ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 AND 
 
 THE GLASGOW PRESS
 
 PUBLISHED BV 
 
 JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS, GLASGOW, 
 fubliehtre to the llntUcreity. 
 
 MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD., LONDON. 
 
 New York, - 
 Toronto, - 
 London, • 
 Cambridge, 
 Edinburgh, 
 Sydney, - 
 
 The Macniillan Co. 
 
 The Macmillan Co. of Canada. 
 
 Simpkin, Hamilton and Co. 
 
 Bo7ues and Bowes. 
 
 Douglas and Foulis. 
 
 Angus and Robertson.
 
 
 y f 
 
 ROBERT FOULIS 
 From a Medallion by Jatucs Tassic in Scottish National Por/r.iit Calieiy
 
 Robert 6- Andrew Foulis 
 
 AND THE GLASGOW PRESS 
 
 WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF 
 
 The Glasgow Academy of 
 THE Fine Arts 
 
 BY 
 
 DAVID MURRAY 
 
 M.A., LL.D. \ « 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE GLASGOW BIBLIOGKAFHICAL SOCIETY 
 
 GLASGOW 
 JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS 
 
 PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY 
 I9I3
 
 PREFACE 
 
 When the late Mr. David Robertson had completed the publica- 
 tion of the second edition of Glasgow Past and Present, it occurred 
 to him that a reprint of the Views of Glasgow executed in The 
 Glasgow Academy of the Fine Arts would form a suitable companion 
 volume. He applied to the Earl of Home for the loan of the set of 
 Views in the library at Douglas Castle, which was readily granted ; 
 I supplied one or two that were awanting, and he then had the 
 whole reproduced by Messrs. Waterston of Edinburgh. Mr. Robert- 
 son asked me to write an Introduction to the projected volume, and, 
 with some hesitation, I agreed to do so. He himself bestowed much 
 time and pains in preparing descriptive explanations of the Views. 
 I had long been interested in the work of the Foulis Brothers, 
 and had acquired some interesting Foulis items at the sale of the 
 libraries of David Laing and of John Whitefoord Mackenzie. Mr. 
 William James Duncan was an old friend and I applied to him for 
 information as to the material he had in hand in the prepara- 
 tion of his Notices and Documents illustrative of the Literary 
 History of Glasgow, but at the lapse of more than fifty years 
 he could not remember from whom he had obtained it. I was 
 fortunate, however, in obtaining access to the Buchan letters which 
 Mr. Duncan had used, and to others which I think he had not seen ; 
 I also picked up a number of Buchan papers which were in the 
 market, and some of Professor Simson's correspondence. I examined 
 the Minute Books of the Barbers Incorporation, the records of the 
 University, the register of deeds and the register of testaments of 
 the Commissariot of Glasgow, various manuscripts in the British 
 Museum and in the Glasgow University library. From these and 
 other sources I drew up an account of the Foulis Press and of the 
 Glasgow Academy of the Fine Arts, which seemed to be sufficient 
 for the purpose in view. Mr. Robertson was, however, anxious that
 
 vi PREFACE 
 
 it should be extended, so as to include a history of literature, art, 
 and science in Glasgow. This was a much more formidable under- 
 taking, and it made slow progress. I suggested to him the advisa- 
 bility of proceeding with what more immediately related to the 
 volume of plates, as the larger project would entail much delay. 
 His fancy, however, was for the latter, and I did my best to carry 
 it out, but it was unfinished when he died, and my papers were then 
 laid aside. 
 
 It was hoped that the Earl of Rosebery would open the Foulis 
 Exhibition of the Glasgow Bibliographical Society, in April last, 
 but his Lordship found that he was unable to do so, and the duty 
 devolved upon me. The time was short, and for an introductory 
 Address I abridged the account which I had formerly written, and 
 had it printed, so that it might be distributed at the meeting, but 
 the illustrations could not be got ready in time, and this was not 
 done. As the immediate occasion was past, it was thought that it 
 might be more useful to restore what had been struck out, and the 
 present paper is practically what was prepared fully five and twenty 
 years ago. Certain details regarding the artists trained in the 
 Academy have been omitted, and advantage has been taken of 
 such additional information as has become available in the mean- 
 time. My aim has been to give a connected account of the work of 
 Robert Foulis as a printer, and of his efforts to establish and carry 
 on the Academy of the Fine Arts, of his surroundings, and of those 
 with whom he was associated. 
 
 I have to thank the Reverend W. J. Couper, Mr. William Stewart, 
 and Mr. J. C. Ewing for reading the proof-sheets, and for several 
 valuable suggestions. 
 
 DAVID MURRAY. 
 
 13 FiTZROY Place, 
 
 Glasgow, 25//1 June, 1913.
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Robert and Andrew Foulis and the Glasgow Press 
 
 Early Life ^ 
 
 Visit to England and France 4 
 
 Robert Foulis as Bookseller 6 
 
 Robert Foulis as Publisher 8 
 
 Robert Foulis as Printer 9 
 
 The University Press io 
 
 Robert Foulis as University Printer i6 
 
 Type Founding in Glasgow i8 
 
 The Press of R. & A. Foulis 22 
 
 The Printing House 25 
 
 Some Notable Books 26 
 
 Influence of the Foulis Press 30 
 
 Progress of Glasgow 32 
 
 The Literary Society in Glasgow College 36 
 
 The Parliament of Oceana 3^ 
 
 LivREs de Luxe 4° 
 
 Lettered Property 4^ 
 
 Local Publishing 5^ 
 
 The Glasgow Academy of the Fine Arts 
 
 Robert Foulis and the Fine Arts 57 
 
 Purchase of Pictures 5^ 
 
 The University and the Academy 64 
 
 The Equipment of the Academy 7^
 
 ^^ii CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The Glasgow Academy of the Fine Arts— continued 
 
 Advice of Friends 73 
 
 Progress of the Academy 75 
 
 Assistance 7 
 
 Work of the Academy 79 
 
 Patronage of the Academy • ^^ 
 
 Students of the Academy ^5 
 
 Exhibition of Pictures ^9 
 
 Financial Trouble 9° 
 
 Reclamation of Peat Moss 93 
 
 Some Notable Visitors 94 
 
 Death of the Brothers 98 
 
 The Character of Robert Foulis io3 
 
 His Circle ^^"^ 
 
 Portraits of Foulis ^^3 
 
 A New Generation 
 
 Family of Robert Foulis ^^5 
 Andrew Foulis, Younger 
 
 1x6 
 
 The End 
 
 Robert Foulis' Estate ^^7 
 
 Achievement 
 
 Index 
 
 130 
 133
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Portrait of Robert Foulis Frontispiece 
 
 From a medallion in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery 
 
 Bird's-Eye View of the College of Glasgow at the end of the 
 
 Seventeenth Century 8 
 
 From Slezer's Thcatrum Scotice, 1693 
 
 Title-page of the Glasgow Courant, 1715 16 
 
 From copy in the University Library 
 
 Plan of the College Area, 1778 21 
 
 From M' Arthur's four-sheet map 
 
 Part of Page of the Homer of 1756 28 
 
 Letter Robert Foulis to Dr. Warburton 44 
 
 Archibald Ingram 64 
 
 Monument in the Merchants' House of Glasgow 
 
 Interior of the Painting Room of the Academy 68 
 
 From a Print of a painting by David Allan : see p. 86 
 
 College Entry in 1756 88 
 
 From a Print by Robert Paul executed in the Glasgow Academy of the Fine Arts 
 
 Caricature Portrait of Andrew Foulis, 1775 92 
 
 From Print by Captain Topham 
 
 Title-page of Orders for Garrison and Camp Duties 108 
 
 With autograph of Lord Cardross 
 
 Specimen of Messrs. Tilloch and Foulis' Greek Stereotype 120 
 
 Signatures of Robert and Andrew Foulis and Andrew Foulis 
 
 younger 132
 
 Robert and Andrew Foulis 
 
 and 
 
 The Glasgow Press 
 
 WHEN the Bibliographical Society of Glasgow was established 
 last year, it was thought that it would stimulate interest 
 in bibliographical work if the Society were to promote an exhibition 
 that would illustrate the work of the great Glasgow printers, Robert 
 and Andrew Foulis. It seemed appropriate that it should be held 
 within the precincts of the University which had provided the 
 brothers with a home, and had at every stage fostered and encouraged 
 their efforts. The University Court most kindly acceded to the 
 request, and we are now assembled within the walls of this ancient 
 seat of learning to inaugurate the exhibition. 
 
 EARLY LIFE 
 
 Robert Foulis was bom at Glasgow upon 20th April, 1707, a 
 few days before the Union ; his brother Andrew five years later. 
 Their father was Andrew Faulls, a maltman of Glasgow who kept a 
 small change-house on the west side of the High Street, above the 
 Tolbooth ; their mother was Marion Paterson, a woman dis- 
 tinguished for her good sense and great piety. 
 
 Glasgow was then a small country town of some 12,000 inhabi-
 
 2 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 tants, noted for its charm and sweetness, and indebted for such 
 importance as it possessed to its University, its Commissariot and 
 Regality courts. " The town of Glasgow," says an English traveller 
 of the day, " though not so big, nor so rich, yet to all seems a much 
 sweeter and more delightful place than Edinburgh." " It is," says 
 another, " the beautifullest little city I have seen in Britain." A 
 third describes it as " the most elegantly built city of its size in 
 Europe." A Dutch traveller reports that its situation is so lovely, 
 so fertile, and so agreeable that it is commonly called "the Paradise 
 of Scotland." 
 
 In 1720 Robert Foulis, or as he then wrote his name Faulls or 
 Faulds, was apprenticed to the trade of a barber. His master 
 was Alexander Leggat, a prominent member of the craft, doubtless 
 that barber Leggat who, M'Ure informs us, had his house on the 
 south side of the Gallowgait. His term of service was five years 
 and two years thereafter for meat and fee, as required by the Letter 
 of Guildry. On 9th June, 1726, his indenture having then six 
 months to run, he applied for leave to enter freeman. This was 
 granted upon terms, but he did not avail himself of the permission, 
 and postponed his apphcation until the expiry of his service in 
 November following. His essay was a tie wig and natural wig, 
 which were made to the satisfaction of the essay masters ; and 
 having been found " qualified to serve his Majesty's Lieges," and 
 having produced his burgess ticket, he was, upon 12th January, 
 1727, admitted freeman of the Incorporation and gave his oath 
 de fideli. 
 
 He seems at once to have put up his sign, and hung out his 
 bason, as a master barber, for upon 13th February, 1727, John 
 Faulds was bound his apprentice. This was his younger brother, 
 who, in due time, became freeman and remained faithful to the 
 calling, having been frequently a Deacons Master and a Trades Master, 
 and in 1749 Deacon of the craft. He seems likewise to have followed 
 his father's calling, as, in various family deeds of later date, he is 
 styled " maltman, barber, and wigmaker."
 
 EARLY LIFE 3 
 
 When Francis Hutcheson was called to Glasgow in 1730, as 
 successor to Gerschom Carmichael, Robert Faulls was a practising 
 barber, but he enrolled himself, as one of his students, in his first 
 class. The professor, being impressed by his ability and sympathising 
 with his thirst for knowledge, encouraged him in the pursuit of 
 learning. Robert Wodrow of Eastwood (1679-1734) records that 
 Hutcheson had " many, not scholars in the rest of the classes, who 
 wait on his privat classes, severall tradesmen and youths in the 
 toun." Faulls attended the professor's lectures for several sessions, 
 so that there can be little doubt that he was one of those referred to. 
 During his spare hours he devoted himself to the study of the classics, 
 attended several other University classes, and 'was employed by Dr. 
 Hutcheson " in assisting young gentlemen in the study of moral 
 philosophy." He had the further advantage of intercourse with the 
 professor, whose conversation, we are told, was " various, cheerful, 
 and animated to a high degree, and was not only an agreeable 
 entertainment, but very instructive and improving." When James 
 Duncan, in 1734, published Miscellany Poems, by Jean Adam, — 
 to whom is attributed the song " There's nae luck aboot the house," — 
 " Robert Faulls in Glasgow " appeared amongst the subscribers. 
 
 Andrew received a more regular education than Robert. He 
 became a student of Humanity under Professor Andrew Rosse in 
 1727, and, after he had finished his University course, taught Greek, 
 Latin, and French in Glasgow for some years. Both brothers were 
 ardent students. They occupied rooms in the College and their 
 lamp often burned far into the night as they pored over their 
 books. 
 
 Robert Faulls was one of the essay masters of Robert PauU, 
 who was admitted freeman of the Barber craft on 22nd June, 1727, 
 but he does not seem to have taken an active part in the affairs of 
 the Incorporation. As he was dependent upon his own exertions, 
 he no doubt applied himself to his business, and was able to lay by 
 something for future use. Be this as it may, he was still working 
 at his trade as late as 1737, when his brother John became a freeman.
 
 4 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 At this date he is still called " FauUs," but sometime within the next 
 year he and Andrew changed it to the more aristocratic " Foulis " 
 (pron. Fowls). John, on the other hand, adhered to the original name 
 for many years, but latterly he appears as " Foulis " or " Fowlis." 
 At the beginning of the University session 1737-38 an anonymous 
 pamphlet was circulated in the college and the city, stating that 
 Professor Hutcheson taught many dangerous errors. His old 
 students were indignant at the charges made against this eminent 
 man, and in 1738 published A Vindication of Mr. Hutcheson from 
 the calumnious aspersions of a late pamphlet. Amongst the signa- 
 tories were Robert Foulis and Andrew Foulis. 
 
 VISIT TO ENGLAND AND FRANCE 
 
 In the summer of 1738 the brothers, " having met with some 
 misfortunes by death of friends with whom they were connected," 
 resolved to make a tour in England and on the Continent. 
 
 Robert and Andrew Foulis first visited Oxford and some other 
 places of interest in England, and then passed over to France. 
 They had letters of introduction to the Chevalier Ramsay, a 
 native of Ayr, through whose influence they had access to the best 
 pubhc libraries in Paris, and whose kindness they repaid by publish- 
 ing in 1741 his Plan of Education for a young Prince, and, in 1748, 
 his Philosophical Principles of Natural and Revealed Religion. 
 
 The attention of the University had been directed to the im- 
 portance of the records of the Roman Catholic see of Glasgow, 
 which were in the custody of the Scots College at Paris, and the 
 Senate commissioned Robert Foulis to obtain copies of the more 
 important documents. In this he was successful, and the correspond- 
 ence which passed gives us a glimpse of the two brothers themselves. 
 When writing to the University, on 22nd October, 1738, the Fathers 
 of the College say : 
 
 " We cannot finish this letter without assuring you that 
 no persons seemed to be more fitted, every-way, towards
 
 VISIT TO ENGLAND AND FRANCE 5 
 
 reviving a correspondence betwixt your university and us, than 
 the two Messrs Fouhs, whom we find young gentlemen of great 
 genius and capacity, of a most social temper, and improved 
 in learning beyond their age : and we owe to them that justice 
 to assure you that we have seen none of the young gentlemen 
 of our country make better use of their time, during their short 
 abode in these parts, and of all their moments, towards all 
 persons and exercises that might improve them, to be able one 
 day to do honour to your University, and make a good figure 
 in the learned world." 
 
 In private letters of Father Thomas Innes to Mr. James Edgar, 
 secretary to the Chevalier de St. George, some additional particu- 
 lars are disclosed. They dined at the College once a week regularly, 
 and sometimes oftener, while the Fathers occasionally drank tea 
 with them. " They set off chiefly for the Belles-Lettres and seem 
 to design to be Professors of that, in the University of Glasgo, or 
 perhaps to be governors or tutors to young noblemen, for which 
 last employment they seem to be very well cut out, in their own 
 way, having very good parts and talents, very moderate, and making 
 morality their chief study and application, and in that they seem to 
 have made good progress already, according to their notions of it." 
 
 Both brothers, says the writer of an unsigned letter — a brother 
 or a sister — " were a good deal affected with the Bibliomania," and 
 spent what money they had in buying books. These they sold 
 before leaving home, and made some considerable purchases abroad, 
 mostly Greek and Latin classics, and when they left Paris in October, 
 1738, they brought with them six or seven hogsheads of books. 
 
 These purchases they disposed of to advantage, and in 1739 
 they once more went abroad, and remained for several months on 
 the Continent, and again made an investment in books. It was at 
 this time that Robert Foulis became acquainted with Dr. James 
 Douglas, whom he was able to assist in forming his collection of 
 editions of Horace. 
 
 Another remarkable journey was made from Glasgow to London
 
 6 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 in 1739, that of Tobias Smollett immortalised in Roderick Random. 
 The hero of that journey was the famous Strap, the young barber 
 who could quote Latin to order. Strap has been identified with 
 various Glasgow men, but it seems not improbable that the person 
 whom the novelist had in his mind was Robert Foulis. Smollett 
 had lived in Glasgow for several years, had attended the University, 
 and must have known the barber-scholar and his brother the student 
 and tutor. Robert Foulis was sedate and solemn, and somewhat 
 pedantic, not very worldly-wise, and not averse to air his learning. 
 " Notwithstanding the sincerity of his disposition and manners, he 
 was," says Dr. James Wodrow of Stevenston (1730-1810), " rather 
 underrated in the opinion of us thoughtless students," and was pro- 
 bably an object of Smollett's caustic wit ; and seems to be ready- 
 made to the master's hand. Strap is not a portrait, and the charac- 
 ter is so drawn as to prevent identification. There is, however, just 
 enough to suggest Robert Foulis with some features, probably 
 borrowed from his brother Andrew, and certainly more than there 
 is to identify Mr. Roger Potion with Mr. John Gordon, or Mr. 
 Lancelot Crab with Mr. George Thomson, the victim of many of 
 Smollett's practical jokes. It does not follow that if Foulis was the 
 original of Strap, Smollett intended to disparage him. Mr. Roger 
 Potion is not an admirable character, but in Humphry Clinker 
 Smollett pays a high compliment to Mr. John Gordon, his prototype. 
 
 ROBERT FOULIS AS BOOKSELLER 
 
 In the spring of 1740 the brothers made another journey to 
 London and sold their latest purchases made in France. " The dispos- 
 ing of this collection gave them an opportunity of knowing more fully 
 the various opinions of men of letters in London, and what they liked 
 and disliked in editions." After the sale, they returned to Glasgow, 
 and spent the summer " in retirement in the College," engaged in 
 the work of translation, "but did not bring it to perfection." 
 
 The Professors had long held that it would be to their advantage
 
 ROBERT FOULIS AS BOOKSELLER 7 
 
 that they should have a University bookseller, who would under- 
 take to search for and provide important works in the best editions, 
 and no doubt encouraged the enterprise of the two young men ; 
 and, with their approval, Robert Foulis, in 1741, established him- 
 self as a bookseller in premises within the College. Only six years 
 eariier, the city had been " judged too narrow for two booksellers 
 at a time," but Glasgow was growing rapidly in population and in 
 wealth, and Foulis had found a read}/ market for his continental 
 purchases. In 1741 he advertised in the Glasgow Journal " a 
 variety of scarce and valuable editions of the classics and books 
 proper for the Grammar School and LTniversity " ; and in 1744 
 issued "A Catalogue of Books lately imported from France, con- 
 taining the scarcest and most elegant editions of the Greek and 
 Roman authors, printed by the Aldi, Juntae, the Stephens, Turne- 
 bus, Vascosan, the Morells, etc." Amongst them were the Byzantine 
 Historians, the Benedictine edition of Chrysostom, and the Elzevir 
 edition of Cicero. 
 
 Robert was subsequently joined in business by his brother 
 Andrew, who took the active charge of the retail department. 
 They kept a large stock of well-chosen books, English and foreign, 
 old and new, and continued their bookselling trade till the end of 
 their daj^s. For many years a Committee of Professors was appointed 
 to make purchases from their shelves for the University library. 
 The bookshop was a pleasant lounge and meeting place for students 
 and others interested in books and literature, and it was here that 
 Wilham Richardson (1743-1814), afterwards Professor of Humanity, 
 to whom we are indebted for various particulars regarding the 
 brothers, first made their acquaintance in 1757 or 1758. 
 
 Like other booksellers of the day, they had auctions of books in 
 the evenings. This was Andrew's part of the business, but Robert 
 occasionally presided. After announcing the title of the book to 
 be bid for, the latter sometimes added " an extemporaneous harangue 
 upon its merits," and at another time he would make the gift of a 
 volume to a poor student. This was not Andrew's method, who was
 
 8 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 fain to displace his brother when for a time he had gained possession 
 of the rostrum : " Come down, Robin ! that place and that business 
 are not for you." 
 
 These auctions were held in the Old Coffee House, on the west 
 side of the Saltmarket , at the corner of the Trongate. As an example, 
 there is in the Exhibition : "A Catalogue of the Library of the 
 Reverend Mr. Alexander Campbell, late minister of the gospel at 
 Inverary ; which begins to be sold by auction at R. and A. Foulis's 
 Auction-Room. In the Old Coffee-House." Glasgow, 1765, 4to. 
 
 Almost all booksellers had auction sales. Thus, Andrew Stalker 
 advertises a sale to begin on 23rd November, 1756, from four to 
 eight in the evening " of curious and valuable books consisting in 
 part of the libraries of three worthy clergymen lately deceased," of 
 which he issued a printed catalogue. 
 
 ROBERT FOULIS AS PUBLISHER 
 
 Having established himself as a bookseller, Robert Foulis next 
 turned publisher. His first venture, according to his own list, was 
 an edition of Cicero, De natura Deorum — a work on which he used 
 to discourse to the Fathers of the Scots College — and the second was 
 Phaedrus. These were issued in 1741, and in the same year he pub- 
 lished a sermon, On the Temper, Character and Duty of a Minister of 
 the Gospel, preached at the opening of the Synod of Glasgow and Ayr 
 by William Leechman (1706-85), minister of Beith, shortly to become 
 Professor of Divinity, and later Principal of the University, and 
 A Plan of Education by the Chevaher Ramsay, already referred to. 
 Foulis had no press of his own, and had to depend upon others: 
 but was evidently resolved to produce good work and to put 
 Glasgow printing upon a higher level than it had hitherto reached. 
 The Cicero was printed ex typis academicis, in the style of similar 
 works issued from the same press in 1732 and 1733, and is a creditable 
 piece of work, and, according to Dibdin, is " equally neat and 
 correct." Phaedrus was printed by Robert Urie & Company, who
 
 bird's-eye view of the college of GLASGOW 
 At the end of the Seventeenth Century
 
 ROBERT FOULIS AS PUBLISHER 9 
 
 had then their printing-house in the Gallowgait, and is also well 
 done. These books were intended primarily for school and college 
 use, but Robert Foulis had in view to provide books fit to be placed in 
 a library. Copies of both books were issued on large and fine paper, 
 and in the British Museum there is a copy of Phaedrus on vellum, 
 in a characteristic Scottish binding of red morocco gold tooled, 
 presumably a presentation copy to some encourager of his venture. 
 In 1742 Terence was published. It, too, was printed by Urie, 
 and was issued in three forms : (i) for R. Urie & Company them- 
 selves ; (2) for Robert Fouhs ; and (3) for Alexander Carlile, a 
 bookseller in Glasgow, with the imprint Typis Alexandri Carlile. It 
 is well printed, on good paper, and is in the same type as that used 
 for the Cicero of the preceding year. Forty copies were thrown off 
 on large paper for collectors. The Duke of Portland's copy from 
 his Fullarton House library is now in the British Museum. 
 
 ROBERT FOULIS AS PRINTER 
 
 Foulis now resolved to become printer, and in 1742 issued several 
 books from his own press, amongst others Juvenal, printed entirely 
 in italic type, the Metaphysicae Synopsis, and the Philosopkia Moralis 
 of his old teacher Francis Hutcheson, the former in the character 
 of the Cicero and Phaedrus of 1741, the latter in a type of fuller body, 
 similar to that used by the University Press in 1732 and 1733, but 
 more openly set. In 1743 he was in a position to publish a list of 
 seventeen " books printed and sold by Robert Foulis, bookseller in 
 Glasgow." 
 
 In 1743 he applied for the office of University Printer, and on 
 31st March he received the appointment, upon condition " that he 
 shall not use the designation of University printer without allowance 
 from the University meeting in any Books, excepting those of 
 ancient authors." The University did not stipulate for a copy of 
 the books printed at the Press, and, curiously, few of them were 
 added to the library. There is now a large and representative coUec-
 
 lo ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 tion of Foulis books in the library, but most of these came with the 
 Hbrary of the late Mr. William Euing and other collections. The 
 University duplicates were then presented to the Mitchell Library. 
 On 4th April Robert Foulis published Demetrius Phalereus, 
 De elocutione, an excellent piece of work, and the first Greek book 
 printed in Glasgow. It was evidently printed before he received his 
 appointment, and it was, presumably, the essay piece which he had 
 submitted to the University as evidence of his skill. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 
 Many attempts had been made by the University to establish a 
 press of their own, but with indifferent success. 
 
 David Dickson, Professor of Theology in the University (1640-42), 
 entrusted his Expositio analytica omnitim apostolicarum Epistolarum 
 to George Anderson, Glasgow's first printer, who published it in 
 1640, but as a private, not as an official printer. When, however, 
 Dickson's successor, Gilbert Burnet (Professor 1669-74) published 
 his Vindication of the authority . . . of the Church and State in 
 Scotland, in 1673, Robert Sanders who printed it, styled himself, 
 " Printer to the City and University," it may be on the ground that 
 the author was a University man. A Declaratioun of the Generall 
 Convention of Yr eland, printed at Dublin, was " reimprented at 
 Glasgow by Andro Andersone, prentar to the Toun and College," 
 in 1660. In the preceding year he had printed the graduation 
 Theses to be disputed under the presidency of Robert Areskine, 
 with the imprint " Glasguae, Excudebat Andreas Andersonus, urbis 
 et academiae Typographus." Probably he assumed the title because 
 he was printing on behalf of the University, without any formal 
 appointment, and retained it. He takes no title in his edition of 
 the Gaelic version of the Shorter Catechism, Glasgow, 1659. ^"^ 
 1675, having returned to Edinburgh, he printed the Theses to be 
 disputed in St. Leonard's College, St. Andrews, under the presidency 
 of Alexander Cockburn, styling himself typographus Regius.
 
 THE UNIVERSITY PRESS ii 
 
 Robert Sanders, the elder, was one of the most active of our 
 Glasgow printers, and, as the only printer in the West of Scotland, 
 was occasionally employed by the Privy Council for printing Procla- 
 mations and other official documents, and, having acquired a share 
 in Anderson's patent, took the title " One of his Majesties Printers." 
 In 1672, and, as we have seen in 1673, he describes himself as 
 " Printer to the City and to the University," but whether he had 
 authority for this from the University does not appear. In 1674 he 
 printed the St. Andrews graduation Theses, to be disputed under the 
 presidency of his brother, Professor William Sanders, and gives as 
 imprint : " GLASCVM, Ex typographeo Roberti Sanders, Urbis & 
 Academiae typographi." The imprint on Kirkwood's Grammatica 
 facilis, also printed in 1674, is similar. In other books, issued from 
 1675 to 1678, and in his New Prognostication for 1681 and for 1682 
 he uses the same title, but in some school books in 1691 and in the 
 Theses of 1693 and other books of that year, he describes himself as 
 " unus e typographis Regiis," probably as the superior title. 
 
 Robert Sanders was succeeded by his son, of the same name, in 
 1694, who in 1697 printed an edition of Toldervy's The Foot out 
 of the Snare, in which he describes himself as University printer. 
 
 The Graduation Theses of 1698, disputed under the presidency 
 of John Law, and those of 1699 and 1707, disputed under the 
 presidency of Gerschom Carmichael, were printed by him as Uni- 
 versity Printer. He likewise printed, but not in an official capacity, 
 those of the next year, when John Loudon presided. 
 
 In 1713 — the year in which James Watson's History of the Art of 
 Printing was published, and in which the Oxford University press 
 was removed to the first Clarendon Building — the University drew 
 up a scheme for establishing a bookseller's shop and a printing press 
 within their precincts, and had sundry communings with Thomas 
 Harvie, a student of divinity, for providing, in three or four years, 
 presses and type, but these came to nothing. They put on record 
 that the consideration of being obliged to go to Edinburgh in order 
 to get one sheet right printed, showed the urgency of having a press
 
 12 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 of their own : probably on the suggestion of Professor Andrew 
 Rosse. In April, 1710, he had delivered a public address upon 
 Latin literature, with reference to the art of translation and a 
 proposed new edition of Terence. This Exercitatio acadeniica, along 
 with an interesting Appendix in English, was printed at Edinburgh 
 next year by James Watson, with a long list of Errata. 
 
 In the latter part of 1714 Principal Stirling " vir doctissimus, 
 pietate ac meritis gravissimus," commenced negotiations with Donald 
 Govan, younger, a merchant in Glasgow, and an old student, for 
 setting up a press, but while these were pending, two University 
 printers, James Hart and Hugh Brown, came unexpectedly upon 
 the scene. A Conference betwixt Mr. John Steele and Mr. John 
 Adamson was " printed by James Hart, in the University, 1714," 
 and three pieces were printed in the same year, " by Hugh 
 Brown, Printer to the University," or by Hugh Brown " in the 
 University of Glasgow." These were (i) Gratulatio Britannica oh 
 cxoptatum & pergratum Adventum . . . Georgij . . . regis, in Britanniam ; 
 
 (2) The last words of Mr. Donald Cargill, when on the Scaffold ; and 
 
 (3) The Jacobite Curse. He was in such haste to get out the last 
 that he misspelt his own name, and the title-page of the first issue is 
 distinguished by the uncouth word Huhg. In a third issue the title 
 IS Jacobite's Curse. Curate Calder points out, in his rejoinder, that 
 the quotation from Virgil on the title-page is printed, so as not to scan. 
 
 The author of the Gratulatio, it would appear from a note by 
 Robert Wodrow, was the Reverend James Clark, M.A., Minister of 
 the Tron Kirk, who a few years before had so vigorously opposed the 
 Union. On the Fast-day, then appointed by the Commission of 
 Assembly, after preaching an eloquent and impassioned sermon upon 
 the dangers of the land, he closed with the exhortation, " Arise, 
 therefore, and be doing, and the Lord be with you." The church 
 emptied in a twinkling, the drums were beat, the people gathered, 
 and took possession of the town for several days. " The warm 
 gentleman from the pulpit," says Defoe, " put the match to the 
 gunpowder." Times were changed. Glasgow was enthusiastic for
 
 THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 13 
 
 King George, and the minister of the Tron was again expressing the 
 popular sentiment. A Congratulatory Poem upon the Coronation of his 
 Majesty King George was also hawked about the streets. The name 
 of the author does not appear, but it was probably also by 
 Mr. Clark. 
 
 The University took no notice of this publication, or of The last 
 words of Mr. Donald Cargill ; but on 6th December, 1714, they 
 inserted an advertisement in the Edinburgh newspapers disclaiming 
 Brown and the facohite Curse, and stating, " that he printed the 
 pamphlet without the knowledge of Mr. Govan : tho' he was only 
 employed by him and not by the University." The pamphlet it 
 would appear was written by William Wright, minister of Kilmar- 
 nock, and the advertisement drew a curious letter, dated 21st 
 December, from that gentleman, professing to be " written on behalf 
 of the author," and addressed to Principal Stirling. After referring 
 to the advertisement, and suggesting that it was a reflection upon 
 the author and not upon the printer of the pamphlet, he says : 
 
 " In the meantime he begs leave to complain of such a 
 publication without advertisement, especiallie seeing the 
 pamphlet was printed near three months ago, and all the copies 
 were sold of y' Edition, and a 2^ too, seeing also it was sold 
 openly in y'' Citie, yea in y'' Church in the face of your Provincial 
 Synod, and neither they nor any of y"*^ learned bodie did then 
 publickly censure it. October the author thinks had been ane 
 fitter season. Rev'nd Sir, if the Author had not been possessed 
 of a deep Veneration of your self and a profound respect for the 
 professors and honor of a universitie where he had the hapiness 
 of near nine or ten years Education he had taken the libertie 
 3^ou have given your selves of inserting also his advertisement 
 in the Gazette, in contrariety to yours, seeing he is persuaded 
 Hew Brown has in sundrie Books printed by him designed 
 himself printer to the universitie, and you did not before this 
 disclaim it. Besides the Author is persuaded Mr. Govan has a 
 bad Memorie, if it be truth you have published in relation to 
 him."
 
 14 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 The University closed with Govan early in the year 1715- He 
 was appointed University Printer for seven years, and there were 
 assigned to him two chambers, a cellar and a garret, within the 
 College. He, on the other hand, undertook to provide two printing 
 presses, with skilled workmen, and sufficient founts of type, including 
 Greek characters and enough Hebrew and Chaldee type to print a 
 small grammar. This condition was evidently desired by Charles 
 Morthland, the Professor (1709-45) of Oriental Languages, described 
 by Alexander Carlyle of Inveresk as " master of his business." 
 
 Govan was a merchant, not a printer, and seems to have had 
 difficulty in obtaining, or at least in retaining, workmen ; his 
 appointment was not a success, and few books bear his imprint. 
 As a man engaged in commercial pursuits, he apparently thought 
 that a newspaper would be useful, and issued, from the " Printing 
 House in the College," the earliest publication of the kind in Glasgow, 
 The Glasgow Cottrant, later The West-Country Intelligencer, with inter- 
 laced and reversed capitals "^.c!/." upon the title page. Begun 
 upon nth November, 1715, it came to a close with No. 67 upon ist 
 Ma}^ 1716. The Dissertatio philosophica de Sunimi Numinis exis- 
 tentia of John Sherman, which appeared in 1716, was a respectable 
 piece of printing, and compares not unfavourably with the Theses 
 of Bernard Webb and of James Wright printed by R. and A. Foulis 
 in 1752 and 1761. On the other hand, Gerschom Carmichael's 
 edition of Puffendorf, De Officio Hominis et Civis, as produced by 
 Govan in 1718, was one of the worst printed books which ever 
 appeared in Glasgow. The press seems to have collapsed by the 
 end of 1719. On the death, in 1720, of William Jameson, Lecturer, 
 or, as he was styled. Professor of Civil History, Andrew Rosse pub- 
 lished a Memorial pointing out the usefulness of the chair, protesting 
 against its suppression, and suggesting that it should be associated 
 with the Chair of Humanity. The Memorial bears no printer's name, 
 but looks like Glasgow work. When Professor Morthland's Hebrew 
 Grammar was ready for the press, in 172 1, the printing was entrusted 
 to James Duncan, printer to the City. In the preceding year, 1720,
 
 THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 15 
 
 James and William Duncan printed Jameson's Spicilegia Antiqui- 
 tahim Mgypti, in which a good deal of Greek, Hebrew and Chaldee 
 type is used ; and it may be that this type was actually got by 
 Govan, in terms of his contract, and subsequently transferred to the 
 Duncans. The first book printed in Scotland in Hebrew characters 
 had, however, been produced in Glasgow in 1644, when George 
 Anderson printed John Row's Hebrew Grammar. 
 
 The efforts of the University to establish a press had been un- 
 successful, but they resolved to try again. Alexander Carmichael, 
 a son of Gerschom Carmichael, had been in business for some years 
 as a bookseller in Glasgow, and in 1730 appears as a printer within 
 the College under the style of " Mr. Alexander Carmichael & Com- 
 pany," and, under this title, printed a second edition of Believers' 
 Mortification of sin by the Spirit, by his much persecuted grandfather 
 of the same name, the minister of Pettinain. He must have obtained 
 formal recognition as University printer, seeing that in the same year 
 Francis Hutcheson's Inaugural Oration was published typis aca- 
 demicis, and in a style worthy of the University, 
 
 In 1732 there were printed at the University press for Andrew 
 Stalker, the well-known Glasgow bookseller, and formerly partner 
 of Carmichael, three works of Cicero, and a fourth in 1733 for 
 Stalker and Gavin Hamilton of Edinburgh. These were for school 
 and college use — the three earlier, being part of the Philosophical 
 works, were employed as text-books by Hutcheson — and were well 
 executed and on good paper. 
 
 The University press seems once more to have lapsed, as in 
 1734 Mr. Alexander Carmichael, Alexander Miller, John, James and 
 Mrs, Brown were printing in company, and nothing is said of their 
 doing so in the College. Mrs. Brown's name disappears in 1735, 
 and those of John and James in 1736, the firm becoming then 
 " Alexander Carmichael and Alexander Miller." There was, how- 
 ever, a press in the College, as in 1737 certain works of Isaac Ambrose 
 — " the most meditative Puritan of Lancashire " — were printed in 
 Glasgow College " for James Cullen, preacher, Archibald Ingram,
 
 i6 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 James Dechman, John Hamilton, and John Glasford, merchants in 
 Glasgow." There is no information as to who carried on the press, 
 but in an Advertisement, issued with the book, reference is made to 
 Alexander Miller, bookseller in the Saltmarket of Glasgow, and in 
 the summer of next year accommodation was provided within the 
 College for Alexander Miller, printer — no doubt the same person — 
 who, it appears, was already working there. In that and the follow- 
 ing year Miller printed " in Glasgow College " a few religious works, 
 excerpts from Ovid's Metamorphoses, and Verses sacred to the memory 
 of the Hon. Alexander Stewart Master of Garlies, By a young Stitdent 
 of the University. The Master had been a student for some years, 
 and the verses have been attributed to Professor Moor, on the 
 authority of Professor Richardson, and also to the Hon. Patrick 
 Boyle, son of Lord Boyle, and grandson of the Earl of Glasgow. 
 They are dedicated to Mr. Boyle, presumably an elder brother who 
 was likewise a student in the University. 
 
 In 1741 a reprint of Christopher Love's Heaven's Glory ; Hell's 
 Terror appeared with the imprint, " Glasgow-College, Printed by 
 Alexander Miller." In the same year Cicero, De natura Deoruni, 
 was printed for Robert Foulis, typis acadernicis, as already mentioned. 
 
 ROBERT FOULIS AS UNIVERSITY PRINTER 
 
 Early in 1744 Robert Foulis published Pindar, and later the 
 Meditations of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus in Greek 
 and Latin. The Pindar is a good example of Greek printing, and 
 " one of the most accurate of the Glasgow editions of the Greek 
 classics." The other volume is dedicated by Robert Foulis, academiae 
 typographus, to Dunbar Hamilton of Baldoon, afterwards Earl of 
 Selkirk and Rutherglen, who had occupied rooms in the College for 
 many years, living in the closest intimacy with James Moor, and 
 enjoying the friendship of Hutcheson, " of whose philosophical 
 opinions he retained through life a warm admiration." In the same 
 year there was issued the famous Horace " diligenter emendatus et
 
 Numb. 1. 
 
