UC-NRLF 
 
 
 OD 
 
 
 
 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 ANDREW 
 
 SMITH 
 
 HALLID1E: 
 
_ -'UAf.rf ^V 
 OF THE *+\ 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
ON 
 
 GAS ENGINES 
 
 WITH APPENDIX 
 
 DESCRIBING 
 
 A RECENT ENGINE WITH TUBE IGNITER 
 
 BY 
 
 T. M. GOODEVE, M.A. 
 
 AUTHOR OF ' TEXT-BOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE' ETC. 
 
 LONDON 
 CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON 
 
 7 STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL 
 1902 
 
 [All rights reserved} 
 

 PRINTED BY 
 
 SPOTTISWOODE AND CO. LTD., NEW-STREET SQUARE 
 LONDON 
 
ON GAS ENGINES. 
 
 i. THERE are two numerical results connected with the 
 theory of heat which are of the highest practical value. 
 They are given in a Text Book on the Steam Engine 
 written by the author, and are the following : 
 
 (1) By an expenditure of 772 foot-pounds of mechanical 
 work one thermal unit of heat is produced. 
 
 (2) In converting a quantity of heat into work the 
 greatest amount of work which can by any possibility be 
 obtained from a heat engine 
 
 = T ""* x total heat, 
 T + 46o 
 
 where T and t are the temperatures on Fahrenheit's scale 
 between which the heat engine (supposed to be perfect) is 
 working. 
 
 In applying these laws in the construction and manage- 
 ment of heat engines, we begin by increasing the elasticity 
 or pressure of a quantity of gas, such as air or steam, by 
 heating it. Such heated gas is then passed into a cylinder 
 and is expanded so as to do work. After a portion of its 
 heat has been converted into work, the residue is expelled 
 from the cylinder at a lower temperature. 
 
 The first operation, then, is to obtain a supply of heated 
 gas, and here we encounter losses at every stage. Thus in 
 burning coal for the generation of steam there is a continual 
 
 B 
 
 144874 
 
2 Gas Engines. 
 
 escape of heat by reason of the imperfections of the furnace, 
 and by the discharge of heated products up the chimney. 
 
 Again, there are difficulties to be overcome in forcing 
 heat through the shell of the boiler, and in conveying it 
 into each individual particle of the water or steam. 
 
 It would appear, then, to be a manifest advantage if the 
 heat could be applied directly to the elastic gas without 
 the intervention of any furnace or boiler. An idea or 
 suggestion so obvious as this can hardly have failed tc 
 attract those who are in search of improvements, and, ac- 
 cordingly, numerous attempts have been made from time 
 to time in order to obtain an elastic agent by setting fire 
 to a mixture of coal gas and air within the very cylinder 
 in which the piston of an engine is working. The heat 
 developed in the gas during the act of burning would be 
 thus compelled to supply a source of energy in the closest 
 contact with the moving piece to which such energy is to 
 be transferred. 
 
 No action can be more direct than this, and, in truth, it 
 is the very thing which for centuries past has been done in 
 a gun. 
 
 When gunpowder is fired in a closed chamber the 
 temperature of the gases rises to a little above 2,000 C, and 
 in the case of guncotton the temperature of the gases is 
 about twice that of gunpowder (Noble). 
 
 The enclosed gases at these temperatures exert an 
 enormous pressure, amounting in the case of guncotton of 
 specific gravity "55 to as much as 70 tons per square inch, 
 whereas with gunpowder of specific gravity I and fired in 
 a closed vessel the pressure would reach 43 tons per square 
 inch (Noble). 
 
Explosive Mixtures. 3 
 
 Pressures such as these, generated suddenly in a closed 
 vessel, cannot be dealt with in the present state of our 
 knowledge, except for the discharge of projectiles. They 
 are not suitable for driving the piston of an engine. 
 
 In order to adapt heated gas to the performance of 
 useful work in an engine, we require (i) that its pressure 
 shall not rise too suddenly, (2) that the intensity of the 
 pressure shall be kept within reasonable limits. 
 
 These conditions can be fulfilled during the burning of 
 coal gas or of some form of carburetted hydrogen when 
 mixed with air. 
 
 2. EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES OF GAS AND AIR. 
 
 Simple hydrogen explodes when mixed with oxygen 
 in sufficient proportions. Thus 
 
 2 volumes hydrogen } give a louder explosion than any other 
 i volume oxygen j proportionate admixture. 
 
 It is a fundamental fact in chemistry that water is com- 
 posed of hydrogen and oxygen in the above proportion. 
 
 For the purposes of an engine coal gas or some form of 
 carburetted hydrogen is preferable to pure hydrogen, and 
 we may point out that, speaking generally, 100 volumes of 
 coal gas contain 
 
 Hydrogen 50 volume 
 
 Marsh gas 35 
 
 Carbonic oxide > 
 
 Carbonic acid 
 
 I 5 
 
 Olefines 
 Nitrogen 
 
 Total . 100 
 
 B 2 
 
4 Gas Engines. 
 
 3. We now refer to experiments made in relation to 
 the explosion of a mixture of marsh gas with air. 
 
 The substance marsh gas\s carburetted hydrogen (CH 4 ), 
 and it explodes when mixed with oxygen in sufficient 
 quantity. The most violent detonation takes place when 
 I volume of marsh gas is mixed with 2 volumes of oxygen. 
 Thus 
 
 CH 4 + 2O 2 = CO 2 + 2OH 2 
 
 The result of the combustion is carbonic acid and water in 
 the form of steam, and it is calculated that the pressure of 
 the heated gases would rise to about 37 atmospheres. 
 
 Since air contains % of its volume as pure oxygen, the 
 marsh gas would require 10 volumes of air for perfect com- 
 bustion, and there would be present 8 volumes of inert 
 nitrogen, which would reduce the force of the explosion. 
 
 Thus with i volume of marsh gas and 10 volumes of 
 air the pressure of explosion is estimated at about 14 
 atmospheres. 
 
 With a larger amount of air the explosion becomes 
 weaker, and with 18 volumes of air the mixture does not 
 explode at all, but burns with a pale blue flame round a 
 taper immersed in it. 
 
 It is matter of interest to find out (i) when there is 
 just enough air for an explosion, and (2) when an explosion 
 is arrested by the presence of too large a quantity of air. 
 
 Experiments for ascertaining these limits were made 
 in 1877 by Coquillon ('Journal Chem. Soc.' 1877, v l- * 
 p. 1 66), who tested mixtures of marsh gas and air with 
 the following results : 
 
Explosive Mixtures. 
 
 Marsh Gas 
 Volume 
 
 Air Volume 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 No explosion. 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 First limit of possible explosion. 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 Sharp explosion. 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 Explosion weaker. 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 Same. 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 Same. 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 Slight commotion, this being the last 
 
 limit of 
 
 
 
 explosion. The air is in excess. 
 
 
 Similar results had been previously obtained when coal 
 gas was mixed with air. There are limits of explosion in 
 both directions ; with too little air the mixture will not 
 explode, and the same thing happens when the air is in 
 excess. 
 
 Thus Wagner found (1876) that ignition of a mixture 
 of gas and air by means of an electric spark began at a 
 proportion of mixture of I of gas to 5 of air, and ceased 
 when the mixture was diluted in the proportion of I of 
 gas to 13 of air. Ordinary illuminating gas requires for 
 its complete combustion 6*3 volumes of air to I of gas. 
 
 4. PRESSURES PRODUCED BY THE EXPLOSION OF 
 GAS AND AIR IN A CLOSED VESSEL. 
 
 Another point of inquiry is to ascertain by experiment 
 the extent to which the elastic pressure of a mixture of 
 gas and air is increased when the combustion or explosion 
 takes place in a closed vessel 
 
 The first published experiments on this subject were 
 made in 1861 by Him, who employed mixtures of hydrogen 
 or coal gas with atmospheric air. The explosion vessels 
 
6 Gas Engines. 
 
 were cylindrical, one having a capacity of 3 litres and the 
 other of 36 litres. 1 Taking a mixture of I volume of 
 hydrogen with 9 volumes of air, the pressure on explosion 
 rose to 3*25 atmospheres, whereas the pressure, as given by 
 calculation, would have been 5*8 atmospheres. The student 
 will understand that the method of calculation is the 
 following : 
 
 Conceive that we select a definite mixture of hydrogen 
 and air. The burning of the hydrogen will give out a 
 certain number of thermal units, and the product of com- 
 bustion will be steam, having a known specific heat and a 
 known latent heat. The rise in temperature of the con- 
 tents of the vessel consequent on the explosion may, 
 therefore, be estimated ; and from the rise in temperature 
 the increase in pressure of the gaseous products can be 
 inferred. This rise in pressure would then be contrasted 
 with that actually recorded by a pressure-gauge attached 
 to the vessel. 
 
 Similar results were obtained with other mixtures of 
 hydrogen and air, as well as with mixtures of coal gas and 
 air. In all cases the observed pressures were much below 
 those which theory would have led us to anticipate. 
 
 In 1866 Bunsen made experiments ('Phil. Mag.,' 1867, 
 vol. xxxiv. p. 489), wherein he used a very small explosion 
 vessel, having a capacity of only a few cubic centimetres. 2 
 Also he passed the igniting spark through the whole length 
 of the vessel, in order to secure an instantaneous spread of 
 the flame. His results supported those of Hirn, a similar 
 
 1 I litre = 61*024 cubic inches. 
 
 8 I cubic centimetre- -061024 cubic inch. 
 
Pressures. 7 
 
 difference between the calculated and observed pressures 
 being established. 
 
 In 1880 there were again experiments by Mallard and 
 Le Chatelier, giving a large difference between the calculated 
 pressures and those actually obtained. 
 
 5. DUGALD CLERK'S EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 We pass on to the experiments of Dugald Clerk, whose 
 paper on the subject is inserted in vol. Ixxxv. of the 
 1 Proceedings of Inst. Civ. Eng.' Here the mixtures of gas 
 and air were exploded in a strong cast-iron cylinder, the 
 internal space being 7 inches in diameter and 8 inches 
 long. The explosion was produced by an electric spark, 
 and the pressures were marked on the drum of a Richard's 
 indicator, which was caused to revolve uniformly by a clock 
 train driven by a falling weight, and regulated by a fly or 
 fan. 
 
 The revolving drum was enamelled, and a soft black- 
 lead pencil attached in the usual way to the parallel motion 
 marked on the drum a line which recorded the movement 
 of the indicator piston. Also the drum itself rotated uni- 
 formly at the rate of I revolution in *3 of a second, and it 
 followed that the position of a mark made by the pencil re- 
 corded also the time elapsed since the instant of explosion. 
 
 Great care was taken in charging the vessel, the volumes 
 and temperatures of the gas and air which were introduced 
 being measured. The drum was then set in rotation, and, 
 the spark being passed, a line was traced upon the drum 
 which we propose now to examine. 
 
8 
 
 Gas Engines. 
 
 It has been found that in different towns the quality of 
 coal gas varies, and Mr. Clerk has been careful to distinguish 
 the gas accordingly. 
 
 In this notice it will suffice to select a few prominent 
 results as indicating the character of the curves. 
 
 Thus : Taking Glasgow coal gas and air. 
 
 Temperature before ignition = 1 8 C. Atmospheric 
 pressure =147 Ibs. 
 
 Vol. Gas 
 
 Vol. Air 
 
 Greatest Pressure in 
 pounds per sq. inch 
 above Atmosphere 
 
 Time elapsed after 
 Passage of Spark 
 
 (a) I 
 (*) I 
 
 (0 i 
 
 7 
 ti 
 
 13 
 
 89 Ibs. 
 63 Ibs. 
 52 Ibs. 
 
 07 second 
 i 8 second 
 28 second 
 
 The curves corresponding to (a) (b) (c) are given below, 
 and marked on the diagram, the vertical lines corresponding 
 to intervals of *o6 of a second. 
 
 60 
 
 FIG. i. 
 
 The gradual falling off in pressure, as shown by the 
 curves, indicates the loss of elasticity due to the passage of 
 heat through the walls of the cylinder. 
 
 It is important to observe that in curve (a) the pressure 
 rises rapidly to the full intensity, and then falls gradually 
 by reason of the cooling action of the surface of the cylinder. 
 
Pressiires. 9 
 
 Whereas in (3) the pressure reaches its greatest value 
 more slowly and is sustained for some little time before it 
 begins to diminish sensibly in intensity. 
 
 The same thing is shown in (V), and the explanation 
 probably is that the complete combustion of the gas is 
 retarded by the presence of an additional quantity of air. 
 
 As before stated, a pressure curve, such as that under 
 discussion, shows different results with the gas supplied in 
 different towns. 
 
 The practical point for consideration is, what proportion 
 of air will give the best working pressure, and Mr. Clerk's 
 deduction from these experiments is that with Glasgow 
 coal gas the most economical mixtures would be i gas to 
 1 1 air, while with Oldham coal gas he would prefer to use 
 I gas to 1 2 air. 
 
 6. When hydrogen takes the place of coal gas and the 
 mixture is strong in gas, the explosion is so sudden and 
 the rise of pressure so rapid that the effect produced is that 
 of a blow. 
 
 Taking 2 volumes of hydrogen and 5 volumes of air 
 where the air contains just enough oxygen to combine 
 completely with the hydrogen, the pressure rose to its 
 greatest amount in y-J-oth of a second. An action of this 
 kind is unsuitable for the purposes of an engine. 
 
 It further appears from Mr. Clerk's experiments that 
 when hydrogen is diluted with air in larger quantity the 
 pressure rises less rapidly and becomes quite manageable, 
 but it is less in amount than in the case of coal gas, 
 and hydrogen is not at all a good gas to employ in an 
 engine. 
 
IO Gas Engines. 
 
 7. COMPARISON BETWEEN EARLY AND MODERN 
 RIFLED GUNS. 
 
 It is interesting to note that the same principle of 
 sustained pressure and less rapid action which has obtained 
 in gas engines has been applied in parallel lines to the 
 modern rifled gun. 
 
 If gunpowder be exploded in a closed vessel and 
 pressure-gauges be provided to indicate the tension of the 
 gas, we find : 
 
 (1) The same reduction of pressure from the cooling 
 effect of the vessel. 
 
 (2) The outline of the pressure curve varies considerably 
 with different kinds of powder. 
 
 That is to say, there may be a rapid rise of pressure 
 to a great height, the gas being formed suddenly and 
 brought at once to the highest limit of pressure, or the 
 pressure may, as it were, rise gradually, and be sustained 
 for some little time at or near its greatest value, which is 
 less in amount than when the rise in pressure occupied a 
 shorter period. 
 
 The improvements made in modern artillery have been 
 based upon these observations, and a comparison of the 
 old and modern systems will be readily presented to the 
 eye in the form of a diagram, where (A) represents the 
 outline of a 2 5 -ton gun as it would have been made some 
 ten or fifteen years ago, and (B) is the outline of the same 
 25-ton gun as it is now made, the bore of (A) being 12 
 inches, and that of (B) being 10 inches 
 
Pressures. 
 
 ii 
 
 We are here quoting from a lecture given by Captain 
 Noble at the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1884. 
 
 Upon each figure is drawn a pressure curve, the start- 
 ing-point being the base of the projectile before firing, as 
 shown in dotted lines, the vertical line indicating pressures, 
 and the horizontal line giving the position of the projectile 
 for each pressure. There is also a curve of velocities, show- 
 
 3ITONS 
 
 1180 FEET PER SECOND 
 
 2225 FEET 
 PER SECOND 
 
 B 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 
 ing the velocity generated in the projectile during each 
 instant of the motion. 
 
 Taking gun (A) it appears that the pressure rises rapidly 
 to 31 tons per square inch, and falls along the expansion 
 curve to r6 tons. This is analogous to the explosion of 
 hydrogen in a gas engine. 
 
 The velocity generated is 1,180 feet per second. Gun 
 (A) is not a breech loader, and on account of the sudden 
 
12 Gas Engines. 
 
 rise of pressure it becomes necessary to increase the thick- 
 ness of the metal enormously around the powder chamber. 
 
 In gun (B) (which is a breech loader) the pressure rises 
 only to 17 tons per square inch, and falls to 5 '2 tons, but 
 the rise is more gradual, and the intensity is sustained as 
 shown by the curve. Also the gun is much longer, whereby 
 the velocity generated rises to no less than 2,225 feet per 
 second, which is nearly twice its former amount. 
 
 Of course the velocity impressed is the important thing 
 aimed at, as every student of mechanics will understand, 
 and here again we have an analogy to the modern gas 
 engine, where coal gas is selected in preference to hydrogen, 
 and aii is mixed to nearly the full extent which is practi- 
 cable in order that the combustion may be less rapid and 
 the pressure more sustained. 
 
 It appears that about twenty-five years ago our most 
 powerful piece of artillery was a 68-pounder, throwing its 
 projectile with a velocity of 1,570 feet per second (Noble), 
 whereas now the weight of our guns is increased from 5 tons 
 to 100 tons, and the projectile from 681bs. to 2,000 Ibs., the 
 velocities from 1,600 feet to 2,000 feet, and the energies 
 from 1,100 foot-tons to 52,000 foot- tons (Noble). 
 
 8. THE LENOIR ENGINE. 
 
 A patent for the Lenoir gas engine was applied for on 
 February 8, 1860, No. 335, by/. H.Johnson, being a com- 
 munication from abroad by /. /. E. Lenoir ; of Paris. 
 
 The specification stated : * This invention consists in 
 the application and use of an inflammable gas mixed with 
 
Lenoir Engine. 13 
 
 a proper proportion of atmospheric air and ignited inside 
 a cylinder by the aid of electricity ; the expansion thereby 
 produced acting upon the piston and imparting motion 
 thereto, which motion may be transmitted in any con- 
 venient and well-known manner to a driving shaft.' Then 
 it described the arrangement cf insulated platinum wires 
 in connection with a battery, and so disposed that an 
 electric spark was produced at the right instant at either 
 end of the cylinder, whereby the mixture of gas and air 
 was fired. 
 
 Subsequently the lighting was effected by a jet of gas 
 and a slide conveying a small flame of gas into the cylinder. 
 
 A general idea of the arrangement of the working parts 
 will be obtained from the annexed diagram, where c B is 
 the cylinder of the engine, P the piston, P Q the piston rod, 
 A R the crank, R Q the connecting rod, and F the fly wheel. 
 
 The actual working of the engine may be understood 
 by comparing together the remaining diagrams. Fig. 4 
 shows a horizontal longitudinal section through the axis 
 of the cylinder, and also gives a vertical cross section 
 through the cylinder. 
 
14 Gas Engines. 
 
 As the cylinder when at work attains a considerable 
 temperature, it is surrounded by a water jacket, shown in 
 both sections, through which a supply of water is constantly 
 circulating. 
 
 The slide L M regulates the admission of air and gas 
 into the cylinder, while the slide N T is concerned only 
 with the exhaust of the waste products of combustion. 
 These sides are pressed against the faces of the cylinder 
 by springs not shown in the drawing. 
 
 It will be observed that there is a gas inlet terminating 
 in two forked branches r and s, which lead into gas orifices 
 marked 0, b. 
 
 There is also an air inlet /, communicating with the 
 space A, which would form the exhaust passage in an 
 ordinary steam cylinder, but is here applied for supplying 
 air to the cylinder. The pipe/ is covered, as shown, by a 
 head or cap , which forms a sort of gasometer, and retains 
 some gas which would otherwise escape and which is drawn 
 into the cylinder at the next stroke of the piston. 
 
 The mode of working the engine is the following : The 
 piston travels a certain distance along the cylinder by 
 reason of its connection with the crank and fly wheel, and 
 in doing so acts as a pump to draw in a charge of air and 
 gas at a pressure equal to that of the atmosphere. When 
 the piston has performed about half its stroke, the charge 
 is fired by the electric spark, and the stroke is then com- 
 pleted under the pressure of the enclosed gases. On the 
 return of the piston the waste products in the cylinder are 
 expelled into the open air. 
 
 The patentee states that the slide L M opens the pas- 
 
Lenoir Engine. 
 
 GAS LNLET 
 
 SLIDE 
 
 WIRE 
 
 GAS INLET 
 
 EXHAUST 
 FIG 4. 
 
16 Gas Engines. 
 
 sage n to air entering from A, just before / comes into 
 communication with the gas inlet o. Thus air enters first 
 of all, and then comes gas and air, which ' both enter the 
 cylinder but without becoming entirely mixed together, 
 and will exist in the space behind the piston in distinct 
 strata.' This is what is said, but it would be rather difficult 
 to prove it, and in this treatise no attempt will be made to 
 deal with the subject of stratification of the charge, even if 
 there be such a thing. The slide now closes the passage 
 n y when an electric spark sets fire to the mixture, and the 
 piston is driven to the end of its stroke. 
 
 The products of combustion are got rid of by the slide 
 N T working over the exhaust passage E. The manner in 
 which this is done is precisely the same as in an ordinary 
 steam engine, as will be apparent from the drawing, and it 
 is therefore unnecessary to describe it. 
 
 Towards the end of the specification we find the follow- 
 ing passage : ' The object of introducing a supply of air 
 into the cylinder before the gas is allowed to enter is to 
 neutralise the effect of the carbonic acid gas formed by the 
 combustion of the inflammable gas, as the carbonic acid 
 gas without being thus neutralised might prevent the 
 ignition of the remainder of the inflammable gas. 
 
 9. Some indicator diagrams taken from an early Lenoir 
 engine are to be found in vol. li. of 3rd series, 'Journal of 
 the Franklin Institute.' One of the curves is set out in 
 the diagram, which, however, is imperfect, inasmuch as no 
 scale of pressures is given. 
 
 The atmospheric line is marked A B, and shows the 
 stroke of the piston. The charge is drawn in at the at- 
 
Otto and Langen Engine. 17 
 
 mospheric pressure, but the pressure of the mixture of gas 
 and air falls to 1 1 Ibs. above a vacuum or zero line just 
 before explosion. It then rises in a steep, inclined line to 
 48 Ibs., and the rest of the diagram tells its own tale. 
 
 FIG. 5. 
 
 It is stated that the crank shaft makes 50 revolutions 
 per minute, that the cylinder is 8f inches in diameter, the 
 stroke of the piston being i6J inches, and that engines of 
 this type are sold at from \ to 4 H.P. 
 
 10. THE OTTO AND LANGEN ATMOSPHERIC GAS ENGINE 
 
 is an engine of which large numbers were at one time 
 made both in England and Germany, and which attracted 
 a good deal of attention from the undoubted success with 
 which it worked. It was the subject of a patent of 1866, 
 No. 434, to C. D. Abel. In 1 875 Mr. Crossley, of Manchester, 
 read a paper before the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 
 wherein he described the construction of the engine and 
 the manner in which it operated. 
 
 No doubt there were many valuable points about it, 
 but being in truth, as its name implies, an atmospheric 
 engine that is, an engine with an open cylinder in which 
 the piston is driven up by the pressure resulting from the 
 explosion of a mixture of gas and air, and driven down by 
 
 C 
 
i8 
 
 Gas Engines. 
 
 the pressure of the atmosphere it is rather difficult, when 
 the principles of the theory of heat have received full 
 
 FIG. 6. 
 
Otto and Langen Engine. 19 
 
 recognition, to understand how such an engine could 
 continue for any length of time to occupy the first 
 place. 
 
 It is rather unsafe to state positively the lines in which 
 mechanical improvement will advance, and it happened 
 that Mr. Crossley, in the paper referred to, adduced a 
 variety of reasons to show that engines of the Lenoir type, 
 in which a mixture of gas and air contained in a cylinder 
 delivers its energy after combustion in driving a piston 
 connected with a crank and fly wheel after the manner of 
 an ordinary steam engine, were wrong in principle and 
 could never succeed because the effect is that of a blow 
 and is not a sustained pressure. 
 
 Then the argument advanced was that the Otto and 
 Langen engine worked on the only true principle, viz. 
 that of sustained pressure, and it did so in the following 
 manner. The piston in an open cylinder is provided with 
 a piston rod in the form of a rack. The piston is raised 
 about -jij- of the stroke, and sucks in an explosive mixture. 
 The charge is then fired, the engine being really a gun 
 which stands vertically with open mouth pointing upwards, 
 the explosive compound of gas and air taking the place of 
 a charge of powder, while the piston represents the shot. 
 The piston is free during its ascent, that is, it does not drive 
 any of the mechanism of the engine, and the charge is not 
 sufficient to force the piston out of the gun, but only to 
 send it close up to the open end. 
 
 After explosion a partial vacuum is formed beneath the 
 piston, which descends under the superior pressure of the 
 atmosphere, the rack on the piston rod being now suddenly 
 
 C 2 
 
20 Gas Engines. 
 
 caused, by the operation of a friction clutch, to impart a 
 sustained driving pressure to the fly-wheel shaft. 
 
 It is not the purpose of the writer to describe this 
 engine with particularity, but only to give a general idea 
 of its action. 
 
 The diagram shows the piston P, provided with a piston rod 
 P R in the form of a rack, and working in the vertical open- 
 mouthed cylinder A B, which has a water jacket as shown. 
 
 It should be understood that S is the main shaft of the 
 engine, and that although PR is always in gear with a spur 
 wheel T riding on the shaft S, yet there is inside that wheel, 
 and not shown in the drawing, a friction clutch whereby T 
 runs loose on the shaft S during the whole upstroke of the 
 piston, but is locked thereto during the whole of the down- 
 stroke. In other words, the piston is free during its ascent, 
 but is a working piston during its descent, In the diagram 
 the piston has been raised through about ^ of the stroke, 
 and has sucked in a charge of gas and air which is on the 
 point of being fired by the slide L. 
 
 The piston is raised through this space by the lever 
 D H N, operated by an eccentric E H on the shaft E, which 
 is driven by spur wheels from the main shaft S. The end N 
 of the lever D N, whose fulcrum is at D, actuates a tappet 
 at N upon the rod P R, and leaves P R free to ascend after 
 the explosion. 
 
 On the shaft E is a second eccentric, working the slide 
 L by means of the rod shown in the diagram. 
 
 These eccentrics, which are made fast to each other, 
 are carried loose upon the shaft E, and are started and 
 stopped as required by an arrangement of a ratchet wheel 
 
Otto and Langen Engine. 
 
 21 
 
 and catch or paul not shown in the drawing. A movement 
 of the eccentrics takes place when it is wanted, and not 
 otherwise. 
 
 Outside the slide a small gas jet is kept burning, by 
 means of which gas fed into a chamber in the valve is ignited, 
 and at the right moment the opening of the chamber to the 
 outside is cut off, and the flame therein is brought opposite 
 the entrance to the cylinder and explodes the charge. 
 
 The piston being then driven to the top of its stroke, 
 and the wheel T being, during this time, in effect an idle 
 wheel, it will be found that the products formed within the 
 cylinder by the burning of the gas rapidly fall in pressure. 
 
 II. The action within the cylinder will be made clear 
 by an indicator diagram, which shows a sudden upward 
 
 aoo 
 
 60 
 
 FIG. 7. 
 
 jump of the pencil at the instant of explosion, and then a 
 series of oscillations, given in dotted lines, from which the 
 
22 Gas Engines. 
 
 mean curve of pressure, viz. D E, is deduced. It thus 
 appears that the pressure within the cylinder falls to 1 1 ibs. 
 per square inch below the atmosphere when the piston 
 reaches the top of its stroke, and that the driving pressure 
 in the return or working stroke, as recorded by E L, varies 
 from 1 1 Ibs. per square inch below the atmosphere to the 
 atmospheric pressure itself, at about f of the stroke, as 
 shown by the position of L. It averages 9 Ibs. during the 
 time of action, and on the whole there is a mean of about 
 7 Ibs. per square inch effective pressure during the period 
 when the piston rack is driving the mechanism. 
 
 It is admitted that engines of this type are necessarily 
 limited to a small power, and Mr. Crossley stated that no 
 attempt had been made to increase their size beyond that 
 of a 3-horse-power engine. 
 
 12. THE OTTO GAS ENGINE. 
 
 We have now to describe the Otto engine, as made by 
 Crossley Brothers, which has established the efficiency and 
 economy of gas engines. 
 
 This invention was the subject of a patent granted in 
 1876, No. 2,081, to C. D. Abel, for * improvements in gas 
 motor engines' (a communication from abroad by N. A. 
 Otto). 
 
 The specification states that in gas engines, as previously 
 constructed, an explosive mixture of combustible gas and 
 air was introduced into the cylinder and ignited, whereby 
 there resulted a sudden expansion of the gases, and a 
 development of heat, a great portion of which was lost by 
 absorption. According to the present invention, a com- 
 
Otto Engine. 23 
 
 bustible mixture of gas or petroleum vapour and air is in- 
 troduced into the cylinder together with air in such a 
 manner that the particles of the combustible mixture are 
 more or less dispersed in an isolated condition in the air, 
 so that, on ignition, instead of an explosion ensuing, the 
 flame will be communicated gradually from one combus- 
 tible particle to another, thereby effecting a gradual 
 development of heat and a corresponding gradual expan- 
 sion of the gases. 
 
 A drawing showed the cylinder and piston in section, 
 together with a slide for the admission of gas and air. 
 The piston on moving outwards from the bottom of the 
 cylinder drew in air for a certain space. It then moved 
 an additional space and drew in combustible gas and air. 
 The whole contents of the cylinder were at atmospheric 
 pressure as in the Lenoir engine. The charge was then 
 fired by the action of a small external gas flame, and the 
 piston was driven to the end of its stroke. On the return 
 of the piston the products of combustion were expelled 
 into the atmosphere and the operation was repeated as 
 before. 
 
 Then the patentee observes that by this mode of opera- 
 ting any shock which would result from sudden explosion 
 is avoided, partly through the dispersion of the combustible 
 charge, and partly because the first admitted charge of air 
 which does not become completely mixed with the com- 
 bustible charge acts as a cushion between this and the 
 piston, and owing to the gradual development of heat and 
 expansion of the gases there is comparatively little loss ol 
 useful effect 
 
24 Gas Engines. 
 
 Engines operating in this manner might be single 
 acting, the return stroke being effected by the momentum 
 of the fly wheel, or they might be double acting, a charge 
 being introduced at each end of the cylinder. 
 
 If the invention had remained at this stage it is probable 
 that it would have attracted little attention, but the speci- 
 fication goes on to describe another and a different mode 
 of working the engine which is of the highest possible 
 value, and which forms, as the writer thinks, the real im- 
 provement disclosed in the specification. After a statement 
 that the engine might operate with the gases at atmospheric 
 pressure or compressed in any desired degree, there follows 
 a description and drawing substantially the same as that 
 annexed. 
 
 In this case the piston does not come close up to the 
 cylinder cover on its return after ignition, as in the engine 
 first referred to, but a considerable space is left at the end 
 of the cylinder which becomes filled with the residue of the 
 products of combustion at about atmospheric pressure. As 
 soon as the piston begins its forward stroke, air is drawn 
 in, and afterwards gas and air. On the return of the piston 
 the whole contents of the cylinder are compressed into the 
 space at the end> and the charge is then fired. The expan- 
 sion drives the piston to the other end of the cylinder, then 
 follows the exhaust, and the cycle of operations is repeated. 
 
 Referring to the drawing, the piston P is connected with 
 a crank shaft, and the space between the dotted lines, a y d t 
 is the length of stroke. 
 
 C is a passage for the entrance of the charge, while e is 
 an exhaust passage, leading in another direction, for the 
 
. Otto Engine. 25 
 
 escape of the waste products of combustion. C a is a con- 
 siderable space or clearance which is filled with the pro- 
 
 FIG. 8. 
 
 ducts of combustion at about atmospheric pressure when 
 we commence to trace the working of the engine. The 
 piston is driven by the fly wheel except during that parti- 
 cular stroke when there is explosion, and we propose to 
 trace the operation of four strokes. 
 
 (1) As the piston travels from a to the position marked 
 by the dotted line b, air is drawn in, then follows a mixed 
 charge of gas and air till the piston arrives at d. 
 
 (2) As the piston returns from d to a the charge is 
 compressed into the space C a, and may attain a pressure 
 of (say) 40 Ibs. on the square inch. 
 
 (3) The charge is fired by a gas flame and drives the 
 piston from a to d. 
 
 (4.) The piston returns from d to a, and expels part of 
 the products of combustion through E, leaving the space 
 C a filled with the residue at about atmospheric pressure. 
 
 The cycle of four strokes is then repeated, the piston 
 being driven onwards always at the third stroke. 
 
 The question arises, what is the new principle, or new 
 idea, here developed ? No doubt it consists in the peculiar 
 
26 Gas Engmts. 
 
 cycle of operations. Up to this time gas engines were 
 worked by drawing in the charge during the first portion of 
 a stroke and then firing it. Now, for the first time, the 
 charge was drawn in at the first stroke, it was compressed 
 at the second stroke, it was fired at the third stroke, and 
 the residue was expelled at the fourth stroke. 
 
 This method of working was new and original, but it 
 was also founded on true mechanical principles, and formed 
 an excellent illustration of a useful application of the law 
 of inertia of matter. Suppose we have a small heavy 
 wheel mounted on bearings with its axis horizontal. It 
 will be easy to keep it revolving by a series of pushes or 
 impulses with the open hand. In doing so, as the wheel 
 revolves faster and faster, each impulse may recur at longer 
 intervals, and the speed of rotation may nevertheless con- 
 tinue to be nearly uniform. 
 
 So with the gas engine. The fly wheel of a small 
 engine makes (perhaps) 180 revolutions per minute, at 
 which speed the impulse of the burning gas may be given 
 at intervals, but the rotation of the fly wheel may continue to 
 be nearly uniform. We rely upon the inertia of matter to 
 help us. 
 
 13. But not only is the mode of working practicable 
 when looking at the question from a mechanical point of 
 view, but there is also the direct and positive gain of deal- 
 ing with a charge of compressed gas and air instead of a 
 mixture at or about the atmospheric pressure. The engine 
 acts as its own compressing pump. To start at the instant 
 of explosion with the compressed contents of a whole 
 cylinder full of gas and air instead of the uncompressed 
 
Otto Engine. 27 
 
 contents of half a cylinder, is an advantage pretty evident 
 to ordinary apprehension, and which may be made more 
 clear by calculation. 
 
 Then also it is claimed that the residue of unburnt pro- 
 ducts remaining in the cylinder will act as a cushion to 
 moderate the effect of the explosion upon the working 
 piston. 
 
 14. Having described in general terms the Otto engine 
 as specified, we pass on to give a particular account, with 
 diagrams, of an Otto engine of half horse-power, recently 
 furnished by Messrs. Crossley to the Normal School of 
 Science as an example of the type of engine which they 
 recommend at the present time. 
 
