversities, diminishing the value of the Latin as a medium of oral com- munication. " One would have thought all Babel had come together," is Erasmus's remark on the attempt, in his time, of the European ambassadors to converse in Latin. These diversities are still found in the methods of pronunciation 12 LATIN PRONUNCIATION. practiced by continental nations, each one modifying the pronunciation of Latin according to the peculiarities of its own speech. The differences in the sounds of the vowels are not very great. Differences in intonation or accent, and in the sounds of the consonants, are of more importance. The following are the chief peculiarities in the sounds of the consonants : — In German, before ^, /, and y, c = ts ; in French and Por- tuguese, s in sin ; in Italian, ch in chin ; in Spanish, tli in thin. In German, before e, /, and JJ^, ^ = ^ in gmi^ with some varia- tions ; in French and Portuguese, s in pleasure ; in Italian, g in gin ; in Spanish, g guttural. In German and Italian,/ = y myet ; in French and Portuguese, s m pleasure ; in Spanish, ch guttural. In German, z' = /, elsewhere, English v. In German, sometimes, particularly in words ending in -tion, t= ts ; in French, in the combinations -tion, -tial, and a few others, s in sin ; in Italian it sometimes has the sound of ts ; in Portuguese it is always hard. Variations also occur in the sounds of s and x, and of some of the other consonants. The following is an outline of the method commonly known in this country as the Continental : — VOWELS. a has the sound of a in father. a " a " fat e (( ey " they. e " e " pet. i " i " caprice. i (( i " pit. o " " 7iote. 6 (( " not. u « 11 " rtile. tt " « u " rut. THE ENGLISH METHOD. 13 These sounds are frequently somewhat modified by the consonants which follow them. Some of those who use the method give /, o, and u the short sounds when a consonant follows in the same syllable, even though the vowels are long in quantity. DIPHTHONGS. ae and oe have the sound of ey in they. ai " ei " " " i " ice. au has " " on " out. eu - " " " eu " feud. OU " " " " no. ui " " " we " we. CONSONANTS. c and g before ^, i^y, ae^ and oe are pronounced like s and j ; and in other situations, as in can and go. s is always like s in sin. u before a vowel has the sound of w, after q, often after g^ and sometimes after s. THE ENGLISH METHOD. The Latin letters formed the basis of the Anglo-Saxon Alphabet, Roman alphabetic writing having been intro- duced by the missionaries in the sixth century. (See Marches Anglo-Saxon Grammar, pp. 1-2). The letters had the same sounds as belonged in general to the literary Latin of that period, c and g were always pronounced as in can and gun, i {j) before a vowel was pronounced like y in yet, r was trilled, — the r sound in burr approaches it, — and the vowel sounds were more like those now commonly heard on the continent. Changes were gradually made in the pro- 14 LATIN PRONUNCIATION. nunciation of the words and in the power of the letters. The assibilation of c, g, s, x, and t took place, mainly through Romanic influences (March's Anglo-Saxon Grammar, pp. 20-22) ; there was a shifting of the vowel sounds, by which the open vowels became closer and the close more open or lengthened into diphthongs, and the trilled r was softened to the sound now commonly given to r. There was from the first a tendency to conform the pronunciation of the Latin, which was used in the church services, to the changes in the popular speech; though, through the influence of foreign priests, teachers, and intercourse, the Latin lagged behind the vernacular in making changes. On the revival of the study of the classics in England (1490-), when every gentlemen was supposed to know Latin and Greek, the ordi- nary sounds of the letters as used in English were generally given in pronouncing Latin. The pronunciation of the Latin, like that of the English and living languages in general, was taught by an oral tradition. The tendency, however, to pronounce after the fashion of some of the nations on the continent, prevailed among the clergy before the reformation, and among diplomats and others who held frequent intercourse with foreign scholars, and probably retarded the changes which the pronunciation of the English was all the while undergoing. After the reformation in England, when the Latin ceased to be used in the liturgy of the church (1550), and when its use as the language of Philosophy, Theology, Diplomacy, Law, and Science, had ceased to be general (exact dates are, for the most part, wanting, — Bacon and Newton used Latin for their philo- sophical and scientific works ; Milton was Latin Secretary? and protested against the then modern English fashion of pronouncing Latin ; the records of the courts, except for a brief interval, were made in Latin until 1730), the conformity THE ENGLISH METHOD. 