LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. GIFT OF Class -&<*. >-^, " T ** "*~ V^X FOR OF TH PRESIDENT TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION CHICAGO, 1 892- 1 893. 1 | I >. o e 3 > j>, "3 i > < *l 1 Treasurer ...... 31 39, 28 30 36 95 24 26 25 29 36 27 28 24 Secretary 9 10 10 11 11 19 14 9 8 9 9 9 9 g Legal 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 1 2 2 2 2 Auditor . 18 17 38 39 37 40 39 43 54 40 38 43 41 38 World's Congress Auxiliary. 5 98 7 30 8 4 8 3 8 3 8 9 8 9 10 3 11 2 53 2 43 2 7 3 40 3 39 3 Traffic | 8 6 Admissions ... 5 13 8 40 349 597 654 574 533 584 Collections 4 15 29 169 247 199 164 188 175 Council of Administration... Ways and Means .... 6 4 5 4 8 5 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 8 7 9 7 9 9 8 11 9 11 9 10 8 11 11 11 11 1ft 10 9 9 4 2 2 Public Comfort ..... 4 5 6 5 9 11 13 12 29 33 42 42 41 39 'Woman's 8 4 7 13 46 1 1 1 1 1 Director-general's office ...... 6 5 9 8 6 9 14 29 28 17 23 10 g 9 Agriculture 6 6 9 19, 19! 15 15 18 27 47 42 45 40 25 Electricity 4 4 5 6 8 9 9 13 13 12 10 10 10 10 Ethnology -. .- 11 9 4 14 18 30 36 31 55 72 60 93 58 54 Fine Arts f> ft 7 7 8 9 16 31 31 24 23 20 20 21 Fish and Fisheries 3 1 9 4 4 7 8 8 10 12 11 10 9 8 Foreign Affairs 13 19, 16 10 19, 13 13 14 9 12 13 10 10 9 9 9 9, 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 5 6 9 6 9 8 9 17 14 12 11 11 10 Liberal Arts 8 9 19 10 11 15 19 23 49 31 31 29 27 26 Live Stock 9, 9 9 9 9 9 3 4 5 5 6 9 32 30 Machinery . .... . . 5 5 6 8 9 12 15 25 27 22 25 21 19 18 Manufactures . . . 6 7 9 19 99 98 43 33 24 18 25 41 19 Mines and Mining 7 10 19, 10 19 17 93 32 26 15 14 13 13 13 New York agency 9! 9 Publicity and Promotion Transportation Exhibits Medical and surgical 27 6 7 28 7 7 27 7 7 22 10 7 19 11 7 32 16 8 43 19 6 45 25 21 50 22 36 25 28 23 17 20 12 16 12 17 Bookkeepers . .. 8 9 *14 Building superintendents 11 13 18 15 11 19 15 18 *i1 194 I09 114 158 997 363 Chemists ... 1 1 Clerks and messengers *>*> 49 38 31 98 99 99 32 18 Coloring and decorating 49 65 81 68 30 67 10 58 207 42 232 40 208 37 236 36 390 50 254 37 94 15 2 7 22 5 22 5 993 *>3 909 934 931 980 379 749 532 268 155 47 18 17 16 14 13 13 14 15 13 9 79 86 74 56 34 59 59 53 40 39 49 49 38 63 59 66 41 Grading and surveying 124 90 76 64 10 50 15 52 13 58 22 361 61 272 79 137 28 41 1 12 9 11 10 11 12 51 143 109 567 1,303 434 154 69 43 40 Landscape gardening 437 494 373 204 86 57 158 187 290 254 56 72 73 59 Accounting office, constniction department, subsequently merged in auditor's office. 22 (337) 338 APPENDIX ".." STATEMENT OF FORCE EMPLOYED. Continued. 1892 1893 i cc 1 1 d 9 40 42 8 13 393 110 173 1 ,a o I < >> 1 o d p H- > >> "3 i > b p ." to that company and swelling the attendance to the Exposi- tion; also contributing in a large degree to the comfort and satisfaction of the patrons of the railroad and of the Expo- sition. The World's Fair Steamship Company also did good service, and owing to the exceptionally fine weather which prevailed during most of the Exposition season, were ena- bled to run boats as advertised, maintaining their schedule with considerable regularity, and landing large numbers of people at the North Pier and the Casino Pier. The terminal station of the "Alley L" road was con- structed over the roof of the annex of the Transportation Building, from whence visitors found their way down flights of stairs into the Exposition grounds. There were three broad flights, the central one for exit purposes, and those on either side for entrances. The ticket booths and entrances were located at the bottom of the two side flights of stairs. The terminal of the road on the roof above had two stubs. The visitors dismounting from trains on one stub entered the grounds down one of these side flights, and those dis- mounting on the other stub used the other flight. The mid- dle flight, used for exit purposes, was a source of some apprehension for a time, as the exit gates were located at the top of the staircase, and in times of congestion the stairs would be crowded with visitors waiting for trains. The staircases were carefully and strongly built, and fre- quent tests revealed no weakness, but all danger from con- gestion was soon removed by locating exit gates at the bottom of the flight and preventing large crowds from standing on the steps. TICKETS. Previous to the organization of the Bureau of Admis- sions and Collections the use of the 5o-cent silver coin as a ticket of admission to the grounds was strongly advo- cated, the precedent of its use at the Centennial Exhibition and the strong terms in which it was commended by the general manager of admissions at that exhibition being among the arguments in its favor. Also it was urged that by this means the expense of printing and handling tickets DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 361 would be avoided, besides which the Exposition would have a ticket the penalty for counterfeiting which would be far more serious than in the case of a printed ticket. It had for some time been assumed that the coin system would be adopted in preference to the ticket system, but as time went on other reasons became apparent which led to the adoption of the ticket system, consisting of a series of finely engraved tickets which would be desirable as souvenirs and a series of cheap tickets which could be rapidly procured at small cost and which could be changed at any day almost at any hour to guard against the danger of counterfeiting. By this means the expense of locating money-changers at all entrances to make exact change and of counting and arranging coins for the bank avoided. The ticket was to be deposited in the hopper and mutilated by the same motion with which the ticket taker admitted the visitor through the turnstile. The mutilated ticket remained as a check on the register and also on the ticket seller. Tickets of a neat engraved design, offered by the American Bank Note Company of New York, were accepted. These tickets were about the size of the old United States fractional currency notes, bearing the signature of the president and treasurer of the World's Columbian Exposition. They were in four series, distinguished from each other by the vignettes. A vignette portrait of Columbus was used for one series, a typical American Indian for the second, Washington for the third, and Lincoln for the fourth. These tickets were numbered consecutively and placed in packages of 100 each, strapped both ways, and shipped in bundles of 5,000 each. Six millions of these tickets were ordered, 1,500,000 of each series. The paper used was a certain prepared paper used by the United States Government for the print- ing of bonds, and the American Bank Note Company first secured the consent of the United States Treasurer before using it for Exposition purposes. The paper had a peculiar mottled appearance, which could be discovered by holding it to the light, and the spots could also be felt with the hands. As only 6,000,000 of the souvenir tickets were ordered it will be apparent that the bureau intended to rely for the bulk of admissions upon the cheaper form of 362 APPENDIX "Z>." ticket. This was a plain ticket, having but little ornamen- tation, bearing upon its face the signatures of the president and treasurer and upon its back a scroll of geometric lathe work. The cost of this ticket was only about one-eighth of that of the souvenir ticket, and it was changed daily, the ticket being good for admission only on the day of sale. They were furnished by Rand, McNally & Co., under a bid made by them to the Bureau of Admissions and Col- lections. The various series were distinguished by letters of the alphabet in connection with numbers, as for example: A, i A, 2 A, B, i B, 2 B, etc. Twenty-five millions of these tickets were ordered as follows: Forty packages, 300,000 tickets 12,000,000 Thirty packages, 200,000 tickets 6,000,000 Twenty packages, 150,000 tickets 3,000,000 Forty packages, 100,000 tickets 4,000,000 Total 25,000,000 It will be seen from the foregoing that the Exposition had two forms of general admission tickets on sale, the first being the elaborate engraved ticket, good for admission to the Exposition on any day, and the second being the inex- pensive ticket sold at the gates and good only on day of sale. The latter was of a style which changed with each day of the Exposition, to prevent counterfeiting ; the former was so carefully made as to almost defy counterfeiting. The advan- tage expected from the use of the engraved ticket was that many of them would be retained as souvenirs and never presented at the gates, thus netting a considerable amount to the Exposition over and above the actual number of cash admissions. This expectation was realized to a considerable extent, for many more tickets were sold than were presented at the gates for admission, and a large portion of the surplus of engraved tickets remaining at the close of the Exposition were subsequently disposed of as souvenirs. TURNSTILES. The problems connected with the adoption of a ticket were intimately associated with the form of entrance and manner of entering the park by the visitors. Various turn- stiles were under consideration during the time the ticket DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 363 question was being discussed, the aim being to secure for our use a stile which would give a complete register of every person passing through the gates, whether by complimentary pass, employes' pass, or ticket, and, if possible, to so deface and destroy tickets as to prevent their being used again. Turnstiles and choppers were presented for consideration which, if accepted, would have required the services of two men ; others presented a combination turnstile and chopper which could be operated by one man. The shortness of the time remaining proved a serious obstacle in this matter. By the middle of February several parties whose turnstiles were on exhibition withdrew them, claiming that the time was too short in which to fill the contract, if awarded them. The Department of Works advertised for bids for renting turn- stiles and choppers during the period from May ist to Octo- ber 3oth, inclusive, and on March gth a contract was awarded to the Casper Automatic Gate Company, Limited, of New Orleans, for 350 turnstiles and choppers at a rental basis. Under this contract the Casper Company was obliged to furnish satisfactory turnstiles and choppers combined, to- gether with the register, cans for the reception of the tickets, and locks for the doors connected with the stiles all to be in place in satisfactory order by May ist. Delays in trans- portation and switching from the city into the terminal yards, caused by the severe congestion of traffic incident to the Exposition, rendered it impossible for the company to fulfill this contract satisfactorily. Other causes, mostly beyond the control of the contracting company, added to this delay. The stiles were, however, finally put in place, and proved satisfactory. The mutilation of the ticket by the chopper was too great, however, and prevented our obtaining the actual attendance, therefore the chopper was discon- tinued in July, and after that the tickets were not mutilated at all. The register, which had been accepted as satisfactory and guaranteed as reliable when the contract was awarded, proved to be the reverse. It was found necessaiy to remove them and substitute the " Davis " register, and after July 26th very few complaints were heard on account of the register. After that date the register, unless pronounced out of order, gave us the actual number that passed through 364 APPENDIX ">." the gate. The party who held the contract for the turnstile kept a sufficient force of skilled mechanics upon the grounds to look over every gate at night and adjust any defects that might be found. PASSES. Next in importance to the establishment of a safe system of paid admissions and proper regulations and equipment at the gates was the question of free admission. It was appar- ent from the outset that an enormous number of persons would be entitled to free admission. This number was expected to be out of all proportion to that of the Centennial and greater than that of the Paris Exposition of 1889. It was accepted as a foregone conclusion that many would secure free admission who were not entitled to it, and that employes' passes would be abused ; the problem was simply to minimize this abuse. The photographic pass system in use at both of the expositions mentioned was adopted with some changes. At the Centennial the ticket used was in the form of a book cover. Inside a space was set apart for each day of the exhibition, with the date engraved therein. This pass bore the photograph of the person entitled to use it, and the ticket was punched when the bearer entered the grounds. We adopted a pass in the form of a book bearing the photograph and also the autograph of the person entitled to use it on the inside of the cover. The book was made up of coupons bearing the date of the days upon which the Exposition was open, and a coupon was detached when the bearer entered the grounds. The theory of the Bureau of Admissions and Collections in adopting the photographic pass system was that its use should be practically universal among all those entitled to free admission, excepting those whose official position demanded recognition by the Exposi- sition, viz., the President and Vice-President of the United States, members of the Cabinet, justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, members of Congress, etc. Being less liable to abuse by transfer than a simple card of admis- sion, the bureau sought to enforce the use of this pass for the great bulk of the free admissions. For this purpose those high in official authority under the Exposition Com- DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 365 pany, the National Commission, or the various foreign com- missioners were asked to use this photographic pass in order to strengthen the bureau in its endeavor to enforce the use of this pass generally. In most cases this plan was concurred in and approved of, and photographic passes were issued to the president and directors of the Exposition, the officers of the National Commission, and the officers of the various for- eign commissions. In some quarters opposition to it arose, and occasionally some one would feel it an indignity to be compelled to identify himself by a photograph in order to enter the grounds. Where this opposition was encountered it was usually impossible to overcome it by any argument, and much embarrassment was caused thereby. Patience and considerable firmness, however, enabled us to bring about the use of this pass in most cases, even where there was no danger of abuse by transfer, thus giving us the example which we desired, and enabling us to compel the use of the photographic pass among the great mass of those entering the grounds for business purposes in connection with exhibits, concessions, the press, etc. A complimentary card of admission was issued to the principal officers of the United States Government, the Diplomatic Corps, and the Governors of the States and Ter- ritories of the United States. The following is the rule adopted by the Board of Directors of the World's Columbian Exposition and approved by the World's Columbian Com- mission, governing free admission to the Exposition grounds : Complimentary tickets shall be issued to those whose official position demands recognition by the Exposition, viz., to the President and Vice- President of the United States; members of the Cabinet; justices of the Supreme Court of the United States; members of Congress of the United States and the chief officers thereof; the Diplomatic Corps; Governors of the States and Territories of the United States; the mayor of the city of Chicago and the members of its council; the members of the World's Columbian Commission and their alternates ; the Board of Directors of the World's Columbian Exposition and ex-directors thereof; the members of the Board of Lady Managers and their alternates; the members of the State and Territorial World's Fair boards; members of the Board of Control and Management of the United States Government Exhibit ; foreign commissioners and their secretaries; judges and jurors of awards; all the executive officers of the Exposition; all the custom house officers, clerks, and employes connected with the United States Treasury Depart- 366 APPENDIX ">." ment in the service of the Secretary of the Treasury within the Exposi- tion grounds; to the members of the Board of South Park Commissioners; one each to a representative of the principal and most prominent news- papers of this and foreign countries; certain members of the police and fire departments of the city of Chicago, and to any other person or per- sons who may be adjudged to be entitled to a complimentary pass by the president of the World's Columbian Exposition, the president of the World's Columbian Commission, and the director-general. In all cases where a pass is issued upon the request of the president of the World's Columbian Commission, the president of the World's Columbian Exposi- tion, or the director-general, such pass shall bear the signature of such officer who makes the application therefor. All persons who may be actually employed by the World's Columbian Commission and by the World's Columbian Exposition, and all necessary employes of World's Fair State boards in connection with the work of the Exposition, shall be given free passes to the grounds during their respective terms of service. Each exhibitor shall be entitled to one pass, provided his presence is required during the installation of his exhibit and the time same is on exhibition. Such attendants and employes as are necessarily and regu- larly required for the care of each exhibit respectively, whose services are paid for by the exhibitor, shall be entitled to free admission. One free pass shall be issued to each person, firm, or corporation who has been granted a concession by the World's Columbian Exposition, and all the necessary servants and employes of such concessionists shall be admitted free to the Exposition grounds. The full term photographic pass-book provided for 183 admissions, one for each day of the Exposition, and, in addi- tion, monthly photographic pass books were prepared to be issued to employes of a transient character whose service was liable to terminate during the current month. These books were consecutively numbered, and were encased in a leatherette cover or pocket. The American Bank Note Company secured the contract for the photographic pass- books, their design meeting with approval and the price being below all other bids. The contract called for 40,000 full term and 20,000 monthly books, but the latter was in- creased later on to 40,000, besides 10,000 not numbered, to take the place of books lost or canceled. In the case of monthly books, when the coupons for one month were ex- hausted, if the person was entitled to admission for another month, a pad containing coupons for the succeeding month was delivered to him by the department, to be slipped into DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 367 the old pass cover and used as before. A charge of $i was made for all full term photographic passes, to cover the cost of printing and issuing same. The complimentary cards of admission were engraved and printed for the Exposition by the American Bank Note Company without charge, for which the thanks of the bureau were tendered to the officers of the company. The photographic pass was intended to cover the bulk of admissions to the Exposition, but, in addition to those whose official position was such as to render it not proper to require a photograph, there was a large class consisting of day laborers in the employ of contractors doing work for the Exposition, or of exhibitors in arranging booths or placing exhibits, who were constantly changing, from whom it was not possible to obtain a photograph, as they were hired and discharged from day to day. When engaged, their services were needed imperatively, and means had to be provided for affording them free admission in the simplest and most expeditious manner; therefore workmen's tickets good for a month were printed, with a different color for each month. These tickets were only good through one turnstile at each entrance, where the ticket was punched as the holder passed through. Contractors were charged $i for each ticket, to be deposited with the treasurer as a guarantee for the return of the ticket at the end of the month or when the holder ceased working for such con- tractor. The dollar was usually retained by the contractor from the salary of the party using the ticket, and was refunded at the end of the term of service when the ticket was surrendered. Single-day workmen's tickets were also issued to care for emergency cases sure to arise. This ticket was to be canceled by perforation. It showed the date issued, and was good for admission only on the date set forth upon the ticket. These tickets were accepted only at the Sixty-second Street and Cottage Grove Avenue gates. Single-trip passes for the use of the president of the Exposition, the president of the Commission, and the director-general, were issued in books of fifty to cover emergencies arising in these offices. Cards of admission for a short term were also issued to those attached to the 3 68 APPENDIX ">." Live Stock Exhibit during the six weeks when this exhibit was in progress, and also to judges and jurors of award during the terms of their service. These are all the forms of free admission used by the department. They were not all arranged for in advance of the opening day. Some of them, such as workmen's monthly and day passes, were issued to care for certain kinds of free admission, where a photographic pass could not be made to work. As I have said before, the aim of the department and of the bureau at the outset was to enforce the photographic system as far as possible, as affording the better protection from abuse. ISSUING PASSES. The method of issuing passes was the subject of long and careful study. Many consultations were held by the bureau with the director-general; and the superintendent, acting under the bureau's instructions, conferred at all times with the director-general and received his hearty support and cooperation in every effort to facilitate the proper operation of the department's rules and regulations. It was arranged that requests for photographic passes on account of foreign exhibitors should first have the signature of the applicant, stating the space occupied by the exhibit. This request received the approval of the foreign commis- sioner for the country from which the exhibit came, and was then sent to the director-general's office, where it was scru- tinized and, if approved, sent to the office of the Department of Admissions, where the book was issued and an order given for a sitting with the photographer. The photographic order carried with it a ticket good for six admissions; this allowed the party six daily admissions, and generally at the end of the fourth day the photographic book was ready with the picture in place bearing the seal of the Department of Admissions. The applications for passes for exhibitors other than for- eign bore the signature of the exhibitor applying, the num- ber of passes required, and the occupation of each person. The space which the exhibitor occupied was also designated. The application then received the approval of the chief of DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 369 the exhibit department, who certified that he had carefully examined the application and found that the parties were entitled to passes and, further, that he was satisfied that they had not received passes on account of any other exhibit. The application then went to the director-general's office, was scrutinized, approved, and sent to the Department of Admissions, where the book and photographic order were issued as in the case of foreign exhibitors. Each application, after being filled, was recorded in the books of the Department of Admissions kept for that pur- pose, showing the name, the department with which appli- cant was connected, the number of the pass-book, etc. Employes of exhibit departments received their passes on application from their chiefs, approved by the director- general, and employes of the Department of Works received passes on application from their superior officers, approved by the director of works. Concessionaires obtained their passes on application to the superintendent of the Department of Collections, in whose office each case was investigated separately before receiving his approval, after which the application came to the Department of Admissions to be filled. All applications for passes were filed carefully away for future reference. RETURN CHECKS. It was frequently necessary for persons entitled to free admission to pass out of the grounds and return the same day. Arrangements were made for the issuance of return checks to pass-holders just before they left the grounds through the exit turnstiles. These return checks were of different colors, and, soon after the Exposition opened, arrangements were made for dating them with a perforating machine, and then these checks were good only on the day indicated. BADGES. Each holder of a photographic book was provided with a neat bronze or aluminum badge bearing a number. This number was registered against the pass number, and each party receiving a badge deposited with the treasurer $2, 24 37O APPENDIX "Z>." which was returned to him at the end of service, upon sur- render of the badge and cancellation of book. The wearing of this badge assisted in reducing the number of photo- graphic books, for by taking the number of his badge, when worn by a person apparently not engaged upon business in the Exposition grounds, the pass-book could be referred to, the reasons for its issuance examined, and an investigation instituted. Further than this the badge was not particularly useful, except that when it was conspicuously worn it was an indication that the wearer was not a visitor but an officer or employe in some branch of the Exposition. Being neat and not conspicuous, it was generally worn by the pass-holder, and indeed a large number of them were retained as souve- nirs and never presented for redemption. Thirty-five thou- sand of these badges were issued in all, and the net amount realized from unredeemed badges and from the charge of $i made for the photographic pass-books is $93,501.38. The cost of labor in handling the passes and badges is not figured in this account, however; merely the cost of printing the passes and preparing the badges. ABUSE OF PASSES. Having arranged for a careful