 It will be convenient to commence with an explanation 
 of the method of charging the cylinder with gas and air, 
 then to discuss the arrangement for firing the charge, as 
 well as the method of getting rid of the waste products. 
 Finally, the comparative position of the slide and piston will 
 be shown, the action of the governor will be explained, and 
 a general view of the engine will conclude this notice. 
 
 15. CHARGING WITH GAS AND AIR. 
 
 As in the gas engine last described, a slide is employed 
 for charging the cylinder and also for conveying a flame to 
 the charge. Such a slide is a flat plate of metal, having 
 certain passages, straight or curved, which are so different 
 from anything seen in a steam engine, that considerable 
 attention is necessary before the action of the slide will be 
 understood. 
 
28 
 
 Gas Engines. 
 
 The annexed diagram shows a horizontal section 
 through the cylinder with the piston P at the end of the 
 stroke. The space CP is that portion of one end of the 
 cylinder in which the charge is compressed and corresponds 
 to Ca in fig. 8. There is also a horizontal side passage 
 terminating in a valve V, which leads to an exhaust pipe 
 through which the waste products are discharged. 
 
 EXHAUST PIES 
 
 FIG. 9. 
 
 At the end, C, of the cylinder are three plates, the first 
 marked inner cover as being nearest to the cylinder, the 
 second being the slide itself, and the third being the outer 
 cover. These plates are shown separately in a perspective 
 view, in order that the student may form a better idea of 
 their appearance. 
 
 The slide is faced on both sides and moves to and fro 
 between the fixed covers, being operated by an eccentric 
 as in a steam engine, but with this important difference, 
 
Otto Engine. 29 
 
 that the slide moves once to and fro while the crank shaft 
 makes two complete revolutions. In other words, the slide 
 makes two strokes while the piston makes four strokes. 
 
 The general arrangement of the working parts being 
 thus made apparent, we have to point out that the slide 
 has to fulfil two functions, viz. (i) the charging, (2) the 
 lighting, and since it is arranged that one-half of the slide 
 is concerned in the first operation, and the other half in 
 the second, it becomes convenient to discuss each operation 
 separately. 
 
 We refer now to fig. 10, which shows the slide and it? 
 
 INNER COVER 
 
 B 
 
 CAS INLET 
 
 FIG. 10. 
 
 covers fitted together, and fig. n gives other views in 
 which each cover is supposed to be placed at an angle to 
 that face of the slide with which it is usually in contact, 
 the object being to indicate the various openings and 
 passages made in and through the slide and covers. 
 
 It appears that there are three principal openings in 
 the inner cover, viz. (i) the gas inlet B, (2) the air inlet D, 
 (3) the port opening to the cylinder, marked C, and inas- 
 much as it is necessary to charge the cylinder with both gas 
 
Gas Engines. 
 
Otto Engine. 
 
 and air, it is obvious that passages must be contrived for 
 conveying gas from B to c, and air from D to C. 
 
 We pass on to the sectional drawings, but the student 
 should continually turn back to fig. II in order to trace 
 the operation as completely as if he had the slide and 
 covers before him. 
 
 In fig. 12, (i) shows a vertical transverse section of the 
 slide and covers taken through the gas inlet B. Within 
 
 iii:; iii'iiiiiiiiuii 2 
 
 TO CYLINDER 
 
 SLIDE 
 
 FIG. 12. 
 
 the material of the outer cover, which is a thick plate of 
 metal, there is a curved passage R having two openings on 
 the face of the cover. The bend R communicates by small 
 ducts or perforations marked e, with another passage A, 
 shown in section, which leads immediately to C. The 
 object of these perforations is to check or throttle the flow 
 of gas, and to prevent it from entering the cylinder too 
 rapidly. 
 
 The gas having entered A, passes directly from thence 
 to the cylinder, and at the same time becomes mixed with 
 air. To make this clear we refer to fig. 12 (2), which is a 
 
Gas Engines. 
 
 horizontal section through the slide and covers taken on 
 the level of c, the opening to the cylinder. Within the 
 material of the slide is a curved passage DAC, having 
 openings at D and C. The port D is the air inlet, and 
 when the slide is in the position shown, there is a free 
 passage of air into the cylinder. At the same time, gas 
 entering A by the perforation e can pass directly to C. 
 
 TO CYLINDER 
 
 INNER COVER 
 SLIDE 
 
 FIG. 13. 
 
 In the Otto engine supplied by Messrs. Crossley to the 
 Normal School, which is of half horse-power, there is no 
 provision for admitting first a supply of air to the cylinder, 
 and secondly a supply of mixed gas and air. On the con- 
 trary, the gas and air are admitted together from the com- 
 mencement, and it is during the last part of the admission 
 that the charge becomes richer in gas, the object no doubt 
 being to obtain a more combustible mixture at that end of 
 the cylinder where the combustion flame enters. 
 
Otto Engine. 33 
 
 In the annexed diagram three positions of the slide are 
 given. 
 
 In (3) the slide is moving to the right and is about to 
 open simultaneously both D and R to C. 
 
 In (4) the perforations e have come opposite the 
 chamber R, also D is fully open to C, and the result is that 
 gas and air are both drawn into the cylinder. 
 
 In (5) the slide now moves to the left, whereby tho 
 passage D becomes contracted, while e remains fully open. 
 Hence the supply of air falls off, and the last mixture drawn 
 into the cylinder becomes richer in gas, and therefore better 
 adapted for accepting and carrying on the flame of ignition 
 which lights the charge. 
 
 1 6. FIRING THE CHARGE. 
 
 We proceed to describe the method of firing the charge 
 in the cylinder, and refer to fig. 14, which gives a vertical 
 transverse section through the slide and covers, and should 
 be compared with the complete drawing in fig. 1 1. 
 
 The chimney M is shown in section, and at the base 
 thereof is a small jet of gas J, kept constantly burning, and 
 called the slide light. 
 
 The slide is at one end of its stroke, and has the forked 
 passage F in such a position that the lower branch of the 
 fork is opposite to the air passage H, and the upper branch 
 communicates with the base of the chimney. 
 
 It is to be noted that the single opening F, in which the 
 forked passage terminates, is on a level with C, the open- 
 ing into the cylinder. 
 
 D 
 
34 
 
 Gas Engines. 
 
 On the side of the outer cover is a passage marked /, 
 the general arrangement of which is better seen in fig. n. 
 This passage is freely open to a supply of gas passing along 
 a pipe marked ' gas inlet! the object being to keep /"/filled 
 with gas, and ready to supply the chamber F, so as to 
 support a flame of gas burning therein. 
 
 The passage marked a a gg, formed by the meeting of 
 two cylindrical passages a a,gg, performs a double office, 
 
 as will be explained hereafter. At present we regard it 
 as allowing gas to pass freely from the gas inlet /to the 
 interior of the chamber F. 
 
 The gas, on entering F, is carried by the draught of the 
 chimney to the lighted flame, or slide light, J, and begins to 
 burn, air being constantly supplied from below at H, where- 
 by the chamber F is filled with the flame of lighted gas. 
 
 The gas, filling F, is readily lighted when the slide is in 
 the position shown, and the object "will be to keep the 
 
Otto Engine. 
 
 35 
 
 flame alight. In order to do so it will be necessary to 
 supply F with both gas and air up to the last moment 
 before the ignition of the charge. 
 
 The annexed diagrams, marked (2) (3) (4), are hori- 
 
 TO CYLINDER *> 
 
 CAS INTLET 
 
 FIG. 15. 
 
 zontal sections through the slide and covers, taken on the 
 level of the lower edge of the opening C. 
 
 In (2) the cylinder is receiving its charge, while F is 
 becoming filled with the flame of burning gas. 
 
 It is particularly important to note the position of the 
 passage a a with reference to the passage ff. Both these 
 
 D 2 
 
36 Gas Engines. 
 
 passages are shown by dotted lines, because they do not 
 appear in the section, by reason of their lying on a different 
 level, but they play their part notwithstanding. 
 
 Also (2) shows that a a is open toff, which means that 
 gas is entering F freely. 
 
 In (3) a a has just passed beyond ff t at which time no 
 more gas can enter F, and the flame within that chamber 
 would soon die out ; it will, however, keep burning during 
 the brief interval occupied in carrying F across the space 
 marked by the dotted lines cc and h h, after which F opens 
 to C and the charge takes fire. 
 
 In (4) the passage F is fully open to c, and the slide is 
 at the end of its motion towards the left hand side of the 
 diagram. 
 
 The diagrams (5) and (6) serve to explain a matter of 
 considerable importance. 
 
 On turning back to fig. 1 1 the student will observe a 
 small hole or perforation in the inner cover marked m t and 
 the question would be asked, what is the object of this 
 perforation ? Upon careful examination it appears that 
 the opening m is continued through the cover and leads 
 direct into the cylinder. It, therefore, forms a small aper- 
 ture into the cylinder, and is ordinarily closed by the face 
 of the slide. 
 
 But m is on a level with a a, and in one position of the 
 slide it will lead directly from the interior of the cylinder 
 to a a. 
 
 (5) shows an elevation of the inner cover, and (6) is a 
 sectional drawing corresponding to (3). 
 
 In the state of things shown in (5) and (6\ the passage 
 
Otto Engine. 
 
 37 
 
 fft is just on the point of opening into a a, and it will do so 
 before the edge of F passes the edge of C. 
 
 At this time the burning mixture of gas and air in F is 
 at the pressure of the atmosphere, while the charge in the 
 cylinder is probably at about 40 Ibs. pressure. It follows 
 that if F were opened directly to C the sudden pressure of 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 INNER 
 
 
 COV ER 
 
 I 1 
 
 INNER COVER 
 
 SLIDE 
 
 the gases in the cylinder would drive the flame back from 
 the opening, and the lighting of the charge might fail. 
 
 But, according to the arrangement under discussion, m 
 opens to a a before F opens to C, and as a consequence 
 thereof the pressure of the contents of F is brought up to 
 40 Ibs. by the entrance of gas and air from the cylinder, 
 first through the passage m into a a, and then through gg 
 into F. The result is that at the instant when the full open- 
 
Gas Engines. 
 
 ing is made from F into C there is an equilibrium of pressure 
 in both F and C, and the lighting of the charge is safely 
 carried out. 
 
 17. THE EXHAUST 
 
 It has been explained that upon each alternate return 
 stroke of the piston, an exhaust valve is opened which 
 allows the greater part of the waste products to escape into 
 the atmosphere, but leaves a residue in the end of the 
 cylinder. 
 
 TO CYLINDER 
 
 FIG. 17. 
 
 An exhaust valve, marked V, is indicated in fig. 9, and 
 we have now to describe its operation and the method of 
 working it. It will be remembered that the exhaust takes 
 place through a branch passage leading out at right angles 
 to the axis of the cylinder. 
 
 The annexed drawings show two vertical sections 
 through the valve V, that on the right being parallel to the 
 axis of the cylinder, and the other being transverse to it. 
 
 The valve V has a spindle V B provided with a collar at 
 
Otto Engine, 39 
 
 B, which is attached to the spindle by means of a pin. A 
 spring s abuts against B at one end, and against the valve 
 casing at the other end, and retains the valve closed except 
 when B is lifted by external pressure. 
 
 In order to lift the valve a cam P, keyed upon the shaft 
 X, depresses the end D of a bell crank lever D A H, and 
 thereby raises the end H of the arm A H. As soon as the 
 cam P has passed under the roller D the elasticity of the 
 spring comes into play, and the valve is closed, as shown in 
 the sketch. 
 
 1 8. REGULATOR FOR SUPPLY OF GAS. 
 
 The pendulum governor of Watt is applied to the regu- 
 lation of the engine, but its action is different from that in 
 a steam engine, inasmuch as its function is not to control 
 the rate of supply of gas by opening a valve in a greater 
 or less degree, but simply to determine whether the cylinder 
 shall receive a fresh charge, or whether for one or more 
 complete double revolutions of the fly wheel the charge of 
 gas shall be entirely cut off. 
 
 The drawing is taken from an end view of the engine, 
 showing the slide in position as worked by a slide rod 
 attached to a crank pin E at the end of a revolving shaft. 
 The gas supply comes through a pipe on the right hand, 
 provided with a stopcock, and having a valve V, closed by 
 a spring, which controls the admission into the cylinder. 
 The governor balls act upon a sleeve connected with the 
 short arm of the lever A c D, whose fulcrum is at C, and 
 which is provided with a vertical rod D T, hinged at D, and 
 
40 Gas Engines. 
 
 carrying a projecting piece marked T. On the slide is 
 another projection, marked S, and when S and T are opposite 
 each other it is apparent that a sufficient movement of the 
 slide to the right hand will cause S to strike against T, and 
 to push it to the right, thereby opening the valve V, and 
 
 .i&rr 
 
 X 
 
 J d 
 
 SLIDE 
 
 D 
 
 i 
 1 - 
 
 7 E 
 
 
 ^ , 
 
 1 
 
 ^2 
 
 FIG. 1 8. 
 
 allowing the charge of gas to enter the slide, and so to pass 
 on to the cylinder. 
 
 When the engine is at full work this would happen at 
 every alternate forward stroke of the piston, and if the 
 speed is accelerated, so that the balls rise higher, the 
 end A of the lever A C D rises also, whereby T is depressed 
 below s, and no gas is admitted into the cylinder. 
 
Otto Engine. 4 1 
 
 When the rate of revolution of the balls returns to the 
 normal state, it is apparent that T will come opposite to S, 
 and that a mixed charge of gas and air will again be drawn 
 into the cylinder. 
 
 If T were allowed to rise above S, there is nothing to 
 bring it down again, and the engine would stop. 
 
 The cone on the top of the governor is a load which 
 rests on a shoulder upon the spindle. The slowest working 
 rate of the engine would just suffice to bring the sleeve in 
 contact with the base of the cone, in which case the stop S 
 would be exactly opposite to T. 
 
 If the balls tended to open still further, they could only 
 do so by raising the heavy cone, and it follows that a con- 
 siderable rate of increase in the speed of the engine will be 
 necessary before T can be lowered sufficiently to fall below 
 S, or before the supply of gas is cut off. 
 
 There are thus two rates of speed between which the 
 engine can work in the usual manner. If the highest limit 
 be exceeded, the cone is raised and the gas cut off, which 
 soon brings down the rate, whereupon the supply of gas is 
 automatically renewed. But there is no automatic recovery 
 at any speed below the lower limit, or the engine will not 
 work at less than a definite rate determined beforehand by 
 the position of the governor balls. 
 
 19. WORKING OF THE ENGINE. 
 
 The annexed diagram taken from the gas engine under 
 consideration is intended to show the positions of the piston 
 and crank at certain periods of the working, and at the 
 
Gas Engines. 
 
Otto Engine. 43 
 
 same time to record the corresponding positions of the 
 slide. 
 
 Taking the diagrams in regular order, we find in (i) 
 that the slide is just about to admit the mixed charge of 
 gas and air into the cylinder, the piston being near the end 
 of its stroke, and the crank about to pass a dead point. 
 This state of things is marked charging begins. 
 
 In (2), the crank is proceeding onwards, the charging is 
 in full operation, and the slide is admitting the charge of 
 gas and air freely into the cylinder. 
 
 In (3), the crank has passed the dead centre and the 
 piston is beginning to return, whereupon the slide diagram 
 shows that the end of the cylinder is closed and that 
 compression has begun. At the same time the slide is 
 beginning to assume the position necessary for firing the 
 charges. 
 
 In (4), the slide has arrived at the point of its stroke 
 where firing begins, and it will be seen that the piston is 
 just approaching the final limit of its movement towards 
 the left hand, the space into which the compressed charge 
 of gas and air is forced just before the instant of firing 
 being indicated by the hollow spaces under the word 
 compression. 
 
 In (5), the mouth of the cylinder is again closed and 
 the charge pent up becomes expanded and heated so as to 
 urge the piston onwards and cause it to complete the work- 
 ing stroke. When the piston arrives at the position shown 
 in the sketch, the exhaust valve commences to open, as 
 may be clearly seen by inspecting the indicator diagram 
 given in a subsequent article. 
 
44 Gas Engines. 
 
 20. PLAN VIEW OF THE OTTO ENGINE. 
 
 The annexed full-page diagram presents a general view 
 of the complete engine now under examination, which is 
 technically an engine of ^ H.P., and which may, as stated 
 in a circular by the makers, be enlarged up to 12 H.P. 
 Twin cylinder engines of the same type are also furnished 
 which indicate 40 H.P. 
 
 We are now referring to a plan view of the engine, 
 which shows a horizontal cylinder attached to a framing 
 and having a crank and connecting rod together with a 
 crank shaft and fly wheel arranged as indicated. 
 
 It appears from the previous drawings that the piston 
 is a hollow trunk having guides of some length, and linked 
 to the crank by a connecting rod as in an ordinary trunk 
 engine. 
 
 The crank shaft carries a driving wheel marked (i) 
 gearing with another bevel wheel marked (2) having double 
 the number of teeth. This latter wheel is keyed to a shaft 
 for working the slide, the object being to reduce the motion 
 of the slide relatively to that of the piston and to cause the 
 slide to make only two strokes while the piston makes four 
 strokes. This reduction of motion is a fundamental cha- 
 racteristic of the Otto engine. 
 
 The slide is actuated by a slide rod shown in the 
 diagram, one end of the rod being attached to a pin, placed 
 eccentrically on the end of the driving shaft. 
 
 The position of the exhaust valve is also marked, as 
 well as the position of the governor, and the mechanism 
 
Otto Engine. 
 
 45 
 
46 Gas Engines, 
 
 for operating the exhaust valve is indicated. There is a 
 lubricator, having a mechanical feed for distributing oil to 
 the slide and working parts. The lubricator is kept work- 
 ing by a small strap running upon the shaft used for work- 
 ing the slide, and there is a gaspipe shown for admitting 
 a supply of gas to the slide and cylinder ; a pipe for circu- 
 lating water would appear in the drawing, but this, together 
 with other minor fittings, has been omitted in pursuance of 
 the intention to give a general conception of the arrange- 
 ments and principal working parts of the engine. 
 
 21. INDICATOR DIAGRAM OF THE OTTO ENGINE. 
 
 The drawing is a copy of an indicator diagram taken 
 from the engine already described. 
 
 The atmospheric line, which is also the line of volumes, 
 is marked C B, and it is apparent that the volume of the 
 clearance is represented approximately by the distance 
 between the vertical line marked ignition and the line of 
 pressures C D. The horizontal full line therefore represents 
 the stroke of the piston, which is 9 inches. 
 
 The charge of gas and air is drawn in at atmospheric 
 pressure by the forward stroke of the piston ; it is then 
 compressed to about 35 Ibs. above the atmosphere, as 
 shown by the line B E. At this point ignition takes place, 
 whereby the pressure is carried up to 150 Ibs., the behaviour 
 of the gases during expansion being shown by the line 
 marked expansion, the rapid slope at the end indicating 
 that the exhaust valve has begun to open. 
 
 Then comes the exhaust at atmospheric pressure, where- 
 
Otto Engine. 
 
 47 
 
 by the indicator pencil runs along the horizontal line and 
 returns again, retaking in a fresh charge, as shown by the 
 arrow vertically under the point E. 
 
 While this card was being taken the fly wheel was 
 making 180 revolutions per minute, and the length of stroke 
 of the piston being, as stated, equal to 9 inches, and the 
 diameter of the cylinder being 4^ inches, it is easy to 
 calculate the indicated horse- power from the diagram. 
 
 150 
 
 100- 
 
 60- 
 
 
 
 FIG. 21. 
 
 This has been done, and it appears that the mean 
 effective pressure on the piston = 60*975 
 
 60-975 xi(4i) 2 x t 
 
 = 1-98 
 
 Hence I.H.r.= 
 
 33>ooo 
 = 2 H.P. very nearly. 
 
 22. FITTINGS OF THE ENGINE. 
 
 There are certain fittings which we proceed to describe 
 by reference to the engine of \ H.P. Taking, first, the 
 supply of gas, it will be found that precautions are necessary 
 
48 Gas Engines. 
 
 in order to prevent the disturbance produced by successive 
 explosions from extinguishing or making unsteady other 
 lights in the building which are fed from the same pipe as 
 that which supplies the engine when at work. 
 
 For this purpose the gas passes through a regulator 
 valve and a gas bag before it reaches the engine. If it be 
 desired to measure the quantity of gas consumed, a meter 
 may be placed between the main pipe and the regulating 
 valve. A f inch pipe will suffice for the engine, and a 
 small pipe with two branches may feed the slide light and 
 the passage marked gas inlet in fig. n, the function of the 
 latter inlet being to supply ff with gas. 
 
 Another fitting is an air valve, which is a cylindrical 
 box, open at the base, 7 inches in diameter and 8 inches 
 long, terminating in a neck leading to the air inlet in the 
 inner cover marked D in the drawings. The cylinder is 
 divided by 5 transverse plates having i inch holes alter- 
 nately in the top and bottom of each plate. 
 
 There is also the exhaust pipe, which is I \ inches in 
 diameter, and passes first into a strong cast-iron cylinder 
 5j inches in diameter and 16 inches long, after which 
 it leads on to a cylindrical box 10 inches in diameter and 
 14 inches deep, filled with beads or small pebbles, whereby 
 the noise caused by the escaping gases is reduced as much 
 as possible. The jacket surrounding the cylinder must be 
 supplied with circulating water, which is here provided 
 by a J inch pipe and regulating tap, the escape pipe being 
 the same size as that for the supply. 
 
 The starting of the engine is a simple matter. The 
 sleeve of the governor i s raised and supported by a catch 
 
Otto Engine. 49 
 
 the object being to bring T opposite to S in order that the 
 cylinder may take in a charge of gas together with air. 
 The gas is turned fully on, the slide light is set burning, 
 and three or four rapid turns are given to the fly wheel, 
 which are generally enough to commence an action in 
 the cylinder and to start the engine. 
 
 23. COMPARATIVE EFFICIENCY OF ENGINES. 
 
 The methods of working a gas engine have been dis- 
 cussed, and it may be interesting to apply the principles 
 laid down in that portion of the Text-Book on the Steam 
 Engine which relates to the theory of heat in order to 
 institute some sort of comparison between the theoretical 
 efficiency of a non-compression engine such as that of 
 Lenoir and a compression engine such as that of Otto. 
 
 Inasmuch as coal gas is a complex substance and the 
 exact amount of heat developed by burning its different 
 constituent parts is uncertain, and as, moreover, the only 
 purpose of the present inquiry is to obtain a general 
 estimate, it is proposed to deal with air, and to simplify 
 the problem by assuming that air alone is admitted into 
 the working cylinder, where it is suddenly heated at a 
 constant volume no matter how from a temperature of 
 60 F. to a temperature of 2,800 R, and is then allowed 
 to expand adiabatically and to drive the piston of an 
 engine. 
 
 It is of course impossible to carry out this idea in 
 practice unless the air be mixed with an inflammable gas ; 
 but for the purpose of applying analysis in an elementary 
 
 E 
 
Gas Engines. 
 
 manner we may be allowed to make an hypothesis which 
 relieves us of many difficulties, and whereby we obtain a 
 result which is to a considerable extent true for a mixture 
 of coal gas and air. 
 
 24. DIAGRAM OF LENOIR ENGINE. 
 
 Recurring to the diagram of the Lenoir engine in art 
 9, it will be seen that the gas and air are drawn in at the 
 pressure of the atmosphere, that the pressure is then 
 rapidly raised by explosion or combustion, after which the 
 heated gas expands and does work, as shown by the 
 expansion curve, and that finally the products of combus- 
 tion are expelled into the atmosphere. 
 
 The successive steps may be understood from the 
 following sketch of a normal indicator diagram given by 
 Tresca, and taken from a Lenoir engine. 
 
 M R 
 FIG. 22. 
 
 Here the clearance is assumed to be 10 per cent, of the 
 whole capacity of the cylinder. 
 
 A volume of air and gas represented by O M is drawn 
 in at a pressure equal to that of the atmosphere, and is 
 
Efficiency. 5 1 
 
 fired at B, whereby its volume increases to O R, and its 
 pressure rises, as shown by the oblique line B D ; the heated 
 products then expand, doing work along DE, until the 
 volume is represented by O N. At this point the exhaust 
 begins, whereupon the pressure falls through EA, and 
 remains equal to that of the atmosphere during the return 
 stroke. 
 
 25. EFFICIENCY OF AIR ENGINE WORKING AFTER 
 LENOIR. 
 
 This method may be imitated theoretically by an air 
 engine working according to the diagram annexed, which 
 
 9 
 
 differs only from the Lenoir type in respect that the rise 
 of pressure B D takes place at a constant volume, the 
 line B D being vertical, an assumption which simplifies the 
 calculation. 
 
 Take Ox, Oy, the lines of volume and pressure. Let 
 OU=v ly B M=/j, and conceive that a mass of air at tem- 
 perature 60 F., and of volume and pressure indicated by 
 the position of B, is drawn into the cylinder of the engine, 
 and is suddenly heated at a constant volume until its tem- 
 perature is raised to 2,800 F., whereby its pressure rises 
 
 E 2 
 
52 Gas Engines. 
 
 to M D. Let now the heated air expand adiabatically, 
 doing work in the engine, as shown by the curve DE, 
 until its volume is doubled, and finally let the exhaust 
 be fully opened, whereby the pressure falls to A N. The 
 return stroke of the piston is now made, the contents of 
 the cylinder being expelled into the atmosphere. We 
 proceed to calculate the efficiency of such a theoretical 
 engine. 
 
 1. To find the volume in cubic feet of I Ib. of air at 
 pressure 147 Ibs., and temperature 60 F. 
 
 As above stated, volume = v v pressure =/ t = 147. 
 
 Then/! ^ L =R/, 
 or 144 x 147 x ^ = 53-2 (460 -i- 60), 
 
 9 . m g, 53-2X520 = I3 . o688 cub feet 
 144x147 
 
 2. To find M D. Let M D=/>. 
 
 Then i^- = R ( 28oo + 46o) 
 
 p l V^ R (60 + 460) ' 
 
 =92' 1 6 Ibs. per square inch. 
 
 3. Let the heated air expand through D E, doing work 
 represented by the shaded area DEAB, by reason of a 
 back pressure equal to 147 Ibs. during the return stroke. 
 Let E N=/ 2 , O N = z/ 2 , and assume that v^-=2v v 
 
 Then p^ v?=p<iv2, where 7= 1*408, 
 
Efficiency. 53 
 
 Also 2 Y =2 I>4 8 =2-6537, 
 
 4. Work done in forward stroke 
 = area MDEN 
 
 7-1 
 
 1047057, 
 
 .-. mean pressure=/ m = = 55-637 Ibs. 
 
 144 x^ 
 
 5. Effective work per I Ib. of air=(/> m 147)^ x 144 
 
 =40-937 x 1 3-069 x 144 
 = 77040-8 ft. Ibs. 
 
 Effective work per I cub. ft. of air= 77 4 =5894*9 ft. Ibs. 
 
 13-069 
 
 Expenditure of heat 
 
 = specific heat at const, vol. x difference of temp. 
 = 130-25 X274O 
 = 356885 ft. Ibs. 
 
 ,-, rr . effective work 
 
 .. Efficiency = --- - - - 
 expenditure of heat 
 
 _ 77040-8 
 30885 
 = 216. 
 
 Tabulating the results we have 
 
 Vol. of i Ib. of air at temp. 60 F. and press. 14-7 
 
 = 13-069 cub. ft 
 
54 Gas Engines. 
 
 Pressure after heating =77-46 Ibs. above atmosphere 
 Terminal pressure =20*03 
 
 Mean pressure =40*94 
 
 Effective work per i Ib. of air=77O377 ft. Ibs. 
 Effective work per i cub. ft. of air =5 894-9 ft. Ibs. 
 Efficiency =*2 1 6. 
 
 26. DIAGRAM OF OTTO ENGINE. 
 
 In the Otto engine the air and gas are admitted at 
 atmospheric pressure, the mixture is then compressed to 
 (say) 40 Ibs. pressure, the charge is fired and work is done, 
 after which the products of combustion are expelled into 
 the atmosphere. 
 
 Dr. Slaby, of Berlin, has written an elaborate report on 
 the performance of the Otto engine, from which the follow- 
 ing normal indicator diagram is taken. 
 
 Here the position of A gives the pressure and volume 
 of the charge of gas and air upon admission. The charge 
 
 y 
 
 N R 
 
 S M OC 
 
 FIG. 24. 
 
 is then compressed as shown by the position of B ; it is 
 fired, and expands somewhat, as shown by the inclined 
 
Efficiency. 55 
 
 line B D ; it then does work, as shown by D E ; and is 
 finally exhausted into the atmosphere, as shown by E A. 
 
 The numbers given by Dr. Slaby are in millimetres 
 I mm. = -03937043 inch) and 
 
 o N= 6o'6 mm. 
 O R = 66-5 
 08 = 152-5 
 OM=i6r6 
 
 and the intermediate volumes as shown by the intersection 
 of two vertical lines with O x are represented respectively 
 by 907 and 138. 
 
 The pressures are given in millimetres, and are as 
 
 follows : 
 
 B N = 15 mm. 
 
 DR= 50 -maximum pressure 
 E 8=15-6 
 
 The intermediate pressures being 37-2 and 17-5 milli- 
 metres. 
 
 The atmospheric pressure being (on this scale) 4-7 mm. 
 or 147 Ibs., we have D R= 156 Ibs. approximately. 
 
 27. EFFICIENCY OF AN AIR ENGINE WORKING 
 AFTER OTTO. 
 
 This state of things may be imitated theoretically, as 
 in the former example, by an air engine working according 
 to the annexed diagram, which resembles that of Otto, 
 except that BD, EA, are vertical. 
 
56 Gas Engines. 
 
 Let the piston move from N to M, and draw in a charge 
 of air at atmospheric pressure viz. 147 Ibs. On the 
 return stroke from M to N the charge is compressed adia- 
 batically, as shown by the curve A B, to the absolute pres- 
 
 FIG. 25. 
 
 sure (say) BN = 547. The air is then heated to (say) 
 2,800 R, whereby its pressure rises to ND; it expands, 
 doing work as shown by D E, and finally escapes into the 
 atmosphere. 
 
 As before, we commence with I Ib. of air at pressure 
 147 Ibs. and temperature 60 F., of which 
 
 volume = 2^ = 1 3*069 cub. feet. 
 
 I. To find O N. 
 
 Let 0]^ = ^, ON = ^ 2 , MA=/) 1 = i 
 
 = 547=A- 
 
 ,^/! v* t where 7= 1-408, 
 
 N 6 = 40+147 
 
 13-069 
 
 Q 
 
 = 5-136 cubic feet 
 
Efficiency. 57 
 
 2 To find E M. 
 
 EM = DNX 
 
 = D NX -26847. 
 
 In order to find D N we must first ascertain the tem 
 perature at B. 
 
 Let / 2 = temperature at B 
 
 /! i/ i47 
 
 or * 2 =5 20 x i -463 =760-968. 
 
 Hence = ***>+ go 
 
 B N 760-968 
 
 = 2347 Ibs. 
 It follows that EM = 2347 x -26847 
 
 = 63-009 Ibs. 
 
 We can now find the work done in one stroke which is 
 represented by the area D E A B. 
 
 NDXON EMXOM 
 
 Thus area NDEM = 
 
 = 144X13^60 (2347x . 393 _ 
 408 
 
58 Gas Engines. 
 
 Also area NBAM=- 44X *3 9 (547 x -393 147) 
 
 '4O o 
 
 . area D E A B= ( 22 . 43O9 ) 
 
 "4O8 
 
 = 103465 ft. Ibs. 
 
 be the mean pressure, then 
 144 x/ m (I3'o69-5'i36) = 103465, 
 
 Also expenditure of heat 
 
 =spec. heat at const, vol. x rise of tern. 
 = 130-25x2499 
 = 3254947, 
 
 .-. efficiency= IO 6 $ 
 3254947 
 
 This result shows a large balance of efficiency for I Ib. 
 of air when working according to the compression system 
 instead of according to Lenoir. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 i. GENERAL VIEW OF THE ENGINE. 
 
 THIS APPENDIX has been written in order to present an 
 outline of a new device for firing the charge in Otto gas 
 engines, and it will appear that this improvement has led 
 to considerable changes in the details of construction of 
 the engine. 
 
 For the purpose of comparison it will be convenient to 
 examine, in the first instance, the drawing given in fig. I, 
 which shows a section, horizontal through the cylinder, 
 and inclined downwards through the valve and ports, the 
 piston being at one end of its stroke, and on the point of 
 drawing in a fresh charge of gas and air. 
 
 So far as the cylinder and piston are concerned there is 
 no alteration, and there is the usual water jacket surround- 
 ing the cylinder ; but, upon referring to fig. 9, at page 28 
 of Part I., it will be seen that the essential difference con- 
 sists in the construction of the valve for admitting the 
 charge. In place of a slide valve working to and fro at 
 the end of the cylinder, there is a cylindrical valve V, 
 which rotates continuously in one direction, with the 
 advantage of substituting circular for reciprocating motion. 
 
6o 
 
 Appendix. 
 
Otto Engine. 61 
 
 This valve is provided with passages which enable the 
 cylinder to communicate (i) with the supply of gas and 
 air, and (2) with the exhaust. 
 
 There is no separate exhaust valve, as in the old 
 engine, but the valve V both admits and gets rid of the 
 charge, and in this respect operates like a slide valve in an 
 ordinary engine. It will require careful study to compre- 
 hend the precise arrangement of ports and passages by 
 which this result is arrived at. 
 
 The new method of igniting the charge is so simple 
 that it will be understood without any difficulty. Instead 
 of carrying a small flame of lighted gas by means of the 
 slide to the open mouth of the port which admits the 
 charge into the cylinder, there is a passage, marked F in 
 fig. I, which leads to the so-called tube igniter, the opera- 
 tion of which will be fully explained. 
 
 It is, of course, an advantage to free the admission 
 valve from its former function of carrying the flame to the 
 cylinder, and, except for the difficulty of obtaining tubes 
 of such material as to be capable of resisting the long- 
 continued action of intense heat, no improvement could be 
 more desirable than that resulting from tube ignition. 
 
 It has been stated that a rotary valve replaces the 
 former slide valve, and bearing in mind the cycle of opera- 
 tions, namely, (i) admission of charge, (2) compression, 
 (3) firing, (4) exhaust, each of which occupies the period of 
 one stroke of the piston, it is obvious that, just as the slide 
 valve in the former engine made one complete stroke to 
 and fro while the piston made two double strokes, a like 
 action must take place in the new engine > and the valve 
 
62 Appendix. 
 
 must rotate once for two revolutions of the crank shaft. 
 This is the first movement to be provided for, and it is 
 effected by a pair of screw wheels, which, in light 
 mechanism, are now coming into use in the place of bevel 
 wheels. 
 
