-» ir iiitit fr)\j^.. tni*i>i/-ii !^t '^yoxmn AV\fl)NlVERS//, < ^TiliONVSi.. I rtc 1 k ir^ ru H _ ,.,0FCAIIF0% ■9Abvaaii# i,^WEl)NIVERS'// ^\WEUNIVERsy/, JOHN FRANCIS, PUBLISHER OF THE ATHENy^UM. LONDON : printed bv krancis & co. tgok's court, chancery lane, E.g. Copied by the Photographic Art Company, 92 Queen's Road, Bayswater, W. from a miniature in the possession of the Right Hon. Sir Chas. W. JJilkc. JOHN FRANCIS, PUBLISHER OF THE ATHEN^UM : A LITERARY CHRONICLE OF HALF A CENTURY. COMPILED BY JOHN C FRANCIS. WITH AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE BY H. R. FOX BOURNE. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. II. LONDON : RICHARD BENTLEY & SON, NEW BURLINGTON STREET, publishers in ©rfiimug to gjtr #liijfstu the (i^uccn. 1888. CONTENTS OF VOL. II. Chapter I.— THE ATHEN.EUM, 1S57. Indian Mutiny — First Intimation in the Times — Anniversary of Plassy — Siege of Delhi — Warnings of Statesmen — Literary Works — John Leech — The Stereoscope— Peel Memoirs — Sal- ford Free Library — Death of Dr. Ure — Of John Britton — National Portrait Gallery — Removal of the Royal Society — Death of Viscountess Keith — Art Treasures at Manchester — Death of F. Scot Archer — Lady Franklin's Appeal to Lord Palmerston — Mr. Colburn's Copyrights — Mrs. Gaskell's Apo- logy — Death of Douglas Jerrold — Philological Society's Dic- tionary — Death of J. Wilson Croker — Social Science Asso- ciation Founded — Submarine Cable to Africa — Livingstone's Travels i — 34 CiiArxER IL— 1S58. Death of Havelock — Poem— Sir William Peel — Books on the Mutiny — Two Ladies on the Siege of Lucknow — Greathed at Delhi — Literaiy Works — Marriage of the Princess Royal — Dr. Doran's Article — Sunday Evening Services at Westminster Abbey and St. Paul's — Death of Edward Moxon — Athemrutn Volumes issued Half Yearly — Shakspeare's Autograph — Death of Robert Brown • — Faraday on Science — Death of Mrs. Marcet — Of Mrs. Jane Loudon — Kentish Archaeological Society — Death of George Combe — Of W. H. Curran — Of H. Osborn Cureton — The Atlantic Cable Completed — Donati's Comet — Death of Dr. G. Peacock — William Beck- ford — Life of Douglas Jerrold 35 — 72 VOL. II. /; 772248 vi CONTENTS. Chapter III.— 1859. The Queen proclaimed in India — New Year's Day — Volunteer Corps Formed — The Artists' — Invasion Literature — Sir J. F. Eurgoyne's Opinions — Sir Howard Douglas on Fortification — The Duke of Wellington on Coast Defences — Indian Mutiny Literature — Cawnpore — ' A Year's Campaigning ' — Dundas Robertson on the Mutiny — Sir Henry Lawrence on Annexa- tion — The Year's Literature — Death of S. W. Singer — Of Archdeacon Williams — National Portrait Gallery Opened — Prof. Owen on the Gorilla — Death of Henry Hallam — Liver- pool Free Libraries — All the Year Round — The Libri MSS. — The Iron Crown of Lombardy — Vauxhall Gardens — Death of Leigh Hunt — Cornhill Magazine — Maonillati s Magazine — Darwin's ' Origin of Sj^ecies ' — British and Foreign Bible Society — Flogging abolished in the Army — Death of De Quincey — Of Lord Macaulay ... ... ... 73 — iii Chapter IV.— 1860-1861. W. H. Russell in India — Sindh and Oudh — Literature of i860 — Death of William Spence — The Institution of Naval Architects Founded — Testimonial to Cobden — Death of Sir T. M. Brisbane — Of Mrs. Jameson — Outrani and Havelock — Death of Lady Byron — Of Albert Smith — Mudie's and Smith's Circulating Libraries — Death of G. P. R. James — British Museum — Sir John Soane's Museum — Death of Mr. Ingram — Of Lord Dundonald — Of Capt. Maconochie — Bicentenary of the Royal Society — Adelaide Procter's ' Le- gends and Lyrics' — Literature of 1S61 — Reissue oi Punch — ' Encyclopaedia Britannica ' — Death of Lord Campbell — Of Elizabeth Barrett Browning — ^Memorial of her in Florence — Death of Sir Francis Palgrave — Repeal of the Paper Duty- New Place, Stratford-on-Avon — Death of Mrs. Pye — The Laureateship — Death of Sir John Forbes — Of the Prince Consort II2 — 144 Chapter V.— 1S62-1S65. The International Exhibition — Death of Miss Woodfall — .Sir Marc Isambard Brunei — Thames Tunnel — Death of Buckle — Dr. Doran on the Prince and Princess of Whales — 1833 CONTENTS. Vll and 1863 compared — Death of Lord Lansdowne — Of Sir G. Cornewall Lewis — Of William Tooke — Of Mrs. Edmund Jenings — Of Mrs. Trollope — Of Archbishop Whately — Of John Bowyer Nichols — Earthquake in England — Death of Thackeray— Of Adelaide Anne Procter — Of Alaric A. Watts —Of Frank Smedley— Of W. J. Fox— Of T. Colley G rattan — Of Capt. Speke — Of Walter Savage Landor — Of John Leech— Of J. R. M'Culloch— Of Charles Wentworth Dilke — Kelly's ' Post Office London Directory ' — Death of Dr, W. B. Baikie — Of Cardinal Wiseman — Of Admiral FitzRoy —Of Charles Waterton— Of Sir J. Paxton— Of Sir J. W. Lubbock— Of Isaac Taylor— Of Dr. S. P. Woodward— Of Sir W. Hooker— Of Sir W^ Rowan Hamilton- Of Dr. Lindley— Of Mrs. Gaskell— Obituary of 1865 ... 145— iSS Chapter VL— 1866-1869. Industrial Exhibition at the Guildhall — Southwark Park — "Black Friday" — Aeronautical Society — Death of William Harvey— Of Dr. iNIaitland— Of Dr. Petrie— Of Dr. Whewell — Dr. Thompson of Trinity — Death of Keble — The White- bait Dinner — Death of C. Maclaren — Braidwood and Great Fires — His Death — Capt. Shaw on Fires and the Fire Brigade — Longitude of Heart's Content — Area of the United States — Almanack de Gotha — Death of Alexander Smith — Hervey's Poems — Death of Crabb Robinson — Salmon in Australia — Tablet to Byron — English Watch Trade — Death of James Edmiston — Of Sir A. Alison — Holborn Viaduct — Death of Edward Hawkins— Of J. R. Chorley— Of Mar- guerite Power — Vitality of Seeds — ' Early Years of the Prince Consort ' — Death of Faraday — Of Lord Wrottesley — Of the Earl of Rosse — The Queen's Life in the Highlands — Death of Joseph Glass — Of John Doyle — Quakers' Books — Death of Dr. J. Davy — Of Sir David Brewster — February 29th — Death of E. E. Crowe — H. G. Bohn — Death of Edward Jesse ^Of Lord Brougham — Price of the Daily News Reduced — Southwark Bridge — Death of Effingham Wilson — Of Samuel Lover — Of J. Douglas Cook — "The spacious firmament on high" — Death of Dean Milman — Of Principal Forbes — Twelfth Night at Drury Lane — Great Melbourne Telescope — Vlii CONTENTS. Death of Sir C. Wentworth Dilke— Mr. Ashton Dilke— Ballad Society — Chaucer Society — Crabb Robinson's 'Diary' — Government and the Telegraphs — The Pacific Railway — Dr. Doran.on the London Gazette — A Japanese Novel — Mr. Mill and Woman's Rights — Bunhill Fields — Deaths of Lord Derby and Prof. Conington — Guildhall Library — Salmon in Tas- mania — Literature of Europe and America — Oxford and Examination of Girls — Obituaiy of 1869 189 — 245 Chapter VII.— 1870-1872. Peaceful Condition of Affairs — The Spanish Throne — French Jealousy of Germany — ^War declared against Prussia — Sale of London Papers — 'Paris and the War' — Enlargement of ihs AtheniCH/n — Mr. Dixon resigns the Editorship — 'Litera- ture of the People' — Society for Promoting Christian Know- ledge — The Caryll Papers — Rossetti's Poems — Death of Mark Lemon — Shirley Brooks Editor of Punch — Death of Cyrus Redding — Newspaper Stamp Abolished — Burmese Books — Obituary of 1870— Progress of the Franco-German War — Peace Proposals — Terms of Peace — War Literature — Death of Mr. Sampson Low, Jun. — Of Prof. De Morgan — Of Robert Chambers — Of David Chambers — Aquaria — Marine Bio- logical Association — Death of Mr. Lloyd — National Debts — 'Battle of Dorking '—Death of Mr. R. Bentley— Of Sir R. I. Murchison — Obituary of 1S71 — Sir H. Holland's 'Recollec- tions ' — Dr. Livingstone — Stanley's ' How I found Living- stone ' — Death of F. D. Maurice — Of Charles Lever — 'Memories of the British Museum ' — Owens College — The Clarendon Press — The Revised Bible — Dr. Murray's English Dictionary — Obituary of 1872 246—299 Chapter VIIL— 1873-1875. Mr. Thorns — Dr. Doran on Blue Stockings — Death of Lord Lytton — Of Charles Knight — Life of Dean Alford — Death of John Stuart Mill — His Autobiography — Death of Mr. Holmes —Cork Convent— Death of Mrs. Archer Clive— Of T. Chis- holm Anstey— Of Mrs. Alfred Catty— Of Sir Robert M'Clure — The Spenser Society — Death of Mrs. Janet Hamilton— The Royal Society at Burlington House— Obituary of 1873 — CONTENTS. ix Death of D. Morier Evans — Mr. Gladstone and Hawarden — Death of Livingstone — Of Mr. Adam Black — Voyage of the Challenger — Death of Shirley Brooks — Tom Taylor Editor of Finu/i — Asiatic Society of Japan — Death of Mowbray Morris — Of Zadkiel — A New Zadkiel — Turner's ' Picturesque Views in England and Wales ' — Tannahill the Weaver-Poet — Death of Howard Staunton — Dorothy Wordsworth's 'Tour in Scotland ' — Disraeli at School — John Francis on the Develop- ment of the Press — Public Libraries of London — Phillips on Metallurgy— Death of " Barry Cornwall "—Col. Warburton's Australian Explorations — 'The Greville Memoirs' — Death of Mr. J. U. Anderson — Of Dr. Edwin Lankester — Enlargement of the Daily 717.'^r«///— Death of Tom Hood— 'Life of the Prince Consort ' — Livingstone's ' Last Journals ' — Obituary of 1874 — George Smith's 'Assyrian Discoveries' and ' Chaldean Account of Genesis ' — Death of Canon Kingsley — Of George Finlay— Of Sir Arthur Helps— Of John Timbs— Of Dr. J. E. Gray — Of Dr. H. A. Woodham — Survey of Palestine — Death of Sir J. Gray — Old Documents at the India Oflice — MSS. of Gray's ' Elegy' and Dickens's ' Christmas Carol' — Death of Mr. John Robertson — Mr. Bullen and Mr. Garnett — The Royal Company of Archers — Guildhall Free Library — Death of John Churchill— Of W. Smith Williams— The Manx Society — Visit of the Prince of Wales to India — Death of Lieut. -Col. Cunningham — Obituary of 1875 ••• 3°° — 354 Chapter IX.— 1876-1S7S. Death of John Forster — The Temple of Belus — Death of George Smith, the Assyriologist — Of James Thomas Hackett — ' Le Vathek de Beckford' — Macclesfield Free Library — Death of Prof. Bosworth— Of G. Walter Thornbury— Of Mr. A. W. Paulton — Of Mr. Alexander Russel — The Chiswick Press-- Death of Edward William Lane — Burnaby's ' Ride to Khiva ' — Death of Dr. Barlow — His Legacies — Palestine Survey — Obituary of 1876— ' Letters of E. B. Browning '—Death of Mr. Alfred Smee — The St. Petersburg Deutsche Zeitung — Harriet Martineau's Autobiography — Death of Mr, Cowden Clarke— Of Walter Bagehot— Bryan Waller Procter's Auto- biography — The Caxton Celebration — Prince L. L, Bonaparte X CONTENTS. on English Dialects — Death of Dr. P. P. Carpenter — Of Miss M. Carpenter — ' Falstaff's Letters' — Origin of the Tele- phone — 'The Materia Medica of the Hindus' — 'Notes on Irish Architecture ' — Death of Mr. William Longman — Mr. Swinburne on Charlotte Bronte — Mr. Stanley's Explorations — Conference of Librarians — The Library Association and the Index Society Founded — Messrs. H. S. King & Co. — Folk- Lore Society Founded — Obituary of 1877 — Jubilee of the AtJienaitm — Death of Dr. Doran — Of George Cruikshank — The St. Petersburg Gaze/ fe—''B'\h\es in the Caxton Exhibition' —Death of Dr. K. Carruthers — Women and the University of London — 'Characteristics of Leigh Hunt' — 'Life of Dr. Brock '—Cyprus— Death of Prof. Oldham— Gibbon— Mr. Bond — Dr. Waddington's 'Congregational Plistory' — Rev. Francis Hodgson — Death of G. H. Lewes — Of Major Whyte Melville— Of Princess Alice— Obituary of 1878 ... 355-409 Chapter X.— 1879-1S82. ' Old and New London ' — Holyoake's ' History of Co-opera- tion '—Death of C. J. Wells— Cwd' JVords and Sunday Ma- gazine — 'Life of the Prince Consort' — Monier Williams on Indian Theism — Hellenic Society Founded — German " Special Correspondents " — Webb's ' Irish Biography ' — Death of Joseph Gurney — Of Sir Rowland Hill — Of Thomas Long- man — Mr. Ebsworth and the ' Roxburghe Ballads ' — Death of John Blackwood — Le Lirre — Death of Mr. Delane — Cen- tenary of the Times — Death of Serjeant Cox — The Old Libraiy, Birmingham— The ' Eikon Basilike '—Bibliography of ' Uncle Tom's Cabin ' — Obituary of 1S79 — Death of Hep- worth Dixon— Of Augustus Meves — 'Life of Mary Carpen- ter ' — Death of Edward Chapman — ' Life of the Prince Consort '—Mr. John Morley Editor of the Pall Mall Gazette —Death of J. Hamilton Fyfe— Of J. R. Planche— Of W. T. Thornton — " When all Thy mercies " — Death of Tom Taylor — Mr. Burnand Editor of Punch — M. Pasteur — The Art yotirnal — Grego's 'Rowlandson' — Harvey and St. Bartho- lomew's Hospital — Death of James Imlach — Of W. H. G. Kingston— Shelley's Prose Works-Death of W. H. Wills- English as a Universal Language — Thomas Frost's ' Recol- CONTENTS. XI lections ' — Opening of Newcastle Free Library — Tennyson Turner's Sonnets — Lord Beaconsfield's ' Endymion '—Photo- graph of Daguerre — Ladies at Cambridge and at Bombay University— Death of "George Eliot "—Obituary of 1880— Memoir of "George Eliot" — Education in Bengal — Prof. R. K. Douglas— Death of J. T. Towson— 'Life of Lord Campbell ' — Death of Dr. Jencken — The Bagford Ballads — Death of Carlyle — Carlyle Literature— His Copyrights— Death of Lord Beaconsfield — Natives at Calcutta University — Copy- right between China and Japan — Newspaper Copyright in India — Death of Andrew Wilson — Honorary Citizenship of Berlin — The Royal Geographical Society — Death of Hon. P. C. Scarlett — ' Longevity in a New Light ' — Izaak Walton's House — John Francis's Fiftieth Year as Publisher — Ben Jonson's ' Workes ' — ' Great Movements and Those who Achieved Them ' — Sale of the Sunderland Library — " Science Gossip " — Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge — Baron Tauchnitz's Two Thousandth Volume — Life of Dr. Raleigh — Obituary of iSSi — Baron Tauchnitz's New Year's Gift — Caro- line Fox's 'Memories of Old Friends' — Death of Harrison Ainsworth — Jubilee of Cliambcrs' s Journal — Death of Dr. J. W. Draper — Indian Finance — Centenary of Glasgow Herald — Dundee University Founded — The Telephone in Mines — Early Printing in Japan — Longfellow's Birthday — Russian Saints — Death of Dr. John Muir — Servian Charter in British Museum — Translations of Mrs. Fawcett's Works — Death of Prof. Ko Hun Hua — The Formation of Fogs— Death of Longfellow — Monument in Westminster Abbey — Sale of Mr. Beresford Hope's Books — His Death — Death of D, F. MacCarthy— Of D, G. Rossetti— Works 410—510 Chapter XL — STRAY NOTES, 1S57-1872 : DANIEL MACMILLAN, MACAULAV, DICKENS, H. F. CIIOR- LEY. Daniel Macmillan — Early Years — Kindness of the Hares — Business at Cambridge — Death — Macaulay's ' Lays of Ancient Rome' — Critical and Historical Essays — Macaulay and Croker — Letters of W^illiam HI. — Macaulay Rector of Glas- gow University — 'History of England,' Vols. I. and II. — xii CONTENTS. The Clergy in the Seventeenth Century — The Penn Contro- versy — ' History,' Vols. III. and IV. — Death — Early Com- positions — 'Biographies' — On the Corn Laws — Hannah More — ' Life ' by his Nephew — Dickens — ' Pickwick Papers ' — ' Sketches by Boz ' — Beiitlcy's Miscellany — ' Nicholas Nickleby ' — ' Oliver Twist ' — ' Master Humphrey's Clock ' — ' Barnaby Rudge ' — On Literary Piracy — 'A Word in Season ' — 'A Christmas Carol' — 'Evenings of a Working Man' — ' The Chimes ' — Ben Jonson's * Every Man in his Humour ' — 'The Cricket on the Hearth' — Newsvendors' Benevolent Institution — Household Words Started — -Dickens's Public Readings — ' Little Dorrit ' — All the Year Round Begun — Household Words Incorporated — Death of Dickens — Obituary by Chorley — C. Dickens, jun. — 'Mystery of Edwin Drood' — •Life ' by Forster— H. F. Chorley— Birth— Early Life— 'The Winter's Wreath ' — Contributes to Athefueuin — Gives Fare- well Dinner — Death — Friendship for Dickens — Poems con- tributed to Athe7i,eu?n — ' Hymn of the Old Discoverers ' — ' Statue of Joan of Arc ' ... ... ... ... 511 — 544 Chapter XII.— JOHN FRANCIS, 1881— 1S82. Signs of Weakness— Increasing Illness — Death of E. J. Francis — Of John Francis — Obituary — Burial — Newsvendors' Benevo- lent Institution and John Francis Pensions ... 545 — 550 HISTORY OF THE ATHEN^UM. CHAPTER I. THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 857. The Mutiny of the Bengal Army renders the The Mutiny year 1857 memorable. At night on the loth of°^ Am^y"^''^ February the Sepoys at Barrackpore held a meeting, on the parade ground, to concert a general rising, when they proposed to murder all the Europeans and plunder the station. On the 19th of February the 19th Regiment, stationed at Berhampore, broke out into open revolt, but no anxiety was felt, and the Govern- ment, after ordering the disaffected regiments to be disbanded, considered the mutiny to be at an end. So fully was confidence restored that the Bombay Gazette on Thursday, the ist of May, announced " India is quiet throughout." On that day week, when cartridges were served out to the 3rd Bengal Cavalry at Meerut, the VOL. n. B 2 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 857. Outbreak at soldiers refused to accept them, although it was distinctly stated that they had not been greased.* On the next day eighty-five of the men were tried by court-martial and sentenced to various terms of imprisonment. On the fol- lowing Sunday, as the bell was ringing for evening service, the native troops rushed to the gaol and liberated the prisoners; and at the same time the nth and 12th Regiments of * " It had been determined to improve the efficiency of the native army by the introduction of the Enfield rifle, the cartridges of which required to be lubricated. They were made up for the rifles in the laboratory at Dumdum. On the 22nd of January, Capt. Wright informed Major Bontein, commanding the depot of musketry at that station, that a very unpleasant feeling existed among the Sepoys who had been sent there for instruc- tion, regarding the grease used in preparing the cartridges. It appears that a mechanic attached to the magazine had asked a Sepoy of the 2nd Grenadiers for water from his lotah, or brass water-pot ; the Sepoy refused it, on the ground that he did not know to what caste he belonged ; when the mechanic immediately retorted, * You yourself will soon have no caste left, for you will be required to bite cartridges smeared with the fat of pigs and cows' It was then discovered, for the first time, that a report had been disseminated through the native army that it was the design of Government to destroy the caste of the Sepoys by constraining them to bite off the end of greased cartridges." — ' Memoirs of IMajor- General Sir Henry Havelock, K.C.B.,' by John Clark Marshman. THE ATHEN.€UM, 1 85 7. 3 Bengal Infantry seized their arms, shot their officers, including Col. Finnis, and, after setting fire to the bungalows and murdering all the Europeans, fled to Delhi, about forty miles dis- tant, and proclaimed the King of Delhi Emperor of India. From that date. May nth, the Mutiny spread with the rapidity of fire, and the panic at Calcutta became so great that it was only owing to the perfect calmness of Lord Canning that anything like order was preserved. It is remarkable how slow the people in Ignorance Q^ the cdtci' England were to realize the great calamity that strophe in had come upon them. It was not until the l^"s'^"''- 28th of April that particulars were received in London of the mutiny at Berhampore, when the Times, in a letter from its correspondent at Calcutta to the 23rd of March, announced : — "The Government has resolved to punish the 19th First intima- Regiment of Native Infantry— that concerned in the "°'?..'" ^'^^ ° -' J lines. mutiny of Berhampore. It has been ordered to Barrack- pore, where it will be disbanded. The sentence has not been promulgated, but my information is certain, and the General Order will probably appear in the next Gazette. The sentence, though inadequate to the offence, is not without a certain severity. Every native officer loses his commission. Every old Sepoy loses his pension, and, as the Company only receives recruits up to a certain age, his bread. The younger men will cross over to Bombay and enlist there. It is the officers and the older men who are to blame, and there is therefore justice in a punish- ment which falls almost exclusively on their heads. The 4 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 857. order has been delayed by the necessity of bringing another European regiment to Calcutta. The capital has for the last two years been left almost unprotected. Formerly there was always a European regiment in the fort and 1,200 artillerymen at Dumdum, eight miles ofiF. The transfer of the Artillery headquarters to Meerut left only one regiment in Calcutta, and that is sometimes reduced to a wing. There are 5,000 Sepoys at Barrack- pore. There is a bad spirit among some of them, and it is barely possible they may refuse to obey the order, or may display their sympathy in a manner involving a breach of discipline. In that case the fort, if not the town, would be in danger, and Government has acted wisely in providing against the possibility of resistance. With two European regiments on the spot and three batteries in reserve, the Sepoys, however excited, will obey in silence. I said the sentence was inadequate. As I write the papers bring intelhgence of a mutiny among the Madras troops at Vizieragram. The Madrassees have no caste, and their discontent must, therefore, proceed from other causes than the cartridge order. The truth is, we are at this moment passing through one of those periodical crises which every now and then remind us that Government in India ' sits on bayonets.' The Sepoys are restless and dissatisfied. They have no particular grievances, no particular leaders, no particular wants. A war on this side of India would at once remove every disaffection." On the 19th of May the Times, in a letter from its Calcutta correspondent dated April 9th, said : — "The 19th Regiment of Native Infantry has been disbanded. The Government ordered it to march to THE ATHEN^UM, 1 857. 5 Barrackpore, the metropolitan cantonment, in order that the punishment might be inflicted in the presence of the disaffected. Meanwhile every precaution was adopted to prevent the possibility of resistance." On the 6th of June the Times publishes a The mutiny at telegraphic despatch received at Bombay from -^I^erut. Meerut, giving an account of the mutiny of the 3rd Bengal Cavalry. This caused no alarm, as is shown by the leading article on the 8th : "So far there is no great grievance to be remedied, and no immediate danger to be apprehended." On June 23rd the hundredth anniversary of the Anniversary 1 1 /■ T^i 11 1 • T 1 1 of the battle battle of Plassy was celebrated m London, when of Plassy. a meeting was held at Willis's Rooms with the double object of commemorating the event and erecting a memorial to the great Lord Clive. Lord Hill took the chair, and among those present were the Duke of Cleveland, Earl Stanhope, Viscount Dungannon, Viscount Newport, and Sir James Hogg. The only reference to the Mutiny, according to the report which appeared in the Times on the following day, was that made by Mr. Camp- bell Robertson, who, in addressing the meeting, said " he believed that the late defection in the Indian army was caused by a departure from the principle laid down by Lord Clive, which was to treat the Sepoys not with severity, but with kindness. He cultivated sympathy between the officers and the men. Bravery alone would 6 THE ATHEN.^UM, 1 857. not do. Lord Clive endeavoured to promote social and kindly intercourse between the Sepoys and their officers. He was quite convinced that if any disaster occurred to their Eastern empire it would follow from a defection of attachment between the European officers and the native soldiers of the army of India." It was not until the beginning of July that the full extent of the danger was realized, when the Government acted with the greatest promptitude. Sir Colin Campbell was sent out immediately, and arrangements were made for 14,000 troops to follow without delay. The AtJiencBiim, in reviewing a group of books on the Mutiny on August 15th, says in reference Siege of to the siege of Delhi: "Like all the rest of ^ '■ England, we dream that Delhi may have fallen. But our knowledge of the place inspires little hope that such a consummation is nigh. All that strong hands and strong hearts can do will be done to crush the rebellious city ; but since the days when a blast of trumpets threw down the walls of Jericho no military miracle has occurred more astounding than would be a successful assault on Delhi with the troops Its noble "°^^ under its walls Delhi has many noble buildings, buildings worth preserving. The palace itself ranks next to Windsor as a kingly residence. Its gateway is far handsomer than that of the THE ATHEN^UM, 1857. 7 Great Bazar at Kabul. The throne-room is matchless. The roof rests on massive columns of white marble, and beautiful mosaics ,adorn the hall. In the centre is the white marble dais on which once stood the famous peacock throne. The King's private chapel is of the whitest marble and a perfect gem of Art. A quarter of a mile to the west of the palace stands the cathedral mosque, vast, massive, grand. The atrocities of the modern rebels of Delhi call for signal retribution ; but we are not of the number who wish to see vengeance wreaked indiscriminately, or who would have beautiful edifices destroyed for the guilt of the inhabitants. Let the people of Delhi suffer, — let the armed mutineers be exterminated, — but let the palaces of Delhi remain a monument of our triumph and of our self-control." The " military miracle " was accomplished. Shortly after daybreak on the morning of the 14th of September the city was stormed, and the troops were soon in possession of the end of the fort, with the Cashmere, Cabul, and Moree gates ; but General Wilson telegraphed at 10 A.M., " Our column making slow progress," and it was not until the 20th that Delhi was completely f.i!1 of in our possession. In reviewing on October 3rd ' Tracts on the Native Army of India,' by Brigadier- General Delhi. 8 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 857. John Jacob, and ' The Rebellion in India : How to prevent Another,' by John Bruce Norton, the Athcjiceiwi says : " When we read the recorded Warnings of opinions of Wellington, Munro, Metcalfe, Elphin- statesmen. stone, Malcolm, and those other illustrious men who gained or consolidated our empire in the East, we cannot but be astonished at the full- ness and vividness of the prophecies of all that has now been realized Whatever were the internal condition of the Bengal army, the revolt would never have been so universal, so san- guinary and so disastrous, but for a combination of other circumstances, altogether foreign to the military organization of regiments. The very hesitation of the Sipahi's to rise at a time when the fatuous imprudence of our Government had left nothing undone to render revolt easy — had both lured and provoked them to rebel — proves that the mutinous spirit was hard to fan. To make this more evident, let us glance briefly at Extraordinary the extraordinary combination of circumstances combination , , _ ,, . . , , ofcircum- ^^'^ nave been carefully preparmg, as it would stances, really seem, to encourage an outbreak. In the first place, we had prepared and fortified for the mutineers a stronghold, stored with almost in- exhaustible magazines, not only garrisoning it entirely with native troops, but actually placing there the regiments of all others which were most likely to mutiny — the 38th, which had THE ATHEN.'EUM, 1 857. 9 indeed already mutinied and refused to go on service to Burmah, and the 74th, which had been stationed with the 38th at the time of this mutinous refusal, and was, of course, cognizant of the whole affair. This stronghold was one, too, which contained the representative of the dynasty we had subverted — a stolid, arrogant, rancorously hostile prince — with a vast retinue of bigoted, dissolute, impoverished retainers and kinsmen. It contained, further, a population of 200,000 persons, declared by successive Governors General to be virulently inimical to our rule. We had even erected peculiar fortifications to coerce these disaffected people. Add to all this, that Delhi is regarded by every native of India as the capital of Hindustan, and it will be ad- mitted that our worst enemies would not have wished us to do more against ourselves. This, however, was not enough. Having placed the capital of India in the hands of the followers of Islam, we made war upon the King of Persia, The war with who, to the Shiahs of India, is the Shah of Islam, or Head of the Faith, as much as the Sultan of Constantinople is to the Sunnis. To maintain this war, India was denuded of Euro- pean troops, and discontented spirits beheld with wonder and satisfaction seven thin English regiments occupying the vast region from Cal- cutta to the foot of the hills north of Delhi. 10 THE ATHEN.^UM, 1 857. "At such a propitious moment heavy blows Offence given ^yere dealt out with strict impartiality to Brah- to Brahmins, ^^. , , , , high-caste mins and high-caste Hnidus on the one hand, ^MaulavJs"'^ and to Maulavis, the Doctors of Islam, on the other. Our agents maintained a close surveil- lance over the wives and families of Rajputs, the most jealous and chivalrous of the Hindu race. Crowds of Brahmins assembled to witness the remarriage of widows, whose former destiny had been cremation or contempt. The worship of Durga or Kali was piohibited even in the city of Calcutta, called from her name. The sacred rite of adoption was cancelled on the one hand, on the other proselytes to Christianity were to enjoy all the privileges which Hindu law denied them. The jealous eye of the Muslims beheld troops of adult females hastening to be instructed by teachers of the male sex, and took good note of the appointment of English clergymen as inspectors of schools. Polygamy was to be made punishable by law, especially that of the Kulin Brahmins, the highest and most sacred class of all Hindus ; and, in a word, the leading journal in this country pronounced Hinduism extinct, and the Friend of India re-echoed the cry. Surely here were materials enough for a storm, but there were elements yet to be added. We fully agree with Mr. Norton, when he de- clares, * that the accursed system of annexation THE ATHEN/EUM, 1857. II was the proximate cause of the revolt.' This The accursed system of writer well points out the different feelings with annexation. which India now views the insatiable spirit of encroachment openly and unblushingly avowed by our Government. Until Lord Dalhousie's reign, our progress towards universal dominion had been comparatively imperceptible ; but the acts of that Governor General thundered like the knell of fate in the ears of every prince and chief throughout India. An active press carried the tidings far and near, that every vestige of independence — aye ! of free landed tenure — was to be swept away." The notice of Mr. Norton's work is continued on October loth, when the following reference is made to the native princes : " Whatever en- Native ... princes, thusiastic philanthropists may thmk, it is im- possible, in a region so vast, and with such a handful of employes, to reach the hearts of the masses. There are hundreds of thousands in India now, who have never seen the face of a European, and millions who have the most false and absurd notion respecting us. Further, ancient prejudices, a singular and fantastic creed, and the difference of language, manners, dress, religion — in short, of everything — render them unimpressionable by our matter-of-fact notions. The most that can be expected from the people generally is, that they will be passive, and not 12 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 857. molest Europeans unless they are of opinion that there is something to be got by it and punishment can be evaded. It is otherwise with the native princes : — they have experienced our power ; some of them have visited this country ; they can estimate — perhaps, they even magnify — our resources. We are sure of their support as long as we do not drive them to desperation by our injustice. Examples of either policy are before us. On the one hand, but for the King of Oude, the Rajas of Bithoor and Jhansi, and the King of Delhi, this revolt never would have taken place, or would have been crushed in the bud ; on the other, but for the Rajas of Jheend and Patteeala, Sindhia, Holkar, and other chiefs, our power would ere this almost have ceased to Their exist- exist. The existence of native princes is a mark ence a mark '■ of ^ of nationality which it would be wise to retain. Up to the present time we have held India with the consent of its inhabitants by a native army and leaving intact many great provinces under native rulers, whom we called, and who were proud to call themselves, our allies. If the mis- chievous suggestions, which are now daily put forth, should be listened to ; if our native army is to be superseded entirely by Europeans, if the native princes are to be dethroned, and the people entirely disarmed, we shall descend at once from the grand position of the governors of nationality. TPIE ATHEN.-EUM, 1 857. I 3 freemen into the odious circumstances of despots over countless myriads of serfs. The sway of this country over India will then be like that of Austria over Italy, or Russia over Poland, and will have the same hateful and debasing results." The general literature of the year included,, rnncipal ° literary works. Charles Kingsley's 'Two Years Ago'; Dr. Hooker's ' Botany of the Antarctic Voyage ' ; the second volume of Sir Francis Palgrave's * History of Normandy and of England ' ; Sir John Bowring's 'Kingdom and People of Siam'; Alexander Keith Johnston's ' Physical Atlas,' to which " the late Prof Edward Forbes con- tributed a most important plate, illustrating his views of the distribution of marine life over the surface of the globe"; the third volume of Arthur Helps's 'The Spanish Conquest in America'; Mrs. Gaskell's 'Life of Charlotte Bronte'; Hugh Miller's 'Testimony of the Rocks,' to which a painful interest attached, the author having spent a part of the last day of his life in correcting its last pages for the press ; Sir George Barrow's ' Ceylon, Past and Present ' ; ' The Romany Rye : a Sequel to " Lavengro," ' by George Borrow ; the third volume of ' The Lives of the Chief Justices of England,' by Lord Campbell ; ' A Residence among the Chinese,' by Robert Fortune ; ' The Life 14 THE ATHEN.-EUM, 185/. of George Stephenson,' by Samuel Smiles ; and * The Professor : a Tale,' by Currer Bell. John Leedi. John Leech, " the kindest-hearted satirist that ever wrote," is thus described in the review of his 'Pictures of Life and Character': "He is the delight of every one because he sketches London life in all its phases, because he is genial and sociable, and not so intellectual and cold-blooded as to despise common enjoyments and live on caviare. He hunts, he boats, he crickets, he is fond of a ball or a whist-party, and he visits all new amusements. He pleases the young men because he can draw the prettiest eye and the neatest foot in the world, the prettiest curling rosebud of a lip, and the daintiest chin,— the clubs like him because he knows the real step and carriage of a gentleman, ■ — the public dinner, Freemasons' Tavern, middle- aged, middle class, because he laughs at them as if he liked them, and does not hit too often in the same place. He jokes at you as a friend does, and you feel he jokes because he knows you are good-tempered, and will bear it." ^ The review of ' The Stereoscope : its History, stereoscope. Theory, and Construction,' by Sir David Brew- ster, contains the following : " Gradually has this instrument advanced from the position of an interesting application of an optical law, to a drawing-room toy, and a philosophical instru- THE ATHEN/EUM, 1857. ^5 ment with numerous important practical appli- cations. It has, however, attained the latter position by the assistance of another art. As long as the subjects to be looked at through the stereoscope had to be painted or drawn by the hand, so long it remained only an interesting toy. But, when photography was found capable of multiplying its doubled pictures to any extent, and carrying its range of application to almost every department of Nature, it became an important means of obtaining information with regard to the appearances of objects that had not hitherto been known. The theory of the use of this instrument has occupied the attention of the most eminent natural philo- sophers ; and Sir David Brewster has, in this little volume, brought all his great knowledge of the science of optics to explain its structure and laws. He has, also, added chapters on its uses in painting, architecture, sculpture, engineer- ing, and natural history. To those who would perfect themselves in the use of the stereoscope. Sir David Brewster's treatise will be found essential." The second and concluding volume of the ^j^^ p^^j .' Memoirs of Sir Robert Peel ' calls forth these * Memoirs.' remarks : " The Trustees of the Peel Papers have now published three Memoirs : — on Catholic Emancipation, — on the Government l6 THE ATHEN^UM, 1857. of 1834-5, — on the Repeal of the Corn Laws. They propose to print a selection from the statesman's correspondence. The paper on the Government of 1834-5 has been printed without suppressions of any kind except in the case of one name, which is represented by a not very difficult to decipher. The is obviously Lord Brougham, who, the King said, ' had threatened that he would not put the great seal to a Commission to prorogue the Parliament.' In the Corn Law Memoir the omissions are more frequent and perplexing. It is amusing to notice that Peel does not seem to have con- sidered Mr. Disraeli worth even a passing obser- vation, for he never once names him !" On the 3rd of January the progress made by Salford the Salford Free Library is referred to with Free Library. , ^ pleasure: — "'The issues of books from the library have largely in- creased in number, and for the twelve months ending the 31st of October they amount to 142,484 vols., of which 79,934 have been given out in the reading-room, and 62,550 borrowed from the lending library. The issues for the year 1855 were 115,843 volumes, and for the year 1854, 109,827, while the aggregate issues, from 1850 to 1853, amounted only to 108,671 volumes; showing that there has been an augmentation in the issues, during the last year, of 26,641 volumes over those of 1855, — of 32,657 over those of 1854, — and of 33,813 over those of the four previous years.' " These returns are cheering to the best friends THE ATHENyEUM, 1 857. I7 of the working men. On the old question of the worthiness or un worthiness of the class of reading most sought for by free readers, the Report contains some valuable observations : — "' It appears that the total increase in the issues of works on science, history and jurisprudence has been 5,220, or more than five times the increase in the issues of novels, and that the total increase in the four classes has been 6,243, accompanied by a sacrifice of 1,716 issues of books on theology and general subjects.' "* The death of Dr. Ure, the chemist, is re- Dr. Ure. corded on January loth. "Andrew Ure was born in Glasgow on the i8th of May, 1778. He studied at the Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh. His principal works are, — the ' Dictionary of Chemistry,' a paper ' On the Ultimate Analysis of Vegetable Substances ' in the Philosophical Transactions, — the ' System * The Salford Library and Museum were established in 1849, and according to the Annual Report for 1884-85 the books in the libraries for free use of the inhabitants then amounted to 79,282 volumes ; while during the thirty-six years that the libraries have been in existence the issues to readers have been 7,019,248 volumes, and more than 5,000,000 volumes have been taken to the homes of the borrowers. The issues from the libraries in 1885 amounted to 319,701 volumes, and the number of readers counted in the reading-rooms during the year was more than half a million. The Report states that the record is far from perfect ; if it were perfect, the number would be greatly increased. VOL. n. C 1 8 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 857. of Geology,' —the ' Philosophy of Manufactures,' — the ' Cotton Manufactures of Great Britain,' — and the ' Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines.'" John Britton. The death of John Britton, the antiquary, is mentioned on the same date. " Mr. Britton began life at the lowest levels, and by energy and talent raised himself to an eminent place among contemporary antiquaries. His principal works are: — the 'Beauties of Wiltshire,' — the 'Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain,' — and the ' Cathedral Antiquities of England.' Mr. Britton has left behind him an unfinished autobiography." It is announced on the 4th of April that the National first portrait has been given to the National daileiy. Portrait Gallery — the Chandos portrait of Shak- speare — and the first picture purchased — the Downton portrait of Raleigh. The "Gossip" for April nth states that the Removal of ofifices of the Royal Society were removed on the Royal _ ^ ^ Society, the previous Monday from Somerset House to Burlington House. On the same date the death of the Viscountess Johnson's Keith, in her ninety-fifth year, is noticed. "She Queeny. •' •' was the last remaining link between the present generation and that brilliant literary circle which congregated around Johnson at ' The Club,' and which thronged the hospitable mansion of Mrs. THE ATHEN.^UM, 1 85 7. 1 9 Thrale at Strcatham. Viscountess Keith was tlie eldest daughter of Henry Thrale, the friend of Johnson, and the husband of Hester Salisbury, that vivacious lady who is better known to the world by the names of her husbands — as Mrs. Thrale and as Mrs. Piozzi. As the child of his most valued friend, Hester Maria enjoyed a large share of the attention of Johnson, who was her early instructor, and in whose Memoirs her name frequently occurs as ' Oueeny,' — a term of endearment conferred upon her by the great philosopher as Queen Esther." The Exhibition of Art Treasures at Man- Manchester Chester was opened by Prince Albert on the "^'IhTbitTor' 5th of May, and long notices of the collection are given on May 2nd and 9th. The death of Mr. Frederick Scot Archer, of Frederick Great Russell Street, the inventor of the col- ''^'°^ '^''''^'• lodion process in photography, is recorded on the 9th of May. A friend writes : " On the 19th of September, 1850, he communicated to me his views, and brought the collodion and chemicals, all of his own make, and I, with them, made the first collodion picture. The following March he published the process in the Chemist, but during the months previously he told the secret to some of his friends, who assumed to themselves more or less of undue credit." On June 6th it is stated that a sub- 20 THE ATHEN^UM, 1857. scription has been opened for the benefit of his family. The Queen subscribed twenty guineas, and the Photographic Society granted fifty pounds out of its fund- Lady FrankHn was refused by the Lords of the Admiralty the use of the Resolute, although the application had been supported by a strong memorial from the United States* She there- Lady fore purchased the steam-yacht Fox, and on the P^uTchS 2nd of May it is announced that the vessel " will the Fox. proceed to the Arctic Seas, via Barrow's Straits, in July next, under the command of Capt. M'CHntock, who will endeavour to reach the mouth of the Fish River, carefully examining the land and sea in that locality. A very general feeling being entertained that Lady Franklin ought not to be permitted to ex- pend all her fortune on this final Arctic search, a subscription has been opened in aid of the contemplated Expedition, and we under- * The Resolute, commanded by Capt. Kellett, was one of the ships of Sir Edward Belchers expedition in 1852, and was abandoned in May, 1854. Mr. George Henry, an American whaling captain, found her adrift 1,000 miles from where she was left, and took her to New York. By order of the American Congress the Resolute was repaired and equipped, and presented to Queen Victoria in December, 1856. The vessel was broken up in 1880, and a desk made of the wood was given by the Queen to the President of the United States. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 85 7. 21 stand that a large sum has already been col- lected." In the number for the following week appears Lady Franklin's appeal to Lord Palmerston to Her final aid her in her final search : " ' I have cherished Lord the hope, in common with others, that we are ^^'^^^''^fo"- not waiting in vain. Should, however, that decision unfortunately throw upon me the re- sponsibility and the cost of sending out a vessel myself, I beg to assure your lordship that I shall not shrink either from that weighty responsibility or from the sacrifice of my entire available fortune for the purpose, supported as I am in my convictions by such high authorities as those whose opinions are on record in your lord- ship's hands, and by the hearty sympathy of many more.' — ' Surely, then, I may plead that a careful search be made for any possible survivor; that the bones of the dead be sought for and gathered together ; that their buried records be unearthed, or recovered from the hands of the Esquimaux ; and above all, that their last written words, so precious to their bereaved families and friends, be saved from destruction. A mission so sacred is worthy of a Government which has grudged and spared nothing for its heroic soldiers and sailors in other fields of war- fare, and will surely be approved by our gracious. Queen, who overlooks none of her loyal subjects 22 THE ATHEN.'EUM, 1 85/. suffering and dying for their country's honour.' — ' This final and exhausting search is all I seek in behalf of the first and only martyrs to Arctic discovery in modem times, and it is all I ever intend to ask.' " Mr. Colburn's The sale of the numerous copyrights of the copyiig s. ^^^^ y^^ Colburn by Messrs, Southgate & Barrett is noticed on the 30th of May. The 127 copy- rights produced 14,170/., and the stock 5,316/., making a total of 19,486/. Mrs.GaskeH's On the 6th of June a legal apology is adver- apoog>. |.jggi^ on behalf of Mrs. Gaskell, withdrawing the statements put forth in her book respecting the cause of Mr. Branwell Bronte's wreck and ruin. Douglas Douglas Jerrold died on the 8th of June, after j^^^^ ■ 2L few days' illness, from disease of the heart, at Greville Place, Kilburn Priory. His last ap- pearance out of doors was in the previous week, when he and Charles Dickens went to Green- wich to be present at Mr. W. H. Russell's dinner ("Pen of the War" as Jerrold called him). An obituary notice, written by his friend Mr. Hepworth Dixon, appears on the 13th. Jerrold was born in London on the 3rd of January, 1803. He was christened Douglas William, Douglas being the maiden name of his grand- mother. His father was manager of the two theatres of Sheerness and Southend, and in THE ATHEN^UM, 1 857. 23 these sea places much of his childhood passed. " He was the son of his father's old age, His and he held a theory that the children of old men are always nervous, facile, and short- lived. Few friends or playmates of his own age came near him in the theatre or in the town ; indeed, he used to say the only boy he knew familiarly at Sheerness was the little buoy at the Nore. Among the theatrical folks who played on his father's stage he remem- bered Edmund Kean with peculiar vividness ; for the descendant of Halifax pleased him by carrying him on the boards in Rolla, and still more by his whimsicalities in the pantomime. He appeared also on the stage with Kean as the Stranger s child. Author and actor came together afterwards at Drury Lane — in Jerrold's early London life ; Kean, who remembered Jerrold, gave him orders and oranges, and Jerrold paid him in admiration and epigrams. Long years of theatrical success — some quarrels and misunderstandings — never cooled the ardour with which the author of ' Clovernook ' always spoke of the great artist who had been gentle to him when a boy." He entered the navy as a midshipman on board the Namur. " His com- Enters as a midshipman. mander, Capt. Austen, brother of the great novelist, was fond of theatricals, and the officers got up private plays. A man before the mast 24 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 857. painted the scenery and Jerrold superintended the stage. That man before the mast was Stanfield, our incomparable marine artist. When Jerrold was transferred to another ship they parted company, — to meet again after long years on the stage of Drury Lane, when Stanfield was •The Rent painting scenery for 'The Rent Day.' Out of ^^" these youthful recollections arose, we believe, that series of amateur theatricals which intro- duced the extraordinary histrionic genius of Mr, Dickens and Mr. Mark Lemon to the public, which secured honourable means to two veteran authors, and made the charm of so many London seasons. A party of friends were walking over Richmond Park, chatting of other days, when Jerrold cries, — ' Let's have a play, Stanfield, like we had on board the Namur.' Mr. Dickens took •Eveiy Man up the tale and was acclaimed manager; ' Every Humour.' Man in his Humour' was selected, the parts were cast, and the row began. Apprenticed " After a few months Jerrold returned to shore, and came to London in search of fortune. He found it in a printer's office, in a court leading from Salisbury Square ; to the proprietors of which he was bound 'prentice. Working steadily, and in process of time a master in the mechanism of his craft, he nevertheless only considered this employment as a means to some- thing higher. At this time, though the hours of THE ATIIENyEUM, 1 857, 2$ labour were long, and there were no compositors' reading-rooms for leisure moments, he attacked /^f"^'^^ diligenUy. Latm and Italian ; rose at three in the morning to construe Virgil and Livy, and passed stormy hours with grammarians and glossaries before he commenced work with the heavy leaders and light sketches of the periodical press — the pro- ductions of people enjoying fame and pay for writings in which his quick eye detected the weak points and the faded splendours. He be- gan to scribble verse as soon as he learned to write ; and his sonnets, epigrams, and songs appeared in the sixpenny magazines of the day. He was then a mere boy, and looked, indeed, like a child. An American writer, one of those gentlemen from over sea who print Citizen of the World on their cards and invent pen-and-ink portraits of celebrities they have never spoken with, once described him as a tiny man who walked up the Strand fumbling his thunderbolts. Tiny he was : and before his fine fell of hair grisled into a lion's mane, he seemed almost infantine in the delicate mould of his face and the exquisite beauty of his expression. Em- boldened by success, he wrote for the stage, to which he felt a family call, and produced clouds of pieces ere he was twenty — some of which still keep the stage, like 'More Frightened than '^^°^^ Frightened Hurt, performed at Sadler's Wells. He engaged than Hurt.' 26 THE ATHEN^UM, 1857. with Davidge, then manager of the Coburg, to produce pieces at a salary ; and some of his plays at this time, hastily composed, and as he thought unworthy of his powers, appeared under the name of Mr. Henry Brownrig. In conse- quence of quarrels he went from the Coburg ' Black-Eyed Theatre to the Surrey, with ' Black-Eyed Susan ' in his hand. He had brought from the quarter- deck of the Namur a love of the sea and a knowledge of the service, which he turned to account on the stage and in his general writings. Salt air sweeps through these latter like a breeze and a perfume. ' Black-Eyed Susan,' the most successful of his naval plays, was written when he was scarcely twenty years old, — a piece which made the fortune of the Surrey Theatre, — re- stored Elliston from a long course of disastrous mismanagement, — and gave honour and inde- pendence to T. P. Cooke. Indeed, no dramatic work of ancient or modern days ever reached the success of this play. It was performed, without break, for hundreds of nights. All London went over the water, and Cooke became a personage in society, as Garrick had been in the days of Goodman's Fields. Covent Garden borrowed the play, and engaged the actor, for an afterpiece. A hackney cab carried the tri- umphant William, in his blue jacket and white trousers, from the Obelisk to Bow Street ; and THE ATIIEN/EUM, 1 857. 2/ Mayfair maidens wept over the strong situations and laughed over the searching dialogue which had moved an hour before the tears and jnerri- ment of the Borough. On the 300th night of representation the walls of the theatre were illuminated, and vast multitudes filled the thoroughfares. When subsequently reproduced at Drury Lane it kept off ruin for a time even from that magnificent misfortune. Actors and managers throughout the country reaped a golden harvest. Testimonials were got up for Elliston and for Cooke on the glory of its sue- Jenold's cess. But Jerrold's share of the gain was slight: Lain. — about 70/ " For many years he brooded over the thought of Punch. He even found a publisher — and a The penny wood-engraver — and a suitable Punch appeared, — but the publisher was less rich in funds than he in epigrams, and after five or six numbers the bantling died. Some time later, his son-in- law, Mr, Mayhew, revived the thought, — and our merry companion — now of world-wide name — Pnuch. appeared. All the chief writings of our author — except 'A Man made of Money' — saw the light in magazines, and were written with the devil at the door. ' Men of Character ' appeared in Blackwood's Magazine, — 'The Chronicles of Clovernook ' in the Illuminated Magazine, of which he was founder and editor, — ' St. Giles 28 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 857. and St. James' in the Shilling Magazine, of which he was also founder and editor, — and ' The Story of a Feather,' ' Punch's Letters to his Son,' and 'The Caudle Lectures' in Punch. The exquisite gallery of Fireside Saints which appear in Punch's Almanack for the present year is from his hand " For seven years past he had devoted himself more exclusively than before to politics. Politics, indeed, had always attracted him as they attract the strong and the susceptible. In the dear old days when Leigh Hunt was sunning himself in Horsemonger Lane for calling George the Fourth a fat Adonis of forty and the like crimes, he His first composed a political work — in a spirit which ^woik! would probably in those days have sent him to Newgate. The book was printed, but the publishers lacked courage, and it was only to be had in secret. Only a few copies are extant. Of late years he had returned to politics ; as a writer for the Ballot under Mr, Wakley, and as sub-editor of the Examiner under Mr. Fon- blanque; returned to find his opinions popular in the country and triumphant in the House of Commons. Of his efforts as a journalist we need Lloyd's not speak. He found Lloyd's Newspaper, as it eiL'spaper. ^^^^^^ jj^ ^.j^^ Street, and he annexed it to literature. He found it comparatively low in rank, and he spread it abroad on the wings of his genius, THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 857. 29 until its circulation became a marvel of the press " His fault as a man — if it be a fault — was a too great tenderness of heart. He never could say No. His purse — when he had a purse — was at every man's service, as were also his time, his pen, and his influence in the world. If he possessed a shilling somebody would get six- pence of it from him. He had a lending look, of which many took advantage. The first time he ever saw Tom Dibdin, that worthy gentleman Tom Dibdin. and song-writer said to him — ' Youngster, have you sufficient confidence in me to lend me a guinea ? ' — ' Oh, yes,' said the author of ' Black- Eyed Susan,' * I have all the confidence, but I haven't the guinea.' A generosity which knew no limit — not even the limit at his bankers' — led him into trials from which a colder man would have easily escaped. To give all that he possessed to relieve a brother from immediate trouble was nothing; he as willingly mortgaged his future for a friend as another man would bestow his advice or his blessing." The funeral took place on Monday, the 15th Funerai of June, at Norwood cemetery, in the presence ^^ Noi'wood. of between five and six thousand persons of all classes. The pall-bearers were Charles Dickens, Thackeray, Charles Knight, Mark Lemon, John Forster, W. Hep worth Dixon, Sir Joseph Paxton, 30 THE ATHENAEUM, 1 857. Horace Mayhew, R. M. Milnes, and F. Brad- bury. It is announced on July 25th that the Philo- The Philolo- logical Society had appointed a special com- 'dictionary/ iTiittee — consisting of Dean Trench, F. J. Furni- vall, and Herbert Coleridge, the last to act as secretary — for the purpose of collecting materials for a new dictionary of the English language, the committee to invite help in all promising quarters, and to report upon the whole subject at the first meeting of the society after the long vacation. The death of " one of the last of the Tories John Wilson and Qiiavtevly reviewers of the ' old rock,' " John Wilson Croker, is recorded on the 1 5th of August. National '^^^ establishment of the National Associa- Association tion for the Promotion of Social Science, with for the rromotion Lord Brougham as the general President, is Science, announced on September 5 th. This society, " devoted to the improvement of Social, as the British Association is to that of Physical Science," held its first meeting at Birmingham on the 1 2th of October, the five presidents of the various departments being Lord John Russell (Jurisprudence), Sir J. Pakington (Educa- tion), Lord Stanley (Public Health), Sir B. Brodie (Social Economy), and Mr. Hill, the Recorder of Birmingham (Punishment and Reformation). THE ATHEN^UM, 1 857. 31 It is stated on September 12th that "the submarine cable between Europe and Africa has The sub- been successfully laid down ; and the fact will ™be?weet'' be encouraging to all those croakers who see Europe and Africa. in the momentary failure of the Atlantic line a cause of despondency. The Mediterranean cable failed at the first trial, and has succeeded at the second. Messrs. R. S. Newall & Co. have published the following note: — 'We have the pleasure to inform you that a telegraph despatch from Cagliari, dated September 9, announces to us that the submarine cable con- necting Europe and Africa has been successfully laid between Bona and Cape Teulada. The communication between Teulada and Sparti- vento, a distance of 17 miles, has to be made before regular telegraphic communication can be opened with Algeria. The cable is a heavy one, with four conducting wires, and has been laid successfully in above 100 nauts of 1,600 to 1,700 fathoms water. The total distance covered is 124 nauts, or 145 miles.' " Long articles are devoted on November 7th and 14th to Dr. Livingstone's ' Missionary j^^^,;^ Travels and Researches in South Africa; in- Livingstone, eluding a Sketch of Sixteen Years' Residence in the Interior.' " David Livingstone came of a Highland stock, nurtured in mythic Ulva, one of the Hebrides, among wild, windy sea-music, parentage. 32 THE ATHEN.^UM, 1 857. the old Stuart faith and Culloden traditions. His His grandfather, a little farmer, was a man after Scott's heart, primed with pedigree and legend ; — the gude wife given to crooning Gaelic ditties in supposed lugubrious lament of a certain anachronistic captivity endured by Highlanders somewhere among the Turks. The supply of the farm became too scanty for the household, and the family made a flitting up the Clyde, beyond Glasgow, where there was a cotton-mill, and the sons were received as clerks. Here our traveller appears to have been born and bred among ancestral precepts and ethics, which always ended in an oft-reiterated, though some- times pretermitted. Highland refrain, — ' Be honest.' The father was a little tea-dealer, — a calling which, as he practised it, brought him in no worldly wealth, though it advanced him high in the rank of old-fashioned Presbyterian virtue ; — the mother, a thrifty housewife, patterned after Burns's type, that 'gars auld clothes look Boyhood, amaist as weel as new.' At ten years old, David went into the factory to earn his bread. Out of his first week's wages he saved enough to buy ' The Rudiments of Latin,' which he conned at a night-school from eight to ten. Dictionary researches occupied the time often till midnight, or later, if the mother did not snatch the' books out of her boy's hands. The factory bell rang THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 857. 33 at six in the morning, and the wliirr of tlic loom went on, with a brief quietude for breakfast and dinner, till eight at night. By setting his-book Reading ... under on a portion of the spninmg-jenny, the boy diftkulties. glanced off sentence after sentence as he passed to and fro to unloop or break the spinning threads. So he read Horace and Virgil, books of travel and science, and acquired the art of abstracting his mind so as, in later days, to write readily amid the play of children, and uninterrupted by the songs and dances of negroes. He ranged freely over all literary pabulum, except novels ; though his father — a precisian in his taste as well as his creed — looked somewhat sourly on his son's fondness for tales of travel or shipwreck, for records of science or discovery, in preference to the glories of the ' Cloud of Witnesses,' or the amenities of the * Fourfold State.' A smart, paternal argu- ment, a posteriori, made David grieve, but not repent, for the objections he had to forming an acquaintance with ' Practical Christianity.' He found better sermons in stones, and a more healing theology in plants. He scoured Lanark- shire with his brothers, far and wide, collecting simples. They dabbled in occult science, and had stolen interviews with demonology. His first rebuff in geology was among the shells of a limestone quarry. The quarryman looked on VOL. II. D 34 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 857. in compassionating ignorance. ' How ever did these shells come into these rocks ?' asked the young savant. — ' When God made the rocks he made the shells in them !' was the stout reply. " A icw years and David was almost out of his teens ; he had good wages, and he laid by enough through manual labour in summer to Attends enable him to attend the winter Greek classes ^aroiasgoT ^t Glasgow, as well as Dr. Wardlaw's Divinity lectures, without a farthing of aid. Among honest God-fearing compatriots he struggled on till he obtained his medical diploma, intent upon wending his way as a missionary in the practice of medicine to China. The war broke out, and Dr. Moffat, through the agency of Mr. Moffat his father- in-law and the London Missionary Society he turned his thoughts and aspirations Africawards. For that country he embarked in 1840." He returned to England in 1856, after an absence of sixteen years, during which he discovered Lake Ngami and the river Zambesi. CHAPTER II. THE ATHEN.'EUM, 1 85 8. On the seventh day of the new year a brief telegram was received from India announcing that " General Havelock died on the 24th of ^^^'l'^ of General November from dysentery, brought on by ex- Havelock. posure and anxiety." On the i6th of January the following tribute appears in \.\\q AtJienainn: — HAVELOCK. Wherever banner quivered on the wall, While Christmas beaker steamed with jovial foam, After the fond, familiar name of home, Thy name came next — as though a nation's call Of '■^Welcome back from Victory V shook the hall, Louder than pealing bells or cannon's boom Hailing a weary chief, in glory come To grace with pride old England's festival. — Who dreamed the task was done.'' — that Silence strange Had stilled the sharp pursuing trumpet's breath .'' — That arm so prompt to rescue and avenge Could lie so cold, re-conquered sands beneath ? — O my true country ! shall not such a death Speak to thy myriad hearts with tongue no time can change? H. F. C. l6 THE ATHEN^UM, 1858. 'Biographical On the 20th of March it is stated that the Rev.\viifiam ^^^^^'''P^^^'^ *^ ^^ 'Biographical Sketch of Brock. General Havelock,' by the Rev. William Brock, had reached the very large number of 32,000 copies, A poem by Mr. Gerald Massey on the death Death of Sir of Sir William Peel appeared in the Athenceuui William Peel. of the 1 2th of June, and Mr. Gerald Massey has kindly supplied the following amended ver- sion : — SIR ROBERT'S SAILOR SON. Our country has no need to raise The ghosts of glories gone ; Such heroes dying in our days Still pass the live torch on ! Brave blood as bright a crimson gleams, Still burns as goodly zeal ; The old heroic radiance beams In men like William Peel ! With beautiful bravery clothed on, And such high moral grace, The flash of rare soul-armour shone Out of his noble face ! So mild in peace, so stern in war. He walkt our English way, Just one of Shakspeare's Warriors for A weary working day. His Sailors loved him so on deck. So cheery was-his call, They leapt on land, and in his wake Followed him, guns and all. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 858. For, as a battle-brand white-hot, His Spirit grew and glowed, When in his swift war-chariot The Avenger rose and rode. Sleep, Sailor Darling, true and brave, With our dead Soldiers sleep ! That so the land you lived to save You shall have died to keep. You may have wished the dear Sea-blue To have folded round your breast, But there was other work for you And other place of rest. We might have reached you with our wreath If living ; but laid low You look so grand ! and after death The dearness deepens so ! To have gone so soon, so loved to have died, So young to wear that crown, We think, — but with such thrills of pride As shake the last tears down. God rest you, gallant William Peel, With those whom England leaves Scattered, as still she plies her steel, . But God gleans up in sheaves. We '11 talk of you on land, a-board, Till Boys shall feel as Men, And forests of hands clutch at this Sword Death gives us back again. Our old Norse Fathers speak in you, Speak with their strange sea-charm. That sets our hearts a-beating to The music of the storm. 38 THE ATHEN^UM, 1858. There comes a Spirit from the deep, The salt wind waves its wings, That rouses from its Inland sleep . The blood of the old Sea Kings. Gerald Massey. Sir William Peel, the gallant commander of the Naval Brigade, was born in 1824, and was a son of the great statesman. Sir William, with four hundred seamen and ten 68-pounders in a steamer towing flats, left Calcutta for Allahabad on the 1 8th of August, 1857. On the 19th of March in the following year he was wounded in the successful attack on Lucknow, He died of smallpox on the 27th of April at Cawnpore, while on his way down, bound for China, where his services were required. His death caused The Naval universal regret. Capt Peel's Naval Brigade proved so successful that at the time of his death there were two thousand men scattered in different detachments throughout the country. One illustration will show the popularity of the service. While the H.C.S. Coromandel was off Madras the seamen on shore heard that men were being shipped for service in Bengal, and immedi- ately came off in large parties, going away much disappointed when they found that only a few men were wanted to complete the crew. The loose clothing of the sailors gave them a great advantage over the soldiers, and enabled them to THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 85 8. 39 undergo more hardships. The tight belt worn by the European troops occasioned much dis- comfort, and after long marching the pressure against the side frequently caused a serious wound that often mortified. The books on the Indian Mutiny included Books on the 'India in 1858/ by Arthur Mills, M.P. ; 'The ^^"^'"^" Chaplain's Narrative of the Siege of Delhi,' by the Rev. J. E. W. Rotton ; ' A Personal Narra- tive of the Siege of Lucknow,' by L. G. R. Rees, one of the surviving defenders ; ' The Defence of Lucknow,' by a Staff Officer ; ' Personal Adven- tures during the Indian Rebellion,' by William Edwards ; ' Eight Months' Campaign against the Bengal Sepoy Army,' by Col. George Bourchier, C.B. ; ' An Account of the Mutinies in Oudh, and of the Siege of the Lucknow Residency,' by Martin Richard Gubbins; ' The British Army in India,' by Julius Jeffreys ; 'Notes on the Re- volt in the North-Western Provinces of India,' by Charles Raikes, Judge of the Sudder Court at Agra ; ' The Crisis in the Punjab, from the loth of May until the Fall of Delhi,' by Frederic Cooper, C.S., Deputy Commissioner of Umritsur; ' Service and Adventure . with the Khakee Res- salah, or Meerut Volunteer Horse, during the Mutinies of 1857-8,' by R. H. Wallace Dunlop, B.C.S. ; and ' A Personal Journal of the Siege of Lucknow,' by Capt. R. P. Anderson, 25th 40 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 858. N.I., who commanded an outpost during the siege. 'A Lady's In reviewing on April 24th 'A Lady's Diary Siege of o^ the Siege of Lucknow: written for the Perusal Lucknow. Q^ Friends at Home,' the AtJienmim says: " Here is the story of Lucknow, told without a touch of art or effort. It is strictly and simply a diary, and the shadow of death is on almost every page. The lady who writes enters morn- ing and evening in her journal the incidents of the last few hours, and in her broken narrative, blotted with tears, the tragedy stands forth more terrible, the heroism more majestic, than in any military chronicle, emblazoned like a banner with those epic epigrams that tell of victory. This is a book written by one who nursed the dying, who shrouded the dead, who sat among the Hecubas of that Indian Troy, while round shot splintered their walls, while blood dripped from the verandah into the room, while women were begging that their husbands should be inclosed in coffins instead of being wrapped in their bedding for the grave, and while all the circumstances of horror that accompanied the siege were witnessed, without the heat and flush, the cordial and fierce enchantment of battle. To the writer of the journal Lucknow itself was a scene almost as new as the mutiny : she had arrived there with her husband only a few THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 858. 4 1 weeks before the outbreak ; and it was her habit to keep a diary whatever might be the influences surrounding her. Sometimes" with a child in her arms or asleep in her lap, often with the enemy at the walls and the hurricane eclipse of an assault at the gates, she continued this tale of Lucknow ; and although few of its passages are characterized by any intrinsic novelty, the whole narrative is rendered fresh and warm by unaffected womanly sentiment, by the rapid alternations of the writer's feelings, by the fact, indeed, that the author is a lady, and not a Captain or a Civilian Volunteer." 'Day by Day at Lucknow,' by Mrs. Case, is 'Day by Day reviewed on the 3rd of July. Mrs. Case's first ' date is May 21st, when anxiety had been felt at Lucknow for several weeks, and when the rising of the native soldiers was imminent. Precautions were taken, and it was not until the end of the month that the revolt broke out, and the women were ordered into the Residency. Then came the awful news from Cawnpore, and "these reports, blackening as they flew, excited a panic that shook with strange terrors every heart in the garrison There were some terrific tempests, accompanied with thunder and lightning, and while these continued the Sepoys never ceased their fire ; their batteries main- tained a rivalry with the clouds of heaven, and 42 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 858. the double roar produced an effect rare even in warfare. Of course, the tenants of the Residency were in perpetual danger Tlie building was shaken by the explosion of mines, which the ladies appeared to anticipate with peculiar horror. On the 27th of July : — " ' Mrs. Inglis went this evening to see Mrs. Cooper, and there she heard that the enemy are mining just under the mess-room, close to where all the ladies are. It was first found out, I believe, by one of the ladies, who heard the noise v/hen she was in her bath-room, and called her husband to listen to the sound. But we are making a counter-mine there ; so I hope we may get the best of it. The ladies are sadly frightened, and no wonder. Nothing can be more dreadful than the idea of mines.' " Some of these mines were beautifully con- structed, and in one a wax candle was found burning. What moral effect was produced by these alarms is shown by the narrative of Mrs. Case : — " ' In the evening Mrs. Inglis went to see Mrs. Cooper, and found Mrs. Martin sitting with her. They all had a consultation as to what they would consider best to be done in case the enemy were to get in, and whether it would be right to put an end to ourselves, if they did so, to save ourselves from the horrors we should have to endure. Some of the ladies keep laudanum and prussic acid always near them. I can scarcely think it right to have recourse to such means.' " On the 20th of November a review appears of THE ATHEN^UM, 1858. 43 * Letters written during the Siege of Delhi,' by The siege of H. H. Greathed, edited by his widow : " In the terrible outbreak at Mi'rat Mr. and Mrs, Great- hed had a very narrow escape. They were in concealment on the roof of their house, while the mutineers were plundering it, and could hear them yelling for their blood. The wretches had set fire to the building, and just as the flames got the ascendant, and the smoke was becoming intolerable, Mr. Greathed and his wife were Mr. Greathed 1 , . 1 r • J J r and his wife saved by the presence 01 mmd and courage 01 ^^^^^i ^y their head servant, Gulab Khan. He went up ^"^'^'^ ^^^^^"• boldly to the mutineers, and told them it was no use their searching in the house for his master and mistress, but if they would follow him he would show them where they were concealed. Before the murderous wretches could return, mad with the deception that had been practised upon them, their intended victims had escaped, which they had no sooner done than the house fell in with a crash. Gulab Khan, who was himself in imminent danger, but was dexterous enough to elude the fury of the mob, was after- wards rewarded by the Governor-General with a gift of a thousand rupees and a pension of a hundred rupees a year." The books of the year included the first two Literary worlcs of th^ volumes of the ' History of Friedrich the Second, yg^^. called Frederick the Great,' by Thomas Carlyle; 44 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 858. ' The History of the Origin and Rise of the Re- pubh'c of Venice,' by William. Carew Hazlitt ; ' Fifty Years' Recollections/ by Cyrus Redding ; ' The Eighteen Christian Centuries,' by the Rev. James White ; ' The Works of William Shake- speare, the Text revised by the Rev. Alexander Dyce'; the first and second parts of Bohn's edition of Lowndes ; the second and third volumes of Lord Macaulay's ' History of Eng- land ' ; Trelawny's * Recollections of the Last Days of Shelley and Byron ' ; ' Andromeda,' by Charles Kingsley ; Cardinal Wiseman's ' Re- collections of the Last Four Popes ' ; ' Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age,' by the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone ; the first volume of Thackeray's 'Virginians'; the first and second volumes (all published) of ' The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley,' by Thomas Jefferson Hogg ; ' Historical and Biographical Essays,' by John Forster ; ' Legends and Lyrics,' by Adelaide Anne Procter ; ' History of the First Battalion Coldstream Guards duringthe Eastern Campaign, from February, 1854, to June, 1856,' by John Wyatt, Battalion Surgeon ; 'The Modern Art of taming Wild Horses,' by J. S. Rarey ; ' The Ballads of Scotland,' edited by William Edmon- stoune Aytoun ; ' Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa,' by Dr. Barth ; and 'The British Cavalry; with Remarks on its THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 858. 45 Practical Organization,' by Capt. Valentine Baker, The approaching marriage of the Princess Marriage of Royal to Prince Frederick William of Prussia Royal. at the Chapel Royal, St. James's, on the 25th of January, calls forth a characteristic article from Dr. Doran on the i6th, entitled 'A Bridal Pro- 'A Bridal ProcGssion cession,' giving a sketch of the marriages of^y Dr. Doran. English princesses from that of the first princess born on English soil, Matilda, daughter of Matilda and ^ _, , 111 Henry V. Henry I. " She was but seven years old when an army of German nobles came hither to ask her hand for the Emperor Henry the Fifth. Her sire was hard put to it to fit out this little lass with a dowry, but the happy and natural thought struck him that it would be most seemly, and certainly most convenient, to com- pel the patient public to furnish the 'tocher.' Accordingly, the enormous tax of 3^-. was levied on every hide of land throughout the kingdom ! Since the establishment of that admirable pre- cedent, it has been the privilege of the people to provide portions for the daughters of Royalty." Among others included in the " procession " is Isabella, John's second daughter, "an un- Isabella and •' . Frederick II. usually pretty girl, with especially sparkling eyes," who when she repaired to Worms to be married to the Emperor Frederick H. took with her " such a mighty load of clothing, and fur- 46 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 858. niture, and dishes and pots and pans (all silvered), and light knick-knacks, and heavy- boxes, that merely to catalogue them would demand a Supplement at our hands. Four kings stood by to present her to her lord, and money was scattered at the wedding festivities as if every man had a plethora of wealth, and to bleed freely was at once a benefit and a luxury." Margaret of Margaret of Windsor, daughter of Henry III,, Windsor and Alex- married Alexander III., and ownig to the "very sanguinary quarrels " which arose whenever the English and Scotch nobles who attended as guests met in the streets, the wedding " was cleverly celebrated in a snug way so early in the morning, that the ceremony was concluded before half the riotous nobles were out of their beds." The King of England dubbed the bride- groom a knight, " but no persuasion or remon- strance could induce ' King Sandy ' to pay the usual fee ! " Margaret and Henry VII.'s daughter Margaret the morning James IV. . ... after the nuptials received as a morrowing gift from her husband, James IV. of Scotland, the title deeds of the lands of Kilmarnock. " The bride was as merry as the groom was liberal ; and the familiarity established is evidenced by the fact, that thus early she, and even her ladies, began clipping the king's beard, — an amusement which was considered an excellent joke by the THE ATHEN^UM, 1 858. 47 Suffolk. whole party. The above royal marriage was celebrated between 8 and 9 in the morning, — and thi.s has been considered as a very matutinal hour. But some years later, and in the same month, August, Mary Stuart, in widow's weeds, stood at the same altar, with ' that long lad,' Lord Darnley, and their nuptials were all over between 5 and 6 o'clock — long before breakfast- time." "Madame Mary, pearl of England," was sent across the sea, with an escort of 2,000 archers of Henry's body-guard, to be married to Louis XIL of France. " In a few months the Queen was a ^^^]^^"o/''^ widow, and then speedily ensued that private marriage with Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, — which, being an accomplished fact, the king was fain to sanction. The Princess kept house in the Borough ; and the dust of a wife, who was happier with a duke than with a king, lies within the splendid ruins at Bury St. Edmunds." Elizabeth, daughter of James L, married Frederick, Count Palatine, afterwards the " Winter King " of Bohemia. " The most singular incident connected with the perform- ance of this marriage was, that it was regularly asked by the publication of banns in the Chapel Royal! The nuptials were celebrated in Feb- ruary 161 3. So pure and brilliant looked the bride and her twelve maids, that their passage, Elizabeth and the " Winter King." 48 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 85 8. it was said, ' looked like a Milky Way.' The expenses of this gorgeously celebrated marriage cost the country nearly 100,000/., nearly 8,000/. was expended in fireworks alone, on the Thames." "In May 1641, occurred the last of what may Mary and the be called the child - marriages, when Mary, of Orange, daughter of Charles the First, then in her tenth year, was married, in the Chapel Royal, White- hall, to William, afterwards second Prince of Orange. There was a bevy of very little brides- maids, all in cloth of silver, and Bishop Wren blessed the happy union ! The bridegroom was only eleven. The wedding festivity had much the aspect of a good romping 'children's party.'" Mary, daughter of the Duke of York (James Mary and II.), married "another and a greater William of Orange. Orange, the son of the couple last mentioned. This was in November 1677. The lady is said to have been unwilling ; and Charles the Second had no greater delight than in making the grave Dutch lover drunk, and inducing him to break the windows of the maids of honour ! The incident worth remarking on this occasion is, that the ceremony of marriage took place in the bed-chamber of the Princess at nine o'clock at night. Charles the Second acted as ' father,' and kept the whole assembly in ecstacy or wonder at the excess of his joviality and his loud THE ATHEN.^UM, 1 858. 49 irreverence. He interrupted the Bishop, and talked jokingly to the bride, answered more than was set down for him as ' father,^ and finally, after supper was over, speeches made, posset drunk, and cake broken, the merry and tipsy monarch drew the curtains with his own royal hand, and a halloo such as Squire Western might have given of ' St. George for England!'" The last high festival of kings, queens, and such like august personages held in Lin- coln's Inn Fields was on the occasion of the Duke of Brunswick's marriage to the Princess Augusta an.^ Augusta, when "a right royal supper" was given g^ ^^"l^*^,^^ at Leicester House. " With our usual happy felicity, the bridegroom was entertained at Covent Garden with a comedy bearing the remarkably appropriate title, ' He 's nobody's enemy but his own ! ' At the opera, the crowd was so great that ladies got out of their sedans in Piccadilly, — and powdered beaux going before them and imitating the knights of old, as far as in them lay, drew their bodkin-swords and threatened to cut a way for the ladies to the doors of their boxes." The last marriage referred to is that of the Princess Charlotte of Wales, " at Carlton House, cha,-]otte an-i late on a May evening, in 18 16, to Prince Leopold. Leopold, the present King of the Belgians." The bride's waist " was just under her arms, and VOL. II. E 50 THE ATHEN^UM, 1858. the 'groom' had a livery sort of look, in his knee-breeches The bride was in high spirits, showed her foot, as she was wont to do, and, as one who heard her, informs us, gave a charm- ingly distinct * Yes, I will,' in answer to the all- important query of the ceremony, which raised a smile on the faces of all around." The article concludes with " the sincere wish that the next Royal bride who may leave the Chapel Royal, supported by her princely husband, may possess, in its utmost fullness, the sole or the crowning happiness which a wife is permitted to enjoy — love, in her married state." The letters which had appeared in the Times on the i6th, 23rd, and 27th of March, 1857, on "Ilahitans in' pj.£g^(;l-,ij-icr and Preaching,' signed " Habitans in bicco. ' ^ '^ t>' fa Sicco," and dated from the " Broad Phylactery, Westminster," complaining of the mode in which the services were conducted in the Church of England, of the " humbles and mumbles " of many an incumbent, and especially of " the mumbling of the Archbishop of ," added to the excitement caused in the south of London by the preaching of the Rev. C. H. Spurgeon, attracted great attention. The writer in one of his letters says: "If I were ex- amining chaplain of the Archbishop of I would say, ' What does your grace think of inviting Mr. Spurgeon, this heretical Calvinist THE ATHEN^UM, 1 858. 5 1 and Baptist, who is able to draw 10,000 souls after him, just to try his voice some Sunday morning in the nave of St. Paul's or Westminster Abbey?'" This led to the opening of Westminster Abbey on Sunday Westminster evenings for services for the working classes, demons fof The first was held on the 3rd of January, t'^e working •^ •' classes. 1858, the sermon being preached by the Dean, Dr. Trench. Money was then sub- scribed to adapt St. Paul's Cathedral for the St. rauiv 1 „ , , r^ ^ r Cathedral. same purpose, and on Sunday, the 28th of November, the evening service began with a congregation exceeding 4,000 persons. The AtJiencEuvi of January 30th contains an article on 'A Sunday Night View of West- ^ A Sunday Night View of mmster Abbey : " The popular notion of a Westminster Cathedral or Minster in England is that of ^"^^^^'^ a grand old fossil or mammoth Church. Be- queathed to us by odd-fashioned forefathers, no doubt good enough for their age, they are ponderous records of piety in stone, outlines of sentiment in endless intricacy of lines and arches. Beautiful to see or to sketch, to fit into a portfolio or light up a history, of what human use are they besides, except perhaps to get persons buried in ? Yet who that has been locked in, or still oftener locked out of, their quiet walls but associates a melancholy pleasure with the remembrance? Who, for instance, 52 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 85 8. that works in populous London, but has a secret hking for those twin towers of West- minster ? Even if he has not played hockey in the cloisters, or vanquished an impertinent lad in the square, or done moonlight exploits in the precincts, or in later life passed beneath them jaded and cold after a night of stormy debate in the House, what dweller in Cockayne but loves them ? We have watched them looming grey and cold, as the young dawn of a May morning shot silvery arrows along the lake in St. James's Park, and came sparkling under the trees where a poor houseless girl was plying her weary needle within a stone's throw of the Palace. Leagues away at sea the shadow of the Minster towers has risen up into thoughts of England and its Parks, slowly fading in the calm sunset. Cannot these grand old edifices be made useful as well as poetical ? They were useful once, and out of their serviceableness grew their sanctity and their attraction. A few years ago, if we remember well. Cardinal Wiseman hinted at the use Jie would find for Westminster Abbey. And why not others ? Why should so much stone religion rear itself apart from the emotions of our daily life ? Even to stand beneath its fretted roof is to be impressed with a sentiment of awe and humbleness. Earnest men have said this — or something THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 858. 53 like this — to themselves ; and the answer is, that Westminster Abbey is restored to the worship of the multitude The Dean reads the Lessons and the Bishop preaches an ex- pressive sermon. The Doxology is sung, and the vast throng slowly passes out into the cold night — wiser at the head, warmer at the heart, for a Sunday night spent in Westminster Abbey." The death of " the poets' publisher " Edward f^]^ll'^ Moxon is recorded on the 12th of June. "His little volume of Sonnets was graciously received, and is not now forgotten. As a personal friend of Charles Lamb (who bequeathed to him his curious and interesting collection of books), and as the publisher and friend of Rogers, Words- worth, Coleridge and Tennyson, he will keep his place in the literary history of our time, — and many generations of readers will be re- minded of his business career by his useful editions of the dramatic works of Shakspeare, his contemporaries and successors." On June 19th it is announced that "the atten- The tion of the proprietors of the AthencEJim has been \^^^l'\^ directed to the inconvenience caused by the in- half-yearly volumes. creasing bulk of the yearly volumes. It has been represented to them that when the AthencBum started in its career its yearly volume consisted of 840 pages, whilst its contents last year ex- 54 THE ATHEN.^UM, 1 858. tended to no less than 1,644 pages. To meet the wishes of subscribers, the proprietors have resolved that the AthencBian shall in future be paged in half-yearly volumes, and an enlarged Index given with each volume. An Index for the volume ending on the 26th of June will be published in July." Autograph of It is Stated on the same date that the " auto- graph signature of Shakspeare affixed to a mortgage deed of a house in Blackfriars, dated March 11, 1612-13, has been sold during the present week, by Messrs. Sotheby & Wilkin- son, for 315/. It was bought for the British Museum. It was discovered in the year 1768, by Mr. Albany Wallis, among the title deeds of the same estate in Blackfriars, at that time the property of the Rev. Mr. Fetherstonhaugh, of Oxted, Surrey." Robert The distinguished botanist Robert Brown Brown. died on June 12th, at his house in Dean Street, Soho, in his eighty-fifth year. The obituary notice on June 19th states: "Till his time botany can scarcely be said to have had a scientific foundation. It consisted of a large number of ill-observed and badly-arranged facts. By the use of the microscope and the conviction of the necessity of studying the history of the development of the plant in order to ascertain its true structure and relations. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 85 8. 55 Brown changed the face of botany. He gave life and significance to that which had been dull and purposeless. His influence was felt in -every direction : — the microscope became a necessary instrument in the hands of the philosophical botanist, and the history of development was the basis on which all improvement in classifi- cation was carried on. This influence extended from the vegetable to the animal kingdoms. The researches of Schleiden on the vegetable cell, prompted by the observations of Brown led to those of Schwam on the animal cell ; and we may directly trace the present position of animal physiology to the wonderful influence that the researches of Brown have exerted upon the investigation of the laws of organization After the death of Dryander in 18 10, Dr. Brown received the charge of the library and collections of Sir Joseph Banks, who bequeathed them to him for life. They were afterwards, by his per- mission, transferred to the British Museum in 1827, and he was appointed Keeper of Botany n that Institution." He received "the highest Prussian civil order ' Pour le Merite,' of which his friend and survivor at the age of 88, the Baron von Humboldt, is Chancellor. Hum- boldt long since called him ' Botanicorum facile princeps,' a title to which all scientific botanists readily admitted his undisputed claim." 5^ THE ATHEN^UM, 1 858. Prof. Prof. Faraday contributes a paper on the 3rd on science, of July 'On Science as a Branch of Education.' " The value of the public recognition of science as a leading branch of education may be esti- mated in a very considerable degree by observa- tion of the results of the education which it has obtained incidentally from those who, pursuing it, have educated themselves. Though men may be specially fitted by the nature of their minds for the attainment and advance of literature, science, or the fine arts, all these men, and all others, require first to be educated in that which is known in these respective mental paths ; and when they go beyond this preliminary teaching, they require a self-education directed (at least in science) to the highest reasoning power of the mind. Any part of pure science may be selected to show how much this private self-teaching has done, and by that to aid the present movement in favour of the recognition generally of scientific education in an equal degree with that which is literary ; but perhaps electricity, as being the portion which has been left most to its own development, and has produced as its results the most enduring marks on the face of the The voltaic globe, may be referred to. In 1800 Volta '^' ^* discovered the voltaic pile ; giving a source and form of electricity before unknown. It was not an accident, but resulted from his own THE ATHEN/EUM, 1858. 