record of the circum- stances surrounding the issuance of each particular pass, it was easy to ferret out cases where passes were abused whenever these were brought to our attention. Several employes of the department were employed continuously on this work, and often as many as fifty passes would be taken up in this way in the course of a day. " Stop lists," bearing the numbers of all passes outstanding to which the holders were not clearly entitled, were kept at each pass-gate, and frequently an extra employe would be sta- tioned with the " stop list " at each gate, and the gateman, on examining each pass as presented, would call out the number to the employe holding the list. It can not be said that the pass system was not abused. No one connected with the work ever hoped to prevent such abuse, but the outcry frequently made during the Exposition season against the system in use and the criticisms urged against the efficiency of the department were in most cases DEPA R TMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 3 7 1 unmerited. The superintendent endeavored to induce every- one to bring their complaints promptly to his attention, assur- ing them that every effort would be made to correct the evil should it be found possible to do so, acting within the depart- ment's functions. In July it became apparent that there were many passes outstanding to which the holders were not entitled under the rules, and the Council of Administration, after consultation with the superintendent, ordered that all passes be brought in and countersigned by the superintendent "Good after August ist," and no passes were so countersigned without a certificate from a department chief as to the necessity for the pass. By means of this order more than 3,000 passes were canceled, the owners of which had either left the service and were no longer entitled to a pass, or had never been entitled to one, but had secured it through lack of discipline in certain departments or through ignorance of the regulations. RETURN CHECKS DISCONTINUED. In spite of every precaution it was found that the return- check privilege was abused through collusion with employes of the department. Also it was found that the employes de- tailed for distribution of return checks could be dispensed with by permitting the pass-holder to return through the pass-gate by presenting his book and depositing his personal card. Each gate was supplied with blank cards and pencils for the use of those who came without personal cards. PHOTOGRAPHING FOR PASSES. The work of taking the photographs necessary for the passes was done under a contract made by the Exposition Company with J. J. Gibson of Ann Arbor, Mich. The con- tract provided that he was to give three prints, if necessary, of all pictures taken on an order from this department, for the purpose of placing them in the photographic book, so that in case one photograph was destroyed or mutilated in cutting it to fit the oval space in the pass-book, another could be substituted. This contract was made before the organi- zation of the Department of Admissions. The idea in making 372 APPENDIX "D." it was that parties securing a good likeness when their photo- graphs were taken for the pass-book would order copies for their own use. The photographs for the use of the Depart- ment of Admissions were to be taken without charge, the photographer expecting to reimburse himself out of such orders as he might secure from the pass-holders. The scheme was not practical ; the photographer had not estimated the number of photographs to be taken. When the work of issuing passes began in earnest, the number each day was so great as to crowd him to the utmost and render it impossible to take photographs with that care necessary to the produc- tion of a pleasing likeness. The work of photographing was begun on March 21, 1893, in the north gallery of the Horti- cultural Building. At the same time the photographer began the erection of his own gallery just east of the general office of the Photographic Department of the Exposition. For a time only from twenty to fifty photographs were taken daily. Meanwhile the Department of Admissions used every effort to hurry forward the applicants for passes, realizing that as the ist of May approached both the photographer and this department would be in danger of becoming overwhelmed. Early in April the work crowded upon the photographer so rapidly that he began to realize that his bargain was a losing one. He was taking from 300 to 900 photographs a day, and could devote no time to obtaining good likenesses or printing additional pictures. It was clear that he would lose the entire amount he had invested, and he became very much discour- aged. This was a source of great danger to the department, as the photographic pass system would have been broken down by his failure to furnish the necessary likenesses. The uneasiness which was felt on this score was heightened by the fact that the photographic pass system had but few friends, except among those officers who realized its impor- tance to the financial success of the Exposition. It was daily meeting with opposition and severe criticism. One of the directors of the company, Adolph Nathan, came to the relief of Photographer Gibson with encouragement and assurance that the Exposition Company would allow him a sufficient payment for work done upon photographic passes to assist him to make good his loss. Guards were detailed to preserre DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 373 order and facilitate the photographic sittings, and by the ist of May the work of securing photographs and issuing passes was well in hand. Mr. Gibson continued in his work until the close of the Exposition, the last photographic sitting being given October 24th. An allowance of 10 cents per negative was paid to him by the company upon most of the photo- graphs taken by him. He had contracted to do this work without charge. The payment, however, was well merited and just, and his work was faithfully and satisfactorily done. Photographs taken were marked with the number of the photographic order and sent to this department; they were then assorted and immediately pasted in the photographic book and the seal of the Department of Admissions affixed to the cover in such manner as to include one corner of the photograph, so as to prevent the affixing of other photo- graphs for the purpose of transferring passes. ORGANIZATION. Soon after I assumed charge of the office, E. A. Felder was appointed assistant superintendent, and on April ist W. L. De Remer was appointed chief inspector, for the pur- pose of organizing ticket sellers and ticket takers, and a force of inspectors. He was also authorized to arrange for a uniform, to be worn by the men under him, as well as by himself, consisting of trousers, blouse, and cap. Bids were secured for this work, and the contract was awarded to E. A. Armstrong & Co. of Chicago. Applications for positions had been on file with the treas- urer and auditor previous to the formation of this depart- ment. They were all sent to the superintendent, and early in April, under orders from the Bureau of Admissions and Collections, the superintendent took up these applications and addressed letters to those applicants residing outside of the city, requesting them to report for examination and to be ready for duty, if accepted, by April i$th; and to those residing in the city, requesting them to report for examina- tion, and to be ready for duty, if accepted, by April 25th. Each man accepted was required to give bond, the bureau having previously arranged with the Fidelity & Casualty Co. for the bonding of the men connected with this department 374 APPENDIX "Z>." at a premium satisfactory to the bureau, the premium being paid by the Exposition and not charged against the men. Ticket sellers were required to give bond in the sum of $2,500, and ticket takers in the sum of $1,000. The men were considered bonded as soon as a notice was handed the insurance company, they to look up and ascertain the stand- ing and reliability of the parties insured and to advise this department whether the bond held or should be canceled. Each man employed was immediately given an order on Armstrong & Co. for a uniform. The uniforms were to be ready by May ist, so that the men should appear for duty on that day fully equipped, but the failure of the firm and the delay in appointing a receiver, coupled with another delay regarding the ownership of the cloth to be used, ren- dered it impossible to uniform the men until later. The uniforms were highly commended for their neat and satis- factory appearance. They were made of an excellent quality of dark blue cloth, with white braid. The plan adopted for the payment for the uniforms by the men was the same as that adopted in the case of the Columbian Guard. Each man agreed to allow a deduction of $5 per month from his salary. If an employe remained with the department for the full six months he received back from the Exposition the amount retained from his salary, and was permitted to retain his uniform as a souvenir of his faithful duty to the Exposi- tion Company. Those leaving the service by dismissal for good reasons reduction of force, resignation on account of death in family, or obtaining positions elsewhere were refunded the amount deducted from their salaries, less an amount fixed to be deducted for wear and tear, their uni- forms being surrendered to the department for use of others employed. Those dismissed from the service for violation of orders or other good cause, not only surrendered their uniforms, but also forfeited the amounts deducted from their salaries. In addition to the uniforms, a contract was made with Salisbury & Co. for mackintoshes for all the men to protect them in stormy weather. These were treated in the same manner as the uniforms as to payment, and on leaving the service the men took them as their property. DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 375 GENERAL OFFICE. At the opening of the Exposition the organization con- sisted of the superintendent, assistant superintendent, chief clerk, and such other clerks as were needed to perform the work of the general office taking care of applications for passes of all kinds, entering up applications, filling out photographic orders, carefully preparing each photographic book, giving name of party using same, his occupation, what department of the Exposition he was connected with, and seeing that the number of the pass-book agreed with the number placed on the application. All these details being attended to and the passes properly prepared, they were sent to the superintendent for his signature. A large amount of correspondence grew out of the system, as well as a great deal of miscellaneous business, interviews, etc. All of these matters had to be attended to with promptness, requiring the closest application on the part of the superintendent and of the employes. TICKET DEPARTMENT. Separate from the general office was the general ticket office, organized for the purpose of handling the 31,000,000 of tickets called for in the Exposition's contracts. At the head of this department was a general ticket agent, and under him a corps of clerks organized for the purpose of handling the series of tickets for each day. The series of tickets to be used on each day had a mark to distinguish it from the series of tickets used on any other day. Each evening a series was selected for the following day by the superintendent and the general ticket agent. One ticket of this series was always retained and sent to the chief inspector to be bulletined in the assembly room, so that ticket takers should know what ticket would be honored on that day. It was the business of the general ticket office to place in the box belonging to each ticket seller a certain number of tick- ets, together with a book showing the commencing and closing number of the tickets placed in the box. Each day the ticket sellers on starting out receipted to the general ticket agent for the tickets in the box. The book placed in the box with the tickets had two stubs the left-hand stub 376 APPENDIX "D. n to be turned in to the treasurer with the cash, the main body to be returned to the general ticket office with the balance of tickets, and the right-hand stub to be retained by the ticket seller as his receipt from both the treasurer and the general ticket office. At the close of the day's business the ticket seller deposited his money with the treasurer with the left-hand stub, and obtained the treasurer's receipt both on the main body of the slip and on the right-hand stub. No settlement could be had with the general ticket office until the money had been deposited with the treasurer and his receipt obtained. The ticket seller next settled with the general ticket office, delivering up the main body of his slip and taking a receipt for the balance of tickets on hand upon the right-hand stub. A careful count of tickets was made in the general ticket office before giving receipt to the ticket seller, to ascertain if those sold and those returned agreed with the full number taken out in the morning. If one ticket seller relieved another, the successor receipted to his predecessor for such tickets as he received, and the general ticket seller held the second ticket seller responsible for the return of the balance of the tickets when he was relieved from duty. After all ticket sellers were relieved at close of business and reported at the general ticket office with their boxes and receipts from the treasurer, and the balance of tickets on hand was counted, then the general ticket agent made his report for the day to the superintendent. This report gen- erally reached the superintendent's office by 10.30 o'clock p. M., in season to enable us to give the admissions to the news- papers for publication. This system worked admirably throughout the entire period of the Exposition. Being simple, yet comprehensive and entirely adequate to the necessities of the situation, it worked with as little friction on the pth day of October, with upward of 700,000 paid admissions, as it did during the first week of May, when the admissions were under 20,000. When the gates closed at night every penny due the Expo- sition Company for the sale of tickets by all its representa- tives was in the possession of the treasurer. A complete settlement was made and the account closed within an hour. DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 377 TICKET-COUNTING DEPARTMENT. A third department was the ticket-counting room, in which were employed eighteen young women as ticket counters. Their duties were to take the cans containing the tickets used during the day for admissions. In each box was the certificate of the inspector in charge at the entrance where it was used, showing the commencing number of the register when the ticket taker went on duty and the com- mencing number when he was relieved by his successor, or the closing number of the register at the closing of the Exposition grounds for the day. The certificate showing these two numbers in the box, the difference between them should always agree with the number of tickets in the box. This certificate was always retained by the forewoman, who merely gave the ticket counter who was to count the tickets the number of the ticket taker. If the actual number of tickets in the box agreed with the figures rendered by the inspector on this certificate, then the report was correct. In case it failed to agree, the tickets were counted by another person; frequently the mistake was found in this way. After the tickets in all the cans had been counted and found to tally with the register, the forewoman made her final report for publication as the actual official attendance on that day. This report included the number of paid admissions and the number of admissions on passes. Thus it will be seen that the ticket sellers accounted to and were checked by the gen- eral ticket office ; the ticket takers by the ticket-counting department. The force of ticket sellers and ticket takers was organized by Chief Inspector De Remer. A squad of ticket takers and ticket sellers was assigned to each entrance for the purpose of manning the ticket booths and turnstiles thereof. Each squad was in charge of an inspector, chosen for intelligence, discretion, and reliability. In all cases of dispute or difficulty arising at the gates, appeal was made to the inspector in charge, who was often called upon to exercise firmness and good judgment. Errors and mistakes frequently arose, as might naturally be expected under the circumstances, but the inspectors acquitted themselves creditably in nearly every instance. The thanks of the superintendent are due 378 APPENDIX "Z>." to them in a large measure for the satisfactory results ob- tained. To protect the ticket sellers from being waylaid or from any other accident, the chief inspector had all reliefs march to their posts and return when relieved from duty in squads, the ticket sellers in front of the line guarded by ticket takers until they reached the treasurer's office, so that if anyone had attempted to rob a ticket seller he would have been promptly met by at least a dozen men. The general ticket office, after settlement with ticket sellers, made up a final detailed report to the auditor, which report was signed by the superintendent. Such tickets as remained over unsold from any one day's issue were tied up, sealed and placed in the vaults ready for examination by the auditor, to prove that the difference between actual sales of any series of tickets reported by the general ticket agent to the treasurer and the actual number remaining on hand in the vault agreed with the original invoice for that series. Frequently it was found that the balance remaining on hand of two or three series could be placed on sale on the same day, thus saving expense to the Exposition. The balance of a series which had passed inspection could be used for this purpose; thus, on light days it was possible to avoid the use of a new series. This plan was adopted frequently, and finally when the packages of each series were reduced below the quantity that could be used, the balance remaining, together with those tickets taken from the ticket takers' cans in the counting room, were burned in the furnaces con- nected with the green-houses on the grounds. This burning was done usually twice a week, or oftener when necessary, in the presence of the superintendent and a representative of the auditor's department. Often the number burned exceeded 300,000. All tickets were burned, whether of the cheap daily admission series or the engraved souvenir tickets. It had been urged that the engraved tickets could be col- lected and used over, but after packages were once broken and sales made by ticket sellers, the expense of sorting over the different series and placing them in packages of 100 was found to be too great. Moreover, ticket sellers, while always willing to accept packages as they came from the engravers, DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 379 rather doubted the packages made up for them in the general ticket office, claiming the right to count the tickets before commencing their sales, which was not feasible on account of the delay incident thereto. OPENING DAY. The foregoing will give a fair idea of the organization of the department, which had to be thought out or worked out prior to May i, 1893. Between January ist and May ist the Bureau of Admissions and Collections met once a week, and frequently of tener, for the consideration of the recommenda- tions of the superintendent and for conference relative to matters which had to be considered. The last meeting pre- vious to May ist was held on Saturday, the 2gth of April, when all unfinished business was cleared up, so that the department was ready for the opening day. The contractors, both for the ticket booths and wire fenc- ing, and for the turnstiles and entrances, had been delayed in their work by the continued snow and rain storms, so that upon the ist of May the facilities for handling the people were quite imperfect. Indeed, it was nearly two weeks after the ist of May before the booths and fences were ready, and the turnstiles were not in a condition for service until some time after the ist of May, as has been mentioned before. On opening day this department assumed charge of all entrances to the Exposition grounds, placing its men on duty at all pay, pass, and wagon gates, and at all exit gates, for the purpose of giving out return checks to the holders of photographic pass-books, to enable them to reenter the grounds. The chief inspector's report shows the number on duty that day to be 440 men. Considering the fact that most of the men were performing service for the first time handling money, making change, and receiving tickets and considering, also, that the ticket booths and entrances were not com- pleted and the turnstiles not in operation, the day's work was very satisfactorily performed. The numoer of paid admissions was 128,965. Exaggerated reports of the number upon the grounds to witness the opening of the Exposition had been spread abroad, and it was subsequently reported that large crowds 380 APPENDIX ">." entered the grounds without tickets, by scaling fences and through side gates on Midway Plaisance. Such assertions were made by persons having no idea of crowds. The superintendent feels confident that a ticket or pass was received from nearly every one who entered the grounds, and that the actual loss to the Exposition in admissions was very trifling. The men were full of enthusiasm, and worked hard for the interest of the Exposition. That some persons obtained admission by scaling fences is quite likely. It was a very simple matter to scale the fences as they were at this time, unless persons attempting it were detected in the act by members of the Columbian Guard. Previous to May ist attention had frequently been called to the condition of the fences. These were of a temporary rather than a permanent character. They had been in use during the construction period, and were not of sufficient height to render it at all difficult for parties seeking to avoid payment of admission to scale them. It is not a diffi- cult matter for a person of ordinary activity to scale an eight- foot fence. Through the earnest recommendations of the Bureau of Admissions and Collections a strip of barbed wire was nailed along the top of the board fence, but the protection afforded by this was only slight. The department was there- fore expected to rely upon the alertness of the Columbian Guard to prevent the scaling of fences. Unfortunately, fric- tion had arisen among the members of the guard over the method of admitting them to the grounds, and also from the fact that, while they had been in charge of the gates during the construction period, they were now relieved from all con- trol over them. This led to a lack of cooperation and, to some extent, even to a willingness to see the Department of Admissions embarrassed. This state of feeling was unfortu- nate and could not readily be removed. The direct result of it was that the department was for a time deprived of the support and aid which could have been obtained from so excellent an organization as the Columbian Guard. Finally, after the Exposition had been formally opened, the necessity for further protection became apparent to everyone. The condition of the fences was taken up by the Council of Admin- istration, and, to provide immediate protection, three strands DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 381 of barbed wire were placed as quickly as possible around the entire Exposition fences, adding two feet to its height, and keeping the fences almost intact from outside scaling, except at one or two places on the Midway, from which occasional complaints reached the department. The expense was nom- inal and the relief complete, although it must be admitted that the fences never presented a very sightly appearance. The department was also hindered by the lack of electric light at the gates and in the ticket booths. Ticket sellers were frequently compelled to resort to common oil lanterns, and errors arose for which the men could not be held wholly responsible. Later this trouble was removed, and no annoy- ance was experienced therefrom during the last three months when the heavy crowds appeared. The exit gates became out of order at times, through faulty construction, so that persons could enter the grounds by means of them. It was also found possible to use them as ladders for the purpose of scaling the fence, but by watch- fulness and the use of barbed wire this abuse was effectually stopped. At 8 o'clock in the evening, when the bulk of the crowd was leaving the grounds, it was found that the exit gates were not adequate to permit the crowd to leave quickly; hence, the wagon gates were thrown open at this hour, and, later on, when the crowds were larger and began to leave in large numbers earlier, these gates were some- times opened at 4 o'clock. Thus all danger of congestion at exits was avoided. EVENTS SUBSEQUENT TO MAY 1ST. While the period immediately preceding the opening of the Exposition had been one of great trial to the Bureau of Admissions and Collections and to the superintendent in endeavoring to perfect all the many details of the work, it was nothing in comparison to the period immediately subsequent to the opening. In the main the systems which had been adopted were found to be capable of satisfactory working, but numberless trying details and unexpected contingencies, such as can be imagined in connection with so great an undertaking, arose at all times. The crudeness of the organization and the incompleteness of certain parts 382 APPENDIX ">." of the Exposition, necessitating the carrying on of construc- tion and installation work and the admission of laborers; the fact that a large army of exhibitors, concessionaires, and employes had not become familiar with the systems in force, etc., brought down much criticism upon the department, and friction occurred over matters too numerous and too trivial to be referred to at length. The paid attendance was very small, which was rather a hindrance than an advantage, as the department was pre- pared to deal with much larger crowds than it encountered, and the anxiety as to the financial results of the Exposition led to criticisms that were embarrassing, and that sometimes could not be satisfactorily met. Then, too, at the outset there had been undoubtedly an excessive issue of trip and term passes, and where a single instance was discovered by anyone of a pass in the hands of a person not properly entitled thereto, it was immediately taken as a proof of a bad state