 2. THE CYLINDER AND ROTARY VALVE. 
 
 In order to obtain a general idea of the nature of the 
 valve v, and of its motion, the student should again refer 
 to fig. I, where the rotary valve V is shown in two posi- 
 tions : (i) admitting the charge of gas and air into the 
 cylinder ; (2) allowing the gases after firing to escape into 
 the exhaust passage. In the drawing the gas and air 
 passage is marked A G, and the exhaust passage is marked 
 E. The valve is connected by a cheese coupling to its 
 spindle, one end of the spindle terminating in a screw 
 wheel S, which is in gear with a second screw-wheel T on the 
 crank shaft. The pair of screw wheels, which are formed 
 on cylinders of equal diameter, are also set out in a separate 
 sketch in the diagram, where L is a small ordinary lubricator 
 for the bearing of the valve spindle. 
 
 It is indicated in the drawing, and will appear from 
 an examination of the screw wheels, that the number of 
 threads on the wheel S is twice that upon T, whereby S 
 makes one revolution for two revolutions of T, and we have 
 practically the same motion as with a pair of bevel wheels 
 in the old engine where the numbers of teeth were as I to 
 2. In the particular engine described, there are 9 threads 
 upon T and 18 threads upon S. Hence the rotary valve 
 
Otto Engine. 63 
 
 makes one complete rotation for two complete revolutions 
 of the fly wheel or crank shaft. 
 
 3. CONSTRUCTION OF VALVE. 
 
 The next point is the construction of the valve, and 
 this is determined by the arrangement of ports in the 
 casing, which lead ( i ) to the supply of gas and air, (2) to 
 the cylinder, (3) to the exhaust. 
 
 It appears that the valve V is in part embedded in a 
 
 FIG 2 
 
 recess in the casting, and in part covered by a metal 
 envelope. In fig. 2, at the extreme end marked (i), there 
 is a perspective view of the recessed part of the casting 
 wherein V works. The port A G leads to the supply of gas 
 and air, the port C leads directly into the cylinder, and the 
 port E opens to the exhaust. These ports are placed one 
 over the other, in a vertical line in our present drawing, 
 where the valve is looked at apart from the engine, and it 
 is the function of the valve to connect A G and C together, 
 or to connect E and C together, at the proper times. 
 
64 Appendix. 
 
 Sketches of the valve are also given at (2) and (3), 
 whereof (2) shows the valve ports concerned in the admis- 
 sion of the charge, and (3) shows the exhaust ports. 
 
 In an engine of | H.P., which has been selected for 
 illustration, the diameter of the valve is 3 inches. 
 
 At (4) and (5) the valve is inverted so as to indicate 
 the position of the cheese coupling by which it is con- 
 nected with the valve spindle. Diagram (4) shows that, 
 speaking generally, the charging and exhaust passages are 
 on one face of the cylinder, the object being to reserve the 
 period of one-half of a rotation of the valve for the com- 
 pression and firing. 
 
 At (5) there is a section as made by two planes at 
 right angles to each other, or nearly so, and intersecting 
 along the axis of the cylinder. The object of this drawing 
 is to show the manner in which the interior of the valve is 
 hollowed out so as to enable it to act like an ordinary D 
 slide. This drawing should be compared with the trans- 
 verse sections of the valve given in fig. I, and it should be 
 noted that the passage for gas and air is at the end most 
 remote from the attachment to the valve spindle. 
 
 It may now be convenient to examine more par- 
 ticularly the reason for putting the charging and exhaust 
 passages on the same face of the cylindrical valve. 
 
 Conceive that fig. 3 represents the circular end of the 
 valve V at the part most distant from the attachment to 
 the valve spindle. Let two diameters HL, KM intersect 
 at right angles in the axis o, while the valve itself rotates 
 about an axis through O, perpendicular to the plane of the 
 paper, in the direction shown by the arrow. 
 
Otto Engine. 65 
 
 On considering the cycle of operations it appears that 
 the passage to the cylinder is first opened to receive gas 
 and air, that the same passage is closed during compres- 
 sion, and closed during the firing, but opened to the 
 
 exhaust immediately afterwards. It follows, therefore, 
 that if the gas and air passage lies in one quadrant, as 
 H O K, the exhaust passage must lie in the adjacent quad- 
 rant H o M. 
 
 For convenience, the diameter K M, which cuts off 
 the working part of the valve, is drawn in position in 
 fig. 2, the diameter at right angles being marked N L, 
 the letters N and H indicating the same point on the valve, 
 as explained in the next article. 
 
 4. How THE VALVE OPERATES. 
 
 In order to simplify the explanation, the valve is repre- 
 sented in fig. 4 as if a sheet of paper marking the several 
 ports were unwrapped from the cylinder and spread out 
 
 F 
 
66 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 upon a plane surface, the ports AG, C, E, in the bearing of 
 the valve being treated in the same way. 
 
Otto Engine. 67 
 
 The spaces H K, K L, L M, M N represent the four equal 
 portions into which we have already supposed the circum- 
 ference of the plane end of the valve to be divided, and 
 the rotation of the valve upon its axis will be imitated by 
 the passage of the unwound sheet over the openings A G, 
 C, and E, in the rectangle marked X. 
 
 Inasmuch as a movement through H K, in the direction 
 indicated by the arrow, corresponds to one passage of the 
 piston through the whole length of the cylinder, it is 
 apparent that while the sheet travels over the distance H K 
 the cylinder becomes charged with gas and air. It maybe 
 noted that when the crank is horizontal the rectangle 
 marked ' gas and air ' has begun to overlap A G, preparatory 
 to the opening of the cylinder port, which commences just 
 after the crank has passed the dead centre. 
 
 In like manner the exhaust can be traced out by 
 observing the passage of the other rectangles over C 
 and E. 
 
 During the passage of K L over X the charge is con- 
 fined in the cylinder and undergoes compression. While 
 L M passes over X the charge is still confined, inas- 
 much as the cylinder port remains closed, and during 
 this period of the motion the charge is fired. During, 
 and somewhat before, the passage of M N over X the 
 exhaust port is connected with C, and the gases escape 
 after combustion, just as in the former engines. 
 
 As soon as the exhaust stroke is completed the cylinder 
 takes in a fresh supply of gas and air, and we may imitate 
 the action by supposing this diagram to be repeated any 
 number of times. 
 
 P2 
 
68 Appendix. 
 
 The reason for placing the charging and exhaust ports 
 on two contiguous quadrants M N and N K (see fig. 2) is 
 now apparent, and of course M N in this diagram corre- 
 sponds to M H in fig. 3, the points H and N being identical. 
 
 The rotary valve has now been described, and the 
 student will understand that the reciprocating slide valve 
 discussed in Part I. will gradually disappear, and that the 
 future of the rotary valve is uncertain, inasmuch as the 
 makers may prefer to allow the charge to enter the cylinder 
 and to be exhausted by separate lift valves. This is a 
 detail of construction, but at any rate a considerable 
 number of engines have been fitted with rotary valves. 
 
 5. PRINCIPLE OF THE PENDULUM MOTION. 
 
 In order to regulate the speed of the engine, a so-called 
 pendulum, or swinging bar, is provided, which is made to 
 oscillate through a small angle by the rotation of the 
 valve C. 
 
 Before describing the construction of the pendulum 
 regulator it will be useful to examine the principle upon 
 which the circular motion of the valve produces a recipro- 
 cating motion in the swinging bar. Looking at the ques- 
 tion simply as a problem in pure mechanism, let a point Q 
 in the plane of the paper be the centre of motion of a 
 rod Q R, and let O be the centre of the large circle V, repre- 
 senting a section of the valve made by a plane perpendi- 
 cular to its axis. Let a small circular plate, whose centre 
 is at P, be set eccentrically in the valve circle, and carry a 
 socket into which a pin R, attached to the bar, is inserted. 
 
Otto Engine. 69 
 
 We have from this construction, (i) two fixed centres 
 at O and Q, (2) a line Q R of invariable length, (3) a line 
 of constant length from R to P, (4) a line of constant length 
 from O to P ; forming, in fact, an ordinary four-bar motion. 
 
 FIG 5 
 
 If the proportions of the parts be properly chosen, it 
 will follow that when the valve circle V is made to rotate 
 uniformly about the axis through O, the point P will also 
 describe a circle about O, as indicated by the dotted line in 
 the diagram, while Q R and R P each oscillate through 
 definite angles. 
 
 This method of deriving the motion of Q R from the 
 rotation of the valve V, by simply inserting a small circular 
 disc eccentrically into the end of the valve, becomes very 
 apparent upon constructing a model according to fig. 5, and 
 is well worth studying. It will appear that the small 
 circular disc is carried round by the rotation of V in such a 
 manner that P describes a circle round O, and that the disc 
 itself oscillates upon the point R. The movement required 
 in the engine is an oscillation of QR through an angle 
 
70 Appendix. 
 
 during each rotation of the valve, and the extreme positions 
 of Q R are set out in fig. 6, and are in this way provided for. 
 The student who has read the appendix to the author's 
 'Mechanism' will see that this is a combination of 4 turning 
 pairs, viz., those at P, O, Q, and R. The fixed link is the 
 framework connecting Q and O. It is a common device, 
 as is pointed out at page 347, to enlarge the elements of 
 each turning pair, such, for example, as those at P and O, 
 so as to lose any outward resemblance to an ordinary 
 crank and crank pin, although the motion is still present 
 in the disguised form. The combination is therefore one 
 form of an ordinary four-bar motion. 
 * 
 
 6. CONSTRUCTION OF REGULATOR. 
 
 In the regulator, as now constructed, there is (i) a 
 swinging bar Q R S, which derives its motion directly from 
 the rotation of the valve V, and (2) a free pendulum T, 
 carrying an adjustable weight W, and hung upon a pin S 
 at the end of the bar Q R S. The complete regulator is 
 shown in fig. 6, where it is apparent that the plane end of 
 the valve V carries a circular disc, whose centre is P, and 
 that this disc is represented as connected with Q R S by a 
 pin at R. The result, as already stated, is that the rota- 
 tion of V upon its axis causes Q R S to swing through a 
 small angle on one side of the vertical in the manner 
 indicated by a comparison of the upper and lower 
 diagrams. The motion of Q R S is therefore a constrained 
 motion derived directly from the valve V. 
 
Otto Engine. 7 1 
 
 The free pendulum consists of a curved metal slab T 
 suspended upon a pin at s, and provided with an adjustable 
 
 weight W carried on a screwed stud projecting from T, and 
 fixed in position by a locking nut at L. The pendulum 
 
72 Appendix. 
 
 swings freely upon the suspending pin S, and the slab T 
 carries a ringer F arranged to strike at the proper times 
 against a shoulder near the end of a rod which opens a 
 gas valve. 
 
 We pass on to describe this latter part of the arrange- 
 ment. The drawing shows a chamber D D in direct com- 
 munication with the supply of gas, and closed at one end 
 by a valve B, which is kept on its seat by a spiral spring, 
 and thereby closes a passage leading directly to the rotary 
 valve. The valve is connected to a light rod, having a 
 shoulder near one end, and the extremity of the finger F 
 runs to and fro along the prolongation of the rod beyond 
 the shoulder, but never comes to the end, so that it cannot 
 rise above this prolongation although it sometimes falls 
 below the shoulder. 
 
 Whenever the valve B is opened a supply of gas 
 becomes mixed with the air drawn into the cylinder, and a 
 charge of gas and air passes into the passage A G, leading 
 to the port marked A G in the previous drawings, whereby 
 an explosion can take place. Whereas, so long as B 
 remains closed no gas can mix with the air which is swept 
 through the cylinder, and there is no explosion. 
 
 It remains to consider the device for causing the swing- 
 ing bar Q R S to set the free pendulum in motion and to 
 provide that the finger F shall open the valve B whenever 
 it becomes necessary that gas should be drawn into the 
 cylinder. It is here that the inertia of the free pendulum 
 comes into play. 
 
 Upon examining the construction of the pendulum, it 
 will appear that the weight W acts as a sort of counter- 
 
Otto Engine. 73 
 
 poise to the bar T and the finger F, and that the immediate 
 consequence of screwing the weight w outwards, along the 
 stud which supports it, is to bring the end of the finger F 
 to a higher level. It follows that by adjusting the position 
 of the weight W we can cause the engine to run per- 
 manently at different rates of speed, and that whenever the 
 engine gets beyond the normal rate to which W is set the 
 finger F will not rise quite high enough at the end of the 
 swing of QRS, and will fail to strike the shoulder and 
 thereby to open the valve. Such a state of things is 
 indicated by the dotted lines in the upper diagram, the 
 amount of the movement being exaggerated in order to 
 make it clear to the eye. 
 
 When the weight W is at the greatest distance from 
 T the rate of the engine is the greatest possible, and the 
 speed will be reduced by bringing w nearer to the base of 
 the screwed stud upon which it is carried. In this way the 
 rate of the engine is controlled. Whenever that rate tends 
 to get beyond the limit assigned by the position of W, the 
 free pendulum will lag behind in consequence of its inertia, 
 the finger F will for a short interval fail to open the valve B, 
 and there will be no explosion until the engine has gone 
 back to the normal rate. 
 
 One advantage of the arrangement is that the regula- 
 tion can be effected without stopping the engine, the 
 adjustment being so readily made. 
 
 The gas -pipe which enters the chamber marked A Gin 
 fig. i, and thus carries on the gas which has passed the 
 valve B, is closed at the end, but perforated by holes which 
 regulate the supply. 
 
74 
 
 Appendix. 
 7. THE TUBE IGNITER. 
 
 The method of firing the charge by tube ignition is 
 set out in figs. I and 7. In fig. i there is a passage FD 
 
 terminating in a metal chamber D, held in position by a 
 screw. The chamber is shown in section in fig. 7, and 
 
Otto Engine. 75 
 
 terminates in a closed vertical metal tube I, the middle 
 portion of which is kept at a temperature sufficient to 
 ignite gas by the flame of a Bunsen burner, directed 
 against it. 
 
 The Bunsen burner is also shown in fig. I, and enters 
 the chimney above the plane of the section, as drawn. The 
 supply of gas for the burner is regulated by a screwed 
 caper plug z, and there are the usual air holes for the 
 admission of air. 
 
 When the exhaust takes place, the products of com- 
 bustion will fill ths tube I, and it is only towards the end 
 of the period of compression that gas which is capable of 
 being lighted is forced sufficiently far along the tube to 
 take fire and to produce the necessary explosion. In 
 larger-sized engines a valve, called a timing valve, is put 
 into a chamber at the base of the ignition tube so as to 
 control the period when the gas could enter the tube, but 
 this is omitted in the small engine under examination, and 
 the passage FD (see fig. i) is quite open. 
 
 8. END VIEW OF THE ENGINE. 
 
 Fig. 8 represents an end view of the cylinder C, given 
 in elevation, and shows the position of the tube igniter, 
 together with that of the pendulum regulator, the gas 
 supply pipe, and the exhaust pipe. The student will no 
 doubt compare this drawing with some of those previously 
 examined, and it will be seen that the tube igniter, the 
 Bunsen burner, and the chimney are placed just outside 
 the cylinder cover at one end, as previously indicated in 
 
76 Appendix. 
 
 fig. i. The gas-tube for the supply of the Bunsen burner 
 B B is marked P in the sketch. 
 
 Below the chimney and on one side of it is the pen- 
 
 F 16 8 
 
 dulum regulator Q R s T, which has already been fully 
 described. The gas-pipe, marked ' GAS,' leads directly into 
 a chamber attached to a bracket underneath the base of 
 the chimney, the chamber being provided with a stop- 
 
Otto Engine. 
 
 77 
 
 cock for turning on the supply of gas, as well as the valve B, 
 held on its seat by a spring, and opened each time that the 
 finger F strikes against the end of the valve rod. 
 
 A block L M, secured at the end L by a nut and bolt, 
 and pressed forward at M by a spring, as shown, keeps the 
 rotary valve V in close contact with the facing in which it 
 works. The exhaust pipe is also marked, and the lower 
 of the pipes C w is the water circulating inlet, the upper 
 one being the outlet for the water as it leaves the cylinder 
 jacket. 
 
 9. CONNECTING ROD END. 
 
 A method of taking up the wear of the brasses at the 
 end of the connecting rod is sketched in fig. 9. 
 
 FIG a. 
 
 The brasses are brought together by a screw termi- 
 nating in a head H, having an indented rim, and held in 
 
Appendix. 
 
 position by a spring detent s D. The connecting rod end 
 is sketched in elevation and plan, and the nature of the 
 contrivance is at once apparent from the drawing. 
 
 10. THE LUBRICATOR. 
 
 The lubricator, secured to the top of the cylinder, is 
 shown in fig. 10, and is simple in construction and effective. 
 
 A wire W swings loosely at the end of an arm A, rotated 
 by a pulley P, connected by a belt to the valve spindle. 
 On the fixed framework are two pins R and S, standing 
 out horizontally, and underneath them are two small cups, 
 connected with tubes, one of which, marked C, leads to the 
 cylinder, and the other, marked V, leads to the rotating 
 valve. 
 
 As the arm A revolves, the wire W dips into the oil, 
 and, while being carried round, strikes first against the 
 pin R and then against S. In doing so it deposits a little 
 
Otto Engine. 
 
 79 
 
 oil on each pin, but a greater amount on R which leads to 
 the cylinder, and such oil drips off into the respective 
 passages open to receive the same, and the lubrication is 
 therefore made continuous. The dotted lines in the draw- 
 ing show the wire W passing down into the oil during the 
 revolution of the arm A round the axis of the wheel P. 
 
 ii. THE GAS REGULATOR. 
 
 The gas regulator is a casing, provided with a gas inlet 
 port, and a piston valve which is automatic in its action. 
 
 FIG .11. 
 
 INDIA RUBBER DIAPHRAGM 
 
8o Appendix. 
 
 A horizontal section of the casing and piston Ts shown in 
 the lower part of fig. n, from which it will be understood 
 that one side of the casing is a somewhat convex plate of 
 metal carrying* the piston valve and cylinder, and that the 
 other side is a sheet of indiarubber attached at the centre 
 to the valve rod, and free to swell out or contract as the 
 pressure of the gas inside increases or diminishes. 
 
 In the drawing the gas inlet port is covered by the 
 piston valve and valve rod, and accordingly a section of 
 the cylinder is drawn at one side, showing the inlet valve, 
 marked B. 
 
 The upper sketch is a side elevation of the regulator, 
 indicating its circular form, with the gas outlet pipe con- 
 nected with the engine at the top. The inlet pipe from the 
 gas main opens into the port B. 
 
 The diaphragm acts with an ordinary breathing motion. 
 When the engine draws off gas from the inside of the 
 casing, the diaphragm moves inwards under the atmospheric 
 pressure, the piston uncovers the port B, and immediately 
 gas enters from the main. As the casing fills, the dia- 
 phragm swells out into a convex form, and moves the 
 piston so as to cover the inlet port. Again the gas is drawn 
 off, the diaphragm collapses, and the action is renewed. 
 
 A general view of the engine, as fitted with a single 
 fly-wheel, is given in the frontispiece. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A IR and coal gas, explosive mixtures 
 
 of, 3 
 
 marsh gas, same, 5 
 
 valve, 48 
 
 CAM, for working exhaust valve, 39 
 Charging cylinder in Lenoir, 14 
 
 in Otto, 27-33 
 
 Circulating water, 48 
 
 Clerk, Dugald, experiments by, 7 
 
 Connecting rod, tightening brasses 
 
 of, 77, 78 
 Crossley, account of Otto and 
 
 Langen engine, 17 
 Cycle of operations in Otto engine, 
 
 25 
 Cylinder, diagram of, 28 
 
 diagram of, with rotary valve, 60 
 
 EFFICIENCY, comparison of, in 
 
 Lenoir and Otto, 49-58 
 Exhaust, in Lenoir 16 
 
 in Otto, 3& 
 
 valve, 28, 38 
 
 by rotary valve, 65, 68 
 - pipe, 48 
 
 Experiments, by Coquillon, 4, 5 
 
 by Him, 5 
 
 by Bunsen, 6 
 
 FIRING of charge, 33-38, 74 
 Fittings of Otto engine, 47 
 Flame for firing charge, 34 
 
 how carried to cylinder, 35 
 
 how kept alight, 36, 37 
 
 GAS, analysis of coal, 3 
 
 proportion of, to air in gas 
 engines, 9 
 
 Gas engine, Lenoir, 12 
 
 Otto and Langen, 17 
 
 Otto, 22 
 
 recent Otto, with tube igniter, 
 
 see Appendix 
 
 INDICATOR diagram, Lenoir, 17, 50 
 
 Otto and Langen, 21 
 
 Otto, 47, 54 
 
 LUBRICATOR, for cylinder and 
 valve, 78, 79 
 
 PENDULUM motion, how obtained, 
 68-70 
 
 REGULATOR, for Otto engine, 39- 
 
 4i 
 
 new form of, 70-73 
 
 automatic, for gas supply, 79, 80 
 Rifled guns, comparisons between 
 
 early and modern, 10-12 
 
 SLIDE, construction of, 29 
 
 light, 34 
 
 mechanism for working, 44, 45 
 
 TUBE IGNITER, construction of, 
 74, 75 
 
 VALVE, rotary, 62, 68 
 
BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 
 TEXT-BOOK on the STEAM ENGINE, with a 
 SUPPLEMENT on GAS ENGINES, and PART II. on HEAT 
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 IV. On the Conversion of Recipro- 
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CROSS Y LOCK WOOD 6- SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 MR. MUTTON'S PRACTICAL HANDBOOKS. 
 
 THE WORKS' MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, 
 
 Comprising Modern Rules, Tables, and Data. For Engineers, Millwrights, 
 and Boiler Makers ; Tool Makers, Machinists, and Metal Workers ; Iron and 
 Brass Founders, &c. By W. S. MUTTON, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, 
 Author of "The Practical Engineer's Handbook." Sixth Edition, carefully 
 Revised, and Enlarged. In One handsome Volume, medium 8vo, strongly 
 
 :ng 
 Or 
 bound . . , , v -15 
 
 B9~* The A uthor having compiled Rules and Data for his own use in a great 
 variety of modern engineering work, and having found his notes extremely useful, 
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 the DAILY REQUIREMENTS OF MODERN ENGINEERS, would be favourably received. 
 
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 possessing a copy." Practical Engineer. 
 
 THE PRACTICAL ENGINEER'S HANDBOOK. 
 
 Comprising a Treatise on Modern Engines and Boilers,. Marine, Locomotive, 
 and Stationary. And containing a large collection of Rules and Practical 
 Data relating to Recent Practice in Designing and Constructing all kinds of 
 Engines, Boilers, and other Engineering work. The whole constituting a com- 
 prehensive Key to the Board of Trade and other Examinations for Certificates 
 of Competency in Modern Mechanical Engineering. By WALTER S. MUTTON, 
 Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of "The Works' Manager's Handbook 
 for Engineers," &c. With upwards of 420 Illustrations. Sixth Edition, 
 Revised and Enlarged. Medium 8vo, nearly 560 pp., strongly bound. 1 8/O 
 
 Wf&~ This Work is designed as a companion to the Author's "WORKS' 
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 but collected by the Author for his own use in the construction of a great variety of 
 MODERN ENGINEERING WORK. 
 
 The information is given in a condensed and concise form, and is illustrated by 
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 value to all engaged in designing, constructing, or estimating for ENGINES, BOILERS, 
 and OTHER ENGINEERING WORK. 
 
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, &c. 
 
 MR. MUTTON'S PRACTICAL HANDBOOKS-mttnd. 
 
 STEAM BOILER CONSTRUCTION, 
 
 A Practical Handbook for Engineers, Boiler-Makers, and Steam Users. 
 Containing a large Collection of Rules and Data relating to Recent Practice 
 in the Design, Construction, and Working of all Kinds of Stationary, Loco- 
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 Fourth Edition, carefully Revised, and Enlarged. Medium 8vo, over 680 pages, 
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 B9" THIS WORK is issued in continuation of the Series of Handbooks written 
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 THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S REFERENCE BOOK, 
 
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CROSBY LOCK WOOD S> SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
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 MOTOR CARS OR POWER-CARRIAGES FOR COMMON 
 
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 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TERMS 
 
 (Lockwood's Dictionary of). Embracing those current in the Drawing Office, 
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 gtneerin 
 foreman 
 
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, 
 
 AERIAL NAVIGATION. 
 
 A Practical Handbook on the Construction of Dirigible Balloons, Aerostats, 
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 STONE-WORKING MACHINERY. 
 
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 MILLING MACHINES AND PROCESSES. 
 
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 And Methods of Producing Them. With numerous Tables and complete 
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 generaly are illustrated and their action described." Mechanical Wo 
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 ing lathe ; In fact, a ntultutr.- 
 
 TABLES AND MEMORANDA FOR ENGINEERS, 
 
 MECHANICS, ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, &c. 
 
 Selected and Arranged by FRANCIS SMITH. Seventh Edition, Revised, including 
 
 ELECTRICAL TABLES, FORMULA, and MEMORANDA. Waistcoat-pocket size, 
 
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 POCKET GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. 
 
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 We cordially commend the book." Mechanical World. 
 
CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 THE ENGINEER'S YEAR BOOK FOR 1904. 
 
 Comprising Formulae, Rules, Tables, Data and Memoranda in Civil, Mechanical, 
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 M.I.E.E., Principal Technical Officer, Engineer-in-Chief's Office, General Post 
 Office, London, Author of "A Handbook of Electrical Testing," "The 
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 " Teems with up-to-date information in every branch of engineering and construction." 
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 " The needs of the engineering profession could hardly be supplied In a more admirable, 
 complete and convenient form. To say that it more than sustains all comparisons is praise of the 
 highest sort, and that may justly be said of it." Mining- jfournal. 
 
 " There is certainly room for the newcomer, which supplies explanations and directions, as 
 well as formulae and tables. It deserves to become one of the most successful of the technical 
 annuals. " A rchitect. 
 
 " Brings together with great skill all the technical information which an engineer has to use 
 day by day. It is in every way admirably equipped, and is sure to prove successful." Scotsman. 
 
 " The up-to-dateness of Mr. Kerape's compilation is a quality that will not be lost on the busy 
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 THE PORTABLE ENGINE. 
 
 A Practical Manual on its Construction and Management. For the use 
 of Owners and Users of Steam Engines generally. By WILLIAM DYSON 
 
 WANSBROUGH. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6 
 
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 A Work for the Forge, Foundry, Factory, and Office. Containing ready, 
 useful, and trustworthy Information for Ironmasters and their Stock-takers ; 
 Managers of Bar, Rail, Plate, and Sheet Rolling Mills; Iron and Metal 
 Founders ; Iron Ship and Bridge Builders ; Mechanical, Mining, and Con- 
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 CONDENSED MECHANICS. 
 
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 THE SAFE USE OF STEAM. 
 
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 THE CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF STATIONARY 
 
 ENGINES. 
 
 A Practical Handbook for Men-in-charge. By C. HORST. Crown 8vo. Net"[IQ 
 
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 " Students of railway history and all who are interested In the evolution of the modern 
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, 
 
 MODERN MACHINE 5HOP TOOLS, 
 
 THEIR CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION, AND MANIPULATION. 
 
 Including both Hand and Machine Tools. An entirely New and Fully 
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 Work ; Hardening and Tempering, Gearing, Belting, and Transmission 
 Machinery; Useful Data and Tables. By WILLIAM H. VAN DERVOORT, M.E. 
 Illustrated by 673 Engravings of Latest Tools and Methods, all of which are 
 fully described. Medium 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. Net 21 /O 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE DRIVING. 
 
 A Practical Manual for Engineers in Charge of Locomotive Engines. By 
 
 MICHAEL REYNOLDS, formerly Locomotive Inspector, L. B. & S. C. R. 
 
 Eleventh Edition. Including a KEY TO THE LOCOMOTIVB ENGINE. 
 
 Crown 8vo, cloth 4/6 
 
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 Athenaum. 
 
 THE MODEL LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER, 
 
 Fireman, and Engine-Boy. Comprising a Historical Notice of the Pioneer 
 
 Locomotive Engines and their Inventors. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. Second 
 
 Edition, with Revised Appendix. Crown 8vo, cloth. . t , . 4/6 
 
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 ever laid, or is to lay, hands on a locomotive engine." Iron. 
 
 CONTINUOUS RAILWAY BRAKES. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the several Systems in Use in the United Kingdom : 
 their Construction and Performance. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. 8vo, cloth 
 
 9/O 
 
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 public opinion, and will be studied with benefit by those who take an interest in the brake." English 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 STATIONARY ENGINE DRIVING. 
 
 A Practical Manual for Engineers in Charge of Stationary Engines. By 
 MICHAEL REYNOLDS. Sixth Edition. With Plates and Woodcuts. 
 Crown 8vo, cloth 4/6 
 
 " The author's advice on the various points treated is clear and practical." Engineering. 
 
 " Our author leaves no stone unturned. He is determined that his readers shall not only 
 know something about the stationary engine, but all about it." Engineer. 
 
 ENGINE-DRIVING LIFE. 
 
 Stirring Adventures and Incidents in the Lives of Locomotive Engine- 
 
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 " From first to last perfectly fascinating. Wilkie Collins's most thrilling conceptions are 
 
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 THE ENGINEMAN'S POCKET COMPANION, 
 
 And Practical Educator for Enginemen, Boiler Attendants, and Mechanics. 
 
 By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. With 45 Illustrations and numerous Diagrams 
 
 Fourth Edition, Revised. Royal i8mo, strongly bound for pocket wear. 3/6 
 
 " A most meritorious work, giving in a succinct and practical form all the information an 
 
 engine-minder desirous of mastering the scientific principles of his daily calling would requiie." 
 
 The Miller. 
 
CROSBY LOCKWOOD * SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, ETC. 
 
 PIONEER IRRIGATION. 
 
 A Manual of Information for Farmers in the Colonies. By E. O. MAWSON, 
 Executive Engineer, Public Works Department, Bombay. With Numerous 
 Plates and Diagrams. Medium 8vo, cloth. 
 
 [Just ready. Price about 7/6 net. 
 
 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS : VALUE OF IRRIGATION, AND SOURCES OF WATER 
 SUPPLY. DAMS AND WEIRS. CANALS. UNDERGROUND WATER. METHODS OF IRRI- 
 GATION. SEWAGE IRRIGATION. IMPERIAL AUTOMATIC SLUICE GATES. THE CULTI- 
 VATION OF IRRIGATED CROPS, VEGETABLES, AND FRUIT TREES. LIGHT RAILWAYS 
 FOR HEAVY TRAFFIC. USEFUL MEMORANDA, TABLES, AND DATA. 
 
 TUNNELLING. 
 
 A Practical Treatise. By CHARLES PRELINI, C.E. With additions by 
 CHARLES S. HILL. C.E. With 150 Diagrams and Illustrations. Royal 8vo, 
 cloth Net 1 6/O 
 
 PRACTICAL TUNNELLING. 
 
 Explaining in detail Setting-out the Works, Shaft-sinking, and Heading-driving, 
 Ranging the Lines and Levelling underground, Sub-Excavating, Timbering 
 and the Construction of the Brickwork of Tunnels. By F. W. SIMMS, 
 M. Inst. C.E. Fourth Edition, Revised and Further Extended, including the 
 most recent (1895) Examples of Sub-aqueous and other Tunnels, by D. KINNEAR 
 CLARK, M. Inst. C.E. With 34 Folding Plates. Imperial 8vo, cloth 2 2s. 
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 attained." Rail-way Ne-ws. 
 
 THE WATER SUPPLY OF TOWNS AND THE CON- 
 
 STRUCTION OF WATER-WORKS. 
 
 A Practical Treatise for the Use of Engineers and Students of Engineering. 
 By W. K. BURTON, A.M. Inst. C.E., Consulting Engineer to the Tokyo 
 Water-works. Second Edition, Revised and Extended. With numerous 
 Plates and Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo, buckram. [Just Published. 25/O 
 I. INTRODUCTORY. II. DIFFERENT QUALITIES OF WATER. III. QUANTITY OF 
 WATER TO BE PROVIDED. IV. ON ASCERTAINING WHETHER A PROPOSED SOURCE OF 
 SUPPLY is SUFFICIENT. V. ON ESTIMATING THE STORAGE CAPACITY REQUIRED 
 TO BE PROVIDED. VI. CLASSIFICATION OF WATER-WORKS. VII. IMPOUNDING RESER- 
 VOIRS. VIII. EARTHWORK DAMS. IX. MASONRY DAMS. X. THE PURIFICATION OF 
 WATER. XI. SETTLING RESERVOIRS. XII. SAND FILTRATION. XIII. PURIFICATION 
 OF WATER BY ACTION OF IRON, SOFTENING OF WATER BY ACTION OF LIME, NATURAL 
 FILTRATION. XIV. SERVICE OR CLEAN WATER RESERVOIRS WATER TOWERS STAND 
 PIPES. XV. THE CONNECTION OF SETTLING RESERVOIRS, FILTER BEDS AND SERVICE 
 RESERVOIRS. XVI. PUMPING MACHINERY. XVII. FLOW OF WATER IN CONDUITS- 
 PIPES AND OPEN CHANNELS. XVIII. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS. XIX. SPECIAL PRO- 
 VISIONS FOR THE EXTINCTION OF FIRE. XX. PIPES FOR WATER-WORKS. xxi. PRE- 
 VENTION OF WASTE OF WATER. XXII. VARIOUS APPLIANCES USED IN CONNECTION 
 WITH WATER-WORKS. 
 
 APPENDIX I. By PROF. JOHN MILNE, F.R.S. CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING THE 
 PROBABLE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER-WORKS, AND THE SPECIAL PRE- 
 CAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN EARTHQUAKE COUNTRIES. 
 
 APPENDIX II. By JOHN DE RIJKE, C.E. ON SAND DUNES AND DUNE SAND AS 
 
 A SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 " The chapter upon filtration of water is very complete, and the details of construction well 
 Illustrated. . . . The work should be specially valuable to civil engineers engaged in work in 
 Japan, but the interest is by no means confined to that locality." Engineer. 
 
 " We congratulate the author upon the practical commonsense shown In the preparation of 
 this work. . . . The plates and diagrams have evidently been prepared with great care, and 
 cannot fail to be of great assistance to the student." Builder. 
 
 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 A Practical Handbook on the Supply of Water and Construction of Water- 
 works for small Country Districts. By ALLAN GREENWELL, A.M.I. C.E., 
 and W. T. CURRY, A.M.I. C.E., F.G.S. With Illustrations. Second Edition, 
 
 Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth 5/O 
 
 " We conscientiously recommend it as a very useful book for those concerned in obtaining 
 
 water for small districts, giving a great deal of practical information in a smal Icompass." Builder. 
 
 " The volume contains valuable information upon all matters connected with water supply. 
 
 . . . It is full of details on points which are continually before water-works engineers." Nature. 
 
CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, 
 
 THE WATER SUPPLY OF CITIES AND TOWNS. 
 
 By WILLIAM HUMBER, A. M. Inst. C.E., and M.Inst. M.E., Author of "Cast 
 and Wrought Iron Bridge Construction," &c., &c. Illustrated with 50 Double 
 Plates, i Single Plate, Coloured Frontispiece, and upwards of 250 Woodcuts, 
 and containing 400 pp. of Text. Imp. 410, elegantly and substantially 
 half-bound in morocco ........ Net 6 6s. 
 
 LIST OF CONTENTS. I. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SOME OF THE MEANS THAT HAVE 
 
 BEEN ADOPTED FOR THE SUPPLY OF WATER TO CITIES AND TOWNS. II. WATER AND 
 
 THE FOREIGN MATTER USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH IT. III. RAINFALL AND EVAPORA- 
 TION. IV. SPRINGS AND THE WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS OF VARIOUS DISTRICTS. 
 V. MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATION OF THE FLOW OF WATER. VI. ON THE SELECTION 
 OF THE SOURCE OF SUPPLY, vil. WELLS. vill. RESERVOIRS. IX. THE PURIFICATION 
 OF WATER. x. PUMPS. XI. PUMPING MACHINERY. XII. CONDUITS. xill. DISTRIBU- 
 TION OF WATER. XIV. METERS, SERVICE PIPES, AND HOUSE FITTINGS. XV. THE LAW 
 AND ECONOMY OF WATER-WORKS. XVI. CONSTANT AND INTERMITTENT SUPPLY. 
 xvil. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. APPENDICES, GIVING TABLES OF RATES OF SUPPLY, 
 VELOCITIES, &c., &c., TOGETHER WITH SPECIFICATIONS OF SEVERAL WORKS ILLUS- 
 
 TRATED, AMONG WHICH WILL BE FOUND : ABERDEEN, BlDEFORD, CANTERBURY, 
 
 DUNDEE, HALIFAX, LAMBETH, ROTHERHAM, DUBLIN, AND OTHERS. 
 
 " The most systematic and valuable work upon water supply hitherto produced In English, or 
 in any other language. Mr. Humber's work is characterised almost throughout by an 
 exhaustiveness much more distinctive of French and German than of English technical treatises." 
 Engineer, 
 
 THE PROGRESS OF ENGINEERING (1863-6). 
 
 By WM. HUMBER, A. M.Inst. C.E. Complete in Four Vols. Co 
 
 Double Plates, with Portraits and Copious Descriptive Letterpress. Impl. 410 
 
 lf-morocc " 
 
 3 3s. 
 
 By WM. HUMBER, A. M.Inst. C.E. Complete in Four Vols. Containing 148 
 Double Plates, with Portraits and Copious Descriptive Letterpress. Impl. 410, 
 half-morocco. Price, complete, "| 2 1 2s. ! or each Volume sold separately 
 per Volume. Descriptive List of Contents on application. 
 
 HYDRAULIC POWER ENGINEERING. 
 
 A Practical Manual on the Concentration and Transmission of Power by 
 Hydraulic Machinery. By G. CROYDON MARKS, A.M. Inst. C.E. With 
 nearly 200 'Illustrations. 8vo, cloth. Net QIQ 
 
 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. PRINCIPLES OF HYDRAULICS. THE FLOW OF WATER. 
 HYDRAULIC PRESSURES, MATERIAL. TEST LOAD PACKINGS FOR SLIDING SURFACES. 
 PIPE JOINTS. CONTROLLING VALVES. PLATFORM LIFTS. WORKSHOP AND FOUNDRY 
 CRANES. WAREHOUSE AND DOCK CRANES. HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATORS. PRESSES 
 FOR BALING AND OTHER PURPOSES. SHEET METAL WORKING AND FORGING MACHINERY. 
 HYDRAULIC RIVETTERS. HAND, POWER, AND STEAM PUMPS. TURBINES. IMPULSE 
 TURBINES. REACTION TURBINES. DESIGN OF TURBINES IN DETAIL. WATER WHEELS. 
 -HYDRAULIC ENGINES. RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS. PRESSURE OF WATER. ACTION 
 OF PUMPS, &c. 
 
 " We have nothing; but praise for this thoroughly valuable work. The author has succeeded. 
 in rendering his subject interesting as well as instructive." Practical Engineer. 
 
 "Can be unhesitatingly recommended as a useful and up-to-date manual on hydraulic trans- 
 mission and utilisation of power." Mechanical World 
 
 HYDRAULIC TABLES, CO-EFFICIENTS, & FORMULA. 
 
 For Finding the Discharge of Water from Orifices, Notches, Weirs, Pipes, and 
 Rivers. With New Formulae, Tables, and General Information on Rain-fall, 
 Catchment-Basins, Drainage, Sewerage, Water Supply for Towns and Mill 
 Power. By JOHN NEVILLE, C.E., M.R.I.A. Third Edition, revised, with 
 additions. Numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . 14/0 
 " It is, of all English books on the subject, the one nearest to completeness." Architect. 
 
 HYDRAULIC MANUAL. 
 
 Consisting of Working Tables and Explanatory Text. Intended as a Guide in 
 
 Hydraulic Calculations and Field Operations. By Lowis D'A. JACKSON, 
 
 Author of "Aid to Survey Practice," "Modern Metrology," &c. Fourth 
 
 Edition, Enlarged. Large crown 8vo, cloth ..... 1 g/Q 
 
 "The author has constructed a manual which may be accepted as a trustworthy guide 
 
 to this branch of the engineer's profession. "Engineering. 
 
 WATER ENGINEERING. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the M 
 tion of Water for the Supply of 
 By CHARLES SLAGG, A. M.Inst. 
 
 " As a small practical treatise on the water supply of towns, and on some applications of water- 
 power, the work is in many respects excellent." Engineering. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Measurement, Storage, Conveyance, and Utilisa- 
 tion of Water for the Supply of Towns, for Mill Power, and for other Purposes. 
 By CHARLES SLAGG, A. M.Inst. C.E. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth . 7/6 
 
12 CROSBY LOCK WOOD 6- SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 THE RECLAMATION OF LAND FROM TIDAL WATERS. 
 
 A Handbook for Engineers, Landed Proprietors, and others interested in 
 Works of Reclamation. By ALEX. BEAZELEY, M.Inst. C.E. 8vo, cloth. 
 
 Net 1Q/6 
 
 " The book shows in a concise way what has to be done in reclaiming land from the sea, and 
 the best way of doing it. The work contains a great deal of practical and useful information which 
 cannot fail to be of service to engineers entrusted with the enclosure of salt marshes, and to land- 
 owners intending to reclaim land from the sea." The Engineer. 
 
 " The author has carried out his task efficiently and well, and his book contains a large 
 amount of information of great service to engineers and others interested in works of reclamation." 
 Nature. 
 
 MASONRY DAMS FROM INCEPTION TO COMPLETION. 
 
 Including numerous Formulae, Forms of Specification and Tender, Pocket 
 Diagram of Forces, &c. For the use of Civil and Mining Engineers. By 
 
 C. F. COURTNEY, M. Inst. C.E. 8vo, cloth 9/0 
 
 " The volume contains a good deal of valuable data. Many useful suggestions will be found 
 
 in the remarks on site and position, location of dam, foundations and construction." Building 
 
 News. 
 
 RIVER BARS. 
 
 The Causes of their Formation, and their Treatment by "Induced Tidal 
 Scour " ; with a Description of the Successful Reduction by this Method f 
 the Bar at Dublin. By I. J. MANN, Assist. Eng. to the Dublin Port aud Docks 
 
 Board. Royal 8vo, cloth . 7/6 
 
 " We recommend all interested In harbour works and, indeed, those concerned In the 
 improvements of rivers generally to read Mr. Mann's interesting work." Engineer. 
 
 TRAMWAYS: THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING. 
 
 Embracing a Comprehensive History of the System ; with an exhaustive 
 
 Analysis of the Various Modes of Traction, including Horse Power, Steam, 
 
 Cable Traction, Electric Traction, &c. ; a Description of the Varieties of 
 
 Rolling Stock ; and ample Details of Cost and Working Expenses. New 
 
 Edition, Thoroughly Revised, and Including the Progress recently made in 
 
 Tramway Construction, &c., &c. By D. KINNEAR CLARK, M.Inst. C.E. 
 
 With 400 Illustrations. 8vo, 780 pp., buckram. 28/O 
 
 " The new volume is one which will rank, among tramway engineers and those interested in 
 
 tramway working, with the Author's world-famed book on railway machinery." The Engineer. 
 
 SURVEYING AS PRACTISED BY CIVIL ENGINEERS 
 
 AND SURVEYORS. 
 
 Including the Setting-out of Works for Construction and Surveys Abroad, with 
 many Examples taken from Actual Practice. A Handbook for use in the Field 
 and the Office, intended also as a Text-book for Students. By JOHN WHITE- 
 LAW, Jun., A.M. Inst. C.E., Author of " Points and Crossings." With about 
 
 260 Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth Net 1 Q/6 
 
 "This work is written with admirable lucidity, and will certainly be found of distinct value 
 both to students and to those engaged in actual practice." The Builder. 
 
 PRACTICAL SURVEYING. 
 
 A Text-Book for Students preparing for Examinations or for Survey-work in 
 the Colonies. By GEORGE W. USILL, A.M.I.C.E. With 4 Lithographic 
 Plates and upwards of 330 Illustrations. Seventh Edition. Including Tables 
 of Natural Sines, Tangents, Secants, &c. Crown 8vo, 7/6 cloth ; or, on THIN 
 PAPER, leather, gilt edges, rounded corners, for pocket use . . .1 2/6 
 "The best forms of instruments are described as to their construction, uses and modes 
 
 of employment, and there are innumerable hints on work and equipment such as the author, In 
 
 his experience as surveyor, draughtsman and teacher, has found necessary, and which the student 
 
 In his inexperience will find most serviceable." Engineer. 
 
 "The first book which should be put in the hands of a pupil of Civil Engineering." 
 
 Architect. 
 
 AID TO SURVEY PRACTICE. 
 
 For Reference in Surveying, Levelling, and Setting-out ; and in Route Sur- 
 veys of Travellers by Land and Sea. With Tables, Illustrations, and Records. 
 By Lowis D'A. JACKSON. A.M.I.C.E. Second Edition, Enlarged. 8vo, 
 
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 this book as containing an admirable supplement to the teaching of the accomplished surveyor." 
 Athenaum. 
 
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 aided by a clear and lucid style of writing, renders the book a. very useful one." Builder. 
 
CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, &c. 13 
 
 SURVEYING WITH THE TACHEOMETER. 
 
 A practical Manual for the use of Civil and Military Engineers and Surveyors. 
 
 Including two series of Tables specially computed for the Reduction of 
 
 Readings in Sexagesimal and in Centesimal Degrees. By NEIL KENNEDY, 
 
 M. Inst. C.E. With Diagrams and Plates. Demy 8vo, cloth. Net 1O/6 
 
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 ENGINEER'S & MINING SURVEYOR'S FIELD BOOK, 
 
 Consisting of a Series of Tables, with Rules, Explanations of Systems, and 
 
 use of Theodolite for Traverse Surveying and plotting the work with minute 
 
 accuracy by means of Straight Edge and Set Square only ; Levelling with the 
 
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 Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth . - : . . -1 2/O 
 
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 LAND AND MARINE SURVEYING. 
 
 In Reference to the Preparation of Plans for Roads and Railways ; Canals, 
 Rivers, Towns' Water Supplies ; Docks and Harbours. With Description 
 and Use of Surveying Instruments. By W. DAVIS HASKOLL, C.E. Second 
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 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF LEVELLING. 
 
 Showing its Application to Purposes of Railway and Civil Engineering in 
 the Construction of Roads ; with Mr. TELFORD'S Rules for the same. By 
 FREDERICK W. SIMMS, M. Inst. C.E. Eighth Edition, with LAW'S Practical 
 Examples for Setting-out Railway Curves, and TRAUTWINE'S Field Practice 
 of Laying-out Circular Curves. With 7 Plates and numerous Woodcuts. 
 8vo 8/6 
 
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 AN OUTLINE OF THE METHOD OF CONDUCTING 
 
 A TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY. 
 
 For the Formation of Geographical and Topographical Maps and Plans, Mili- 
 tary Reconnaissance, LEVELLING, &c., with Useful Problems, Formulae, 
 and Tables. By Lieut. -General FROME, R.E. Fourth Edition, Revised and 
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 With 19 Plates and 115 Woodcuts, royal 8vo, cloth .... 1 6/O 
 "No words of praise from us can strengthen the position se well and so steadily maintained 
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 TABLES OF TANGENTIAL ANGLES AND MULTIPLES 
 
 FOR SETTING-OUT CURVES. 
 
 From 5 to 200 Radius. By A. BEAZELEY, M. Inst. C.E. 6th Edition, 
 Revised. With an Appendix on the use of the Tables for Measuring up 
 Curves; Printed on 50 Cards, and sold in a cloth box, waistcoat-pocket size. 
 
 3/6 
 
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 " Very handy : a man may know that all his day's work must fall on two of these cards, which 
 he puts Into his own card-case, and leaves the rest behind." Athenceum. 
 
 HANDY GENERAL EARTH-WORK TABLES. 
 
 Giving the Contents in Cubic Yards of Centre and Slopes of Cuttings and 
 Embankments from 3 inches to 80 feet in Depth or Height, for use with either 
 66 feet Chain or 100 feet Chain. By J. H. WATSON BUCK, M. Inst. C.E. 
 On a Sheet mounted in cloth case 3/6 
 
14 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 EARTHWORK TABLES. 
 
 Showing the Contents in Cubic Yards of Embankments, Cuttings, &c., of 
 
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 A MANUAL ON EARTHWORK. 
 
 By ALEX. J. GRAHAM, C.E. With numerous Diagrams. Second Edition. 
 i8mo, cloth . . ..','' , ./. . . ~. ,", . . 2/6 
 
 THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE TUNNEL SHAFTS. 
 
 A Practical and Theoretical Essay. By J. H. WATSON BUCK, M. Inst. C.E., 
 
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 " Many of the methods given are of extreme practical value to the mason, and the observa- 
 
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 CAST & WROUGHT IRON BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION 
 
 (A Complete and Practical Treatise on), including Iron Foundations. In 
 Three Parts. Theoretical, Practical, and Descriptive. By WILLIAM HUMBER, 
 A. M. Inst. C.E., and M. Inst. M.E. Third Edition, revised and much im- 
 proved, with 115 Double Plates (20 of which now first appear in this edition), 
 and numerous Additions to the Text. In 2 vols., imp. 410, half-bound in 
 
 6 1 6s. 60. 
 
 " A very valuable contribution to the standard literature of civil engineering. In addition to 
 elevations, plans, and sections, large scale details are given, which very much enhance the 
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 " Mr. Humber's stately volumes, lately issued in which the most important bridges 
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 Mr. Hawkshaw, Mr. Page, Mr. Fowler, Mr. Hemans, and others among our most eminent 
 engineers, are drawn and specified in great detail." Engineer. 
 
 ESSAY ON OBLIQUE BRIDGES 
 
 (Practical and Theoretical). With 13 large Plates. By the late GEORGE 
 WATSON BUCK, M.I. C.E. Fourth Edition, revised by his Son, J. H. WATSON 
 BUCK, M.I. C.E. ; and with the addition of Description to Diagrams for 
 Facilitating the Construction of Oblique Bridges, by W. H. BARLOW, M.I. C.E. 
 Royal 8vo, cloth . . . ........ 1 2/O 
 
 "The standard text-book for all engineers regarding skew arches is Mr. Buck's treatise, 
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 "Mr. Buck's treatise is recognised as a standard text-book, and his treatment has divested 
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 THE CONSTRUCTION OF OBLIQUE ARCHES 
 
 (A Practical Treatise on). By JOHN HART. Third Edition, with Plates. 
 Imperial 8vo, cloth ........... 8/O 
 
 GRAPHIC AND ANALYTIC STATICS. 
 
 In their Practical Application to the Treatment of Stresses in Roofs Solid 
 
 Girders, Lattice, Bowstring, and Suspension Bridges, Braced Iron Arches and 
 
 Piers, and other Frameworks. By R. HUDSON GRAHAM, C.E. Containing 
 
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 existing Structures. Specially arranged for Class-work in Colleges and 
 
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 WEIGHTS OF WROUGHT IRON & STEEL GIRDERS. 
 
 A Graphic Table for Facilitating the Computation of the Weights of Wrought 
 Iron and Steel Girders, &c., for Parliamentary and other Estimates, By 
 J. H.WATSON BUCK, M. Inst. C.E. On a Sheet .... 2/6 
 
CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, &>c. 15 
 
 GEOMETRY FOR TECHNICAL STUDENTS. 
 
 An Introduction to Pure and Applied Geometry and the Mensuration of 
 Surfaces and Solids, including Problems in Plane Geometry useful in Drawing. 
 By E. H. SPRAGUE, A.M.I.C.E. Crown 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. Net 1 /Q 
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 
 
 For the Architect, Engineer, and Mechanic. Giving Rules for the Delineation 
 
 and Application of various Geometrical Lines, Figures, and Curves. By 
 
 E. W. TARN, M.A., Architect. 8vo, cloth . . . . . 9/Q 
 
 "No book with the same objects in view has ever been published In which the clearness of 
 
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 THE GEOMETRY OF COMPASSES. 
 
 Or, Problems Resolved by the mere Description of Circles and the Use of 
 Coloured Diagrams and Symbols. By OLIVER BYRNE. Coloured Plates. 
 Crown 8vo, cloth : , . . 3/6 
 
 EXPERIMENTS ON THE FLEXURE OF BEAMS 
 
 Resulting in the Discovery of New Laws of Failure by Buckling. By ALBERT 
 E. GUY. Medium 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. Net 9/Q 
 
 HANDY BOOK FOR THE CALCULATION OF STRAINS 
 
 In Girders and Similar Structures and their Strength. Consisting of Formulae 
 and Corresponding Diagrams, with numerous details for Practical Applica- 
 tion, &c. By WILLIAM HUMBER, A. M. Inst. C.E., &c. Fifth Edition. 
 Crown 8vo, with nearly 100 Woodcuts and 3 Plates, cloth . . . 7IQ 
 
 "The formulae are neatly expressed, and the diagrams goo&."Athenautn. 
 
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 TRUSSES OF WOOD AND IRON. 
 
 Practical Applications of Science in Determining the Stresses, Breaking 
 Weights, Safe Loads, Scantlings, and Details of Construction. With Complete 
 Working Drawings. By WILLIAM GRIFFITHS, Surveyor. 8vo, cloth 4/6 
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 THE STRAINS ON STRUCTURES OF IRONWORK. 
 
 With Practical Remarks on Iron Construction. By F. W. SHEILDS, M.I.C.E. 
 8vo, cloth 5/0 
 
 A TREATISE ON THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 
 
 With Rules for Application in Architecture, the Construction of Suspension 
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 by his Sons, P. W. BARLOW, F.R.S., and W. H. BARLOW, F.R.S. ; to which 
 are added, Experiments by HODGKINSON, FAIRBAIRN, and KIRKALDY ; and 
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 Svo, 400 pp., with 19 Plates and numerous Woodcuts, cloth . . . 1 8/O 
 
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 SAFE RAILWAY WORKING. 
 
 A Treatise on Railway Accidents, their Cause and Prevention ; with a De- 
 scription of Modern Appliances and Systems. By CLEMENT E. STRETTON, 
 C.E. With Illustrations and Coloured Plates. Third Edition, Enlarged. 
 
 Crown Svo, cloth .....' 3/6 
 
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 Rail-way Review. 
 
 EXPANSION OF STRUCTURES BY HEAT. 
 
 By JOHN KEILY, C.E., late of the Indian Public Works Department. Crown 
 Svo, cloth 3/6 
 
 " The aim the author has set before him, viz., to show the effects of heat upon metallic and 
 other structures, is a laudable one, for this is a branch of physics upon which the engineer or 
 architect can find but little reliable and comprehensive data in books." Builder. 
 
16 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENGINEERING 
 STANDARDS COMMITTEE. 
 
 THE ENGINEERING STANDARDS COMMITTEE is the outcome of a 
 Committee appointed by the Institution of Civil Engineers at the instance 
 of Sir John Wolfe Barry, K.C.B., to inquire into the advisability of 
 Standardising Rolled Iron and Steel Sections. 
 
 The Committee is supported by the Institution of Civil Engineers, the 
 Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Institution of Naval Architects, 
 the Iron and Steel Institute, and the Institution of Electrical Engineers ; 
 and the value and importance of its labours has been emphatically 
 recognised by his Majesty's Government, who have made a liberal grant 
 from the Public Funds by way of contribution to the financial resources of 
 the Committee. 
 
 The subjects already dealt with, or under consideration by the 
 Committee, include not only Rolled Iron and Steel Sections, but Tests 
 for Iron and Steel Material used in the Construction of Ships and their 
 Machinery, Bridges and General Building Construction, Railway Rolling 
 Stock Underframes, Component Parts of Locomotives, Railway and 
 Tramway Rails, Electrical Plant, Insulating Materials, Screw Threads and 
 Limit Gauges, Pipe Flanges, Cement, &c. 
 
 Reports already Published : 
 
 1. BRITISH STANDARD SECTIONS. 
 
 List i. EQUAL ANGLES. List 2. UNEQUAL ANGLES. Lists. BULB ANGLES. 
 List 4. BULB TEES. List 5. BULB PLATES. List 7. CHANNELS. List 8. 
 BEAMS, F'cap. folio, sewed. [Just Published. Net I/O 
 
 2. BRITISH STANDARD TRAMWAY RAILS AND FISH 
 
 PLATES: STANDARD SECTIONS AND SPECIFICATION, 
 
 F'cap. folio, sewed. [Just PublisJied. J 
 
 3. REPORT ON THE INFLUENCE OF GAUGE LENGTH 
 
 AND SECTION OF TEST BAR ON THE PERCENTAGE OF 
 ELONGATION. 
 
 By Professor W. C. UNWIN, F.R.S. F'cap. folio, sewed. 
 
 [Just Published. Net 2/6 
 
 4 . PROPERTIES OF STANDARD BEAMS. 
 
 Demy 8vo, sewed. [Just Published. Net 1 /Q 
 
MARINE ENGINEERING, NAVIGATION, . 17 
 
 MARINE ENGINEERING, SHIPBUILDING, 
 NAVIGATION, ETC. 
 
 THE NAVAL ARCHITECT'S AND SHIPBUILDER'S 
 
 POCKET-BOOK of Formulae, Rules, and Tables, and Marine Engineer's and 
 Surveyor's Handy Book of Reference. By CLEMENT MACKKOW, M.I.N.A. 
 Eighth Edition, Carefully Revised and Enlarged. Fcap., leather. Net 1 2/6 
 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS: SIGNS AND SYMBOLS, DECIMAL FRACTIONS. TRIGO- 
 NOMETRY. PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. MENSURATION. CENTRES AND MOMENTS OF 
 FIGURES. MOMENTS OF INERTIA AND RADII OF GYRATION. ALGEBRAICAL EXPRESSIONS 
 FOR SIMPSON'S RULES. MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES. CENTRE OF GRAVITY. LAWS OF 
 MOTION DISPLACEMENT, CENTRE OF BUOYANCY. CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF SHIP'S 
 HULL. STABILITY CURVES AND METACENTRES. SEA AND SHALLOW-WATER WAVES. 
 ROLLING OF SHIPS. PROPULSION AND RESISTANCE OF VESSELS. SPEED TRIALS. 
 SAILING CENTRE OF EFFORT. DISTANCES DOWN RIVERS, COAST LINES. STEERING AND 
 RUDDERS OF VESSELS. LAUNCHING CALCULATIONS AND VELOCITIES. WEIGHT OF 
 MATERIAL AND GEAR. GUN PARTICULARS AND WEIGHT. STANDARD GAUGES. 
 RIVETED JOINTS AND RIVETING. STRENGTH AND TESTS OF MATERIALS. BINDING 
 AND SHEARING STRESSES, &c. STRENGTH OF SHAFTING, PILLARS. WHEELS, &c. 
 HYDRAULIC DATA, &c. CONIC SECTIONS, CATENARIAN CURVES. MECHANICAL 
 POWERS, WORK. BOARD OF TRADE REGULATIONS FOR BOILERS AND ENGINES. BOARD 
 OF TRADE REGULATIONS FOR SHIPS. LLOYD'S RULES FOR BOILERS. LLOYD'S WEIGHT 
 OF CHAINS. LLOYD'S SCANTLINGS FOR SHIPS. DATA OF ENGINES AND VESSELS. 
 SHIPS' FITTINGS AND TESTS. SEASONING PRESERVING TIMBER. MEASUREMENT OF 
 TIMBER. ALLOYS, PAINTS, VARNISHES. DATA FOR STOWAGE. ADMIRALTY TRANS- 
 PORT REGULATIONS. RULES FOR HORSE-POWER, SCREW PROPELLERS, &c. PER- 
 CENTAGES FOR BUTT STRAPS, &c. PARTICULARS OF YACHTS. MASTING AND RIGGING 
 VESSELS. DISTANCES OF FOREIGN PORTS. TONNAGE TABLES. VOCABULARY OF 
 FRENCH AND ENGLISH TERMS. ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. FOREIGN 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS. FOREIGN MONEY. DISCOUNT 
 AND WAGES TABLES. USEFUL NUMBERS AND READY RECKONERS. TABLES OF 
 CIRCULAR MEASURES. TABLES OF AREAS OF AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 
 TABLES OF AREAS OF SEGMENTS OF CIRCLES. TABLES OF SQUARES AND CUBES AND 
 ROOTS OF NUMBERS. TABLES OF LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. TABLES OF HYPER- 
 BOLIC LOGARITHMS. TABLES OF NATURAL SINES, TANGENTS, &c. TABLES OF 
 LOGARITHMIC SINES, TANGENTS, &c. 
 
 " In these days of advanced knowledge a work like this Is of the greatest value. It contains 
 a vast amount of information. We unhesitatingly say that it is the most valuable compilation for its 
 specific purpose that has ever been printed. No naval architect, engineer, surveyor, seaman, 
 wood or iron shipbuilder, can afford to be without this work." Nautical Magazine. 
 
 " Should be used by all who are engaged in the construction or design of vessels. . . . Will 
 be found to contain the most useful tables and formulae required by shipbuilders, carefully collected 
 from the best authorities, and put together in a popular and simple form. The book is one of 
 exceptional merit." Engineer. 
 
 " The professional shipbuilder has now, in a convenient and accessible form, reliable data for 
 solving many of the numerous problems that present themselves in the course of his work." Iron. 
 
 " There is no doubt that a pocket-book of this description must be a necessity in the ship- 
 building trade. . . The volume contains a mass of useful information clearly expressed and 
 presented in a handy form." Marine Engineer. 
 
 WANNAN'S MARINE ENGINEER'S GUIDE 
 
 To Board of Trade Examinations for Certificates of Competency. Containing 
 
 all Latest Questions to Date, with Simple, Clear, and Correct Solutions ; 
 
 302 Elementary Questions with Illustrated Answers, and Verbal Questions 
 
 and Answers ; complete Set of Drawings with Statements completed. By 
 
 A. C. W ANN AN, C.E., Consulting Engineer, and E. W. I. WANNAN, M.I.M.E., 
 
 Certificated First Class Marine Engineer. With numerous Engravings. Third 
 
 Edition, Enlarged. 500 pages. Large crown 8vo, cloth . . Net "| O/6 
 
 " The book is clearly and plainly written and avoids unnecessary explanations and formulas, 
 
 and we consider it a valuable book for students of marine engineering." Nautical Magazine. 
 
 WANNAN'S MARINE ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK. 
 
 Containing Latest Board of Trade Rules and Data for Marine Engineers. 
 
 By A. C. WANNAN. Third Edition, Revised, Enlarged, and Brought up to 
 
 Date. Square i8mo, with thumb Index, leather. [Just Published. 5/O 
 
 "There is a great deal of useful information in this little pocket-book. It is of the rule-of 
 
 thumb order, and is, on that account, well adapted to the uses of the sea-going engineer." 
 
 Engineer. 
 
 THE SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY OF GERMANY. 
 
 Compiled and Edited by G. LEHMANN-FELSKOWSKI. With Coloured Prints, 
 Art Supplements, and numerous Illustrations throughout the text. Super- 
 royal 410, cloth. [Just Publisfied. Net 1 Q/6 
 L. B 
 
1 8 CROSBY LOCK WOOD - SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 SEA TERMS, PHRASES, AND WORDS 
 
 (Technical Dictionary of) used in the English and French Languages 
 (English- French, French-English). For the Use of Seamen, Engineers, Pilots, 
 Shipbuilders, Shipowners, and Ship-brokers. Compiled by W. PIRRIE, late of 
 the African Steamship Company. Fcap. 8vo, cloth limp . . . 5/O 
 " This volume will be highly appreciated by seamen, engineers, pilots, shipbuilders and ship- 
 owners. It will be found wonderfully accurate and complete." Scotsman. 
 
 " A very useful dictionary, which has long been wanted by French and English engineers, 
 masters, officers and others." Shipping World. 
 
 ELECTRIC SHIP-LIGHTING. 
 
 A Handbook on the Practical Fitting and Running of Ships' Electrical Plant, 
 for the Use of Shipowners and Builders, Marine Electricians and Sea-going 
 Engineers in Charge. By J. W. URQUHART, Author of "Electric Light," 
 "Dynamo Construction," &c. Second Edition, Revised and Extended. 
 With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 7/6 
 
 MARINE ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK. 
 
 Consisting of useful Tables and Formulae. By FRANK PROCTOR, A.I.N.A. 
 Third Edition. Royal 32010, leather 4/O 
 
 " We recommend it to our readers as going far to supply a long-felt want." Naval Science, 
 " A most useful companion to all marine engineers." United Service Gazette. 
 
 ELEMENTARY MARINE ENGINEERING. 
 
 A Manual for Young Marine Engineers and Apprentices. In the Form of 
 
 Questions and Answers on Metals, Alloys, Strength of Materials, Construction 
 
 and Management of Marine Engines and Boilers, Geometry, &c. With 
 
 an Appendix of Useful Tables. By J. S. BREWER. Crown 8vo, cloth 1/6 
 
 " Contains much valuable information for the class for whom it is intended, especially in the 
 
 chapters on the management of boilers and engines." Nautical Magazine. 
 
 MARINE ENGINES AND STEAM VESSELS. 
 
 A Treatise on. By ROBERT MURRAY, C.E. Eighth Edition, thoroughly 
 Revised, with considerable Additions by the Author and by GEORGE 
 CARLISLE, C.E., Senior Surveyor to the Board of Trade at Liverpool. Crown 
 8vo, cloth 4/6 
 
 PRACTICAL NAVIGATION. 
 
 Consisting of THE SAILOR'S SEA-BOOK, by JAMES GREENWOOD and W. H. 
 ROSSER ; together with the requisite Mathematical and Nautical Tables for 
 the Working of the Problems, by HENRY LAW, C.E., and Professor J. R. 
 YOUNG. Illustrated. i2mo, strongly half-bound 7/O 
 
 THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SAILMAKING. 
 
 By SAMUEL B. SADLER, Practical Sailmaker, late in the employment of 
 Messrs. Ratsey and Lapthorne, of Cowes and Gosport. With Plates and 
 
 other Illustrations. Small 410, cloth 1 2/6 
 
 " This extremely practical work gives a complete education in all the branches of the manu- 
 facture, cutting out, roping, seaming, and goring. It is copiously illustrated, and will form a first- 
 rate text-book and guide." Portsmouth Times. 
 
 CHAIN CABLES AND CHAINS. 
 
 Comprising Sizes and Curves of Links, Studs, &c., Iron for Cables and Chains, 
 Chain Cable and Chain Making, Forming and Welding Links, Strength of 
 Cables and Chains, Certificates for Cables, Marking Cables, Prices of Chain 
 Cables and Chains, Historical Notes, Acts of Parliament, Statutory Tests, 
 Charges for Testing, List of Manufacturers of Cables, &c., &c. By 
 THOMAS W. TRAILL, F.E.R.N., M.Inst.C.E., Engineer-Surveyor-in -Chief, 
 Board of Trade, Inspector of Chain Cable and Anchor Proving Establishments, 
 and General Superintendent Lloyd's Committee on Proving Establishments. 
 With numerous Tables, Illustrations, and Lithographic Drawings. Folio, 
 
 cloth, bevelled boards 2 2s. 
 
 " It contains a vast amount of valuable information. Nothing seems to be wanting to make it 
 a complete and standard work of reference on the subject." Nautical Magazine. 
 
MINING, METALLURGY, & COLLIERY WORKING. 19 
 
 MINING, METALLURGY, AND 
 COLLIERY WORKING. 
 
 THE OIL FIELDS OF RUSSIA AND THE RUSSIAN 
 
 PETROLEUM INDUSTRY. 
 
 A Practical Handbook on the Exploration, Exploitation, and Management 
 of Russian Oil Properties, including Notes on the Origin of Petroleum in 
 Russia, a Description of the Theory and Practice of Liquid Fuel, and a 
 Translation of the Rules and Regulations concerning Russian Oil Properties. 
 By A. BEEBY THOMPSON, A.M.I.M.E., late Chief Engineer and Manager of 
 the European Petroleum Company's Russian Oil Properties. About 500 pp. 
 With numerous Illustrations and Photographic Plates, and a Map of the 
 Balakhany-Saboontchy-Romany Oil Field. Super-royal 8vo, cloth. 
 
 [Just Published. Net 3 3 S . 
 
 MACHINERY FOR METALLIFEROUS MINE5. 
 
 A Practical Treatise for Mining Engineers, Metallurgists, and Managers of 
 Mines. By E. HENRY DAVIES, M.E., F.G.S. 600 pp. With Folding Plates 
 and other Illustrations. Medium 8vo, cloth .... Net 25/O 
 
 " Deals exhaustively with the many and complex details which go to make up the sum total of 
 machinery and other requirements for the successful working of metalliferous mines, and as a book 
 of ready reference is of the highest value to mine managers and directors." Mining Journal. 
 
 THE DEEP LEVEL MINES OF THE RAND, 
 
 And their Future Development, considered from the Commercial Point of View. 
 By G. A. DENNY (of Johannesburg), M. N.E.I. M.E., Consulting Engineer to 
 the General Mining and Finance Corporation, Ltd., of London, Berlin, Paris, 
 and Johannesburg. Fully Illustrated with Diagrams and Folding Plates. 
 
 Royal 8vo, buckram . . . Net 25/O 
 
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 of very great value to investors in South African mines." Mining Journal. 
 
 PROSPECTING FOR GOLD. 
 