57 mental self-education : it was, at first, a feeble instrument, givang feeble results ; but by the united mental exertions of other men,- who educated themselves through the force of thought and experiment, it has been raised up to such a degree of power as to give us light, and heat, and magnetic and chemical action, in states more exalted than those supplied by any other means. In 18 19 Oersted discovered the magnetism of the electric current, and its relation to the magnetic needle ; and as an immediate consequence, other men, as Arago and Davy, instructing themselves by the partial laws and action of the bodies concerned, mag- netized iron by the current. The results were so feeble at first as to be scarcely visible ; but, by the exertion of self-taught men since then, they have been exalted so highly as to give us magnets of a force unimaginable in former Powerful times. In 1831 the induction of electrical '"'''^'"^'''• currents one by another, and the evolution of electricity from magnets was observed, — at first in results so small and feeble, that it required one much instructed in the pursuit to perceive and lay hold of them ; but these feeble results, taken into the minds of men already partially educated and ever proceeding onwards in their self-education, have been so developed as to supply sources of electricity independent of the 58 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 85 8. voltaic battery or the electric machine, yet having the power of both combined in a manner and degree which they, neither separate nor together, could ever have given it, and applicable to all the practical electrical purposes of life Elec- tricity is often called wonderful — beautiful ; — but it is so only in common with the other forces of nature. The beauty of electricity, or of any other force, is not that the power is mysterious and unexpected, touching every sense at un- awares in turn, but that it is under law, and that the taught intellect can even now govern it largely. The human mind is placed above, not beneath it ; and it is in such a point of view that the mental education afforded by science is rendered super-eminent in dignity, in practical application, and utility ; for, by enabling the mind to apply the natural power through law, it conveys the gifts of God to man." Mrs. Marcet. Mrs. Marcet's death at the advanced age of ninety is recorded on the loth of July. "Popular as a scientific writer for the young (it is almost superfluous to name her ' Conversations,' on different subjects, so widely circulated have these been), Mrs. Marcet claims, too, record in a literary journal as one who, for something like three parts of a century, held a distinct place in the English and foreign worlds of Letters and Art. She belonged both to Eng- THE ATHEN^UM, 1 858. 59 land and Switzerland, dividing her time betwixt the two countries ; and there were few persons of any celebrity who, at one time or other, did not form part of her circle." A notice of Mrs. Jane Loudon is given on the Mrs. Loudon. 24th of July. Thirty years previously, then Miss Webb, she made her first appearance in print in a remarkable novel called 'The Mummy,' "which 'The passed through several editions, and secured her ' ^^^^^^ a name. This novel, which was original and clever, purposed to represent the condition of England in the year 2126, and amongst the various inventions and improvements mentioned as having been brought into practical use (many of which have now come to pass) was the steam- plough, Mr. Loudon, the well-known botanist, who was interested in agricultural pursuits, struck with this suggestion, desired to become acquainted with the author of ' The Mummy,' which ac- quaintance ended in their marriage. During the first years of her married life Mrs. Loudon assisted her husband in the preparation of his works, but wrote little on her own account ; when, however, his affairs became deeply em- barrassed owing to the publication of the ' A rbo-' Arboretum at retumet Fruticetum Britannicum' — a work which, ijritannicum.' when complete, left a debt of 10,000/. upon it, and which, as publishers were unwilling to under- take the risk, Mr. Loudon published on his own 6o THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 858. account, — Mrs. Loudon once more put forth her energy and talent, and for many years supported her family by her own labours. Her works were now principally on botanical subjects, of which ' The Ladies' Flower Garden,' in six quarto volumes, ' The Amateur Gardener's Calendar,' ' The Ladies' Country Companion,' ' Botany for Ladies,' ' Gardening for Ladies,' * British Wild Flowers,' and ' The Ladies' Companion to the Flower Garden,' were the principal. Most of these works have been extremely popular, and 'The Ladies' they are all interesting and useful. 'The Ladies' the^Fiower^ Companion to the Flower Garden ' has been darden. through scv^cn large editions, and had a circula- tion of more than 20,000 copies. Mrs. Loudon's last literary labour was preparing a new edition of that and ' The Amateur Gardener's Calendar,' both ot which were completed shortly before her death." " The wealthy, productive and venerable county of Kent, possessing two cathedrals, and including St. Augustine's Priory, St. Martin's, the earliest ecclesiastic foundation in England, the oldest Roman castle," had until this year been without " any organized body to collect and record its archaeological features and chronicle discoveries," and the AtJiencEum of August 7th gives an account of the first meeting of the Kentish Archaeological Society, held at Combe. THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 858. 61 Canterbury on the 30th of July. " The Society The th^i and its friends assembled in the Guildhall, underArchitologicai the presidency of the Marquis Camden, and after ^o'^'^'y- preliminary reports on business matters adjourned to the chapter-room of the cathedral. Here they were addressed by Canon Stanley, who pointed out the leading architectural features and his- torical associations connected with the buildings around them." Afterwards the members in- spected the walls and castle, the church of St. Martin and the Pilgrims' Inn, the College of St. Augustine, &c. Mr. George Combe's death is recorded on Ceorgc August 2ist. He was born in 1788, and married a daughter of Mrs. Siddons in 1833. "A score of years ago, thousands were discussing his 'Con- stitution of Man.' He was a quiet but a zealous worker for the benefit of his fellows ; an unosten- tatious but a determined preacher, teacher, and practitioner ; an often unsuccessful but the most persevering of philosophers in establishing his peculiarly useful tenets. This instruction and example have carried with them rich fruits, and further results, not less valuable, will yet be reaped by those who may be brought to listen to, and put in practice, the simple rules laid down by Mr. Combe The good old man will be missed and regretted by friends and admirers in every quarter of the world." 62 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 85 8. William William Henry Curran died at Dublin on the Henry 1 r a • 1 • 1 11 Cm-ran. 25tn of August, in his sixty-nmth year, and the obituary notice on the 4th of September states that "he was favourably known in the literary world by his biography of his father, the orator, and also by the ' Sketches of the Irish Bar,' in which series he was joined by Shell His best writing was his personal sketch of a day of O'Connell's life, in his ' Sketches of the Irish Bar,' and his humorous and racy portraiture of Mr. Serjeant Goold." Mr. Cureton. On the same date the death of Mr. Harry Osborn Cureton, the well-known numismatic dealer, is noticed. He died at his apartments in River Street, Pentonville, on the 23rd of August, in his seventy-fourth year. He had many years previously given the Goldsmiths' Company (of which he was a liveryman) 3,000/. to found a charity for the blind, and by his will he be- queathed an additional sum of 2,000/. in further- ance of the same object. On the 5th of August, 1747, Watson proved that the electric current could be passed through 2J miles of wire, and on the 5th of August, 1858 — twelve months to the day from the laying The Atlantic down of the first wire at Valentia — the first Cable : first messages were flashed from nation to nation messages. * beneath the waters of the Atlantic. England and America were joined by the laying down of THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 858. 63 2,050 miles of wire from Valentia, in Ireland, to Newfoundland. Congratulatory messages passed between the Queen and the President of the United States, Mr. Buchanan. The Athencziivi, in an article on August 28th, mentions among other curious coincidences that it was " on the 3rd of August the squadron left the Cove of Cork for Valentia Bay, and that on the same day just 365 years previously — a grand year of years intervening — Columbus put out from the little port of Palos, in Andalusia, to go in search of that new world which is now really linked to our own." Unfortunately the insulation of the wire gradually became faulty, and on the nth of September it is announced that " the Great Cable has for the moment ceased to convey intelligible messages, and the engineers are anxiously inquiring into the causes." The comet of Donati arrived at its least dis- Donati's tance from the earth about midnight on the loth of October, the distance on that date being rather over 51,000,000 miles, and the AtJiencziun of October 2nd gives an account of Mr. Hind's observations. In a somewhat hazy sky "the apparent length of the tail was about 12°, cor- responding to a real length of 16,000,000 miles. As usual in great comets, the tail is very visibly curved in the opposite direction to that of the motion of the nucleus. After it is lost to view comet. 64 THE ATHEN^UM, 1858. in Europe the comet will traverse the southern extremity of the constellation Sagittarius, and thence pass through Telescopium into Indus, where it will be found about Christmas, not far from the star a in Pavo. It will remain in the same constellation during January and part of F'ebruary, slowly approaching the principal star in Toucan, and, indeed, will continue in that part of the heavens until it has nearly completed its next revolution round the sun, and again presents itself to the gaze of another Donati a few hundred years hence." Dr. George Dr. George Peacock, Dean of Ely, died on the 8th of November, and on the 20th a long obituary notice is given, written by Prof. De Morgan. " Peacock's mind was, in some respects, differently framed from those of the young men who usually distinguish themselves. The Uni- versity examinations cultivate two kinds of power: acquisition of knowledge, called booktvork, and solution of such applications as can be done by good heads in a few minutes, dignified by the name oi problems Peacock was one of those who, as stories ran in our undergraduate days, ' never did a single problem.' A sarcastic review of Cambridge men and things, which made some noise at the time, reckoned him up thus : — ' He has read three times as much mathe- matics as any man in Europe, but has not a THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 858. 65 spark of originality.' He lived to show the highest and the rarest originality of speculative thought, the power of seeing a whole science as it is to be, and lending aid in placing it upon its proper basis. Hundreds of those who would have beaten him hollow at Cambridge problems are wholly unfit to attempt the formation of any the least idea of the scope and meaning of his works on algebra. " At the time when Peacock took his degree, the public mind of Cambridge was stirred on the question of the University mathematics. The English school, following Newton's notation of fluxions, had almost lost the power of read- ing the continental treatises. There were two undergraduates, Herschel and Peacock, who were well read, especially Peacock, in the foreign writers. There was a third, Babbage, who, without the same depth of reading, had trained a rare genius for analysis in the same school. A fourth was Maule (afterwards judge), who might have been among the first of mathe- maticians, if he had chosen that career. Wood- house, an older man, had opened the way by a treatise in 1803. The younger gentlemen deter- mined to act in concert, for the introduction of the continental mathematics. They formed an Ayialytical Society, whether consisting of more The 11 1 , 111.11 Analytical than themselves we know not, and published a Society. VOL. II. F 66 THE ATHENAEUM, 1 85 8. volume of Memoirs in 1813. They translated the work of Lacroix on the Differential Calculus, and prepared a volume of examples, of which Peacock compiled the larger part, in a manner which showed very extraordinary reading for a man of his age. This translation, and these examples, carried the day : and Peacock, when he became Moderator in 18 17, completed the victory by introducing the modern language and notation into the public examinations. His colleague did not join him in the alteration ; and the Moderators of 18 18 returned to the old system. Peacock was again Moderator in 18 19 with a colleague of his own cabal (Mr. Gwatkin) : and from that year the change was fully ac- cepted. There are those who like to kno\v the precise time and manner of all things : let them stand informed that the official recognition of the continental school of mathematicians at Cambridge dates from nine o'clock in the morn- ing of Monday, January 13, 1817, when Peacock put into the hands of each candidate for honours a printed paper, the fourth question of which stands thus : — dx * Find the inte^jral of — , — ,.' In 1826 appeared in the Encyclopaedia ^ . Metropolitana his article on the history of hi-say on ^ -^ arithmetic. Arithmetic, the most learned essay on the sub- THE ATHEN^UM, 1 85 8. 6/ ject which exists Dr. Peacock exercised great influence ov^er his contemporaries by soundness of judgment, extent of knowledge, and suavity of manners. His various quahties and attainments were perfectly blended, and lent force to each other : the combination was one of power ; for he was a man of business, of science, of learning, and of cha- racter." The ' Memoirs of William Beckford, of Font- William 1 -Ti ) -1 1 1 r T-x 1 Beclcford, of hill, are reviewed on the nth 01 December: Fontliill. " Only the other day we rambled, on a sunny autumn afternoon, through the domain of that Wiltshire Sardanapalus whose name heads the book we review. It is now a tangled mass of overgrown woods, bound and clamped with brambles. The nine miles of drive, along which his four grey ponies used to pad and trot, are now chopped into three estates. The great Abbey, that country people tell you cost a million, rose like an exhalation and passed away like a summer cloud. One turret gallery alone stands as a place for pic-nics The agate cups, gold lamps, proof engravings, Honde- koeters, Weeninxes, and all such rarities are scattered to the four winds, just like his old rival Horace Walpole's ; and now the bleak wind whistling from the broad crop-eared Wiltshire downs keeps rumbling and muttering in every 68 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 858. blast, 'Vanity of vanities: all is vanity and vexation of spirit.' His father. " Beckford's father, the Lord Mayor, was chiefly remarkable for his enormous riches and his consistent opposition to the narrow Hano- verian interests and the consequent German war. Although himself in some things abstemious to a miserly pitch, the Lord Mayor used to give City dinners which cost sometimes as much as 10,000/. each The young heir, born 1789, with the first fortune in England, and ten years to nurse it in, was spoiled by his widowed mother. His tutor, recommended by the cele- brated Lord Littleton, and aided by the dead father's greatest friend, the Earl of Chatham, did little to correct his pupil's pride, irrita- bility, and desultory cleverness. His mother's friends, Lords Camden, Thurlow, and Bathurst, Hermes Harris, and Gay's old patroness, the Duchess of Queensberry, petted and caressed him " After a grand coming-of-age festival at Font- hill, the possessor of a million of money and a hundred thousand a year went abroad again in search of pleasure, with a physician, a musician, and Cozens the artist, three carriages, led horses and outriders, seeking for ' wild spots,' yet plunging into every festivity. The composition of ' Vathek ' the anonymous author assigns to THE ATHEN^UM, 1 858. 69 1782, — the year before Beckford married and went abroad for several years to Switzerland "In 1786, Beckford's wife, a daughter of the Death of his wife Earl of Aboyne, died at Vevay, and from this time the Orientalist never did well with the world. He moved at first restlessly about Switzerland, and then going down to Wiltshire for six months' sorrowful contemplation started for Portugal with a retinue of thirty persons "In 1796 Beckford returned to reside alto- gether in retirement in Wiltshire, with a train of artists, musicians, and topographers, to encourage him in every despotic whim, eccentricity and vice. How this desire for solitude came upon him the biographer does not say ; but it first evidenced itself in a tyrannical determination to build a ring wall of nine miles round his pro- perty to keep out his sworn enemies, the tres- passing fox-hunters. As soon as this was done he began to take fancies about the damp of the Abbey, and began a new mansion of stupendous magnificence, — dreaming, probably, of Solomon and the deeds of Pre- Adamite builders, for there was always a love of the unusual and super- natural in this pursuer of pleasure. The visit Visit of Lord of Lord Nelson and Sir William Hamilton, in 1800, was the occasion of ?ifetc, that lit up the old doomed Abbey till it blazed through Wilt- shire like a fiery beacon. Peter Pindar and 70 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 858. West were among the guests, and Lady Hamil- ton's theatrical performances were among the day's amusements,"* On the 2nd of May, 1844, Beckford died calmly of a cold caught out riding. The great sarcophagus of red granite that held his body was inscribed with the lines from ' Vathek,' Enjoying humbly The most precious gift of heaven, Hope. On Christmas Day the first book reviewed is Douglas 'The Life and Remains of Douglas Jerrold,' by his son Blanchard Jerrold. Among the quota- tions is the following : — ] lis friendship '"Few of his friends,' Mr. Dickens writes,'! think, lor Dickens. ^^^ have more favourable opportunities of knowing him in his gentlest and most affectionate aspect than I have had. He was one of the gentlest and most affectionate of men. I remember very well that when I first saw him, in about the year 1835, when I went into his sick- room in Thistle Grove, Brompton, and found him propped up in a great chair, bright-eyed, and quick, and eager in spirit, but very lame in body, he gave me an impression of tenderness. It never became dissociated from him. Of his generosity I had a proof within these two or three years, which it saddens me to think of now. There * It is related of Nelson that " when he came out on the lawn and heard the militia band, Mr. Beckford said to him, 'Well, Nelson, how do you like that.?' and Nelson, who was followed by two black servants, replied, ' Why, Beckford, I had rather be at sea hearing the wind blowing and the guns roaring.' " THE ATHEN^UM, 1858. 7I had been an estrangement between us— not on any per- sonal subject, and not involving an angry word — and a good many months had passed without my even seeing him in the street, when it fell out that we dined each with his own separate party, in the Stranger's Room of a club. Our chairs were almost back to back, and I took mine after he was seated and at dinner. I said not a word (I am sorry to remember), and did not look that way. Before we had sat so long, he openly wheeled his chair round, stretched out both his hands in a most engaging manner, and said aloud, with a bright and loving face that I can see as I write to you, ' For God's sake, let us be friends again ! A life 's not long enough for this.' " The review thus closes : " Jerrold in his little Jerrold in his study, with a cigar, a flask of Rhine wine on the table, a cedar log on the fire, and half-a-dozen literary youngsters round the board listening to his bright wit and his wisdom that was brighter even than his wit, — this is, we think, the image of the good friend and singular humourist that will live most brightly and permanently in the minds of those who knew him. Warmth and generosity, haste in giving and forgiving, a passionate desire to see every one cheery, pro- sperous, and content, went with him from cradle to tomb. His mound of flowers was nobly earned. Men who linger wistfully on the memory of that tiny frame, on that eager, radiant face, on those infantine ways, with their wonderfully subtle and elaborate guilelessness. 72 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 858. on that ailing constitution and fiery blood, on that joyous, tender, teasing, frolicsome, thought- ful heart, must always think of him, less as of the flashing wit and scathing satirist, — than as of some marvellously gifted, noble, and way- ward child, the sport of nature and the delight of man. He will be recalled to those who knew and loved him, not by any big and sound- ing appellation, but by some affectionate and soft diminutive : — not as brilliant Douglas or magnificent Douglas, but simply and fondly as dear Douglas." CHAPTER III. THE ATHEN^UM, 1859. England looked forward full of hope for the Promises of new year. The Indian trouble was now vir- ^^^ tually at an end. The government of the East India Company had ceased on the ist of Sep- tember, 1858, and on the ist of November the Queen had been proclaimed throughout India, with Lord Canning as first Viceroy. The AthencEum on the morning of the ist of January, 1859, congratulates its readers : — " A soft, warm week, with gleams of sun and webs of mist and rain, brings in a New Year's Day, with a face and presence like itself No startling fear dis- turbs our holiday. War is dying out in the far East. Nearer home, we are everywhere friendly and at peace. The depression of last year is gone. Money is abundant, business brisk, the nation hopeful. Our columns during the past five weeks have borne emphatic witness to the enterprise and prosperity of the trade in Letters, Art and Science. New institutions are starting into life. Theatres are being enlarged and re- 74 THE ATHEN^UM, 1859. built. All the places of public entertainment seem to be thronged, and tremendous hits are the fashion and reality of the day. The country enters a new year with elastic tread, and with the courage of high blood and robust health." Before the close of that New Year's Day, which opened with such promise, the whole of Europe was thrown into commotion by tele- grams received from Paris stating that the Emperor of the French, at the reception at the France and Tuileries, had told the Austrian Ambassador that the relations between the two empires were not such as he could desire. This declaration was followed in February by the publication of ' Napoleon III. et ITtalie,' and the entry of the French into Genoa on the 3rd of May. The uncertainty of French politics caused Lord Derby to give his consent to the formation of Volunteer Volunteer rifle corps, and in May General Peel's corps founded, circular was issued. On the 8th of October the AtJiencBum announces that permission has been The Artists', given to add a rifle company of artists to the Marylebone corps ; and on the 3rd of Decem- ber it states that a meeting had been held on the previous Monday, in the theatre of the Museum, South Kensington, by permission of the Lord President of the Council (H. Cole, C.B., in the chair), for the purpose of organizing a Volunteer engineer corps, to be composed of the THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 859. 75 officers and others connected with the Depart- South ment of Science and Art, and of such srentle- Kensington ^ engineer men of the neighbourhood as might desire to corps, join. Before the meeting broke up seventy-five volunteers signed their names. The Invasion Hterature included ' Our Naval Invasion Position and Policy,' by a Naval Peer, reviewed ^''^'■^'"'^• on the nth of June, in which Lord Palmerston Lord is quoted : " The Channel is no longer a barrier; ^^'"^^^^^o"- steam navigation has rendered that which was before impassable by a military force nothing more than a river passable by a steam-bridge." The Naval Peer goes on to state : — " I. In efficient ships, France nearly equals us, our force being (of the line) forty-two to their forty. 2. In the power of manning those ships for any sudden emer- gency, France greatly surpasses us, 3. And ior equipping her ships, France possesses, in Sir C. Wood's words, infinitely greater facilities r This was followed by * The Military Opinions sir John Fox of General Sir John Fox Burgoyne' (reviewed on l^"i"goyne and ^ ■> ^ the Duke of July 9th), in which appear the following words, Wellington. which much impressed the Duke of Wellington and had hitherto been kept secret : — " ' Suppose that the French have fleets of any given numbers of sail of the line at Toulon, at Brest, and at Cherbourg, and we have an equal force off each port to watch them ; the largest fleet being, say at Toulon, take a favourable opportunity to steal out and sail direct for Brest, our squadron in the Mediterranean not being so sure of its movements as to hurry direct after them. 'jG THE ATHEN^UM, 1 859. When at Brest, it will at once drive off our very inferior force there, and be joined by its own squadron, and so on to join that at Cherbourg ; endeavouring to manoeuvre to gain with such superiority of force some great advan- tage, or at least to prevent a junction between our Channel and Mediterranean squadrons, and at all events obtain a short temporary command in the Channel to forward the invasion, for which probably one week might be sufficient.' " Three years later, Sir John Burgoyne wrote, ' the military condition of Great Britain, as re- gards its very existence as a nation, is absolutely awful.' And he added : — "' If our military condition continues as at present, and still more, if the system of continued reduction is pur- sued, I consider that it can be shown to demonstration, that it is perfectly possible, — that is, that it is within the reach of the combination of many not improbable cir- cumstances, that within a few years, or on the occasion of the first war, an overwhelming French Army may be in possession of Lo7idon ./' " 'Observations on Modern Systems of Fortifica- Sir Howard tion,' by General Sir Howard Douglas, is reviewed on the 26th of November : " England took the lead in establishing a steam-nav^y. She worked out the problem during many years, at a prodigious cost, while France bided her time. She first adopted the screw, which the French, imme- diately afterwards, made use of in their navy. France has been employed, during a decade past, in point of fact, in endeavouring to assume THE ATHEN^UM, 1 859. ^J a position of maritime equality with Great Britain : — '"The steam fleet of France has, during the- whole of that period, been in a state of progressive augmenta- tion : the Government of that country having steadily acted upon the recommendations propounded in the 'Enquete Parlementaire' (1849), and it is now equal, if The 'Enqucte not superior, to that of Great Britain. The author ^^ • ' ■. ^ mentaire. having procured a copy of that document in 1853, deemed it his duty to submit to Her Majesty's Govern- ment copious notes and extracts from the proceedings of that commission, showing the vast sums voted and pro- posed to be employed during the ten years which were to follow. The author, also, pointed out the spirit of rivalry, if not of hostility, both implied and expressed in that official document. These ' Notes ' were printed con- fidentially, in 1853, at the private press of the Foreign Office; and he must observe that we ought to have begun as unostentatiously as the French began, to take countervailing measures, in order to maintain the nume- rical superiority of the British steam fleet, instead of deferring the step, as it was deferred, during several years. By this postponement, the progress made by the French becoming generally known to the public, the country is thrown into consternation by the announce- ment that there must be made immediate and extensive additions to the British navy, in order to make up for the time which has been lost.' " The following gives the opinion of the Duke The Duke of r 1T7 11- L Wellington of Welhngton :— and the coast " When the late Duke of Wellington visited the coast defences. defences — on the alarm of an invasion soon after the accession of Louis Napoleon, the present Emperor of 78 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 859. France, to the Presidency — His Grace being at Sea- brook, between Sandgate and Hythe, conversing with his staff and the other officers, the principles of permanent camps and other fixed defences became the subject of discussion : when the Duke used the following expres- sions : ' Look at those splendid heights all along this coast : — give me communications which admit of rapid flank movement along those heights, and I might set anything at defiance.'" Message of The year closes with a message of peace from peace from ^ x^ , ... 1 France. France. On December 17th it is announced: " Communications have been received from Paris of a most gratifying and conciliatory kind. An opinion is expressed in favour of a prompt and immediate engagement of England and France in that great work of peace, the Universal Exhibition of 1862, as the surest means of dissi- pating the present local and transient alarm on both sides of the Channel. This is a proposition to excite our best feelings and our best wishes." The Indian The literature of the Indian Mutiny included 'Th^Stofof''^^^^ Story of Cawnpore,' by Capt. Mow- Cawnpore.' bray Thomson, of the Bengal Army, reviewed on the nth of June: "If there has hitherto been any doubt on the matter, this sober and evidently most truthful record decides the fact, that history, so rich in tales of suffering and horror, can produce few parallels to the siege and massacre of Cawnpore The Cawnpore sufferers entered the inclosure, which was to be their charnel- THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 859. 79 house, on the 21st of May, 1857. From that time till the 30th of June every kind of suffering that the most horrible forebodings, to be only too truly justified by the events, — that famine, hunger, nakedness, exposure to the tremendous heat of the flaming Indian sun, — that wounds and the agonizing spectacle of wounded, tor- tured, butchered relatives, — could inflict, was undergone by each and every one of the hapless Cawnpore garrison The hospitals of the wounded were burnt over their heads, some of the mangled victims perishing in the flames. Two hundred women and children, many of Sufferings them the wives and daughters of officers, °*"\^\'^°'"^" ^ ' and children. unused to the slightest privation, passed their days and nights in the trenches on the bare ground "The murderous volleys of the enemy and the roar of their guns, the piteous wailing of the children, groans, sobs and yells, never ceased. Sleep came to none, unless the momentary snatches of forgetfulness which utter exhaus- tion occasioned, to be immediately dispelled by a renewal of horrors, could be called sleep. At last, the end came. The infamous Nana, The Nana through his still more infamous agent, 'Azim- 'Azim'ullah. 'ullah, a wretch whom, three years before, the ladies of the English aristocracy had welcomed to their saloons, induced the feeble and famish- 80 THE ATHEN^UM, 1859. ing garrison to yield up the inclosure and em- bark in boats, which could not be got off from shore, and were indeed intended merely as con- venient shambles. It was then that the wonder- ful escape of the author of this volume, of Lieut. Delafosse, and two privates took place. They swam to a boat, which — the only one that could be got afloat — was drifting down the river. By a wonderful fortune, they escaped from her just at the moment when she was captured. At last, after being three days without food, and after having been the targets for thousands of bullets, utterly spent, and at the last gasp, they were saved by a faithful Oudh chief. Meantime, they had left worse horrors behind : — The massacre " ' The scene which followed this manifestation of the infernal treachery of our assassins is one that beggars all description. Some of the boats presented a broadside to the guns, others were raked from stem to stern by the shot. Volumes of smoke from the thatch somewhat veiled the full extent of the horrors of that morning. All who could move were speedily expelled from the boats by the heat of the flames. Alas ! the wounded were burnt to death ; one mitigation only there was to their horrible fate — the flames were terrifically fierce, and their intense sufferings were not protracted. Wretched multitudes of women and children crouched behind the boats, or waded out into deeper water and stood up to their chins in the river to lessen the probability of being shot.' " The survivors from this butchery in the boats were seized as they came out of the water. The Medley. THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 859. 81 men were separated from the women, fired on, and then hacked to pieces. One lady, Mrs. Boyes, wife of Dr. Boyes, of the 2nd Cavalry, who could not be torn from him, shared his fate. There remained then 210 women and children, who, after two more days of unspeak- able torture, were finally slaughtered, stripped, and hurled naked into the well of Cawnpore." ' A Year's Campaigning in India, from Capt. March, 1857, to March, 1858,' by Capt. Medley, is noticed on the i6th of July : " Capt. Medley is one of the sixty-four officers of the Bengal Engineers who were engaged in the Indian campaign of 1857. O^ these, twelve were killed and twenty-two wounded — a suffi- cient proof of their devoted service. To belong to such a band is of itself a glorious distinction ; but Capt. Medley has the further praise of having been one of the foremost among that foremost band. He took a leading part in the erection of the batteries before Delhi, was selected for the difficult and dangerous duty of reconnoitring the breach, and will have his name handed down in history as having led and been wounded with the column which stormed the Cashmere bastion, and paid for its achievement by the death of Nicholson. At Lucknow Capt. Medley's services were scarcely less distinguished, and he has now happily wound up his campaigns VOL. II. G 82 THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 859, by writing the most lucid and graphic account of them that has yet appeared." 'District Duties during the Revolt in the North-West Provinces of India, in 1857/ by H. Dundas H. Dundas Robertson, noticed on December 3rd, fully corroborates the views of the rebellion that had appeared in the Athenceiim. " Of this the following passage will furnish a convincing proof : — " ' Though the explosion could not, under any circum- stances, have been long warded off, there can be but The little doubt that the annexation of Oude exercised the annexation of gj-gg^tggj. ^jj-ect share in the mutiny and revolt of 1857, Oudh. , . . and this was invariably advanced to me m conversation by natives near the centres of revolt as the all-important cause, after other influences had paved the way through- out the territory belonging to the old Oude Nawabee 'vice-royalty' previous to 1801. But in the Delhi terri- tory another chapter of intrigue was opened, of an almost purely Mahomedan type, though the caste and Oude grievances had here also their share as the neces- sary means of exciting the Nawabee Sepoy, who was the agent in these scenes- Beyond the confines of these two tracts, other influences formed the incentive to revolt, which were, as previously stated, often extremely local in their complexion, and have given rise to much confusion in logically accounting for the revolt even amongst the higher class of natives themselves. Thus, nearer the Punjaub, frequently have I heard them attribute the mutiny to the fact, that the Sepoys had gone 'must,' similar to a well-kept male elephant, in consequence of being too well cared for and not sufficiently worked ; and THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8 59. 83 this, like a great many other things, had its share. But Oude was the real stumbhng-block of the day. Two- thirds of our Sepoys being recruited either in Oude, or from those surrounding districts which tradition told them rightfully belonged to the old Nawabee, embracing, previous to the annexation of Oude, many of the richest districts in our possession, were all, though living under separate governments, connected by the closest ties of kindred and intermarriage, rendering them in every respect the same race, influenced by like prejudices or fears. Not unnaturally, then, all looked on the dethrone- Dethrone- ment of the King of Oude in the same light as the ™ent of the Highlanders regarded the expulsion of the Stuarts, and '"^' by that step the feudal pride of a powerful, and, in some respects, an aristocratic army was deeply injured.' " ' Essays, Military and Political, written in India,' by the late Sir Henry Montgomery Law- The T^ /^ -D /^u- c r- • • • ^ 11 annexation rence, K.C.B., Chief Commissioner in Oudh, opposed by and Provisional Governor-General of India, is Law^enc7 reviewed on the loth of December. To annexa- tion Sir Henry Lawrence was directly opposed. " ' Let not a rupee,' he said, ' come into the Company's coffers.' He advised that every competent Oudh official willing to remain should be retained. In a word, he proposed that Oudh should be governed 'not for one man, the King, but for him and his people.' He lived to see his advice disregarded, the King dethroned, and the province annexed, and, by a remarkable destiny, he himself perished among the foremost victims of the 84 THE ATHEN-^UM, 1 859. measure he had resisted, and which he, never- theless, was compelled to be the chief agent in carrying out." Literature of The literature of the year included ' Idylls of the year. ^^^ j^j^^^, ^^ j^^^^^^ Teimyson ; * Adam Bede,' by George Eliot ; ' The Wanderer,' by Owen Meredith ; John Stuart Mill's essay ' On Liberty '; Faraday's ' Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics'; 'Recollections,' by Samuel Rogers ; " Shelley Memorials : from Authentic Sources. Edited by Lady Shelley. To which is added an Essay on Christianity, by Percy Bysshe Shelley, now first printed "; the first volume of David Masson's ' Life of Milton '; ' The Correspondence of Charles, First Marquis Cornwallis,' edited with notes by Charles Ross ; Lady Morgan's ' Autobiography '; the ninth and concluding volume of ' The Letters of Horace Walpole,' edited by Peter Cunningham ; ' What will he do with it ? ' by Pisistratus Caxton ; ' Facts, Failures, and Frauds,' by D. Morier Evans ; 'Memoirs of the Court of George IIL, 1820-30, from Original Family Documents,' by the Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, K.G. ; ' The Life and Times of Charles James Fox,' by Lord John Russell ; ' Sketch-Book of Popular Geology : being a Series of Lectures delivered before the Philosophical Institution of Edinburgh,' by Hugh Miller ; the first volume of ' Speeches of the THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 859. 85 Manas:ers and Counsel in the Trial of Warren Hastings,' edited by E. A. Bond, and published by authority ; ' Revolutions in English History : Vol.1., Revolutions of Race,' by Robert Vaughan, D.D. ; ' Ceylon,' by Sir James Emerson Ten- nant ; and ' A Select Glossary of English Words used formerly in Senses different from their Present,' by Richard Chenevix Trench, D.D. Mr. S. W. Singer, the editor of Shakspeare and s. W. Singer Bacon, died on the 20th of December, 1858, at the age of seventy-five. The AtJiencemn of January 1st, 1859, states that he " had been a labourer during a long and studious life, and his name occurs on title-pages from the very beginning of the century. Mr. Singer may be considered to have been entirely self-educated, but his knovv- ledee of books and of their contents was ex- tensive, minute and multifarious : his services, especially to the cause of Old English Literature, must be rated high. His habits were retired, and his tastes refined ; and while he shared the fate which no illustrator of the text of Shak- speare seems able to escape, of being involved in controversies occasionally more than warm, his nature was kindly and his attachments were affectionate." The death of " a ripe Welsh scholar," John john Williams, Archdeacon of Cardigan, born in 1792, Williams. is announced in the same number. He is referred VOL. II. g 86 THE ATHEN.^iUM, 1 859. to as " a scholar and man of letters, who had connected the Principalities with learning and literature for half a century. Besides being the biographer of Alexander and Caesar, Mr. Williams was one of the few surviving friends of Scott and his great Edinburgh contemporaries." The National On the 8th of January it is stated that the Portrait Gal- National Portrait Gallery will be opened to Jei7 opened •' '■ to the public, the public the following week. The Gallery con- tained fifty-seven pictures, the last two additions being John Dryden and the infamous Judge Jeffreys. On the same date it is announced that " Prof. Owen will read a paper, at the meeting of the The gorilla. Zoological Society, on Tuesday next, ' On the External Characters of the Gorilla,' which will be illustrated by a mounted specimen of the animal, recently received from the Gaboon "; and the following week a full report of the lecture is given. Henry Henry Hallam died on the 21st of January, in his eighty-third year, having been born at Windsor in 1777. His father was a clergyman, and ultimately became Dean of Bristol. The obituary notice which appeared on the 29th of January states : " At an early age Hallam went to Eton, where he was soon first among the youthful scholars. Of course his genius first took wing in song From Eton he THE ATHEN^UM, 1 859. Sy went to Christchurch, Oxford, where he again distinguished himself by his wondrous ac- quaintance with ancient tongues and ancient authors. Classic Hallam, much renowned for Greek, became afterwards renowned for English ; but his hours passed wholly among his books, and his adventures were confined pretty nearly to a brief residence in Germany and Switzer- land, — a trip to Ireland, where he broke his leg, falling from a cliff at Killarney, and laming him- self for life, — and to short visits to a few country houses. From Eton to Oxford, from Oxford to London, from London to Clevedon, — these were his chief wanderings. The best of his biography is written in title-pages. He very early became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and at The oldest his death was the oldest Fellow on the list. He was also a member of the Royal Society In the various editions his works were all annotated and improved with a most curious and conscien- tious skill. The last editions are the best. To his great work on the Middle Ages he published, in his seventieth year, a thick volume of ' Notes,' in which he confessed to many mistakes of fact, and did ample justice to the eminent men who had followed so closely in the wake of his in- quiries as to detect his wanderings to the right or the left. In the Collected Edition of his writings, published by Mr. Murray three or 88 THE ATHEN^UM, 1S59. four years ago in ten volumes, these 'Notes' are incorporated with the 'View of the State of Europe,' to which they added so many pleasant illustrations. The book is precious in every way ; and not least among its uses to the future generations of Englishmen will be the light of a great and good example which it sets. In Hallam we possessed a scholar who loved truth better than fame." He married a daughter of Sir Abraham Elton, and had two sons and two daughters. The '^'' Hdkm!"^ first of these sons was Arthur Henry Hallam, the college friend of Tennyson, who dedicated ' In Memoriam ' to him. Liverpool ^he Free Lending Libraries of Liverpool had Free Lending _ ° ^ Libraries, been in operation five years, and the AtJienceum of March 5th notes the remarkable success which had attended them: "No less than 1,130,000 volumes have been lent during this period, and upwards of 19,000 persons have enjoyed the privilege of borrowing books. Last week's statistics show the number of volumes lent in the week to be 9,937, the number returned 9,770, and the number in the hands of borrowers 8,591. The number of books at present in the libraries exceeds 22,000 volumes. As far as practicable, all tastes are said to have been consulted in the selection made by the committee of the corpora- tion, under whose management these libraries THE ATIIEN^UM, 1 859. 89 have been placed. A feature of these free Hbraries is that of issuing books in embossed type to the bHnd. A considerable number of musical works have been purchased, and, we hear, are in great demand. Apart from the ordinary wear and tear, twenty shillings would cover the losses of books since the commence- ment."* On the 1 2th of March it is announced that "Mr. Charles Dickens will bring out on the 30th of April a new periodical to be entitled All All the Year Round, the Year Round. Household Words will cease to appear on the last Saturday in May. The new serial will open with a new tale by Mr. Dickens." The collection of manuscripts formed by M. Libri had been sold by Messrs. Sotheby & "^^^ ^t)n manuscripts. Wilkinson, and on the 9th of April an account of some of the chief manuscripts is given. The catalogue is described as " a large volume of 260 pages, with 37 plates of fac-similes, in which the different manuscripts are minutely described. The grand feature of the collection was the immense number of manuscripts of the Latin Classics and Fathers hitherto uncollated, and * The Thirty-third Annual Report, issued in 1886, shows the total number of the books in the hbraries to be 132,276, and while the number of volumes lent during 1885 was 383,128, only six books were lost. 90 THE ATHENAEUM, 1 859. offering various readings unknown to former editors. The most important fact was, that it contained upwards of seventy manuscripts written earlier than the twelfth century. Amongst these, a Commentary of the Venerable Bede on St. Mark, written by an English scribe in the eighth century, sold for 1 24/. — A copy of Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica, written at the end of the tenth or beginning of the eleventh century, brought 4c/. — A Latin Bible, of the close of the eleventh century, no/. — Sancti Cypriani Opera, written about the year 700, brought 170/. ; and a copy of his Epistolae, written about the year 850, sold for 84/. This last contained some valuable various readings, unknown to Dr. Routh, the late President of Magdalen, and most important as containing Greek numerical figures, showing that their use was known in England long antecedent to the date fixed by Mr. Hallam, who attributes to John Basing, in the thirteenth century, the first bringing of the knowledge of them from Greece." The entire sale produced 6,y2>-^l. \s. The Iron On the 23rd of April the Iron Crown of Lombardy. Lombardy was solemnly removed by the Austrians, under the protection of a strong body of horse, from Monza to the fortress of Mantua, and the AthcncEiim of the 14th of May contains the following historical note : Greek numerical figures. THE ATHEN.^UM, 1 859. 9I " The little town of Monza was the spot on which Theodoric the Great (the Dietrich of Bern, of the German Hero-Legend) Had a palace built, and on which Theudclinde, wife of the Longobard King Agilulf, had a magnificent church erected. To this church Theudelinde presented the Iron Crown, which she had had made for her husband. Our authority for this is the historian of the Longobards, Paul Warnefrid. The crown is made of gold, but has inside an iron ring, of which the legend relates that it has been forged from the nails of our Saviour's cross. Charlemagne was crowned with this Iron Crown, — after him all the German Emperors who were likewise Kings of Lombardy. On the 26th of May, 1805, Napoleon put it on his head, with the words of renown : ' Dieu me I'a donnee ; gare a qui y touchera.' This threat became afterwards the motto of the Order of the Iron Crown, which Austria, with a few slight altera- tions, allowed to continue in existence." The closing of the gardens at Vauxhall called Vauxhall forth an historical sketch from Dr. Doran, which ^^ ^"^' appeared on the i6th of July. "We cannot let Vauxhall expire without a word of notice. The old manor ground of the mercenary Fulke de Breaute, — the 'henchman,' as he may be called, of King John, — is about to be covered with bricks and mortar. Previous to this, the gardens 93 THE ATHENAEUM, 1 859. are to be open to the public for a week, by way of dying out gaily. The land on which Fulke erected his hall now belongs to Canterbury Cathedral, by a very ordinary process. The manor of Fulkeshall fell, by attainder, to the crown. It was successively held by the Despencers and the Damories ; but the latter exchanged it with Edward the Third for an estate in Suffolk ; and the manor was conferred on Edward the Black Prince, who piously left it to the Church of Canterbury. This bequest was respected by a monarch who upset more wills than all the Ecclesiastical Courts together ; and Henry the Eighth left the little estate to the gratified Dean and Chapter. The old " The old manor-house, like the gardens in its manor-house. ... vicmity, served many purposes ; and these were not always of a gay aspect. Saddest of sad young ladies, Lady Arabella Stuart, was con- fined here, under the guardianship of Sir Thomas Parry. The house was then known as Copt Hall, Some years later, there was some doubt whether a college of artizans or a public garden and ' assembly ' would be ultimately established here. The pleasure- seekers were delighted by the establishment of a place of gaiety and dissipation ; and, wearied with the stale yet lively pleasures of that very rustic locality, ' Spring Gardens,' THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 859. 93 Charing Cross, they flocked, with the glad eagerness of unhappy idlers in search of a new sensation, to the * New Spring Gardens,' The " New on the Surrey side of the Thames. This was Gardenf." about the year 1661. So that, in round numbers, the place may be said to have had a reign — a reign of vicissitudes — which has lasted two centuries. " From the very first the seasons were un- certain. In sickly years they were ill-attended ; but, generally speaking, under the Stuarts they were resorted to by the ' quality ' of a very bad sort, in very great numbers. The richer, not the better class of citizens, imitated the people of quality, and here they plucked cherries, and gallants broke a cheese-cake with their ladies; lovers sipped and looked foolish over their syllabubs ; while amateurs of the faster school fluttered about, scattering compliments among the flame-coloured petticoats. But there were faster gentlemen there than these in the Stuart days ; gay ruffians of the Killigrew stamp ; all plume, velvet, gold lace, and bad principles, with swords to support them. These town rogues were the terror of ' civil ladies ' in masks ; and were sometimes not less so to the ladies of a less 'civil' quality. The gardens must have pre- sented a strange sight in those days ; for while the hot-brained young ' rogues ' were assaulting 94 THE ATHENiEUM, 1 859. the arbours, and dragging the women away from them, at the sword's point, a more orderly public might have been seen in another part, listening with rapture to the nightingales, or, elsewhere, beating time to the fiddles and Jews' trumps, while walking about, laughing, talking, and mightily diverting themselves " Early in the reign of the Second George, Mr. Tyers. Mr. Tyers opened them, with much addition to their old routine of feasting and flirting. He had good luck enough to win the presence of the Prince of Wales, occasionally ; — a very good representative of the royal and noble ruffianism of the olden time. Around the Prince gay crowds of masks, dominoes, and lovers of a Ridotto al fresco, nimbly trooped ; and high Art had, in good time, its cunning to add to the attractions, for Hogarth glorified much canvas or pannel there, and Roubiliac set up the statue of Handel, — great Master of that Art of which Apollo was only the god. Small, however, were the influ- ences of the deity about the Rotunda, where he was practically worshipped in those famous ' Vauxhall Ballads,' — sublime namby- pamby of text, to a stupendous unmeaningness of tune Foxhall. " Foxhall was commonly spoken of in the time of old Tyers. Walpole, in 1750, in company with Lady Caroline Petersham, THE ATHEN.'EUM, 1 859. 95 drunken Lord Granby, and far-too-jolly Sir Harry Vane, made a night of it at 'Vaux- hall,' where the gentlemen cut up the chickens which frolicsome Lady Caroline stewed in a saucepan over a lamp in one of the bowers. Fielding, too, who published his ' Amelia ' in 1751, sends some of his friends in that story to as turbulent but a less pleasant night at roaring ' Vauxhall.' " Fireworks came in with the French revolu- Fireworks, tionary wars, and with them came high prices and unpronounceable Greek (or quasi -Greek) names, which did not describe the entertain- ments they pretended to designate. The fee for admission ran up, by instalments, from one shilling to four ; but the patronage of fashion did not rise in an equal ratio, and the gardens, which did not blossom sweetly under the first of the Georges, sank into cheapness and ruin under the last so named of that illustrious race of monarchs. The weather, too, had been their unkind enemy. The special fete days were ever so notoriously damaged by deluges of rain, that men of pastures would not cut their hay on that day ; while one of the Tyerses (we forget now which) was so continuously unlucky, that farmers laid down broad acres of turnips as they heard of the continuation of his proprietorship. " One week more of modified madness — a g6 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 859. melancholy gaiety — and streets will rise where well-dressed folly so long and so riotously reigned, — where Billington poured forth her honeyed notes and Incledon his ' linked sweetness,' — where II Diavolo Antonio swung by one foot on the slack wire, pealing forth from a silver trumpet, as he swung, the overture to ' Lodoiska,' — and where the terrible gaieties of the night were succeeded by the terrible penalties of ' next morning.' What is to come for a week is the The "wake" ' wake ' of a dead, not the reproduction of a or 3 fipiri Vauxhall. hving, Vauxhall, The lights, and the drink, and the garishness will be there where the song of the old nightingales has long been silent — for ever." Leigh Hunt. James Henry Leigh Hunt died on the 28th of August. He was born on the 19th of October, 1784. In 1808 he joined his brother John in The editing the Examiner, and it was on the 22nd of Examiner. M^rch, i8i2, that his article on the Prince Regent appeared for which he was indicted. The AtJienmwi, in the obituary notice of him which appeared on September 3rd, 1859, states : " Leigh Hunt wielded one of the most vigor- ous lances in the forlorn hope of Liberals, who, long before ' Reform ' was popular, fought against the civil and religious bigotry of the time. His articles in the Examiner denouncing the Prince Regent were as bitterly hostile as any that came THE ATHEN.-EUM, 1 859. 97 from the pen of Junius. Assuredly Leigh Hunt His articles showed no weak shrinking when his hand laid Regent, on the lash, and it is in no way surprising that the Government were provoked into retaliation. It is said in ' compiled ' biographies of Leigh Hunt that he was imprisoned for two years for calling the Regent 'an Adonis of fifty'; but the cause of offence was much more serious " His ephemeral notices of plays and players in the Netus (a journal which preceded the Examiner^ were stamped with the fairness and freedom which marked his critical writings His critical throughout his life. But, independently of ^" '"^^' the honesty of his nature, he possessed every requisite for superior criticism. He was a man of various reading, a good scholar, was catholic in taste, and widely sympathetic in feeling. The purely literary essays — the 'Indicator' and its companion publications — and the volumes 'Wit and Humour' and * Imagination and Fancy ' are fine, almost fault- less, specimens of genial criticism He thought no toil too great in hunting out small facts that he might do his literary tasks with conscientious workmanship ; a few pages of his antiquarian works (such as 'The Town; or, the Old Court 'The Old Suburb ') represented weeks of the most diligent Suburb.' drudgery in searches over parish registers and local records. As he advanced in life, from \y'\ II. H 98 THE ATHENyEUM, 1 859. youth to middle age, he was a living refutation of the worldly maxims which attribute generosity to youth, and harder virtues to maturity and old age. In literature, as in daily life, as he grew His kindly older he became kindly and considerate to a fault. When he had passed fifty, he no more could have written the philippic against the Regent than he could have fought a duel. The indignation against wrong-doing would be as warm, the courage to face a prison would be as high, but to the ' pith and moment ' of the young journalist would be added the ' pale cast of thought ' of the man who had known suffering both physical and mental, and who could not, without some compunction, deliver his ' swash- ing blow,' as in the days of youth. This ten- derness and delicacy were no signs of intellectual decay ; they were the evidence of growth in one who was no mere literary partisan, but a man, sharing human sympathies and not able to carry into discussion the intensity of hot youth seeing no right save on its own side. We think there is something like a poem in this twofold life of Leigh Hunt — known to one generation as the fearless martyr to truth, to the other as a tender poet, an essayist touching nothing that he did not brighten Up to the last he took an in- terest in the literature and news of the day, and within the last few weeks he contributed some t THE ATIIEN^UM, 1 859. 99 remarks on Shelley to the Spectator. He was passionately fond of music. Almost his- last words were in applause of an Italian song sung by his daughter in the next room, and at the final moment he passed away without pain." It is announced on the 5th of November that " Mr. Thackeray is to bring out his magazine on xhe Conihui New Year's Day. His plans are already laid ^^^i^«=""^- down. He is not going, he says, to set the Thames on fire or regenerate society — only to do his best to please and amuse the town. He proposes to seek an audience of gentlemen and gentlewomen for his sermon, and to take care that all the matter to which he shall lend the sanction of his name and popularity shall be such as one gentleman might write and another may read. So far so good. Such a publication should have a humour and a place of its own. We wish Mr. Thackeray every success." On the same day the first number of another new magazine is referred to : — " Mr. Macmillan's MaciniHan's Magazine has anticipated the New Year, and ^^"^.'^^^wc. has made its appearance under the careful generalship of Prof. Masson. It is a good open- ing number. A review of political affairs, from the philosophical rather than the partisan point of sight, three chapters of 'Tom Brown at Oxford,' ' Pen, Ink, and Paper,' by Prof. George 100 THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 859. Wilson, and Mr. Lushington's ' Italian Freedom,' are magazine articles high above the average in thought and style." The first article on the 19th of November is devoted to a review of Charles Darwin's new Darwin's ' On work 'On the Origin of Species by Means of ^^'sp?c£'°^ Natural Selection; or, the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life': — " Naturalists of the highest eminence are thoroughly satisfied that each species of animal — all that flies, and walks, and creeps, and wades — has been independently created ; and the majority of naturalists have agreed with Linnaeus in supposing that all the individuals propagated from one stock have certain dis- tinguishing characters in common, which will never vary, and which have remained the same since the creation of each species. Mr. Darwin, on the contrary, believes that ' the innumerable species, genera, and families of organic beings with which this world is peopled, have all de- scended, each within its own class or group, from common parents, and have all been modified in the coiirse of descent' To his mind, ' it accords better with what we know of the laws impressed on matter by the Creator that the production and extinction of the past and present inhabit- ants of the world should have been due to secondary causes, like those determining the THE ATHENyEUM, 1 859. lOI birth and death of an individual.' 'I believe,* says Mr. Darwin, ' that animals have descended from at most only four or five progenitors,- and plants from an equal or lesser number. Analogy would lead us one step further — namely, to the belief that all animals and plants have descended from some one prototype.' "A man of imaginative power might most attractively depict the grand yet simple and direct issues of such a theory. Here are a vast variety of forms of life, most wonderfully co- adapted, most closely connected, most richly adorned, yet they are all ' the lineal descendants of those which lived before the Silurian epoch ; and one may feel certain that the ordinary succession by generation has never once been broken, and that no cataclysm has desolated the whole world. Hence, we may look with some confidence to a secure future of equally inappreciable length. And as Natural Selection works solely by and for the good of each being, all corporeal and mental endowments will tend to progress towards perfection.' After all, this book is but an abstract : — it is the pilot balloon to a greater machine. Probably it is designed to show which way the wind blows. The larger work is nearly finished, but it will demand two or three more years for completion. Health, labour, and observations are wanting 102 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 859. for a while, but in due season we hope to see the work 'with references and authorities for the several statements.' We should offer remarks on some important topics but that our author says, 'A fair result can be obtained only by fully stating and balancing the facts and argu- ments on both sides of the question ; and this cannot possibly be here done,' Meanwhile Mr, Darwin anticipates small favour from many of the older and more eminent naturalists ; his hopes chiefly rest on the young, and, as he would say, the unshackled. ' A few naturalists,' he observes, ' endowed with much flexibility of mind, who have already begun to doubt on the immutability of species, may be influenced by this volume ; but I look with confidence to the future, to young and rising naturalists who will be able to view both sides of the question with impartiality.' " An account of the history of the founding The British and progress of the British and Foreign Kble SocieTy.-^^^^'^ Society is also given on the 19th of November in a review of ' The History of the British and Foreign Bible Society,' by the Rev. George Browne. The AtJiencBiun says: — "At the close of the last century Wales was in a frightful state of ignorance and spiritual destitution. Frequently not more than ten people who could read were to be found in THE ATHEN-EUM, 1 859. 10- a whole parish ; and the only Bible to be met with in a district was one subscribed for by a number of families, which went from hand to hand among the hill people, and remained at each house for a fixed term, when it was read aloud on certain evenings by the fortunate few who could decipher it. Mrs. Beavan Mrs. Beavan's le • 1 controversy, always been much venerated by the Komish Church, which, at the Council of Trent, declared them ' sacred and canonical,' and ' to be received and reverenced with the same sentiments of piety and respect ' as the other Scriptures. Our own orthodox Episcopalian Church also received and venerated these books ; but the Scotch Kirk, and almost all denominations of Dis- senters, have set their faces dead against them. We ourselves heard a leading dissenting preacher of the day, not long ago, stigmatize them in his sermon as ' damnable.' When the Bible Society was formed, it omitted the Apocrypha from its issues : as Mr. Browne says emphatically, and in italics, ^No edition of the English Scriptures, adopted and issued by the Bible Society, has ever contained the Apocrypha! This omission did no harm at home, but when the attention of the Protestants abroad was called to the fact, a storm arose which had well-nigh ruined all. At first the Society allowed the foreign com- munities to judge for themselves, and to have their Bibles with the Apocryphal books inter- THE ATHEN.^UM, 1 859. IC5 mingled with the rest, as in the Roman Catholic version ; or relegated to a separate division, as in the Lutheran ; but afterwards they limited their "rants to the exclusive circulation of Bibles without the Apocrypha "Since its commencement in 1804, the Bible Society has issued 27,938,63 1 copies of the Number of J iijsj ^ ^ 1 copies issued. Scriptures, either as Old or New Testaments, whole or in parts It has expended over four millions of money, rising from 691/. \0s. 2d. in the first year to 119,257/. 15^-. \d. in the fiftieth. Such a society as this must needs be recognized as a great fact and a great power — an instance of English energy and Protestant zeal, of which we may well be proud, and from which we may hope much good," On the 3rd of May, 1854, the fiftieth annual jubilee meeting was held at Exeter Hall, the Earl of Shaftesbury in the chair, when it was announced that the total nett receipts for the year had been 222,659/. 5jr. lod., which included the Jubilee Fund of 66,507/. 7-$-. 9c/., and the Chinese New Testament Fund of 30,485/. 19^-. ^d. The Eighty-second Annual Report, ending March 31st, 1886, is a volume of nearly six hundred pages, containing sixteen maps, and giving a very detailed account of the work of the Society in all parts of the globe. It states that the amount received for the year was meeting. I06 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 859. 238,391/. i8s. 6d., while 4,123,904 copies of the Scriptures were issued, these being printed in 277 different languages or dialects. The total number of copies issued by the Society since its foundation amounts to 108,320,869,* the sum expended being 10,083,551/. 5^-. id. There have The Society's been only four Presidents. The first Lord Presidents. Teignmouth was President for thirty years ; Nicholas Vansittart, Lord Bexley, for seven- teen years, followed by Lord Shaftesbury for thirty-four years, from 1851 to 1885 inclusive, when the Earl of Harrowby accepted the vacant chair. Prof. Robertson Smith, in his article on Bible Societies which appears in the third volume of the ninth edition of the * Encyclopaedia Britan- nica,' states : " It is believed that there are alto- gether about 70 Bible societies in the world Right to print The monopoly of the right to print the Bible in England is still possessed by the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge and her Majesty's printer for England In Scotland, on the expiry of the monopoly in 1839, Parliament refused to renew the patent, and appointed a Bible Board for Scotland, with power to grant licences to print the Authorized Version of the Scriptures." * The issue of kindred societies during the same period amounts to 74,256,299 copies. THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 859. 10/ In the same number for November 19th the Flogging in abolishment of flog-jrinG: in the armv^ is thus ^^^^^^'^^ &fc> t> / Army announced : " Leigh Hunt and Douglas Jerrold abolished, should have lived to read the instructions this week issued by the Duke of Cambridge, which virtually abolish flogging in the British army. For many years these humorists fought against the lash in squib, and tale, and verse, on the ground of outraged sentiment and humanity ; just as Mr. Erasmus Wilson, on a memorable occasion, still fresh in popular recollection, fought against it on medical and physiological grounds. The men of letters are gone to their rest without seeing the end of their toil. Mr. Wilson still lives to rejoice in the victory of his correct and generous principles. Abused by Government prints, a dozen years ago, as a mere scientific sentimentalist, it must be a proud satisfaction to him to find that the Commander- in-Chief has at length been constrained by the growth of public feeling to admit in practice that his theories were right." An obituary notice of Thomas De Ouincey Thomas De is given on the 17th of December. He had ^^"^'^^^'" reached his seventy-fifth year, having been born on the 15th of August, 1785. His father died at the early age of thirty-nine, leaving his widow and six young children a fortune of 30,000/. and a pleasant seat in the outskirts of INIanchester : I08 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 859. His "De Quincey, unable to brook the control of ™comroT°^the guardians appointed him under his father's will, and indignant at not being allowed forth- with to enter himself at Oxford, ran away from the Manchester Grammar-School with 12/. in his pocket ; and, after making a brief excursion in Wales, found himself in London, penniless and without a friend. Though only seventeen years of age he might, without any difficulty, have earned subsistence by his scholarship, for his classical attainments were so great and accurate, that his master had more than a year before with pride pointed him out to a stranger, and said : — ' That boy could harangue an Athe- nian mob better than you or I could address an English one.' But it never even occurred to him to get bread by work. The only attempts he made to keep off starvation were fruitless ones to raise money on the property to which he would be entitled on coming of age. What reader of ' The Confessions ' has not, when pacing the silent thoroughfares of town after midnight, thought of the boy who wandered In London up and down Oxford Street, looking at the ^^friend.^ long vistas of lamps, and conversing with the unfortunate creatures who still moved over the cold, hard stones ? Who does not remember how, overpowered by the pangs of inanition, he fainted away in Soho Square, and was re- THE ATHEN.-EUM, 1 859. IO9 stored to consciousness by a poor girl, who administered to him a tumbler of spiced wine, bought with the money which destitution- had compelled her to earn by sin ? When his folly had been amply punished by suffering, the way- ward lad was restored to his family ; and in the Christmas of 1803, being then only eighteen years of age, he matriculated at Oxford. His University career extended over five years. In 1804 he was introduced to Charles Lamb, Coleridge he did not know till 1807, when he made the poet's acquaintance at Bridgevvater, in Somersetshire, and contrived to convey to him, through Mr. Cottle's hand, a present of 300/. "jfi^fijjj" This act of generosity on the part of De Quincey should not be forgotten. It is true that the time came when, reduced in health and circum- stances by his pernicious habit of opium-eating, he condescended to accept the charity of others ; and it is also true that he had the indelicacy to allude in his writings to the service he conferred on his friend ; but his conduct on this occasion was noble, though unwise. The gift was a con- siderable part of his small patrimony, which had already been much reduced by the expenses of his Oxford life. From 1808 to 1829 De Quincey passed nine out of every twelve months in West- moreland. He took a lease of Wordsworth's cottage, wedded a gentle and affectionate wife, — Marriage. no THE ATHEN^UM, 1859. and amidst the pleasures derived from the Lake scenery, a good library, and his beloved drug, led the life of a scholar, a dreamer, and a volup- tuary. From 1804 to 18 12 the baneful practice of consuming opium grew upon him by slow degrees; but in 1813 he increased the quantity and frequency of his doses so much, that he took His large ^20 grains of opium, or 8,000 drops of laudanum consumption of opium, daily. Prodigious as this quantity is, it is only half what Coleridge was in the habit of taking. But in both men the indulgence produced the same results, — pecuniary embarrassment, bodily decay, and mental debility. De Quincey had been married five years, and had already three children, when, in 1821, he made a strong effort to throw off the indolence which had rendered his youth and early manhood useless, and com- menced those literary exertions, by which he contributed in no slight degree to the comfort of those dependent on him, and enabled the world to see how much he might have accom- plished if laudanum had not enfeebled his powers. He wrote the first portion of 'The Confessions' for the London Magazine in 1821 ; and from that time he used his pen with great, but fitful, industry on various publications, — such as Blackzuood's Magazine, Tail's, the North British Review and ' The Encyclopaedia Bri- tannica.' In 1832 he permanently took up his THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 859. Ill residence in Scotland ; and there, in the land of his adoption, he expired, on the morning of Thursday, the 8th of this month In many respects he resembled Coleridge, — in his His love of classic literature and metaphysical to Coleridge, inquiry, in the diversity of his intellectual sympathies, and in his habit of minutely dis- secting his own emotions ; but he lacked the philosophic breadth and genuine Christian good- ness of the poet. Coleridge could not reflect without agonies of remorse on the moral in- firmities, — which De Ouincey, with as much flippancy as wit, wrote of as a condition bor- dering on jest." The year closes with a great loss to literature. A short paragraph on the last day of the year records that " at the moment of going to press, we hear of the death of Lord Macaulay. To l^eath of Lord Macaulay. the world of letters this loss is immense. Time only permits us now to express our profound sorrow at an event which deprives us of so great a man. Next week we shall try to present some outlines of his career." CHAPTER IV. THE ATHEN^UM, i860 — 1861. The New Year opened brightly for every branch of intellectual effort, " in somewhat singular con- trast to the lowering of the landscape in the more agitated provinces of faith and politics." India and the Mutiny was still a prominent My Diai7 in subject, and 'My Diary in India, in the Year ^w.Sl^ 1858-9,' by W. H. Russell, LL.D., is reviewed Russell, jj^ |-}^g f^j-gj- number of the year : " In the long, painful and acrimonious controversy about the The annexa- annexation of Sindh the English public chose 'Napier for their hero, and degraded Sir James ■Outram, the Bayard of modern times, into a mere carpet knight. To such a height had grown this miserable dissension, that even the daring of the bravest of English braves was questioned. The base slander died in the glorious light of battle-fields in Oudh, yet even their light might have been eclipsed, but for the generous sympathy of the Times Special Corre- spondent ; and envy, dead though it be, has not altogether failed of its purpose, since no cross THE ATHEN/EUM, 1860— 1861. II3 of valour adorns the man who of all our Indian host best deserved that honour. On the 28th of January, 1858, Mr. Russell landed at Calcutta 'without prejudices to overcome or theories to support.' " Mr. Russell while in the Crimea had first heard of the annexation of Oudh, The annexa- " 'which was represented not only as an act of the highest "°" °^ ^^'^^^' political wisdom, but also as a political necessity. Now, near the spot, I hear wise men doubt the wisdom— and see them shake their heads when one talks of the neces- sity — of the annexation.' "Hired pens had long drafted lengthy bills of indictment against the princes of Oudh as against every native ruler. Strange that tyrants should have made an Eden of their home. Yet we read, " ' A vision of palaces, mirrors, domes azure and golden, cupolas, colonnades, long facades of fair perspective in pillar and column, terraced roofs— all rising up amid a calm, still ocean of the brightest verdure There is a city more vast than Paris, as it seems, and more brilliant, lying before us. Is this a city in Oudh ? Is this the capital of a semi-barbarous race, erected by a corrupt, effete and degraded dynasty ? 1 confess I felt inclined to rub my eyes again and again." The AthcncetLm in concluding the article says : " We have cited enough to show how the Special Correspondent of the Times became converted to the opinions which have often, and long before he wrote, been exhibited in these VOL. II. I 114 THE ATHENAEUM, 1860 — 1861. columns. Enough has been said to prove the difference between telescopic views of far-off India and examination on the spot. Let those who despise the theories and principles of Indian statesmen turn to these volumes, and they will find enough to show that experience is the best guide to theory." 1S60. TJie literature of the year included 'Narrative The literature of the year, of the Earl of Elgin's Mission to China and Japan, in the Years 1857, '5^, '59,' by Laurence Oliphant ; ' Some of ]\Iy Bush Friends in Tas- mania : Native Flowers, Berries and Insects,' by Louisa Anne Meredith ; ' The Life of the Duke of Wellington,' by Charles Duke Yonge ; ' Notes on Nursing,' by Florence Nightingale ; ' Travels in Eastern Africa ; with the Narrative of a Resi- dence in Mozambique,' by Lyons M'Leod ; ' The Life of the Right Rev. Daniel Wilson, D.D., late Lord Bishop of Calcutta,' by the Rev. Josiah Bateman ; ' Essays and Reviews '; ' Pictures of Sporting Life and Character,' by Lord William Lennox ; ' Reminiscences of the late Thomas Assheton Smith,' by Sir John E. Eardley-Wil- mot ; ' Poems before Congress,' by Elizabeth Barrett Browning ; ' Life of Edmond Malone, Editor of Shakspeare,' by Sir James Prior ; 'Arrest of the Five Members by Charles the First : a Chapter of English History Rewritten,' by John Forster ; ' The Mill on the Floss,' by THE ATHEN^UM, 1860 — 1861. II5 George Eliot ; * Memoir of the Life of Ary Scheffer,' by Mrs. Grote ; ' Lucile,' by Owen Meredith ; the fifth and sixth volumes of the ' History of England, from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth,' by James Anthony Froude ; ' Personal History of Lord Bacon : from Unpublished Papers,' by William Hepworth Dixon ; * Autobiographical Recollections,' by the late Charles Robert Leslie, R.A., edited by Tom Taylor ; ' The Lake Regions of Central Africa : a Picture of Exploration,' by Richard F. Burton ; the fifth volume of Ruskin's ' Modern Painters '; ' Memorials of Thomas Hood '; ' The Physiology of Common Life,' by George Henry Lewes ; ' A Second Series of Vicissitudes of Families,' by Sir Bernard Burke ; * The Glaciers of the Alps,' by John Tyndall, and Dr. Forbes's reply ; 'The Sources of the Nile,' by Dr. Beke ; and 'A Book about Doctors,' by J. Cordy Jeaffreson. William Spence, the surviving author of that William classical work ' An Introduction to Entomology ; pence. or. Elements of the Natural History of Insects,' died on the 6th of January at his residence in Lower Seymour Street, at the age of seventy- seven, and an obituary notice is given of him on the 14th : " In early life Mr. Spence was engaged in business at Hull, and here it was he con- tracted that taste for the study of insects which Il6 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1860 — 1861. led to his introduction to Mr. Kirby, and the production of the work which has made their names ' familiar as household words ' wherever insects are recognized as worthy of study. The history of the production of this work is the most interesting passage in the life of Mr. Spence, and this is most truly given in the * Life' of Mr. Kirby by Mr. Freeman He sat at one time in Parliament and became very generally known for his advocacy of plans for making Great Britain independent of foreign nations. He wrote a pamphlet on this subject which attracted great attention at the time." On the same date it is announced that " on Monday evening next the promoters of an The Institu- Institution of Naval Architects will hold their tion of Naval Architects, first meeting in London. The organization of this Institution has been silently proceeding for some months past, and only needs the meeting of Monday to give it completeness. The basis of the Institution is broad, for we learn that its council comprises not only several distinguished private ship-builders, but most of the principal ship-building officers of Her Majesty's Dock- yards, and the chief Surveyors of Lloyd's Ship- ping Register Office The Honorary Secretary of the Society is Mr. E. J. Reed." Mr. Cobden had lost nearly the whole of his private fortune by investment in American rail- THE ATHENyEUM, 1860 — 1 86 1. II7 way shares. On January 21st it is stated that Mr. Cobden loses liis " the loss will be repaired to this useful servant private of the public, in a manner at once splendid, °''^""^- delicate, and prompt. In a few days, if we are rightly told, names have been put down for forty thousand pounds — in sums from five hundred to five thousand each. The friendliness thus ex- pressed is a most noble tribute to public virtue and public service." A long obituary notice is given on the 4th of February of Sir Thomas M. Brisbane, who had sir Thomas died on the 28th of January : " Science has lost ^^- ^"^^^"^• one of her warmest and most generous patrons ; for although a great portion of his life was spent amidst camps, at a period, too, when military life left little leisure for more peaceful pursuits, we find Sir Thomas availing himself of every opportunity to cultivate science, and more par- ticularly astronomy. Born at Brisbane, in 1773, he entered the army in 1789, fought in the first battle of the war in May, 1793, and in the sub- sequent actions under H.R.H. the Duke of York. He went to the West Indies in 1796, and was present at the taking of all the islands under Sir Ralph Abercromby. In 1812, he joined the army in the Peninsula, and renewed his acquaint- ance with the Duke of Wellington, whom he had known in Ireland when the Duke was lieu- tenant in a cavalry regiment." Il8 THE ATHEN^UM, 1860 — 1 86 1. Appointed Sir T. Brisbane's appointment as Governor Governor of . ^^ r- 1 ttt , .< 1 n • 1 New South of New South Wales was very benencial. ^^^" Besides performing his government duties he Erects an erected an observatory at Paramatta, and sup- observatory at jj^j jj. ^^j^j^ books, first-rate instruments, and Paramatta. ^ ' ' two assistants from Europe, all at his own ex- pense. He knew that no observations of the stars in the Southern Hemisphere had been made since 175 1-2,— when Lacaille made a very valuable series of observations at the Cape of Good Hope, — and that a wide field was opened before him at Sydney for the labours of the astronomer." On his " return to Scotland in 1826, he founded his celebrated astronomical observa- Foundsan ^Qj-y at Makerstoun, and in 1841 he erected observatory at Makerstoun. another observatory at the same place, for the purpose of making magnetical observations. The instruments supplied to both observatories were of the best and most costly nature. The sum paid for the clocks alone, in the magnetical ob- servatory, was 1,200 guineas. The work done has been excellent. From 1841 to 1846, magnetical and meteorological observations were made every alternate hour, except in 1844 and 1845, when they were made every hour, day and night. Since 1846, nine observations have been made daily. The results have been published, and the Makerstoun Observatory has justly acquired the reputation of being one of the best magnetical THE ATHEN^UM, 1860 — 1 86 1. II9 and meteorological establishments in Scotland. In 1832 he succeeded Sir Walter Scott in Succeeds Sir the presidential chair of the Royal Society of ^^t the Royal Edinburgh, and retained that office during the £?-^'f^^ °/ rest of his life. During his presidency he founded two gold medals to be given annually as the reward of scientific merit, one by the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the other by the Society of Arts. The first of the former was pre- sented last year to Sir Thomas's fellow-country- man and fellow-soldier, Sir R. Murchison." Mrs. Jameson's death, which took place on the Mrs. Jameson. 17th of March, is recorded on the 24th. Her first work, * The Diary of an Ennuyee,' appeared about the year 1826. "The reception of the book was decisive. — It was followed, at intervals, by ' The Loves of the Poets,' ' The Lives of Female Sovereigns,' * Characteristics of Women ' (a series of Shakspeare studies ; possibly its writer's most popular book) Besides a volume or two of collected essays, thoughts, notes on books, and on subjects of Art, we have left to mention the elaborate volumes on ' Sacred and ' Sacred and Legendary Art,' as the greatest literary labour Art'^'^'^^ of a busy life. Mrs. Jameson was putting the last finish to the concluding portion of her work, when she was bidden to cease for ever. We understand, however, that it is ready for publi- cation." 120 THE ATHEN^UM, 1860 — 1861. 'Memoirs of In the review of ' Memoirs of Major-General iiavdX'bySir Henry Havelock,' by John Clark Marshman, John Clark ^^^ ^j^g 21st of April, reference is made to the Marshman. ,..11.1 mutual esteem and unbroken friendship between Outram and Havelock: " The expression of that friendship ceased only when, as Sir James came to visit his dying comrade, the last farewell was said, and Havelock with his last words exclaimed, ' I have for forty years so ruled my life that when death came I might face it without fear.' " Death of The death of Lady Byron is announced on .a y jron. ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ _ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ mother, as well as the great poet, are now all * gone the way of the roses,' leaving behind them, to be told and re-told for ever, one of the most gloomy and brilliant tales ever written in the life of a man of genius." The light-hearted and thoroughly warm- Albert Smith, hearted Albert Smith died, after a short illness, on Wednesday, the 23rd of May, within twenty - four hours of completing his forty-fourth year. On the previous Friday he had walked from his residence at Fulham into town, and on the Saturday he appeared at the Egyptian Hall as usual in his entertainment, 'Mont Blanc.'' Mont Blanc* This entertainment was first produced on the 15th of March, 1852, and for six years he continued the performance of this " novelty," which seemed as novel in 1858 as in THE ATHEN/EUM, 1860— l86r. 121 1852. The AtJiencEuni on May 26th, in the obituary notice of him, states that Albert Smith's "visit to China, however, successful thougii it was, must be described as only an interlude. The Chinese entertainment was withdrawn a {q\v weeks since to make way for the old, ever- fresh, ever- fascinating 'Mont Blanc.'" "His claims as a versatile, agreeable, and imaginative His writings writer were far from inconsiderable, and some of his novels will not soon pass out of circulation. At the same time it must be allowed that his great popularity was achieved on the summits of Mont Blanc, where he dug up a treasure of fun from under the snow. He was liked because, in an original style, and with exhaustless vivacity, he sang and chatted of the mountains, of the people on the mountains, of the people not on the mountains, of the way from the mountains to China. His works were well received, but his entertainments were the rage ; and it is satisfactory to know that they enabled him to amass a competent fortune Though he lived by his talents (at the outset precariously), he was never to be heard of as in debt or under obligation ; and from the time when he began to gather his harvest, his liberality was as great as his prudence had been wise. Among his own people, he was invaluable, — good, in every sense of the word, and without parade or 122 THE ATHEN^UM, 1860— l86r. His unselfish pretence, — affectionate, enduring, unselfish. Such disposition. ^ j^^j^ jg ^ jQgg^ especially when he dies in the prime of life and plenitude of energy."* The following announcements on the i6th of June show the progress of the circulating library system : — Mudie's " Mr. Mudie is about to start a branch of his Library and its branches, great circulating library in Birmingham, for the supply of readers in that town, and the Midland Counties, on the plan which has proved so suc- cessful at Manchester, Glasgow, and Liverpool. These local libraries are really splendid things. The new warehouses, in New Oxford Street, which are now nearly finished, will, we are told, contain 500,000 volumes, in addition to the pre- sent stock."f * Mr. Edmund Yates, in his * Recollections and Ex- periences,' makes frequent reference to his friend Albert Smith. t Charles Edward Mudie was born in the year 1818, in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, where his father kept a little newspaper shop, and where works of fiction were lent out at a charge of a penny the volume. In the year 1840 Mr. Mudie started in business in Upper King Street, Bloomsbury, and in 1S42 commenced his system of lending one exchangeable volume to subscribers at the rate of a guinea a year. In 1852 he moved to Oxford Street, taking in the first instance one house, at the corner of Museum Street. Gradually, as the business grew, he took additional houses, first in Museum Street and afterwards in Oxford Street, and THE ATHEN.EUM, 1860 — I 86 1. 1 23 " Messrs. W. H, Smith & Son, taking advan- Smith & Son tage of the convenience ofifered by their raihvay subscrhnton book-stalls, are about to open a Subscription library. Library on a large scale, something like that of Mr. Mudie. The book-stalls will, in fact, become local libraries, small but select, with the immense advantage of hourly communi- cation by train with a vast central library in London." George Payne Rainsford James, the novelist, G. P. R. died at Venice, where he was British Consul, on J^'"^^* . the 9th of June, at the age of fifty-nine. The AtJiencemn on the 23rd, in its obituary notice, says : " When it is recollected that it is some ten years since Mr. James ceased his course of literary production, — when it is recorded that there are upwards of a hundred (if not more) of novels and romances bearing his name, we feel as if he had died young, considering the vast opened the new hall on the 17th of December, 1S60. In 1864 the business was converted into a limited company, with a capital of 100,000/. Of this Mr. Mudie retained 50,000/., and the remainder was subscribed by Mr. Bentley, Mr. John Murray, Mr. Miles, and other pub- lishers, Mr. Mudie being appointed manager at a salary of 1,000/. a year. The library since its commencement has issued to its subscribers not fewer than five millions of volumes, more than two-thirds of which have been books of travel, adventure, biography, and history, and scientific works. 124 THE ATHEN.^UM, 1860— 1861. amount of labour crowded within the compass of his life." The British The following in reference to the British Museum. ,, ^ , ,1 ,, t-. Museum appears on July 14th: "From 1753, the year of its foundation, to the 31st of March of the present year, the total expense of the British Museum to the nation has been 1,382,733/. I3i-. 4d., — no great sum for the in- estimable benefit obtained by its outlay, and a considerably less one than would be required to keep a line-of-battle ship afloat for half the period. Mr. Panizzi states that there is room in the building, as it stands at present, for 800,000 additional volumes, and for a million altogether : — at the present rate of increase, space enough to accommodate the receipts of fifty years to come." It is mentioned on September 15th that " Mr. John Tidd Pratt, in his evidence, recently Sir John given as one of the trustees of Sir John Soane's Museum. Museum, before the South Kensington Museum Committee, stated that there were four trustees for life, and five additional trustees appointed by different bodies. That Sir John Soane left 30,000/, 3 per cents., and a house in Lincoln's Inn Fields, to support the Museum." On the morning of the 8th of September Mr. Herbert Herbert Ingram, the founder and proprietor of •= ■ the Illustrated London News, together with his THE ATHEN.^UM, i860 — 1861. I25 eldest son, perished in the fearful accident on Lake Michigan, when the Lady Elgin, an American steamer, was sunk through collision with the schooner Augusta. Of 385 persons on board the Lady Elgin 287 were lost. The AthencBiim on September 29th states : " Mr. Ingram was the other day a living illustra- tion of the flexibility of our institutions and national manners. He had made his own fortune, and every one knew it. By his enterprise and talent, he had risen from the position of a country newsvender to the re- sponsibilities of a newspaper proprietor, a Member of Parliament, a deputy- lieutenant, and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. To-day, he is gone from among us, leaving the power he created in other hands. The story of his rise in life — of his merits and of his mistakes — will often be recalled by writers like Mr. Craik and Dr. Smiles as an encouragement to the young." The death of "the most famous seaman of our Thomas generation," Thomas Cochrane, Earl of Dun- Earrof ' donald in the peerage of Scotland, is recorded Dundonald. on the 3rd of November. "After Nelson's death Lord Cochrane had no rival for dash and genius. The affair of the Basque Roads was enough for immortality ; but this was only one of a series of amazing exploits, of which the Channel, the 126 THE ATHEN^UM, 1860 — 1 86 1. Mediterranean and the seas of South America were the scenes. Even during the long peace, when other fighting heroes lay up in lavender, and only fought their old battles in the cigar- room of a club, Lord Cochrane, partly through a gross public wrong under which he suffered, and partly from the creative restlessness of his character, contrived to lead a brilliant, stormy and romantic life. His career is one of the most attractive ever offered to a biogra- pher ; for his tongue was as sharp, his pen as nimble, as his sword ; and his temper was of that haughty and heroic type, which, while singularly gracious and open, can en- dure no slight or wrong. Thus, his eighty- five years were filled with battles, protests, trials, discoveries, and recriminations. One of the most kindly and queenly acts of our Sove- reign Lady was the restoration to Lord Dun- donald of the honours of the Bath of which he had been unjustly deprived. It is a fact within our personal knowledge that, when this gracious message from Windsor Castle reached the Earl, His letter of his first letter of thanks was written, — not to the DoSgk? Sovereign or her Minister, — but to Douglas Jerrold. Jerrold, who, by his frequent and masterly ex- posure of the wrong in Pjinch, and in other quarters, had been the chief means under Providence (as Lord Dundonald believed) of THE ATHENAEUM, 1860— 1861. 