 THE 
 
 Glafgow Courant, 
 
 Containing the 
 
 QCCUFLRENCES 
 
 Both at Home and Abroad; 
 
 From Friday November 1 1 , tO Monday November 14. 1715. 
 
 GUfgow, Printed for R. T. and are to be Sold 2it^he 
 Printing Houfe in the Colledge, and at thePoft- 
 Office. 1715.
 
 ROBERT FOULIS AS UNIVERSITY PRINTER 17 
 
 interpunctione nova saepius illustratiis," on common and on fine 
 paper, large and small. Although not immaculate, as it has been 
 called, it is a pretty, well-printed book, particularly when on large 
 paper, and ruled in red, but not one of the finest of the Foulis 
 classics. 
 
 In this year the Greek text and Latin translation of the Enchir- 
 idion of Epictetus, and the Tabula of Cebes were printed, along with 
 some other small tracts of a similar character in aedibus academicis. 
 This is a beautiful and accurate little volume, and was several times 
 reprinted. The Manual of Epictetus and the Table of Cebes are not 
 much in fashion now, but were at one time very popular. The Table 
 was one of the easy prose text books used by Alexander Dunlop 
 (1684-1747), Professor of Greek, " a very Hvely and witty man, and 
 a famous Grecian, but a more famous punster," and " distinguished 
 by his strong good sense and capacity for business." It was also 
 a favourite with his pupil and successor Professor Moor. 
 
 To produce a handsome piece of typography the type must not 
 only be well set, but it must be in itself well and gracefully formed, 
 the paper must be sound, and the ink good. FouHs was particular 
 as regards all these details. Writing some years later, when the 
 publication of Plato was in view, Robert Foulis says, " I would have 
 some researches for finding a better Ink than ordinary." 
 
 James Watson, writing in 1713, mentions that the Scottish 
 printers of the day generally kept no corrector of the press, and this 
 told greatly against their work. Foulis recognized the evil, and 
 employed a professional press reader. Dr. Wodrow, in his reminis- 
 cences of the two brothers, mentions that " there was an obscure 
 lad whose name I scarcely knew, then the overseer and corrector of 
 their Press, to whose incessant and incredible attention and diligence 
 Robert Foulis must have been unspeakably indebted for the correct- 
 ness of many of his books." It is right to record that the person 
 alluded to was John Fleming of Strathaven, a relation of the late 
 Professor William Fleming, who entered the Greek class under 
 Professor Dunlop in 1739.
 
 i8 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 Foulis was not a practical printer, but it is said that he spent 
 some time in a printing office, in order to gain a knowledge of the 
 art. If, however, as would seem to be the case, there was a press in 
 the College, he must have had ample opportunity of picking up such 
 information as an outsider can acquire ; and, seeing that the Cicero 
 of 1741 was produced at the University press, immediately adjoining 
 his own bookshop, it is not improbable that he took part in the work. 
 
 TYPE-FOUNDING IN GLASGOW 
 
 Type-founding had been practised in Glasgow as early as 1718, 
 and although it seems to have been carried on during the next 
 twenty years it made no progress in the way of improvement. 
 The ordinary type used in Scotland, when Foulis began business as 
 a printer, was mostly imported from Holland. His first Greek 
 type he got probably in Oxford or in London. 
 
 In 1742 Alexander Wilson and John Bain established a letter 
 foundry at St. Andrews. They succeeded beyond their expectations, 
 and in 1744, in order to be in a more central place, and one in which 
 they might have the opportunity of pushing their business in Ire- 
 land and America, they removed to Camlachie, then a small village 
 about a mile east of Glasgow Cross. In 1747 Mr. Bain left Glasgow 
 and settled in Dublin to cultivate the Irish connection. Two years 
 later the partnership was dissolved ; and in 1748 Wilson was 
 appointed type-founder to the University. 
 
 In the Exhibition there are shown by Messrs. Caslon & Co. of 
 London, two Wilson hand moulds, with sample types cast from them, 
 also some Wilson matrices. 
 
 There is in the British Museum (B. 729 (8)) a specimen book of 
 the Wilson types, printed at Glasgow in 1772 ; and James Cleland in 
 his Annals of Glasgow, reprints a later specimen. 
 
 Foulis early took advantage of Wilson's skill, and obtained 
 various new founts of letters from him, while " the growing reputa- 
 tion of the University press gave additional scope to Mr. Wilson to
 
 TYPE-FOUNDING IN GLASGOW 19 
 
 exert his abilities in producing fine type, and being allowed to follow 
 his own judgment and taste, his talents as an artist became everj^ 
 year more conspicuous. Hitherto Caslon had stood at the head of 
 English type founders, and although his types were very perfect 
 they were now excelled by the Glasgow letter, which it has been 
 said was ' by far the most beautiful of any yet invented.' " It 
 might be imagined that this was the sole reason for the beauty of 
 the Foulis printing. But this is not so ; the best type in the world 
 will not make a good printer, and with such type a poor craftsman 
 may turn out work that a balladmonger would be ashamed of. 
 " It has not been unfrequently imagined," says Dr. Patrick Wilson, 
 Alexander Wilson's son, " that the superiority of Messrs. Foulis 
 editions of the Classicks &c. has depended much on the elegance 
 and other good properties of the types furnished them from the 
 Glasgow Foundry ; but as far as this circumstance could contribute 
 anything to their success it is well known that the late Dr. Wilson, 
 as weU as his sons, have, in justice to the Messrs. Foulis, wished it to 
 be fully understood that every other printer, who applied to their 
 Foundry, derived equal advantages by being served with Founts at 
 their pleasure cast in the very same matrices with those used for 
 the Messrs. Foulis's orders. The superior elegance therefore of 
 Messrs. Foulis's editions, so far as that has been allowed, must have 
 been owing chiefly to their ardour and skill in pursuing a great 
 detail of experiments and contrivances connected with some improved 
 construction of the Letter-press, the nature and due preparation of 
 their paper, the quality of their ink and the peculiar condition of 
 the Balls for distributing it over the forms ; which particular tho' 
 last mentioned is also of great importance to the delicacy of the 
 impression, and far from being easily attainable. . . . They never 
 made use of leads, reglets, or scabbards for extending the distances 
 between the lines. Their founts were always cast ' long-bodied,' to 
 such a degree as best suited for proper effect. In this way the 
 justness and accuracy of the founts were preserved, which would 
 have been marred by the introduction of scabbards."
 
 20 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 According to family tradition, when the Messrs. Foulis visited 
 Oxford in 1738, they were shown a manuscript of Aesop's Fables, 
 which was reputed to be the writing upon which Robert Stephen 
 modelled his Greek type. This, it is said, gave a hint to Robert 
 Fouhs, which he afterwards communicated to Wilson, who took 
 every pains to produce a handsome character. 
 
 Robert Urie, as well as Robert Foulis, took advantage of Wilson's 
 skill, and supplied himself with type from the new foundry. In 
 1744 he printed a handsome edition of the Spectator for Andrew 
 Stalker and John Barry. In the Proposals for subscription it 
 is stated that " the book will be printed in the same letter and size 
 with the best London edition and on a beautiful and neat letter 
 founded in Glasgow and purchased for this very design." This is 
 perhaps the first book printed from Wilson's new type ; and, as will 
 presently appear, was one of those which sorely disturbed the 
 London booksellers. 
 
 Through the influence of the Duke of Argyll a Chair of Practical 
 Astronomy was founded in the University, and Alexander Wilson 
 was appointed Professor in 1760. As the Observatory was in the 
 College garden he found it inconvenient to have the type foundry 
 at Camlachie and applied to the University for a site upon College 
 property. This was agreed to, and in 1762 the foundry was trans- 
 ferred to a position on the south side of the College Open, otherwise 
 College or Blackfriars Steps, as it was called, immediately to the west 
 of the Physic garden, and opposite the Principal's garden, which was 
 on the north side of the Open. 
 
 The plan here reproduced from John M'Arthur's four-sheet map 
 of Glasgow of 1778, shows the Physic Garden ; and the site of 
 the foundry is marked with a X, as indicated on the plan of the 
 College properties, submitted in 1827 to the University Com- 
 missioners, and on Martin's map of Glasgow of 1842. 
 
 Slezer's Bird's-eye view shows the College as it was at the end 
 of the seventeenth century ; and the engraving of the College Open, 
 made by Robert Paul, in the Glasgow Academy of the Fine Arts,
 
 THE TYPE FOUNDRY 
 
 21 
 
 to be afterwards referred to, represents the Open as it was in 1756 
 Excepting the trees it is very much as I remember it, in the late 
 forties, when I attended the Blackfriars Church as a child, although 
 the foundry had been closed several years earlier. The place was 
 still unchanged when I was a student, and used to explore the long 
 
 ~1 n-firi r. /^---^ 
 
 narrow closes on both sides of the High Street and the Saltmarket, 
 The type-foundry abutted on College Open, and had an access 
 by Castlepens Close, and also by Blackfriars Wynd, afterwards known 
 as East Regent Street, which for long formed an entrance to the 
 College garden.
 
 22 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 THE PRESS OF R. AND A. FOULIS 
 
 A second edition of Hutcheson's Philosophia Moralis, issued in 
 1745, with a dedication to the Students, bears to be printed by- 
 Robert Fouhs. He was hkewise the printer of Aeschykis, of Mont- 
 gomery's Cherrie and the Slac, and other works in 1746, but the 
 Theocritus of that year, and the quarto Homer of 1747 are by 
 Robert and Andrew FouHs. Other books, however, pubhshed in 
 1747, and even in 1748, bear the imprint of Robert alone, while, on 
 the verso of the last page of the second volume of the quarto Aeschy- 
 lus of 1746, there is a list of books printed by R. and A. Foulis within 
 the University premises. 
 
 It would appear, therefore, that towards the end of 1746, or 
 perhaps in 1747, Robert assumed his brother Andrew as a partner, 
 and henceforward they carried on the business of booksellers, literary 
 auctioneers, and printers, under the style of Robert and Andrew 
 Foulis. Their father died in July, 1742. Andrew Faulls was well- 
 to-do ; he owned a property on the south side of the Briggait, and 
 another in St. Enoch Wynd. During his hfetime, he paid his two 
 daughters their shares of his estate, in the shape of tocher or dowry, 
 and at his death he bequeathed the remainder to his four sons, 
 Robert, Andrew, John and James, equally amongst them. One of 
 the daughters had received 500 and the other 1000 merks Scots, 
 and it may be assumed that the share of each son would be esti- 
 mated to be not less than the larger sum, or £56 sterling. Robert, 
 Andrew and James took the Briggait property ; John had that 
 in St. Enoch Wynd. John was entrusted with the realization and 
 distribution of the moveable estate, and in April, 1743, had an 
 acknowledgment from his three brothers that he had faithfully 
 performed the duty, in which he had the legal assistance of Peter 
 Paterson, a noted practitioner of the day. The properties were not 
 sold, so that no capital came into hand, but they no doubt yielded 
 a small revenue. When, however, the Briggait property was put 
 up to auction in November, 1782, the rental was only £10 and the
 
 PRESS OF R. AND A. FOULIS 23 
 
 upset price was fixed at £6$. In January, 1747, Robert was served 
 heir-general to his father Andrew FouHs ; and in February, James 
 FouKs, having resolved to go abroad, appointed his brother John 
 his factor and commissioner in his absence. There was probably, 
 therefore, some dealing with the family property, but whether it 
 had anything to do with the partnership arrangement it is impossible 
 to say. 
 
 In 1749 the Foulis edition of Cicero appeared, in twenty volumes 
 duodecimo, and is even yet the most convenient for the pocket. 
 " Have you seen the little Tully of Glasgow ? " writes Dr. War- 
 burton, shortly after its publication. " It is very elegant, possibly 
 it may be correct." Apparently he had not tested it, and, at any 
 rate, he was not much of a classical scholar. Dr. Harwood, however, 
 attests that it "is very correctly printed " ; and Renouard prefers 
 its type to that of the Elzevirs. In the beginning of 1750 the Earl 
 of Morton wrote to Lord Chancellor Hardwicke from Edinburgh, 
 sending him some bottles of Tokay wine, and a copy of the Glasgow 
 Cicero, with an inscription on the title-page. After thanking the 
 Earl for the presents. Lord Hardwicke proceeds : "I shall with 
 y^ greatest pleasure give y^ copy of y" Glasgow Tully a suitable 
 place in my library, not only as it does honour to y^ Scotch press, 
 where they now print the most beautifully of any country in Europe ; 
 but as it will remain there a mark of that regard with which your 
 lordship is pleased to honour me." 
 
 Year after year the firm issued a large number of books, some 
 of them such as had hitherto been attempted only by an endowed 
 press, and many of them of great beauty. The printers had every 
 encouragement and assistance from the members of the University. 
 George Rosse, professor of Humanity, a very exact scholar and 
 " ever to be remembered with respect and regret," acted till his 
 death, in 1754, as editor of their Latin classics. James Moor 
 (1712-79), a profound Grecian and an excellent mathematician, at 
 first University librarian, and afterwards professor of Greek, per- 
 formed the like duty as regards the Greek classics. A fresh transla-
 
 24 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 tion of the Meditations of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, 
 the first two books by Moor, and the remainder by Hutcheson, was 
 pubhshed in 1742 by Robert Foulis, and, by anticipating, led to the 
 abandonment of a translation which Dr. William Robertson, then 
 a young man, was contemplating. Hutcheson and Leechman gave 
 constant assistance and advice. The former, we are told by Mr. 
 Samuel Kenrick of Bewdley, was " their able and generous friend 
 and patron," and " no doubt afforded them pecuniary assistance 
 as well as judicious advice in the choice of the books they were to 
 publish." Moor, " tres instruit et un fort honnete et fort galant 
 homme," as he is styled by Capperonnier, seems to have had in view 
 an edition of the works of Archimedes, but it did not proceed beyond 
 the Arenarius — that curious anticipation of modern logarithms — 
 which was printed by R. and A. Foulis, about 1751. A goodly 
 number of copies of this were still in the stock of Alexander Hadden, 
 the bookseller, in High Street, when I was a student. They also 
 began preparations for the publication of a complete and splendid 
 edition of the works of Plato, to be edited by Professor Moor, but, 
 while much material was collected, the project never matured. 
 It nevertheless continued to occupy the thoughts of both brothers, 
 for as late as 19th November, 1764, they wrote, " We have lately got 
 home a collation of the oldest Manuscripts of Plato in the Vatican." 
 Their collections are now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. 
 
 Dr. Robert Simson (1687-1768), professor of Mathematics, 
 received both brothers into his Friday Club, and treated them on 
 the most friendly footing. He edited for them the Loci plani of 
 Apollonius of Perga, based on two MSS. in the King's library at 
 Paris, which Moor had collated, and the work was published in 1749 
 in a handsome quarto, and dedicated to John, Earl of Bute. 
 In 1756 they published Simson's edition of Euclid in Latin, and 
 separately in English, both dedicated to George, Prince of Wales. 
 These volumes are still sought after by collectors, and, if in fine 
 condition, bring a higher price now than on the day of publication.
 
 THE PRINTING HOUSE 25 
 
 THE PRINTING HOUSE 
 
 At first the printing-house was within the walls of the College, 
 tn aedibus academicis, but as business expanded it was necessary 
 to find larger premises elsewhere. In December, 1747, Robert and 
 Andrew Foulis purchased from the heirs portioners of Robert 
 Selkrig, a well-known member of the Faculty of Procurators in 
 Glasgow, a tenement of land, " some years before burnt and then 
 ruinous," on the west side of the High Street, with yard and per- 
 tinents, extending westwards to the common passage formerly 
 known as Greyfriars Wynd and thereafter as Shuttle Street. The 
 price paid was £47 los. and the title was taken to the two brothers 
 as joint owners equally between them. Thirty years earlier Robert 
 Sanders the younger had his bookshop on the same side of the 
 High Street, a little above the Grammar-School Wynd, — which in 
 after years took the name Greyfriars Wynd. Whether this was the 
 place purchased it is impossible to say, but at any rate it was near 
 where Sanders' shop had been. As the tenement had been burned 
 it was necessary to build in order to utilize the site, but the pur- 
 chasers seem to have had doubts as to the expediency of doing so, 
 for in 1750 they acquired from the Incorporation of Gardeners, at 
 the price of twelve years' purchase, the second and third flats of 
 the Trades tenement on the west side of Greyfriars Wynd, after- 
 wards known as Shuttle Street, with certain rights as to building 
 on the back area. This tenement had been built by the Incorporation 
 in 1720. They had purchased, in 1705, " that great yard or orchard 
 of old a manor place with yard or orchard belonging to the Minor 
 Brethren or Franciscans " lying betwixt Craignaught and Rams- 
 horn on the west, and the Greyfriars Wynd on the east. The land 
 was bought as a building estate, and the tenement was no doubt 
 built with the view of inducing others to follow their example. 
 
 The printing-house was put up for sale on 8th November, 1782, 
 when it was purchased by the University. In 1792 they acquired 
 the laigh or ground storey, and became owners of the whole tene-
 
 26 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 ment. In 1816 they had a charter of Novodamus from the Incor- 
 poration of Gardeners, bnt the property seems to have disappeared 
 in the formation of what is now College Street. 
 
 In 1830 the University purchased a site at the south-west 
 corner of College Street and Shuttle Street on which they erected 
 new chemical laboratories and class rooms. This they sold, in 1873, 
 after the transference of the University buildings to Gilmorehill, 
 when I purchased it for a client. 
 
 In 1765 an edition of John Willison's Fair and Impartial Testi- 
 mony was " printed for and sold by John Finlay, wright at his house 
 in Shuttle Street ; and by Duncan Campbell, junior, gardner, at his 
 house near the Gallowgate toll," but Finlay seems to have been 
 merely a neighbour, with no connection with the printing-house. 
 
 SOME NOTABLE BOOKS 
 
 The great Homer, in double pica and all the majesty of a folio 
 page, was produced by Robert and Andrew Foulis in 1756 and 1758, 
 the Iliad, in two volumes, in the former, and the Odyssey, likewise 
 in two volumes, in the latter year. For beauty as well as for accuracy, 
 these splendid volumes can hardly be surpassed. Bishop Lowth 
 could find but one single error, the omission of an " iota " subscribed 
 to a dative. The large paper copies are magnificent ; they are, 
 it is said, " one of the finest monuments of Greek typography which 
 our nation possesses." "As the eye is the organ of fancy," writes 
 Gibbon, " I read Homer with more pleasure in the Glasgow edition. 
 Through that fine medium, the poet's sense appears more beautiful 
 and transparent." In the Life of Winckelmann it is stated that he 
 never travelled without Homer : "his companion at every instant 
 of his life " ; and that the edition which he had with him on his 
 last journey (in the course of which he died), was that of Foulis, 
 "very elegantly printed at Glasgow, in 1756-58." 
 
 Many copies were specially bound in Glasgow under Robert 
 Foulis' eye, and a few were ruled in red. Flaxman's subsequent
 
 SOME NOTABLE BOOKS 27 
 
 compositions from the Iliad and Odyssey are inserted in some copies as 
 illustrations ; one is in the Hamilton collection in the University 
 library. The University presented copies of the Homer to William 
 Pitt, Earl of Chatham, now in possession of the Earl of Rosebery, 
 Chancellor of the University ; to George James, Duke of Hamilton ; 
 to Archibald, third Duke of Argyle, and other prominent men 
 of the day. Charles, King of the two Sicihes, through the inter- 
 vention of Professor Rouet, who was then in Italy, presented to the 
 University four volumes of the Antiquities of Heixulaneum ; and in 
 return the University in 1764 sent His Majesty the Glasgow Homer, 
 handsomely bound. The Royal donor having become King of Spain, 
 then ordered Michael Casiri's Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana Escuria- 
 lensis to be presented to the University. In my younger days, some 
 fifty years ago, I indulged in the study of Arabic, and, moved by James 
 Harris' account of this famous catalogue, I borrowed it from the 
 University library and found it full of interest. Unfortunately, how- 
 ever, only the first volume, published in 1760, was to be had ; the 
 second was not published until ten years later, and Glasgow was 
 overlooked in its distribution. When the present exhibition was 
 being organised, the Committee applied to King Alfonso for the loan 
 of the Homer, but it is contrary to rule to allow any volume to leave 
 the Royal hbrary, and the request could not be acceded to. It was 
 then ascertained that the second volume of Casiri's catalogue had not 
 been presented ; the King thereupon ordered that it should be bound 
 in old Spanish morocco, and forwarded to Glasgow. 
 
 While the Homer is a triumph of art, it is deservedly so. Great 
 thought, pains, and care were bestowed upon its production. The 
 paper was carefully selected by Robert Foulis. Alexander Wilson, 
 " egregius ille typorum artifex," setting aside all other business, 
 applied himself to designing and producing a new fount of Greek 
 type which was superior to anything then to be found in any 
 printing office. Every sheet was twice carefully read over and 
 collated by the proof reader, who, on this occasion, was James 
 Tweedie, a student of divinity. They were next read by
 
 28 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 Andrew Foulis, and finally they were thrice gone over by the 
 editors, Professor Moor and Professor Muirhead (1715-73), once by 
 each separately, and then by both together. 
 
 Homer was followed in 1759 by Thucydides, and by Herodotus 
 in 1761. These with Xenophon, including the Hipparchicus, were a 
 series, in forty-one volumes, prepared by the publishers, " in order 
 to render the reading of the Greek Historians more convenient for 
 Gentlemen in active life." The type, they say, is the same " both 
 in size and form, with the Capital Folio-editions of R. and H. 
 Stephens." The volumes are in octavo, of a convenient size, and 
 beautifully printed. The Greek is on one page and a Latin transla- 
 tion upon the opposite one, which enables " gentlemen in active 
 life " to read the Greek text — at least of Herodotus and Xenophon 
 — without much difficulty or hesitation. Dr. Harwood after prais- 
 ing the beauty and accuracy of these texts, adds, " Every friend of 
 Greek literature would rejoice to see Diodorus Siculus, and Plu- 
 tarch's Lives, published in the same size, and in the same beautiful 
 and correct manner." This, however, was no part of the scheme. 
 
 A war had broken out in North America in 1758, which resulted 
 in the capture of Quebec. Professor Moor translated Tyrtaeus, 
 under the title. Spartan Lessons ; or the praise of Valour ; in the 
 verses of Tyrtaeus ; an ancient A thenian poet, adopted by the republic 
 of Lacedaemon, and employed to inspire their youth with warlike senti- 
 ments, which was published by Robert and Andrew Foulis in 1759, 
 with this patriotic dedication : 
 
 " These Remains of ancient-Panegyric on martial 
 spirit and personal valour ; Of old the daily lessons 
 of the Spartan youth ; Are, with propriety Inscribed 
 to the Young Gentlemen, lately bred at the Uni- 
 versity of Glasgow ; at present, serving their 
 country, as Officers of the Highland Battalions 
 now in America." 
 
 There is an allusion to this in William Thom's Donaldsoniad,
 
 TO T H 2 
 
 I A I A A O S 
 
 A A O A. 
 
 rioAAag' y icpdi/xi^g "^^X^^ ^^^^ 7rfotct\pev 
 
 Olojvolcrl re tcckti* Aiog ^ in^eido fh^Xvi* 
 FjE, ii ^y] Tct TTfcvra ^lag-^ryjv IfiG-avlB 
 A7f6i^p^g re, avac, dv^fcov, x^ ^7og Ap(^iXMvg. 
 
 Tig 7* af (TCpooi Otm efih c^vvv/jKi f/.a^ecKrca; 
 AvjT^g KCM Aiog vlog- b yaf fiaciAyji ^oXcodeig 
 'N5(tov dvct g'farov oofcrt zctKy^v ox'tKovlo oe Aaor 
 OvveKCL 70V yifVG-yjv yjnfAVjar af}^7y)fct 
 A7fei^^g' yaf yjXQt doag Itti vyjag A^aiojv, 
 Avcrof^ivog 7e dvyalfci, (pifoov r clTTifeicri' aTroivUy 
 
 From the Iliad of 1756
 
 SOME NOTABLE BOOKS 29 
 
 published in 1763 : — " I remember in Mr. Hutcheson's Time, whun 
 Words and Things baith war' gaen about the College like Peas and 
 Groats, and a' the Lads tauked Philosophy then, just as forthily 
 as the Hiland Lads tank Greek now." 
 
 In 1754 R. and A. Foulis printed a small edition of the Fabulae 
 Aesopicae, which was reprinted three years afterwards at the 
 Clarendon press for James Fletcher, the Oxford bookseller, a corre- 
 spondent of Robert Foulis. The title-page and preface of the reprint 
 correspond exactly with the Glasgow edition, but the text is more 
 openly set, having three lines fewer to a full page, and giving 118 
 pages as against 108 in the other. The Foulis is, however, much 
 the prettier book. 
 
 In 1763 beautiful editions of La Gierusalemme liherata, of // 
 Pastor fido and of other Italian works were issued. One of these was 
 Discorso sopra le viccnde delta Letteratura, by Carlo Denina (1731- 
 1813), an Italian litterateur, who dwells on the influence of the 
 lectures and writings of Francis Hutcheson. 
 
 Gray's Poems appeared in 1768, in quarto, " one of the most 
 elegant pieces of printing," says Dr. Beattie, " that the Glasgow 
 press or any other press has ever produced " ; and which gave great 
 pleasure to the author. This was the first work in the Roman 
 character which the firm had printed with so large type, and for the 
 purpose Dr. Wilson cut a beautiful fount of double pica. A magnifi- 
 cent edition in folio of Milton's Poems was published in 1770, and 
 this may be considered the last effort of the brothers as printers, 
 for while they continued to print and issue many books till their 
 deaths these were of a more common-place character, although the 
 execution was as careful as before. 
 
 The Edinburgh Society for encouraging arts, sciences, manu- 
 factures and agriculture in Scotland awarded their silver medal to 
 Messrs. Foulis in 1755 for their Callimachus, and in 1756 two silver 
 medals for their Horace of 1756, and their folio Iliad, others in 1757 
 and 1758 for their Odyssey and the Minor works of Homer. David 
 Garrick's copy of the Horace of 1756 is in the Exhibition.
 
 30 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 The senate presented a number of the Foulis books to Dr. 
 WiUiam Hunter (1718-83), which are now in his Hbrary along with 
 the museum which he bequeathed to the University. 
 
 Robert FouHs never had much capital. In 1743 he had two small 
 loans from Dr. John Stevenson, physician in Edinburgh, and had 
 further advances next year. He or the firm again borrowed from 
 the same source in 1744, 1749 and 1753. Dr. Stevenson seems to 
 have had some interest with them in the publication of the Chevalier 
 Ramsay's Philosophical Principles of natural and Revealed religion, 
 in 1748, as the Messrs. Foulis oblige themselves " to sustain " the 
 various loans " at clearing the expenses of Chevalier Ramsay's 
 book." The debts were not, however, met as proposed and con- 
 tinued outstanding until the end of the chapter. It is to be feared, 
 therefore, that while printing earned much credit for the brothers 
 it brought in but little profit. 
 
 INFLUENCE OF THE FOULIS PRESS 
 
 The enthusiasm of Robert Foulis and the excellent work which 
 he produced, inspired the trade in Glasgow with a desire for better 
 things. Robert Urie maintained a friendly rivalry and produced 
 some beautiful books. His Greek Testament of 1750 is superior 
 to that of Ruddiman published in the same year, and to that of 
 Robert and Andrew Foulis published in 1759. Urie informs us that 
 he had used new type and had made every endeavour to produce 
 a handsome piece of typography, and, in order to give beauty and 
 elegance to the page, he had printed the text continuously and 
 had not broken it up into verses, but had noted these upon the 
 margin. Urie's edition of Sallust of 1749 is a little gem. In the 
 Address to the Reader he explains that he had endeavoured to 
 provide a perfect text and a beautiful book. He employed the 
 most expert workmen, obtained a new fount of types, and used 
 the best paper. The Foulises followed with another and similar 
 edition in 1751, but Urie's is the better of the two. Both adopt
 
 INFLUENCE OF THE FOULIS PRESS 31 
 
 the text of Cort, In the Fouhs edition the text is printed con- 
 tinuously, the chapters being indicated by the use of a capital 
 letter at the beginning of its first word, and a small arable figure 
 in the margin, following Urie's plan in his Greek Testament. In 
 Urie's Sallust the sentences begin with capital letters in the usual 
 way, and the chapters are divided and marked with Roman figures. 
 Foulis printed Locke's Elements of Natural Philosophy in 1751 ; 
 Urie printed it again in 1758, in a more attractive form, with an 
 engraved plate of the Copernican system. Urie's editions of 
 Buchanan's Psalms, and of his De jure regni apud Scotos, and of 
 the Exercitationes Anatomicae of Harvey, — whose portrait by Bemmel 
 is in the University collection, — are also fine pieces of work. 
 
 But while Urie's books demonstrate his technical skill he did 
 not attempt any great work. He produced no stately quarto or 
 folio, and confined himself, as regards high class work, to pocket 
 volumes. To a large extent he printed for the trade and produced 
 what was in immediate demand by the general public. Many of 
 these popular books, as, for instance, his edition of the Spectator, 
 already mentioned, were well and tastefully printed. 
 
 Popular religious books, or, what librarians term, Works of 
 practical Divinity, were for long badly printed on coarse and poor 
 paper. In a Memoir by Rev. William Dunlop prefixed to an edition 
 of The Christians Great Interest, by William Guthrie, minister at 
 Fenwick, printed at Edinburgh in 1720 and again in 1724, it is said : 
 " But tho' ... it hath been frequently reprinted ; yet 
 most of the Editions hitherto published have been very defec- 
 tive, as to the Goodness of the Paper, the Beauty and Neatness 
 of the Character, or the Correctness and Accuracy of the 
 Printing ; which are circumstances that have no small influence 
 on the Pleasure, and sometimes on the Profit of reading any 
 Composure. . . . These Inconveniences . . . were the Reasons 
 which determined the Pubhsher of this Edition, to be at some 
 Pains in furnishing the World with Copies of it, that should 
 have some Measure of Exactness and Beauty."
 
 32 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 Whether this was aimed at Robert Sanders, the younger, our 
 Glasgow printer, one cannot say, but it might have been, as he had 
 printed what seems to have been the immediately preceding 
 edition, in 1702, and that very badly. The Edinburgh editions were 
 better, but left much to be desired. 
 
 A new edition was published at Glasgow in 1755, " printed for 
 John Brown, Bookseller." The name of the printer is not disclosed, 
 but the printing is excellent and the paper good, and shows that 
 Foulis' example was bearing fruit. In 1756 John Bryce and David 
 Paterson, printers and booksellers in Glasgow, issued a new edition 
 of John Owen's ^povrjiua rod Hvevixaro^, or, the Grace and Duty 
 of being Spiritually minded, of which some copies were " on a fine 
 writing paper . . . neatly bound in calf, letter'd and gilt " : followed 
 by several other of his works in similar style. They are not particu- 
 larly attractive, but they indicate that a well-printed book was 
 something to be aimed at. In 1765 John Bryce published a new 
 edition of Joshua redivivus, or . . . Letters by Samuel Rutherfoord. 
 In an Advertisement he states that former editions " have been 
 printed upon a very small type, and an extreme coarse paper." The 
 present edition " he hopes from the largeness of the type, goodness 
 of the paper, and elegancy of print, will do justice to the Author, 
 be a credit to himself, and at the same time yield pleasure and 
 satisfaction to the reader." The setting is rather close, but the book 
 is a marked improvement upon previous editions. The publications 
 relating to the Associate Synod were poorly printed, but their Act . . . 
 anent a Fast in 1748, was printed in excellent style, and on good 
 paper, apparently by Foulis. 
 
 PROGRESS OF GLASGOW 
 
 Robert Foulis was bom just before the Union and died in 1776. 
 During his lifetime a new world had opened upon Glasgow. 
 " Glasgow," says an Italian tourist of the period, " is with reason 
 considered as the second city of Scotland, for beauty, for vastness.
 
 PROGRESS OF GLASGOW 33 
 
 for wealth." Her population had grown from 12,000 to 43,000, her 
 commerce extended to every land ; her ships were on every sea. 
 Ventures were entered upon, and carried out, which half a century 
 before would have been laughed at as the dreams of madmen. Banks 
 were founded ; a post office was established, although until 1788, 
 letters from London had to pass through Edinburgh ; two weekly 
 newspapers were published ; clubs and coffee-houses were opened ; 
 music was cultivated ; public concerts were given, and Italian 
 singers were engaged to perform. A theatre was set up, and stage 
 plays were acted. Intellectual life was stirring in all classes. Culture 
 was added to learning ; Hterature was studied and enjoyed ; a taste 
 for letters was diffused not only amongst the gentry and professional 
 men, but also amongst merchants and traders. 
 
 In the University, a new school had arisen. John Loudon, the 
 predecessor of Adam Smith, in the chair of Logic, lectured in Latin, 
 and otherwise walked steadily in the old paths, until his death on 
 ist November, 1750. " We know," says an old student, " that 
 lecturing in English had not reached the Logic Class in our time, 
 when the formal and venerable Mess. John Loudon used, in solemn 
 peripatetic step, to illustrate his own mysterious Compend and the 
 still more metaphysical subtleties of De Vries." Francis Hutcheson 
 " spoke Latin with more fluency and elegance than most men," but 
 when he was called to the Chair of Moral Philosophy, in 1730, in 
 succession to Gerschom Carmichael, " vir optimus doctissimus," he 
 introduced lecturing in English, to a great extent threw overboard 
 the scholastic philosophy and the practice of "dictates" and taught 
 that philosophy out of which was to be developed " the Scottish 
 School." His teaching was singularly suggestive and stimulating, 
 while his lucid method, simple language and wealth of illustration 
 did much to form the literary taste of the country. His pupil, 
 Leechman, carried both his philosophy and his method into the 
 domain of theology, interpreting its doctrines in a tolerant and 
 iberal spirit, and expounding them in nervous and graceful language. 
 
 The narrow views of the older generation of Scottish preachers
 
 34 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 were relaxed ; pulpit oratory was cultivated, and, as the memory of 
 the bitter persecution of previous times waxed fainter, a regard for 
 other branches of the Church than that by law established, and 
 respect for other forms of church government than Presbyterianism 
 began to be entertained. Books of all kinds, not only English, but 
 Greek and Latin, Italian and French, were in demand, and found 
 a ready market. In less than a score of years, Robert Urie and the 
 brothers Foulis had put in circulation more English works in history, 
 criticism, and the belles lettres, than had appeared in all Scotland 
 during the seventeenth century, although all Scottish printers were 
 much hampered, as will presently be explained, by what was believed 
 to be the law of copyright. The Spectator and the Tatler had a very 
 large sale in Glasgow, while parts of the works of Milton and Shake- 
 speare, of Dryden and Pope, essays, plays and poems, followed each 
 other in rapid succession. In 1755 R. and A. Foulis advertised a 
 list of forty plays printed by them, of which nine were by Shakespeare. 
 
 Scottish literature was not overlooked. Several volumes of old 
 Scots poems were reprinted, and the national taste demanded not 
 fewer than three editions of the curious macaronic poem, Polemo- 
 Middinia, attributed to William Drummond of Hawthornden. 
 
 Commerce began to be viewed in a broader light than formerly, 
 and its principles to be better understood ; but it was nothing new 
 here, as it was in England, if we are to accept the testimony of Dr. 
 Johnson, " that a merchant should be a gentleman." Andrew 
 Cochrane (1693-1777), the greatest of Glasgow's lord provosts, had 
 established a club about 1740 for discussing questions relating to trade 
 and kindred subjects, which flourished for many years. Glasgow 
 merchants were consulted by statesmen on questions of national 
 finance and commercial policy ; and Robert Foulis found it worth his 
 while to reprint such works on Economics as those of Mun, of Law, 
 and of Gee on Trade and Navigation, Sir William Petty's Political 
 Arithmetic and Sir Joshua Child on Trade. It was in Glasgow, and 
 as a Glasgow professor, that Adam Smith first promulgated those 
 principles which he subsequently embodied in The Wealth of Nations,
 
 PROGRESS OF GLASGOW 35 
 
 and by which he became the founder of the science of Political 
 Economy. It was from intercourse with such men as Provost 
 Cochrane, Archibald Ingram, and John Glassford that he acquired 
 that practical knowledge of the details of commerce which enabled 
 him to formulate and illustrate the doctrines which he expounded. 
 Science and physical research were beginning to attract attention. 
 The Newtonian philosophy was taught. A chemical laboratory was 
 established in the University ; philosophical instruments were more 
 extensively used for teaching and experimental purposes ; an Astro- 
 nomical Observatory was erected in the College garden, and was 
 equipped through the munificence of Alexander Macfarlane, 
 brother of the antiquary, the Laird of Macfarlane. Mr. Macfar- 
 lane was a merchant in Jamaica, and seems not to have forgotten 
 the motto of his family, Astra castra, Numen lumen. He was, on 
 the testimony of Oltmanns, an excellent practical astronomer, and, 
 dying in 1755, bequeathed the contents of his Observatory to the 
 University in which he had received his education. It was in Glasgow 
 that Simson restored and explained the ancient geometrical analysis. 
 It was as a Glasgow professor that Cullen laid the foundations of that 
 chemical philosophy which was elaborated and perfected by his 
 successor Joseph Black. It was Black's teaching as to the nature of 
 latent heat and of steam that enabled James Watt, while engaged 
 as philosophical instrument maker to the University, to work out 
 the theory of the steam engine, and to make it the mighty instrument 
 it has become. Watt did not forget the University or the interests 
 of science. " Entertaining a due sense of the many favours conferred 
 upon me by the University of Glasgow," he writes in 1808, " I wish 
 to leave them some memorial of my gratitude, and, at the same time, 
 to excite a spirit of inquiry and exertion among the students of 
 Natural Philosophy and Chemistry attending the College ; which 
 appears to me the more useful, as the very existence of Britain, 
 as a nation, seems to me, in great measure, to depend upon her 
 exertions in the sciences and arts " ; and with this object he founded 
 a University prize in these subjects..
 