15 of the sounds of the letters in Latin, to the sounds of the same letters in similar situations in English, became more complete. But little change has taken place in these sounds since the publication of Walker's Dictionary, and the rules given by Walker for the pronunciation of English form the basis of the English method, as now taught. No one, of course, claims that the sounds given by this method are the same as those given to the same letters by the Romans of Cicero's time, nor that by it alone an elegant or even a correct pronunciation of English can be acquired. There is no language whose pronunciation can be learned accurately by rule. The English is particularly full of pecu- liarities and exceptions. And yet the English method of pronouncing Latin affords an excellent opportunity for drill in some of the most important principles of English pronun- ciation, and is besides an excellent discipline. It is therefore of practical value to English-speaking people. Whatever will give us a more ready and accurate use of our mother tongue is a gain. A very large proportion of our words, — proper names, philosophical, theological, legal, technical, and scientific terms, — as well as a very large number of the words in com- mon use, are found in the same or in a slightly different form in Latin. Great confusion in the pronunciation of English must ultimately result from the constant practice, on the part of students, of using for these words in the Latin a pronun- ciation differing so much from the English. Thus far some effort has been made, on the part of some who practice the Roman method, to avoid this confusion, by giving the English sounds in pronouncing proper names that are in common use in English, and that are found in the same form in EngUsh and Latin. But it is not easy to teach students always to make this distinction. The tendency will naturally l6 LATIN PRONUNCIATION. be to pronounce proper names whose spelling has not been changed, even when used as English words, according to the Roman method. Scientific and technical terms will in time share the same fate, and many other words will doubtless follow the fashion. It is hard to draw the line. Those who have practised the Continental method .often show peculiarities in the sounds of their vowels, substituting occasionally a continental for an English vowel. And now, though the new pronunciation is just coming into use, we begin to hear complaints of uncouth consonantal sounds introduced through its influence. The unusualness of the sounds of the words, even of those whose derivatives are very familiar in EngHsh, when pronounced by the Roman or a Continental method, makes the Latin seem very remote and strange, — quite an unknown tongue to boys. But when the English sounds are given to Latin words, most of which are found in some form in Eng- lish, the words and language seem much nearer and more closely allied to our own. The general adoption of the Roman or a Continental method would therefore be likely to deter some students from beginning the study of Latin. Then, in many cases, beginners would not see so quickly the relation of the Latin to the English words, and the first steps in the study of Latin would in consequence often be less pleasant and profitable. Too few now study Latin. It would be a pity to deter any from beginning, and retard others in pur- suing the study of the language by adopting a system of pronunciation that sounds strange to English ears. If Eng- lish spelling reformers succeed in getting English people to adopt a system of phonetic spelling, it will then be desirable to adopt the Roman or phonetic system for the Latin also. The following rules, — taken in part from Harkness's and Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammars, — comprise the THE ENGLISH METHOD. I 7 main features of the English method. Some of them are of extensive and general application in English, some have but few applications, and to others there are many excep- tions. Proper names, and other words derived from the Latin with little or no change, will be found to furnish the best illustrations of the application of these rules to English words. VOWELS. The long sounds are those heard in the Enghsh words, mate J mete, mite, mote, mute, and type ; the short sounds, those heard in 7nat, met, fit, not, nut, and myth. These sounds are sometimes modified by the combinations of con- sonants which accompany them : — I. Final vowels have their long English sounds ; ^ te, belli, bello, fructu. (a) a final or unaccented has the sound of a in Cuba; amicay America. (i&) Some give a final in monosyllables the long sound, and both z's in tibi and sibi the short sounds. II. In final syllables ending in a consonant, vowels have their short English sounds ; mensds, servis, compos, servus, (c) In es final, os final in plurals, and in post, the vowels have their long sounds ; quies, Hercules, servos. (d) When one part of a compound is entire, and ends in a conso- nant, a vowel before such consonant has the same sound as in the simple word ; velut, sicut, abit, alpesque, postquam. \Q) For purposes of pronunciation, eiiam and quoniatn are not considered as compounds. \f) o in derivatives of Post has the short sound. III. In a penultimate or in an unaccented syllable, not final, a vowel before a single consonant, or a mute followed 1 The marks — and u indicate long and short sounds, and have no reference to quantity. 