1 27 bringing the Crown to do him this great act of justice." The death is also noticed of Capt. Maconochie, Capt. the inventor of the Mark System of prison discipHne, to which reference has ah'eady been made : " The Mark System is very much a question of common-sense and philosophy ; but its amiable and unsuspicious inventor was un- happily the last man in the world to give it a fair trial. Twice he was permitted to hope that his principles would be faithfully carried out under his own superintendence ; once at Nor- folk Island, and again at the Birmingham gaol ; both ended in failure, one in misery and dismay." On Friday, November 30th, the Royal Society Royal Society: , 1 J ., . . 1 1 /. r two hundredth held its anniversary meeting, and the AiJiencBiim anniversary, of December 8th gives a report of Sir Benjamin Brodie's address : " It was on the 28th of November, just 200 years ago, that several eminent individuals, who had previously been in the habit of meeting for the purpose of com- municating with each other on subjects of common interest, asserhbled in Gresham Col- lege, and agreed to form themselves into a Society, having for its object the promoting of physico-mathematical experimental learning. When they reassembled in the following week, it was reported to them that what they proposed was highly approved by the reigning Monarch, 128 THE ATHEN^UM, 1860— 1861. who intimated at the same time his desire to do what lay in his power towards promoting so useful an undertaking. Accordingly, steps were taken for the incorporation of the Society, under a Royal Charter, that charter being conferred on them, in due form, two years afterwards." The year closes with a review of the second Adelaide volume of Adelaide Anne Procter's 'Legends Proc"er's ^"^ Lyrics.' The AthencEiim had been the first ' Lege".<^s « |-o welcome her father's daughter, when she and Lyrics. modestly came forward, saying, ' I too have been in Arcadia ' : thus, it is a pleasure, as real as rare, to declare that we find in her Second Volume progress on the first one. The first simplicity and tenderness, and natural avoidance of exaggeration, have neither tarnished nor changed ; but Miss Procter's hand is firmer than it was ; and some of the poems here collected or published for the first time (as may be) must and will take rank among the most complete and gentlest poems which we owe to women. We can hardly open the volume amiss. The best poem which it contains is one from which not a verse can be detached, yet which, by reason of its length, is unmanageable. Mahi; This is 'A New Mother,'— a tale of the affec- tions, told with a tenderness, purity and total absence of affectation, that make express com- Hymn. THE ATHEN^UM, 1860 — 1 86 1. 1 29 mendation of it not merely a pleasure, but a duty " The devotional verses in this volume are of high quality ; belonging, however, to the Breviary more than to the Psalter. There is a certain richness in the music of this Evening Evening Hymn, which reminds us (to be fanciful) of the odours of a linden avenue in summer, or of a pine forest after a shower, when all that is left of day is a glow in the west : — EVENING HYMN. The shadows of the evening hours Fall from the darkening sky ; Upon the fragrance of the flowers The dews of evening lie : Before Thy throne, O Lord of Heaven, We kneel at close of day ; Look on Thy children from on high, And hear us while we pray. The sorrows of Thy Servants, Lord, Oh, do not Thou despise ; But let the incense of our prayers Before Thy mercy rise ; The brightness of the coming night Upon the darkness rolls : With hopes of future glory chase The shadows on our souls. Slowly the rays of daylight fade ; So fade within our heart The hopes in earthly love and joy, That one by one depart : Slowly the bright stars, one by one, Within the Heavens shine ; — Give us, O Lord, fresh hopes in Heaven, And trust in things divine. VOL. n. K 1T,0 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1860 — 186I. Let peace, O Lord, Thy peace, O God, Upon our souls descend ; From midnight fears and perils, Thou Our trembling hearts defend ; Give us a respite from our toil, Calm and subdue our woes ; Through the long day we suffer. Lord, Oh, give us now repose ! " jS6i. The year 1861 opens with the announcement that " new books have poured upon us thick and fast for five or six weeks, and there is no abate- ment of the pleasant storm." The books in- Books of the clude the autobiography of Mrs. Delany ; the ^^^^* autobiography of Mrs. Piozzi ; ' Memoirs of the Courts and Cabinets of William IV. and Vic- toria,' by the Duke of Buckingham ; " Revolu- tions in English History : Vol. II. Revolutions in Religion," by Robert Vaughan, D.D. ; ' Domestic Annals of Scotland/ by Robert Chambers ; ' Garibaldi, and other Poems,' by M, E. Braddon ; the first volume of ' The Con- stitutional History of England,' by Thomas Erskine May ; the fifth volume of Lord Macau- lay's ' History of England,' edited by his sister, Lady Trevelyan ; the first and second volumes of the ' Life of William Pitt,' by Earl Stanhope ; ' Silas Marner,* by George Eliot; 'Considerations on Representative Government,' by John Stuart Mill ; ' Private Correspondence of Thomas Raikes with the Duke of Wellington '; ' The THE ATHEN^UM, i860 — 1861. I3I Story of Burnt Njal ; or, Life in Iceland at the End of the Tenth Century,' from the Icelandic of the Njals Saga, by George Webbe Dasent, D.C.L. ; the second volume of Buckle's ' History of Civilization in England '; ' Autobiography of Miss Cornelia Knight, Lady Companion to the Princess Charlotte of Wales '; ' Dutch Pictures,' by George Augustus Sala; 'Cavour: a Memoir,' by Edward Dicey ; ' East Lynne : a Story of Modern Life,' by Mrs. Henry Wood ; ' The History of Scotish Poetry,' by David Irving, LL.D., edited by John Aitken Carlyle, M.D. ; ' The Life of J. M. W. Turner, R.A.,' by Walter Thornbury ; the first and second volumes of ' Lives of the Engineers,' by Samuel Smiles ; Thackeray's * Four Georges ' ; ' French Women of Letters,' by Julia Kavanagh ; and * Tom Brown at Oxford,' by Thomas Hughes. On the 18th of May the reissue of Punch is The reissue , • 1 ,, /v • • • 1 of Pimdi. thus noticed : A more mterestmg re-issue than that of PiincJi for the last twenty years can hardly be imagined. It is a republication, in the original forms, of a number of very choice books and poems, — such as ' The Story of a Feather,' ' The Caudle Lectures,' ' The Snob Papers,' ' The Bridge of Sighs,' and the ' Bouillebaisse.' It is, also, the republication of a great series of social and political cartoons, some of which are not to be obtained in any other form. Some of the 132 THE ATHEN^UM, 1860 — 1 86 1. best things of Jerrold and Hood, as well as of men eminent and living, are found in its pages. In these same pages, Leech, Doyle, and Ten- niel have grown famous as the most kindly of moralists and caricaturists. Two volumes of this humorous and illustrated history of our own times are on our table ; and it is very curious and very amusing to return upon the events and follies which we see interested us twenty years ago. It is like reading a packet of our own correspondence of that period." The 'Ency- Qn the 15th of June an account is given of clopredia Britannica.' Messrs. A. & C. Black's dinner at Greenwich, on the 5 th, to celebrate the completion of the eighth edition of the ' Encyclopaedia Britan- nica,' when Mr. Black " read the following statis- tical paragraph respecting the seventh and eighth editions of the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica ': — Amount paid to contributors and editors, 40,970/., — cost of paper, 52,503/., — of printing and stereotyping, 36,708/., — of engraving and plate-printing, 18,277/., — of binding, 22,613/., — of advertising, 11,081/, — of miscellaneous items, 2,269/, — making a total cost of 184,421/ Of these two editions of the * Encyclopaedia Britan- nica' there have been printed above 10,000 copies. The amount of duty paid upon the paper, calculated at i^d., was 8,573/. THE ATHEN.EUM, 1860— 1861. 1 33 These figures indicate the magnitude of this literary enterprise." Lord Campbell died on Sunday, the 23rdof Lord June. He was born in i78i,theson of a Scotch ^"^^^ ^ minister of narrow fortunes. After receiving a preliminary education at St. Andrews, he came to London while still a lad, and obtained a post on the Morning CJironide. In 1806 he was called to the Bar, and from that time devoted himself assiduously to his profession. He entered the House of Commons in 1830 as member for Stafford, and became Lord Chan- cellor of Ireland in 1841 ; but on the resignation of Lord Melbourne's Cabinet he was for five years without profession or office. During this time he devoted himself entirely to literature, and entered on those labours which resulted in the production of 'The Lives of the Lord Chancellors ' and ' The Lives of the Chief Justices.' In 1859 the prize he had so long desired and struggled for was gained, and he took his seat upon the woolsack. The AtJiencBiivi in its obituary notice of the 29th of June men- tions the great service rendered to literature by his Libel Act (which allowed a person to plead Libel Act. justification) and his Act for the Suppression of Obscene Publications. " These Acts have in no small degree contributed to the freedom of dis- cussion and the purity of the press. Of them- 134 THE ATHENAEUM, 1860 — 1861. selves they would be sufficient witnesses to his fame." " On the 29th of June, at Florence, — after a life of health so fragile that its prolongation till now has been a marvel, — died the greatest of Ejlizabeth English poetesses of any time," Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Browning. The Athencsum of July 6th thus refers to her early life : " Her training, it may be said, was strict ; her frame delicate beyond ordinary delicacy,— but the girl managed to lay hold of quaint learning and daring thought, — to rise on the wings of a soaring fancy, with an instinct which seemed to defy circumstance, physical disqualification, and limited experience of society, — Her beginning of authorship was no publishing of ' Lines to a Rose,' no second- hand reminiscence of scenes and feelings better portrayed elsewhere, but an ' Essay on Mind ' and a translation of the ' Prometheus ' of ^schylus. The last, when printed, so little satisfied its author that, on some call for its republication being made, she re-translated the Greek tragedy. Of these essays little transpired «The to the world till the year 1836, when 'The Ro- ^larret^ °^ maunt of Margret,' anonymously published in the New Monthly Magazine, startled all true readers of poetry by its daring and deep originality Presently the same unseen hand gave out other gifts, — other poems, — incomplete, perhaps, (as THE ATHEN/EUM, 1860 — 1 86 1. I 35 an uncut diamond may be incomplete). Some among them drifted to this journal ; every one having its diamond-novelty and beauty, and a nerve which set it apart from the horde of sweet verses written on pleasant themes, by anybody, or nobody. — No name was announced in con- nexion with these early successes. Presently, a collection of these scattered lyrics was put forth headed by 'The Seraphim,' a sacred drama .jj^^ prompted by no less vaulting an ambition than Seraphim.' that of one professing to have watched the Crucifixion, and who hid herself in the guise now of an awe-stricken, now of an awe-raised, angel. — By this time Miss Barrett's name was abroad, and it became known, also, that she had been for years the inmate of a darkened room, — doomed, as was thought, to slow death, and as such withdrawn from active share in the world of society or letters. But her poems broke the door of the dark chamber for her against her will. Old friends, of course, had long ministered to her there ; but strangers would write to her, and thus by degrees she was drawn into a com- merce with much that is boldest in speculation, rarest in fancy, choicest in literary worth. Her letters are as remarkable as her poems — filled with noble thoughts, recondite allusions, thick- coming fancies, — never worldly, always womanly, — but almost without peer among the letters of 136 THE ATHEN^UM, 1860 — 1861. women. A second collection of verse, headed 'The Drama by 'The Drama of Exile,' in which she trod of Exile.' ^ Milton's ground with the step of a poetess, had not long appeared, and placed her yet higher with her public ; — when it was told that the inmate of the darkened chamber had risen from iier her couch to marry a poet, in many of his "1" "^j, . jjig|-jj^(,j-g ^j^(j fashions delicately fitted to herself, and was gone out into the world — into Italy. — The eagerness with which one so long prisoned flung herself into the life of a beautiful and new world, — the resolution with which she adopted it as the country of her heart and hope, was to 'Casa Guidi be ggen j^ her next poem, * Casa Guidi Win- \\ indows.' dows,' a passionate moralizing on what happened in the South in 1848. She enjoyed all she saw, and grasped at all she held, much as a bird freed from its cage might do ; — intensely, enthusias- tically happy, with a belief in goodness and progress which nothing could daunt, nor set aside Those whom she loved, and whom she has left, will remember her (so long as life lasts) by her womanly grace and tenderness, yet more than by her extraordinary and courageous genius." To the Italians the death of Elizabeth Browning came as a personal loss, and a bat- talion of the National Guard was to have followed at the funeral, but a misunderstanding as to time frustrated this testimonial of respect. THE ATHEN/EUM, 1860— 1861. 1 37 On the 3rd of January, 1863, the AthcncBum announces that " the municipality of Florence Marble slab have done honour to themselves and to the ^^^^^^-^.^^7?° municipality memory of Mrs. Barrett Browning by placing a ^^ Florence, marble slab in the wall of the house she occupied in that city. The slab bears an inscription in Italian to this effect : — Elizabeth Barrett Brown- ing lived, wrote, and died in this house. She was a woman who, with a woman's heart, possessed the wisdom of a sage and the spirit of a true poet, and made her poetry a golden band between Italy and England." Sir Francis Palgrave died on July 6th, 1861, at sir Francis the age of seventy-three. He was born Cohen, P^S''^^^- but changed his name to Palgrave on his conversion from Judaism and his appointment to office. The AtJiencsum of the 13th states : " His works are numerous and voluminous ; but his fame will mainly rest upon his contributions to early English History. His ' History of Normandy and England,' with some conspicu- ous faults, is a very able and valuable book. — The Master of the Rolls has appointed Mr. T. Dufifus Hardy Assistant-Keeper of the Public Records, in the place of Sir Francis Palgrave." The Paper Duty, the last of the taxes on knowledge, was repealed on the ist of October, Price of the AthentTum 11-11 r r reduced to to the public the benefit of every change in the threepence. and the AtJiencEinn, true to its policy of giving Athencvum reduced to 138 THE ATHEN^UM, 1860 — 1861. law, reduced its price on the 5th of October from fourpence to threepence. New Place, New Place, Stratford-on-Avon, was advertised 'Av°on.'°"^o be sold on the 25th of October, and the Athenceuni of the 19th contains an appeal to the " moneyed and right-minded public " to interfere. This is followed on the 26th by the gratifying announcement that " Shakspeare's Gardens are saved to the public / ^ to fc. / Nichols. four, "after a life of labour as a printer and editor." For some time he edited, printed, and published the Gentleman's Magazine. Among his literary works were " one on the Guildhall of the City of London, others on the Royal Hos- pital of St. Katherine by the Tower and Font- hill Abbey; and Anecdotes of William Hogarth, with catalogues of his works, 8vo., 1833. Mr. Nichols added some volumes to the series of Literary History of the Eighteenth Century, commenced by his father." On the morning of the 6th of October, at twenty-two minutes past three, an earthquake An earth- shock was felt in the centre, west, and north- served at west of England, and on the 17th a communi- Greenwich. cation appears from Prof. Airy, giving particulars of the observations made at Greenwich. On the 24th of December, 1863, the evening papers announced that Mr. Thackeray had that William morning been found dead in his bed. This Thackeray. sudden loss was felt as a shock by thousands in the midst of their preparations for Christmas gatherings. William Makepeace Thackeray was born in India in 181 1, He was educated at the Charterhouse, and kept seven or eight VOL. II. M l62 THE ATHENAEUM, 1 862 — 1S65. terms at Cambridge, but left without taking a degree, for the purpose of becoming an artist. After about three years he devoted himself to literature. The AtJicnceuni in its obituary notice 1864. on the 2nd of January, 1864, states: "During these years of gradually growing reputation, Thackeray's hand was perpetually to be traced Fi-ascrs in Fraser s Magazine, vv^here his ' Men's Wives,' ■^ " ' his ' Yellow-plush Papers,' his ' Shabby-Genteel Story,' his ' Great Hoggarty Diamond,' and his * Luck of Barry Lyndon,' successively appeared. It may have been that, to suit the tone of that periodical, which was at that time sarcastic and unscrupulous, he exaggerated a humour for banter and indifference, occasional personality, and too habitual a resolution to look upon the seamy side of life and manners, which, if not born with him, certainly grew into marking characteristics of his style and purpose as an author. These were turned to better account, because tempered with feeling and taste, in the course of the close connexion formed by him with the phalanx of merry and powerful men Punch, vvho established Punch, and who could hit as hard as the best among the Maginns and Lock- harts — though, let it not be forgotten, with meanings as generous as those of the Fraser squadron were otherwise. In Punch the * Book of Snobs' appeared, and some of Thackeray's THE ATHEN^UM, 1 862 — 1 865. 1 63 best lyrics ; his ludicrous Police Ballads, not exceeded by anything of the kind in our lan- guage ; and that best of table-songs, Horatian in its grace of versification and geniality of sentiment, 'The Mahogany Tree.' It was the publication of * Vanity Fair,' however, — a work, 'Vanity Fair.' we have been told, perversely rejected by many publishers — that, at last, set Thackeray in his place among the first novelists of Europe After 'Vanity Fair' came, in due course of time, three other novels of modern society, — ' Pen- dennis,' 'The Newcomes,' and lastly 'Philip'; and two other tales belonging to an elder world of manners — ' Esmond ' and ' The Virginians.' The former is, to our thinking, the most finished expression of Thackeray's power as a scholar and an artist. To make up this list, possibly still incomplete, may be mentioned ' The Chro- nicle of the Drum,' an impromptu thrown off on the transfer of Napoleon's ashes to Paris ; a series of Christmas books, including ' Mrs. Perkins's Ball,' ' Our Street,' ' Dr. Birch,' ' The Kickleburys on the Rhine,' ' The Rose and the Ring ' (a quaint and racy fairy tale), ' Rebecca and Rowena,' that diverting continuation of ' Ivanhoe,' — lastly, the two courses of Lectures on ' The Humourists ' and on * The Four Georges.' " On the 6th of February the death of the 1 64 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 862— 1 865. Adelaide " golden - tressed Adelaide," Adelaide Anne Procter. Pi'octer, IS recorded. She was born in Bed- ford Square on the 30th of October, 1825, and Mr. Charles Dickens relates of her : " Her love of poetry was conspicuous at so early an age, that I have before me a tiny album made of small note paper, into which her favourite passages were copied for her by her mother's hand before she herself could write. It looks as if she had carried it about, as another little girl might have carried a doll." Her verses stole out pseudonymously in HoiLseJiold Words, Miss Procter writing under the name of Mary Berwick, in order that Mr. Dickens might be saved the pain of refusing the verses of the daughter of his old friend should they not meet with his approval. The illness which obliged her to keep her bed for fifteen months was borne by her with cheerful- ness and the greatest submission. She had been delicate from childhood, and had overtaxed her strength in works of mercy. "At midnight on the second of February, 1S64, she turned down a leaf of a little book she was reading, and shut it up. The ministering hand that had copied the verses into the tiny album was soon around her neck, and she quietly asked as the clock was on the stroke of one : " ' Do you think I am dying, mamma .-' ' " ' I think you are very, very ill to-night, my dear.'' 1 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 862 — 1 865. 1 65 " ' Send for my sister. My feet are so cold. Lift me up !' " Her sister entering as they raised her, she said : " ' It has come at last ! ' and with a bright and happy smile, looked upward, and departed."* Alaric A. Watts died on the 5th of April. Abdc A. •^ ^ Watts. He was born in March, 1797, and in early life was a pupil teacher under George Crabbe, author of the ' Technological Dictionary.' In 1822 he started upon his literary career by publishing a small volume entitled ' Poetical Sketches.' This rapidly passed through five editions. The Athenainii on April i6th, 1864, states : " Towards the end of the same year, Mr. Watts's publishers having purchased the Leeds Intelligencer, he became its editor, and commenced his vocation of journalist. Later he was editor of the Manchester Courier ; was engaged in establishing the Standard, and for ten years was the editor of the United Service Gazette, in the columns of which he advocated many naval and military reforms, since car- ried out. For twenty years he was connected with the newspaper press, and assisted in establishing during that period some twenty Conservative journals in London and the country." * ' Legends and Lyrics : a Book of Verses,' by Ade- laide Anne Procter, with an Introduction by Charles Dickens. l66 THE ATHEN.«UM, 1 862 — 1 865. 'The Literary In 1 824 Mr. Watts Started 'The Literary Souvenir,' " one of the earliest of the ' Annuals,' a series of illustrated works which had an immense success, and formed, in fact, an era in the development of the English school of Art, the novelty and importance of which have, at the present day, been forgotten, and cannot be well estimated by the generation which has been born since." In 1850 was published a selection of Mr. Watts's poetical works, entitled ' Lyrics of the Heart, and other Poems.' Note is made on the 7th of May of the death Frank of Mr. Frank Smedley, who began " his modest career of pleasantness and grace some dozen years ago, with ' Lewis Arundel ; or, the Rail- road of Life.' There is not a man who knew him who did not love him, or who will ever remember Frank but with a tender, brotherlike regard." In the following year ' Gathered Leaves : being a Collection of the Poetical Writings of the late Frank E. Smedley,' was published with a memorial preface by Mr. Edmund Yates. On June nth a passing reference is made to William the decease of William James Fox, "an old James Fox. ^^^^^ eloquent first known as a preacher, an agitator, and a politician ; but he was also a graceful writer, a good critic, and a poetical interpreter of nature." THE ATHEN^UM, 1862 — 1865. 167 The death of Thomas Colley Grattan, author Thomas of a series of tales illustratincr French life called Coiiey ^ - Grattan. 'Highways and Byways,' of 'Jacqueline of Holland,' ' Heiress of Bruges,' &c., is noticed on July i6th. "In 1828, Mr. Grattan tried fortune as a dramatist and failed. ' Ben Nazir, the Saracen ' was the title of the luckless tragedy, in which Edmund Kean appeared in the princi- pal character, without knowing ten lines of the part, or possessing mental faculty enough to get them by rote. He almost made entire ship- wreck of his fame by the lamentable exhibition of that night, — a night never to be forgotten by old playgoers who were present, and which was assuredly never forgotten by the author." The death is recorded on September 24th, 1864, of Capt. Speke. "The first African ex- Capt. Speke plorer, Thompson, of the African Company of Merchants, lost his life, on the scene of his great perils, two centuries and a half ago. Of the three latest— Speke, Burton, and Livingstone, who were to have assembled at the Meeting of the British Association at Bath— the one made famous by his alleged discovery of the sources of the Nile, failed to appear on the day he was to have encountered Burton. On the mornine of that day, while out with a friend, shooting partridges, the accidental discharge of his own gun stretched him dead beneath the autumnal VOL. II. m l68 THE ATHENzEUM, 1862— 1S65. elms, Bruce, who penetrated to the fountains of Gecsh, and in the head of the Abyssinian Blue River claimed to have discovered the sources of the Nile, survived all the dangers by which he had been environed, to die of a fall down his own staircase at Kinnaird, while per- forming an act of courtesy to an aged lady. Speke, no more fortunate than Bruce, after dis- covering the great lake which feeds the once mysterious White River, and speculating on the chances of passing a happy life there, 'with a wife and family, garden and yacht, rifle and rod,' came home to lose his life by a mortal mis- chance." The AtJiciKZinn on October ist thus records Walter the death of Walter Savage Landor : " An old Savage j^^j-j — jj^ ^|^jg Q.2,SQ. assurcdly an old man eloquent Landor. •' ^ — died on Saturday, September 17, in a by-street, under the wall of Florence, in one of its most ancient and picturesque quarters, of whom letters will have to take account. This old man passed away — as he had lived — in the odour of art and learning. Near by him was that Casa Guidi which has become a part of the history of Eng- lish poetry and of Italian revolution. A little further off stood that proud pile — the scene of so much drama, the home of so many arts — the Pitti Palace, with the renowned Boboli Gardens. Beside his house flowed that Arno which he THE ATIIEN.EUM, 1 862 — 1S65. 169 loved SO well ; a little way off, beyond the river, sprang the proud dome of Brunelleschi, which he loved still more ; and near to that dome frowned the strong tower and palace of the Republic which he loved most of all He enjoyed a robust, almost turbulent health. To the verge of ninety years, his sight remained good, his digestion perfect, and his intellect fresh. The first passion of his heart was that of Liberty : liberty for the mind and for the body ; a state which he demanded for himself and for others with a warmth that some thought petulant and many thought imperious. For liberty he fought with the sword, with the tongue, and with the pen. He proposed to fight for it with bows and arrows ; it is open to suspicion that he was not unwilling to sec it helped by the knife. This ardour had its recompence. He was born before the American colonies had raised the banner of freedom, and he lived to see Italy become a nation." In 1846 his works were collected into two stout volumes, "the whole being carefully revised and much extended." " The subjects on which he wrote, and the spirit in which he treated them, will always repel from him the common reader ; yet a style so strong and bright as his will always have its fascination for scholars and writers." A long notice of John Leech, who had John Leech, I/O THE ATIIEN/EUM, 1 862 — I 865. died on the previous Saturday, is given on the 5 th of November, " a man so generous, His genial, affectionate and tender-hearted, — one kind nature. ^^ ^^jj ^^ self -sacrifice that his existence presents the ideal of a gentleman put into practice." He was of Irish descent, born in London in 1S17. He was at the Charter- house School for eight years under Dr. Russell at the same time as Thackeray. " He was an able sketcher while at school ; all the ' teaching ' he got in Art was of the common sort wasted upon boys at school in those days. Beyond some temporary counsel, from Mr. Millais, with regard to the practice of painting in oil, — required when it was contemplated to produce the well-known gallery of painted de- signs from PuJic/t, which appeared at the Egyptian Hall quite recently, — Leech received no instruction of the sort during the whole of his life. Yielding, it is believed, to the wishes of others. Leech, on quitting the Charterhouse, commenced to study medicine and surgery under Mr. Stanley, and entered St. Bartholo- mew's Hospital as a student : he remained there until his own inclination for Art found encou- ragement by the advice of some judicious friends, and he essayed to draw on wood for publication. Punch seemed created as a field for the display of his ability." " Of the vast number of his works THE ATHEN^UM, 1 862 — 1 865. IJI — the quality of which, be it noted, did not deteriorate, but continued to improve as he grew older and worked harder — let it suffice to" say, that the ' Pictures of Life and Character ' alone, being but selections from the artist's contribu- tions to Punch, and by no means the whole of his multifarious drawings in that publication, amount to not fewer than two thousand five hundred in all." The number for November 19th records the J. R. death of J. R. M'Culloch, the author of the ^^'^"^'°'^- ' Dictionary of Commerce and Navigation,' a ' Dictionary of Geography,' and a ' Statistical Account of the British Empire.' To the very heavy losses sustained during the year was to be added a great personal sorrow. Charles Wentworth Dilke died on the loth of Charles August. In accordance with his own special re- Dilke. quest no obituary notice was given in the journal in which he was so deeply interested, and only these lines, at the commencement of the "Literary Gossip " on the 1 3th, announced his decease : " Died, on Wednesday, August 10, at Alice Holt, near Farnham, in his seventy-fifth year, Charles Wentworth Dilke ; who was for many years intimately connected with the Athencsuin." Mr. Dilke had since his retirement from the Daily Nezvs in 1849 devoted his time exclusively to his favourite studies. His first articles on 1/2 THE ATHEN^UM, 1862— 1865. Junius had appeared in the AthencEum on the 22nd and 29th of July, 1848. These were con- tinued at intervals until 185 1, and followed by the articles on Pope, which commenced on the 8th of July, 1854. In addition to these, articles appeared from his pen on Burke, Wilkes, ' Treasure Trove,' ' Against Patching Up the British Museum,' in favour of dividing the collection by subjects, on the Literary Fund, and other topics. Mr. Dilke also wrote largely for Notes and Queries. A full account of these articles, together with a selection from his ' Papers of writings, is to be found in ' The Papers of a a Critic' ^ ' , 1 , . , Critic,' with a biographical sketch by his grand- son, the Right Hon. Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke. Mr. Dilke resided at Wentworth Place, Hampstead, until 1825, when he removed to Lower Grosvenor Place (now i, Grosvenor Gardens). Here he remained until 1850, when he lost his wife after a happy union of more than forty years. This calamity so affected his health that it was not until after sixteen months of travel that he was able to resume his literary labours, when, his son having built a library for him at his house ^6, Sloane Street, he went to reside there. Mr. Dilke was much beloved by a large circle, for while to strangers he appeared to be re- served, to his intimate friends he was genial THE ATHEN^UM, 1862— 1865. 173 and warm-hearted, and a most faithful friend. His habits were simple and homely, and he passed his time in his library or in search- ing for books on his special subjects among the old book - shops, with occasional visits accompanied by his son to the Atkencetun Office, to consult with Mr. Francis on matters relating to the journal. In the autumn he would take his holiday with his son and two grandsons, when he would enjoy his well-earned rest most thoroughly, seeking to obtain the utmost benefit to both body and mind by the change, in order that he might " go back to the duties of life ; cheerful and happy ; better able to love ; more able to be loved ; more worthy to be loved because better able to sympathize with humanity in its strength and weakness, and to find good in everything." In the autumn of 1862 Mr. Dilke went to reside at Alice Holt, a shooting place in Hampshire rented by his son, where he died, as already stated, on the loth of August, 1864. He was interred in the family vault at Kensal Green on the i6th. The friends present included Mr. Hepworth Dixon, Mr. John Forster, Mr. John Francis, Mr. James Holmes, Dr. Doran, and Mr. Thoms, all of whom have now passed to their rest. Charles Wentworth Dilke will ever be remem- l^'s characteiisticx bered as the faithful and just critic, the earnest as a ciuic. 174 THE ATHEN^UM, 1862 — 1865. seeker after truth, severe when the occasion called for severity ; but his kindly nature made him far more happy when helping to add a name to the roll of fame than when removing an unworthy one from it. 1865. On the 14th of January, 1865, the sixty-sixth Kelly's annual publication of Kelly's ' Post - Office ^freSSy! London Directory' is noticed: "The 'Post- Office Directory ' is, in truth, a marvel. It is a guide to governmental departments, to our streets and great counting-houses and ware- houses, to our courts of law and to court dis- tricts, to city and suburb, and to affairs connected with parliament, post, travelling, and banking." The first publication of the ' London Direc- tory ' took place in 1800. It then contained 292 pages i2mo., and only 11,000 names, limited to one " commercial " list. This continued with but little change until 1837, when it became the property of F. F. Kelly, Inspector of Letter- carriers, who in 1S40 introduced the "Trades" section, and in 1841 the "Streets" section, of the Directory. Down to 1846 the book was corrected each year by the General Post Office letter-carriers. Arrangements were then made for procuring a selected staff of agents for the purpose of revision, who have been continued to the present time. The edition for 1886 consists of 2,672 pages imperial Svo., and contains 244,000 THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 862— 1 865. 1 75 names : on each page there are 10,000 letters. The number of letters in the " Commercial " section alone amount to nearly a million. The weight of the type used is about twenty-five tons. The whole is passed through the press in two months. In the book there are 708 persons of the name of Brown, 1,104 Joneses, 467 Robinsons, and 2,125 Smiths. London is divided into ninety districts for the work of revision, and a can- vasser calls at every house for corrections. All removals are referred to the corresponding districts for verification, as well as every letter sent into the office requesting the insertion of, or alteration in, any name or address. When all the districts have been corrected, the street portion is printed and proofs of each street are handed to the canvassers, who again go over their entire districts, and note any alterations which may have been made since the first correction. The death of the African explorer Dr. W. B. Dr. W. B. Baikie, R.N., at Sierra Leone, on the 30th of the previous November, is noticed on the 14th of January. He had gone out upon his African expedition "as an accredited envoy of our Government, about nine years ago, in the Pleiad steamer, with the object of opening up the trade of the Niger, and thus bringing the various Niger expeditions to a practical 1/6 THE ATHENAEUM, 1 862 — 1 865. Cardinal Wiseman. Admiral FitzRoy. conclusion. In going through some of the rapids of the river the steamer was, un- fortunately, lost. In no way discouraged by the accident, and saving what he could from the wreck, Dr. Baikie set himself down amongst the wild Africans, and explored the country in every direction." On the 1 8th of February the death of Cardinal Wiseman is recorded. He was born in Seville in 1802, being the child of Irish parents, "but Irish parents of good old English blood. Indeed, the Cardinal was, in personal appearance and character, a thorough Englishman This genuine English-ness of look and manner was an immense advantage to him in fighting the battles of his creed. A man of dark, meridional aspect would have created among the English people a thousand suspicions and oppositions, which the Cardinal's rosy cheek and laughing eyes at once removed. Every one felt that it was ridiculous to quote the good old pro- tests against Italian priests in the face of that bluff and humorous Essex gentleman, in whom there was much English fight, but not a particle of Italian guile." The following appears on the 6th of ]\Iay in reference to Admiral FitzRoy : " It is with the deepest regret that we announce the death, on Sunday morning last, of Admiral Robert Fit^- THE ATHEN^UM, 1 862 — 1 865. 177 Roy ; an eminent man of science, a useful public servant, and a valued contributor to the Atheiiaiun. For some time past he has been ill, and has lately been much depressed in spirit. The grief we feel is greatly increased by the circumstance that he died by his own hand. The Meteorological Department of the Board of Trade had been under his direction from its establishment ; and his health, no doubt, was seriously affected by the anxiety naturally arising from his unceasing attention to the duties of his office, but more particularly to that almost constant uneasiness experienced on the receipts of the daily weather telegrams, from which he had to deduce the most probable coming weather." He was born July 5th, 1805, and entered the navy at fourteen. He commanded the surveying ship Beagle from 1828 to 1836, engaged all this time in very important surveying operations. He was Governor of New Zealand for three years, being appointed in 1843. "Those who were personally acquainted with him will bear evidence to his untiring industry, his pleasing manners, and the charms of his conversation. He has left behind him a name which will long be remembered with esteem." Charles Waterton died on the 27th of May, Charles 1-1 i» -1 -ITT. TX11 Waterton. aged eighty-three, at his residence Walton Hall, VOL. II. N 178 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 862 — 1 865. Yorkshire. The Athcnccmn of the 3rd of June states that he was " best known to most of our readers as ' the man who rode an alHgator to death.' He was a racy writer, and at once became popular when he first appeared before the pubhc as author of ' Wanderings in South America, the North-west of the United States and the Antilles, in the years 1812-1824.'" He was the head of an old Roman Catholic family, and was educated at Stonyhurst. " He was, perhaps, the best stuffer of animals, especially birds, in the world, and at Walton Hall he had a fine museum He was an elegant Latin scholar, and long ago he wrote his epitaph in that language, a translation of which runs thus : ' Pray for the Soul of Charles VVaterton, born June, 1782, died iS — , whose wearied bones rest here.' " Sir Joseph Sir Joseph Paxton died on the 8th of June at his residence at Rockhills, next the Crystal Palace. He was born in 1803, and commenced life as a gardener in the Horticultural Society's garden at Chiswick, where he had but a few shillings a week. While there he was noticed by the Duke of Devonshire, who subsequently appointed him his head gardener at Chatsworth. The AtJiencEnvi of the 17th of June states that " among the many magnificent works which Paxton constructed at Chatsworth was the great THE ATHEN/EUM, 1862— 1865. 1 79 conservatory, a glass and iron structure, 300 feet long, which he made the model of the Crystal The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, his design being accepted H^Je Park hy the Royal Commissioners after 233 plans had been rejected. For his public services on this occasion he was knighted. In 1853 he com- menced the building of the Crystal Palace, at Sydenham, which was completed in June, 1S54. In the same year Sir Joseph became Member of Parliament for Coventry, he being elected with- out opposition. Shortly after his entry into the House he submitted a plan for employing a corps of navvies at the siege of Sebastopol, which was accepted by Government and proved practical His friend and patron the Duke of Devonshire had preceded him a few years, and shortly before his death handed him a life policy for 20,000/." Sir John William Lubbock died on the 21st sir John of June. He " closed his career at Cambridge Lu^^k in January, 1825, obtaining only the degree of first Senior Optime. This," the Athenmim states on July 1st, 1865, "at the time surprised those who knew that he was one of the strongest mathematicians of the year. The truth was that he turned his particular atten- tion to the branches of astronomy in which he was afterwards distinguished, and, having no reason to seek University honours for aid in l80 THE ATHEN^UM, 1862— 1865. his future life, he was content to take what he could get on his own terms as to study. Throughout his life he applied himself to the lunar theory and subjects connected with it. Out of the higher departments of astronomy he was known by the excellent work on Pro- His work on bability which he contributed to the ' Library roaii>. ^^ Useful Knowledge/ in conjunction with his friend Drinkwater (afterwards Drinkwater- Bethune). This work was anonymous : a binder chose to letter it as ' De Morgan on Probability,' and Mr. De Morgan, in a letter to the Times, reports that he could not in fifteen years, though using every opportunity, succeed in restoring the book to its true authors He has left behind him a son who is well known to the scientific world, and will add new honour to the name." Isaac Taylor. On the 8th of July the death of Isaac Taylor, " writer and inventor," is noted. He was in his seventy-eighth year. He began his literary career with ' Elements of Thought,' followed by a ' History of Another Life.' " Mr. Taylor's mind presented a rare union of artistic, mecha- nical, and literary genius. The originality and power exhibited in some of his early designs, engraved for Boydell's Bible, have been noticed in Gilchrist's ' Life of Blake.' One of the most complicated and beautiful pieces of mechanism THE ATHEN^UM, 1862— 1865. 181 now at work in Manchester is Mr. Taylor's machine for engraving patterns on rollers for calico-printing. The plates which illustrate Trail's Josephus were engraved by this process." Dr. Samuel P. Woodward's death on the nth Dr. S. P. of July is recorded on the 22nd. He was born on the 17th of September, 1821, and was the son of S. W. Woodward, of Norwich, author of several geological works. In 1838 he was employed in the library of the British Museum, and in 1839 became curator of the Geological Society of London. In 1845 he was appointed Professor of Botany and Geology in the Royal Agricultural College, and in 1848 first-class assistant in the Department of Geology and Mineralogy in the British Museum. He published only one separate work, ' A Manual of Recent and Fossil Shells,' " acknowledged to be one of the best text-books in that department of science." The small geological map of England published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge was prepared by him, and " Prof. Owen derived considerable assistance from him when he pre- pared the invertebrate part of his ' Palseontology,' which that author gratefully acknowledged His true love for science never shone more brightly than in his dealings with younger men. He was ever ready to hold out a helping hand 1 82 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 862 — 1 865. to those who were struggling from darkness into h'ght." Sir William Sir William Hooker, Director of the Royal Hooker. „ , , ^ , . , 1 1 r- a Gardens at Kew, died on the 12th of August. The AtJiejicBmn of the 26th states that he was born in 1785, "his father, who was in business at Norwich, being a man who devoted all his leisure to reading, especially travels and German literature, and to the cultivation of curious plants ; by which, doubtless, was laid the foundation of that love of Natural History for which his son was so distinguished." At an early age he formed the design of devoting his life to travelling and natural history. " Orni- thology and entomology first attracted his attention ; but, being happily the discoverer of a rare moss, which he took to Sir J. E. Smith, he received from that eminent botanist the bias which determined his future career." Regius In 1820 he was appointed to the Regius Professor of ^ ^ ° Botany at Profcssorship of Botany in Glasgow, where he remained for twenty years. In 1836 he received the honour of knighthood from William IV.;* and in 1841 a new era of his life began with his * The king once asked him abruptly, " Sir William, which is the greater botanist, you or Dr. Lindley ? " "Dr. Lindley, your Majesty." "That is said like a gentleman, at any rate," retorted the king ; " and we '11 leave the question for the botanists to settle." THE ATHEN^UM, 1862 — 1865, 183 appointment to Kew. "The history of his career as Director of the Royal Gardens is so well and Appointed so widely known that it need not detain us long, x^^ Gardens. From a garden of eleven acres, without herbarium, library, or museum, and characterized by the stinginess of its administration, under his sole management it has risen to an establishment comprising 270 acres, laid out with wonderful skill and judgment ; — including an arboretum of all such trees and shrubs as will stand the open air in this country, magnificent ranges of hot-houses and conservatories, such as no three establishments on the Continent put together can rival ; — three museums, each an original concep- tion of itself, containing many thousand square feet of glass, and filled with objects of interest in the vegetable kingdom from all parts of the globe, a herbarium unrivalled for extent, arrangement, accuracy of nomenclature, and beauty of keep, and excellent botanical libraries, including small ones for the use of the gardeners and museums In person Sir William Hooker was tall and good-looking, with a peculiarly erect and agile gait, which he retained to the end of his life. His address and bearing were singularly genial and urbane," and those who enjoyed his friendship bear testimony that in parting from him the final impression " was not that the time had been spent in the society of 184 THE ATHENAEUM, 1 862 — 1 865. a great botanist, but that it had been passed in charmingly friendly intercourse with a good and true, a simple-minded and noble-hearted man." Sir William sif William Rowan Hamilton, Astronomer Kowan Hamilton. Royal for Ireland, died on the 2nd of Septem- ber at the age of sixty. The Athenceiim of the 9th states that " he became known as a mathe- matician of extraordinary genius when he was about twenty years old There is no need to tell the mathematical world that it has lost one of its greatest members ; we cannot enumerate for the world at large — most of the items are knowledge too high for them. His papers on systems of rays, on the methods of dynamics, on algebra looked at as the science of pure time, on discontinuous functions, on equations of the fifth degree, and his 7iew algebra, the Quaternions, cannot be popularized. But there is one little result of which an idea can be given, one of the earliest of Hamilton's discoveries, and one which alone would carry down his name to posterity. Hamilton found, from optical theory alone, by reasoning on the properties of light, that under certain circumstances a ray, instead of being refracted as a ray, should, if the theory were Discovers true, split into a cone of rays. This conical conical refraction, rejraction, on being looked for under the proper circumstances by Prof. Lloyd, was actually found to exist. No such phenomenon had ever THE ATHEN^UM, 1 862 — 1 865. 1 85 been even imagined : and it may be justly said that no more remarkable triumph of theoretical prediction had then occurred in the history of science. If we must add to it, as a match, the prediction of Neptune by Leverrier and Adams, each of these brilliant feats does honour to the other He was beloved for the kindness of his heart, and respected for the integrity of his character. No more need be said at this time : he was a man of whom full account will be given to the world." The death of Sir William Hooker was soon to be followed by another heavy loss to science. Dr. John Lindley, " one of the most hardworking Dr. John and celebrated botanists England has ever pro- duced," died of apoplexy on Wednesday, the 1st of November, at his residence on Acton Green. He had worked too hard, and over- strained his brain. Dr. Lindley was born at Catton, Norfolk, in 1799, ^^^ ^^ ^" early age turned his attention to the study of the vegetable kingdom. The Athen(Btiin of November 4th says : " When he first entered scientific life, botany was just emancipating itself from the deadening influence of the artificial system, in this country upheld by a narrow-minded party. Whoever ventured to write or say anything against these sages was at once a marked man. The treatment which Dr. J. E. Gray Lindley. I 86 THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 862— I 865. received for daring to publish the first British Flora, arranged according to the Natural system, is no isolated case. Dr. Lindley's history, and that of several other men of genius, furnish additional examples The opposition he met with put him on his mettle, made him one of the most powerful and ready writers of the day, and secured to him a niche of fame which his early opponents never attained." He was assistant The Royal secretary to the Royal Horticultural Society "°Socieir^ from 1822 to 1858. when he was appointed secretary, which post he retained until 1862, and was Professor of Botany at University College, London, from 1829 to 1861. He had long felt the want of a good weekly garden- ing paper, such as Fred. Otto had established in The Berlin, and the Gardeners' ChroJiicle was estab- Gardmers' ^jgj^^^ j^^ ^3 j_ j^^ Lindley became the editor, and held that office until a short time The before his death. "The Botanical Register Botanical rr ■, 1 • r 1 • 1 • Register, offered another opportunity 01 advancmg his favourite science, by figuring and describing the most remarkable new plants that came to this country. Many of our garden pets, the names of which have now become house- hold words, such as Verbenas and Calceo- larias, were first made known in the pages of that periodical. Dr. Lindley's particular favourites, however, were none of the plants THE ATHEN^UM, 1 862 — 1 865. 1 8/ Orchids. just mentioned, but those most singular of all forms of vegetation the Orchids ; and it may be said that he brought them into fashion, por many years he laboured incessantly to describe their numerous representatives, and interpret their singular structure. It took him ten years to work out 'The Genera and Species of Orchid- aceous Plants,' and another ten years to complete various memoirs on these plants, which he pub- lished under the name of ' Folia Orchidacea.' The writings of Dr. Lindley form quite a library by themselves. There are amongst them both elementary books and works intended merely for leading men of science. His 'Fossil Flora of Great Britain' has endeared him to geologists, and his various works on gardening to horti- culturists. Perhaps the most widely known of all his works is ' The Vegetable Kingdom,' which appeared in 1846." Sir Robert Peel consulted Dr. Lindley previous to including in his celebrated Budget of 1845 the repeal of the duty upon glass. Sir Robert Repeal of the hesitated whether to free glass or paper ; but giass!^°" the arguments used by Dr. Lindley in favour of glass were so conclusive that glass got the benefit and paper had to wait, Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell died very suddenly Mrs. Gaskell. at Alton, near Manchester, on Sunday, the 12th of November. The Athenmmt on the i8th states 'The Vegetable Kingdom. ' l88 THE ATHEN^UM, 1862— 1865. " that her maiden name was Stevenson, that she was brought up under singularly solitary circum- stances in a small Cheshire town reproduced in her ' Cranford ' (the most perfect of her works), and that she married an accomplished and lettered minister of the Unitarian persuasion." In her first book, ' Mary Barton,' " the Lan- cashire dialect, which had been till then a sort of uncouth curiosity, made known to a few philologists in ' Tim Bobbin,' was almost raised to the level of the ' broad Doric ' used by Scott in his northern novels. That story at once made a place for her. It was followed by ' Ruth ' by sundry minor stories (among which ' Morton Hair is expressly to be commemorated as powerful, pathetic and individual), — by 'Cran- ford,' which may be set by the side of Miss Austen's minute pictures, — by ' North and South,' " and by the ' Life of Charlotte Bronte/ ' Sylvia's Lovers,' and ' Cousin Phillis.' Obituary of The obituary of the year also included John the year. (^^gggU^ ^^^q ^jied qj^ the 2nd of April, at the age of forty-eight ; Richard Cobden ; Samuel Lucas, managing proprietor of the Morning Star; Prof. Aytoun; Mr. Haliburton ("Sam Slick"); Admiral W. H. Smyth ; Mrs. Moore, the widow of the poet ; Dr. Richardson, the laborious compiler of the dictionary which bears his name ; and Lord Palmerston. CHAPTER VI. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 866 — 1 869. The year 1866 opens with plans for the benefit 1866. of the working classes. On the 6th of January it was announced that the Corporation of the City of London had voted the use of the Guild- hall for the purposes of an Industrial Exhibi- Industrial ^, . 1 T , 1. T • 1 -_i Exhibition at tion. This the Lord Mayor inaugurated on the the Guildhall. 6th of March, and it was proposed to devote the surplus funds towards the establishment of a Free Public Library for the City. It was also stated that land had been secured for the purpose of a park for the people to be called Southwark Park, Bermondsey, The purchase Southwark money amounted to about 911/. per acre. The extension of the Metropolitan Railway system was still going on : " London is again in a state of siege, engineers surround her on every side, and in a dozen places threaten to make a breach." The Athenmini on the 17th of March sounds a note of alarm in re- ference to the large investments being made by the general public in limited liability companies. 190 THE ATHEX.EUM, 1 866— 1 869. The mania was so great that as many as 1,021 companies had been registered during the previous twelve months : " Of these how many are wise undertakings; how many will just manage to struggle on for a series of years ; and how many are pure commercial frauds, established for the spoliation of simpletons by plausible swindlers, who ought to be working in gangs at Portland ? " Eight weeks from the date of this warning, Friday, the nth of May, "Black was to be ever memorable as " Black Friday," Fnday. ^ ^^^ ^^ great commercial panic. Overend, Gumey & Co. stopped payment, the Bank Act was suspended, and on the following day the rate of discount was raised to ten per cent On the 20th of January the formation of the Aeronautical Aeronautical Society is announced, with the founded. Duke of Argyll as president, James Glaisher treasurer, and F. W. Brearey honorary secretary. On the same date an obituary notice appears William of William Harvey, the engraver. He was bom arvey. ^^ Newcastle in 1796, and apprenticed to Bewick at the age of fourteen. In 1S17 he came to London, placing himself as a pupil under Haydon, and in 1821 produced his large cut from Haydon's picture of the ' Death of Dentatus,' After 1824 Mr. Harvey devoted himself exclusively to designing for copper- plate and wood engravers, and the AtJiencziivi THE ATHEN.^UM, 1 866 — 1 869. I9I States : " During forty-one years, his name has become familiar to every reader of illustrated books, to an extent which has been said to exhibit one of the most remarkable instances of industry in the histor>' of Art." Har\'ey died at Prospect Lodge, Richmond, on the 13th of Januar}\ "When his old master, Bewick, on the 1st of Januar\-, 1815, sent him 'The History of British Birds,' the present was accompanied with the solemn exhortation — ' Look at them, as long; as thev last, on even.' New Year's Day, and at the same time resolve, with the help of the all-wise but unknowable God, to conduct yourself on even,- occasion as becomes a good man.' Those who had the happiness of William Han-ey's acquaintance can testify how well he carried out, during a long career of labour and struggle, this advice of his early friend. A more conscientious or more amiable man has rarely discharged the duties of ever}' relation of life." Samuel Roftey ]\Iaitland, D.D., the writer on Samcd Geological histor>-. died on the 19th of January, Mai*tW. aged sevent\'-four. He was appointed librarian at Lambeth by Archbishop Howley. The Atlieiuzum of Januaiy- 27th says : '* Of his long list of works probably that on the Dark Ages will be that by which he is to be known. Over and above learning and 192 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 866 — 1 869. research, all his works are characterized by a peculiar humour, sly, dry, and shy, but never high." On the same date the death on January i8th Dr. Petrie. of Dr. Petrie, " the well-known writer on Irish archseology," is noticed. In 1832 he received The Round for his essay on the Round Towers of Ireland rrt r Ireland, the prize offered by the Irish Society, in all 900/. " He directed the historical and antiquarian de- partments of the Irish Ordnance Survey. His principal work is ' The Ecclesiastical Architecture of Ireland anterior to the Anglo-Norman In- vasion '; his collections of Irish antiquities are of considerable value." Dr. Whewell. William Whewell, Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, died on the 6th of March, of the effects of a fall from his horse. He was born in the north of England in 1795. The AthencBwn of March loth states that "in 1814, when an undergraduate of two years' standing, the young man won the Chancellor's medal for an English poem Whewell had great rapidity of acquisi- tion, and a tremendous memory. He took his degree in 18 16, and was second on the Tripos. Mr. Whewell (who became a Fellow of his College, and one of the Tutors) threw himself into the reform of the University mathematics, with Peacock, and Herschel, and Babbage. He wrote works on mechanics, the first of their kind THE ATHEN^UM, 1 866— 1 869. 193 in the University, and which aided the cause powerfully. But his exertions in this field are almost forgotten: his later writings have a wider interest. Dr. Whewell was appointed to the Mastership of his College by the Crown, on the resignation of Dr. Wordsworth, in 1841." On the death of Dr. Whewell the Rev. W. H. Thompson, D.D., succeeded as Master of Trinity, Dr. Thomp- and remained so until his death on the ist of October, 1886, On the 9th an obituary notice of him appears in the AthencEwn. The death of John Keble, " the Laureate of John Keble. our national Church — author of ' The Christian Year, ' " " full of honours as of years," is recorded on the 7th of April, 1886: "The profits of that 'J.^^^ ' ^ ^ Christian little book of sacred verse have repaired — almost Year.' rebuilt — his church at Hursley; a fact which is probably without parallel in literature.* John Keble was born, it is said, in 1789; he went to Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and * John Henry Parker, who published ' The Christian John Henry Year,' appears to have been astonished at its success, and l^arker. is reported to have said that he might have purchased the copyright for 20/., but did not consider the book vk'orth the money. " Of this most successful book there were sold, from its first publication in 1827 to the expiry of the copyright in 1873, no fewer than 379,000 copies. The selling price of these was 56,000/., and the sum paid to Mr. Keble 14,000/., being one-fourth of the retail price, a division of profits, we believe, quite unexampled in the VOL. H. O Keble's Christian character. 194 THE ATHENyEUM, 1 866 — 1 869, took his Bachelor's degree in 1810. Going to Oriel as a Fellow, occupying himself as a tutor, he made such way in the University as to be appointed first Public Examiner and afterwards Professor of Poetry. From Oxford he went to Hursley, near Winchester ; a village wath which his name will be for ever associated in the recollections of his readers. It was there that he prepared his ' Praslectiones Academicse,' his ' Lyra Innocentium,' his ' Psalms of David in English Verse,' and his ' Sermons on Primitive Tradition.' In policy, Mr. Keble was a High Churchman, being associated with Dr. Newman and Dr. Pusey in the discussion which disturbed Oxford and England in our early days ; but his tenderness and piety made men forget that he was a partisan of unpopular ideas. The strongest of Evangelicals was bound to admit that the author of ' The Christian Year ' was a good Christian and a true gentleman." On August nth the following note is made Origin of the Ministerial .. t,t-- -ittti'i- Whitebait as to the origm of the Mmisterial Whitebait Dinner. t^.- « j^^ ^^^ ^j^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^j^^^ ^^ ^^^ \ Dinner Sir Robert session was near, Sir Robert Preston (M.P. for Dover) used to invite George Rose, Secretary of publishing trade. It speaks well for both publisher and author that all the books written by Keble in the forty- eight years were published by Parker " (Obituary notice of John Henry Parker in the Bookseller, March 5th, 1884). THE ATHEN^UM, 1 866 — 1 869. I95 the Treasury, to his Fishing Cottage, on Dagen- ham Lake, Essex. Fish, venison and rare wines graced the board, at which Mr. Pitt subsequently became an annual guest. To better accommodate the minister, Sir Robert transferred the place of meeting to Greenwich ; and to the number of invited guests were added Lord Camden and Mr. Long (afterwards Lord Farnborough). As besides these other guests were soon invited, an arrangement was agreed upon that Sir Robert should only, in future, contribute a buck and champagne annually, and that the other guests should defray all remaining expenses. Thus matters stood till Pitt's death ; after which Sir Robert continued to send out the invitations annually, generally to Cabinet Ministers, and usually then for Trinity Monday. This arrange- ment continued till Sir Robert's death in 1834. Lord Farnborough then issued the invitations ; and since that time the 'Fish Dinner' has grown into an annual institution." The death of Charles Maclaren, who estab- Charles lished the Scotsman newspaper and lived to see founder of it enter its jubilee year, is recorded on the 15th ^ of September. Mr. Maclaren was in his eighty- fourth year. A review is given on the 13th of October of ' Fire Prevention and Fire Extinction,' by James James -r, . , , . , ... . . , Braidwood. Braidwood, " with illustrations, memoir, and 196 THE ATHEN^UM, 1866— 1S69. portrait of the author." James Braidwood was the son of an Edinburgh tradesman, and when a youth "at any hour of day or night his keenest dehght was to be present at a great fire, fighting for its extinction with an heroic forget- fulness of personal danger and a corresponding indifference to the consequences of long-con- tinued toil Before the end of his twenty- Appointed to fourth year he had under his control the fire- the control of the fire engines of Edinburgh, in which capital he Edfnburgh. displayed, throughout ten years of trying service, the same zeal and superb fitness for his perilous occupation which he uniformly exhibited on a larger arena after his appointment to the command of the London Fire-Engine Establish- ment, in January, 1833. The London " The Occasion of his removal from the Scotch Fire-EnfT^ine Establish- to the English capital was the establishment of ment. ^j^^ association for the protection of insured pro- perty from the ravages of conflagration, which, after thirty-three years of most beneficial though anomalous action, has, in accordance with the provisions of an Act of Parliament, recently made over its stock, staff, and responsibilities to the Metropolitan Board of Works, to which public department the task of guarding London from the incursions of fire has been appro- priately assigned. The eight metropolitan insur- ance companies who were the original founders THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 866 — 1 869. I97 of the London Fire-Engine Establishment made a happy selection of a captain for their numerous brigade when they invited Mr. Braidwood -to fix his abode at their principal station in Watling Street, and direct their new and hazardous undertaking Under his sagacious and ener- getic management the brigade, originally estab- lished to protect the interests of a few com- panies, acquired the magnitude, influence and dignity of a public institution Men who are young now will recall, forty years hence, the tempestuous acclamations with which the multi- tude used to greet Braidwood when he drove up to take personal command at a fire of unusual magnitude, and how the mere arrival of the commander used to fill the crowds with an His presence assurance that the flames would be ' got under.' ^ ^'^^^ He commanded at the fire which reduced the Houses of Parliament to ashes and black ruin ; at the conflagration which consumed the Royal Exchange ; and at the still more dis- astrous fire at the Tower. Amongst London theatres burnt to the ground in his presence, and almost as speedily restored, were Astley's, the Olympic, the Pavilion, and the Covent Garden Opera-house. But of all his fires the most appalling, obstinate and destructive was the Tooley Street conflagration, which raged for an entire night, smouldered for fourteen days, and 198 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 866 — 1 869. was not extinguished until it had destroyed two millions' worth of property. " It was during the first night of this terrific His death on outbreak that Braidwood met his end, whilst ■^""186^^' encouraging his firemen with his customary kindliness, and directing their operations with characteristic firmness and placidity. He was facing some flames that hissed and roared near a warehouse, which was known to contain a large store of saltpetre, when a high wall in his rear fell with a fearful crash, and buried him at the same instant in which it killed him. His death was not less enviable than instantaneous. He died in action, — as such a man would wish to die when he was still no more than sixty-one years of age By dying amidst the havoc of a fire, the extraordinary dimensions and destructiveness of which had roused the imaginations and sympathies of his fellow- countrymen in every class of society, he expired under circumstances which secured him the sweetest reward of heroes — a grave sanctified by the regretful admiration of an entire people." Anxiety of The Oueen's anxiety was so great that Her the Queen. ,- . ~' -i . r- 1 Majesty sent messengers durmg Sunday to ascertain whether the body had been found. It was not until 5 o'clock on Monday morning that his remains were discovered. Long after midnight on the Monday the sky was still red THE ATIIEN/EUM, 1 866— 1 869. 1 99 with the reflection of the fire. The Weekly Dispatch of the following Sunday published a ground plan of the buildings destroyed, taken from a work published by Mr. James Thomas Loveday, Surveyor to the Phcenix Fire Office. The Weekly Dispatch states : — "This gentleman has drawn from actual survey Mr. Loveday "s accurate trround plans of all the wharfs and warehouses pl^'^" of ^'^^ -J J buildings on both banks of the river between London Bridge and clestroyed. Rotherhithe on the southern side and the Tower on the northern It will be seen from the plan that the entire length of the river frontage of the premises destroyed was little less than 560 feet. The length on the western side was nearly 200 feet, and on the eastern, from the river to the corner of Counter Street, more than 360 feet. The entire area thus enclosed was one mass of fire, and is now a heap of ruins. When it is remembered that this enormous block of warehouses was stored with the most combustible materials, the body of flame may be faintly realized by those who did not witness it. Only a fortnight before his death Mr. Braidwood had visited Hay's Wharf in company with Mr. Loveday and a gentleman connected with the Sun Fire Office for the purpose of inspecting the building." Capt. Shaw in his ' Fires and Fire Brigades,' one of the series of handbooks issued in 1884 by the Executive Council of the International Health Exhibition, in reference to this destructive fire states that it "not only proved a great pecuniary loss to the insurance companies, but it showed them the utter inadequacy of the Force to cope 200 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 866 — 1 869. with fires of such magnitude "; and after a series of suggestions and prolonged negotiations the London Fire-Engine Establishment was trans- Establish- ferred to the Metropolitan Board of Works on ment of the r. ^ ^ 1 1 ■ 1 r 1 Metropolitan the ist of January, 1866, under the title of the ue nga ^-jyiet-j-opolitan Fire Brigade. Capt. Shaw's Capt. Sliaw in 1867, as chief officer, drew up statistics of . , . , . _ . flies in some mterestmg particulars respecting nres in London J J ^^ which the AthencEum of the 2nd of Irom 1 040 to ' 1866. November, 1867, gives the following summary: "In 1840, the number was 681, — one to every 379 houses; in 1850, '^G'^, — one to every 347 houses; in i860, 1,056, — one to every 335 houses; in 1865, 1,502, — one to every 250 houses. This great increase led to an improved system of telegraphic communication, and to more efficient apparatus, by which the number of destructive fires fell in 1866 to 1,338. The 'heavy fires ' are about 25 per cent, of the total number, and the average sum spent on a fire is 18/. Of 29,069 fires which occurred in the metropolis during the past thirty-three years, candles caused 1 1 per cent. ; gas, 8 per cent. ; flues, nearly 8 per cent. ; sparks from pipes, 4J per cent. ; lucifer matches, i\ per cent; smoking, i| per cent; children playing, i^ per cent; stoves, i^ per cent; other known causes, 19 per cent.; unknown causes, 33 per cent Capt. Shaw is not able to give a return of the actual number of wilful fires, but THE ATHEN7EUM, 1866 — 1869. 201 he States that one-third, or more, of all the fires in London are regarded by insurance offices and the fire brigade as involved in suspicion." The following additional facts and statistics are taken from Capt. Shaw's report issued on the 1st of January, 1886 :— The total number of Number of -' ^ ' nres in fires in 1867 was 1,397; 1868, 1,668; 1869, 1,572) London, o 1867 to 1885. 1870, 1,946; I87I, 1,842; 1872, 1,494; 1873. 1,548; 1874, 1,573; 1875, 1,529; 1876, 1,632; 1877, 1,533; 1878, 1,659; 1879, 1,718; 1880, 1,871; I88I, 1,991; 1882, 1,926; 1883, 2,144; 1884, 2,289; 1885, 2,270. As showing the effi- ciency of the Brigade, the number of serious fires decreased from 18 per cent, in 1867 to 7 per cent, in 1885. The quantity of water used for extinguishing fires in the metropolis during 1885 was about 87,000 tons. The strength of the Brigade is as follows : — strength of , ^ . . n .• ■ the Brigade. 55 land fire engme stations ; 4 floatmg or river stations; 26 hose cart stations; 127 fire escape stations ; 4 steam fire engines on barges ; 42 land steam fire engines ; 8y six-inch manual fire engines ; 37 under six-inch manual fire engines ; 64 hose carts ; 3 self-propelling fire floats ; 4 steam tugs ; 7 barges ; 144 fire escapes ; 5 long fire ladders ; 4 ladder vans ; 2 ladder trucks ; i trolly for ladders ; i trolly for engines ; 12 hose and coal vans ; 1 1 waggons for street duties ; 4 street stations for ditto; 107 watch boxes; 589 202 THE ATIIEN.-EUM, 1 866 — 1869. firemen, including chief officer, second officer, superintendents, and all ranks ; 14 pilots ; 66 coachmen; 131 horses. 1867. Qn the 5th of January, 1867, it is stated that ^iongkude°^ " the difference of longitude between Heart's between Content Station, Newfoundland, and that at Heart s ' Content and Valcntia, or, in other words, between the Valentia. . -.--11 1 extreme pomts of the Atlantic Cable, has been ascertained by Mr. Gould, Coast Surveyor to the United States Government, to be 2 h. 51 min. 56*5 sec." In the course of making these researches it was found that the time required for a signal " to pass through the Atlantic Cable, is 31-iooths of a second. This is equal to a velocity of 6,020 miles a second, considerably less than the speed of the electric fluid through land lines." It is also recorded on January 5th that "a recent statistical return, published by the United The area of States Government, sets down the entire area the United States, of the Republic, including lakes and rivers, at 3,250,000 square miles. The public lands amount to 1,465,468,000 acres, of which 474,160,551 have been surveyed. The popula- tion is estimated to amount now to 36,100,000." The publication of the Almanack de Gotha had ^JrSia- ^^^^ delayed owing to the political events of the changes for previous year, which had modified the map of Europe. The new states-formation of Germany THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 866 — 1 869. 203 had to be waited for. The AthencB?iin says : " Such dynasties as have lost their possessions by the progress of events have been added as separate branches to their next-of-kin among the still sovereign princely houses : thus, for instance, the Royal Family of Hanover must be looked for under Great Britain." The death of Alexander Smith, "author of Alexander bmith. * Dreamthorpe,' ' A Summer in the Isle of Skye,' and other prose works of considerable merit," is noted on the 12th of January. The poems of Thomas Kibble Hervey are t. K. reviewed on the 9th of February. " Influenced, ie^^ey. no doubt, by Moore and Byron, but with an individuality of his own, Hervey was known in his day as a poet of sentiment, whose style was remarkable for its grace and minuteness of finish. His 'Convict Ship' and 'Sister's Grave were especial favourites ; the former, indeed, has found its way into most collections of English verse The book is edited by Mrs. T. K. Hervey, whose poems — marked by elevated feel- ing and delicate fancy — well merit at her own hands the service of collection which she has rendered to those of her late husband." Henry Crabb Robinson died on the 5th of Henry Crabb February, at his house in Russell Square, and the AthencEwn on the 9th states: "He was probably the last survivor among the friends 204 THE ATHENAEUM, 1 866 — 1 869. Corunna. of Goethe, Schelling, and a host of German celebrities ; of Wordsworth, Southey, Coleridge, Charles Lamb, and all that eminent school. Had. he lived until May, he would have been ninety-two years of age." Mr. Robinson was a native of Bury St. Edmunds, and " was inti- mately connected with the late Mr. Walter, and was a special correspondent of the Times ; in The Times this Capacity he was with the army at Corunna. re^spondent at ^^ ^^^s the living historian of the eminent men with whom his earlier life was passed ; and he may perhaps be more. We understand he has left a diary ; if this be true, we hope his executors have his directions to make it public. Mr. Robinson wrote very little. His longest tract was on the subject of his friend Clarkson,* in a controversy in which the Bishop of Oxford and others took part." He was the principal instrument in procuring for University College the works of Flaxman which now constitute the Flaxman Gallerv. It is also stated in the same number that "success may now be fairly said to have crowned the efforts of the Acclimatization Salmon in _ . Australia, bocicty to mtroducc salmon into Australia, one Flaxman Gallery. * Mr. Robinson bequeathed to the National Portrait Gallery a portrait of Clarkson painted by De Breda, and also a striking picture of Walter Savage Landor by Fisher. THE athentEUM, 1 866— 1 869. 205 of these fish, produced from ova procured from England, having been caught on the coast of Tasmania." The Society of Arts had commenced the work of marking locahties interesting for their con- nexion with notable men or historical events, and on the i6th of February it is recorded that " a tablet noting the place where Byron Byron tablet, was born has just been attached to the house No. 24, Holies Street, Cavendish Square, by permission of the occupiers, Messrs. Boosey & Co." On the same date it is stated that " the Horo- logical Institute are calling attention to the The English serious decline in the English watch trade." One of the reasons of this was the expense consequent on the damage to the case through the use of too thick a punch for stamping the cases at Goldsmiths' Hall.* "Formerly, the Hall could mark London-made cases only, but now Coventry can send up cases to be stamped, and pass them off as 'London-made.' The number of Swiss watches imported for sale into England is about 35,000 annually ; the number of watches manufactured in this country in a year is about 26,000." The following statistics have been kindly supplied by Mr. F. J. Britten of the British Horological Institute. The number of watch * A modified punch was afterwards substituted. 206 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 866— 1 869. cases marked at the Goldsmiths' Hall, London, for the year ending May 28th, 1883, was— gold 23,542, silver 131,201 ; in 1884, gold 22,285, silver 129,069; and in 18S5, gold 21,241, silver 121,069. Of^ the numbers given for the last year, 4,812 gold and 32,339 silver cases were of foreign make, against 3,375 gold and 28,729 foreign cases marked in the previous twelve months. At Chester, during the year ending December 31st, 1884, there were marked 3,122 gold and 31,658 silver cases, and in 1885, 2,740 gold and 26,365 silver. At Birmingham for the year ending June 30th, 1884, the number of gold cases was 3,9I4> and the weight of silver cases 322,176 oz. ; for the year ending June 30th, 1885, the number of gold cases was 3,738, and the weight of silver cases 293,359 oz. The foreign watches imported in 1883 were 385,406, value 510,862/.; in 1884, 516,759, value 606,109/.; and in 1885, 558,433, value 627,313/. James Mention is also made of the death of James Edmiston, "who, without being a great poet, may claim a record as having written a few sacred lyrics which bid fair to keep his name in remembrance. Among these the most popular, though hardly the best, is his evening hymn, ' Saviour, breathe an evening blessing,' which is now to be found in most Hymnals." Mr. Ed- miston was by profession an architect, and died THE ATHEN^UM, 1 866 — 1 869. 20/ at his residence in Homerton, at the age of seventy-six. On the 1st of June an obituary notice appears sir Archibald of Sir Archibald Alison, author of the ' History ^^''°"- of Europe.' On Monday, June 3rd, the first stone of the Holborn Viaduct was laid in Farringdon Street The Holborn by Mr. Fry, Chairman of the Improvement Committee of the City Corporation. The Athcjicsiun on the 8th states: "The City authorities, fearful of incurring censure, had, on entering seriously upon this great business, resolved to set aside their own eminent engineer and seek advice in the outer world. They put forth an advertisement, asking for plans and offering premiums for the best. One plan, with the motto ' Test me well,' approved itself to a majority of the judges ; the first place was given to it, and on opening the sealed envelope, they found the name of their own competent officer, William Haywood." Edward Hawkins, Keeper of the Department Edward of Antiquities in the British Museum, died on the 22nd of May, in his eighty-eighth year. The obituary notice on the 15th of June says : " Mr. Hawkins was a link between a long past and the present generation, many of his friends well remembering his telling them that he distinctly recalled the form of Dr, Johnson, whom he saw, Hawkins. 208 THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 866— 1 869. when a child, a few weeks before his death. Mr, Hawkins, from his early years, devoted much time and attention to the study of coins generally, and to the collection of a remarkably complete series of English medals (now in the National Collection)." "A most upright man and a most accom- John Rutter plished scholar," John Rutter Chorley, died on °^^^' the 29th of June. The AtJiencBum on the 6th of July says : " In the knowledge of Spanish literary history he was without a rival, as many elaborate and exhaustive articles in the AthencBum conclusively proved. His collection of Spanish plays was the first, we fancy, in existence. A few years ago, the British Museum was enriched by a donation from him of dupli- cate copies of Spanish plays, a donation which was almost a library in itself"* Marguerite The death of Lady Blessington's niece. Miss Marguerite Power, is recorded on the 13th of July. " Her account of a winter's residence in Egypt is by much her best work. But even more than in the case of her gracious and graceful aunt will she be remembered by * Mr. John Rutter Chorley bequeathed the choicest books in the Spanish section of his library to the British Museum. In Mr. Henry F. Chorley's autobiography is to be found a touching memorial of his " noble-hearted and highly-gifted brother." THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 866— 1 869. 209 her personal elegance and suavity of manner, not unaccompanied by lively touches of humour and shrewd observation, rather than by any literary individuality or merit." A remarkable instance of the well-known vitality of seeds is noted on the 27th of July as Vitality of now to be seen " at the Paris Exhibition, a great ^^^'^'" variety of plants foreign to France having sprung up under the walls and around the buildings in the Park, the seeds of which have been conveyed to Paris in packages from various countries. Especially around the house of ' Gustavus Wasa ' several plants may be seen which are peculiar to the country of that monarch." 'The Early Years of His Royal Highness the Early years Prince Consort,' compiled, under the direction of °consort."''^ Her Majesty the Queen, by Lieut-General the Hon. C. Grey, is the first book reviewed on the 3rd of August. " A few hours after death had taken from us the late Prince Consort, the writer of these lines predicted (in these columns) that his eminent virtues would cause him to be remembered in future times as Albert the Good. Albert The term was echoed on many sides ; and a few months later it received poetic sanction, with renewed publicity, in the Laureate's fresh and noble dedication of his ' Idylls of the King.' Hence, the phrase passed into literature and VOL. II. p the Good. 210 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 866 — 1 869. into conversation ; so that it is now current, not only wherever the English tongue is spoken, but, by happy consent of minds, in every quarter of the globe .Of the beauty of the Prince's character, we find in this volume many illustrations. In lines which bear traces of the Queen's own hand we have a brief record of the rules of conduct which he adopted in his high and difficult position," Michael Michael Faraday died at Hampton Court on Sunday, August 25th, 1867. He was born at Newington, Surrey, on the 22nd of September, 1 79 1, The AthencBwn of the 31st of August states : "His biography is very simple. The son of a blacksmith, apprenticed to a book- binder, working at that trade up to the age of twenty-two, turned towards science by the irresistible impulse, released from trade by Sir Humphry Davy. Let him tell his own story, as in his letter to Dr. Paris : — Story of his " ' My dear Sir, — You asked me to give you an account early lite, ^j- ^^ ^^^^ introduction to Sir H. Davy, which I am very happy to do, as I think the circumstance will bear testimony to his goodness of heart. When I was a bookseller's ap- prentice, I was very fond of experiment, and very averse to trade. It happened that a gentleman, a member of the Royal Institution, took me to hear some of Sir H. Davy's last lectures in Albemarle Street. I took notes, and afterwards wrote them out more fairly in a quarto volume. My desire to escape from trade, which I thought THE ATHEN^UM, 1 866 — 1 869. 2 11 vicious and selfish, and to enter into the service of Science, which I imagined made its pursuers amiable and hberal, induced me at last to take the bold, and simple step of writing to Sir H. Davy, expressing my vvrishes, and a hope that, if an opportunity came in his way, he would favour my views ; at the same time, I sent the notes I had taken at his lectures. The answer, which makes all the point of my communication, I send you in the original, requesting you to take great care of it, and to let me have it back, for you may imagine how much I value it. You will observe that this took place at the end of the year 18 12, and early in 18 13 he requested to see me, and told me of the situation of Assistant in the Laboratory of the Royal Institution, then just vacant. At the same time that he thus gratified my desires as to scientific employment, he still advised me not to give up the prospects I had before me, telling me that Science was a harsh mistress ; and, in a pecuniary point of view, but poorly rewarding those who devoted themselves to her service. He smiled at my notion of the superior moral feelings of philosophic men, and said he would leave me to the experience of a few years to set me right on the matter. Finally, through his good efforts, I went Goes to the to the Royal Institution early in March of 18 13, as ^ Royal , , . ^ r , Institution. Assistant in the Laboratory ; and in October of the same year went with him abroad, as his assistant in experi- ments and in writing. I returned with him in April, 181 5, resumed my station in the Royal Institution, and have, as you know, ever since remained there. — I am, dear Sir, very truly yours, M. Faraday.' " We can write nothing about his career with- pjjg out entering upon the whole history of electricity discoveries, in connexion with magnetism, &c., for the last 212 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 866 — 1 869. fifty years. All the world knows that he was in the very foremost rank of discoverers, and of elucidators. Whether he was greater at a dis- covery, or at a description of it in a lecture, is not easily settled : what is known is that he was among the first of mankind in both. But both these different celebrities, so well known to the world, were almost overshadowed in private life by his singular modesty and gentleness of character, which endeared him to all who had the good fortune to come in contact with him. On this point it would take more time to write than we can now command. We might, indeed, heap together descriptive epithets ; but they would not separate Faraday from others of the class amiable. Something more is wanted ; a discriminating account of that peculiar loveliness of character by which he was distinguished from other upright and kindhearted men as much as by his own unusual name." His religious On the 14th of December a notice appears of life : lecture n/r- 1 1 t- -m m by the Rev. a lecture Michael Faraday : Philosopher and Mart'in! Christian,' by the Rev. Samuel Martin, of West- minster: " Of the several merits of this thought- ful and nervously worded lecture, not the least is the light which it throws on the religious life of a great man whose scientific labours have made his name famous in every region of the civilized world. 'By birth and education,' says the lecturer THE ATHENyEUM, 1 866 — 1 869. 213 of the subject of his address, * he was a member of the sect or church known as Sandemanians or The San- Glassites. Among the characteristic rehgious behefs of this church is the doctrine that faith is a passive grace for which the behever is in no sense responsible, it being, without the consent of the human spirit, planted in the heart by the Holy Ghost Among the distinctive practices of this sect are the keeping silence on religious subjects to those who are not Christians ; the spending and giving away of their whole income, and the pursuit of some secular occupation by their pastors or elders. In this church Faraday was not only a member but an elder; minister- ing on the Sunday morning and on Wednesday evening by the reading and exposition of the Scriptures, and by conducting worship, to a con- gregation assembling for many years in Goswell Street, City, and more recently in Barnsbury.' " ' Faraday as a Discoverer,' by John Tyndall, LL.D., is reviewed on the 21st of March, 1868, " He loved," says Dr. Tyndall, " to show that Dr. Tyndall water in crystallizing excluded all foreign in- paraday. gredients, however intimately they might be mixed with it. Out of acids, alkalis, or saline solutions the crystal came sweet and pure. By some such natural process in the formation of this man, beauty and nobleness coalesced to the exclusion of everything vulgar and low. He did 214 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 866— 1 869. not learn his gentleness in the world, for he withdrew himself from its culture, and still this land of England contained no truer gentleman than he. Not half his greatness was incorporate in his science, for science could not reveal the bravery and delicacy of his heart." Lord The death of Lord Wrottesley on October Wrottesley. ^^^^^ 1867, at the age of sixty-nine, is recorded OH the 2nd of November. He was educated at Oxford, and " began to be known in London, about 1827, in the scarce character — as it was in that day — of an Oxonian man of science." He was some years secretary and afterwards President of the Astronomical Society, and "settled at Blackheath, where he built a small observatory. Here he trained, as his assistant, Mr. Hartnup, who is now Director of the Ob- servatory at Liverpool. He received, in 1839, the gold medal of the Astronomical Society for a catalogue of stars. When, in 1841, he succeeded his father, he established an observatory at Wrottesley. On the retirement of Lord Rosse from the chair of the Royal Society, in 1855, Lord Wrottesley was for some years the President." The Earl of The Earl of Rosse died on the 31st of Octo- ber. He was born on the 17th of June, 1800; he became known as Lord Oxmantown, and succeeded his father in 1841. In 1849 he succeeded the Marquis of Northampton as THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 866 — 1 869, 215 President of the Royal Society. The Athencewn of November 9th, 1867, states: "To the public at large, Lord Rosse is the framer of the great reflecting telescope of six-feet aperture — the His great reflecting grandest conception of the day in astronomical telescope, engineering. The reflecting telescope has always been an amateur subject. The peculiar charac- teristics are not those which fit it for the observa- tory. The preparation of mirrors is within the reach of individual patience and energy. The work of Newton's hands still exists ; the per- formances of William Herschel are known to all the world ; and those of his son, an hereditary partisan of the mirror, have shown that the best work, in all very important classes of observa- tions, can be got out of the instruments framed and polished by the observer himself. Lord Oxmantown was known as early as 1825 as a most energetic and sedulous constructor of reflecting telescopes. But it was not until the two telescopes, of three and six feet aperture, were gradually placed before astronomers in accounts of the difficulties which arose, that it became apparent the Irish peer had engineering talent and acquirements of a very decided cha- racter. The second telescope was completed about 1848, and results were announced to the Royal Society in 1850." The Queen's book, ' Leaves from the Journal 2l6 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 866 — 1 869. 1868. of our Life in the Highlands, from 1848 to The Queen's 1861,' is reviewed on the nth of January, 1868 : book. « jj^ ^Y[[s very pretty volume of sketches we have the Queen's Book, so often announced as likely to appear. It has been in type some time, and a few privileged persons had the benefit of perusing it last summer. Among those to whom it was shown was the author of 'Friends in Council.' Mr. Helps, a writer of great delicacy and originality, saw at once, not only that the book was worth publishing for its own sake, but also for the author's sake. Her Majesty hesitated long; feeling, as she said, her want of literary gifts ; but she con- sented at length, and we think that the whole world of readers will be glad that she came to that sound resolution. Since the Queen's belief in her own lack of literary gifts is strongly expressed, most persons will be inclined to note the evidence which the ' Leaves ' afford, either in favour of this belief or against it. Our own opinion is, that the belief rests on no better ground than that pleasing natural diffidence which is felt by every true artist when he ventures on a new path. There is, indeed, a very great difference in style between the early and the later writing. What the Queen wrote at twenty-three is prettily girlish — tender, senti- mental, rather gushing — compared with what THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 866 — 1 869. 