 36 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 THE LITERARY SOCIETY IN GLASGOW COLLEGE 
 
 The Literary Society in Glasgow College was founded, it is said, 
 in January, 1752 ; but Professor Richardson states that Dr. Francis 
 Hutcheson explained in the Society the works of Arrian ; and as he 
 died of fever in Ireland, in the summer of 1746, this would carry back 
 its origin to an earlier date than that year. A series of extracts from 
 the records of the Society, made by Professor Richardson himself, 
 give January loth, 1752, as the date of its first meeting. This, how- 
 ever, is not conclusive, as the volume of the Minutes commencing 
 2nd November, 1764, has the Laws of the Society prefixed, and 
 might be taken for the first volume did we not know that there had 
 been an earlier. Notwithstanding the terms of the Minute of loth 
 January, 1752, it is therefore possible that there was an earlier volume. 
 According to the regulations of 1752 the Society consisted of twelve 
 members. Nine of these were in that year professors ; but the 
 membership was gradually enlarged and a greater number of out- 
 siders was admitted. Amongst the original members were James 
 Moor and George Rosse, Professors respectively of Greek and of 
 Humanity ; Professor Leechman ; Hercules Lindsay (who, like 
 Gerschom Carmichael, had studied at Leyden), Professor of Law, 
 a sound lawyer and an excellent teacher, and who had amongst his 
 students Alexander Wedderbum — afterwards Lord Chancellor, with 
 the titles of Baron Loughborough and Earl of Rosslyn — and John 
 Millar, who became his successor and was one of the foremost jurists 
 of his time ; Adam Smith, Professor of Moral Philosophy, and 
 William Cullen, Professor of Medicine ; James Clow (who, on the 
 resignation of Adam Smith, succeeded to the Chair of Logic, which 
 Edmund Burke aimed at although he did not become a candidate), 
 a man of great attainments as a scholar, and an excellent mathe- 
 matician, but who has suffered from some disparaging remarks by 
 the acrid William Thom ; Robert Dick, M.D., Professor of Natural 
 Philosophy — the friend of James W'att — a man of much greater 
 scientific attainments than his noisy and combative successor John
 
 THE LITERARY SOCIETY 3f 
 
 Anderson, and the originator of the popular courses of lectures the 
 credit for which has been erroneously attributed to Anderson. 
 Amongst later members were Robert Simson, Professor of Mathe- 
 matics, William Rouet, another Ley den man, Professor of Eccle- 
 siastical History ; Robert or " Robin " Bogle, merchant, a relative 
 of " Jupiter " Carlyle ; William Crawford, another merchant, son- 
 in-law of Provost Murdoch and the friend of Hamilton of Bangour, 
 the poet ; and Mr., later, Sir, John Dalrymple, Baronet of Cran- 
 stoun. Advocate, author oi An Essay towards a History oj Feudal 
 property, and other works ; William Mure of Caldwell, afterwards 
 Baron Mure ; David Hume ; and George Muirhead, who succeeded 
 Rosse in the chair of Humanity. 
 
 Robert Foulis and Professor John Anderson were elected members 
 in 1753 ; Andrew Foulis, Dr. Alexander Wilson and Joseph Black 
 in 1756. 
 
 James Buchanan became a member in 1757 or 1758. He had 
 taught Professor Simson's mathematical class for some time during 
 his illness, and was a candidate for the chair of Natural Philosophy 
 on the death of Dr. Dick, which he missed by one vote, the successful 
 candidate being John Anderson, at that time Professor of Oriental 
 languages. On that chair thus becoming vacant it was bestowed 
 upon Buchanan. He had lived at St. Andrews for some time as 
 tutor to David Stewart Erskine, Lord Cardross, afterwards eleventh 
 Earl of Buchan. Writing to his lordship from Glasgow, on 22nd 
 February, 1758, he says : 
 
 " We have a literary Club here, chiefly consisting of the 
 Masters [Professors] of the College, all of whom attend except 
 Professor Simson, who inchnes to subject himself to as little 
 attendance as possible. Others are not excluded ; At present, 
 however, there are no other extraneous members, save the two 
 Foulis's, Dr. Stevenson the Physician, and Mr. Wilson the Type- 
 founder. There are no restrictions as to the scope of our Papers, 
 and Essays are sometimes sent to us by correspondents at a 
 distance."
 
 38 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 Lord Cardross was himself elected a member in 1763, and, writing 
 thirty years later, gives this further information : — " The Literary 
 Society gave origin to Dr. Adam Smith's Essay on Language, to his 
 Theory of Moral Sentiments, in its prepared state, to Dr. Black's 
 papers on Magnesia, Latent Heat, and many other valuable per- 
 formances. The Society still subsists but does not publish its 
 Transactions." It was still subsisting sixty years later. 
 
 Both Robert and Andrew Foulis submitted a number of 
 interesting papers. Amongst those contributed by Robert 
 were : — 
 
 " Observations on the knowledge or science necessary to a 
 
 Commercial Town or State." 
 " An account of the Chevalier Ramsay's Principles of Universal 
 
 Religion." 
 " On the establishments wanting in this University which are 
 necessary to render Education more complete." 
 
 Andrew discussed the questions : — 
 " Would it be for the benefit of the public to diminish the 
 
 number of capital punishments ? " 
 " In order to an equal representation of Property and People, 
 
 ought not the power to be taken from decayed Burghs and 
 
 given to those which have increased ? " 
 
 He likewise wrote papers on the Egyptian Papyrus and other 
 writing materials of the Ancients, and on some great Libraries among 
 the Ancients. 
 
 THE PARLIAMENT OF OCEANA 
 
 One of the earliest debating societies in Scotland was the Parlia- 
 ment of Oceana, established in the University of Glasgow, by the 
 Hon. Thomas Fitzmaurice (1742-93), son of the Earl of Shelburne, 
 brother of the first Marquis of Lansdowne, and great grandson 
 of the celebrated Sir William Petty (1623-87) the economist. After
 
 THE PARLIAMENT OF OCEANA 39 
 
 leaving school he was sent to Glasgow to study under Adam Smith, 
 Joseph Black, and John Millar, Of this society Claud Marshall, in 
 later days a prominent lawyer and Dean of the Faculty of Procu- 
 rators in Glasgow (1804-12), was clerk or Clcricus Parliamenti, 
 as he styled himself. In 1769 the Earl of Buchan, then Lord 
 Cardross, was admitted a member, and as this was his first literary 
 honour he was much gratified. The Society, he says, " laid the 
 foundations of good political principles among the students and 
 people of the West of Scotland in general and of Glasgow in par- 
 ticular." 
 
 When William Thom narrated the trial of David Woodburn by 
 the Rector's Court, in 1768, under the title " The Trial of a Student 
 in the College of Clutha in the Kingdom of Oceana," he probably 
 had the Society in mind, and may have been a member. Professor 
 Clow wrote to Mr. Fitzmaurice on 30th May, 1777, with a presenta- 
 tion copy of Professor Simson's Opera quaedam Rcliqua, which, he 
 says, " I thought due to your acquaintance with the author and to 
 the honour you did this University in the course of your studies 
 here." After leaving Glasgow, Mr. Fitzmaurice went to Oxford to 
 study law under Blackstone. Writing from Bath, on loth January, 
 1763, he says, " I cannot but congratulate myself on the time I 
 passed at Glasgow ; tho' I much regret not having paid more atten- 
 tion to the civil law, for which I am now punished in the course of 
 my law lectures at Oxford, which interest me more than I am able 
 to express, and which will hereafter be a noble legacy to England." 
 Mr. Fitzmaurice was for many years a member of the House of 
 Commons. He married Mary, suo jure Countess of Orkney, and 
 lived at Llewenny Hall in the county of Denbigh. An obituary 
 notice, by a fellow-student at Glasgow — presumably the Earl of 
 Buchan^ — appeared in the last volume of The Bee. 
 
 John Robison (1739- 1805), eminent as a mathematician, and 
 deeplv interested in the philosophy of public economy and legislation 
 — and one of the actors in the Woodburn incident— was no doubt 
 a member, as well as William Windham, the celebrated statesman
 
 40 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 (1750-1810), who, on leaving Eton in 1766, came to Glasgow to 
 study these subjects under Smith and Millar. 
 
 LIVRES DE LUXE 
 
 Increase of wealth, the growth of culture, the development of 
 taste, reflected themselves in printing and book-production. When 
 Robert Foulis was born, there was no public in Scotland to support 
 a printer whose object was not only to furnish sound literature, but 
 to produce well-printed and handsome books ; at the lapse of fifty 
 years, there was a large and increasing demand for such books. From 
 the first he aimed at providing books suitable for collectors, and, as 
 we have seen, there are large paper copies, and copies on vellum of 
 the books printed for him in 1741 and 1742. Of nearly all the books 
 he himself or the firm printed, there were copies on large and fine 
 paper, and occasionally on vellum. There were, for instance, copies 
 of the Cebes of 1747, of the Epictetus of 1748 and of the quarto 
 Minucius Felix of 1750 on vellum, the last being specially printed 
 for Bishop Sherlock. Robert Browning had a copy of the Epictetus 
 of 1748 printed on linen. In many cases the type was over-run, and 
 printed on a larger page. Thus, the Caesar of 1750 was issued in 
 three forms, in 8vo, in 4to, and in folio. The small edition is in 
 three volumes, and is distinct from the other two ; the latter, how- 
 ever, correspond line for line, but the folio page contains a greater 
 number of lines than the quarto. Some copies of the folio are further 
 ruled in red, according to the fashion of the day. The Callimachus 
 of 1755 was also issued, both as a quarto and as a folio, and is 
 particularly attractive in the larger form. It is dedicated to Robert 
 Foulis's steady friend, the Hon. Charles Yorke (1722-70), as Solicitor- 
 General of England, and cannot therefore have been published till near 
 the close of the next year, although it was no doubt finished in 1755. 
 
 Of Pindar, Anacreon, and Epictetus they published Editiones 
 minimae, or, as described in some of their lists, " 32® pure Greek," 
 dainty little volumes, of which some copies were printed on satin. 
 
 Robert Foulis was as careful as regards the binding of his books
 
 LIVRES DE LUXE 41 
 
 as he was of their printing. He had a binder's shop, and personally 
 supervised the binding of many of the finer volumes. Reference has 
 already been made to a beautifully-bound copy of Phaedrus. In the 
 British Museum there are two copies of Simson's Apollonius of 
 Perga handsomely bound in red morocco, richly and elaborately 
 tooled in an intricate design, in the same style as Phaedrus, all being 
 fine examples of Glasgow work of the middle of the eighteenth 
 century. There is also in the Museum a copy of the duodecimo 
 Pindar of 1754 in a rich crimson morocco binding, with floreated 
 gilt tooling. Of a parcel of books sent to the Hon. Charles Yorke 
 in 1765, two were " in red turkey gilt," the others in calf gilt. Pro- 
 fessor Ferguson has the copy of Callimachus presented to Mr. Yorke 
 by the printers, appropriately bound in red turkey gilt, which was 
 Robert Foulis' favourite binding. 
 
 Miss Jean M. Foulis, of St. John, N.B., is in possession of a snuff- 
 mull of polished Scotch pebble mounted in silver, with the inscrip- 
 tion engraved upon the lid : — " To R. Foulis, Esq., from the Earl of 
 Chatham, 1759." What was the occasion of the gift is not recorded, 
 but it may have been in recognition of specimens of the Foulis press 
 and binding. It was the University, not Foulis himself, who sent 
 the Homer to Lord Chatham. 
 
 LETTERED PROPERTY 
 
 In going over the list of the Foulis publications one is struck by 
 the preponderance of Greek and Latin classics, and the com- 
 parative unimportance of the books in English. What lay behind 
 and brought this about was the law of copyright, or, as it was then 
 known, lettered property. 
 
 Prior to the Union printing was in Scotland, as it was in most 
 continental countries, deemed to be inter regalia, and the Sovereign 
 was in use, upon request, to grant an exclusive licence to print a 
 particular book during a limited period. In England, too, the 
 Crown exercised a similar power, but the opinion was current that 
 there was by common law a right of property in printed books, which
 
 42 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 existed in perpetuity. In 1710, on " the petition of the booksellers 
 and printers about the city of London," a copyright statute (8 Anne, 
 c. 19) — the first of its kind — was passed, and made applicable to 
 both England and Scotland. A copyright was granted to an author 
 or his assignees for fourteen years, with a further term of the like 
 duration, if he should be alive when the first expired, and provision 
 was made for the recovery of penalties in the event of the right 
 being infringed. 
 
 The first person, it is said, against whom the artillery of the 
 Act was directed was Osborne, a bookseller in Pater Noster Row, 
 London, for printing an edition of Shakespeare, but he defied the 
 trade, threatened to print more of their proprietary books, and 
 proceedings were dropped. 
 
 The next encounter was with the booksellers of Edinburgh and 
 Glasgow. These had hitherto been little more than retailers to the 
 great London booksellers, and had but scanty profits on their turn- 
 over. They accordingly resolved to strike out on a new course, and 
 to print for themselves, and, as Alexander Donaldson, the redoubt- 
 able Edinburgh printer, puts it, they " soon arrived at a very 
 considerable degree of perfection." Glasgow, he adds, " produced 
 the finest Editions of the Greek and Latin Classics ever the World 
 saw ; and both there and at Edinburgh the Works of some of the 
 best English Authors were printed with the greatest Elegance and 
 Correctness." This, no doubt, refers to such works as the Spectator 
 printed by Urie in 1744, and similar publications in Edinburgh. 
 This, continues Donaldson, " the jealous Eyes of the London Book- 
 sellers could not long endure " ; and they accordingly in 1744 took 
 proceedings in the Court of Session against a large number of Scots 
 printers, amongst whom was Andrew Stalker of Glasgow. 
 
 In one of the pleadings for the Edinburgh and Glasgow book- 
 sellers, dated 3rd December, 1744, it is said : 
 
 " The Art of Printing is daily improving in Scotland, at 
 least in Edinburgh and Glasgow ; and the Defenders, picked out 
 amongst a great many Booksellers, are they who are pushing on
 
 LETTERED PROPERTY 43 
 
 this Branch of Commerce with all Vigour, Hinc illce lacrymce. 
 The Art of Printing has been so long confined to London, that 
 the Booksellers there begin to consider it as an exclusive Mono- 
 poly, which they alone are intitled to deal in. Many in Number 
 are the little Arts and Stratagems used by the Pursuers, and, in 
 particular, by Mr. Millar, a Scotsman, to crush this Manufacture 
 in the Bud, and to discourage the Edinburgh and Glasgow 
 Printers. This is the second Process [i.e. suit] carried on, still 
 with the same View of distressing them. Finding them not 
 intimidated with these Processes [i.e. suits], but growing rather 
 more resolute under Oppression, the Pursuers are beginning to 
 take more solid Measures to ruin the Scots Printers. Getting 
 notice of a beautiful Edition of the Spectator printed in Glasgow, 
 and proposed to be sold at eleven Shillings, which is three 
 Shillings cheaper than ever this Book has been sold in England, 
 the Londoners have sent down looo Copies, which they offer to 
 sell at the Rate of ten Shillings and sixpence the Book. They 
 can afford to throw away some Money ; and they are willing 
 to be at any Expence to beat down and ruin a Competitor." 
 The counsel for the London men was Wilham Grant, after- 
 wards Lord Prestongrange, and for the Edinburgh and Glasgow men, 
 Henry Home, afterwards Lord Kames, the friend and correspondent 
 of Professors Cullen, Black, and Thomas Reid. 
 
 The pursuers were unable to bring evidence by witnesses of any 
 act transgressing the statute, and therefore restricted their claims to 
 damages. The Court, however, decided, in 1748, that any proceed- 
 ings upon the statute for penalties must be brought within three 
 months of the committing of the alleged offence, that no action lay 
 except for books entered at Stationers' Hall, and that an action for 
 damages was not sustainable. An appeal was taken to the House 
 of Lords, which was dismissed, in 1751, on the ground that the action 
 was irrelevant. " Both plaintiffs and defendants," remarks Sir John 
 Dalrymple, " resembled Fencers, with Skates on, treading upon Ice, 
 as they both went farther than either of them intended."
 
 44 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 Foulis was not concerned in these proceedings. Andrew Millar, 
 who was so active on the other side, had been his agent in London 
 when he first commenced printing. Professor Rouet was an intimate 
 friend of Robert Foulis ; he was also Millar's friend, and it was 
 through him that, in 1758, the last purchased Robertson's History 
 of Scotland. It is possible, therefore, that Foulis was purposely 
 kept in the background. When proceedings were instituted he 
 had not printed anything liable to attack, but during the course 
 of the action he reprinted the Guardian in 1746, and the Tatter 
 in 1747. 
 
 While not concerned in the legal proceedings, Foulis desired 
 to print some standard English books. Urie had printed Pope's 
 Homer in 1753, and Foulis contemplated an edition of his works. 
 In 1754 he printed the Miscellanies, and was proceeding with the 
 Letters, when Dr. Warburton intervened on the ground that the 
 copyright of Pope's works belonged to him. Foulis was a man of 
 peace and singularly fair-minded. He did not reply directly to Dr. 
 Warburton, who had written to him, but addressed himself to Sir 
 William Murray, the Attorney-General, later the Earl of Mansfield, 
 and a great friend of Warburton, to whom he wrote : 
 
 " Reverend Sir, 
 
 What I have to say in answer to yours I have done myself 
 the honour to address to the Attorney General. 
 I am, 
 
 Your most obedt. Humble servt., 
 
 Robert Foulis. 
 Glasgow 
 
 27th Novr. 1754." 
 In his letter to Sir William Murray, which is dated Glasgow, 20th 
 December, 1754, he says : 
 
 " I shall only beg leave to take notice that no Bookseller 
 ever purchases the work of an author, without hopes of being 
 indemnifyed by the first edition. Milton, or any English author,
 
 V 
 
 (§1 
 
 "§ 
 
 K 
 
 ^ 
 
 § 

 
 LETTERED PROPERTY 45 
 
 could not only have been printed in Scotland until the Union 
 of the Kingdoms, but even to the last Act of Queen Anne ; and 
 at present they have a right to print what ever they are not 
 forbid by that Act. As in Ireland they can print all without 
 exception, I don't find that the best men among them make 
 any scruple to encourage it ; and I know the most Learned and 
 worthy men in this country think we do public service in 
 reprinting whatever we can according to Law, that is any way 
 calculated to do good. 
 
 4: 4: 4: . 4: 
 
 No part of Mr. Pope's Works are yet printed, but his 
 Miscellanies, except half of the first Volume of his Letters, which 
 I know by experience I can sell to young students and others 
 who cannot afford to buy the works. 
 
 As I am entirely to be directed by you, if you order I will 
 go on with the edition, which consists of a thousand copies, and 
 oblige myself to give Dr. Warburton what proportion of the 
 impression you approve, for his consent, but however you 
 determine I beg it may be without any regard to my interest." 
 
 On 28th December, Sir William Murray wrote to Dr. Warburton, 
 enclosing this letter and saying : 
 
 " I should be very sorry to have the question agitated first 
 in Scotland, besides the great expense it may involve you in, 
 and therefore I think you should consider his Behaviour as 
 handsome, and close with him upon generous Terms for the 
 Edition of 1000, taking an engagement that they will print 
 no more, and the Title Page must shew it to be an Edition 
 authorized by you." 
 
 How it was ultimately arranged does not appear. Sir William 
 Murray was no stranger to Glasgow and her professors. He had 
 acted as counsel for the University, and in this year they had con- 
 ferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. 
 
 The London booksellers still chafed under the decision of 1748,
 
 46 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 and being much annoyed by the competition they experienced from 
 Scottish editions of ordinary trade books, cast about for a remedy. 
 In 1759 they entered into a scheme, as they described it, " for 
 totally preventing the sale of Scotch and Irish books, which were 
 first printed in England," and raised a large capital for carrying it 
 into effect. They addressed a letter to the provincial booksellers in 
 England offering to take over all Scotch books in sheets, which they 
 had on hand, at cost, and to give the same value in English editions. 
 A list of the Scotch books principally in circulation was given, 
 amongst which were, the Spectator, Tatter, and Guardian, the works 
 of Shakespeare, Milton, Prior, Parnell, and Gay, of Temple, Swift, 
 and Barrow, Hudihras, Gil Bias, The Turkish Spy, Fable of the Bees, 
 and Travels of Cyrus. They made no distinction as to the time 
 when the books were first printed, and, in effect, claimed a perpetual 
 monopoly. Paradise Lost was claimed as copyright, in virtue of 
 an alleged assignment from Milton in 1667. The Whole Duty of Man, 
 first published in 1657, was likewise claimed as copyright, although 
 the author was unknown, and no one could say whether it had been 
 written by a man or a woman. 
 
 Nothing daunted, the Edinburgh booksellers issued two editions 
 of Pope's Works in 1764. Donaldson, carrying war into the enemy's 
 camp, in the same year opened a bookshop in the Strand, two doors 
 east from Norfolk Street, for the sale of cheap books. These were 
 books beyond the copyright period, granted under the Act of Queen 
 Anne and an extending Act of George II., and were sold at prices 
 thirty to fifty per cent, under the usual London prices, and still with 
 a profit to Donaldson. Whatever it was, it must have been consider- 
 able, and his methods of business must have been excellent, as he 
 left £100,000 to his son, the founder of the great Hospital in Edin- 
 burgh which bears his name. 
 
 In 1766 Andrew Millar brought an action for breach of copyright 
 against one Robert Taylor, in which the Court of King's Bench 
 — presided over by Lord Mansfield — gave judgment in 1769 in favour 
 of the plaintiff. The judges, with one exception, held that lettered
 
 LETTERED PROPERTY 47 
 
 property rested on common law and existed in perpetuity, and that 
 the Act of Queen Anne merely gave it an additional security by 
 providing penalties in case of invasion. 
 
 With this decision before them, the London booksellers resolved 
 to tackle Donaldson, and in 177 1 fifteen of them filed a Bill in 
 Chancery against him for printing in Scotland and publishing in 
 London Thomson's Sophonisha. An injunction was granted, but 
 on appeal was recalled by the House of Lords. 
 
 The booksellers next took proceedings in Scotland. One of 
 their victims seems to have been Robert Urie, who, it is said, was 
 " guilty of several piracies." Presumably he did not care to fight, 
 and made terms, although all that he had done was to reprint books 
 in which there was no copyright. " Such printers," says Lord 
 Auchinleck, " the London booksellers term pirates, which," he adds, 
 " is a cruel name." 
 
 When they turned their attention to Donaldson, they found a 
 man of different metal. They brought an action against him in the 
 Court of Session for having reprinted and published in Scotland 
 Stackhouse's History of the Bible. There was no copyright in it 
 under the Act of 1710, and the action was laid on the supposed 
 common law right derived from the original publisher. The Court 
 decided against this claim, and their judgment was upheld by the 
 House of Lords in 1774. In giving judgment. Lord Auchinleck, 
 after referring to the fact that the poems of Homer were preserved 
 only by memory, added this interesting personal reminiscence : " The 
 poem of Chevy-chace so much celebrated, and upon which we have 
 a criticism by Mr. Addison was, in my remembrance, repeated by 
 everybody." 
 
 James Boswell, it will be remembered, was of counsel for 
 Donaldson in this case, which was frequently subject of conversation 
 with Dr. Johnson. Donaldson was Boswell's first publisher, but 
 when he wrote his Account of Corsica and Memoirs of Pascal Paoli he 
 entrusted it to R. & A. Foulis, who printed it in 1768. Next year 
 they printed for him a second edition of his Corsica : A poetical
 
 48 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 Address, a small piece strangely overlooked by both bibliographers 
 and biographers. Boswell had been a student in Glasgow in 1759-60 
 and knew Foulis. It was then that he became acquainted with 
 Francis Gentleman, an Irish actor, engaged at Glasgow in the 
 wooden theatre in the Castle-yard, who dedicated to him an edition 
 of Southern's Oroonoko, which was printed by the Foulises in 
 1760, no doubt upon Boswell's introduction. 
 
 The Messrs. Foulis had published during a number of years a 
 series of small pocket editions of parts of the more popular English 
 authors, something like the cheap reprints of to-day. " There are 
 two little books published by the Foulis," writes Dr. Johnson, 
 " Telemachus and Collins' Poems, each a shilling ; I would be glad to 
 have them." Later, he again writes to Boswell, " I wish you would 
 be vigilant and get me Graham's Telemachus that was printed at 
 Glasgow, a very little book." Telemachus, a Mask, by the Rev. 
 George Graham of Eton, was originally published in 1763, when it 
 was reviewed by Johnson in the Critical Review, and was reprinted 
 by the Foulises in 1767 in a much more convenient form than the 
 original quarto. They printed a small edition of Collins' Poems in 
 1771, and again in 1775. At the end of the former they advertise 
 a list of forty volumes of English poets at one shilling the 
 volume. 
 
 When referring to the publication of Pope's works, Robert Foulis, 
 as has been seen, said that he could sell parts to students and others 
 who could not afford to buy the complete works. Between 1752 and 
 1757 he printed the plays of Shakespeare one by one, so that each 
 could be had separately, which, when complete, formed sixteen 
 volumes crown octavo. These were re-issued in 1766 in eight volumes 
 uniformly dated, but still retaining the individual pagination and 
 titles. While the hope of making a market by the cheapness of the 
 books was no doubt present to his mind, the plan of individual pro- 
 duction may have been resorted to, as a method of avoiding the 
 claim of copyright made by the London booksellers. It was not new, 
 for as far back as 1731 Ruddiman of Edinburgh had printed at least
 
 LETTERED PROPERTY 49 
 
 one play in this form, and separate plays printed by Tonson had 
 been hawked in London still earlier. 
 
 Mr. Jaggard, of Stratford-on-Avon, in his recent Shakespeare 
 Bibliography, when speaking of the Foulis edition of 1752-57, says : 
 " This first Scottish edition of the poet has eluded all previous 
 bibliographers and the chief public collections of the poet." It is, 
 however, well known to Glasgow collectors and can hardly be 
 classed as a scarce book. An edition, edited by Dr. Hugh 
 Blair, was published at Edinburgh in 1753, in eight volumes, 
 but Mr. Jaggard will not allow it precedence of the Glasgow 
 one. 
 
 Both brothers were much interested in the copyright question. 
 In 1766 Andrew read a paper on Literary Property before the 
 Literary Society; and in 1770, Robert, at two meetings of the Society, 
 discussed the question, " What would be the probable consequence 
 of departing from the present law with regard to Literary Property 
 and making that property perpetual ? " 
 
 The judgment of the House of Lords was a severe blow to the 
 London booksellers. According to the Annual Register of the 
 day, it implied a loss of about £200,000. They at once therefore 
 presented a petition to the House of Commons, in which they re- 
 ferred to that decision, and stated that " they will be great losers 
 for former involuntary misapprehensions of the law, and praying for 
 relief." The petition was referred to a Committee, counsel were 
 heard, and ultimately a Bill to modify the law was brought in and 
 passed on 27th May, 1774. It then went to the House of Lords, 
 where second reading was put off for two months, that is, it proceeded 
 no further. 
 
 In view of the petition of the London booksellers, a Memorial 
 to the House of Commons was drawn up by the Printers and Book- 
 sellers of Glasgow, presenting the other side of the question. This 
 Robert Foulis was authorised to sign on behalf of the Memorialists. 
 So far as can be gathered from the Journals of the House, it was 
 never presented, but it was printed and evidently circulated, and may
 
 50 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 have been submitted to the Committee who considered the Bill, and 
 not therefore noticed in the Journals. It is a carefully prepared 
 document, and gives an interesting summary of the history of book- 
 selling and printing in Scotland. 
 
 To the copyright action we are indirectly indebted for one of the 
 masterpieces of English literature, Johnson's Lives of the Poets. The 
 " Trade " still continued to dine once a month at the Shakespeare 
 Tavern, and at one of these meetings it was resolved to print an 
 edition of the English poets and to ask Dr. Johnson to write a 
 concise account of the life of each author, which he agreed to do. 
 Edward Dilly explains the origin of the enterprise in a letter to 
 Boswell in 1777 : " The first cause that gave rise to this undertaking 
 , . . was owing to the little trifling edition of the Poets, printing 
 by the Martins at Edinburgh, and to be sold by Bell in London. 
 Upon examining the volumes which were printed, the type was 
 found to be so extremely small, that many persons could not read 
 them ; not only this inconvenience attended it, but the inaccuracy 
 of the press was very conspicuous. These reasons, as well as the 
 idea of an invasion of what we call our Literary Property, induced 
 the London booksellers to print an elegant and accurate edition of 
 all the English poets of reputation, from Chaucer to the present 
 time." The first edition of the series was published at London 
 1779-81. The Foulis edition of the English poets, in shilling volumes, 
 above referred to, although not expressly prepared for the London 
 market, no doubt contributed to the alarm felt by the booksellers. 
 Captain Edward Topham was not particularly complimentary to 
 Scotland, but praises the Edinburgh edition of the Poets, " which 
 with the addition of a very handsome binding, amounts only to 
 eighteen pence a volume." 
 
 Notwithstanding the quantity of reprints said to have been put 
 upon the market by Scotch printers, such books are somewhat rare, 
 and may be ranked amongst those which French cataloguers describe 
 as " difficiles a trouver." It may be that the efforts of the Londoners 
 to get rid of them may to some extent account for this. Burning was
 
 LOCAL PUBLISHING 51 
 
 one of the orthodox causes recognised by the old bibhographers as 
 accounting for the rarity of certain books. 
 
 It was not only English books that were sold cheaper by the 
 Scots than by the English booksellers, but, as explained by Gough 
 in a letter to Tyson, modern imported French books were to be had 
 cheaper in Scotland than in London. 
 
 LOCAL PUBLISHING 
 
 London was the great centre of the bookselling trade, and books 
 which were expected to have a general circulation were published 
 there. Books issued from a local press had many difficulties to 
 contend with. The Philosophical Principles of natural and revealed 
 Religion, although printed and published by Foulis, was also 
 issued in London with a fresh imprint. The classics, and such 
 works as Simson's Euclid, intended for students and scholars, were 
 on a different footing. Most of the original works published by 
 Foulis were either of this character or were intended for local 
 readers. 
 
 Simson's Euclid is perhaps the most popular edition of the 
 Greek geometer ever published, and it is curious to read the remarks 
 of Lord Kames upon it at the time of its first publication. His 
 Lordship was a friend of Professor Cullen and others at Glasgow, 
 and was regarded, in his day, as a dictator of letters, but he was 
 not always very happy in his appreciations. Writing to Cullen in 
 March, 1758, he says : 
 
 " I took a touch at Simson's Euclid before I left the town, 
 and am much dissatisfied with it. There is no genius displayed 
 in it, though he had a fair opportunity. Euclid is rendered 
 intricate and uncomfortable by his attempting to demonstrate 
 propositions that are self-evident, and this, a capital error, is 
 never once rectified. I read several demonstrations, not one 
 step of which is more evident than the very proposition itself, 
 which is the subject of the demonstration. This is a cruel
 
 52 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 oppression upon novices and which by all means ought to be 
 
 avoided. In short, the old man is fond of money, and wants to 
 
 pick pockets. I dislike such an attempt, and therefore wish to 
 
 be rid of the copy you gave me, which I left at Edinburgh." 
 
 One of the Foulis books of a local character was a small volume, 
 
 published in 1749, Poems on Several Occasions. These were the poems 
 
 of William Hamilton of Bangour, sent to the press by his friends 
 
 when he was living abroad, on account of his participation in the 
 
 rising of 1745, the preface being written by Adam Smith. In 1758, 
 
 after the author's death, a new edition was brought out with the 
 
 author's name upon the title-page, and a dedication " To the 
 
 memory of Mr. William Crawford." The latter had been a member 
 
 of the Literary Society. 
 
 Wlien the second edition was under discussion. Sir John Dalrymple 
 wrote to Robert Foulis upon the subject : 
 
 " I have changed my mind about the Dedication to Mr. 
 Hamilton's Poems. I would have it stand, ' the friend of 
 William Hamilton,' but I assent to your opinion to have some- 
 thing more to express Mr, Crawfurd's Character. I know none 
 so able to do this as my friend Mr. Smith ; 1 beg it therefore 
 earnestly that he will write the Inscription and with all the 
 elegance & all the feelingness which he, above the rest of man- 
 kind, is able to express. This is a thing that touches me very 
 nearly, and therefore I beg a particular answer as to what he 
 says to it. The many happy and the many flattering hours 
 which he has spent with Mr. Hamilton & Mr. Crawfurd makes 
 me think that he will account his usual indolence a crime upon 
 this occasion, I beg you will make my excuse for not wryting 
 him this night about this. I consider wryting to you upon this 
 head to be wryting to him." 
 
 The dedication as adjusted and printed runs thus : 
 " To the memory of Mr. William Craufurd, merchant in Glasgow, 
 the friend of Mr. Hamilton, 
 
 " Who to that exact frugality, that downright probity and
 
 LOCAL PUBLISHING 53 
 
 plainness of manners so suitable to his profession, joined a love 
 of learning and of all the ingenious arts, an openness of hand and a 
 generosity of heart that was free both from vanity and from weak- 
 ness, and a magnanimity that could support under the prospect of 
 approaching and unavoidable death, the most torturing pains of 
 body with an unalterable cheerfulness of temper, and without once 
 interrupting, even to his last hour, the most manly and the most 
 vigorous activity in a variety of business, 
 
 " This Edition, of the Works of a Gentleman, for whom he, who 
 was candid and penetrating, circumspect and sincere, always 
 expressed the highest and the most affectionate esteem, is inscribed 
 by the Editors, as the only monument which it is in their power 
 to raise of their veneration and of their regret." 
 
 It has been said that Craufurd was himself a poet, and author 
 of the song Tweedside, but this is a mistake. 
 
 Smollett's Ode to Independence was first published in Glasgow 
 in 1773 under the editorship of Professor Richardson, who employed 
 Messrs. Foulis to print it. A few copies only were thrown off, 
 one of which is in the Exhibition. As explained in the preface, the 
 professor slightly altered one of the lines. 
 
 Of works of a more general nature, there were several by Lord 
 Hailes. The first of these was Memorials and Letters relating to the 
 history of Britain in the reign of fames /., published in 1762, and 
 dedicated to the Earl of Hardwicke, and in a second edition in 
 1766. John Bell of Antermony, as a near neighbour, entrusted his 
 Travels to the Glasgow press, which were published in two vols, 
 quarto, in 1763, by the Messrs. Foulis " whose beautiful fount of 
 type," it is remarked, " enhances the value of the book." Instead 
 of the usual table of Errata, there is, at the end of volume ii., "Altera- 
 tions by the Author." Evidently the printer declined to accept 
 responsibility. 
 
 Reference has been made to the edition of Plato which Foulis 
 had hoped would be his tnagnum opus. Dr. William Hunter was an 
 old friend, and it had been through Robert Foulis that he was
 
 54 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 first introduced to Dr. James Douglas of London. Like other friends 
 Hunter canvassed for the Plato : 
 
 " I received first the English and then the Latin proposals 
 for Plato ; and surely Messrs. Foulis must think me an odd 
 fellow. I have not wrote them one word. But I have been 
 pufiing for them, and I have picked up some hints for them, 
 which I reserved till I should give them the names of two or 
 three subscribers. Dr. Duncan has kept every thing from me 
 for more than a month, under pretence of shewing the pro- 
 posals to some people of quality, who, I suppose, will do very 
 little after all. My compliments to them all, and to all friends." 
 So he writes to Cullen on ist August, 175 1. 
 
 Another project was an edition of Sydenham's Works. In a 
 letter addressed to Dr. Cullen, in 175 1, Dr. Hunter says : "I see 
 proposals for publishing Sydenham at Edinburgh : — An idle scheme 
 I think ; a mere edition, it seems, for fourteen shillings. Pray have 
 you dropt your scheme ? I had told your plan to Mr. Sydenham 
 here, and two or three other people. Everybody approved of it. 
 Everybody disapproves of the Edinburgh scheme. Let me soon 
 know what you are to do in it. Pitcaim desires it." To this 
 inquiry, Dr. Cullen replied : " I have not dropt my scheme with 
 regard to Sydenham. It has been delayed partly on account of 
 my hurry, and partly for the sake of a new type, which Mr, Wilson 
 is now about. The Edinburgh edition will not do us much harm ; 
 ours shall be a more splendid one ; and at the same time have 
 other advantages." 
 
 The scheme nevertheless did drop, probably on account of 
 Cullen's transfer to Edinburgh. 
 
 Robert Foulis seems to have contemplated an English version 
 of the works of Plato, but this did not proceed beyond the 
 Republic, which was published in quarto in 1763. The translation, 
 he mentions, " was done by a clergyman of Fife of good reputation 
 for Literature and of amiable sentiments and manners." The clergy- 
 man was Hary Spcns, D.D. (1713-87), parish minister of Wemyss.
 
 LOCAL PUBLISHING 55 
 
 The translation is described as faithful, "with an admirable discourse 
 containing not only a general epitome of the Republic of Plato, but 
 an accurate delineation of the characters, manners, and philosophy 
 of the ancient Greeks." Foulis was hopeful to get his friend to 
 proceed with some of the Dialogues, but nothing further was done. 
 He had had expectations of other translations, as appears from an 
 early advertisement : " The Printer gives this public notice, that the 
 Translation of Antoninus, will be followed by another, of the Disserta- 
 tions of Epictetus preserved by Arrian, and not yet in English. A 
 considerable part of it is already finished ; and the whole will 
 ere long be published." It never, however, made its appearance. 
 This might be explained by the death of Dr. Hutcheson, if he 
 was the translator, and he, as will have been observed, is said 
 to have expounded Arrian to the Literary Society ; but part 
 of the work on which Robert and Andrew Foulis engaged, when 
 Uving in the College in the summer of 1740, was a translation 
 of Arrian, and it may have been their own translation which was in 
 contemplation. 
 
 The translation of Antoninus attained a good deal of popularity. 
 Writing to the Hon. Mr. Yorke, on 17th January, 1765, Robert 
 Foulis says : 
 
 " I am just now printing, for the fourth time, a Trans- 
 lation of M. Antoninus, nine books of which were done by Mr, 
 Hutcheson. That author has neither the sublime theories, nor 
 composition, nor eloquence of Plato, and contains only written 
 memorandums for the improvement of his own heart in sub- 
 mission to the will of Heaven, and in meekness and benignity 
 towards men, in a contempt of all vain glory, in a delight in 
 the direct energy of goodness, as he expresses it ' with remem- 
 brance of God,' and elsewhere, ' like the fruitful Vine that 
 when it has brought forth its clusters does not stop to applaud 
 itself.' So the good Emperor aim'd at the perfection of a 
 perpetual train of virtuous action, without the allay of variety, 
 and endeavoured to attain a constant peace and tranquilHty of
 
 56 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 mind by the purity of the bottom of his heart, by his banishing 
 perpetually not only all unbenevolent but all superfluous 
 thoughts, rejoicing not only in the particular virtues of his 
 friends, but by an uncommon expansion and elevation of soul he 
 piously and benevolently rejoiced in the happiness of universal 
 nature." 
 The sentiments he so applauds were doubtless his own, and this 
 
 summary of the author gives an insight into his own character and 
 
 his views of life. 
 