1 8 LATIN PRONUNCIATION. by / or r, has its long English sound ; satis, agrum, debeba- tur, memoria, metropolis, (g-) i or y, in any unaccented syllable except the first or last, has its short sound ; immicus, jusHtta, (h) i, in the first syllable of a word, when followed by an accented vowel, has its long sound; sometimes, also, when it stands alone before a single consonant ; Ionia, 'idea, Italia, divinus. (Jl) u, when followed by bl, and a, e, i, or o, when followed by gt or //, has its short sound ; Sudticiiis, atlas. IV. Before another vowel, or a diphthong, a vowel has its long English sound ; ~ea, habeo, ?iihilo {h is not regarded as a consonant) . (For a, i, and y, unaccented, see Q>, f, g, and -&.) ( j) u, when followed by a vowel, has the sound of w, after q, often after ^, and sometimes after s; quis, lingua, suadeo. (k) When i follows an accented a, e, o, or y, and is followed by another vowel, it has the sound of y in yet ; Maia, Pompeia, Troia, Ilithyia. V. Before x, or any two consonants, except a mute fol- lowed by / or r, a vowel in any syllable has its short English sound ; axis, tste^ VI. Before one or more consonants in any accented syl-' lable, except the penult^ a vowel has its short English sound ; inimicus, debitor. (i) a, e, or o, followed by a single consonant or a mute before / or r, followed by e, i, or y before another vowel, has its long sound : alius, etiam, odium. (222) u, in any syllable except the last, before a single consonant or a Inute followed by / or r (except bl), has the long sound ; niulii- tudinis, Rutulus, ptiblicus. in) a, preceded by qii, and followed by dr or rt, is pronounced as in the English words quadrant and quart. (o) e, i, and u, before r final, or r followed by another conson- ant, are pronounced as in the English words her, fir, and pur. THE ENGLISH METHOD. I9 DIPHTHONGS. ae and oe have the sounds e would have in the same situation; Caesar^ AenaeaCy Daedalus, Oedipus, Oeta. au has the sound of au in author ; auctor. eu has the sound of eu in neuter ; neuter. ei has the sound of ei in height; hei. oi has the sound of oi in voice; quoique. ou has the sound of ou in out; joudex. ui has the sound of i in ice; huic. ei, oi, and ou are rarely used as diphthongs. ui is found only in cui, hui, and huic. The combinations ua, ue, ui, uo, and uu are not treated as diph- thongs, u either forming a distinct syllable, or having the force of the consonant w, (J). CONSONANTS. Assibilation. 1. Before e, i, y, ae, and oe, c has the sound of s in sin, and ^ the sound ofy m jest : centum, cinis, cygnus ; coelum, genus, gingiva, (a) In other situations c and g have their hard sounds. 2. When ci, si, ti, and xi follow an accented syllable, and are followed by a vowel, r and / have the sound of sh, s (except in a few proper names), the sound of zh, and x the sound of ksh ; acies, Persius, natio, otium, ocior, anxius, but As{sh)ia, likewise Theodosia, Sosia, 3. When c follows an accented syllable, and is followed by ett or yo, it has the sound of sh ; caduceus, Sicyon. (i&) t retains its pure sound after j, /, and x ; in old infinitives in -ier, and in proper names in -Hon. (i) s final, after e, ae] au, b, m, n, and r has the sound of z; res, aes, laus, urhs, hiems, amans, ai's, (2) s, between two vowels, has the sound of z, when that sound occurs in English derivatives in common use; Caesar , mttsa, miser, resz'dttzim, rosa. 4. X has the sound of ks ; rex^ index ; but between e or u and an accented 20 LATIN PRONUNCIATION. vowel, and occasionally elsewhere, it has the sound of gz^ while at the beginning of a word it has the sound of z ; njcorius, exemplutn, exit, JCanthus. 5. In the beginning of a word, ch before M, c and p before t, ^and ni before n, t before m^ and / before s, are silent. All other letters are sounded. ACCENT. There are three systems of accentuation, — the logical, the grammatical, and the rhythmical (March's Anglo-Saxon Grammar, page 30). The rhythmical prevailed in the Latin. Three different accents were recognized by the Romans, — the acute, the grave, and the circumflex. There is some doubt about the exact nature of these accents (see Roby's Latin Grammar, Vol. I., and Hadley's Essays, pp. 124-26). The following rules are now commonly used in pronounc- ing by the English method : — I. Words of one syllable are accented ; res, guts, (a-) Monosyllables are often so closely united with other words in pronunciation as virtually to lose their proper accents. IL Words of two syllables are accented on the first ; erat, satis, III. Words of- more than two syllables are accented on the penult, if that syllable is long in quantity, otherwise on the antepenult ; amicus, dominus, unius, volucris, IV. A second accent is placed on the second syllable before the principal accent, if that syllable is long in quantity, or is the first in the word, otherwise on the third ; debebdter^ multitudines, multitudinibus. (b) There is occasionally a third and even a fourth accent in very long words ; exerciiatidnibus. V. The accent of an enclitic falls on the last syllable of the word to which it is attached ; felixque^ dixitne, itdque, quibuscum. (c) These rules apply also to the accentuation of compound words; ddmodum, undegue, Hague (here gtte is not enclitic). A very few exceptions are sometimes made in cases where derivatives of Latin compounds are in common use in English. Perhaps it is better to apply the rule always. LATIN TEXT-BOOKS. Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar. For Schools and Colleges. Founded on comparative grammar, revised and enlarged by James Bradstreet Greenough assisted by George L. Kittredge, Professors in Harvard University. Copyright Edition of 1888. 12mo. Half leather, xiii + 48^ pages. Mailing Price, ^1.30. Foi introduction, $1.20. Allowance for an old book in exchange, 40 cents. rpO issue a new edition of such a book as this Latin Grammar was in a sense venturesome, for the book as it stood was giving excellent satisfaction. The hearty welcome accorded the revision has shown, however, that a great advance has been made where improvement was not generally considered possible. The aim was nothing less than this, — to make the grammar as perfect as such a book possibly can be. The latest conclusions of sound scholarship are presented, and everything is put in the best form for use. Some of the features of the new edition are its constant regard for the needs of the class-room ; its combining scientific accuracy with clearness and simplicity of statement ; the intelligibility and quotableness of the rules, secured without concessions to mechanical ways of treating grammar ; the addition of much new matter of great value ; the marking of all long vowels ; the increase of the number of illustrative examples; the numerous cross references; the excellence of the typography ; and the indexes, glossary, list of authors, and list of rules. In short, " the best has been made better." A FEW REPRESENTATIVE OPINIONS. Tracy Peck, Prof, of Latin, Yale University : The steady advances in Latin scholarship during the last dec- ade, and the more practical exactions of the class-ioom, seem to me to be here amply recognized. At several points I notice that the essential facts of the language are stated with greater clearness, and that thttre is a richer suggestiveness as to the ra- tionale of constructions. The book will thus be of quicker service to younger students, and a better equip- ment and stimulus to teachers and more advanced scholars. John K. Lord, Prof, of Latin, Dart- mouth College, Hanover, N.H.: It 28 LATIN TEXT-BOOKS. Is a great advance upon the former edition. Degrees of excellence are difficult to estimate, but it is safe to say the grammar is doubled in value. It has gained very much that was lacking before by way of illustration, and especially in fulness and clear- ness of statement. It represents the latest results of classical scholarship in a way that is intelligible to young students. Harold N. Fowler, Instructor in Latin, Phillips Exeter Academy : Allen & Greenough's Latin Gram- mar has always been the most sci- entific Latin grammar published in the United States. The new edi- tion has been revised in such a way as to retain the excellence of its predecessors and embody the re- sults of the latest researches. . . . The new edition is also greatly superior to the earlier ones in clearness of ex- pression and in the arrangement and appearance of the printed page. . . . In short, the book seems to me admir- ably adapted for use in schools and colleges, containing as it does all that the college youth needs, expressed in language which the school-boy can understand. John Tetlow, Head Master of Girls' High and Latin Schools, Boston : The changes, whether in the direction of simplification, correction, or addi- tion — and there are numerous in- stances of each kind of change — seem to me distinctly to have im- proved a book which was already excellent. William C. Collar, Head Master of Roxhury Latin School, Boston: Up to the present moment I have been obliged to limit my examination of the revised edition of Allen & Greenough's Latin Grammar mainly to the Syntax, but for that I have only words of the heartiest praise. So far, its superiority to other Latin grammars for school use seems to me incontestable. I am also struck with the skill with which a multitude of additions and improvements have been wrought into this edition, with- out materially affecting the unity or symmetry of the original work. Franklin A. Dakin, Teacher oj Latin, St. Johnshury Academy, Vt. : During seven years' constant use in the class-room, I have always re- garded the Allen & Greenough as the best of the school grammars. . . . The improvements make the supe- riority more marked than ever. D. W. Abercrombie, Prin. of TTor- cester {Mass.) Academy : In my opin- ion, it has no equal among books on the same subject intended for use ic secondary schools. J. W. Scudder, Teacher of Latin, Albany Academy, N. Y.: The changes will commend themselves to all good teachers. The grammar is now schol- arly and up to the times. It is by far the best grammar published in America for school work. W. B. Owen, Prof, of Latin, Lafay- ette College, Easton, Pa. : I am much pleased with the changes. They are all improvements. George W. Harper, Prin. of Wood- ward High School, Cincinnati, 0.:' I thought Allen & Greenough's Latin Grammar could hardly be surpassed, but the revised edition is a decided improvement. Lucius Heritage, late Prof, of Latin, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. : We have long • used the old edition here ; the new edition I have examined with some care in the form of the bound volume as well as in the proof-sheets. I think it the best manual grammar for our preparatory schools and colleges. 