21/ she wrote at forty-seven. Each style has its own charm of lightness ; and in all the Queen's writing there is a freshness which compensates a reader for the absence of severer and more con- scious art." The death of Mr. Joseph Glass, the inventor Joseph Glass, P , , . . , . , , inventor of of the chimney-sweepmg machme, is thus re- the chimney- corded on the same date: "Not until the ^^^^^^i production of this philanthropic invention were the advocates of the suffering climbing boys able to procure the passage of the Bill for the suppression of a cruel practice. Mr. Glass, having perfected his machine and proved its practicability, was examined before a Committee of the House of Lords ; the result being the Act of Parliament for the suppression of the climbing-boy system of sweeping chimneys. Mr. Glass received the silver medal and the prize of 200/., but he never patented his useful invention. He was actively engaged for many years, first, in advocating the claims of the climbing boys, and afterwards in prosecuting the masters who attempted to evade the pro- visions of the Act." Mr. Glass died at Buxton on the 29th of December, 1867. The death of John Doyle is noticed on the John Doyle. i8th of January. In his time as a comic satirist he had no small political power. "As a pseu- donym the signature of ' H. B.,' for some twenty 2l8 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 866 — 1 869. years, kept St. James's Street in a state of expectancy as to public things and public men. The strength and grace and delicacy of Mr. Doyle's caricatures rested on the fact of their never degenerating into coarseness. In them, it is true, might be seen Lord Brougham's nose, and Lord Morpeth's ill-considered dancing, yet they were never for an instant vulgar." In private life John Doyle was courteous, quiet, " simple in manner, more pertinacious in argu- ment than in agreement, but never aggressive. The best character of himself may be found in the career of his children, all in different paths and careers, individual as artists." " One of those works of reference in which true scholars delight," ' A Descriptive Catalogue Books written of Friends' Books,' that is to say, of books by Quakers. written by Quakers, compiled by Mr. Joseph Smith, is noted on the 25th of January : " We are not in case to say whether the Catalogue is complete ; what we can say is, that it fills above two thousand pages of royal octavo. The list of George Fox's writings covers sixty pages ! " Dr. John The death of Dr. John Davy is thus referred Davy. . 1 ^ , to m the AtliencEiim of February ist : "Dr. John Davy, the younger brother of Sir Humphry Davy, died of bronchitis on Saturday, aged seventy-eight, at Ambleside, where he had THE ATHEN^UM, 1 866 — 1 869. 219 sojourned since he retired from the medical department of the army. He was able to continue his important chemical researches nearly to tlie time of his death, and communicated papers to the Royal Society in the course of last year." The death of Sir David Brewster on the loth Sir David of February, at the age of eighty-six, is re- corded on the 15th. He was educated for the Scottish Church, and received a licence ; but he turned to scientific pursuits. In 1826 he put his name as editor to Mr. Thomas Carlyle's translation of Legendre's ' Geometry,' and from 1808 to 1830 carried on what is known as ' Brewster's Cyclopedia.' " As an optical discoverer he was highly distinguished, and gained many public acknowledgments from scientific bodies. His invention of the kaleido- His invention scope is that by which he is best known to the kcaleidoscope. world at large : but there are greater things. He will, in time to come, be better remem- bered by his lives of Newton than by his part- nerships with the booksellers, or even by his experimental researches. The first life was published in 1831, and, though written as a matter of business, was of a higher flight and better type than anything he had done before. In writing it the subject took root in his mind ; and he pursued it with noble enthusiasm through a quarter of a century. He procured 220 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 866 — 1 869. February on a Saturday. the loan of Newton's papers from Lord Ports- mouth ; worked at them and all other sources with genuine interest, and without knowing whether he should ever find a publisher ; and, His life of in 1 85 5, produced his biography of Newton, in two volumes. This work, with all its faults, is a noble monument to Newton's memory, and a pillar of fame to the writer." The 29th of The 29th of February fell in 1868 on a Satur- day, and the following note appears on that date : " This day's number of the AtJiencBum (in common with all periodicals bearing date Satur- day, Febriiaiy 2gth) appears on a day so singular that hitherto it has only been thrice repeated since the introduction of the Gregorian style ; viz., in the years 1772, 18 12, and 1840. The rule is the concurrence of corresponding bissex- tiles at intervals of twenty-eight years ; but the year 1800, though a fourth year, not being re- garded as leap-year, deflected the reckoning, and forty years had to transpire after 1772 ere the 29th of February again fell on a Saturday. The next time it will fall thus will be in 1896 ; and at the close of the present century there will be another deflexion, owing to 1900 being passed over as regards bissextile observance." In the same number mention is made of the ^^'" Pr^nL ^^^^^'^ o^ ^^^s editor of the Daily News, Mr. Eyre Evans Crowe, " a gentleman of great ability and Evans Crowe. THE ATHEN.EUM, 1866 — 1869. 221 experience as a writer and politician. Mr. Crowe's most important work is the * History of France,' the last volume of which has recently been published." The sale, by Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson & Sale of H. G. Bohn's Hodge, or the first portion of the stock of Mr. books. H. G. Bohn, " who is retiring from business," is announced on the 21st of March. "The books sold well, the total amounting to 6,973/. igs. 6d." Mr, Bohn was born in London on the 4th of Henry G. January, 1796, and died at his house at Twicken- ham on the 22nd of August, 1884. The AtJieiKBum of the 30th states: "His father. His father. John Henry Martin Bohn, who had served his apprenticeship in Germany, settled in England and carried on business as a bookbinder, first at 31, Frith Street, Soho, and afterwards at 17 and 1 8, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. He was noted for his spring backs and a system of diamond graining on the sides of books bound in calf, and acquired a considerable connexion. In 1 8 14 he added to bookbinding a business in second-hand books, and from his eighteenth year young Bohn travelled abroad on his father's account In 1831, having married a daughter His marriage of the late Mr. Simpkin, he started in business simpkin. for himself, and he speedily became a second- hand bookseller on a more extensive scale than any of his competitors His father died in 222 THE ATHENAEUM, 1 866 — 1 869. His father's 1 843, and his Stock was so considerable that the death. g^jg ^^ various auction rooms lasted over forty The ' Guinea days The publication of the 'Guinea Cata- Catalogue.' ... ,- , • logue was considered a great feat at the time. A huge volume of nearly two thousand pages, representing the stock of a single bookseller, was something unprecedented, and greatly raised Bohn's reputation. About 1846 he began to turn his copyrights to account by issuing a series of reprints and translations, to which he His gave the name ot the ' Standard Library.' The Library." books were clearly printed on good paper, and being issued at three shillings and sixpence each they had a large sale. It was one of the first attempts to supply good literature at so low a price The success of the 'Standard His other Library ' encouraged Bohn to issue other ' Libraries,' mostly at five shillings a volume, called 'The Scientific,' 'The Illustrated,' 'The Classical,' ' The Antiquarian,' &c. These all met with a highly favourable reception. After thus combining for over twenty years the busi- nesses of a bookseller and a publisher, Bohn found himself in possession of a large fortune, Retires from and made up his mind to retire. He gradually business. , got rid of his huge stock." Successive sales at Sotheby's disposed of the major part, the total amount realized being 13,333/. O-^- 6^- "His ' Libraries,' which then amounted to more than THE ATHENAEUM, 1 866 — 1 869. 223 six hundred volumes, he disposed of in 1864 to Purchase of his Messrs, Bell & Daldy, now Messrs. Bell & Sons, "Libraries" for the large sum of 35,000/. The stock taken %^fj^ ^ over amounted to nearly half a million of volumes. His enterprising successors have added 156 works to Bohn's 600.* The average annual sale exceeds 90,000 volumes. The principal copyrights of books not included in the ' Libraries ' were bought by Messrs. Chatto & Windus. Mr. Bohn, who for many years had lived over his shop in York Street, Covent Garden, henceforth resided entirely at Twickenham." Edward Jesse, the gossiping naturalist, died Edward on March 28th, 1868, at Brighton, in his eighty- ^^^^^' eighth year, "blithe, frank and manly to the last." The Athencsinn of April 4th says: "Mr. Jesse's works are numerous and pleasant rather than important. The best known, perhaps, are 'Anecdotes of Dogs' and 'Gleanings in Natural History.' He also edited White's 'Selborne' and Walton's 'Angler.' " Lord Brougham died on the 7th of May, in Lord his ninetieth year, having been born on the 19th ^°"^ ^^' of September, 1778. The AtJienceiivi on the l6th of May in the obituary notice says : "Let our readers suppose all the information given * Since Mr. Bohn's death Messrs. Bell & Sons have added 49 new volumes, making a total of 205 volumes. 224 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 866 — 1 869. which is usual in such cases, the Queen's Trial and the Reform Bill duly dated, and all the occurrences of that eventful life which began with scientific papers seventy- two years ago, took its active part in law and politics through more than fifty years, and passed off in quiet sleep on the night of Thursday week. There is no occasion to detail the alternations of popu- larity and unpopularity, of honour and contempt, of admiration and neglect, which played over this remarkable career. A niche in one or an- other biographical collection might have been His versatile filled out of it in various ways. The long- career, descended county magnate would have claimed notice in one ; the young savant and part founder of the Edinburgh Review in another; the famous advocate of a persecuted press and of a per- secuted Queen in a third ; the political leader and reformer in a fourth ; the law reformer of our own day in a fifth ; and the writer of various literary and scientific works in a sixth. And we have actually forgotten to note the addition to the continuation of the lives of the Chancellors. Truly a career of varied pursuit and versatile talent ; but not more varied than the character of its owner. Lord Brougham was of a good nature and a kind heart ; but he was the warrior Power of of public life, and carried a native metal of satire which education and habit had forged into as THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 866 — 1 869. 22$ sharp a weapon as that with which the damsels furnished Christian, which would cut through flesh and bone, body and soul. None but those who remember his day of contentious oratory can have any idea of the way in which two well- chosen words, uttered in a voice and manner which pass all description, would place a mark upon an opponent which there was no rubbing off ]\Iany men might have declared that the schoolmaster was abroad ; but no one, of our day at least, except Brougham, had that delivery which fixed a phrase in the soul of every one present, and made him a repeater who imagined that he was giving to his hearer all that he him- self had heard. We have some idea of Erskine, and some idea of Sheridan ; enough to know that Brougham was a third who might have coped with either, but as different from either as they were from one another. He passed through the temptations of public life, not without sus- picion of political craft, not without charges of political misdemeanour. Everybody has some story to tell about him ; but nothing has stuck to him. He lived it all down, and will be re- membered as a politician who had not more of As a politician, the fox than his contemporaries when political advantage was to be gained, but much more of the lion when political wrong was to be faced, beaten down, and crushed. The biographies VOL. II. Q wnlincs. 226 THE ATHEN.^UM, 1 866 — 1S69. will recall the history of the abolition of the slave trade. The satirical assailant sometimes got hit himself: but it was difficult to know where to have him. His family motto — Pro rege, lege, grege — was splendidly perverted by the John Bull into Pro REGE, lege GREGE, in sneer at his alleged democratic tendencies. But he was as little of a democrat as any man alive, as Cobbett knew, if no one else did In literature and science. Lord Brougham will leave no name comparable to what he gained Hisbiogia- in law and politics. His biographical and ^illtorical historical writings will be read with pleasure and profit ; they have some of that fire which looks pale in the light of his forensic and political speeches. They would have made a reputation for any other man, but More from Brougham is the reader's secret craving ; and the man who does not write up to his reputation is looked at, as the French say, dc Juiiit en has. In science he had a curious career, to those who know it. He began life with great attachment to the ancient geometry, and some competency in, not affluent command of, modern algebra. He was verging on the Chancellorship when he told a friend that he had discovered a very pretty property of numbers, which he thought had not been noticed : nothing less than that if three consecutive numbers be added together, their THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 866 — 1 869. 22/ sum is divisible by three. In the clever and telHng tract with which he opened the Library of Useful Knowledq-e, it stands patent Li^»rar>' «[ ^ i3 ' 1 Useful that you must have algebra to tell how long the Knowledge, cutter at ten miles an hour will need to overtake the smuggler eighteen miles ahead at eight miles an hour. It was, we think, after Brougham had resigned the Chancellorship, and when the better side of fifty had resigned him, that he set to work in earnest with algebra and the differential cal- culus. His work on Newton's Principia, and various detached parts of his biographies, &c., attest his having gained a soundness and extent of knowledge very remarkable in so late a student Tried by the utility of his career. Brougham exhibits a life of public service which demands full measure of public gratitude." On the 6th of June an advertisement announces that on and after June 8th the price of the Daily The Daily ■11 1 T • r 1 • News: reduc- A/ezus will be one penny. "In preparmg for this tion in price. transformation one thought has predominated in the solicitude of the proprietors. Their aim has been to make the Daily N'ezvs universally ac- cessible, not to alter its character ; and they would consider their labour worse than lost were they to consent to changes which would lower its tone or in any way impair its title to hold its accustomed place in public favour." The purchase of Southwark Bridge is noted 228 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 866 — 1 869. Soutlnvaik on the 20th of June, the City authorities paying ^""^^' the sum of 200,000/. "to the late Southwark Bridge Company. To this sum must be added as the complete cost of this public benefit the sum of 18,868/., which was paid for the use of the bridge during more than three and a half )-ears past." The original cost of the bridge was 800,000/. On the 27th of June mention is made of the Mr. Effing- death of Mr. Effingham Wilson, publisher, of the Royal Exchange. " Mr. Wilson will be re- membered in literary history as the first pub- lisher of Alfred Tennyson." Samuel Samucl Lover, "ballad-writer, singer, Hovelist," died on the 6th of July at the age of seventy. The AtJicnccnui on the i ith says he was " a man who had lived his life and taken his reward to the full measure of his power. In the third class of literary men, he will hold a good place. Many of his songs were charming — to wit, his 'Angels' Whisper,' 'Molly Bawn,' and 'The Low-backed Car ' ; and his stories, though they never attained the reputation of his songs, had a width of popularity not always won by more enduring work. ' Rory O'More ' was a capital operetta, ' Handy Andy ' a rollicking novel. An Evening Entertainment which he attempted met with some success both in England and America." THE ATHEN.'EUM, 1 866 — 1 869. 229 On the 15th of August reference is matle to the death of ]\Ir. John Douglas Cooke, editor John Douglas of the Saturday Reviezv. He had been con- nected with the London press for many years, and particularly with the Morning CJiro7iicle in its Peelite days. A note is made on the 19th of September as Andrew Mar- to the authorship of " the familiar and beautiful '^The^spadous hymn beginning ' The spacious firmament on firnj^ment on high' Andrew Marvell was the writer of the poem, which came to be attributed to Addison through the essayist's omission of the author's name when he inserted the lines in a Spectator^ On the 3rd of October an obituary notice appears of Dean Milman, who had died on the Dean Milman. 24th of September, He had been engaged during the last few months of his life on his . * , ^ ^ Annals of book ' Annals of St. Paul's Cathedral.' This is St. Paul's Cathedral.' reviewed in the first number of the new year, January 2nd, 1869: "The pen maybe said to ^869. have dropped from his hand before he reached the closing pages, and the concluding few sen- tences are modestly supplied by the late Dean's son, who has no need to ask indulgence for the volume. Whatever popular affection there may be for the author, his work honestly earns suc- cess by its merits. Without especial brilliancy, it is very attractive. It is not only a history of the edifice, but of men, manners, society, art, 230 THE ATHENAEUM, 1 866— 1 869. politics and religion connected with it. The theme is excessively broad, but the practised hand of the author was skilful in putting much information within narrow limits. The whole was accomplished in so short a time, with so much success, and with so much profit and pleasure to all who will read it, that we can only wish that Dean Milman's example may be widely followed, and that every Dean will throw himself into the history of his cathedral with that freshness of interest which, Mr. Arthur Milman tells us, was the character of his father, ' who ever did with all his might whatsoever he found to do.' " Principal Principal James David Forbes died on the last day of the old year at Clifton in his sixtieth year. T\\& Athenmini of the 9th of January, 1 869, states : " 111 health had led him to retire, a few months before his death, from the principalship of the United Colleges of St. Salvador and St. Leonard, at St. Andrews. He was educated in the University of Edinburgh, and there he became Professor of Natural Philosophy in 1833 The publication of his 'Travels through the Alps of Savoy,' of his * Norway and its Glaciers,' and of his ' Occasional Papers on the Theory of Glaciers,' all marked his careful observations and his philosophical acumen We have had occasion to notice briefly in this THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 866 — 1 869, 23 1 journal his theory of glaciers. He affirmed a His theory glacier to be a viscous body, i. e. an imperfect °'S^ciers. fluid, which is urged do^Yn slopes of a certain inclination by the mutual pressure of its parts. Viscosity was illustrated by the consistency of thick mortar, tar, or mixtures of plaster and glue. Dr. Tyndall strongly opposed this hypothesis, although it certainly accounted for most of the phenomena of glacier motion. His lectures on this subject at the Royal Institution, and his well-known volume on the Glaciers of the Alps, have acquainted the philosophical public with the details of his objections to Dr. Forbes, and of his own experiments and views. He applied Faraday's discovery of the property of regelation in fractured ice to explain the motion of glaciers, and has ably maintained his theory, although the question cannot be regarded as entirely set at rest. These matters of theory, however, in no degree involved the merit of Dr. Forbes as a patient observer and as an able experimenter on glacial motion. His notes on the Mer de Glace alone entitle him to high credit, while his details on topography were at one time of great value," Twelfth Night at Drury Lane calls for a note Twelfth on the 1 6th of January : "Seventy-five years p^ur^ l^^ have elapsed since Baddeley, the comedian, left Robert funds for cake and wine to be partaken of on ^^ddeley. Twelfth Night by the Drury Lane company, 'in 232 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 866— 1 869. the Great Green Room, for ever.' The anni- versary was duly honoured this year, when Mr. Chatterton supplemented an additional cake and other good cheer. Mr. W. Bennet, the trustee of the fund, no longer gave ' The memory of David Garrick/ but the proper and original toast, ' The memory of Robert Baddeley.' This actor was the last who used to go down to the theatre in his uniform of scarlet and gold, worn by the patented players as ' Gentlemen of their Majesties' Household.' " The great jhe arrival in Melbourne of " the magnificent Melbourne ° telescope, reflector which is henceforth to be known as the Great Melbourne Telescope" is announced on the 27th of March. "Mr. Ellery, the Govern- ment Astronomer in Victoria, reports that a rectangular building, eighty feet by forty, with travelling roof, was in course of erection to lodge the instrument ; and as it was to be finished in two months, we may believe that the telescope has been tried, and that the Colonial Legislature have not repented of their vote of 5,000/. to pay for it. That their liberality has not abated is manifest by their granting a further sum of 1,700/. to pay for the building." Mr. Le Sueur, the astronomer selected to work the telescope, was on the spot to receive it. w^'''^\u S^^ Wentworth Dilke left London for St. Went worth Dilke. Petersburg in the middle of April, where he had THE ATHEN^UM, 1 866— 1 869. 233 been invited as the representative of England at the exhibition of the Russian Horticultural Societies. His health had been failing for some time, and it was hoped that the change of scene might prove beneficial. The day before leaving he called on Mr. Francis to say farewell, and left with him a plan of his arrangements extending to the nth of June. On Sunday, the loth of May, intelligence was brought of his alarming illness, and a telegram received on the Monday stated that he had died that day at St. Petersburg. The following notice of him appeared in the Times on the 1 2th : — " Much regret has been caused among a large circle of Obituary friends by the news which reached London yesterday by "°'i^^ '" '^^ telegraph from Russia, that Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke' had died at St. Petersburg, after a short illness which unexpectedly proved fatal, at the age of fifty-eight. The late baronet, who was born in London in 18 10, was the only son of the late Mr. Charles Wentworth Dilke, chief proprietor and at one time editor of the AihencTitm news- paper, and subsequently the manager of the Daily News, and who died about eight years ago. His mother was Maria, daughter of Mr. E. Walker. He was educated at Westminster School, and subsequently at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he took his degrees in Law instead of Arts. In early life he was associated with the literary labours of his father, whom he largely aided by his culti- vated tastes, his wide range of information, sound judgment, and habits of business. He was one of the earliest pro- moters of the first Great Exhibition, and, indeed, acted as 234 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 866 — 1 869. the leading member of the Executive Committee. The fact of his occupying such a position naturally brought Mr. Dilke into close and frequent contact with the late Prince Consort, who was much struck with the ability he displayed, and at whose suggestion the honour of knight- hood was offered to him in recognition of his services. That honour, however, he declined ; and with it refused all pecuniary remuneration, wishing his services to be purely honorary. Her Majesty, however, resolved that he should not be wholly unrewarded, sent to Mrs. Dilke a handsome diamond bracelet, which, no doubt, will become an heirloom in the Dilke family. Mr. Dilke was also associated with the second Great Exhibition as one of the five Royal Commissioners appointed by Her Majesty. It has always been understood also that the resuscitation of the Royal Horticultural Society of London has been in a very great measure due to his exertions as one of the most active of its vice-presidents. It will be remembered that almost immediately after the death of the Prince Consort Her Majesty was pleased to confer a baronetcy on Mr. Dilke in recognition of the Prince's friendship and personal regard for him. Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke sat in the last Parliament in the Liberal interest for Wallingford." His marriage. He married Mary, daughter of Capt. Chatfield, of the Madras Cavahy, who died in 1853, and by whom he left two sons, Charles Wentworth and Ashton Wentworth.* He was buried in the Ashton W. * Mr. Ashton W. Dilke died at Algiers on Monday, Dilke. the 12th of March, 18S3. The notice which appears in the Athenceum on the following Saturday states that he was born in 1850. On leaving Cambridge he visited many parts of Russia and Central Asia. " On his return THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 866 — 1 869. 235 family vault at Kensal Green on the 31st of May. Sir Wentworth Dilke was a man of goodly presence, with a frank and kindly face. He was His personal most warm-hearted, with a smile and kind word '^^^'■^*^'^''- for all, while in his home life he was well de- scribed as " the best of sons, the best of husbands, and the best of fathers." The first and second volumes of the Ballad "^'^^^ Ballad . _ _ Society. Society's publications are noticed on the 22nd to England in 1874 he wrote a large part of a work on * The Russian Power,' which was intended to fill two stout volumes, but which he abandoned in consequence of the appearance, while he was still arranging his notes, of Mr. Mackenzie Wallace's book. The only portions of these notes which have been published are interesting accounts of his visit to the Caucasus in the summer of 1872, and of his experiences in Siberia during the early months of 1873, which were printed in the Fortnio;htly Review.^' He became proprietor of the Weekly Dispatch, which he also edited. In 1876 his health began to fail, and he had to spend two winters in Algiers, one of his pastimes during the second enforced holiday being the translation of Tourguenief's novel ' Virgin Soil.' Mr. Dilke was member for Newcastle-on-Tyne from 1880 until within a few weeks of his death. Mr. Dilke's personal ciualities endeared him to all who knew him. " A sentence in one letter, which has been printed in the Daily News, however, reveals something of his character : ' Life must not be measured by years, and I have lived a great deal and very happily, and I have many good friends who will keep a nook in their memories for me.' " 236 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 866 — 1 869. The Chaucer of May, as well as the first issue of the Chaucer "'^'^^^' Society, The review states : " The Chaucer Society have turned out work as good of its kind as the Ballad Society. The kind, however, is different. The work of the Ballad Society will be mainly historical ; that of the Chaucer Society literary. The best of our old ballads, considered as songs and works of art, are in type ; and what remain in manuscript are chiefly valuable as illustrating manners and modes of thought. The best of our Chaucer versions are not yet all in type ; and the main purpose of the new Society is to collect from these unprinted sources the means of deciding on a more perfect text. What is now done is earnest of the work which remains behind." Diai7 of The ' Diary, Reminiscences, and Correspond- Henn'Crabb r tt /^ i i t-. 1 • -r. Robinson, ence oi Henry Crabb Kobmson, Barrister-at- Law,' selected and edited by Thomas Sadler, is reviewed on the 26th of June: "The volumes which treat of him are, like himself when he was among us, — irresistible, to be attended to whether you will or no ; and worth the atten- tion, because brimful of anecdote, incident, learning, quaint talk, profound thought, sublime philosophy, childlike fun, bold speculation, and religious feeling, lovely in its conception and practice." On the 17th of July it is stated that the THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 866 — 1869. 237 Postmaster-General asks Parliament to grant Proposed 1 ii ^ -ii- 1 , !• purchase of SIX and three quarter million pounds sterling the electric for the purchase of the electric telegraphs of the ^ejegraphs United Kingdom : " The profit is to come as Government, surplus revenue, of which, at the end of the first year, there will remain 77,000/., after paying interest on the purchase-money." The Pacific Railway is thus referred to on the The Pacific same date : " Twenty days from San Francisco its^i^ntluence to London may be looked upon as quick tra- on migration and veiling, yet it has been accomplished by sending emigration. gold direct from California to the Bank of England. Of course it crossed America by railway and the Atlantic by mail steamer ; so that now within three weeks a man may dine in Liverpool and in ' Frisco,' as the Californians call it. Migration and emigration will both be facilitated by the railway, and before many years are past there will be a succession of cities, towns and villages along the line with a surprising intermixture of inhabitants. Among them will be a large proportion of Orientals. In 1866, 2,300 Chinese and Japanese transferred themselves to California; in 1S68 the number rose to 10,000, and this, as is expected, will be greatly exceeded in the present year, for the yellow men are in request as labourers. There has been some talk of introducing them into the Southern States from Tennessee to Texas, 2SS THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 866 — 1 869. where they would supplement or supersede the negroes. American labourers are described as less trustworthy than the Chinese ; hence there seems no reason why the Celestials should cease swarming across the Pacific to California. Will they eventually absorb or be absorbed by their neighbours ? And it is worthy of remark that the reluctance of Chinese women to cross the sea appears to be overcome, for 1,250 were landed at San Francisco one day in June last." The death of Mr. Behan, the editor of the . London Gazette, called forth an article from Dr. Doran on the 18th of September entitled Nevvspq'^f/ 'The King's Newspaper.' Charles and the Court were at Oxford, "whither fear of the plague had driven them from London. They ■ were dull, and could invent no new pleasure to relieve their dulness. It was then that the bright idea presented itself of publishing an exclusively Royal News-Letter. There was something to do or talk about, and they were all the happier for it. Especially proud and joyous were they when in November, 1665, the The ar>-d' Oxford Gazette issued its first number But Gazette: the Court went to London, when the plague had been driven back into holes and corners, and the Gazette went with it. Change of locality led to change of name ; and in February, 1666, instead THE ATIIEN/EUM, 1 866— 1 869. 239 of the Oxford, men read the London Gazett& at The London the head of the sheet, and from that day the ^'^""'"'' sovereign's newspaper has existed down to the present The most famous incident connected with the paper during the last century was the forgery of one number, issued in May, 1787. No Extraordinary pohce acuteness was acute enough to lay hand °^^^'^^" on the inimitable rogue who played that perilous joke Thirty years ago it made above 15,000/. I^arge profit , , , . , , derived from a year by advertisements, and the whole of its its advertise- working expenses did not amount to half that. '"^"^^" Its busiest time was during the railway mania, when all railway projects had to be advertised in the Gazette by a certain day, for otherwise Parliament would not recognize them. The ferment this caused is now inconceivable. As the limit of time approached, the advertisements increased, till, on one November day, the paper was enlarged to 583 pages ! It required nearly 150 newspaper stamps, and was sold at some- thing more than half-a-crown ; but as it was making thousands of pounds daily by advertise- ments, it might, as has been remarked, have been given away at a large profit." On the 9th of October it is announced that Mr. Walker, of the Daily Neius, has been ap- ^^Ir. Walker pointed editor. Tdtt' The completion by the Japanese novelist Kiong te Bakin of a novel which he began A novel in a hundred and six volumes. Mr. Mill on woman. BunhiU Fields. Collection of inscriptions made by Dr. John Rippon. 240 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 866— 1 869. nearly forty years before is announced on the 2nd of October. "It is in a hundred and six volumes. The romance readers in Japan will have a 'nice book' for the long even- ings." On the same date it is stated that "Mr. Mill's work on 'The Subjection of Women' is reported to have a wide circulation in Russia. A Woman's Rights Convention at St. Petersburg is talked of, and Mr. Mill, who has expressed sympathy with the movement, is to be invited." The movement begun in 1865, which had for its object the preservation of Bunhill Fields Burial-ground from further desecration, came to a successful end on Thursday, the 14th of October, 1869, when the place so revered by Dis- senters was reopened by the Lord Mayor. The Athenmim of the previous Saturday, in an- nouncing the event, says: "There is no place wherein nobler dust reposes than here. Men whose names are among the dearest treasures of memory sleep here awaiting the Great Awaking. Some of their graves cannot be identified, but all that could be done in this way was accom- plished by that modern Old Mortality, the late Dr. John Rippon, who filled twelve folio volumes with the names of a good portion of the seventy thousand who have been committed earth to earth, dust to dust, ashes to ashes, in THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 866— 1 869. 24I quaint and antique Bunhill Fields. The volumes may be seen at the Heralds' College." The deaths of Lord Derby and Prof. Coning- Lord Derby. ton are recorded on the 30th of October : " Only a few brief years have passed since a review of Lord Derby's translation of the Iliad appeared in our columns. It came from a competent and well - known hand. It was everywhere recognized as the work of Prof. ^ ^.™^- ^ . .^ Conington. Lonmgton. Translator and critic are now beyond all mortal judgment. In the same day's papers were to be read the mournful records that scholar and statesman had passed to their rest. The one was in the prime of life, if reckoned only by years. The Professor died at the age of forty-four years; the Earl had exceeded the allotted threescore-and-ten." On the 6th of November it is announced that "To-day the Queen opens the Holborn The Holborn Viaduct and the new Blackfriars Bridge. Next The new year we may have to record the opening of a ^^^^1'!''" new great City Library and Reading-Room, for which the Corporation have munificently granted a site close to Guildhall, together with a sum of 25,000/. for the building, and a further sum, not yet named, for the necessary fittings. The building is to be constructed for the accommo- dation of at least 100,000 volumes — a grand library, of which the present Guildhall collec- hln lSv VOL. II. R * 242 THE ATHENyEUM, 1 866 — 1 869. tion, rich in manuscripts and some choice printed books, will form an appropriate nucleus." Salmon The report of the " Salmon Commissioners " in Tasmania. ^^ ^^^ Governor of Tasmania is referred to on the 20th of November: "The attempt made to introduce the salmon into the rivers of Van Diemen's Land has been completely successful. During the months of September and October, 1867, the swarm of young fish hatched from the ova sent out from England in 1866, comprising about 6,000 salmon and 900 salmon trout, were let out from their nursery and made their way down to the sea It is impossible to lay down this Report without a feeling of admiration for the persevering endeavours by which these fish have been carried across the equator to colonize waters where none of the same species had ever existed." Literature of On the 25th of December the Athenmim, in Europe and , ,. . . , . . „. , America, addition to its usuai reviews, intelligence, and notices, contained a complete survey of the literature of Europe and America in 1869. These special and supplementary articles have since been continued annually. On the same date it is announced that Girls admitted " Oxford has at length followed Cambridge in ^locaiex- admitting girls as candidates at the local ex- aminations, aminations. The delegates require to be satisfied that a local committee of ladies will make all THE ATHEN^UM, 1 866 — 1 869. 243 necessary arrangements for conducting the examination with propriety, and bear the expenses incurred in providing suitable accom- modation for candidates coming from a dis- tance," The obituary of 1869 includes Sir Henry Obituary of Ellis, Principal Librarian of the British Museum from 1827 to 1856. He received the honour of knighthood not in the English, but the Hano- verian order. " For some reason, the king was unwilling to create Ellis an English knight. Not liking to state his reasons for this unwil- lingness, he is said to have allowed Ellis to believe until the last moment that he was to be made a member of that illustrious order in which Bacon and Raleigh ranked. Then came the king's little pleasantry: Ellis knelt; William bestowed on him the Guelphic order, and went into his own apartments, rubbing his hands and chuckling, * Ha, ha ! I have made him a Knight of Hanover, a Knight of Hanover ! ' as though he had done an excessively clever thing." Obituary notices also appeared of Mr. Charles Robert Weld, who was for about sixteen years assistant secretary of the Royal Society ; Mr. William Ewart, the late member for the Dumfries Boroughs, who had taken an active part in the great fiscal measures which resulted in the cheap newspaper, and who associated his name yet 244 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 866 — 1 869. more closely with the movement in favour of free libraries in our populous towns ; Sir Emer- son Tennent ; the Rev. Alexander Dyce, editor of Shakspeare, Peele, Greene, Webster, Marlowe, and other Elizabethan writers, and an intimate friend of Samuel Rogers, of whose ' Table-Talk ' he made a collection ; Mr. Peter Cunningham, author of ' The Story of Nell Gwynne,' a * Life of Drummond of Hawthornden,' and ' Hand- book of London,' and editor of several works of repute, such as ' Horace Walpole's Letters,' ' The Works of Oliver Goldsmith,' and ' The Songs of England and Scotland '; James Hen- thorn Todd, the Irish antiquary ; William Jerdan, for many years editor of the Literary Gazette^ who seized Bellingham, the assassin, in the lobby of the old House of Commons ; Lady Duff Gordon, author of 'Letters from Egypt'; Dr. Waddington, Dean of Durham ; Prof Jukes, the geologist ; General Perronet Thompson, for many years proprietor and editor of the West- minster Review, in which first appeared his cele- brated 'Corn Law Catechism'; Mr. Thomas Watts, Keeper of the Printed Books at the British Museum, who classified and arranged all the books received into the library from 1838 to 1857, to the number of 400,000 volumes ; Ber- nard Bolingbroke Woodward, librarian at Wind- sor Castle ; John Bruce, editor of many works THE ATHEN^UM, 1 866 — 1 869. 245 of the Camden Society and Calendars of State Papers of the time of Charles I. ; Alexander Ramsay, for five-and-thirty years the " friend and fellow labourer " of Charles Knight ; and the Rev. William Harness, the friend and asso- ciate of Byron, Moore, Southey, and Words- worth, whose society was courted abroad and at home, but who was content to remain the incumbent of a small proprietary chapel in the East-end of London, where he was earnest, liberal, and patient among the poor without regard to creed or politics. His last work was the preface to the letters of his lifelong friend Miss Mitford. CHAPTER VII. THE ATHEN^UM, 187O-1872. 1870. Never did a year open with a fairer prospect of peace than that of 1870. At home the great question was the education of the people, and on the 17th of February Mr. W. E. Forster introduced his Elementary Education Bill, while abroad there appeared to be no more exciting topic than the meetings of the Oecumenical Council summoned to Rome by the Pope to discuss the dogma of Papal Infallibility. The Times in its leader of Saturday, the ist of January, stated : — Peaceful "At no time since that memorable date when a virtual prospect, announcement of hostilities was implied in the 'com- pliments of the season ' has the New Year broken upon a world more free from all immediate apprehension of international misunderstandings than it does this day. This may partly be owing to the fact that some of the most arduous questions left open by the treaties of 181 5 — such as those of Italy, Hungary, and Germany — have been more or less permanently set at rest ; but it is far more certainly due to the circumstance that all the European Powers are too intensely absorbed by the cares THE ATHEN^UM, 187O— 1872. 247 of their home policy to have leisure or inclination to meddle with their neighbours' business." This was followed on the Monday by the French Emperor's congratulations to the diplo- matic body on " the new proofs of the good relations which exist between my Government and foreign Powers, The year 1 870, I am sure, cannot but consolidate this general agreement, and lead to the increase of concord and civiliza- tion." The first intimation of danger was on the 6th of July, when news reached London that great sensation had been caused in Paris by the announcement that General Prim had induced Germany and Spain. the Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmarin- gen to become a candidate for the vacant throne of Spain. The Times on the 9th says : — " The French people are in a state of violent excite- jealousy on ment ; the demon of national jealousy, which has never the part of Frs-HCG been really laid since it was called up in 1866, possesses the minds of the democracy and the army. The Emperor by moving a finger could hurl all the forces of the country upon the Spanish frontier." Prince Leopold, with the consent of his sovereign, declined the proffered crown, and a telegram to the Times from Paris, dated the 13th, states : — "The Constitutiojinel of to-day, referring to the declarations of the French Ministers, made to the Chambers, says, ' Their words have been listened to, and 248 THE ATHENiEUM, 187O — 1 872. their just demands have been satisfied. The Prince of Hohenzollern will not reign ,in Spain, and we ask for nothing further. We receive with pride this pacific solution and this great victory, which has been obtained without one drop of blood having been shed.' " The hope that peace would be preserved was, however, soon to be dispelled, and on the 15th the following telegram from Berlin, dated July 13th, appears in the Times : — " This afternoon King William was walking with Count Lehndorff, his adjutant, in the Kurgarten at Ems, when M. Benedetti accosted him and preferred his last extravagant demand. The King turned round and ordered Count Lehndorff to tell M. Benedetti that there was no reply, and that he would not receive him again. Berlin is excited by this intelligence, and crowds are in front of the Palace crying ' To the Rhine ! ' " War declared The French Legislature assembled on the by ranee, jj^-j-j^ when it was announced that war had been declared against Prussia. On the 23rd of July the AthencEiint states : Excitement " The excitement caused by the war has led to caused by . the war. an mcrease or between 50 and 75 per cent, m the sale of the London daily papers. The Times has, we learn, despatched to Prussia two special correspondents, provided with proper credentials ; and we shall be surprised if the leading journal remains satisfied with the pre- sent exclusion of its correspondents from the French lines. Nearly a dozen 'maps of the THE ATHEN/EUM, I 870 — 1 8/2, 249 seat of war' have already been advertised by English publishers and map-makers." On July 30th it is mentioned that the German universities are closing, that in Paris the de- Some effects mand for art workmanship has almost ceased, and that in Turkev the reserves were being called out, and much of the proposed expendi- ture on education abandoned. On the nth of August 'Paris and the War "Paris and the War.' is the first of a series of letters continued to the end of the year. The one which appeared on October 15th commences "Imprisoned in Paris!" and bears the heading " Par Ballon Mont^." The letters continued to be received at varying intervals. The Athenceiim on the loth of December commenced a series of articles on ' The Scientific Organization of the Army.' With the year 1870 many improvements were Enlargement made in the AtJienceiini, the paper being printed Athenaum. in larger type and in a larger form, the size of the journal at the price of 3^. being exactly double what it was in 1829 at the price of 8^. At the end of 1869 Mr. Dixon retired from the editorship. The first number of 1870, published on New Year's Day, opened with an essay on the J°^" Francis « Literature of the People.' This essay is full of Literature statistics specially prepared by John Francis. People. 250 THE ATHEN^UM, 187O— 18/2. The result of his investigations made to this date showed that — " The Httle folk are among the best patrons of popular literature. The higher class, but Nursery not the dearer sort, of nursery books have the books. - . greatest sale in the united markets of America, Canada, Australia and England. Some of these works have, from a single publishing house, an issue to the amount of half a million annually. Other works of the same class are little inferior in the numbers sold, but they go gradually less, stopping at the respectable circulation of a quarter of a million. There are books for every- day wear, tear and delight ; and there are cheap serials or volumes especially for Sundays, the sale of which amounts to 100,000 in each series. Compulsory stamps, excise, and advertising duties long impeded the development of the Newspaper Press in England. To what that Newspapers development has already reached is to be seen in this one fact, that the yearly issue in London alone of newspapers published daily is little, if at all, under eighty millions. This is a number which is easily expressed, but which can scarcely be so grasped as to be understood. The mind is still more embarrassed to thoroughly conceive the number of copies of London weekly papers issued in the year, namely, a hundred and twenty millions. Weekly and daily, we may THE ATHEN^UM, 1870 — 1872. 25 I calculate them, in round numbers, at two, hun- dred millions of copies yearly." Then, after giving anecdotes of Hetherington and his un- stamped Poor Man's Guardian, it is stated as " a singular and gratifying fact, but one not easily accounted for, that, after the repeal of influence of the paper duty, immoral literature went rapidly of the paper down in circulation. One dirty source from immoral which five dozen unclean publications issued in literature. i860 was closed in less than half a dozen years. It was something different with a literature that was vulgar, but not indecent. The Highwayman literature, the Black Bess, Turpin, or Sixteen- String Jack books, the Jack Sheppard adven- tures, still had, and have, their public. The highwayman who, with the rope round his neck, swore that a gallop across a common by moon- light was delicious, is a hero now, when commons and highwaymen no longer exist as of old, but are far enough off to have a stirring poetry and rough romance in their details. These have a discerning public. The books of minor merit sell to a small extent, but ' Black Bess ' was the bandit novelette /«r excellence, and once sold to the extent of 30,000 copies weekly. Taking the whole of this class of literature together, the average sale is about 200,000 weekly, there being twenty publications with an average circulation of 10,000 each. When we last inquired into 252 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 8/0 — 18/2. this subject three years ago, we found twenty- eight of these publications, each having about the same average sale of io,000 copies, so that we have a decrease of 80,000 copies a week, a change which unmistakably shows the progress of a purer taste among the rough classes of the population. Of some of those w^hich are dead we can give nothing but the titles, which are of themselves sufficient to explain their character : — * The Town,' ' Paul Pry,' ' Peeping Tom,' ' Sam Sly,' ' The Thief,' ' The Wasp,' ' Woman with the Yellow Hair,' ' Charley Wag,' ' Jessie the Mor- mon's Daughter,' ' Peter Spy,' and others are gone for ever, and no publications of their cha- racter are now in existence When a man discovers that he can get eight times as much of what it is pleasant to read at the same price he has to give for his thieves' novel of eternal sameness, he generally turns to the more whole- some market ; and offal is found to be scarcely The FamtVy saleable. It is on record that the little Family Herald. rr 7 7 , , , Herald absolutely extinguished ' Varney the Vampire, or the Feast of Blood,' and other The Leisure monstrosities of the sort. The Leisure Hour has, with equal success, run the highwayman's horse into a fence, and left him with his head inextricably fixed in it. Chambers's publica- tions, with those of publishers of works of a similar healthy tendency, superseded scaffold Horn Words. THE ATHEN^UM, 187O— 18/2. 253 literature by helping- to keep men away from habits that lead to the scaffold." The Sunday The Sunday School Union is distinguished for its activity and ^'^°°^ ^"'°"- usefulness. "The Child's Oivn Magazine is a .The halfpenny periodical, which circulates about eight Magazine. hundred and fifty thousand copies yearly. The circulation of Ki^id Words (for boys and girls) Kind reaches over a million and a quarter yearly ; and The Bible Class, a magazine for youth of both sexes, has also a high circulation. The total amount of little books for little people cir- culated annually by the Union is above two millions For older 'bodies' than some of the clients of the Union are such publications as Good Words, Good Words for the Vouno- Good and the Sunday Magazine. As we may have wearied our readers with figures, we will only state here that the paper required for the pro- duction of the above three magazines amounts to 336 tons a year, and that nearly five hundred persons are employed in connexion with them ! It is to be observed, too, that all the publishing houses especially concerned with the literature of the people have groivn into their present importance. They did not start with it. The Messrs. Low, the Messrs. Strahan, the Messrs. Cassell, the Messrs. Nelson, the Messrs. Warne, the Messrs. Routledge and others, felt their way, and so went safel}^ We may say of them Words. 254 THE ATHEN^UM, 187O — I 8/2. now that they are not so much men as systems." On the 8th of January the following facts are given as to the work done by the Society for The Society Promoting Christian Knowledge, " which has for Promoting Christian now existed more than 1 70 years. The Saturday now e ge. ju^g^^jj^^^ brought out by it in 1833, had at one time a circulation of 80,000 copies. The Home Friend was another enterprise of the Society. The People's Magazine is the present representa- tive of these journals. In books, the Society has a thousand publications on its Catalogue, of which 3,000,000 copies have been sold in the past year. This is exclusive of Bibles, Prayer Books and Religious Tracts, properly so called." The Caryll The Caryll Papers, it is stated on the 9th of April, " have been presented to the nation by Sir Charles Dilke. The letters of James the Second and his Queen will be made use of by the Marquise Campana in her forthcoming work on the Stuarts." Dante Gabriel The poems of Dante Gabriel Rossetti are re- Rossetti. ... , . viewed on the 30th of April : " To the public in general this volume will announce a new poet. To a small, but influential circle of thinkers its publication will be only the formal evidence of powers and accomplishments long since recog- nized. There may have been a question in some cases as to the soundness of the theories which THE ATHEN^UM, 1870 — 1872. 25$ contributed to the rise of Pre-Raphaelitism in Pre- A 11-1 1 . , , i Raphaelitism. Art, and which recently exercised a real but more modified influence upon poetry ; but few will deny that the mind from which these results sprang was in the highest sense an original one, or that its utterances were entitled to marked considera- tion. So much the more, because the tendency of the theories alluded to was to throw back the disciple upon his own individuality — to make him shun the mere conventions of beauty, to teach him to express nothing that he had not seen with his own eyes or felt in his own soul, and to shrink from expressing nothing that he had so felt and seen. It is the peculiarity of such a school that the pupil must be as original as the master." Mr. Mark Lemon died on the 23rd of May, Mark Lemon, "peacefully, and in the midst of his family, of whom he was deservedly the idol." The notice of him which appears on the 28th states : " From the birthday of Punch till Monday last Mr. Mark Editor of Lemon was the chief of the staff of writers and artists who have been shooting folly on the wing, and wounding with ' the wasp's edge of the epigram ' every public abuse — or social error — during nearly thirty years To his nice dis- crimination and his instinctive abhorrence of extremes in opinion and expression, the famous journal of which he was editor from the be- ginning, owes the services of men much more 256 THE ATHEN^UM, 187O— 1872. brilliant than he ever pretended to be ; owes very much of the popularity which has marked the thirty years of its existence. The qualities that enabled Mr. Mark Lemon to maintain his place at the head of the Punch table in the presence of Thackeray and Douglas Jerrold are to be found by a conscientious review of the varieties of literary work which he did, apart from Punch. It is said that Mr. Lemon wrote His writings sixty pieces. Undoubtedly he was a prolific writer for the stage, and the best of his sym- pathies were given to the boards. He was an excellent actor, as well as an artful and effective dramatist The man was as genial as the dramatist ; so that when he turned from the stage, and wrote for children, or for the holiday- makers in the Illustrated London Nezus, he was sure to please. There was a smile upon his page. He seldom made you laugh ; but he put you on good terms with the world and the writer and yourself. The natural inclination of Mr. Mark Lemon was not towards comic litera- ture. He had fun in him ; his was a merry eye and a laughing lip ; but there was a fine warm fibre underlying all, and holding the man together. It was by this element in him that he succeeded in holding satirists and humorists and caricaturists together. Appointed navigator in troubled waters, he poured out the oil of his THE ATHEN^UM, 187O — 18/2. 257 gentle nature without stint His approach His gentle brought sunny weather ; his voice was bahn to "^^"''^ the angry ; he loved the quiet, orderly, becom- ing way," On the 4th of June the AfhencEiim is '' autho- rized to announce that PtmcJi has been fortunate enough to find its second editor in Mr, Shirley Shirley Brooks, who, although he enters on office at a ceeds him aL rather mature period of life, is in the fulness ^%]^^i^f' of intellectual vigour, and in every respect worthy to occupy the place so long held by Mr. Mark Lemon." The death of **an industrious and versatile man of letters," Mr. Cyrus Redding, is recorded Cyras ,1 1 , T T 1 -r-, • Reddinq;. on the same date. He v/as born at Pcnryn ni S785, and came to London in 1806, "when, after som.e experience on the Pilot, he returned The Pilot. to the West, and started the PlymoutJi Chronicle, The Plymouth of which he was editor and proprietor for several years. From 18 15 to 18 18 he resided in Paris, as editor of GalignanVs Messenger, and in 1820 Galignani. became co-editor with Thomas Campbell of Col- Colburn's burn's New Mo)itJdy Magazijic During the"" ''' ' -*• ten years of his connexion with the Ncio Monthly, he rarely had a holiday, his longest absence extending to only nine days Under the auspices of Sir William Molesworth the Bath The Bath Guardian was commenced, which Mr. Redding (^^^'^rdian. edited for two years, and left in 1S36 to preside VOL. n. s 2S8 THE ATHEN/EUM, 187O — 1 8/2. over the Staffordshire Examiner, Mr, Redding was an ardent Whig, and his services to the party- were numerous and confidential. .....His long and multifarious life brought him into contact with many notabilities, and he turned his experience 'Fifty Years' to account in 1 85 8 in the publication of 'Fifty Recollections.' Y^^^^. j^g^oH^^ctiong^ Literary and Personal,' followed by 'Yesterday and To-day,' in 1862, and ' Past Celebrities whom I have Known,' in 1865. Similarly his intimate acquaintance with Campbell supplied material for two volumes of 'Reminiscences and Memoirs' of the poet in i860. His 'History and Description of Modern Wines,' first published in 1833, has passed through several editions." The The impressed stamp on newspapers was '""sfamp^"^ abolished on the ist of October, and an adver- abolished. tisement announces that "copies of the AthencBiim from that date, if sent by post, will be subject to a charge of one halfpenny, instead of one penny as heretofore." The King of Burmah, it is noted on the 8th of October, " has had an edition of 300 copies of a Burmese Grammar of Pali printed at his own press, in the palace. To the horror of learned men of the old school, he has determined to Palm-leaf discard the making of palm-leaf books. For carded in' '^^ future, no Icaf will be taken out of such Burmah. books, and a leaf will cease to have a literal THE ATHEN^UM, 187O — 1872. 259 meaning in such case. Thus will be suppressed the painful process of cutting writing with an iron stile, which is hurtful to the eyes. Besides this, as the King has remarked, paper-books can bear handling, and palm-leaf books will stand no rough usage." The obituary of 1870 includes Miss Louisa Obituary •' of 1870. Stuart Costello, who died at Boulogne on the 24th of April, at the age of seventy-one ; Sir James Y. Simpson ; Mr. Murdo Young, for many years proprietor of the Siin ; Mr. Ben- jamin Thorpe, the archseologist and antiquary; Mr. B. B. Orridge, the well-known author of several works illustrative of the ancient history of London and its citizens ; Mr. Williams, for nearly fifty years proprietor and editor of the Cambrian, published at Swansea, and "the oldest newspaper in Wales, having been started in 1804"; Mr. Joseph Lilly, the well-known bookseller of Garrick Street, looked upon in the trade as the apostle of " first folios," who had probably possessed and sold more copies of this prized edition of Shakspeare's works than any other bookseller who ever lived, and who when a lad was in the then great house of Lackington & Co. in Finsbury Square ; and Capt. Chamier, the author of 'Tom Bowline.' The siege of Paris and its bombardment by the Germans formed the all-absorbing topic at the War. 260 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/0 — 18/2. 1871, opening of 1871. The march of events, as is Franco- n 1 1 1 i • 1 /^ 1 German ^^'c^l known, had been very rapid. On the morning of the 28th of July in the previous year the French Emperor left St. Cloud for the seat of war, and on the 2nd of August the fighting began with the French attack on Saarbriicken. On the ist of August the King of Prussia left Berlin for the army, with the proclamation that "all Germany stands united in arms." On the 4th the Crown Prince of Germany crossed the Lauter. On the 6th he defeated Marshal MacMahon at Woerth. Stras- burg was invested by the Germans on the loth. From the 14th to the i8th Marshal Bazaine was defeated in several severe battles before Metz — Courcelles, Vionville or Mars-la-Tour, Gravelotte, and Rezonville — when the French retired under cover of Metz, which surrendered with the army under Marshal Bazaine on the 27th of October. On the 30th of August Marshal MacMahon, retreating northwards, was surprised and defeated by the Germans ; and on Friday, September 2nd, rumours reached England of a great battle at Sedan favourable to the French arms, but at a quarter to five on Saturday morning the intelligence was received of the total defeat of MacMahon between Sedan and Carignan. Later in the day the Times published a third edition, containing a despatch of the THE ATHEX/EUM, 187O — 1 872. 26 I King of Prussia, stating that Marshal Mac- Mahon had capitulated. " The Emperor, not having a command, and leaving everything to the Regency in Paris, has surrendered to myself Surrender of Napoleon. personally. What a wonderful dispensation of God Almighty!" On the 4th a revolution broke out in Paris, and on the following day the Republic was proclaimed, with General Trochu as President. On the 18th 400 Uhlans occupied Versailles, and on the same day the railway between Paris and Havre was cut near Conflans by Prussian scouts. On the 19th the regular postal service from Paris was suspended, and on the 21st the Times announced "no post from Paris." A telegram from Berlin of the 28th stated that Paris was completely invested by the armies of the Crown Princes of Prussia and Saxony, and that communications with the Provisional Government at Tours were main- tained by balloons and carrier pigeons. On the 9th of October I\I. Gambetta escaped from Paris in a balloon, and the Times of the 2nd of November published the following pro- clamation of Gambetta to the army, dated Tours, November ist : — " Letters received from Paris to the 28th ult. state that the vigour and resolution of the defenders of the capital are unabated. Liberal subscriptions are flowing in for the defence, and enough is now subscribed to provide 1,000 cannon. It is calculated that the fresh meat rations 262 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/0 — 18/2. will last until the 15th of December, after which the provisions and salt meat will last five weeks. There remained 40,000 horses, 168,000 oxen, and 410,000 sheep." It is also stated that the English in Paris had received notice that they could have passes to leave the city. On the 28th of January, 1871, Paris capitulated, and on the following morning the Germans occupied the forts.* On the 2nd of February the Times gives the Peace terms of peace proposed by Germany : — proposals. ^^^, ,. . ^ , , ^ The conditions of peace as announced by Count Bismarck to M. Favre include the cession of Alsace and Lorraine, with Belfort and Metz, the payment of a pecuniary indemnity of ten milliards of francs, the cession of Pondicherry, in the East Indies, and the transfer of twenty first-class men-of war. M. Favre has referred the decision to the National Assembly." On M. Thiers and M. Favre devolved the task of trying to obtain a reduction of these demands, and Count von Beust relates that when he met Prince von Bismarck at Gastein in 1 87 1, the Prince "spoke a great deal of the French war and of his nego- tiations with Thiers and Jules Favre. 'The truce was coming to an end,' said Bismarck, ' and I said to Thiers : "Ecoutez, Monsieur Thiers, voilk une heure que je subis votre eloquence ; il faut une fois en finir ; je vous prdviens que je ne parlerai plus franqais,je ne parlerai qu'allemand." " Mais, monsieur," answered Thiers, " nous ne comprenons * The city of Paris had to pay an indemnity of 200,000,000 francs. THE ATHEN.^UM, 1870 — 1 87 2. 263 pas un mot d'allemand." " C'est ^gal," I replied, "je ne parlerai qu'allemand." Thiers then made a magnificent speech. I listened patiently, and answered in German. He and Favre went up and down the room, wringing their hands in despair, for half an hour. At last they yielded, and did exactly what I wanted. Upon this I at once spoke French again.'" By the treaty finally signed at Frankfort on the loth of May, and ratified by the French National Assembly on the i8th, the French had to cede Alsace and Lorraine and to pay an in- demnity of five milliards of francs, of which one had to be paid down. In September, 1873, the entire payment was completed, and the German army of occupation was withdrawn. It is to the persistence of M. Thiers that the retention of Belfort by France was due. The series of articles on 'The Scientific Organization of the Army' were continued, papers appearing on January 7th and 28th, February nth, and March 4th, 1871. War literature occupied considerable space War during 1871 in the Athenmim. "The Fall of 'TheFalf'of Metz: an Account of the Seventy Days' Siege Metz.' and of the Battles which preceded It,' by G. T. Robinson, special correspondent of the Manchester Guardian, is reviewed on the 4th of March : " Here, as elsewhere, the Prus- sians successfully played the game of brag, The game of only hundreds being posted where the 264 THE ATHENtEUM, 1 8/0 — 18/2. French supposed there were thousands, camp- fires being }it where there were no camps, and wooden cannon being' placed in battery to restrain the besieged It is clear that the Prussian works could have been easily forced at any point; that there was still plenty of food left in Metz when it capitulated, but neither had proper perquisitions been made, nor had the supply in store been distributed Marshal regularly ; that Bazaine was selfish and self- indulgent, that he thought only of bis own comfort — only once showing himself to the troops, and never visiting the hospitals ; and that tlie siege would have been prolonged could the army have found a leader to head them, and seize the authority of which Bazaine was unworthy/' "^Expsriences ' y[y Experiences of the War between France of the War,' -^ ^ by Archibald and Germany,' by Archibald Forbes, is reviewed on the 22n.d of July. The contents of Mr. Forbes's book originally appeared in the Daily News and the Morning Advertiser. The sur- Napoleon at render of the Emperor Napoleon after Sedan at the now celebrated weaver's cottage is thus described : — "A little after nine there came ap at t^ie trot, from Donchery, a half-troop of the rst Sleswrg Cuirassier regiment of Life Guards. The Cuirassiers, with trained celerity, formed a semicircle round the house. The THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/0— 18/2. 265 burly lieutenant dismounted two of his men, and, with- out a glance at the sitting party or the semblance of a salute, marched them close up to the cottage wall, just behind the Emperor's chair ; halted them ; gave loudly the command ' Draw swords' ; and then gave them their orders in an undertone. I noticed the Emperor glance backward at this arrangement, as if he did not half like it. There was a flush on his face, the first evidence of emotion he had manifested." 'The Campaign of 1 870-1 : republished from 'TheCam- the Times, by Permission,' is noticed on the ^gl^.i*^^ 29th of July : " It is bare justice to .say that the book is full of able and impartial criticism, — that it is skilfully put together, — that the style is pleasant, and that it affords the greatest amount of information in the smallest possible space," In addition reviews appeared of ' Napoleon Fallen : a Lyrical Drama,' by Robert Buchanan ; 'What I Saw of the War at the Battles of Speichern, Gorze, and Gravelotte,' by the Hon, C. Allanson Winn ; ' From Sedan to Saarbriick,' by an Officer of the Royal Artillery ; ' Letters on Military Organization,' by Lord Elcho ; ' Diary of the Besieged Resident in Paris,' reprinted from the Daily Nczvs ; 'Journal of the Siege of Paris,' by the Hon. Capt, Bingham ; ' The War Correspondence of the Daily Nezvs, 1870' ; ' Shut up in Paris during the Siege,' by Nathan Sheppard ; ' Paris under the Commune,' 266 THE ATHEN^UM, 187O— 18/2. by J. Leighton ; ' The Story of the Commune,' by a Communalist; and many others. Mr. Sampson Mr. Sampson Low, jun., of the firm of Low, ow.jun. ^^^ ^ Marston, died on March 5th, 1871. He was much respected by all who had dealings with the publishing house of which he was long an active member, and his death at the early age of forty-eight was a cause of general regret. T)\Q AthencBum on the nth states: "His book ' Charities of on the ' Charities of London,' which has run through many editions, has merits above those of a mere compilation, and has more than once been noticed in these columns. It was followed by a 'Handbook' to the Charities, from the same hand." Mr. Low "greatly contributed to the successful establishment of the Metropolitan The fire- fire-escape system, which was up to recent escape sys em. ^j^^^^ wholly supported by public subscrip- tions It was only after years of labour that that useful institution was brought to the high state of efficiency in which it was finally handed over, nearly four years since, to the Board of Works." Prof. De Augustus De Morgan died at his residence in ^ organ. p^gj.j-Qj^ Road, Regent's Park, on the iSth of March, in his sixty-fifth year. The AthcncBum of the 25th states: "Born at Madura, in Southern India, in June, 1806, Augustus De Morgan be- longed to a family several of whose members THE ATHEN/EUM, 1870 — 1 872. 267 disting'uished themselves in military service. . His Parentage, grandfather was an officer in the Indian army. So also was his father, Colonel De Morgan, who died at sea off the Cape on his homeward passage from the East, on November 27th, 18 16. On the maternal side the mathematician was no less honourably descended, his mother being Elizabeth, daughter of James Dodson of the Custom House, and granddaughter of James Dodson, F.R.S., who died November 23rd, 1757, after filling for many years the post of Master in the Mathematical School of Christ's Hospital. The Professor's descent from this scientific ancestor, whose ' Antilogarithmic Canon ' is a fact of mathematical literature, is worthy of notice, since De Morgan regarded himself as indebted to his great ~ grandfather for the particular mental faculty which rendered him chiefly famous To the AtJienceiivi it is a matter of notoriety that he was through many years an habitual contributor, and it is with Contributions equal pride and gratitude that we render acknow- Athemzum. ledgment of the value of his co-operation. Having associated himself with iheAihencetun in 1840, he gave its readers during the next ten years a large number of articles on the subjects falling within his favourite fields of inquiry and speculation. Between 1856 and the date when his health gave way so that he could no longer 268 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 8/0 — 18/2. work, there was scarcely a single number of our The Budget paper in which his hand had no part. ' The ara oxes. -g|j^g.^j. ^^ Paradoxes ' and the ' Supplement ' to the Budget appeared in our columns at intervals during 1863 and the four succeeding years. It was the writer's intention to complete his humorous exhibition of paradoxists with an- other scries of papers that should hold up to kindly ridicule the orthodox sciolists, or paradoxers on behalf of orthodoxy, just as the published papers had made fun out of the crotchets and wild notions of heterodox paradoxers. For this end, he had made collections, which, we fear, were not so far digested that their publication would be now desirable." His whole life was an illustration His devotion of devotion to truth and an example of virtue. " The paradoxers whom he infuriated by his banter, were comically at fault when they accused him of malignity. He was the kind- liest as well as the most learned of men — charitable to opponents and benignant to every one who approached him : even in his gayest and lightest moods never forgetting the claims that weakness has on strength. Standing by his grave, his friends may find comfort in reflecting that he was not more wise and keen than tender and true." His valuable library was purchased by Lord Over- THE ATHEN^UM, 1870 — 1 872. 269 Stone and presented to the University of London. The death of Dr. Robert Chambers, who had Dr. Robert died on the 17th, is also recorded on the 25th of '"^ March. He was born in 1802, and may be said to have devoured books from his infanc}'. In the preface to his collected works he writes : " Books, not playthings, filled my hands in iiis early life, childhood. At twelve I was deep, not only in poetry and fiction, but in encyclopaedias." At sixteen he tried to write books, and with a stock worth no more than two pounds, the produce of long savings of pocket-money, " he commenced business; a boy- bookseller, self- A boy- reliant, unaided. There lies before us a kind of ^°o>^s'^ll^'"- small ciphering-book, containing young Robert Chambers's first year's account of profit and loss. The former was small, but, for his modest wants, sufficient. The writing is extremely neat. Indeed, the young penman was employed by the city authorities to copy on vellum the address presented to George the Fourth, who visited Edinburgh in 1822. Meanwhile, the elder brother, William, had also started as a printer and bookseller, and they commenced a crude weekly miscellany, called the Kaleidoscope. The Robert was the editor, William setting up ^''^^"^^•^^''A- his own compositions in type without troubling himself with pen and ink. This first effort 270 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/0 — 1 872. 'Illustrations of the Author of Waverley. ' ' Traditions of Edinburgh.' Chambers's EdMurgh Journal, "Mr. Balderstone." " Chambers's Educational Course." closed a short life in December, 1821." 'Illus- trations of the Author of Waverley' was Robert Chambers's maiden book. This " brought him into notice, and introduced him to Sir Walter Scott. His next venture, ' Traditions of Edinburgh,' has not ceased to be issued and read to this day. Every type of it was set up, every sheet pulled at press, by his brother. The first edition, dated 1823, presents a curious contrast to the handsome copies of the same work, improved also in other respects, published only last year." The first number of Chambers^ s Edinburgh ^o?irna/ appesLved on the 4th of February, 1832. To this he contributed articles on history and archaeology, while " miniature portraits of cha- racter and pictures of life, under the name of ' Mr. Balderstone,' were so truthful and sym- pathetic, that, even when removed from their context and re-published in seven volumes in '47, they met with a very general acceptance. Robert Chambers helped to conduct, with his brother William, one of the largest printing and publishing establishments in Scotland, gradually grown out of the single hand-press at Broughton." He also rendered help in " Chambers's Educational Course," ' Chambers's Encyclopaedia ' in ten thick volumes, ' Infor- mation for the People,' 'Papers for the THE ATHEN^UM, 187O— 1872. 2/1 People/ a series of miscellaneous tracts, besides several cheap editions of the best byg-one authors. David Chambers, the youngest brother, died David on the 2 1 St of March. He was agent for the *^^^'"^"'- house in London, was an earnest friend of press reform, and had associated himself with Mr. John Francis in his efforts to obtain the repeal of the paper duty. Mr. W. A. Lloyd on the ist of April writes on the Crystal Palace Aquarium, then in Crystal course of construction, and gives a sketch of Aquarium, the history of aquaria. " In the commencement of the year 1853, the Athenmini drew attention to an aquarium then in preparation in the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, London, and in the May following, when that aquarium was opened, the AtJmiceum again dwelt upon it at some length, describing the great ad- vantages to be derived from an opportunity of being able to watch conveniently the in- habitants of seas and rivers in a state of life and health. This aquarium in Regent's Park, which still exists in nearly its original state, and which should be respected as being the forerunner of all which have been since erected, gave a great impetus to the study of marine zoology in England and in many places on the Continent and America, where aquaria. 272 THE ATHEN/EUM, 187O— 1872. domestic aquaria quickly became very popular.* In i860 the Acclimatation Society of France set up in its gardens near Paris a large public Foreign aquarium, and this was succeeded, in 1864, by a similar one in the Zoological Gardens of Hamburg ; and since then others of the same character have been built in Paris (in two places there), in Havre (also in two places), in Hanover, in Cologne, in Brussels, and in Berlin. One has been also set up in the Zoological Gardens of Dublin, and two in America— one in New York and one in Boston A company has * Mr. William R. Adams's miniature aquarium in Fleet Street Mr. Lloyd thus described in the Athenaum of May 30th, 1874 : — ''The very best private chamber marine aquarium known to me is in the office of Brad- sham's Railway Guide, in Fleet Street All the early marine aquarium experiments were made, not by the seaside, but within, or close to, London — in Shoreditch, Wellclose Square, Ludgate Hill, Islington, Clerkenwell, and Regent's Park." The taste of the general public for keeping marine and freshwater aquaria lasted till about 1863. For a time dealers did a large trade in tanks, plants, sea water, and marine and freshwater animals. Notable in this new business were Mr. Lloyd, Mr. James Bohn (brother of the well-known bookseller), and Mr. Leach. Want of care on the part of domestic servants led to this interesting study being put on one side, as it was most discouraging to find, after an absence from home of only a day or two, that through some careless- ness or neglect of instructions a valuable collection had been completely wrecked. THE ATHEN^UxM, 187O— 1872. 273 been formed, with a capital of 12,000/., to make at the northern end of the Crystal Palace (the portion which was partly burnt down in 1868) an aquarium of large size, which is nearly finished, and will soon be opened, and in which are combined all the successive im- provements which experience has suggested since 1846, when Mrs. Thynne discovered that Mrs. Thynne. in London she could keep some living corals in a thriving state in sea-water which needed no renewal so long as sea-weeds were kept growing with the creatures. It is not suffi- ciently well known that this lady is the first person recorded to have deliberately set about making a balance of existence for this specific purpose — the preservation of animals in aquaria, —although the late Mr. R. Warington made the thing more public in 1849, and Mr. P. H. Gosse still further extended the subject at about the same period and for some years afterwards, and all three experimenters worked independently of one another, and without each other's knowledge." The Brighton Aquarium was completed in 1872. In April, 1874, the aquarium founded by Dr. Dohrn at Naples, and towards which he and his Naples friends subscribed the large sum of 7,500/., was ^'l^'^"""'- opened to the public ; and on the 9th of May Prof. E. Ray Lankester, in giving a sketch of VOL. II. T Mr. R. Waringtcn. Mr. P. II. Gosse. Brighton Aquariuiu. 274 THE ATHEN^UM, 187O — 1 8/2. " what is now to be seen and done within its stately walls," says: "Only those who have taken part in the labour of securing the site and putting the plan into execution, can appreciate the extent of the difficulties which have had to be surmounted, and the debt of gratitude which scientific men owe to Dr. Dohrn for his generous expenditure of energy and fortune." Prof. Lankester adds : — " The Library of the Zoo- logical Laboratory is one of its most valuable features. It contains a nearly complete set of embryological works, all the zoological journals, German, English, and French, besides the most valuable illustrated works, many of which have been presented by the publishers. The Royal Society and the Zoological Society of London have been most munificent in the presentation of series of their publications With increased revenue, there are endless fields of increased activity for La Stazione Zoologica ; if sufficiently nourished, she may become the mother-institu- tion of zoological laboratories in all parts of the globe." Zoolof;ical fhe zoological laboratory established by laboratory at ° ^ •' Rhode Island. Alexander Agassiz at his own cost at Newport, Rhode Island, U.S., is on the same model. There are several such laboratories now at work smaller than that at Naples, viz. at Roscoff, Concarneau, Villefranche, Arcachon, and Bag- THE ATHEN.EUM, 187O — 1872. 2/5 neuil on the coast of France; at Trieste on the Adriatic; and at Beaufort and Wood's Hole on the Atlantic coast of the United States. A really efficient laboratory, worthy of English men of science, and of English obligations to maintain a leading place in the study of the sea and its products, is now in course of construction on Plymouth Sound. The undertaking is due to the initiative of Prof Ray Lankester, who founded the Marine Biological Association of Marine the United Kingdom for the purpose of build- Association. ing and maintaining this and similar labora- tories. The Association possesses a building fund of 12,000/. and an income of 1,000/. a year. The Government contributed 5,000/. towards the building fund, and gives 500/. yearly, the rest having been raised by private subscription. Dr. Dohrn's laboratory at Naples has cost 20,000/., and has an annual budget of from 4,000/ to 5,000/. Mr. W. A. Lloyd died suddenly in July, 1880, Death of and an obituary notice of him appears on the ^' °^ 24th. ' National Debts,' by Mr. R. Dudley Baxter, The total r ,, , . ^ , - . , , national debts torms the subject of the first article on the of the wodJ. 29th of April, 1 87 1. " From a table on page 82, showing the growth of the debts of the world, we find that the total increase between 1849 and 1870 was 2,180,000,000/, being an annual increase of 100,140,000/. The total of the 2/6 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/0— 18/2. National Debts, including the capitalized value of the guarantees, now exceeds 4,100,000,000/." OF this enormous sum only 12 per cent., or one- eighth, has been devoted to canals, railways, and other works of utility, " while 3,600,000,000/., or eighty-eight per cent, of the aggregate debts of the world, have been spent on war and unpro- ductive purposes." It is announced on the 12th of August that the The ' Battle Sale of the jcu (T esprit the ' Battle of Dorking ' °'^P°j''',"^'' " has entered on the second hundred thousand," by Col. Chesney. and that before its republication in a separate form " several large editions of Blackwood' s Magazine, in which the ' Battle ' first appeared, were disposed of" It is also stated that Col. George Chesney is the real writer. " We may add, that a French translation will be published, by Henri Plon, under the title of ' La Bataille de Dorking : Invasion des Prussiens en Angle- terre,' with a preface, by M. Charles Yriarte," Mr. Richard The death of Mr, Richard Bentley, the pub- lisher, within a month of his seventy - eighth birthday, is noticed on the i6th of September. Mr. Bentley commenced business in 1829, in conjunction with the late Mr. Colburn, from whom he separated in the year 1832. The authors with whom Mr. Bentley became asso- ciated in the early portion of his career were Morier, the author of ' Hajji Baba,' Horace Miscellany. THE ATHEN^UM, 1870 — 1 872. 277 Smith, G. p. R. James, Capt. Marryat, Lord Lytton, Dr. Maginn, Father Prout, Mr, Harrison Ainsworth, and Charles Dickens. The first of the series of Bentley's " Standard Novels " was Rentley's ,,. rn/ri 11 "Standard published on the ist 01 March, I031, and the Novels." total number issued to 1854 was 127, at an out- lay of close upon 100,000/. In the year 1837 Mr. Bentley started the well-known magazine Bentley's Miscellany, and commenced the famous Bentley s Miscellany dinners in the Red Room in Burling- ton Street. They w^ere attended by Tom Moore, Dickens, Sam Slick, Luttrell, Maxwell, Ainsworth, Albert Smith, Tom Campbell, Bar- ham (" Ingoldsby "), George Cruikshank, Sir Edward Creasy, and later on by John Leech and Kaye the historian. In the Red Room Charles Dickens drew up the prospectus of Bentley s Miscellany ; and the manuscript, in Dickens's handwriting, was framed, and may be still seen at New Burlington Street. In 1857 Mr. Bentley, by the decision of the House of Lords denying the right of copy- right in this country hitherto supposed to be possessed by American authors, lost 16,000/. to 17,000/. This decision was reversed in a subsequent case, but no compensation was granted to Mr. Bentley by the Government. Mr. George Bentley, the present head of the house, joined his father in 1870, and in 1884 2"]^ THE ATHEN^UM, I87O — 1 8/2. Mr, Richard Bentley, his son, became a member of the firm.* Sir Roderick Sir Roderick Impey Murchison died on Impey Murchison. Sunday, October 22nd, 1871. Had he h'ved to the 19th of the following February he would have completed his eightieth year. In 1807 he obtained his commission in the army, and served throughout the Peninsular War. By the advice of Sir Humphry Davy he attended the lectures on physical science at the Royal Institution. His first geological observations were made in the south of England ; and in 1825 he read before the Geological Society, of which he had just become a member, a paper * On the Geological Formation of the North- West Extremity of Sussex and the Adjoin- ing Parts of Hampshire and Surrey.' The AthencEiim in its obituary notice on the 28th of October, in giving a sketch of his geological * On the 1 2th of April, 1879, a note appeared in Notes &> (lueries by S. R. Tovvnshend Mayer, in which he stated : " The imprint of Richard Bentley is found on a large number of books published during the Richard reign of Charles II. About 1682 he issued a series of Bentley temp. < r) 1 . i, ^ , ,. , , Charles II. ^endey s Modern Novels,' reminding us of Bentley's 'Standard' and 'Favourite' novels of later times The fourth folio of Shakspere, published in 1685, is said to bear Bentley's imprint." A complete history of the '' firm of Richard Bentley & Son appeared in Le Livre of October, 1885. This was reprinted, with some additional notes, for private circulation, in July, i886. THE ATHEN.'EUM, iS/O— 1872. 2/9 career, says: "In 1855, Sir Roderick was appointed Director General of the Geological Survey of England, as successor to Sir Henry De la Beche. In 1854, he summarized his experiences on the Silurian System in his great work entitled ' Siluria,' and in 1856 he 'Siluria.' brought out his magnificent Geological Atlas of Europe, in 4to." In reference to his services to geography, the AtJienmim quotes the follow- ins: from the address of Sir Bartle Frere at the anniversary meeting of the Royal Geogra- phical Society in 1871:— "The history of Sir Roderick Murchison's connexion with the Royal Geographical Society is, in fact, the The Royal ^ 01 ,r TT- • Geographical history of the Society itself His name is Society. conspicuous among the small band of geo- graphers who, in 1830, formed themselves into a society for the purpose of promoting geo- graphical science, and who were afterwards incorporated by Royal Charter. He was first placed on the Council in 1831, and was made Vice-President in 1836. He was first elected President in 1843, for the biennial term 1843-44, and repeatedly re-elected in 1851-52 and 1857-58; and since 1862 he has, by general consent of the Society, been always re-elected, as though the Society had agreed to make him President for life ; nor would the Society now have sought to find a successor for him, 28o THE ATHEN^UM, 187O— 18/2. had not Sir Roderick himself felt that, after his late illness, he required more complete repose than was compatible with the constant and arduous duties devolving on the President of so large and so active a Society."* Obituar)-of The obituary of 1871 includes Mr. Grote ; *^'^*' the Rev. Thomas Toke Lynch, author of 'The Rivulet'; Mrs. Elizabeth Abell (Miss Bakombe), whose sprightliness and sympathy rendered the latter days of Napoleon at St. Helena support- able ; Dr. Alexander Keith Johnston, the eminent geographer, who constructed the first physical globe of the earth ever drawn, which was exhibited in the International Exhibition of 185 1, and for which he received the medal ; Dr. Mansel, Dean of St. Paul's; Dr. Jelf; Mr. Charles Babbage ; and Bishop Patteson, who was murdered by a native at Santa Cruz, in revenge for slaving outrages. 1872. The first number for the year 1872 opens with a review of ' Recollections of Past Life,' Sir Henry by Sir Henry Holland, Bart. "In the fourth Holland. ^ ^ , . ^ year of his London practice his income, he tells us, already exceeded 1,200/., and he then resolved never to allow it to exceed Palmerston S'^^^'' ^^ ^^^^ Palmerston we learn that * His nephew, Mr. Kenneth Murchison, presented to the Geological Museum in Jermyn Street a large and valuable collection of books from his uncle's library. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/0 — 18/2. 28 1 his power of ignoring pain was always most remarkable. He would not give in, — gout or no gout, he would work away at his official papers, which lay in heaps on the floor and tables of his room In the spring of 1831 Sir Henry was summoned to a house in Holies Street, and there, suffering from severe gastric fever, was a young man. This was Prince Prince Louis Louis Napoleon ; and his recovery was due ^^° ^°"' to ' a good constitution and great calmness of temper.' Forty years later the same phy- sician visited the same patient again at Chisel- hurst No one is better described than Madame de Stael, who was in London in Madame r, r-1 1 1 ■ , ■ r 1 ) dc Stael. 1814. She had a certam wit 01 speech, and an insatiable vanity. She was 'curiously demonstrative of her arms,' which she believed to be the handsomest part of her body, and was constantly twisting a piece of paper in order to display them to the fullest advantage. Speaking of ghosts, she was wont to say, *Je n'y crois pas, mais je les crains.' " It was now two years and a half since anything in the shape of written communica- tion had been received from Dr. Livingstone, Dr. Living- and a search expedition, under the auspices ^^'^"^' of the Royal Geographical Society, left England on the 9th of February. America had, how- ever, anticipated us. Mr. James Gordon Bennett, 282 THE ATHEN/EUM, 187O— 1872. Livingstone. Neui York the proprietor of the Neiv York Herald, had ex^Ttton. already sent out an expedition under the com- mand of Mr. Henry M. Stanley, who accidentally fell in with Livingstone on the loth of November, 187 1. He remained with him until the 13th of the following March, and the AtJmKEum of the 27th of July, 1872, states that " Stanley may be expected on Wednesday next at the earliest. Letters from There are letters from Livingstone on their way to England ; these are directed to the late President of the Royal Geographical Society, to Sir Bartle Frere, and to Mr. Rates." On August 3rd it is stated that the letters have been received, and " are filled chiefly with complaints about the plunder of his stores. Allusions are made to geographical facts of some interest and importance not yet published, one of which is that he had not yet discovered the outlet to Lake Tanganyika ; the other, that the Lualaba and its lakes were very much below the level of Albert Nyanza. The letters are chiefly written from Unyanembe in February last." This Livingstone expedition cost the New York Herald between 8,000/. and 9,000/. Mr. Stanley's book ' How I found Living. stone : Travels, Adventures, and Discoveries Livingstone.' -^^ Central Africa ; including Four Months' Residence with Dr. Livingstone, is reviewed on the i6th and 23rd of November, two long Stanley's •How I found THE ATHEN/EUM, 187O — 1872. 283 articles being devoted to the book. " Mr. Stanley- had undertaken an arduous and perilous task. He carried it to a successful end, with an amount of determination and a steadfast resolve to overcome all obstacles which command our admiration No one can read his account of the attack on Mirambo's stronghold, and the flight of the Arabs, or of the mutiny among his own men in Ukonongo, without being convinced of the extraordinary difficulties that had to be encountered, and of the thorough fitness and capacity of the man who faced and overcame them. It was no easy task for this young traveller to force his way to Ujiji, and to relieve the old explorer who so sorely needed help ; and, after a careful perusal of his narrative, we are glad to bear our testimony to the heroic nature of the achievement. Mr. Stanley's admiration of the Doctor's great qualities, his enthusiastic partisanship and warm friendship, are traits which do him honour, and enhance the claims which his fortitude and courage have upon our respect Dr. Living- Livingstone's stone, as we all know, resolved to complete his '^remaln.