 In 1756 Foulis printed Hierocles Upon the Golden Verses of the 
 Pythagoreans. This, however, was not an original translation, but 
 a reprint of that by John Norris, originally published at Oxford in 
 1682. The book may have been required for college use. Thomas 
 Craigie, who succeeded Francis Hutcheson in the chair of Moral 
 Philosophy in 1746, did not prelect upon the Philosophical works 
 of Cicero, at the forenoon meeting of his class, as Hutcheson had done, 
 but took up some of the Neo-Platonists, and amongst others Hierocles. 
 It is possible that Adam Smith may have continued this for some 
 time and that it was in this connection that the book was now 
 issued. The book was evidently in demand, as, in the same year, 
 Urie reprinted Nicholas Rowe's translation, " for T. Merril, book- 
 seller in Cambridge." 
 
 Craigie, who had been previously Professor of Hebrew at St. 
 Andrews, was " a man of great learning and pleasing manners." 
 " He lectured without papers, and much after the style of Hutcheson, 
 but without his animation and feehng." He fell into ill-health, tried 
 horse-back exercise without benefit, then went abroad for change, and 
 died at Lisbon on 9th November, 1751. Robert Foulis no doubt 
 heard his lectures on Hierocles, and must at least have discussed 
 their philosophy with the professor ; and it may have been a recollec- 
 tion of old days that induced him to give this reprint to the world. 
 He had, indeed, given an earlier edition, in 1743, along with The 
 Judgment of Hercules, by a student of Oxford, that is, William 
 Shenstone.
 
 The Glasgow Academy of the Fine Arts 
 
 ROBERT FOULIS AND THE FINE ARTS 
 
 AS a printer, Robert Foulis had achieved success, and had carried 
 the art to great perfection. But while he gave assiduous 
 attention to printing, pubHshing, and book-selling, another scheme 
 was ever present to his mind — the establishment in Glasgow of an 
 Academy of the Fine Arts. When the two brothers made their 
 first journey to the Continent, art, as well as books, engaged their 
 attention. " In the years 1738 and 1739, having gone abroad, and 
 resided for several months at each time at Paris, we had frequent 
 opportunities of conversing with gentlemen of every liberal pro- 
 fession, and to observe the connection and mutual influence of the 
 Arts and Sciences upon one another and upon Society. We had 
 opportunities of observing the influence of invention in Drawing 
 and Modelling on many manufactures. And 'tis obvious that 
 whatever nation has the lead in fashions must previously have 
 invention in drawing diffused, otherwise they can never rise above 
 copying their neighbours." Want of money, however, prevented 
 their doing anything towards the fostering of art. Robert Foulis 
 made a trip to France in 1743, and there endeavoured to arrange for 
 an engraver to come to Glasgow, but the rising of 1745 put an end to 
 his plans for the time. In 1745 he reprinted the Conversations 
 sur la connoissance de la peinture, of Roger de Piles, published
 
 58 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 anonymously at Paris in 1677. An intense interest in art seems to 
 have taken possession of him, and the scheme of an Academy filled 
 his thoughts, and was matured during the next few years. 
 
 PURCHASE OF PICTURES 
 
 In 1750 he lost his wife, Elizabeth Moor, sister of the Professor, 
 and was prostrated with grief. He fell into a state of melancholy, 
 which was increased shortly afterwards by the death of his eldest 
 daughter Fanny, named after Dr. Francis Hutcheson. To relieve 
 this melancholy, he went abroad in 175 1 " in company with a 
 younger brother, and spent near two years." This was James Foulis, 
 who became a clergyman, and ultimately went to America. " Before 
 this journey was undertaken, the scheme of an Academy had been 
 pretty well digested, and often the subject of debate in private 
 conversation." The death of Frederick, Prince of Wales, in 1751, 
 disappointed the hopes of those who had looked to him for the 
 foundation of a Royal Academy in London, and Robert Foulis seems 
 to have become more convinced than before that an Academy 
 should be established in Glasgow. Dr. Francis Hutcheson, his 
 earliest friend and most judicious adviser, was gone, having died 
 in 1746 ; but there were many others who took a warm interest 
 in his welfare, and who could judge of this new enterprise. It is 
 doubtful whether he received any encouragement from them, and, 
 on the contrary, they seem to have endeavoured to dissuade him 
 from it. Be this as it may, he perfected the plan of his Academy, 
 made arrangements for obtaining funds, and began in 1752 to 
 purchase pictures. Amongst others, he acquired certain pictures 
 which he believed had formerly belonged to Cardinal Richelieu. 
 One of these was a Transfiguration by Raphael, " prior to the larger 
 picture on the altar belonging to the monastery of Montorio in Rome." 
 These pictures had been bought at the sale of the Cardinal's effects 
 after his death by his Secretary, from whose son — then an old man — 
 Robert Foulis purchased them.
 
 PURCHASE OF PICTURES 59 
 
 Works of the old masters were in great demand at this time and 
 were eagerly sought after, particularly if they could be traced to 
 some great collection. Foote ridicules the fashionable craze in his 
 comedy of Taste : 
 
 Puff. Oh ! but what pictures of yours are in the sale ? 
 
 Carmine. There's my Holy Family by Raphael : the Marriage 
 in Cana by Reuben Rouge ; Tom Jackson's Teniers ; and 
 for busts, Taylor's head without a nose from Herculaneum. 
 
 * * * « X: 
 
 Canto. That is a Moses in the bulrushes. The blended joy and 
 grief in the figure of the sister in the corner, the distress 
 and anxiety of the mother here, and the beauty and benevo- 
 lence of Pharaoh's daughter, are circumstances happily 
 imagined, and boldly express'd. 
 
 Bush. Lack-a-day, 'tis but a modern performance : the master 
 is alive, and an Englishman. 
 
 Lord Dupe. Oh ! then I would not give it house-room. 
 
 The satire is, however, directed against the ignorance of fashion- 
 able society, not against picture collecting. Many copies passed for 
 originals, but good and genuine pictures were to be had, as most of 
 the great galleries of to-day testify. 
 
 While the works of the old masters were run after, they were not 
 always recognized or appreciated. Winckelmann, writing in 1755, 
 states " that not so long ago several capital pictures of Correggio 
 were employed at Stockholm to stop the broken windows of the 
 royal stables." 
 
 Foulis engaged a painter, an engraver, and a copperplate printer, 
 and sent them to Glasgow in charge of his brother, and returned 
 himself in 1753, with pictures which he had bought. His misfortunes 
 in the Custom House at Rotterdam have been the means of pre- 
 serving an account of himself, of his plans, and of his arrangements. 
 A letter to Count Bentinck {i.e. William Bentinck of Rhoon in Holland 
 
 \
 
 6o ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 and of Terrington St. Clements, Norfolk (1704-74), Count of the Holy 
 Roman Empire, son of the first Earl of Portland), dated from Paris 
 12th June, 1752, explains what happened : 
 
 " My Lord, 
 
 The favour I received at Lyden by your Lordship's Influence 
 emboldens me to presume still on your goodness. I have 
 fallen into a misfortune innocently which requires such an 
 Authority and generosity as yours to deliver me. To serve my 
 country by propagating a relish for the finer Arts there, I pro- 
 jected a little Academy for painting, engraving, and in process 
 of time for the Chief Arts that depend on Design, together with 
 another for promoting the knowledge of Ancient Greek and 
 Roman learning. Reflecting on the various means by which 
 this might be effected, I was soon convinced that I had not 
 any Title to propose it to great men, with any hopes of success, 
 my own Stock being already very well employed in the printing 
 of the Greek, Latin and modern Authors ; The only remaining 
 expedient that occurred to me, was to consider how these Arts 
 might be made sufficiently profitable to engage some Merchants 
 to riske a part of their Stock in such a design. This I digested 
 so well as to engage two Merchants of Spirit in Glasgow, whose 
 names are Ingrham and Glassford both well known to Mr. 
 Macleane [i.e. Archibald Maclaine, D.D. (1722-1804), a Glasgow 
 student, minister of the Scots Church at the Hague] ; they 
 have supplied me with money to purchase a Collection of 
 pictures of all the Schools : A great part of these pictures I 
 sent to Roterdam by way of Rhoan directed for Mr. Dunlop 
 Mercht. at Roterdam to the care of Mr. Garvey Mercht. at 
 Rhoan. As I was not aware that I had any duty to pay on 
 their going out of the Country here, I sent no valuation, but 
 upon Mr. Garvey's letting me know the necessity of a declara- 
 tion, and a right of the Custom house to seize them, I sent him 
 nottice of the prime Coast, as near as possibly I could, rather
 
 PURCHASE OF PICTURES 6l 
 
 exceeding a little for security because no Sum of mony can 
 counter ballance my Enthusiasticall Attachment to these 
 pictures. In the mean time the Custom house at Rhoan lookt 
 so far into them as to put a value on them themselves, according 
 to which valuation they payed duty here. They were shipped 
 for Roterdam, and arrived there, by negligence of the factor 
 at Rhoan, without any letter of Advice, or bill of loading, the 
 boxes themselves were directed to Mr. Dunlop at Roterdam. 
 Upon the Ship Master's informing Mr. Dunlop he declined 
 receiving them untill he received a letter of Advice with bill of 
 loading and envoys. Had he lodged them in the Custom house 
 untill he had received information of their value, no harm had 
 happened : but upon his declining, and the Captain of the 
 Vessel wanting to get quit of them, an intermeddling Broker, 
 whose name I do not know, presumed to enter them without 
 Mr. Dunlop's knowledge or mine, and without authority from 
 any body, the Valuation he was pleased to put upon them, was 
 thought far too little by the Custom house, and they have 
 accordingly seized them for a fraudulent declaration, and are 
 determined to keep the pictures, if they can, and leave me to 
 pursue the Broker, ane employment of all others, the most 
 painfull. Had Mr. Dunlop, who is the person in Roterdam who 
 had ever any Orders from me made a fraudulent Declaration 
 the contrary to my Orders, there possibly might be good 
 political reasons for sustaining his Action for mine ; but that 
 that Broker's entry should be deemed mine appears to me to 
 be not only cruel and injust but so absurd in itself that I cannot 
 believe that any such practice or custom can exist in any 
 Civilised nation, much less where Trade and the law of Nature 
 and Nations is understood better than any other Country. 
 Good as my cause is, if your L-p do not help me I'm affraid I 
 will come badly off. The Custom house Officers are in love 
 with the pictures, and I know no Mercht. in Roterdam that 
 has generosity and courrage enough to disoblige them, by
 
 62 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 shewing any zeal for doing me justice. I put the whole 
 upon my Innocence and on my part if there appears the 
 smallest fraud or the smallest intention of fraud, I am 
 willing to suffer not only the loss of my pictures, but what 
 goes still nearer my heart, the esteem and goodwill of my 
 friends. 
 
 I must further observe to your L-p, that the gentlemen of 
 the Custom house have as yet no legal or certain knowledge 
 whether the pictures are over valued or under valued by the 
 Broker, because they are not a Staple Commodity, nor have 
 they any fixed price but that of the affection of the buyer and 
 seller, and before they can prove that they are undervalued 
 they must prove it by my Oath as the only person who bought 
 them and paid thim in various places and times. And when I 
 am appealed to I am read}' to make Oath that the entry made 
 is not by my Order nor with my knowledge, and if in Conse- 
 quence of this at your Lordships desire they declare the present 
 entry nul and void, Mr. Dunlop will immediately will {sic) make 
 a declaration in my name, or I will appear and make it 
 my self. 
 
 I have already sent from this to Glasgow a Painter and a 
 celebrated engraver whose name is Mr. Avline and likeways 
 a printer en taille douse. I have got here a large Collection of 
 fine drawings, a Collection of books on painting, prints after the 
 great Masters of the different Italien Schools, a large collection 
 of plates, many of which are Originals of Celebrated engravers, 
 all of which I ought to direct immediately to Roterdam, but 
 my present ill fortune damps me so much that I have not 
 Courrage to give any Orders about them till I know the issue 
 of my pictures. I beg your Lordship will excuse the length 
 and inaccuracy of this representation, which I presume to make 
 you upon the knowledge I have of your generosity and love of 
 the Arts, and entire Confidence in your Lordships particular 
 protection on this Occasion. I take the liberty to offer my
 
 PURCHASE OF PICTURES 63 
 
 most humble respects to my Lord Benting and Mr. Tavel and 
 am with Utmost Submission 
 My Lord 
 
 Your Lordships 
 
 Most Obedient and 
 most humble Servant 
 
 Robert Foulis. 
 Paris 12 June 1752." 
 
 The " two merchants of spirit in Glasgow," who provided funds 
 for the enterprise, were John Glassford of Dougalston (1715-83), a 
 Virginia Don, and Archibald Ingram (1704-70), his brother-in-law, 
 calico-printer and banker. Provost 1762-64, both of whom had been 
 associated in the printing of Ambrose's Works in 1737. John 
 Campbell of Clathic, a prominent merchant. Provost 1784-86, and a 
 well-known figure in Glasgow society, now joined with them in 
 assisting Foulis. 
 
 In William Thom's Letter on the defects of an University Education, 
 dated Glasgow, Oct. 1761, we have this picture, which there can be 
 little doubt applies to Archibald Ingram, who was Dean of Guild 
 and President of the Merchants' House of Glasgow, 30th September, 
 1760 to 5th October, 1762 : 
 
 " We have another gentleman in public office, who is also 
 justly looked upon as a very extraordinary and happy genius. 
 His skill in commerce is extensive : his invention of new branches 
 of manufacture fertile ; his activity to promote them unwearied ; 
 his generosity and public spirit are discerned and honoured by 
 several of the nobility, and by many of the gentry and men of 
 taste, who court his company : He is possessed of such accom- 
 plishments in science and taste, which, by a quick discernment, 
 he saw the value of, and acquired, that he did not by a singular 
 greatness of mind acknowledge the disadvantages of his educa- 
 tion, hardly any body that converses with him would suspect
 
 64 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 but that he had been conversant in hterary contemplations from 
 his eariiest youth." 
 
 Archibald Ingram takes his place amongst the notable men who 
 figure in The Caldwell Papers as correspondents of Baron Mure ; 
 and the beautiful monument to his memory in the Directors' room 
 of the Merchants' House — one of the most graceful pieces of sculpture 
 in the city — testifies to the appreciation in which he was held by 
 those who knew him. The Royal Exchange, the meeting-place of 
 his successors, the merchants of to-day, looks out upon the street 
 which bears his name. 
 
 Smollett refers to John Glassford in The Expedition of Humphrey 
 Clinker in 1766 : 
 
 " I moreover conversed with one Mr. G(la)ss(for)d, whom 
 I take to be one of the greatest merchants in Europe. In the 
 last war, he is said to have had at one time five and twenty 
 ships with their cargoes, his own property, and to have traded 
 for above half a million sterling a year." 
 
 When in Holland, in addition to the assistance of Count Bentinck, 
 Foulis had also the powerful aid of Colonel Joseph Yorke (1724-92), 
 then British ambassador at the Hague. In London he had much 
 attention from Lord Hardwicke, then Lord Chancellor, the father 
 of the Colonel ; and Lord Cathcart, Lord Erroll, Lord Cassillis, 
 Lord Selkirk, and Mr. CampbeU of Shawfield likewise helped him 
 in various ways. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY AND THE ACADEMY 
 The University were prompt to acknowledge the services of 
 Colonel Yorke, and conferred upon him the honorary degree of 
 LL.D. in recognition of his good offices on behalf of Robert Foulis. 
 
 "-^ OcTR. N.S. 1752. 
 The Honourable Collonel York, Ambassador Extraordinary 
 and Plenipotentiary to the States General, having done very
 
 Q I 
 
 s ^ 
 
 K a; 
 
 O ^
 
 THE UNIVERSITY AND THE ACADEMY 65 
 
 considerable good offices upon account of this University to 
 Mr. Robert Foulis the University Printer, and the Principal 
 with the concurrence of the Masters that were in town having 
 addressed a letter of thanks to Coll. York on that account, 
 there was now read the Collonel's letter to the Principal in return 
 to his, which expresses the greatest warmth and zeal for the 
 flourishing of the University ; And the meeting being very 
 sensible of Collonel York's great worth, and the particular 
 regard he has shown to the University, Unanimously agreed 
 to confer the Degree of Doctor of Laws upon him, and appoint 
 Mr. Rosse and Mr. Moor to draw up a suitable Diploma for that 
 purpose, which is appointed to be inclosed in a silver box with 
 the University Arms engraved on it, and sent to the Collonel. 
 
 Will. Leechman, Dec. Fac. 
 
 Rob. Simson, CI. Fac." 
 
 Three hundred and fifty pictures were released through Colonel 
 Yorke's intervention, and, with another collection at Paris, were 
 brought to London, where, in March, 1753, they were, through the 
 influence of the Lord Chancellor, admitted duty free, and ultimately 
 reached Glasgow in safety. 
 
 Writing to the Lord Chancellor on i6th March, 1753, while still 
 in London, Foulis says : 
 
 " I am sensible of the impropriety of troubling your Lord- 
 ship with many words, and, if I did, I should but very ill, and 
 awkwardly express the grateful sentiments suitable to so great 
 a favour : and the manner in which it has been conferr'd, in 
 all respects so generous and disinterestedly that the honour it 
 confers on the Design is equal to the benefaction itself; as it 
 not only contributes to give it a general and favourable atten- 
 tion from the public, but must add spirit, ardour, zeal, and 
 hope to all who are employ'd or interested in this Enterprise. 
 If happily this small Attempt arises to the perfection 
 intended, and gradually spreads over the Kingdom so as to
 
 66 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 become of general service, this success must be chiefly ascribed 
 to the Preservers of this Design from being frustrated by 
 misfortunes." 
 
 The University took the Academy under their patronage and 
 provided accommodation for it, as appears from the following 
 minute of Faculty : 
 
 " 23 October 1753. 
 A paper was presented from Mr. Robert Foulis contain- 
 ing Proposals for teaching designing in the University with 
 the approbation and protection of the Masters, and under their 
 conduct and special direction. And the Faculty approve of 
 the same, and allow him to publish an advertisement of it in 
 the News papers, and give him the use of the room under the 
 north part of the new Library for a place in which to teach the 
 Scholars." 
 
 The new library had been completed about nine years before, 
 and stood at the east end of the College buildings, in what was 
 known, in after years, as Museum Square. The library hall was 
 a noble room with a handsome gallery. The building was erected, 
 under the supervision of Professor Morthland, from funds presented 
 by the Duke of Chandos, supplemented by the University. 
 
 The Academy was opened in the course of the year 1754. The 
 advertisement, to which reference is made, was as follows : 
 
 " On Monday the first of December next at six in the 
 evening will be opened, within the College of Glasgow, with 
 the approbation and protection of the University, and subject 
 to their special direction a school for the Art of Designing, to 
 be taught by the Sieurs Avelin and Payien upon the same 
 plan with the foreign Academies. 
 
 Each scholar entering for a month to pay half a Guinea, 
 if for the whole Session of the College, a guinea and a half. 
 
 The utility of this attempt needs not to be proved to 
 those who know that Designing is the foundation of all the
 
 THE UNIVERSITY AND THE ACADEMY 67 
 
 fine arts, necessary to the perfection of all ornamental manu- 
 factures, and indispensable in many important places both of 
 the Navy and Army, and to mention its use in illustrating, 
 what cannot be so well conveyed by words only, the Mechanical 
 or Experimental Philosophy, and the Arts that depend upon 
 them. 
 
 More particular notice will be given afterwards to the 
 public of a plan that has been formed and provision made for 
 giving gentlemen an opportunity to form a taste in the fine 
 Arts by exhibiting to them specimens of the rise, progress, and 
 variations of all the several schools, by drawings, pictures, 
 prints, and antique figures or mouldings after them and also 
 of teaching the practice of History Painting and Engraving on 
 such easy terms as will give every young man of genius an 
 opportunity of cultivating it without more expense than what 
 is commonly necessary in the greatest part of mechanic trades. 
 
 Those who want to be informed more particularly may 
 apply to Robert Foulis, printer to the University." 
 
 Robert Foulis more fully describes the work of the Academy 
 in an advertisement in the Glasgow Journal, in the autumn of 1755. 
 
 Glasgow, August 2,0th. 1755. 
 
 WITH THE APPROBATION OF THE UNI- 
 VERSITY, 
 AND UNDER THE AUSPICE 
 OF SOME PERSONS OF THE FIRST DISTIN- 
 CTION. 
 
 ~ The Public School for the Art of Design 
 or Drawing in all its branches, will be opened in 
 the College, as formerly, on the loth of November, 
 next, at six in the evening. Besides the usual academi- 
 cal course, young gentlemen are instructed in drawing 
 of landscapes, and whatever regards architecture and or- 
 
 ■ naments of every kind, with a view to render this ac-
 
 68 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 complishment useful in the future business of their lives, 
 whether they chance to be brought up in the army, 
 navy, or apply themselves to the study of manufactures 
 or arts. As this kind of knowledge is deservedly esteem- 
 ed a part of liberal education, drawings, pictures, and 
 prints of the principal masters in all the schools, will be 
 regularly exhibited in order to form a true taste, and to 
 give them a perfect idea of the use progress and per- 
 fection of the FINE ARTS and the peculiar excellen- 
 cies that distinguish each school. 
 
 *^* Those who have made a sufficient progress will 
 have an opportunity of drawing and modelling, not on- 
 ly after pictures and figures in plaister, but also after 
 the life for the space of two hours every evening ; and 
 such as choose to call upon Robert Foulis, Printer to the 
 university at his house near the College of Glasgow, 
 may see the proficiency that ten young pupils have al- 
 ready made in drawing, etching, engraving and paint- 
 ing, under the directors of this academy. 
 
 A contemporary painting by David Allan at Newhall House, 
 and of date about 1760, shows a hall of the Library, the walls hung 
 with pictures and lined with book-shelves, casts and models standing 
 about, the pupils busied in various ways, and visitors inspecting 
 their work. It is here reproduced, as it includes amongst the 
 figures. Professor James Moor, and Robert and Andrew Foulis, 
 as will presently be explained. 
 
 Of the association of the Academy with the University Lord 
 Buchan says : The Messrs, Foulis " naturally concluded that an 
 Academy for the cultivation of the Fine Arts would, with great 
 propriety and utility, be united to an University. From this union 
 they hoped that a double benefit would be derived ; for, as learning 
 is necessary to artists, so, a fine taste is necessary to complete a 
 liberal education, nor should learned men be without a relish for
 
 S c^
 
 THE UNIVERSITY AND THE ACADEMY 69 
 
 those arts, which have in all ages been deemed liberal and polite. 
 Their situation as citizens of Glasgow and some other circumstances 
 induced them to chuse that University as the place to carry their 
 scheme into execution." 
 
 Alexander Campbell (1764-1824), musician and poet, who gave 
 the earliest and, in some respects, the best account of the Academy, 
 dwells upon the same subject : 
 
 " It will be recorded by future historians, in giving an 
 account of the origin and progress of literature, art, and science 
 in the British empire, that an Academy of the Fine Arts was 
 established in the University of Glasgow fifteen years before the 
 Royal Academy in Somerset House was opened. 
 
 * * * * « 
 
 Elated, as well they might be, with their success [as 
 printers], a scheme, not less worthy of genius, though less 
 profitable to speculation, presented in a point of view the most 
 fascinating to the active spirit of these enterprising brothers. 
 The prosperity of the empire at large seemed to them mighty 
 and rapid in its advance. Witnessing the progress which 
 polite literature and the sublime departments of science had 
 made in the University in which they themselves flourished, and 
 knowing that ' for those arts by which manufactures are 
 embellished, and science is refined, to found an academy ' 
 belonged to Majesty alone ; yet these men, aspiring to the glory 
 of being patrons of the fine arts in their native country, actually 
 conceived the bold project of establishing an Academy for 
 painting, engraving, modelling, moulding, etc., in the university 
 of that rising, opulent, commercial city, Glasgow." 
 
 Foulis thus expresses his hopes and aims in a letter in 1758 to 
 the Hon. Charles Yorke, one of his friends and patrons : 
 
 " My utmost ambition and hope is to bring the Fine Arts 
 to such a degree of excellence, as to convince those who have 
 it in their power to make a lasting establishment, that a seat
 
 70 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 of the Sciences and Belles Lettres is the perfect nursery for the 
 Fine Arts : particularly that the University of Glasgow, who 
 are sensible of the intrinsic value of the Fine Arts, and the 
 excellent uses to which they may be made subservient, both 
 moral and political, would be a proper society to have the 
 Academy under their inspection, and make it flourish in such a 
 manner as to produce a noble and useful institution." 
 
 In providing the Academy with a home the Faculty did so upon 
 the ground that Art was a University subject, and one to be en- 
 couraged by a University. This view continued long after the days 
 of the Academy. James Denholm, a drawing master and artist* 
 and author of a good History of Glasgow, had a class in the College 
 for drawing and painting, and in 1819 a Lecturer on these subjects 
 was included in the University staff. 
 
 The scope of the University teaching was much enlarged 
 towards the latter part of the eighteenth and the early part of the 
 nineteenth century. There were University lecturers on French and 
 Italian, on Geography and on Elocution. I have A Synopsis of a 
 course of Elocution (1786) by Henry Gray Macnab (1761-1822), who 
 was for some time University lecturer on the subject, and in the 
 Exhibition there is another of his publications also treating of 
 the art of public speaking. 
 
 Dr. William Wight (1731-82) the versatile and erudite professor 
 of history, besides prelecting on Ecclesiastical History, was in use 
 to give an annual course of over one hundred lectures on the study 
 of Civil History, wliich appears from the Syllabus or Heads of 
 Lectures, printed by R. & A. Foulis in 1767 and again, in an improved 
 form in 1772, to have been of an encyclopaedic description. Amongst 
 other subjects he touched upon the Fine Arts. In the Syllabus of 
 1767, the ninety-third lecture was : 
 
 Rise and progress of the fine arts — age of Leo the tenth — 
 causes why musick, painting, statuary and architecture attained 
 to greater perfection in Italy than elsewhere.
 
 THE UNIVERSITY AND THE ACADEMY 71 
 
 This was somewhat expanded in 1772 and formed the subject of 
 lectures eighty-six, eighty-seven and eighty-eight : 
 
 Revival of arts in Europe — Peculiar advantages of Italy 
 with respect to the cultivation of the Fine Arts— Alteration of 
 the military art during this period. 
 
 Architecture among the Saracens — The Gothic — The revival 
 of the Grecian architecture, of the most celebrated artists, and 
 the greatest works of this kind in modern times — Statuary — 
 Sculpture — Engraving. 
 
 Revival of painting — Various branches of this art — Different 
 schools of painting and their respective merit — Characters of 
 the most eminent performers in the different nations of Europe 
 — State of this art in modern times. 
 
 The treatment must necessarily have been slight, but it is of 
 interest to know that, while the Academy was being carried on, 
 something at least was being taught in the University of the history 
 of art. 
 
 Shortly after Foulis had established his Academy in Glasgow 
 a " Plan for an Academy " was published, of which an abstract 
 appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine and in the Scots Magazine of 
 March, 1755. It was proposed " that some fine pictures, casts, 
 bustoes, bas relievoes, intaglias, antiquity, history, architecture, 
 drawings and paintings be purchased." This was Foulis' scheme, 
 but while there were to be professors to deliver lectures on anatomy, 
 geometry, perspective, architecture and other sciences, it is not 
 explained what provision was intended to be made for practical 
 teaching. 
 
 THE EQUIPMENT OF THE ACADEMY 
 
 The Academy provided competent teachers, and pictures, draw- 
 ings, prints and models, and other necessary equipment for study 
 and for teaching. Pupils were received and trained as apprentices. 
 
 " I receive no gratification," Robert Foulis explains, " from the
 
 72 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 young men bred to be Artists in the Academy, but I give them wages 
 from the beginning, so that they are taught on easier conditions than 
 they would learn the ordinary mechanic trades. They also receive 
 little rewards or prizes occasionally to stir them up to outdo them- 
 selves or their companions. These are proportioned to their condi- 
 tion and my ability." 
 
 " In the management of this institution," says Lord Buchan, 
 " great attention was paid to the models given to the students for 
 their study and imitation, and nothing was neglected that might 
 tend to prevent their having anything to unlearn, when they should 
 arrive at that degree of improvement, which qualified them to think, 
 and judge for themselves." 
 
 As appears from the sale catalogue of 1776, the actual 
 number of pictures in the Academy gallery was 553. From 
 an analysis made by the late Mr. Gabriel Neil (1797-1862), the 
 great masters were represented thus : 
 
 Pl 
 
 CTUKES. 
 
 
 Pictures, 
 
 Raphael - - - 
 
 39 
 
 Salvator Rosa - 
 
 - 8 
 
 Julio Romano - 
 
 6 
 
 Titian 
 
 - 22 
 
 Leonardo da Vinci - 
 
 6 
 
 Paul Veronese 
 
 - 8 
 
 M. Angelo Buonarotti 
 
 9 
 
 Bassano 
 
 - 9 
 
 Correggio 
 
 16 
 
 Rubens 
 
 - 36 
 
 Annibale Caracci 
 
 15 
 
 Vandyck 
 
 - 30 
 
 Guido - - - 
 
 31 
 
 Rembrandt 
 
 - 8 
 
 Andrea del Sarto 
 
 7 
 
 N. Poussin 
 
 - 10 
 
 Carlo Maratti - 
 
 10 
 
 Mignard 
 
 - 6 
 
 Spagnoletti 
 
 2 
 
 Coypel - 
 
 - 5 
 
 In addition, there were 94 pictures of the Italian, Flemish and 
 French schools, consisting of landscapes, flower pieces, still life, and 
 portraits. 
 
 Writing in 1772, Pennant says, " Messrs. Robert and Andrew 
 Foulis, printers and booksellers to the University, have instituted 
 an academy for painting and engraving ; and, like good citizens, 
 zealous to promote the welfare and honour of their native place.
 
 THE EQUIPMENT OF THE ACADEMY 73 
 
 have, at vast expense, formed a most numerous collection of paintings 
 from abroad, in order to form the taste of their dcves." 
 
 The staff of the Academy consisted of a Professor of Painting, 
 an engraver, a copper-plate printer, and two experts for moulding 
 and modelling and casting figures in plaster of Paris. These experts 
 in moulding were two Italians of the name of Torrie. The Professor 
 of Painting was M. Payien, a Frenchman. The engraver was 
 Francois Antoine Aveline, son of Antoine Aveline, an engraver, and 
 cousin and pupil of Pierre Aveline, another engraver, the most dis- 
 tinguished of the family, and an artist of note. Frangois was an 
 artist of only moderate ability. Born at Paris in 1718, he worked 
 there for the booksellers and print-sellers until he accepted the 
 Foulis engagement. The copper-plate printer was M. Doubois, 
 another Frenchman. None of them could speak a word of English. 
 
 Things did not run smoothly. Robert Foulis mentions that he 
 met with " disappointment in the choice of masters " ; and Aveline 
 must have left in about a year, as he was engraving in London in 
 1755. But Foulis rose, however, above all discouragement, and the 
 enterprise was carried on with much spirit, and many pupils, some 
 of whom afterwards gained world-wide distinction, were attracted to 
 the Academy. Some were instructed in designing for manufacturers, 
 others in drawing, painting, engraving, and modelling. The pupils 
 drew in crayons, red and black chalk, in black lead, and with pen 
 and ink : copies were taken from the casts, and new casts modelled 
 and reproduced, and some busts were cut in stone. 
 
 To assist in making the Academy remunerative, Foulis had 
 acquired a large number of engraved plates and casts, from which 
 copies were taken with the view of being sold. 
 
 ADVICE OF FRIENDS 
 
 Adam Smith, who had a carefully cultivated taste for the 
 
 Fine Arts, and Joseph Black seem to have interested themselves 
 
 in the Academy and in the work that was carried on, but on 
 
 the whole Robert Foulis received httle encouragement in his design
 
 74 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 from his friends. Some spoke plainly. Mr. William Sturrock — by 
 mistake called Harrock by Mr. Duncan— a Glasgow graduate and 
 an old acquaintance, then secretary of the Earl of Northumberland, 
 writes from London on 26th December, 1753 : ■ 
 
 " My Lady will be glad to see your Prints when finished ; 
 but I cannot help thinking that my Lord is of opinion, that 
 a correct and well-printed Book would be more agreeable to 
 us from your Press than anything else. These will ornament, 
 and with great lustre too, as well as with real profit, the Lib- 
 raries of Popes and Princes, while your Prints lye mouldering in 
 a Dusty Corner. . . . We are overrun with Prints of all kinds ; 
 but good Printing will be deem'd a novelty since the days of 
 R. Stephens, who minded only one thing ; and pray consider, 
 he lay under more disadvantages than you do now. Print for 
 posterity and prosper." 
 The Rt. Hon. Charles Townshend endeavoured to point out the 
 difficulties involved in carrying out the scheme, and to persuade 
 him to stop, but in vain. " Not only the Duke of Argyle but all 
 men of sense " wished him " more success in Printing than in Paint- 
 ing and Sculpture." A few years later, Mr. Dalrymple, an old and 
 tried friend, repeated advice which he had evidently given before. 
 After pointing out that there was no enthusiasm for the Academy 
 in the community, and that he need not look for any substantial 
 support, he continues : 
 
 " I do earnestly beseech you to retrench your Scheme and 
 expence, instead of extending it upon the hopes of the good will 
 of your countrymen ; for take my word for it again, very few of 
 them give one farthing either for the fine arts or for you, and 
 for that reason it is your duty in common sense to draw in your 
 scheme, to sell off all superfluities, and to bring it into a mer- 
 cantile affair as much as you can." 
 To such kind suggestions and sound advice Foulis turned a deaf 
 
 ear. His interest in the Academy and his enthusiasm for art 
 
 remained unabated.
 
 PROGRESS OF THE ACADEMY 75 
 
 PROGRESS OF THE ACADEMY 
 In a letter written in 1756 Foulis says : 
 
 " The Magazines of Vertu have not yet escaped the dangers 
 of the seas, but those that have arrived answer the expectations 
 of the pubHc, so as to excite an universal curiosity. The Saint 
 Cecilia supports his character as an original of Raphael, and the 
 Carrying to the Tomb, an original by the same master, is one of 
 the noblest pieces of painting I ever saw. The Duke of Hamilton 
 having generously offered us the liberty of copying or engraving 
 an[y] of his pictures, the painter is still there. He finished first 
 a copy of the Supper of Emmaus by Titian, and his copy is 
 esteemed a faithful and beautiful representation of the original. 
 The next picture he attempted was the most celebrated picture 
 in Scotland, — Daniel in the Den of Lions, — the size of life, an 
 original picture by Rubens, for which it is said the family 
 refused a thousand guineas. This picture, by reason of its 
 great dimensions, cou'd not be copy'd without making a thoro' 
 trial of the abiHties of the copyist, which oblig'd him to copy at 
 a great distance from the original, and this is so well approv'd, 
 that I have not heard one that have [has] seen it, that has not 
 declared great satisfaction. It was finish'd few days ago, and 
 placed up in the Duke['s] gallery on his birthday. I have been 
 assured by several that were present, that it gave universal 
 satisfaction to a great company of nobility and gentry who were 
 present. He has now begun to copy a picture of a Treaty 
 between England and Germany or Flanders in queen Elizabeth's 
 time. This picture is not only valuable as a piece of painting, 
 but as a piece of history, and [for] the portraits of so many cele- 
 brated persons, all whose names are on the picture. It belonged 
 to the Earl of Sunderland, and was made a present of by him to 
 the then Earl of Hamilton. The story is, that my Lord Sunder- 
 land gave him the choice of all his pictures ; not expecting that 
 he wou'd have chosen that one, he offered him his choice of
 
 76 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 any other two to part with it. The next we propose to copy in 
 Hamilton is a portrait of the Earl of Danby by Vandyke : but 
 before that is done, I am determined to have him return to 
 Glasgow to work after nature and Raphael." 
 In the same letter, Foulis writes, " Our engraver is employ'd 
 in doing a full-length picture of the Duke of Argyle : as it is large, 
 — all done with the graver, — and a great deal of work in several 
 parts of it, I don't expect to see it published before winter. If its 
 appearance on paper be suitable to its appearance on copper, it will 
 be a masterpiece." The duke had always befriended Foulis ; he 
 admired his printing, and employed him in 1758 to print the catalogue 
 of his library at Inveraray. This is a good piece of work and is 
 bibliographically interesting, as indicating the character of a well- 
 selected private library of the period. The duke, says Denina, 
 " patronised the ingenious with a bounty worthy of himself, and 
 paid particular attention to the university of Glasgow, which has 
 since become one of the most renowned in Europe." He had been 
 a student of the University for some time, and afterwards studied 
 at Utrecht. In 1753 he presented Leupold's Theatrum Machinarum, 
 in nine volumes folio, to the library, and thoughtfully proposed to 
 send a manuscript translation from the High Dutch, " in order to 
 render the book more generally useful." 
 
 The portrait was that by Allan Ramsay, which the Corporation 
 had acquired in 1750, and which hung in the Council Hall. The 
 engraving was not finished until the beginning of 1757, when it is 
 thus announced in the Glasgow Journal of 24th January, 1757, and 
 in the corresponding issue of the Glasgow C our ant : 
 This day is published, 
 A PRINT of his Grace the Duke of ARGYLL ; engraved 
 in the academy of Glasgow, from the full-length picture in the 
 town-hall, painted by Mr. Ramsay. To be sold by R. and A. 
 Foulis, price 4s. 
 Work must have been proceeding with great rapidity. There 
 are announced on 14th February " A View from the south of the
 
 PROGRESS OF THE ACADEMY 77 
 
 Cathedral," and " A View of St. Andrew's church, from the battle- 
 ment of the Town-house " : a week later two other views of the 
 Cathedral, the one from the north, and the second from the west : 
 on 28th February " Penthesilea Queen of the Amazons wounded by 
 Achilles, but defended by a Scythian attendant," engraved from 
 the Museum Florcntinum : and on 14th March " Diomedes and 
 Glaucus embracing each other," also engraved from the Museum 
 Florentinum. To this last advertisement there is added that there 
 may be had in Messrs. R. and A. Foulis' shop " A variety of Figures, 
 antient and modern, cast in the Plaster of Paris : among which are 
 Demosthenes, Cicero, Livy, Antoninus, Faustus, Shakespear, Milton, 
 Dryden, Prior, Newton, Pope." 
 