30 LATIN TEXT-BOOKS. The Beginner's Latin Book. Complete with Grammar, Exercises, Selections for Translating, and t/ocabulary. By William C. Collar, A.M., Head Master Roxbury Latin School, and M. Grant Daniell, A.M., Principal Chauncy-Hall School, Boston. 12mo. Cloth, xii + 283 pages. Mailing price, ^.10 ; for introduction, $1.00 ; allowance for an old book in exchange, 35 cents. "VrOW that the Beginner's Latin Book has been before the public nearly five years, the publishers are able to say without hesita- tion that it has been far more successful than any other introduc- tory Latin book ever published in this country. This remarkable result is due to a combination of excellences so skilfully blended that effects are more patent than causes. While the book may be used as an introduction to Caesar, it is more than this, — it is an introduction to Latin as a language. It prepares the student not only to begin the study of Caesar, but, with proper guidance, to make remarkably rapid and satisfactory progress in reading and understanding Latin. The skill of the authors as teachers has enabled them to secure these larger results without deviation from the main line or increase of difficulties. The fundamental idea was to combine the utmost practice with the minimum of theory, on the principle that a thorough acquisition of the elements of Latin by the young learner must be more a process than a science, more the work of observation, comparison, and imitation than the me- chanical following of rules or the exercise of analysis and conscious inductive reasoning. There are therefore abundant and varied exercises on the forms and more important constructions of the language. The skilful choice of words has made it possible to provide exercises that are in themselves interesting. The colloquia (simple Latin dialogues), the extracts for translation, introduced as early as possible, and the mode of treatment throughout are made to impart attractiveness, freshness, and variety, though there is no sacrifice of rigorous scientific method. Even if the time allowed for Latin the first year is quite limited, teachers may still be able to carry classes through the book by omitting certain de- tachable portions of the course. Provision has been made for the practical use of Latin in oral teaching. Note the testimony of those who have used It. LATIK TEXT-BOOKS. 31 John Williams White, Harvard College^ Author of ^^ First Lessons in Greek," etc.: It is at once sym- metrical in arrangement, clear in statement, scholarly in execution, and sufficient in amount. Andrew F. West, Prof, of Latin, Princeton College: It is decidedly the best beginner's book with which I am acquainted. H. A. Kennert, Instr. in Ancient Lang., Univ. of Pennsylvania : I have never seen a book that made the beginning of Latin so interest- ing, nor one in which every fact of the language is so well explained. L. B. Hall, Associate Prof, of Latin, Oherlin College, Ohio: I think it more satisfactory than anything else of the kind I have seen. G. W. Manley, Prof, of Latin, Wake Forest College: It impresses me as the best thing in the market for first-year students in Latin. S. E. Thompson, Prof, of Latin, Baylor Univ., Tex.: The enthusiasm with which our beginners have been inspired this year leads me to say that instead of being a dead lan- guage, Latin is now one of the livest languages taught in our course. A. C. Perkins, Prin. Adelphi Acad- emy, Brooklyn : For the second year we are using it with increasing satis- faction. The hand of a wise and skil- ful teacher is manifest on every page. F. A. Hill, Prin. of High School, Cambridge, Mass.: It is working admirably. M. S. Bartlett, High School, Ha- verhill^ Mass. : I am using it with a large class, and find it altogether the most satisfactory book that I know of for beginners in the study of Latin. C. T. Bonney, Jr., Teacher of Latin, High School, Neio Bedford, Mass. : We have used it for two years, and consider it by far the best book we have tried yet. E. C. Adams, Prin. High School, Neiohuryport, Mass.: The longer I use the book, the more it pleases me, John H. Peck, Priri. Neio Britain High School, New Britain, Conn.: I am free to say that I am perfectly satisfied with it; at least, I have never used a beginner's Latin book that I liked nearly so well.