^ work by exploring the sources of the Lualaba, and Mr. Stanley handed over to him 2,788 yards of Stores various kinds of cloths, 992 lb. of beads, 350 lb. Stanley. of brass wire, a waterproof tent, an air-bed, a canvas boat, a bag of carpenter's tools, arms and 284 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/0 — 1 872. ammunition, cooking utensils, a medicine chest, and a sextant ; forming altogether about forty- loads. Dr. Livingstone also found thirty-three loads of his own stores, and Mr. Stanley cal- culates that the Doctor was thus supplied with sufficient to last him four years. He required a few additional articles from Zanzibar, and especially a good watch and other instruments, and fifty trustworthy men as carriers. These Mr. Stanley undertook to send up from Zanzi- bar, and he set out for the coast with Living- stone's journal and letters on the 13th of March. He performed the march of 535 miles, wading through swamps, across torrents, and wearily tramping through dense jungle, in thirty-five days, and reached Bagamozyo on the 6th of May. Thus was this great service completed, a service for the performance of which Mr. Stanley earned and has received the most cordial recopf- Stanley and "^^ion from the Queen and people of England, the Koyai and especially from the President and Fellows Geographical Society, of the Royal Geographical Society."* * "The Council assembled weeks before the usual period, and broke one of the standing rules of the Society in granting Mr. Stanley the Patron's Medal fully six months before the appointed time. Such haste in the recognition of geographical merit is altogether un- precedented ; and Mr. Stanley is the only man who ever received the medal, in defiance of the standing rule, in the autumn previous to the general meeting." THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 8/0 — 1 872. 285 An obituary notice of the Rev. Frederick Deni- son Maurice appears on the 6th of April, 1572. " John Sterling and Frederick Maurice became friends at Cambridge, under their common tutor, Julius Hare: they married sisters ; and it was in the house of Sterling's two surviving daughters, No. 6, Bolton Row, Piccadilly, on Easter Monday, the great theologian passed away.* Associated so closely in domestic relationship with Sterling, it was the good fortune of the Cambridge Pro- fessor of Moral Philosophy to become, by his second marriage, the brother-in-law of Julius Hare, while the genial, liberal, and scholarly archdeacon elected as his wife one of Maurice's sisters — a bright and large-hearted lady, the sunshine of whose welcome and cordial enter- tainment can never be forgotten by any who ever had the happiness of being guests at the rectory of Hurstmonceux. But she has gone, * On the evening of Easter Day, Dr. Radcliffe asked Maurice whether the gloom which had op- pressed him had been lifted off. Maurice said, " Yes ; here has been more light. It has been an Easter Day." When the end came " he seemed to make a great effort to gather himself up, and after a pause he said, slowly and distinctly, ' The knowledge of the love of God — the blessing of God Almighty, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, be amongst you — amongst 7es — and remain with us for ever.' He never spoke again." (Mrs. Maurice's diary in the hfe by his son.) Frederick Denison Maurice. 286 THE ATHEN^UM, 187O— 18/2. and how many besides of the Maurice-Hare- and-SterHng circle ! There remained, however, if, without intruding into the sanctuary of their private sorrow, we may venture to say it, an abundant ministry of reverence and love in the wife and nieces to watch over the last earthly hours of this remarkable man. Prof. Maurice died in his sixty-eighth year, or we ought, per- haps, rather to say that he lived, during his allotted term, the lives of many men. He was the most indefatigable and joyous of workers. For a period of forty-four years, the ink of his pen was seldom dry. In 1828, in company with the ardent and brilliant Sterling, he began to write for this journal, and for a year and a half llis connexion the y^//^£'«(^z^7« was mainly conducted by those with the ^ , ., . 11, AtiuuiEum. two young men ; while it was but the other day that a keen two-edged letter in the Spectator gave full demonstration that his eye was not dim nor his natural force abated." Memoirs by His life, "chiefly told in his own letters," edited his son. by his son, Frederick Maurice, was published in 1884, and a long review, which appeared in theAtlmimim of the 8th of March of that year, thus closes : " He had great intellectual gifts united with strange intellectual deficiencies, but, whatever those deficiencies, they were forgotten by him who listened to that penetrating, earnest voice or watched the expression of that pathetic, THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/0 — l8j2. 28/ thoucrhtful face. Frederick Denison Maurice still remains, and always will remain, one of the most interesting and remarkable of the English Churchmen of the nineteenth century." Charles Lever's death is noticed on the 8th Charles of June, 1872. He was born in 1806. Hisfather was a professional man in Dublin, and there Charles was educated. The medical profession was chosen for him, and the AtJienceuin says : " It was in the year 1833, that an event took place in Dublin that changed the destinies of Lever as it did of some others. The Dublin The Duilm Universtty University Magazine was started by a few Magazine. earnest men of letters and an adventurous publisher, and its first number appeared in January. Lever was soon attracted to a corps, amongst whom were many of his old college companions ; and he became a contributor for the first time in March, 1834." In 1842 he undertook the editorship, and "no editor ever was more popular ; none knew better ' how to drive his team,' as he phrased it, than Charles Lever." For about three years he held the post of editor, and then went to reside on the Continent. "As a depicter of Irishmen and Irish manners, he describes a phase which none of his fellow contemporary countrymen, except perhaps Maxwell, successfully touched upon — that of the higher-class society, the impulsive, 2S8 THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 8/0 — 1 8/2. dashing soldier, the old Milesian Squire, the adventures of war, the incidents of the camp, the gaieties of the ball-room, the sports of the hunting-field, and the racecourse. In the por- trayal of all these, from an Irish point of view, he is unrivalled. You see transparently His novels, throughout his novels the experiences of the man of the world, who scans with a keen eye and a quick intellect all the phases of society, and who reproduces these experiences in vivid, genial, dashing pictures, ever warm with the sunshine of wit and gaiety." ' Memories of the British Museum,' by Robert Cowtan, forms the subject of an article on the 27th of July, in which note is made that " Mrs. Macaulay, the historian, was the first and only lady reader for ten years after the opening of the old reading-room. A lady of another sort made application for permission to use the Library, and we are not surprised that Mr. Daniel Wray, one of the Trustees, opened the eye of astonishment when he read her name. It was that of the most audacious of maids-of- honour, Miss Chudleigh, afterwards the noto- rious Duchess of Kingston. Miss Chudleigh appears to have obtained her ticket, and she probably used it for other purposes than literary studies ; for she succeeded in making the Duke of Kingston her husband ; she also The British Museum. The first lady reader, Miss Chudleigh THE ATHEN/EUM, 1870— 1872. 289 got the Rev. Mr. Harper, keeper of the printed books, to couple them." The first complete session of Owens College "T'^*^ coming 1 1 ^ , ,- ^ of age of was opened on the 6th of October, 185 1, with Owens sixty-two students. The College in 1872 num- ^fsjT' bered 327 day students, with an attendance of 513 in the evening. In 1873 the num- bers had increased to T,^y day students, 533 evening. In this year medical students first joined the College, the number being 134. In 1887 these had increased to ov^er 300. The Athcnccmn on the 19th of October, 1872, remarks: "The College has attained its majority, and we may add that its coming of age is properly signalized by its change from a private to a public institu- tion. By special Act of Parliament, the old trustees have abolished themselves in favour of forty-two governors Thus has the simple .scheme of the executors of Mr. Owens developed in twenty-one years into an institution possess- ing most of the elements of a University, and giving due prominence to those scientific studies which are specially necessary for the inhabitants of the manufacturing districts The late Government drafted a minute to the effect, that when any locality made a proper effort towards higher education, they would contribute pound for pound with the locality ; and it was on this principle that they gave 120,000/. to the VOL. II. U 290 THE ATHEN-^UxM, iSjO — 1 8/2. Glasgow University. Will the present Govern- ment follow their example, or leave the com- pletion of the Owens College to another generation ? " Joseph Mr. Alderman Thompson, in his history of Tliompson's . .,,.,.. history of the the College and its connexion with the Victoria ^^^' University, Manchester, states that John Owens, the founder, was born in 1790. He was an ad- vanced Liberal, and " held very strong views about the injustice of the university tests, which shut out Nonconformists from the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge. He was thus prepared, when he made up his mind to found a college, to place it upon an absolutely unsectarian basis." He died on the 29th of July, 1846, and when the accounts of his estate were finally closed in May, 1857, the nett amount received for college purposes was 96,654/. 4^. 6d. The suggestion made by the AthencEiim for a Government grant has never been realized, and the subscriptions and bene- Amountof factions have all been voluntary. These, voluntary r ht r^ . 1 1 contributions, exclusive oi Mr. Owens s legacy, amounted in August, 1886, to the grand total of 410,537/. 16.?. 2d. In this amount is in- cluded Charles Frederick Beyer's legacy of 100,243/ 19-f- ^d. The liabilities of the Col- lege to the 3rd of August, 1886, amounted to 507,192/ OS. Zd., less an overdraft at Prof. Scott. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/0 — 18/2. 29I the bank of 8,228/.* In addition to this there are the annual grant of 1,000/. from the Hulme trust estate, the subscriptions to the new building and for the erection of museums, as well as valuable gifts of books. The present Principal of the College is Joseph CieenwooJ. Gouge Greenwood, B.A., LL.D., who was appointed on the 14th of July, 1857, on the resignation (through ill health) of Alexander John Scott, M.A., who had been the Principal from the opening of the College.f The Rev. * Mr. Alderman Thompson states, May nth, 1887: "An effort is being made to clear off the debt of 60,000/. on new buildings and fixtures, towards which 8,700/. has been promised ; and since the report for 1886 certain legacies have fallen in, viz., Mrs. E. S. Hey wood, 10,000/ ; Alderman Warburton, 1,000/ ; and an endow- ment, by gift, of Mr. Oliver Heywood, for classics, of 1,150/. to secure 50/ a year nett. Mrs. Hey wood's endowment is for the teaching of women. Mr. Jones has left about 5,000/. for history prizes, and Sir Joseph Whitworth 5,000/. stock in his engineering company, and some of his personal friends are finding the capital, 6,000/., to build a Whitworth Laboratory." t Mr. Scott died at Veytaux on the 12th of January, 1866, and was buried in the cemetery at Clarens. Mr. Thompson devotes a chapter in his book to a bio- graphical notice of him. Scott exercised a strong personal influence upon his friends. Erskine says : " No man whom I have ever known has impressed me more than Scott, and I have always received unchanging love from him." 292 THE ATHEN^UM, iS/O — 1 8/2. Dedications p J) Maui'ice ill 1 856 dedicated to him ;.d Baldwin his 'Mediaeval Philosophy'; and J. Baldwin -^rov,n. j3j.own's dedication of his ' Home Life in the Light of the Divine Idea ' (1866) is as follows : •' To A. J. Scott, A.M., the wisest teacher of the truth, as the truth is in Jesus, whom I have ever known, I, with loving gratitude, inscribe these." ^'^^ Mr. Thomas Combe, who had been for about Clarendon Press. thirty-five years the manager of the Clarendon Combe. Press, died very suddenly on the 30th of October, 1872. On the same day he had been walking through Oxford, and had exchanged many a kindly greeting with friends as he passed along. He was in his seventy-seventh year. The Clarendon Press was at the time of his appointment a considerable expense to the University ; but under the new director all its operations were extended, and it became a source of revenue. About 1854 Mr. Combe took a mill at Wolvercott in his own name and at his own risk. After long and patient supervision, he succeeded in overcoming all difficulties, and in making the establishment profitable. The mill was subsequently purchased by the University, and is still carried on by it. 1\\e Athe7icsum of the 9th of November says: " Out of no excessive means he [Mr. Combe] found funds to build a graceful chapel to the Oxford Infirmary for the use of the convalescent THE ATHEN^UM, 187O— 1872. 293 inmates. He built also a large church, St. Bar- nabas, in the poorer quarter of Oxford, which, like the previous edifice, was designed by Mr. Bloomfield. In the same city he erected one school-house, and paid half the cost of another : and to all works of charity he was a liberal con- tributor The honorary degree of M.A. was conferred on him by the University, in recog- nition of his valuable business services to her."* At the time of Mr. Combe's death the late Mr. E. Bensley Gardner. Edward Bensley Gardner was manager of the Bible and Prayer Book business at 7, Pater- noster Row, and of the binding business at Garter Court, Barbican ; and Messrs. Macmillan & Co. were publishers to the University and issued all the classical and learned books. Mr. Gardner retired from the management of the * Mr. Combe was succeeded in the practical manage- ment of the Press by the late Mr. E- Pickard Hall, a son of Mr. John Vine Hall, compiler of ' The Sinner's Friend,' which has had a circulation exceeding three million copies ; one of his brothers is the Rev. Newman Hall. Mr. E. P. Hall was succeeded in 1883 by Mr. Horace Hart. In the financial control Mr. Combe was succeeded by the Rev. Prof. Bartholomew Price, who was also secretary to the Delegates. Prof. Price resigned the secretaryship in June, 1885, but still (September, 1887) retains the finan- cial control. The paper mill remained under the manage- ment of the late Mr. John Henry Stacy, who died at his post on December i8th, 1883, and was succeeded by Mr. Joseph Castle, jun. 294 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/0 — 1 8/2. London departments in 1873, when he was succeeded by the present manager, Mr. Henry H. Irowde. Pj-Qwde, to whom also in June, 1880, the pubHcation of the classical and learned books was transferred. First book jhg f^j-st book which has been discovered with the Oxford bearing an Oxford imprint bears date A.D. 1481. imprin ■ -^^^ J.JJJ ^ century afterwards is there any certain indication of the practice of the art there, with the exception of two or three books in the Bodleian Library purporting to have been printed by one "John Scolar," in 1518-20. But in 1585 one Joseph Barnes, aided by a loan of 100/. from the University chest, set up a press, and on the title-page of his first book styles himself " Printer to the University." In the next year "Delegates of the Press" were appointed by Convocation "to watch over the interests of the University, and control the Press." In 1699 the business of the Press was removed to the Sheldonian Theatre, and in 171 3 to the Clarendon Buildings, in Broad Street, expressly erected for the purpose, partly ^iHsTorrof °"^ °^^""^s derived from the sale of Clarendon's the Rebellion.' 'History of the Rebellion'; and in 1830 it was finally removed to the present building. This building has two wings, each 300 feet in length ; one of which is devoted to the printing of Bibles and Prayer Books, and is called the THE ATHEN/EUM, 187O — 1 872. 295 Bible Press, the other to educational, classical, scientific, Oriental, and miscellaneous works, and is called the Learned Press. The Press, which possesses appliances for printing in 150 languages, makes its own paper,* inks, types, stereotype and electrotype plates, and maintains a complete engineering establishment for re- pairing its machinery, employing in all about 600 hands. In addition to these Mr. Frowde employs 300 in the London establishments. On the 17th of May, 1881, the Revised New The Revised Testament was published, and by the close of nient. the day Mr. Frowde had sold over a million " Oxford " copies.f The Revised Bible, com- The Revised '■ ' _ Bible. pleted after fifteen years' labour, was published on May 19th, 1886. The Revisers gave their services gratuitously. The Universities of * The Oxford Bible paper is a speciality, made en- tirely from rag, principally old sail cloth. The thinnest paper that can possibly be made opaque is the desi- deratum. t The Revised New Testament was published in New York on the 20th of May, and the proprietors of the Chicago limes arranged to have the whole telegraphed to Chicago. After the four Gospels had been telegraphed, a copy of the work was received, and from this the rest was printed, and the entire Testament appeared in the Chicago Times of the 22nd of May. In telegraphing it was forgotten to give instructions as to the arrangement of the paragraphs, and the four Gospels are printed with the verse divisions. 296 THE ATHEN/EUM, 187O — 1872. Oxford and Cambridge jointly contributed 20,000/. towards the expenses of the two com- panies, and also found the capital for the sub- sequent expenses. The setting up of the work in type was divided, Cambridge taking two editions and Oxford two, and the Parallel Bible being divided between them. Notwithstanding the v^ery large sale of the I'lie Revised Version, that of the Authorized Version Version, ^as not decreased. The Authorized Version can only be legally printed in England by the Queen's Printer, the University Press of Oxford, and the University Press of Cambridge. Up to 1859 this privilege was enjoyed as a right which could only be taken away by an Act of Parliament, but in that year an inquiry was held, and resulted in the privilege being con- tinued to the Presses for the benefit of the public during Her Majesty's pleasure only. The Clarendon Press is issuing more learned and classical books than at any previous period. The great English dic- tionary, which was projected in 1857 under the auspices of the Philological Society, is in course of publication, and the Athenmim ' The New on the Qth of February, 1 884, in its first re- L)ic?wnary; ^^^^^ c>f Part I., States that the work " has now Dr^Minra^' ^'"'^^''^^ "P°" ^^^ ^"^1 phase, through which every one will cordially wish it good speed. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/0 — 1 8/2. 297 The materials, as we told our readers in 1879 (April 26th and September 13th), have been in process of collection ever since 1857, but arrange- ments for publication in the present form were not completed by Dr. Murray until 1879. We mentioned with lively satisfaction the hearty co-operation of American scholars, and an- nounced that within ten years if possible the work, comprised in 7,000 quarto pages of the size of M. Littre's, would be complete, and that in 1882 the first part of 400 pages, containing the letter A, might be expected. As, however, it turns out that the letter A will cover about 600 pages, we are not altogether surprised at the first part being smaller than it was intended to be, nor at the delay in its production. If the work proceeds on the same scale the estimate of the entire bulk must be raised to about 12,000 pages, or six very thick quarto volumes...... The main points in which this work is immensely superior to all English dictionaries, and better even than M. Littre's splendid dictionary of the its exeel- French language, are these. The history of living words is traced up from their earliest appearance by means of dated quotations, and all obsolete words which have died out since 1 125 are similarly treated. The orthographic and phonetic development of words is indicated and illustrated in the quotations by the reten- lences. 298 THE ATHEN^UM, 187O— 1872. tion of old Spelling. The definitions of the meanings, as we are told in the * General Ex- planations ' (p. xi), 'have been framed anew upon a study of all the quotations for each word collected for this work, of which those printed form only a small part'; so that in this, 'the most successfully cultivated department of Eng- lish lexicography,' a notable advance has been made." The AtJienmim in its second notice on the 1 6th of February deals with the etymological portion of the new dictionary. On the 2ist of May, 1887, Parts II. and III., Ant— Boz, are reviewed. The three parts contained over 26,000 words, and Dr. Murray estimated that the dictionary when completed would contain 250,000 words. In addition to this large under- taking, the University has in preparation (1887) Concordance a concordance to the Septuagint, which will run to the . , Septuagint. into 2,500 large quarto pages. Obituary, The obituary for the year includes Col. Burns, the last surviving son of the poet ; Joseph Mazzini ; Mr. Horace Mayhew ; Mr. M. W. Savage ; Mr. A. F. Forrester, better known under the noin de guerre of " Alfred Crow- quill " ; Dr. Norman Macleod, the editor of Good Words; Lord Dalling; Mr. S. W. Fullom ; Mr. Thomas Keightley, author of the 'Mythology of Greece and Italy ' ; Mr. Albany W. Fon- THE ATHEN^.UM, 1870 — 1 872. 299 blanque, for several years proprietor and editor of the Examiner; Dr. Husenbeth, author of 'Emblems of the Saints,' "an ardent and accomplished archjeologist " ; Sir John Bow- ring ; Mrs. Somerville, at the age of ninety-two ; and Dr. Edwin Norris, "one of our most eminent linguists, and one of the founders of Assyriology." CHAPTER VIII. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 873 — 1 875. 1873. In the number for January 4th, 1873, it is Mr. Thorns, announced that " Mr. Thorns has resigned the Honorary Secretaryship of the Camden Society, an office which he has held for upwards of thirty-four years, during which the Society has issued about a hundred and ten volumes, illus- trative of our political, ecclesiastical, and literary history. Mr. Alfred Kingston, of the Public Record Office, succeeds Mr. Thorns." The subject of the first review is " A Lady of the Last Century (Mrs. Elizabeth Montagu) illus- trated in her Unpublished Letters. Collected and Arranged, with a Biographical Sketch and a Dr. Doran Chapter ' On Blue Stockings,' by Dr. Doran." Stockings.' The chapter on Blue Stockings " may be said to contain, within a few pages, the whole literature of the subject." "Dr. Doran points out Boswell's blunder in saying that the celebrated term occurred for the first time about 1781, for at that date — ' Benjamin Stillingfleet, the highly accomplished gen- tleman, philosopher, and barrack-master of Kensington, THE ATHEN^UM, 1 873 — I 875. 30I had been dead ten years, and he had left off wearing blue stockings at least fourteen years before he died.' - — The first mention by Mrs. Montagu of Stil- lingfleet and his stockings occurs in 1757." Lord Lytton died on January i8th. On the day l^ord Lytton. before his death he wrote a long letter of four pages to Mr. George Bentley, the publisher. He was born on the 25th of May, 1803. The Athenceiim, in its obituary notice on the 25th of January, states that " between his Oriental tale of 'Ismael,' published in 1820, by Hatchard, ' Ismael.' and his forthcoming three-volume novel of ' Kenelm Chillingly,' about to be issued from ' Keneim the press by Blackwood, his labours as an ^' '"^ ^' author have, indeed, been enormous, varied, and for six and forty years together per- sistent and unrelaxing Material rewards, of a remarkable kind, have fallen into his hands, moreover, unsought, though not unmerited, during the lapse of his laborious life. By authorship alone he accumulated an enormous fortune. For the right accorded to one enterprising publishing house, that of Messrs. Routledge, to issue his novels, for a period of Lnr;Te sum fifteen years, he received no less a sum than hlfnovel's^ 30,000/. sterling. Thirty-six years ago, on the accession of the reigning sovereign, he was selected by the then Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, as the representative man of letters. 302 THE ATHEN^UM, 1873— 1875. for nomination to a baronetcy, simultaneously with the elevation to the same dignity of Herschel, as the representative man of science. Afterwards, in recompense partly of his literary achievements, but partly this time of his parlia- mentary services to the Conservative party, he was advanced, at the instance of the late Lord Raised to the Derby, to the Upper House, under the title of eeiage. ^^^^^^ Lytton of Kuebworth." The following inscription is emblazoned round the banqueting hall of his old ancestral home of Knebworth : — " Thi, Old Read the Rede of this Old Roof Tree. Roof Tree.' -^^^^ ^^ ^^.^^^ f^^^^ Opinion free. Knightly Right Hand. Christian knee. Worth in all Wit in some. Laughter open. Slander dumb. Hearth where rooted Friendships grow, Safe as Altar even to Foe. And the sparks that upwards go When the hearth flame dies below, If thy sap in them may be, Fear no winter, Old Roof Tree. On the 15th of December, 1883, 'The Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of Edward Bulwer, Lord Lytton,' by his son, is reviewed ; and on the 7th of May, 1887, the 'Life of Rosina, Lady Lytton,' by Louisa Devey, is noticed. Charles Charles Knight died on Sunday afternoon, Knight. ^ ^ March 9th, 1873. Had he lived to the following THE ATHEN^UM, 1 873 — 1 875. 303 Saturday he would have been eighty-two. The Athenaum in its notice of that day states : " His London hfe began in 1824, when he was 'settled llis Ixindon as a publisher in a newly-built house in Pall Mall East, the next house to the College of Physicians,' hard by Trafalgar Square, where ' there was as yet no Nelson's Column, no fountains in the centre, to be ridiculed as dumb-waiters.' And from that date till 1864, when he closed his literary labours with the 'Passages of a Working Life,' he worked zealously as publisher, editor, journalist, and historian. Of the achievements of those forty years there is no need to speak in detail ; information respecting them can be gained from his Autobiography Charles Knight was too much of a social reformer to be a safe and prosperous man of business. In his eagerness to make ordinary people wiser, he let slip the opportunities of making himself rich. His blood was too warm, his heart too generous, for trade. Dangerously sanguine, he underrated the obstacles and overestimated the favourable influences affecting his com- mercial projects. Had this not been the case, he would never have entered on what is his greatest achievement and strongest title to gratitude, the publication of the Penny Cyclo- Pamy pcedia, on which he spent, for literature and ■^'^ °^'^ "^' engravings, the large sum of 42,000/., and in 304 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 873— 1 875. producing which he had to pay to the Excise no less a sum than 16,500/." In his transactions he was conscientious and honourable. He was a man of many friends. " As Charles Knight was one night retiring from the table of * Our Club,' Douglas Jerrold described the man in two words, when, with a twinkling eve and tender voice, he "Good o ' Kni'"ht." said ' Good Knight' " The ' Life, Journals, and Letters of Henry Dean Alford. Alford, D.D., late Dean of Canterbury,' edited by his widow, is reviewed on the 26th of April. " Dean Alford's biography may fitly and well be called Memorials of a Good Man's Life. He was thoroughly good He was a man who toiled unceasingly, and his great laboriousness probably stood in the way of brilliancy. There is enough of genuine poetry in his early poems, ' The School of the Heart,' and others, to show that, if he could have devoted himself to poetry, and concentrated his powers on that art, he might have risen to a considerable reputation." In December, 1834, he became Vicar of Wymes- wold, the value of the living being no/. ; and In March, 1835, he married his cousin. In 1853 the Rev. Hampden Gurney, Rector of St. Mary's, Marylebone, presented him to Quebec Chapel, of the same parish ; and in March, 1859, Lord Palmerston unexpectedly offered him th? deanery of Canterbury. At the end THE ATHEN^UM, 1873 — 1875. 305 of 1865 he became editor of the Contemporary Editor of the Review. " He continued editor until his death. ^°"S^''^ Care for the future of his family led him to undertake this quantity of work ; but the mental labour was too much for him." He died on the 12th of January, 1871, Dr. Meri- vale, the Dean of Ely, his early and lifelong friend, in his contribution to these memoirs speaks of his " brave spirit anchored in domestic love and religious faith." John Stuart Mill died very suddenly on May John Stuart 8th, 1873. The Athenmmi of the 17th states that ^^'^^' his grandfather "was a cottar, near the North Water Bridge, in the parish of Logic, in For- farshire. Dr. Peters, the minister of the parish, observed the genius of the cottar's son [James Parentage. Mill], assisted him in his education, and gave him an introduction to his relative, Mr. Stuart, of Inchbreck (then Professor of Greek in the University of Aberdeen). By Mr. Stuart, James Mill was introduced, as a tutor, to Mr. Stuart's relative, Mr. Burnett, of Elrick ; and afterwards, in the same capacity, to Sir John Stuart Forbes. Sir John was a helpful and constant friend, and after him John Stuart Mill was named His Hiseconomi- 1 • • Ti /r Ti/r-11 , , cal opiaions. economical opmions Mr. Mill never altered. For instance, the ' Reciprocity ' views which he gave to the world in 1870 were thought to be new; but as long ago as 1829 he had written VOL. II. X 306 THE ATHEN7EUM, iSjS—lSjS. the following passage in his ' Essays on some Unsettled Questions in Political Economy' (which were published in 1844): — 'In regard to those duties on foreign commodities which . . . are maintained solely for revenue ... it is his (the author's) opinion that any relaxation of such duties, beyond what may be required by the interest of the revenue itself, should, in general, be made contingent upon the adoption of some corresponding degree of freedom of trade with this country, by the nation from which the commodities were imported.' The articles from the EdinhirgJi and Westminster, Dissertations to bc found in his ' Dissertations and Discus- and 1 nscubsions.' sions. Contained his last views on corporation property, and also on the question of woman's rights. On the other hand, in politics he passed from Whiggism in youth to extreme Radicalism liis iiolitics. in his later years. His Radicalism was, indeed, of comparatively recent date. Even his ' Repre- sentative Government,' published in 1861, is Whiggish in tone." John Stuart Mill's 'Autobiography' is reviewed on the 25th of October, and the following reference is made to " the wonderful impartiality and accuracy of Mr. Mill's estimate of himself. .^^'"' , His judgment concerning his own writings and e-tiinate of "' ° ° ° himself, speeches appears to us to be always sound : a startling contradiction of the well-known and THE ATHENAEUM, 1873 — 1875. 307 generally true opinion, that writers value most highly their least efficient work. Mr. Mill thought the ' Essay on Liberty ' his greatest book ; his article on the duties of the State respecting Corporation property (standing first among those collected in ' Dissertations and Discussions ') his greatest paper ; and his speech upon the Reform Bill his greatest speech. In these views we should be disposed to concur. The speech he calls ' a success ' in two passages ; on the other hand, he calls his articles in the Examiner ' lumbering in style ' and ' ill-timed,' and he speaks of them as having ' missed fire ' altogether. It is not eveiy one who can judge 1 • ir 11 " Mr, Tames himself so well. Holmes. Mr. James Holmes, for many years the printer and part proprietor of the AtJicnceuin,^ died on Friday, the 4th of July, in his eighty-fourth * The deed of assignment by which the Athenceitm came into the hands of Mr. Hohnes is dated the 7th of January, 1830. By this deed the entire copyright be- came his property for the sum of 200/. The document bears the signatures of Chas. C. Atkinson, John Sterling, J. S. Buckingham, Henry Hurry Goodeve, and others. In the same year Mr. Dilke became part proprietor with Mr. Holmes, Mr. J. Hamilton Reynolds, Mr. J. Martin, and Mr. Andrews ; but on the 20th of September, 1831 (not 1832, as stated on p. 49, vol. i.), Mr. Dilke and Mr. Holmes became sole proprietors, Mr. Dilke's share being three-fourths and Mr. Holmes's one-fourth. 308 THE ATHEN^UM, 1873 — 1875. year. He was apprenticed to Mr. Thomas Besley, of Exeter, on the i6th of September, 1806. The Athenmun of the 12th of July states : " He commenced business on his own account in March, 1825, at 4, Took's Court, Chancery Lane. He was the printer of the Law Journal and Laxv Advertiser, and the Literary Magnet. During 1827-8 he printed the Londo7i Weekly Review, of which Col. D. L. Richardson was the proprietor, and Mr. St. John the editor: this publication was discontinued early in 1829. The Court jfonmal \\'3.s also originated at Mr. Holmes's office in 1829. In the same year, Mr. Silk Buckingham sold the Athenceiun to Mr. John Sterling, and shortly afterwards the printing of the journal was transferred to Took's Court." In the year 1869 Mr. Holmes sold his share in the Athenceum and retired from business. On July 19th, 1873, a letter from Mr. Lewtas says : " Mr. Cook, of St. Paul's Churchyard, who is known in Portugal as the Viscount de Mon- serrate, and who owns the beautiful villa formerly possessed by Beckford, has pur- The convent chased of Count Penamacor the old Capu- r.t Cintra. , • ^ chin Convent on the Serra of Cintra. The English know the building as Cork Con- vent ; the corridors and rooms having been lined by the monks with that material in THE ATHEN^UM, 1873— 1875. 309 ' Paul Ferroll. order to counteract the damp of the misty mountain." The death of Mrs. Archer Clive, the Mrs. Archer Olive author of 'Paul FerroU ' and 'Why Paul author 'of Ferroll Killed his Wife,' is announced on the same date. " A week ago she was in her boudoir, surrounded by books, and having immediately about her a mass of manu- script, when an atom of live coal, flying from the grate to her dress, ignited not only the latter, but the manuscripts littered at her feet, enveloping the unfortunate lady in flames almost instantaneously." Her first work was published in 1840, 'IX. Poems by V.'; and in 1842, still as v., she brought out a new poem entitled ' I Watched the Heavens.' " Nine years afterwards, in 185 1, she published yet another, called 'The Valley of the Rea'; and, yet later, in 1853, another, the name of which was 'The Morlas.'" The death of Mr. Thomas Chisholm Anstey, at Bombay on the 1 3th of August, is noted on the 23rd. He "was one of the earlier contribu- tors to the Dublin Review shortly after it was started, in 1836, under the triple guidance of Daniel O'Connell, Cardinal (then Dr.) Wiseman, and the late Mr. Henry Bagshawe." An obituary notice of Mrs. Alfred Gatty appears on the nth of October. She was the younger daughter of the Rev. Dr. Scott, Lord Thomas Chishohn Anstey. Mrs. Alfred Gatty. 310 THE ATHEN^UM, 1873 — 1875. Nelson's chaplain on board the Victory at Trafalgar, and was born at Burnham, Essex, in 1809. In 1842, in association with her husband, the Rev. Alfred Gatty, D.D., she brought out ' The Life of Dr. Scott,' her father. Her first independent work appeared in 185 1, "being a graceful melange of fanciful stories, entitled 'The Fairy Godmothers, and other Tales.' In 1855, she followed up this first success with the earliest of the five volumes of her ' Parables from Nature.'" In 1856 Mrs. Gatty published her ' Worlds not Realized,' and a year after- wards her ' Proverbs Illustrated'; in 1858 'The Poor Incumbent ' and ' Legendary Tales,' the latter embellished by Phiz. In May, 1866, she began her monthly organ for children, Aimt Judys Magazine. " The news of Mrs. Gatty's death will be something like a home-grief in many a nursery." " One of those men of iron will and steadfast determination, whose deeds form landmarks in the history of English adventure and discovery," Sir Robert Sir Robert M'Clure, died on the I7th of October. M'Clure. ' The Athenmim of the ist of November says : " It was on the morning of October 26th, 1850, that Robert M'Clure, standing on a lofty hill on Bank's Land, sighted Barrow Strait and the coast of Melville Island beyond, and thus be- came the discoverer of the North-West Passage. THE ATHEN^UM, 1873— 1875. 3II All doubt as to the existence of a water com- munication between the two great oceans was removed. The hill was called ' Mount Observa- Qj^i^^°™.^„^ tion.' In the following year, M'Clure performed, probably, the most wonderful feat of ice naviga- tion on record, passing round the south and west sides of Bank's Land, between the shore and the stupendous ice-fields of that inland sea, until he reached the bay of God's Mercy, on the northern coast. The two winters passed in this cheerless spot well-nigh exhausted the provisions, and M'Clure had made all his preparations for abandoning the ship, when, on the 6th of April, 1852, a party from the Resolute came to his relief. The comparatively short march from the Bay of Mercy to the Resolute's position off Melville Island completed the North-West Discovers ^ , , , ^. , 1 • , T , • . > the North- Passage; and M'Clure and his 'Investigators are Vi?est Passage. the only men who have ever passed from ocean to ocean round the northern side of North America." The fourteenth publication of the Spenser The Spenser Society, consisting of a second collection of ^"^'^ ^' the works of John Taylor, the Water-Poet, not included in the folio of 1630, is announced on the 8th of November, 1873. It is also mentioned that the Early English Text Society will complete the tenth year of its life on Decem- ber 31st. 312 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 873 — 1 875. Mrs, Janet The death of Mrs. Janet Hamilton, "the well- Ilamilton. known Scotch poetess," is recorded on the same date. " She was of very humble origin, and was married at the early age of thirteen. She could not write, and had to dictate her compositions to her husband, who was a shoemaker, and he reduced them to writing. Her works consist of ' Poems and Essays,' ' Poems and Sketches,' &c., a new edition of them, it is said, being now in the press. Mrs. Hamilton was born in 1795." Sodet^"Xlt ^^^ anniversary meeting of the Royal Society anniversary on Monday, the 1st of December, was held in the meeting in . ., ,, Burlington ncw domicile allotted to the Society in Burlington I louse. House. The A thencEum of December 6th states : " The retiring President, Sir George Airy, com- menced his address by congratulating the Society on the 'scientific, literary, and social accommoda- tion they now enjoy ' in their new ' localization,' and expressed his hope that they were there ' established with a degree of permanency at least comparable to that which the Society experienced in Crane Court and in Somerset House.' " ^187^^' '^^^ obituary for 1 873 includes Dr. Lushington ; Mr. Charles Longman, F.G.S. ; Prof. Sedg- wick ; Mr. J. S. Le Fanu, the novelist ; Sir Fre- deric Madden, for many years head of the Manu- script Department in the British Museum; Lord de la Zouche ; Sir Henry Holland ; Mr. J. THE ATHEN^UM, 1873— 1875. 313 Gough Nichols ; Mr. John Yonge Akerman, many years secretary of the Society of Anti- quaries, and author of many valuable works and papers relating to numismatics or archaeology (he was also " the first railway journalist, being editor and one of the founders of the Railway Maga- zine, now called Herapath's Railway Journal, and bearing 1835 on its title as the date of its establishment"); Mr. William James Adams, the publisher of Bradshaw's Guides from the first number, which was issued in 1839, and "con- sisted of only about 38 pages"; Mr. John Arrowsmith, the last of the well - known family of geographers ; Mr. Emanuel Oscar Deutsch ; Mr. M. J. Whitty, the proprietor of the Liverpool Daily Post and the Liverpool Journal ; Mr. John Camden Hotten, the publisher, of Piccadilly ; and Mr. Thornton Leigh Hunt. Mr. David Morier Evans, who had been con- 5874. nected with the London press from the time David Morier he was sixteen, died on the ist of January, 1874, ^^^"^ at the age of fifty-four. The Athaimnu of the loth states : "He served under Mr. Alsager, City editor of the Times, for some years. At his death, Mr. Evans became assistant City editor to Mr. Sampson, of the Times, and in that capacity acquired a reputation in the best financial circles accorded to few men. In 1857 314 THE ATHEN^UM, I873— 1875. Mr. Evans associated himself with the present proprietor of the Standard, as manager and City editor; and his ability and industry, as well as his high character in the City, con- tributed greatly to the success of that journal. In 1872 he withdrew from the Standard, and last year founded the Hour newspaper. Un- happily, a malady from which he had long been suffering rapidly developed itself under the re- sponsibilities of his new enterprise, and mind and body alike gave way under the trial He had always a kind heart and an open purse for all comers." Mr. Evans was the author of "'The Commercial Crisis of 1847- 1848,' 'City Men and City Manners,' 'Facts, Failures, and Frauds,' &c. He was also the editor and part proprietor of the Bankers' Magazine, the Bankers' Almanac, and the Bidliojiist." A review of * Lancashire Worthies,' by Francis Espinasse, appeared on January 17th, in which The the following reference is made to Hawar- estate. den : " Some of the wealth of the Stanleys, con- fiscated in the Commonwealth days, has gone in strange directions. Thus, the Hawarden estate in Flintshire fell into the hands of ' rascal Glyn,' who had no more principle than the Stanleys of the Bosworth days. The estate is still in the hands of a descendant of the famous, or in- famous, Serjeant Glyn, namely Sir Stephen THE ATHENyEUM, 1873 — 1875. 315 Glynne, Bart. The sister of Sir Stephen married Mr. Gladstone, and the old possession of the Earls of Derby is now the country-seat of the Prime Minister of England." On the 31st of January the following an- nouncement is made in reference to Dr. Living- Dr. stone : " We are able to state that the telegram Livingstone. from the acting Consul General at Zanzibar, which appeared in the daily papers on Wednes- day, has convinced Dr. Kirk that the tidings of Dr. Livingstone's death are true. The tele- ^'^ death. gram tells us that he had ' attempted to cross Lake Bemba from the north, and, failing in this, had doubled back and rounded the lake, cross- ing the Chambize and the other rivers flowing from it ; had then crossed the Luapula, and died in Lobisa, after having crossed a marshy country, with the water for three hours at a time above the waist ; ten of his men had died, and the remainder, consisting of seventy-nine men, were marching to Unyanyembe.' These details are but scanty, and we have heard little regarding the great traveller's movements since Mr. Stanley left him. At that time he was, our readers will remember, fully convinced of the identity of his triple Lualaba with the Nile. His theory was contested by most geographers ; but we propose deferring further discussion of the subject of Livingstone's later explorations 3l6 THE ATHEN^UM, 1873 — 1875. of English explorers. Mr. Adam Black. till further details shall reach this country While we are disposed to think that Livingstone was greater as a traveller than a geographer, no The greatest one will deny that he stands at the head of English explorers, that he dared more and achieved more than any of his predecessors, and that it is not likely that his feats will ever be thrown into the shade." On the same date, the death, on the 24th, of Mr. Adam Black, "the last of those who were publishers in Edinburgh in the days when it was really a literary centre, and could boast of an independent literary activity," is recorded. He was born at Edinburgh on the 20th of February, 1784. He commenced his business career in London, but in 1807 returned to his native place, "and opened a shop on the South Bridge, close to that of Mr. William Blackwood, who was only eight years his senior, and who had not then com- menced the publication of the magazine that was destined to make his name so famous. Constable's was, of course, the chief publishing house in the city ; but when that firm failed, in 1827, both his younger rivals profited by the catastrophe Messrs. A. & C. Black, to give the firm its now well-known name, became the Scotch agents for the Edinburgh Revieiv, which had, on the downfall of the Princes Street THE ATHEN/EUM, 1873— 1875. 317 house, passed wholly into the hands of Messrs. Longmans, and they undertook the Edinburgh agency for the other publications of Messrs. Longmans, an agency which they retained during about thirty years. Mr. Black also bought, along with the late Mr. Thomson, and the late Mr. Allan, of the Caledonian Mercury, the copyright of the ' Encyclopaedia Britannica,' The ' En- which, under Constable's management, had i^itanllica.' grown to be the most important work of the kind issued in this country. The shares of the two other proprietors subsequently passed into Mr. Black's hands ; but soon after his con- nexion with the ' Encyclopaedia ' began, the seventh edition was announced ; the publication of it in monthly parts spreading out over nearly twelve years altogether, from the March of 1830 to the January of 1842. Nearly eleven years afterwards, namely, at the close of 1852, the eighth edition (which was completed in i860) began to make its appearance. Fourteen years having passed since that was finished, another, the ninth edition, of the great ' Encyclopaedia ' was, just at the time of the demise of its venerable publisher, in active preparation." In 185 1, after the decease of Cadell, Messrs. Black became possessed of another portion of Constable's literary inheritance, purchasing for 27,000/. the remainder copyright of the 3i8 THE ATHEN^UM, 1873— 1875. Copyright VVaverley Novels, and the other works of Sir Waveiiey Walter Scott. In the same year they re- Novels, moved from No. 27 to their present abode on the opposite side of North Bridge. In i860 the house acquired the copyright of De Ouincey's Mr. Black's works. Mr. Black's principal writings were writings. unobtrusively put forth, appearing in the ' Encyclopaedia,' and signed with his initials, A. B. Of his political career it is unnecessary to speak here ; an excellent account of it appears in the memoir'^ of him by Sheriff Nicolson in the Scots^nan, from which some of the facts above mentioned are taken. H.M.S. Challenger had left England on her voyage of scientific research on the 21st of December, 1872, and the Admiralty favoured the AthencEum with a perusal of some extracts from the despatches of Capt. George S. Nares, the commander of the expedition, the naturalist staff being under Prof Wyville Thomson. A brief resume o{ the route and the results of the voyage is given in a series of articles which The Challenger * In 1885 the 'Memoirs of Adam Black,' edited by Alexander Nicolson, LL.D., were published, a review of which appears in the Athenceuin of the loth of October. The firm of Adam & Charles Black, which originally consisted of Mr. Black and his nephew (both deceased), has been carried on for many years by his three sons. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/3 — 1 875. 319 appeared on February 21st, March 28th, April 1 8th, and June 20th, 1874. Mr. Shirley Brooks, the successor of Mark Shirley- Lemon as editor oi Ptmch, died on Monday, the „ , 23rd of February, in his fifty-ninth year. The Athenceuin of the 28th states that he " was about the last survivor of the original band of Punchites. Thackeray, Lemon, Jerrold, May- hew, Hood, and others — they were all gone ! leaving Shirley Brooks, during these last three or four years, to conduct the London Charivari, at the head of a little band of humourists of a younger generation. Under his management there was no appreciable falling off in the sprightly pages of the doyen among our comic periodicals. No small praise that, considering how many wits had been lost to Whitefriars ! Keeping well together the writers who were left to him, and happily still retaining among his staff the very prince of cartoonists, Mark Lemon's successor, ever since the May of 1870, sustained the high reputation secured to itself by Punch during the preceding quarter of a century," Like Boz at starting, " he early took his place in the ranks of journalism as a Parliamentary reporter, wrote farces for the London theatres, and in the end, after con- tributing to the newspapers and the magazines, became a serial novelist Twenty-one years 320 THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 8/3 — 1 875. ago he produced the earliest of his novels, 'Aspen Court,' inscribed by him to Charles Dickens. In 1858 he issued from the press, in twelve monthly instalments, beginning in January and ending in December, his serial tale of ' The Gordian Knot,' illustrated by Tenniel. Three years afterwards he penned his kindred fiction of ' The Silver Cord,' and between 1866 and 1868 completed, in seventeen monthly numbers, his latest romance of every-day life, called * Sooner or Later.' Besides editing Punch, Shirley Brooks wrote to the last, as he had done for many years past, the column of weekly gossip in the Illicstrated London NeivsT New editor In the following week Mr. Tom Taylor is of Punch. ^ ^ announced as the new editor of Punch. The establishment, by English and American Asiatic residents, of an Asiatic Society of Japan at Japan." Yokohama is announced on the 9th of May, the first annual meeting having been held on the 8th of October, 1873. Mr. Mowbray The death of Mr. Mowbray Morris, in his fifty-fifth year, is noticed in the same number. " Mr. Morris, who was born in Jamaica, studied at Cambridge, and was subsequently called to the Bar. In 1847 he became connected with the Thncs as a contributor, and shortly after- wards he was appointed manager of that journal. For a few years past he had been in THE ATHEN.'EUM, 1 873 — 1 875. 321 failing health, and some time ago he found himself compelled to retire from the post he had held for a quarter of a century. Mr. Morris possessed a singularly clear intellect, cultivated taste, and a kindly vein of humour, which served him in good stead in directing the complicated affairs of a great paper." The death, on the 5th of April, of Com- mander Richard James Morrison, of the Royal Capt. R. [. Navy, is also recorded on May 9th: "Every " *^'""""^'^- year since 1830 — that is, for a period of forty- four years consecutively — he had, under the tolerably notorious signature of Zadkiel Tao- Zaakicl. Sze, brought out his little sixpenny pamphlet, known far and wide among the credulous as ZadkieVs Almanac." He was the author of the ' Handbook of Astrology ' and of ' The Horo- scope.' " He wrote, besides these, for several years in succession, the ' Astronomical Ephc- meris,' a remarkable little book, entitled ' Astro- nomy in a Nutshell,' and a daring treatise, embellished with ten large geometrical en- gravings — a treatise setting the whole New- tonian scheme of the heavens openly at defiance — a nine- shilling octavo, flagrantly entitled ' The Solar System as it Is and not as it is Represented.' Capt. Morrison, otherwise ' Zad- kiel,' passed through the world with the reputa- tion, among the many, of a charlatan, but VOL II. Y 322 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/3 — 1 875. among a select few, of a clever and accom- plished man, whose preference for odd studies amounted to something very like a distinct Brings action hallucination." On the 29th of June, 1863, he no^bst Sir brought an action against Sir Edward Belcher Edward for having libelled him, by denouncing him as Belcher. , an impostor. " According to the Tunes report of the proceedings, * various persons of rank ' appeared in the witness-box and gave evidence, all of them on behalf of the plaintiff; among them the late Lord Lytton, the Earl of Wilton, Lady Harry Vane, and Lady Egerton of Tatton. After a careful summing-up of this evidence by Sir Alexander Cockburn, the verdict found was for the plaintiff." Capt. Morrison was " the restorer and Grand Master in this country The Tao-Sze. of the Tao-Sze, a secret society intended to be of immense power, and to outshine the Free- masons." The following is among the " Literary Gossip " of the 23rd of May : " A correspondent, who usurps the name of Zadkiel, writes : — " ' Commander Morrison had, for many years, greatly assisted in writing the work so well known as ZadkieVs Almanac ; but he was only one of the contributors, and others, and among them his pupils in the science, have been, and are also, contributors to the work, which is too laborious a production for any one hand. So the book is still the writings of the various men of science known under the name of Zadkiel ; and there is abund- THE ATHENyEUM, 1873 — 1875. 323 ance of matter from the pen of the late Capt. Morrison now in the hands of the editors. But, deeply as his fellow-workers regret the loss of their able and learned coadjutor, yet the Almanac, &c., is edited and circulated all over the world, and, though Capt. Morrison is no ^ ,, . , Zadkiel more, Zadkiel lives.' " lives. It is stated on May 30th that " the whole of the remaining copies of Turner's ' Picturesque Tuiner'* Views in England and Wales ' " had been sold ' yJews T^ by Messrs. Christie, Manson & Woods on England and Wales.' the previous Wednesday. " The largest copies (colombier folio), with letter-press, realized prices ranging from 52/. to 66/. each." The celebration of the centenary of the birth Centenary of of the weaver-poet Tannahill at Paisley is weaver-poet, mentioned on the 13th of June. Business was almost entirely suspended in the town. " A public dinner, over which Provost Murray pre- sided, was given, and at a festival in the evening some of Tannahill's most popular melodies were sung. Mr. Gardner published an edition of the poet's works, with a Memoir by Mr. Semple." Mr. Howard Staunton died suddenly on Howard Monday, June 22nd. The AtJiencemn of the 27th states : " He was found dead in his chair in his library, with an unfinished letter to our- selves lying on the desk before him In his early days he was extremely fond of the stage, and, although an amateur, he had the honour 324 THE ATHEN^UM, 1873 — 1875. riays with on One occasion, he has told us, of playing Kean. Lorenzo to the Shylock of Edmund Kean Between 1857 and i860, he superintended for Messrs. Routledge an edition of Shakspeare, which, in spite of Sir John Gilbert's illustra- tions, was at once recognized by scholars as a most important recension of the text. Its value has been proved by the appearance of at least two reprints. In 1864 he brought out his splendid fac-simile of the folio of 1623 ; and he also published his ' Memorials of Shakspeare.' In October, 1872, he commenced in our columns ■ Unsuspected a Series of articles on * Unsuspected Corruptions ("oriuptions r c^^ ^ i-r-.ii of of Shakspeare s Text, which are known to all '^ \ext^''^^ ou'' readers, and which attracted attention not in this country only, but also on the Continent and in America. These papers were intended to be merely preliminary to a new edition of Shakspeare, in which Mr. Staunton proposed to embody the results of the uninterrupted study of the text to which he had devoted attention ever since the issue of Messrs. Routledge's edition. To this o/>us magnum he hoped to give the remainder of his life, and he issued a pro- spectus, which met with much approval ; but the money necessary to enable him to carry out his fondly-cherished design was not forthcoming, and his intention has unfortunately remained unfulfilled. To Mr. Staunton's attainments as a THE ATHEN^UM, 1 873 — 1 875. 325 chess-player we can but make a passing allusion. His victory over M. St. Amant won for him P!uropean fame as a player, and his writings gave him a place as a leading authority on the game. His publications include the well-known 'Chess-Player's Handbook,' published in 1847; a supplement to that work, called ' Chess Praxis,' issued in i860 ; and the ' Chess Tourna- ment,' issued in 1852. From the commence- ment, too, we believe he conducted the chess column of the Illustrated London News, which. Chess columu under his management, soon became renowned, lUiistratai his answers to correspondents being especially ^""'^"^''''"^" interesting to chess-players." ' Recollections of a Tour made in Scotland, A.D. 1803,' by Dorothy Wordsworth, edited by Wordsworth'^ Sister J. C. Shairp, LL.D., is reviewed on the nth of July. "The 'Recollections' contain a minute history of the expedition made by Wordsworth and his sister, — with Coleridge for their com- panion, as far as Loch Lomond, — in an Irish car, from Keswick, through Glasgow, up to Loch Lomond and the Trossachs, and so round through Edinburgh and Peebles back to Gras- mere. It is hardly necessary to say that the narrative is most charming There are some interesting notices of Coleridge in this volume, and its later pages give a pleasant account of the visit paid by the Wordsworths to Walter 326 THE ATHEN^UM, 1873— 1875. Scott, then a young man hardly known to fame. The student of Scottish institutions two genera- tions ago will also find in it much instructive and entertaining matter." The following appears in the "Literary Gossip" of July 1 8th: "From a brief memoir, just issued, Childhood of of the late Mr. John Gough Nichols, the Herald N'^h ^°"^!i and Genealogist, we find that in his early boyhood Mr. Disraeli, he had for a schoolfellow the present Prime Minister, Mr. Disraeli. Both of these gentle- men, who have become so distinguished in different walks of literature, in 181 1 went to a school at Islington kept by a Miss Roper." John Francis John Francis contributes the following on devdopment J^^Y ^Sth in reference to the development of of the press, the press : " At the recent Festival of the Printers' Pension Corporation, Mr. Walter spoke of the early efforts of his father as a printer. The Times, as we know, was established in the year 1788, and from the first the question of machinery became a study, and improvement at repeated intervals has been the result. The machinery employed fifty years ago, 1824, could not give out more than twelve to fifteen hundred copies per hour. The Applegarth, or ' mangle ' machine, introduced, we believe, about the year 1830, was a great improvement upon its prede- cessors, and gave a decided stimulus to the sale. With the present machinery the speed is at the THE ATHEN^UM, I 8/3 — 1875. 327 rate of twelve tJiousand per hour. It was, how- ever, the fiscal restriction imposed upon -the press that retarded its progress. We have looked carefully over a copy of the Times for the 1st of January, 1824,* a small sheet of four pages only, and have arrived at the conclu- sion that for that one day's issue its proprietors paid no less a sum than 181/. in taxes to the State. No mitigation of these laws took place until 1836, when the advertisement duty, the compulsory stamp, and the paper duty were all reduced. The prosperity of the daily papers, of course, dates from that time. " In 1824, there were published in the United Newspapers Kingdom, 266 papers in all, thus divided : Kin"-dom. London, 31 ; in the country, 135 ; in Ireland, 58 ; in Scotland, '}^'^ ; in the British Islands, 9. In the present year the aggregate number is 1,585. Estimating the news sheets printed in 1824, we cannot place the number at more than thirty millions of sheets. At the present period, we do not doubt that the issue is six hundred and fifty millions of sheets per annum. " The Post-Office Directory for the year 1824 gives the names of 136 master printers in Lon- don. The present year's Directory gives the names of ']']']. * It was at the beginning of this year Mr. Francis was apprenticed at Marlborough's. 328 THE ATHEN^UM, 1873 — 1875. "We subjoin the list of daily papers, morning and evening, published in 1824. The curious, in such matters should examine the list of weekly papers issued in London at that period, and also the lists including the country papers, and for Ireland, Scotland, and the British Islands. " Daily. — British Press, Chronicle, Post, Herald, Morning Advertiser, Public Ledger, Times, New Times. " Daily Evening. — British Traveller, Courier, Globe and Traveller, Star, Statesman, Sun." Public The first of a series of articles on " The London. Public Libraries of London " appears on Sep- tember 26th, the library of Sion College being taken first, followed by that of Lambeth Palace on October 17th and 31st, and Dr. Williams's on the 26th of December. When in 1852 Messrs. Griffin & Co. became proprietors of the ' Encyclopaedia Metropolitana,' they commenced an issue of the most impor- tant articles in smaller volumes than the quarto ones in which this extensive work originally Phillips on appeared. Among these was ' Metallurgy,' by J. Arthur Phillips. The Athenman of October 3rd, 1874, thus refers to this work : "The book was the first treatise on metallurgy proper pub- lished in this kingdom, although England had long been the most important mining and THE ATHENzEUM, 1 873— 1 875. 329 metallurgical country in the world. It therefore attracted considerable attention, and three editions were published before 1858. Since that time, Dr. Percy's comprehensive volumes on the Metallurgies of Copper, Zinc, Lead, and Iron, have appeared. Several works have been translated from the French and German, and some useful manuals, on the smelting processes of special metals, have been written ; but no well-illustrated treatise, in a single volume, describing with any detail the metallurgical operations relating to the principal metals, has been published." Then, in reviewing Mr. Phillips's ' Elements of Metallurg>^' it is said ; " The wish for such a volume has been re- peatedly expressed, and it is to supply that want that the present ' Elements of Metallurgy' has been produced. It must not be regarded as a new edition of the author's ' Metallurgy.' It is an entirely new book." Mr. Phillips states that Quantities of met.ils oh- in 1872 the following quantities of metals were tained in 1872 obtained in the British Isles : — Tons. £. Pig Iron 6,741,929, valued at 18,540,304 Copper 5,703 „ 583,232 Tin 9,560 „ 1,459,990 Lead 60455 » 1,209,115 Zinc 5,191 „ 118,076 Silver (ounces) 628,920 „ 157,230 The total value being 22,067,947 330 THE ATHEN.'EUM, 1 873 — 1 875. Of coal we raised 123,497,316 tons, of the value of 46,311,143/., and the earthy minerals were valued at 1,811,826/. The total value of metals and minerals was 70,190,916/. Bryan Waller The death of Bryan Waller Procter, " Barry Procter Cornwall," at the age of eighty-five, is noticed on the loth of October. "As a poet, he per- haps will live as long by his lyrics as by any of his works. ' The Sea ! the Sea ! ' ' King Death ' (a poem almost, rather than a song) ; the joyous ' Best of all good company,' and such perfect ballads as the ' Song to Twilight,' and that more 'The Nights.' exquisite one still, ' The Nights,' will be sung for many a long year after Barry Cornwall's other productions will be only on the shelves of the curious in rare books. The last stanza of ' The Nights ' is now appropriate to himself: — Oh, the Night brings sleep To the green woods deep ; To the bird of the woods, its nest. To care, soft hours ; To life, new powers ; To the sick and the weary, — Rest ! Among the most favourable specimens of Procter's prose writings may be mentioned his sympathetic life of Edmund Kean, and his last work (1866), his simple and touching biography of Charles Lamb. This book, written in the author's seventy - seventh year, shows that, whatever age a man may be, the pure human THE ATHEN.EUM, 1873— 1875. 33t heart is for ever young In Mr. Procter we have lost one of the last of those who wrote in the Athcnmim, when we numbered among the contributors to our columns Charles Lamb, Landor, Miss Barrett (Mrs. Barrett Browning), Hood, Jerrold, Allan Cunningham, Leigh Hunt, Sheridan Knowles, the Corn- Law Rhymer, the Ettrick Shepherd, &c. Mr. Carlyle, Mrs. Norton, and Mrs. Howitt are among the few still surviving of our con- tributors of that day." On the 17th of October it is stated that " Col. Col. P. -■rT , t A 1- 1 Egerton P. Egerton Warburton, the Australian explorer, Warbmton. whose wonderful expedition from the centre of Australia to the West Coast, accomplished by him and his party under difficulties and privations of a most appalling character, was rewarded with the gold medal of the Geo- graphical Society, is now in London." Col. Warburton published an account of his "journey across the Western Interior of Australia," Mr, Charles H. Eden writing an introduction, and Mr. H. W. Bates editing the journal. A review of this book appears in the Athenceiini of the 8th of May, 1875. The expedition originated in the public spirit of two colonists, Messrs. Hughes and Elder, who most liberally defrayed its ex- penses. " The Greville Memoirs : a Journal of the 332 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1873 — 1875. 'TheGreville Reigns of King George the Fourth and King William the Fourth. By the late Charles C. F. Greville, Esq., edited by Henry Reeve, 3 vols.," is the subject of the first review in the number for October 24th, 1874. The article, which occupies nearly ten columns, thus closes : " We confess we leave this work with regret. It is not only that it is brimfull of amusement and of valuable historical instruction, but that the personal story has a great interest and a great A spoilt life, moral. Mr. Greville's life was a spoilt life. He was fitted for better things than sinecures, or an office with few duties. The former left him in early manhood to much dissipation and idleness, facts, with their results, which he never ceases to deplore when he leaves the society of highly intellectual men, men of wide reading and retentive memories, and thinks, not always correctly, how much he is their inferior, and how, but for time wasted, he might have been more on an equality with the better-trained men whom he admired and envied. We do him the justice of saying that he has made some amends by contributing these charming Memoirs, as excellent material to the social and political history of his time Greville remarks with a sententious philosophy which finds repeated illustration, ' The more one reads and hears of great men the more reconciled one becomes to THE ATHEN.EUM, 1873— 1875. 333 one's own mediocrity.' Throughout his book, his homage is for the men of wit and culture. He saw too much of the ' great men ' in poh- tical intrigue to feel for them either respect or envy. Mr. Greville died in January, 1865."* On the 20th of March, 1875, Mr. Charles J. Monk writes : " A charge of a grave nature having been brought by the editor of the * Greville Memoirs ' against the literary charac- ter of my father, the late Bishop Monk, I |l'^^?P •' _ Monk. venture to ask your permission to lay before the public the evidence in my possession of the utter groundlessness of an accusation, in support of which Mr. Reeve has adduced not one atom of evidence." The letter occupies five columns. Three more volumes of the 'Greville Memoirs,' ' < Sreviiie Memoirs, forming the second part, and reaching from ran II. 1837 to 1852, were reviewed on the 24th of October, 1885, and the hope was expressed that Mr. Reeve would " lose no time in bringing out the journals for nine years more, coming down to i860." This hope was soon fulfilled, for on the 22nd r^iit HI. of January, 1887, the last two volumes of Charles Greville's Memoirs, embracing the years * ' Greville be Reeved ; or, New Wax (Whacks) for Old Cobblers,' a poem in the press by Lord Winchilsea, is announced on the i6th of January, 1875. 334 'i'HE ATHEN^UM, 1873— 1 875. 1852 to i860, were noticed. The memoirs extended over more than forty-two years, and " Greville was sixty-six years old when, in November, i860, he made his last pathetic entry in his journal : ' I have long seen that it is useless to attempt to carry it on, for I am entirely out of the way of hearing anything of the slightest interest beyond what is known to all the world.' " Ande^on. ^^- J^'^^^ U. Anderson, the proprietor and The Orr^fl'w;;. editor of the Orcadian, died on the 17th of October, 1874, and the AthetKEJim of the 24th states : " He was the first to found a newspaper among the Northern Islands. The Oiradian was started at Kirkwall, in 1854. Mr. Anderson was seventy-seven years of age, and died at his desk." Dr. Lankester. The death of Dr. Edwin Lankester on the 30th of October is noticed on the 7th of November. "Born in 18 14, within a mile of the town of Woodbridge, in Suffolk, he received his medical education at University College ; after which, in 1839, he obtained his M.D. at Heidelberg. In 1845 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1862 was appointed Coroner for Central Middlesex His facility of expression has made Dr. Lankester a popular author, and no one was more willine than he to employ his special knowledge in THE ATHEN^UM, 1873 — 1875. 335 writing for the promotion of scientific interests and the protection of humanity from many of the ills which can be either removed or miti- gated by a little judiciously applied information." He was for a long time a frequent contributor to the AtJiencBum. On the 28th of November it is announced Enlargement that at the commencement of the coming year rl, ^'^'6' ^ ■' leUgraph. the Daily Telegraph will permanently enlarge its pages by increasing the length of its columns, and adding another column to each page. On the same date the death of Tom Hood, Tom Hood, "the son of the celebrated poet, so long closely ^^'^^'-of^""- connected with this journal," is noticed. He was born at Wandsworth in 1835. "His first appearance in print was a miscellaneous volume, published in 1856, and after that he produced a variety of poems, novels, and children's books. For the last few years he has been best known to the public as the Editor of Fimr On December 12th the first volume of 'The Life of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort,' by Theodore Martin, is reviewed. In the same number the first notice appears 'Last Journals of ' The Last Journals of David Livingstone,' Livingstone ' edited by the Rev. H. Waller. In the second notice on the 19th it is said of Livingstone: "Other travellers have died in Africa; he did r874- 336 THE ATHEN.«UM, 1 873— 1 875. more, he lived in it. Like the Romans, he in- habited the countries which he conquered." Obituary, The obituary of the year 1874 includes Mr. Robert White, author of a history of the battle of Otterburn and of one of that of Bannockburn ; Dr. Binney ; Mr. Albert Way, " one of the most accomplished of correspondents and indefatig- able of antiquaries "; Mary Wilson, " the second daughter of ' Christopher North,' and the widow of the late John Thomson Gordon, Sheriff of Midlothian"; Dr. R. Cowie, of Lerwick, author of ' Shetland and the Shetlanders '; Mr. John C. Montesquieu Bellew ; Mr. John Blackie, "the founder of the well-known publishing house of Blackie & Son"; Mr. C. F. Tyrwhitt - Drake, whose work in connexion with the Palestine Exploration Fund had been often noticed in the AtJienceum ; Mr. Henry Stephens, author of ' The Book of the Farm '; Mr. John Heneage Jesse ; Mr. E. W. Robertson, author of ' Scot- land under her Early Kings ' and of ' Historical Essays in Connexion with the Land and the Church'; Mr. W. D. Christie, who in 1870 brought out " an excellent edition of Dryden in the 'Globe' series"; Mr. E. A, Moriarty, who had translated 'Pickwick' and others of Dickens's novels into German ; Dr. Beke ; Prof Cosmo Innes, author of a large number of works on Scottish history, law, and antiquities, and an THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 873 — 1 875. 33/ active supporter of the Bannatyne, Maitland, and Spalding Clubs ; Sydney Dobell, many of whose poems first appeared in the AthencBMu, some under the noni de guerre of " Sydney Yendys "; Mr. Charles Swain, the Manchester poet, author of ' The Mind, and other Poems,' published in 1831, and several other volumes of poems ; Mrs. A. Marsh, author of ' Two Old Men's Tales,' 'Emilia Wyndham,' 'Nor- man's Bridge,' &c. ; and Mr. Oliver Madox Brown, author of ' Gabriel Denver,' written when he was eighteen. The second number for 1875, that of January 1875. 9th, opens with a review of ' Assyrian Dis- 9\^'"'.-'' "^ coveries,' by George Smith. " In this volume Discoveries.' Mr. Smith tells us, in modest and unassuming language, the result of two visits he made, first at the instance of the Daily Telegraph, and, secondly, for the Trustees of the British Museum, to sites which, twenty years ago, were so well known from the labours of Layard and Loftus." These excavators " were not Assyrian scholars ; yet they had the wit to collect as many of the fragments of these tablets as they could, feeling sure that if ever the language of the Inscriptions should be fairly made out, these little monuments would prove of the highest philological and historical value. All honour, therefore, to men who even in blindness collected VOL. II. Z 338 THE ATHEN^UM, 1873— 1875. what has since proved so invaluable ! On the other hand, Mr. Smith was ' the first upon that ancient ground for whom the slabs and tablets Liberality had no secret' Mr. Smith secured for the of the Daily . . . • 1 1 1 Telegraph, nation (the Daily lekgraph havmg, with laud- able good feeling, sent to the British Museum the whole of the results of Mr. Smith's first journey) nearly 3,000 additional tablets, or frag- ments of tablets, — determined the date of the construction of the south-east palace at Nimrud (w^hich Layard thought much later) to be that of Shalmanezer, B.C. 860, a palace, the walls of which were lined with plaster, painted with beautiful figures, some still fairly preserved, — discovered seventeen lines of the first column of the Chaldean account of the Deluge, fitting, too (and this is a most noteworthy fact), into the only place where there was any important blank in the story, — together with other tablets, re- lating to Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal, and a record of Sargon's expedition against Ashdod, to which Isaiah refers." On the 13th of February it is stated that Mr. Smith has discovered among the Assyrian tablets in the British Museum the legend of the building of the Tower of Babel. ' Chaldean ' The Chaldean Account of Genesis,' by Geo, Account of (-, .^, . . , , o 1 /• T^ 1 Genesis.' omith, is reviewed on the i8th of December. " The value of the present work is its complete- Kingsley. Locke.' THE ATHEN^UM, 1873 — 1875. 339 ness. In one volume, of very moderate compass, Mr. Smith tells all that Assyriologists (and him- self pre-eminently at the head of such researches) have made out up to this time on the interesting subjects of the Deluge, the Creation and Fall of Man, the (possible) building of the Tower of Babel, and the identification by him of the Biblical Nimrod as a personage he (provisionally) calls Izdubar." Canon Kingsley died on Saturday, the 23rd of Charles January, and the y^//^^;^<^;<';;/ of the 30th says: " Mr. Kingsley's reputation will eventually, we suspect, rest upon ' Alton Locke.' That striking ^^'.^on novel probably occupies a permanent place in literature, and in it we plainly see the two main influences that moulded the writer's opinions. A great horror of the Calvinistic theory of Rewards and Punishments was the basis of his religious opinions — Is selfishness for a time a sin, Stretched out into eternity celestial prudence? And coming early under the influence of Mr. Maurice, he embraced with ardour the doctrines of that great theologian, whose chief work, ' The Kingdom of Christ,' appeared just after Mr. Kingsley took his degree. "With these he, curiously enough, combined the teachings of Mr. Carlyle, especially in ' Sartor Resartus '; and clothing the doctrines he had thus imbibed in a 340 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 873 — 1 875. dramatic and vigorous form, he at once attained a wide-spread popularity. It may be objected that both in ' Alton Locke ' and in * Yeast ' he raises questions which he by no means answers ; but this artistic incompleteness did not tend to diminish the immediate effect on his readers. We cannot at all agree with the critics who consider ' Hypatia ' and ' Westward Ho ! ' Mr. Kingsley's ablest fictions ; while we recognize their many merits, and especially the beautiful descriptions of scenery in the latter, they seem to us less sincere and real than their two pre- decessors That the fiery advocate of ' Chris- tian Socialism ' became in his latter years some- what of a Conservative was natural enough, and His courage was not due to any want of courage and straight- forwardness, forwardness on his part. Courage and straight- forwardness were, indeed, ever his characteristics, and enabled him to take the popular side at a time when for a clergyman to do so was almost a phenomenon." George ^^^ death of George Finlay is announced on the 6th of February as " a loss to literature, and a heavy blow to modern Greece. He was one of the remarkable Englishmen of his day. Since the decease of General Church, he has been the last survivor to be found in Athens of the old generation of Philhellenes, who followed B}'ron, and joined in his hopes of the regenera- THE ATHENAEUM, 1 873 — I 875. - 34I tion of the Greeks Constant and persistent to the cause he had adopted, Finlay, however, bought land and a house near Athens, and, faihng in his effort to rouse the agriculturists of Attica to a desire for improving their methods of cultivation, he became the historian, not only of the struggle for independence, but of the new Greeks, continuing and amplifying, so far as they were concerned, the work of Gibbon To Finlay his researches taught the practical lesson that the regeneration of Greece was not to be sought in the reproduction of classic forms, but in the rational development of the people as they are. It was with this view that he con- tributed to the Times a remarkable series of His letters in letters from Greece, replete with practical wis- ^ ""''^' dom, and which appear to hav^e produced a revolution in the Greek mind In Mr. Finlay we have lost a collaborator whose contributions, although but occasional, were always highly valued. The last letter from his pen which appeared in this journal was a short article on 'The Stone Period in Greece' {At/icn., April 22, 1871)." Three obituary notices appear on the 1 3th of March. The first is Sir Arthur Helps, of whom Sir Arthm- ^ Helps. the Athencumii says : " Few men can have passed away mourned by so large a number of friends as Sir Arthur Helps. For not only 342 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 873 — 1 875. might he have reckoned among them those who were brought into personal relation with him, but his readers also. His accessibility, courtesy, and benevolence were known to, and enjoyed by, many ; but the fine spirit of his humanity extended to the much larger number who had been brought within reach of its inflluence through his writings If ever there was a writer in reference to whom it could be said that genius and industry were convertible terms, it was he. No expenditure of toil or money did he ever allow to stand between him and a truth John Titnbs. of whatever kind." Mr. John Timbs is the second : " For more than half a century Mr. Timbs laboured in the field of literature. He ploughed, indeed, with other people's heifers, but he was useful in his generation. As he worked hard, so did he work cheerfully. His work, it is true, needed no thought for its accom- plishment, and he was not himself a man given to reflection. It may be said of him, as Dryden said of Cymon, — He whistled as he went, for want of thought. Mr. Timbs's name is on hundreds of volumes ; if not always his name, his hand is there. He probably never wrote an original line, but he had an apt way of taking not only lines but pages from other writers, and arranging them in a readable form. Humble was the work, but it THE ATHENtEUM, 1873 — 1875. 343 enabled many readers to form an acquaintance with writers who, but for Mr. Timbs's zeal, would, perhaps, have remained unknown to them." The last is Dr. J. E. Gray: "After more than fifty years of unremitting labour in the field of natural history, Dr. John Edward Dr. J. E. Gray died on Sunday last, the 7th inst, at his residence in the British Museum, aged seventy- five. Dr. Gray was one of a family of natural- ists. His father, Samuel Frederick Gray, by the publication of 'The Natural Arrangement of British Plants,' was the first to introduce into this country Jussieu's method of classification as distinguished from that proposed by Linnaeus ; and his uncle. Dr. Edward Whittaker Gray, was also a botanist of eminence, and had the sole charge of Sir Hans Sloane's collection, which formed the nucleus of the present British Museum. His brother, the late George Robert Gray, was the author of many valuable publica- tions on entomology and ornithology." A learned correspondent wrote to the AtJieiKEiini : " Dr. Gray's untiring efforts were principally directed towards forming a zoological collection worthy of the country ; and in this he succeeded so well, that he soon diverted the flow of foreign naturalists from Paris to London, the University of Munich conferring on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy for having 344 THE ATHEN^UM, 1873 — 1875. formed the largest zoological collection in Europe." The death is announced on March 20th of )i-. Henry A. Dr, Henry A. Woodham, "to whom the late \\ oodham. Dr. Donaldson dedicated his Latin Grammar as to one who could write Latin with the ease and vigour of the learned men of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Dr. Woodham pub- lished an edition of a portion of TertuUian, and prefixed to it an excellent essay on Patristic Latinity ; but his chief energies were devoted to journalism. He was for a long time a con- stant contributor to the Times, and indeed remained so till within the last two or three years, when his health failed, and he was obliged to desist from all work." The survey of The survey of Palestine is reported on the l^nlcstiiic lOth of April to be making " rapid progress. By the end of May it is expected that the whole of the southern portion will be finished." The death is noticed on the 17th of April Sir John of Sir John Gray, editor and proprietor of the Freevimis Journal, " founded by Charles Lucas more than a century ago, and which has ever since held the first place in the popular press of Ireland. The movement for the repeal of the Union in 1843 brought him into personal rela- tions with O'Connell, to whom he became closely attached, and whose policy he never (}ray. THE ATHEN^UM, 1873 — 1875. .345 afterwards abandoned. Full of suggestive energy and resource, the youthful editor origin- ated and organized, with O'Connell's sanction, Courts of Arbitration, to which the community resorted in preference to the established tri- bunals. For this, as well as for the publication of the proceedings of the monster meetings, he was made one of the defendants in the State prosecution of 1844 ; and being convicted of an attempt to over-awe the Government into conceding the Repeal of the Union, he was sentenced, with his distinguished chief and six other persons, to nine months' imprisonment. The House of Lords, by a majority of three to two, reversed this sentence, Lords Cottenham, Denman, and Campbell being for the reversal, and Lords Brougham and Lyndhurst the other way ; but the renewed agitation was paralyzed by a schism on the subject of education, and in the protracted controversy which thence arose, the Freeniaiis Journal uniformly adhered to Fi-ecma7is Journal. the Catholic as opposed to the secular side. In 1852 Dr. Gray unsuccessfully contested Monaghan on the tenant right interest ; and for some years afterwards devoted his attention chiefly to the design and completion of a system of water-works for the city of Dublin, the supply being drawn from the mountains of Wicklow. In recognition of the services he 346 THE ATHEN^UM, 1873 — 1875. thus rendered to the public, the honour of knighthood was conferred on him by Lord Carlisle, and the mayoralty of the city was repeatedly offered to him, but declined. At the general election of 1865 he was returned without opposition for Kilkenny, the representa- tion of which he held until his death." Discovery of Q^ the ist of May some particulars are given of old documents ^ _ at the India old documents discovered by Dr. (now Sir George) Office Birdwood at the India Office. " A full calendar of all the manuscripts has been made by Mr. Noel Sainsbury, of the Record Office. The chief document appears to be a roll, not much more than a foot and a half broad, of thin, fine, cream-coloured vellum, in pieces of several feet long, stitched together, and all forming a paper of hundreds of feet in length, containing a list of the names of the subscribers to the famous loan of 2,000,000/., which formed the original basis of the old East India Company's stock. The date of this MS. is 1698. About three years later, it will be remembered, the United Company sprang into existence. Many of the signatures on the list are of singular interest — some being, we believe, wholly unique. The signature of Cromwell appears to be attached to another document, although this may be doubted, as the writing on the MS. at this point is partially obliterated. His great THE ATHEN^UM, 1 873 — 1 875. 347 seal, however, is in perfect condition — as large as a saucer, and as thick as one's little finger." The AthencBiiiii of the 5th of June states: " The original manuscript of Gray's ' Elegy Sale of MSS. r^ ^, , , , , , of Gray's written in a Country Churchyard was sold 'Elegy' and last week by Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson & .chHrtm'as Hodge. It is entirely in the autograph of the Carol.' poet, and contains alterations, erasures, and corrections, which show the anxious care be- stowed upon its composition. In this manu- script the names of ' Ca;sar ' and ' Tully ' are erased, and those of ' Cromwell ' and 'Milton' substituted. It was to the taste of Mason that Gray was indebted for this alteration, as well as for the suggestion of the title of the poem, which Gray originally simply styled ' Stanzas,' as this MS. is inscribed. It was purchased by Sir William Fraser for 230/., nearly double what it fetched when sold by the same auctioneers in the Penn Collection, some twenty years ago." In the same sale was the manuscript of Dickens's ' Christmas Carol,' entirely in his autograph. This was sold for 55/. The death of Mr. John Robertson, of Mr. John Brighton, on the ist of June, is announced on the 1 2th. " He was editor of the London and Westminster Revieiv ' in its palmiest days,' to quote from a letter of Thackeray's on the subject, when it was the property of John Robertson. 348 THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 873 — 1 875. Stuart j\Iill. He also rendered the philosopher assistance in the publication of many of his works, to which fact Mr. Mill has himself borne testimony in his ' Autobiography.' " Ml-. Bullen. On the 24th of July it is stated that "Mr. Bullen's merits have met with their appropriate reward, and that he has been appointed to the Keepership of the Printed Books, vacant by the resignation of Mr. Rye, Mr. Bullen entered the Museum January 22nd, 1838, Mr. Rye in June of the same year. Mr. Garnett, the well- known Shelleian, has been made the Super- intendent of the Reading-Room." In anticipation of the two hundredth anni- The Royal yersarv of the Royal Company of Archers, Company of j i. j Archers, founded by the Marquess of Atholl in 1676, Mr. James Balfour Paul wrote ' The History of the Royal Company of Archers, the Queen's Body Guard for Scotland,' a review of which appears in the Athenceuvi of the 7th of August, 1875. "It is not a warlike company; it was founded for sport, and it still pulls the bow and eats good dinners. ' It has accomplished,' says Mr. Paul, 'with the greatest success, the object for which it was formed, — namely, to keep up the practice of archery in Scotland, and to pre- vent falling into disuse a healthful and manly exercise, in which our forefathers so much ex- celled.' The last arrow that was ever drawn in THE ATHEN^UM, 1 873— 1 875. 349 fight, in England, is said to have been in some provincial fray during our great Civil War." The Free Library of the Corporation of the The! Guildhall City of London is the subject of an article ^'^^ Library. on the same date. " The Corporation of the City of London has been exceedingly fortunate, both in the choice of site and the character of building, which is perpendicular Gothic, in accordance with the Guildhall itself It has cost altogether 50,000/., besides the price of the land, amounting to 25,000/. The work was commenced in 1870, and the whole was com- pleted and opened to a portion of the public in November, 1872 On Monday, the loth of March, 1873, the Library was thrown open to readers as a free library to any one that chose to enter, upon signing his name and address in a book kept for the purpose But even this formality is not required to gain admission to another room on the same floor, furnished with dictionaries in all languages, directories of all parts of the world, atlases, maps, guide-books, encyclopaedias, works on commercial subjects, legal and otherwise, periodical publications re- lating to agriculture, industry, commerce, and the applied sciences. Here you enter, take your seat, and ask for what you require, which is instantly handed to you by an obliging at- tendant. By such an institution as this the 350 THE ATHEN^UM, 1873 — 1875. stain has been removed from the Corporation of London of not possessing a Library to be compared with the free institutions of the Con- tinent. It is the free-est, we venture to say, of any in the universe Lastly, we congratulate the Corporation upon possessing the services of Mr. W. n. so able a librarian as Mr. W. H. Overall, and Overall. 111 1 ^ r 1 we thank that gentleman ourselves for the kindness with which he has aided us in drawing up this account of the Guildhall Library." The number for August 28th contains an John obituary notice of John Churchill, the well- Churchill. . 1 !• 1 TT 1 /- T-^• known publisher. He was the son 01 a Dissent- ing minister, and was educated at the old Grammar School of Henley-on-Thames. He was brought to London at the age of fifteen and apprenticed to Mr. Cox, the engraver of the plates of some of Sir Astley Cooper's works. Cox had established a publishing and bookselling house in the vicinity of Guy's Hospital. At the expiration of the term of his indentures Churchill was employed in the estab- lishment of Messrs. Longman, and afterwards Purchases purchased John Callow's business in Princes John Callows ^ . 1 1 . business. Street, Leicester Square. Then, as his business extended, he removed to the house at present ^^^Tew' ^° occupied by the firm in New Burlington Street. Burlington jj^g AtkeiKBiivi says : "It is no small test of Street. _ _ / his natural abilities and personal demeanour THE ATHEN/EUM, 1873 — 1875. 35 I that wherever he went he seems to have made friends. Very early in hfc he formed an intimacy with such persons as Jane and Anna Maria Porter, and their brother, Sir Robert Ker Porter. Fifty years ago the sisters Jane and Anna Maria Porter were in the enjoyment of fame and popularity, such as have befallen few novelists before or since. At their house Churchill became intimate with other authors whose fame is now somewhat dimmed by envious Time — Agnes Strickland, Letitia E. Landon, better known as L. E. L., Miss Benyon, and others." On the same date mention is made of the death of Mr. William Smith Williams, for many Mr. William years the literary member of the staff of Messrs. winiams Smith, Elder & Co. To readers of Mrs. Gaskell's ' Life of Charlotte Bronte ' " his name will be familiar, and they will call to mind that it was owing to his discernment that the famous story, 'Jane Eyre,' appeared with the imprint of 'Smith, Elder & Co.' They will also remember how Mr. Williams's genuine courtesy and kindly attention endeared him to the Bronte family, as is shown by the numerous Friendship of letters which Mrs. Gaskell included in her sisters. memoir, from which it is clear that the gifted author of 'Jane Eyre' placed herself much under the advice of Mr. Williams." 