 To attract attention, and help the disposal of the stock a sale 
 by auction was next tried : 
 
 " On Wednesday next the 2yth of April, from twelve to two 
 afternoon, at the auction-room of R. and A. Foulis in the Old 
 Coffee-house, will be exposed to sale by way of Auction, 
 
 A Collection of Pictures, done in the academy at Glasgow 
 consisting of History, Portraits of famous men, and Landskips, 
 likewise a variety of Figures in Plaister of Paris." 
 
 Another auction was advertised for nth May and a third for 
 25th May. It is to be feared that these sales were not successful. 
 
 Writing in February, 1764, Foulis says : " We have lately cast 
 off a few setts of the principal prints we have engrav'd : They wou'd 
 make a volume between 60 and 70 sheets of royal paper the full 
 breadth of the sheet." This gives an indication of the work done. 
 In addition there were prints taken from the copperplates purchased 
 by Robert Foulis and belonging to the Academy. 
 
 Mr. Gabriel Neil calculated that the prints engraved in the 
 Academy were 45 in number, besides 54 additional of the GaUery of 
 Raphael and Raphael's Bible, that is in all 99. The prints, the 
 plates of which were in possession of R. and A. Foulis, amounted to 
 902, while the statues comprised about 102 subjects, of which 15 
 were modelled in Glasgow.
 
 78 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 On the dispersal of the contents of the Academy in 1779, it 
 appears from the sale catalogue, that the then owners had been 
 able to make up " three complete sets of the prints, done up in 
 three books, amounting to 1,250 in number." Mr. Neil's estimate 
 was therefore somewhat within the mark. 
 
 What appears to be a fragment of one of these volumes is in the 
 Exhibition. 
 
 ASSISTANCE 
 
 The capital which Robert Fouhs had obtained for carrying on 
 his project was soon exhausted ; and more money was required. 
 The engravings, drawings and other works executed in the Academy 
 could not be disposed of, and, as they accumulated, became dead 
 stock. Andrew Foulis had originally nothing to do with the 
 Academy, but became a partner on 21st February, 1758, presumably 
 to assist the finance. At this juncture Mr. Dalrymple came to 
 Robert Foulis' assistance and prepared A Proposal for encouraging 
 by subscription an Academy for painting and sculpture, now instituted 
 at Glasgow. This he printed and put in circulation without Foulis' 
 knowledge, and had it reprinted in the Scots Magazine of January 
 1759. "A subscription was begun here last spring," says Foulis 
 in a letter to Mr. Yorke, of date 15th September, 1758, " by Mr. 
 Dalrymple, a warm promoter of great designs, and to whom I 
 know it is a most agreeable circumstance that the present has the 
 protection of your family. His Proposals which were made without 
 my knowledge are well exprest, a copy of which I enclose." Writing 
 long after, Mr. Kenrick of Bewdley, describes him as " the friend and 
 protector of Robert Foulis," and says, he " set on foot a subscription 
 to support this worthy patriot who had sacrificed so much for the 
 honour of his country, and to extricate him from serious embarass- 
 ments into which his painting had involved him and his family." 
 
 Through the exertions of Mr. Dalrymple, William CuUen, and 
 other friends a small sum was raised, but it was inadequate to 
 extricate the enthusiastic projector from his difficulties. 
 
 Acting, no doubt, upon Mr. Dalrymple's suggestion, Foulis pre-
 
 ASSISTANCE 79 
 
 pared A Catalogue of pictures, drawings, prints, statues and busts in 
 plaister of Paris done in the Academy in the University of Glasgow. It 
 extends to 14 pages folio and has an engraved title page — executed 
 in the Academy — which concludes with the notice " In this Catalogue 
 is inserted a collection of prints, the plates of which are the property 
 of R. and A. Foulis. Published for the use of Subscribers." 
 
 The pictures were 88 in number ; and were copies of works 
 purchased by Foulis on the continent, except three which were copies 
 of pictures in the Hamilton Palace collection. 
 
 The original works were Views in Glasgow and neighbourhood. 
 The drawings were 31 in number; most of them were copies, but 
 some were originals. 
 
 The Prints were from the plates purchased by Robert Foulis, 
 and embraced a vast variety of subjects, but were apparently of 
 trifling value, the most of them being sold for 6d. each, many at 3d., 
 and very few at more than is. In addition, there was a considerable 
 collection from plates engraved in the Academy. The statues were 
 all moulded at Glasgow, and several of them were modelled there. 
 
 WORK OF THE ACADEMY 
 
 The zeal with which Foulis sought to promote the study of art 
 communicated itself in a slight degree to the citizens. Manufacturers 
 applied to the Academy for designs and for engraved plates. The 
 first plate executed in Scotland for calico printing was engraved by a 
 pupil of the Academy. The engraved medals deposited under the four 
 corners of the Macfarlane Observatory on 17th August, 1757, were 
 probably prepared in the Academy. On 4th April, 1765, the Library 
 Committee of the University was requested " to bespeak a Copper 
 plate of the University Arms, an impression of which is to be pasted 
 on every Book." This was no doubt got from the Academy. Art was 
 talked about and discussed. Both Foulis and Professor Moor (who 
 in this connection has been curiously confounded with Jacob More) 
 read essays on the subject before the Literary Society of Glasgow.
 
 8o ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 Books upon Art were circulated. In 1755 R. & A. Foulis published 
 Du Fresnoy, Judgment of the Works of the Principal and Best Painters 
 of the two last Ages, and a little earlier Antoine Coypel, Discours sur 
 la Peinture. Robert Urie in 1764 published a translation of Algarotti's 
 Essay on Painting, and in 1766 a translation of Winkelman's Reflections 
 concerning the Imitation of the Grecian Artists in Painting and Sculpture. 
 While there was a certain amount of interest in the Academy 
 amongst the citizens there was little enthusiasm. Their attitude 
 is touched off by Thom in reference to another matter : " We were 
 convinced, from past observation, that our fellow-citizens pay no 
 great regard to projects that have not an immediate tendency to 
 increase their wealth. Such projects may, perhaps, at a time when 
 trade happens to be dull, make a little noise among them for a day 
 or two, but they are soon forgot, and leave no serious impressions 
 on their minds." 
 
 Similar observations occur in a notice, in the Scots Magazine for 
 1757, of the Foulis Homer : 
 
 " If this impression had no other merit to recommend it 
 than the improvement made in typography, that alone would 
 be sufficient to intitle it to the patronage of the public ; but 
 we are sorry to observe, that the little encouragement given to 
 the cultivation of arts and sciences, is not the least instance 
 of the corruption and degeneracy of modern times. 
 
 If there was the smallest spark of national spirit among 
 us, the liberal arts would not be so destitute of patrons as to 
 fly abroad for protection. They who have no taste to relish 
 them, would, if they loved their country, patronize them from 
 political principles. 
 
 The higher perfection the arts attain in any country, the 
 greater will be the demand for its particular productions. The 
 nation that out-rivals its neighbours will become the mart of 
 commerce ; the ingenious and industrious will procure a com- 
 fortable subsistence ; the inhabitants will multiply ; and the 
 kingdom increase in riches, and, consequently, in power."
 
 WORK OF THE ACADEMY 8i 
 
 The skill of the pupils was utilised in connection with the print- 
 ing press. The edition of Callimachus, finished in 1755, has three 
 full page engravings executed in the Academy. The book is a 
 masterpiece of printing, but the illustrations are of no great merit, 
 although they deserve recognition as amongst the first fruits of the 
 new enterprise. In the same year the brothers published an edition 
 of Addison's Remarks on Italy, and next year the Dublin Society's 
 Weekly Observations. Both are illustrated, but whether the plates 
 were engraved in the Academy is not recorded. 
 
 Reference has already been made to their very pretty editions 
 of some of the Italian poets. In 1678 Daniel Elzevir of Amsterdam 
 printed for Thomas Jolly of Paris dainty editions of the Gierusa- 
 lemme liber ata and Aminta of Tasso ; the A done of Giovanni Battista 
 Marini ; the Pastor Jido of Guarini ; and the Filli di Scire of Bonarelli, 
 in thirteen volumes, 32mo, illustrated with plates by Sebastien le 
 Clerc. Robert Foulis reprinted the series in 1753, 1763 and 1772. 
 As the Aminta was published in 1753 before the engravers in the 
 Academy were at work, the illustrations must have been printed 
 from le Gere's plates which Foulis had bought, probably in Paris, 
 and brought home. The Glasgow edition is in duodecimo, and its 
 letterpress is much superior to that of Elzevir. M. Edouard Meaume 
 has dealt fully with those plates in his 'Sebastien le Clerc, and in his 
 ^tude bibliographique sur les Livres illustres par Sebastien le Clerc. 
 As given in Jolly's edition, they are in their second state. 
 
 Robert Foulis, in the Memorial of the Printers and Booksellers of 
 Glasgow, of 25th April, 1774, tells how useful he found the Academy 
 in preparing diagrams for mathematical books ; and at the same 
 time enlarges on the work and results of the Academy. 
 
 " The mathematical works of Dr. Simson, which have been 
 printed and are printing here, could not have been executed in 
 the manner he chose without the art of engraving in wood ; 
 and there are others which could not have been executed without 
 the art of engraving on copper. These two last arts are connected 
 with the printing of linens and cottons, which are taxed so as to
 
 82 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 bring a great revenue to the crown ; and such manufactures 
 are numerous in this country ; it is consequently, the interest of 
 government to encourage arts subservient to the wealth of the 
 country, and the increase of the revenue. • 
 
 Yet the efforts made in this way, amidst great difficulties, 
 could neither have subsisted as they have done for above twenty 
 years, nor been undertaken, without the assistance afforded by 
 the exercise of printing ; nor would that alone have done, 
 without the assistance of opulent and generous protectors ; for 
 the attempt was not confined to engraving in wood and copper, 
 a drawing-school was established, where many gentlemen, some 
 of whom have been remarkably distinguished, have laid the 
 first foundations of that part of education. This year the first 
 prize for history-painting in Rome was adjudged to a painter 
 bred at this school." 
 
 PATRONAGE OF THE ACADEMY 
 
 Robert Foulis was very grateful to the Earl of Hardwicke for 
 the trouble which Colonel Yorke had taken in obtaining the release 
 of the pictures impounded at Rotterdam, and to himself for obtain- 
 ing remission of duty on their entering this country. Accordingly, 
 in July, 1758, he sent to him, through Mr. Wedderburn — afterwards 
 Lord Loughborough — two pictures copied by students of the 
 Academy. The Lord Chancellor immediately wrote in reply : 
 
 " I think myself so much obliged to you for it [the present] 
 that I cannot help taking the first opportunity to return you 
 my thanks, and to assure you of y*" pleasure I take in seeing 
 the progress you have already made in your very patriotic and 
 laudable undertaking, and of my sincere wishes that you may 
 bring it to perfection for y^ public benefit of the country as well 
 as your own particular advantage." 
 
 Having asked how he might suitably recognise the scholars to
 
 PATRONAGE OF THE ACADEMY 83 
 
 whom he was indebted for their performances, Foulis in the course 
 of his reply explains that the pictures were intended as a slight 
 acknowledgment of his lordship's kindness, and adds : 
 
 " Three hundred and fifty pictures were received and 
 given me anew by your son, the King's minister at the Hague. 
 The most of these with many others owe the easy terms of their 
 admission to your Lordship's interest. Since this is the truth 
 of the case, no performance the Academy can ever be capable 
 of producing can properly be considered in any other light, 
 than the becoming acknowledgments of a grateful mind without 
 power." 
 
 The great Homer had been dedicated to George, Prince of Wales, 
 in 1756. In 1759 the Prince is understood to have made a tour in 
 Scotland incognito, under the guidance of John, third Earl of Bute, 
 his Groom of the Stole. They stayed for several days in Glasgow 
 but how they spent their time is not recorded. The Earl had been 
 an early and was a steady patron of Robert Foulis. It was no 
 doubt through his intervention that the Prince had accepted the 
 dedication of the Homer, and it is very probable that he would be 
 taken to see the College, the Printing-House, and the Academy. If 
 so, Robert Foulis had no knowledge of the character of his visitor. 
 In 1762, he says, that from the commencement of the enterprise he 
 had hoped to make it not unworthy of being known to the King ; 
 and asks Mr. Yorke to see Lord Bute and ascertain whether he 
 could get the King to accept copies made by his students of two 
 pictures, one by Raphael and the other by Rubens, as specimens 
 of the work done in the Academy. 
 
 Despite all the stir and talk the Academy languished. It was 
 intended to be self-supporting. The staff was to be maintained 
 by the produce of their own labours. The works of masters and 
 pupils were intended for sale, but while they were visited and admired 
 there was no market. Apart altogether from the fact that the 
 enthusiasm for art of the people of Glasgow and of the neighbourhood
 
 84 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 was less than that of the founder of the Academy, there were few 
 picture-buyers in Glasgow. One of the things required by a picture- 
 collector is wall-space on which to exhibit his purchases, but, when 
 the Academy was set up, there were not many houses in Glasgow 
 which possessed this requisite. Dr. Johnson, speaking of Glasgow 
 in 1773, says, " The prosperity of its commerce appears by the 
 greatness of many private houses, and a general appearance of 
 wealth." These were, however, recent : until the year 1760 few 
 " self-contained " houses had been built in Glasgow ; the greater 
 part of the wealthier inhabitants continued, till a much later period, 
 to occupy flats which had generally only one reception room, although 
 the statement by Mr. Dugald Bannatyne, that the family usually 
 took their meals in a bedroom, is erroneous, as was long ago pointed 
 out by Mr. Laurence Hill. It was impossible, therefore, that the 
 citizens of Glasgow should be patrons of art, except to a limited 
 extent. When Provost Arthur Connell, father of Sir John Connell, 
 the great church lawyer, was dean of guild (1764-66), he lived on 
 the third storey of a house on the south side of Bell's Wynd " con- 
 sisting of four rooms, a kitchen and two garret rooms." The 
 Countess of Glencairn lived in a flat in the Trongait. John Short- 
 ridge's tenement on the south side of Argyle Street, built about 1766, 
 had one house on each flat of eight rooms and kitchen, several of the 
 rooms being large and the roof high . This was the new order of things. 
 Portrait painting was the form in which art was most in demand, 
 and the various exhibitions of portraits of Glasgow men and women, 
 which have from time to time been held, show to how large an extent 
 it was patronised. Of seventy-seven pictures sold by auction in 
 Glasgow in 1702 fifty-four were portraits ; at a sale in Edinburgh in 
 1705 the whole of the pictures, thirty in number, were portraits. 
 Counsellor Pleydell's library, it will be remembered, " was hung with 
 a portrait or two of Scottish characters of eminence by Jamieson, 
 the Caledonian Vandyke." Sir John Dalrymple, writing in 1757, 
 recommends that they should practise landscape painting in the 
 Academy, as landscapes will sell best and " hit the present taste
 
 PATRONAGE OF THE ACADEMY 85 
 
 of ornamenting a room, by which I mean, making it more ugly than 
 it naturally is." In a commendatory notice of the Academy in 
 the Scots Magazine of January, 1759, it is said, all that the proposal 
 " requires is, that persons of condition should ornament their houses 
 with the productions of this infant academy, at a less expence, than 
 they can do by procuring pictmes or busts of equal goodness from 
 a foreign country." 
 
 Portraits were, however, in the ascendant. In 1778, two years 
 after the Academy closed, " Mr. Cambruzzi, portrait painter from 
 Venice, informed the Ladies and Gentlemen of Glasgow," by an 
 advertisement in the Glasgow Mercury, " that he had arrived from 
 London and lodged at Mr. Hutton's, Head of the Old Wynd, Tron- 
 gate, where he gave attendance from 11 to 3," and invited them 
 " to view the performances which he has finished since his arrival." 
 
 STUDENTS OF THE ACADEMY 
 
 Notwithstanding the various difficulties which Foulis had to 
 encounter arising from opposition, indifference, and ignorance on 
 the part of the public to whom he appealed, and from the want of 
 funds, he prosecuted his scheme with vigour and with considerable 
 success. Although not financially profitable the Academy provided 
 training for many young men, several of whom rose to eminence in 
 their profession. When noting the names of R. and A. Foulis, in 
 his Dictionary of Painters, Mr. Redgrave adds : " Mention will be 
 too frequently made in this work of eminent artists who studied in 
 Foulis's Academy to permit of the omission of their names." 
 
 Amongst the more prominent students of the Academy were 
 William Cochran (1738-85), " an eminent artist and a virtuous 
 man " according to his epitaph in the Cathedral ; "a modest 
 artist," says Bryan, " who never exhibited his works, or put his 
 name to them " ; Archibald MacLauchlan, a native of Argyleshire, 
 who, it is said, married a daughter of Robert Foulis ; and David 
 Allan (1744-96), the " Scottish Hogarth." Speaking of the latter,
 
 86 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 Allan Cunningham says : " Much that he performed during his 
 servitude was necessarily of a preliminary nature ; yet he made 
 such progress as enabled him, before he left the Academy, to sketch 
 a picture in oil-colours, showing the interior of the painting-room, 
 uith the students at their tasks, and Foulis giving his instructions." 
 
 These three, along with two other pupils, James Maxwell and 
 John Paxton (1725-80), were sent to Italy, at the expense of the 
 Academy, to complete their education in art, which was part of the 
 scheme in the " Plan for an Academy " in the Gentleman's Magazine 
 before referred to. At Rome the Glasgow pupils were taken in 
 charge by the well-known Gavin Hamilton, a Lanarkshire man — 
 whose bust is in the Hunterian Museum — and the Abbe Grant. 
 Cochran, who became apprentice in 1754, was the first that was sent, 
 and Charles Yorke, at the request of Foulis, obtained a passage for 
 him in a man-of-war and gave him letters of introduction. Cochran's 
 portrait of Dr. Cullen is in the University collection, and that of 
 Alexander Speirs of Elderslie is in the Merchants' House. 
 
 According to Redgrave, Alexander Runciman (1736-85), the 
 historical painter, " studied for a time in Fouhs's Academy at 
 Glasgow," but this seems to be a mistake. Runciman and Allan 
 both became masters in the Drawing School of the Board of Trustees 
 in Edinburgh. The versatile George Walker, portrait painter, and 
 water-colour artist (d. 1800), commemorated by Campbell, was also 
 educated in the Glasgow Academy. He held the office of landscape- 
 painter to the King, and some of his landscapes are in the Victoria 
 and Albert Museum. 
 
 Of the engravers and modellers who laid the foundation of their 
 studies at the Glasgow Academy, James Mitchell and William 
 Buchanan were the best ; Ralston is mentioned by Campbell, and 
 John Lawson and William Jameson by Foulis. 
 
 Charles Cordiner, afterwards a student in the University, and 
 minister of St. Andrew's episcopal chapel, Banff, studied in the 
 Academy, and made some drawings which were engraved by Robert 
 Paul, the most active of the students. Cordiner corresponded with
 
 STUDENTS OF THE ACADEMY 87 
 
 Gough and was patronised by Pennant. His Antiquities and Scenery 
 of the North of Scotland, published at London in 1780, with 21 plates 
 engraved by Peter Mazell, consisted of a series of letters addressed 
 to Pennant. Some of his drawings were also engraved in The 
 Virtuoso's Museum. 
 
 " The essays in landscapes," says Foulis, " that were done by 
 Robert Paul, a little before his death, have that simplicity which 
 promises superior excellence. The view of the West Street, called 
 the Trongate of Glasgow, is the most capital, as it is the last of his 
 works, and was finished after his death by William Buchanan." 
 This is a fine view and gives an excellent idea of this fine street as 
 it was at the accession of King George the Third. The other views 
 of Glasgow and of places in the neighbourhood are interesting, as 
 records of how our city looked to those who trod her streets a 
 hundred and fifty years ago. It is probable that the painting of 
 Bothwell Castle, in the Hunterian Museum, was done in the 
 Academy. One of the Glasgow views by Robert Paul, " Prospect 
 of the Entry to the Blackfryars Church at Glasgow," is 
 reproduced in order to show it as it was seen by Robert Foulis, 
 by Leechman and Simson, by James Boswell and Lord Cardross, 
 by George Whitefield and John Wesley, and the students who passed 
 through it to the church, which was then used as the College chapel, 
 Robert Paul may have been a son, or other relative of that Robert 
 Paul who was Deacon of the Barber craft in 1745, and whose essay 
 master Robert Foulis was in 1727. 
 
 James Tassie (1735-99), famed for his imitations of antique gems 
 and medallions, having seen the Academy pictures, was seized with 
 the desire to be himself an artist, and entered as a pupil. " Before 
 leaving the Academy," says Campbell, " he executed some excellent 
 work, particularly busts of Livy and Cicero." Amongst his medalhons 
 of Glasgow men were those of Robert Foulis, of Adam Smith, of 
 Thomas Reid, Smith's successor in the chair of Moral Philosophy, 
 of John Millar, the jurist, and David Dale, the philanthropist. 
 
 One John Tassie, or Tacie, was Deacon of the Barbers 1740-41 ;
 
 88 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 another John Tassie was Burgh Treasurer 1754-55 ; and, a few years 
 later, Wilham Tassie was the foremost leather-breeches maker in the 
 city ; but whether any of them was related to the artist I cannot say. 
 
 When Lord Cardross was at Glasgow with his regiment in 1762, 
 he matriculated as a student of the University, attended the lectures 
 of Adam Smith and other professors, and found time to study in 
 the Academy. In 1761 he had been on duty at Fort Augustus with 
 his regiment, the 32nd Foot (Leighton's), in which he was lieutenant, 
 and when there expected to be able to make a tour in the Hebrides. 
 In this he was disappointed, but meeting with William Lilliman, of 
 the Royal Engineers, then in garrison at Fort George, and finding 
 that he was to make a similar tour, arranged with him to make two 
 drawings of the remains of the cathedral of lona. This, says Lord 
 Cardross, " he kindly performed, and presented me with the drawings 
 on his return, which I afterwards etched in the Academy at Glasgow. 
 One of these solitary specimens of my needle is inserted with my 
 account of the Island in the Transactions of the Society of the 
 Antiquaries of Scotland," that is, the first volume of ArcJiaeologia 
 Scotica. Redgrave, after classing him as an amateur, and putting the 
 dates of his birth and death out of joint, says, " that amongst his 
 later works were some portraits, and that these and his etchings 
 are respectable." 
 
 Raphael's Cartoons engraved by Mitchell and Buchanan, and 
 published in 1773, is a very handsome book and was at one time much 
 sought after. The Gallery of Raphael, or Raphael's Bible, engraved 
 by Buchanan and published in 1770, is also a fine book and used also 
 to bring a good price. Dr. William Hunter entrusted the engraving 
 of some of the plates for his great work, Anatomia Uteri humani 
 gravidi, to James Mitchell. 
 
 Richard Gough, the antiquary, made a tour in Scotland, in the 
 course of which he visited the Academy, and made some very 
 disparaging remarks regarding it, in a letter to his friend Michael 
 Tyson, dated September 29, 1771 : — " The collection of Pictures 
 at Hamilton seems to be a good one, even if one regards only the
 
 
 ^(, 
 
 Ou'if,/r//' ^///lu-r/i /' '. ry ^ 6 '.
 
 STUDENTS OF THE ACADEMY 89 
 
 Portraits : But the Foulis's of Glasgow have so mis-named and 
 mis-copied the best paintings, that one is quite disgusted with Scotch 
 verUi. They have engraved a wretched view of Loch Lomond, 
 which I have got for you, together with a set of Scotch Poems from 
 their press." He was evidently writing in bad temper and with 
 insufficient information. Only three of the Hamilton pictures 
 were copied and these were not misnamed. Other travellers formed 
 a better opinion of the copies. When James Coutts, M.P. for Edin- 
 burgh, visited the Academy in 1767 he paid fifty guineas for the 
 Academy copy of Daniel in the Den of Lions, one of the Hamilton 
 pictures, and purchased others at a cost of fifty guineas more. 
 
 EXHIBITION OF PICTURES 
 
 Writing in 1756, Foulis says : " I am determined ... in the 
 beginning of winter to expose all that is hitherto done to public view, 
 in order to excite emulation, and to have some little prizes for 
 drawing." He was always pleased to show the pictures, both those 
 done in the Academy and the collection he had made abroad, and 
 the citizens and strangers had many opportunities for seeing them. 
 
 On the occasion of the coronation of George HL and Queen 
 Charlotte, on 22nd September, 1761, a number of the principal 
 pictures belonging to the Academy were exhibited for inspection by 
 the public. They were hung in the open air, upon the walls of the 
 inner quadrangle of the College, while a bonfire blazed upon the 
 High Street, according to the custom on such occasions. David 
 Allan made a drawing of the scene, which was engraved, and has 
 thus been preserved. 
 
 The pictures were also exhibited on the King's birthday. In the 
 Donaldsoniad of 1763, reference is made to " the bonny show that 
 we mak here wi' our pictures on his [the King's] birth day." 
 
 Mr. John Fleming, already mentioned as corrector of the Foulis 
 Press, notes in his diary under date 4th June, 1770 : " This day, 
 Monday, the King's birthday was celebrated. The Pictures belonging
 
 90 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 to the Messrs. Foulis in the Academy at Glasgow were exhibited in 
 the Inner Court of the College. A great crowd went to see them." 
 James Turner of Thrushgrove notes that the exhibitions ceased 
 about 1773. 
 
 FINANCIAL TROUBLE 
 
 The chief difficulty in carrying on the Academy was want of 
 funds. Lemoine remarked that " the literary genius of Greece and 
 Rome had already produced to the Messieurs Foulis ample fortunes." 
 This was very far from being the case. Money, as has been seen, 
 had to be borrowed for the printing and publishing business, and it 
 is doubtful whether it did more than pay its way. In his letter to 
 Sir William Murray in 1754, Robert Foulis remarks, " Private 
 profit is what I have too much undervalued in my other undertakings 
 to regard it in the present circumstances." If there was a profit 
 on the printing, it must have been comparatively small, and quite 
 insufficient to support an establishment such as the Academy. 
 There were hopes at one time that Government might give a grant 
 towards the expenses, but the project came to nothing. " Lord 
 Selkirk talked to me of a project," writes Sir John Dalrymple, " to 
 get a Salary settled upon you by the Government : he spoke of this 
 as if he had thought of it before hand, tho' like a man that did not 
 care to speak of it unless he could speak of it with certainty. You 
 will see him at passing & may talk to him. Further, in the way the 
 Duke of Argyle speaks of you and with the spirit of Mr. Pitt's 
 ministry I fancy the thing may not be quite an Idea." 
 
 In 1755 the University granted the Messrs. Foulis a loan on the 
 security of the Printing Office and their adjoining property, and in 
 the same year purchased from them the Clementine MS. of the 
 Octateuch of the Septuagint, probably with the view of putting 
 them in funds. 
 
 Although Ingram, Glassford and Campbell were styled partners 
 in the Academy, they took comparatively little monetary risk in it, 
 and, when Ingram died in 1770, their advances became payable, but
 
 FINANCIAL TROUBLE 91 
 
 were not paid. The Messrs. Foulis then borrowed from any one who 
 would lend. By the end of 1773 they had obtained loans of £i,350 ; 
 in 1774 they began to get money on bills, and in that and the two 
 succeeding years became indebted in this way to the amount of 
 £446 los. 8d. Their total borrowings in thirteen years amounted to 
 a large sum. 
 
 Robert Foulis' whole time was occupied with the management 
 of the Academy and the handling of its finances. His attention was 
 thus diverted from his legitimate business, which languished and 
 added to the embarrassments of the firm. " Some years ago the 
 Printing-office at Glasgow," says Captain Edward Topham (1751- 
 1820), a lively but rather flippant Englishman, who spent several 
 months in Scotland, " was a formidable rival to that of Edinburgh : 
 and had the two celebrated Printers there pursued their business 
 they might have carried away the whole trade of Scotland to' them- 
 selves. . . . During the rage of this fancy, [the Academy] they 
 forgot their former business, and neglected an art which, from their 
 editions of Homer and Milton, might have made them immortal, 
 to run after paltry copies of good paintings, which they had been 
 informed were originals. 
 
 " When I visited these gentlemen, I had heard of their Printing, 
 but never of their Academy. It was in vain that I asked for books ; 
 I had always a picture thrust into my hand ; and like Boniface, 
 though they had nothing in print worth notice, they said they 
 could shew me a delicate engraving. You may well imagine that 
 this ambition has prevented their former success ; for though 
 Poetry and Painting may be sister arts, I never heard that Painting 
 and Printing were of the same family ; if they are, their interests 
 have been very opposite." 
 
 Captain Topham could use his pencil as well as his pen, and made 
 a caricature sketch of Andrew Foulis holding a book lettered 
 " Homer," which was published by Matthew Darly of 39 Strand on 
 1st January, 1775. He made another of an Abyssinian Traveller, a 
 full-length portrait of James Bruce walking bareheaded with his 
 
 /
 
 92 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 hat under his arm, and holding his " Travels into Abyssinia by " 
 
 It was also published by Darly on 9th December in the same year. 
 Topham himself was the subject of several of the caricatures of the 
 day. 
 
 The management of the bookselling and printing business devolved 
 upon Andrew, who devoted himself to it, as an eye-witness records, 
 with unwearied diligence and assiduity. " He held an auction three 
 or four hours every evening in the Saltmarket, with printed catalogues, 
 to raise money to pay his own and his brother's under- workmen, 
 so that I believe there never was a more slavish labourer in any 
 employment. At the same time he attended the shop alone." 
 
 Pressed for money and beset by claims upon all hands, the 
 firm became remiss in meeting their engagements. " Foulis' 
 conduct is unaccountable," writes George Paton in 1772. " I blush 
 at the breach of promise and bad treatment : — What need I say ? 
 Many complain of the same style of them." A few years before a 
 quarrel had broken out between them and Professor James Moor, 
 whose sister Elizabeth, then dead, had been the first wife of Robert 
 Foulis. Money was at the root of this, as of most family disputes. 
 The professor had become indebted to the firm, and as security 
 had pledged his library. When they themselves began to be pressed 
 for funds, presumably they applied to Dr. Moor for payment of 
 his debt, which he was unable to meet, and, as it would appear, 
 they in consequence took possession of the library. He had a 
 scholar's love for his books. He had chosen them with care and 
 judgment, and had slowly and with considerable difficulty collected 
 them during many years. He could not bear to part with them, 
 and never forgave their seizure. He had a biting pen, and revenged 
 himself by throwing off caustic epigrams upon his unfortunate 
 brother-in-law. Trouble pressed upon him. His health gave way, 
 and he became very irritable. His difficulties were great, and in his 
 distress he blamed Robert Foulis for his misfortunes, but so far as 
 can now be ascertained, unjustly. In 1766 he had to employ an 
 assistant in teaching his class ; next year his furniture was poinded
 
 The ceXelrraf^ ?>7imttr at gtA^CrOW 
 
 f-Tyf.*. '>.(• 
 
 o 
 
 CARICATURE PORTRAIT OF ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 By E. Topham 
 
 Published by M. Darly, January i, 1775
 
 FINANCIAL TROUBLE 93 
 
 by a creditor, and two years afterwards he sold his collection of 
 medals to the University for £32, to put him in funds. The 
 collecting of medals was then in fashion. Francis Hutcheson had 
 indulged in the pursuit, and his collection passed to Professor 
 Alexander Dunlop, and then to the University, as appears in a 
 Faculty Minute of nth January, 1754. 
 
 RECLAMATION OF PEAT MOSS 
 The last effort of a bankrupt oftentimes is to plunge into some 
 new business of which he is totally ignorant, in the vain hope of 
 extricating himself from the difficulties which have overtaken him 
 in the business which he knows. Such was the case of the Messrs. 
 Foulis. As if bookselling, printing and publishing, and the manage- 
 ment of the Academy were not sufficient to occupy their time and 
 their energies, they betook themselves to land improvement. Their 
 new project was that of converting peat moss into arable ground. 
 For this purpose they purchased a hundred acres of Carnduff Moss 
 in the parish of Avondale, and in 1772 more than forty acres of 
 Flatt Moss in the parish of Glassford. For carrying their plan 
 into execution they had a large sort of plough constructed, to be 
 drawn by men, as the ground was too soft to bear the weight of 
 horses, with which deep trenches were to be formed for draining 
 and drying the moss. This implement was brought to Flatt Moss 
 and put in motion by a number of men ; but after drawing it for 
 a short distance it came upon a stock of wood embedded in the 
 moss. There it stuck and was abandoned. Nothing more was 
 done towards the reclamation of Glassford Moss, and nothing at all 
 was attempted for that of Avondale. The former was long known 
 as " Foulis's Folly." 
 
 Of this project Dr. James Wodrow writes : 
 
 " Towards the end of his life Robert Foulis amused himself 
 with bringing in some useless deep mossy ground, which he had 
 purchased or taken a lease of, in the Parish of Mearns, about 
 eight miles from Glasgow, by means of a plough, he invented, of
 
 94 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 some singular construction. This also soon terminated in loss, 
 which was to be expected, for I never heard of his having any 
 peculiar mechanical or agricultural turn." 
 
 In 1761 and again in 1768 the firm published works on Agricul- 
 ture ; and on 8th November, 1777, Robert Foulis read a paper 
 before the Literary Society, " On the improvement of Agriculture 
 and at the same time diminishing the expense." The reclamation 
 of peat bogs was one of the questions of the day, and much was 
 being done for getting rid of the moss or for converting it into 
 arable land. Apparently Foulis thought that he had hit upon a 
 plan for carrying out such a scheme. 
 
 Principal Leechman had a farm at Auchenairn, on which he 
 amused himself during the long vacation ; Professor Richardson 
 had a charming retreat at Croy, in the parish of Killearn ; and when 
 Professor Rouet returned from his continental travels, he purchased 
 the estate of Auchendennan on the shores of Loch Lomond, and built 
 himself a villa, which he called Belretiro, in memory of his sojourn 
 in Italy, and lived the life of an agriculturist and improver. It 
 may be that Robert Foulis hoped to divert his thoughts and 
 invigorate himself by some country occupation, and solve a problem 
 which at the time excited great public interest. 
 
 SOME NOTABLE VISITORS 
 
 Robert Foulis mentions that the Academy pictures "had been 
 visited by many persons, both British and foreign." " Many who 
 had seen them," he adds, " and who expected nothing in Glasgow 
 of the kind, were not a little surprised on finding so many pictures 
 of the first order of every school." 
 
 In June, 1757, John Wesley paid a visit to Glasgow, where he 
 was the guest of Dr. John Gillies (1712-96), the active and evangelical 
 minister of the College Church. In the afternoon of Friday, 3rd 
 June, " we walked to the College and saw the new library, with the 
 collection of pictures. Many of them arc by Raphael, Rubens,
 
 SOME NOTABLE VISITORS 95 
 
 Van Dyck, and other eminent hands ; but they have not room to 
 place them to advantage, their whole building being very small." 
 
 In August. 1764, Thomas Gray, the poet, visited Glasgow in the 
 course of a short tour in Scotland, but only a bald note of what he 
 saw has been preserved : " Glasgow, still on the Clyde, an elegant 
 City. Roman inscriptions at the College. Mr. Foulis' Picture- 
 Gallery. The Kirk was the ancient Cathedral, a noble Gothick 
 Building, miserably spoil'd with Galleries & out of repair." Gray was 
 a friend of Professor Wight, and already knew Foulis, of whom, as 
 appears from a letter in 1763, he had a high opinion as a printer, 
 and thought that the Glasgow press was equal in beauty to anything 
 in Europe. Four years afterwards, when the Glasgow edition of his 
 Poems was in hand, he writes, " I rejoice to be in the hands of Mr. 
 Foulis, who has the laudable ambition of surpassing his predecessors 
 the Etiennes and the Elzevirs, as well in literature, as in the proper 
 art of his profession." The printing of the Poems turned out well, 
 and Foulis presented the author with a copy of the folio Homer, 
 " Mr. Foulis," says Gray, " is magnificent in his gratitude." 
 
 When we last met James Boswell he had just formed the acquaint- 
 ance of Francis Gentleman, and had accepted a Dedication from him. 
 It was from him, and at that time, that he had first heard of 
 " Dictionary " Johnson. Boswell was now on terms of intimacy with 
 Dr. Johnson, and had visited Corsica and become the friend of 
 General Paoli. " The illustrious Corsican chief was all along resolved, 
 since he arrived in Great Britain, to make a tour to Scotland, and 
 visit James Boswell, Esq., who was the first gentleman of this country 
 that visited Corsica, and whose writings made the brave Islanders 
 and their General be properly known and esteemed over Europe." 
 The plan could not be carried out until the autumn of 1771, when 
 the General came to Scotland, accompanied by Count Burzynski, the 
 Polish ambassador. After visiting Edinburgh and some other places 
 they arrived at Glasgow on the evening of 5th September. 
 
 " On Friday, Sept. 6, they walked about and viewed the 
 
 beautiful and flourishing city of Glasgow without being known.
 
 96 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 But by the time they got to the university, the report went that 
 General PaoH was in town ; and then every body was in motion, 
 crowding to see him. Their Excellencies viewed the elegant 
 printing and academy of painting, sculpture, etc. of the Scottish 
 Stephani, the Mess. Foulis, who were transported with enthu- 
 siasm to see such visitors. The university was not sitting ; but 
 there luckily happened to be there the Professors Moor, Muir- 
 head, Anderson, Trail, Wilson, Reid, and Stevenson, who 
 shewed the university to great advantage, and entertained 
 their Excellencies, and a number of other gentlemen of distinc- 
 tion, with wine and sweet-meats in the library. The magistrates 
 of Glasgow behaved with that dignity and propriety which 
 might be expected from gentlemen of extensive commerce, and 
 consequently enlarged minds ; gentlemen of great fortunes, and 
 consequently independent spirits ; they considered it as an 
 honour to their city to shew every mark of respect to so dis- 
 tinguished and truly estimable a personage as General Paoli, 
 and to the representative of a crowned head." 
 They accordingly invited them to dinner, and after visiting 
 Auchinleck, the visitors returned to Glasgow and were hospitably 
 entertained at the Saracen's-head Inn — then presided over by the 
 energetic Mrs. Graham — by Lord Provost Colin Dunlop, and the 
 magistrates. 
 