of affairs, and looked upon as an evidence of the inefficiency of the department. It would be useless to go into the discour- agements which arose and the difficulties, apparently insur- mountable, always confronting the department. Persistent effort triumphed finally over many of these, and others dis- appeared or corrected themselves. During the month of May the weather was rainy and cold, and the work of completing the installation and finishing up odds and ends of construction work was being pushed forward ; the attendance, owing to both of these facts, was trifling compared with that of the other months. In any event the attendance for the first month could not but be slender compared with what might be expected during any other month, for the simple reason that visitors would natu- rally hold off until later, feeling that the Exposition could be seen to greater advantage at a later time, when all parts were complete and in harmonious working order. CHILDREN'S TICKETS. On May 226. the Exposition management decided to charge a half -fare for children, and a children's ticket was accord- ingly printed and sold for 25 cents to children over six and under twelve years, those under six being admitted free. DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 383 Children were admitted on these tickets through a turnstile at each entrance set apart for children, for the purpose of keeping this form of admission ticket from being mixed with the full-fare ticket and confusing the statistics. The ticket takers in charge of children's turnstiles exercised such dis- cretion as railroad conductors in collecting half fare. Doubts as to the age of a child claiming admission were resolved in favor of the applicant, and only such persons were turned back at these gates as were clearly and unmistakably above the age of twelve years. This admission rate for children continued until October loth, when an order was made for the admission of persons between the ages of six and eighteen years, inclusive, during the days from October loth to 2ist, inclusive, for 10 cents. This was done for the purpose of giving the school children of the city the educational advan- tage of the Exposition to the fullest extent. The schools were closed during this week, in order that the children might avail themselves of the privilege, and every effort was made to bring as many of them as possible to the grounds on each day of the week. Especial mention should be made of the efforts of Director Alexander H. Revell, a member of the Board of Education, and Superintendent of Schools A. G. Lane, who, with others, exerted themselves to the end that the benefits of this low fare might be widely distributed. The number of school children who attended during the week from October 1 6th to 2ist was 310,444. After the 22d of October the 2 5 -cent fare was resumed. The attendance of so many children brought with it a large number of adults, who came with the children as parents or guardians, thus, it is believed, actually effecting a financial gain to the Exposition rather than a loss from this heavy reduction of price. By the middle of June the attendance, which had been steadily gaining since the first week of the Exposition, had grown to large proportions, as will be seen from the statistics accompanying this report. The improvement in the efficiency and discipline of the department had more than kept pace with the improvement in the receipts. Work was simplified and matters of detail adjusted themselves on a satisfactory basis. With a view of concentrating the administration in all 384 APPENDIX "D." parts of the Exposition, the Bureau of Admissions and Col- lections was abolished by vote of the Board of Directors of the World's Columbian Exposition on June 2ist, after which date the superintendent of Admissions received his instruc- tions direct from the Council of Administration. The change was, however, more apparent than real, as stated in the first part of this report, the president of the Exposition being a member of the bureau and at the same time chairman of the Council of Administration, and every effort being made to keep the work of the bureau and the council in perfect har- mony. Still, the move was in the right direction and in the interest of simplicity of organization. The wagon gates were used for the admission of supplies and the removal of waste material, debris, etc., during the night. Wheeled vehicles other than the roller chairs were not allowed on the grounds during the day, and no vehicles were admitted through these gates during the day except upon written permits from the president of the Exposition, the president of the Commission, or director-general. Car- riages were sometimes admitted bearing distinguished guests, such as the Governor and his staff upon a State day, the Duke of Veragua, the Infanta Eulalia, etc. The original order for the opening of turnstiles for the admission of visitors directed that they be opened at 8 o'clock morning and closed at 7 o'clock evening, discretion being given to the Council .of Administration by the Board of Directors to open them for evenings whenever the council deemed it advisable. It was found necessary, however, to open the gates earlier than 8 o'clock, as visitors began to gather before that time and wait for the gates to open. They were accordingly opened at 7.30 o'clock as soon as the attendance increased to considerable proportions. Com- mencing June 2ist, the grounds were opened every even- ing until ii o'clock during the balance of the Exposition season. The efficiency of the department was tested on the 4th of July by an attendance of 283,273 visitors. The grounds seemed well filled and in places the crowds reached large proportions. Later we had many days upon which the attend- ance exceeded that of the 4th of July. The attendance on DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 385 this day was drawn from Chicago and the immediate vicin- ity, as visitors from a distance had not yet begun to arrive in such numbers as later in the season. It was a most success- ful day for the Department of Admissions, the large attend- ance and heavy receipts being handled without any trouble, and a careful observation and study of the crowds and the facilities for handling them, both for admission and exit, led to improvements conducive to both the efficiency and the safety of our arrangements. The instance referred to in the early part of this report of the change in the exits and entrances at the terminal station of the South Side Elevated Railroad is a case in point. It was found necessary on this and subsequent days to assign employes to extra duty, that is, for longer hours than originally contemplated, it being deemed wiser to do this than to increase the force, and also to be m the interest of efficiency that the extra service should be recognized. Extra compensation was allowed for each hour of additional service. The attendance fell off during July, after the Fourth, owing principally to the heat. A certain class of visitors had been received during June, consisting of children, youths, and teachers whose schools had just closed, and per- sons who had left their homes bound for places of summer resort. These came and went, and the local attendance from the city and vicinity also decreased to some extent. After the first week in August a decided change occurred. The advertising throughout the country effected by the return of earlier visitors to their homes, and by the newspaper reports and pictorial illustrations of the Exposition, bore fruit in the increased attendance from a distance. Certain features of the Exposition had begun to be talked of and known in every part of the United States and, to a certain extent, abroad. The attendance increased rapidly day after day and week after week through August and September. Spe- cial days, assigned to different nations or different States of the Union, led to celebrations, fetes, and observances within the grounds, and contributed largely to swell the attendance. Finally, it was decided to observe October pth, the anniver- sary of the Chicago fire, as Chicago day. A special ticket was printed bearing upon its back a picture of Fort Dear- 25 386 APPENDIX /?." born and the site of Chicago. This ticket had a coupon which was detached and deposited in the ticket can, the body of the ticket being retained by the visitor as a souvenir. Great enthusiasm was aroused over this celebration; tickets were placed on sale in large quantities several days in advance; rumors of an enormous attendance were rife, and every possible arrangement was made for the reception of the crowd. Ticket sellers and ticket takers went to their posts at 6.30 o'clock in the morning, but found the crowds around their booths already waiting for them. Over 700,000 Chicago day tickets were rapidly disposed of. No conges- tion occurred at any gate, with the possible exception of Cottage Grove Avenue entrance, where a temporary conges- tion occurred until relief was obtained from the city Police Department to preserve order and compel the crowd to pass into the grounds properly in line. Early in the day ticket sellers began to send in for more tickets, and messengers were kept busy taking out tickets to supply the demand. The entire edition of Chicago day tickets was finally dis- posed of, and then it was necessary to place regular day tick- ets on sale. It had been planned that a portion of ticket sellers at each gate should close their windows before the middle of the afternoon, long enough to count their money and turn it in to the treasurer's office, but the crowd grew heavier and the plan was abandoned. Patrol wagons in charge of Colum- bian Guards, together with representatives of the treasurer's office, called at the main ticket booths and brought in all the money collected up to that time, counting each box or bag in the interest of the ticket seller whose name appeared upon it. Even the Columbian roller chairs were impressed into the service to assist in bringing the large bags of silver to the treasurer's office. It was 2 o'clock Tuesday morn- ing before the last ticket seller settled and the final report of 716,881 paid admissions was given to the press. It was a most glorious day in every respect, the weather being per- fect and the enormous receipts being handled without hitch or any bad result. For several days after this the attendance was over 300,000 each day, and the men, although thoroughly exhausted with their heavy labors, continued to DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 387 handle the crowds as though nothing unusual had happened during the week. As upon July 4th and other great days, exaggerated reports of the scaling of fences, etc., appeared, but the fences were by this time so well protected with barbed wire and the Colum- bian Guards so vigilant that there was little chance for suc- cessful fence climbing. Many complaints were heard during this day and others when the attendance was enormous of failure to receive correct change from ticket sellers. These were considered by the superintendent or chief inspector carefully, and usually the fault was found to rest with the purchaser. In many cases the purchaser would leave his change at the window in the excitement of the moment, and the money would be found waiting for him in the superin- tendent's or chief inspector's office. Special watch was kept for cases of incorrect changing of money as a clew to any dishonesty which might exist in the force, and special watch was also kept for cases of incivility on the part of employes. Such cases were severely reprimanded the first time, and a repetition caused dismissal. Upon the celebration of State days the Governor of the State celebrating, with his staff and, frequently, military bands and full regiments, marched into the grounds free through the wagon gates. Occasionally W. F. Cody's Wild West Show entered and marched through the grounds to take part in the ceremonies of certain States. After the Cold Storage Ware- house fire the firemen of the city Fire Department were admitted free when in uniform through the wagon gates by order of the president of the Exposition. All these free admissions did not appear in the reports, as such persons did not pass through turnstiles and therefore were not reg- istered. Ticket sellers on duty at 7.30 o'clock in the morning were relieved at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, at which latter hour their returns to the treasurer and general ticket office were made. Unless there was to be an exhibition in the evening or a display of fireworks which had been well advertised, this 2 o'clock return generally averaged 85 per cent of the entire admission; the total attendance could be predicted from it with great accuracy. What is more remarkable, the admis- 388 APPENDIX "D." sions through the Sixty-fourth Street entrance between the hours of 7 A. M. and 1 1 A.M. were almost unvaryingly about one-fifth of the entire 2 o'clock return, so that any estimate of the total attendance based upon the admissions at Sixty- fourth Street entrance from 7 to n o'clock A. M. could be depended upon, and the afternoon newspapers gave figures based upon the admissions at Sixty-fourth Street as the attendance up to 2 o'clock. Attached to this report will be found samples of all tickets issued from this department during the Exposition period; also all forms of application for passes required by foreign exhibitors, exhibitors' employes, and concessionaires; also tables showing the paid attendance and free admissions for each day of the Exposition; also tables of the weekly and monthly attendance, with notes of special days, weather reports, and other information of interest. (On file Field Columbian Museum.) The total free admissions of all kinds from May ist to October soth, inclusive, was 6,059,380, which includes admis- sion upon complimentary cards, photographic passes, press passes, trip passes, and workmen's tickets, also return checks. The latter should not figure in the total of free admissions, as the parties using them had already entered the grounds once on their passes and had left the grounds to return again later in the day. The following is a more correct statement : Total free admissions of all kinds 6, 059, 380 Less return checks 1,703,448 Actual free admissions 4,355,932 The total paid admissions for the entire period of the Exposition was 21,480,141. The final settlement of the department with the auditor and the treasurer shows a complete accounting for all tickets sold, and the number of tickets remaining on hand agrees with the original invoices. The Department of Admissions has handled during the Exposition period $10,336,065.75, and with the large number of men employed for temporary ser- vice in various positions, such as ticket accountants, ticket counters, ticket sellers, and ticket takers, the record of the department is a most excellent one. No claim for any short- DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 389 age of money or tickets was ever reported from the auditor or treasurer, and no such shortage ever occurred. The dis- cipline, intelligence, and devotion to duty of the employes of the department was beyond all praise. In closing this report I must thank the members of the Bureau of Admissions and Collections, Edward B. Butler (chairman), Ferdinand W. Peck, William K. Ackerman, and Anthony F. Seeberger, and the members of the Council of Administration, George V. Massey, J. W. St. Clair, and Charles H. Schwab, and more especially yourself, Mr. President, in your capacity as a member of the Bureau of Admissions and Collections, as chairman of the Council of Administration, and as president of the Board of Directors of the World's Columbian Exposition, for your patient attention to the wants of my department, the support you bestowed upon me in the endeavor to raise it to a high degree of efficiency, and for your counsel, advice, and assist- ance in every emergency. With great respect, I have the honor to be Yours very sincerely, HORACE TUCKER, Superintendent Department of Admissions^ World's Columbian Exposition. PHOTOGRAPHIC PASS STATEMENT, UP TO AND INCLUDING MAY 17, 1893. Full term photo passes written up 21,553 " undelivered 5,046 canceled 767 5,813 " " delivered 15,740 Monthly photo passes written up 9,580 " undelivered 3,683 " " canceled 491 4,174 " delivered 5,406 Total in use to date.., 22,146 390 APPENDIX "JP." PHOTOGRAPHIC PASS STATEMENT, UP TO AND INCLUDING JUNE 6, 1893. Full term photo passes written up 26,919 " undelivered 3,889 " " " " canceled 1,886 5,775 " " " " delivered 21,144 Monthly photo passes written up 13,807 - " undelivered 3,613 " canceled 2,501 6,114 " delivered 7,693 Total in use to date 28,837 PHOTOGRAPHIC PASS STATEMENT, UP TO AND INCLUDING JUNE 20, 1893. Full term photo passes written up 28, 728 " " " '* undelivered 3,135 " " " " canceled 2,329 5,464 " " " " delivered 23,264 Monthly photo passes written up 18,437 undelivered 3,556 " " " canceled 3,109 6,665 " delivered 11,772 Total passes in use 35,036 PHOTOGRAPHIC PASS STATEMENT, UP TO AND INCLUDING JULY 4, 1893. Full term photo passes written up 29,981 undelivered 2,635 canceled 3,301 5,936 " delivered 24,045 Monthly photo passes written up 23,587 " " ** undelivered 4,337 " canceled 5,662 ' delivered 13,588 Total number in use 37,633 DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 391 PHOTOGRAPHIC PASS STATEMENT, UP TO AND INCLUDING JULY n, 1893. Full term photo passes written up 30,415 undelivered 2,236 canceled 3,847 6,083 delivered 24,332 Monthly photo passes written up- 25,649 undelivered 4,064 " canceled 7,426 " (for July) not renewed 1,255 12,745 ' delivered 12,904 Total number in use 37,236 PHOTOGRAPHIC PASS STATEMENT, UP TO AND INCLUDING JULY 25, 1893. Full term photo passes written up 30,779 " undelivered 719 canceled 5,966 6,685 delivered 24,094 Monthly photo passes written up 28,587 " undelivered 2,577 canceled 9,394 " " " not renewed 1,216 13,187 delivered 15,400 Total number in use -. 39,494 PHOTOGRAPHIC PASS STATEMENT, UP TO AND INCLUDING AUGUST 8, 1893. Full term photo passes written up 30,925 " " " " undelivered 559 " " " " canceled 6,834 " " " " unapproved 6,778 14,171 in use 16,754 Monthly photo passes written up 31,879 " " " undelivered 4,114 " canceled 11,939 August coupons undelivered _ 4,895 20,948 inuse 10,931 Total number in use 27,685 392 APPENDIX PHOTOGRAPHIC PASS STATEMENT, UP TO AND INCLUDING AUGUST 22, 1893. Full term photo passes written up 30,996 * " " " undelivered.. 602 canceled 7,553 unapproved 4,923 13,078 " " << " in use 17,918 Monthly photo passes written up 34,629 " " " " undelivered 2,597 canceled 13,959 August coupons not delivered 3,843 20,399 in use.., 14,230 Total number in use 32,148 PHOTOGRAPHIC PASS STATEMENT, UP TO AND INCLUDING SEPTEMBER 12, 1893. Full term photo passes written up 31 ,214 " undelivered 601 " canceled 7,593 " unapproved 5,036 13,230 " " " inuse 17,984 Monthly photo passes written up 39,780 " * " " undelivered 2,844 " canceled 17,262 September coupons not delivered 3, 788 23,894 " " in use 15,886 Total number in use 38,870 PHOTOGRAPHIC PASS STATEMENT, UP TO AND INCLUDING OCTOBER 10, 1893. Full term photo passes written up 37 ,336 undelivered 2,100 " " " " canceled 7,593 *' " " *' unapproved 6,025 15,718 in use.. 21,618 Monthly photo passes written up 40 ,000 " undelivered 1,391 canceled 20,585 October coupons undelivered 4,061 26,577 inuse 13,423 Total number in use 35,041 DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 393 PHOTOGRAPHIC PASS STATEMENT, UP TO AND INCLUDING OCTOBER 30, 1893. Full term photo passes written up 39,898 undelivered 1,763 " canceled 7,593 " " " " unapproved 7,266 16,622 in use. 23,276 Monthly photo passes written up 40,000 " " undelivered 1,305 canceled 22,060 October coupons not issued 4,535 27,900 in use 13,100 Total number in use 36,376 STATEMENT OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PASSES. Full term passes issued 39,885 Monthly passes issued _ 40,000 Total number passes issued. .. _ 79,885 Account. Monthly Total. Dept. Agriculture, Live Stock, and Forestry Horticulture Fish and Fisheries Mines and Mining Machinery Transportation Exhibits Manufactures, including Shoe and Leather Electricity Fine Arts Liberal Arts Ethnology. Publicity and Promotion . Foreign Affairs Womans' State Boards Music Public Comfort Installation Awards Children's Building... D rector-general's office force Treasury Department Executive Department Auditing Department Admission Department Law Department Collection Department ... 1,349 424 122 396 1,115 1,193 1,961 638 736 1,351 92 3,650 4,741 400 1,576 313 31 9 49 68 19 28 67 70 724 7 203 564 179 34 113 599 550 447 225 2 625 43 37 'l02 663 40 6 14 168 11 1 15 28 66 1 259 1,913 603 156 509 1,714 1,743 2,408 863 738 1,976 135 3,687 6,679 502 2,239 353 37 23 217 79 19 29 82 98 790 8 462 Carried forward 21,332 6,730 28,062 394 APPENDIX "D. Account. Full Term. Monthly Total. Brought forward _ 21,332 6,730 28,062 \^orld's Congress Auxiliary 11 11 National Commission, including Lady Managers 532 48 580 550 1 551 Concessionaires .... . . . ........ 12,613 23,860 36,473 Department of Works 3,422 9,059 12,481 United States Government Exhibit .... 1,031 235 1,266 * customs 285 43 328 " ' ' internal revenue . - - 6 5 11 World's Fair postoffice 103 19 122 39,885 40,000 79,885 STATEMENT OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PASSES ISSUED TO OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES OF EXPOSITION AND COMMISSION. Full term passes issued.. 5,211 Monthly passes issued. 8.918 Total number passes issued 14,129 Account. Full Total. Dept. Agriculture, Live Stock, and Forestry Horticulture Fish and Fisheries Mines and Mining _ Machinery Transportation Exhibits. Manufactures, including Shoe and Leather Electricity Fine Arts Liberal Arts _.' Ethnology Publicity and Promotion.. Foreign Affairs . . Music Public Comfort Installation Awards Children's Director-general's office force. _ . ..... Treasury Department Executive Department Auditing Department Admission Department Law Department Collection World's Congress Auxiliary National Commission, including Lady Managers and employes Department of Works 66 31 11 45 36 27 45 16 40 23 49 78 15 313 31 9 49 68 19 28 67 70 724 7 203 11 532 2,598 5,211 30 57 1 11 40 6 14 168 11 1 15 28 66 1 259 48 8,149 8,918 96 88 12 56 36 27 47 16 42 30 51 78 15 353 37 23 217 79 19 29 790 8 462 11 580 10,747 14,129 DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 395 STATEMENT OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PASSES ISSUED TO OTHER THAN OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES OF EXPOSITION AND COMMISSION, INCLUDING EXHIB- ITORS, ATTENDANTS, CONCESSIONAIRES, ETC. Me mthly passes issued _ . 31,082 65,756 Total number passes issued __ . . ... Account Full Term. Monthly Total. D De Co Sfa Co Co Go Ur w< pt. Agriculture, Live Stock, and Forestry exhibitors and attendants 1,283 393 111 351 1,079 1,166 1,916 622 696 1,328 43 3,572 4,726 400 12,613 1,576 824 550 1,031 291 103 534 122 33 102 599 550 445 225 1,817 515 144 453 1,678 1,716 2,361 847 696 1,946 84 3,609 6,664 502 36,473 2,239 1,734 551 1,266 339 122 pt. Horticulture exhibitors and attendants Fish and Fisheries, Mines and Mining, Machinery', Transp'n Exhibits, Manufactures, Electricity, Fine Arts, Liberal Arts, Ethnology, Publicity and Promotion press. 618 41 37 1,938 102 23,860 663 910 1 235 48 19 Foreign Affairs exhibitors and attendants Womans' . . ncessionaires and employes : ite boards and employes . ntraotors and employes mplimentary vernment exhibitors' attendants. m lited States customs grid's Fair postoffice exhibitors and attendants Totals 34,674 31,082 65,756 DETAILED STATEMENT OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PASSES ISSUED TO DEPARTMENT OF WORKS. Full term passes issued 3,422 Monthly passes issued 9,059 Total number passes issued 12,481 Account. Full Term. Monthly Total. Transportation ... . 431 115 546 80 655 735 Medical 96 35 131 Photography . . ....... 153 53 206 9 3 12 Storekeeping .... 4 5 9 P.fl-rrifio 1 forward 773 866 1.639 396 APPENDIX Account. Full Term. Monthly Total. Brought forward. 773 866 1 639 Surveys and grades 42 63 105 Water supply, sewers, and fire protection 90 34 124 Architectural . 68 8 76 Decoration ____.___.._ . 33 47 80 Electrical 164 328 492 Engineering construction .... 27 29 56 Landscape - 25 32 57 17 17 Guards, secret service, guides, and messengers.. Janitors 969 163 4,173 2 541 5,142 2,704 Fire 167 167 Director of works office force and staff 60 28 88 Contractors 824 910 1,734 Totals.. 3,422 9,059 12,481 REPORT OF PASSES ISSUED TO FOREIGN COMMISSIONS. Full term passes 4, 741 Monthly passes 1,938 Total number passes issued. 6,679 Commission. Full Term. Monthly Total. 1 Argentine . . 12 8 20 2 Austrian 331 176 507 3 British Guiana . .. 1 \ 4 British India 3 3 6 5 British 638 374 1 012 6 Belgian 200 38 238 7 Brazilian 24 47 71 8 Bolivia 14 1 15 9 Bulgarian 11 3 14 10 Cape of Good Hope 19 19 11 Canadian 322 306 628 12 Chinese 9 9 13 Chilean 8 1 9 14 Ceylon 16 20 36 15 Corea 1 1 16 Costa Rica 8 4 12 17 Cuba 1 1 18 Curaco 3 3 19 Columbian Pavilion.. 1 2 3 20 Danish 52 19 71 21 Denmark 2 1 3 22 East Indian 4 4 23 Ecuador 3 1 4 24 French 712 238 950 25 German .. 1,275 316 1,591 Carried forward 3,670 1,558 5,228 DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 397 Commission. Full Term. Monthly Total. Brought forward 3 670 1 558 5 228 26 Guatemala .. ... 2 18 27 Hatian 5 2 7 28 Honduras 3 29 Italian 237 90 327 30 Jamaica 8 4 10 31 Japan _ 204 8 212 32 Johore 12 6 18 33 Korea 2 2 4 34 Liberian _ . 4 4 35 Madagascar 2 2 36 Mexican ... . . 16 30 46 37 Monaco 8 4 12 38 Netherlands .. 38 7 45 39 New South Wales 31 11 42 40 Norwegian 38 7 45 41 Ottoman 7 1 8 42 Orange Free State 1 1 2 43 Paraguay T .... 8 8 44 Peru 1 1 45 Persian . . 21 14 35 46 Portuguese 2 1 3 47 Russia . 176 102 278 48 Scandinavian 1 1 49 Siamese ... 6 2 8 50 Swedish : 66 15 81 51 Spanish 68 24 92 52 Syrian 2 2 53 Switzerland 83 27 110 54 Trinidad 3 2 5 55 Turkey 4 4 56 Uruguay 8 4 12 57 Venezuela . 4 2 6 Totals --. 4,741 1,938 6,679 RECAPITULATION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PASSES ISSUED. Full term passes issued - 39,885 Monthly passes issued 40,000 Total number passes issued. 79,885 Issued to Full Term. Monthly Total. Officers and employes Exposition and Commission Press 5,211 3,572 8,918 37 14,129 3,609 Concessionaires and employes 12,613 23,860 36,473 State boards and employes 1,576 663 2,239 Constructions and employes Department Works. Complimentary 824 550 910 1 1,734 551 U. S. customs and internal revenue employes... Exhibitors and employes . 291 15,248 48 5,563 339 20,811 Totals 39,885 40,000 79,885 398 APPENDIX "Z>." STATEMENT OF COMPLIMENTARY CARDS. Full term cards issued 2,117 Short term cards issued 15,093 Total number cards issued.. 