352 THE ATHENAEUM, 1873 — 1875. The following information in reference to the The Manx Manx Society, supplied by Mr. Paul Bridson, of ocie y. Douglas, Isle of Man, the honorary secretary, also appears on the 28th of August: "The Society, which was organized for the publi- cation of valuable documents illustrating the history of the Manx people and works of interest to the mhabitants of the island, has up to the present period issued twenty-three volumes, and two more are in the press." Visit of the The Prince of Wales was to sail for India on Wales to the nth of October, and the AtJiencBiun on the '^' 2nd states that the visit " will, probably, prove of literary as well as of general interest"; and that " whilst other journals give to their readers their accounts of the popular side of the Prince's progress, we shall note its literary phases." A series of articles followed, describing the prin- cipal literary works by Indian authors to which the royal visit gave birth, the Oriental curiosi- ties presented to the Prince, and the tone of the vernacular press, with an account of the services held in Hindu temples and Moham- medan mosques, including details of the prayers and ritual. On December i8th the death, in his fifty-sixth Lieut-Col. year, of the youngest son of Allan Cunningham, Fmncis CunniiKTham. Licut.-Col. Francis Cunningham, is recorded. He was the " editor of Ben Jonson, Marlow, and THE ATHEN^UM, 1 873— 1 875. 353 Massinger, and a frequent contributor to the Saturday Revieiu." His little house in Claren- don Road, Kensington, was crowded " with curious books, rare engravings, and a few valuable old pictures. Among his most prized possessions was Charles Lamb's copy of Ben Jonson (folio, 16 16), the purchase of which for sixteen shillings is triumphantly chronicled in one of Elia's essays. It contains many mar- ginal notes by Lamb and Coleridge. Over his library chimney-piece hung a black and gold frame, containing four finished pencil drawings of Lamb, Coleridge, Southey, and Wordsworth, done for Joseph Cottle, of Bristol, in 1798." The obituary of 1875 included the Rev. John Obituary, Moultrie ; Sir William Boyd, of Edinburgh, ^ ^ " author of a ' History of Literature ' and ' Lec- tures on Ancient and Modern Literature'; Mrs. Trafiford Whitehead, who had contributed a series of poems to the Manchester press imder the novi de guerre of " A Manchester Lady " ; Mr. Charles Rogers, well known in Yorkshire for his writings in the dialect of that county, and the editor of 'T' Bairnsla Foaks Annual an Pogmoor Olmenac,' published annually for more than thirty years ; Sir Charles Lyell ; Prof. Willis ; Mr. Winwood Reade ; Admiral Sherard Osborn ; the eminent geographer Mr. A. G. Findlay ; Prof. Cairnes ; Bishop Thirl- VOL. II. 2 A 354 THE ATHEN^UM, 1873— 1875. wall ; Dr. Davies, of Regent's Park Colleg-e ; Sir Francis Head, the well - known author of ' Rough Notes of a Journey across the Pampas ' and ' Bubbles from the Briinnen of Nassau'; Mr. John Wade, author of 'The Black Book : an Exposition of Abuses in the Church and State, Public Offices, Courts of Law, Public Companies, Corporations, and Parlia- mentary Representation,' which, published by Mr. Effingham Wilson in 1820, "when abuses were plentiful and the Reform spirit rising," produced a considerable sensation, fifty thousand copies being sold ; Dean Hook ; Sir John Gardner Wilkinson ; the Rev. William Brock, D.D. ; and Mr. James Yeowell, for upwards of twenty years the sub-editor of Notes mid Queries. CHAPTER IX. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 876 — 1 878. The death of Mr. John Forster is recorded on 1876. the 5th of February, 1876. He was born in J^'^-^ ^'"•^^t^'^- Newcastle in 1812, the same year as his friend Charles Dickens. " Of the fifteen authors and artists whose names figure with his own in the playbills of the amateur performances on behalf of the Guild of Literature and Art, just twenty- five years ago, ten have already passed away ; while of that illustrious band who assembled in certain chambers in Lincoln's Inn Fields, in December, 1844, to hear a private reading of * The Chimes,' Mr. Carlyle alone is now num- bered among the living. In Maclise's outline Present at the r 1 1 • -i\/r T^ I r reading of picture of that gathermg, Mr. rorsters features 'The Chimes.' — somewhat stern and authoritative in expres- sion even then — might easily be recognized by those acquainted with him, without the aid of the names, which the artist, in modest emulation of the practice of Dick Tinto, has affixed to each portrait." His first essays in biography, his ' Statesmen of the Commonwealth,' con- 356 THE ATHEN^UM, 1876 — 1878. tributed to " Lardner's Cyclopaedia," "evidenced Gift for in a remarkable way his gift for biography, lograp y. -pj^^y underwent, in the later editions, great modifications ; mere sketches becoming sub- stantial memoirs, and all being improved by the light of later knowledge. But they had always the merit of being a conscientious effort to restore the portraits of certain English worthies which had long been defaced and hidden from the knowledge of their countrymen. A nobler task or a higher achievement in this field could hardly be conceived than that of absolutely rescuing out of the darkness of the past a life so brilliant, and of such high example to patriotism and virtue, as that of Sir John Eliot. The 'Life of Goldsmith' has taken its rank as an English classic, and has, from the time of its first appearance, been deservedly popular. His ' Life of Landor ' was necessarily a less genial book; but it had the merit of skilful portraiture. His biography of Dickens, though it has enjoyed a vast circle of readers, could hardly fail to be in great degree disappointing. Written so soon after the death of that great writer, it was necessarily penned under a sense of restraint. His latest work, as our readers know, was his ' Life of Swift,' though this had been for many years in preparation. Of the THE ATHEN^UM, 1 876— 1 878. 557 merits of this book, so far as they are exhibited in the first volume, which is the only portion yet published, we have but very lately spoken. In taking account of Mr. Forster's hard work, it must not be forgotten that, in addition to his duties as editor of the Examiner, a post Editor of the Exaiiiiner. which he held for ten years, and his one year's editorship of the Daily Nezus, he had been connected with the Commission of Lunacy for twenty years, first as Secretary and afterwards as one of the Commissioners. Mr. Forster's life had indeed been one of constant labour ; though it was not without a dash of romance in his early attachment to Miss Letitia Landon, the L. E. L. of the Bijous and Keepsakes of L. E. L. forty years since. That, however, was not among the marriages predestined in accordance with the proverb. The lovers, in fact, parted on some misunderstanding, and Miss Landon became the wife of Governor Maclean, and met with a tragic end at Cape Coast Castle. Mr. His marriage Forster subsequently married Mrs. Colburn, the to widow of the late publisher of that name." The Temple of Belus, the "Basis of heaven The Temple of and earth," the " Glory of the city of Babylon," ^^^"'• is on the 12th of February the subject of an article by Mr. George Smith. He had dis- covered a Babylonian text giving a remarkable account of the temple. "Additional interest 358 THE ATHEN^UM, iS^G—lSyS. attaches to this inscription from the fact that it is the first time any detailed description of a temple has been found in the cuneiform texts, it thus supplies the first information as to the dimensions of the great temples, and it is fortunate that the one described was the most famous in the valley of the Euphrates." ^^Smhh''^^ Mr. Smith died at Aleppo, on his third mis- sion to the East, on the 19th of August. The Athenmmi of September 9th rendered this tribute to him : " The students of the Assyrian lan- guage and literature have lost their ruler, the Trustees of the British Museum have lost one of the most promising of their employes, the officials one of their most laborious and success- ful colleagues, in the unexpected decease of Mr. George Smith, the well-known Assyriologist and explorer. Mr. Smith began his life's work as a bank-note copper and steel plate engraver, Employed by in the employment of the firm of Bradbury '^Evans. ^ Evans, and during his connexion with that house was an object of remark for the careful and systematic manner in which he performed the difficult work committed to his hands. In 1866, he contributed to the Athe7icBHm his notice of the ' Tribute of Jehu,' which may be taken as his earliest work on Assyrian philology. In the year 1871, Mr. Smith made a dis- covery of equal or even greater importance, THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 876 — I 878. 359 in our opinion, than all his Assyrian interpreta- tions. It was that the Cypriote inscriptions V'^^ Cypriote "^ *■ ^ inscriplions. were written in a syllabic character. Later on, with the aid of Dr. Birch, he identified this language with the Greek, and these dis- coveries soon led to rapid progress in the study of the language by the late Dr. Brandis and other foreign linguists. In 1871, he published the Annals of Assurbanipal ; the Early History of Babylonia ; and on the 3rd December, 1872, the celebrated Chaldean Account of the Deluge ^^^ Chaldean ^ account of the was detailed to the public at a meeting of the Deluge. Society of Biblical Archaeology, of which he was one of the most prominent members. Shortly afterwards the proprietors of the Daily T}}^,f_'^'^J' Telegraph organized an expedition to Mesopo- expedition, tamia to be conducted by Mr. Smith, who left England for the prosecution of Assyrian explo- ration on the 20th January, 1873, and reached Kouyunjik on the 2nd of March, paying a flying visit to Babylonia. The antiquities, cuneiform tablets, inscriptions, and miscellaneous proceeds of this journey were presented to the British Museum, and are exhibited at present in the galleries of the department to which they belong Mr. Smith's principal con- tributions to literature during 1875 were the discovery of the Creation Legends, 4th of '^^^ Creation March, and the ' History of Assyria,' in the 36.0 THE ATHENAEUM, 1 876 — 1 87 8. series of ' Ancient History from the Monu- ments.' " The sudden death, at the age of seventy-one, Mr. James of -^1^. James Thomas Hackett, is recorded on Thomas Hackett. the 15th of April, "Latterly he was railway correspondent to the Times, and had been HerapatKs for nearly forty years sub -editor of HerapatJis Journal. To it he contributed some valuable statistical tables, and John Herapath, the mathe- matician, left him a legacy Mr. Hackett was a man of sober mind and much esteemed, and The last f^w knew that he was the last survivor of the TtrdogicS' Astrological Society In this body several Society, earnest students were brought together, with the tacit approval of greater men. It was con- sidered that the ancient science might have been liable to error from want of knowledge of Uranus and the four asteroids, and it was the object of the Society to ascertain the nature of such perturbations. The dissensions which affected Sidrophel also afflicted the Society at the moment, as it was considered, of success. Zadkiel was most hopeful. The survivors were, however, doomed to discomfiture by the dis- covery of Neptune and of scores of asteroids." 'LeVathek ' Le Vathek de Beckford,' reprinted from the de Beckford.' . . . -^ . ... .. ^ , origmal rrench edition, with a preface by Stephane Mallarme, is reviewed on June 3rd : " Beckford's own statement, that the first edition THE ATHEN^UM, 1 876 — 1 8/8. .36 1 in this country was entirely unauthorized by him, is, of course, a strong point with the present French editor. Still it must not be forgotten that he afterwards sanctioned the version, which he considered to be well clone, though he never knew who was the translator. Gossip pointed to Dr. Samuel Henley, Principal of Hertford College, who has been accused of having under- taken it for the purpose of showing his erudition in the copious notes which he added to the story. The edition which should undeniably have been the original, is that published at Paris and Lausanne in 1787, under the title of * Vathek, Conte Arabe,' and this it is that M. Stephane Mallarme now endeavours to reinstate on the shelves of French bibliophiles." The presentation of a Free Library to Maccles- Macclesfield field by Mr. David Chadwick, M.P. for that ^''' ^'^''^'^' town, was celebrated on Saturday, the 27th of May. The Athcnce^ivi of the following week states that "the cost of the building, including the ground, somewhat exceeds 5,000/., and 10,000 volumes are deposited on the shelves." The death of Dr. Joseph Bosworth, the Pro- Prof, fessor of Anglo-Saxon in the University of Oxford, is also noticed on the 3rd of June. He was born in 1789, and educated first at Repton Grammar School, whence he was sent to the University of Aberdeen. " His greatest Bosworth. 362 THE ATHENyflUM, 1 876 — 1 878. energies have been for many years bestowed on the collection and arrangement of materials for a complete Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon tongue His love for the study in which his life has been spent was shown in 1867, when, by a deed of gift, he made over to the Univer- sity of Cambridge the large sum of 10,000/. towards the foundation of a Professorship of Anglo-Saxon in Cambridge." George Walter Mr. George Walter Thornbury died suddenly Thornbury. , . ^ ,^, . , on the nth of June, ihe Atlie7icBiim 01 the 17th says : " He turned his attention, while yet a stripling, to letters His first attempts were made at the age of seventeen, when, in 1S45, he contributed to the Bristol Journal a series of papers on topography. A little while after this he came up to London with a small book of poems and a few letters of introduction. Then began for him thirty years of almost ceaseless application During the year of the first great International Exhibition he wrote in the columns of this journal a number of descriptive chapters about the 'Crystal Palace' in Hyde Park, chapters which were, immediately on their com- His pletion, collectively reprinted. Prior to that he '^^"to the^*^^ ^^^ issued from the press ' Lays and Legends of Athemvum ^]^^ ]^g^^ World.' Besides taking his place thus Household ^ ^ Words, and betimes on the staff of the AtJicnceiim, in which Round. he laboured for several years as the art critic THE ATHEN^UM, 1 876 — 1 878. -363 with conspicuous ability,* he was soon enrolled among the contributors to HoiiseJiold Words, in which, as afterwards in A// tJie Year Round, he wrote abundantly He contributed to the eighth edition of the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica' the life of J. M. W. Turner, R.A., whose Life of Turner. biography, in two large volumes, he penned under the supervision of Mr. Ruskin. Speaking at the time to the present writer of his own almost overpowering sense of that supervision, Walter Thornbury said he felt as if he were working under the glare of a tropical sun." The death of Mr. A. W. Paulton is recorded Mr. A. w. Paulton. on the 24th of June. Mr. Paulton " upwards of twenty years ago was editor of the Manchester Examiner. He was the author of a good deal of the Anti- Corn -Law literature which was published in the stormy days of the ' League,' and was closely associated with Mr. Cobden, Mr. John Bright, Mr. W. J. Fox, Dr. Cooke Taylor, and other leaders of this movement." On the 22nd of July mention is made of the Mr. Alexander - T,, ., , Russel, editor ■ death, from heart disease, of Mr. Alexander of the Russel, " who for the last thirty years or so has * Mr. Thornbury wrote the series of articles on the ten Courts at the Crystal Palace which appeared in the AthcjicEum at the commencement of 1854; see p. 366, vol. i. etseq. These articles were written in Mr. Thorn- bury's popular style. Scotsmayt. 364 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 876 — 1 878. edited the Scotsman, and made it the most influential political paper in Scotland Mr. Russel was born in 18 14, and was bred a printer, but early in life became a journalist." Tlie Chiswick Xhe Chiswick Press is the subject of an Press. Charles article on the 19th of August. Charles Whit- Whittingham. tingham, the founder, was born at Calledon, near Coventry, June i6th, 1767, He came to London about the year 1790, and set up for himself in Fetter Lane. In 1807 he re- moved to Goswell Street, where in 181 1 he took Rowland into partnership. In the same year Mr. Whittingham set up his first press at Chiswick. " From October 27, 1795, to March 7, 1796, while in Fetter Lane, Mr, Whittingham printed on foolscap folio 113 numbers, of four pages each, of a daily paper, price 2^^., entitled The ' The ToviaJiaivk ! oj' Censor General. Pro rege Tomahawk. , . > tvt 1 ^ saepe, pro patna semper. Ao. i has o pages, price 4^., and was issued as a tri-weekly. With No. 2 began the daily issue. It was 'Published for the Proprietors by J. Downes, Bookseller, Strand, near Temple Bar.' Its principles were anti-Gallican, pugnacious for Truth and Britain. But the main object seems to be to expose the daily lies in the newspapers. The Tomahawk professedly avoided neivs, and flourished ; but the tax-master came and clapped on the news- paper stamp, daily killing and exposing Hes THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/6— 1 878. .365 being pronounced neivs : so the printer dressed No. 113 in a deep black border, and the Toma- hawk slept, singing-, as it closed its eyes, — Good bye, Charley Fox, we shall now take a nap; Whenever we wake, depend on a rap. Leaving to certain editors this hint : — Ye Jacobin Asses, now bellow and bray ; Remember the adage — each dog has his day ; Now laugh while you can, for soon you will weep — The Lion 's not dead, he 's only asleep. Poor Tommy, as they fondly called him, never awoke ; but to this day the paper stands as a monument to the anonymous printer's art. The mouser for Jacobin flings and stings of 1795 and 1796 will find a mine of them in the To}nahawk, if he is lucky enough to meet with a perfect set. Another monument of the first Charles Whit- tingham's enterprise and industry is the Chiswick Press edition of the British Poets in loo post 8vo. volumes," Mr. Whittingham died in January, 1840. Charles Whittingham, the nephew, born Charles Whit- at Mitcham, October 30th, 1795, was apprenticed nephew.^ to his uncle, and was associated with him from 1824 to 1830; but in August, 1828, he succeeded to the old premises of Valpy, 21, Took's Court, Removes to Chancery Lane (next door to the present office of the Athenmtm), where, with the exception of an interval of three years, from 1849 to 1852, the business has since been conducted. Mr. 366 THE ATHEN/EUM, iSjG—lSyS. Charles Whittingham, the nephew, died on the 2 1st of April, 1876. Edward A long obituary notice of Edward William William Lane. , ,. , , , r a Lane, who died on the loth of August, appears on the 26th. " He had chosen for his life-work the Lexicography of the Arabic Language, and to this great subject he gave unremitting labour till within four days of his actual decease Many of us can recollect what the stories of the ' The Thou- < Thousand and One Nights,' or, as they were Nights.' more usually called, ' The Arabian Nights' En- tertainments,' were like before the year 1840 To Mr. Lane belongs the credit of allowing unlearned English people to read these quaint pictures of Eastern life and manners in an Eastern dress." ' A Ride to Khiva : Travels and Adventures in Central Asia,' by Fred. Burnaby, is reviewed on the 1 8th of November. "The author of 'A Ride to Khiva ' seems to be exceptionally en- dow^ed with those qualities w'hich all English- men admire and secretly regard as the peculiar heritage of the race ; energy, decision, endurance, self-command, and command of others. He was also exceptionally qualified for this particular journey by his acquaintance with two important languages far too little studied by Englishmen, viz., Russian and Arabic, and he is, besides, as much at home on a camel, in a canoe, a sledge, or Col. Burnaby's ' Ride to Khiva.' THE ATHEN/EUM, 1S76 — 1878. 367 a balloon, as in a railway carriage or a steamer. He delights in grappling with a difficulty as such, and his determination to penetrate Central Asia was much stimulated by the assurance that it was ' impossible.' It may be added that though emphatically a man of action, he seems to handle the pen without difficulty. His style is easy and natural, never flags, and goes straight to the point."* Dr. Henry Clark Barlow died at Salzburg on Dr. Barlow, the 8th of November, in his seventieth year. The Athcnmun on the i8th says: "In 1850 appeared his first printed paper on Dante, ' Re- marks on the Reading of the 59th Verse of the 5th Canto of the Inferno,' and from this time his whole life seems to have been devoted to the study of the ' Divina Commedia.' Dr. Bar- low's numerous contributions to the columns of this journal, more especially those relating to His Dante and Italy, are too well known to need ""^^^ ^^J^'tT' further allusion to them here." On the 2nd of December it is announced that Dr. Barlow has bequeathed his Dante collection nis leg to the London University College, " with 1,000/. * Col. Burnaby joined the Khartoum expedition for the relief of General Gordon, and reached Korti on the 9th of January, 18S5. On the 17th, at Abu Klea, he was in command of the left rear of the square, and while rallying his men was killed by a spear wound in the throat. acies. 368 THE ATHENAEUM, 1 876 — 1 878. Consols, the interest to be applied in perpetuity to the delivery of an annual course of lectures on the ' Divina Commedia.' He gives his col- lection of geological specimens to the Geological Society of London, with 500/. Consols, the in- terest to be applied at the discretion of the Council for the advancement of geological science." The progress of the Palestine Surv^ey is re- ported on the 9th of December, when the follow- The ing " rough conspectus of our present topo- topoffraphy of , . , . ^ . • t-. i • 1. • Patestine. graphical miormation m Palestme is given : — Biblical Sites ... 420 known, 160 unknown, 580 total. Talmudic 240 „ no „ 350 „ Early Christian . 370 „ 30 „ 400 „ In 1887, 1,760 names were recorded, of which about 290 names remain to be identified. These names include those of the Apocrypha and of Josephus. Obituar)', jhe obituary of 1876 included Earl Stanhope, better known under his courtesy title of Lord Mahon; Mr. George Poulett Scrope; Dr. Richard King, the founder, in 1844, of the Ethnological Society of London ; Sir G. Duncan Gibb, Bart., one of the founders, in 1863, of the Anthropo- logical Society ; Mr. John Robson, the Secretary to the Council of University College and Clerk of the Convocation of London University, and the author of ' Constructive Greek Exercises ' THE ATHEN/EUM, 1876— 1S78. 369 and ' Constructive Latin Exercises '; Mr. Thomas Aird, author of ' The Devil's Dream ' and ' Old Bachelor in the Old Scotch Village,' who was in early life a contributor to Blackwood, and for some thirty years edited the Dumfries Herald ; Capt. Meadows Taylor, author of ' Tara ' and other novels, also of a history of India ; Dr. Andrew Wynter, a busy contributor to the reviews and magazines, and for years the editor of the British Medical Journal; Mr. Henry Kingsley, the author of ' Geoffry Hamlyn '; Miss Harriet Martineau ; Mr. Patrick Harry Gordon, editor of the Madras AtlmicEum and Daily News; Sir J. W. Kaye ; and Mr. Mortimer Collins. T)\Q: AthencBmn for the year 1877 opens with an article on the ' Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, addressed to Richard Hengist Home, with Comments on Contemporaries,' edited by S. R. Townshend Mayer. " The moral of these letters is to be found not in mere extracts, but in the brave spirit that breathes through all. Weak and suffering for years, Elizabeth Barrett bated ' no jot of heart or hope,' but went on with the work she had before her, cheered, indeed, by the kindly sympathy of John Kenyon and Mary Russell Mitford, and trusting in her own inspirations till the time might come when the world should recognize her." The followinp- " unveils something of her religious views : — 1877. ' Letters of Elizabeth L'arret Browninij.' Her brave spirit. Relic;ious views. VOL. n. 2 B ZJO THE ATHEN.-EUM, 1 8/6 — 1 8/8. * And may I say of myself that I hope there is nobody in the world with a stronger will and aspiration to escape from sectarianism in any sort or sense, when I have eyes to discern it ; and that the sectarianism of the National Churches, to which I do not belong, and of the Dissenting bodies, to which I do, stand together before me on a pretty just level of detestation ? Truth (as far as each thinker can apprehend) apprehended, — and love comprehending, — make my idea — my hope of a Church. But the Christianity of the world is apt to wander from Christ and the hope of Him,' " Mr. Alfred The death of Mr. Alfred Smee is noticed on Smee. the 20th of Januar}^ Mr. Smee was the surgeon of the Bank of England, his father having held the situation before him. " Mr. Alfred Smee introduced the method of printing Bank of England notes from electrotype plates, thus pre- serving the original steel plate unworn." The The St. Petersburg Deutsche Zeituiis[ com- St. Petersburg *=" ^ Deutsche pleted this year a century and a half of existence. ■^' The AtJiencBinn of February 17th states: "In commemoration of this event, with the new year's number it gave a facsimile of the first number of its second year's issue — that of the first year was not obtainable. In connexion with this anniversary, the paper furnishes some interesting remarks of its first editor, Friedrich THE ATHEN^UM, 1 876— 1 878, 37^ Mullcr, on the establishment of Russian journals, among other items stating: 'Peter the Great reter the was not only founder of the first Russian news- S"'"'''.^ the first Russian editor. paper, but also the first editor ever known in Russia,' and it then refers to Pjatkowsky's ' His- tory of our Literature,' as authority for the state- ment that Peter was his own foreign corre- spondent, translating from the foreign journals, and correcting and preparing the news for the edification of his subjects." ' Harriet Martineau's Autobiography : with Harriet - Memorials by Maria Weston Chapman,' is re- ^< AilJoS-' viewed on the 17th of March. " Harriet Mar- g'-^phy-' tincau was born in Norwich, in 1802. Her father was a manufacturer, of Huguenot extrac- tion, not rich, and a sturdy Unitarian. The de- scription of her early life is one of the most Wonderful wonderful parts of this strange book. The in- heTeady° We^ trospection, which explores causes and motives of conduct, could hardly go more deeply or see more clearly. Each trifling incident, which created a habit or helped in the formation of character, is here given at length, and nothing seems wearisome, for everything has a psycho- logical bearing of its own Her first appear- ance in print was when she was nineteen, and she sent an article on ' Female Writers on Practical Divinity ' to the Monthly Repository, the Unitarian periodical of the day It was ^•J2 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/6 — 1 8/8. in 1855 that she beheved herself to be dying", and wrote this Autobiography and the notice for the Daily Neivs. But the heart complaint took time to do its certain work, and she had twenty years still before her. Here Mrs. Chap- man's book becomes of some service, though the main interest of her friend's life was over. All serious questions, if only they tended to make men happier and brighter, were eagerly taken up by her. However ill she was, she was Always ready always well enough to labour for others, and to labour for , . .,,..,, others. strong enough to wait patiently the mevitable end It was on the 27th of June last that the death, so long expected, came, and this dis- tinguished woman passed away." Mr. Cowden Mr. Cowden Clarke, died on March 13th in the Villa Novello, at Genoa. He was born at Enfield in 1787, and \\\q. AtJicnceuni of March 24th, 1877, says: "His intercourse with Elia and his companions helped to confirm him in his natural leaning towards literature. Yet the very earliest publication of his in book-form with which we are acquainted is a little duodecimo tale, called ' Adam the Gardener,' printed in 1824, its writer having then attained the mature age of thirty- seven. The year afterwards he issued, in 1825, with notes and a memoir, a new edition of Chaucer. For twenty years together he enjoyed a wide popularity as a lecturer upon English THE ATHEN.'EUM, 1876 — 1878. 373 poets and writers of poetic prose." In 1828 he married Mary, the eldest daughter of Vincent Novello. " For nearly half a century the names of Charles and Mary Cowden Clarke have been as intimately associated in the literary world as have been those of William and Mary Howitt," Mrs. Cowden Clarke "contrived between 1829 and 1845, when the now famous Concordance Mrs. Clarke's , ,. , , r 1 1 r 11 • . 'Concordance was published, to perfect her wonderfully mmute to analysis of the works of Shakspeare." Shakespeare.' On the 31st of March it is stated that "Eng- lish journalism has suffered a heavy loss by the death of Mr. Walter Bagehot last Saturday." ^^^''^l'^"" ^ _ "^ Bagehot. He was born at Langport, in Somersetshire, on the 3rd of February, 1826. About 1848 "he began to write for the Economist, which Mr. ^^^'^^^ '°'' '^^^ ° Economist. James Wilson had founded in 1843 ; and, after his marriage with a daughter of Mr. Wilson's, he took a more important share in the manage- ment of the journal, his father-in-law being more and more occupied with Parliamentary and official work. When Mr. Wilson died, in i860, being at that time Finance Minister in India, Mr. Bagehot became sole editor and chief pro- Becomes prietor of the Economist, with which his con- nexion was maintained up to the last." As a young man he frequently contributed to the National Review, and afterwards to the Fort- nigJitly, " from the pages of which his two most editor. 374 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 876 — 1 878. important books were reproduced, with addi- tions " — ' The Engh'sh Constitution,' issued in 1867, and in a much enlarged edition in 1872, and ' Physics and Pohtics ; or, Thoughts on the Apphcation of the Principles of Natural Selec- tion and Inheritance to Political Society.' " His last and most popular book, ' Lombard Street, a Description of the Money Market,' is of a different sort. It ran through four large editions in 1873, and is still the best practical treatise on commercial finance that has been prepared for the use of the general public. Less ambitious in design than the other two volumes, it will probably live longer than either of them." Auto- « Bryan Waller Procter (Barry Cornwall). An biography of ■' \ j / Bryan Waller Autobiographical Fragment and Biographical Procter. Notes. With Personal Sketches of Contempo- raries, Unpublished Lyrics, and Letters of Literary Friends,' is reviewed on the 21st of April. " Bryan Waller Procter was born Novem- ber 2 1st, 1787, just three months earlier than Byron. His parents had come up from the country to settle in London, but whether the poet was born there, like so many of his great kindred, seems not to be distinctly stated At four years old he was sent to a day-school, led by the servant's hand, and already at five years, according to his own belief, he was trusted to the tender mercies of a boarding-school at THE ATHEN/EUM, 1876— 1878. 375 Finchley." In 1800 he went to Harrow, and among his associates were Peel and Byron. " It is a singular circumstance that from 1807 to 1815, that is to say during the period of early manhood usually most full of incident and most rapid in development, we lose sight of Procter almost entirely In 18 17 he met the writer who, of all others, influenced him most, Leigh Hunt." In 1820 he was associated with the newly started London Magazine. "In 1824, after an engagement of three years, he married the daughter of Mrs. Basil Montagu, and went to live with his wife's parents. There was born, in 1825, Adelaide Anne Procter, their eldest child, herself to become a famous poetess In middle life Procter had been the first to assert the supreme genius of Mr. Robert Browning, and in later years that poet was his attached friend and associate. Finally, the man who had lived with Keats and Lamb enjoyed the loving enthusiasm of Mr. Swinburne, thus taking hands, across seventy years, with two distant epochs in poetry." The forthcoming Caxton Celebration is the 'y\\& caxton subject of an article by Mr. William Blades Celebration, on the 19th of May. The exhibition was opened by Mr. Gladstone on the 30th of June, and the AtJienceuin of that day states that it "will be certainly most interesting. block -books 376 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/6 — 1 878. One hundred One hundred and fifty-three Caxtons, the and fifty-three Caxtons greatest number ever gathered together, have exhibited, i^ggj^ j^.^j. |-^j. ^i^g purpose by the Queen, by Earl Spencer, by the Duke of Devonshire, by the Public Library, Cambridge, by the Bodleian Librarj^ by Lord Jersey, Mr. Christie- Miller, and other fortunate possessors of such treasures. Added to these are the books of Colard Mansion, of Rood and Hunte, of Machlinia, Wynken de Worde, Pynson, &c. The The series of block-books is also very remark- able, and the history of printing on the Continent is illustrated by a fine collection of early printed books, commencing with the Gutenberg (or Mazarine) Bible* and Mentz Psalter, of which a fine copy, on vellum, is shown, from the library at Windsor, and continued in a geographical and chronological series down to the sixteenth century." The loans for the exhibition were most liberal, the books from Althorp alone being insured for something between 50,000/. and 60,000/. The exhibition remained open until the ist of * At the Crawford sale, June 15th, 1S87, a Mazarine Bible was knocked down to Mr. Quaritch for 2,650/. Mr. Ouaritch stated that he had bought this particular copy at the same rooms, thirty years ago, for 695/. At the Perkins sale in 1873 a copy realized 3,400?. ; and at the sale of Sir John Thorold's library in 1884 a specially fine copy fetched 3,900/. THE ATHEN.'EUM, 1 876— I 8/8. 57/ September, and the profits, which reached . rrofiis •T ' '■ _ given to the 1,116/. ^s. 2d., were handed to the Printers' Printers' ^ . • 1 1 • 1 . • Pension Pension Corporation, with which two pensions Corporation, were established^ — the Stephenson of 10/. a year and the Caxton Celebration Pension of 25/. a year. Prince Louis Lucien Bonaparte, it is stated Trince L. L. Bonaparte s on the 26th of May, "has given to the 'classification Philological and English Dialect Societies pJJ.glis'h 600 copies each of his new octavo map, in Dialects.' red and black, of his ' Classification of the English Dialects.' His labours and publica- tions on the subject began, as is well known, many years before the Dialect Society started." Dr. Philip P. Carpenter died of typhoid Dr. Philip P. Carpenter. fever at Montreal on the 24th of May, at the age of fifty-seven. The Athenmun of the 2nd of June states that by his death " conchology has lost one of those patient, assiduous labourers who make their mark not by any brilliant discovery or novel doctrine, but by carrying the scientific spirit into the toilsome study of specific types and their geographical distri- bution." Dr. Carpenter arranged " the national Arranges the Smithsonian collection of shells in the Smithsonian Institu- collection of tion, Washington, under the charge of Prof. Henry; and was subsequently engaged in similar work for other public museums in the Northern States." 378 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 876 — 1 878. On the 23rd of June the death of his Miss sister, Miss M. Carpenter, is announced. The M. Carpenter. AtJiencBiim says: "A singularly good memoir of her appeared in Monday's Times. The most remarkable, perhaps, of her writings was her ' Reformatory Schools for the Children of the Perishing and Dangerous Classes, and for Her measures Juvenile Offenders,' published in 1850, in for reforming the young, whicli were set forth the principles on which all subsequent measures for the reformation of the young have been based." ' Falstaff 's " Falstaff's Letters. By James White. With Tames White Notices of the Author," is reviewed on the 23rd of June. " Lovers of Elia remember that here and there in the immortal Essays there occur references to a certain Jem White, never to be mentioned without some word of sym- pathy and praise. The name of this worthy has dropped out of literature, and even the special students of Lamb's writings need to be reminded who he was. A fellow-scholar with Lamb at Christ's Hospital, and holding some office there long enough for Leigh Hunt to remember him, James White seems to hav^e been a youth of great brilliancy and parts, and to have vehemently attracted the Charles timid and morbid nature of Elia by his 1 3.m I") ^ friendship for Superior physical energy. White and Lloyd White. were Lamb's earliest literary friends ; the THE ATHEN.^UM, 1 876 — 1 878. .379 first a fantastic creature, full of whim and spirit, the second a grave and melancholy lad, portentously solemn." It was in 1796 "that the little book which is here reprinted went through the press He had just, at Lamb's recommendation, read the comedies and his- tories of Shakspeare, and the result was this volume of letters, written, as the more eminent friend said in later days, ' from the fulness of a young soul, newly kindling at the Shake- spearian flame, and bursting to be delivered of a rich exuberance of conceits.' The book had little or no success, and White was never again tempted into authorship." James White married the daughter of Faulder the bookseller, and died about 1820. "In his later years he was a modest agent for newspapers." The progress of the telephone was at this Ol■i^in of the time attracting much attention. The musical tel'-Thone- telephone of Mr. Cromwell Varley, then being exhibited at the Queen's Theatre, is described on the 24th of July. Prof Graham Bell's p,of. Bell. articulating telephone was exhibited by Mr. Preece at the meeting of the British Association at Plymouth, on Friday, the 24th of August, and by the inventor himself on the following Tuesday, and the Athenceum of the ist of September gives an account of the proceedings. Mr. Edward Viles, on the 15th of December, 380 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/6 — 1 878. draws attention to the early mention of the telephone. " Just two hundred and ten years Robert Hooke ago Robert Hooke, Fellow of the Royal Society, published a work entitled ' Micro- graphia ; or, some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies made by Magnifying Glasses, with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon.' This, the first English treatise on the uses of the microscope, is still in high estimation. In the Preface (sig. b 4) occurs the following remarkable paragraph : — ' 'Tis not impossible to hear a whisper at a furlong's distance, it having been already done ; and perhaps the nature of the thing would not make it more impossible, though that furlong should be ten times multiply'd I can assure the Reader, that I have, by the help of a distended wire, propagated the sound to a very considerable distance in an instant, or with as seemingly quick a motion as that of light.' " A sketch of 'The Origin of the Telephone' is given by Mr. William Chappell on the 5th of Januai)', 1878, in which he gives the credit rrof. of its discovery to Prof. Wheatstone, and says that " all Wheatstone's acoustical discoveries and musical inventions may be dated within ten years, from 1825 — about which time I became well acquainted with him — to 1835. One of Wheatstone's earliest discoveries THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 876— 1 878. .38 I (one long before his electric telegraph) was that all the varying sounds of musical instru- ments might be conveyed to considerable distances by means of solid rods joined together. It was only necessary to bring the end of the topmost rod sufficiently near to the instrument to receive its vibrations, without touching it." On the loth of May, 1855, the Queen and Prince Albert visited ^^XlT' the Polytechnic Institution, when Prof Wheat- (^ueen. stone "was engaged to bring the music of a band from a distant part of the building into the part of the room where Her Majesty was standing." Mr. Chappell, on the 9th of March, 1878, states that Capt. C. H. A. Gower, of the Madras Staff Corps, writes: "The Burmans T^J^J^^^"';^'^ are well acquainted with the practical use Burmah. of the telephone. More than a year ago, I found them using one in the town where I was then living, Maoobin, near Rangoon. The apparatus consisted of two short lengths of bamboo ; one end of each was closed with strong paper, and the two were connected by a piece of strong cotton passing through the paper, retained in its place by a knot at each end. I ascertained by experiment that this simple apparatus answered perfectly for a distance of 100 yards, sounds being con- 382 THE ATHEX.-EUM, 1876— 18/8. veyed without any apparent loss. The lowest whisper was heard quite distinctly." 'The Materia "The Materia Medica of the Hindus, com- JMedica of ' the Hindus.' piled from Sanskrit Medical Works. By Udoy Chand Dutt. With a Glossary of Indian Plants b\- George King, M.B., and the Author," is reviewed on the 28th of July, 1877. The Athenmim states : " It is the first book on the subject of Hindu medicine which we have had from a scientifically trained native physician ; and the thoroughness with which Mr. Dutt has accomplished his work, and its great value and interest, prove what fruitful harvests we may hope to reap in the almost limitless fields of Sanskrit research when once a sufficient body of Hindu students have been educated for the labour. Mr. Dutt has followed the Sanskrit texts literally, and gives in foot-notes the original Sanskrit verses from which he quotes. In the selection of prescriptions he, as a rule, gives preference to such recipes as are commonly used by native physicians. The works from which he quotes extend in date from the third to the fifth century before Christ to the fifteenth century a.D." One note, at p. 41, under the head of " Orpiment," is "of such special in- terest" that it is quoted at length : " The MSS. examined have mostly been written on country paper sized with yellow arsenic and an emulsion THE ATHEN.T.UM, 1 8/6— 1 878. J^S of tamarind seeds, and then polished by rubbing with a conch shell No insect or worm of any kind will attack arsenicized paper, and so The advan- ■' . . tages of far the MSS. are perfectly secure against its arsenicized ravages The MSS. which were originally V^"^^"^ copied on arsenicized paper for the College of Fort William in the first decade of the century, are now quite as fresh as they were when first written. I have seen many MSS. in private collections which are much older and still quite as fresh. This fact would suggest the propriety of Government records in Mofussil courts being written on arsenicized paper instead of the ordinary English foolscap, which is so rapidly destroyed both by the climate and also by white ants." The second volume* of ' Notes on Irish Archi- ' Notes on tecture,' by Edwin, third Earl of Dunraven, edited ture,' by the by Margaret Stokes, is also reviewed on July ^^^^"^ °^ 28th. " On the origin and uses of the Irish Round Towers there is in this work a very valuable Ivish Round ■™,r. r- 1 IT 1 T^ Towers, chapter. Miss Stokes and Lord Dunraven agree with those who think that these buildings, which are, every one knows, not peculiar to Ire- land, were used for three purposes — as belfries, as watch-towers, as places for temporary refuge." The death of Mr. William Longman is Mr. William noticed on the 18th of August. He was the onsm-^"- * The first volume was reviewed April 15th, 1S76. 384 THE ATHEN.EUM, 1876 — 1878. third son of Mr. Thomas Norton Longman, " the third Thomas Longman who presided over the destinies of the celebrated pubHshing house in Paternoster Row. At an early age he entered his father's business, and in 1839 he Enters the was made a partner in the firm, and after Mr. T. N. Longman's death, in 1842, the chief direction of affairs passed into the hands of William Longman and his elder brother, the present Mr, Thomas Longman, who had been a partner since 1832 The year in which the two brothers succeeded to the control of the business was that of the production of the ' Lays of Ancient Rome,'* the first of the great Macaulay's ' hits ' which made Macaulay such a hero in the eyes of booksellers. His 'Essays ' from the Edi?iburg/i, the first two volumes of the History, and, above all, the second two issued on Decem- ber 17th, 1855. which produced the celebrated cheque for 20,000/., were all of them events of magnitude in the annals of the trade Many other notable successes have attended the pro- ceedings of the house in later times. Colenso's book on the Pentateuch, ' The Greville Memoirs,' * Macaulay's ' Lays of Ancient Rome ' was first published at 9^-. 6^P''"s ^^'as on the 4th of Britain. June given up to Great Britain for adminis- THE ATHEN^UM, 1876— 1878. 399 tration, and the Athencziim on the 20th of July contains a communication from Mr. W. St. C. Boscawen on its early history, as well as an article on its cartography. On August 3rd Cyprus is again referred to in a review of " Cypern. Reiseberichte iiber Natur und Landschaft, Volk und Geschichte. Von Franz von Loher." The exports and imports in 1876 amounted to 267,407/. and 201,400/. respectively, and the AtJicnccian says that these " will, no doubt, increase as the inhabitants increase in wealth, and the customs' and other revenues, equitably raised and honestly applied to the purposes for which they are intended, will very soon cover the cost of government." Whitakers Almanack for 1887 states that in 1884-85 the exports amounted to 287,521/, while the imports showed 304,375/. On the 24th of August an early account of Cyprus is given from the travels of George Early travels in CyiiiUb. Sandys, published m 1015. On August 31st Mr. W. R. Morfill calls attention to Christopher Harant's ' Travels to the Holy Land and Egypt,' in which two chapters are devoted to an account of his visit to Cyprus in 1598. 'Cyprus in Jewish Works' is the subject of an article on the 7th of Sep- tember. 400 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 876 — 1 878. ' Cyprus : its History, its Present Resources, and Future Prospects,' by R. Hamilton Lang ; ' Cyprus : its Resources and Capabilities,' by E. G. Ravenstein, F.R.G.S. ; and ' Cyprus, Past and Present,' by E. Clarke, are reviewed on the 26th of October. The death, on the 17th of July, of the Prof. Oldham, geologist Prof. Thomas Oldham is recorded on the 27th. "As far back as 1843 Prof. Oldham linked his name indissolubly with geology by the discovery, in the Cambrian rocks of Brayhead, of the then earliest known fossil, to which the late Prof. Edward Forbes gave the generic name of Oldhamia. This was a discovery which, in its day, created a similar impression amongst geologists to that produced when Sir William Logan announced the discovery, in the Laurentian rocks of Canada, of Eozoon," Gibbon. * Gibbon,' by James Cotter Morison, is the subject of an article on the 24th of August. " Gibbon was not a great man, but he had great and rare qualities. It is rare to find an author content with one book. The greatness of conception which enabled Gibbon to form the design of his work, and the feeling of self-respect which strengthened him to carry it out with thoroughness, these are the most striking qualities of the man and of the book alike." tional History.' THE ATHENAEUM, 1876 — 1878. 4OI On the 31st of August it is announced that Mr. Edward A. Bond has been appointed Mr. Edward Principal Librarian and Secretary of the British Museum, the post being vacant by the resigna- tion of Mr. J. Winter Jones, A review on September 7th of Dr. John Dr. Waddmgton s 'Congregational History, Con- 'CongTega- tinuation to 1850, with Special Reference to the Rise, Growth, and Influence of Insti- tutions, Representative Men, and the Inner Life of the Churches,' says : — " With this fourth volume on 'Congregational History' Dr. Waddington has brought his long labour to a close, — a history commencing nominally at least as far back as the year 1200, and after centuries of persecution landing us in our own peaceful times We conclude by directing attention to the author's interesting account of Congregationalism as developed in the British colonies, especially Canada and Australia, during the half-century passed under review." The memoir of Byron's " best and oldest The Rev, l*^rnncis friend," the Rev. Francis Hodgson, B.D., by his Hod son. son, is reviewed on the 30th of November. "On the 2nd of January, 1815, Byron was Lord l^yron's married, and a series of letters, hitherto un- "^-^f'^S^- published, from Augusta Leigh to Francis Hodgson, give a progressive account of the VOL, II. 2 D 402 THE ATHENiEUM, 1 876 — 1 8/8. first year of that luckless marriage step by- step. Unfortunately, ]Mrs. Leigh habitually neglected to state the year in which she wrote, though she was careful to give the month and day, and this hcis led the editor into a confusion which will stultify the effect these letters ought to produce, unless the reader perceives the error. The first letter he prints (ii. 7) ought to be the fifth of the series, and to follow that of the 4th of September, 181 5 {ii. 18). Thus rearranged, the correspondence is of the highest im- portance... ...Hodgson survived Byron for more than twenty-eight years, and rose to no less distinguished a post than that of Provost of Eton. But we must leave him here at the moment v/hen he was ready to perform the last services of literature to his great dead friend. It could be wished that his own memoir had given a more distinct idea of him as a writer, and especially as a poet, for it is not to be supposed that his six or seven volumes of verse will be reprinted ; but we cannot part in ill humour from a book that has added so much of a healthy nature to our knowledge of Byron, and that contains so rich a store of delightful correspondence." George Henry George Henry Lewes died on the last day of November. The AtJieiiceum on the 7th THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 876 — 1 878. 403 of December states that he " was born in London, on the i8th April, 18 17 Enhsting in the worthy band of Mr. Charles Knight, he began contributing numerous articles to the His early f T) /^ 1 1- ) •^- ^ ii i- writings. renny Cyclopaedia, writmg at the same time a great deal for the Alorning Chronicle, and assisting in the editorship of an admirable publication, the Classical Miiseinn, now little remembered. Gradually he extended the circle of his literary labours, and the Edinburgh, the Westminster, the Foreign Quarterly, the British and Foreign, the British Quarterly, Blackzvood, Fraser, and this journal received contributions from his pen." In 1846, through the medium of Knight's " Weekly Volumes," he issued " a series of essays, partly before published, entitled 'A Biographical History of Philo- sophy.'" In 1857 l"^e greatly altered the work, and brought out a " library edition," and in 1 87 1, with still more alteration, an edition under the new title of ' History of Philosophy from Thales to Comte.' "In 1847 he pub- lished, with Messrs. Chapman & Hall, ' Ran- thorpe : a Tale.' The one - volume novel, Novels. written in somewhat high-flown style, fell nearly still-born ; some jokes in the papers about ' rant ' killed what little life there was in it. Still Mr. Lewes had the courage to launch in the following year, 1848, through 404 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 876 — 1 8/8. Messrs. Smith & Elder, another novel, this time in three volumes, entitled ' Rose, Blanche, and Violet.' It also was unsuccessful, as was likewise a small volume called ' Spanish Drama: Lope de Vega and Calderon,' published at the same time. It was followed, in 1850, by ' The Noble Heart : a Tragedy.' It is doubtful whether it found readers, it is certain it did not find actors. The year before, in 1849, he had brought out a volume of biography, ' The Life of Maximilian Robes- pierre ; with Extracts from his Unpublished Correspondence,' which to the publishers was also ' a tragedy.' " His next publication, the ' Life of ' Life and Works of Goethe,' " travelled from one commercial patron of literature to another, until finally Mr. David Nutt, of the Strand, took pity on it, and gave it to the reading world. The success was not immediate, but it proved solid. A second edition was brought out in 1864 by Messrs. Smith, Elder & Co., and since then the reputation of the work has been steadily increasing In 1853 he issued a volume entitled ' Philosophy of the Sciences'; in 1858, 'Seaside Studies at Ilfra- combe, Tenby, Scilly Isles, and Jersey'; and in 1859-60 two volumes of 'Physiology of Common Life.' A different course of inquiry and literary action became visible in the next Goethe' THE ATHENAEUM, 1 876— 1 878, 405 published works, ' A Chapter from Aristotle,* issued in 1864, and ' Problems of Life and Mind — First Series : the Foundation of a Creed,' two volumes brought out in 1875." He was " one of the founders of that very clever but most unsuccessful weekly the Leader, ^^^ Leader ■' _ and the of which he was the literary editor from its Foytnightiy. commencement, in 1849, till July, 1854. Eleven years later he helped to usher into the world the Fortnightly Revieiv, assuming the editor- ship and retaining it till he was succeeded by Mr. John Morley. However, he always remained a contributor, and it was for the Fortnightly that he wrote the last paper which appeared publicly under his name. It is the first article in the June number of the present year, entitled ' The Dread and Dislike of Science.' Mr. Lewes often told his friends His death. that the most desirable end of a well-spent life was a painless death. The end came to him after a very short illness at his house, the Priory, North Bank, Regent's Park, where he had spent many years — years, he declared himself, of great happiness." On the 14th of December Mr, Hawley Smart renders tribute to Major Whyte Melville, the Major Whyte Melville. " Laureate of fox-hunting," who was killed by a fall from his horse in the hunting field on the 5th. He was born in 1831, entered the 406 THE ATHEN^UM, I876— 1878. Coldstream Guards in 1839, and, after serving for ten years as captain, retired, but on the outbreak of the war with Russia returned to mihtary Hfe and joined the cavalry of the Turkish contingent. Mr. Hawley Smart says : " In that vivid picture of a guardsman travelling 'Digby the 'road to ruin,' ' Digby Grand,' there is a Grand. (j^sh of pathos which must always appeal to the soldier. I mean where the hero, compelled by his difficulties to sell out, realizes that the sentry is carrying arms to him for the last time — a salute that he is even then no longer entitled to — when for the last time he touches his hat to the colours he had carried so proudly for the first time three years before." On the 14th of December intelligence was ^lice. received of the sad death of the Princess Alice, and the Atlienceum on the following Saturday makes reference to the great kindness she showed to many eminent literary men in Germany. The translation of Miss Octavia Hill's work on the London poor " was executed at Her Royal Highness's instiga- tion : ' Octavia Hill : aus der Londoner Armenpflege (Homes of the London Poor) uebersetzt im Auftrage Ihrer Koniglichen Hoheit, der Grossherzogin von Darmstadt, Wiesbaden, 187S.' The Princess wrote a preface to this translation. She had been I87S. THE ATHEN^UM, 1876—1878. 407 much struck by the effect of such work as Miss Hill's on the homes of the people and their relation to the rich, exclaiming, 'It is beautiful ! it is like what one has among tenants in the country in England.' " The obituary of 1878 included Canon Mozley, Obituary, best known by his * Eight Lectures on Miracles,' which formed the Bampton Lectures for 1865 ; Sir William Stirling -Maxwell, whose second wife was the Hon. Mrs. Norton ; Mr. W. Browning Smith, who, besides taking an important part in the sub-editorial work of the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica,' contributed a very considerable number of original articles, mostly biographical, including the lives of Robert Chambers, Chatham, and Cranmer ; Sir E. Cust, author of 'Annals of the Wars of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries'; Sir E. Creasy, who in the palmy days of Bent leys Miscellany took a share, with Mr. Sheehan and Dr. Gordon Latham, in the Tipperary Hall papers ; Mr. C. W. Goodwin, once the editor of the Parthenon, and author of the article on ' The Mosaic Cosmogony,' which formed a portion of ' Essays and Reviews'; Mr. H. T. Prinsep, author of various works connected with Indian history and finance ; Dr. Duff; Mr. Jacob de Liefde, one of the Daily News war correspondents in 408 THE ATHENzEUM, 1 8/6 — 1 878. 1870-71 ; Mr. Joseph Bonomi, for many years the Curator of the Soane Museum, and the first hieroglyphic draughtsman of his day ; Mr. J. Hain Friswell, author of ' The Gentle Life ' ; Mr. H. T. Riley, who edited the ' Memorials of London in the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Centuries,' printed in 1868, and was for sev^eral years a contributor to the AihencEinii ; Lord John Russell — "the old familiar name, more likely to remain attached to his memory than the later ' earl ' " ; Sir Thomas Duffus Hardy, Deputy Keeper of the Public Records ; Sir George Back, a link between the Arctic exploration of the past and present generation, who served with Franklin in the Trent in 1818, and on his return from an Arctic expedition in 1833-5 "received the exceptional honour (which the king, William the Fourth, and he alone enjoyed) of being promoted to the rank of Captain by a special order in Council " ; Dr. Abraham Benisch, author of 'Judaism Surveyed,' who was for a number of years editor of the Jewish CJironide ; the Rev. George Gilfillan, author of ' A Gallery of Literary Portraits ' and ' Bards of the Bible,' and under whose superintendence Mr. Nichol, of Edinburgh, published his well- known octavo edition of the British poets ; Dr. R. Willis, who published lives both of THE ATHEN.EU^!, 1S76 — 1 8/8. 409 Spinoza and Servetiis ; Sir Richard John Griffith, Bart, the eminent geologist and engineer ; Mr. Thomas Belt, the well-known traveller, naturalist, and geologist, who died at Denver, Colorado; Mr. David Laing, "who for a large portion of the century has been known for his extensive knowledge of historical and antiquarian matters connected with Scot- land " ; Canon Raines, the antiquary, who bequeathed fifty folio volumes of Lancashire MSS. to the Chetham Library ; and Dn Blakey. CHAPTER X. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. 1879. The six illustrated volumes of ' Old and New 'OldandNew LoncJon,' the first two volumes by Walter London.' Thornbury, and the remaining four by Edward Walford, are reviewed on the 15 th of February. " The antiquities of the City proper are exhaus- tively described Cheapside, with its cross and its two conduits, forms a most interesting record, and Mr. Thornbury tells many a merry jest and some tragic tales connected with the history of departed Lord Mayors. In 168 1 the Duke of York had sufficient influence to put a Lord Mayor (Sir Patience Ward) in the pillory, and to get at the same time, from a venal jury, the preposterous sum of 100,000/. as damages in an action of slander which he brought against Alderman and Sheriff Pilking- ton. We are reminded that the City did not forget those things when the Revolution came. The 'dagger' in the City arms does not represent the historic weapon of Sir THE ATHEN^UM, 1879 — 1882. 41I William Walworth, as popularly supposed, but the sword of St. Paul, the City's patron saint. It would take columns to follow Mr. Walford through the West End and the suburbs, but we have said enough to show that ' Old and New London ' is a book of no ordinary interest, and that it is capable of being made almost all that an itinerary should be." The second volume of Mr. George Jacob Holy- ' History of 1 > TT- r r^ • \ • -1 Co-operation, oake s ' History of Co-operation is noticed on by Mr. G. j. the 22nd of February. In this Mr. Holyoake ^^^y^^^^- deals with " what he calls the constructive period, or that between 1845 and 1878 Mr. Holyoake's general attitude may be gathered from the last pages of his book. He there distinctly states his strong opposition to state socialism, and his opinion that those men are mere adventurers who have tried to teach the working people distrust of the middle class, who are nearest to them in sympathy and industry, and who alone stand between the people and sole rule. ' When this distrust was well diffused, these skilful professors of sympathy with the people, who had been their enemies in all their contests for freedom, asked for their confidence at the poll, which, as soon as it was obtained,' was used as a means to personal government. ' State socialism means 412 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. the promise of a dinner, and the bullet when- ever you ask for it Co-operation is the discovery of the means by which an industrious man can provide his own dinner (without depriving any one else of his), and the certainty of eating it with pride, security, and inde- pendence.' Mr. Holyoake is an able and industrious friend of co-operation, and those who sympathize with it or who desire to understand it cannot do better than consult his book."'* Charles J. Mr. Charles J. Wells died at Marseilles on Wells. , , - "^ , the 17th of February in his seventy- eighth year, and an obituary notice, by Mr. Theodore Watts, appears on the 8th of March. On the 8th of April, 1876, Mr. Watts had given an account of ' A New " Curiosity of Litera- ;Josephand ture,'" being the story of the book 'Joseph is Brethren.' , 1 . -.^ , , , ^. . and his Brethren,' by Charles J. Wells. The work was first published, " under the pseudonym of II. L. Howard, by Whittakers, of Ave Maria Lane, in 1824." Wells went to live on the Continent, and " everybody, the author * This book is at the present time (1888) in increasing demand. A few months back Mr. Holyoake sent a copy to the Prince of Wales, who in acknowledging it expressed the highest satisfaction to learn that the movement continues to make such encouraging and satisfactory progress. THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 879— 1 882. 413 especially included, had forgotten all about it, Story of the ) 1 1 T- 1 book. — everybody except the author s old hdmonton schoolfellow. When Home, who, himself, has never received proper recognition, became editor of the Monthly Repository, he managed to give a long notice of Wells (New Series, No. 123, for March, 1837) ; and afterwards, in the Nezv Spirit of the Age, he made a passing allusion to him in an article on ' Festus.' Mr. D. G. Rossetti was led by Home's notice to look up Wells's poem at the British Museum, and, on coming away, he startled every one by declaring that he had found a poem which was more Shakspearean than anything out of Shakspeai-e Mr. Swinburne, then at Oxford, was even then more learned in Elizabethan poetry than most of those who make the special study of it the occupation of their li\'es. Swinburne's enthusiasm exceeded Rossetti's own. He wrote an article upon it, which was sent by a friend to Frasers Magazine. Mr. Froude, however, declined the article. So ' Joseph and his Brethren' had thirteen years more in the dust-bin before mentioned At last, it occurred to a friend to try Messrs. Chatto & Windus. Mr. Chatto, on reading Mr. Swinburne's rejected article, and the copious extracts from the poem which it contained, offered at once to publish it, suggesting that 414 I'HE ATHEN^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. the article should first be printed in some magazine, in order to prepare the public for the poem. This was done : the article appeared in the Fortnightly Review, where it attracted considerable attention. And now the poem itself — in the revised form — is before the public, to win — for it cannot again miss — its place in English literature."* Good Words Good Words and the Sunday Magasijie, it and the . ^ r -\ t ^ r^ Sunday IS stated on the 15th of March, 1879, "have Magazine. ^^^^ bought by Messrs. Isbister & Co., Limited, for nearly 30,000/." 'Life of the The fourth volume of the 'Life of the Prince Prince Consort.' Consort,' by Theodore Martin, is reviewed on the lOth of ]\Iay. The review states: "In this instalment of his narrative of the Prince Consort's life and its surroundings, Mr. Martin has devoted more than 500 pages to less than three years, and the story of the last two years remains to be told." The following refers to the present German Emperor, who in 1859, on the proved imbecility of his brother, was Letter to the appointed Prince Regent of Prussia : " On Prince Regent of that occasion Prince Albert sent to his cousin a long letter full of excellent advice. One * The review of the book on the 5th of February, 1876, thus closes : " At any rate, a poet has been saved from oblivion, and the present and succeeding generations will be richer by a work they could ill afford to lose." Prussia, Theism. THE ATHEN/EUM, 1879— 1882. 415 passage was especially significant, and reads like prophecy : — " ' The real strength and security of governments in these days lie in public opinion formed and enlightened by free discussion. In that is to be sought the guiding star, and also the warrant for the action of governments. That her language shall be loud and firm is the one main essential for Prussia's safety and strength. My advice to you would therefore be, call this power into play ; this it is which will keep France and Russia in check, unite Germany, and place the ultimate decision in your hands.'" On the 7th of June Prof, (now Sir) Monier Wil- Pi; the name of that bears the name of Longman (so far as Mr. C. J. Longman is aware) is that of ' The Countess of Moreton's Daily Exercise ; or, a Book of Prayers and Rules.' The date is 1665. The copy in Mr. C. J. Longman's possession is one of an edition reprinted in 1848 for private circulation at the desire of THE ATHEN.EUM, 1S79 — 1 882. 42 1 Anne Isabella, Viscountess Hawarden, then in her ninetieth year. Besides the name of T. Longman there is on the title-page the name of T. Osborn, who was doubtless one of the family with whom the Longmans inter- married, and one of whom was in partnership with them when they moved to the * Sign of the Ship' in Paternoster Row in 1726. Between the date of this book and 1726 the traces of the Longman family as publishers are scanty, but after the latter date the various generations succeed each other regularly." Mr. Ebsworth, it is stated on the ist of Mr. EbswoitU November, "has succeeded Mr. William Chappell Xnad as editor of the ' Roxburghe Ballads ' for the Society. Ballad Society, and will copy and cut the wood- block illustrations from the old broadsides with his own hand." On the same date a notice appears of John Mr. John _,, ,, . , r .^ r c Blackwood. Blackwood, the senior partner ot the hrm ot William Blackwood & Sons, and the sixth and last surviving son of William Blackwood,* 't> * Mr. William Blackwood died on the i6th of Mr. WiUiam September, 1834. He was born in Edinburgh, December Blackwood. 20th, 1776. After serving his apprenticeship at Messrs. Bell & Bradfute's, in iSoo he entered into business with Mr. Ross ; but he soon retired from the partnership, and, proceeding to London, placed himself, for improve- ment in the antic^uarian department of his trade, with 422 THE ATHEN.-EUM, 1879 — 1882. the founder of the famous magazine. John Blackwood died on the 29th of October. He was born in Edinburgh, December 7th, 1818. " In 1840 a branch office of the Edinburgh firm was opened under his direction in Pall Mall, which was subsequently removed to Paternoster Row. As the London representative of his brothers, Messrs. Alexander and Robert Black- wood, who on their father's death, in 1834, had succeeded to the business, John Blackwood proved himself most active and judicious, while his literary tastes led him into society and secured him friendships which proved of great advantage to the magazine On the death of Mr. Alexander Blackwood, under whose short editorship the influence and popularity of Becomes Blackzuood's Magazine had been larsrelv in- editor of '^ ^ J jnackivooifs creased, John Blackwood was summoned down Magazine. , -r^ i- 1 , , , , to Edmburgh to undertake the management of the literary business. From the outset his editorship of the magazine was marked by signal ability and tact. He made powerful literary friends, and he always succeeded in keeping them attached to himself Mr. Black- wood had many editorial triumphs during the Mr. Cuthill. In 1S14 he returned to Edinburgh, where he established himself in business. In 1816 he removed from the Old to the New Town of Edinburgh, and in April, 18 1 7, the first number oi Blackwood w^2i% published. THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 879— 1 882. 423 three-and -thirty years of his Htcrary career. Prominent among these was the success which Lord Lvtton's ' Caxton ' series of novels Lord Lytton's •' . "Caxton" achieved in the magazine, and the sensation series. which the ' Coming Race ' and the ' Parisians ' caused before the authorship of those tales was known. But it will be as the publisher who first recognized the early genius of George George Eliot. Eliot that Mr. Blackwood's name will be most permanently connected with English literature. After reading the first instalment of ' Scenes of Clerical Life,' which he received anonymously, Mr. Blackwood was able to make up his mind that his new contributor was an author of no ordinary power ; and we believe her later successes only realized the prospects which he then saw ready to open up before her. He was also fortunate in obtaining the friendship of Charles Lever when his powers were at Charles Lever. their highest maturity, and from his first introduction into the columns of ' Maga ' the pen of ' Cornelius O'Dowd ' continued to steadily amuse its readers until his death, more than ten years after. Mrs. Oliphant, Mrs. Oliphant. whose ability he encouraged at a time when she was almost unknown in the literary world, has also, it is understood, been one of the principal contributors to the magazine during the last ten or fifteen years In the management of the 424 THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 879 — 1 882. affairs of his house he was always actuated by a hig-h sense of honour and a consideration for the interests of those who were dealing with him. In all literary questions his opinion was held by his brother publishers in very high regard, and he gave valuable evidence before the Copyright Commission in 1877. Few men of his generation have done more than he to serve the true interests of literature, and few will be more regretted by those authors who had the privilege of his friendship." On the 29th of November it is announced that " a new monthly bibliographical review will be started in Paris on the loth of January, Le Ltvre. under the title of Le Livre. It promises to be of special interest to bibliophiles, for while treating of literary topics very extensively, both critically and historically, it will be more artistically presented than any of the other journals devoted exclusively to books, rivalling in paper and ornamentation the best modern art journals. The portion devoted to the literary topics of other countries will form a very considerable feature." Mr. Delane, The death, at the age of sixty-two, of Mr. editor of the ,-. , , , ,. . , _,. Times. Delane, the late editor of the J lines, is announced on the same date. His health had rallied somewhat when he retired from Printing House Square, but his friends had THE ATIIEN/EUM, 1 8/9 — 1 882. 425 long given up hope of his ultimate recovery. " The production of each number of the Times is a more laborious matter nowadays than it was forty years ago ; and yet Mr. Delane would never spare himself, and persisted in directing every portion of the paper. Whether in the attempt to do this he acted, as he believed he did, for the best interests of his paper may be doubted, for he was essentially a politician, and politics was the onl}' subject that really interested him, and for art, literature, music, or the theatre he at heart cared little ; but there is no doubt that the immense amount of labour he undertook was more than even his iron constitution could endure. When Delane succeeded Barnes, the struggle The Times between the Times and the Morning CJironicle ji/ormns- was at its height, and it shows the ability of the young editor that he was able, on Mr. Black's retirement, to outstrip his formidable rival He did not invent any new line of tactics, but he followed with great dexterity the policy inaugurated by Sterling, that of making the Times the exponent and, if possible, the leader of English opinion ; and his power was at its height in the interval between the subsidence of the Chronicle and the rise of the penny papers, or, roughly speaking, between 1 85 1 and 1 86 1. The rivalry of the penny Chronicle, 426 THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 879 — 1 882. press, London and provincial, has proved more formidable than that of the Morning Chronicle, but Mr. Delane's energy and judg- ment maintained the prestige of his journal. The capital error of allowing Reuter's Agency to obtain such a position as a collector of news was probably not due to him." Centenary On the ist of January, 1888, The Times cele- brated its hundredth birthday, and the Athenczuni of the 31st of December, 1887, gives an account of the founding of the paper : " The paper had been in existence for three years, and its want of success was attributed by the founder and proprietor to its title, which was The Daily Uni- versal Register. Persons wishing to read it per- sisted in asking for TJie Register, and as there were several Registers in existence, the daily newspaper was confounded with or mistaken for some weekly, monthly, or yearly publication. Hence it was that, on Tuesday, the ist of January, 1788, the heading of the paper was altered, and it appeared as The Times or Daily John Walter Universal Register." John Walter, the founder, the founder. o j j j was born at Newcastle in 1738. "Early in life he followed his father's vocation, which was that of a coal-buyer. He purchased large quantities of coal where it was dug up, shipping it to London and selling it there. At the age of twenty-seven he had risen to be chairman of the THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 879 — 1 882. 427 coal-buyers in London, who had grown to be a powerful body and had built for themselves an exchange. Afterwards he became a member of Lloyd's, and engaged in the business of under- writing. The capture of a fleet of merchant- men by the French ruined him, the sum which he lost owing to this misfortune amounting to 80,000/. His mishap was generally commi- serated. His creditors as well as his friends bore willing testimony to his integrity. He did not repine or lose heart, being evidently of a sanguine temperament, and he began life again in full confidence that fortune would favour his efforts. In 1782 John Walter made the acquaintance of Henry Johnson, a com- positor who thought that he had effected a great improvement in printing, and, in concert with him, a patent was obtained for the new process." This invention was the composing with entire Logogmphic words instead of single letters. " The founda- tion of an improved printing press rather than of an improved newspaper appears, then, to have been the chief aim of Mr. Walter. As many as fifteen works were printed at ' the logographic press,' and nine of them were adver- tised in the first number of The Timcsr In 1784 Mr. Walter bought " the premises in Printing House Square where John Bill founded 428 THE ATHEN.-^UM, 1 879— 1 882. and printed the London Gazette in 1666. It was in these premises that the first number of TJic Daily Univejsal Register was printed and pub- lished in 1785, and it is on their site that the office of The Times now stands In 1803 The second ]q\-^ii Walter, jun., took his father's place. John Walter. , , , 1 i Oi. Like Woodfall, he had been educated ai bt. Paul's School, and he had spent a year at Trinity College, Oxford. He was only twenty- seven when he became the conductor and editor of The Times. He was a man of remarkable force of character and intellectual power. The editorship he did not retain many years, ap- pointing Barnes in his place, whilst he gave his attention to the difficult task of managing the paper. " It was the second John Walter who made The Times a great newspaper. He seems to have been born with a journalistic instinct. He understood how a paper should be con- ducted so as to make it both remunerative and powerful To him is attributable the first employment of special correspondents, and to Introduces the him the introduction of the leading — or more " leading article." properly 'leaded' — article is due On the The29ihof niorning of the 29th of November, 18 14, a revo- November, ^itjon took place in The Times office, one which 1814. ^ ' rendered it possible for a daily, newspaper to be produced with a rapidity which kept pace with THE ATHEN-'EUM, 1 879— 1 882. 429 the demand. A printing press was then practi- cally worked by steam for the first time, and threw off eleven hundred copies in an hour. This was an unprecedented feat.* " The present Mr. Walter has contributed to The present ^ , r 1 ^^^- Walter, achieve the aim of his grandfather, the founder of T/ie Times. The dream of the founder with respect to logographic printing has proved to be a delusion, but a substitute has been found which more than realizes the hopes of the san- guine and enthusiastic writer of the passages which we have quoted from The Universal Daily Register. The mechanical process for com- posing and distributing type now employed is far more effective in all respects than the ' logo- types ' by which John Walter hoped to revo- lutionize the art of printing, and The Times is the only newspaper office in which this perfected system is in operation. The ' Walter press,' upon which the paper is printed, is also a machine which would have excited the wonder of the founder of the paper. The credit of devising and introducing this splendid machine * The inventor was- Frederick Kcenig, by birth a Saxon ; and the artisan by whom the machine was brought into action was Mr. Bauer. The Times of November agtli, 1S14, gives an account of the invention. The Literary Gazette of October 26th, 1822, contains a view of the machine, with a full explanation. 430 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 879 — 1 882. Mr. John C. is due to Mr. John C. MacDonald, the present MacUonald. ... 1 t n • 1 1 manager of the journal. In 10 14 it was thought a species of enchantment for eleven hundred copies to be printed off in an hour ; now the ' Walter press ' can turn out fifteen thousand perfected copies in the same time," Mr. Serjeant jhe death of Mr. Serjeant Cox is also Cox. noticed on the 29th of November, 1879. ^^ ^vas a writer of law text-books, but " was more widely known as the founder of the Law The Times in 1843. Along with Mr. Crockford, Law fimes. he planned that well-known book of reference ' Crockford's Clerical Directory,' and he was the proprietor of the Clerical Journal. The most successful of his journalistic speculations The Field, was the Field, which he bought for a very small sum when it was in a moribund condition, and by his energy and foresight he made it one of the most widely circulated and profitable papers of the day. In the same manner the The Queen. Queen, which was founded by the late Mr, S. O, Beeton, was acquired by Mr, Cox on a very easy terms, and is understood to be now valuable property.* Mr. Cox was less success- The Cntic. {^ \\\\\\. the Critic, which was started by him and Mr. Crockford ; and after a struggle * The Queen has at the present time one of the largest advertisement sheets of any weekly paper. In two weeks in December, 1887, there were 56 pages in each number. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879— 1 882. 43 1 which he maintained with characteristic ener^ for some fifteen years, Mr. Cox gave up in despair the attempt to make it pay its way. Mr. Cox in his later years devoted much time to spiritualism, and founded a society for the investigation of what he termed ' psychic force.' His psychological theories attracted a good deal of ridicule, but even his strongest opponents admired the kindliness and honesty of the man." The celebration of the centenary of the The centenary Old Library in Birmingham is noticed on the old Libraiy in 6th of December : " Every guest was presented ^^^rmingham. with a monograph, written by Mr. Samuel Timmins, on the history of the library from its formation in 1779 to the present time, with a glance at libraries previously existing in the town. The influence of Dr. Priestley, who went to Birmingham in 1780, was soon felt in the rapid increase in the prosperity of the young institution The salary of the librarian in 1782 was 10/. a year, for which stipend he had to attend and give out books every day except Sunday from two to five o'clock. The present building in Union Street was raised in 1799 by a tontine of one thousand guineas." The vexed question of the authorship of the ' Eikon Basilike ' is the subject of a series 432 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 879— 1 882. The of articles by Mr. Edward Scott, two of ^"Je^EiSn^vhich appeared on December 13th and 27th. Basilike.' |y[j._ q^qqij^ had found among the papers of Sir Edward Nicholas, Secretary of State to Charles I. and II., six documents relating to the ' Eikon Basilike.' Five of these documents are printed by Mr. Scott. One of the most important and valuable paragraphs in the instructions to Sir R. Browne is that ."where Charles II. entrusts to Dr. Cosin the care of procuring a French edition, rendered ' as neere the pure originall lustre as may bee,' according to the ' true originall copie.' Nothing half so strong has ever been found hitherto in support of the statement that Charles II. showed the original Eikon in his father's handwriting to a Scotch clergyman in 1656." The other documents belong to a much later date, but all of them " are wholly and indi- vidually favourable to Charles I." These are given on February 7th, 1880, and a fourth article appears on April loth. The AihciKEiun on the 29th of May, 1880, in reviewing " EiVwy Bao-tAtK?) : The Pourtraicture of His Sacred Majestic in His Solitudes and Sufferings. A Reprint of the Edition of 1648. With an Introduction by Edward J. L. Scott," states that though Mr. Scott's contributions " to the history of the ' Icon ' have both THE ATHEN^UM, 1879 — 1S82. 433 interest and value, it may be questioned whether they demonstrate the genuineness of the work that immediately after the king's death was published as his book, and was accepted by the majority of its readers as the actual work of his brain and hand. In truth, the interesting contributions Mr. Scott lately made to our columns mainly affect the evidence on one point, and there, instead of favouring the argument for the book's genuine- Bishop ness, they confirm Bishop Gauden's claims." daims^ A second notice appeared on the 12th of June. confirmed. A new edition of ' Uncle Tom's Cabin ' is Bibliography noticed on the 27th of December, 1879, the xom's Cabin.' speciality being " the bibliography which Mr. Bullen, the accomplished Keeper of Printed Books at the Museum, has added. The popu- larity of the book in France is very remarkable." The obituary of 1879 included Mrs. Grote, Obituary, " the Queen of the Radicals," whose ' Memoir of the Life of Ary Scheffer ' attained to a second edition within a year, and the ' Personal Life of George Grote ' met with still greater success (by her death the copyright of INIr. Grote's works passed to Prof A. Bain, of Aberdeen) ; Mr. E. S. Dallas, one of the literary writers of the Times ; Mr. John Sherren Brewer, M.A.; Mr. Richard John King, author of ' Handbook of English Cathedrals,' and a VOL. II. 2 F 434 THE ATHEN^UM, 1879 — 1882. volume of pleasant essays reprinted from the Quarterly Review ; Dr. Appleton, the projector of the Academy, which first appeared on December 9th, 1869, as a monthly journal; Mrs. Ranyard, who, under the initials " L. N. R.," wrote 'The Book and its Story'; Mr. Peter Le Neve Foster, secretary of the Society of Arts ; Mr. William Howitt ; Miss Anna Maria Keary, author of 'Castle Daly,' 'A Doubting Heart,' &c. ; Mr. Elihu Burritt, " the learned black- smith"; Miss Jane (Claire) Clairmont, whose name is so well known in Shelleyan and Byronic biography, and to whom Shelley left 12,000/.; Prof Clifford; Sir A. Panizzi, Prin- cipal Librarian of the British Museum ; Dr. Thomas Nicholas, the author of the ' Pedigree of the English People'; Mr. James Grant, who was for twenty years editor of the Morjiing Advertiser, and the author of a history of the newspaper press ; Mr. Bennet Woodcroft, who was for many years Superin- tendent of Specifications and Clerk to H.M. Commissioners of Patents, and to whom the public are indebted for the Patent Office Free Library, and for the cheap printed copies of all the specifications filed since A.D. 1600 ; Mr. W. Froude, the eminent mathematician, and brother of the historian ; Prof. George Long, who edited the Penny Cyclopcedia from THE ATHENi£UM, 1879— 1882. 435 beginning to end, and to whom the late Emperor Napoleon owned his obligations for the light which had been thrown by him on the doings and writings of Caesar ; and Mr. Mark Napier. Two days after Christmas, 1879, Mr. Hep- Mr. W. Ilep- t T^ • 1 • i til r 1 , worth Dixon, worth Dixon died suddenly of apoplexy, and the first number of the new year contains an obituary notice, written by his friend Mr. Jeafifreson : — "Born in 1821, near Manchester, and reared under circumstances that denied him the education of a public school and university, Hepworth Dixon began his career under disadvantages that only sharpened his resolve and quickened his courage." After serving an apprenticeship to his future calling at Cheltenham, and contributing articles to Douglas Jerrold's Shilling Magazine, the Illuminated Magazine, and other periodicals, " Dixon w^as still in his twenty-sixth year when he brought his young wife and eldest child to London, where he soon found enough work for his imme- diate necessities The young journalist asso- ciated himself with the Daily News, for which Writes for the ,1 , , . r ■ 1 1 Daily Aczos. journal he produced a series 01 articles on the ' Literature of the Lower Orders,' and another even more remarkable set of papers on ' London Prisons.'" In 1855 he became editor of the Becomes ■^^ ^ editor of the Atlienceutn, and during the first seven years Athemeum. 43^ THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. employed his leisure in the systematic study of the State archives. " The later half of his editorial career was, however, fruitful of some of his best and most popular books — the ' Personal History of Lord Bacon,' which unquestionably succeeded in changing the general estimate of the philo- sophic Lord Chancellor ; the ' Holy Land,' which remains the favourite handbook of ordi- nary tourists in Palestine ; and the ' New Ame- rica,' which was emphatically t/iehook of its parti- cular season Hepworth Dixon's retirement from the AtJiencetim followed soon after the publi- cation of the works that may be styled the imme- diate and most important fruits of his first American trip, which was also fruitful in the The Irish well-known recovery of the Irish State Papers, State Papers, ■' ^ that had been so long and strangely lost. But on escaping from routine duties the liberated editor had no design of living less laborious days. On the contrary, his projects required all his powers for their accomplishment, and the ten succeeding years were the busiest of his life. Beginning with * Free Russia,' and closing with the third and fourth volumes (left in uncor- rected proofs) of ' Royal Windsor,' no less than twenty-five volumes of history, travel, and fiction proceeded in this closing period of his story from the author's unresting pen. With a single exception, W^illiam Hepworth I i I THE ATHEN^UM, 1879— 1882. 437 Hep worth Dixon's manliness. Dixon survived all the men of letters with whom he was most closely associated during the sixteen years of his editorial control of this journal. De Morgan, John Bruce, Doran, Chorley, Thornbury, all went before him to the undiscovered country If we had to express in a word the most distinguishing characteristic of this energetic worker we should say ' man- liness.' He had his failings, but he was always manly, in the brightest and bravest sense of the word. If he was deficient in tact, he was fault- less in temper. He never failed to protest against the injustice of any remarks he might hear at dinner-table or in smoking-room to the disparagement of an absent acquaintance. His view of a comrade's character and work often erred from excess of generosity, never from want of it. When his friends were in trouble he always knew how to speak the right words of comfort, and long after a trouble had passed he could show with nicest delicacy his sympa- thetic mindfulness of the old grief." On January 17th Mr. George Bentley writes: "In the obituary of the Times on Monday, January 13th, occurs the name of Augustus father to be •Kir 1 r 1 r 1 1 Louis XVn. Meves, aged forty-seven, second son 01 the late Augustus Meves. This gentleman published an account of his father's life, who claimed to be Louis XVII., and, without giving any opinion Augustus Meves : claim of his I 438 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. on the evidence he produced, it may be said that both the writer and his father firmly believed in their case, and cannot be ranked amongst intentional impostors, although the decision should be unfavourable to their claim. The father, who claimed to be Louis XVI L, had very much of the appearance of the unfortunate Louis XVL He was a modest man, who, though fully believing himself to be Louis XVII., declined to press his claim. His two sons, however, took a different view of this matter, and published their claims in more than one volume. Both sons are now dead. I am not aware that they leave any issue." Mary Car- ' The Life and Work of Mary Carpenter,' by ' ' J. Estlin Carpenter, M.A., is reviewed on Febru- ary 7th : — " Mary Carpenter will long be remem- bered as one of that noble band of women who, like Mrs. Fry and Miss Nightingale, have helped, with equal judgment and success, to make the world in which they lived both happier Her lifelong and better She first laboured at a mission for the poor in Bristol, then she threw her whole energies into ragged schools, then into the re- formatory movement. A few years more and the old fond memories of Rammohun Roy again stirred within her, and she was off to India to help to raise and educate the Hindoo women. She visited India no less than four times, and THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879— 1 882. 439 once she crossed the Atlantic to inspect the prisons of America and stay with her brother Philip at Montreal Her work was always thorough, for her whole heart was in it. Her courage was always high, for she trusted in a strength greater than her own. Whether re- joicing or sorrowing, she was always toiling, and she lived to see task after task brought successfully to a close. She died in the early summer of 1877, having just completed her seventieth year." Mr. Edward Chapman's death, in his seventy- Mr. Edward Chapman, sixth year, is announced on the 6th of March. He " was for many years head of the publishing house of Messrs. Chapman & Hall, in which position it was his good fortune to establish business relations with several of the most emi- nent writers of his time, and to live on terms of friendly intimacy with them. Readers of Forster's ' Life of Charles Dickens ' will remem- ber that Mr. Chapman had a certain modest part in the production of ' Pickwick.' " Among the distinguished authors publishing through the firm in Mr. Chapman's time may be mentioned Mr. Thomas Carlyle, Mr. Charles Dickens, Mr. Robert Browning and Mrs. Barrett Browning, John Forster, Mrs. Gaskell, Miss Mulock, the TroUopes (Anthony and T. Adol- phus), Whyte Melville, Charles Lever, George 440 THE ATHEN.-EUM, 1 8/9 — 1 882. Meredith, &c. Mr. Chapman retired from busi- ness some sixteen years before his death. The Prince xhe fifth and concludingr volume of ' The Consort. _ ° Life of His Royal Highness the Prince Con- sort,' by Theodore Martin, is reviewed on the 20th of March. " Nearly every public event of importance which occurred in i860 and 1861 is touched upon in this volume Mr. Martin's last chapter is very pathetic." He says : — No fear of " It was characteristic of the Prince Consort that he death. contemplated the prospect of death with an equanimity by no means common in men of his years. This was owing to no indifference or distaste for life. He enjoyed it, and was happy and cheerful in his work, in his family circle, in loving thoughtfulness for others, and in the sweet returns of affection which this brought back to himself. But he had none of the strong yearning for life and fulness of years which is felt by those who shrink from looking beyond ' the warm precincts of the genial day ' into a strange and uncertain future. He had no wish to die, but he did not care for living. Not long before his fatal illness, in speaking to the Queen, he said : ' I do not cling to life. You do ; but I set no store by it. If I knew that those I love were well cared for, I should be quite ready to die to-morrow.' In the same conversation, he added : ' I am sure, if I had a severe illness, I should give up at once, I should not struggle for life. I have no tenacity of life.' This was said without a trace of sad- ness : he was content to stay, if such were Heaven's will ; he was equally ready to go hence, should that will be otherwise. Death in his view was but the portal to a further life, in which he might hope for a continuance, THE ATHEN.