 The account of their visit was evidently written by Boswell 
 
 himself, and it is a curious coincidence that in the number of 
 
 the Scots Magazine, in which it appears, there is an epigram on 
 
 Mr. Francis Gentleman's alteration of some of Ben Jonson's plays : 
 
 Mark the commandments, Frank, 
 
 Go no further — 
 Is it not written. 
 
 Thou shall do no murlher ? 
 Two years later Dr. Johnson made his memorable tour in Scotland 
 with Boswell. On 28th October, 1773, they arrived at Glasgow and 
 put up at the Saracen's-head. " Here am I, an English man,
 
 SOME NOTABLE VISITORS 97 
 
 sitting by a coal fire," said the doctor, as he reposed with a leg upon 
 each side of the grate. 
 
 " Friday, October 29 — The professors of the University 
 
 being informed of our arrival. Dr. Stevenson, Dr. Rcid, and Mr. 
 
 Anderson breakfasted with us. Mr. Anderson accompanied us 
 
 while Dr. Johnson viewed this beautiful city. 
 
 4c 4: 4: 4c 4: 
 
 " We were received in the college by a number of the 
 professors, who showed all due respect to Dr. Johnson ; and 
 then we paid a visit to the principal, Dr. Leechman, at his own 
 house, where Dr. Johnson had the satisfaction of being told 
 that his name had been gratefully celebrated in one of the 
 parochial congregations in the Highlands, as the person to whose 
 influence it was chiefly owing that the New Testament was 
 allowed to be translated into the Erse language." 
 Although Boswell does not say so, there can be no doubt that 
 
 they viewed the College, including the library, the Academy, the 
 
 paintings and the printing-house. 
 
 " Professors Reid and Anderson, and the two Messieurs 
 Foulis, the Elzevirs of Glasgow, dined and drank tea with us at 
 our inn, after which the professors went away ; and I, having a 
 letter to write, left my fellow-traveller with Messieurs Foulis. 
 Though good and ingenious men, they had that unsettled specu- 
 lative mode of conversation which is offensive to a man regularly 
 taught at an English school and university. I found that, 
 instead of listening to the dictates of the Sage, they had teazed 
 him with questions and doubtful disputations. He came in a 
 flutter to me, and desired I might come back again, for he could 
 not bear these men. ' O ho ! Sir, (said I,) you are flying to me 
 for refuge ! ' He never, in any situation, was at a loss for a 
 ready repartee. He answered, with quick vivacity, ' It is of 
 two evils choosing the least.' I was delighted with this flash 
 bursting from the cloud which hung upon his mind, closed my 
 letter directly, and joined the company."
 
 98 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 Situated as they were the brothers could have had Httle heart 
 for hvely conversation. Business cares were pressing upon them ; 
 they had to raise money three times during that year, and again in 
 1774. One of the obhgations incurred in the latter year was a bill 
 for £126 9s. 5d. to John Fleming, portioncr of Carnduff, probably a 
 connection of their proof reader. Whether this money was for the 
 peat moss enterprise or for the Academy does not appear. The 
 Academy and the press had been engaged on The Seven Cartoons 
 of Raphael, which was published in 1773, in folio. 
 
 In 1775 Mary Anne Han way, the novelist, visited Glasgow. 
 " This town [Glasgow] is a very good one, and ought to figure 
 considerably in the history of modern Scotland ; the houses are well 
 built, and the streets broad and well paved. There is an air of 
 metropolitan dignity in it, (notwithstanding the cold look of the 
 stone houses) which entitles it to a much greater share of the traveller's 
 admiration, than even the capital of the country. . . . The college 
 is a large handsome building ; it looks equally venerable and classical. 
 The library is a very noble room with a gallery round it, supported 
 by pillars ; there is likewise a very good collection of original pictures 
 shown here, with which I was very agreeably entertained, though 
 no virtuoso or connoisseur." 
 
 DEATH OF THE BROTHERS 
 
 A very sad and tragic event occurred in 1775. On i8th Sep- 
 tember Andrew Foulis took a friend to the Duke's Lodgings in 
 Drygait, a favourite vantage-ground for viewing the city and 
 surrounding country. " He was here attacked by an apoplectic 
 fit, and died almost immediately. Robert was sent for and had the 
 body conveyed to his house, though from the suddenness of the 
 event he could hardly be persuaded that his brother was dead. He 
 hung over the body when it was stretched out and called upon him 
 again and again ; but Andrew could make no reply." 
 
 Deprived of his brother's assistance, oppressed with debt and
 
 DEATH OF THE BROTHERS 99 
 
 beset by the claims of creditors, Robert Foulis had no alternative 
 but to close the Academy and to dispose of the collection of pictures. 
 By these he set great store. He had purchased them as expressing 
 the grace and beauty which dwelt in his own soul ; he had brought 
 them with pains and difficulty to Glasgow ; he had watched over 
 them for more than twenty years ; he knew every line and feature 
 of each canvas, and was never weary of explaining their points and 
 dwelling upon their merits. He believed that they had great 
 pecuniary value, and that the proceeds of their sale would put him in 
 a position to discharge his debts, and leave a surplus for his declining 
 years and his family when he was gone. 
 
 The pictures were accordingly packed up and sent to London 
 under the charge of Robert Dewar, one of his printers, who after- 
 wards married his daughter Elizabeth. Foulis himself prepared an 
 elaborate descriptive catalogue of the Collection, in three volumes, 
 to which he prefixed an interesting preface containing some par- 
 ticulars regarding the Academy and the principal students, a work 
 which is of interest as being the only book of which he was the author. 
 
 He arrived in London in the month of April, 1776. Before the 
 pictures could be unpacked and made ready for sale, the season was 
 too far advanced, and Christie, the auctioneer, " the most knowing 
 judge in Britain," advised that the sale should be postponed. He 
 pointed out that there were no buyers, that he ran the hazard of 
 being offered half a crown for what he expected ;^20, and that the 
 market was glutted ; and the first intention seems to have been to 
 act upon this advice, but ultimately it was resolved to proceed ; 
 the pictures were put on exhibition, and the sale went on. It turned 
 out badly — very badly. After meeting charges, the net sum remain- 
 ing to the unfortunate owner was, it is said, fifteen shillings. 
 
 It is needless to refer to the grief and disappointment of the 
 worthy man. He had sacrificed what he prized most highly and loved 
 most dearly. A callous and ignorant crowd had, in his view, taken 
 his treasure without acknowledging its merits or its worth. He had 
 parted with it and was a beggar. There is little wonder that he was
 
 100 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 driven to the verge of despair. Dr. William Hunter, a fellow-student 
 and lifelong friend, did everything in his power to support and com- 
 fort him, but in vain. He journeyed slowly back to Scotland a 
 broken man. He reached Edinburgh, and, while in the act of pre- 
 paring for his journey to Glasgow, suddenly expired on the 2nd 
 June, 1776. 
 
 The close is touchingly told in a letter by Robert Dewar to 
 Elizabeth Foulis : 
 
 " Edinburgh, June, 1776. 
 Could I write in a stile like yours, Madam, the relation of 
 the sufferings of my honoured Master so justly dear to you, 
 would, to use the words of Shakespeare, ' harrow up your very 
 Soul ' ; his memory will doubtless be dearer to you when you 
 reflect upon the age and frailty of your venerable father, when 
 he set out on such a journey in the midst of winter, principally 
 for your sakes. Cheerful he was upon his journey, and happy 
 in the expectation of returning to you again with wealth suffi- 
 cient to make you all independent and comfortable. His 
 affection for you was strongly expressed. Whenever he spoke 
 of you his soul kindled. You cannot conceive the expression of 
 his countenance when he drank ' The health of all our friends 
 at their fire-sides in Glasgow.' When he wrote the first letter 
 to you from Morpeth, does it not end abruptly ? I looked up, 
 repeating the last word 1 had written. He could then only say 
 Farewell ! — his eyes glistened, the tears ran down his cheek, and 
 in all his letters, when he spoke of business, the words flowed 
 free, but when he began to speak particularly of his family, 
 he was at a loss, he durst not give way to the feelings of his 
 heart ; he seemed fearful to touch the string that so heavily 
 vibrated. 
 
 ' My son, Andrew,' continued he, ' is about his twentieth 
 year : I intended to have sent for him to have seen London 
 while there myself, but I believe I will not now as things have 
 turned out unhappily : he may perhaps come up next year, and
 
 DEATH OF THE BROTHERS loi 
 
 I hope with advantage.' Why, Madam, do you require of me to 
 represent thus your affectionate aged parent, groaning under 
 afflictions of body and mind, yet bearing all with the firmness of 
 a Philosopher and the resignation of a Christian ? Figure him to 
 yourself in the midst of the storm, unable to gather heat in his 
 bed, seized with a violent cough, which allowed him no rest, and 
 an incessant diarrhoea which, in the midst of strangers, sub- 
 jected him to exaggerated uneasiness. 
 
 Daring all this distress his mind was deeply depressed with 
 the ill success of his affairs. He had tried every effort to make 
 the exhibition of his Pictures succeed, but in vain. It had not 
 been in his power to effect a sale of them until too late in the 
 season, when he was advised by his friends not to risk it, on 
 account of the ill success sales of that kind had met with, until 
 next year. A number of his prints were sold, but, by their 
 coming so late in the season, fetched very little money. 
 
 Your own imagination will best represent the anguish of 
 his soul under all these circumstances. Alas ! how humbling 
 to him whose hopes had been so sanguine, whose estimate of 
 his collection of pictures had been so high and had been attached 
 to it for more than twenty years, and had daily seen in it new 
 beauties. 
 
 The chaise is come to carry him from the place where he 
 had suffered so much. Full of hope, vigorous, chearful and 
 healthy when he arrived, he leaped from his chaise. Oh, what 
 a contrast now ! Disappointed, spiritless, all his hopes blasted, 
 his health and strength gone, he is obliged to be supported into 
 his carriage, his countenance pale as death, his eyes sunk in 
 their sockets. My heart was breaking — I burst into tears. 
 ' Why do you weep, Robin ? ' said he ; ' I love you as my own son. ' 
 'Ah, Sir,' replyed I, 'my fears forebode that you will never more 
 return to your family, that you will never be able to support 
 the journey.' ' What makes you think so, Robin ? ' ' See ! ' — 
 lifting his foot and placing it firmly on the ground — ' I have
 
 102 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 yet some strength. Fear not for me,' and repeating part of the 
 twenty-third psalm, continued to say, ' Fear not, I trust we 
 shall see them all again and yet be happy.' Can I represent 
 him struggling from day to day with fatigue, pain and sickness, 
 that he might take his last Farewell in the bosom of his family, 
 that he might see you once more ere his eyes closed in death, 
 that he might bless you before he yielded up the Ghost. Ah, 
 no ! Let the curtain drop on this last scene of his sufferings. 
 They are now past, he is gone to that place where the wicked 
 cease from troubling and the weary are at rest." 
 
 It had been Robert Foulis' turn to read a paper at the first 
 meeting of the Literary Society in the winter of 1776, but, as it was 
 thought that he might not return from London in time, another 
 member agreed to take his place. When the meeting came, it fell 
 to the substitute to express the sorrow of the members for the loss 
 of their fellow. 
 
 " WTien I promised, a few months ago, to begin the business 
 of the Society for the present session, I entertained expecta- 
 tions that the fulfilment of my engagement would not have 
 been required of me. A venerable member was then living, 
 though at that time absent from his home, never indeed to 
 return, to whom that office would have fallen of course. He 
 is no longer a member of this Society, or of any society of mortal 
 men ; he is gone whither all of us shall sooner or later follow, 
 and happy may we deem our departure, if we leave behind us a 
 name like his. I am well persuaded, indeed, that our remem- 
 bering him on the present occasion will not be unpleasant. We 
 have often seen him in this Society, entering with ardour into 
 every ingenious and important discussion. But I say nothing 
 of the gratitude due to him by every lover of true learning and 
 of classical elegance. It is not my purpose to pronounce his 
 panegyric, for his eulogy is established on a firmer foundation 
 than any memorial of mine. As long as the luminaries of
 
 DEATH OF THE BROTHERS 103 
 
 Greece and of Rome are held in estimation, will his fame be 
 remembered, and when they cease to be valued, who would 
 choose to be named ? (True, no doubt, ages have arisen in the 
 history of mankind that give them no glory, but they were ages 
 of darkness and had no glory to give.) Nor will I enumerate his 
 virtues. I only mean to recall him to your remembrance, for 
 surely he deserves well of us all. His public spirit embracing 
 the welfare and improvement of this community, and indeed 
 of the human kind, was accompanied, even in old age, with 
 all the ardour of private affection, and all the enthusiasm of 
 youthful friendship. Bending with years, and fully aware 
 that a change in his mortal nature was fast approaching, and 
 that he was no longer to have any concern in the affairs of 
 men, he entered warmly into their interests, and preserved till 
 his latest hour zealous wishes for their improvement. Few 
 speak of the dead : they lie silent and forgotten. Yet it is no 
 unbecoming exercise to renew the memory of a worthy friend. 
 It is often no less profitable than the converse of the living, and 
 often no less delightful. I trust that I have obtruded no 
 disagreeable remembrances on my audience : at least for my 
 part I have some claim for indulgence." 
 
 THE CHARACTER OF ROBERT FOULIS 
 
 The meeting of the Literary Society was presided over by Dr. 
 Alexander Wilson ; the speaker was Professor Richardson, who had 
 lived with Foulis on the closest terms of intimacy for twenty years, 
 and has left us this estimate of his character : — 
 
 " The first feature in Robert Foulis' character that par- 
 ticularly struck me, was the great liking he showed to converse on 
 literary topics, and even with persons much younger than him- 
 self. This disposition appeared not only in occasional inter- 
 views but in his choosing to associate with them, and become 
 a member of their Literary Clubs and Societies. This view of
 
 104 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 his character, which appeared to me singular, was in my appre- 
 hension rendered particularly interesting by that unsuspecting 
 goodwill and benignity of disposition with which it was inti- 
 mately united. For, besides the gratification he had, and no 
 doubt he had a great deal, in displaying his own sentiments 
 and opinions on subjects of Taste, the Fine Arts, Literature, and 
 even Theology, he likewise believed, and had reason to believe, 
 that the knowledge he imparted, and the example he exhibited, 
 might be useful to his juvenile auditors. It will readily occur 
 that such dispositions & habits must have been prompted 
 and induced by great fervour of mind, and, in truth, there was 
 no inconsiderable share of enthusiasm, but unaccompanied with 
 any peculiar impropriety, in his sentiments and even in his 
 conduct. (Though he was ardent he was seldom incensed, and 
 his eagerness, or rather earnestness, was never keen.) His 
 good sense and natural flow of affection and complacency allayed 
 at that period of his life every rising impulse of animosity ; so 
 that every sudden displeasure he ever felt, such as may be 
 incidental to persons of sensibility, was, in the calm of a benig- 
 nant and forgiving temper, very soon and completely assuaged. 
 Thus disposed and united, and being a warm admirer of the 
 sublime and affecting representations presented by the Poet 
 and the Painter, his religion was nearly allied to that of Fenelon, 
 and his Philosophy was akin to the opinions as he supposed, of 
 Plato, or the more intelligible Doctrines of Cicero. Such indeed 
 were the sentiments which he often enforced in his discussions 
 in those Literary and Philosophical Clubs and Societies in which 
 he usually bore a part. He was rather below the middle size, 
 yet perfectly well-proportioned, and his whole appearance 
 indicated a strong and robust constitution. His complexion 
 had not much colour, but was fair, and the habitual expression 
 of his countenance was that of an amiable and good-hearted 
 disposition." 
 The allusion to his presence at the students' societies is explained
 
 THE CHARACTER OF ROBERT FOULIS 105 
 
 by a passage in one of Mrs. Dewar's letters : " There is nothing in 
 all my Father's life which interests me as much as his zeal and 
 earnest endeavour to instil into the minds of the young Gentlemen 
 at the College the first and noblest principles in the human heart. 
 This he endeavoured to inspire them with not only at his own table, 
 but for this purpose entered himself a member of a Society composed 
 of young men at the College." He may have attended the debates 
 of the Parliament of Oceana, under the presidency of Mr. Fitzmaurice. 
 
 Dr. James Wodrow of Stevenston, who entered the University 
 as a student in 1741, was afterwards librarian, and resided in the 
 College until 1753, writes thus to the Earl of Buchan : 
 
 " During this long academical attendance, you might justly 
 expect something ; but the fact is my acquaintance with 
 Robert Foulis was rather slight and general than intimate. I 
 met him at times in company, was once or twice in [his] house. 
 He was a retired, almost a recluse man. I never saw him in 
 the library, very seldom in his own bookselling shop within the 
 College, where I often was. The mercantile part of the business 
 was left entirely to his brother Andrew, whose turn of mind 
 was more suitable to it. 
 
 Robert, from what I could observe, appeared to be a 
 man of original genius, of a very hberal enlarged mind, and of 
 a most benevolent and disinterested spirit. His genius struck 
 me as being rather of the Platonic than of the correct Aristo- 
 telian cast. I mean there was something sublime in his con- 
 ceptions, darkened by a slight dash of mysticism, caught 
 perhaps from some French Writers, he was said to be fond of, 
 and which might appear greater than the reality from a degree 
 of embarrassment he had in speaking. Of his relations, his 
 education, his actual literary acquirements, the conduct of his 
 business as a printer, with the direction and assistance which 
 he received from others, I know almost nothing." 
 
 Some men attract and others repel us ; some fill us with distrust, 
 
 o
 
 To6 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 and others inspire us with confidence, we respect them and love them. 
 What the subtle influence is that attracts or repels is not easy to 
 determine, but none the less it exists, Robert Foulis was one of 
 those who attracted men of many different temperaments and 
 characters, of all classes, and of all stations. By all he was respected 
 and esteemed. All the long line of professors from Hutcheson to 
 Jardine — Leechman and Robert Simson, Adam Smith and Thomas 
 Reid, Cullen and Joseph Black, John Millar and John Anderson, 
 Richardson and Trail, " some of them," says Lord Brougham, " the 
 most eminent men of that, or indeed of any age," were his warm 
 friends and constant associates. Nothing can give a better idea of 
 his character and worth than that he was respected and cherished 
 by men such as Provost Ingram and John Glassford, by the Duke of 
 Argyle (the most influential man in Scotland), and the Earl of Bute, 
 by three Lords Chancellor — the Earl of Hardwicke, his brilliant son, 
 Charles Yorke, and Lord Loughborough — by Baron Mure and Sir 
 John Dalrymple, the Earl of Selkirk and the Earl of Cathcart. 
 
 With what tenderness Sir John Dalrymple endeavours to persuade 
 him to moderate his scheme of the Academy ; how delicately Mr. 
 Sturrock hints that good printing would be a more lasting memorial 
 than the encouragement of art. When Lord Chancellor Hardwicke 
 wrote to thank him for the present of the two pictures, he drafted 
 his letter and carefully revised its language. When Professor Rouet, 
 a learned and accomplished man, living much in fashionable and in 
 literary society, was abroad, he did not forget the printer, as one of 
 the prominent men in the intellectual community he had left, and 
 in his letters to Professor Robert Simson, has many allusions to 
 — "Honest Robin" as he calls him. Writing from Warsaw on 
 13th November, 1760, he says : " Had I continued a member of 
 y"" university, I believe I sh'' have been tempted to have gone on 
 w^' Honest Foulis in some of his Publick, I wish I could say Private, 
 Schemes to adorn y"^ university and indeed human nature." In a 
 letter from Tivoli, on nth May, 1763, he says : " Remember me 
 affectionately to all friends, particularly to y"" worthy Principal,
 
 THE CHARACTER OF ROBERT FOULIS 107 
 
 Messrs Clow and Anderson, Foulis &c., tell him W" Cochran is very 
 assiduous and a fine boy." Again from Rome, on 22nd June of the 
 same year, " Cochrane and Paxton sometimes see me and inform me 
 of all your welfares. Mr. Foulis has given very sensible and very 
 proper instructions to Cochrane." 
 
 The Earl of Buchan was a man of ability, a patriotic Scotsman, 
 full of schemes for the good of his country; he was anxious to 
 write its literary and artistic history, and was unwearied in collecting 
 material for a projected work, Anecdotes of Printing and Academical 
 Literature at Glasgow, which was to be sold for the benefit of the 
 family of Robert Foulis. He had known him for twenty years and 
 recognised in him a man of no ordinary character. His lordship had 
 little insight, and was unable to discern what it was in Foulis that he 
 respected and appreciated, but there was in the man that which 
 compelled his admiration and esteem. He was conscious of the 
 presence of greatness. It is to Lord Buchan's industry and to his 
 collections for his projected work, that we are indebted for the greater 
 part of what we know of Robert Foulis. 
 
 HIS CIRCLE 
 
 A paragraph from a manuscript chapter of Lord Buchan's 
 autobiography gives us a glimpse of the University as it was in 1762, 
 of the circle in which Foulis moved, and of the persons with whom 
 he associated. The University had given him shelter for many years, 
 and two others in the like position, James Watt and Alexander 
 Wilson, are included in the group : 
 
 " This useful and pleasing journey succeeded to my long 
 residence at Harrogate and I returned to my Military quarters 
 at Edr. from whence with the Regiment I marched to Glasgow 
 and prepared for a course of Civil Law with John Millar, Juris- 
 prudence with Smith, and Chemistry with Black ; and after- 
 wards enjoyed their instructions with more advantage and 
 delight than I am able to express. I lived as a boarder in the
 
 lo8 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 house of Mrs Lindesay, the Widow of Dr. Hercules Lindesay 
 the Professor of Law at Glasgow [Cecilia Murray, d. 19th June, 
 1809], where I had for messmates some very agreeable young 
 men, among whom were Tronchin the son of Tronchin of Geneva 
 Physician to the King of France, Robison, afterwards Professor 
 of Natural Philosophy in the University of Edr., then [formerly] 
 a Tutor to the children of Admiral Knowles with whom he went 
 to St. Petersburgh. 
 
 But Adam Smith's lectures and conversation were my 
 highest delight cS: comfort. With that wise and good man I 
 read privately his Commentaries on the Law of Nature & 
 Nations, and had access to those papers which, being in an 
 imperfect state at the time of his death, he caused to be 
 destroyed. 
 
 Delighted as I was with the knowledge I drew from Smith, 
 his domestic virtues still more engaged my admiration and 
 affection. To his aged Mother, to a Niece of hers and to all 
 connected with him, his attentions, his tenderness and good 
 manners were charming and made upon my mind and upon 
 my heart an indelible impression. In the class of Joseph Black 
 I took much delight and took notes of his lectures, as a subject 
 for conversation with that learned Professor and his most intelli- 
 gent pupils. Among these was William Ogilvie of the County 
 of Moray, then destined for Professor of Philosophy in the 
 University of Old Aberdeen, with whom I then contracted a 
 friendly intercourse of literature that has continued to subsist 
 to our mutual satisfaction. Mr. Watt also so well known by 
 his ingenious improvements in mecanicks and the fine arts 
 with Mr. Bolton of Birmingham, was another of my most 
 intimate associates. In James Tassie I saw the rudiments of 
 his future eminence, and fortune favoured me in permitting me 
 to select those who were afterwards to do credit to my prefer- 
 ence. It was at this time I turned my attention to Ethics and 
 Theology. I attended the excellent lectures of Principal
 
 E X T R A C T jr?^JJfoy6.j_ 
 
 o p 
 
 ORDERS 
 
 AND 
 
 REGULATIONS 
 
 FOR 
 
 GARRISON AND CAMP DUTIES, 
 FROM THE YEAR 1743. 
 
 T O T H E 
 
 CONCLUSION OF THE PEACE 
 
 AT 
 
 AIX LA CHAPELLE, 
 
 IN THE YEAR 1748. 
 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 
 GLASGOW; 
 
 PRINTED BY ROBERT AND ANDREW FOUHS 
 M.DCC.LXI.
 
 UNIVERSITY CIRCLE 109 
 
 Leechman and those of Dr. Wight on Ecclesiastical history 
 and in both their families I diligently cultivated their conversa- 
 tion. Wight was a man of genius, of polite literature, and of 
 singular sweetness and animation in his manner, with whom 
 I delighted to range on the confines of Parnassus and to take 
 him for my guide. In Leechman, then almost worn out with 
 age, I found rather a rendezvous of Literature and learned men 
 than the energy of an instructor. In Foulis's printing house 
 and Academy of Drawing & painting ; and in the foundry of 
 printing types with the learned Dr. Wilson, Professor of 
 Practical Astronomy, I found delightful employment of leisure. 
 During all this time I never missed a field day for military 
 exercise or baulked a mounting of Guard, from whence, when 
 relieved, it was my custom by necessity to go to Millar's law 
 Lecture at seven in the morning with Sash, Gorget and Spon- 
 toon. This circumstance gave me particular pride & satis- 
 faction, and I saw it had its consequences in the City and 
 University." 
 
 Amongst the books in the Exhibition is his lordship's copy of 
 Extract of Orders and Regulations for Garrison and Camp Duties, 
 printed by R. and A. Foulis in quarto, in 1761, with his autograph 
 signature upon the title-page. They printed another military work. 
 Military instructions for forming a Partisan, illustrated with Plans, 
 possibly on the suggestion of this enthusiastic oificer and student. 
 
 When speaking of an earlier period, Lord Cardross gives some 
 amusing pictures of Professor Simson, in which Robert Foulis, and 
 some of the other professors figure : 
 
 " Robert Simson the Mathematician was a singular man. 
 I was his scholar afterwards at Glasgow, and my Preceptor 
 [James Buchanan, for some time assistant to Simson, and 
 latterly Professor of Oriental Languages] succeeded him in his 
 chair. 
 
 There are some curious or at least entertaining particulars
 
 no ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 concerning him, which came to my knowledge when I was his 
 scholar which I shall sett down in this place. He carried his 
 Mathematical precision and ideas into the common accidents of 
 life. He used to count his steps regularly all the way from his 
 room in the Colledge to his Villa at [? to the village of] Anderston 
 in the country. If he counted a greater number of steps than 
 usual he accounted himself feeble, and took a Cordial, on his 
 return. 
 
 He had a Bed-maker and admitted nobody to his room 
 but by appointment ; he took an Aloetic pill every week to 
 keep his passages open, and Nitre if it heated him. He used to 
 roll a lemon or orange in his hand when he was working outjiis 
 problems and the lost propositions of Apollonius Pergeus. 
 Some College Waggs once scaled his chamber window, and 
 insinuating themselves unobserved stole away his orange or 
 lemon, and replaced it with a Turnip. When the problem came 
 out well solved, out came the Professor with his Eureka. — In 
 the College Area he met with Foulis the Printer—' Robin,' said 
 he, ' Maun, what's that in my haund ? ' ' Ou dear. Professor,' 
 said Robin, ' what gars yee ausk me. Why, its a Neep.' ' A 
 Turnip you Blockhead that's impossible, for it was an orange 
 I had in my hand when I was busy and I never had a Turnip in 
 my room in my life.' 
 
 Next he meets Anderson, the Professor of Physicks, and 
 then others, who confirm the identity of the Turnip. The 
 Doctor then returns hence. At the next Club night's meeting 
 he gravely recounts this most wonderful metamorphosis. 
 
 At the Club, Leechman the professor of Divinity used to 
 say Grace, and his seat was close by one of the windows of the 
 room. He being one night absent, Simson who was in the Chair, 
 addresses himself to the Gentleman who happened to sit in the 
 same place. ' Robin Foulis, say you the Grace, youre next the 
 window.' 
 
 The most curious specimen of the Professor was exhibited
 
 UNIVERSITY CIRCLE iii 
 
 by a fictitious mendicant who came to his chamber door and told 
 him a long melancholy story the burden of which applied to 
 the Professor's own situation and family. After having heard 
 him for some time he asked who his Father was, and the names 
 and situations of his brothers all of which tallied precisely with 
 the family of Simson, who bore the enumeration and descrip- 
 tion of them all, till he found no place left for himself when 
 bursting into an explosion of passion he said, ' What, you 
 Scoundrel, then you must be me my very self; Go, get you hence 
 this moment or I will put you under the lash of the Beadle.' " 
 
 The beadle or bcdcllus of the day was John Bryce. 
 
 In the letter by Professor Clow to the Hon. Mr. Fitzmaurice, 
 already quoted, he mentions that Dr. William Hunter had asked 
 for some information for a notice of Professor Simson to be inserted 
 in the Biographia Britannica, and adds : "I have sent it, but it 
 is short and chiefly takes notice of his different works. His 
 peculiarities which gave so much entertainment to his acquaintances 
 would have no place there." 
 
 Professor Robison's admirable memoir of Simson is made all 
 the more interesting by touching upon these peculiarities : 
 
 " Having in early life devoted himself to the restoration 
 of the works of the ancient geometers, he studied them with 
 unremitting attention ; and, retiring from the promiscuous 
 intercourse of the world, he contented himself with a small 
 society of intimate friends, with whom he could lay aside 
 every restraint of ceremony or reserve, and indulge in all the 
 innocent frivolities of life. Every Friday evening was spent in 
 a party at whist, in which he excelled, and took delight in 
 instructing others, till increasing years made him less patient 
 with the dulness of a scholar. The card-party was followed 
 by an hour or two dedicated solely to playful conversation. 
 In like manner, every Saturday he had a less select party to 
 dinner at a house about a mile from town. The Doctor's long
 
 112 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 life gave him occasion to see the dramatis personae of this Uttle 
 theatre several times completely changed, while he continued 
 to give it a personal identity ; so that, without any design or 
 wish of his own, it became, as it were, his own house and his 
 o\vn family, and went by his name. In this state did the 
 present writer first see it, with Dr. Simson as its father and 
 head, respected and beloved by every branch ; for, as it was 
 for relaxation, and not for the enjoyment of his acknowledged 
 superiority, that he continued this habit of his early youth ; 
 and as his notions ' of a fine talk ' did not consist in the pleasure 
 of having ' tossed and gored a good many to-day,' his com- 
 panions were as much at their ease as he wished to be himself ; 
 and it was no small part of their entertainment (and of his too), 
 to smile at those innocent deviations from common forms and 
 those mistakes with respect to life and manners, which an 
 almost total retirement from the world, and incessant occupa- 
 tion in an abstract science, caused this venerable president 
 frequently to exhibit. These are remembered with a more 
 affecting regret, that they are now ' with the days that are 
 past,' than the most pithy apophthegms, ushered in with an 
 emphatical * Why, Sir ! ' or ' No, Sir ! ' which precludes all 
 reply. Dr. Simson never exerted his presidial authority, unless 
 it were to check some infringement of good breeding, or any- 
 thing that appeared unfriendly to religion or purity of manners ; 
 for these he had the highest reverence. We have twice heard 
 him sing (he had a fine voice and most accurate ear) some 
 lines of a Latin hymn to the Divine Geometer, and each time 
 the rapturous tear stood in his eye." 
 
 " Dr. Simson," says Lord Brougham, " loved to amuse his 
 leisure hours, and unbend his mind in the relaxation of society ; 
 and from the simplicity of his manners and the kindliness of his 
 disposition, as well as from his very universal information, he was 
 ever a most welcome member of the circles which he frequented. . . . 
 Notwithstanding his absent habits, he was an exceedingly good man
 
 UNIVERSITY CIRCLE 113 
 
 of business ; he filled the oflfice of Clerk of the Faculty in the Uni- 
 versity for thirty years, and managed its financial and other concerns 
 with great regularity and success. . . . His character was lofty and 
 pure ; nothing could exceed his love of justice, and dishke of any- 
 thing sordid or low ; nor could he ever bear to hear men reviling 
 one another, and least of all, speaking evil of the absent or the dead." 
 Professor Simson was a man of the highest genius and the greatest 
 master in modern times of the particular branch of mathematics 
 which he cultivated. He was twenty years the senior of Robert 
 Foulis, but admiring the elevation of his character and having 
 the same aesthetic capacity, received him into his friendship, 
 sympathised in his aims, and assisted his efforts. In Foulis there 
 must have been sterling worth that commended him to a man of 
 originahty and power. Simson, like Dr. Johnson, lived in solitary 
 rooms ; he enjoyed society ; he loved good conversation ; he had 
 his club, and he chose his men. " It was his impressions of Simson," 
 says Mr. Rae, " that first gave Adam Smith the idea that mathe- 
 maticians possessed a specific amiability and happiness of disposi- 
 tion which placed them above the jealousies and vanities and 
 intrigues of the lower world." 
 
 PORTRAITS OF FOULIS 
 
 There are three medallions of Robert Foulis. A copy of one of 
 these is prefixed to Mr. Duncan's Notices and Documents illustrative 
 of the Literary History of Glasgow, and is reproduced on the title-page 
 of the Exhibition catalogue. The original is in the possession of Miss 
 Jean M. Foulis of St. John, N.B. The others are in the Scottish 
 National Portrait Gallery. A copy of one of these last forms the 
 frontispiece to this paper. 
 
 Mrs. Dewar informed Lord Buchan in 1808, that there were 
 two portraits of her father : one, in her possession, done when he 
 was in France by a Mr. Alexander, the other in her sister's posses- 
 sion, done by a member of his own Academy. " Each of us," she
 
 114 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 says, " thinks our own the best." What became of these portraits 
 is not known. Mrs. Dewar adds, " I have also beside me a print 
 representing the inside of the Academy, in which piece one of the 
 figures [is] of my uncle Muir [that is Professor James Moor], and 
 my father, and Uncle Andrew." This print is reproduced as 
 before referred to. 
 
 James Moor was small of stature, and measles had deprived him 
 of the sight of one eye. Robert Foulis was also a short man, but, 
 as already mentioned, robust and well-proportioned. These par- 
 ticulars help to the identification of the three figures. Although 
 Mrs. Dewar does not refer to it, a group in the print of the Exhibition 
 in the inner Quadrangle of the College seems also to represent the 
 two brothers and the professor.
 
 A New Generation 
 
 FAMILY OF ROBERT FOULIS 
 
 Mrs. Dewar was the youngest of the five children of EHzabeth 
 Moor, all of whom were daughters. 
 
 Robert Foulis' views regarding the education of women were in 
 advance of those of his day. His opinion was that they should be 
 taught something beyond the ordinary routine of education and of 
 domestic occupations. 
 
 His two eldest daughters were trained in the Academy, and both 
 practised the art of painting. Mrs. Dewar was taught drawing, and 
 to read Latin and a little Greek, which she learnt from John Young, 
 Moor's assistant and successor. She was likewise trained as a 
 compositor in the printing office. Robert Dewar, her husband, was 
 a favourite of Professor Anderson, and much esteemed by Professor 
 Thomas Reid, Professor Richardson and Dr. Alexander Wilson. 
 After the death of Robert Foulis, the last three, along with the two 
 daughters of the late Professor Robert Dick, offered to advance him 
 money to set up as a printer, and Mr. Wilson undertook to furnish 
 him with types. He, however, met with an accident, from which 
 he unfortunately died, at the early age of twenty-seven, after having 
 been married little more than a year. There was one child of the 
 marriage, a daughter, the only grandchild of Robert Foulis. She 
 married John Thomson, a young engineer in the employment of 
 Boulton and Watt, of Birmingham, and wrote a book, for which Mrs.
 
 ii6 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 Dewar, about 1808, was anxious to obtain subscriptions. For more 
 than a quarter of a century the University made an annual allowance 
 towards the support of Mrs. Dewar. 
 
 ANDREW FOULIS, YOUNGER 
 
 Robert Foul is remarried a few years after the death of Elizabeth 
 Moor. His wife was Euphan, daughter of William Boutcher or 
 Butcher, (as the name is spelt by Foulis,) nurseryman, at Comely 
 Gardens, and sister of WilUam Boutcher, at Abbey Hill, Edinburgh, 
 author of a Treatise on Forest Trees, which appeared at Edinburgh 
 in 1775, and again in 1778, and amongst the subscribers to which 
 were " Messrs. Robert and Andrew Foulis, printers to the University 
 of Glasgow." 
 
 The elder Boutcher was also a nurseryman, and had carried on 
 business for a few years in Glasgow, having, in 175 1, taken a lease of 
 the Little Hill of ToUcross, the modern Janefield, which he con- 
 verted into a nursery-garden. He inserted a long advertisement in 
 the Glasgow Courant, which shows him to have been a cautious 
 man : "As his principal Servant is a stranger in the place, and so 
 might give credit to improper persons, 'tis humbly hoped that none 
 will take it amiss, if this Business, in the beginning, is carried on 
 for Ready Money only." After a few years' experience he gave up 
 the enterprise as unprofitable. 
 
 Professor James Moor was a cousin-german of Euphan Boutcher, 
 and in early life had been much attracted by her sister Magdalen. 
 Robert Foulis' two wives were the daughters of two sisters. His 
 second wife died in 1774, leaving two children, Andrew Foulis, the 
 younger, who was about twenty years of age at his father's death, 
 and a daughter Euphemia Foulis, who was younger. 
 
 On the death of Robert Foulis, his son Andrew carried on the 
 business for some time, in ignorance that it was insolvent. The 
 actual state of affairs soon, however, became apparent ; claims were 
 advertised for, and a meeting of creditors held, at which trustees
 
 ANDREW FOULIS, YOUNGER 117 
 
 were appointed to take charge of and wind up the estate for 
 behoof of the creditors, with James Duncan, bookseller in Glas- 
 gow, grandfather of the late Mr. William James Duncan (1811-85), 
 author of Notices and Documents illustrative of the Literary History 
 of Glasgow, and Robert Chapman, printer in Glasgow, as their 
 factors. 
 
 In these circumstances it was evident that Andrew Foulis was 
 unable to continue the business without assistance. If he could 
 obtain such assistance he expected to get the appointment of Uni- 
 versity printer ; and he accordingly entered into a partnership with 
 James Spotiswood of Glenfernat, bookseller in Niddry's Wynd, Edin- 
 burgh, for a period of ten years from 30th June, 1777. Spotiswood 
 was a man of many callings. He had at one time been a writer in 
 Edinburgh ; he had now a large store farm in Perthshire of 4,500 acres, 
 the management of which prevented his residing in Edinburgh more 
 than half the year. We are likewise told that " he had been engaged 
 in many law-suits and was not unacquainted with diligence." Foulis 
 had obtained from the University a lease of the printing-house as 
 from Whitsunday, 1777, at the moderate rent of £20 ; and had pur- 
 chased the stock-in-trade, types, presses and other utensils of R. and 
 A. Foulis, and another fount belonging to the College. These were to 
 be brought into the partnership along with £1,000 to be contributed 
 in cash by Spotiswood, one half of which was to be repayable by 
 Foulis. Spotiswood had a paper mill at Penicuik, which he thought 
 would be an assistance to the business, but Foulis had been pur- 
 chasing his paper from Edward Collins, paper-maker at Dahnuir. On 
 these arrangements being made, Andrew Foulis was, on i8th May, 
 1778, appointed University printer, and got the use of the rooms 
 in the College formerly occupied by his father and his uncle. 
 