17,210 Full Term. Term. Short Total. Requested by George R. Davis, director-general.. " H. N. Higinbotham, president " " T. W. Palmer, pres't Commission.. * * * ' John Boyd Thacher, chairman Authorized by Bureau Admissions and Collections 675 126 403 2 911 14,853 166 73 15,528 292 476 2 912 2,117 15,093 17,210 Fourteen thousand five hundred and fifteen of the limited cards charged to the director-general were issued on account of the press. STATEMENT OF PASSES FOR JUDGES OF AWARDS. Total number issued 748 All issued on request of John Boyd Thacher, chairman of Com- mittee on Awards. STATEMENT OF SPECIAL PASSES ISSUED. Total number issued 8,345 Department Agriculture 26 Horticulture 9 Livestock 1,623 Mines and Mining Machinery 4 Transportation Exhibits 38 Manufactures 2 Fine Arts 10 Liberal Arts a Publicity and Promotion 1,600 Foreign Affairs 13 Music 3,174 Awards 440 State Boards 69 Womans' 40 Children's 6 Lady Managers' 10 Auditing 19 Treasury 1 Admissions .. 2 Works 16 Collections 8 Concessions 109 United States Government Exhibit 375 United States Customs 5 City Council, Philadelphia 37 Chicago police _ . 62 Authorized by H. N. Higinbotham, president 11 Military companies 627 Total 8,345 These passes were all used for short terms. DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. 399 STATEMENT OF WORKMEN'S TRIP TICKETS. Number issued 84,741 " returned unused __ 12,281 Total number tickets used 72,460 F. Tickets good only at Sixty-second Street entrance : Number issued 52,071 " returned unused 5,902 used 46,169 E. Tickets good only at West Midway entrance : Number issued 32,670 " returned unused 6,379 used.. 26,291 72,460 STATEMENT OF PRESS TRIP PASSES. Total number used ,. 43,000 (All issued to M. P. Handy, chief Department Publicity and Promotion.) STATEMENT OF TRIP PASSES ISSUED. Total number issued 3.995 Issued to Ferd. W. Peck, vice-president World's Columbian Expo- sition _ 100 George R. Davis, director-general 500 W. I. Buchanan, chief Department Agriculture _ 50 M. P. Handy, chief Department Publicity and Promotion 195 H. N. Higinbotham, president World's Columbian Expo- sition 700 T. W. Palmer, president World's Columbian Commission 900 Mrs. George L. Dunlap, Children's Building 900 Gen. N. A. Miles 500 John M. Clark, collector of customs 100 Police Department 50 Total 3,995 The 551 passes charged as " complimentary" were issued to Illinois Assembly, Chicago City Council, Chicago police, representatives of the different trades unions, Centennial commissioners, and various others. These passes were authorized by the Bureau of Admissions and Collec- tions, the Council of Administration, H. N. Higinbotham, president, and George R. Davis, director-general. Three hundred and seventy-three passes charged to United States Government Exhibit include passes issued to West Point cadets. Thirty- seven passes issued to the City Council of Philadelphia were authorized by the Council of Administration. Sixty-two passes issued to Chicago police were authorized by H. N. Higinbotham, president. Six hundred and twenty-seven passes charged to military companies 400 APPENDIX were authorized by the director-general, and were collected for at the rate of 50 cents per day for the time for which they were issued. HORACE TUCKER, Esq., Superintendent Department of Admissions. DEAR SIR: On account of the abuse and transferring of workmen's passes, which was carried on to a large extent on May 20, 1893, it was deemed necessary to devise an application for workmen's passes in the form of a contract, whereby a deposit of $i was to be made for the pass and also a penalty of 50 cents per day be charged in case the pass was found in other hands than that of the original owner. An application to cover the above was immediately gotten up, as sample attached. The passes to go with this application were three in number and of the punch kind, good from June ist to isth. No. i pass, blue in color, was good at workmen's gates from 6 A. M. to i p. M. No. 2 pass, white, was good from i p. M. to 7 P. M. No. 3 pass, red, was good from 7 P. M. to 6 A. M. Only one pass was issued to each workman, good for hours wanted, and for only one admission a day. The second half of June passes were issued same as above, and were colored brown, pink, and yellow. The $i deposited on passes did not apply to Exposition employes proper, their passes being issued free, and so stamped. Contractors and others wishing to renew their passes for the follow- ing month did so by turning in their old passes, on which they had deposited $i, and taking out a new one, simply exchanging them. When through with their passes, they turned them in and received their deposit of $i back. The statement below shows the number of passes taken out, upon which $i was deposited: June, first half 9,713 June, secondhalf 1,433 July 1,193 August 614 September- 500 October.. 353 Total 13,806 Passes returned to November soth "... 11 ,271 2,535 Passes not returned $2,535 00 Penalties charged on passes lifted at gates 352 50 Total derived from workmen's passes $2,887 50 The month of July and thereafter passes were issued for the entire month. The statement next attached shows the complete number of workmen's passes issued by this department. Yours respectfully, (Signed) T. B. HINMAN. DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS. WORKMEN'S PASSES. 4OI Month of Series. Ordered. Issued. Total Issued. Janua Febra Marcl April May ry 60,000 80,000 70,000 25,000 80,000 35,000 15,000 25,000 20,000 5,000 3,000 5,000 15,000 5,000 3,000 8,500 5,000 3,000 3,000 40,000 55,573 71,443 65,101 ) 21,514 J 71,580 23,972 ) 15,000 \ 22,143 ) 13,991" 206 513 2,050 - 8,102 170 420 7,504 3,538 2,369 2,308 21,717 55,573 71,443 86,615 71,580 61,115 25,452 7,504 3,538 2,369 2,308 21,717 arv i ( Workmen's 1 A B C D H i L i * * S s T U w X* Jtme< July first half full month ._ . second half. _ Augu Septei Octob Novei Decer 5t criber er _. nber ober Totals 505,500 409,214 409,214 *Issued by E. R. Graham, general manager World's Columbian Exposition. 26 a X W I s 1 1 I i o 31 CQ . U o| ! 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IN oo oo co oo co ( - 8flg|ISg8 "~ )005OC*t-i I S tS fe fe (404) I ^ 2 8- 1 fc " -s H ^ 2 I O H o - 2 .8 S g 8 a z .s- < 8 SI suodno^ uotssirapv 8^3310 IX uoissirapv ' QOOTft-c^07f^7fQO^"ar-jcx5'o^oeo"9ft>rtC509rg'^^" TtVrf' o >o co 11 ?> I^SS^S t- oo o co *T- " * " ; CO I> C! O ^ IS O 5< "-C C5 ^1 ;SS? SSgg'xS suod uoissiinpv uoissirapv ;o ngaang 1 S3SSB OO ri i sss irf wKirsrcfofT^ofoforsfiNof of ofsiso"of sf ofccecsc - * (405) I w O J2 w 5g in Q % c "8 I! SI c a CQ . S S ^ .2 ! u S ^ I a | bo suodnoo uoisstuipv ' UOTSSTUJPV suod uoissiuipv ' uoissiuipv sassBj dux COt-iM to e> CD es ^*^ f-pH :iOr^00< SSg88288S888888S88*ft !SSS8SS! 5'^lOGOOlCD'^'i.^-rHi fl*l"'sl frTc?i^Or^<0^^,^,4'rfj^r5tf? bTO T 1 >, . .-a > >> (406) bo a 1 I a 1 I Q '^ il & I i/2 a O "^ 03 *"* S II o S u l CO " Q-g 05 suodnoo uoissirapv " uoisstuipv suod uotssitupv ' uotssitupv f 15111 ^ '''"" II I I I 1 1 I I i of i i i i i I j i I j ! S 8 S 8 8 ^ il S S S S 8 8 5 S S 8 8 '""''"'""'''''"'' sassBj dux . ?- O t I- O -. r-. S ?} : vr cs [ X Si O T-* O T-l S^?SP?!l|pilll 3 (407) >ooinioooot-t~QOo-it>Dco >i-*C^OOOCC'<^lOCOCO-rHO3T*TtW )rH ; *2 s fiil ' * -^-l;- = !=-!=-l a DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 423 denominations of 25 and 50 cents. These tickets were passed over to the managers in the combine, who paid the ticket receivers a small consideration, based upon the purchase value of the tickets. The managers sold them to the vari- ous waiters under them at an advance on this price, but at considerable less than their face value. The waiters paid for orders with them at face value, collecting in turn the full amount from the customer. The department withdrew this system, substituting Sys- tem No. 3, except in cases of very large concessions, the managements of which were thoroughly organized within themselves. These few concessions overcame the difficulty by selling the tickets to the waiters every morning, and as often through the day as they ran out of tickets, stamping each and every ticket with the date upon the back. At night each waiter turned in all the tickets remaining in his posses- sion, and was paid for them. Tickets were only good upon the date stamped upon them. It was not wise to make this arrangement except where the concessionaires were thorough organizers, and where the concession was so large that the concessionaire, to insure his own safety as against his employes, had to make his system very accurate and com- plete. A concessionaire who had but one restaurant, and ran it himself, could have used this system by collusion with the ticket receiver, to the disadvantage of the Exposition. 3. RESTAURANT SYSTEM. Under this system the waiter would take the order from a customer, and in bringing the same from the kitchen, would stop before the checker's desk, as in System No. 2 ; the amount was ascertained by the checker, written upon a slip, making two impressions, by use of carbon paper, and one was handed to the waiter, the other remained with the checker. The waiter passed on with the tray to the cashier, presented the check, paid the amount in cash, the cashier receiving and keeping the check, and as an additional safeguard, ringing up the amount on a cash register ; the waiter then collected the amount from the customer. The checks came in book form, were consecutively numbered, the number of the waiter put upon each check by the checker, and as the dupli- APPENDIX "AV cate remained in the book at the checker's desk, it was easy to check out any discrepancy and to find what waiter was responsible for any check which the cashier had not received. Neither system adopted in the restaurants was entirely satisfactory. The nearest approach to complete safety can only be had where the customer pays his check himself to a cashier stationed at the exit, as he goes out, but it was feared by all concessionaires, and also by the department, that with the great number of patrons expected, the delay would be such that the loss of business in this way would more than offset the leakage from the other systems; but if the experience were to be repeated, the superintendent would adopt and insist upon a system which would include this feature, in preference to any and all others, believing it possible by good management to insure good service and to avoid unnecessary delay. 4. CASH REGISTERS. It was decided to use cash registers in those places where the sales were of a mixed character, that might range in any amount from 5 cents up, especially at stations where the sales were many in number but small as to amount of each, and where it was therefore necessary to wait upon custom- ers and to make change quickly, so as not to lose custom because of delay. There were delivered at the superintend- ent's office, machines of many makes and many patterns. This matter was more especially referred to the assistant superintendent, and he spent four weeks in carefully inves- tigating the merits of all machines. The number of ma- chines eventually used under the jurisdiction of the depart- ment was 644. They were of two patterns, known as " total adders" and "detail adders." The difference in the gen- eral principle governing the two patterns was that the total adder made a continuous record up to $99,999.95, at which point it automatically reset itself at naught. It could not be turned back to naught or the reading altered, except by a mechanic who understood the machine, and who had to use special tools for the purpose. The detail adder would also make a continuous record, if desired, but was built so that it could be readily reset at naught by anyone who could unlock DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 425 the machine. This device was more convenient for stations where a great number of sales would go at one price, such as buttonhole bouquets, cigars, and articles of that kind. Within a month from the opening of the Exposition the department became convinced that the detail adder was an unsafe machine for the purpose of a triple accounting between a concessionaire, the employe of the concessionaire, and the employe of the department, because the department employe who unlocked the machine to take the reading could make a false report of a less amount than the reading, and by resetting the machine at naught to begin the new business, could destroy all evidence of falsification. This practice the department was convinced was resorted to by two or three of the division superintendents in its employ, by collusion, either with the concessionaire or the employe of the concessionaire, the amount of revenue of which the Exposition was defrauded being divided between the two parties to the fraud. The department ceased the use of these machines as fast as the total adders could be substituted. In taking the reading from the total adder, should the division superintendent report falsely, the Exposition would be defrauded of revenue temporarily, but the first time another employe of the department should open the machine for the exact purpose of keeping a check upon the division superintendent, the real total amount up to that time must necessarily appear, and of course any amounts which the department had temporarily lost would be at once charged against the concessionaire. The operation of the system was as follows: The depart- ment made a contract with a cash register company to supply all the machines necessary to concessionaires at such times and places as the department should direct. The rent was to be $8 per month for each register, which was to be paid by the concessionaire direct to the company. The com- pany were to keep the machines in order; were to replace any broken or disabled machine immediately upon notice with a perfect machine, without charge, and the company also took all risk of breakage, damage, etc., except from willful malice. The department guaranteed the company 426 APPENDIX "." the collection of the rent for the machines, and eventually paid a sum something less than $400, which the company was unable to collect from the concessionaires. The registers as ordinarily made have a lock, but one key will fit all or at least a great number of the locks; therefore, the department ordered that the machines should be pro- vided with staples and hasps. The department provided a padlock for each machine, holding the only key thereto in its possession, the concessionaire or his agent retaining the key to the ordinary lock; thus the machine could only be opened in the presence of both the concessionaire or his agent and the division superintendent of the department. The reading was then taken and signed both by the concessionaire or his agent and by the division superintendent, this reading being turned in to the office of the department. The difference between it and the reading of the day before gave the amount of the day's business. Concessionaires were instructed that each sale, as soon as made, must be separately rung up on the machine, and that only one person must handle the register. The register was invariably to be placed in plain sight where customers, inspectors, secret service, and all passers by could see plainly the figures that were rung up. By this means the department was able to tell whether a reasonable degree of honesty prevailed in the use of the registers. When reports were turned in by secret service or other employes that less than actual amounts, or " no sale " were being rung up at any station, a special agent was immedi- ately sent to unlock the machine, take the reading and to count the money in the drawer. If the cashier falsely ring- ing up had put the money in the drawer, the cash would overrun the reading and the evidence was conclusive ; steps were taken to immediately rectify the amount in the interest o the Exposition, and warning was issued against further dealings of the kind. 5. DUPLEX SYSTEM. This system was used for the same class of stations and business as No. 4, but where the number of sales was apt to be comparatively small, making speed in waiting upon DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 427 customers relatively unimportant This is the system ordi- narily in use in dry goods and other mercantile institu- tions, the sales clerk, being furnished with a book composed of fifty slips and duplicates consecutively numbered, making out a slip for each customer and a duplicate each time by means of carbon paper, the duplicate remaining in the book, and the cash received should balance with the amount repre- sented by the duplicates. As in the case of the cash register, each separate sale must be immediately noted upon the slip. The book slips must be invariably kept in plain sight, and all writing in the book must be made in the most exposed and conspicuous position in the booth, so that customers, secret service, and others could tell sales were being properly recorded. 6. WAREHOUSE SYSTEM. The department was provided with a large warehouse, where it received for concessionaires such articles as cata- logues, guides, souvenir satchels, all stationary-stand articles, and other articles which were to be sold at stations where nothing was sold except such articles "as could be classed and handled under this system. The articles having been received into the care of the department, were delivered to the concessionaires owning them as desired, the percentage being immediately charged them upon the retail selling price of the articles. The amount was not paid immediately by the concessionaire, but was paid by him daily upon his report of the amount of sales, the final settlement being made upon the basis of all of the goods delivered to him at the retail prices, less goods returned to the warehouse, the difference between the two amounts showing the full sum on which percentage was to be paid. A few large concessionaires provided warehouses of their own, but they were rather in the nature of what might be styled "bonded warehouses," the department checking in all the goods as received, and concessionaires accounting in final settlement for all that were not found in the warenouses. A further modification of this system governed a few such articles as solid silver souvenir spoons, which were all fur- nished the concessionaire by one responsible factory, which furnished the department with certified invoices of each ship- 428 APPENDIX "." ment to the concessionaire, together with a sworn monthly statement. The goods were kept track of tinder these invoices and sworn statements, and the accounting made as in the case of warehouses. This system theoretically is perfect, but in practice it will only apply to those articles which it is difficult to smuggle into the grounds. It was found necessary to modify and limit its application to a comparatively small number of articles be- cause of this objection. 7. ACCOUNTING FROM THE BOOKS OF THE CONCESSIONAIRES. This was limited to the smallest possible number of con- cessionaires, and confined to those where no system could be made to apply without either great expense or great incon- venience, as it was thought to be good judgment to put every- thing upon a business basis as far as possible, so that the Exposition, being practically a partner in the concessions, might have some share in the control of the receipts. This accounting was used in some cases as the only pos- sible means, and was resorted to in a great number of cases where systems were used, for the purpose of verifying the results; and was also employed in all other cases where the department had reason to believe that the systems were not being perfectly applied, or were being misused to the disad- vantage of the Exposition. INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT. A full understanding of the work to be accomplished being arrived at, and the methods and systems to be adopted and enforced being determined upon, it was necessary to organize the department within itself, so that the best results possible might be arrived at. It was not believed that all the money which might become due the Exposition would be collected, but rather that many concessionaires would endeavor by every possible means to defraud the Exposition. But the department was determined that fraud should be reduced to a minimum, and that, with the support and aid of the executive authorities of the Exposition, systems would be enforced, offenders should be dealt with in such manner DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 429 as to suppress further offense as far as possible, and that the loss to the Exposition should be reduced to a minimum. The internal organization must also be such as to guard against dishonesty and incompetence on the part of employes of the department, as far as possible, for there was no reason to believe that with the large number of employes necessary, all would be efficient and above suspicion. The efficiency of the department in respect to its employes was wonderfully strengthened by the fact that the superintendent had absolute control of engagement and dis- charge ; in fact this principle was one of those agreed upon between the superintendent and Bureau of Admissions and Collections at the time the appointment was tendered him. From the decision of the superintendent within the department there was no appeal, the result being that within a few weeks from the time the force was thoroughly organized (May i, 1893), everything was running smoothly within the department. There was no crossing of authority; petty jealousies, which so outrageously interfere with the working capacity of large forces of .men, were suppressed; peace and harmony were the rule, and good results were possible. There were quite a number of subdepartments within the department, each having a head, and this head was held responsible for the prompt performance of the duties with which he and his men were entrusted. The head of this subdepartment could recommend to the superintendent employes whom he would like to work under him, but had not the power of engaging or discharging. Every employe of the department, while he was expected to report to the man in charge of his particular class of work, had personal access to the superintendent on any matter, whether of a personal or business nature, which he desired to present. There was no favoritism. Every employe was expected to perform the duties allotted him, and while some work was necessarily more desirable than others, the employes were assigned to the various positions, as far as might be, because of their fitness, and not because of any personal feeling. That general good feeling and loyalty prevailed throughout the department is perhaps best evi- 430 APPENDIX denced by the fact that the superintendent and the assistant superintendent were each presented with a memorial and token of remembrance, in the presentation of which nearly all the employes of the department joined, notwithstanding that 95 per cent of the entire force were absolute strangers to the superintendent and his assistant up to the time they entered the employ of the department. The subdepartments and their duties may be briefly classified as follows : I. OFFICE FORCE. Of this subdepartment the chief clerk was head, and was held responsible. It included the supervision of the book- keeping, the making up of the audits, the figuring of the percentage, the corrections of errors in audits, and general work of that kind. This subdepartment also had charge of the inspection and the verification of the books and accounts of the concessionaires and of the traveling auditors, so called, whose duty it was to harmonize discrepancies between accounts of the concessionaires and those of the depart- ment. It was in this subdepartment that the entire work of the department was perfected and the amounts for collection determined. Some idea of the magnitude of the labor of this sub- department may be formed from the fact that it handled during the season about 188,250 division superintendents' reports; that difference in figures and disputes as to cor- rectness of the same were adjudicated, corrected, and har- monized thereby. Also, at the close of the season, the chief clerk, with a few of his assistants, made up the figures for this report, which necessitated the rehandling and entering of each and every individual audit for the entire season, so that from the records in the possession of the superintendent it can be shown what the receipts were at each station of every con- cession on the grounds (with some very few exceptions) for every day of the season, and also the number of people who attended any special performance on the grounds, the num- ber of passengers on the electric launches, the gondolas, the elevated railroad, etc., upon any special day desired. In fact, DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 431 the classification of the figures for this report involved the doing over of the entire clerical work for the season. The figures were made to harmonize with those of the auditor's department, so that when the figures for the report were finally finished by the chief clerk and his assistants all dis- crepancies were eliminated and an exact balance arrived at. While it might appear that making the figures balance should not be difficult, and that they should balance them- selves, when it is considered that the department was prac- tically keeping books for 370 concessionaires, a very great number of whom had no methods or ideas of bookkeeping ; that the errors and discrepancies, for this reason alone, ran into the thousands; that cross entries for the purpose of settling these differences were very numerous, it will be evident that the work of balancing up was no light one, and it will be easier to understand the immense labor of finally verifying and balancing the figures for the entire season, audit by audit and day by day. The salaries per month in this subdepartment were: Messenger boys, $30; girls counting tickets, $45 to $50, clerks, $60 to $75 ; bookkeepers, $75 to" $100; stenographers, $50 to $75 ; traveling auditors, $75 to $100 , chief clerk, $125. In close connection with this force, and with headquarters in the same large accounting room, were subdepartments Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8. 