* H. P. Warren, Prin. of Boys* Academy, Albany, N.Y. : It is the model book for beginners, — incom- parably the best book we have tried. E. M. Jones, PiHn. Penn Charter School, Philadelphia : It seems to me the best introductory Latin book yet produced in this country. J. C. Shattuck, Svpt. Schools, St. Clair, Mich. : It has had a practical test with a large class, and is giving better results in every way than I had even hoped to obtain. Wallace P. Dick, Vice-Prin. Cen- tral State Normal School, Pa.: My class is improving rapidly. It is a superb little book. W. E. Waters, Teacher of Latin, Hughes High School, Cincinnati: None of my pupils have to my knowledge become discouraged over their Latin lessons as they used to. H. S. Lehr, Pres. Ohio Normal Univ., Ada : It saves us a term's work. Latine Reddenda. The English-Latin Exercises from The Beginner* s Latin Book. With Glossarium Grammaticum. 12mo. 41 pages. Paper. Price by mail and for introduction, 20 cents. With Glossarium Grammaticum and English-Latin Vocabulary. 12mo. 68 pages. Cloth. Mailing price, 33 •ents ; for introduction, 30 cents. 82 LATIN TEXT-BOOKS. New Latin Method, A Manual of Instruction in Latin, on the basis of Allen & Greenough's Latin Method, prepared by J. H. Allen. 12mo. Cloth. 263 pages. Mailing Price, $1.00; Introduction, 90 cents; Allowance, 30 cents. A FULL year's course in Latin, which can be studied without the grammar. The book has been prepared from the point of view of the elementary class-room, and is specially valuable as an introduction to Caesar, to Latin composition, and to sight-reading. Gradatim. An easy Latin Translation book for beginners. By Heatley and King- don. Revised for American schools by W. C. Collar, Head Master of the Roxbury Latin School, Boston. l()mo. Cloth, viii + 139 pages. Mailing Price, 45 cents ; Introduction, 40 cents. TT is a charming reading book for young scholars, in easy but pure Latin, and may be used to precede Caesar, or as a companion and supplement to the Beginner's Latin Book or its equivalent. The English edition has met with an enormous sale in England. W. G. Lord, Prin. of Rugby School, I niche. My class is aroused to new Covington, Ky,: It filled just the I life by it. (iVot;. 11, 1889.) First Steps in Latin. By R. F. Leighton, Ph.D. (Lips.), Principal of the Fall River (Mass.) High School, Author of Critical History of Cicero's Epistulae ad Familiares, History of RomCy Latin Lessons, Greak Lessons, etc. 12mo, Half -morocco. 518 pages. Mailing Price, $1.25 ; for Introduction, $1.12 ; allowance for an old book in exchange, 35 cents. rpHE aim of this book is to furnish young pupils who are none too well equipped in English grammar a complete course in Latin for one year. It contains Grammar, Exercises, and Vocabu- lary, based on material drawn from Caesar, with exercises for sight- reading, and a course of elementary Latin reading. The review of English grammar at the beginning, and the fre- quent illustrative i-eferences to English forms and constructions are important features of this book. Special attention has been given to order and arrangement. ChSiTlesTi8h,Prin.of High School, C. M. Lowe, formerly Prof, of Brunswick, Me. : In my judgment it Latin, Heidelberg College, 0. : I wel- ls an admirable book for the first come Leighton's First Steps in Latin year in Latin, and ought to have a as a full, clear, and systematic course wide circulation. {March 29, 1886.) for the first year. {April 14, 1886.) LATIN TEXT-BOOKS. 33 Leighton's Latin Lessons. By R. F. Leighton, Ph.D. (Lips.), Principal of the Fall River (Mass.) High School. Revised Edition, with full Vocabularies prepared by R. F. Pennell. 12rao. Half-morocco, xviii -f- 357 pages. Mailing price, $1.25; for introduction, $1.12; allowance, 35 cents. TDREPARED to accompany Allen & Greenough's Latin Gram- mar. Containing also references to the grammars of Andrews and Stoddard, Harkness, and Gildersleeve. A thoroughly approved text-book. W. C. Morey, Prof, of Latin, Roch- ester University : I would especially recommend it and the Grammar as admirably calculated to facilitate the study of Latin for beginners. Merrill E. Gates, Pres. of Rutgers College : I have used it with greater satisfaction than I have known in the use of any other book of exer- cises in Latin. Tetlow's Inductive Latin Lessons. By John Tetlow, Principal Girls' High and Latin Schools, Boston. Illustrated. 12mo. Half-morocco, xi + 340 pages. Mailing Price, ^1.25 ; Introduction, $1.12. Allowance for old book, 35 cents. rPHE particular attention of teachers is invited to these points : the strictly inductive method ; the sentences for translation all drawn from classical authors ; the adoption of reforms in Latin orthography ; quantities carefully marked ; early introduction of connected translation and of the study of word formation ; the exact etymologies of the vocabulary ; illustrations, etc. Moses Merrill, Head Master of Latin Schoolf Boston, Mass. : It brings to us the latest results of scholarship and scientific treatment in elementary Latin. The plan of the work is safe and practical. Six Weelis' Preparation for Reading Ccesar. A New Edition. Designed to accompany a Grammar, and to prepare pupils for reading at sight. Adapted to Allen & Greenough's, Gilder- sleeve's, and Harkness' Grammars. By James M. Whiton, formerly Principal of Williston Seminary. 18mo. Cloth. 