 A Handbook of Information and Hints for Prospectors based on Personal 
 Experience. By DANIEL J. RANKIN, F.R.S.G.S., M.R.A.S., formerly 
 Manager of the Central African Company, and Leader of African Gold Pros- 
 pecting Expeditions. With Illustrations specially Drawn and Engraved for 
 
 the Work. F'cap. 8vo, leather Net 7/6 
 
 "This well-compiled book contains a collection of the richest gems of useful knowledge for 
 
 the prospector's benefit. A special table is given to accelerate the spotting at a glance of minerals 
 
 associated with gold." Mining Journal. 
 
 THE METALLURGY OF GOLD. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Metallurgical Treatment of Gold-bearing Ores. 
 
 Including the Assaying, Melting, and Refining of Gold. By M. EISSLER, 
 
 M. Inst. M.M. Fifth Edition, Enlarged. With over 300 Illustrations and 
 
 numerous Folding Plates. Medium Svo, cloth .... JV(?^21/O 
 
 " This book thoroughly deserves its title of a ' Practical Treatise.' The whole process of gold 
 
 mining, from the breaking of the quartz to the assay of the bullion, is described in clear and orderly 
 
 narrative and with much, but not too much, fulness of detail." Saturday Review. 
 
 THE CYANIDE PROCESS OF GOLD EXTRACTION. 
 
 And its Practical Application on the Witwatersrand Gold Fields and elsewhere. 
 
 By M. EISSLER, M. Inst. M.M. With Diagrams and Working Drawings. 
 
 Thud Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Svo, cloth .... NetJ/Q 
 " This book is iust what was needed to acquaint mining men with the actual working of a 
 process which is not only the n:ost popular, but is, as a general rule, the most successful for the 
 extraction of gold from tailings." Mining- Journal. 
 
 DIAMOND DRILLING FOR GOLD & OTHER MINERALS. 
 
 A Practical Handbook on the Use of Modern Diamond Core Drills in Pro- 
 specting and Exploiting Mineral-Bearing Properties, including Particulars of 
 the Costs of Apparatus and Working. By G. A. DENNY, M.N.E. Inst. M.E., 
 M. Inst. M.M. Medium Svo, 168 pp., with Illustrative Diagrams . 12/6 
 " There is certainly scope f*r a work on diamond drilling, and Mr. Denny deserves grateful 
 recognition for supplying a decided want." Mining Journal. 
 
20 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 GOLD ASSAYING. 
 
 A Practical Handbook for Assayers, Bankers, Chemists, Bullion Smelters, 
 Goldsmiths, Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Prospectors, Students, and 
 others. By H. JOSHUA PHILLIPS, F.I.C., F.C.S., A.I.C.E., Author of 
 " Engineering Chenrstry," etc. Large Crown 8vo, cloth. 
 
 [Just ready, price about 716 net, 
 
 FIELD TESTING FOR GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 A Practical Manual for Prospectors and Miners. By W. H. MERRITT, 
 M.N.E. Inst. M.E., A.R.S.M., &c.- With Photographic Plates and other 
 Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo, leather Net 5/Q 
 
 " As an instructor of prospectors' classes Mr. Merritt has the advantage of knowing 
 exactly the information likely to be most valuable to the miner in the field. The contents cover 
 all the details of sampling and testing gold and silver ores. A useful addition to a prospector's 
 kit." Mining Journal. 
 
 THE PROSPECTOR'S HANDBOOK. 
 
 A Guide for the Prospector and Traveller in search of Metal-Bearing or other 
 
 Valuable Minerals. By J. W. ANDERSON, M.A. (Camb.), F.R.G.S. Ninth 
 
 Edition. Small crown 8vo, 3/6 cloth ; or, leather .... 4/6 
 
 " Will supply a much-felt want, especially among Colonists, in whose way are so often thrown 
 
 many mineralogical specimens the value of which it is difficult to determine." Engineer. 
 
 " How to find commercial minerals, and how to identify them when they are found, are the 
 leading points to which attention is directed. The author has managed to pack as much practical 
 detail into his pages as would supply material for a book three times its size." Mining Joui-nal. 
 
 THE METALLURGY OF SILVER. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Amalgamation, Roasting, and Lixiviation of Silver 
 
 Ores. Including the Assaying, Melting, and Refining of Silver Bullion. By 
 
 M. EISSLER, M. Inst. M.M. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth . 1O/6 
 
 " A practical treatise, and a technical work which we are convinced will supply a long-felt 
 
 want amongst practical men, and at the same time be of value to students and others indirectly 
 
 connected with the industries." Mining' yournal. 
 
 THE HYDRO=METALLURGY OF COPPER. 
 
 Being an Account of Processes Adopted in the Hydro-Metallurgical Treat- 
 ment of Cupriferous Ores, Including the Manufacture of Copper Vitriol, with 
 Chapters on the Sources of Supply of Copper and the Roasting of Copper Ores. 
 By M. EISSLER, M. Inst. M.M. 8vo, cloth .... .to*12/9 
 " In this volume the various processes for the extraction of copper by wet methods are fully 
 detailed. Costs are given when available, and a great deal of useful informati MI about the copper 
 industry of the world is presented in an interesting and attractive manner." Mining yournal. 
 
 THE METALLURGY OF ARGENTIFEROUS LEAD. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Smelting of Silver-Lead Ores and the Refining of 
 Lead Bullion. Including Reports on various Smelting Establishments and 
 Descriptions of Modern Smelting Furnaces and Plants in Europe and America. 
 By M. EISSLER, M. Inst. M.M., Author of "The Metallurgy of Gold," &c. 
 
 Crown 8vo, 400 pp., with 183 Illustrations, cloth 12/6 
 
 " The numerous metallurgical processes, which are fully and extensively treated of, embrace 
 
 all the stages experienced in the passage of the lead from the various natural states to its issue from 
 
 the -refinery as an article of commerce." Practical Engineer. 
 
 METALLIFEROUS MINERALS AND MINING. 
 
 By D. C. DAVIES, F.G.S. Sixth Edition, thoroughly Revised and much 
 Enlarged by his Son, E. HENRY DAVIES, M.E., F.G.S. 600 pp., with 173 
 Illustrations. Large crown 8vo, cloth Net 1 2/6 
 
 " Neither the practical miner nor the general reader, interested in mines, can have a better 
 book for his companion and his guide." Mining Journal. 
 
 EARTHY AND OTHER MINERALS AND MINING. 
 
 By D. C. DAVIES, F.G.S., Author of " Metalliferous Minerals," &c. Third 
 Edition, Revised and Enlarged by his Son, E. HENRY DAVIES, M.E., F.G.S. 
 
 With about 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 1 2/6 
 
 " We do not remember to have met with any English work on mining matters that contains 
 the same amount of information packed in equally convenient form." Academy. 
 
 BRITISH MINING. 
 
 A Treatise on the History, Discovery, Practical Development, and Future 
 Prospects of Metalliferous Mines in the United Kingdom. By ROBERT 
 HUNT, F.R.S., late Keeper of Mining Records. Upwards of 950 pp., with 
 230 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised. Super-royal 8vo, cloth 2 2s. 
 
MINING, METALLURGY, & COLLIERY WORKING. 21 
 POCKET-BOOK FOR MINERS AND METALLURGISTS. 
 
 Comprising Rules, Formulae, Tables, and Notes for Use in Field and Office 
 Work. By F. DANVERS POWER, F.G.S., M.E. Second Edition, Corrected. 
 
 Fcap. 8vo, leather 9/O 
 
 "This excellent book is an admirable example of its kind, and ought to find a large sale 
 amongst English-speaking prospectors and mining engineers." Engineering. 
 
 THE MINER'S HANDBOOK. 
 
 A Handy Book of Reference on the subjects of Mineral Deposits, Mining 
 
 Operations, Ore Dressing, &c. For the Use of Students and others interested 
 
 in Mining Matters. Compiled by JOHN MILNE, F.R.S., Professor of Mining 
 
 in the Imperial University of Japan. Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo, leather 716 
 
 " Professor Milne's handbook is sure to be received with favour by all connected with 
 
 mining, and will be extremely popular among students." Athenctum. 
 
 IRON ORES of GREAT BRITAIN and IRELAND. 
 
 Their Mode of Occurrence, Age and Origin, and the Methods of Searching for 
 and Working Them. With a Notice of some of the Iron Ores of Spain. By 
 J. D. KENDALL, F.G.S., Mining Engineer. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 16/O 
 
 MINE DRAINAGE. 
 
 A Complete Practical Treatise on Direct-Acting Underground Steam 
 Pumping Machinery. By STEPHEN MICHELL. Second Edition, Re-written 
 and Enlarged. With 250 Illustrations. Royal 8vo, cloth . Net 25/O 
 
 HORIZONTAL PUMPING ENGINES. ROTARY AND NON-ROTARY HORIZONTAL 
 
 ENGINES. SIMPLE AND COMPOUND STEAM PUMPS. VERTICAL PUMPING ENGINES. 
 ROTARY AND NON-ROTARY VERTICAL ENGINES. SIMPLE AND COMPOUND STEAM 
 PUMPS. TRIPLE-EXPANSION STEAM PUMPS. PULSATING STEAM PUMPS. PUMP 
 VALVES. SINKING PUMPS, &c., &c. 
 
 " This volume contains an immense amount of important and interesting new matter. 
 The book should undoubtedly prove of great use to all who wish for information on the sub- 
 ject." The Engineer. 
 
 ELECTRICITY AS APPLIED TO MINING. 
 
 By ARNOLD LUPTON, M.Inst.C.E., M.I.M.E., M.I.E.E., late Professor of 
 Coal Mining at the Yorkshire College, Victoria University, Mining Engineer 
 and Colliery Manager; G. D. ASPINALL PARR, M.I.E.E., A.M.I.M.E., 
 Associate of the Central Technical College, City and Guilds of London, Head 
 of the Electrical Engineering Department, Yorkshire College, Victoria 
 University; and HERBERT PERKIN, M.I.M.E., Certified Colliery Manager, 
 Assistant Lecturer in the Mining Department of the Yorkshire College, 
 Victoria University. With about 170 Illustrations. Medium 8vo, cloth. 
 
 Net 9/O 
 (For SUMMARY OF CONTENTS, see page 23.) 
 
 THE COLLIERY MANAGER'S HANDBOOK. 
 
 A Comprehensive Treatise on the Laying-out and Working of Collieries, 
 
 Designed as a Book of Reference for Colliery Managers, and for the Use of Coal 
 
 Mining Students preparing for First-class Certificates. By CALEB PAMELY, 
 
 Mining Engineer and Surveyor ; Member of the North of England Institute of 
 
 Mining and Mechanical Engineers ; and Member of the South Wales Institute 
 
 of Mining Engineers. With 700 Plans, Diagrams, and other Illustrations. 
 
 Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 964 pp. Medium 8vo, cloth "| 5s. 
 
 GEOLOGY. SEARCH FOR COAL. MINERAL LEASES AND OTHER HOLDINGS. 
 
 SHAFT SINKING. FITTING UP THE SHAFT AND SURFACE ARRANGEMENTS. STEAM 
 
 BOILERS AND THEIR FITTINGS. TIMBERING AND WALLING. NARROW WORK AND 
 
 METHODS OF WORKING. UNDERGROUND CONVEYANCE. DRAINAGE. THE GASES 
 
 MET WITH IN MINES ; VENTILATION. ON THE FRICTION OF AIR IN MINES. THE 
 
 PRIESTMAN OIL ENGINE ; PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS. SURVEYING AND 
 
 PLANNING. SAFETY LAMPS AND FIREDAMP DETECTORS. SUNDRY AND INCIDENTAL 
 
 OPERATIONS AND APPLIANCES. COLLIERY EXPLOSIONS. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS 
 
 AND ANSWERS. Appendix: SUMMARY OF REPORT OF H.M. COMMISSIONERS ON 
 
 ACCIDENTS IN MINES. 
 
 " Mr. Pamely's work is eminently suited to the purpose or which it is intended, being clear, 
 Interesting, exhaustive, rich in detail, and up to date, giving descriptions of the latest machines in 
 every department. A mining engineer could scarcely go wrong who followed this work." Collierv 
 Guardian. 
 
 " Mr. Pamely has not only given us a comprehensive reference book of a very high order 
 suitable to the requirements of mining engineers and colliery managers, but has also provided 
 mining students with a class-book that is as interesting as it is instructive." Colliery Manager. 
 
 '.'This is the most complete 'all-round work on coal-mining published in the English 
 language. ... No library of coal-mining books is complete without It." Colliery Engineer 
 (Scfanton. Pa., U.S.A.). 
 
22 CROSBY LOCKWOOD SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 COLLIERY WORKING AND MANAGEMENT. 
 
 Comprising the Duties of a Colliery Manager, the Oversight and Arrange- 
 
 ment of Labour and Wages, and the different Systems of Working Coal 
 
 Seams. By H. F. BULMAN and R. A. S. REDMAYNE. 350 pp., with 
 
 28 Plates and other Illustrations, including Underground Photographs. 
 
 Medium 8vo, cloth. 1 5/0 
 
 "This is, indeed, an admirable Handbook for Colliery Managers, in fact it is an indispensable 
 
 adjunct to a Colliery Manager's education, as well as being- a most useful and interesting work 
 
 on the subject for all who in any way have to do with coal mining. The underground photographs 
 
 are an attractive feature of the work, being very lifelike and necessarily true representations of the 
 
 scenes they depict." Colliery Guardian. 
 
 " Mr. Bulman and Mr. Redmayne, who are both experienced Colliery Managers of great 
 literary ability, are to be congratulated on having supplied an authoritative work dealing with aside 
 of the subject of coal mining which has hitherto received but scant treatment. The authors 
 elucidate their text by 119 woodcuts and 28 plates, most of the latter being admirable reproductions 
 of photographs taken underground with the aid of the magnesium flash-light. These illustrations 
 are excellent." Nature. 
 
 COAL AND COAL MINING. 
 
 By the late Sir WARINGTON W. SMYTH, M.A., F.R.S., Chief Inspector of the 
 Mines of the Crown and of the Duchy of Cornwall. Eighth Edition, Revised 
 and Extended by T. FORSTER BROWN, Mining and Civil Engineer, Chief 
 Inspector of the Mines of the Crown and of the Duchy of Cornwall. Crown 
 8vo, cloth. 3/Q 
 
 " As an outline is given of every known coal-field in this and other countries, as well as of the 
 
 principal methods of working, the book will doubtless interest a very large number of readers." 
 
 Mining Journal. 
 
 NOTE5 AND FORMUL/E FOR MINING STUDENTS. 
 
 By JOHN HERMAN MERIVALE, M.A., Late Professor of Mining in the Durham 
 
 College of Science, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Fourth Edition, Revised and 
 
 Enlarged. By H. F. BULMAN, A.M.Inst.C.E. Small crown 8vo, cloth. 2/6 
 
 " The author has done his work in a creditable manner, and has produced a book that will 
 
 be of service to students and those who are practically engaged in mining operations." Engineer. 
 
 INFLAMMABLE GAS AND VAPOUR IN THE AIR 
 
 (The Detection and Measurement of). By FRANK CLOWES, D.Sc., Lond., 
 F.I.C. With a Chapter n THE DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF PETRO- 
 LEUM VAPOUR by BOVERTON REDWOOD, F.R.S.E., Consulting Adviser to the 
 Corporation of London under the Petroleum Acts. Crown 8vo, cloth. Net 5/Q 
 " Professor Clowes has given us a volume on a subject of much industrial importance . . . 
 Those interested in these matters may be recommended to study this book, which is easy of compre- 
 hension and contains many good things." The Engineer. 
 
 COAL & IRON INDUSTRIES of the UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 Comprising a Description of the Coal Fields, and of the Principal Seams of 
 Coal, with Returns of their Produce and its Distribution, and Analyses of 
 Special Varieties. Also, an Account of the Occurrence of Iron Ores in Veins or 
 Seams ; Analyses of each Variety ; and a History of tke Rise and Progress cf 
 Pig Iron Manufacture. By RICHARD MEADE. 8vo, cloth . . "| 8s. 
 " Of this book we may unreservedly say that it is the best of its class which we have ever 
 
 met. ... A book of reference which no one engaged in the iron or coal trades should omit from 
 
 his library." Iron and Coal Trades Re-view. 
 
 ASBESTOS AND ASBESTIC. 
 
 Their Properties, Occurrence, and Use. By ROBERT H. JONES, F.S.A., 
 Mineralogist, Hon. Mem. Asbestos Club, Black Lake, Canada. With 
 Ten Collotype Plates and other Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth. . 1 6/O 
 " An interesting and invaluable work." Colliery Guardian. 
 
 GRANITES AND OUR GRANITE INDUSTRIES. 
 
 By GEORGE F. HARRIS, F.G.S. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 2/6 
 
 TRAVERSE TABLES. 
 
 For use in Mine Surveying. By WILLIAM LINTERN, C.E. With two plates. 
 Small crown 8vo, cloth Net 3/O 
 
ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, &>c. 23 
 
 ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL 
 ENGINEERING, ETC. 
 
 THE ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. 
 
 A First Year's Course for Students. By TYSON SEWELL, A.I.E.E., Assistant 
 Lecturer and Demonstrator in Electrical Engineering at the Polytechnic, 
 Regent Street, London. Second Edition, Revised, with Additional Chapters 
 on Alternating Current Working, and Appendix of Questions and Answers. 
 450 pages, with 274 Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth. {Just Published. Net 7/6 
 OHM'S LAW. UNITS EMPLOYED IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. SERIES AND 
 PARALLEL CIRCUITS ; CURRENT DENSITY AND POTENTIAL DROP IN THE CIRCUIT. 
 THE HEATING EFFECT OF THE ELECTRIC CURRENT. THE MAGNETIC EFFECT OF AN 
 ELECTRIC CURRENT. THE MAGNETISATION OF IRON. ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY ; PRIMARY 
 BATTERIES. ACCUMULATORS. INDICATING INSTRUMENTS; AMMETERS, VOLTMETERS, 
 OHMMETERS. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY METERS. MEASURING INSTRUMENTS, AND THE 
 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE. MEASUREMENT OF POTENTIAL DIF- 
 FERENCE, CAPACITY, CURRENT STRENGTH, AND PERMEABILITY. ARC LAMPS. INCAN- 
 DESCENT LAMPS; MANUFACTURE AND INSTALLATION; PHOTOMETRY. THE CON- 
 TINUOUS CURRENT DYNAMO. DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS. ALTERNATING CURRENTS. 
 TRANSFORMERS, ALTERNATORS, SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS. POLYPHASE WORKING. 
 APPENDIX OF QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 
 
 "An excellent treatise for students of the elementary facts connected with electrical 
 engineering." The Electrician. 
 
 "One of the best books for those commencing' the study of electrical engineering. Every- 
 thing is explained in simple language which even a beginner cannot fail to understand." Engineer. 
 " One welcomes this book, which is sound in its treatment, and admirably calculated to give 
 students the knowledge and information they most require." Nature. 
 
 CONDUCTORS FOR ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Their Materials and Manufacture, The Calcu'ation of Circuits, Pole-Line 
 
 Construction, Underground Working, and other Uses. By F. A.C. PERRINE, 
 
 A.M., D.Sc. ; formerly Professor of electrical Engineering, Leland Stanford, 
 
 Jr., University ; M.Amer.I.E.E. 8vo, cloth. {Just Published. Net 2O/~ 
 
 CONUUCTOR MATERIALS ALLOYED CONDUCTORS MANUFACTURE OF WIRE 
 
 WIRE-FINISHINGWIRE INSULATION CABLES CALCULATION OF CIRCUITS KELVIN'S 
 
 LAW OF ECONOMY IN CONDUCTORS MULTIPLE ARC DISTRIBUTION ALTERNATING 
 
 CURRENT CALCULATION OVERHEAD LINES POLE LINE LINE INSULATORS UNDER- 
 
 GROUND CONDUCTORS. 
 
 WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY; 
 
 Its Origins, Development, Inventions, and Apparatus. By CHARLES HENRY 
 SKWALL. With 85 Diagrams and Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth. 
 
 [Just Published. Net 1O/6 
 
 ARMATURE WINDINGS OF DIRECT CURRENT 
 
 DYNAMOS. 
 
 Extension and Application of a General Winding Rule. By E. ARNOLD, 
 Engineer. Assistant Professor in Electrotechnics and Machine Design at the 
 Riga Polytechnic School. Translated from the Original Get man by FRANCIS 
 B. DE GRESS, M.E , Chief of Testing Department, Crocker- Wheeler Com- 
 pany. With 146 Illustrations. Medium 8vo, cloth . . . Net 12/~ 
 
 ELECTRICITY AS APPLIED TO MINING. 
 
 By ARNOLD LUPTON, M.Inst C.E., M.I.M.E., M.I.E.E., late Professor of 
 
 Coal Mining at the Yorkshire College, Victoria University, Mining Engineer 
 
 and Colliery Manager; G. D. ASPINALL PARR, M.I.E.E., A M.I. M.E. , 
 
 Associate of the Central Technical College, City ar.d Guilds of London, Head 
 
 of the Electrical Engineering Department, Yorkshire College, Victoria 
 
 University ; and HERBERT PERKIN, M.I. ME. Certificated Colliery Manager, 
 
 Assistant Lectuier in the Mining Department of the Yorkshire College, 
 
 Victoria University. With about 170 Illustrations. Medium 8vo, cloth. NetQ 1 ,- 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY. DRIVING OF THE DYNAMO. THE 
 
 STEAM TURBINE. DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY. STARTING AND STOPPING 
 
 ELECTRICAL GENERATORS AND MOTORS. ELECTRIC CABLES. CENTRAL ELECTRICAL 
 
 PLANTS. ELECTRICITY APPLIED TO PUMPING AND HAULING. ELECTRICITY APPLIED 
 
 TO COAL-CUTTING. TYPICAL ELECTRIC PLANTS RECENTLY ERECTED. ELECTRIC 
 
 LIGHTING BY ARC AND GLOW LAMPS MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICITY 
 
 ELECTRICITY AS COMPARED WITH OTHER MODES OF TRANSMITTING POWER. 
 
 DANGERS OF ELECTRICITY. 
 
24 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 DYNAMO, MOTOR AND SWITCHBOARD CIRCUITS 
 
 FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS. 
 
 A Practical Handbook dealing with Direct, Alternating and Polyphase 
 Currents. By WILLIAM R. BOWKER, C.E., M.E., E.E., Lecturer on Physics 
 and Electrical Engineering at the Municipal Technical School, Bury. 8vo, 
 cloth. [Just ready, price about 6/O net. 
 
 DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINERY: its CONSTRUC- 
 
 TION, DESIGN, and OPERATION. 
 
 By SAMUEL SHELDON, A.M., Ph.D , Professor of Physics and Electrical 
 Engineering at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, assisted by HOBART 
 MASON, B S. 
 
 In two volumes, sold separately, as follows : 
 
 Vol. I. DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES. Third Edition, Revised. Large 
 
 crown 8vo. 280 pages, with 200 Illustrations . . Net 1 2/O 
 
 Vol. II. ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHINES. Large crown 8vo. 260 
 
 pages, with 184 Illustrations ...... Net ~\ 2/O 
 
 Designed as Text-books for use in Technical Educational Institutions, and by Engineers 
 whose work includes the handling 1 of Direct and Alternating Current Machines respectively, and 
 for Students proficient in mathematics. 
 
 ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC CALCULATIONS. 
 
 For the Use of Electrical Engineers and Artisans, Teachers, Students, and all 
 others interested in the Theory and Application of Electricity and Magnetism. 
 By A. A. ATKINSON, Professor of Electricity in Ohio University. Crown 8vo, 
 cloth ............ Net 9/Q 
 
 " To teachers and those who already possess a fair knowledge of their subject we can recom- 
 mend this book as being useful to consult when requiring data or formulae which it is neither con- 
 venient nor necessary to retain by memory." The Electrician. 
 
 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPHS. 
 
 Their History, Construction, and Working. Founded in part on WUNSCHEN- 
 DORFF'S " Traite de Telegraphic Sous-Marine," and Compiled from Authorita- 
 tive and Exclusive Sources. By CHARLES BRIGHT, F.R.S.E., A.M.Inst.C.E., 
 M.I E.E. 780 pp., fully Illustrated, including Maps and Folding Plates. 
 Royal 8vo, cloth ......... Net 3 3 8 . 
 
 "There are few, if any, persons more fitted to write a treatise on submarine telegraphy than 
 Mr. Charles Bright. He has done his work admirably, and has written in a way which will 
 appeal as much to the layman as to the engineer. This admirable volume must, for many years to 
 come, hold the position of the English classic on submarine telegraphy." Engineer. 
 
 " This book is full of information. It makes a book of reference which should be in every 
 engineer's library." Nature. 
 
 " Mr. Bright's interestingly written and admirably illustrated book will meet with a welcome 
 reception from cable men." Electrician. 
 
 " The author deals with his subject from all points of view political and strategical as well as 
 scientific. The work will be of interest, not only to men of science, but to the general public. We 
 can strongly recommend it." Atheneeum. 
 
 THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK. 
 
 Consisting cf Modern Rules, Formulae, Tables, and Data. By H. R. KEMPE, 
 M.I.E.E., A.M.Inst.C.E., Technical Officer Postal Telegraphs, Author of 
 "A Handbook of Electrical Testing," &c. Second Edition, thoroughly 
 Revised, with Additions. With numerous Illustrations. Royal 32010, oblong, 
 leather ............. 5/O 
 
 " It is the best book of its kind." Electrical Engineer. 
 
 " The Electrical Engineer's Pocket-Book is a good one." Electrician. 
 
 " Strongly recommended to those engaged in the electrical industries." Electrical Review. 
 
 POWER TRANSMITTED BY ELECTRICITY. 
 
 And applied by the Electric Motor, including Electric Railway Construction. 
 By P. ATKINSON, A.M., Ph.D. Third Edition, Fully Revised, and New 
 Matter added. With 94 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth . . Net 9/O 
 
 DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. 
 
 By PHILIP ATKINSON, A.M., Ph.D., Author of "Elements of Static 
 Electricity," &c. Crown 8vo, 417 pp., with 120 Illustrations, cloth . 1Q/6 
 
ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, &>c. 25 
 
 THE MANAGEMENT OF DYNAMOS. 
 
 A Handybook of Theory and Practice for the Use of Mechanics, Engineers, 
 Students, and others in Charge of Dynamos. By G. W. LUMMIS-PATERSON. 
 
 Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth 4/6 
 
 " An example which deserves to be taken as a model by other authors. The subject is treated 
 In a manner which any intelligent man who is fit to be entrusted with charge of an engine should 
 be able to understand. It is a useful book to all who make, tend, or employ electric machinery." 
 Architect. 
 
 THE STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 A Popular Encyclopaedia of Words and Terms Used in the Practice of Electrical 
 Engineering. Containing upwards of 3,000 definitions, By T. O'CoNOR 
 SLOANE, A.M., Ph.D. Third Edition, with Appendix. Crown 8vo, 690 pp., 
 
 390 Illustrations, cloth Net 7/6 
 
 " The work has many attractive features in It, and Is, beyond doubt, a well put together and 
 
 useful publication. The amount of ground covered may be gathered from the fact that in the index 
 
 about 5,000 references will be found." Electrical Review. 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHT FITTING. 
 
 A Handbook for Working Electrical Engineers, embodying Practical Notes on 
 Installation Management. By J. W. URQUHART, Electrician, Author of 
 " Electric Light," &c. With numerous Illustrations. Third Edition, Revised, 
 
 with Additions. Crown 8vo, cloth 5/O 
 
 " This volume deals with the mechanics ot electric lighting, and is addressed to men who 
 are already engaged in the work, or are training for it. The work traverses a great deal of ground, 
 and may be read as a sequel to the author's useful work on ' Electric Light.' " Electrician. 
 
 " The book is well worth the perusal of the workman, for whom it is written." Electrical 
 Review. 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
 
 Its Production and Use, Embodying Plain Directions for the Treatment of 
 Dynamo-Electric Machines, Batteries, Accumulators, and Electric Lamps. 
 By J. W. URQUHART, C.E. Sixth Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth. 
 
 7/6 
 
 " The whole ground of electric lighting Is more or less covered and explained in a very clear 
 and concise manner," Electrical Review. 
 
 " A vade-mecum of the salient facts connected with the science of electric lighting. " 
 Electrician. 
 
 DYNAMO CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 A Practical Handbook for the Use of Engineer-Constructors and Electricians- 
 
 in -Charge. Embracing Framework Building, Field Magnet and Armature 
 
 Winding and Grouping, Compounding, &c. By J. W. URQUHART. Second 
 
 Edition, Enlarged, with 114 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 7/6 
 
 " Mr. Urquhart's book is the first one which deals with these matters in such a way that the 
 
 engineering student can understand them. The book is very readable, and the author leads his 
 
 readers up to difficult subjects by reasonably simple tests." Engineering Review 
 
 ELECTRIC SHIP-LIGHTING. 
 
 A Handbook on the Practical Fitting and Running of Ships' Electrical Plant. 
 For the Use of Shipowners and Builders, Marine Electricians, and Seagoing 
 Engineers-in-Charge. By J. W. URQUHART, C.E. Second Edition, Revised 
 and Extended. With 88 Illustrations, Crown 8vc, cloth . . . 7/6 
 "The subject of ship electric lighting is one of vast importance and Mr. Urquhart is to be 
 
 highly complimented for placing such a valuable work at the service of marine electricians." The 
 
 Steamship. 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING (ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF). 
 
 By ALAN A. CAMPBELL SWINTON, M.Inst-C.E., M.I.E.E. Fifth Edition. 
 With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 1/6 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHT FOR COUNTRY HOUSES. 
 
 A Practical Handbook on the Erection and Running of Small Installations, 
 with Particulars of the Cost of Plant and Working. By J. H. KNIGHT. 
 Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, wrapper "I/O 
 
 HOW TO MAKE A DYNAMO. 
 
 A Practical Treatise for Amateurs. Containing Illustrations and Detailed 
 Instructions for Constructing a Small Dynamo to Produce the Electric Light. 
 By ALFRED CROFTS. Sixth Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth . 2/O 
 
 THE STUDENT'S TEXT-BOOK OF ELECTRICITY. 
 
 By H. M. NOAD, F.R.S. 650 pp., with 470 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth. 
 
 9/O 
 
26 CROSBY LOCKWOOD SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, ETC. 
 PRACTICAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 A Handbook for Students Preparing for Examinations, and a Book of 
 Reference for Persons Engaged in Building. By JOHN PARNELL ALLEN, 
 Surveyor, Lecturer on Building Construction at the Durham College of 
 Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 
 Medium 8vo, 570 pp., with 1,000 Illustrations, cloth. 
 
 [Just Published. Net 7/6 
 
 " The most complete exposition of building construction we have seen. It contains all that is 
 necessary to prepare students for the various examinations in building construction." Building 
 News. 
 
 " The author depends nearly as much on his diagrams as on his type. The pages suggest 
 the hand of a man of experience in building operations and the volume must be a blessing to 
 many teachers as well as to students. " The Architect. 
 
 " The work is sure to prove a formidable rival to great and small competitors alike, and 
 bids fair to take a permanent place as a favourite student's text-book. The large number of illus- 
 trations deserve particular mention for the great merit they possess for purposes of reference in 
 exactly corresponding to convenient scales." Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects : 
 
 PRACTICAL MASONRY. 
 
 A Guide to the Art of Stone Cutting. Comprising the Construction, Setting 
 Out, and Working of Stairs, Circular Work, Arches, Niches, Domes, Penden- 
 tives. Vaults, Tracery Windows, &c. ; to which are added Supplements 
 relating to Masonry Estimating and Quantity Surveying, and to Building 
 Stones, and a Glossary of Terms. For the Use of Students, Masons, and 
 other Workmen. By WILLIAM R. PURCHASE, Building Inspector to the 
 Borough of Hove. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Royal 8vo, 210 pp., with 
 52 Lithographic Plates, comprising over 400 Diagrams, cloth . 
 
 (Just Published. Net 7/6 
 
 "Mr. Purchase's ' Practical Masonry ' will undoubtedly be found useful to all interested in 
 this Important subject, whether theoretically or practically. Most of the examples given are from 
 actual work carried out, the diagrams being carefully drawn The book is a practical treatise on 
 the subject, the author himself having commenced as an operative mason, and afterwards acted as 
 foreman mason on many large and important buildings prior to the attainment of his present 
 position. It should be found of general utility to architectural students and others, as well as to 
 those to whom it is specially addressed." Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects. 
 
 MODERN PLUMBING, STEAM AND HOT WATER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 A New Practical Work for the Plumber, the Heating Engineer, the Architect, 
 
 . and the Builder. By J. J. LAWLER, Author of " American Sanitary Plumbing," 
 
 &c. With 284 Illustrations and Folding Plates. 410, cloth . Net 21/~ 
 
 H EATING BY HOT WATER, 
 
 VENTILATION AND HOT WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 By WALTER JONES, M.I.M.E. 340 pages, with 140 Illustrations. Royal 8vo, 
 cloth. [Just Published. Net 6/O 
 
 CONCRETE: ITS NATURE AND USES. 
 
 A Book for Architects, Builders, Contractors, and Clerks of Works. By 
 GEORGE L. SUTCLIFFE, A.R.I.B.A. 350 pp., with Illustrations. Crown 
 8vo, cloth 7/6 
 
 " The author treats a difficult subject in a lucid manner. The manual fills a long-felt gap. 
 It is careful and exhaustive ; equally useful as a student's guide and an architect's book of 
 reference." Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects. 
 
 LOCKWOOD'S BUILDER'S PRICE BOOK for 1904. 
 
 A Comprehensive Handbook of the Latest Prices and Data for Builders, 
 Architects, Engineers, and Contractors. Re-constructed, Re-written, and 
 Greatly Enlarged. By FRANCIS T. W. MILLER. 800 closely-printed pages, 
 
 crown 8vo, cloth 40 
 
 " This book is a very useful one, and should find a place in every English office connected 
 with the building and engineering professions. "Industries. 
 " An excellent book of reference." Architect. 
 
 " In its new and revised form this Price Book Is what a work of this kind should be compre- 
 hensive, reliable, well arranged, legible, and well bound." British Architect. 
 
 DECORATIVE PART OF CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 By Sir WILLIAM CHAMBERS, F.R.S. With Portrait, Illustrations, Notes, and 
 an EXAMINATION OF GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE, by JOSEPH GWILT, F.S.A. 
 Revised and Edited by W. H. LEEDS. 66 Plates, 4to, cloth . . 21 /O 
 
ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, &c. 27 
 
 THE MECHANICS OF ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 A Treatise on Applied Mechanics, especially Adapted to the Use of Architects. 
 By E. W. TARN, M.A., Author of " The Science of Building," &c. Second 
 Edition, Enlarged. Illustrated with 125 Diagrams. Crown 8vo, cloth 7/6 
 " The book is a very useful and helpful manual of architectural mechanics." Builder. 
 