2. COLLECTION FORCE. This subdepartment was under the charge of the chief collector, whose duties were to receive the statements daily from the chief clerk's department, enter them upon a collec- tion sheet, and distribute them to his collectors. He also checked off on this collection sheet each day's collection from each concession as it was paid, and a glance at this sheet showed, daily, the exact daily audits still outstanding and unpaid against each concession. The more obdurate and difficult cases he also undertook to collect himself. The collectors, upon receiving their statements each day, entered them each in his own collection book, and started on their daily tour to collect money, keeping an accurate account of all amounts received and by whom paid. Upon returning 432 APPENDIX "E. to the office they turned in the money to the cashier of the department, taking his receipt therefor. The collectors consulted the chief collector in cases of difficulty, and in extreme cases, which the chief collector was not able to deal with successfully, he in turn consulted with the superintendent or assistant superintendent of the depart- ment. Where collections were made in cash the only imme- diate check against the collector was the statements he took out, but where the amount was paid by check the general order was that all checks should be drawn to the order of the treasurer of the Exposition. The details of the organi- zation of this subdepartment were so thoroughly worked out that it was next to impossible for a collector to hold out or suppress more than a very small part of one or, at the outside, two days' collections without discovery, should he be disposed to do so. The collectors were under bonds of $1,000 each, and there was only one case of default, which occurred Saturday, the collector leaving the city Saturday night. Sunday the discrepancy was known early in the morning, from scrutinizing the figures, because of the fact that this collector had turned in on Friday an even amount as received from one concessionaire instead of the exact amount of the audit, and it was not the custom of this par- ticular concessionaire to pay otherwise than the exact amount of the audit. One other collection had also run over two days; this concessionaire invariably paid promptly. The full amount of the default was covered by the bond of the collector, and was paid to the Exposition by the bonding company. It would, of course, have been possible for a col- lector to abscond with his day's collections, and the bonds should in each case have been somewhat larger, possibly $2,500, which would have been ample. It was very nearly impossible for any collector to suppress any part of his col- lections and continue his work for more than two days, and without several days' partial suppression no large amount could be taken, as the cash received was very largely silver and the checks were uncollectible. The men collecting from the slot machines were really a part of this subdepartment, although as they collected the money directly from the machines, of which the department DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 433 held the only keys, there were, of course, no statements for them to collect from. They brought the gross receipts from the machines to the office of the department, where it was divided, giving the concessionaire his proportion, the balance being turned in to the cashier of the department. The salaries in this subdepartment were: Collectors, $50 to $75; chief collector, $100. 3. CASHIER. The cashier and his assistant received all moneys from the collectors, or from concessionaires or others, who came directly to the office to pay; gave receipts to each party for the amount received; entered it in the cash books, and daily turned over all the money received to the treas- urer of the Exposition, taking his receipt therefor. Two cash books were used, one for each alternate day, so that the receipts of Monday could be posted directly from Monday's cash book to the ledger, allowing the cashier the use of the other book to enter Tuesday's receipts. This arrangement allowed the work to progress without delay, either to the bookkeeper or the cashier, which was very necessary, as the cashier's labor seldom ended before somewhere between 9 and 1 1 o'clock at night, and the bookkeeper or his assistant did not get through their labors before 2 or 4 o'clock in the morning. The actual cash passing through the hands of the cashier during the season was $3,469,494.85. The salaries per month in this subdepartment were: Cashier, $100; assistant cashier, $75. 4. TICKET ROOM FORCE. This subdepartment was under the charge of the chief ticket clerk. Its duties were to receive tickets from the printer, run through them, see that the numbers were cor- rect, record them as received, fully noting the inclusive numbers, denominations, colors, and series of each package, stowing them in the ticket vault, in such a manner that any special numbers, denomination, color, and series could be instantly gotten at. It also received requisitions from con- cessionaires for tickets, and filled the same, taking the con- 28 434 APPENDIX "J." cessionaire's receipt therefor. This work invariably passed through the hands of at least two persons, to avoid any col- lusion between the employe delivering the tickets and the concessionaire receiving them, as to the number of tickets delivered, and all other points which it was necessary to pro- tect. Each concession was charged the exact tickets deliv- ered, the record of the transaction stating the opening and closing numbers of the tickets delivered, the denomination, color, and series, and the number of the requisition. From the records kept in the ticket office it was possible to tell at any time every individual ticket that had been delivered to each concession, and if a ticket were brought to the depart- ment at any time, it could instantly be determined to what concession it was issued and the date upon which it had been purchased by the customer from the concession, or whether it had never been sold at all, but had been taken from an unbroken package. This subdepartment also had charge of the force of girls who opened the concession ticket boxes, counted such as were desirable of the used tickets, looked all used tickets over to see that no false or counterfeit tickets were in the box, and finally turned them over to the clerk in the box collector's room, who had charge of the grinding machine which destroyed the used tickets. The salaries of this subdepartment were from $45 to $60 for clerks and ticket counters; $100 for chief ticket clerk. 5. WAREHOUSE AND VAULTS. This subdepartment was under the charge of the chief warehouse clerk, who had charge of the warehouses. The duties of this subdepartment were to receive into the ware- houses concessionaires' goods, checking them in and deliver- ing them to the concessionaires owning them, upon his requisition and receipt, and when settlement was made, to check back into the warehouse the unsold goods. There were also three safety deposit vaults in the larger buildings for the use of exhibitors in those buildings, for the purpose of storing jewelry, money, or any other valuable articles. They were conducted in the ordinary method of safety deposit vaults, a small rent being charged for the use of the boxes. The receipts from this business were very DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 435 small, the demand being, for some reason, very limited. It is a most favorable comment upon the good order preserved and upon the efficiency of the means used by the Exposition to protect persons and property, that these safety deposit vaults were so little used when the value of the class of articles referred to was so great. The vaults were in them- selves an exhibit of the manufacturers thereof. The cost of the vaults and the expense of maintaining them was enor- mously large compared with the receipts, which, in fact, did not pay even the running expenses, to say nothing of any return on the investment. Of the two vaults in the Manu- factures and Liberal Arts Building, one was closed entirely. The vault in the Mining Building was the most liberally patronized, and paid some profit above the running expense, which profit, however, was more than absorbed by the loss upon the running expenses of the one vault remaining in use in the Manufactures Building. The salaries in this subdepartment were from $45 to $60 for laborers and clerks ; $100 for chief warehouse clerk. 6. PASS CLERK'S OFFICE. This subdepartment was under the charge of the pass clerk of this department, whose business it was to examine all applications for passes made by concessionaires for them- selves and their employes, and to approve the application of such as he deemed proper. This involved a good deal of disagreeable controversy with the concessionaires, who usu- ally took the view that passes were of no value; that they should be entitled to as many as they wanted without regard to the use made of them, proper or otherwise, and that they were under no obligation to the Exposition to return passes of employes leaving their service. It took several weeks of hard work, and in some cases absolute refusal to grant further passes until the missing ones were turned in, to convince concessionaires that they were under any obligation whatever to watch their passes and control them carefully. Complete and accurate record was kept by the pass clerk of every pass approved, and a full and complete account was kept with each concessionaire of passes, charging those issued and crediting those returned. This 436 APPENDIX "." involved accuracy and promptness, as the pass question was an urgent one throughout the entire Exposition. There were issued under the approval of the Department of Collections 29,695 passes (including monthly and full term), but there were never in use at one time more than 16,000 passes by concessionaires and their employes. The difference is accounted for by change of employes, the old passes being canceled and taken up and new ones issued from time to time as required. Pass clerks' salaries were $40 to $60 for clerks; chief pass clerk, $125. 7. DIVISION SUPERINTENDENTS. This subdepartment was under the charge of the chief division superintendent. The number of division superin- tendents was from nineteen to twenty-nine. The grounds were divided geographically into twenty-six parts known as divisions. Each division was in charge of a superintendent whose business it was each day to visit every station in his division where business was done, and take the audit of the station upon blanks provided for the purpose by the depart- ment. This audit consisted, first, of a cash statement of the previous day's receipts signed by the concessionaire or his cashier; and secondly, a report of the result of the previous day's business as shown by the system established by the department and in use at that station, such as cash registers, tickets, etc. When each division superintendent had col- lected all the audits in his division, he turned them into the chief division superintendent, who checked off the list to see that all were turned in. They were then turned into the chief clerk, who sorted them into concessions; each concession was then checked up to see that no station pertaining to that concession was missing. This being the case, all was ready to begin the work of making up the account of each conces- sion for the previous day's business. As an evidence of the promptness and efficiency of this particular part of the organ- ization, and that of the office force, it can be said the business completed at 1 1 o'clock on Monday night, less the cash paid in up to Tuesday night, was shown by the balance sheet sent to the superintendent's desk on Wednesday morning at 9 o'clock, with the exception of a number of concessions, vary- DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 437 ing from six to ten; these few were unfinished because of the necessity of correcting errors and sending back audits for completion to one or two stations; also, the statements for Monday's business were ready to send out for collection at 8 o'clock Wednesday morning, and of course this same prompt- ness was continued throughout the week. The credit for this promptness is to be divided between the division superin- tendents and that of the office force, who necessarily worked very closely together. Either subdepartment could delay or aid the work of the other very materially. Two or three of the division superintendents were dis- charged during the season upon suspicion of endeavoring to defraud the department by collusion with concessionaires or their employes, and one or two others for incompetency, but as a rule the service rendered was very satisfactory. Their salaries were $60, with the exception of one or two who had special division work at $75 ; the chief division super- intendent, $100. 8. BOX COLLECTIONS. This subdepartment was under the charge of the chief box collector. Its duties were to distribute to the stations the boxes to receive the tickets, where tickets were used. These boxes were white over the entire ground one day and black the next, so if the wrong color was noticed at any station it was immediately known that this subdepartment had not attended to such station properly by changing the box. Each box was plainly marked with the number of the con- cession, number of the station pertaining to the concession, and number of the division to which it belonged, and must be delivered individually to the proper station. The department owned the boxes and the padlocks thereto, retaining all keys in its possession. As soon as a gatekeeper or sales clerk received a ticket from a customer, it must be immediately dropped into a box, not held in the hand until a number accumulated, being very particular that the ticket was properly and immediately disposed of. Should the concessionaire, for any reason, desire himself to see the tickets in any box counted, the box was provided with a separate place to attach a second padlock, in which case it could not be unlocked by the department until the 438 APPENDIX "E." concessionaire should arrive, when the box would be opened and the tickets counted and examined in the presence of both parties. The box collectors would start out with a full wagon load of empty white boxes, exchanging them for the full black ones, which last would be delivered to the room provided for the purpose at department headquarters, from whence they would be delivered to the ticket-counting force to unlock, examine, and count the tickets. They would then be delivered to the man in the box department, who had charge of the grinding machine which destroyed the tickets; thus no tickets were used but once. Careful watch was kept of the tickets from the time the box opened until the tickets were destroyed. The chief box collector kept accurate record of the receipt and delivery of boxes, so that if any concessionaire claimed that his box was not delivered the record would show the facts at once. The boxes were checked in as they arrived, against the list of each box collector, so that omis- sion or neglect of duty were promptly made known, and the delinquent box collector immediately dispatched on a special trip to change the box at the neglected station. The salaries in this subdepartment were $60 for collect- ors; $100, chief box collector. 9. SECRET SERVICE. This force was comparatively small, but its value can hardly be overestimated. It was in no way connected with the guard or the regular secret service of the Exposition, but consisted of three to five people, who were exclusively in the service of the department. They were not detectives by profession, as the department could at all times command the service of such detectives by application to the chief of the regular secret service of the Exposition. The persons selected for this duty were ladies and gentle- men of good appearance who would not be suspected of being anything more than ordinary visitors. It was not easy to persuade parties of the proper appearance and character to accept this service, but this was made less difficult by the fact that the members of this secret service were only known to the superintendent and assistant superintendent. DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 439 The service rendered by the persons selected to perform this exacting and difficult duty was as satisfactory as was rendered by any subdepartment. An allowance of $600 per month was made to the depart- ment by the Exposition for this service, and this allowance, or such part of it as was necessary, was disbursed by the superintendent personally, who received and kept in his own possession all receipts and vouchers. It was expected that the results of this service would be to prevent fraud rather than to recover any portion of the revenue of which the Exposition might be defrauded ; but the evidence thus secured was made use of in some cases in such manner that the increased receipts were considerably greater than the disbursements for this service during the full term of the Exposition. The secret service employes were instructed, as far as was necessary, concerning the various systems in use, and in their travels throughout the grounds were directed to report each and every occurrence on the part of sales clerks or other parties receiving money or handling tickets which appeared in the least degree irregular. Each case observed was reported on a separate slip, stating the number of the concession, station, and division, where a sign indicating the same was to be seen ; and stating exact location of the stand where no such sign could be discovered. The following points were invariably to be shown in the report: The exact time, the date, the article sold, description of the sales clerk, description of the purchaser, price paid, and the amount rung up or recorded. The possession of this exact and detailed report enabled the department to refute denials of crooked work on the part of concessionaires or any employes who might be dis- covered and reported. It was the general practice of the superintendent to get at least three confirmatory reports concerning any one concession or station before taking action. The first action taken was usually a warning; on repetition of the offense, the pass of the offending person was taken up, and often an amount, estimated to be right, added to the amount reported as the gross receipts of that station. In case of many repetitions of the offense and 440 APPENDIX "E. n the flagrant violations of the regulations and the systems, the business of the concession was frequently closed and terms were made before reopening was permitted. The secret service reports, after being made out, were sealed by the employes in an envelope directed to the superintendent, and were left at a secret office not at the department headquarters, at which office sealed orders and instructions were left addressed by number, no name being used, to the various members of the force. Each member had a special hour appointed to report at this office, no two at the same time, and at such time as it was necessary to give special instructions, they were met by the superin- tendent or assistant superintendent for that purpose. The beneficial results of this service to the work of the depart- ment resulted more largely from the exact information which their work enabled the department to secure and to present to the concessionaires thus convincing them that they were carefully watched .than in the amount recov- ered or the value of the reports themselves. When the season was somewhat advanced it became necessary to engage an employe who was termed an inspector whose duty it was to act upon the information thus obtained, upon the less important points ; the more serious cases being acted upon by special order from the headquarters of the department. Salaries of this subdepartment ranged from $80 to $100, together with the reimbursement of sundry small amounts which the members of the force were permitted to spend for the purpose of seeing whether proper disposition and record was made of the receipt of the money by the concessionaire. IO. MUSIC HALL FORCE. This force was under the control of the music hall ticket treasurer. It had charge of the sale of tickets and of the doors of the two music halls and concert room belonging to the Exposition. The business was of actually the same character as that of the treasurer in charge of a theater or opera house. The money received from the sale of tickets was turned in to the cashier of the department each day, and a full and complete account of the tickets was kept and DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 441 checked up carefully. The cashier turned this money in to the treasurer of the Exposition separate from all concession receipts. The salaries in this subdepartment were : Doorkeepers, $60 ; ticket sellers, $75 to $100 ; ticket treasurer, $125. II. MISCELLANEOUS DUTIES AND RECEIPTS. In addition to receipts from regular concessionaires and from the music halls, there were various other collections of which the department had charge the collection of the amounts due for removing garbage, of amounts due from concessionaires for tickets furnished them, and various other small items of this kind. There was no separate subdepart- ment for this class of business, as it was apportioned and taken care of where it could be most economically done in the general organization. A table of sundry collections will be found on page 494. There was one quite important matter which it eventu- ally fell to the department to care for; this was the collection of such amounts as could be gotten from the foreign exhibit- ors and from other parties who were selling without author- ization from the Exposition in the foreign sections of the various buildings. The authority was not given to the department until very late in the season, to deal with this matter so as to enable it to get even the small amount which the Exposition certainly was entitled to, if these people were permitted to sell at all, which it was never intended they should in the original plan of the Exposition. The results of the attempt to collect from this class of sales were by no means commensurate with the effort, and bore an infinitesi- mally small proportion to the large amount of sales made. The reason of this will be found under the heading, " Sales in Foreign Sections," page 492. COURSE OF BUSINESS AS CONDUCTED BY THE DEPARTMENT. The concession contracts constituting the prircipal busi- ness of the department being understood, the explanation of the various systems of accounting being comprehended, the internal organization of the department being described, it is proper at this point to give a synopsis of the " course of 442 APPENDIX business as conducted by the department." This being done, a bird's-eye view of the work of the department will have been presented which, it is believed, will enable any one con- versant with business of the kind to understand thoroughly the methods and results achieved by the department. DEALING WITH THE CONCESSIONAIRE BY THE DEPARTMENT. Concession No. 4, popularly known as " Cairo Street," is selected as an example of the working of the department in its dealings with concessions. The reason of this selection is the fact that this concession had more stations than any other, being ninety-eight in number at the highest point, and because, further, almost every system in use by the depart- ment was in operation in the conduct of this concession. The manager of the concession was first notified to con- sult with the superintendent of the department. Each class of business which the concession was authorized to transact under its contract was taken up separately, and the method of receiving and accounting for the gross receipts was agreed upon. It must not be supposed that this could be accom- plished at one interview; it took weeks of consideration and consultation to arrive at satisfactory results, and the results arrived at were not agreed upon as being absolute and unchangeable for the season, but were subject to revision and change as experience might determine, and as the parties to the transaction might agree. Where it was not possible to come to an agreement satisfactory to both parties, the department would prescribe the method which must be adopted, but these cases were very few in number. For admission to the street itself and for admission to all entertainments inside the street, tickets (System No. i) were adopted. For restaurants, ticket system modified (System No. 2), and later in the season this was changed to the restaurant system (System No. 3). For the sales of goods in the various booths, both cash registers (System No. 4) and duplex (System No. 5) systems were used ; and also a modification of the warehouse system (System No. 6), Cairo Street having warehouses of its own DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 443 under the supervision of the department, where all goods were received and were checked out to the various booths. This precaution was especially desirable to the interests of the Cairo Street concession, as all of its booths for selling purposes were sublet to parties who paid a percentage of their sales to the concessionaire somewhat larger than the concession paid to the Exposition. Finally, accounting from the books of the concession (System No. 7) was made use of where it appeared desirable to do so. The systems being agreed upon for each class of busi- ness a report is made by the manager of the concession to the department, of each station to be operated, its exact location in the concession, and its class of business; these stations are recorded by the department, numbering from one up to any number desired, record kept of the locality, the class of business at each station and the percentage of revenue thereon, in a book especially for that purpose, each concession being kept separately. Stations can be added from time to time as desired, in which case each new station takes the next higher number. Stations are numbered sepa- rately within each concession. Any station can be closed when desired, but notice must be given the department. Sometimes if a station is closed and a new one opened, the number of the old station is transferred to the new, but it is necessary to exercise great care in the case of a transfer of a number, and it is not a good plan, as confusion is apt to result. It is better to drop the number and not revive it unless the same station is revived. The station being designated as above, a white tin sign, 5x8 inches, lettered in red, is provided for each station and tacked up where it can be readily seen by all parties passing. C. 4 S. 1 D. B. 444 APPENDIX The C. is for concession, the S. for station, the D. for divi- sion. These signs are uniform throughout the grounds, with the exception, of course, of the number of the concession, station, and division. It may be said here that it is the duty of the secret service inspectors and all employes to report any station doing business where such a sign is not to be seen, when it is the duty of the chief division superintendent