^UM, 1 8/9 — 1 883. ^441 under happier conditions, of all that was best in himself and in those he loved, unclogged by the weaknesses, and unsaddened by the failures, the misunderstandings, the sinfulness, and the sorrows of earthly existence." Mr. John Morley, it is announced on the 15th The Pali Mail of May, has accepted the editorship of the Pall Mall Gazette. The death of one of the ablest of contemporaiy James Hamil- journaHsts, Mr. James Hamilton Fyfe, is noticed °" ^ ^' on the same date. He was born in 1837. " Two unpretending but popular works were given by him to the public in the years i860 and 1863, the one being entitled ' Triumphs of Invention and Discovery,' the other ' British Enterprise beyond the Seas ; or. Our Colonies.' Mr. Fyfe soon drifted into the journalistic department of lite- rature, and obtained an engagement on the reporting staff of the Times. He had pre- viously been a contributor to the Scotsman As a result of the good work which he did for the Times, he was requested by the founders of the Pall Mall Gazette to transfer his services to them, and he acted as assistant-editor of their paper from its beginning till 1871. In the latter year the post of assistant-editor of the Saturday The Saturday Review being vacant, Mr. Fyfe was asked to fill ^''^"^'^• it, which he did till two years ago, when a severe and, as the event proved, an incurable attack of illness disabled him from using his pen." I 442 THE ATHEN^UM, 1879 — 1882. [. R. Planche. A long obituary notice of J. R. Planche, "the veteran archaeologist, herald, and playwright," is given on the 5th of June. He was born on the 27th of February, 1796, and was articled at the age of fourteen to a bookbinder. In 18 18 'Amoroso,' ' Amoroso ' was produced at Drury Lane. The success of the piece is believed to have mate- rially influenced his future career. "In 1821 His marriage. Planche married, but his gifted wife, who had been seized with paralysis in 1843, succumbed in 1846 to the attack of another disorder. Mrs. Planche also wrote for the stage. Her bio- graphy, written by an able contributor to that journal, will be found in the columns of the Literary Gazette. Of her two daughters, the younger one, Mrs. Mackarness, writes with con- siderable ability. Her ' Trap to Catch a Sun- beam ' was received with universal approbation, and raised expectations which have since been 'King John': justified.* In 1823 ' King John' was played at an innovation. ^ , , , , . . - , . Covent Garden under the direction 01 the late Mr. Kemble, with dresses and appointments arranged by Planche, whose knowledge of me- diaeval costume and taste for the proprieties of stage details were even then conspicuous. The success of this venture was a severe blow to the conventional but incongruous mode of putting * Mrs. Mackarness died in 1881, and an obituary notice of her appears in the Athe7icEiim on May 28th of that year. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879— 1 882. 443 historical plays upon the stage which prevailed at the time. It was an important innovation, and not attempted without hesitation ; but the idea was sensible and novel, and, in the hands of Mr, Planche, sure to be carried out in a thoroughly perfect and harmonious manner. It is undoubtedly one which has conferred lasting benefits alike on the dramatist and the public, In 1825 Planche went to Paris to prepare drawings of the costumes worn on the occasion of the coronation of Charles X., and on his Coronation of return a representation of this stately ceremony was performed, under his supervision, at Covent Garden, with very great success Planche began to work for the Hay market Theatre in The Haymarket. 1827, and in the autumn of that year he made a tour in Germany, a description of which he pub- lished as ' The Descent of the Danube from Ratisbon to Vienna' in 1828. This was repub- lished under the title of ' The Danube from Ulm to Vienna ' in 1836. In 1828 he was writing for Covent Garden and Drury Lane, The success of 'Charles XII,,' produced at the latter theatre, led to its reproduction at the Theatre Royal, Edinburgh, in a rather unfair fashion, and prompted the passing, in 1833, of the first Dra- The first Dra- A ,1 A . T-i r 11 • matic Authors matic Authors Act. The followmg year saw ^^^ him occupied upon the words for ' The Vampire,' to the music by Marschner, for the Lyceum, and 444 THE ATHEN^UM, 1879— 1882. on ' The Brigand ' for Drury Lane, in which the ' Gentle song ' Gentle Zitella ' made an extraordinary Zitella ' sensation, yet although the publishers of this song reaped 1,000/., Planchd himself obtained nothing at all for it. In this year Planche joined F.S.A. the Society of Antiquaries, and became a frequent contributor to the ArcJiceologia and other publications of the Society. From the Madame year 1831, when he was engaged with Madame Vestris at the Olympic, down to 1853, he was continually busy, producing either the greater part or the whole of, it is believed, nearly two hundred separate dramatic pieces In 1843 The British Mr. Planche assisted materially in the formation ArchKoloiTical _ _ Association, of the British Archaeological Association, of which he acted as honorary secretary for upwards of twenty years, editing in that capacity the Journal o{ the Society In March, 1854, Mr. Planche was made Rouge Croix Pursuivant at the College of Arms, and in 1857 he was em- The Meyrick ployed to arrange the well-known Meyrick Collection. \\ .• r , r- , ., . . collection of armour and weapons for exhibition at Manchester." In 1866 he was promoted to the office of Somerset Herald. " His amusing- "Aprofes- and instructive 'Recollections and Reflections,' sional auto- biography." ' a professional autobiography,' appeared in two volumes in 1872, enlarged from articles contri- buted to Lo?idou Society in the preceding year. It was in 1872 that Mr. Gladstone conferred THE ATHEN.-EUM, I 879— I 882. 445 upon Mr, Planche a Civil List pension of 200/. yearly, in recognition of services which were, after all, but poorly rewarded by his heraldic position in a collegiate society, where pecuniary success depended upon the power of attracting rich clients, eager to trace their pedigrees up to fabulous ancestors The 'Cyclopaedia of Cos- 'Cyclopaedia . ) 1 r • 11 1 .1 of Costume.' tume, a work of nnmense labour and consider- able expense, was commenced in 1875, and as a literary venture was fairly remunerative. The ' Testimonial Edition ' of his extravaganzas, lately published in five handsome volumes, under the editorship of Mr. T. F. Dillon-Croker, F.S.A., and Mr. Stephen Isaacson Tucker, who suc- ceeded him in his post of Rouge Croix Pur- suivant at the Heralds' College, yielded a hand- some sum for the benefit of the herald-author. Mr. Planche needs no panegyric to keep his memory alive in the hearts of his numerous friends. His brilliant wit and keen sense of humour, his archaeological acumen, his blame- Blameless less private life, combined to make him sought P"^'^^^ ''f^- after by all who knew him. One of the most notable traits of his character was his tender solicitude for his widowed daughters and their families. Never a man of large means — for in all his literary labours he worked for the love of the subject rather than for the money it brought him — he remained at his post in the arena of life 446 THE ATIIEN/EUM, I 879 — 1 882. at an age when most men would have considered themselves entitled to hang up their weapons and fight no more." The death of "the eldest of Mr. Mill's William disciples," Mr. William Thomas Thornton, C.B., 1 homas Thornton, is noticed on the 26th of June. He was born in 1 81 3, and, like Mr. Mill, was a servant of the East India Company. " His scholarship was wide and varied ; but, though no mere econo- mist, his reputation rests principally on his 'Over-Popu- economic publications, especially 'Over-Popu- lation and its . 1 • t-. 1 . a -nii Remedy.' lation and Its Remedy, ' A Plea for Peasant Proprietors,' and ' On Labour.' In the first of these works he completely overthrew Mr. Mac- Culloch with reference to the effect of a wide distribution of landed property on the increase of population. Of all the failures in political prediction, none has been more signal than that of Mr. MacCulloch's confident anticipation that the law of partition would soon convert France into a pauper warren ; and Mr. Thornton may be said to have predicted the failure. He also did much in this work to correct a popular misconception, of which Lord Macaulay was the eloquent exponent, with respect to the com- parative prosperity of the labouring population 'OnLal)onr' in past and modern times The work 'On reviewed by y l > • 1 , i> c ^ r • 1 1 - John Stuart Labour was reviewed by Mr. Mill in two ^^'''- articles in the Fortnightly Revieiv, which have son. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. -447 been republished in the fourth volume of his ' Dissertations and Discussions.' Mr. Mill had long before, in the chapter on 'International Values ' in his ' Principles of Political Economy,' traced part of his exposition of that subject to Mr. Thornton's suggestions." In No. ccccliii. of the Spectator, published on Saturday, August 9th, 17 12, appeared the now well-known hymn "When all Thy mercies," ''When all which has always been attributed to Addison. not\y Addt Mr. Edward J. L. Scott, in the Athe^tceiim of the lOth of July, refers to the "few words of introduction to the piece, as it appeared for the first time in the pages of the Spectator, which might have led to a different conclusion : ' I have already obliged the Publick with some Pieces of Divine Poetry which have fallen into my Hands, and as they have met with the Reception which they deserved, I shall from time to time communicate any Work of the same Nature which has not appeared in Print and may be acceptable to my Readers.' " Mr. Scott then goes on to state that he has found among the papers of John Ellis, Under-Secre- tary of State during the reign of Queen Anne, " an original letter, without date, addressed to John Ellis, and signed Richard Richmond, and Richard the writer encloses as hie own composition the above hymn, and founds thereon a plea for Richmond. I 448 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. | preferment in the Church. The letter runs as follows : — For The R' Worshipfull M' Justice Ellis In Pall Mall Most Honored S'' Your Piety And Prudence Your Charity and Candor Engrave Your Name for Posterity : As well as the Present Age to Admire Therein Appropriate this Most Excellent Hymn Suitable S'' to Your Excellent Virtues. And hope it may prove A Motive for Your Honors Christian Bene- volence To the Author in Adversity To Comfort the Sor- rows in Life. Shall be Thankful! to Heaven And Your Worships Most Gracious hand Richard Richmond. The author, Richard Richmond, seems to have been rector of the parish of Walton-on-the- Hill, CO. Lancaster, from 1690 to 1720, and sub- sequently patron of the same living. He also, so far as I can make out, was grandfather of Richard Richmond, vicar of Walton, who is curiously described in Baines's ' History and Antiquities of Lancashire ' as Bishop of ' Soda ' in 1773. I suppose that Ellis on the receipt of the hymn handed it over to Addison to make what use of it he pleased." Mr. Tom The death of Mr. Tom Taylor is recorded on Taylor. the 17th of July. He was born in 18 17. "In 1837 he was at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he became a Fellow. For two years THE ATHEN.-EUM, 1 879 — 1 882. 449 previously to his being called to the bar of the Inner Temple in 1845, he held the professorship of English Language and Literature at Uni- versity College. Assistant-Secretary and then Secretary to the Board of Health, then Secre- tary to the Local Government Acts Office, he retired after twenty-one years' service with a pension. Two years later, in 1874, he succeeded Shirley Brooks as editor of Punchy ]\Ir. Taylor Pmh/!. had a hand in more than a hundred dramas, His dramas. " some of them, like ' The Ticket-of-Leave Man,' little more than translations, others, like ' Henry Dunbar ' and ' Arkwright's Wife,' very credit- able specimens of adaptation. What plays are wholly original, in the sense of being free from extraneous aid, it is not easy positively to declare." " ' Plot and Passion,' ' Lady Clan- carty,' ' Masks and Faces,' ' New Men and Old Acres,' ' Still Waters Run Deep,' and ' An Un- equal Match ' retain a position as acting come- dies, and ' The Fool's Revenge,' ' 'Twixt Axe and Crown,' ' Joan of Arc,' and ' Anne Boleyn ' have won acceptance as historical dramas. Questions as to the extent to which indebted- ness to previous sources calls for acknowledg- ment caused some animated discussions between Mr. Taylor and the critics, and led to the pub- lication in the AthencEum of a letter protest- ing against the charges brought against him, VOL. II. 2 G 450 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 879 — 1882. and explaining his views upon originality in dramatic art. In regard to this matter Mr. Taylor was to some extent sinned against, as he lived in a period when awkward questions were for the first time put, and was the scapegoat of a system he transmitted and perpetuated, but did not invent ]\Ir. Taylor was a staunch advocate of a School of Histrionic Art. He never failed to accord a generous and loyal support to any attempt to revive upon the stage the plays of Shakspeare." The following is at the head of " Literary Gossip " on the 31st of July : — " We are glad to Mr. F. C. be able to announce that Mr. F. C. Burnand, the Burnand ^uthor of * Happy Thoughts,' succeeds the late new edUor 01 i 1 y o > Punch. Mr. Tom Taylor as ^6\\.ox oi Punch. Mr. Bur- nand has for some years been the most popular of the contributors to the journal, and he will no doubt prove a worthy successor of Mark Lemon and Shirley Brooks." M. Pasteur. ^L Pasteur has, it is mentioned on the 24th of July, " received from the Government of France the sum of 50,000 francs in aid of his researches on the contagious diseases of animals." On the same date it is also stated that "Mr. M. Huish succeeds Mr. S. C. Hall and the late The ^r/ J^Ir. Dafforne in the management of the Art Journal. Journal, and that it is intended to elevate the tone and improve the quality of our contem- THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 879— 1 882. 45 I porary, so that it may compete with the Port- The PorifoUo. ^olio. This is a well-merited compliment to Mr. Hamerton and Messrs. Seeley, and they will appreciate it." " Rowlandson the Caricaturist: a Selection 'Rowlandson,' from his Works. By J. Grego. 2 vols. Illus- ^- '*^^'^' trated," is reviewed in the same number. " Having completed his biographical notice, Mr. Grego enters on a chronology of the caricaturist's works, and, selecting those examples which are most suitable to his purpose, has adorned his pages with photographic fac-similes from the designs and prints of the satirist." " So pro- digious was the facility of Rowlandson and so considerable his industry that it is by no means certain that even Mr. Grego's extensive cata- logue is anything like complete. Yet this is by far the largest list ever made, and its compre- hensiveness proves the diligence of the com- piler." On the 31st of July it is announced that "an annual prize of seven guineas for excellence in practical physiology has just been founded at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, to commemorate Harvey and 11 • r TT -111 • 1 ^^- Kartholu- the long connexion of Harvey with the hospital, mew's to which he was elected physician in 1609." °^1'' ^' The death of Mr. James Imlach, bookseller at Banff, is noted in the same number. He wrote an " interesting ' History of Banff,' in which he 452 THE ATHEN^UM, I879 — 1882. mentions that in early life he collected materials James Imlach on the life of Macpherson, the Scottish free- WalterScott. booter celebrated by Burns, for Sir Walter Scott, and how the novelist was led to abandon his project." A sorrow for " English-speaking boys through- „. ,^ ^, out the world " is announced on August 14th in Kingston, the death of William Henry Giles Kingston, who for nearly thirty years enjoyed a remark- able popularity as a writer for boys. He was born in London on the 28th of February, 18 14. " For many years he liv^ed with his family at Oporto, where his father was in business, and thence he made many voyages to and from England Encouraged by the success of his first work, ' The Circassian Chief,' published in 1844, he produced, while residing in Portugal, ' The Prime Minister : a Story of the Days of the Great INIarquis of Pombal,' and shortly after- wards appeared his ' Lusitanian Sketches,' which were descriptive of his own travels and adven- tures in Portugal. In 1850 was issued from the house at the corner of St. Paul's Churchyard, which has for so many years been identified with juvenile literature, his first book for boys, 'I'eterthe 'Peter the Whaler.' He has written about Whaler.' 1 , , , , one hundred and thnty volumes The most popular of his books with boys were undoubt- edly his sea stories, which have gained for him THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 879 — 18S2. 453 the title of ' the modem Marryat,' and the most prominent among them were 'The Three Mid- shipmen,' ' The Three Lieutenants/ ' The Three Commanders,' and 'The Three Admirals.' After a careful consultation last June with emi- nent medical advisers it was clear that the end could not be far off. He awaited it with Christian calmness and fortitude, and when it His Christian , . - , , . ^ , fortitude. came, on the 5th of the present month, it tound him resigned and happy, and, like the hero he was so fond of portraying, strong in the con sciousness of having done his duty." ' The Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley,'* * The ' Poetical Works ' were reviewed on the 29th of September, 1877, and the Alhejiceian states that this edition of Shelley's poems is, " in beauty, carefulness, and fidelity to printed texts, superior to any that have gone before it. Its great feature, however — and that which calls for special attention — is that it substitutes ' Laon and Cythna' (which Shelley's publisher dared not publish) for the 'Revolt of Islam'" On the 22nd of January, 1887, a letter appears from Mr. F. S. Ellis giving infor- mation of an important Shelley " find," being the MS. of ' The Mask of Anarchy ' entirely in Shelley's handwriting, and, "apparently, the first draft of the poem." A fac- simile of the manuscript, with an introduction by H. Buxton Forman, was printed for the Shelley Society, and is noticed in the Athenceum of the 31st of December, 1887 : — "The introduction gives a serviceable account of the Manchester massacre of August i6th, 1819, the details of the recovery of the holograph manuscript, and 454 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/9 — 1 882. 'Shelley's edited by Henry Buxton Forman, is reviewed on Prose \\ orks, ' edited by the 4th of September. In announcing this work rorman°" o" the 31st of July the Athenceum stated: — "The edition of Shelley's prose works which Mr. Buxton Forman has just finished putting through the press, and which, like his edition of the poetical works, is in four volumes, contains much that will be new. Shelley's own prose publications are accurately reprinted for the first time, and ' The Necessity of Atheism ' and ' A Letter to Lord Ellenborough ' are at length given from original copies, Mrs. Shelley's two- volume collection of posthumous essays, frag- ments, translations, and letters from Italy is reprinted with very considerable additions ; all outlying prose essays, fragments, &c., are in- cluded, and nearly all outlying letters, except those in Hogg's 'Life of Shelley' and the ' Shelley Memorials.' The principal works not before published are the much-talked-of essay ' On the Devil and Devils,' a considerable series of ' Notes on Sculptures in Rome and Florence,' and the long letter which Shelley wrote to Leigh Hunt, as editor of the Exajuiner, on the iniquitous trial of Richard Carlile for publishing Paine's ' Age of Reason.' There are several new a careful and minute statement, such as might be ex- pected from Mr. Forman, of the various points of textual interest involved in it." THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879— 1 882. 455 letters, and a large number of those previously published have been revised beside the MSS. The whole series of letters now given, instead of sixty-eight as published by Mrs. Shelley, is a hundred and twenty-seven. Among the illustra- tions are an etching of Casa Magni, the poet's last abode, a fac-simile of a drawing by Shelley, and the pedigree of Shelley from the records of the College of Arms. A copious index to the whole eight volumes has been added." Mr. W. H. Wills died on the ist of Septem- Mr. w. 11. ^ Wills. ber, and an obituary notice of him appears on the 4th. He was born on the 13th of January, 1810. "The lines of his solid success, both literary and social, may be said to have been laid Chambers's when he became the editor of Chambers s Journal. Journal. He did his work there so well as to attract the attention of influential men in London ; and with his wife, the sister of William and Robert Chambers, gathered round him a social circle which people yet remember as most charming and characteristic of the time He was in the heart of many of the most important literary undertakings, being one of the creators of Punch, on the original staff of the Daily News, as well as for many years the acting editor .,, ^, ,. ' ^ -^ ^ All the Year of Household Words and All the Year Round. Round. For years he was the Baroness Burdett- Coutts's wise counsellor and the efficient director 456 THE ATIIEN.EUM, 1 8/9 — 1 882. of most of her important schemes and under- takings His nature, ardent, vivacious, eager, was full of that happy kind of cheerfulness which comes from strong affections, the desire to be of use to others, and the absolute need of seeing people happy about him, and of being loved as he himself loved. No man has left behind him fewer enemies and more friends, and no man was ever more faithful to his old friends, more grateful for kindness, more constant in remembrance. He carried out in action the ruling principles of his life, work and Christian kindness — faith in God's overruling providence, hope in the future, charity with all men." The English Qn the 4th of September note is also made lan^uaye and . Lhina. that " the Times correspondent m St. Peters- burg, writing about a recent interview between the Chinese ambassador and the Russian em- peror, states that English served as the medium of communication between his Majesty and the Marquis Tseng." ' Forty Years' Recollections, Literary and Thomas Frost. Political,' by Thomas Frost, is noticed on the 1 8th of September. Mr. Frost was about sixteen years old when he attended a meeting of Robert Owen's disciples at the Tivoli Gardens at Norwood, " being attracted thither ' partly by curiosity as to what Socialists were like, and partly by the announcement of a brilliant THE ATHEN/EUM, 1879 — 1 882. "45/ display of fireworks.' The climax of the pyro- technic exhibition was a fiery scroll with the motto, ' Each for all, and all for each,' and the great incident in the meeting thus concluded was the appearance on the platform of Robert Robert Owen at the Tivoli Owen himself, ' a little, benevolent -looking. Gardens, quiet-mannered gentleman in an ordinary suit o^woo of black.' Mr. Frost was never himself an inmate of Harmony Hall, being, as he says, crowded out by ' thousands of others whose claims had precedence,' and of whom only a favoured few could be admitted to the pha- lanstery before it collapsed, 'not through defects inherent in the system, but owing to the diffi- culty which those who attempted to reduce it to practice experienced in adapting themselves to its requirements.' " Much curious information is given of the smaller and more or less different enterprises that were begun at the same time. Among them was the Concordium, started in The Con- cordium. the autumn of 1842 by William Oldham, at Alcott House, near Richmond. The Concordists were not only strict vegetarians and water- drinkers, but believed that the process of cooking deprived fruits and vegetables of the etherealizing properties which they attributed to them. Mr. Frost's volume " concisely tells the story of the Chartist movement almost from its The Chartists, commencement to its close." 458 THE ATHEN.^UM, 1879— 1882. A communication from Newcastle-upon-Tyne, dated September 13th, which appears on the 18th, announces that "after an intestine contest of some severity, which has lasted not less than ten yeai's, the burgesses of this ancient town to-day witnessed with every manifestation of joy the Newcastle opening of a free public library The cere- ' monies of to-day began by the opening of a well-arranged lending library in the old Me- chanics' Institution. Dr. Newton, Chairman of the Library Committee, assisted by Mr. Cowen, the eloquent M.P. for Newcastle, by the young Earl of Durham, and others, gave great effect to this proceeding. Then followed the laying of the foundation stone by Mrs. Newton on the site of ' Carliol,' in view of some thousand spec- tators Mr. Haggerston, the librarian of the new library, has issued an excellent catalogue of the lending library, indexing not only the titles of books on the shelves, but in many useful ways the contents of the books, reviews, and magazines." ' Collected Sonnets,' by Charles Tennyson Turner, is noticed on the 13th of November: " The volume contains by way of preface a little poem and a brief memoir, signed respectively * A. Tennyson ' and ' Hallam Tennyson.' " ' Endymion,' by the Earl of Beaconsficld, is reviewed on the 27th of November ; and the Tennyson Turner's Sonnets. THE ATHEN/EUM, 1879 — 1S82. 459 week following it is stated that the novel was 'Endymion,' begun some ten years ago, that 7,000 copies BeaconsLld. have been subscribed for, and that 10,000/. is the sum eventually to be paid to Lord Beacons- field. In Notes and Queries of December iSth appeared the following " Key to ' Endymion,' " contributed by D. M. K. K. :— Zenobia Berengaria (Lady Montfort) Agrippina Adriana Neufchatel... The Neufchatels Col. Albert (Prince Florestan) Lord Roehampton Lord Montfort Lord Rawchester Earl of Beaumaris ... Mr. Bertie Tremaine Count of FerroU Endymion Nigel Penruddock Mr. Ferrars (the grandfather) George Waldershare... Job Thornberry Mr. Vigo Mr. Jorrocks ... Hortensius ... Sidney Wilton Mr. Sainte Barbe Mr. Gushy Topsy-Turvy ... Scaramouch ... Lady Jersey. Hon. Mrs. Norton. Queen Hortense. Lady Burdett Coutts. The Rothschilds. Napoleon 111. Lord Palmerston. ThelateLord Hertford. Earl Granville. The late Earl of Derby. Lord Houghton. Prince Bismarck. The Author. Cardinal Manning. Rt. Hon. George Rose. George Smythe. Richard Cobden. Mr. Poole. Mr. M liner Gibson. SirW. Vernon Harcourt. Sidney Herbert. Thackeray. Dickens. Vanity Fair. Punch. Key. Daguerre, the discoverer of the photographic Portrait of process which bears his name, and which he Mayail. '^ 460 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. reported to the world in January, 1839, was photo- graphed by Mr. Mayall in 1846. The AthencBiwi of December, i8th, 1880, states: "This interesting portrait has been printed in VVoodburytype, and forms the frontispiece of the * Year-Book o Photography ' for this year." On the 25th of December it is announced that Ladies at a lady has again obtained " a first-class at Cam- bridge m the papers set lor the Moral Science npos. Female It is also reported from Bombay that " native education in . . India. girls are being induced to present themselves at public examinations, either for entrance to the University or for admission to the public service. One young lady, who obtained the scholarship offered a few years ago by Miss Mary Carpenter to native girls, lately passed the second-class examination for admission to the public service. Another Parsee girl presented herself at the recent matriculation examination of the Bombay University." And in the same week it is stated that " the gold medal, together with a prize of ten guineas, offered by the Council of Trinity College, London, for the best essay on ' Middle-Class Education : its Influence on Commercial Pur- suits,' has been awarded to Miss Agnes Amy Bulley, secretary of the College for Women, Manchester." THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879— 1 882. 46 1 Just as this last number of the year was going to press " tidings of a great loss to English letters " were received : — " ' George Eliot ' has Death of passed away during Christmas week ; she has Eliot."' died within two-and-twenty years of the time when ' Adam Bede ' revealed that another great novelist was ready to delight the world." The obituary of 1880 included Lady Char- obituary, lotte Elliot, author of ' Stella, and other Poems,' by " Florenz," published in 1867, and ' Medusa,' published in 1878 ; Prof William Sharpey, the distinguished physiologist ; Mr. Robert P^ortune, the well-known traveller and botanical collector; Dr. A. Raleigh, author of various religious works ; Mr. Henry Ashworth, the historian of the repeal of the corn laws ; Mr. S. Townshend Mayer, at one time the proprietor and editor of the St. James s Magazine ; Alfred Swaine ^Taylor, the well-known Professor of Medical Jurisprudence ; Mr. W. W. E. Wynne, the Welsh archaeologist; Mr. Mungo Ponton, who was the first to call attention " to the pecu- liar photographic properties of the bichromate of potash, which was the origin of the perma- nent printing processes now so extensively em- ployed"; Dr. Hodgson, Professor of Political Economy in the University of Edinburgh since 1871 ; Miss Geraldine Jewsbury, author of the ' Sorrows of Gentility ' .and ' The Half Sisters,' 462 THE ATHEN.'EUM, 1 879 — 1 882. and the friend of Jane Welsh Carlyle ; Mr. WilHam Lassell, the veteran astronomer ; Mr. Charles Johnson, the editor of ' Sowerby's English Botany ' and ' The Ferns of Great Britain ' ; Mr. Thomas Tod Stoddart, the author of the 'Angler's Companion,' ' Songs and Poems,' &c. ; Mr. G. W. Yapp, the compiler of the Official Catalogue of the 185 1 Exhibition, and at one time Paris correspondent of the Daily Telegraph ; Dr. Edwin Guest, the distinguished antiquary, author of ' History of English Rhythms,' and Master of Caius College from 1852 until the 8th of October, 1880; and the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres, author of ' The Lives of the Lindsays,' ' Letters from the Holy Land,' &c, jSSi. a critical review of the works of " George ''^h.0^^^ Eliot," whose death had been announced on Christmas Day, is given in the first number for the year 1881. " As is well known, her earlier Hertransla- productions were translations of German works on the metaphysics of religion. Strauss's * Life of Jesus' appeared in an English form in 1846, and Feuerbach's ' Essence of Christianity ' in 1853. As translations they were excellent, but it cannot be said that they have had any in- fluence on English speculation. Their chief interest consists in the evidence they give of George Eliot's early devotion to ' advanced ' tions. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879— 1 882. 463 thinking and absorbing interest in the philo- sophy of reHgion. Her importance in the his- tory of Enghsh hterature rests upon the series of fictions commenced in 1857 '^'vith. the ' Scenes of Clerical Life,' and concluded in 1876 by ' Daniel Deronda.' It is not difficult to discern in these works two widely varying sets of artistic motives. The 'Scenes,' 'Adam Bede ' (1859)) ' Mill on the Floss,' ' Silas Marner,' ' Felix Holt,' and ' Middlemarch ' are all clearly con- nected by their subject matter, and, in large measure, by their style of treatment. In them she went back to the scenes and days of her childhood Throughout these novels of me- Her novels mory, as they maybe termed, the incidents and ° ™emor>. tone have a tragic ring about them which is wanting in the majority of novels dealing with London life It is essentially the spiritual life of her heroes and heroines which interests the writer. It is characteristic that she has intro- duced the religious life as a leading motive of the novel. Dinah Morris's spiritual experiences and exhortations, Maggie Tulliver's conversion by Thomas a Kempis, even Mr. Bulstrode's wrestlings of the spirit, arc themes which only the deepest spiritual sympathy could have handled adequately. Not that she is deficient in the lighter qualities of the novelist's art. No one has described English scenery with more 464 THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 879— 1 882. accurate touch or displayed a more Shak- spearean sense of humour. Mrs. Poyser and Bartle Massey are unequalled creations. In the delineation of children's character she stands almost on a level with Victor Hugo The remaining novels, ' Rom.ola,' ' The Spanish Gypsy ' (apart from its unfortunate form), and ' Daniel Deronda,' deal with an entirely different Romances of range of interests. They are romances of the the historic imagination, historic imagination, consciously creative instead of being, as in the other novels, unconsciously reproductive In her last work, ' The Impres- 'Theophrastussions of Theophrastus Such,' she applied herself consciously to direct ethical teaching It Her attempts remains to speak of her attempts in verse. in verse. George Eliot will always remain a striking example of the truth that the essential quality of the poet is the gift of song. All the other qualities required for poetry were possessed by her in high measure, yet it is granted on all sides that her poetical attempts were failures. The ' brother and sister ' sonnets and the Comtean hymn, ' O, may I join the choir in- visible ! ' in the 'Jubal' volume, a speech of Zarca's (' Nay, never falter '), and a fine de- scription of Truth by Sephardo in ' The Spanish Gypsy,' with, perhaps, Ladislaw's song, ' Oh me, oh me, what frugal cheer my love doth feed upon ! ' — these may find a place in antho- THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879— 1 882. 465 logics, but that is all. Writing now with the sense of her loss still fresh, it is impossible to forget that, for those who knew her personally, she herself was her greatest work. By her own training she made herself probably the most accomplished woman the century has seen. She brought to the world of art a greater extent of culture than any predecessor, with the possible exception of Goethe. Not alone was she a veritable pundit in languages, with mastery of French, German, and Italian, and serviceable knowledge of Latin, Greek, Spanish, and Hebrew ; she was widely learned in science and philosophy, and deeply read in history ; her works teem with evidence of her intimate know- ledge of music and painting. Add to all these accomplishments a width of sympathy and acuteness of observation seldom equalled, and one can form some idea of the rich nature just taken from us." Encouraging statistics of the progress of edu- r-ioi^ress of education in cation m Bengal are given in the Athencenni Bengal, for January 8th: the total number of pupils was 819,030, being 12-55 per cent, more than the previous year. " The increase was most marked in the primary schools. The cost to Government fell from 47I to 46 lakhs. This is ascribed to the interest taken in education by the people, who contribute steadily increasing VOL. II. 2 II 466 THE ATHENAEUM, I 8/9 — 1882. sums to defray its cost. The total amount ex- pended on each pupil was Rs. 5-13-4, of which Government contributed Rs. 2-10-11. The proportion of Mohammedans attending schools appears to fall off and of the Hindus to rise as we pass from the lower to the higher classes 01 instruction." Mr. R. K. It is also stated that " Mr. R. K. Douglas, the well-known Sinologue, Professor of Chinese in King's College, has been appointed to the newly created assistant-keepership in the Library of the British Museum." Mr. J. T. Mr, John Thomas Towson, well known for Tow son. being the first to direct attention to the advan- tages of sailing on the great circle, died on Monday, the 3rd of January, and an obituary notice of him is given on the 8th. He was born in Devonport in 1804, and trained to his father's trade of a watchmaker. " In 1838-39 Kubert Hunt, he associated himself with Mr. Robert Hunt, then resident in Devonport, and together these gentlemen devoted considerable attention to the Daguerreotype process, just then introduced. In November, 1839, Mr. Towson published in the Philosophical Alagazhie a paper ' On the Proper Focus for the Daguerreotype,' in which he demonstrated the important fact that ' the mean chemical influence lies without the limits of the luminous portion of the spectrum, very THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. 467 near the extreme violet ray.' Acting upon this, Dr. Draper, of New York, obtained the first The first photograph from life Mr. Towson was in- \om^l\fe.^ duced to give instruction in navigation to a few young men in the Naval Yard. This directed his attention to the subject, and led to the sug- Towson gestion that the quickest route across the sailinff^on the Atlantic would be by sailing on the great circle. S>eat circle. He communicated this to Sir John Herschel, who immediately replied that he was astonished that a thing so obvious had been overlooked so long. Sir John Herschel drew the attention of the Admiralty to Mr. Towson's discovery. Tow- son invented and constructed a table for the reduction of ex-meridian altitudes, a work highly valued in the mercantile marine, and he also arranged tables to facilitate the practice of great circle sailing. Mr. Towson gave the copy- right of those works to the Admiralty, and they were published by that department." The 'Life of John, Lord Campbell,' edited by 'Life of Lord his daughter, the Hon. Mrs. Hardcastle, is re- C^-^^n^l^ell.' viewed on January 22nd. "His life, as shown in his early letters, may be at once pronounced to be the best and the most vivid account of a barrister's career which has ever been written." He had to wait long to reap the fruits of his industry. " It was not till 1841 that he left the Bar to become for a few weeks Lord Chancellor 468 THE ATHEN.'EUM, 1 879 — 1 882. of Ireland. But he had then been successively Solicitor and Attorney General, and had held the latter office for an unusually long period. He became Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench in 1850, and Lord Chancellor in 1859, ^t the age of eighty. On the 22nd of June, 1861, he ap- peared to be perfectly well. There was a dinner party that night at his house. Before dinner he wrote a judgment. Talking to his old friend Sir David Dundas, he said, ' I think a clause should be added to the Litany, and, after praying against sudden death, we should say, " From a lingering illness, good Lord, deliver us." ' At about twelve o'clock he bade his children good- night. At eight next morning he was found His sudden death. dead in his arm-chair." A contribution from Dr. J. P. jMahaffy appears Dr. F. E. on the same date in reference to Dr. F. E. Jencken, who had died at Kingstown : " Dr. Jencken, when I came to know him, was a phy- sician practising near Dublin, a man of large education, of liberal views, and of far more than ordinary culture. He was an accomplished musician ; he was well read in metaphysics ; he was learned in the deeper and more obscure branches of his profession. And yet up to the age of seventeen he had been stone blind, and had only commenced his education by reading after a painful and tedious operation and much jencken. THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 879 — 1 882, 469 resulting delicacy. His case is one celebrated among physiologists and psychologists as Dr. Dr. Franz's case. Franz's case, that physician having operated on him in the year i84i,and having published his account of it in the Tj^ansactions of the Royal Society in that year. The experiments of Dr. Franz upon his patient brought out some facts so important as to the primitive knowledge of extension by sight that it was taken up against the Association school by those who believe in space as a primitive form of intuition. From this point of view I had myself urged it against John Stuart Mill, and his last reply to me (in the third edition of * Mill on Hamilton ') con- ceded that, if the facts in Dr. Franz's case were accurately stated, his own views would require modification. The controversy rested there with Mill's death, and I was busy with other work when one day Dr. Jencken called upon me, and introduced himself as the actual patient in the case. He had not known at the time of Dr. Franz's paper, as the matter had been foolishly kept secret from both the patient and his family ; and it was only after his settlement near Dublin that he accidentally, in reading a course of philosophy for his own improvement, discovered that his case had been the subject of a long discussion He believed firmly that his recollections were perfectly accurate, and spoke 470 THE ATHENAEUM, 1 879 — 1 882. with great confidence. At all events, he had made up his mind that as soon as he saw, he immediately saw and distinguished figures by that sense alone. This agrees with Dr. Franz's report. But what he added to me was very remarkable. I asked him whether the first objects of sight appeared very odd and strange to him. He said that as to colour they did, but that as to outline or figure they were so exactly what he had expected from touch, that he should have been surprised had they been different." TheBagford "The Amanda Group of Bagford Ballads, Ballads. ^ ^ . circa 1668. From the rare Originals in the British Museum, &c. Collected and Annotated by J. Woodfall Ebsworth, M.A.," being the completion of the Ballad Society's series of re- issues of the Bagford Ballads, is reviewed on the 29th of January, and the editor and the Society are " heartily congratulated on the completion of this series of reprints of, the Bagford Ballads, the success of which is so much due to the un- tiring and enthusiastic labours of Mr. Ebsworth, who has freely devoted to the work the appa- rently inexhaustible stores of his knowledge on the subject, in which, with a single exception, he has no equal." Thomas Thomas Carlyle died at Chelsea on Saturday, Carlyle. ^|^g ^^j^ ^1^ February, in his eighty-sixth year, and the AtJienauni on the 12th, in its obituary THE ATHEN^UM, 1879 — ^382. 4/1 notice, states : " He was born, on the 4th of De- cember, 1795, in the village of Ecclefechan, where his father, at that time a stonemason, afterwards advanced to be a farmer in a small way. Tradition gives a good account of old James Carlyle, who, shrewd and strict, shared the common ambition and piety of small Scotch farmers in desiring that his firstborn should be- come a minister of the Kirk. With that object young Carlyle was diligently educated, first at Hiseaily Hoddam School and afterwards at the burgh school of Annan (' Hinterschlag Gymnasium '), six miles distant, before being sent in 18 10, when only in his fifteenth year, to obtain higher training at the University of Edinburgh His studies at Edinburgh, which he left in May, Studies at 1814, inclined Carlyle to rebel against his '" ""^^^^ father's plan of making him a preacher, and with some difficulty he obtained permission to become a schoolmaster. For two years he filled the post of teacher of mathematics and classics in Kirkcaldy burgh school. But teaching was irksome to him, and in 181 8 he went back to Edinburgh, there, by writing for Brewster's ' Edinburgh Encyclopaedia ' and other hack- work, to earn money enough to enable him to go through the immense course of reading in history, poetry, romance, and other fields, which constituted the most fruitful portion of his edu- 4/2 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879— 1 882. Tutor to Charles Biiller. ' Life of Schiller.' His marriafje. Lives at Craigen- puttoch. cation His most intimate friend then was Edward Irving, the great preacher of later days, whose acquaintance he had made some years before, in Irving's native town of Annan. Returning to his father's quiet farm for a short time, he soon obtained employment — which was in its way very welcome to him, because it freed him from much anxiety about money matters — as tutor to Charles Buller ; and it was during the five years in which he occu- pied this post that his life as an author really commenced. He continued his contributions to Brewster's ' Encyclopaedia,' and in 1823 he began to issue in the London Magazine his ' Life of Schiller.' In 1824, besides the translation of Legendre's ' Geometry,' he produced his version of 'Wilhelm Meister,' which was followed by four volumes of German romance, ' a book of translations,' as he called the series, ' not of my suggesting or desiring, but of my executing as honest journey-work in defect of better.' In 1826 Carlyle married Miss Jane Welsh, a de- scendant of John Knox, and, after residing for a short time in Edinburgh, he retired for six years to the farm of Craigenputtoch, in Dumfries- shire, a small property belonging to his wife. Thence, in 1828, he wrote to Goethe the cele- brated letter which gives such a delightful view of his life and surroundings, his temper and THE ATHEN-'EUM, 1879 — 1 882. 473 pursuits, throughout this period At Craigcn- puttoch he prepared his essays on Burns and on Boswell's ' Johnson/ on Richter, Werner, Goethe, Novalis, Schiller, Voltaire, Diderot, and other French and German authors. For the rest, his brain was seething with the strange, wild thoughts that found such strange, wild utterance in ' Sartor Resartus.' The writing ' Sartor and rewriting of that work occupied portions of ^ several years. It appears to have been finished in 1 83 1, but it only saw the light in the pages of Frascr, through the help of Dr. John Carlyle, physician to the Duke of Buccleuch, during 1833 and 1834. Carlyle has himself scornfully told how the work was rejected by one publisher after another." Early in 1834 he came to Comes to London, and took the little house in Cheyne Row, Chelsea, which he occupied through the remainder of his life. " ' Sartor Resartus ' made Carlyle at once a famous man in London, and he became a brilliant member of a brilliant literary circle. John Stuart Mill and Leigh Hunt, the Hares and Maurice, his old pupil Charles Buller, John Sterling, whose life he wrote in 185 i, and a crowd of others were his friends in these days In 1837 he published his ' French Revolution,' and in the same year ' French I u i. ui- 1 i. 1 • Revolution.' ne began to appear as a public lecturer, his first course being a series of six lectures on 474 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879 — 18S2. German literature. He discoursed next year on European culture, in 1839 o" * ^^e revolutions of modern Europe,' and in 1840 he delivered the most memorable series of all, the matter of which was afterwards published in ' Heroes and His writings. Hero-Worship.' 'Chartism,' having appeared in 1839, was followed by 'Past and Present' in 1843, by 'Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches' in 1845, by the 'Latter -Day Pamphlets ' in 1850, and by the 'Life of John Sterling' in 1851. After that he employed himself during fourteen years on the largest, if not the most important, work of his life, the ' History of Frederick the Great.' Except that ' The Early Kings of Norway,' though written long before, was not published until 1874, and that he now and then sent an article to some magazine, Carlyle's career as a literary workman may be considered to have come to an end in 1865, when the last volume of * Frederick ' appeared Carlyle's last important appearance in public was in April, 1866, when he delivered his installation address as Lord Rector of the University of Edinburgh. He was still in the northern capital when the news reached him of Death of his the sudden death of the good and faithful wife whom Edward Irving had found for him in 1826. He had to hasten to London, and thence to hasten back again to Scotland, in order to place wife. THE ATHEN.'EUM, 1 879 — 1 882, 475 her remains in the cathedral of her native town of Haddington One of the best epigrams about Carlyle has been written by Mr. John Morley. "'Carlylism is the male of Byronism,' he says. ' It is Mr. John Byronism with thew and sinew, bass pipe and shagtry 5^^*-"" ,7 °" . " "■ °°^ Carlyhsm. bosom. There is the same grievous complamt agamst the time and its men and its spirits, something even of the same contemptuous despair, the same sense of the puniness of man in the centre of a cruel and frowning universe ; but there is in Carlylism a deliverance from it all, indeed, the only deliverance possible. Its despair is a despair without misery. Labour in a high spirit, duty done, and right service performed in fortitudinous temper, — here was, not indeed a way out, but a way of erect living within.' " ' Reminiscences,' by Thomas Carlyle, edited Carlyie's by James Anthony Froude, is reviewed on the I2th and 19th of March. On the i6th of April a long communication appears from Mr. C. Kegan Paul " in reference to those passages in Mr. Carlyie's ' Reminiscences ' in which he has assailed Mrs. Irving and her family — the Martins of Kirkcaldy." On the 14th of May Mr. H. G. Graham writes on ' The Two Carlyles.' On the 18th of June Mr. Alexander Ireland contributes some letters addressed by Carlyle to Leigh Hunt. Messrs. Chapman & Hall have, it is announced on the 2nd of July, "purchased of Mr. Froude Rem! niscences.' 4/6 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 8/9 — 1 882. The copy- and Sir Fitzjames Stephen, the executors, the rights of . , , r ^T-i /^ 1 1 i> Carlyle. copynghts oi 1 homas Larlyle. Lor(l Lord Beaconsfield, " as remarkable a man of Beaconstield. genius as this century has produced in England," died on the 19th of April, and the Athe7i(Eiim of the 23rd contains a long obituary notice, extending over eight columns. " Isaac D'Israeli was nearly forty years old, and had made himself a good name as a hard worker and a diligent writer, though only his ' Curiosities of Literature ' had then been published in a col- lected form, when his more famous son was * born in a library,' as the latter informed the world in the general preface to his novels which appeared in 1870." When only a lad he was apprenticed to a firm of solicitors in Old Jewry. His novels. His first work, 'Vivian Grey,' appeared in 1826, and was succeeded in 1828 by 'The Voyage of Captain Popanilla,' a satire on society and politics, written in imitation of Swift. ' The Young Duke ' was published in the spring of 1829, followed by ' Alroy ' and ' Con- tarini Fleming.' The AtJieiicBiivi states that *' Disraeli at this time believed himself to be, Disraeli as besides SO mucli else, a poet, and the fruit of a poet. ^j^^|. ]-,£ijgf appeared in ' The Revolutionary Epick,' which, though the first portion was not printed till 1834 nor the sequel till 1864, was begun in 1830. ' It was on the plains of Troy,' THE ATHEN/EUxM, 1 879 — 1 882. 477 he said in the preface to the ' poem,' ' that I first conceived the idea of the work.' Near the end of 1835 appeared a 'Vindication of the Engh'sh Constitution, in a Letter to a noble and learned Lord,' by ' D'Israeli the Younger.' In 1836 and 1837 he produced two other novels, * Henrietta Temple : a Love Story,' and ' Venetia.' ' Henrietta Temple ' shows greater skill in narrative and less violent distortion of imagery and character than any of his earlier works. It is also singularly free from political allusions Except that ' Alarcos : a Tragedy,' appeared in 1839, and that some pamphlets were issued at intervals, there was a pause of seven years in Disraeli's literary life after the publication of ' Venetia.' He was too busy with politics to find time for writing books." In politics " he was a Tory with Radical sympathies Radical'^ ^ long before the Young England party was s>™pa'J''es- heard of by name, or recognized as having any power in the country. Thus in 1839 he not only privately befriended Thomas Cooper, but also publicly defended or excused the Chartists, Dpfends the declaring that 'the aristocracy and the labouring population constitute the nation.' Hating, and on every possible occasion denouncing, the Whigs, he allied himself to the Tory party in the hope that it might be so reconstructed as to realize his ideal of a government for the benefit Charlists. 4/8 THE ATHENy^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. of the people, under the irresponsible guidance of the best men among them or above them. He believed in a democracy, inspired and directed by theocratic and aristocratic sentiments. That, at any rate, was one of his two cardinal beliefs, the other being that he was of all men the fittest to take the leadership in such a regeneration of England, and such a reproduction in modern times of the system divinely appointed for his Jewish forefathers some three or four thousand years ago. For an exposition of his political theories, and even for an account, from his point of view, of the political movements of the first ten years of his public life, we must turn, not to Hansard or the newspapers, but to the wonder- ful trilogy of novels, ' Coningsby, or the New Generation,' ' Sybil, or the Two Nations,' ' Tan- cred, or the New Crusade,' and to the ' Political Biography of Lord George Bentinck,' which he published in succession in 1844, 1845, 1847, and 1852 The climax of his ambition was reached in August, 1876, when he was raised to Created the peerage as Viscount Hughenden and Earl of I^s-tI of Beaconstield. Beaconsfield. He had sat in the Lower House without interruption during thirty-nine years, leaving Maidstone to become the representative of Shrewsbury in 1841, and in 1847 exchanging to Buckinghamshire, for which he was a member in seven successive Parliaments. ' One thing is THE ATHEN.'EUM, 1 879— 1 883. 479 clear,' he had written in ' The Young Duke,' forty-seven years before he was made an earl, ' that a man may speak very well in the House of Commons, and fail very completely in the House of Lords. There are two distinct styles requisite. I intend in the course of my career, if I have time, to give a specimen of both. In the Lower House " Don Juan " may perhaps be our model ; in the Upper House " Paradise Lost." ' On the 2 1st of May it is announced that " for Natives at the first time in the annals of the Calcutta Uni- u^-ie^J^lfj., versity a native gentleman has been elected pre- sident of the Faculty of Arts. This honour has been conferred on the Hon. the Maharaja Joti'ndra Mohan Tagore, C.S.L" International copyright between China and international Japan is the subject of a paragraph on the 28th '^betwe^n of May : " Chinese authors complain that their China and •' '■ Japan. works are not only printed in Japan, but that cheap editions of them are imported into China and sold to their detriment. Indeed, Japan stands in relation to China on this head in almost the same position as the United States do to this country. It is worthy of note that Chinese authors have perpetual copyright in their productions, and that any infringer of an author's rights is punished by receiving a hun- dred blows and being transported for three years." 480 THE ATHENAEUM, 1 879— 1 882. It is also stated that the question of newspaper Copyright in copyright is at present occupying the attention India. of the Indian Government : " It is complained that great hardship has occasionally been in- flicted on the proprietors of newspapers by the fact that telegrams procured by them at much expense from Europe have been transmitted to distant parts of the country, and published there before the journals in which they originally ap- peared could arrive." ,Mr. Andrew The death of Mr. Andrew Wilson, the author Wilson, ^f , jj^g Abode of Snow,' is recorded on the rSth of June. He was the son of Dr. Wilson, of Bombay, and for some years a journalist on the Indian press. "Afterwards he became editor of the China Jllail, and his residence in China led to his compiling the excellent account of Col. Gordon's ' Ever Victorious Army,' which was published in 1868. After writing this book Mr. Wilson returned to India, and produced the volume of travels which made his reputation." He was a voluminous contributor to Blackwood. On July 2nd it is stated that " Dr. Schlie- mann, who is now in Berlin superintending his collections, has received the very unusual honour Honorary of ' Honorary Citizenship.' Prince Bismarck citizensliip ^ r^ 1 n t 1 1 1 1 , of Berlin. '^"^ General von Moltke are the only other living personages on whom it has been con- ferred." THE ATIIEN.EUM, 1 879 — I 882. 48 1 * The Fifty Years' Work of the Royal Geo- graphical Society,' by Clements R. Markham, C.B., F.R.S., is reviewed on the i6th of July. The immediate forerunner of the Royal Geogra- phical Society was an institution of a social, if not a convivial tendency. "Capt. Sir Arthur de Capell Broke, the author of some works of travel, conceived the idea of forming an agree- able dining society, composed solely of tra- vellers, to which the name of the Raleigh Club The Rnki-h ' '^ Club. was given On the 24th of May, 1830, there was a numerously attended meeting of the Raleigh Travellers' Club, with Sir John (then Mr.) Barrow in the chair. The expediency of founding an organized scientific society for the spread of geographical knowledge was cordially recognized, and resolutions approving of the publication of geographical works, the founda- tion of a library of maps and charts, a collection of the best instruments for purposes of travel, and the grant of assistance to travellers and students of the science were passed. A pro- visional committee of six well-known members of the Raleigh Club was chosen, these being Mr. Barrow, Mr. Robert Brown, Mr. Roderick I. Murchison, Mr. John Cam Hobhouse (after- wards Lord Broughton), Mr. Mountstuart Elphinstone, and Mr. Bartle Frere. It was on the 1 6th of July, 1830, that the Society was VOL. II. 2 I 482 THE ATHENAEUM, 1 879— 1 882. Founding of formally constituted on the recommendation of the Royal ... . , -i • Geographical the provisional committee, and a council, vice- •'^ociety. presidents, and secretaries were appointed, the whole being under the presidency of Viscount Goderich. The original list of Fellows comprised 460, of whom fourteen are still alive. Two kindred bodies soon started into being and lent their aid to the diffusion of geographical knowledge. The Hakluyt Society was founded in 1847, for the purpose of printing rare and unpublished travels, and in 1850 Sir Roderick Murchison obtained the addition of a Geogra- phical Section (E) to the British Association Medals and Twenty-eight medals and rewards have been rewards. . ' .... • a r • given for work m Asia, twenty-two in Atrica, twenty-three in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, and sixteen in Australasia. Civilians have car- ried off the large proportion of fifty-one out of a hundred and nine rewards, soldiers twenty- three, sailors twenty-one, and women (Lady Franklin and Mrs. Somerville) two. It is natural that we should find Englishmen credited with nearly three-quarters of the total number of the awards, but the balance of thirty-seven shows that other countries are not forgotten In the list of foreigners who have carried off medals and minor awards from us, Germans muster strongly (sixteen), while natives of India figure twice, and one negro (Bishop THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879— 1 882. -483 Crowthcr) testifies to the impartiality of the awards." The death of " that veteran diplomatist the The lion. Peter Hon. Peter Campbell Scarlett, C.B.," at the age Campbell of seventy-seven, is noticed on the 30th of July. '^^' ^''' "Besides a work of 'Travels in the Brazils,' pub- lished more than forty years ago, Mr. Scarlett wrote in 1876 a memoir of his father, the first Lord Abinger, a work of considerable interest and value as containing, besides a curious auto- biographical fragment, the only notice extant of the great advocate." A communication from Mr. Thorns appears on ' Longevity the 13th of August, ' Longevity in a New Light/ ijJht.Mw in which he disposes of two cases of alleged W.J.Thoms. ultra-centenarianism. Miss Mary Billinge " was reported and believed to have ' died at her resi- dence, Edge Lane, Liverpool, aged 112 years and six months.' She died December 20th, 1863, and her age was so exceptional that her medical attendant felt justified in calling special attention to it in the columns of the Times" Upon investigation Mr. (now Sir) J. A. Picton found that the old lady was in her 91st, and not in her 112th year when she died, it being a case of mistaken identity. The other instance was that of the Rev. W. Davis, formerly rector of Staunton-on-Wye, who died in 1790, and whose age is entered in the register as 105. 484 THE ATHEN.^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. Upon search being made by the Rev. H. W. Phillott, the rector, it was proved that Mr, Davis had died at the age of 95. The destruction of the houses between the south end of Chancery Lane and Bell Yard, Temple Bar, removed a part of the famous izaak Cock Tavem and Izaak Walton's house, or, house. ^s the Athencsuvt states on the 17th of Sep- tember, " at least the building which, if not the author's tenement itself, occupies the site of the house of the Complete Angler." John Francis On the 4th of October Mr. John Francis had ^ofthe'^'^ been publisher of the AtJiencBum for fifty years, Aihenaum ^^^ ^^ ^Y\q jcth the following reference to the for hfty years. •' ° event is made : " Our last number was the two thousand six hundred and tenth issued by Mr. John Francis, he having become the publisher of this journal on the 4th of October, 1831. The fact is, we believe, unprecedented in journalism ; no other London publisher, at any rate, has been connected with the same paper for a period of fifty years." Benjonson's " A large -paper copy of Ben Jonson's ' Workes,' " it is noted on the 12th of November, " two volumes, 1616-40, with the following dedication, ' To his most Learned and Honor'd Friend Mr. Edward Heyward, Ben Jonsons Guift and Testimony of Observance,' sold on Thursday at Messrs. Hodgson's for 120/." THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. 485 ' Great Movements, and Those who Achieved ,, 'Great Movements, Them,' by Henry J. Nicoll, is reviewed on the and Those 3rd of December. One of the chapters, the Them.' AtJicnmun states, " stands out from all the rest as being not only by far the longest, but also by far the best. The eighty-five pages in which he chronicles ' the repeal of the fiscal restrictions on literature and the press ' are really what he describes them, 'the fullest and most accurate account yet published of a most important movement which has been strangely neglected by historians.' It was Mr. Nicoll's good fortune to have access to the notes and collections of Mr. John Francis, who from first to last took an unostentatious but leading share in the agitation against taxes on knowledge which was brought to a successful issue twenty years ago, and accordingly this particular chapter is very instructive." The sale of the first portion of the Sunderland The Sunder -r .1 1 T. T -r. • 1 n f-- \7Ln^ Library. Library by Messrs. Puttick & Simpson com- menced on Thursday, the 1st of December, and lasted ten days. The AtJiencsum of the loth and 17th gives a record of the chief lots. The prices given for the most noted books were high — sometimes, indeed, sensational — while volumes of considerable interest were sold for " absurdly small sums." Mr. Ouaritch was the principal buyer. The Romance of King Arthur 486 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 8/9 — 1 882. in Norman French, with lOO illuminated minia- tures, realized 535/. " Augustinus, De Civitate Dei, Libri XXII., editio princcps, no printer's name or place, 90/. ; ditto, Romse, Sweynheym et Pannartz, 1468, loi/. ; ditto, Romae, 1470, 37/. ; ditto, Venet., 1470, 42/. ; another copy, printed on vellum, with paintings and initial letters illuminated, 280/. ; another copy, printed on vellum, with miniatures and ornamental set- The Bibles, tings, i,ooo/ Biblia Sacra Polyglotta, 6 vols. in 4, the first polyglot Bible, fol., Compluti, 15 14-7, 195/. Biblia Grseca, 1518, the first com- plete edition of the Bible in Greek, 64/. (Heber's copy produced 11/. iij-.). Biblia Latina, Vul- gata; editionis, an ancient MS. on vellum, four- teenth century, 34/. Biblia Sacra Latina, printed upon vellum, the first Bible printed with a date, 2 vols., 1,600/. (Mr. Perkins's copy in 1870 produced 780/.). Biblia Sacra Latina, 1475 (attributed to Richel's press), 27/. (Per- kins's copy produced 11/.). Biblia Sacra Latina, J. P. Ferratis, Placentie (1476), supposed the first book printed at Placentia, 71/. Biblia Sacra Latina, Vulgatae editionis, impressit Mathias IMoravus, 1476, 36/. Biblia Sacra Latina, 2 vols, in i. Ant. Coburger, 1477, 32/. Biblia Sacra, Vulgatae editionis, Romae, 1590, first edition of the Sixtine Bible, 'jZl. ; the second and revised edition of the preceding, THE ATHEN^UM, 1879 — 1882. 487 1592, 29/. Biblia Sacra Latina, 8 vols., with the royal arms of Denmark on the sides, Parisiis, 1642, 41/. Biblia AnHica : The Byble in En<;ii.,h Englyshe of the largest and greatest volume. Archbishop Cranmer's or the Great Bible, folio, E. Whitechurche, 1541, 115/. The Byble in Englishe, 1549, a reprint of the preceding, but defective, 25/. Bible, with the arms and initials * E. R.' of Queen Elizabeth, 1595, ^^l. Bible, with the arms of King James I., 1619, 61/. Bible, King James's or Authorized Version, 3 vols., 1685, 26/. Bible, 8vo., Edinb., J. Watson, 171 5, 36/. Bible, i2mo., Edinb., J. Watson, 17 17, 31/. \os. Bible, 2 vols., Oxford, on vellum, Baskett, 15 17, the edition known as the Vinegar Bible, 255/. Bible, 2 vols., Baskerville's edition, ^763, T^jl- Biblia Gallica, le premier (et le French second) volume de la Bible en Francois, Paris, Jehan Petit, 1520, 31/. La Bible, 1535, the first French Bible published by the Protestants, 56/, Biblia Gallica, 1535 (imperfect), 29/. lOi". La Sainte Bible, avec annotations, &c., par M. Rene Benoist, Paris, 1566, 55/. La Saincte Bible Fran^oise, Paris, 1621, 40/. Biblia Italica, La Bibbia Sacra Vulgarizata per Nic. de Malermi, Venetia, 148 1, 26/. La Bibbia Vulgare, &c., Venetia, Bart, de Zanni, 1502, 55/. Biblia His- panica, Biblia en Lengua Espanola, 1553, the edition commonly known as the Jews' Bible or 488 THE ATHEN.^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. Boccaccio, the Ferrara Bible, 51/ Boccaccio, La Ruine des Nobles Hommes et Femmes, printed at Bruges by Colard Mansion, 1476, 920/. Ditto, La Louenge et Vertue des Nobles et Cleres Dames (1493) et Le Rommant de la Rose (par De Lorris et De Meung), 1493, in i vol., 210/. Ditto, II Decamerone, folio (Venet), 147 1, the first edition printed with a date (wanting five leaves), 585/. Ditto, the second edition of the Decamerone with a date, 1472,400/ De Bry's Large and Small Voyages, original edition, nearly complete, 1 590-1634, 720/." The total amount produced was 19,373/. lOi". 6d. " Science Gossip " for December lOth an- nounces that " with Siemens's machines and Swan's lamps the meeting-room of the Royal Society and the approaches thereto are now lighted by electricity," It is also stated that "the Java process of shaving the bark of the chin- chona, which was introduced into Darjeeling by Dr. King, has proved a decided success. The bark renews itself perfectly within about a year, and the trees do not appear to have suffered the least check." And mention is made of Prof. Robert Grant's record of his observations " on the pressure of the wind on the night of Novem- ber 2 1st and the morning of the 22nd at Glasgow. The wind pressure of the time of the greatest intensity of the storm was 48 lb. on The electric liglit at the Royal Society. The chinchona. Storm at Glasgow. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. 489 Society for Promoting Christian Ilaron Tauchnitz's two thousandth vohime. the square foot. Dr. Grant has no hesitation in saying this was the most violent storm that had visited Glasgow for at least twenty years." The Society for Promoting Christian Know- ledge had until July confined its publications of foreign translations to versions of the Bible and ^"owiedge. Prayer Book. The AthencEum of December 17th states that the Foreign Translation Committee " is now empowered to publish any works which it may think conducive to the spread of Christian knowledge." The two thousandth volume of Baron Tauch- nitz's " Collection of British Authors " is an- nounced on December 24th to " be published on Tuesday next by Messrs. Sampson Low, Marston & Co. This volume, written by Mr. Henry Morley, was specially designed by the Baron as a memorial of the progress of his remarkable series. It is entitled ' Of English Literature in the Reign of Victoria, with a Glance at the Past.' The volume is preceded by a very interesting introduction, occupying no less than forty pages, of ' facsimiles of the signatures of authors in the Tauchnitz edition, photographed from their correspondence and agreements with Baron Tauchnitz.' "* * Christian Bernhard Tauchnitz founded the Tauchnitz printing and publishing business in 1S37, under the style of Bernhard Tauchnitz, to distinguish the new firm 490 THE ATHENiilUM, 1 8/9 — 1 882. Dr. Raleigh. ' Alexander Raleigh : Records of his Life,' edited by Mary Raleigh, is reviewed on the 31st of December. He was a well-known minister among the Independents, and held in high esteem. " His purity of purpose and elevation of character raised him above the oppressive atmosphere which too often stifles the leaders of a sect In politics he agreed with his party without taking an active share in party politics. ' We are first Christians,' he said, ' then English- men, then Dissenters '; and it was characteristic of the man to add, ' To be the third is little else than pain and grief to us.' " ^''iSSi'^' ^^^ obituary of 1881 included Mr. Henry O'Neill, author of * Sculptured Bronzes of Ancient Ireland'; Dr. Humphrey Lloyd, the Provost of Trinity College, Dublin ; Mr. Arthur O'Shaughnessy, the poet, author of ' Epic of Women,' ' Lays of France,' and ' Music and Moonlight ' ; the Rev. David Liston, formerly Professor of Hebrew in the University of Edin- burgh ; Mrs. S. C. Hall; Mr. John Gould, celebrated for his ornithological works ; Mr. William Ellis, well known for his efforts to extend the teaching in schools of political eco- nomy in its more distinctively social aspects^ from that of Karl Tauchnitz. The publication of the "Collection of British Authors'' was commenced in 1841, and now numbers 2,500 volumes. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. 49 1 and author of ' Aids to the Young in their Efforts at Self- Guidance '; the Rev. Moses Margoliouth, distinguished for his acquirements in Hebrew hterature ; Mr. James Tennant, who throughout his life had been connected with the trade of mineralogy, and at his shop in the Strand had a very large collection of specimens (he was for many years the Professor of Geology and Mineralogy at King's College) ; Mr. James Spedding, well known for his edition of Bacon and his crusade against publishers ; Mr. Ernest Seyd, an ardent and able advocate of a bi - metallic currency ; Mr. Thomas Con- stable, the well-known Edinburgh printer, and the author of a life of his father, Archibald Con- stable, which included reminiscences of the elder Constable's relations with Sir Walter Scott ; Mr. Frederic Ouvry, a, ho had for twenty years filled the office of treasurer to the Society of Antiquaries, and was elected president on the death of Lord Stanhope ; the Rev. Henry Octavius Coxe, the well-known head of the Bodleian Library ; Dean Stanley ; Mr. Samuel Sharpe, the Biblical scholar, aged eighty-three ; George Borrow, author of ' Lavengro ' (on the 13th of August Mr. A. Egmont Hake gives his ' Recollections of George Borrow,' and two articles, ' Reminiscences of George Borrow,' by Mr. Theodore Watts, appear on the 3rd and 492 THE ATHENi^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. loth of September) ; Dr. Hill Burton, the his- torian of Scotland ; Mr. E. J. Trelawny, who was the friend of Shelley, and author of ' The Adven- tures of a Younger Son ' and ' Recollections of the Last Days of Shelley and Byron,' reissued in 1878 as 'Records of Shelley, Byron, and the Author'; Mr. Richard Wright Procter, who was prominent amongst Lancashire authors as the narrator of events which took place in Man- chester many years ago, and whose most recent works were * Manchester Streets ' and ' Bygone Manchester'; Mr. Henry J. Adams, the senior partner in the house of Adams & Sons, publishers of Bradshaw's guides ; Mr. Thomas Baines, who wrote ' The History of the Commerce of Liverpool ' and ' Lancashire and Cheshire, Past and Present'; and Mr. Grenville Murray, author of ' The Roving Englishman,' and one of the most brilliant journalists of the day. 1882. The year 1882 opens with the announcement that " Baron Tauchnitz has made an acceptable New year's ncw year's gift of a handsomely bound copy of {Tift from "Baron the two thousandth volume of his series of English books to each of the authors whose works are contained in it." ' Memories of Old Friends. Being Extracts Caroline Fox. from the Journals aiid Letters of Caroline Fox, of Penjerrick,' edited by Horace N. Pym, is the subject of the first review. " The persons chiefly THE ATHEN.EUM, 1 879— 1 882. 493 illustrated in these ' Memories ' are Derwent and Hartley Coleridge, J. S. Mill, Sterling, Carlyle, and Bunsen ; but it is hardly too much to say that few Englishmen or residents in England celebrated in science and letters between 1840 and 1850 fail to make at least some appearance here. Most of them are, like the diarist, dead ; but a {ew living persons (with the present Irish Secre- tary [the Right Hon. W. E. Forster] among the chief of them) appear from the beginning. In actual period of composition the book extends from 1835 (when the author, a girl of sixteen, began it) to 1871, the year of her death." The death -of Mr. Harrison Ainsworth, " the Mr. Harrison , , r , , . . , . , Ainsworih. last 01 the historical romancers who received their impulse from Scott," is also mentioned. " Mr. Ainsworth has had probably the longest career of any English novelist. His first fiction appeared in 1825, and his last in 1881." The celebration in February of the jubilee of Jubilee of _. 7 ) tv / ■ Cliambers s Lliambers s Journal is announced on January journal. 14th. " Dr. William Chambers, one of the two original projectors continues to edit it, being assisted by his nephew, Mr. Robert Chambers.*"'^ An obituary notice of Dr. John William Draper appears on the same date. He was born near Dr. John Liverpool on May 5th, 181 1, and was educated at olaper! * Dr. Chambers died May 20th, 18S3; :\Ir. R. Chambers, March 23rd, 1888, 494 TI^E ATHEN^UM, 1879 — 1882. the U'nivcrsity of London, but emigrated to the Unitcfl States in 1833, where many members of III ■ f.uiiily liad settled at an earher day. In I'M.f.'v.oi .,f 1H39 Ik: became Professor of Chemistry and ar'Ncw v'fil.N.'itiir.d 111, lory in the New York University, and "twcj years later he helped to found the (j'nivcr.ily Medical College of New York, in \vlii( h he occupied the cliair of Chemistry and riiysiology. His connexion with this college contiiuied throughout the rest of his life." Dr. l)i,i|)iT was a copious author. "Among his pill ilicat ions which were not anonymous, the fn-st to at 1 1 act general attention was a treatise (Ml ' llum.in riiNsiology, Statical and Dyna- n\ic,il ; or. the Conditions and Cause of the Life o[ Man.' In iS(''0 he read a paper before the Hrilish .\ssociation at Oxford which contained an abstract of the physiological argument set forth subsequently, with the historical evidence whereon it rested, in his ' History of the In- tellectual Development of Europe.' This work Wvas an attempt to treat the subject from a scien- tific point of view, and to show that the develop- ment of man in his social relation bore testi- mony to the progress and power of law. Indeed, I Us. ' Histv^ry ^^^' Draper in this work, as in his 'History of the '^^ '^'^ Conflict between Religion and Science/ the last tviwwrt of his noteworthy publications, was alwa}-s con- ;^a«m^^"^ ccrned to explain how far the ad\'cmce of the THE ATHEN/EUM, 1879 — I 882. 495 world in scientific knowledge had affected its inhabitants, and how the key to the interpreta- tion of the world's destiny is only to be found in the scientific method of investigation. lie fancied that humanity was approaching a great disturbance or change, that a conflict was im- pending between effete creeds and f(jrmulas and active and aggressive scientific truths, and he held that ' much of the frivolous reading of the present will be supplanted by a thoughtful and austere literature, vivified by endangered interests, and made fervid by ecclesiastical passion.'" Dr. Draper also wrote a ' History of the American Civil War.' lie left two sons. Prof. J. C. Draper,* and the distinguished astronomer Prof Henry Draper, whose name is associated IVof. Ilemy ,, . 1 . .- . 111. J-'raucr. With a great scientihc triumph, tlie discovery, of oxygen in the sun." Indian finance is the subject of an article on Indian ., r> 1 r J 1 • • ^ ,-,, finance. the 28th of January, being a review of 'The Finances and Public Works of India from 1869 to 1881,' by Sir John Strachey, G.C.S.I., and Lieut-General Richard Strachey, R.E., P'.R.S. • "The authors regard the loss on exchange as The loss on ,1 ^ . . -1,1 1 . exchange, the most serious item in the home charges. The average amount of this loss for the last two years has been about 2,750,000/., and when dis- tributed proportionately it leads to the following * Prof. J. C. Draper died in Januar}', j880. 49^ THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. additions to the main heads of the ' home charges ' : — To interest on debt, 400,000/. ; administration, 1,250,000/.; guaranteed railways, 900,000/. ; productive public works, 200,000/. The total home disbursements for 1880-81 amounted to 17,325,000/., the total nett Indian expenditure for the same year having been 44,335,000/. Speaking of the burden of the sterling debt, which is the cause of the aggra- vation of the home charges by the loss on exchange, the authors express the opinion that so long as the currency of India remains as it now is in relation to the currency of England and continental nations, no reduction of the sterling debt can be hoped for through remit- tances of the bills of the Secretary of State ; but that in the event of the exchanges assuming a character of stability, the only practical method of dealing with the matter would be to raise the money required by the sale in Europe of rupee securities ; in short, transform the sterling debt into rupee debt, and then to carry out in India, and not in England, all possible measures for the reduction of the debt Taxation. Under the head of taxation the authors show that the public burdens in India are light to a degree absolutely without precedent, 20,000,000/. of the revenue of 68,000,000/. being obtained from the land tax, which is THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879 — 1 882, 497 really a rent charge, and upwards of 26,000,000/. from the State forests, opium, the post office, and the telegraph — less than 20,000,000/. being derived from taxation properly so called, such as the salt duty, Customs, and Excise. The total incidence of taxation on the 185,000,000 persons constituting the population of British India is 2s. per head. The rapid extension of Rapid the commerce of America is a never-failing '^AmTrican^ source of wonder. In round numbers the commerce, average values of the exports and imports of the United States for the five years ending with 1880 were 140,000,000/ and 106,000,000/ ster- ling respectively.^ The foreign trade of India The foreis-n for the same period is almost exactly half this ^''^'^f. °' •' India. amount, showing a less proportionate excess of exports over imports. A more striking proof of the advancing prosperity of the country under our administration could not be ad- duced." The Glasgow Herald celebrated its centenary Centenary of on the 27th of January by a banquet. The "^H^ralT guests included Mr. Cooper, editor of the Scots- man, and Mr. Leng, of the Dundee Advertiser. Mr. Leng announced that his journal would cele- brate its hundredth anniversary eight years later. The manager of the Glasgoiu Herald sidled "that * The average values for the five years ending with 1885 were 162,750,400/, and 137,111,585/. VOL. II. 2 K 498 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/9 — 1 882. upwards of fifty journals had seen the light and ceased to exist in Glasgow since 1782. He was also able to give some striking figures showing the progress made by the venerable yet most vigorous journal with which he is con- nected. When it was established it was a penny sheet, which was published once a week. The press of those days could not turn out more than 100 copies in an hour. Now the paper appears daily, and the presses are capable of throwing off as many as 50,000 copies within the space of time formerly required to produce 100. Even after the journal had lived for seventy years the number of advertisements in a single edition did not exceed 200 ; now they are sometimes 2,500 in number." Endowment In reference to the proposed university in proposed Dundee the AthenmLin of the 12th of February smiversity gtates that " Miss Baxter and Dr. Baxter have of Dundee. now intimated to the Dundee Town Council that they have executed a deed of endow- ment and trust Of their gift of 140,000/., one-fourth has been expended on a site with buildings, while 100,000/. has been set apart for salaries and incidental charges." rhe telephone The telephone, it is announced on the i8th copper mine, o^ February, "has been applied at Dolcoath copper mine, near Camborne, Cornwall, between the surface and the extreme depth of 350 THE ATHENu^iUM, 1879— 1882. 499 fathoms. This is the deepest metal mine in this country, and Capt. Josiah Thomas pronounces the result to be in every way most satisfactory." A summary of Mr, E. Satow's paper ' On the The antiquity Early History of Printing in Japan,' read before °^ P""^'"^- the Asiatic Society of Japan, is given in the Athenmim of the i8th of March. "The art of printing on wooden blocks in China seems to be due to the accident of some one desirine to obtain a facsimile of an inscription on a stone monument, in the first instance by the process of rubbing with colouring matter over the paper, snd subsequently by covering the stone with Indian ink, placing the paper against it, and rubbing. It was probably long before the plan of engraving a composition for the express pur- pose of taking copies was thought of In 175 A.D. the text of the Chinese classics was cut on tablets which were erected outside the uni- versity, and of these impressions were taken, some of which are said to be still in existence. Printing from wooden blocks seems to be no older than the end of the sixth century. It was not until the tenth century was well advanced that printed books became common The use of movable type was said to date in First use of China from the middle of the eleventh century, but the author had not been able to corroborate this statement. Movable copper type was used 500 THE ATHENAEUM, 1 879 — 1 882. in Korea at the beginning of the fifteenth cen- tury, and even earlier ; indeed, one book sa printed appeared to date from the years 1317 and 1324. And even if it were after all not so old as it seemed to be, there were others dating unquestionably anterior to the date of inven- tion of printing by movable type in Europe. The invention reached Japan from Korea, and there was a distinct mention of Korean types produced by casting and moulding about 1420 A.D." Longfellow's The celebration of the seventy-fifth birthday birthday, ^f ]^ij. Longfellow (February 27th, 1882) is the subject of a note on the i8th of March: "We are happy to learn that the day found Mr. Longfellow in fairly good health, although he was not able to leave his house. In several public schools poems of his were read or recited in honour of the day." " A sumptuous volume " from St. Peters- burg is also noticed in the same number — " one of the publications of the Obshchestvo Lyubitelei Drevnei Pis'mennosti, or Society of the Lovers of Old Literature, in which is con- tained the bibliography of Russian hagiology. ' Sources of Its title is ' Istochniki Russkoi Agiografii,' or Hagiography.'' Sources of Russian Hagiography,' and it has been compiled from a great number of records, manuscript and printed, and evidently with THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. 5OI great care, by Mr. Nikolai Barsukof. It does not profess to give the lives of the holy persons whose names it contains, but it mentions when they died, where their relics are held most in honour, what days are set apart for their honour, and, above all, what records have pre- served their memories. At the end of the work List of Russian is a list of Russian saints and other holy persons, saints. arranged according to the cities in which their remains repose. It contains about five hundred names. Of these only fifteen belong to women, and out of those fifteen Russian female saints only two were not princesses. The two excep- tions are SS. Glyceria and Juliana. The others were mostly ' great princesses,' what we should call grand duchesses. Feminine holiness seems to have been to some degree confined to the house of Rurik." The death of Dr. John Muir, the founder Dr. John of the chair of Sanskrit in the University of Edinburgh, is also noticed on March i8th. " He was one of the few who could venture with success to publish in India, and submit to the eyes of pandits at Benares poems in the Sanskrit language written with faultless accu- racy. At the same time he familiarized English readers with Sanskrit poetry and Hindu thought by his elegant metrical versions. In another work in five volumes, * Original Sanskrit Texts 502 THE ATHENiEUM, 1 8/9 — 1 882. on the Origin and History of the People of India, their ReHgions and Institutions,' he opened out a new field of inquiry, showing how valuable that literature is to those who can justly appreciate it." Servian Apropos of the impending coronation of charter in the British Milan I., King of Servia, a note is made on the Museum, ^^^j^ ^^ March " that the British Museum pos- sesses an original charter in the Servian lan- guage, dated A.D. 1395, to which is appended, by strands of red and white silk, a wax impres- sion of the great seal of Stephen Dabisha, King of Servia and Bosnia, which resembles in general characteristics of design the great seal of Richard II. of England." Mrs. Fawcett's It is stated in the same number that " Mrs. ' Pohtical f-conomy.' Fawcett's ' Political Economy for Beginners ' is being translated into two of the native languages of India, Canarese and Marathi. Her ' Tales in Political Economy ' is also being translated intc the latter language and into Swedish." Prof. Ko Hun The death of Prof Ko Hun Hua, of Harvard Ha^rvard University, is also mentioned on the 2 5 th of March. University. " Yio. had formed a class for the study of Chinese, and was much beloved by all. The services at his funeral in the Univ^ersity Chapel are described as having been very impressive. The body, which will be taken to China, was enclosed in a leaden casket, on which was laid a man- THE ATHEN.'EUM, 1 879 — 1 882. 5^03 darin's cap. Following it came the eldest son of the deceased, Poh Fue Ko, accompanied by President Eliot. The youth was clothed in white. Several Chinese officials were present, and also the professors of the university. The services were conducted by Prof. C. C. Everett who read selections from the works of Confucius and from the New Testament." Reference is also made to Mr. Ncwth's expe- riments, at the meeting of the Physical Society on the nth of March, illustrative of the forma- Formation of tion of fogs. " The fact that burning sulphur, °^^* and even platinum wire rendered incandescent by an electric current, gave off solid particles in sufficient quantity to produce a fog, leads to the inference that even with gas stoves fogs will not be got rid of, though they may be of a lighter colour than those caused by coal fires." Full tribute is paid to Henry Wadsworth Henry Longfellow, "the most popular of English- ™}Xw. speaking poets," on the ist of April. " He was the son of the Hon. Stephen Longfellow, an eminent lawyer and member of Congress, and was born at Portland, Maine, on the 27th of February, 1807. The father's family had emi- grated from England to America in the seven- teenth century. On the mother's side also the poet came of a fine old stock, that of John Alden, the first of the Pilgrim Fathers to land 'C 504 THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. at Plymouth, New England, from the Mayflower. Henry was destined for the law, and, having graduated in 1825 at Bowdoin College, Bruns- wick, he entered his father's office. But the law was neither his inclination nor his vocation. He soon aspired to a literary career, and the newly established chair of Modern Languages in his own college, Bowdoin, became the object of his wishes. He received this appointment in 1829, Visits after making a tour of three years in Europe — France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Holland, and England. In 1835, on the resignation of George Ticknor, he passed from Bowdoin College to the chair of Modern Languages and Belles-Lettres in Harvard University. Another European tour, chiefly in the north of the Con- tinent, had preceded this removal, and Long- fellow became well versed in the Scandinavian tongues. He retained this professorship up to 1854, when he resigned in favour of Mr. Lowell, and did not afterwards hold any scholastic or official position, but continued to be an inde- pendent votary of literature, chiefly poetical. The Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, which had been the headquarters of Washington after the battle of Bunker's Hill, was for a great number of years the home of Longfellow. He was twice married, his first union lasting from 1831 to 1835, and his second from 1843 to 1861. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 8/9 — 1 882. 505 Surrounded by attached friends, universally- respected for his upright and prepossessing character, cherished by those who approached him nearest, and the object of popular admira- tion all over the world, Longfellow lived one of the most prosperous, and it may be supposed one of the happiest, lives recorded in poetic annals. Fame sought him early, clung to him tenaciously, and never abandoned him ; and Fortune allied herself to Fame." In the same number are two poems " In Memoriam " — one by Mr. Austin Dobson, and the other by Mr. T. Hall Caine. A proposal made by Dr. W. C. Bennett, the well-known author of * Songs for Sailors,' to place by public subscription a bust of Longfellow in Poets' Corner, in Westminster Abbey, was received with universal approbation. The committee formed by Dr. Bennett numbered above five hundred. The Prince of Wales accepted the office of chairman, and Mr. Francis Bennoch was the honorary treasurer. The marble bust, by Mr. Thomas Brock, A.R.A., was admitted to its present place in the Abbey His bust by Dean Bradley, this being the first monument -^^^s^tmlnsler of an American author placed there. The five Abbey, hundred autograph adhesions to the committee were presented by the honorary secretary, Dr. Bennett, to the American Longfellow Memorial 5o6 THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 879 — 1 882. Committee, to be placed in such public institu- tion as should best enable them to be inspected by the public of the United States.* On the 1st of April also particulars are given of the sale at Messrs. Sotheby's of some valuable Iklr. Beresford books and manuscripts from the library of Mr. Hope's books and MSS. Bcresford Hope. The entire sale, comprising 466 lots, produced 2,310/., and included the First Folio Shakspeare, which fetched 238/. ; the Second, 35/. los.; the Third, 72/. los. ; and the Fourth, 24/. ; the first edition of Homer in Greek, 71/. ; ' Bedae Exposicio Lucae et Actuum Apostolorum,' MS. on vellum, written for Fer- dinand of Castile, 55/. ; and Biblia Polyglotta,, printed at the expense of Cardinal Ximenez, 166/. An obituary notice of Mr. Beresford Hope, founder of the Saturday Review, appeared in the AtJmicBiun of the 29th of October, 1887. The first number of the Saturday Review was published on the 3rd of November, 1855,. with Mr. John Douglas Cook as editor. He was succeeded by Mr. Philip Harwood, who died in December, 1887. Denis Florence MacCarthy died on the 7th Satttrday Kevicii'. America's * 'The Share of America in Westminster Abbey' share in is the subject of an article by Archdeacon Farrar ia Abbey. Harper's Magazine ior January, 18S8, in -which an illus- tration of the Longfellow bust is given. THE ATHEN^UM, 1 879 — 1 882. 