 A HANDY BOOK OF VILLA ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 Being a Series of Designs for Villa Residences in various Styles. With 
 Outline Specifications and Estimates. By C. WICKES, Architect, Author of 
 " The Spires and Towers of England," &c. 61 Plates, 410, half-morocco, gilt 
 
 edges 1 11s. 60. 
 
 " The whole of the designs bear evidence of their being the work of an artistic architect, and 
 they will prove very valuable and suggestive." Building- News. 
 
 THE ARCHITECT'S GUIDE. 
 
 Being a Text-book of Useful Information for Architects, Engineers, Surveyors, 
 Contractors, Clerks of Works, &c., &c. By F. ROGERS. Crown 8vo, cloth. 
 
 3/6 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL PERSPECTIVE. 
 
 The whole Course and Operations of the Draughtsman in Drawing a Large 
 House in Linear Perspective. Illustrated by 43 Folding Plates. By F. O. 
 
 FERGUSON. Third Edition. 8vo, boards 3/6 
 
 " It is the most intelligible of the treatises on this ill-treated subject that I have met with." 
 E. INGRESS BELL, ESQ., mthe R.I.B.A. Journal. 
 
 PRACTICAL RULES ON DRAWING. 
 
 For the Operative Builder and Young Student in Architecture. By GEORGE 
 PYNE. 14 Plates, 410, boards 7/6 
 
 MEASURING AND VALUING ARTIFICERS' WORK 
 
 (The Student's Guide to the Practice of). Containing Directions for taking 
 Dimensions, Abstracting the same, and bringing the Quantities into Bill, with 
 Tables of Constants for Valuation of Labour, and for the Calculation of Areas 
 and Solidities. Originally edited by E. DOBSON, Architect. With Additions 
 by E. W. TARN, M.A. Seventh Edition, Revised. With 8 Plates and 
 
 63 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, cloth 7/6 
 
 " This edition will be found the most complete treatise on the principles of measuring and 
 valuing artificers' work that has yet been published." Building News. 
 
 TECHNICAL GUIDE, MEASURER, AND ESTIMATOR. 
 
 For Builders and Surveyors. Containing Technical Directions for Measuring 
 Work in all the Building Trades, Complete Specifications for Houses, Roads, 
 and Drains, and an Easy Method of Estimating the parts of a Building 
 collectively. By A. C. BEATON. Ninth Edition. Waistcoat-pocket size, 
 
 gilt edges 1/6 
 
 "No builder, architect, surveyor, or valuer should be without his 'Beaton.'" Building News. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR PRACTICAL ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 A Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder. With an Essay 
 on the Structure and Science of Modern Buildings. Upon the Basis of the 
 Work by ALFRED BARTHOLOMEW, thoroughly Revised, Corrected, and greatly 
 added to by FREDERICK ROGERS, Architect. Third Edition, Revised. 8vo, 
 
 cloth 15/O 
 
 " The work Is too well known to need any recommendation from us. It is one of the books 
 with which every young architect must be equipped." Architect. 
 
 THE HOUSE-OWNER'S ESTIMATOR. 
 
 Or, What will it Cost to Build, Alter, or Repair ? A Price Book for Un- 
 professional People as well as the Architectural Surveyor and Builder. By 
 J. D. SIMON. Edited by F. T. W. MILLER, A.R.I.B.A. Fifth Edition. 
 
 Carefully Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth Net 3/6 
 
 " In two years it will repay its cost a hundred times over." Field. 
 
28 CROSBY LOCK WOOD * SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 SANITATION AND WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 THE HEALTH OFFICER'S POCKET-BOOK. 
 
 A Guide to Sanitary Practice and Law. For Medical Officers of Health, 
 Sanitary Inspectors, Members of Sanitary Authorities, &c. By EDWARD 
 F. WILLOUGHBY, M.D. (Lond.), &c. Second Edition. Revised and Enlarged. 
 Fcap. 8vo, leather Net 1 Q/6 
 
 " It is a mine of condensed information of a pertinent and useful kind on the various subjects 
 of which it treats. The different subjects are succinctly but fully and scientifically dealt with." 
 The Lancet. 
 
 " We recommend all those engfagad in practical sanitary work to furnish themselves with a 
 copy for reference." Sanitary Journal. 
 
 THE BACTERIAL PURIFICATION OF SEWAGE: 
 
 Being a Practical Account of the Various Modern Biological Methods of 
 Purifying Sewage. By SIDNEY BARWISE, M.D. (Lond.), D.P.H. (Camb.), 
 etc. With 10 Page Plates and 2 Folding Diagrams. Royal 8vo, cloth. 
 
 Net 6/O 
 
 THE PURIFICATION OF SEWAGE. 
 
 Being a Brief Account of the Scientific Principles of Sewage Purification, and 
 their Practical Application. By SIDNEY BARWISE, M.D. (Lond.), M.R.C.S., 
 D.P.H. (Camb.), Fellow of the Sanitary Institute, Medical Officer of Health 
 to the Derbyshire County Council. Crown 8vo, cloth .... 5/Q 
 
 WATER AND ITS PURIFICATION. 
 
 A Handbook for the Use of Local Authorities, Sanitary Officers, and others 
 interested in Water Supply. By S. RIDEAL, D.Sc. Lond., F.I.C. Second 
 Edition, Revised, with Additions, including numerous Illustrations and Tables. 
 Large Crown 8vo, cloth .... . Net Q/Q 
 
 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 A Practical Handbook on the Supply of Water and Construction of Water- 
 works for Small Country Districts. By ALLAN GRKENWELL, A.M.I.C.E., 
 and W. T. CURRY, A.M. I.C.E. Revised Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth 5/O 
 
 THE WATER SUPPLY OF CITIES AND TOWNS. 
 
 By WILLIAM HUMBER, A.M. Inst. C.E., and M.Inst. M.E. Imp. 4to, half- 
 bound morocco. (See page n.) . ^S. . ..- . . Net 6 6s. 
 
 THE WATER SUPPLY OF TOWNS AND THE CON- 
 STRUCTION OF WATER-WORKS. 
 
 By PROFESSOR W. K. BURTON, A.M. Inst. C.E. Second Edition, Revised 
 and Extended. Royal 8vo, cloth. (See page 10.) .... 1 5s. 
 
 WATER ENGINEERING. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Measurement, Storage, Conveyance, and Utilisa- 
 tion of Water for the Supply of Towns. By C. SLAGG, A.M. Inst. C.E. 7/6 
 
 SANITARY WORK IN SMALL TOWNS AND VILLAGES. 
 
 By CHARLES SLAGG, A. M. Inst. C.E. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . 3/0 
 
 PLUMBING. 
 
 A Text-book to the Practice of the Art or Craft of the Plumber. By W. P. 
 BUCHAN. Ninth Edition, Enlarged, with 500 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 3/6 
 
 VENTILATION. 
 
 A Text-book to the Practice of the Art of Ventilating Buildings. By W. P. 
 BUCHAN, R. P. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . - 3/6 
 
CARPENTRY, TIMBER. *<. 29 
 
 CARPENTRY, TIMBER, ETC. 
 
 THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CARPENTRY. 
 
 A Treatise on the Pressure and Equilibrium of Timber Framing, the Resistance 
 of Timber, and the Construction of Floors, Arches, Bridges, Roofs, Uniting 
 Iron and Stone with Timber, &c. To which is added an Essay on the Nature 
 and Properties of Timber, &c., with Descriptions of the kinds of Wood used 
 in Building ; also numerous Tables of the Scantlings of Timber for different 
 purposes, the Specific Gravities of Materials, &c. By THOMAS TKEDGOLD, C.E. 
 With an Appendix of Specimens of Various Roofs of Iron and Stone, Illus- 
 trated. Seventh Edition, thoroughly Revised and considerably Enlarged by 
 E. WYNDHAM TARN, M.A., Author of "The Science of Building," &c. 
 With 6 1 Plates, Portrait of the Author, and several Woodcuts. In One large 
 
 Vol., 4 to, cloth 1 5s. 
 
 " Ought to be in every architect's and every builder's library." Builder. 
 
 " A work whose monumental excellence must commend it wherever skilful carpentry is 
 
 concerned. The author's principles are rather confirmed than impaired by time. The additional 
 
 plates are of great intrinsic value. " Building' News. 
 
 WOODWORKING MACHINERY. 
 
 Its Rise, Progress, and Construction. With Hints on the Management of Saw 
 
 Mills and the Economical Conversion of Timber. Illustrated with Examples 
 
 of Recent Designs by leading English, French, and American Engineers. By 
 
 M. Powis BALE, A.M.Inst.C.E., M.I.M.E. Second Edition, Revised, 
 
 with large Additions, large crown 8vo, 440 pp., cloth .... 9/O 
 
 " Mr. Bale is evidently an expert on the subject, and he has collected so much information 
 
 that his book is all-sufficient for builders and others engaged in the con version of timber." Architect: 
 
 "The most comprehensive compendium of wood-working machinery we have seen. The 
 
 author is a thorough master ef his subject." Building Nevus. 
 
 SAW MILLS. 
 
 Their Arrangement and Management, and the Economical Conversion of 
 Timber. By M. Powis BALE, A.M.Inst.C.E. Second Edition, Revised. 
 Crown 8vo, cloth 1O/6 
 
 "The administration of a large sawing establishment Is discussed, and the subject examined 
 from a financial standpoint. Hence the size, shape, order, and disposition of saw mills and the like 
 are gone into in detail, and the course of the timber is traced from its reception to its delivery in its 
 converted state. We could not desire a more complete or practical treatise." Builder. 
 
 THE CARPENTER'S GUIDE. 
 
 Or, Book of Lines for Carpenters ; comprising all the Elementary Principles 
 essential for acquiring a knowledge of Carpentry. Founded on the late PETER 
 NICHOLSON'S standard work. A New Edition, Revised by ARTHUR ASHPITEL, 
 F.S.A. Together with Practical Rules on Drawing, by GEORGE PYNE. 
 With 74 Plates, 410, cloth 1 1 s . 
 
 A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HANDRAILING. 
 
 Showing New and Simple Methods for Finding the Pitch of the Plank, Drawing 
 the Moulds, Bevelling. Jointing-up, and Squaring the Wreath. By GEORGE 
 COLLINGS. Revised and Enlarged, to which is added A TREATISE ON 
 STAIR-BUILDING. Third Edition. With Plates and Diagrams. lamo, cloth. 
 
 2/6 
 
 "Will be found of practical utility in the execution of this difficult branch of joinery." Builder. 
 " Almost every difficult phase of this somewhat intricate branch of joinery is elucidated by 
 the aid of plates and explanatory letterpress." Furniture Gazette. 
 
 CIRCULAR WORK IN CARPENTRY AND JOINERY. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on Circular Work of Single and Double Curvature. By 
 GEORGE COLLINGS. With Diagrams. Fourth Edition, i2mo, cloth . 2/6 
 " An excellent example of what a book of this kind should be. Cheap in price, clear in 
 definition, and practical in the examples selected." Builder. 
 
 THE CABINET=MAKER'S GUIDE TO THE ENTIRE 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OF CABINET WORK. 
 
 By RICHARD BITMEAD. Illustrated with Plans, Sections and Working 
 Drawings. Crown 8vo, cloth 2/6 
 
30 CROSBY LOCKWOOD * SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 HANDRAILINQ COMPLETE IN EIGHT LESSONS. 
 
 On the Square-Cut System. By J. S. GOLDTHORP, Teacher of Geometry 
 and Building Construction at the Halifax Mechanics' Institute. With Eight 
 
 Plates and over 150 Practical Exercises. 410, cloth . . . 3/6 
 " Likely to be of considerable value to joiners and others who take a pride In good work. 
 The arrangement of the book is excellent. We heartily commend It to teachers and students." 
 Timber Trades Journal. 
 
 TIMBER MERCHANT'S and BUILDER'S COMPANION. 
 
 Containing New and Copious Tables of the Reduced Weight and Measure- 
 ment of Deals and Battens, of all sizes, and other Useful Tables for the use of 
 Timber Merchants and Builders. By WILLIAM DOWSING. Fourth Edition, 
 
 Revised and Corrected. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/O 
 
 "We are glad to see a fourth edition of these admirable tables, which for correctness and 
 simplicity of arrangement leave nothing to be desired." Timber Trades Journal, 
 
 THE PRACTICAL TIMBER MERCHANT. 
 
 Being a Guide for the Use of Building Contractors, Surveyors, Builders, &c., 
 comprising useful Tables for all purposes connected with the Timber Trade, 
 Marks of Wood, Essay on the Strength of Timber, Remarks on the Growth of 
 Timber, &c. By W. RICHARDSON. Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo, cloth . 3/6 
 " This handy manual contains much valuable information for the use of timber merchants, 
 
 builders, foresters, and all others connected with the growth, sale, and manufacture of timber." 
 
 Journal of Forestry. 
 
 PACKING-CASE TABLES. 
 
 Showing the number of Superficial Feet in Boxes or Packing-Cases, from six 
 inches square and upwards. By W. RICHARDSON, Timber Broker. Third 
 Edition. Oblong 410, cloth 3/6 
 
 " Invaluable labour-saving tables." Ironmonger. 
 
 " Will save much labour and calculation." Grocer. 
 
 GUIDE TO SUPERFICIAL MEASUREMENT. 
 
 Tables calculated from i to 200 inches in length by i to 108 inches in breadth. 
 
 For the use of Architects, Surveyors, Engineers, Timber Merchants, 
 
 Builders, &c. By JAMES HAWKINGS. Fifth Edition. Fcap., cloth. 3/6 
 
 "These tables will be found of great assistance to all who require to make calculations of 
 
 superficial measurement." English Mechanic. 
 
 PRACTICAL FORESTRY. 
 
 And its Bearing on the Improvement of Estates. By CHARLES E. CURTIS, 
 F.S.I., Professor of Forestry, Field Engineering, and General Estate 
 Management, at the College of Agriculture, Downton. Second Edition, 
 
 Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6 
 
 PREFATORY REMARKS. OBJECTS OF PLANTING. CHOICE OF A FORESTER. 
 CHOICE OF SOIL AND SITE. LAYING OUT OF LAND FOR PLANTATIONS. PREPARATION 
 OF THE GROUND FOR PLANTING. DRAINAGE. PLANTING. DISTANCES AND DISTRI- 
 BUTION OF TREES IN PLANTATIONS. TREES AND GROUND GAME. ATTENTION AFTER 
 PLANTING. THINNING OF PLANTATIONS. PRUNING OF FOREST TREES. REALIZATION. 
 METHODS OF SALE. MEASUREMENT OF TIMBER. MEASUREMENT AND VALUATION 
 OF LARCH PLANTATION. FIRE LINES. COST OF PLANTING. 
 
 " Mr. Curtis has in the course of a series of short pithy chapters afforded much informa- 
 tion of a useful and practical character on the planting and subsequent treatment of trees." 
 Illustrated Carpenter and Builder. 
 
 THE ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY. 
 
 Designed to afford Information concerning the Planting and Care of Forest 
 Trees for Ornament or Profit, with suggestions upon the Creation and Care of 
 Woodlands. By F. B. HOUGH. Large crown Svo, cloth ... 1 0/O 
 
 TIMBER IMPORTER'S, TIMBER MERCHANT'S, AND 
 
 BUILDER'S STANDARD GUIDE. 
 
 By RICHARD E. GRANDY. Comprising : An Analysis of Deal Standards, 
 Home and Foreign, with Comparative Values and Tabular Arrangements for 
 fixing Net Landed Cost on Baltic and North American Deals, including all 
 intermediate Expenses, Freight, Insurance, &c. ; together with copious Informa- 
 tion for the Retailer and Builder. Third Edition, Revised. i2mo, cloth 2/O 
 " Everything it pretends to be : built up gradually, it leads one from a forest to a treenail, and 
 throws in, as a makeweight, a host of material concerning bricks, columns, cisterns, &c." English 
 
DECORATIVE ARTS. &-c. 
 
 DECORATIVE ARTS, ETC. 
 
 SCHOOL OF PAINTING FOR THE IMITATION OF 
 
 WOODS AND MARBLES. 
 
 As Taught and Practised by A. R. VAN DER BURG and P. VAN DER BURG, 
 Directors of the Rotterdam Painting Institution. Royal folio, i8 by 12^ in., 
 Illustrated with 24 full-size Coloured Plates ; also 12 plain Plates, comprising 
 154 Figures. Fourth Edition cloth. [Just Published. Net 1 5 S . 
 
 LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 i. VARIOUS TOOLS REQUIRED FOR WOOD PAINTING. 2, 3. WALNUT ; PRELIMINARY 
 STAGES OF GRAINING AND FINISHED SPECIMEN. 4. TOOLS USED FOR MARBLE 
 PAINTING AND METHOD OF MANIPULATION. 5, 6. ST. REMI MARBLE; EARLIER 
 OPERATIONS AND FINISHED SPECIMEN. 7 . METHODS OF SKETCHING DIFFERENT 
 GRAINS, KNOTS, &c. 8, 9. ASH: PRELIMINARY STAGES AND FINISHED SPECI- 
 MEN. 10. METHODS OF SKETCHING MARBLE GRAINS. n, 12. BRECHE MARBLE ; 
 PRELIMINARY STAGES OF WORKING AND FINISHED SPECIMEN. 13. MAPLE ; METHODS 
 
 OF PRODUCING THE DIFFERENT GRAINS. 14, 15. BlRD'S-EYE MAPLE; PRELIMINARY 
 
 STAGES AND FINISHED SPECIMEN. 16. METHODS OF SKETCHING THE DIFFERENT 
 SPECIES OF WHITE MARBLE. -17, 18. WHITE MARBLE ; PRELIMINARY STAGES OF 
 PROCESS AND FINISHED SPECIMEN. 19. MAHOGANY; SPECIMENS OF VARIOUS GRAINS 
 AND METHODS OF MANIPULATION. 20, 21. MAHOGANY; EARLIER STAGES AND 
 FINISHED SPECIMEN. 22, 23, 24. SIENNA MARBLE; VARIETIES OF GRAIN, PRELIMINARY 
 STAGES AND FINISHED SPECIMEN. 25, 26, 27. JUNIPER WOOD; METHODS OF PRO- 
 DUCING GRAIN, &c. ; PRELIMINARY STAGES AND FINISHED SPECIMEN. 28, 29, 30. VERT 
 
 DE MER MARBLE; VARIETIES OF GRAIN AND METHODS OF WORKING. UNFINISHED 
 
 AND FINISHED SPECIMENS. 31, 32, 33. OAK ; VARIETIES OF GRAIN, TOOLS EMPLOYED 
 
 AND METHODS OF MANIPULATION, PRELIMINARY STAGES AND FINISHED SPECIMEN. 
 
 34, 35, 36. WAULSORT MARBLE; VARIETIES OF GRAIN, UNFINISHED AND FINISHED 
 SPECIMENS. 
 
 " Those who desire to attain skill in the art of painting woods and marbles will find advantage 
 In consulting this book. . . . Some of the Working Men's Clubs should give their young men 
 the opportunity to study it." Builder, 
 
 " A comprehensive guide to the art. The explanations of the processes, the manipulation 
 and management of the colours, and the beautifully executed plates will not be the least valuable to 
 the student who aims at making his work a faithful transcript of nature." Building- News. 
 
 " Students and novices are fortunate who are able to become the possessors of so noble a 
 work." The Architect. 
 
 ELEMENTARY DECORATION. 
 
 A Guide to the Simpler Forms of Everyday Art. Together with PRACTICAL 
 HOUSE DECORATION. By JAMES W. FACEY. With numerous Illus- 
 trations. In One Vol., strongly half-bound 5/O 
 
 HOUSE PAINTING, GRAINING, MARBLING, AND 
 
 SIGN WRITING. 
 
 A Practical Manual of. By ELLIS A. DAVIDSON. Eighth Edition. With 
 Coloured Plates and Wood Engravings. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . QIQ 
 " A mass of information of use to the amateur and of value to the practical man." English 
 Mechanic. 
 
 THE DECORATOR'S ASSISTANT. 
 
 A Modern Guide for Decorative Artists and Amateurs, Painters, Writers, 
 Gilders, &c. Containing upwards of 600 Receipts, Rules, and Instructions ; 
 with a variety of Information for General Work connected with every Class of 
 Interior and Exterior Decorations, &c. Eighth Edition. Cr. 8vo . 1 /Q 
 
 " Full of receipts of value to decorators, painters, gilders, &c. The book contains the gist of 
 
 larger treatises on colour and technical processes. It would be difficult to meet with a work so full 
 
 of varied information on the painter s art." Building News. 
 
 MARBLE DECORATION 
 
 And the Terminology of British and Foreign Marbles. A Handbook for 
 Students. By GEORGE H. BLAGROVE, Author of " Shoring and its Applica- 
 tion," &c. With 28 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth .... 3/g 
 
 " This most useful and much wanted handbook should be in the hands of every architect and 
 builder." Building World. 
 
 "A carefully aud usefully written treatise ; the work is essentially practical." Scotsman. 
 
32 CROSBY LOCK WOOD * SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 DELAMOTTE'S WORKS ON ILLUMINATION AND 
 ALPHABETS. 
 
 ORNAMENTAL ALPHABETS, ANCIENT & MEDL-CVAL. 
 
 From the Eighth Century, with Numerals; including Gothic, Church-Text, 
 large and small, German, Italian, Arabesque, Initials for Illumination, 
 Monograms, Crosses, &c., &c., for the use of Architectural and Engineering 
 Draughtsmen, Missal Painters, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithographers, 
 Engravers, Carvers, &c. Collected and Engraved by F. DELAMOTTE, and 
 printed in Colours. New and Cheaper Edition. Royal 8vo, oblong, 
 ornamental boards ........... 2/6 
 
 " For those who insert enamelled sentences round gilded chalices, who blazon shop legends 
 
 over shop-doors, who letter church walls with pithy sentences from the Decalogue, this book will be 
 
 useful." Athenaum. 
 
 MODERN ALPHABETS, PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL. 
 
 Including German, Old English, Saxon, Italic, Perspective, Greek, Hebrew, 
 Court Hand, Engrossing, Tuscan, Riband, Gothic, Rustic, and Arabesque ; 
 with several Original Designs, and an Analysis of the Roman and Old English 
 Alphabets, large and small, and Numerals, for the use of Draughtsmen, 
 Surveyors, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithographers, Engravers, Carvers, 
 &c. Collected and Engraved by F. DELAMOTTE, and printed in Colours. 
 New and Cheaper Edition. Royal 8vo, oblong, ornamental boards . 2/6 
 " There is comprised in it every possible shape into which the letters of the alphabet and 
 
 numerals can be formed, and the talent which has been expended in the conception of the various 
 
 plain and ornamental letters is wonderful." Standard. 
 
 MEDIAEVAL ALPHABETS AND INITIALS. 
 
 By F. G. DELAMOTTE. Containing 21 Plates and Illuminated Title, printed 
 in Gold and Colours. With an Introduction by J. WILLIS BROOKS. Fifth 
 Edition. Small 410, ornamental boards Net 5/O 
 
 "A volume in which the letters of the alphabet come forth glorified In gilding and all the 
 colours of the prism interwoven and intertwined and intermingled." Sun. 
 
 A PRIMER OF THE ART OF ILLUMINATION. 
 
 For the Use of Beginners ; with a Rudimentary Treatise on the Art, Practical 
 Directions for its Exercise, and Examples taken from Illuminated MSS., 
 printed in Gold and Colours. By F. DELAMOTTE. New and Cheaper 
 
 Edition. Small 410, ornamental boards 6/O 
 
 "The examples of ancient MSS. recommended to the student, which, with much good sense, 
 
 the author chooses from collections accessible to all, are selected with judgment and knowledge as 
 
 well as taste." Athenaum. 
 
 THE EMBROIDERER'S BOOK OF DESIGN. 
 
 Containing Initials, Emblems, Cyphers, Monograms, Ornamental Borders, 
 Ecclesiastical Devices, Mediaeval and Modern Alphabets, and National 
 Emblems. Collected by F. DELAMOTTE, and printed in Colours. Oblong 
 royal 8vo, ornamental wrapper . . . . . . . Net 2/O 
 
 "The book will be of great assistance to ladies and young children who are endowed with 
 the art of plying the needle in this most ornamental and useful pretty work." East A nglian Times. 
 
 WOOD-CARVING FOR AMATEURS. 
 
 With Hints on Design. By A LADY. With 10 Plates. New and Cheaper 
 
 Edition. Crown 8vo, in emblematic wrapper 2/O 
 
 " The handicraft of the wood-carver, so well as a book can impart it, may be leamt from ' A 
 Lady's ' publication." Athenaum. 
 
 PAINTING POPULARLY EXPLAINED. 
 
 By THOMAS JOHN GULLICK, Painter, and JOHN TIMES, F.S.A. Including 
 Fresco, Oil, Mosaic, Water-Colour, Water-Glass, Tempera, Encaustic, 
 Miniature, Painting on Ivory, Vellum, Pottery, Enamel, Glass, &c. Fifth 
 
 Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth 5/O 
 
 %* Adopted, as a Prize Book at South Kensington. 
 
 " Much may be learned, even by those who fancy they do not require to be taught, from the 
 careful perusal of this unpretending but comprehensive treatise. "A rt Journal. 
 
NATURAL SCIENCE, &>c. 33 
 
 NATURAL SCIENCE, ETC. 
 
 THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE. 
 
 Chapters on the Origin and Construction of the Heavens. By J. E. GORE, 
 F.R.A.S., Author of " Star Groups," &c. Illustrated by 6 Stellar Photographs 
 and 12 Plates. Demy 8vo, cloth 1 6/O 
 
 STAR GROUPS. 
 
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 Heavens," &c. With 30 Maps. Small 4 to, cloth 5/O 
 
 AN ASTRONOMICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 Or, Dictionary of Terms used in Astronomy. With Tables of Data and Lists 
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 Its Construction and Management. Including Technique, Photo-micrography, 
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 by WYNNE E. BAXTER, F.G.S. Imp. 8vo, cloth .... 18 O 
 
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 HANDBOOK OF MECHANICS. 
 
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 New Edition. Edited by T. OLVER HARDING, B. A. Small 8vo, cloth fi/Q 
 
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 NATURAL PHILOSOPHY FOR SCHOOLS . . 3/6 
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 THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. 
 
 Revised by E. B. BRIGHT, F.R.A.S. Fcap. 8vo, cloth . . . 2/6 
 
 L. c 
 
34 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES, 
 CHEMISTRY, ETC. 
 
 THE OIL FIELDS OF RUSSIA AND THE RUSSIAN 
 
 PETROLEUM INDUSTRY. 
 
 A Practical Handbook on the Exploration, Exploitation, and Management 
 of Russian Oil Properties, including Notes on the Origin of Petroleum in 
 Russia, a Description of the Theory and Practice of Liquid Fuel, and a 
 Translation of the Rules and Regulations concerning Russian Oil Properties. 
 By A. BEEBY THOMPSON, A.M.I.M.E., late Chief Engineer and Manager of the 
 European Petroleum Company's Russian Oil Properties. About 503 pp., with 
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 Saboontchy-Romany Oil Field. Super-royal 8vo, cloth. 
 
 {Just Published. Net 3 3s. 
 
 THE ANALYSIS OF OILS AND ALLIED SUBSTANCES. 
 
 By A. C. WRIGHT, M.A.Oxon., B.Sc.Lond., formerly Assistant Lecturer in 
 Chemistry at the Yorkshire College, Leeds, and Lecturer in Chemistry at the 
 Hull Technical School. Demy 8vo, cloth. . . . . . Net 9/O 
 
 THE GAS ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK. 
 
 Comprising Tables, Notes and Memoranda relating to the Manufacture, 
 Distribution and Use of Coal Gas and the Construction of Gas Works. By 
 H. O'CONNOR, A.M.Inst.C.E. Second Edition, Revised. 470 pp., crown 8vo, 
 fully Illustrated, leather 1 0/6 
 
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 absolutely interestine to read." Gas World. 
 
 "The volume contains a great quantity of specialised information, compiled, we believe, from 
 trustworthy sources, which should make it of considerable value to those for whom it is specifically 
 produced." Engineer. 
 
 LIGHTING BY ACETYLENE 
 
 Generators, Burners, and Electric Furnaces. By WILLIAM E. GIBBS, M.E. 
 With 66 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth ....... 7/6 
 
 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY. 
 
 A Practical Treatise for the Use of Analytical Chemists, Engineers, Iron 
 Masters, Iron Founders, Students and others. Comprising Methods of Analysis 
 and Valuation of the Principal Materials used in Engineering Work, with 
 numerous Analyses, Examples and Suggestions. By H. JOSHUA PHILLIPS, 
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 " The analytical methods given are, as a whole, such as are likely to give rapid and trust- 
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 the chapter on ' Oils and Lubrication ' being specially noticeable in this respect." Engineer. 
 
 NITRO-EXPLOSIVES. 
 
 A Practical Treatise concerning the Properties, Manufacture, and Analysis 
 
 of Nitrated Substances, including the Fulminates, Smokeless Powders, and 
 
 Celluloid. By P. GERALD SANFORD, F.I.C., Consulting Chemist to the Cotton 
 
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 A HANDBOOK ON MODERN EXPLOSIVES. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Use of Dynamite, Gun-Cotton, 
 
 Nitro-Glycerine and other Explosive Compounds, including Collodion-Cotton. 
 
 With Chapters on Explosives in Practical Application. By M. EISSLER, M.E. 
 
 Second Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 1 2/6 
 
 " A veritable mine of information on the subject of explosives employed for military, mining 
 
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CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES, CHEMISTRY, &c. 35 
 
 A MANUAL OF THE ALKALI TRADE. 
 
 Including the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, Sulphate of Soda, and Bleaching 
 Powder. By JOHN LOMAS, Alkali Manufacturer. With 232 Illustrations 
 and Working Drawings, Second Edition, with Additions. Super-royal 8vo, 
 
 cloth 1 1Qs. 
 
 " We find not merely a sound and luminous explanation of the chemical principles of the 
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 DANGEROUS GOODS. 
 
 Their Sources and Properties, Modes of Storage and Transport. With Notes 
 and Comments on Accidents arising therefrom. A Guide for the Use of 
 Government and Railway Officials, Steamship Owners, &c. By H. JOSHUA 
 PHILLIPS, F.I.C., F.C.S. Crown 8vo, 374 pp., cloth .... 9/Q 
 " Merits a wide circulation, and an intelligent, appreciative study." Chemical News. 
 
 THE BLOWPIPE IN CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, Etc. 
 
 Containing all known Methods of Anhydrous Analysis, many Working 
 
 Examples, and Instructions for Making Apparatus. By Lieut. -Colonel W. A. 
 
 Ross, R.A., F.G.S. Second Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth . 5/Q 
 
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 THE MANUAL OF COLOURS AND DYE-WARES. 
 
 Their Properties, Applications, Valuations, Impurities and Sophistications. 
 
 For the Use of Dyers, Printers, Drysalters, Brokers, &c. By J. W. SLATER. 
 
 Second Edition, Revised and greatly Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth . 7/6 
 
 " There is no other work which covers precisely the same ground. To students preparing 
 
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 A HANDY BOOK FOR BREWERS. 
 
 Being a Practical Guide to the Art of Brewing and Malting. Embracing the 
 Conclusions of Modern Research which bear upon the Practice of Brewing. 
 By HERBERT EDWARDS WRIGHT, M.A. Second Edition, Enlarged. Crown 
 8vo, 530 pp., cloth ... 12/6 
 
 " May be consulted with advantage by the student who Is preparing himself for examinational 
 tests, while the scientific brewer will find in it a resume" of all the most important discoveries of 
 modern times. The work is written throughout in a clear and concise manner, and the author 
 takes great care to discriminate between vague theories and well-established facts." Brewers' 
 Journal. 
 
 "We have great pleasure in recommending this handy book, and have no hesitation in saying 
 that it is one of the best if not the best which has yet been written on the subject of beer-brewing 
 In this country ; it should have a place on the shelves of every brewer's library." Brewers' 
 Guardian. 
 
 FUELS: SOLID, LIQUID, AND GASEOUS. 
 
 Their Analysis and Valuation. For the Use of Chemists and Engineers. By 
 H. J. PHILLIPS, F.C.S., formerly Analytical and Consulting Chemist to the 
 
 G.E. Rlwy. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth 2/O 
 
 " Ought to have Its place hi the laboratory of every metallurgical establishment and wherever 
 fuel Is used on a large scale." Chemical Nnvs. 
 
 THE ARTISTS' MANUAL OF PIGMENTS. 
 
 Showing their Composition, Conditions of Permanency, Non-Permanency, and 
 Adulterations, &c., with Tests of Purity. By H. C. STANDAGE. Third 
 
 Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth 2/6 
 
 " This work is indeed multum-in-parvo, and we can, with good conscience, recommend it to 
 all who come in contact with pigments, whether as makers, dealers, or users." Chemical Review. 
 
 A POCKET-BOOK OF MENSURATION AND GAUGING. 
 
 Containing Tables, Rules, and Memoranda for Revenue Officers, Brewers, 
 Spirit Merchants, &c. By J. B. MANT, Inland Revenue. Second Edition, 
 
 Revised. i8mo, leather 4/O 
 
 " Should be in the hands of every practical brewer." Brewers' Journal. 
 
36 CROSBY LOCK WOOD <* SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL ARTS, TRADES, AND 
 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 TEA MACHINERY AND TEA FACTORIES. 
 
 A Descriptive Treatise on the Mechanical Appliances required in the 
 Cultivation of the Tea Plant and the Preparation of Tea for the Market. By 
 A. J. WALLIS-TAYLER, A. M. Inst. C.E. Medium 8vo, 468 pp. With 218 
 Illustrations Net 25/O 
 
 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. 
 
 MECHANICAL CULTIVATION OR TILLAGE OF THE SOIL. PLUCKING OR GATHERING 
 THE LEAF. TEA FACTORIES. THE DRESSING, MANUFACTURE, OR PREPARATION 
 OF TEA BY MECHANICAL MEANS. ARTIFICIAL WITHERING OF THE LEAF. 
 MACHINES FOR ROLLING OR CURLING THE LEAF. FERMENTING PROCESS. 
 MACHINES FOR THE AUTOMATIC DRYING OR FIRING OF THE LEAF. MACHINES FOR 
 NON-AUTOMATIC DRYING OR FIRING OF THE LEAF. DRYING OR FIRING MACHINES. 
 BREAKING OR CUTTING, AND SORTING MACHINES. PACKING THE TEA. MEANS 
 OF TRANSPORT ON TEA PLANTATIONS. MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY AND APPARATUS. 
 FINAL TREATMENT OF THE TEA. TABLES AND MEMORANDA. 
 