to see that the sign is immediately put in place. It is because of the absence of these signs that a great number of illicit sellers are known to be such, and the selling stopped. The station being designated, requisitions are made by the manager of the concession for tickets for those stations where the ticket system is instituted, and they are furnished by the department, each station being charged with the exact number of tickets received. It is not permitted to issue the tickets to a concession all under one charge, per- mitting the manager to distribute the tickets to such sta- tions as he sees fit. In all cases the station is the unit of accounting with the department, and its records and ac- counts are invariably kept first against the station. Further on in the process all station records belonging to the same concession are closed daily into the account of the conces- sion; this prevents any misuse of the tickets, and the de- partment can always rely upon finding the proper tickets at the proper station, and otherwise knows that either care- lessness or something worse prevails at the station in fault. Requisitions are made for cash registers for such stations as need them, which are filled by the cash register company. In this concession (No. 4) a warehouseman is stationed per- manently by the department, as it furnishes employment enough for one man in that capacity, and, also, a short time after the beginning of the season, a division superintendent is assigned expressly to this concession. All the necessary paraphernalia being provided at each station, and the station signs being up, all is ready for busi- ness, the day's business closing at u o'clock p. M. with the closing of the gates of the Exposition, although in some few cases customers remain later than that; but this is prohib- ited as far as possible. The division superintendent begins his rounds the follow- DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 445 ing morning as early as it is possible to find anyone at the various stations. He is provided with blank reports, sepa- rately printed and ruled for each system of accounting, and duplicates are made out by him at each station in his divi- sion, one of which is retained by him; the other is left at the station. This report, when complete, shows the cash receipts for the day before as stated by the cashier or other employe in charge of the station, or by the concessionaire himself, and is almost invariably signed by one of these parties. Below this cash statement is set forth the result as shown by the system prescribed by the department for use at that station. The report, when finally complete, is signed by the division superintendent; he visits each station in his division in turn, making his report for each one. When all reports are com- pleted in his division he reports with them at the headquar- ters of the department, generally between 1 2 and 3 o'clock, where he looks them carefully over in the room provided for the use of the division superintendents, seeing that he has all reports pertaining to his division or giving the reason for any missing ones, and as far as possible correcting errors which are apparent on the face of the reports, if there be any such. He then passes them in to the chief division superin- tendent, who sees that all reports due from him are received. The division superintendent then goes back to his division to see that business is being properly conducted, systems properly operated, all sales accounted for, etc. The chief division superintendent waits until all division superintendents have reported and delivered their reports to him ; he is accustomed to looking over a number of reports to see that no evident discrepancies or errors exist ; he then delivers the entire number (which varied from 13,950 during May, when business was very light, to 46,500 during October, when the highest point was reached) into the charge of the chief clerk, who gives them to the clerk whose duty it is to sort the entire bundle into concessions, arranging each concession consecutively according to the numbers of the stations. It must be noted that many concessions, unlike Cairo Street, had stations in more than one division; some of them, like the concessions for peanuts, for souvenir spoons, 446 APPENDIX "." for soft drinks, etc., had stations in nearly every division on the grounds ; hence the reports necessary to complete one concession statement might be scattered through the entire bundle of 500 to 1,550 reports. If any report pertaining to a concession is missing, he at once knows it because of the order of the numbers, and it is immediately sent for, as it is impossible to make up the statement for that concession for that day until the reports of all the stations pertaining thereto are in. As fast as this clerk has all reports for any one conces- sion complete, he passes them over to the clerk having charge of all collections, figuring the percentage, etc., of that particular concession. Usually each clerk has charge of certain concessions which he deals with throughout the season, as they vary so largely in character, percentage, etc., that his familiarity with the concession makes the work more expeditious; also, after a short time, he remembers, from the number of the station, the percentage pertaining thereto without reference to the station book. As there are many of the concessions which pay several different percent- ages, the time thus saved is a material gain. The percentages being figured and noted upon each report, the same clerk makes a statement from the reports for that concession, upon which are spread, in detail and in numerical order, each station, its gross receipts, its percent- ages, and the amount of each percentage. This is added, showing the amount of the gross receipts and the amount of the revenue accruing to the Exposition and due from the concessionaire for the day's business under consideration. The station reports, with the statement as above, are pinned in one bundle, with the statement on top, and the whole is passed to another clerk, who makes a copy of the statement, which is then delivered to the collector to present to the concessionaire for payment. The statement then goes to the clerk whose duty it is to enter it in the large concession book, which shows the gross receipts and revenue from each concession each day. The revenue column of this book, when finally corrected and added at the end of the month, shows the full amount to be credited on the: department ledger for the revenue for the month. DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 447 The statement then proceeds on its journey to the hands of the bookkeeper, who posts in the ledger, against the account of the concession, the gross receipts and the revenue due ; thus the office record is complete, department errors and omissions excepted. In case of error claimed by the concessionaire, such claim will be made to the collector who presents the statement for payment. It is then returned to the department and gone over to see if the error is a clerical error within the depart- ment; if so, it is at once corrected all the way through the record, and again sent out for collection. If the error is a discrepancy between the concessionaire and the department, one of the department traveling auditors is sent with the entire record of the day's business, including division super- intendents' reports, to the concessionaire, the two harmonize and agree upon the amount, when it is returned to the department, corrected throughout the record, and again sent out for collection, unless the traveling auditor collects it at the time he harmonizes the account, which is very frequently the case. The collector's copies being made out, are now given to the chief collector to distribute. The chief collector enters each statement on his collection sheet, fuller reference to which is made under the head of "Internal Organization, Chief Collector," and then distributes the statements to his collectors to present to the concessionaires for payment. This distribution is made geographically, as far as possible, according to the location of the headquarters of each con- cessionaire. The collectors receiving each his bundle of statements, enters them immediately in his own collection book separately, and starts upon his collecting tour. He presents his statements, collects the same, if possible ; or, if he can not get the entire amount for any reason, is authorized to receive on account whatever is offered, after making every effort to collect the full amount. He leaves the statement with the concessionaire, receipted in full if paid in full ; with the amount paid credited upon it where an amount is paid upon account, and with no entry where no amount is paid. In by far the greater number of cases payment is made daily in full, but there are quite a number of large conces- 448 APPENDIX sions, perfectly responsible and safe, which are usually allowed to run several days, not exceeding a week, collecting the full amount at one time. The collector can receive checks drawn to the order of the treasurer of the Exposition. Checks drawn otherwise are refused. Each amount, as received by the collector, if it is a payment in full, is checked against the amount in his collection book, or, if it is a payment on account, is so noted. Returning to the department headquarters, he reports first to the chief collector, that he may oversee his checking in to the cashier, if he so desires. The collector then reports to the cashier, returning in the full amount of his money, which is counted, and the amount agreed upon between the collector and the cashier, and receipt given by the cashier to the collector. Usually this receipt is written in the col- lector's book, providing the book checks up properly with the money paid to the cashier. The collector is then relieved from all responsibility for differences in cash. It occurred once that the collector, turning in his money to the cashier, neglected to take a written receipt, and on counting the money there was a difference of $10. The superintendent being well convinced that neither party was dishonest in the matter, persuaded them to divide the loss between them, although, strictly, the collector should have suffered the loss, as he neglected to take a receipt at the time. The collector succeeded in collecting $2.50 against this amount from one of the concessionaires whom he had reason to believe was $10 short in the money paid by him that day, as the collector was careless in counting the money. This is the only dis- crepancy that occurred throughout the season. One default was made by a collector, and is more fully referred to under the head, "Internal Organization, Chief Collector." The collectors report to the chief collector all unpaid statements, and the chief collector personally takes them in hand, and if unsuccessful in collecting, refers them to the superin- tendent. The collectors each use two collection books for alternate days, leaving one book with the cashier at the time the money is turned in. The cashier, now having possession of the money and of the collectors' books, enters the amounts in his cash DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 449 book from the collectors' books under the titles of the con- cessions paying the money. All money in the possession of the department is every night, sometimes oftener, delivered to the treasurer of the Exposition, whose office is in the same building, taking his receipt therefor. This receipt is usually written in the cash book, which sets forth the amounts in detail, and also the total, which, of course, agrees with the money delivered to the treasurer. The cashier uses two cash books for alternate days, so that one can be in use by him and the other can be in the possession of the bookkeeper from which to post the receipts. The bookkeeper now receives from the cashier the cash book properly receipted from the treasurer, and from this cash book the items are posted to the credit of the various concessions. Thus the debits to each concession, as far as the statements are completed, are fully entered, and the credits for all amounts of cash received from each concession are also entered ; the balance, which is carried out each day in the ledger after the manner of bank bookkeeping, showing the amount due by the concession. This, balance is never quite up to date for the reason that it is impossible to get the state- ments complete sooner than thirty-six hours, as the business finished Monday night at 1 1 o'clock can not be collated and entered in the ledger until Tuesday night; the cash paid in Tuesday is credited also Tuesday night, so that the cash pay- ments are posted up to a date twenty-four hours later than the statement, but as the last cash payment must necessarily apply on the previous day's business or before, the balance on any one morning shows exactly the amount due for all business ending thirty-six hours previously; that is, Wednes- day morning's balance sheet, which is invariably sent to the superintendent's desk by 9 o'clock, shows the exact amount due from each concession for the business transacted up to 1 1 o'clock Monday night. Statements are made each day to the auditor of the Exposition of the amounts collected from each concession, the auditor keeping a separate account with each conces- sionaire. This double expense seems unnecessary, as the books of the department are under the supervision and con- trol of the auditor's office to any extent that he desires, and 29 450 APPENDIX when information is wanted in detail in the auditor's office as to concession accounts, he invariably comes to the books of the department to procure it, so that it would seem to be an unnecessary labor to keep the individual accounts with the concessionaires in the auditor's office. Had the depart- ment been independent, it would have been very desirable that the auditor should have an absolute check by keeping account individually with each concessionaire, but really the books of the Department of Collections are simply an adjunct of the auditor's office, although, of course, kept independently under the direction of the superintendent as to all details. COST OF COLLECTIONS. The total expense of conducting the department as shown by the report of the auditor of the Exposition, April 4, 1894, was $ 98,130 63 The amount collected in cash from concessionaires on account of percentage was 3,374,482 28 From sales in foreign sections 12,816 81 Traveling cranes 10,219 90 Foreign craft landing at piers, wharfage charges 477 35 Garbage removal 1,083 82 Safety deposit vaults 657 17 Dairy receipts 6,450 92 This account was for receipts from the milk, but- ter, etc. , which were the product of the Dairy Exhibit of the Exposition. Guide corps 588 00 This was received from fees paid the guides by visitors. Musichalls . 62,71860 Total $3,469,49485 Percentage of cost based upon the actual cash col- lections figured as above was 2.82 per cent. The total amount of the revenue of the Exposition accru- ing from percentages of concessions was 4,237,563 95 Collected from sales in foreign sections 12,816 81 From other sources (as above) 82,195 76 Total $4,332,57652 The cost of making the audit of this amount was 2.26 per cent. The gross receipts of the concessions were $16,583,051.53. The method of ascertaining the amount of these gross receipts and of collecting the same from the customers was prescribed by the department. DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 451 The cost of establishing, maintaining, and conducting the operations necessary to control these gross receipts was .59 per cent. Table of gross receipts will be found at page 474. CASH COLLECTIONS AND EQUIVALENT TO CASH. In addition to the cash collections as above, page 477, amounting to $3,469,494 85 There are the following amounts which are the same as cash to the Exposition, but which were collected in a different manner: Allowed by the Adjustment Committee to concessionaires because of claims for damages, etc _ _. 203,019 02 This amount was rebated from the accruing percent- ages which otherwise the department would have col- lected in cash and turned in to the treasurer, in which case the damage allowed would have been paid by vouchers on the treasurer. It is therefore equivalent to a cash collection made by the department. Table of these amounts will be found at page 477. Allowance to concessions on account of construction 251 ,431 16 These allowances were provided for in some of the concession contracts, and were for such purposes as building the Jackson Park pier, Wellington Catering Company kitchen, Marine Cafe, and some other build- ings, and was arranged in this way, the concessionaires paying the cost of the buildings, piers, etc., which they then deducted from the first percentage accruing, otherwise the Exposition would have been compelled to disburse the money for the cost of the piers, build- ings, etc., collecting the percentages as usual. The department is therefore entitled to credit for this as being the same as a cash collection. Table of these allowances will be found at page 479. Advance payments on account of concessions 82,079 66 These payments were deposits made with the treas- urer when the contract was signed, and were to be applied on final settlement of percentages accruing. The department would therefore have collected the amount toward the end of the season in due course of its work, instead of which at the close of the season it credited such concessionaires as had deposits with the treasurer with the amount thereof. This, therefore, should justly be considered as a cash collection. Table of these amounts will be found at page 478. Total collections, cash or its equivalent $4,006,024 69 The cost of the collection of the above was 2.44 per cent. The number of employes in the department during the active six months of the Exposition varied from 157 during May to 241 in July, during which month the number was the greatest; after that time the number was largely reduced 452 APPENDIX "." because the change in the restaurant systems reduced the number of ticket receivers from 115 to 22. The average monthly compensation throughout the de- partment, exclusive of the superintendent and the assist- ant superintendent, was $57.76. This average of compen- sation is lower than that of any department or class of service in the Exposition except ethnology, $57.09; janitor service, $45.52; guides, $31.76; photographical expenses, $56.34; Womans' Building, $50.68. All figures for salary are taken from the reports of the auditor of the Exposition during the season, which are aver- aged to obtain the results shown above. RECAPITULATION OF THE COST OF COLLECTIONS. From page 450, upon actual cash collected 2.82 per cent. From page 451, collections in cash or equivalent to cash ..2.44 per cent. From page 450, revenue accruing from concessions 2.26 per cent. From page 451 , gross receipts of the concessions 59 per cent. COUNTERFEIT MONEY. The amount of counterfeit money received by the depart- ment was exceedingly small considering the amount of cash which passed through its hands. Under this heading are included, also, clipped and perforated coins and all other money not readily receivable or easily passed. The total amount remaining in the hands of the department at the close of the Exposition was $18, which, on the total cash col- lections of $3,374,482.28, was too small an amount to be even taken into consideration. In view of the fact that the col- lectors employed by the Exposition were largely young men of no great amount of experience, it was very remarkable that a much larger amount of counterfeit and defaced money was not received. A certain amount of this bad money also was received through the medium of the slot machines, where of course no judgment could be passed upon it. The counterfeit money from the slot machines was divided between the department and the concessionaire on the same percentage basis as the good money. As the contracts called for certain percentage of the gross receipts, and inasmuch as the concessionaire could not exercise his judgment in receiving the money as it was passed into the machines, the DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 453 department considered it only fair to receive its proportion of the bad money. In the case of ordinary concessions, however, while the contracts read that the Exposition should receive a certain percentage of the gross receipts, the view was taken that as the concessionaire or his employe received and could exam- ine the money, that they should be responsible for bad money passed upon them, and should pay the department in good money the Exposition percentage of the entire receipts. ADJUSTMENT COMMITTEE. As early as the opening of the Exposition it was apparent to the superintendent that it would be impossible to collect revenue from a large number of concessions, especially many of those upon the Plaisance, for the reason that there was a great amount of dissatisfaction and many claims of damage, mostly exhorbitant, but still largely based upon some founda- tion; because of the failure of the Exposition to supply elec- tric lights according to contracts for that purpose ; because of the condition of the roads deterring many visitors from making an attempt to get to some concessions, and because of some other minor causes. A claim for damage, which was merely a claim, and not definite and determinable as to the just amount, was, of course, no offset against the determined debt accruing to the Exposition each day because of percentages under a definite contract, still there was justice in many of the claims, and it was impossible to convince the concessionaires who were aggrieved, and whose business was really suffering because of the causes referred to, that it was right that they should pay their percentages. Lawsuits meant delay, hanging up all revenue for the time being, and, possibly, depriving the department of its authority to prescribe methods, etc., which actually happened later in the season in the case of conces- sions which went into the hands of receivers or other officers of the court. Therefore, it was necessary that the Exposition should appoint some representative which would recognize the fact that there was a just basis for some of these claims, although 454 APPENDIX not always to the full amount, and which should have power not only to confer but also to reach a positive agreement in all cases where it was possible, and to act, thus arriving at a final settlement of the matters at issue. The superintendent presented his views to the Exposition authorities, and the Executive Committee appointed an "Ad- justment Committee," consisting of three, and afterward four, directors of the Exposition to take charge of this matter, with power to act. The superintendent gave them the use of a room at the headquarters of the department connecting directly with his private office, and placed at their disposal all the facilities of the department for getting information, facts and figures. This committee was in session constantly for nearly the entire period of the Exposition, there being hardly a day but at least one member of the committee, and usually three, were present, and working upon the many varied and com- plicated propositions and claims brought to their attention. As the season progressed questions arose which had not been contemplated at the beginning, complicating and rendering more onerous not only the burdens of the com- mittee, but of the department. Probably the hardest matters to adjust and to agree upon with concessionaires arose from the protection of the so-called "exclusive concessions." The question as to how many customers an entertainment had lost during a certain number of hours when they did not have electric light was comparatively easy to estimate, using the attendance through the gates as a basis each day ; but such questions as to how far the concessionaire who had the contract for the exclusive sale of souvenir spoons was being damaged because others were selling spoons upon the grounds, souvenir or otherwise, and as to how far the con- cessionaire holding the contract for the exclusive sale of oriental goods was damaged because of a similar reason, were next to impossible to determine. The conclusion unanimously arrived at by the members of the committee and the superintendent was that exclusive concessions are an unmitigated nuisance, and never should be granted except in a very few cases, which are set forth at more detail under the heading " Exclusive Concessions." DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 455 The department worked harmoniously with the com- mittee, and the results accomplished, in view of the difficult conditions, were very remarkable. Almost all cases of dis- pute were adjusted by the joint efforts of the committee and the superintendent to the satisfaction of the complain- ant, and in almost all cases to the profit of the Exposition. There was something of a bitter feeling on the part of many of the concessionaires toward the Exposition because of failure to supply lights, to put roads in good condition, etc., and everything possible was done by the joint efforts of the Adjustment Committee and of the department to allay this feeling, and with a very great degree of success. The committee used its influence, which, of course, was great, to rectify abuse where the Exposition was at fault, to put lights and roads in order as fast as possible, and in all cases gave a patient and careful consideration to the complaints brought before them ; at the same time never losing sight of the fact that it was their duty to protect the interests of the Expo- sition. There were various other matters also in charge of this committee, such as construing contracts where amounts to be allowed the concessionaire for construction were indefi- nite, or where the contracts were construed differently by the department and by the concessionaire. The importance of this committee as an aid to the work of the department, and its beneficial results to the finance and to the general conduct of the Exposition, can hardly be overestimated. The general plan upon which it was organ- ized and its method of work must also be highly recom- mended. A committee of few members, it was enabled to consult with concessionaires, to confer within itself, and to decide momentous questions without confusion, and with a degree of celerity which would have been impossible with a larger body; being almost constantly in session, its con- sideration of affairs was consecutive, and therefore more intelligent than would have been possible with a larger committee, meeting only occasionally, and the meetings being attended by different members at