 A number of books — a reprint of the duodecimo edition of the 
 English poets of 1771, some college text-books, and another edition 
 of Polemo-Middinia — were issued, but before long disputes arose, 
 and the partnership was dissolved on 9th March, 1781. All differ- 
 ences between the partners were left to the determination of
 
 ii8 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 Professor John Millar and William Craig (1745-1813), advocate, son 
 of William Craig, D.D. (1709-84), of St. Andrew's Church, who gave 
 their award disposing of them on 25th May, 1784. 
 
 In the meantime, Foulis entered into a fresh partnership for 
 fourteen years from ist January, 1782, with Alexander Tilloch, 
 Hugh Anderson and James Harvey, printers in Glasgow, under the 
 style or firm of Andrew Foulis & Company. 
 
 During this period Andrew Foulis had as his apprentice (1782-87), 
 John Mayne (1759-1836), the poet, author of " The Siller Gun," who 
 published, in 1783, " Glasgow," a poem : 
 
 O ! Leechman, Hutcheson and Wight ! 
 
 Reid fu' of intellectual light ! 
 
 And Simson, as the morning bright ! 
 
 Your mem'ries here, 
 Tho' gane to regions o' delight, 
 
 Will aye be dear ! 
 
 * * * 
 
 Here great Buchanan learnt to scan 
 
 The verse that makes him mair than man ! 
 
 Cullen and Hunter here began 
 
 Their first probations ; 
 And Smith frae Glasgow form'd his plan, 
 
 " The Wealth o' Nations." 
 
 Alexander Tilloch (1759-1825) was the second son of John 
 Tilloch, tobacconist, treasurer (1769-70) and a magistrate (1770-71) 
 of Glasgow. He studied at the University and was intended to follow 
 his father's business, but became interested in printing, and supplied 
 the capital for the new firm. They purchased from Foulis the types 
 and printing material of the late firm, and took over the printing- 
 house in Shuttle Street, at the price of £227. Foulis went to London 
 and Paris for some time, leaving the management of the business in 
 the hands of Tilloch and Anderson, Harvey having retired and 
 assigned his interest to Tilloch. It ultimately proved unsuccessful 
 and the partnership was dissolved in 1786, when Tilloch was found 
 to be a large creditor. 
 
 In the proceedings in one of the numerous litigations, in which
 
 ANDREW FOULIS, YOUNGER 119 
 
 the factious and self-opinioned Professor John Anderson involved 
 his colleagues, Alexander Tilloch is referred to as '* printer to the 
 University," but he never held an independent appointment. 
 Curiously, in that same action it appears that William M'llquham, 
 then a lad of fourteen, afterwards the occupant of Professor Ander- 
 son's Chair, when he changed his name to Meikleham, was employed 
 by him to address the libellous pamphlet of which complaint was 
 made. 
 
 Under the award of 1784, Spotiswood was ordered to pay Foulis 
 £178 and to relieve him of certain paper accounts due to Edward 
 Collins. Foulis, on the other hand, having got the printing utensils, 
 was ordered to pay the price of them as estimated by James Robert- 
 son and James Duncan, printers in Glasgow. Although on a 
 balancing of accounts it was anticipated that there would be a sum 
 due to Spotiswood, Foulis pressed for payment of his £178, got 
 decree, gave a charge for payment, and having obtained letters of 
 caption, placed them in the hands of a messenger-at-arms with 
 instructions to poind Spotiswood's goods and to seize his person, 
 which was carried out. According to Spotiswood, the messenger 
 " with his posse seized upon the petitioner [i.e. Spotiswood] in a 
 violent manner, dragged him through the streets like a felon in open 
 daylight, exposed to the view of multitudes of men of business then 
 assembled at the Cross, at 'change hours too ; and upon a market- 
 day, and who carried him in this ignominious manner to a spunging 
 house." Spotiswood forthwith brought an action of damages against 
 Foulis, his law agents in Glasgow and in Edinburgh, and against 
 the messenger. This took, what nowadays seems the curious form 
 of a criminal libel, the major proposition of which bore " that by 
 the laws of this and every other well governed realm, the charging 
 with horning, and carrying that diligence into execution by poinding, 
 and apprehending the persons of any of the lieges, when the debt 
 contained in said diligence is not due or where it is compensated, are 
 offences of a very heinous nature, and the persons guilty or accessory 
 thereto are liable in high damages." In his Condescendence,
 
 120 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 Spotiswood adds that " the character of a merchant is justly com- 
 pared to that of a lady, as her existence depends entirely upon the 
 preservation of it ; and had it not happened fortunately for the 
 pursuer that at this time he had very few goods upon credit he would 
 have been inevitably ruined, as such a public disgrace would have 
 undoubtedly brought a run of his creditors upon him." He accord- 
 ingly claimed damages laid at £i,ooo. The Lord Ordinary assoilzied 
 the defenders, but the Inner House took a difterent view and awarded 
 damages, 
 
 Spotiswood next brought an action against the firm of Andrew 
 Foulis & Company and individual partners to obtain interdict 
 against the sale to them of the type and printing utensils, but in this 
 he was unsuccessful, the Court holding that these belonged to Foulis 
 and that Spotiswood was creditor merely for the price. 
 
 Andrew Foulis during his second partnership printed the British 
 poets— Thomson, Pope, Parnell, Gray and Collins, Lyttleton and 
 Hammond — in folio. Virgil was issued in the same style, and 
 Adam Smith's copy with his bookplate is in the Exhibition. 
 It will be remembered that he told Smellie, the printer, that he was 
 " a beau in nothing but his books," and this copy shews how he 
 covered them. Foulis also produced a handsome edition of Ram- 
 say's Gentle Shepherd, with aquatint illustrations by David Allan. 
 
 Tilloch had conceived the idea of stereotyping, but not having 
 a technical knowledge of printing he was unable to work it out, 
 and one of his objects in entering into partnership with Foulis was 
 to have the advantage of his skill as a printer. They were ignorant 
 of what had previously been done by Ged of Edinburgh (1690-1749), 
 and laboured together to develop the idea. Foulis' visit to London 
 and Paris was in connection with the subject ; and in 1784 they took 
 out a joint patent for England for " printing books from plates 
 instead of moveable types," and others for Scotland and Ireland. 
 The trade did not favour the plan, and they therefore confined their 
 efforts to producing copies of " Penny Histories," of which great 
 numbers were annually exported from Glasgow to America. Under
 
 KTPOT ANABA2. B. 91 
 
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 rcov cwTou <rooLTicjrc^v, xcu toi<; oAAo/^ 
 <focLrYiyoi<;Toujroi e(poa.(jiv. hTrei oe vr^o^ 
 ToTc, dyyeXoii Yiaav, ^/locdTCL r'l (iouXoiyro, 
 0/ ^' eXeycv on ireo] <j7t:ovIwu >j'xo/£r cw- 
 ^<je<;, diTii'e^ ixauol eaovrou ra. n Trcc^a 
 QaaiXeui toT? "EXXviaiy dircLyyciXcUj xcu 
 
 Specimen uf Messrs. Tilloch and Foulis' G/t'tZ: 
 Steteoti/pe.
 
 ANDREW FOULIS. YOUNGER 121 
 
 the firm of Alex. Tilloch and Company they issued in 1784 an edition 
 of Gesner's Death of Abel. They also printed a stereotype edition of 
 The Economy of Human Life, and, in Greek, of Xenophon's Anabasis. 
 The former was popular in Glasgow ; Urie having printed a pretty 
 edition in 1769, and Alexander Adam a very inferior one in 1789 for 
 " the booksellers in Great Britain, Ireland and America." 
 
 On his retiral from the printing business, Tilloch went to London, 
 and as he was engaged with other matters nothing further was done 
 with the stereotype patent, although the process had been found 
 practicable and satisfactory. 
 
 Foulis continued the University press and printed a number of 
 books. One of them was Aeschylus in folio, published in 1795, which 
 is a beautiful piece of work, particularly when on large paper and 
 with Flaxman's designs as illustrations. It is a book, too, with a 
 history. Richard Porson had undertaken to edit an edition of 
 Aeschylus for Payne of London, and it was arranged that it should 
 be printed by Foulis. Porson sent Foulis some corrections on the 
 text for an edition in octavo, and printing was commenced. Without 
 waiting until Porson's revision was complete, and without his 
 knowledge or consent, Foulis gave effect to the amendments he had 
 received, and taking Stanley's text for the remainder printed off 
 this edition, which Porson styled " the surreptitious folio," but 
 which is nevertheless entered in booksellers' catalogues as " cum 
 emendationibus et novis lectionibus a Porson." The Aeschylus was 
 published shortly after the appearance of the first part of The Pursuits 
 of Literature of Thomas James Mathias. It offered a congenial sub- 
 ject for his satire, and when he issued his next part he launched out 
 in his most truculent style : 
 
 Though now some high imperial critics chafe, 
 
 To think not Aeschylus himself is safe, 
 
 Go to his text; revise, digest, compare. 
 
 With Porson's shrewdness, or with Valknaer's care ; 
 
 Then let the learned page once quit your sight, 
 
 Some Scotch Greek swindling printer steals your right. 
 
 The Pursuits was said by George Steevens to be a peg to hang 
 
 Q
 
 122 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 notes on. One is duly hung on this passage, not altogether accurate, 
 and in a very patronising tone as regards Porson. 
 
 The volume is printed with the fount of the Homer of 1756-58. 
 When the partnership with Spotiswood was dissolved, Foulis took 
 over a considerable quantity of Greek type, the larger portion of 
 which was double pica. It looks as if he wished to find a use for 
 this magnificent character, and printed off this edition for the 
 purpose of exhibiting a fine piece of typography. In this he was 
 successful. According to Adam Clarke, " Only 52 copies of this 
 edition ; and of the large paper only 11 copies are said to have 
 been printed : they sell for £10 ids. And with the beautiful Designs 
 of Flaxman, which are executed in all the taste and spirit of anti- 
 quity, £20." Ordinary copies sold at the time of publication at £3 3s. 
 in boards, and it is a book which, in fine condition, stiU commands 
 a good price. Renouard speaks of it as " si chere en France." 
 Dibdin, speaking of Earl Spencer's copy, says : Flaxman's " designs 
 were made for, and dedicated to the late Dowager Countess Spencer, 
 . . . ; and the copy of this edition, on large paper, in the library at 
 Althorp, — which contains these drawings, — is beyond doubt one of 
 the most splendid and interesting books in Europe." It is now in 
 the John Rylands library at Manchester. 
 
 Part of the octavo edition had been printed in 1794, but it 
 proceeded very slowly. For this, Porson occasionally, and Foulis 
 more generally, was to blame. Much correspondence regarding it 
 passed amongst Matthew Raine, Professor Dalzel of Edinburgh and 
 Professor Young of Glasgow. Richard Heber and Professor Dalzel 
 had many interviews with the printer, but to little purpose. Heber 
 writes, on 2nd March, 1800, of " the longa injuria and longae 
 ambages " of Foulis's conduct ; and six years had still to pass before 
 the book was published. It then appeared with the curious imprint : 
 " Glasguae Excudebat Foulis 1794. Veneunt Londini Apud T. 
 Payne : Payne and Mackinlay ; Oxoniae Apud Jo. Cooke, 1806." 
 There are copies on large paper, which Renouard says are scarce. 
 
 The University had a similar experience. When Archibald
 
 ANDREW FOULIS, YOUNGER 123 
 
 Arthur (1744-97) was librarian (1774-97), he prepared a new catalogue 
 of the library which it was resolved to print, and which was entrusted 
 to the University printer. He had the work on hand for several 
 years, and the manner in which he carried it on was cause of constant 
 complaint, and arrestments were used against the moneys from time 
 to time owing to him for the work. It was only in 1791 that the 
 book was completed and published. 
 
 Foulis' behaviour did not better as time advanced. In addition, 
 he had paid neither rent for the printing-house during all the time 
 he had been in possession nor the price of the fount of types he had 
 purchased. There was no alternative but to terminate his appoint- 
 ment, and on loth June, 1795, when the appointment fell to be 
 renewed, he was not re-elected. Legal proceedings had to be resorted 
 to to recover possession of the printing-house, and of the apartments 
 in the College which he occupied. He, on the other hand, made 
 claims against the University, one of which was for class-books 
 printed for them. All claims, hinc inde, were finally adjusted in April, 
 1796 ; the University paid Foulis £yo and he gave up possession. 
 
 In 1778 Andrew Foulis printed Excerpta ex Luciani operibus. 
 In 1796 it was reprinted by James Mundell, as academicus typo- 
 graphus. This marks the change. "Andrew Foulis was," says Dr. 
 Robert Anderson (1749-1830), writing in 1800, " a degenerate and 
 unworthy son of the Elzevir of Scotland." 
 
 Dr. Wodrow, another contemporary, makes a similar statement : 
 He " was the weak, and I am afraid the unworthy son of his worthy 
 father Robert. The University out of friendship and gratitude to 
 the father continued the son, as I have heard, for several years 
 (with some assistance) as their printer, till at last they were obliged 
 to dismiss him." 
 
 Andrew Foulis continued to print in Glasgow for a few years. 
 His most important work was an edition of Euripides in ten volumes, 
 octavo, some copies being on large paper, which he printed in 1797 
 for William Laing of Edinburgh and David Bremner of London. In 
 1795 he had printed the fifth edition of Professor Anderson's InsH-
 
 124 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 tutes of Physics, and in 1800, when working in Edinburgh, reprinted 
 in excellent style his Observations upon Roman Antiquities between 
 the Forth and Clyde, originally contributed, in 1793, to Roy's Military 
 Antiquities. 
 
 He was an expert and skilful printer, and resided for some time 
 with the Earl of Stanhope to give him a practical knowledge of 
 printing and to assist him in developing the art of stereotyping. 
 Some time afterwards Foulis became involved in a litigation with 
 William Blackwood, bookseller in Edinburgh, whom he had agreed 
 to instruct in the process. 
 
 He was of a mercurial temperament, and seems to have interested 
 himself in elocution, as indicated by the following advertisement 
 in The Glasgow Mercury of 4th April, 1787 : 
 
 ELOCUTION. 
 On Monday next, the 9th of April, in the Tontine, 
 
 V^ILL COMMENCE A COURSE OF 
 
 READING 
 
 AND 
 
 RECITATION 
 
 IN PROSE AND VERSE, 
 
 Selected from the most 
 
 CELEBRATED AUTHORS; 
 
 By A. Foulis. 
 
 Ode on St. Cecilia's day, by dryden. 
 A picture of conjugal felicity, from milton. 
 The birth of Shakespeare, a cento. 
 Colin and Lucy, by tickell. 
 Madness, an ode, by Penrose. 
 
 *^* The pieces to be read each night will be announ- 
 ced some days previous to their delivery. The door will
 
 ANDREW FOULIS, YOUNGER 125 
 
 open at half past six, and the speaking will commence at 
 half past seven o'clock. 
 
 In the intervals of recitation, the company will be en- 
 tertain'd with select pieces of the most approved music by 
 the best performers. The room will be elegantly lighted, 
 and no pains spared to make the entertainment as agree- 
 able as possible. 
 
 N.B. Should these recitations be approved of, A. 
 FOULIS proposes to deliver a course of lectures on the arts 
 
 of READING and SPEAKING. 
 
 Tickets 2s. and 6d. each, may be had at the shop of 
 A. FOULIS, and at the bar of the Tontine Coffee-house. 
 
 A similar advertisement appeared in next year's Mercury, i6th 
 April, 1788, with a slight change of pieces, one of those now intro- 
 duced being " The Wail of Elvina " by Professor Richardson, a new 
 edition of whose poems he had printed in 1781. 
 
 Elocution, it will be remembered, was at this time a University 
 subject, and was practised both in Latin and English ; and in 
 1803 we had a Reciting Society in Glasgow. Andrew Foulis printed 
 both of the books by Henry Gray Macnab, before referred to : they 
 were " sold by him in the College." In May, 1772, F. J. Guion, an 
 actor, gave readings of select pieces in Mr. Herron's large room, in 
 the Black Bull Inn. 
 
 Andrew Foulis made up a title as heir to his father's Strathaven 
 property, where, according to Wilham Brown, writer in Glasgow, 
 afterwards provost of Helensburgh, he lived for some time, in the 
 year 1809, in a small wooden building which he erected, and to which 
 he had brought a number of pictures, probably copies which had 
 been made in the Academy. 
 
 He was something of an artist, and on his medallion of 1814 
 by Morrison, in the University museum, is described as " Pictor, 
 Stereotyp. inventor, et Typographus Glasg." His want of success, it 
 is said by his sister, was attributable not to want of ability but to
 
 126 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 lack of application. He lived in Glasgow for some years, about 1824, 
 and dealt in pictures for the market, as an assistant or partner with 
 a Mr. Anderson of Aberdeen, " both of them cheating like horse 
 jockies," says Mr. Walter Duncan of Craigmore, Rothesay (b. 1783). 
 At this time he had his bust done, which was, in 1854, in possession 
 of Mr. Walter Duncan who knew him well. 
 
 He died in the Poorhouse of Edinburgh in 1829. His sister 
 Euphemia died, also at Edinburgh, in 1828. 
 
 " The vicissitudes of his life," says Gabriel Neil in the Reformers 
 Gazette of 22nd April, 1854, " in some of their incidents, resembhng 
 those of the famous printer, Henry Stephens or Stephanus, author of 
 the ' Thesaurus or Dictionary of the Greek Language,' affirmed to be 
 one of the most learned men that ever lived, who, after wandering 
 through many places of Europe in quest sometimes of mere sub- 
 sistence, falling sick in Lyons, died there in an almshouse in 1598. 
 Misfortune, as by a species of entail, appears to have been also the 
 companion of the lot of Andrew Foulis."
 
 The End 
 
 ROBERT FOULIS' ESTATE 
 
 The trustees for the creditors of Robert Foulis and of R. and A. 
 FouHs made up inventories of the estate and obtained valuations of 
 the paintings, prints, drawings, statues and busts done in the 
 Academy, the copper-plates and the moulds from William Cochran, 
 the artist, and similar valuations of the other items from other 
 persons. 
 
 Amongst the assets was " the Library of Books which belonged 
 to Dr. James Moor, late Professor of Greek in the University of 
 Glasgow, as valued by the said James Duncan and Robert Chapman 
 at £102 sterling," certainly a very modest valuation, judging from the 
 later sale catalogue. The very first book mentioned in it, is a fine 
 copy of the editio princeps of Homer, marked at £10. There were in 
 all 2,724 lots, and amongst them there were some fine editions of the 
 classics, and many good books in most departments of literature. 
 There was an uncut copy on largest paper of the Foulis Homer, 
 noted as " rare," and the identical copy used by James Tweedie, 
 when correcting the press. It is interesting to observe that one 
 of the books catalogued as " scarce " was (2,172) M'Ure's History 
 of Glasgow, but marked at the price of two shillings. 
 
 In 1777 the trustees made up a catalogue of the bookseller's 
 stock and manuscripts, and also a catalogue of the stock of books
 
 128 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 in quires, with the object of disposing of them by private treaty. 
 The greater part of the quire stock, the prints done in the Academy, 
 the copperplates, and Dr. Moor's hbrary were ultimately purchased 
 at the price of £2,580 by James Spotiswood, or by him and Andrew 
 Foulis, by whom they were disposed of by auction in February, 1779. 
 
 The debts amounted to about £6,500; and the trustees were ulti- 
 mately able to pay to the creditors a dividend of about 8s. 5d. per £. 
 
 The unfortunate sale of the Academy pictures in London was 
 accountable for the deficiency. What the intrinsic value of these 
 pictures was, it is impossible to say, but there is no reason to doubt 
 that they were worth a great deal more than they realised. Professor 
 Richardson stated, on an authority on which he felt disposed to 
 rely, that a picture, sold for twenty-five pounds, afterwards brought 
 five hundred. Two of them were subsequently purchased by the 
 University — the Martyrdom of St. Catherine by Jean Cossiers, and 
 the Carrying to the Tomb, attributed to Raphael — neither of which, 
 it is now said, is of very high merit, although the latter was con- 
 sidered by Sir Henry Raeburn to have been the production, if not 
 of Raphael himself at an early period, at least of one of his scholars ; 
 it is praised in The Brougham of 30th June, 1832 — one of the 
 numerous short-lived Glasgow periodicals of that stirring period. 
 
 The large number of pictures by great masters in the collection 
 suggests that many of them must have been wrongly attributed. Of 
 those pictures " attributed to the Divine Raffaele," says Dallaway, 
 " there are few of our collections which does not boast one which, in 
 fact, does not belong even to his worst scholar." These collections 
 are not discredited by the presence of such pictures, and it does not 
 follow that the Glasgow Academy collection was a poor one merely 
 because it contained pictures that were not the work of the artists to 
 whom they were attributed. The pictures were exhibited to the 
 public for more than twenty years, and were seen by many competent 
 judges and uniformly admired. Cochran, Paxton, and Allan were 
 familiar with them ; they were artists of repute, and knew a good 
 picture from a poor copy, but none of them ever suggested that the
 
 ROBERT FOULIS' ESTATE 129 
 
 gallery in which they studied was a collection of indifferent works. 
 When Archibald M'Lellan bequeathed his collection to the City of 
 Glasgow it was received very coldly, and it was assumed that the 
 pictures were worthless, simply because many of them were by old 
 masters. It was subsequently ascertained that the greater part of the 
 pictures are of real value, and they are now duly appreciated 
 by the citizens. Robert Foulis was in the field three generations 
 earlier. He had far better opportunities than M'Lellan ; he had 
 quite as good an eye and greater knowledge of art, and there is no 
 reason to think that his collection was inferior to M'Lellan's ; the 
 probability is that it was better. Dr. William Hunter's collection is 
 in Glasgow, and speaks for itself. There are many good works in 
 it, and it is a question whether some of the pictures did not come 
 from the Glasgow gallery. It would be strange if his friend Foulis 
 should be so unfortunate as to obtain nothing but poor copies and 
 indifferent pictures. 
 
 The catalogue prepared by Robert Foulis is wonderfully minute, 
 and from it I should think that an expert could identify many of 
 the pictures in various collections as having been at one time in 
 Glasgow. For example, the description of the Mary Magdalene by 
 Guido Reni in the M'Lellan collection corresponds exactly with that 
 of the picture in the Foulis gallery. The Adoration of the Magi, in 
 the same collection, ascribed by Sir Charles Robinson to Messina, 
 seems remarkably like a corresponding picture in the Glasgow 
 Academy, catalogued by Foulis as by an unknown artist, painted on 
 wood, near the beginning of the restoration of painting [Catalogue 
 ii. p. 42). Foulis set great store by his St. Ceciha of Raphael. It 
 was copied in the Academy ; and was likewise engraved by James 
 Mitchell in 1766. There is a copy of the engraving in the Print Room 
 of the British Museum, so that there cannot be much difficulty in 
 identifying the original. Many of the other pictures in the collection 
 were copied in the Academy ; the originals and many of the copies 
 are probably still extant. 
 
 The collection as a whole must have been far more valuable
 
 130 ROBERT AND ANDREW FOULIS 
 
 than the result of the sale would indicate. Indeed there can be no 
 question that many fine pictures were sacrificed. 
 
 ACHIEVEMENT 
 
 The Academy was an unfortunate venture from a commercial 
 point of view, but it was a grand conception. It was planned on 
 a great scale, and excellently organised, and was carried on for more 
 than twenty years with amazing energy under enormous difficulties. 
 Such a scheme nowadays would be possible only with the aid of a 
 handsome endowment, or of a state or a municipal subvention ; but 
 Robert Foulis undertook it practically single-handed, and achieved 
 what must be considered a marked success. The formation of his 
 gallery of paintings was a big undertaking, and their presence in 
 Glasgow must have been a great educative influence. " Within 
 the college," says the editor of Camden's Britannia, " is the 
 printing-house of the two brothers Robert and Andrew Foulis, 
 to whom the learned world owes many elegant and convenient 
 editions of the Greek and Roman classics, and their native city has 
 no small obligation for the Academy by them estabhshed for the 
 arts of design and sculpture, though not attended with all the 
 success they expected." Misfortune overtook the Academy, but 
 not from any defect in plan or fault of management, but simply 
 because the funds for carrying it on were inadequate, and the 
 public did not give it the support that was expected. " The 
 undertaking," Foulis remarks, " cannot, perhaps, be entirely justified 
 upon the principles of the selfish system, if the pleasure that arises 
 from endeavouring to do good be counted for nothing ; and if the 
 consciousness of acting with benevolent meaning does not follow us 
 to the other world. What has been already done makes it fully 
 evident that the more the Arts are cultivated, they will become 
 the more perfect and the more diffused." These were his last 
 words upon the subject. 
 
 The gallery of paintings, the Academy, and almost all the work
 
 ACHIEVEMENT 131 
 
 that was done in it, have disappeared. On the other hand, the pro- 
 ductions of the press of Robert and Andrew FouHs remain and can 
 be judged of. Robert Foulis not only placed printing in Glasgow 
 upon a wholly different footing from that which it had formerly 
 occupied, but brought it to a perfection that had not hitherto been 
 attained by any printer. He was a man of first-rate ability, with 
 a philosophic turn of mind and an artistic temperament, of calm 
 and steady purpose, great perseverance, unfailing patience, and 
 excellent organising power and mastery of detail. He had clearly 
 in view from the beginning the goal for which he strove. His 
 first printing indicated his aims ; he moved step by step, until he 
 was able to produce his great Homer, as splendid and noble a book 
 as was ever issued from any press. His work lies before us now as 
 fresh and beautiful as when it left his hands more than one hundred 
 and fifty years ago, and is still a model for to-day. The University 
 of Glasgow duly appreciated Robert Foulis ; and his press in turn 
 shed lustre on the University. Looking upon the productions of 
 his handicraft, and remembering what he attempted and what he 
 achieved, we must regard him as one of the greatest artists and 
 one of the most distinguished of the sons of Glasgow.
 
 i^/rO^.^^rz^L-^^ 
 
 ^-7
 
 INDEX 
 
 Abbey Hill, Edinburgh, ii6. 
 Academy of the Fine Arts, 20, 57, 
 71, 75, 80, 83, 109. 
 plan, 60, 66, 67, 71, 106. 
 aims, 65, 69. 
 associated with the University, 66, 
 
 68, 69, 130. 
 work of, 71, 73, 76, 79, 81, 82, 113. 
 gallery, 72, 79. 94, 95, 97, 99, 
 
 128, 129, 130. 
 catalogue, 72, 99, 129. 
 staff, 62, 73, 83. 
 appeal for assistance, 78. 
 pictures, 82, 83, 89, 94, 95, 96, 113, 
 
 114, 128, 130. 
 students, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 99, 
 
 116, 124. 
 view of interior, 68, 86, 1 14. 
 visitors to, 88, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97, 
 
 98. 
 exhibition of pictures, 89. 
 close of the Academy, 99. 
 sale of the Academy Gallery, 72, 
 
 78, 99, loi, 129. 
 engravings, 76, 77, loi, 127, 128. 
 Academy, Plan for an, 71, 86. 
 Academy, Royal, 69. 
 Adam, Alexander, 121. 
 Adam, Jean, 3. 
 Aeschylus, 22, 121, 122. 
 Aesop, MS. of, 20. 
 
 edition of, 29. 
 Agriculture, works on, published by 
 R. and A. Foulis, 94. 
 papers on, 94. 
 Alexander, artist, 113. 
 Allan, David, 68, 82, 85, 86, 89, 120, 
 
 128. 
 Ambrose, Isaac, Works, 15, 63. 
 American War, 28. 
 Anacreon, 40. 
 Anderson, Andrew, printer, 10. 
 
 Anderson, George, printer, 10, 15. 
 Anderson, Hugh, printer, 118. 
 Anderson, John, professor, 37, 96, 
 97, 106, 107, no, 115, iig, 123. 
 Anderson, Robert, M.D., 123. 
 Anderston, no. 
 Antoninus, Emperor, Meditations, 
 
 16, 24, 55. 
 Apollonius of Perga, 24, 41. 
 Archimedes, 24. 
 Areskine, Robert, regent, 10. 
 Argyle, Duke of, 20, 27, 74, 76, 90, 
 106. 
 
 library, 76. 
 
 portrait of, 76 ; Portrait engraved, 
 76. 
 Argyle Street, 84. 
 Arrian, 36, 55. 
 Art, books on, 57, 79. 
 
 lectures on, in the University, 70, 
 
 little enthusiasm for in Glasgow, 
 80, 83, 130. 
 Arthur, Archibald, professor, 123. 
 Associate Synod. 32. 
 Astronomical Observatory, 35. 
 Astronomy, Chair of, 20, 34, 35, 109. 
 Auchendennan, 94. 
 Auchenairn, 94. 
 Auchinleck, 96. 
 Auchinleck, Lord, 47, 96. 
 Auctions of Books, 7, 8, 92. 
 Aveline, F. A., engraver, 62, 73. 
 Avondale, 93. 
 Ayr, 4. 
 
 Bain, John, type founder, 18. 
 Bannatyne, Dugald, 84. 
 Barber "^Cra ft, 2, 3, 87. 
 Barrow's Works, 46. 
 Barry, John, bookseller, 20. 
 Beattie, James, 29.
 
 134 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Bedellus, iii. 
 
 Bell, John of Antermony, 53. 
 Bell's Wynd, 84. 
 Belretiro, 94. 
 Bentinck, Count, 59, 64. 
 Bibliographical Society of Glasgow, I. 
 Bibliographers, 48, 51. 
 Bibliomania, 5. 
 Binding, 9, 26, 27, 40, 41, 50. 
 Biographia Britanmca, iii. 
 Birmingham, 115. 
 Black Bull Inn, 125. 
 Black, Joseph, professor, 37, 38, 39, 
 43. 73. 106, 107, 108. 
 
 lectures, 108. 
 Blackfriars Church, 20, 21, 87. 
 Blackfriars Wynd, 21. 
 Blackwood, William, bookseller and 
 
 printer, 124. 
 Bodleian library, 24. 
 Bogle, Robert, merchant, 37. 
 Book production, 40. 
 Bookbinding in Glasgow, g, 26, 27, 
 
 40, 41. 
 Books, handsome, 40. 
 
 on vellum, 9, 40. 
 
 on large paper, 9, 40. 
 
 demand for books in Scotland, 40. 
 Booksellers in Edinburgh, 42, 47, 
 
 117, 123. 124. 
 Booksellers in Glasgow, 49, 50. 
 
 Barry, John, 20. 
 
 Brown, John, 32. 
 
 Bryce, John, 32. 
 
 Carlile, Alexander, 9. 
 
 Carmichael, Alexander, 15. 
 
 Foulis, Andrew, younger, 125. 
 
 Foulis, R. & A., 7. 
 
 Foulis, Robert, 7. 
 
 Hadden, Alexander, 24. 
 
 Miller, Alexander, 16. 
 
 Paterson, David, 32. 
 
 Stalker, Andrew, 8, 15, 20, 42. 
 Booksellers of London, 42, 43, 45, 
 46, 47, 49, 50. 
 
 combination against Scots, 46, 49. 
 Bookselling in Glasgow, 7, 11, 32, 
 49, 92, 105. 
 
 in Scotland, 42, 51. 
 Boswell, James, 47, 48, 87, 95, 96, 97. 
 Boulton and Watt, 108, 115. 
 Boutcher, Euphan, 116. 
 
 Magdalen, 116. 
 
 William, 116. 
 
 William, younger, 116. 
 
 Boyle, Hon. Patrick, 16. 
 
 Lord, 16. 
 Briggait, 22. 
 
 British Museum, 9, 18, 41, 129. 
 Brougham, Lord, 106, 112. 
 Brougham, The, 128. 
 Brown, Hugh, printer, 12, 13. 
 
 James, 15. 
 
 John, 15, 32. 
 
 Mrs., 15. 
 
 William, 125. 
 Browning, Robert, 40. 
 Bruce, James, traveller, 91, 92. 
 Bryan, Michael, 85. 
 Bryce, John, bedellus, iii. 
 
 printer, 32. 
 Buchan, Earl of, 37, 38, 39, 68, 87, 
 
 88, 105, 107, 109, 113. 
 Buchanan, George, 118. 
 
 Psalms, 31. 
 Buchanan, James, professor, 37, 
 
 109. 
 Buchanan, William, engraver, 86, 
 
 87, 88. 
 Burke, Edmund, 36. 
 Burnet, Gilbert, professor, 10. 
 Burzynski, Count, Polish ambassa- 
 dor, 95, 96. 
 Butcher, see Boutcher. 
 Bute, Earl of, 24, 83, 106. 
 
 Caesar, 40. 
 
 Calder, Robert, curate, 12. 
 Caldwell Papers, 64. 
 Calico printing, 63, 81. 
 Callimachus, 29, 40, 41, 81. 
 Cambruzzi, portrait painter, 85. 
 Camlachie, 18, 20. 
 Campbell, Rev. Alexander, library, 
 8. 
 
 Alexander, author, 6g, 86, 87. 
 
 Duncan, gardener, 26. 
 
 John of Clathie, 63, 90. 
 
 of Shawfield, 64. 
 Capperonnier, Jean, 24. 
 Cardross, Lord, see Buchan, Earl 
 
 of. 
 Cargill, Donald, 12, 13. 
 Carlile, Alexander, bookseller, 9. 
 Carlyle, Rev. Alexander, minister, 
 
 14. 37- 
 Carmichael, Alexander, minister, 15. 
 
 printer, 15. 
 Carmichael, Gerschom, regent, 3, 
 
 II, 14, 15, 33, 36.
 
 INDEX 
 
 135 
 
 Carnduff Moss, 93, 98, 
 
 Casiri, Michael, 27. 
 
 Caslon & Co., 18, 19. 
 
 Cassillis, Earl of, 64. 
 
 Castlepens close, 21. 
 
 Cathcart, Earl of, 64, 106. 
 
 Cathedral of Glasgow, 77, 95. 
 
 Cebes, 17, 40. 
 
 Chaldee type, 14, 15. 
 
 Chandos, Duke of, 66. 
 
 Chapman, Robert, printer, 117, 127. 
 
 Chatham, Earl of, 27, 41, 90. 
 
 Cheap editions, 43, 48, 120. 
 
 Chemical laboratory, 26, 35. 
 
 Chemistry, 35. 
 
 Cherrie, The, and the Slae, 22. 
 
 Chevy Chase, 47. 
 
 Child, Sir Joshua, 34. 
 
 Cicero, Works, 7, 15, 23. 
 
 De natiira Deorum, 8, 16, 17. 
 
 Philosophical works, 15. 
 
 philosophy, 104. 
 Clarendon press, 11, 29. 
 Clark, James, minister, 12, 13. 
 Clarke, Adam, bibliographer, 122. 
 Classics, large number of the, 
 
 printed by Foulis, 41, 130. 
 Cleland, James, 18. 
 Clerc, S^bastien le, 81. 
 Closes, Glasgow, 21. 
 Clow, James, professor, 36, 39, 107, 
 
 III. 
 Clubs and Societies, 24, 32, 34, 104, 
 
 125- 
 Cochran, William, artist, 85, 86, 107, 
 
 126, 128. 
 Cochrane, Andrew, provost, 34. 
 Cockbum, Alexander, St. Andrews, 
 
 10. 
 Coffee House, The old, 8. 
 
 Tontine, 125. 
 Coffee houses in Glasgow, 32. 
 College, 7, 15, 16, 25, 55, 95, 97, 98, 
 105, 117, 123, 125. 
 Church, 87, 94. 
 Garden, 20, 21. 
 Open, 20, 21. 
 
 Quadrangle, 89, 90, no, 114. 
 residence in, 16, 55, 105, no, 113. 
 Collins, Edward, paper maker, 117, 
 
 119. 
 Collins' Poems, 48, 120. 
 Comely Gardens, Edinburgh, 116. 
 Commerce, 32, 34. 
 Commissary Court, 2. 
 
 Connell, Arthur, provost, 84. 
 Connell, Sir John, 84. 
 Connoissance de la peinture, 57. 
 Copies of great Masters, 59, 83. 
 Copper-plates, purchase of, 62, 81. 
 Copyright, see Literary property. 
 Cordiner, Charles, artist and min- 
 ister, 86, 87. 
 Corrector of the press, 17, 27, 89, 98. 
 Corroggio, 59, 72. 
 Corsica, a poem by James Boswell, 
 
 47- 
 Cossiers, Jean, picture by, 128. 
 
 Country life, 94. 
 
 Coutts, James, M.P., 89. 
 
 Craig, William, advocate, 118. 
 
 Craig, William, D.D., 118. 
 
 Craigie, Thomas, professor, 56. 
 
 Craignaught, 25. 
 
 Crawfurd, William, merchant, 37, 
 
 52, 53. 
 Criminal libel used for private not 
 
 public purposes, 119. 
 Croy, Killearn, 94. 
 Cullen, William, professor, 35, 36, 
 
 43. 51. 54. 78, 86, 106, 118. 
 Cunningham, Allan, 86. 
 Cyrus, Travels of, 46. 
 
 Dale, David, 87. 
 
 Dalmuir, paper mill at, 117. 
 
 Dalr>'mple, Sir John, 37, 43, 74, 78, 
 
 84, 90, 106. 
 Dalzel, Andrew, professor, 122. 
 Damages sued for by way of criminal 
 
 libel, 119. 
 Darly, Matthew, 91, 92. 
 Defoe, Daniel, 12. 
 Demetrius Phalereus, 10. 
 Denholm, James, 70. 
 Denina, Carlo, 29, 76. 
 Design, art of, 66. 
 De Vries, G., 33. 
 Dewar, Elizabeth, 99, 100, 105, 113, 
 
 114, 115, 116. 
 Robert, 99, loi, 115. 
 Dibdin, T. F., 8, 121. 
 Dick, Robert, professor, 36, 37, 115. 
 Dickson, David, professor, 10. 
 Diodorus Siculus, 28. 
 Divinity, practical, 31. 
 Donaldson, Alexander, printer in 
 
 Edinburgh, 42, 46, 47. 
 Donaldsoniad, The, 28, 89. 
 Doubois, copper-plate printer, 62, 73.
 