 " The subject of tea machinery is now one of the first interest to a large class of people, to 
 whom we strongly commend the volume." Chamber of Commerce Journal. 
 
 " When tea planting was first introduced into the British possessions little, if any, machinery 
 was employed, but now its use is almost universal. This volume contains a very full account of the 
 machinery necessary for the proper outfit of a factory, and also a description of the processes best 
 carried out by this machinery." Journal Society of Arts. 
 
 FLOUR MANUFACTURE. 
 
 A Treatise on Milling Science and Practice. By FRIEDRICH KICK, Imperial 
 Regierungsrath, Professor of Mechanical Technology in the Imperial German 
 Polytechnic Institute, Prague. Translated from the Second Enlarged and 
 Revised Edition with Supplement. By H. H. P. POWLES, Assoc. Memb. 
 Institution of Civil Engineers. Nearly 400 pp. Illustrated with 28 Folding 
 Plates, and 167 Woodcuts. Royal 8vo, cloth 1 6s. 
 
 "This invaluable work is, and will remain, the standard authority on the science of milling. . . . 
 The miller who has read and digested this work will have laid the foundation, so to speak, of a 
 successful career ; he will have acquired a number of general principles which he can proceed to 
 apply. In this handsome volume we at last have the accepted text-book of modern milling in good, 
 sound F.nsrlish, which has little, if any, trace of the German idiom." The Miller. 
 
 " The appearance of this celebrated work in English is very opportune, and British millers 
 will, we are sure, not be slow in availing themselves of its pages." Millers' Gazette. 
 
 COTTON MANUFACTURE. 
 
 A Manual of Practical Instruction of the Processes of Opening, Carding, 
 Combing, Drawing, Doubling and Spinning of Cotton, the Methods of 
 Dyeing, &c. For the Use of Operatives, Overlookers, and Manufacturers. 
 By JOHN LISTER, Technical Instructor, Pendleton. 8vo, cloth . . 716 
 
 "This invaluable volume is a distinct advance in the literature of cotton manufacture." 
 Machinery. 
 
 " It is thoroughly reliable, fulfilling nearly all the requirements desired." Glasgow Herald, 
 
 MODERN CYCLES. 
 
 A Practical Handbook on their Construction and Repair. By A. J. WALLIS- 
 TAYLER, A. M. Inst. C. E., Author of " Refrigerating Machinery," &c. With 
 upwards of 300 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 1 O/6 
 
 "The large trade that is done in the component parts of bicycles has placed in the way of 
 men mechanically inclined extraordinary facilities for building bicycles for their own use. . . . The 
 book will prove a valuable guide for all those who aspire to the manufacture or repair of their own 
 machines.' r The Field. 
 
 "A most comprehensive and up-to-date treatise '' The Cycle. 
 
 " A very useful book, which is quite entitled to rank as a standard work for students of cycle 
 con ?truction." Wheeling. 
 
 MOTOR CARS OR POWER CARRIAGES FOR COMMON 
 
 ROADS. 
 
 By A J. WALLIS-TAYLER, Assoc. Memb. Inst. C.E., Author of "Modern 
 
 Cycles," &c. 212 pp., with 76 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 4/6 
 
 " The book is clearly expressed throughout, and is just the sort of work that an engmeer, 
 
 thinking of turning his attention to motor-carriage work, would do well to read as a preliminary to 
 
 starting operations." Engineering. 
 
INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 37 
 
 PRACTICAL TANNING. 
 
 A Handbook of Modern Procesess, Receipts, and Suggestions for the Treatment 
 of Hides, Skins, and Pelts of every Description. By L. A. FLEMMING, 
 American Tanner. 472 pages. 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. Nel 25/O 
 
 THE ART OF LEATHER MANUFACTURE. 
 
 Being a Practical Handbook, in which the Operations of Tanning, Currying, 
 and Leather Dressing are fully Described, and the Principles of Tanning 
 Explained, and many Recent Processes Introduced ; as also Methods for the 
 Estimation of Tannin, and a Description of the Arts of Glue Boiling, Gut 
 Dressing, &c. By ALEXANDER WATT. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo cloth. 
 
 9/O 
 
 " A sound, comprehensive treatise on tanning and its accessories. The book is an eminently 
 valuable production, which redounds to the credit of both author and publishers." Chemical 
 Review. 
 
 THE ART OF SOAP-MAKING. 
 
 A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet 
 
 Soaps, &c. Including many New Processes, and a Chapter on the Recovery of 
 
 Glycerine from Waste Leys. By ALEXANDER WATT. Sixth Edition, 
 
 including an Appendix on Modern Candlemaking. Crown 8vo, cloth . 7/6 
 
 "The work will prove very useful, not merely to the technological student, but to the 
 
 practical soap boiler who wishes to understand the theory of his art." Chemical News. 
 
 "A thoroughly practical treatise. We congratulate the author on the success of his endeavour 
 to fill a void in English technical literature." Nature. 
 
 PRACTICAL PAPER-MAKING. 
 
 A Manual for Paper-Makers and Owners and Managers of Paper-Mills. With 
 Tables, Calculations, &c. By G. CLAPPERTON, Paper-Maker. With Illus- 
 trations of Fibres from Micro-Photographs. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 6/O 
 " The author caters for the requirements of responsible mill hands, apprentices, &c., whilst 
 his manual will be found of great service to students of technology, as well as to veteran paper- 
 makers and mill owners. The illustrations form an excellent feature." The World's Paper Tradt 
 Review. 
 
 THE ART OF PAPER-MAKING. 
 
 A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Paper from Rags, Esparto, 
 
 Straw, and other Fibrous Materials. Including the Manufacture of Pulp from 
 
 Wood Fibre, with a Description of the Machinery and Appliances used. To 
 
 which are added Details of Processes for Recovering Soda from Waste Liquors. 
 
 By ALEXANDER WATT. With Illustrations. Crown Svo, cloth . . 7IQ 
 
 " It may be regarded as the standard work on the subject. The book is full of valuable 
 
 Information. The 'Art of Paper-Making' is in every respect a model of a text-book, either for a 
 
 technical class, or for the private student." Paper and Printing Trades Journal. 
 
 A TREATISE ON PAPER. 
 
 For Printers and Stationers. With an Outline of Paper Manufacture ; Complete 
 Tables of Sizes, and Specimens of Different Kinds of Paper. By RICHARD 
 PARKINSON, late of the Manchester Technical School. Demy Svo, cloth 3/6 
 
 CEMENTS, PASTES, GLUES, AND GUMS- 
 
 A Practical Guide to the Manufacture and Application of the various Aggluti- 
 nants required in the Building, Metal- Working, Wood-Working, and Leather- 
 Working Trades, and for Workshop and Office Use. With upwards of 900 
 Recipes. By H. C. STANDAGE. Third Edition. Crown Svo, cloth . 2/O 
 "We have pleasure in speaking favourably of this volume. So far as we have had 
 experience, which is not inconsiderable, this manual is trustworthy." Athenaum. 
 
 THE CABINET=MAKER'S GUIDE 
 
 TO THE ENTIRE CONSTRUCTION OF CABINET WORK. 
 
 Including Veneering, Marquetrie, Buhlwork, Mosaic, Inlaying, &c. By 
 RICHARD BITMEAD. Illustrated with Plans, Sections, and Working Drawings. 
 Small crown Svo, cloth 2/6 
 
 FRENCH POLISHING AND ENAMELLING. 
 
 A Practical Work of Instruction. Including Numerous Recipes fcr making 
 Polishes, Varnishes, Glaze-Lacquers, Revivers, &c. By RICHARD BITMEAD, 
 Author of " The Cabinet- Maker's Guide." Small crown Svo, cloth . 1 /6 
 
38 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 WATCH REPAIRING, CLEANING, AND ADJUSTING. 
 
 A Practical Handbook dealing with the Materials and Tools Used, and the 
 Methods of Repairing, Cleaning, Altering, and Adjusting all kinds of English 
 and Foreign Watches, Repeaters, Chronographs rmd Marine Chronometers. 
 By F. J. GARRARD, Springer and Adjuster of Marine Chronometers and Deck 
 Watches for the Admiralty. With over 200 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth. 
 
 [Just Published. Net 4/6 
 
 MODERN HOROLOGY, IN THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
 Translated from the French of CLAUDIUS SAUNIER, ex-Director of the School 
 of Horology at Macon, by JULIEN TRIPPLIN, F.R.A.S., Besan9on Watch 
 Manufacturer, and EDWARD RIGG, M.A., Assayer in the Royal Mint. With 
 Seventy-eight Woodcuts and Twenty-two Coloured Copper Plates. Second 
 Edition. Super-royal 8vo, 2 2s. cloth ; half-calf . . . 21Os. 
 " There is no horological work in the English language at all to be compared to this produc- 
 tion of M. Saunier's for clearness and completeness. It is alike good as a guide for the student and 
 as a reference for the experienced horologist and skilled workman." Horological Journal. 
 
 " The latest, the most complete, and the most reliable of those literary productions to which 
 continental watchmakers are indebted for the mechanical superiority over thew English brethren 
 In fact, the Book of Books is M. Saunier's ' Treatise.'" Watchmaker, Jeweller, and Silversmith. 
 
 THE WATCH ADJUSTER'S MANUAL. 
 
 A Practical Guide for the Watch and Chronometer Adjuster in Making, 
 Springing, Timing and Adjusting for Isochronism, Positions and Temperatures. 
 By C. E. FRITTS. 370 pp., with Illustrations, 8vo, cloth . . . 1 6/O 
 
 THE WATCHMAKER'S HANDBOOK. 
 
 Intended as a Workshop Companion for those engaged in Watchmaking and 
 
 the Allied Mechanical Arts. Translated from the French of CLAUDIUS 
 
 SAUNIER, and enlarged by JULIEN TRIPPLIN, F.R.A.S., and EDWARD RIGG, 
 
 M.A., Assayer in the Royal Mint. Third Edition. Cr. 8vo, cloth. . 9/Q 
 
 "E_ach part is truly a treatise in itself. The arrangement is good and the language Is clear 
 
 and concise. It is an admirable guide for the young watchmaker." Engineering. 
 
 HISTORY OF WATCHES & OTHER TIMEKEEPERS. 
 
 By JAMES F. KENDAL, M.B.H. Inst. 1/6 boards; or cloth, gilt . 2/6 
 "The best which has yet appeared on this subject in the English language. "Industries. 
 " Open the book where you may, there is interesting matter in it concerning the ingenious 
 devices of the ancient or modern horologer." Saturday Review. 
 
 ELECTROPLATING &ELECTRO-REFININGOFMETALS. 
 
 Being a new edition of ALEXANDER WATT'S ." ELECTRO-DEPOSITION." Re- 
 vised and Largely Rewritten by ARNOLD PHILIP, B.Sc., A.I.E.E., Principal 
 Assistant to the Admiralty Chemist. Large Crown 8vo, cloth. . Net 1 2/6 
 " Altogether the work can be highly recommended to every electro-plater, and is of un- 
 doubted interest to every electro-metallurgist." Electrical Review. 
 
 "Eminently a book for the practical worker in electro-deposition. It contains practical 
 descriptions of methods, processes and materials, as actually pursued and used in the workshop." 
 Engineer. 
 
 ELECTRO-METALLURGY. 
 
 Practically Treated. By ALEXANDER WATT. Tenth Edition, including the 
 
 most recent Processes. i2mo, cloth 3/6 
 
 " From this book both amateur and artisan may learn everything necessary for the successful 
 prosecution of electroplating." Iron. 
 
 JEWELLER'S ASSISTANT IN WORKING IN GOLD. 
 
 A Practical Treatise for Masters and Workmen, Compiled from the Experience 
 of Thirty Years' Workshop Practice. By GEORGE E. GEE. Crown 8vo. 7/6 
 " This manual of technical education Is apparently destined to be a valuable auxiliary to a 
 handicraft which is certainly capable of great Improvement." The Times. 
 
 ELECTROPLATING. 
 
 A Practical Handbook on the Deposition of Copper, Silver, Nickel, Gold, 
 Aluminium, Brass, Platinum, &c., &c. By J. W. URQUHART, C.E. Fourth 
 Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth 6/O 
 
 "An excellent practical manual." Engineering. 
 
 " An excellent work, giving the newest information." Harological Journal. 
 
INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 39 
 
 ELECTROTYPING. 
 
 The Reproduction and Multiplication of Printing Surfaces and Works of Art 
 by the Electro-Deposition of Metals. By J. W. URQUHART, C.E. Crown 8vo, 
 cloth 5/O 
 
 "The book is thoroughly practical; the reader is, therefore, conducted through the leading 
 laws of electricity, then through the metals used by electrotypers, the apparatus, and the depositing 
 processes, up to the final preparation of the work." Art Journal. 
 
 GOLDSMITH'S HANDBOOK. 
 
 By GEORGE E. GEE, Jeweller, &c. Fifth Edition. i2mo, cloth . . 3/Q 
 "A good, sound educator." Horological Journal. 
 
 SILVERSMITH'S HANDBOOK. 
 
 By GEORGE E. GEE, Jeweller, &c. Third Edition, with numerous Illustra- 
 tions. i2mo, cloth 3/O 
 
 "The chief merit of the work is its practical character. . . . The workers in the trade will 
 speedily discover its merits when they sit down to study it." English, Mechanic. 
 
 *** The above two works together, strongly Jtalf-bound, price 7s. 
 
 SHEET METAL WORKER'S INSTRUCTOR. 
 
 Comprising a Selection of Geometrical Problems and Practical Rules foi 
 Describing the Various Patterns Required by Zinc, Sheet-Iron, Copper, and 
 Tin-Plate Workers. By REUBEN HENRY WARN, Practical Tin-Plate Worker. 
 New Edition, Revised and greatly Enlarged by JOSEPH G. HORNER, 
 A.M.I. M.E. Crown 8vo, 254 pp., with 430 Illustrations, cloth . . 7/6 
 
 SAVOURIES AND SWEETS 
 
 Suitable for Luncheons and Dinners. By Miss M. L. ALLEN (Mrs. A. 
 MACAIRE), Author of " Breakfast Dishes," &c. Twenty-ninth Edition. F'cap 
 8vo, sewed 1 /O 
 
 BREAKFAST DISHES 
 
 For Every Morning of Three Months. By Miss ALLEN (Mrs A. MACAIRE), 
 Author of "bavouries and Sweets," &c. Twenty-second Edition. F'cap 8vo, 
 sewed . . -, -j . . . . . . ....,. "I/O 
 
 BREAD & BISCUIT BAKER'S & SUGAR-BOILER'S 
 
 ASSISTANT. 
 
 Including a large variety of Modern Recipes. With Remarks on the Art of 
 Bread-making. By ROBERT WELLS. Third Edition. Crown 8vo . . 1 /O 
 
 " A large number of wrinkles for the ordinary cook, as well as the baker." Saturday Review. 
 
 PASTRYCOOK & CONFECTIONER'S GUIDE. 
 
 For Hotels, Restaurants, and the Trade in general, adapted also for Family 
 Use. By R. WELLS, Author of " The Bread and Biscuit Baker " . .1/6 
 " We cannot speak too highly of this really excellent work. In these days of keen competition 
 our readers cannot do better than purchase this book." Bakers' Times. 
 
 ORNAMENTAL CONFECTIONERY. 
 
 A Guide for Bakers, Confectioners and Pastrycooks ; including a variety of 
 
 Modern Recipes, and Remarks on Decorative and Coloured Work. With 129 
 
 Original Designs. By ROBERT WELLS. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . 6/O 
 
 "A valuable work, practical, and should be in the hands of every baker and confectioner. 
 
 The Illustrative designs are worth treble the amount charged for the work." Bakers? Times. 
 
 MODERN FLOUR CONFECTIONER. 
 
 Containing a large Collection of Recipes for Cheap Cakes, Biscuits, &c. With 
 remarks on the Ingredients Used in their Manufacture. By R. WELLS. "I/O 
 " The work is of a decidedly practical character, and in every recipe regard is had to economical 
 working." North British Daily Mail. 
 
 RUBBER HAND STAMPS 
 
 And the Manipulation of Rubber. A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of 
 Indiarubber Hand Stamps, Small Articles of Indiarubber, The Hektograph, 
 Special Inks, Cements, and Allied Subjects. By T. O'CoNOR SLOANE, A.M., 
 Ph.D. With numerous Illustrations. Square 8 vo, cloth. . * . 6/O 
 
4 o CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 HANDYBOOK8 FOR HANDICRAFTS. 
 
 BY PAUL N. HASLUCK. 
 
 Editor of " Work " (New Series), Author of " Lathe Work," " Milling Machines," &c. 
 Crown 8vo, 144 pp., price is. each. 
 
 13" These HANDYBOOKS have been written to supply information for WORKMEN, 
 STUDENTS, and AMATEURS in the several Handicrafts, on the actual PRACTICE of 
 the WORKSHOP, and are intended to convey in plain language TECHNICAL KNOW- 
 LEDGE of the several CRAFTS. In describing the processes employed, and the manipu- 
 lation of material, workshop terms are used ; workshop practice is fully explained ; 
 and the text is freely illustrated with drawings of modern tools, appliances, and 
 processes. 
 
 METAL TURNER'S HANDYBOOK. 
 
 A Practical Manual for Workers at the Foot-Lathe. With 100 Illustrations. 
 
 1/O 
 
 " The book will be of service alike to the amateur and the artisan turner. It displays 
 thorough knowledge of the subject." Scotsman. 
 
 WOOD TURNER'S HANDYBOOK. 
 
 A Practical Manual for Workers at the Lathe. With over 100 Illustrations. 
 
 1/O 
 
 " We recommend the book to young turners and amateurs. A multitude of workmen have 
 hitherto sought in vain for a manual of this special industry." Mechanical World. 
 
 WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. 
 
 A Practical Manual on Cleaning, Repairing, and Adjusting. With upwards of 
 loo Illustrations "I/O 
 
 " We strongly advise all young persons connected with the watch trade to acquire and study 
 this Inexpensive work." Clerkenwell Chronicle. 
 
 PATTERN MAKER'S HANDYBOOK. 
 
 A Practical Manual on the Construction of Patterns for Founders. With 
 upwards of zoo Illustrations "I/O 
 
 "A most valuable, if not indispensable manual for the pattern maker." Knowledge. 
 
 MECHANIC'S WORKSHOP HANDYBOOK. 
 
 A Practical Manual on Mechanical Manipulation, embracing Information 
 on various Handicraft Processes. With Useful Notes and Miscellaneous 
 
 Memoranda. Comprising about 200 Subjects "I/O 
 
 "A very clever and useful book, which should be found in every workshop ; and it should 
 certainly find a place in all technical schools." Saturday Review. 
 
 MODEL ENGINEER'S HANDYBOOK. 
 
 A Practical Manual on the Construction of Model Steam Engines. With 
 
 ? wards of 100 Illustrations. - 1 /O 
 
 Hasluck has produced a very good little book." Builder. 
 
 CLOCK JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. 
 
 A Practical Manual on Cleaning, Repairing, and Adjusting. With upwards of 
 loo Illustrations "I/O 
 
 " It is of inestimable service to those commencing the trade." Coventry Standard. 
 
 CABINET WORKER'S HANDYBOOK. 
 
 A Practical Manual on the Tools, Materials, Appliances, and Processes 
 employed in Cabinet Work. With upwards of 100 Illustrations . . "I/O 
 " Mr. Hasluck's thorough-going little Handybook is amongst the most practical guides we 
 have seen for beginners in cabinet-work." Saturday Review. 
 
 WOODWORKER'S HANDYBOOK. 
 
 Embracing Information on the Tools, Materials, Appliances and Processes 
 Employed in Woodworking. With 104 Illustrations 1 /O 
 
 " Written by a man who knows, not only how work ought to be done, but how to do It, and 
 how to convey his knowledge to others." Engineering. 
 
 "Mr. Hasluck writes admirably, and gives complete instructions." Engineer. 
 
 " Mr. Hasluck combines the experience of a practical teacher with the manipulative skill and 
 scientific knowledge of processes of the trained mechanician, and the manuals are marvels of what 
 can be produced at a popular price." Schoolmaster. 
 
 " Helpful to workmen of all ages and degrees of experience." Daily Chronitle. 
 
 "Concise, clear, and practical." Saturday Review. 
 
 upw 
 "Mr. 
 
COMMERCE, COUNTING-HOUSE WORK, TABLES, &c. 41 
 
 COMMERCE, COUNTING-HOUSE WORK, 
 TABLES, ETC. 
 
 LESSONS IN COMMERCE. 
 
 By Professor R. GAMBARO, of the Royal High Commercial School at Genoa. 
 
 Edited and Revised by JAMES GAULT, Professor of Commerce and Commercial 
 
 Law in King's College, London. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth . 3/6 
 
 " The publishers of this work have rendered considerable service to the cause of commercial 
 
 education by the opportune production of this volume. . . . The work is peculiarly acceptable to 
 
 English readers and an admirable addition to existing class books. In a phrase, we think the work 
 
 attains its object in furnishing a brief account of those laws and customs of British trade with which 
 
 the commercial man interested therein should be familiar." Chamber of Commerce Journal. 
 
 "An invaluable guide in the hands of those who are preparing for a commercial career, and, 
 In fact, the information it contains on matters of business should be impressed on every one." 
 Counting House. 
 
 THE FOREIGN COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENT. 
 
 Being Aids to Commercial Correspondence in Five Languages English, 
 
 French, German, Italian, and Spanish. By CONRAD E. BAKER. Third 
 
 Edition, Carefully Revised Throughout. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . 4/6 
 
 " Whoever wishes to correspond in all the languages mentioned by Mr. Baker cannot do 
 
 better than study this work, the materials of which are excellent and conveniently arranged. They 
 
 consist not of entire specimen letters, but what are far more useful short passages, sentences, or 
 
 phrases expressing the same general idea in various forms." Athenaunt, 
 
 " A careful examination has convinced us that it is unusually complete, well arranged ad 
 reliable. The book is a thoroughly good one." Schoolmaster. 
 
 FACTORY ACCOUNTS: their PRINCIPLES & PRACTICE. 
 
 A Handbook for Accountants and Manufacturers, with Appendices on the 
 Nomenclature of Machine Details ; the Income Tax Acts ; the Rating of 
 Factories; Fire and Boiler Insurance ; the Factory and Workshop Acts, &c., 
 including also a Glossary of Terms and a large number of Specimen Rulings. 
 By EMILE GARCKE and J. M. FELLS. Fifth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 
 
 Demy 8vo, cloth 7/6 
 
 " A very interesting description of the requirements of Factory Accounts. . . . The principle 
 
 of assimilating the Factory Accounts to the general commercial books is one which we thoroughly 
 
 agree w'fa." Accountants' Journal. 
 
 " Characterised by extreme thoroughness. There are few owners of factories who would not 
 
 derive great benefit from the perusal of this most admirable work." Local Government Chronicle. 
 
 MODERN METROLOGY. 
 
 A Manual of the Metrical Units and Systems of the present Century. With 
 an Appendix containing a proposed English System. By Lowis D. A. 
 JACKSON, A. M. Inst. C. E., Author of " Aid to Survey Practice," &c. Large 
 crown 8vo, cloth . . : .. f 12/6 
 
 "We recommend the work to all Interested In the practical reform of our weights and 
 
 ires." Nature. 
 
 A SERIES OF METRIC TABLES. 
 
 In which the British Standard Measures and Weights are compared with those 
 of the Metric System at present in Use on the Continent. By C. H. DOWLING, 
 
 C.E. 8vo, cloth 1O/6 
 
 " Mr. Dowling's Tables are well put together as a ready reckoner for the conversion of one 
 system into the o\h&t."Athenaum. 
 
 IRON AND METAL TRADES' COMPANION. 
 
 For Expeditiously Ascertaining the Value of any Goods bought or sold by 
 Weight, from is. per cwt. to nas. per cwt., and from one farthing per pound to 
 one shilling per pound. By THOMAS DOWNIE. Strongly bound in leather, 
 
 396 PP 9/O 
 
 " A most useful set of tables, nothing like them before existed." Building News. 
 " Although specially adapted to the iron and metal trades, the tables wul be found useful 
 every other business in which merchandise Is bought and sold by weight." Railway News. 
 
42 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 NUMBER, WEIGHT, AND FRACTIONAL CALCULATOR. 
 
 Containing upwards of 250,000 Separate Calculations, showing at a Glance the 
 Value at 422 Different Rates, ranging from y^th of a Penny to 2os. each, or per 
 cwt., and ^20 per ton, of any number of articles consecutively, from i to 470. 
 Any number of cwts., qrs., and Ibs., from i cwt. to 470 cwts. Any number of 
 tons, cwts., qrs., and Ibs., from i to 1,000 tons. By WILLIAM CHADWICK, 
 Public Accountant. Third Edition, Revised and Improved. 8vo, strongly 
 bound 18/0 
 
 "It is as easy of reference for any answer or any number of answers as a dictionary. For 
 making up accounts or estimates the book must prove invaluable to all who have any considerable 
 quantity of calculations involving price and measure in any combination to do." Engineer. 
 
 "The most perfect work of the kind yet prepared." Glasgow Herald. 
 
 THE WEIGHT CALCULATOR. 
 
 Being a Series of Tables upon a New and Comprehensive Plan, exhibiting ai 
 one Reference the exact Value of any Weight from i Ib. to 15 tons, at 300 
 Progressive Rates, from id. to i68s. per cwt., and containing 186,000 Direct 
 Answers, which, with their Combinations, consisting of a single addition 
 (mostly to be performed at sight), will afford an aggregate of 10,266,000 
 Answers ; the whole being calculated and designed to ensure correctness and 
 promote despatch. By HENRY HARBEN, Accountant. Sixth Edition, carefully 
 Corrected. Royal 8 vo, strongly half-bound. {Just Published. 1 5s. 
 
 " A practical and useful work of reference for men of business generally." Ironmonger. 
 
 "Of priceless value to business men. It is a necessary book in all mercantile offices." 
 Sheffield Independent. 
 
 THE DISCOUNT GUIDE. 
 
 Comprising several Series of Tables for the Use of Merchants, Manufacturers, 
 Ironmongers, and Others, by which may be ascertained the Exact Profit arising 
 from any mode of using Discounts, either in the Purchase or Sale of Goods, and 
 the method of either Altering a Rate of Discount, or Advancing a Price, so as 
 to produce, by one operation, a sum that will realise any required Profit after 
 allowing one or more Discounts : to which are added Tables of Profit or 
 Advance from ij to 90 per cent., Tables of Discount from ij to g8| per cent., 
 and Tables of Commission, &c., from J to 10 per cent. By HENRY HARBEN, 
 Accountant. New Edition, Corrected. Demy 8vo, half-bound . "| 5s. 
 " A book such as this can only be appreciated by business men, to whom the saving of time 
 
 means saving of money. The work must prove of great value to merchants, manufacturers, and 
 
 general traders. "British Trade Journal. 
 
 TABLES OF WAGES. 
 
 At 54, 52, 50 and 48 Hours per Week. Showing the Amounts of Wages from 
 One quarter of an hour to Sixty-four hours, in each case at Rates of Wages 
 advancing by One Shilling from 4$. to 555. per week. By THOS. GARBUTT, 
 Accountant. Square crown 8vo, half-bound 6/O 
 
 IRON-PLATE WEIGHT TABLES. 
 
 For Iron Shipbuilders, Engineers, and Iron Merchants. Containing the 
 Calculated Weights of upwards of 150,000 different sizes of Iron Plates from 
 i foot by 6 in. by J in. to 10 feet by 5 feet by i in. Worked out on the Basis of 
 40 Ibs. to the square foot of Iron of i inch in thickness. By H. BURLINSON 
 and W. H. SIMPSON. 410, half-bound , 1 6s. 
 
AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, &c. 43 
 
 AGRICULTURE, FARMING, 
 GARDENING, ETC. 
 
 THE COMPLETE GRAZIER AND FARMER'S AND 
 
 CATTLE BREEDER'S ASSISTANT. 
 
 A Compendium of Husbandry. Originally Written by WILLIAM You ATT. 
 Fourteenth Edition, entirely Re-written, considerably Enlarged, and brought 
 up to Present Requirements, by WILLIAM FREAM, LL.D., Assistant Com- 
 missioner, Royal Commission on Agriculture, Author of " The Elements of 
 Agriculture," &c. Royal 8vo, 1,100 pp., 450 Illustrations, handsomely bound. 
 
 1 11s. 60. 
 
 BOOK I. ON THE VARIETIES, BREEDING, 
 REARING, FATTENING AND MANAGE- 
 MENT OF CATTLE. 
 
 BOOK II. ON THE ECONOMY AND MAN- 
 AGEMENT OF THE DAIRY. 
 
 BOOK ill. ON THE BREEDING, REARING, 
 AND MANAGEMENT OF HORSES. 
 
 BOOK IV. ON THE BREEDING, REARING, 
 AND FATTENING OF SHEEP. 
 
 BOOK V. ON THE BREEDING, REARING, 
 AND FATTENING OF SWINE. 
 
 BOOK VI. ON THE DISEASES OF LIVE 
 STOCK. 
 
 BOOK VII. ON THE BREEDING, REARING, 
 AND MANAGEMENT OF POULTRY. 
 
 BOOK vill. ON FARM OFFICES AND 
 IMPLEMENTS OF HUSBANDRY. 
 
 BOOK IX. ON THE CULTURE AND MAN- 
 AGEMENT OF GRASS LANDS. 
 
 BOOK x. ON THE CULTIVATION AND 
 APPLICATION OF GRASSES, PULSE AND 
 ROOTS. 
 
 BOOK XI. ON MANURES AND THEIR 
 APPLICATION TO GRASS LAND AND 
 CROPS. 
 
 BOOK XII. MONTHLY CALENDARS OF 
 FARMWORK. 
 
 " Dr. Fream is to be congratulated on the successful attempt he has made to give us a work 
 which will at once become the standard classic of the farm practice of the country. We believe 
 that it will be found that it has no compeer among the many works at present in existence. . . , 
 The illustrations are admirable, while the frontispiece, which represents the well-known bull, 
 New Year's Gift, bred by the Queen, is a work of art. " The Times. 
 
 "The book must be recognised as occupying the proud position of the most exhaustive woric 
 of reference in the English language on the subject with which it deals." Athcnaum. 
 
 "The most comprehensive guide to modern farm practice that exists in the English language 
 to-day. . . . The book is one that ought to be on every farm and in the library of every land 
 owner." Mark Lane Express. 
 
 " In point of exhaustiveness and accuracy the work will certainly hold a pre-eminent and 
 unique position among books dealing with scientific agricultural practice. It is, in fact, an agricul- 
 tural library of itself." North British Agriculturist. 
 
 FARM LIVE STOCK OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 BY ROBERT WALLACE, F.L.S., F.R.S.E., &c., Professor of Agriculture and 
 
 Rural Economy in the University of Edinburgh. Third Edition, thoroughly 
 
 Revised and considerably Enlarged. With over 120 Phototypes of Prize 
 
 Stock. Demy 8vo, 384 pp., with 79 Plates and Maps, cloth. . . 1 2/6 
 
 " A really complete work on the history, breeds, and management of the farm stock of Great 
 
 Britain, and one which is likely to find its way to the shelves of every country gentleman's library." 
 
 The Times. 
 
 " The ' Farm Live Stock of Great Britain ' is a production to be proud of, and its Issue not the 
 least of the services which its author has rendered to agricultural science." Scottish Farmer. 
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AGRICULTURAL FACT5 & FIGURES 
 
 FOR FARMERS AND FARM STUDENTS. 
 
 By PRIMROSE McCoNNELL, B.Sc., Fellow of the Highland and Agricultural 
 
 Society, Author of "Elements of Farming." Sixth Edition, Re-written, Revised, 
 
 and greatly Enlarged. Fcap. 8vo, 480 pp., leather, gilt edges . , 6/O 
 
 CONTENTS. SURVEYING AND LEVELLING. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. MACHINERY 
 
 AND BUILDINGS. LABOUR. OPERATIONS. DRAINING. EMBANKING. GEOLOGICAL 
 
 MEMORANDA. SOILS. MANURES. CROPPING. CROPS. --ROTATIONS. WEEDS. 
 
 FEEDING. DAIRYING. LIVE STOCK. HORSES. CATTLE. SHEEP. PIGS. POULTRY, 
 
 FORESTRY. HORTICULTURE. MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 " No farmer, and certainly no agricultural student, ought to be without this multum-in-par-vo 
 manual of all subjects connected with the farm." North British Agriculturist. 
 
 "This little pocket book contains a large amount of useful information upon all kinds of 
 agricultural subjects. Something of the kind has long been wanted." Mark Lane Expi ess. 
 
 "The amount of information it contains is most surprising ; the arrangement of the matter is 
 so methodical although so compressed as to be Intelligible to everyone who takes a glance through 
 its pages. They teem with information." Farm and Home. 
 
 THE ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL GEOLOGY. 
 
 A Scientific Aid to Practical Farming. By PRIMROSE McCoNNELL. Author of 
 "Note-Book of Agricultural Facts and Figures," &c. Royal 8vo, cloth. 
 
 Net 21/O 
 
 "On every page the work bears the impress of a masterly knowledge of the subject dealt 
 with, and we have nothing but unstinted praise to offer." Field. 
 
44 CROSBY LOCK WOOD <*< SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 BRITISH DAIRYING. 
 
 A Handy Volume on the Work of the Dairy-Farm. For the Use of Technical 
 Instruction Classes, Students in Agricultural Colleges and the Working Dairy- 
 Farmer. By Prof. J. P. SHELDON. With Illustrations. Second Edition, 
 Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth fc 2/6 
 
 " Confidently recommended as a useful text -book on dairy farming." Agricultural Gazette. 
 
 " Probably the best half-crown manual on dairy work that has yet been produced." North 
 British Agriculturist. 
 
 " It is the soundest little work we have yet seen on the subject." The Times. 
 
 MILK, CHEESE, AND BUTTER. 
 
 A Practical Handbook on their Properties and the Processes of their Produc- 
 tion. Including a Chapter on Cream and the Methods of its Separation from 
 Milk. By JOHN OLIVER, late Principal of the Western Dairy Institute, 
 Berkeley. With Coloured Plates and 200 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth. 
 
 7/6 
 
 " An exhaustive and masterly production. It may be cordially recommended to all students 
 and practitioners of dairy science. ' North British Agriculturist. 
 
 "We recommend this very comprehensive and carefully-written book to dairy-farmers and 
 students of dairying. It is a distinct acquisition to the library of the agriculturist." Agricultural 
 Gazette. 
 
 SYSTEMATIC SMALL FARMING. 
 