107 pages. Mailing Price, 45 cents ; Introduction, 40 cents. Allowance for old book, 15 cents. T^HE special object pursued is that early familiarity with the inflections and common concords of the Latin, which is at the foundation of all accurate scholarship. Everything for which a grammar needs to be consulted, except the paradigms, is put before the eye in connection with the lesson. The method is based upon a long and successful experience. 34 LATIN TEXT-BOOKS. Allen & Greenough's New Ccesar, Seven Books. Illustrated. With six double-page colored maps. Edited by Prof. W. F, Allen, of the University of Wisconsin, J. H. Allen, of Cambridge, and H. P. Judson, Professor of History, Univer. sity of Minnesota, with a special Vocabulary by Prof. J. B. Greenough, of Harvard College. 12mo. xxvi + 543 pages, red edges, bound in half- morocco. Mailing Price, $1.35; for introduction, $1.25 ; Allowance for an old book in exchange, 40 cents. A TTENTIO^ is invited to these features, which, with othei merits, have gained this edition an extraordinary success : — 1. The judicious notes, — their full grammatical references, crisp, idiomatic renderings, scholarly interpretations of difficult passages, clear treatment of indirect discourse, the helpful maps, diagrams, and pictures ; in particular, the military notes, throw- ing light on the text, and giving life and reality to the narrative. 2. The vocabulary, — convenient, comprehensive, and schol- arly, combining the benefits of the full lexicon with the advantages of the special vocabulary, and every way superior to the ordinary vocabulary. 3. The mechanical features of the volume, its clear type, con- venient size and shape, superior paper, and attractive binding. 4. In general, this edition represents the combined -work of several specialists in different departments, and so ought to excel an edition edited by any single scholar. The Notes on the second book have just been rewritten to adapt them for those who begin Caesar with this book. Full grammati- cal references have been given. Tracy Peck, Prof, of Latiiiy Yale CoUefje: With quite unusual satis- faction I have noticed the beautiful paper and type ; the carefully edited text ; the truly helpful notes, which neither tend to deaden enthusiasm with superfluous grammar, nor blink real difficulties; the very valuable illustrations and remarks on the Eoman military art; and the schol- arly and stimulating vocabulary. John Tetlow, Prin. of Girls* High and Latin Schools, Boston : The clear type, judicious annotation, copious pictorial illustration, full explanation of terms and usages be- longing to the military art, and ex cellent vocabulary, combine to make this edition easily first among the school editions of Caesar. G. W. Shurtleff, Prof, of Latin, Oberlin {Ohio) College: I do not hesitate to pronounce it the best edi» tion I have ever seen. J. L. Lampson, Teacher of Latin, State Normal College, Nashville, Tenn.: It is the best Caesar puk» lished. LATIK TEXT-BOOKS. 35 Allen & Greenough's New Cicero, Thirteen Orations, Illustrated. Edited by Prof. W. F, Allen, of the University of Wisconsin, J. H. Allen, of Cambridge, and Prof. J. B. Greenough, of Harvard Univer- sity. With a special Vocabulary by Professor Greenough. 12mo. Half- morocco. xix + 670 pages. Mailing Price, ^1.40 ; for introduction, $1.25 ; Allowance for an old book in exchange, 40 cents. rpmS edition includes thirteen orations arranged chronologi- cally, and covering the entire public life of Cicero. The intro- ductions connect the orations, and, with them, supply a complete historical study of this most interesting and eventful period. The Life of Cicero, List of his Writings, and Chronological Table will be found of great value. The orations are : Defence of Roscius, Impeachment of Verres {The Plunder of Syracuse and Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen), The Manilian Law, the four orations against Catiline, For Archias, For Sestius, For Milo, The Pardon of Mar- cellus. For Ligarius, and the Fourteenth Philippic. The notes have been thoroughly rewritten in the light of the most recent investigations and the best experience of the class- room. Topics of special importance, as, for instance, the Antiqui- ties, are given full treatment in brief essays or excursuses, printed in small type. References are given to the grammars of Allen & Oreenough, Gildersleeve, and Harkness. A. E. Chase, Prin. of High School, Portland, Me.: I am full better pleased with it than with the others of the series, although I thought those the best of the kind. F. E. Rockwood, Prof. Latin, Bucknell University, Pa. : The work of editing seems to have been done with the utmost care. The result is a model text-book. 0. D. Eobinson, Pi-in. of High School, Albany, N. Y. : I find it a worthy companion, in every way, of its two predecessors, the Virgil and the Caesar. I can say no more than this in its praise, for I have already spoken sincerely, in almost unquali- fied terms, of these two books. John L. Lampson, Prof, of Latin, State Normal College, Nashville, Tenn. : The text, in appearance and authority, is the best; the notes, ample, judicious, modern ; the vocab- ulary is the best school-book vocab- ulary published. L. B. Wharton, Prof. Latin, Col- lege of William and Mary : It is the best school edition of Cicero's Ora- tions that I have ever seen. The vo- cabulary is admirable. Allen & Greenough 's Cicero, nc oid Edition. Eight Orations and Notes, with Vocabulary. Mailing price, $1.25 ; for introduction, $1.12. 