 136 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Douglas, Dr. James, 5, 54. 
 Drummond, William, of Hawthorn- 
 den, 34. 
 Dnden, John, Wurks, 34. 
 Drygait, The, 98. 
 Duke's Lodgings, The, 98. 
 Duncan, James, primus, printer, 3, 
 
 14. 15- 
 secundus, 117, 119, 127. 
 Duncan, Walter, 126. 
 Duncan. William, 14, 15. 
 Duncan, William James, 74, 113, 
 
 117. 
 Dunlop, Alexander, professor, 17, 
 
 93- 
 William, 31. 
 
 Edgar, James, 5. 
 
 Edinburgh, death of Robert Foulis 
 
 at, 100. 
 Edinburgh booksellers, 42, 47, 117, 
 123. 
 printers, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 50, 
 
 Edinburgh, Drawing School of Board 
 of Trustees, 86. 
 Society for encouraging arts, 29. 
 picture sales, 84. 
 
 Education of women, 115. 
 
 Elocution, 70, 124, 125. 
 
 Elzevir, Daniel, 81. 
 
 Elzevirs, The, 95. 
 
 Elzevirs, The, of Glasgow, 97, 122. 
 
 Elzevir Cicero, 7, 23. 
 
 English authors, difficulty of re- 
 printing in Scotland, 44. 
 
 Engraving, art of , 60, 67, 68, 69, 71, 
 72, 73. 76, 79. 82. 
 as an aid to printing, 81. 
 
 Engravings executed at the Aca- 
 demy, 76, 77, 79, 81, 86, 87, 88. 
 sale of, 76, 77, 127, 128. 
 
 Epictetus, 17, 40, 55. 
 
 Episcopalians, persecution by, 33. 
 
 Errol, Earl of, 64. 
 
 Essay piece, 2, 10. 
 
 Estiennes, see Stephani. 
 
 Etching, 68, 76, 88. 
 
 Eton, 40, 48. 
 
 Euclid, 24, 51. 
 
 Euing, William, 10. 
 
 Euripides, 123. 
 
 Exhibition, Foulis, i, 8, 18, 27, 2;, 
 .V3. 70, 109, 113, 120. 
 
 Exhibition of pictures, 89. 
 
 Fable of the Bees, 46. 
 
 Fair of Glasgow, 87. 
 
 Faulls, Andrew, maltman, i, 22 
 
 Faulls, see Foulis. 
 
 I'emale education, 115. 
 
 Fenelon, 104. 
 
 Ferguson, John, professor, 41. 
 
 Finlay, John, wright, 26. 
 
 Fitzmaurice, Hon. Thomas, 38, 39, 
 105, III. 
 
 Flatt moss, 93. 
 
 Flaxman, John, 26, 120, 122. 
 
 Fleming, John, proof reader, 17, 89, 
 98.^ 
 
 Fleming, John of Carnduflf, 98. 
 
 Fleming, William, professor, 17. 
 
 Fletcher, James, 29. 
 
 Foote, Samuel, 59. 
 
 Fort Augustus, 88. 
 
 l^'ort George, 88. 
 
 Foulis, Andrew, i, 3, 4, 6, 7, 22, 28, 
 37. 38, 49- 53. 55. 57. 68, 78, 85, 
 92, 93, 96, 97, 105. 
 caricature of, 91; death of, 98; 
 portrait of, 68 114. 
 
 Foulis, Andrew, younger, 100, 116, 
 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 
 124, 125, 126; medallion, 125. 
 
 Foulis, Andrew, & Co., 118, 120. 
 
 Foulis, Elizabeth, see Dewar. 
 
 Foulis, Euphemia, ti6, 126. 
 
 Foulis, Fanny, 58. 
 
 Foulis, James, 22, 58, 59. 
 
 Foulis, Miss Jean M., 41, 113. 
 
 Foulis, John, 3, 22. 
 
 Foulis, Robert, birth, i, 32, 40; 
 barber, 2, 87; university student, 
 3, 4; visits to England, 4; to 
 France, 4, 57, 58, 65 ; at the 
 Scots College, 4, 5 ; living in 
 Glasgow College, 55 ; book- 
 buying, 5; bookselling, 5, 6, 7, 
 22, 105; underrated by students, 
 6; publisher, 8, 51; printer, 9, 
 19, 44; university printer, 9, 16, 
 65, 67; printing house, 24, 25, 
 90, 109 ; celebrity as a printer, 
 29, 42, 95, 96, 97, 131; publica- 
 tions, 8, 16, 17, 22, 23, 51 ; 
 notable books, 26, 40, 74; books 
 on Trade and Navigation, 34; 
 assumes Andrew as partner, 22, 
 78 ; attention to bookbinding, 
 26, 40; want of capital, 29, 60, 
 78, 90; financial difficulties, 90,
 
 INDEX 
 
 137 
 
 98; friends, 5, 20, 23, 24, 29, 30, 
 40, 41, 44, 52, 53, 55, 58, 
 60, 64, 73, 76, 78, 83, 95, 
 100, 103, 106, 107, no, 129; 
 relations with Professor Simson, 
 24, no, 113; gift from Earl of 
 Chatham, 41 ; letters by, 44, 55, 
 
 57, 60, 65, 69. 71, 75, 76, 77, 78, 
 82, 83, 8g, 90, 94; member of 
 the Literary Society, 37, 38, 79, 
 94, 102, 108; paper on Literary 
 property, 49 ; memorial to the 
 House of Commons, 49, 81. 
 
 Robert Foulis and the Fine Arts, 
 57 ; published books on Art, 57, 
 80; purchase of pictures, 58, 62, 
 79, 83 ; catalogue of pictures, 
 72, 99, 129; purchase of books, 
 prints and copper-plates, 62, 73, 
 79; troubles in Holland, 59; 
 disappointments, 73 ; disregards 
 advice of friends, 73 ; closes the 
 Academy, 99; achievement, 130. 
 
 death, 98, 102 ; appearance 104, 
 114; character, 44, 56, 10 1, 102, 
 103, 105, 109, 131 ; personality, 
 106, 131; religion, 102, 104, 105; 
 medallion, 87, 113; portraits, 
 68, 113, 114; attends students' 
 clubs, 103, 104; quarrel with 
 Professor Moor, 92 ; land im- 
 provements, 93, 94; division of 
 his estate, 127, 128; first wife, 
 
 58, 92, 114, 115; second wife, 
 116; family, 85, 99, 115, 116; 
 son served heir, 124. 
 
 Foulis, R. and A., 22, 24, 25, 26, 29, 
 30, 34, 40, 42, 44, 47, 48, 51, 70, 
 76, 77, 79, 109, 127, 131. 
 
 Foulis Exhibition, see Exhibition. 
 
 Foulis's Folly, 93. 
 
 Franciscans, The, 25. 
 
 Frederick, Prince of Wales, 58. 
 
 French books, sale of, in Scotland, 
 
 , 34. 51- 
 Friday Club, SImson's, 24, no, in. 
 
 Gaelic New Testament, 97. 
 Gallery, The Foulis, 72, 79, 94, 95, 
 
 97, 99, 128, 129, 130. 
 Gallery, The Glasgow, 129. 
 Garlies, Master of, 16. 
 Garrick, David, 29. 
 Gay's Works, 46. 
 Ged, William, 120. 
 
 Gee, Joshua, 34. 
 Gentleman, Francis, 48, 95, 96. 
 Gentlenia>i's Magazine, 71, 86. 
 Gentlemen in active life, easy read- 
 ing for, 28. 
 
 as merchants, 34. 
 Gentle Shepherd, The, 120. 
 Geometer, The Divine, 112. 
 Geometry, ancient, 35. 
 George I., accession, 12, 13. 
 
 III., 82, 89. 
 
 Prince of Wales, 24, 83. 
 
 visit to Glasgow, 83. 
 Gibbon, Edward, 26. 
 Gierusalemme liberata, 29, 81. 
 Gil Bias, 46. 
 
 Gillies, John, minister, 94. 
 Glasgow — in 1707, i, 2; in 1760, 32; 
 in 1764, 95; in 1771, 95; in 
 
 1773. 84, 97; in 1775. 98. 
 the Paradise of Scotland, 2. 
 Academy of the Fine Arts, see 
 
 Academy. 
 Argyle Street, 84. 
 banks, 33. 
 
 barber craft, 2, 3, 87. 
 Bell's Wynd, 84. 
 Black Bull Inn, 125. 
 Blackfriars Church, 20, 21, 87. 
 Blackfriars Open, 20, 21, 87. 
 Briggait, 22. 
 Castlepens Close, 21. 
 Castle Yard, 48. 
 Cathedral, 77, 95. 
 closes, 21. 
 clubs, 24, 33, 34. 
 coffee-houses, 33. 
 College Street, 26. 
 
 Open, 20, 21. 
 commerce, 33, 34. 
 concerts, 33. 
 courts of law, 2. 
 Craignaught, 25. 
 culture, 33. 
 Drygait, The, 98. 
 Duke's Lodgings, The, 98. 
 Fair, The, 87. 
 East Regent Street, 21. 
 Exchange, 64. 
 Franciscans, 25. 
 Gallery of art, 129. 
 Gallowgate, i, 9, 26. 
 Gardener craft, 25. 
 Grammar School Wynd, 25. 
 Greyfriars Wynd, 25.
 
 138 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Glasgow — 
 
 Hi^h Street, 21, 25, 8g. 
 
 hospitality, 96. 
 
 houses, 84, qS. 
 
 intellectual life, 33. 
 
 Ingram Street, 64. 
 
 Janefield, 116. 
 
 loyalty, 12. 
 
 maps of, 20. 
 
 Merchants' House, 64, 86. 
 
 Mitchell Library, 10. 
 
 music, 2,3- 
 
 Newspapers, 7, 14, 33, 67, 76, 85, 
 116. 124, 125, 128. 
 
 Old Coffee House, 8. 
 
 Old Wynd, 85. 
 
 Penny "Histories, 120. 
 
 picture buying, 84. 
 
 population, i, 33. 
 
 portraits, 84, 85, 86. 
 
 post office, 33. 
 
 printing, 8. 
 
 private houses, 84, 98. 
 
 Procurators, Faculty of, 25, 39. 
 
 progress of, 33, 84. 
 
 Provosts, John Campbell, 63, 
 Andrew Cochrane, 34, 35. 
 Arthur Conneil, 84. 
 Colin Dunlop, 96. 
 Archibald Ingram, 15, 35, 60, 
 
 63, 64, 90, 106. 
 Peter Murdoch, 37. 
 
 Ramshorn, 25. 
 
 Reciting Society, 125. 
 
 records of the see, 4, 5. 
 
 riot, 12. 
 
 St. Andrew's Church, 118. 
 
 St. Enoch Wynd, 22. 
 
 Saltmarket, 16. 21, 92. 
 
 Saracen's Head Inn, 96. 
 
 Shuttle Street, 25, 26, 118. 
 
 theatre, 33, 48. 
 
 Tollcross, 116. 
 
 Tontine Coffee House, 125. 
 
 trade, 33. 
 
 Tron Kirk, 12. 
 
 Trongait, 84, 85, 87. 
 
 Visitors — George, Prince of Wales, 
 83 ; John Wesley, 87, 94; George 
 Whitefield, 87; Thomas Gray, 
 95; the Polish Ambassador, 95, 
 96; General Paoli, 96; Dr. 
 Johnson, 97; Mar>' Anne Han- 
 way, 98. 
 
 West Street, =Trongait, 87. 
 
 Glassford, John, 16, 35, 60, 63, 64, 
 90, 106. 
 
 Glassford, Parish of, 93. 
 
 Gordon, John, physician, 6. 
 
 Gough, Richard, 51, 86, 88. 
 
 Govan, Donald, printer, 12, 13, 14. 
 
 Graham, George, of Eton, 48. 
 
 Graham Mrs., of the Saracen's 
 Head Inn, 96. 
 
 Grant, Abb^, 86. 
 
 Grant. William, Lord Preston- 
 grange, 43. 
 
 Gray's Poems, 29, 95, 120. 
 
 Gray, Thomas, poet, 29, 97. 
 visit to Glasgow, 97. 
 
 Greek, Chair of, 16, 17, 23. 
 
 Greek historians, 28. 
 
 Greek Testament, 30. 
 
 Greek type, 10, 14, 16, 26, 28, 122. 
 
 Guardian, The, 44, 46. 
 
 Guion, F. J., actor, 125. 
 
 Guthrie, William, minister at Fen- 
 wick, 31. 
 
 Hadden, Alexander, 24. 
 Hague, The, Scots church at, 60. 
 Hailes, Lord, 53. 
 Hamilton, Duke of, 27, 75. 
 Hamilton, Dunbar, 16. 
 Hamilton, Gavin, 86. 
 Hamilton, Sir William, 27. 
 
 William of Bangour, 37, 52, 53. 
 Hamilton Palace, 75, 79, 88, 89. 
 Hammond's Poems, 120. 
 Hanway, Mary Anne, 98. 
 Hardwicke, Earl of, 23, 53, 64, 65, 
 
 82, 106. 
 Hart, James, printer, 12, 13. 
 Harvey, James, printer, 118. 
 Harvey, William, Exercitationes 
 anatomicae, 31. 
 
 portrait, 31. 
 Harvie, Thomas, student, 11. 
 Harwood, Edward, 23, 28. 
 Heber, Richard, 122. 
 Hebrew type, 14, 15. 
 Herculaneum, Antiquities of, 
 secured for the University 
 Library by Professor Rouet, 27. 
 Herodotus, 27. 
 
 Herron, Patrick, innkeeper, 125. 
 Hierocles, 56. 
 High Street, 21, 25, 89. 
 Highland regiments, 28.
 
 INDEX 
 
 139 
 
 Hill, Laurence, 84. 
 History, Chair of Civil, 14. 
 
 Ecclesiastical, 36. 
 
 Greek, 28. 
 Home, Henry, Lord Kames, 43, 51. 
 Homer, 22, 26, 29, 80, 83, 91, 95, 
 122, 127, 131. 
 
 Editio princeps, 127. 
 Horace, Immaculate, 16; of 1756, 
 
 29. 
 House accommodation in Glasgow, 
 
 84. 
 Hudibras, 46. 
 
 Humanity, Chair of, 14, 23, 36, 37. 
 Hume, David, 37. 
 Humphrey Clinker, 64. 
 Hunter, Dr. William, 30, 53, 54, 88, 
 
 100, III, 129. 
 Hunterian Museum, 86. 
 Hutcheson, Francis, 16, 24, 28, 36, 
 55.. 56, 58, 106, 118. 
 
 appointed professor of moral philo- 
 sophy, 3. 
 
 attack on, 4. 
 
 Inaugural oration, 15. 
 
 his text books, 15. 
 
 Latin style, 33. 
 
 manner of lecturing, 33, 56. 
 
 praised by Denina, 29. 
 
 works, 9, 15, 21. 
 
 collection of medals, 93. 
 
 death of, 36. 
 
 Impressions microscopiques, 40. 
 Ingram, Archibald, provost, 15, 35, 
 
 60, 63, 64, 90, 106. 
 Ingram Street, 64. 
 Innes, Thomas, 5. 
 Instruments, astronomical, 35. 
 
 for physical experiments, 34. 
 lona, 88. 
 Italian poets, 29, 34, 81. 
 
 singers, 33. 
 
 Jacobtte Curse, The, 12, 13. 
 
 Jaggard, William, 49. 
 
 Jameson, William, professor of 
 
 History, 14, 15. 
 Jameson, William, engraver, 86. 
 Jamesone, George, artist, 84. 
 Janefield, 116. 
 
 Jardine, George, professor, 106. 
 Johnson, Samuel, 34, 47, 48, 50, 84, 
 
 95. 96. 97. "3- 
 
 Jolly, Thomas, of Paris, 81. 
 Judgment of Hercules, The, 56. 
 
 Kames, Lord, 43, 51. 
 
 Kenrick, .Samuel of Bewdley, 24, 78. 
 
 Killearn, 94. 
 
 Kirkwood, James, grammarian, 11. 
 
 Laing, William, bookseller, 123. 
 Land improvement, 93, 94. 
 Latin, lecturing in, 33. 
 Law, John, regent, 11. 
 Law, John, economist, 34. 
 Leechman, William, professor, 8, 
 24. 33. 36, 65, 87. 94, 97, 106, 
 109, no, 118. 
 Leggat, Alexander, barber, 2. 
 Lemoine, Henry, bookseller in Lon- 
 don, 90. 
 Lettered property, 41, see Literary 
 
 property. 
 Leupold, Theatrum Machinarmn, 
 
 76. 
 Leyden, University of, 36, 37. 
 Library, University, 7, 9, 27, 66, 86, 
 94. 96, 97. 98. 105, 123. 
 
 Bookplate, 79 ; Catalogue, 123. 
 
 Althorp, 122. 
 
 Euing, 10. 
 
 FuUarton House, 9. 
 
 Mitchell, 10. 
 
 Dr. Moor's, 92, 127, 128. 
 
 John Rylands, 122. 
 Lilliman, William, 88 
 Lindsay, Hercules, professor, 36, 
 
 108. 
 Linen, book printed on, 40. 
 Literary property, 41, 49, 50. 
 Literary Society, The, 36, 49, 52, 55, 
 
 79. 94. 102, 103. 
 Literature, 33. 
 Little Hill of Tollcross, 116. 
 Lives of the Poets, 50. 
 Livres de luxe, 40. 
 Locke, Natural Philosophy, 31. 
 Logic, Chair of, 33, 36. 
 Lomond, Loch, 8g, 94. 
 London, booksellers, 42, 43, 45, 46, 
 
 47. 49. 50- 
 
 printers, 43. 
 
 centre of bookselling trade, 51. 
 Loudon, John, regent, 11, 33. 
 Loughborough, Lord, 36, 82, 106. 
 Lowth, Bishop, 26. 
 
 S 2
 
 140 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Lucian, 123. 
 Lyttleton's Poems, 120. 
 
 Macfarlane, Alexander, 35. 
 
 Laird of, 35. 
 
 Observatory, 20, 35, 79. 
 Macllquham, William, 119. 
 Maclaine, Archibald, of the Hague, 
 
 60. 
 MacLauchlan, Archibald, 85. 
 MacLellan, Archibald, 129. 
 Macnab, Henry Gray, 70, 125. 
 M'Ure, John, 2, 127. 
 Mansfield, Earl of, 44, 45, 46, 90. 
 Manuscripts, 90, 127. 
 Marini, G. B., 81. 
 Marshall, Claud, 39. 
 Masters, Old, 58, 59. 
 Mathias, T. J., 121. 
 Maxwell, James, artist, 86. 
 Mavne, John, 118. 
 Mazell, Peter, 87. 
 Meaume, Edouard, 81. 
 Medallions by Tassie, 87, 113. 
 Medals, Dr. Hutcheson's, 93. 
 
 Dr. Moor's, 93. 
 Meikleham, William, professor, 119. 
 Memorial for the printers of Glas- 
 gow, 49, 81. 
 Military books printed by R. & A. 
 
 Foulis, 109. 
 Millar, Andrew, bookseller, London, 
 
 43. 44. 46. 
 Millar, John, professor, 36, 39, 40, 
 
 87, 106, 118. 
 Miller, Alexander, printer, 15, 16. 
 Milton's Poems, 29, 34, 44, 45, 46, 
 
 91. 
 Minucius, Felix, 40. 
 Mitchell, James, engraver, 86, 88, 
 
 129. 
 Modelling, 68, 69, 73, 77, 79, 87, 126. 
 Moor, Elizabeth, 58, 92, 114, 116. 
 Moor, James, professor, 16, 23, 24, 
 
 28, 36, 65, 68, 79, 92, 96, 114, 
 
 116, 127. 
 his library, 92, 127, 128. 
 his medals, 93. 
 likeness, 68, 114. 
 Morthland, Charles, professor, 14, 
 
 66. 
 Morton, Earl of, 23. 
 Muirhcad, George, professor, 28, 96. 
 Mun, Thomas, 34. 
 Mundell, James, printer, 123. 
 
 Murdoch, Peter, provost, 37. 
 Mure, William, baron of Exchequer, 
 
 37, 106. 
 Murray, Cecilia (Mrs. Lindsay), 108. 
 Murray, William, Lord Mansfield, 
 
 44, 45, 46, 90. 
 
 Neil, Gabriel, 72, 77, 78, 126. 
 Newspapers : 
 
 Brougham, Hie, 128. 
 
 Edinburgh Gazette, 13. 
 
 Glasgow Courant, 14, 76, 116. 
 
 Glasgow Journal, 7, 67, 76. 
 
 Glasgozv Mercury, 85, 124, 125. 
 
 Reformers' Gazette, 126. 
 
 West Country Intelligencer, 14. 
 
 See Glasgow. 
 Newtonian philosophy, 35. 
 Norris, John, 56. 
 Northumberland, Earl of, 74. 
 
 Observatory, 20, 35, 79. 
 Oceana, Parliament of, 38, 105. 
 
 Kingdom of, 39. 
 Ogilvie, William, professor at Aber- 
 deen, 108. 
 Orkney, Countess of, 39. 
 Oroonoko, 48. 
 Osborne, a bookseller, 42. 
 Owen, John, 32. 
 Oxford, 4, 19, 24, 29, 39. 
 
 Paoli, Pascal, 47, 95, 96. 
 Paper for printing, 17, 19, 27, 30, 31. 
 used by Andrew Foulis, younger, 
 116. 
 Paradise Lost, 46. 
 Paradise of Scotland, The, Glasgow, 
 
 2. 
 Paris, 4, 57, 63. 
 Parnell's Works, 46, 120. 
 Pastor fido, II, 29 81. 
 Paterson, David, bookseller, 32. 
 Paterson, Marion, i. 
 Paterson, Peter, writer in Glasgow, 
 
 22. 
 Pa ton, George, 92. 
 Paul, Robert, artist, 20, 86, 87. 
 Pauli, Robert, barber, 3, 87. 
 Paxton, John, artist, 86, 107, 128. 
 Payien, artist, 62, 73. 
 Peat moss, reclamation of, 93, 94. 
 Penicuik, paper mill at, 117. 
 Pennant, Thomas, 72, 87.
 
 INDEX 
 
 141 
 
 Penny Histories, 120. 
 Petty, Sir William, 34, 38. 
 Phaedrus, 8, 41. 
 Physic garden. The, 20, 21. 
 Picture dealing, 126. 
 Pictures, good, not always recog- 
 nised, 59. 
 
 Foulis purchased in Holland, 60, 
 65, 83. 
 
 in the Academy, 72, 75, 79, 88, 94, 
 95. 97. 99. 128, 129. 
 
 Exhibition of, 89, 128. 
 
 painted in the Academy, 82, 83, 89. 
 
 sale of the Academy pictures, 72, 
 78, 99, loi, 128, 130. 
 Piles, Roger de, 57. 
 Pindar, 16, 40, 41. 
 Piracy, literary, 47. 
 Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, 26, 
 
 41, 90. 
 Plato, projected edition, 24, 53. 
 
 English version, 54, 55. 
 
 philosophy, 104, 105. 
 Plays, printing of, 34. 
 Pleydell, Counsellor, 84. 
 Plough, improved, 93. 
 Plutarch, 28. 
 Poets, English, in duodecimo, 48, 
 
 50. 117- 
 
 in quarto, 29. 
 
 in folio, 29, 120. 
 Polemo-Middinia, 34, 117. 
 Polish ambassador in Glasgow, 95, 
 
 96. 
 Pope, Alexander, Works, 34, 44, 45, 
 
 46, 48, 120. 
 Porson, Richard, 121, 122, 
 Portland, Duke of, 9. 
 Portrait painting, 84, 85, 86, 113. 
 Portraits of RoJDert Foulis, 113. 
 Presbyterians, persecution of the, 34. 
 Prestongrange, Lord, 43. 
 Printers, Edinburgh : 
 
 Blackwood, William, 124. 
 
 Donaldson, Alexander, 42, 47. 
 
 Ged, William, 119. 
 
 Martins, 50. 
 
 Ruddiman, Walter, 48. 
 
 Smellie, William, 120. 
 
 Watson, James, 11, 12, 17. 
 Printers, Glasgow : 
 
 Adam, Alexander, 121. 
 
 Anderson, Andrew, 10. 
 
 Anderson, George, 10, 14. 
 
 Anderson, Hugh, 118. 
 
 Printers, Glasgow : 
 
 Brown, Hugh, 12, 13. 
 
 James, 15. 
 
 John, 15. 
 
 Mrs., 15. 
 Bryce and Paterson, 32. 
 Carmichael, Alexander, 15. 
 Chapman, Robert, 117, 127. 
 Duncan, James, primus, 3, 14. 
 
 sccundus, 117, 119, 127. 
 
 William, 14. 
 Foulis, Andrew, younger, 116, 117, 
 
 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 
 
 125, I2t). 
 
 Foulis, R. & A., sec Foulis. 
 Foulis, Robert, 9, 33. 
 Govan, Donald, 12, 13, 14. 
 Hart, James, 12. 
 Harvey, James, 118. 
 Miller, Alexander, 15. 
 Mundell, James, 123. 
 Robertson, James, 119. 
 Sanders, Robert, 10, 11. 
 Sanders, Robert, younger, 10, 11, 
 
 25. 31- 
 Stephen, Robert, 29. 
 Tilloch, Alexander, 118, 119, 120, 
 
 121. 
 Tilloch, Alexander, & Co., 121. 
 University press, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 
 
 16, 23, 117, 119, 123. 
 Urie, Robert, 16, 20, 30, 31, 34, 
 
 42, 44, 47, 56, 80, 121. 
 Urie, Robert & Co., 8, 9. 
 Printers of Glasgow, Memorial for, 
 
 49, 81. 
 Printing, inter regalia, 41. 
 Scots, II, 17, 42, 48. 
 fine, 42. 
 
 influence of good, 30, 32. 
 Printing house, The, 14, 25, 83, 90, 
 
 109, 117, 118, 123. 
 Prints executed in the Academy, 79. 
 Prior's Works, 46. 
 Procurators, Faculty of, 25, 39. 
 Puffendorf, Samuel, 14. 
 Pulpit oratory, t,3- 
 Pursuits of Literature, The, 121, 122. 
 
 Quebec, capture of, 28. 
 
 Rae, John, 113. 
 Raeburn, Sir Henry, 128. 
 Raine, Matthew, 122. 
 Ralston, engraver, 86. 
 Ramsay, Allan, artist, 76.
 
 142 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Ramsay, Allan, poet, 120. 
 
 Ramsay, Chevalier, 4, 8, 30, 38, 51. 
 
 Ramshorn lands, 25. 
 
 Raphael, pictures by, 58, 59, 72, 75, 
 
 76, 77, 83, 88, 94, 128, 129. 
 Raphael's Bible, ']'], 88. 
 
 Cartoons, 98. 
 
 Gallery, 77, 88. 
 Reciting Society, 125. 
 Redgrave, Samuel, 85, 86. 
 Regality Court, 2. 
 Regiment, Highland, 28. 
 
 Leighton's (32nd.), 88. 
 
 Royal Engineers, 88. 
 Reid, Thomas, professor, 43, 87, 96, 
 
 97, 106, 1 15. 
 Reni, Guido, 72, 129. 
 Renouard, A. A., 23, 122. 
 Richardson, William, professor, 16, 
 
 36, 53, 94, 103, 115. 
 Richelieu, Cardinal, 58. 
 Robertson, James, printer, 119, 
 Robertson, William, historian, 24, 
 
 44- 
 Robison, John, professor, 39, 108, 
 
 III. 
 Robinson, Sir Charles, 129. 
 Roderick Random, 6. 
 Rome, Academy students at, 82, 86, 
 
 107. 
 Professor Rouet at, 107. 
 Rosebery, Earl of, 27. 
 Rosse, Andrew, professor, 3, 11, 14. 
 
 George, professor, 23, 36, 37, 65. 
 Rosslyn, Earl of, see Loughborough. 
 Rotterdam, 59, 60, 61, 62, 82. 
 Rouen, 61. 
 Rouet, William, professor, ly, 37, 
 
 44, 94, 106, 107. 
 Row, John, Hebrew Grammar, 15. 
 Rowe, Nicholas, 56. 
 Rubens, pictures by, 72, 83, 94. 
 Ruddiman, Walter, 30, 48. 
 Runciman, Alexander, 86. 
 Rutherfoord, Samuel, 32. 
 
 Saint Andrews, 10, 11, 18, 37, 56. 
 Saint Enoch Wynd, 22. 
 Saint Leonard's College, 10. 
 Saint Luke's, Gold medal of, 82. 
 .Sallust, 30. 
 
 .Saltmarket, 16, 21, 92. 
 Sanders, Robert, 10, 11. 
 Sanders, Robert, younger, 10, 11. 
 25. 31- 
 
 Sanders, William, St. Andrews, 11. 
 
 Scotland, law of, 41. 
 
 Scottish National Portrait Gallery, 
 
 114. 
 Scots College, Paris, 4, 5, 8. 
 Scois Magazine^ 71, 78, 80, 85, 
 
 96. 
 Scots poems printed by Foulis, 34, 
 
 89, 117. 
 Selkirk, Earl of, 16, 64, 90, 106. 
 Selkrig, Robert, 25. 
 Shakespeare bibliography, 49. 
 Shakespeare, Works, 34, 42, 46, 48, 
 
 49. 
 Foulis' edition, 48, 49. 
 Shenstone, William, 56. 
 Sherlock, Bishop, 40. 
 Sherman, John, 14. 
 Shortridge, John, 84. 
 Shuttle Street, 25, 26, 118. 
 Sicilies, King of the two, 27. 
 SiWer Gun, The, 118. 
 Simson, Robert, professor, 24, 37, 
 
 39, 41, 51, 65, 81, 87, 106, no. 
 described, 109, in, 112. 
 
 Clerk of Faculty, 65, 113. 
 Smellie, William, printer, 120. 
 Smith, Adam, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 
 
 40, 52, 73, 87, 88, 106, 107, 108, 
 118, 120. 
 
 papers destroyed, 108. 
 Smollett, Tobias, 6, 53, 64. 
 Societies and Clubs, 24, 32, 34, 104, 
 
 Sophonisha, 47. 
 
 Spain, Alfonso, King of, 27. 
 
 Spectator, The, 20, 31, 34, 42, 43, 
 
 46. 
 Speirs, Alexander, of Elderslie, 86. 
 Spencer, Earl, 121. 
 Spens, Harry, 54. 
 Spotiswood, James, 117, 119, 120, 
 
 128. 
 Stackhouse, History of the Bible, 
 
 47- 
 
 Stalker, Andrew, bookseller, 8, 15, 
 20, 42. 
 
 Stanhope, Earl, 124. 
 
 Steevens, George, 122. 
 
 Stephani, The, 7, 20, 95, 96, 126. 
 
 Stephani, The Scottish, 96. 
 
 Stereotyping by Tilloch and Foulis, 
 120, 123, 125. 
 
 Stevenson, Alexander, M.D., pro- 
 fessor, 37, 96, 97.
 
 INDEX 
 
 143 
 
 Stevenson, Dr. John, of Edinburgh, 
 30. 
 
 Stewart, Alexander, Master of Gar- 
 lies, 16. 
 
 Stirling-, Principal, 12, 13. 
 
 Stockholm, 59. 
 
 Strathaven property, 93, 94, 125. 
 
 Students' clubs and societies, 38, 
 103, 104, 105. 
 
 Students distinguished at the Uni- 
 versity, 16, 35, 36, 39, 48, 76, 
 88, 100, 107, 108. 
 
 Sturrock, William, 74, 106. 
 
 Sunderland, Earl of, 75. 
 
 Swift's Works, 46. 
 
 Sydenham, projected edition of, 54. 
 
 Tacie, John, see Tassie. 
 
 Tassie, James, artist, 87, 108. 
 
 Tassie, John, burgh treasurer, 87. 
 
 Tassie, John, deacon of the barbers, 
 87. 
 
 Tassie, William, leather-breeches 
 maker, 88. 
 
 Tasso, Torquato, 29, 81. 
 
 Taste, a comedy, 59. 
 
 Tatler, The, 34, 44, 46. 
 
 Telemachtis, A Mask, 48. 
 
 Temple's Works, 46. 
 
 Terence, 9. 
 
 projected edition by Professor 
 Rosse, II. 
 
 Theocritus, 22. 
 
 Theology, teaching of, 33. 
 
 Theses, graduation, 10, 11, 14. 
 
 Thorn, William, 28, 36, 39, 63, 80. 
 
 Thomson, George, physician, 6. 
 
 Thomson, John, married grand- 
 daughter of Robert Foulis, 115. 
 
 Thomson's Poems, 47, 120. 
 
 Thucydides, 27. 
 
 Tilloch, Alexander, 118, iig. 120, 
 121. 
 
 Tilloch, Alexander, & Co., 121. 
 
 Tilloch, John, tobacconist, 118. 
 
 Titian, pictures by, 72, 75. 
 
 Toldervy, John, 11. 
 
 Tollcross, 116. 
 
 Tontine Coffee House, 125. 
 
 Topham, Edward, captain, 50, 91. 
 
 Torrie, moulder, 73. 
 
 Townshend, Rt. Hon. Charles, 74. 
 
 Trade and commerce, 34. 
 
 Trade, The = The London Book- 
 sellers, 50. 
 
 Trail, William, professor, 96, 106. 
 Tronchin, Francis Lewis, student, 
 108. 
 
 Theodore, professor at Geneva, 
 108. 
 Trongait, 84, 85, 87. 
 Tully, the Glasgow, 23. 
 Turkish Spy, The, 46. 
 Turner, James, of Thrushgrove, 90. 
 Tweedie, James, 27, 127. 
 Type, Double pica, 26, 29, 122. 
 
 Chaldee, 14, 15. 
 
 Hebrew, 14, 15. 
 
 Greek, 10, 14, 18, 26, 28, 122. 
 
 Roman, 29. 
 Type-founding, 18, 109. 
 Type-setting, 19. 
 Typography, 19, 23, 30, 39. 
 Tyrtaeus, 28. 
 
 L'niversity, i, 64, 107. 
 new school, 33, 34. 
 Academy of the Fine Arts, 66, 68, 
 
 69, 130. 
 Arms, 65. 
 
 art, a University subject, 70, 71. 
 astronomy, 20, 34, 109. 
 bedellus, iii. 
 books and manuscripts, purchase 
 
 of, 7, 90. 
 bookseller, 7, 11, 125. 
 chapel, 87. 
 
 chemical building, 26. 
 chemistry, 35, 107. 
 disputes, 118. 
 elocution, 70, 125. 
 experimental science, 34, 35. 
 Faculty, 64, 93, 113. 
 French language and literature, 
 
 70. 
 garden, 20, 21. 
 geography, 70. 
 
 graduates, honorary, 45, 64, 65. 
 history, chair of civil, 14. 
 
 chair of ecclesiastical, 37, 109; 
 course of lectures, 70, 71. 
 hospitality, 96. 
 
 humanity, chair of, 14, 23, 36, 37. 
 Italian language and literature, 
 
 jurisprudence, 39, 107. 
 law, chair of, 36, 39, 107. 
 lecturing in Latin, 33. 
 library, 7, 9, 27, 66, 86, 94, 96, 97, 
 98, 105, 123.
 
 144 
 
 INDEX 
 
 University : 
 
 library buildiiij::;^, 66, 86, 98. 
 Literary Society, see Literary 
 
 Society, 
 litigation, 118, 123. 
 loan to Messrs. Foulis, go. 
 logic class, 33, 36. 
 medals, purchase of, 93. 
 moral philosophy, chair of, 36, 56, 
 
 loS. 
 museum, 29, 93, 95. 
 natural philosophy, chair of, 36, 
 
 119. 
 observatory, 20, 35, 79. 
 oriental languages, chair of, 14, 
 
 37. 109. 
 physic garden, 20, 21. 
 physical science, 34, 35. 
 portraits, 31. 
 press, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 23, 117, 
 
 119, 123. 
 printing house, 14, 24, 83, 90, kh), 
 
 117, 118, 123. 
 Rector's court, 39. 
 Ronian inscriptions, 95. 
 scheme for bookseller and printer, 
 
 n. 
 Senate room, 86. 
 students, distinguished, 16, 35, 36, 
 
 39, 48, 76, 88, 100, 107, 108. 
 text books, 9, 17, 117, 123. 
 theses, 10, 11, 14. 
 type foundry, 18, 21, 109. 
 Watt prize, 35. 
 Urie, Robert, 16, 20, 30, 31, 34, 42, 
 
 44, 47, 56, 80, 121. 
 Uric, Robert, & Co., 8, 9. 
 
 Vandyke, 72, 77, 95. 
 V'andyke, the Caledonian, 84. 
 Vellum, books on, 9, 40. 
 
 Virgil, 120. 
 
 Visitors to the Glasgow Academy of 
 
 the Fine Arts, 88, 91, 94, 95, 96, 
 
 97, 98. 
 
 Walker, George, artist, 86. 
 Warburton, Dr. William, 23, 44, 45. 
 Watson, James, printer, Eidinburgh, 
 
 II, 12, 17. 
 Watt, James, 35, 36, 107, 108, 115. 
 Webb, Bernard, student, 14. 
 Wedderburn, Alexander, Lord 
 
 Loughborough, 36, 82, 106. 
 Wesley, John, 87, 94. 
 West Street, = Trongait, 87. 
 Whitefield, George, 87. 
 Whole Duty of Man, 46. 
 Wight, William, professor, 70, 95, 
 
 109, 118. 
 Willison, John, 26. 
 Wilson, Alexander, type-founder and 
 
 professor, 18, 19, 27, 29, 37, 96, 
 
 103, 107, 109, 115. 
 Wilson, Patrick, 19. 
 Winckelmann, J. J., 26, 59, 80. 
 Windham. William, 39. 
 Wodrow, James, 6, 17, 93, 105, 123. 
 Wodrow, Robert, 3, 12. 
 Women, education of, 115. 
 Woodburn, Colonel John, 39. 
 Wright, James, student, 14. 
 Wright, William, minister, 13. 
 
 Xenophon, 28, 121. 
 
 Yorke, Hon. Charles, 40, 41, 55, 78, 
 
 86, 106. 
 Yorke, Hon. Joseph, Colonel, 64, 82, 
 
 83. 
 Young, John, professor, 115, 122.
 
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