 Or, The Lessons of My Farm. Being an Introduction to Modern Farm 
 Practice for Small Farmers. By R. SCOTT BURN, Author of " Outlines of 
 
 Modern Farming," &c. Crown 8vo, cloth 6/O 
 
 "This is the completest book of its class we have seen, and one which every amateur farmer 
 will read with pleasure, and accept as a guide." Field. 
 
 OUTLINES OF MODERN FARMING. 
 
 By R. SCOTT BURN. Soils, Manures, and Crops Farming and Farming 
 Economy Cattle, Sheep, and Horses Management of Dairy, Pigs, and 
 Poultry Utilisation of Town-Sewage, Irrigation, &c. Sixth Edition. In One 
 Vol., 1,250 pp., half-bound, profusely Illustrated ...... 1 2/O 
 
 FARM ENGINEERING, The COMPLETE TEXT-BOOK of. 
 
 Comprising Draining and Embanking ; Irrigation and Water Supply ; Farm 
 Roads, Fences and Gates ; Farm Buildings ; Barn Implements and Machines ; 
 Field Implements and Machines ; Agricultural Surveying, &c. By Professor 
 JOHN SCOTT. In One Vol., 1,150 pp., half-bound, with over 600 Illustrations. 
 
 12/O 
 
 "Written with great care, as well as with knowledge and ability. The author has done his 
 work well ; we have found him a very trustworthy guide wherever we have tested his statements. 
 The volume will be of great value to agricultural students." Mark Lane Express. 
 
 THE FIELDS OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 A Text-Book of Agriculture. Adapted to the Syllabus of the Science and 
 Art Department. For Elementary and Advanced Students. By HUGH 
 CLEMENTS (Board of Trade). Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. 
 
 i8mo, cloth 2/6 
 
 "It is a long time since we have seen a book which has pleased us more, or which contains 
 such a vast and useful fund of knowledge." Educational Times, 
 
 TABLES and MEMORANDA for FARMERS, GRAZIERS, 
 
 AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS, SURVEYORS, LAND AGENTS, 
 AUCTIONEERS, &c. 
 
 With a New System of Farm Book-keeping. By SIDNEY FRANCIS. Fifth 
 
 Edition. 272 pp., waistcoat-pocket size, limp leather . * . 1/6 
 
 "Weighing less than i oz., and occupying no more space than a match-box, It contains amass 
 
 of facts and calculations which has never before, in such handy form, been obtainable. Every 
 
 operation on the farm is dealt with. The work may be taken as thoroughly accurate, the whole of 
 
 the tables having been revised by Dr. Fream. We cordially recommend it." Bell's Weekly 
 
 Messenger. 
 
 THE ROTHAMSTED EXPERIMENTS AND THEIR 
 
 PRACTICAL LESSONS FOR FARMERS. 
 
 Part I. STOCK. Part II. CROPS. By C. J. R. TIPPER. Crown 8vo, cloth. 
 
 3/6 
 
 " We have no doubt that the book will be welcomed by a large class of farmers and others 
 Interested In agriculture." Standard. 
 
AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, &c. 45 
 
 FERTILISERS AND FEEDING STUFFS. 
 
 Their Properties and Uses. A Handbook for the Practical Farmer. By 
 BERNARD DYER, D.Sc. (Lond.). With the Text of the Fertilisers and Feeding 
 Stuffs Act of 1893, The Regulations and Forms of the Board of Agriculture, 
 and Notes on the Act by A. J. DAVID, B.A., LL.M. Fourth Edition, Revised. 
 Crown 8 vo, cloth. [Just Published. 1/O 
 
 "This little book is precisely what it professes to be 'A Handbook for the Practical 
 Farmer.' Dr. Dyer has done farmers good service in placing at their disposal so much useful 
 information in so intelligible a form." The Times. 
 
 BEES FOR PLEASURE AND PROFIT. 
 
 A Guide to the Manipulation of Bees, the Production of Honey, and the 
 General Management of the Apiary. By G. GORDON SAMSON. With 
 numerous Illustrations. Crown 8 vo, wrapper -|/Q 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING for FARMERS and ESTATE OWNERS. 
 
 A Practical Treatise, presenting, in Three Plans, a System adapted for all 
 Classes of Farms. By JOHNSON M. WOODMAN, Chartered Accountant. 
 Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. 2/6 
 
 " The volume is a capital study of a most important subject." Agricultural Gazette. 
 
 WOODMAN'S YEARLY FARM ACCOUNT BOOK. 
 
 Giving Weekly Labour Account and Diary, and showing the Income and 
 Expenditure under each Department of Crops, Live Stock, Dairy, &c., &c. 
 With Valuation, Profit and Loss Account, and Balance Sheet at the End ot the 
 Year. By JOHNSON M. WOODMAN, Chartered Accountant. Second Edition. 
 
 Folio, half-bound Net 7/6 
 
 " Contains every requisite for keeping farm accounts readily and accurately." Agriculture, 
 
 THE FORCING GARDEN. 
 
 Or, How to Grow Early Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables. With Plans and 
 Estimates for Building Glasshouses, Pits and Frames. With Illustrations. 
 By SAMUEL WOOD. Crown 8vo, cloth . ., , . . ... . ^ 3/6 
 
 " A good book, containing a great deal of valuable teaching." Gardeners' Magazine. 
 
 A PLAIN GUIDE TO GOOD GARDENING. 
 
 Or, How to Grow Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers. By S. WOOD. Fourth 
 Edition, with considerable Additions, and numerous Illustrations. Crown 
 
 8vo, cloth 3/5 
 
 " A very good book, and one to be highly recommended as a practical guide. The practical 
 directions are excellent." Athenaum. 
 
 MULTUM-IN-PARVO GARDENING. 
 
 Or, How to Make One Acre of Land produce 620 a year, by the Cultivation 
 of Fruits and Vegetables ; also, How to Grow Flowers in Three Glass Houses, 
 so as to realise 176 per annum clear Profit. By SAMUEL WOOD, Author of 
 " Good Gardening, " &c. Sixth Edition, Crown 8 vo, sewed . . "I/O 
 
 THE LADIES' MULTUM-IN-PARVO FLOWER GARDEN. 
 
 And Amateur's Complete Guide. By S. WOOD. Crown 8vo, cloth . 3/6 
 
 POTATOES: HOW TO GROW AND SHOW THEM. 
 
 A Practical Guide to the Cultivation and General Treatment of the Potato. 
 By J. PINK. Crown 8vo 2/O 
 
 MARKET AND KITCHEN GARDENING. 
 
 By C. W. SHAW, late Editor of "Gardening Illustrated." Crown 8vo, cloth. 
 
 3/6 
 
46 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 AUCTIONEERING, VALUING, LAND 
 SURVEYING, ESTATE AGENCY, ETC. 
 
 INWOOD'S TABLES FOR PURCHASING ESTATES 
 
 AND FOR THE VALUATION OP PROPERTIES, 
 
 Including Advowsons, Assurance Policies, Copyholds, Deferred Annuities, 
 Freeholds, Ground Rents, Immediate Annuities, Leaseholds, Life Interests, 
 Mortgages, Perpetuities, Renewals of Leases, Reversions, Sinking Funds, 
 &c., &c. 27th Edition, Revised and Extended by WILLIAM SCHOOLING, 
 F.R.A.S., with Logarithms of Natural Numbers and THOMAN'S Logarithmic 
 Interest and Annuity Tables. 360 pp., Demy 8vo, cloth. 
 
 [Just Published. Net 8/O 
 
 " Those Interested in the purchase and sale of estates, and in the adjustment of compensation 
 cases, as well as in transactions in annuities, life insurances, &c., will find the present edition of 
 eminent service." Engineering. 
 
 " This valuable book has been considerably enlarged and improved by the labours of 
 Mr. Schooling, and is now very complete indeed." Economist. 
 
 " Altogether this edition will prove of extreme value to many classes of professional men in 
 saving them many long and tedious calculations." Investors' Review. 
 
 THE APPRAISER, AUCTIONEER, BROKER, HOUSE 
 
 AND ESTATE AGENT AND VALUER'S POCKET ASSISTANT. 
 
 For the Valuation for Purchase, Sale, or Renewal of Leases, Annuities, and 
 Reversions, and of Property generally ; with Prices for Inventories, &c. By 
 JOHN WHEELER, Valuer, &c. Sixth Edition, Re-written and greatly Extended 
 
 by C. NORRIS. Royal 321110, cloth 6/O 
 
 " A neat and concise book of reference, containing an admirable and clearly-arranged list of 
 
 prices for inventories, and a very practical guide to determine the value of furniture, &c. " Standard. 
 
 " Contains a large quantity of varied and useful information as to the valuation for purchase, 
 
 sale, or renewal of leases, annuities and reversions, and of property generally, with prices for 
 
 Inventories, and a guide to determine the value of interior fittings and other effects." Builder. 
 
 AUCTIONEERS: THEIR DUTIES AND LIABILITIES. 
 
 A Manual of Instruction and Counsel for the Young Auctioneer. By ROBERT 
 SQUIBBS, Auctioneer. Second Edition, Revised. Demy 8vo, cloth . 12/6 
 "The work is one of general excellent character, and gives much information in a com- 
 pendious and satisfactory form." Builder. 
 
 " May be recommended as giving a great deal of information on the law relating to 
 auctioneers, in a very readable form." Law Journal. 
 
 THE AGRICULTURAL VALUER'S ASSISTANT. 
 
 A Practical Handbook on the Valuation of Landed Estates ; including 
 Example of a Detailed Report on Management and Realisation ; Forms of 
 Valuations of Tenant Right ; Lists of Local Agricultural Customs ; Scales of 
 Compensation under the Agricultural Holdings Act, and a Brief Treatise on 
 C6mpensation under the Lands Clauses Acts, &c. By TOM BRIGHT, Agricul- 
 tural Valuer. Author of "The Agricultural Surveyor and Estate Agent's 
 Handbook." Fourth Edition, Revised, with Appendix containing a Digest of 
 the Agricultural Holdings Acts, 1883 and 1900. Crown 8vo, cloth . Net 6/O 
 
 " Full of tables and examples in connection with the valuation of tenant-right, estates, labour, 
 contents and weights of timber, and fann produce of all kinds." Agricultural Gazette. 
 
 " An eminently practical handbook, full of practical tables and data of undoubted interest and 
 value to surveyors and auctioneers in preparing valuations of all kinds." Farmer. 
 
 POLE PLANTATIONS AND UNDERWOODS. 
 
 A Practical Handbook on Estimating the Cost of Forming, Renovating, 
 Improving, and Grubbing Plantations and Underwoods, their Valuation for 
 Purposes of Transfer, Rental, Sale or Assessment. By TOM BRIGHT. Crown 
 8vo, cloth 3/6 
 
 "To valuers, foresters and agents it will be a welcome aid." North British Agriculturist. 
 
 " Well calculated to assist the valuer in the discharge of his duties, and of undoubted interest 
 and use both to surveyors and auctioneers in preparing valuations of all kinds." Kent Herald. 
 
AUCTIONEERING, VALUING, LAND SURVEYING, &-c. 47 
 
 AGRICULTURAL SURVEYOR AND ESTATE AGENT'S 
 
 HANDBOOK. 
 
 Of Practical Rules, Formulae, Tables, and Data. A Comprehensive Manual 
 for the Use of Surveyors, Agents, Landowners, and others interested in the 
 Equipment, the Management, or the Valuation of Landed Estates. By 
 TOM BRIGHT, Agricultural Surveyor and Valuer, Author of " The Agri- 
 cultural Valuer's Assistant," &c. With Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo, Leather. 
 
 Net 7/6 
 
 " An exceedingly useful book, the contents of which are admirably chosen. The classes for 
 whom the work is intended will find it convenient to have this comprehensive handbook accessible 
 for reference." Live Stock Journal. 
 
 " It is a singularly compact and well informed compendium of the facts and figures likely to 
 be required in estate work, and is certain to prove of much service to those to whom it is 
 addressed." Scotsman. 
 
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 ***. This Standard Work of Reference forms A COMPLETE EPITOME OF THE 
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 THE RIGHTS AND WRONGS OF INDIVIDUALS 
 
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 LABOUR CONTRACTS. 
 
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WEALE'S SERIES 
 
 OF 
 
 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL 
 
 WORKS. 
 
 " It is not too much to say that no books have ever proved more 
 popular with or more useful to young engineers and others than the 
 excellent treatises comprised in WEALE'S SERIES." Engineer. 
 
 |Ufo CteiM list. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CIVIL ENGINEERING AND SURVEYING 2 
 
 MINING AND METALLURGY . . . . S 
 
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING .... 4 
 
 NAVIGATION, SHIPBUILDING. ETC. . 5 
 
 ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING . . 6 
 
 INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. . O 
 
 AGRICULTURE, GARDENING, ETC. . IO 
 
 MATHEMATICS, ARITHMETIC, ETO. . 12 
 
 BOOKS OF REFERENCE AND MISCELLANEOUS VOLUMES 
 
 CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON, 
 7, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LONDON, E.G. 
 
 1904. 
 
2 WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. 
 
 CIVIL ENGINEERING & SURVEYING. 
 Civil Engineering. 
 
 By HENRY LAW, M.Inst.C.E. Including a Treatise on HYDRAULIC 
 ENGINEERING by G. R. BURNELL, M.I.C.E. Seventh Edition, revised, 
 with LARGE ADDITIONS by D. K. CLARK, M.I.C.E. . . . 6/6 
 Pioneer Engineering: 
 
 A Treatise on the Engineering Operations connected with the Settlement of 
 Waste Lands in New Countries. By EDWARD DOBSON, M.INST.C.E. 
 With numerous Plats. Second Edition 4/6 
 
 Iron Bridges of Moderate Span: 
 
 Their Construction and Erection. By HAMILTON W. PENDRED. With 40 
 Illustrations 2/0 
 
 Iron and Steel Bridges and Viaducts. 
 
 A Practical Treatise upon their Construction for the use of Engineers, 
 Draughtsmen, and Students. By FRANCIS CAMPIN, C.E. With Illus. 3/6 
 
 Constructional Iron and Steel Work, 
 
 As applied to Public, Private, and Domestic Buildings. By FRANCIS 
 CAMPIN, C.E 3/6 
 
 Tubular and other Iron Girder Bridges. 
 
 Describing the Britannia and Conway Tubular Bridges. By G. DRYSDALE 
 DEMPSEY, C.E. Fourth Edition 2/0 
 
 Materials and Construction : 
 
 A Theoretical and Practical Treatise on the Strains, Designing, and Erec- 
 tion of Works of Construction. By FRANCIS CAMPIN, C.E. . . 3/Q 
 
 Sanitary Work in the Smaller Towns and in Villages. 
 
 By CHARLES SLAGG, Assoc. M.Inst.C.E. Third Edition . . 3/0 
 
 Construction of Roads and Streets. 
 
 By H. LAW, C.E., and D. K. CLARK, C.E. Sixth Edition, revised, with 
 Additional Chapters by A. J. WALLIS-TAYLER, A.M. Inst. C.E. . 6/0 
 
 Gas Works, 
 
 Their Construction and Arrangement and the Manufacture and Distribu- 
 tion of Coal Gas. Originally written by S. HUGHES, C.E. Ninth Edition. 
 Revised, with Notices of Recent Improvements, by HENRY O'CoNNER, 
 A.M. Inst. C.E., Author of "The Gas Engineers' Pocket Book." 
 
 [Just Published. 6/0 
 
 Water Works 
 
 For the Supply of Cities and Towns. With a Description of the Principal 
 Geological Formations of England as influencing Supplies of Water. By 
 SAMUEL HUGHES, F.G.S., C.E. Enlarged Edition . . . . 4/0 
 
 The Power of Water, 
 
 As applied to drive Flour Mills, and to give motion to Turbines and other 
 Hydrostatic Engines. By JOSEPH GLYNN, F.R.S. New Edition . 2/0 
 
 Wells and Well-Sinking. 
 
 By JOHN GEO. SWINDELL, A.R.I. B.A., and G. R. BURNELL, C.E. Revised 
 Edition. With a New Appendix on the Qualities of Water. Illustrated 2/0 
 
 The Drainage of Lands, Towns, and Buildings. 
 
 By G. D. DEMPSEY, C.E. Revised, with large Additions on Recent 
 Practice, by D. K. CLARK, M.I.C.E. Third Edition . . . 4/6 
 
 The Blasting and Quarrying of Stone, 
 
 For Building and other Purposes. With Remarks on the Blowing up of 
 Bridges. By Gen. Sir J. BURGOYNE, K.C.B 1/6 
 
 Foundations and Concrete Works. 
 
 With Practical Remarks on Footing?, Planking, Sand, Concrete Belon, 
 Pile-driving, Caissons, and Cofferdams. By E. DOBSON. Ninth Ed. 1 /6 
 
WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. 3 
 
 Pneumatics, 
 
 Including Acoustics and the Phenomena of Wind Currents, for the Use of 
 Beginners. By CHARLES TOMLINSON, F.R.S. Fourth Edition . 1/6 
 
 Land and Engineering Surveying. 
 
 For Students and Practical Use. By T. BAKER, C.E. Nineteenth Edition, 
 Revised and Extended by F. E. DIXON, A. M. Inst. C. E. . Professional Asso- 
 ciate of the Institution of Surveyors. With numerous Illustrations and two 
 Lithographic Plates 2/O 
 
 Mensuration and Measuring. 
 
 For Students and Practical Use. With the Mensuration and Levelling of 
 Land for the purposes of Modern Engineering. By T. BAKER, C.E. New 
 Edition by E. NUGENT, C.E 1/6 
 
 MINING AND METALLURGY. 
 Mining Calculations, 
 
 For the use of Students Preparing for the Examinations for Colliery 
 Managers' Certificates, comprising numerous Rules and Examples in 
 Arithmetic, Algebra, and Mensuration. By T. A. O' DONAHUE, M.E., 
 First-Class Certificated Colliery Manager 3/6 
 
 Mineralogy, 
 
 Rudiments of. By A. RAMSAY, F.G.S. Fourth Edition, revised and 
 enlarged. Woodcuts and Plates 3/6 
 
 Coal and Coal Mining, 
 
 A Rudimentary Treatise on. By the late Sir WARINGTOH W. SMYTH, 
 
 F.R.S. Eighth Edition, revised by T. FORSTBR BROWN . . . 3/6 
 
 Metallurgy of Iron. 
 
 Containing Methods of Assay, Analyses of Iron Ores, Processes of Manu- 
 facture of Iron and Steel, &c. By H. BAUKRMAN, F.G.S. With numerous 
 Illustrations. Sixth Edition, revised and enlarged .... 6/0 
 
 The Mineral Surveyor and Valuer's Complete Guide. 
 
 By >V. LINIERN. Fourth Edition, with an Appendix on Magnetic and 
 Angular Surveying .......... 3/6 
 
 Slate and Slate Quarrying: 
 
 Scientific, Practical, and Commercial. By D. C. DAVIES, F.G.S. With 
 numerous Illustrations and Folding Plates. Fourth Edition . . 3/0 
 
 A First Book of Mining and Quarrying, 
 
 With the Sciences connected therewith, for Primary Schools and Self-In- 
 struction. By J. H. COLLINS, F.G.S. Second Edition . . .1/6 
 
 Subterraneous Surveying, 
 
 With and without the Magnetic Needle. By T. FEN'VICK and T. BAKER, 
 C.E. Illustrated 2/6 
 
 Mining Tools. 
 
 Manual of. By WILLIAM MORGANS, Lecturer on Practical Mining at the 
 Bristol School of Mines . .2/6 
 
 Mining Tools, Atlas 
 
 Of Engravings to Illustrate the above, containing 235 Illustrations of Mining 
 Tools, drawn to Scale. 410 4/6 
 
 Physical Geology, 
 
 Partly based on Major-General PORTLOCK'S " Rudiments of Geology." 
 
 By RALPH TATK, A.L.S., &c. Woodcuts 2/0 
 
 Historical Geology, 
 
 Partly based on Major-General PORTLOCK'S " Rudiments." By RALPH 
 TATE, A.L.S., &c. Woodcuts 2/6 
 
 Geology, Physical and Historical. 
 
 Consisting of "Physical Geology," which sets forth the Leading Principles 
 of the Science; and "Historical Geology," which treats of the Mineral 
 and Organic Conditions of the Earth at each successive epoch. By RALPH 
 TATB, F.G.S 4/6 
 
4 WEALES SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. 
 
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. 
 The 'Workman's Manual of Engineering Drawing. 
 
 By JOHN MAXTON, Instructor in Engineering Drawing, Royal Naval 
 College, Greenwich. Eighth Edition. 300 Plates and Diagrams . 3/6 
 
 Fuels : Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous. 
 
 Their Analysis and Valuation. For the Use of Chemists and Engineers. 
 By H. J. PHILLIPS, F.C.S., formerly Analytical and Consulting Chemist 
 to the Great Eastern Railway. Fourth Edition. .... 2/0 
 
 Fuel, Its Combustion and Economy. 
 
 Consisting of an Abridgment of " A Treatise or, the Combustion of Coal and 
 the Prevention of Smoke." By C. W. WILLIAMS, A.I.C.E. With Exten- 
 sive Additions by D. K CLARK, M.Inst.C.E. Fourth Edition . 3/6 
 
 The Boilermaker's Assistant 
 
 In Drawing, Templating, and Calculating Boiler Work, &c. By J. COURT- 
 NEY, Practical Boilermaker. Edited by D. K. CLARK, C.E. . 2/0 
 
 The Boiler-Maker's Ready Reckoner, 
 
 With Examples of Practical Geometry and Templating for the Use of 
 Platers. Smiths, and Riveters. By JOHN COURTNEY. Edited by D. K. 
 
 CLARK, M.I. C.E. Fifth Edition 4/O 
 
 %* The last tivo Work* in One Volume, half-bound, entitled " THE BOILER- 
 MAKER'S READY-RECKONER AND ASSISTANT." By J. COURTNEY and 
 D. K. CLARK. Price 7/Q. 
 
 Steam Boilers : 
 
 Their Construction and Management. By R. ARMSTRONG, C.E. Illustrated 
 
 1/6 
 Steam and Machinery Management. 
 
 A Guide to the Arrangement and Economical Management of Machinery. 
 By M. Powis BALE, M.Inst.M.E 2/6 
 
 Steam and the Steam Engine, 
 
 Stationary and Portable. Being an Extension of the Treatise on the Steam 
 Engine of Mr. J. SEWELL. By D. K. CLARK, C.E. Fourth Edition 3/6 
 
 The Steam Engine, 
 
 A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of, with Rules and Examples for 
 Practical Men. By T. BAKER, C.E. . . . .. . .1/6 
 
 The Steam Engine. 
 
 By Dr. LARDNER. Illustrated . . * 1 /6 
 
 Locomotive Engines. 
 
 By G. D. DEMP.-EY, C.E. With large Additions treating of the Modern 
 Locomotive, by D. K.CLARK, M.Inst.CE 3/0 
 
 Locomotive Engine-Driving. 
 
 A Practical Manual for Engineers in charge of Locomotive Engines. By 
 MICHAEL RKYNOLUS. Eleventh Edition. 3$. 6d. ; cloth boards . 4/6 
 
 Stationary Engine-Driving. 
 
 A Practical Manual for Engineers in charge of Stationary Engines. By 
 MICHAEL REYNOLDS. Seventh Edition, y 6d- cloth boards . 4/6 
 
 The Smithy and Forge. 
 
 Including the Farrier's Art and Coach Smithing. By W. J. E. CRANE. 
 Fourth Edition . 2/6 
 
 Modern Workshop Practice, 
 
 As applied to Marine, Land, and Locomotive Engines, Floating Docks, 
 Dredging Machines, Bridges, Ship-building, &c. By J. G. WINTON. 
 Fourth Edition, Illustrated 3/6 
 
 Mechanical Engineering. 
 
 Comprising Metallurgy, Moulding, Casting, Forging, Tools, Workshop 
 Machinery, Mechanical Manipulation, Manufacture of the Steam Engine, 
 &c. By FRANCIS CAMPIN, C.E. Third Edition .... 2/6 
 
 Details of Machinery. 
 
 Comprising Instructions for the Execution of various Works in Iron in the 
 Fitting-Shop, Foundry, and Boiler- Yard. By FRANCIS CAMPIN, C.E. 3/0 
 
WEALES SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. 5 
 Elementary Engineering: 
 
 A Manual for Young Marine Engineers and Apprentices. In th /orm of 
 Questions and Answers on Metals, Alloys, Strength of Materials, &c. 
 By J. S. BREWER. Fifth Edition 1/6 
 
 Power in Motion: 
 
 Horse-power Motion, Toothed-Wheel Gearing, Long and Short Driving 
 Bands, Angular Forces, &c. By JAMES ARMOUR, C.E. Third Edition 2/0 
 
 Iron and Heat, 
 
 Exhibiting the Principles concerned in the Construction of Iron Beams, 
 Pillars, and Girders. By J. ARMOUR, C.E. ..... 2/6 
 
 Practical Mechanism, 
 
 And Machine Tools. By T. BAKER, C.E. With Remarks on Tools and 
 Machinery, by J. NASMYTH, C.E 2/6 
 
 Mechanics : 
 
 Being a concise Exposition of the General Principles of Mechanical Science, 
 and their Applications. By CHARI ES TOMLINSON, F.R.S. . .1/6 
 
 Cranes (The Construction of), 
 
 And other Machinery for Raising Heavy Bodies for the Erection of Build- 
 ings, &c. By JOSEPH GLYNN, F.R.S 1/6 
 
 NAVIGATION, SHIPBUILDING, ETC. 
 The Sailor's Sea Book: 
 
 A Rudimentary Treatise on Navigation. By JAMES GREENWOOD, B.A. 
 With numerous Woodcuts and Coloured Plates. New and enlarged 
 Edition. By W. H. ROSSER 2/6 
 
 Practical Navigation. 
 
 Consisting of THE SAILOR'S SEA-BOOK, by JAMES GREENWOOD and W. H. 
 ROSSER ; together with Mathematical and Nautical Tables for the Working 
 of the Problems, by HENRY LAW, C.E., and Prof. J. R. YOUNG . 7/Q 
 
 Navigation and Nautical Astronomy, 
 
 In Theory and Practice. By Prof. J. R. YOUNG. New Edition. 2/6 
 
 Mathematical Tables, 
 
 For Trigonometrical, Astronomical, and Nautical Calculations ; to which is 
 prefixed a Treatise on Logarithms. By H. LAW, C.E. Together with a 
 Series of Tables for Navigation and Nautical Astronomy. By Professor J. 
 R. YOUNG. New Edition 4/0 
 
 Masting, Mast-Making, and Rigging of Ships. 
 
 Also Tables of Spars, Rigging, Blocks ; Chain, Wire, and Hemp Ropes, 
 &c., relative to every class of vessels. By ROBERT KIPPING, N.A. . 2/O 
 
 Sails and Sail-Making. 
 
 With Draughting, and the Centre of Effort of the Sails. By ROBERT 
 KIPPING, N.A 2/6 
 
 Marine Engines and Steam Vessels. 
 
 By R. MURRAY, C.E. Eighth Edition, thoroughly revised, with Addi- 
 tions by the Author and by GEORGE CARLISLE, C.E. . . . 4/6 
 
 Naval Architecture : 
 
 An Exposition of Elementary Principles. By JAMES PEAKB . . 3/6 
 
 Ships for Ocean and River Service, 
 
 i Principles of the Construction of. By HAKON A. SOMMERFELDT . 1 /6 
 
 Atlas of Engravings * 
 
 To Illustrate the above. Twelve large folding Plates. Royal 410, cloth 7/6 
 
 The Forms of Ships and Boats. 
 
 By W. BLAND. Tenth Edition, with numerous Illustrations and 
 Models . . , 1/6 
 
6 WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. 
 
 ARCHITECTURE AND THE 
 
 BUILDING ARTS. 
 Constructional Iron and Steel Work, 
 
 As applied to Public, Private, and Domestic Buildings. By FRANCIS 
 CAMPIN, C.E 3/6 
 
 Building Estates : 
 
 A Treatise on the Development, Sale, Purchase, and Management of Build- 
 ing Land. By F. MAITLAND. Third Edition 2/0 
 
 The Science of Building : 
 
 An Elementary Treatise on the Principles of Construction. By E. WYND- 
 HAM TARN, M.A. Lond. Fourth Edition 3/6 
 
 The Art of Building : 
 
 General Principles of Construction, Strength, and Use of Materials, Working 
 Drawings, Specifications, &c. By EDWARD DOBSON, M.R.I.B.A. . 2/O 
 
 A Book on Building, 
 
 Civil and Ecclesiastical. By Sir EDMUND BECKETT, Q.C. (Lord GRIM- 
 THORPE). Second Edition 4/6 
 
 Dwelling-Houses (The Erection of), 
 
 Illustrated by* Perspective View, Plans, and Sections of a Pair of Villas, with 
 Specification, Quantities, and Estimates. By S. H. BROOKS, Architect 2/6 
 
 Cottage Building. 
 
 By C. BRUCE ALLEN. Twelfth Edition, with Chapter on Economic Cot- 
 tages for Allotments, by E. E. ALLEN, C.E 2/0 
 
 Acoustics in Relation to Architecture and Building: 
 
 The Laws of Sound as applied to the Arrangement of Buildings. By Pro- 
 fessor T. ROGER SMITH, F.R.I. B.A. New Edition, Revised . .1/6 
 
 The Rudiments of Practical Bricklaying. 
 
 General Principles of Bricklaying; Arch Drawing, Cutting, and Setting; 
 Pointing ; Paving, Tiling, &c. By ADAM HAMMOND. With 68 Woodcuts 
 
 1/6 
 The Art of Practical Brick Cutting and Setting. 
 
 By ADAM HAMMOND. With 90 Engravings 1/6 
 
 Brickwork : 
 
 A Practical Treatise, embodying the General and Higher Principles of 
 Bricklaying, Cutting and Setting ; with the Application of Geometry to Roof 
 Tiling, &c. By F. WALKER 1/6 
 
 Bricks and Tiles, 
 
 Rudimentary Treatise on the Manufacture of; containing an Outline of the 
 Principles of Brickmaking. By E. DOBSON, M.R.I.B.A. Additions by 
 C. TOMLINSON, F.R.S. Illustrated 3/0 
 
 The Practical Brick and Tile Book. 
 
 Comprising: BRICK AND TILE MAKING, by E. DOBSON, M.lNST.C.E.; 
 Practical BRICKLAYING, by A. HAMMOND ; BRICK-CUTTING AND SETTING, 
 by A. HAMMOND. 550 pp. with 270 Illustrations, half-bound . . 6/0 
 
 Carpentry and Joinery 
 
 THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CARPENTRY. Chiefly composed from the 
 Standard Work of THOMAS TREDGOLD, C.E. With Additions, and TRBATISB 
 ON JOINERY, by E. W. TARN, M.A. Eighth Edition . . . 3/6 
 
 Carpentry and Joinery Atlas 
 
 Of 35 Plates to accompany and Illustrate the foregoing book. With 
 Descriptive Letterpress. 410 6/0 
 
WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. 7 
 A Practical Treatise on Hand railing ; 
 
 Showing New and Simple Methods. By GEO. COLLINGS. Third Edition, 
 including a TREATISE ON STAIRBUILDING. With Plates . . . 2/6 
 
 Circular Work in Carpentry and Joinery. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on Circular Work of Single and Double Curvature. 
 By GEORGE COLLINGS. Fourth Edition 2/6 
 
 Roof Carpentry : 
 
 Practical Lessons in the Framing of Wood Roofs. For the Use of Working 
 Carpenters. By GEO. COLLINGS 2/0 
 
 The Construction of Roofs of Wood and Iron; 
 
 Deduced chiefly from the Works of Robison, Tredgold, and Humber. By 
 E. WYNDH AM TARN, M. A., Architect. Fourth Edition . . .1/6 
 
 The Joints Made and Used by Builders. 
 
 By WYVILL J. CHRISTY, Architect. With 160 Woodcuts . 3/0 
 
 Shoring 
 
 And its Application : A Handbook for the Use of Students. By GEORGR 
 H. BLAGROVE. With 31 Illustrations 1/6 
 
 The Timber Importer's, Timber Merchant's, and 
 Builder's Standard Guide. 
 
 By R. E. GRANDY 2/O 
 
 Plumbing : 
 
 A Text-Book to the Practice of the Art or Craft of the Plumber. With 
 Chapters upon House Drainage and Ventilation. By WM. PATON BUCHAN. 
 Ninth Edition, with 512 Illustrations 3/6 
 
 Ventilation : 
 
 A Text Book to the Practice of the Art of Ventilating Buildings. By W. P. 
 BUCHAN, R.P., Author of " Plumbing," &c. With 170 Illustrations 3/6 
 
 The Practical Plasterer: 
 
 A Compendium of Plain and Ornamental Plaster Work. By W. KEMP 2/0 
 
 House Painting, Graining, Marbling, & Sign Writing. 
 
 With a Course of Elementary Drawing, and a Collection of Useful Receipts. 
 By ELLIS A. DAVIDSON. Eighth Edition. Coloured Plates 5/O 
 
 *#* The above i in cloth boards, strongly bound, 6/0 
 
 A Grammar of Colouring, 
 
 Applied to Decorative Painting and the Arts. By GEORGE FIELD. New 
 Edition, enlarged, by ELLIS A. DAVIDSON. With Coloured Plates . 3/Q 
 
 Elementary Decoration 
 
 As applied to Dwelling Houses, &c. By JAMES W. FACEY. Illustrated 2/0 
 
 Practical House Decoration. 
 
 A Guide to the Art of Ornamental Painting, the Arrangement of Colours in 
 Apartments, and the Principles of Decorative Design. By JAMES W. FACEY 
 
 2/6 
 
 %* The last two Works in One handsome Vol., half~bound, entitled " HOUSE 
 DECORATION, ELEMENTARY AND PRACTICAL, "/rzV* 5/0- 
 
 Portland Cement for Users. 
 
 By HENRY FAIJA, A.M.Inst.C.E. 1 hird Edition, Corrected . . 2/O 
 
 Limes, Cements, Mortars, Concretes, Mastics, Plas- 
 tering, &c. 
 
 By G. R. BURNELL, C.E. Tifteenth Edition 1/6 
 
8 WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. 
 
 Masonry and Stone-Cutting. 
 
 The Principles of Masonic Projection and their application to Construction. 
 J By EDWARD DOBSON, M.R.I.B.A ........ 2/6 
 
 Arches, Piers, Buttresses, &c. : 
 
 Experimental Essays on the Principles of Construction. By W. BLAND*. 
 
 1/6 
 Quantities and Measurements, 
 
 In Bricklayers', Masons', Plasterers', Plumbers', Painters', Paperhangers 1 , 
 Gilders', Smiths', Carpenters' and Joiners' Work. By A. C. BEATON. 1 /6 
 
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