different times; being composed of men of wide business experience, it was able to grapple with any and all questions submitted to it ; 456 APPENDIX ""." and being composed of men of broad views it was able to consider fairly the other side of the question. The superintendent has never known an unpaid com- mittee of directors to work as industriously and conscien- tiously as did this committee during the six months of his intimate association with them. A detailed account of their labors and its result will be found in the report of the Adjustment Committee itself. (Exposition files, Field Co- lumbian Museum.) UNAUTHORIZED SALES. A large number of peddlers, gripsack salesmen, and others who had no concession, undertook to sell in the grounds and buildings at various times. There was more or less annoy- ance and trouble from this source the entire season. The rules prohibited peddling of any nature except of a very few articles, the nature of which rendered it desirable that visit- ors could procure them readily. These articles were guides, catalogues, and a very few others. The usual method pursued with the peddlers and small sellers of this class was to escort them outside the gate, together with their goods. There was very seldom serious objection to this on the part of the peddling element. There was another class of unauthorized sellers, who would by some manipulation get small spaces in the build- ings to sell from. These spaces were more easily gotten in the foreign sections than elsewhere, and often the sellers in such sections would endeavor to protect themselves under the cloak of the foreign commissioner in whose section their operations were carried on. Where these people were not of the nation represented by the section they were in, and were not selling articles characteristic of or produced by that nation, the usual course was to load their material and merchandise into a patrol wagon and either take it out- side the gates, where they could take possession of it if they desired, or take it to the headquarters of the department, where it was delivered to them when they had agreed to take it from the grounds, which course the department enforced by providing an escort, who saw the goods safely outside the gates. DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 457 In these cases resistance was frequently met with, and often a very lively little fracas would ensue, but, as a rule, sales of this character were fairly well controlled. Consider- able aid was given by the men at the wagon gates, who would, as far as possible, inspect goods, packages, etc., brought into the grounds, excluding such as seemed contraband until a permit could be secured from the proper authorities to bring in the goods. There was another class of unauthorized sales which were conducted by concessionaires who would sometimes sell goods and transact other business to which they were not entitled under the term of their contract. In those cases the offender was usually warned, and if the warning did not receive prompt attention, sometimes the goods would be confiscated by the department, temporarily, until such time as the offender should agree to take them from the grounds and not to place them on sale, and sometimes the station offending would be closed entirely until the proper guaran- tee should be given that the offense should cease. The class of unauthorized sales which caused the greatest annoyance and loss to the Exposition, except sales in foreign sections, were those of goods which were in direct conflict with some exclusive concession. It was harder to deal with this class of unauthorized sales than any other except in foreign sections, because it was almost impossible to con- vince the seller that the concessionaires owning an exclusive right to sell such articles must be protected, and that it was not an injustice that the seller should not be permitted to sell them. The most notable contests of the department over unauthorized sales were because of this class. Other reference will be made to this matter under the head of " Exclusive Concessions." SALES IN FOREIGN SECTIONS. It was not contemplated in the original plan of the Expo- sition that exhibitors, native or foreign, should se 1 ! from their exhibits for immediate delivery, except in those cases where a concession was granted covering the privilege of selling; in such cases, regular concession contracts would be entered into between the Exposition and the party desiring to sell, 458 APPENDIX "." which would compel him to deal with the Exposition in his capacity of a concessionaire separately and distinctly from his capacity as an exhibitor. The superintendent has reason to believe, from many things that came under his observation, that there was a pretty thorough organization among a certain number of foreign commissioners to allow such sales in the sections ap- portioned to their various governments, and to protect the sellers by every means in their power from being compelled to pay any revenue to the Exposition for the privilege of selling. Every possible means was resorted to which would cause delay, that the Exposition might not promptly enforce its claims, in some instances exhibits being covered by the foreign commissioner with the flag of his country, threats being made that if the flag were interfered with international complications would result. There is positive evidence that in some instances foreign commissioners received money from persons desiring to sell in the sections apportioned to their governments for the priv- ilege of so doing. This evidence consisted of receipts for money paid, signed by the commissioner and delivered to the other party to the transaction. About the ist of September the department was endowed with the authority to collect, on account of such sales, such money as it might be able. This authority, however, did not give the department power of taking peremptory measures in the case of refusal to pay, and the only method by which anything was col- lected was by exercising the power of persuasion, some threatening, or any measure short of actual force which it would appear would produce the desired result. Under this very limited authority there was collected from this source $12,816.18, which was perhaps one-fortieth part of what should have been collected had these sellers been compelled to pay a reasonable percentage or consid- eration to the Exposition. The method by which the department succeeded in col- lecting the small amounts above from such sales was this : Consultation was first held with the foreign commissioner representing the section to be dealt with, and an agreement DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 459 was made that the seller should pay a fixed amount per day, ranging from $2 to $10. A permit was then given by the department to this seller, and the amount was collected daily, just as in the case of other audits. There was no accounting, hence no way of getting at the gross receipts, which, therefore, can not be estimated. It is known that the amount was very large, and the superintendent believes that had perfect regulations been established before the beginning of the Exposition, from four to five hundred thousand dollars of revenue would have accrued to the Exposition from this source. The number of permits granted covering this class of business was 138. The superintendent's opinion as to the best method of handling sales of this character is given under the heading, " Plans for Sales of Articles in Exhibits." A table of exhibitors' sales will be found on page 492. ENFORCEMENT OF REGULATIONS. It was not to be expected that rules and regulations established by the Exposition through its numerous depart- ments, for the regulations of the business and personal con- duct of a permanent population of 30,000 people, which is about the average daily pass attendance of people constantly employed within the grounds, and of an additional floating population averaging 110,000 daily, would be observed by the free will of the persons to be controlled, but that means must be devised to enforce regulations when necessary. The rules and regulations which it fell to this department to enforce were such as related to concessionaires, concessions, and sales of all kinds, authorized or unauthorized, within the Exposition grounds. The physical force necessary to enforce order was fur- nished by the Columbian Guard upon the request of the department, as the superintendent and assistant superintend- ent each had and carried with them a special order to the Columbian Guard to act under their direction at all times. In addition to this, there was a general order to the guard to enforce the rules and regulations of the department and to act in harmony with it. 460 APPENDIX "E." The usual method of enforcing regulations of the depart- ment in concessions was by closing up the offending conces- sion, which usually resulted in terms being made immediately or very shortly by the concessionaire. Great care was exercised by the department that closing up should not be resorted to except for sufficient cause, which cause must be established by perfect evidence. The guards sometimes, but not often, met with resistance. The worst element to deal with, both as to disregard of regulations and as to their enforcement, were the foreigners, and especially the orientals, although the most important physical contest that took place was in the German Village, between the imported German waiters and the guard. When an adjustment of trouble because of disregard of regulations was arrived at, the Americans could usually be depended upon to abide by it, but this was not the case with the largest part of the foreign element. VOIDING CONTRACTS. In a very few instances it became necessary to serve notice on the concessionaire voiding his contract, which was one of the rights reserved by the Exposition in the case of violation of the terms thereof. In these cases an adjustment was usually arrived at immediately and the business per- mitted to continue. The department met with as much success in enforcing regulations as could be expected under the circumstances and considering the ground to be covered. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS BASED ON EXPERIENCE OF THE DEPARTMENT. There are some general conclusions which the superin- tendent has derived from the experience of the department, which it is proper should appear in this report, as the presi- dent of the Exposition requested that the report should be not merely a bare statement of the business transacted by the department, but also a history of that business, and that it should also contain the results of this experience and the conclusions deduced therefrom, in such form, if possible, as DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 461 to be of use to future expositions. Many of these conclu- sions appear throughout the report under the various head- ings to which they more properly pertain, such as the objec- tions to exclusive concessions, the objections to permitting sales in the exhibition buildings, etc. While possibly some part of the following observations might better have appeared under such separate headings, and some may be duplicated, the superintendent has thought it better that they should appear here than to be omitted entirely, GRANTING OF CONCESSIONS. This duty was entrusted by the Exposition to the Com- mittee on Ways and Means, consisting of a large number of directors, and too much praise can not be accorded to the gentlemen constituting the committee and to the chairman thereof, for the earnest and conscientious manner in which this work was performed. The view which they took of their duty in the premises was most certainly an exalted one, as they gave as much (or more) attention to preserving the dignity of the Exposition as to granting concessions merely for the sake of obtaining revenue. But in spite of the great care taken some few concessions were granted, in the con- fusion inevitably attending the action of a large committee, which slightly detracted from the high moral standing of the Exposition, but all such errors were of a minor nature, and were the result of inadvertent errors, and most certainly not because of any intent to that end on the part of any of the gentlemen of the committee. A committee of this kind was necessary to finally pass upon and approve concession contracts, as such a committee is the only means by which a corporation with a large direc- tory can act intelligently and legally. It is not desirable to entrust the final approval of such contracts to any individual, no matter how honest or able he may be. But this com- mittee should have been authorized to engage a man of wide business experience, of broad views, and of unquestioned integrity, to give his undivided time and attention to the concession business, subject to final revision and approval of his conclusions by the Committee on Ways and Means. It would have been better, perhaps, that this man should 462 APPENDIX "." also have had charge of the collections tinder the contracts which he had been the means of creating. It is impossible that a committee, meeting no matter how frequently, no one of whom gives his entire time and atten- tion to the multifarious matters under consideration, could act as consecutively and with as thorough understanding of all details as a single man who devotes his attention to noth- ing else, and in fact the committee found it necessary to have present at these meetings, not only the chairman and the paid secretary, who gave his entire time to the business, but also an attorney, who became a permanent attache of the com- mittee. Had the course suggested been pursued, a great deal of the unfortunate crossing of concessions, and especially of ex- clusive concessions, might have been avoided ; the contracts would have been more uniform, and many minor points, which, however, were of much importance to the successful carrying out and operating of the contracts, would not have been overlooked. In view of all the circumstances the re- markable thing is that so few mistakes were made and that the results accomplished were so satisfactory. SPACE FOR CONCESSIONS. The superintendent is unalterably opposed to allowing any sales in the exhibition buildings proper, except of a very few articles really necessary to the comfort and convenience of visitors, as set forth in " Plan for Sales of Articles in Ex- hibits," page 464. The reasons for this opposition are also given under the same heading. But allowing that it is determined that such sales shall be permitted, and that concession contracts covering such sales are granted, very different arrangements from those obtain- ing at the Exposition should be made for providing, appor- tioning, and assigning the space necessary for the purpose. This last observation also applies to space for concession purposes throughout the entire grounds, as well as in the exhibition buildings. There was endless trouble and dissat- isfaction among concessionaires because of the thoroughly unsatisfactory manner in which this matter of space was handled. DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 463 The entire difficulty is due to the fact that the subject was not considered and made a part of the great general plan of the Exposition at the very beginning. A very few weeks before the opening of the Exposition concessionaires began to attempt to secure space inside the buildings and booths outside. It seemed to be impossible to have assignments of space made them which would be permanent and reliable. The matter was in the joint charge of the Department of Works and of the director-general. If one of these departments approved a space, the other was more than apt to veto it. No spaces apparently had been especially reserved for this purpose in the general plan of apportionment in the buildings. The spaces had to be got- ten where they could be found. This department, in its original plan, intended to do its station work in the office, upon a large division map especially drawn for the purpose, and from the records of assignment of space made by the Department of Works and the director-general, but this plan was abandoned upon the second day's trial, as no such records which were reliable could be gotten. It finally became necessary for the department to cover the entire grounds with its employes, find stations actually located, and either doing business or preparing to do so, take a memo- randum of the location, find out what concession had posses- sion of the space, making up its records of stations in this way. The superintendent believes that the following plan would satisfactorily cover all points: In the original plan of the grounds and buildings, certain designated and fixed spaces should be set off for concession purposes, just as they were set off for the purpose of certain classes of exhibits. The control of the assignment of this entire space should then be transferred to the Committee on Ways and Means, or other authority granting concessions, subject to certain general rules, regulations, and limitations clearly set forth in writing: For instance, an assignment of space for the sale of cheap silver jewelry should not be per- mitted near a handsome exhibit of legitimate and beautiful articles of the same kind. Various other limitations would readily suggest themselves; but, subject to such limitations, 464 APPENDIX ". n the concessions should be fitted to the space and the assign- ment made to each concession by the authority granting the concession, as soon after such granting as possible. Such assignment should be clearly noted on the map and plan of the grounds and buildings, and the spaces assigned to each concession should be at once divided into stations, numbered and recorded. All preliminary work would then be com- pleted, constituting in the end a perfect whole, just as in the case of the general plan of exhibits; and when the opening day should arrive all would be in readiness, confusion and delay would be entirely avoided, records would be perfect, and all the business could be systematized and organized from the office, instead of having to search the ground daily to get the information required. This plan would also avoid all disagreement between departments. The method, or lack of method, actually operated invariably resulted in damage to the concessionaire and did not result in any benefit to the Exposition. In granting the concessions on the Plaisance, and many others outside of the exhibition buildings, the space was care- fully and fully designated in the concession contract, and there is no reason why a somewhat similar process could not be adopted within the exposition buildings, if it were contem- plated and decided upon in the original plan. It has been claimed that concessions are no part of a great exposition. While this sounds well theoretically, practically it is a misstatement, as concessions have always existed at expositions, and always will. The question is not to theorize as to what ought to be, but to adopt the best practical plan to deal with that which is and which will be. From this standpoint concessions are a part, and a very material part, of any exposition, large or small, and any general plan which does not provide for their proper placing is as defective in that particular as it would be in another particular, if it did not provide for a proper placing of exhibits. PLAN FOR SALE OF ARTICLES IN EXHIBITS. It is the opinion of the superintendent that no sales of any kind whatever should be permitted in the exhibition buildings proper, except restaurants, soft drinks, catalogues, guides, DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS, 465 and possibly some few articles which, from their nature, are a necessity to visitors. It would add to the dignity of a great exposition and to the attractiveness of the exposition buildings if miscellaneous sales were not allowed. It is next to impossible to prevent the sellers, and particu- larly the foreigners, from addressing the people as they pass, and soliciting them to purchase or look at the goods, which makes it more or less disagreeable to the visitors who wish to give their attention to the exhibits free from annoyance. A far better method of providing for the sale of such articles as are on exhibition would be to provide several large and handsome buildings for that express purpose, where duplicates of exhibits should be on sale. These buildings should be placed each under the care of a thoroughly efficient business man who understood the business of the so-called department stores, as they are con- ducted in large cities. The money received from all sales should go to a central cash office under the supervision and control of the exposition, and daily there should be returned to the proprietor of each station the amount of sales of his station, less the percentage due the exposition. When well organized and properly conducted, this system is thorough, rapid, and efficient, and there is no objection which can be raised to it, except that it would give the exposition almost a certainty of securing its revenue, which would undoubt- edly be strongly objected to by a large number of the people with whom the Exposition dealt in Chicago. The fact that this business can be perfectly systemized is evidenced by the investigation of the superintendent of the methods of a large department store, where there -ate 600 sales clerks in twenty-five or thirty departments, the receipts from each of which was kept separately, the average variation for the year being less than 7 cents a day. EXCLUSIVE CONCESSIONS. The experience of the department demonstrated to the satisfaction of the superintendent that no exclusive conces- sion should be granted except of the following characters : i. To erect and maintain a village, street, or building, 466 APPENDIX "." characteristic of any special nation ; but this should not include the exclusive right of sale of any class of merchan- dise or goods whatever, whether pertaining to that nation or otherwise, as it is absolutely impossible, in the first place, to discriminate as to the classes of goods to be sold, and in the second place it is impossible to prohibit and to prevent entirely sales of merchandise which will conflict with such exclusive rights. 2. Catalogues, guides, and other publications which per- tain exclusively to the exposition. The right of publishing and selling within the grounds publications of this character can be made exclusive, and can be reasonably well pro- tected, but the right to publish and sell such publications, and all similar character of business, should be confined to one concession. It is impossible to draw a well-defined line and say " here the guide ends " and " here the catalogue begins," and this would be true of any other publications which were characteristic of and pertaining to the exposi- tion, except illustrated works. For instance, a guide to the grounds must contain a map; possibly a map is no essential part of a catalogue, but then again, possibly it is, and the question of determining is a delicate one, and certain to give dissatisfaction to one or the other party if the concessions are held separately. The following are a few examples of the questions arising, and which perhaps show the characteristic difficul- ties attending the protection of exclusive concessions, and how liability for damage on the part of the exposition arises : There was an exclusive concession granted for the sale of souvenir spoons. The first question that arose was as to whether certain other spoons being sold upon the grounds by other parties were or were not " souvenir " spoons, in the sense intended by the contract. In some cases it was hard to determine ; in a few cases impossible. The next question was how to prohibit and prevent the sale of souvenir spoons by other parties. The department had quite a number of employes engaged in this effort a good part of the season. The sale of spoons would be stopped in the Algerian Village at 10 o'clock, and when the inspector passed out of the DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 467 village at 10.30 every Algerian would produce spoons from his pockets, from his locked boxes, from his hat, from his wife's clothing, and from all conceivable places where spoons could be hidden. It was easy to prove that the spoons were being sold, for any one could buy them should he ask for them, even if they were not in sight. More attention was given to the protection of this one exclusive concession than to any other one, because the goods were of a class that were easily hidden in the pocket and elsewhere, and could therefore be readily sold all over the grounds. With all the vigilance of the department and the souvenir spoon conces- sionaire agreed that the department had done all in its power, and highly complimented it upon its efficiency in this respect the sale could not be entirely suppressed. Another case was the exclusive concession for the sale of oriental goods. What are oriental goods? This question arose, was investigated, and it was discovered that a very large proportion of goods sold as oriental were French goods of oriental designs, manufactured for the oriental trade. What are French and German novelties? They were found to consist of almost all classes of goods under the sun which might pertain to Southern Europe, Northern Africa, or the Orient, made in France and Germany, and sold as goods pertaining to the country of which their patterns and style might be characteristic. Having determined the character of the goods, as far as possible, the question still remained as to what means could be used for preventing their sale. These are but a very small number of the questions arising concerning exclusive concessions, as the questions graded from these very marked cases to others which were almost impossible to determine upon. Except the characteristic concessions named above, an exposition is only safe in granting exclusive concessions in one way, which is that the exposition shall agree not to grant a similar privilege to any other party. The exposition then, as a matter of good faith, would do its best to protect the concessions so granted, but would not assume the respon- sibility of doing so, thereby becoming liable for damages in case of failure to efficiently protect. For the guidance of 468 APPENDIX "E." future expositions it can not be too strongly insisted upon that exclusive concessions, except of a very few kinds, and under limitations set forth above, are extremely undesirable. More concerning this appears under the head of "Adjust- ment Committee." PERCENTAGES WERE THEY EXCESSIVE? Early in the season there was quite a general complaint that the Exposition had demanded far higher percentages