36 LATIN. Allen and Greenough's New Quid. Revised edition. Edited by Harold N. Fowler, Instructor in Latin in Phillips Exeter Academy ; with a special vocabulary by James B. Greenough, of Harvard University. 12nio. Half leather. Illustrated. I. With vocabulary, by mail, $1.65; for introduction, $1.50. n. Without vocabulary, by mail, $1.25; for introduction, $1.12. Allowances respectively 40 and 30 cents. rpHE editor believes that the poems of Ovid are, as regards both style and subject-matter, admirably adapted to serve as an introduction to the study of Latin Poetry. He has therefore fur- nished the book with copious notes suited to the needs of young students, supplemented with grammatical references and an intro- duction on the life and works of Ovid, and on mythology. The selections were chosen with a view to making the study of Latin interesting. Most of them are from the Metamorphoses, of which about one-third has been taken. By help of the argument, which is given in full, the editor has endeavored not merely to show the connection of the tales and the ingenuity of the transi- tions, — necessary to comprehend the poem as a whole, — but to put before the reader something like a complete picture of the Greek mythology, at least of those narratives which have held their permanent place in the modern mind and have entered more or less into every modern literature. The first eighty-eight lines of Book I. have been omitted because of their difficulty and lack of interest. From the Fasti three selec- tions are given ; from the Heroides, one ; from the Amores, three ; from the Tristia, five ; and of the letters from Pontus, one. Special care has been taken to preserve the more interesting biographical hints of the lesser poems. Professor Greenough's vocabulary, similar in style and character to his Caesar, Cicero, and Virgil vocabularies, will doubtless be ready before the autumn of 1891. In the meantime Allen's Lexicon will fill its place. William A. Packard, Prof, of Latin, Princeton College : The abun- dant illustrations of mythology, now introduced, so specially appropriate and indeed necessary to the stu- dent's best appreciation of these poems, make this book peculiarly attractive and useful. Mary S. Anthony, Teacher of Latin and Greek, Bradford Academy, Mass.: I find that it is admirably arranged for a comprehensive study of the metamorphoses. I like, in fact, the entire Allen & Greenough series, and have introduced them into my work here in the Academy. I*ATIK TEXT-BOOKS* 37 Greenough's VirgiL Fully annotated, for School and College Use, by J. B. Greenough, ol Harvard University. Supplied in the following editions : — Mail. Price. Bucolics, and Six Books of ^neid, vnth. Vocab. . . . $1.75 Bucolics, and Six Books of ^neid, without Vocab. . . 1.25 Bucolics, Georgics, and the -ffi^neid complete, with Notes, 1.75 Georgics, and last Six Books of .ffineid, with Notes . .1.25 Vocabulary to Virgil's Complete Works i.io Complete Text of Virgil 85 Allow. Old Book $0.40 Intro. Price. $1.60 1. 12 1.60 Z.X2 X.OO •75 a Synopsis . ' Also full /CONTAINING Life of the Poet, Introductions, preceding each Book, and an Index of Plants illustrations from ancient objects of art. The text follows Ribbeck in the main, variations being noted in the margin ; and the references are to Allen & Greenough's, Gil- dersleeve's, and Harkness's Latin Grammars. Tracy Peck, Prof, of LatiUy Yale College: The Vocabulary, both in plan and execution, is superior to any schoolbook vocabulary known to me. E. P. Crowell, Prof, of Latin, Amherst College^ In all respects a very scholarly and excellent edition. Jno. K. Lord, Prof, of Latin, Dart* mouth College : The best school edi- tion of the works of Virgil with which I am acquainted. F. E. Lord, Prof, of Latin, Welles- ley College: There is an admirable richness and appropriateness to the notes. Allen and Greenough's Latin Composition. An Elementary Guide to Writing in Latin. Part I., Constructions of Syntax; Part IL, Exercises in Translation. 12mo. Cloth. 194 pages. Mailing price, $1.25; introduction, $1.12; allowance, 35 cents. rpHE special feature of the Composition is, that its instructions are given throughout from the English point of view. Allen & Greenough's Sallust The Conspiracy of Catiline as related by Sallust. With lAtroductiou and Notes explanatory and historical. 12mo. Cloth. 96 pages. Mail- ing price, 65 cents ; for introduction, 60 cents. Allen & Greenough's De Senectute, Cicero's Dialogue on Old Age. With Introduction (on the adoption in Rome of the Greek philosophy) and Notes. 12mo. Cloth. 67 pages. Mailing price, 55 cents ; for introduction, 50 cents. 'D oobbb 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED EDUCATION-PSYCHOLOGY LIBRARY This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. TrI Mn M9 it'^OR JUL 5^968 m JUN20 REC'D-UANl THrA-it;.Ve" vJ^^.ni.