than the concessionaires could pay and leave a profit. Upon the small amount of business prevailing in May and early June, which, however, was as much or more of a disappoint- ment to the Exposition than to the concessionaires, this com- plaint might have been reasonable ; but that, as a general rule, the percentages were not too high is evidenced by the fact that nearly all the concessionaires made a reasonable profit, and some of them a very large profit, considering the capital invested. Some percentages were undoubtedly too high, figured upon the merits of the business itself, and with- out regard to management or cost of the plant. Among these may be mentioned soft drinks, 55 per cent ; peanuts and pop corn, 65 per cent ; souvenir spoons, 40 per cent ; all of which, and some others, were afterward reduced by the Exposition. The claim made by some parties that the Expo- sition was unreasonably rigid and unjust in its dealings with concessionaires is best shown to be without foundation by the fact that the Exposition reduced many percentages which it was believed were too high to enable the concessionaire to successfully conduct his business. Other classes of conces- sions that could not profitably pay the percentage were those where the investment in plant was too large, through the error in judgment of the concessionaire, and where the business was conducted in an unbusinesslike manner, in some cases such as to drive away rather than to attract cus- tomers; in other cases such that the employes of the conces- sionaire could appropriate to their own use a large propor- tion of the receipts; and in a very few cases where the enter- prise as a whole was an ill-judged one, and did not attract the public. The most notable example of this latter class was the Chinese Village. Why it should have been so was DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 469 not apparent, as it was a thoroughly good representation, and was conducted from the start in a thorough and busi- nesslike manner; nevertheless, the public did not seem to be attracted by it. The Casino restaurant may be selected as an example of failure because of poor and unbusinesslike management. It was known to the department within a few days after the concession opened for business that there was a well-organ- ized conspiracy on the part of employes to appropriate a large portion of the receipts. The evidence was procured by the department and worked into a case, but on the very day that numerous arrests were to take place the Casino passed into the hands of a receiver, where it remained for the balance of -the season. The Natatorium (intended to be a swimming plunge, restaurant, and variety show though the swimming plunge was never operated) is a good example of too much money invested in a plant. Without an admission fee and a very attractive performance, it was found to be difficult to get back the large investment out of the profits of the restaurant alone, for the short term of six months. That 25 per cent was not too much for restaurants to pay is evidenced, because nearly all of them made satisfactory profit, and some a very large profit, and without too large charge to the public. It can be truthfully asserted that the Exposition was almost invariably very liberal in its financial dealings with concessionaires. MIDWAY PLAISANCE. Much objection was raised to the original plan of the Plaisance, on the ground that it was undignified and no proper part of a great international exposition. Viewed in the light of past events it is unquestionable that the Plaisance, dignified or undignified, was a great success. Had the many concessions located upon the Plaisance been scattered indiscriminately throughout the Exposition grounds, unquestionably the dignity or the stateliness of the Exposition as a whole would have been injured beyond forgiveness, but, located as it was, separate from the Exposi- 470 APPENDIX "E." tion proper, so that those who were not disposed to visit the sights to be seen there did not have them forced upon them, the Plaisance was a feature from the absence of which the Exposition would have suffered greatly. People wish and expect to be amused as well as instructed by an exposition, and if the amusement is not such as to degrade, there is no reason why it should not properly be a part thereof, especially if nearly all of the amusements are more or less instructive. Perhaps a few of them were less instructive rather than more, but those who appreciate the realism of "Cairo Street," the quaint beauty of "Old Vienna," the attractiveness of the little people and their customs in the "Java Village," the mechanical perfection of the Ferris Wheel, and the fascina- tion of many other Plaisance concessions, will agree that the Plaisance did far more good than harm to the interests of the Exposition, notwithstanding the few, very few, features which were objectionable. That visitors on the whole enjoyed and believed in the Plaisance is evidenced by the amount of money they spent with those concessions which were exclusively Plaisance concessions (not including stations located upon the Plais- ance, but belonging to miscellaneous concessions, such as peanuts and soft drinks), amounting to $7,189,940.78, return- ing the Exposition a revenue of $1,644,768.85. The proportion of visitors who did not enjoy the Plaisance enough to make a second visit was very light, and this in spite of the entertainment and instruction to be gotten in the Exposition grounds proper. That there were some things which might better have been omitted from the Plaisance concessions, there is no question ; and that some things which were permitted might have been better controlled, there is no doubt ; but consider- ing the nationalities dealt with, and the moral standing of the performers in many of the entertainments, it is unques- tionable that the best was done which the circumstances admitted. That the Plaisance attractions added millions of dollars to the receipts of the Exposition at the gates, in addition to the revenue from the concessions, is certain, as it was the DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 471 custom of many people living in Chicago to attend the Expo- sition late in the day or evening, simply to hear the music or attend the various entertainments found on the Midway. Many of the concessions represented faithfully manners, customs, and buildings in strict accordance with the char- acteristic representations they undertook, and without the Plaisance the great Exposition would have been somewhat less a complete whole than it was. A table of Midway Plaisance concessions, receipts, etc., will be found at page 482. TABLES OF CONCESSION GROSS RECEIPTS, REVENUE, ETC., WITH EXPLANATION. This table is divided into columns, each column being plainly headed ; but this explanation is necessary to a more definite understanding of the information contained therein. The first column, headed "Concession No.," gives the number of each concession. These numbers were arbitrary, but followed the order of the dates of the contracts as far as it was possible to do so. The number assigned to a conces- sion was unimportant, as it was simply a means of indexing and readily referring to any and all matters pertaining to the concession. The same number was, of course, adopted throughout the department, for any and all puposes pertain- ing to the concession. The total number of concessions was 370- The second column, headed "Operated by," gives the name of party operating the concession, who was often not the party to whom it was originally granted, but a corpora- tion organized for the purpose, to which was transferred the concession contract. The third column, headed "Character of Concession," gives briefly the character of the business transacted, and very often the popular name of the concession as it was known to the public. For instance, Concession No. 4 is noted in this column, " Cairo Street." Concession No. 7 is noted, " German Village." The fourth column, headed "Remarks," explains itself. The fifth heading covers eight columns, being marked at the top "Receipts Classified." In these eight columns the 472 APPENDIX gross receipts are classified according to the purpose for which money was expended by the visitors, as follows : No. i. This classification shows all restaurant gross receipts, except in a very few instances where restaurants were run in connection with amusements so that it was absolutely impossible to segregate same. Such cases were few and the receipts comparatively small. Where soft drinks, liquors, and smokers' articles were sold in the restau- rants in such a way as to make it impossible to segregate the receipts thereof, the entire receipts are entered in this column. The amount of gross receipts was $5,016,609.84. No. 2. This classification shows gross receipts from pea- nuts, pop corn, soft drinks, cider, candy, and all such edible articles as are not necessaries, except a few which were sold from the slot machines. It includes, however, gum sold from the slot machines, as it was not possible to segregate the gum receipts from the slot machine and receipts from other sales of gum. The amount of the gross receipts was No. 3. This classification shows the gross receipts from general admission charges to the streets, villages, etc., like " Cairo Street " and the " German Village," where an admis- sion charge to the concession was provided for in the con- tract. The Ferris Wheel receipts are included in this classi- fication, as it seems to be, perhaps, the proper place to put it. The number of patrons was 15,242,835, and the amount of gross receipts $3,420,704.85. No. 4. This classification shows the gross receipts from admission charges to attractions located inside the conces- sions, to which the contract provided for admission charges, such as theaters, sleight-of-hand performances, and all other minor features inside concessions to which admission was charged. The number of patrons was 4,172,466. The amount of gross receipts was $821,072.80. No. 5. This classification shows the gross receipts from transportation where it was possible to segregate from other receipts. In some cases it was not possible to do so perfectly, as the receipts from this source were so confused with others. A case in mind is the " Snow and Ice Railway," where the receipts for transportation on the railway proper were mixed DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 473 with concert-hall receipts and restaurant receipts. In the concessions which were exclusively for the purpose of trans- portation, like the elevated railway, the electric launches, and the roller chairs, there is, of course, no such confusion. The number of people carried was 11,137,935. The amount of gross receipts was $1,908,110.63. No. 6. This classification shows the gross receipts from sales of goods, merchandise, etc. The amount of gross receipts was $3,644,800.93. No. 7. This classification shows the gross receipts from cigars and smokers' materials in all cases where these were sold separately. A large part of such receipts will neces- sarily appear in classification No. i, as it was impossible to segregate them. The amount of the gross receipts was $138,949.61. No. 8. This classification includes miscellaneous receipts, which it was hardly possible to classify. The nature of the concession will, in all these cases, show what these miscel- laneous receipts were for. The amount of gross receipts was $534,827.44. The next column, headed "Total Gross Receipts," shows the total gross receipts carried out against each concession and the total footing of all the gross receipts, which was $16,583,051.53. The next column, headed "Average Percentage," shows the average percentage which each concession paid the Exposition of their gross receipts. There were many con- cessions which paid different percentages on different classes of receipts. Concession No. 4 (Cairo Street) paid percent- ages varying from 5 to 25 per cent. The total average per- centage was 25.5 per cent. The next column, headed " Revenue," shows the revenue accruing to the Exposition from each concession. The total revenue was $4,237,5 6 3-95- The next column, headed " Largest Number of Stations Operated," shows the largest number of stations operated by any one concession at any one time, and the total largest number of stations, which was 3,542. The next column, headed " Number of Cash Registers," shows the largest number of cash registers used by any 474 APPENDIX one concession at any one time. The largest total number was 644. The next column, headed " Remarks," explains itself. RECAPITULATION. Total number of concessions, 370. Gross receipts, classification No. 1, restaurants $ 5,016,609 84 Gross receipts, classification No. 2, peanuts, soft drinks, etc. 1 ,097,975 43 Gross receipts, classification No. 3, general admission to concessions patrons, 14,372,835 3,420,704 85 Gross receipts, classification No. 4, admission to attractions inside of concessions patrons, 4,172,466 _ 821 ,072 80 Gross receipts, classification No. 5, transportation patrons, 11, 137,935.. 1,908,110 63 Gross receipts, classification No. 6, sales of goods, merchan- dise, etc 3,644,800 93 Gross receipts, classification No. 7, cigars and smokers' materials 138,949 61 Gross receipts, classification No. 8, miscellaneous 534,827 44 Gross receipts, total $16,583,051 53 Revenue to the Exposition 4,237,563 95 Average percentage upon gross receipts 25.55 per cent. Largest number of stations operated 3,542 Largest numbers of cash registers used 644 RECAPITULATION OF GROSS RECEIPTS, REVENUE, AND COLLECTIONS. A glance at the following table, headed as above, will give briefly all the figures relative to the business of the department. The gross receipts of the concessions were $16,583,051.53. This does not include any allowance for gross receipts of the sales in foreign sections (page 492), as these permits were usually issued on the basis of a fixed amount per day, the sellers being of such a character that it was not considered profitable to take their statements, as they had no regular concession contracts; it was mostly a case of getting all that was possible under adverse circumstances, and an estimate of the gross receipts would be simply guesswork and of no value. Under the heading, " This amount is accounted for as fol- lows," in the column marked "per cent," is the percentage which each amount bears to the total revenue. Items Nos. i, 2, 3, and 4 are cash or the equivalent of cash, as set forth under the heading " Cost of Collections " DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 475 (page 450), making an aggregate of 92.46 per cent of the entire revenue accruing to the Exposition from these sources. 1. Table of "Cash Collections " will be found on page 477. 2. Table of "Allowances for Claims and Damages adjusted by the Adjustment Committee " will be found on page 477. 3. Table of "Cash Deposits applied on Final Settle- ment " will be found on page 478. 4. Table of "Amounts allowed for Construction" will be found on page 479. Item No. 5, headed "Credited Back to Irish Villages," amounts to 1.58 per cent of the entire revenue, is really no part of the revenue, and should not appear as a part of the same; but it was necessary to charge the daily percentages accruing to the accounts of these concessions, in order to determine whether the gross receipts and revenue for the season should equal the amount specified in the contract, after which these concessions should pay a percentage to the Exposition. Being but two items, no table is necessary. Item No. 6, under the heading " Accounts Disputed and in Litigation," is 5.56 per cent of the entire revenue. It is probable that about one-half of this amount will be collected. Some of the concessions are in the hands of receivers or officers of the court, others are adjusted claims against the Exposition of various characters, and some are disagree- ments as to construction of contract. Table of " Accounts Disputed and in Litigation" will be found on page 479. Items Nos. 7 and 8, " Suspense Account" and " Balance Uncollected," ammint to .4 per cent (four- tenths of i per cent) of the entire revenue. 7. Table " Suspense Account " will be found on page 479. 8. Table of "Balance Outstanding Uncollected" will be found on page 480. RECAPITULATION OF CONCESSION GROSS RECEIPTS, REVENUE, ETC. May 1, 1893, to February 10, 1894. AUDITS -Month of May $ 188,66850 COLLECTIONS Month of May $ 51,182 30 AUDITS Month of June 595,971 71 COLLECTIONS Month of June 338,142 59 Carried forward.. . $ 784,640 21 $ 389,324 89 APPENDIX ".." Brought forward $ 784,640 21 $ 389,324 89 AUDITS Month of July 624,018 30 COLLECTIONS Month of July _ 561,100 76 AUDITS Month of August 676,141 08 COLLECTIONS Month of August 568,786 26 AUDITS Month of September. 981 ,791 46 COLLECTIONS Month of September 825,294 01 AUDITS Month of October to date _ 1,197,397 49 COLLECTIONS Month of October to date .. 1,096,042 39 $4,263,988 54 $3,440,548 31 CONCESSION No. 43 Irish Industries Asso- ciation (admission) . . . . 46,692 89 CONCESSION No. 69 Mrs. Alice M. Hart, Irish Village _ 21,895 09 TOTAL COLLECTIONS Garbage, dairy re- ceipts, traveling cranes, etc 28,946 54 TOTALAUDITS $4,332,57652 TOTAL COLLECTIONS $3,469,494 85 Gross receipts, concessions Nos. 1 to 370 16,583,051 53 Revenue from concessions Nos. 1 to 370 4,237,563 95 Exhibitors' sales, Nos. 1 to 138, revenue collected 12,816 81 Traveling cranes, fares collected from passengers 10,219 90 Charges for foreign craft, landing at piers 477 35 Garbage removed, collected for this service 1 ,083 82 Safety deposit vaults, collected for boxes rented _ _ 657 17 Dairy receipts, collected from sales of product of Dairy Exhibit. 6,450 92 Guide service, collected from fees paid by visitors. _ 588 00 Music halls, collected from admissions to musical per- formances given by the Exposition (other musical performances were treated as "concessions) 62,718 60 $ 4,332,576 52 This amount is accounted for as follows: AMOUNT. PER CENT. 1 . Collected in cash by this department $3,469,494 85 80 . 07 2. Allowances for claims and damages adjusted by Adjustment Committee _ 203,01902 4.69 3. Cash deposits at the time of signing contracts, applied on final settlement of percentages 82,079 66 1.90 4. Allowed for construction of piers, buildings, etc. , under concession contracts 251 ,431 16 5 . 80 5. Irish villages, revenue charged to these two concessions and rebated under terms of contracts because they did not reach a certain total (see page 475) 68,587 98 1 . 58 6. Accounts disputed and in litigation 240,807 30 5 . 56 7. Suspense account, of which $1,000 is an uncollected check on sus- pended bank $7,661 10 8. Balance outstanding, uncollected.- 9,495 45 17,156 55 .40 $4,832,567 52 100.00 DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 477 TABLE OF CASH COLLECTIONS. The amount collected in cash from concessionaires on account of percentage was $3,374,482 28 From sales in foreign sections.. 12,816 81 Traveling cranes 10,219 90 Foreign craft landing at piers, wharfage charges 477 35 Garbage removal 1,083 82 Safety deposit vaults 657 17 Dairy receipts... 6,450 92 (This account was for receipts from the milk, butter, etc. , which were the product of the Dairy Exhibit of the Exposition.) Guidecorps 588 00 (This was received from fees paid the guides by visitors.) Music halls 62,718 60 Total $3,469,494 85 TABLE OF ALLOWANCES FOR CLAIMS AND DAMAGES ADJUSTED BY THE ADJUSTMENT COMMITTEE. Con. No. 3 Elia-Souhami, Sadullah Company, j ^'ijjjjj ^ $2,200 00 " " 4 Egypt-Chicago Exposition Company 50000 ( 5,000 00 . 7 _ German Eth. Exposition Company \ 1 ,000 00 7,000 00 ( 1,000 00 " 8 L. J. Kadish, Natatorium j |^ *|0 9 m ^ 13 _ Columbian Moorish Palace Company 1 ,625 00 i 77^ fin " 14 Benj. Henneberg -j 2 ,25QQQ 3 25 ^ 44 < 18 E. R. Nichols & Co f 3,00000 19 Intramural Railroad Company... | 47733 8,01497 .< 44 23 VanHouten& Zoon.. 23841 " 24 L. A. Thurston 3,35740 ' 28 A. Sifico& M. Ganon 2,00000 ( 817 35 31 Hungarian Cafe Company -j 1,18265 3,80603 ( 1,806 03 " 35 Meeker & Willard 2,50000 4. 36 W. M. Lowney Company 1,666 66 37 Electric Launch & Navigation Co. 1 'iQ5 50 1>755 ^ 44 38 Venice-Murano Company 40000 80000 44 44 39 World's Fair Captive Balloon Co... 300 00 44 4, 45 _ M. F. Gallagher & Co 3200 4. .< 46 Adams 4& Cobb - 3,50299 " 50-D. Moretti 5,00000 / ftrtfi ftO 51 - Elia-Souhami, Sadullah Company j jg 56 852 50 4. 44 54__GilbertM. King | 3,01876 Carried forward 163,923 25 478 APPENDIX Brought forward 163,923 25 Con. No. 55 S. H. Hale 1,243 19 56 Smith Exploring Company 500 00 59 International Dress & Costume Co.. 2,00000 64 E. L. & E. M. Requa 738 57 67 W. W. Dreyfoos 3,486 85 68 _W. B. Conkey Company 20,000 00 71 Cottentin & Zieman 1,023 88 75 Y. Maurai 90 00 78 Richard Stockton __ 3,383 36 " " 81 Koenig & Greisser j* 21400 834 " 86 Ludovic de Spiridon 19055 ( 2,500 00 " " 87 Hagenbeck Arena Company \ 600 00 6,185 00 I 3,08500 " " 88 Lee Cahn 8446 94 Wellington Catering Company 66,65449 " " 95 Praise Peters. 6000 " 102- Franz Triacca -j 5 ^ J 58812 103 B. F. Norris, Alister Company 3,880 34 " " 105 Robert Lindblom 25278 .. 107 J. J. Gibson 2,53451 " 114 Eugene Leneuf 20000 " 116 Oceanic Trading Company 250 00 121 Columbian Guide Company 5,00000 "122 Julius Berkey & Ford Johnson Co... 75 00 " ' 133 -Lapland Village Exhibition Co... j {'22330 2,32230 ". " 136 Elizabeth W. Riley 7500 " " 137 Arthur Schwartz | 3 j$ jjjj 30000 " " 150 Smith & Upham 12,51979 154 Secord& Hopkins 16549 " 172 Ardeshir & Byramji 25000 208 Berriman Bros 77866 " " 223 A. J. Johnston -j 37500 43500 " " 253 P. B.Wickham.. 66 00 " " 257 S. K. Bistani 1,340 00 258 English Military Tournament Co... 1,19036 " " 358 Lawson & Soper 271 72 " " 368 M.Berliner 12635 $203,019 02 TABLE OF CASH DEPOSITS TO BE APPLIED ON FINAL SETTLEMENT. Con. No. 4 Egypt Chicago Exposition Company $ 26200 46 Adams&Cobb 25,00000 " 57 World's Fair Tower Company 50000 67 W. W. Dreyfoos 1,500 00 " 68 W. B. Conkey Company 10,00000 " " 72 J. H. Dilworth & Co j ^ JJJJ 1,000 00 4 ' ' 73 Columbia Soft Drink Company 10,000 00 Carried forward.. . $48,262 00 DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 479 Brought forward 148,262 00 Con. No. 82 B. D. Spencer 472 12 88 LeeCahn 2,000 00 103 B. F. Norris, Alister Company 5,000 00 105 Robert Lindblom ; 2,500 00 114 La Collective de la Boulangerie Francaise 400 00 119 Union News Company 787 16 121 Columbian Guide Company _ 10,000 00 122 Julius Berkey _ 2,756 10 123 M. F. Moss 865 05 133 Lapland Village Exhibit Company 1 ,000 00 136 Elizabeth W. Riley 139 76 144 Apollinaris Company, Limited 426 25 154 Secord& Hopkins 2,000 00 161 A. P. dela Riberio _ 116 21 170 Jos. Baker & Co 75 58 171 HulieMeret 4 39 176 Edward Bertault _- 5,000 00 286 J. R. Reavis 48 00 344 Envelope & Stamp Machine Co... 227 04 $82,079 66 TABLE OF AMOUNTS ALLOWED FOR CONSTRUCTION. Con. No. 15 World's Fair Steamship Company $ 46,690 79 73 Columbian Exposition Soft Drink Company. 30000 " " 78 Richard Stockton 15,00000 94_ Wellington Catering Company 30,000 00 < 102 Franz Triacca .- 3,200 00 105 Robert Lindblom 3,50000 . " 135 Elizabeth W. Riley 2,00000 " 140 Clow Sanitary Company 150,08539 173 City News Company 65498 $251,431 16 TABLE OF ACCOUNTS DISPUTED AND IN LITIGATION. Con. No. 10 J. S. Morris $ 17,213 25 " 16 George Barrie 6,426 00 21 Waukesha Hygeia Mineral Springs Company. 29,629 48 30 Columbia Casino Company 43,95437 " 35 E. R. Meeker 57689 " 53 Crane Companv 1,23 74 .. .. 58 George W. Ferns 84,422 28 .. < 68 W. B. Conkey Company 1,86520 79 Multiple Speed & Traction Co 29,458 39 81 Koenig&Greisser.. 7,820 50 134_ W. D. Preston et al 141 _ Hale Elevator Company 17,135 52 218 Thos. Stevens 800 00 $240,807 30 TABLE OF SUSPENSE ACCOUNT. Con. No. 31 Hungarian Cafe Company $ 1,00000 " " 28 A. Sifico 6,661 10 $ 7,661 10 480 APPENDIX "." TABLE OF BALANCE OUTSTANDING UNCOLLECTED. Con. No. 39 World's Fair Captive Balloon Company $ 1,213 73 41 Hyde Park Gas Company 3,666 18 59 International Dress & Costume Co 731 11 89 Mrs. W. R. Robeson 167 97 94 Wellington Catering Company. 3,466 17 257 S. K. Bistani 167 83 296 J. B. Campbell 82 46 $ 9,495 45 CONCLUSION. The superintendent believes that a study of this report as rendered, and analysis of the tables of figures forming a part of the report, will give any information which may be needed for general purposes. Accurate figures in detail, relating to any particular con- cession account, can be gotten by reference to the books and papers of the department, all of which are in possession of the Exposition. This report could have been shortened very materially, but at the possible risk of omitting information which might be valuable or of not fully explaining many matters of detail so that they would be fully understood by any one interested in the matter. On the other hand the report might have been amplified to much greater proportions, and while, undoubtedly, some further information would have been included, it would have been at the risk of much tiresome repetition and of inserting a great deal of valueless and uninteresting matter. The superintendent unfortunately contracted a serious illness within a week after the Exposition closed and was compelled to leave the scene of the labors of the depart- ment, and has never been able to return, owing to other engagements which took effect as soon as he was able to meet them. Thus he has labored under tne great disadvan- tage of compiling this report at a distance of many hundred miles from the original records and papers; and while the figures as given are absolutely correct, there are many small DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 481 items of interesting information which might have been incorporated in the report but for the circumstances men- tioned. The superintendent believes, however, that everything really necessary to the full understanding of the working of the department is contained herein. All of which is respectfully submitted, with the hope that the report as formulated may be satisfactory and in full accordance with your views as to what it should contain and as to the form in which it is expressed. Very respectfully yours, PAUL BLACKMAR, Superintendent Collections, World's Columbian Exposition. 31 482 APPENDIX "E." H II a ii I 88 : : Sfe Si : : :8 SCO o V V OiCO s i-o0'noet"ODaooi- 5> (i-iI u OO' .vCO' i -'T!;ri 3iS4 3 '5|r*c5J9.a i-s-o 5-g fci 3gj *Jfi*'W5*8ff18'8 4 8 4 APPENDIX "." d> II 82 *o O ^ OJ-r-iCO a! H i ~ ' :^ i Hi II WKlWIIjJ I w i5^-e!-i 2 25 I IJJiJ &j [9 2S^ $& iini DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS. 485 486 APPENDIX "E." II C8 5 '' I ''' 5 ! '' j&ft |S 9JH1RHI Isl W.4S ^3 S A ? 5 gfe o-r top , Jt 3c Jllff .,iho7:a Slfl&iixEifit* iMliffllSfta (D.C! a jl * .a 8| 5ooo<||0| 8 ^d wv^3W3riS5!-a88o;i-^Oi3oderitfe