507 of April, 1882, at Blackrock, near Dublin. He r)enis Florence was born at Dublin about the year 18 17, and first MacCnrthy, became known as a writer through his poetical contributions to the Nation. The Athenceimi of the 15th of April states that "Mr. MacCarthy's poems, notably the ' Bell-Founder,' the ' Voyage of St. Brendan,' the ' Foray of Con O'Donell,' and the ' Pillar Towers of Ireland,' acquired and still retain wide popularity among the Irish people. One of the most generally admired of his lyrics was that entitled ' Summer Longings,' commencmg ' Summer Longings." Ah ! my heart is weary waiting, Waiting for the May — Waiting for the pleasant rambles Where the fragrant hawthorn brambles, With the woodbine alternating, Scent the dewy way. In addition to his translations of Calderon Mr. MacCarthy published a curious treatise on the ' Memoires de Villars,' printed for the Philo- biblon Society in 1862, and a volume in 1872 on 'Shelley's Early Life.' In the latter book a question was raised which excited some interest in connexion with a satirical poem supposed to have been published by Shelley in 181 1, but of which no copy seems to be now obtainable. Mr. MacCarthy's last work was an ode for the centenary of Thomas Moore in 1879." 5o8 THE ATHEN.'EUM, 1 879— 1 882. Dante Gabriel Rossetti. On April 1 5 th, 1 882, also appears an affectionate tribute to Dante Gabriel Rossetti, from his friend Mr. Theodore Watts : " A life more devoted to literature and art than his it is impossible to imagine. Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti was born at ^8, Charlotte Street, Portland Place, London, on the 12th of May, 1828. He was His father, the first son and second child of Gabriele Ros- setti, the patriotic poet, who, born at Vasto in the Abruzzi, settled in Naples, and took an active part in extorting from the Neapolitan king Ferdinand I. the constitution granted in 1820, which constitution b jing traitorously can- celled by the king in 1821, Rossetti had to escape for his life to Malta with various other persecuted constitutionalists. From Malta Gabriele Rossetti went to England about 1823. where he married in 1826 Frances Polidori, daughter of Alfieri's secretary and sister of Byron's Dr. Polidori. He became Professor of Italian in King's College, London, became also prominent as a commentator on Dante, and died in April, 1854. His children, four in number— Maria Francesca, Dante Gabriel, Wil- liam Michael, and Christina Georgina — all turned to literature or to art, or to both, and all became famous. There can, indeed, be no doubt that the Rossetti family will hold a position quite unique in the literary and artistic THE ATHEN/EUM, 1 879 — I 882. JO9 annals of our time In the spring of i860 he His marriage. married Elizabeth Eleanor Siddall, who being very beautiful was constantly painted and drawn by him. She had one still-born child in 1861, and died in February, 1862." Rossetti died on Easter day, 1882, at Birchington-on-Sea, sup- ported on one side by his closest friend, Mr. Theodore Watts, on the other by IVIr. T. Hall Caine. In addition to Mr. Watts's memoir, an account of Rossetti's career as a painter is given. On the 29th of April Miss Christina G. Rossetti con- tributes a poem, ' Birchington Churchyard '; and on the 4th of November ' Recollections of Dante Hall Caine's 'Recol- Gabriel Rossetti,' by T. Hall Caine, is noticed. lections.' On the 1 2th of March, 1887, a review appears of ' The Collected Works of Dante Gabriel His collected Rossetti,' edited, with preface and notes, by edited i)y William M. Rossetti. "Not the least inter- William M, Rotsetti. esting portion of these volumes is the preface, in which the outline of the poet's life is sketched by his brother To tell biographers to take it as a model would be idle, for the quality in question, being the natural and inevitable out- come of individual character, can no more be acquired than the ' marsh mallow can steal the breath of the violet.' To appreciate it fully one must contrast it with Forster's writings upon Dickens and Landor." 5IO THE ATHEN^UM, 1879 — 1882. On the 1st of October, 1887, "Dante Gabriel Rossetti. — La Maison de Vie: Sonnets Traduits Litteralement et Litterairement. Par Clemence Couve. Introduction de Josephin Peladan," Life by and ' Life of Dante Gabriel Rossetti,' by Joseph Joseph knight. Knight, are noticed. Of the latter the Athe?i(Eum sdcys : "Mr. Knight's monograph will carry into thousands of homes where the very name of Rossetti was unknown before an image, and a very winsome image, of the painter-poet as conceived by a cherished friend Bibliography of his." At the end of Mr. Knight's volume '^by^Mr. '^ an admirable bibliography compiled by Mr. Anderson. Anderson. CHAPTER XI. STRAY NOTES — DANIEL IMACMILLAN, MACAU- LAY, DICKENS, H. F. CHORLEY. DANIEL MACMILLAN. Daniel Macmillan, the founder of the present Daniel well-known firm of Macmillan & Co., died on ■ ^'^^^ ''^" the 27th of June, 1857. In 1882 his memoir by Thomas Hughes was published, and re- viewed on the 19th of August. "Daniel Mac- Early years, millan was the tenth child of a poor peasant in Arran. He lost his father when he was only ten years of age, and the education he received was of the most limited description. But he seems to have early shown a taste for reading, and instead of being trained to a handicraft he was apprenticed to a bookseller. The energy which distinguished him through life brought him at the age of twenty to London, eager to Comes to find employment in some of the great houses in the Row. This he was not able to obtain, but he was engaged by Mr. Johnson, the well- known bookseller in Trinity Street, Cambridge. Much of his attention was given to theo- 512 THE ATHEN/EUM. Friendship with the Hares and Maurice. Mr. Seeley. logy. He was naturally religious, and the Cal- vinism he had learnt in his boyhood long adhered to him ; but gradually his opinions altered, and when he came under the influence of Archdeacon Hare and Maurice he adopted the tenets of the Broad Church school. Hare's attention he attracted by a letter regarding the * Guesses at Truth ' — a letter which procured him an invitation to Hurstmonceaux." At that time Macmillan was a shopman in the employ- ment of Messrs. Seeley,* in Fleet Street. "To the Hares was due Macmillan's success in life. A loan from Julius Hare and Marcus of 500/, * Mr. Seeley was born in Ave Maria Lane on the 7th of January, 1798. His death is recorded in the Athenceum of the 5th of June, 1886. In addition to his publishing, he found time for contributing largely to news- papers and magazines as well as for independent author- ship. He also took an active part in political matters, and was in the thick of the civic contest when Alderman Harmer was excluded from the Mayoralty. He had not Mr. Sampson long survived his old friend Mr. Sampson Low, founder of the firm of Sampson Low, Marston & Co., who died on the i6th of the previous April. The AthencEian of the 24th contains an obituary notice of Mr. Low. It was in 1837 that he, in connexion with a committee of fourteen of the leading publishers, founded the Publishers' Circulary and on the issue of the thousandth number. May i6th^ 1879, he gave a short account of its origin and history. Mr. Low died at his house in Mecklenburgh Square close to the site of his first shop. MACAU LAV 513 enabled him and his younger brother to start in business at Cambridge. Commencing as book- sellers, they in a few years began to venture on publishing, and they drew round them many of the best Cambridge men of the day For a long time his income was extremely small. Ten years after he had started at Cambridge he was obliged to ask his father-in-law to pay off 36/. of debt which had accumulated in his household expenses. The bitterness of the struggle was enhanced by the fact that till within a few months of his decease he had only a life share in the business. This state of things he man- aged to remedy at the beginning of the last year of his life, and it is pleasant to record that his son has inherited the position that the father won. He died, in fact, just when success had been achieved. 'The balance sheet of 1856 was the best the firm had ever known, and the prospect brighter. Their business had taken root, and the steady demand for their books, and the growing popularity of the writers with whom they were connected, above all of Mr, Kingsley, inspired confidence in their future.'" Starts in business. Final success, LORD MACAULAY. The AtJiencswii, in reviewing the ' La}-s of Macaulay's I n.vs oi Ancient Rome,' by Thomas Babington Macaula}-, Ancient on the 5th of November, 1842, says: "The ^°"''^-' VOL. n. 2 L 514 THE ATHEN^UM. present tranquillit}-, not to say stagnation, in the world of English poetry, of that domain, where, during so many years, contemplative philo- sophers and gentle-hearted dreamers have held undivided sway, is here stirred by the voice of a trumpet, more stout and manly in its breath than any which has been heard since Scott laid by his clarion. Mr. Macaulay's reappear- ance as a poet is none the- less welcome to us, because it is not unexpected. We have not forgotten the songs of the League, nor the Roundhead ballads, thrown off in the days of his youth, — while almost every one of the critical articles which are understood to have proceeded from his pen, contains some passage so vivid, so graphic in description, and so dra- matic in movement, as to have quieted our fears lest public life and political excitement might have worn out that best gift to a man, a bright and living spirit of poetry." The article closes with this suggestion : " We cannot leave these Roman lays without begging for a reissue of French and -^i^. Macaulay's earlier French and English English -' ° ballads. ballads. Wherefore, too, should he not add to the number of the latter ? — so well read as he is in history — so well skilled in the art of popular song — why should he not do something more for his own country and his own country- men?" MACAU LAY. 515 Macaulay's critical and historical essays, contributed to the Edinburgh Reviezv, having been pirated in America, Messrs. Longman & Co., in order to protect their home market, caused the essays to be republished in three volumes. The Athcncs?i7n mentions this circum- stance in its review on the ist of April, 1843. "'Avery pretty quarrel' about nothing," inwhich " very small facts are swelled into undue import- ance from the skill and reputation of the com- batants," is dealt with by the AtJicncciini of the 1st of January, 1848, in its review of ' Boswell's Life of Johnson : including their Tour to the Hebrides,' a new edition, by the Right Hon. J.Wilson Croker, The AtJienceuni states: "In the present edition, we have, for the first time, Mr. Croker's replies on the subject of the errors of the edition of 183 1 which Mr. Macaulay exposed in the EdinbiirgJi Revieiv The edition of 183 1, considering the multitude of minute facts which it contains, is really a well-edited book. So the public have thought it, for it is out of print — and whenever it occurs for sale, it sells for more than the publishing price. The article in the Edinburgh, since acknowledged by its writer and included in his ' Collection of Cri- tical and Historical Essays,' is written with great asperity of manner and something like a personal feeling — as if an old grudge were about ' Critical and Historical Essays.' " A very pretty (luarrel," Boswell's • Life of Jolinson.' 5l6 THE ATHEN/EUM. to be paid off. Mr. Croker's replies are much in the same style The Index affords us a ready clue to the points at issue. Under the head of ' Blundering Criticism ' we are referred to ' Macaulay, T. B.' — and under 'Indecency and Indelicacy,' to the same individual." On November nth it is stated that "Mr. Macaulay is busy with a history of the reign of William III." The same paragraph says that Sale of " one hundred and forty unpublished letters letters of William III. addressed by King William III. to Henry de Lorraine, Prince of Vaudemont, were recently sold by Messrs. Puttick & Simpson, for some- thing like 6s. 6d. apiece!" Forty-six pounds one shilling was all that the letters realized. Among the letters was one from Kensing- ton in 1696, in which the king writes: — " ' I see that you have the same intelligence that we have here from France, that they have formed a great design for a descent on this kingdom, and the Jacobites (as they call them here) speak quite publicly of it, and although the thing is not too easy, it is only prudent to take every possible precaution. This will prevent me from sending to the Low Countries so many troops as I had thought of doing at the beginning of the campaign, which is a suffi- ciently provoking eontre-tenips! The letters are entirely in the king's own handwriting : a cha- MACAULAY. 517 racteristic hand — not unlike the Duke of Wel- lington's, but finer." On the 1 8th of November it is stated that Mr. Macaulay has been elected Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow, " by a majority in all the nations." Three articles are devoted to the first two volumes of 'The History of England from the Accession of James II.' The first article appears on the 9th of December. ThQ Athencswn says : " Mr. Macaulay bids ' the dry bones live.' He renders us as familiar with the men of the Revolution as if they had been personal acquaintances. We estimate this quality highly, because the course and the consequences of the Revolution of 1688 were guided and moulded more by the character of the persons engaged in it, and less by the mere force of circum- stances, than any event of equal magnitude recorded in history. In all probability that revolution would never have taken place if James II. had been either a better man or a worse : — had he been more scrupulous in his politics or less conscientious in his religion he need not have exchanged St. James's for St. Germain's. Still, the crisis would have only been adjourned. It had become necessary to fix with precision the place which the sovereign in a constitutional Macaulay Lord Rector of Glasgow University. * History of England,' Vols. I. and II. ought to hold kingdom. 5l8 THE ATHENyEUM. Whenever the farce of ' Every Monarch his own Minister' is played in a country, either the irresponsibihty of the king renders his rule arbitrary and despotic, or the attempt made to fix responsibility on him by his subjects perils the foundations of his throne." The third notice, on December 23rd, closes as follows : " We perceive with pleasure that the extracts from these volumes which have rather prema- turely appeared in some of the American papers have been welcomed with more than ordinary favour by our brethren beyond the Atlantic. They feel as much interested as ourselves in that period of our history when England and the Union had yet a common ancestry : — and this may well inspire the hope that the kindred races will not forget that they have a common heritage of fame, of interest, and of duty." It is stated in the same number that the first edition of three thousand copies is out of print. The clergy ' Mr. Macaulay's Character of the Clergy in seventeenth the Latter Part of the Seventeenth Century con- century, gj^jgj-g^ by Q Babington, M.A.,' is the subject of a review on the 25th of August, 1849. On the 29th of September it is stated that Mr. Mac- aulay has returned from a careful survey of the field of the battle of the Boyne. The Penn 'William Penn : an Historical Biography. With an extra Chapter on "The Macaulay controversy. MACAU LAV. 5^9 Charges,"' by William Hepworth Dixon, is noticed on the 22nd of March, 185 1 ; and on the 26th of June, 1852, 'The Life of William Penn : with Selections from his Correspondence and Autobiography,' by Samuel M. Janney, pub- lished in Philadelphia. ' Speeches of the Right Hon. T. B. Macaulay, M.P., corrected by Himself,' is reviewed on the 17th of December, 1853. The third and fourth volumes of the ' History 'History of 1 1 1 England,' of England ' are reviewed at great length on the Vois. ill. 22nd and 29th of December, 1855, twenty-seven ''^"^ ^^^ columns being devoted to the work. Lord Macaulay died at Campden Hill on Death. Wednesday, the 28th of December, 1859, but, strangely enough, his death was not known in London until the Friday. The Athenccinn con- tains an obituary notice on January 7th, i860. The following communication from Mr. J. C. Rotten, the publisher of Piccadilly, appears on the 4th of February, i860: "But few persons are aware, indeed, many of his most intimate friends, I have no doubt, never before heard, that Macaulay composed verses while yet in a pinafore, and at a preparatory school. When Early ^ compositions. ten years of age he wrote poems on every con- ceivable subject, and before he had entered his twelfth year some verses, entitled ' An Epitaph on Martyn ' (the celebrated missionary to Persia), were inscribed in his sister's album, and copies 520 THE ATHEN^UM. were sent off to Bristol and to the Babington family in Leicestershire. Macaulay's idolatry of Love for Milton is well known. His first and famous essay in the Edinburgh, and the numerous anec- dotes narrated by Sydney Smith and Moore of his fondness for reciting whole books of the ' Paradise Lost ' have long made his admirers acquainted with the fact, but few know that whilst yet a child he produced in excellent verse 'An Address to Milton.' When not quite four- teen he wrote ' The Vision.' Soon after, the memorable defeat of Napoleon engaged his youthful attention, and the family received from his pen a poem entitled ' Waterloo,' and another 'An Inscription for the Column of Waterloo,' on occasion of the obelisk being erected on the famous battle-field. Political subjects appear to have engaged his attention from an early period, for before he went to school at Shelford he indited some ' Lines to the Memory of Pitt,' ' A Radical Song,' and ' A New Ballad.' The poem called ' A Tory,' which has already been pub- lished, was written about this time. Macaulay's character is popularly believed to have been stern and his affections cold — perhaps from the fact of his never marrying ; — but some of his schoolboy-pieces betray a sympathy with the tender passions that few of those who knew him in after life would have expected. He wrote a MACAULAY. 521 little love-song called ' Venus crying after Cupid/ — some 'Verses on the Marriage of a Friend/ — others in ' Imitation of Lord Byron,' — ' Tears of Sensibility,'—' A Translation of a French Song,' — and ' Lines written in a Lady's Album.' A much graver subject was treated of in a poem entitled 'A Sermon written in a Churchyard.' These particulars of Lord Macau- lay's youthful compositions have been gleaned from an old album, recently discovered, which contains, besides Macaulay's pieces, some verses by Coleridge, and other poems by gentlemen and ladies not known to the literary world." This brought a letter in the following week Letter from from Lyon, Barnes & Ellis, solicitors to Macau- ^'^^t^^Jiji^'''' lay's executors : " We think it right to inform trustees, you that what is called in Mr. Hotten's letter an album is, in fact, a manuscript belonging to a member of his Lordship's family ; and that the manuscript had very recently got by mistake out of the hands of the owner, to whom it has been since restored, and who has no intention of publishing any of the contents of the MS. which have not yet been published. Should any such publication be attempted by others, it would be at once restrained." "Biographies. By Lord Macaulay. Contri- ' Biographies.' buted to the * Encyclopsedia Britannica.' With Notes of his Connexion with Edinburgh, and 522 THE ATHEN^UM. Extracts from his Letters and Speeches," is reviewed on the 17th of March. The Athenceiim says : " Mr. Black supported his friend [Lord Macaulay] against powerful and watchful ene- mies ; and when his friend had retired from the more active responsibilities of public life he repaid his staunch supporter with the copyright of five little biographical essays, on Francis Atterbury, on John Bunyan, on Oliver Gold- smith, on Samuel Johnson, and on William Pitt." In the same volume are included a Letters, number of Macaulay's private letters, " a perusal of which will probably warn the reader how very fallacious are the best of human judgments." The AthciKziim then quotes one letter, dated February 22nd, 1843, in which Macaulay refers to the impossibility of obtaining a repeal of the Corn Laws, and consequently the uselessness of his voting for their repeal, though he believes the repeal to be good in principle and in policy. Letters of xhe letters of " the good old gossip " Hannah Hannah More to Zachary More to Zachary Macaulay are noticed on the acauay. ^^j^ ^^ Ma}', 1860. The letters are, as is well known, full of references to " Tom." In one, dated June 28th, 1808, she sends her "particular love to Tom. I am glad to perceive that his classicality has not extinguished his piety. His hymns were really extraordinary for such a baby." DICKENS. 523 ' The Life and Letters of Lord IMacaulay,' by his nephew, George Otto Trevelyan, M.P., is reviewed in the AtJienmnii of the 8th of April, 1876. CHARLES DICKENS. ' The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club,' edited by Boz,* Nos. L to LX., form the , subject of the first review on the 3rd of Decem- ber, 1836. On the 31st, 'Sketches by Boz : Second Series,' is also noticed. The article closes with the remark : " Next week we shall have to welcome Boz as a brother editor — in which, and in all other characters and under- takings, we wish him success." On the 7th of January, 1837, this promise is fulfilled, and the new comic periodical work edited by Boz and illustrated by George Cruikshank, Bentlefs Miscellany, receives kindly notice, Dickens's contribution, ' The Public Life of Mr. Tulrumble,' " is Boz every line of it." The following appears on the 3rd of March, 1838: "Among the literary announcements of the week the one which will spread the widest, and the work which will, in all probability, fare the best, is the proclamation-}- ' of the only true * The nickname of a pet child, his youngest brother Augustus. t Proclamation on the eve of Nickleby.' See Forster's ' Life of Dickens,' vol. ii. pp. 76 and -]■]. Life, by George Otto Trevelyan. Charles Dickens. The Pickwick Tapers.' Bcntieyi's Miscellany. Announce- ment of ' Nicholas Nickleby.' 524 THE ATHEN.EUM. ' Oliver Twist.' ' Master Humphrey's Clock.' ' Parnaby Rud"e.' and lawful Boz,' heralding the appearing of his new child ' Nicholas Nickleby.' This worthy's adventures, it is said, will be rich in the oddities to be gathered in the north of England." The first number was published on the 31st, and is reviewed on the same date : " The characters are drawn twice over, — to the eye as well as to the mind. Before they escape from the passport or hue-and-cry style in which ' Boz ' takes them down, they are compelled to sit for their like- nesses to ' Phiz.' " The completion of ' Oliver Twist ' is noticed on the 17th of November. On the 3rd of August, 1839, it is stated that the ' Pickwick Papers ' have been translated into Russian. On the /th of November, 1840, the first volume of ' Master Humphrey's Clock' is reviewed. The writer of the article was Thomas Hood. In its review of ' Barnaby Rudge,' on the 22nd of January, 1842, the Athenmim says: "This story is now complete. The illuminated Clock of Master Humphrey has run down for ever, and with its last chime the works of its maker have come to a temporary stoppage. Availing himself of the pause for a little well-earned rest and recreation, the author, it appears, has sailed on a long-projected trip to America." On the 1 6th of July a letter appears from DICKENS. 5-5 Dickens on the subject of literary piracy, in Litei-ai-y which he advises authors " to treat on all occa- sions with some respectable American pub- Hshinp; house, and with such an establishment only." On the 5th of November it is stated that Dickens has been elected a member of the o-eneral committee of the Metropolitan Im- provement Society; that " Boz " will open the year with a new novel ; and that the author's former works have been translated into Turkish. On the i8th of November, 1843, in reviewing 'The Keepsake,' the Athcnczuin quotes a poem by Dickens entitled ' A Word in Season,' which, '^^^^^J^^,'' " we should think, will startle a round hundred at least of aristocratic readers in their country houses ": — They have a superstition in the East, That ALLAH, written on a piece of paper, Is better unction than can come of priest, Of rolling incense, and of lighted taper : Holding that any scrap which bears that name, In any characters, its front imprest on, Shall help the finder through the purging flame, And give his toasted feet a place to rest on. Accordingly they make a mighty fuss With every wretched tract and fierce oration, And hoard the leaves ; for they are not like us, A highly civilized and thinking nation ; 526 THE ATHEN/EUM. And always stooping in the miry ways To look for matter of this earthy leaven, They seldom, in their dust-exploring days, Have any leisure to look up to Heaven. So I have known a country on the earth, Where darkness sat upon the living waters, And brutal ignorance, and toil, and dearth, Were the hard portion of its sons and daughters ; And yet, where they who should have oped the door Of charity and light, for all men's finding. Squabbled for words upon the altar-floor. And rent The Book, in struggles for the binding. The gentlest man among these pious Turks God's living image ruthlessly defaces : Their best high churchman, with no faith in works, Bowstrings the Virtues in the market-places. The Christian Pariah, whom both sects curse, (They curse all other men, and curse each other,) Walks thro' the world, not very much the worse — Does all the good he can, and loves his brother. " A tale to make the reader laugh and cry — open his hands, and open his heart to charity A Christmas even towards the uncharitable," ' A Christmas Carol, in Prose ; being a Ghost Story of Christ- mas,' is reviewed on the 23rd of December. Evenings of In noticing ' Evenings of a Working Man : Man/ ^ being the Occupation of his Scanty Leisure,' by John Overs, " with a preface relative to the author by Charles Dickens," on the 3rd of August, 1844, the Athencciivi states: "Mr. Dickens disdains all those sickly appeals to DICKENS. ^27 sympathy and ' gentle construction ' on the score of circumstance ; he claims no prodigious merit for the prose and verse of Mr. Overs, though it is superior to much of its class — but he simply states, that 'the Working Man,' who is a car- penter, became known to him at the moment when he was relinquishing the editorship of a periodical — that since that period neither hammer nor plane nor chisel has been laid aside, for the more enticing service of the pen — that literary compositions have neither seduced John Overs into dreams nor lamentations which have damaged his peace of mind : and that the present miscellany sees the light, in the hope of a small sum of money being thereby raised to meet the difficulties which ill-health has brought on the author." 'The Chimes: a Goblin Story of some Bells 'The Chimes.' that Rang an Old Year out and a New Year in, is the first book reviewed on the 21st of Decem- ber : " The Old World cannot be so hard, and cold, and homeless as some desolate ones may be disposed to fancy, when such a gift, warm from the human heart, is put forth for the Year of Grace 1845." On the 27th of September, 1845, the AtJienceum refers to the amateur performance, at Miss Kelly's Theatre on the previous Saturday, of ' Every Man Ben Jonson's ' Every Man in his Humour.' The \\^_ I umour. 528 THE ATHEN^UM. Newsvendor: Benevolent Institution. Household Words. following was the cast : " Kitely, Mr. Forster ; Knowell, Mr. Mayhew ; Captain Bobadil, Mr. Charles Dickens ; Brainworm, Mr. Mark Lemon ; Edward Knowell, Mr. Frederick Dickens ; Downright, Mr. Dudley Costello ; Master Ste- phen, Mr. Douglas Jerrold ; Master Matthew, Mr. Leech ; Thomas Cash, Mr. Augustus Dickens ; Oliver Cob, Mr. Leigh ; Justice Clement, Mr. Frank Stone ; Roger Formal, Mr. Evans ; William, Mr. A. a Beckett ; James, Mr. W. Jerrold ; Dame Kitely, Miss Fortescue ; Mrs. Bridget and Tib, Unknown." ' The Cricket on the Hearth : a Fairy Tale ot Home,' is reviewed on the 20th of December. The Newsvendors' Benevolent Institution held its first dinner on Wednesday, the 21st of No- vember, 1849, when Mr. Dickens took the chair. The AtJienmim of the 24th says : " Mr. Dickens made a clever, earnest, and amusing speech on the occasion. His description of a newsvendor's boy was in his best style." On Saturday, the 30th of March, 1850, the first number of Household Words was pub- lished, Mr. Wills being the assistant-editor. Mrs. Gaskell and Mr. George Augustus Sala were among the early contributors. " A new form of entertainment, which, should it become the fashion, will lead to odd sights and, perhaps, sounds," is referred to on the 7th Carol- DICKENS. 529 of January, 1854: "Mr. C. Dickens lias been Dickens 1- 111- /^i • ^11 reads his reading aloud his ' Christmas Carol and ' cinistmar, * Cricket,' with great success, to large and cheerful audiences of the working and middle classes. Fancy a circulating library on this principle — Mr. Thackeray ' following suit' with his ' Hoggarty Diamond ' and Sir E. Lytton Bulvver with his ' Pilgrims of the Rhine.' " 'fc>' On the 22nd of December, 1855, it is an- • LitUe nounced that thirty-five thousand of the first number of ' Little Dorrit ' has been sold. On the 30th of April, 1859, the first number oi All tJie Fr^r i?67////<7f appeared, and contained All the Year the commencement of a new story by Charles Dickens, ' A Tale of Two Cities.' This was followed by novels by Mr. Edmund Yates, Mr. Charles Lever, Mr. Percy Fitzgerald, Mr. Wilkie Collins, Mr. Reade, Lord Lytton, and others. Household Words was discontinued on the 28th of May, from which date it was merged in All the Year Round. Charles Dickens was out for the last time on Heath. Monday, the 6th of June, 1870, when he walked * Household Words was sold (by order of the Court of Chancery) by Mr. Hodgson on the 16th of May, 1859. The biddings commenced at 500/., but from 1,100/. the biddings were between INIr. Dickens and ]\Iessrs. Brad- bury & Evans. UUimately the copyright was purchased by Mr. Dickens for the sum of 3,550/. VOL. II. 2 M 530 THE ATIIEN.'tUM. from his house at Gad's Hill into Rochester, having his favourite dogs with him. On the Wednesday he was at work all day on * Edwin Drood,' and just before dinner wrote to his friend Charles Kent, appointing to see him in London next day. During dinner he was taken alarmingly ill, and in a few minutes became unconscious, in which state he continued for twenty-four hours. The end came at ten minutes past six on Thursday evening, the 9th of June. He had lived four months beyond his fifty-eighth year.* oijituary Thc obituary notice in the Athcnceinii of the notice bj- ^ . ^ ^ , , . , _ , . , , II. F. 18th of June bears the signature of his old Choiley. ^^.j^j^^ Henry F. Chorley. After reference to thc literary life of Charles Dickens, Mr. Chorley says : " Those who were admitted to know Charles Dickens in thc intimacy of his own home cannot — without such emotion as almost incapacitates thc heart and hand — recall thc charm of his bounteous and genial hospitality. Nothing can be conceived more perfect in tact, more freely equal, whatever the rank of his guests, than was his warm welcome. Thc frank- grasp of his hand — thc bright smile on his manl}- face — thc cheery greeting — are things not to be forgotten while life and reason last by those who were privileged to share them...... * Forster s ' Life of Dickens.' DICKENS. .531 There was no possibility of anything passing where he was which the most sensitive woman or the simplest child might not have heard. There was for every guest, the smallest as the greatest, perfect ease and security in the shelter of his house. Whatever he did, he did with all his heart and soul and strength. The munificent sacrifices he made of time, money and sympathy personal to men of letters, to artists, to obscure persons character. who had not the shadow of a shade of a claim on him, will never be summed up. There are thousands of persons living who could bear grateful testimony to this boundless generosity of his nature. But his geniality was as great as his generosity. Whether the matter in hand was a country walk through the district which his residence has made haunted ground to so many persons of all countries, — or a fireside game, — or the coming of some poor play in which he had been induced to interest himself, — nothing was to be done by halves, — nothing affectedly : and such youth and vivacity were doubly surprising in a man whose life was passed under the grave responsibility of many cares and burdens, and who prepared and com- pleted what he gave to the world — whether in his works or in his personal intercourse with the public — with an honest care and earnestness which should put to shame all such rash and 532 THE ATHEN.EUM. random persons as, on the strength of a few fancies and much impertinence, conceive them- selves artists. When the story of his life shall come to be told on some distant day, then, and not till then, this amazing vitality, which set him apart from every human being I have approached, will present itself as one of the most remarkable features in the life and works of one of the greatest and most beneficent men of genius England has produced since the days of Shakspeare." The AtJiencsuni also reports on the same date that ''All the Year Round has been left to his eldest son by ^Ir. Dickens, in a codicil appended ^ ,:.,'■ to his \\ill only a week before his death. Mr. C. C. Dickens. -^ jun. Dickens, jun., has for some time been acting editor of the journal, and in a gracefully written address which appears in the last number he declares his resolution to conduct the journal in the same spirit in which his father conducted it, and aided by the contributors who have hitherto contributed to it." ' The ' The Mystery of Edwin Drood '* is reviewed EdwTn on the 17th of September: " Besides the portrait to this volume, there is a vignette representing Rochester Castle and Cathedral. We take this to be a tacit confession that Cloister- * The accompanying facsimile of the front page of the cover is given as indicating the events of the story. Drood. No. IV ] JULY. 1870. [Price One Shilling. LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, 193, PICCADILLY. AdvertlsemeixU to be sent to tbe PubUahers, and AI>AX3 & FRANCIS, 69, F1e«t Street, B.O. ( 7 A* nfifu c/ Tratitiatum u raerxM.! CIIORLEY. 535 liam is, in fact, Rochester. However this may- he, we have only further to say of the book before us that it is, after all, not such a fragment as it looks. In itself it is really complete. If it pauses in mid-story, it is exactly at the point where the stop, if inevitable, could best occur. Speculation may weary itself with conjectures as to how the Mystery was to be unravelled ; incipient novelists may lawfully try their mettle at developing it, if they only commit the results of their labour to the flames when they have done ; the public will be at once sad and satis- fied to take the story of ' Edwin Drood ' as it is, — gratefu-l to the author and his memory for what he achieved, and with implicit faith in him as to what he intended." * The Life of Charles Dickens,' by John Forster, Vol. I., i8 12-1843, is reviewed on De- cember 9th and 1 6th, 1871 ; Vol. II., 1842- 185 2, on the i6th of November, 1872 ; Vol. III., 1852- 1870, on the 7th of February, 1874. Forster's ' Life of Dickens.' HENRY FOTIIERGILL CHORLEY. Henry Fothergill Chorley was born on the 15th of December, 1808, at Ashton-le-Willows. His parents were members of the Society of Friends. The sudden death of his father, who dropped down dead in his counting-house on Henry Fothergill Chorley. 536 THE ATHEN/EUM. the 15th of April, 18 16,* left the family in narrow circumstances. John Rutter, of Liverpool, his mother's half-brother, stood between them and Early life at want. Chorley at an early age was taken from school, and placed in the office of Messrs, Cropper, Benson & Co., of Liverpool ; but the occupation was not to his liking, and he was transferred to Messrs. Woodhouse with the same result, all his heart and soul being given to music. Herr Hermann was his friend and in- structor, besides which he was encouraged by the sympathy of Mr. Benson Rathbone, In 1827 he and his elder brother John set on foot an annual 'The called 'The Winter's Wreath.' This brought Winter's , . . . , Wreath.' them mto communication with several 01 the lite- rary personages of the time, among them being Mrs. Hemans. This friendship continued until her death. Chorley 's memorials of Mrs. Hemans was j,j^g^ his first published book. It was towards the close contributions of 1830 that Chorley first contributed to the to the . -^ Athemaim. AthcncEuiii Occasional musical criticisms. Among ■'^ He was buried in the graveyard of a meetinghouse belonging to the Society of Friends at Penketh, ''a small still resting-place, in which the separate tenements were distinguished only by turfed mounds. Time has softened the usages of the Society of Friends in this respect. They have now tombstones in their graveyards, simply inscribed with name, age, and date of decease " (' Henry Fothergill Chorley: Autobiography, Memoir, and Letters ' compiled by Henry G. Hewlett). CriORLEV. 537 these was a letter he wrote from Liverpool, which appeared on the 5th of May, 1832: " Music in the Provinces — The Chevalier Neu- komm's Oratorio at Manchester." The opening- paragraph shows the position he sought for musfc, and to promote this end it may be said that he devoted his life : — " The circumstance of a great musical work having been brought out with credit in a provincial town, and that too without the instrumental assistance usually derived from London, argues such an advance in the art amongst us, that it has seemed to me not altogether un- worthy of a notice in your columns ; and I furnish this, in the pleasant conviction, that that same delightful art has passed through one stage of its transformation from the state of a costly exotic, nourished and possessed as a luxury by the few, to that of a household delight and public recreation of the many who compose the middle class." Music to l^econie a household delight. Chorley left Liverpool for London on the last day of the year 1833, Mr. Dilke having invited him to his house till he could establish himself in London. He shortly afterwards became the Becomes musical critic of the Athenceinu, and so con- "^"^^'^''^^ ""'^' tinued until June, 1868, when he retired owing to ill health. On giving his last proofs to Mr. Edward Francis he took the pin from the scarf he was Avearing, and presented it to him; and on the 1st of August he gave a farewell dinner at Wemble>- Hill to the employes of the printing and pub- liis retirement. 538 THE ATHEN^UM. lishing offices. His health did not allow of his being present, but he sent to Mr. John Francis the following kindly words of parting : — " I entrust to my friend, and your chairman, Mr. Francis, a few words of welcome, expressing my feelings in regard to this meeting. I wish my guests, and fellow workers in the AtJiencsumy to recollect that during the thirty-five years of my service not a single angry word or doubtful transaction has passed on either side, and that I feel myself largely indebted to their prompt and courteous punctuality, which has made not the easiest of tasks a comparatively light one. Better supported I could not have been. I thank you with all my heart most cordially, and wish you and yours health and prosperity for many a long year to come. I would have said this in person, but do not feel equal to it. "Henry F. Chorley." Death. Mr. Chorley died suddenly on Friday morning, the 1 6th of February, 1872. Mr. Francis had called upon him the day previous, and was with him for some time, when he spoke with much cheerfulness of his plans for the year, although he dwelt on the uncertain hold he had of life. He was buried beside his brother John in Brompton Cemetery, being followed to the grave by many musicians, literary and scien- ClIORLEY. 539 tific celebrities, and a deputation from the Athenceiim printing office. The AthencsHJii, in its obituary notice of the 24th of February, says : " Critics ought to reverence his memory, for he fought a stout and Services as *A criLic* determined battle in vindication of their inde- pendence. In the conflict which took place at a period of our operatic history, when an im- pudent attempt was made to silence all expres- sion of opinion except that which suited the views of Impresarios, Mr. Chorlcy stood almost alone in opposition to obsequiousness and cor- ruption. And in the unequal combat truth ulti- mately prevailed over numbers — over those who weakly gave way to intimidation or to more disgraceful influences. The true nature of a critic's functions, so difficult to exercise and so often misunderstood and misrepresented, was thoroughly comprehended and acted upon by Mr. Chorley. Of the confraternity of journalists he was a distinguished ornament, one whose conduct and career can be cited as thoroughly honourable and consistent. He was the steady advocate of the cause of good music, and he was the firm supporter of rising talent, when- ever and wherever it could be found. Always fearless in the exposure of ignorance and incom- petency, he was ever kind-hearted and gene- rously extended the helping hand to novices \ 540 THE ATHENiEUM. Friendship for Charles Dickens. Poems contributed to the Athemaim. Striving for name and fame Mr. Chorley had an extensive acquaintance among men of letters : to mention only Lord Macaulay and Mr. Charles Dickens, will suffice to show that his friends were of the highest intellectual order. His. intimacy with the latter lasted until death sepa- rated them, and Mr. Chorley has proved in his will how strong was this attachment to the young reporter in the Parliamentary gallery, who commenced his career much about the same time as he did, for he has bequeathed to Miss Dickens an annuity of 200/. for life." * The following is a list of the poems contri-. buted by I\Ir. Chorley to the Athencciivi : — 1832. 'Sir Walter Scott's Return to England,' June 30th. 1833. ' Song,' January 26th. ' Dirge,' June ist. "Lyrics of Home": L 'Una's Wedding Day,' August 31st ; H. ' The Birth of the First-born,* * In a letter addressed to Mr. Hewlett Miss Dickens writes : " After my father's death, and before we left the dear old house, Mr. Chorley wrote and asked me if I would send him a branch off each of our large cedar trees, as a remembrance of the place. My friend, and /lis dear friend, Mrs. Lehmann, saw him lying calm and peaceful in his coffin, with a large green branch on each side of him He had given orders that these branches should be laid with him in his coffin. So a piece of the place he loved so much, for its dear master's sake, went down to the grave with him." CIIORLEY, "541 September 14th; III. 'The Fallen One's Re- turn,' September 28th; IV. 'The Old Man's Relics,' October 19th; V. 'Marian's Sorrow,' October 26th ; VI. ' My Father's Rest,' Novem- ber 30th. 1835. 'Song': "Give me old Music," January 3rd. ' Paganini,' September 12th. 1836. ' Hymn of the Old Discoverers,' January 30th. ' A Midsummer Song,' July 9th. 1837. 'New Year's Song,' December 30th. 1839. 'The Statue of Joan of Arc at Ver- sailles,' January 19th. 1840. 'The Poor Poet to the New Year,' January 4th. 1841. 'Mademoiselle Rachel as Camille,' May 15th. 1 847. ' The Song of the Besieged,' August 2 1 st. 'The Avalanche,' November 6th. 'To Pasta,' November 13th. ' Isola Bella,' December nth. 1848. 'The First Bright Day,' February 12th. ' The Ides of March,' March 4th. ' Thoughts for the Time,' March i8th. 'The Cell on Johan- nisberg,' March 25th. ' A Thought in the Sun- shine,' October 7th. ' Thoughts for the Time,' December i6th. 1851. 'Care's Holiday,' October i8th. 1852. ' On the Tamino,' July 31st. 1854. ' Under the Olive Trees,' August 19th. 1857. 'Manin,' October loth. 542 THE ATHEN-rEUM. 1858. ' Havelock/ January i6th. 'From the Sea,' September 25 th. The following are two of the above-mentioned poems : — HYMN OF THE OLD DISCOVERERS. ' Hymn of Weep not, ye loved ones, though ye say farewell Discoverers." ^^ kindred pilgrims, bound for climes unknown, We shall return their wondrous things to tell ; Speak not of peril when your friends are gone — But drink their health with words of pleasant cheer : Our hands are strong — our hearts they know not fear. God is our hope and refuge ! We will not fear, tossed on the ancient sea. When mighty winds, unchained, do scourge the waves To foaming madness — and the guilty flee To prayer too late — and dread of ocean graves Smites the bold crew — and mocking visions come Of quiet shaded churchyards far at home ! God is our hope and refuge ! We will not fear, though, shuddering at our feet, Earth yawn in boundless chasms — though rocks be rent By pent-up thunders, and with blasting heat Wide sudden lightnings swathe the firmament — Though the volcano's flame the stars assail. And ghastly meteors make the midnight pale. God is our hope and refuge ! We will not fear, albeit our way we thread Through some wood-wilderness, where all the night Cry loud the ravening beasts ; and where we tread. Marsh vapours, and the strange malicious light Of serpent eyes gleam round us to betray Our feet, that bleed upon the thorny way- God is our hope and refuge CHORLEV. 543 Or in the sandy desert, with the sky Aloft a cloudless plain of aching blue, And not a speck to tell the straining eye Of tree, or tent, or fountain to bedew Parched lips ; and when the silence-wearied ear Thirsts for one human sound — we will not fear : God is our hope and refuge ! The hurricane is His — the ocean deeps Own Him their master — He the trackless woods Regards with eye of love that never sleeps, And with His presence peoples solitudes : Faint not then, loved ones ! or our toils deplore, He whom we trust shall bring us back once more— Our God — our hope— our refuge ! Arc' THE STATUE OF JOAN OF ARC AT VERSAILLES. They imaged thee, of old, in casque and plume, Tlie statue of Bright Maid of France !— with wild and flashing eye, '^Ar" °^ And round lip wreathed with scornful victory, Like his who burns for conquest sure to come, Fired with the future, — careless all, how Doom Dogs triumph, like a slow-hound, sure and nigh. Here thou art more a woman : thy low sigh Heaves the harsh cuirass, — on thy brow, the gloom Of joy departing broods, though tempered well With thoughts inspired, — thy hand (unlearned its part) Grasps the sharp sword with strangeness, not with fear. Clings yet a memory of thy forest cell, With its clear, warbling fountain, round thy heart. One dream of Love and Peace, — though War and Death are near ? Or marks thine eye — unfaltering 'mid the haze Of glory's noon, — wide fields of trampled corn ? Brave blood like water poured, fair homes forlorn, While thy heart sickens at those stormy days, 544 THE ATHENAEUM. And the shrill cries of Anguish drown the lays Which hail thee all victorious : — or dost turn With patient foresight toward awaiting scorn, The unjust tribunal, the grim faggot's blaze, And blear-eyed malice gibbering o'er thy grave. Bright Maid of France ? — What sculptor, wise and gray. Whose practised hand obeyed a master's will, To marble thus thy musing sadness gave ? Fool ! — thinkest thou aught but woman* could pourtray A woman's deepest heart with such a gentle skill ? * The sculptor was the Duchess of Wurtemburg, whose death is referred to in the prefatory note to the poem. CHAPTER XII. JOHN FRANCIS, 1 88 1 — 1 882. This sketch of some of the work of the Athenceum has now been brought down to the date of the death of John Francis, who had been its pubHsher since October 4th, 1831. He had been the fortunate possessor of almost perfect health, and during the thirty years that the paper was published on Saturday morning at four o'clock he was absent only once on account of illness. It was not until the commencement of 1881 that the first signs of any permanent weakness appeared. He then found the daily journey to and from his house in the suburbs to be beyond his strength, and at once resolved, rather than give up the work he loved so well, to return to his old rooms above the office in Wellington Street. In March his illness had so increased that his friend Dr. Jones wished to have further advice, and at his suggestion Dr. Gowl- VOL. II. 2 N 54^ JOHN FRANCIS. land and he had a consultation. Mr. Francis, at his own especial request, was informed of the result, and, when told that his life could only be prolonged for a few months, spent the rest of the day in quiet thought, and on the morrow was prepared to resume his ordinary work, and so continued as long as strength would permit. Death ot On the 14th of June his second son,* Edward E. J. Francis, j^j^^g^ died at the early age of thirty-seven. This sorrow much increased his weakness, but he still persisted in taking an active part in the business management of the AthmcBiim, and had it read to him with the greatest regularity, Death of this practice being continued until his death, Jo n rancis. ^^j^j^j^ ^^^-^ pj^^^ ^^^ ^j^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ Friday, 1882. " I know thou hast gone to the home of thy rest, Then why should my soul be so sad .? I know thou hast gone where the weary are blest. And the mourner looks up and is glad ; Where love has put off, in the land of its birth. The stains it had gathered in this, * Edward James Francis was apprenticed to Mr. James Holmes in 1858, and on the retirement of that gentleman in 1869 took over the business, when he became the printer of the Alhena-ian, Notes and Queries, and other publications. In addition to this he went into partnership with Mr. Ashton Dilke, and became manager of the Weekly Dispatch, the circulation of which he was the means of largely increasing. stim. JOHN FRANCIS. ' 54/ And hope, the sweet singer that gladden'd the earth, Lies asleep on the bosom of bliss." The AthencEimi of the 15th of April contains the following obituary notice : — " On Thursday, Obituary the 6th, Mr. John Francis passed away after a Athenat long illness, during which he displayed the high courage and patience that always distinguished him. Mr. Francis had been the publisher of this journal for over fifty years, and till within a short time of his death he continued to super- intend the many details of its business arrange- ments. John Francis was born in July, 181 1, and after having attended for a short time a dame's school in Bermondsey, he was placed at a middle-class school in the same neighbour- hood, and afterwards at a Nonconformist free school in Tooley Street. Through the instru- mentality of the secretary of the Tooley Street school he was apprenticed in his fourteenth year to Messrs. Marlborough, then as now among the chief newspaper agents in London. When his apprenticeship was at an end, Mr. Francis answered an advertisement for a junior clerk inserted in the AtJiencEiim, and in consequence he entered, in August, 183 1, the office of this journal, which had some time before passed out of the hands of John Sterling, and was then edited by the late Mr. Dilke. Two months afterwards, such was the ability he had shown, 548 JOHN FRANCIS. he was appointed publisher of the journal. In 1 83 1 it was still the habit of the majority of business people to live near their shops and offices ; the hours were long, the doors being opened very early in the morning, and not closing till late in the evening. So Francis went to live in Catherine Street, where the AtJienaum was then published, and a few years afterwards he removed with the journal to Wellington Street. In the arduous task of establishing the young paper on a sound footing he took his full share ; he firmly grasped the principle asserted by Mr. Dilke, that the first virtue of a journal is independence, and he speedily obtained the respect and confidence both of publishers and the newspaper trade. Nor when the success of the AtheiKBiun was assured did his industry abate. He continued throughout a long and prosperous life as careful and active a man of business as when he first went to Catherine Street. During his apprenticeship at Marlborough's Francis had been struck by the heaviness of the taxation laid on the newspaper press, and when the success of the Athencsiim gave him leisure he turned his attention to the fiscal restrictions then in force, and became treasurer of the committee for obtaining the repeal of the advertisement duty. In securing the abolition of that tax, and subsequently of JOHN FRANCIS. 549 the compulsory stamp and the paper duty, he took an active share, addressing meetings in various parts of the country, and organizing deputations to wait on successive Chancellors of the Exchequer. On the repeal of the paper duty the price of the Atkcncuum was, largely at his instigation, reduced from fourpence to three- pence. Mr. Francis enjoyed excellent health till some two years ago. Indeed, in 1872 he added to his work by undertaking the charge of the commercial affairs of Notes and Queries. When the ways of business changed he had gone to live in the suburbs, but, increasing weakness making the journey to and fro fatiguing to him, he returned to Wellington Street a few months since, and there he remained till his death. In October last he had the satisfaction of seeing the fiftieth anniversary of the day when he became publisher of this journal. Firm yet gentle, sincere and generous, he was the unfailing friend and best adviser of all who knew him. He will be most deeply regretted." On the 1 8th of April he was buried in the Burial, family grave at Highgate Cemetery, close to the tomb of Michael Faraday. At the annual meeting of the Newsvendors' Benevolent and Provident Institution following his death, it was resolved that a public fund 5 so JOHN FRANCIS. should be raised in memory of him, such fund to be devoted to pensions to old and distressed members of the trade; and on the loth of "John February, 1885, two "John Francis Pensions" Pensions" were founded — one male pension of 20/. a year founded, ^^fj a female pension of 15/. a year, in perpetuity. INDEX A'Beckett (A.) in 'Every Man in his Humour,' 528 Abell (Mrs. Elizabeth) and Napo- leon at St. Helena, 280 Abinger (James, 1st Lord), life by his son, 483 Academy, its foundation, 434 Adams (Henry J.), senior partner of Adams & Sons, death, 492 Adams (William James), publisher of Bradshaw's Guides, death, 313 Adams (William R.), his miniature aquarium, 272n. Addison (Joseph) not the author of "When all Thy mercies," 447 Advertisements, in London Gazette, 239 ; in the Queen, 43on. ; in the Glasgow Herald, 498 ; John Francis and the duty on, 548 Aeronautical Society founded, 190 Africa, Livingstone's discoveries, 34, 282, 315 ; fate of its explorers, 167; Dr. Baikie, 175; Stanley's discoveries, 386 ; death of Mrs. Petherick, 389 Agassiz (Alexander), founder of zoological laboratory at Rhode Island, 274 Ainsworth (Harrison), death, 493 Aird (Thomas), editor of the Dum- fries Herald, death, 369 Airy (Sir George Biddell), on earthquake in England, 161 ; on the Royal Society at Burlington House, 312 Akerman (John Yonge), first rail- way journalist, 313 Albert (Prince), opens Exhibition of Art Treasures at Manchester, 19; obituary, 141; Albert the Good and progress, 143, 209 ; 'Early Years,' 209; Sir T. Martin's ' Life,' 335, 440 ; political foresight, 414 Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, his marriage, 1 51, 156 ; visit to India, 352'; and co-operation, 41 2n. ; chairman of Longfellow committee, 505 Alden (John), Pilgrim Father, ancestor of Longfellow, 503 Alexandra, Princess of Wales, 156 Alford (Henry), Dean of Canter- bury, his life, 304 Alice (Princess), her death, 406 Alison (Sir Archibald), death, 207 Allgemcine Zeitiing, its character, 417 All the Year Round, its foundation, 89 ; Walter Thornbuiy a con- tributor, 363 ; death of W. H. Wills, 455 ; its first number, 529 ; C. Dickens, jun., editor, 532 Almanack de Gotha for 1867, 202 America, and Westminster Abbey, 5o6n. ; Dickens's visit, 524 American books in the British Museum, 396n. Analytical Society, its foundation, Anderson (James U.), proprietor of the Orcadian, obituary, 334 Anderson (John P.) compiles Ros- setti bibliography, 510 Anglo-Saxon, Dr. Bosworth's de- votion to, 361 Anstey (Thomas Chisholm), obi- tuary, 309 55^ INDEX. Anthropological Society, death of Sir G. Duncan Gibb, 368 Anti-Corn-Law League, 363 Apocrypha. See Bible. Appleton (Dr. C. E.), founder of the Academy, death, 434 Aquaria, public and private, history of, 271 Archer (Frederick Scot), inventor of collodion process, 19 ; sub- scription for his family, 20 Archers, Royal Company of, its history, 348 Arithmetic, Dean Peacock's his- tory of, 66 Army, flogging in, abolished, 107 ; " Scientific Organization" of, 249, 263 Arnold (Dr. Thomas), Dr. Brock's defence of, 398 Arrowsmith (John), geographer, death, 313 Arsenic for preserving paper, 383 Arthur, son of Henry VIL, mar- riage with Katharine of Arragon, 153 Artists' Rifle Corps formed, 74 Art Journal, Mr. M. Huish editor, 450 Art Treasures at Manchester, 19 Arj'a-Samaj, new Theistic church in India, 416 Ashworth (Henry), death, 461 Asiatic Society of Japan founded, 320 Assyria, George Smith's discove- ries, 337; the Temple of Belus, 357; death of G. Smith, 358 Astrological Society, its last sur- vivor, 360 Astronomical Society, Lord Wrot- tesley president, 214 Athenaum, half-yearly volumes issued, 53 ; price reduced to threepence, 137 ; comparison with 1833, 157; death of Charles Wentworth Dilke, 171; on lite- rature of Europe and America, 242 ; letters on ' Paris and the War' — 'Scientific Organization of the Army' — enlarged — Hep- worth Dixon resigns editorship — on 'Literature of the People,' 249 ; posted for a halfpenny, 258 ; ' Scientific Organization of the Army,' 263 ; Prof. De Mor- gan's contributions, 267 ; death of F. D. Maurice, 286; death of Mr. Holmes, 307 ; its proprie- tors, 307n. ; on the Challenger expedition, 318 ; articles by Howard Staunton on corruptions in Shakspeare, 324; on London public libraries, 328 ; celebrated contributors to, 331 ; death of Dr. E. Lankester, 334; of George Finlay, 341 ; on the Prince of Wales in India, 352 ; death of Walter Thornbury, 362 ; Index Society suggested by, 388 ; ju- bilee of, 390 ; death of H. T. Riley, 408 ; of Hepworth Dixon, 435; John Francis's jubilee, 484; H. F. Chorley musical critic, 537; death of John Francis, 547 Augusta (Princess), marriage with the Duke of Brunswick, 49 Aunt Judy s Magazine, founded by Mrs. Gatty, 310 Australia, Paramatta Observatory founded by Sir T. M. Brisbane, llS; salmon in, 204; Col. War- burton's explorations, 331 Aytoun (.Prof. W. E.), death, 188 B P)abbage (Charles), death, 280 Babington (C.) on Macaulay's cha- racter of the clergy, 518 Back (Sir George), Arctic explorer, death, 408 Bacon (Francis), Lord Verulam, life by Hepworth Dixon, 436 ; death of J. Spedding, 491 Baddeley (Robert), Twelfth Night bequest, 231 Bagehot (Walter), editor of the Economist, obituary, 373 ' Bagford Ballads,' edited by Ebs- worth, 470 INDEX. 553 Baikie (Dr. W. B.), African ex- plorer, death, 175 Bain (Alexander), inventor of elec- trochemical telegraph, death, 389 Baines (Thomas), Lancashire writer, death, 492 Balcombe (Miss). See Abell. Ballad Society, 236 ; new editor, 421; ' Bagford Ballads,' 470 Bankers'' Almanac, 314 Bankers' Magazine, 314 Bank of England, method of print- ing notes, 370 Banns, a princess's published, 47 Barlow (Dr. Henry Clark), Danto- philist, obituary, 367 Barnes (Joseph), Printer to the University of Oxford, 294 Barrow (Sir John), a founder of the Royal Geographical Society, 481 Barsukof (Nikolai), ' Sources of Russian Hagiography,' 500 Bates (H. W.) edits Col. Warbur- ton's journals, 331 Bath, British Association at, 167 Bath Guardian founded, 257 Bathurst (Bishop Henry) ordains Dr. Stebbing, 39on. ' Battle of Dorking,' 276 Baxter (John Boyd), joint founder of Dundee University, 498 Baxter (Mary Ann), joint founder of Dundee University, 498 Baxter (R. D.), 'National Debts,' 275 Bazaine (Marshal F. A.), his con- duct at Metz, 264 Beaconsfield (Lord). See Disraeli (^Benjamin). Beamish (Richard), ' Memoir of Sir Marc Isambard Brunei,' 147 Beavan (Mrs.), legacy for schools in Wales, 103 Beckford (William), Lord Mayor, 68 Beckford (William), of Fonthill, sketch of, 67; his villa in Por- tugal, 308 ; original edition of ' Vathe'k,' 360 Beeton (S. O.), founder of the Queen, 430 Behan (Thomas L.), editor oi Lon- don Gazelle, death, 238 Beke(Dr. C. T.), death, 336 Belcher (Sir Edward), history of one of his ships, 2on.; action brought against him by Zadkiel, 322 ; death, 389 Bell (Prof. Graham), his articu- lating telephone, 379 Bell & Bradfute, William Black- wood apprenticed to, 42in. Bell & Daldy purchase Bohn's " Libraries," 223 Bell & Sons, additions to Bohn's "Libraries," 223 Bellew (J. C. Montesquieu), death, 336 Belt (Thomas), traveller, death, 409 Benisch (Dr. Abraham), editor of Jewish Chronicle, death, 408 Bennett (James Gordon) sends search expedition for Living- stone, 281 Bennett (Dr. W. C.) on memorial to Longfellow, 505 Bennoch (Francis), hon. treasurer of Longfellow committee, 505 Bentinck (Lord George), Disraeli's ' Political Biography ' of, 478 Bentley (George), joins the firm, 277; letter from Lord Lytton, 301; on Augustus Meves, 437 Bentley (Richard), publisher temp. Charles H., 278n. Bentley (Richard), obituary, 276 Bentley (Richard), jun., joins the firm, 278 Bentle/s Miscellany, prospectus drawn up by Dickens, 277; Tip- perary Hall papers, 407; first number, 523 Berlin, its honorary citizenship, 480 Bewick (Thomas), his advice to W. Harvey, 191 Bexley (Nicholas, Lord), presi- 554 INDEX. dent of British and Foreign Bible Society, io6 Beyer (C. F.), legacy to Owens College, 290 Bible, few copies in Wales, 103 ; and the Apocrypha, 104 ; in Chinese, 105 ; number of copies issued, 106; right to print, 106, 296; Revised, published, 295 ; New Testament published in Chicago Times, 2950. ; prices of Mazarine, 376n. ; in Hindustani, 389; in the Caxton Exhibition, 394 ; first English translation, 395 ; revised by Joseph Gurney, 419; Longman's New Testa- ment, 420 ; in the Sunderland sale, 486; Polyglot, 506 Bible Class, 253 Bill (John), founder and printer of the Loudon Gazette, 427 Billinge (Mary), alleged centena- rian, 483 Binney (Dr. Thomas), death, 336 Birch (Dr. Samuel) and the Cy- priote inscriptions, 359 Birdwood (Sir George) discovers old documents at the India Office, 346 Birmingham, Social Science Asso- ciation at, 30; branch of Mudie's Library, 122 ; centenary of Old Library, 431 Birred (Charles M.), ' Life of Dr. Brock,' 398 Bismarck (Prince von), on the French negotiations for peace, 262 ; honorary citizen of Berlin, 480 Black (Adam), obituary, 316; Mac- aulay's friendship, 522 Black (A. & C), 'Encyclopaedia Britannica' dinner, 132 'Black Book,' sale of, 354 " Black Friday," 190 Blackie (John), publisher, death, 336 Blackwood (John), obituarj', 421 Blackwood (William), life of, 42in. Blackivood's Magazine, ' Battle of Dorking ' in, 276; death of Mr. T. Aird, 369; its first number, 422n.; death of Andrew Wilson, 480 Blades (William) on the Caxton Celebration, 375 Blakey (Dr. Robert), death, 409 Blind, bequests for their benefit, 62 Blindness, remarkable recovery from, 468 Block machinery, Brunei's, 149 Blue Stockings, Dr. Doran on, 300 Boccaccio, works in the Sunder- land sale, 488 Bodleian Library, death of Rev. H. O. Coxe, 491 Bohn (H. G.), sale of his books — life, 221 Bohn (J. H. Martin), bookbinder, 221 Bonaparte (Prince Louis Lucien), ' Classification of the English Dialects,' 377 Bond (Edward A.), Principal Li- brarian of British Museum, 401 Bonomi (Joseph), curator of Soane Museum, death, 40S Books, for the nursery, 250; palm- leaf, discarded in Burmah, 258 ; block-books, 376 Borrow (George), death, articles on, 491 Boscawen (W. St. C.) on Cyprus, 399 Bos well (James), 'Life of Johnson,' Croker's edition, 515 Bosworth (Dr. Joseph), Professor of Anglo-Saxon, obituary, 361 Botanii-al Register, 1 86 Botany, its advancement by Brown, 54; by Lindley, 185, 186; Jussieu's method, 343 Boutell (Rev. Charles), archceo- logist, death, 390 Bowerbank (Dr. J. S.), death, 389 Bowring (Sir John), death, 299 Boyd (Sir William), of Edinburgh, death, 353 Bradbury «S; Evans, George Smith INDEX. 555 engraver for, 358 ; bid for House- hold Words, 52911. Eradley (George Granville), Dean of Westminster, 505 Braidwood (James), ' Fire Preven- tion,' 195 ; his life, 196 Brewer (John Sherren), death, 433 Brewster (Sir David), ' The Stereo- scope,' 14; obituary, 219 ; 'Edin- burgh Encyclopredia,' 471 Brighton aquarium, 273 Brisbane (Sir Thomas M.), soldier and astronomer, obituary, 117 Bristol Journal, Walter Thornbury a contributor, 362 British and Foreign Bible Society, its history, 102 British and Foreign Medical Ee- vicw founded, 140 British Archxological Association, its foundation, 444 British Association, at Bath, 167; and the telephone, 379 ; Geo- graphical Section added, 4S2 ; Prof. J. W. Draper at, 494 British Medical Journal, death of Dr. A. Wynter, 369 British Museum, purchase of Shakspeare's autograph, 54 ; total expense, 124 ; death of E. j Hawkins, 207 ; J. R. Chorley's bequest, 208 ; Sir H. Ellis, 243 ; death of T. Watts, 244 ; the first lady reader — the Duchess of Kingston, 2S8 ; death of Sir F. Madden, 312 ; Assyrian tablets, 338, 359; death of Dr. J. E. Gray, 343 ; changes at, 348 ; death of G. Smith, 358 ; and Henry Stevens, 3960. ; Mr. E. A. Bond Principal Librarian, 401 ; death of Sir A. Panizzi, 434 ; Prof. R. K. Douglas, 466 ; Servian charter, 502 Britten (F. J.) on watches, 205 Britton (John), antiquary, obituary, 18 Brock (Thomas), A.R.A., bust of Longfellow, 505 Brock (Rev. Dr. William), biogra- phy of Havelock, 36 ; death, 354; 'Life,' 398 Brodie (Sir Benjamin) on the Royal Society, 127 Broke (Capt. Sir Arthur de Capell), founder of the Raleigh Club, 481 Bronte (Branwell), Mrs. Gaskell on, 22 Bronle (Charlotte), publication of 'Jane Eyre,' 351 ; A. C. Swin- burne on, 386 Brooks (Shirley), editor oi PuncJi, 257 ; obituary, 319 Brougham (Henry, Lord), and the prorogation of Parliament, 16 ; l^resident of Social Science Association, 30; obituary, 223 Broughton (Lord). See Hoblioiise. Brown (J. Baldwin), book dedi- cated to Principal Scott, 292 Brown (Oliver Madox), death, 337 Brown (Robert), botanist, obituary, 54 Brown (Robert), a founder of the Royal Geographical Society, 481 Browne (Rev. George), ' History of the British and Foreign Bible Society,' 102 Browne (Hablot Knight) illustrates ' Nicholas Nickleby,' 524 Browning (Elizabeth Barrett), obi- tuary, 134 ; tablet erected by the municipality of Plorence, 137 ; ' Letters of,' 369 Browning (Robert) and Barry Corn- wall, 375 Bruce (James), African explorer, his accidental death, 168 Bruce (John), death, 244 Brunei (Sir Marc Isambard), principal achievements, 147 Buckle (Henry Thomas), obituary, 150 BuUen (George), made Keeper of the Printed Books, 348 ; biblio- graphy of ' Uncle Tom's Cabin,' 433 Buller (Charles), Carlyle his tutor, 472 556 INDEX. Bulley (Agnes Amy), prize for essay on middle-class education, 460 B unionist, 314 Bunhill Fields Burial-ground, its preservation, 240 | Bunsen (Christian C. J.) in Caro- line Fox's ' Memories of Old Friends,' 493 Burdett-Coutts (Baroness) and W. H. Wills, 455 Burgoyne (Sir John Fox), his ' Military Opinions,' 75 Biirmah, telephone in, 381 Burniah (King of) prints a Burmese grammar of Pali, 258 Burnaby (Col. Fred.), 'A Ride to Khiva,' 366 ; death, 367n. Burnand (F. C), editor of Punch, 450 Burns (Col. William Nicol), son of the poet, death, 298 Burritt (Elihu), death, 434 Burton (Hill), death, 492 Byron (Anne Isabella, Lady), death, 120 Byron (George G., sixth Lord), tablet to, 205 ; at Harrow, 375 ; death of Rev. F. Hodgson, 401 ; of E. J. Trelawny, 492 Caine (T. Hall), poem on Long- fellow, 505 ; ' Recollections of D. G. Rossetti,' 509 Cairnes (Prof. J. E.), death, 353 Calderon, D. F. MacCarthy's trans- lations, 507 Caledonian Merairv, 317 Calico printing, I. Taylor's machine for engraving patterns, 18 1 California, Chinese in, 237 Callow (John), business purchased by Churchill, 350 Cambrian, oldest newspaper in Wales, 259 Cambridge (George, 2nd Duke oO, opens the Exhibition of 1862, 145 Cambridge University, and the Revised Bible, 296 ; Dr. Bos- worth's legac}', 362 ; women at, 460 Camden Society, resignation of Mr. Thorns, 300 Campbell (Sir Colin) sent to India, 6 Campbell (John, Lord), obituary, 133; 'Life,' by his daughter, 467 Campbell (Thomas), co-editor of iVtW MontJily Magazine, 257 ; Redding's 'Reminiscences'of, 258 Canning (Charles John, Lord), first Viceroy of India, 73 Canterbury, Kentish Archoeological Society at, 61 Carlile (Richard), his trial, 454 Carlyle (Dr. John) and ' Sartor Resartus,' 473 Carlyle (Thomas), translation of Legendre's ' Geometry,' 219; obi- tuary, 470 ; ' Reminiscences ' — letters to Leigh Hunt — copy- rights, 475 ; in Caroline Fox's ' Memories of Old Friends,' 493 Carpenter (J. Estlin), 'Life of Alary Carpenter,' 438 Carpenter (Mary), obituary, 378 ; 'Life,' 438 Carpenter (Dr. Philip P.), con- chologist, obituary, 377 Carruthers (Dr. Robert), of the Inverness Courier, obituary, 396 Caryll Papers presented to the nation by Sir C. W. Dilke, 254 Case (Adelaide Maria), 'Day by Day at Lucknow,' 41 Cassell (John), death, 188 Catalogue, H. G. Bohn's ' Guinea,' 222 ; of English literature, pro- posed, 3S8 Cavvnpore, massacre of, 78 Caxton Celebration, 375 ; Bibles at, 394 Centenarians, two alleged, 483 Chadwick (David) presents Free Library to Macclesfield, 361 Challenger, voyage of, articles on. Chambers (David), death, 271 INDEX. 557 Chambers (Dr. Robert), obituaiy, 269 Chambers (Robert), jun., death, 493"- Chambers (William), early life, 269 ; death, 49311. * Chambers's Cyclopaedia of English Literature,' 397 Chanibers's Edinburgh /oiirtial, 270 ; death of W. H. Wills, 455; its jubilee, 493 Chamier (Capt. Frederick), author, death, 259 Chapman (Edward), obitua:7, 439 Chapman (Maria Weston), editor of Harriet Martineau's 'Auto- biography,' 371 Chapman & Hall, publish Lewes's ' Ranthorpe,' 403 ; for many authors, 439; purchase Carlyle's copyrights, 475 Chappell (William) on the tele- phone, 380 Charities, London, Low's hand- book on, 266 Charles I., the authorship of the ' Eikon Basilike,' 431 Charles II., at the marriage of the Prince of Orange, 48 ; on the ' Eikon Basilike, ' 432 Charles X. of France, his corona- tion, 443 Charles (Rev. Thomas), of Bala, 103 Charlotte, Princess of Wales, mar- riage with King Leopold, 49 Charterhouse School, Leech and Thackeray at, 170 Chartists, T. Frost on, 457; Car- lyle on, 474 ; defended by Dis- raeli, 477 Chatto & Windus publish ' Joseph and his Brethren,' 413 Chaucer (Geoffrey), Mr. Cowden Clarke's edition, 372 Chaucer Society, 236 Chesney (Col. George), author of ' Battle of Dorking,' 276 Chess, Howard Staunton's works, 325 Chetbam Library, Canon Raines's bequest, 409 Chicago Times, Revised New Tes- tament printed in, 295n. Child's Own Alagazine, its circula- tion, 253 China, copyright with Japan, 479 ; early printing in, 499 China Mail, death of Andrew Wil- son, 4S0 Chinchona, shaving the bark, 4S8 Chinese, their migration to Cali- fornia, 237 Chinese ambassador at St. Peters- burg, English spoken by, 456 Chinese language. New Testament in, 105; death of Prof. Ko Hun Hua, 502 Chiswick Press, its history, 364 Chorley (Henry Fothergill), writes Dickens's obituary, 530 ; birth, 535; 'The Winter's Wreath'— memorials of Mrs. Hemans — first contributes to Athenceiirn, 536; 'Music in the Provinces' — comes to London — musical critic of the AthemTiim — gives farewell dinner, 537 ; parting words — death, 538 ; obituary, 539 ; friendship for Dickens — poems in Athenivwn, 540 ; ' Hymn of the Old Discoverers,' 542 ; • The Statue of Joan of Arc,' 543 Chorley (John Rutter), Spanish scholar, obituaiy, 208 ; ' The Winter's Wreath,' 536 Christie (W. D. ), editor of Dryden, death, 336 Christie, Manson & Woods, sale of Turner's ' Picturesque Views,' 323 Christ's Hospital, Lamb and James White at, 378 Churchill (John), medical pub- lisher, obituary, 350 Clairmont or Claire (Jane), death, 434 Clarendon (Edward, Earl of)f sale of ' History of the Rebellion,' 294 558 INDEX. Clarke (Charles Covvden), obi- tuary, 372 Clarke (E ) on Cyprus, 400 Clarke (Mary Cowden), ' Concord- ance to Shakespeare,' 373 Classical Jlfiiseum, G. H. Lewes joint editor, 403 Clergy in the seventeenth centurv, 518 Clerical Journal, 430 Clifford (Prof. W. K.), death, 434 Clive (Mrs. Archer), poet and novelist, obituary, 309 Clive (Robert, Lord), proposed memorial — his treatment of the Sepoys, 5 Coal, quantity raised in one year, 330 Cobden "(Richard), loss of his for- tune, 116 ; death, 188 Cochrane (Lord). See Ditndo- nald. Cock Tavern, near Temple Ear, destroyed, 484 Colburn (Henry), sale of his copy- rights, 22; partner with Benlley, 276 Coleridge (Derwent) in Caroline Fox's ' Memories of Old Fiiends,' 493 Coleridge (Hartley) in Caroline Fox's 'Memories of Old Friends,' 493 Coleridge (Samuel Taylor), De Quincey's gift to, 109 ; and Wordsworth^ 325 Collins (Mortimer), death, 369 Collodion process, its inventor, 19 Cologne Gazette, its enterprise, 418 Combe (George), author of ' Con- stitution of Man,' obituary, 61 Combe (Thomas), manager of the Clarendon Press, obituary, 292 Comet, Donati's, (>'i, Concordium, Alcott House, Rich- mond, 457 'Congregational History,' Dr.Wad- dington's, 401 Congres International de Bienfal- sance, 145 Conington (Prof. John), death, 241 Constable (Archibald), Edinburgh publisher, 316, 317, 491 Constable (Thomas), printer of Edinburgh, death, 491 Contetnporary Reviezv, Dean Alford editor, 305 Cook (John Douglas), editor of Saturday Retneio, death, 229 Cooke (T. r.) in 'Black-Eyed Susan,' 26 Cooper (Charles), editor of the Scotsviati, 497 Cooper (Thomas), Chartist, and Benjamin Disraeli, 477 Co-operation, G. J. Holyoake's ' History,' 411 Copyright, of Americans in Eng- land, 277 ; between China and Japan, 479 ; in India, 480 "Cork Convent," 308 Cornhill Magazine, its foundation, 99 Corn Laws, death of Henry Ash- worth, 461; Macaulay's mistake, 522 Cornwall (Barry). See Procter {Bryan Waller). Costello (Dudley) as Downright, 528 Costello (Louisa Stuart), death, 259 Cotton, Brunei's machine for wind- ing. 147 . Court Journal, its foundation, 30S Covent Garden Theatre, ' King John ' at, 442 ; coronation of Charles X., 443 Cowie (Dr. R.), author, death, 336 Cowtan (Robert), ' Memories of the British Museum,' 288 Cox (Serjeant E. W.), obituary, 430 Coxe (Henry Octavius), Bodleian Librarian, death, 491 Crawford and Balcarres (Alexander, 25th Earl of), death, 462 Crawford sale, Mazarine Bible at, 376n. Creasy (Sir E.), death, 407 Critic, its founders, 430 INDEX. 559 ' Crockford"s Clerical Directory,' its founders, 430 Croker (John Wilson), death, 30 ; reply to Macaulay, 515 Cromwell (Oliver), his great seal, 346; 'Letters and Speeches,' 474 Cross (Ashton) on a Universal Index, 388 Cross (Launcelot), ' Characteristics of Leigh Hunt,' 397 Crowe (Eyre Evans), editor of Daily A/ews, death, 220 Crown, Iron, of Lombardy, re- moval to Mantua, 90 ; Napoleon I. on, 91 Crowquill (Alfred). See Forrester. Crowther (Bishop Samuel) re- ceives Geographical Society medal, 482 Cruikshank (George), obituary, 392 ; and Bcntley's Miscellany, 523 Ciystal Palace, Handel Festival in 1862, 145 ; death of Paxton, 179; aquarium, 271 ; Thornbury on the ten Courts, 363n. Cunningham (Lieut. -Col. Francis), obituary, 352 Cunningham (Peter), death, 244 Cureton (Harry Osborn), numis- matist, gifts for the blind, 62 Curran (William Henry), obituary, 62 Cust (Sir E.), death, 407 Cypriote inscriptions, their deci- pherment, 359 Cyprus, its cession to England, 398 ; early travels in, 399 ; books on, 400, 417 D Daguerre (L. J. M.), photograph of, 459 ; his process, 466 Daily News, death of E. E. Crowe, 220 ; reduced to a penny, 227 ; Archibald Forbes, 264 ; death of John Forster, 357 ; Harriet Mar- tineau writes notice of herself for, 372 ; death of Jacob de Liefde, 407 ; Hep worth Dixon's contributions, 435 ; death of W. II. Wills. 455 Daily Telegraph, enlargement of, 335 ' promotes Assyrian dis- coveries, 338, 359; Stanley's discoveries, 386 ; death of G.W. Yapp, 462 Daily Universal Register, prede- cessor of the Times, 426 Dallas (E. S.), of the Times, death, 433 Dalling (Henry, Lord), death, 298 Dante, Dr. Barlow's legacies, 367 Darwin (Charles), ' The Origin of Species,' loo Davies (Dr. Benjamin), of Regent's Park College, death, 354 Davis (Rev. W.), alleged cente- narian, 483 Davy (Sir Humphry), and Faraday, 210; and Murchison, 278 Davy (Dr. John), death, 218 Debts, national, of the world, 275 Delane (J. Thaddeus), obituary, 424 Delhi, its noble buildings, 6 ; cap- ture of, 7 ; Greathed on the siege of, 43 ; Capt. Medley at. Si Deluge, Chaldean account of, 338, 359 De Morgan (Augustus^, writes Dean Peacock's obituary, 64 ; book wrongly ascribed to, iSo ; obi- tuary, 266 DeQuincey (Thomas), obituary, 107 Derby (Edward, 24th Lord), death, 241 Deutsch (Emanuel Oscar), death, 313 Devey (Louisa), ' Life of Rosina, Lady Lytton,' 302 Dibdin (Thomas) and Douglas Jer- rold, 29 Dickens (Augustus), his nickname Boz, 523n. ; as Thomas Cash, 528 Dickens (Charles), and amateur theatricals, 24 ; on Douglas Jer- rold, 70; iXTixX.^ All tlie Year Round, 89, 529; on Adelaide Procter, 1 64 ; and Ben t ley s Miscellany, 56o INDEX. 277 ; ' Aspen Court. ' dedicated to, 320; novels in German, 336 ; sale of MS. of ' Christmas Carol, ' 347 ; private reading of ' The Chimes,' 355 ; Forster's ' Life,' 356, 535 ; E. Chapman and ' Pick- wick, ' 439 ; ' Pickwick Papers ' — * Sketches by Boz ' — Bentley's Miscellany — 'Nicholas Nickleby,' 523; ' Oliver Twist'— 'Pickwick Papers' in Russian — 'Master Humphrey's Clock ' — ' Barnaby Rudge,' 524 ; on literary piracy — translations into Turkish — ' A "Word in Season,' 525 ; 'A Christ- mas Carol ' — ' Evenings of a Working Man,' 526 ; ' The Chimes '— ' Every Man in his Humour,' 527 ; ' Cricket on the Hearth ' — Newsvendors' Bene- volent Institution — Household Words started — public readings, 528 ; ' Little Dorrit '—All the Year Round begun — death, 529 ; obituary by Chorley, 530 ; C. Dickens, jun. — ' Mystery of Edwin Drood,' 532; 'Life' by Forster, 535 ; Chorley 's friend- ship, 540 Dickens (Charles), jun., editor of All the Year Round, 532 Dickens (Mary), legacy from Chor- ley, 540 ; letter from, 54on. Dilke (Ashton Wentworth), obitu- ai-y, 234n. ; E. J. Francis partner, 546n, Dilke (Charles Wentworth), obi- tuary, 171; friends at the funeral — as a critic, 173 ; part proprietor of the Athenaum, 307n.; and H. F. Chorley, 537 Dilke (Sir Charles Wentworth), death at St. Petersburg, 232 Dilke (Sir Charles Wentworth), 2nd baronet, edits ' Papers of a Critic,' 172 ; presents the Caryll Papers to the nation, 254 Dillon- Croker (T. F.), editor of Planche's extravaganzas, 445 Disraeli (Benjamin), Lord Beacons- field, not mentioned by Peel, 16 ; at school at Islington, 326 ; ' Endymion,' 458; Key, 459; obituary, 476 D'Israeli (Isaac), 476 Dissenters and the Apocrypha, 104 Dixon (W. Hepworth), writes Douglas Jerrold's obituary, 22 ; resigns editorship of Athenczuin, 249 ; obituary, 435 ; on Penn, 518 Dobell (Sydney), poet, death, Dobson (Austin), poem on Long- fellow, 505 Dodson (James), F.R.S., mathema- tician, 267 Dohrn (Dr. Anton), founder of Naples Aquarium, 273 Dolcoath copper mine, telephone at, 498 Donati's comet, 6^, Doran (Dr. John), 'A Bridal Procession,' 45; on Vauxhall Gardens, 91 ; on marriages of Princes of Wales, 151 ; on London Gazette, 238 ; on Blue Stockings, 300; on jubilee of the Athemeum, 390 ; obituary, 391 Douglas (General Sir Howard) on modern fortifications, 76 Douglas (R. K.), assistant-keeper at British Museum, 466 Doyle (John), " H. B.," obituary, 217 Dramatic Authors Act, the first, 443 Draper (Prof. Henry), discoverer of oxygen in the sun, 495 Draper (Prof. J. C), death, 495 Draper (Prof. John William), takes the first photograph from life, 467 ; obituary, 493 Drinkwater-Bethune (John), joint author of ' Probability,' 180 Drury Lane Theatre, Twelfth Night at, 231 ; Planche's plays at, 442-4 Dryden (John), Christie's edition, 336 INDEX. 561 Dublin, aquarium in, 272 ils water supply, 345 Dublin Revieiv, death of T. C. Anstey, 309 Dublin University Magazine, its foundation, 287 Duff (Dr. Alex.), death, 407 Dumfries Herald, deatli of Mr. T. Aird, 369 Dundee, gift of a university, 498 Dundee Advertiser, its age, 497 Dundonald (Thomas, loth Earl), obituary, 125 Dunraven (Edwin, 3rd Earl of), 'Notes on Irish Architecture,' 383 Dutt (Udoy Chand) on Hindu medicine, 382 Dyce (Rev. Alexander), death, 244 E Early English Text Society, its tenth year, 311 Earthquake in England, 16 1 East India Company, its original subscribers, 346 Ebsworth (Rev, J.Woodfall), editor of the ' Roxburghe Ballads, '421; of the ' Bagford Ballads, ' 470 Economist, its founder — death of Walter Bagehot, 373 Eden (Charles H.), introduction to Col. Warburton's account of his explorations, 331 Edinburgh, Braid wood at, 196 ; George IV. at, 269 ; R. Cham- bers's ' Traditions,' 270 •Edinburgh Encyclopedia,' Car- lyle a contributor, 471, 472 Edinburgh Reviezv, death of Sir G. Cornewall Lewis, 159 ; its publishers, 316 ; Macaulay's 'Essays,' 384; on Croker, 515 Edinburgh University, Carlyle Lord Rector, 474 ; death of Dr. Muir, 501 Edmiston (James), hymn-writer, death, 206 Education, higher, of girls, 242 ; Mr. Forster's Elementary Educa- VOL.II. tion Bill introduced, 246 ; con- troversy in Ireland, 345 ; of women, 397, 460; in Bengal, 465 Edward, the Black Prince, mar- riage with Joan of Kent, 151 Edward, son of Henry VI., mar- riage with Lady Anne Neville, 153 Edward III., life by William Longman, 385 ' Eikon Basilike,' its authorship, 431 Electricity, the voltaic pile, 56 ; CErsted's discoveries, 57; velocity of, 202 Electric light at Royal Society, 488 Electric telegraph, from Europe to Africa, 31 ; to America, 62 ; proposed purchase of those of the United Kingdom, 237 Electro-chemical telegraph, death of its inventor, 389 Electrotype, Bank notes printed from, 370 Eliot (George), her genius recog- nized by John Blackwood, 423 ; death, 461 ; obituary, 462 Eliot (Sir John), Forster's life of, Elizabeth (Princess), marriage with the " Winter King," 47 Ellery (Robert) J.), Government Astronomer in Victoria, 232 Elliot (Lady Charlotte), poetess, death, 461 Ellis (F, S.) on the MS. of Shelley's ' Mask of Anarchy,' 453n. Ellis (Sir Henry), his knighthood, 243 Ellis (John), Under-Secretary of State temp. Queen Anne, 447 Ellis (William), educationist, death, 490 Elphinstone (Mountstuart), one of the founders of the Royal Geo- graphical Society, 48 1 'Encyclopaedia Britannica,' statistics concerning, 132 ; change of pro- prietors, 317; Walter Thornbury a contributor, 363; W. Browning Smith, 407 2 O 562 INDEX. 'Encyclopedia Metropolitana,' ar- [ February 29th on a Saturday, 220 tides reissued, 328 England, fears of invasion by France, 75; Duke of Wellington on, 77 ; Greek numerical figures first used in, 90 ; earthquake in, 161 English as a means of international communication, 456 English Dialect Society, Prince L. L. Bonaparte's gift, 377 Espinasse (Francis), 'Lancashire Worthies,' 314 Ethnological Society, its founder, 368 Evans (David Morier), founder of the Nour, obituary, 313 Everett (Prof. C. C), of Harvard University, 503 Ewart (William), M.P., death, 243 Examiner, Douglas Jerrold sub- editor, 28 ; Leigh Hunt on the Prince Regent, 96 ; death of Albany W. Fonblanque, 298 ; J. S. Mill's articles in, 307 ; death of John Forster, 357 ; Shelley on Richard Carlile's trial, 454 Exhibition, Industrial, at the Guildhall, 189 Exhibition of 1851, death of Pax- ton, 179; I'hornbury on, 362; death of G. W. Yapp, 462 Exhibition of 1862, France on, 78; opened by the Duke of Cam- bridge, 145 ; purchase of tickets by the Queen, 146 ' FalstafTs Letters,' 378 Family Herald, its good influence, 252 Faraday (Michael), on science as a branch of education, 56; obituary, 210 Farrar (Archdeacon F. W.) on America and Westminster Abbey, 5o6n, Fawcett (Millicent), translations of her works, 502 Field, its success, 430 Figures, Greek numerical, first used in England, 90 Findlay (A. G.), geographer, death, 353 Finlay (George), historianof Greece, obituary, 340 Finnis (Col.) murdered at ]\Ieerut,3 Fire Brigade, Metropolitan, 200 ; its strength, 201 Fire-Engine Establishment, Lon- don, 196 Fire-escape system, 266 Fires, great, in London, 197 ; death of Braidwood, 198 ; causes of, 200 Fireworks at Vauxhall Gardens, 95 Fitzherbert (Maria Anna) married by George IV., 155 FitzRoy (Admiral Robert), obi- tuary, 176 Flaxman Galleryat University Col- lege, 204 Flogging in the army abolished, 107 Florence, memorial to E. B. Brown- ing, 137; its associations, 168 Fogs, their formation, 503 Folk-lore, first use of the word, 389 Folk-lore Society founded, 389 Fonblanque (Albany W.), death, 29S Forbes (Archibald), his Franco- I German experiences, 264 Forbes (Prof. Edward), on distri- bution of marine life, 13; names Oldhamia, 400 Forbes (Principal James David), natural philosopher, obituary, 230 Forbes (Sir John), physician, obi- tuary, 140 Forbes (Sir John Stuart), friend of James Mill, 305 Forman (Henry Buxton), his edi- tions of Shelley's works, 453 Forrester (A. F.), "Alfred Crow- quill," death, 298 Forster (John), obituary, 355 ; as Kitely, 528 ; ' Life of Dickens,' 535 INDEX. 563 Forster (W. E.), Elementary Edu- cation Bill introduced, 246 ; in Caroline Fox's ' Memories of Old Friends,' 493 Fortification, Sir Howard Douglas on, 76 Fortnightly Revieiu, Ashton Dilke's articles, 235n.; Bagehot's articles, 373 ; G. H. Lewes and John Morley, 405 ; ' Joseph and his Brethren,' 414 ; J. S. Mill on Thornton, 446 Fortune (Robert), traveller, death, 461 Fossil, earliest, 400 Foster (P. Le Neve), secretary of Society of Arts, death, 434 Fox (Caroline), ' Memories of Old Friends,' 492 Fox (George), voluminous writings, 218 Fox (Robert Were), death, 390 Fox (William James), death, 166 Foxhall, name for Vauxhall, 94 France, war with Austria, 74 ; in- crease in her navy, 75 ; message of peace to England, 78; and the vacant Spanish throne, 247; out- break of the war with Germany, 248 ; some of its effects — letters from Paris in Athemium, 249 ; principal events, 260 ; terms of peace, 262 ; Robinson's ' Fall of Metz,' 263; Forbes's 'Experi- ences of the War,' 264; 'The Campaign of 1870-1,' from the Times — books on the war, 265 Francis (Edward James), present from Chorley, 537 ; obituary, 546n. Francis (John), visits from Charles Wentworth Dilke, 173; from Sir C. Wentworth Dilke, 233 ; on ' Literature of the People,' 249 ; friend of D. Chambers, 271 ; on the development of the press, 326 ; publisher fifty years, 484 ; and Mr. Nicoll's ' Great Move- ments,' 485 ; letter from Chorley, 53S; signs of weakness — increas- ing illness, 545 ; death of E. J. Francis — of John Francis, 546 ; obituary, 547; burial, 549; "John Francis Pensions" founded, 550 Franklin (Lady), purchases the Fox, 20; appeal to Lord Palmerston, 21 ; recipient of Geographical Society medal, 482 Franklin expedition, under Capt. M'CIintock, 20; death of Sir G. Back, 408 Franz (Dr. J. C. August), his re- markable cure of blindness, 469 Frasers Magazine, Thackeray's contributions, 162; ' Sartur Re- sartus' in, 473 Frederick, Prince of Wales, mar- riage with Princess Augusta, 154 Frederick the Great, Carlyle's ' History ' of, 474 Fnemati s Journal, death of Sir J, Gray, 344 Frere (Sir Bartle), on Murchison, 279 ; a founder of the Royal Geographical Society, 481 Friswell (J. Hain), death, 408 Frost (Thomas), Chartist, ' Recol- lections,' 456 Froude (James Anthony), editor of Carlyle's 'Reminiscences,' 475 Froude (W.), mathematician, death, 434 Frowde (Henry), London manager for the Clarendon Press, 294 Frith (W, P.), his 'Railway Station,' 145 Fullom (S. W.), death, 298 Fun, death of Tom Hood, 335 1 Fyfe (James Hamilton), journalist, obituary, 441 Galignani^s Messenger, 257 Gambetta (Leon), proclamation to the army, 261 Gardeners' Chronicle, its founda- tion, 186 Gardner (A.) publishes the works of Tannahill the weaver-poet, 323 Gardner (E. Bensley), London 564 INDEX. manager of the Clarendon Press, 293 Garnett (Dr. Richard) made Super- intendent of the Reading-Room, 348 Gaskell (E. C), her apology, 22; obituary, 187; contributes to Household Words, 528 Catty (Mrs. Alfred), obituary, 309 Gauden (Bishop John) and the 'Eikon Basilike,' 433 Genilevian'' s Magazine, death of J. Bow'j'er Nichols, 161 Geographical Society (Royal), its foundation, 279, 481; and H. M. Stanley, 284n. ; and Col. War- burton, 331 ; 'Fifty Years' Work,' 481 Geological map of England, l8l ; atlas of Europe, 279 Geological Museum, books pre- sented to, 2Son. Geological Society, S. P. Wood- ward curator, i8l Geological Survey, Murchison di- rector, 279; Dr. Barlow's lega- cies, 368 George II., his marriage, 154 George IV., marries Mrs. Fitz- herbert, 155 ; Caroline of Bruns- wick, 156; at Edinburgh, 269 Gibb (Sir G. Duncan), of the An- thropological Society, death, 368 Gibbon (Edward), Cotter Morison on, 400 Gilfillan (Rev. George), editor of the British poets, death, 408 Glaciers, theories of, 231 Gladstone (William Ewart), and Hawarden, 314 ; opens the Cax- ton Exhibition, 375 ; places Planche on the Civil List, 444 Glasgow, Government grant to the University, 289 ; storm at, 488 ; Macaulay Rector of the Uni- versity, 517 Glasgow Herald, its centenary, 497 Glass (Joseph), inventor of the chimney-sweeping machine, obi- tuary, 217 Glass, repeal of duty on, 187 Glennie (J. S. Stuart) on Buckle's death, 150 Glyn (Serjeant John) and Hawar- den, 314 Goderich (Frederick John, Vis- count), first president of the Royal Geographical Society, 482 Goethe (J. W. von), life by Lewes, 404 ; * Wilhelm Meister ' trans- lated by Carlyle, 472 Goldsmith (O.), Forster's life, 356 Gomme (G. Laurence), on the Index Society, 388 ; honorary secretary of the Folk - lore So- ciety, 389 Goodwin (C W.), editor of the Parthenon, death, 407 Good Words, 253 ; death of Nor- man Macleod, 298 ; bought by Isbister, 414 Good Words for the Young, 253 Gordon (General Charles George) in China, 480 Gordon (Lady Duff), death, 244 Gordon (Patrick Harry), Indian journalist, 369 Gorilla, Prof. Owen on, 86 Gosse (P. H.), advocate of aquaria, 273 Gould (John), ornithologist, death, 490 Gower (Capt. C. H. A.) on the telephone in Burmah, 381 Graham (H. G.) on the two Car- lyles, 475 Grant (James), editor of the Morn- ing Advertiser, death, 434 Grant (Prof. Robert) on wind at Glasgow, 488 Grattan (Thomas CoUey), death, 167 Gray (Dr. Edward Whittaker), botanist, 343 Gray (George Robert), ornitholo- gist, 343 Gray (Sir John), of the Freeman s Journal, obituary, 344 Gray (Dr. John Edward), botanist, 185 ; obituary, 343 INDEX. 565 Gray (Samuel Frederick), botanist, 343 Gray (Thomas), sale of MS. of the ^ ' Elegy,' 347 Greathed (H. H.) on the siege of Delhi, 43 Green Mountain Boys of Vermont, 395n. Greenwood (Joseph Gouge), Prin- cipal of Owens College, 291 Grego (J.), ' Rowlandson the Cari- caturist, ' 45 1 Greville (C. C. F.), 'Greville Me- moirs,' 331 Griffin & Co. proprietors of the 'Encyclopaedia Metropolitana,' 328 Griffith (Sir Richard John), geolo- gist and engineer, death, 409 Griffith & Farran publish King- ston's ' Peter the Whaler,' 452 Grote (George), death, 2S0 ; ' Per- sonal Life,' 433 Grote (Harriet), death, 433 Guest (Edwin), Master of Caius College, death, 462 Guild of Literature and Art, 355 Gulab Khan saves the lives of Mr. and Mrs. Greathed, 43 Gurney (Joseph), stenographer, obituary, 419 H Hackett (James Thomas), obituary, 360 Haggerston (W. J.), librarian of Newcastle Free Library, 458 Hake (A. Egmont), ' Recollections of George Borrow,' 491 Hakluyt Society, its origin, 482 Haliburton (T. C), "Sam Slick," death, 188 Hall (E. Pickard), of the Clarendon Press, 393n. Hall (John Vine), 'The Sinner's Friend,' 293n. Hall (Mrs. S. C), death, 490 Hallam (Arthur Henry), ' In Memo- riam ' dedicated to, 88 Hallam (Henry), obituary, 86 Halliwell-Phillipps (J. O.) pur- chases New Place, 138 Hamilton (Janet), Scotch poetess, obituary, 312 Hamilton (Sir William Rowan), astronomer, obituary, 184 Handel P^estival, 1862, 145 Harant (Christopher), early travel- ler in Cyprus, 399 Hardcastle (Hon. Mary Scarlett), ' Life of Lord Campbell,' 467 Hardy (Sir T. Duffus), Assistant Keeper of the Public Records, 137 ; death, 408 Hare (Julius), and Maurice, 285 ; helps D. Macmillan, 512 Hare (Marcus) helps D. Macmillan, 512 Harmony Hall, its collapse, 457 Harness (Rev. William), obituaiy, 245 Harpet's Magazine on Westminster Abbey, 5o6n. Harrow, Barry Cornwall, Peel, and Byron at, 375 Harrowby (Dudley Francis, 3i-d Earl of), president of British and Foreign Bible Society, 106 Hart (H. H.), of the Clarendon Press, 293n. Harvard University, death of Prof. Ko Hun Hua, 502 ; Longfellow professor, 504 Harvey (William) and St. Bartho- lomew's Hospital, 451 Harvey (William), engraver, obi- tuary, I go Harwood (Philip), editor of the Saturday Reiiew, 506 Havelock (Sir Henry), death — poem by Chorley, 35 ; Brock's 'Biographical Sketch,' 36; Marsh- man's 'Memoirs,' 120 Hawarden and Mr. Gladstone, 314 Hawkins (Edward), numismatist, obituary, 207 Haywood (William), designer of the Holborn Viaduct, 207 Head (Sir Francis), death, 354 566 INDEX. Hellenic Society, inaugural meet- ing, 416 Helps (Sir Arthur), obituary, 341 Hemans (F. D.), memorials by H. F. Chorley, 536 Henley (Dr. Samuel), supposed translator of ' Vathek,' 361 Heralds' College, Planche at, 444 ; Shelley's pedigree, 455 HerapatlC s Railway Joiiriial, its original name, 313 ; death of J. T. Hackett, 360 Herschel (Sir John), receives baronetcy, 302 ; and great-circle sailing, 467 Hervey (Thomas Kibble), his poems, 203 Hetherington's Poor Mans Guar- dian, 25 1 Hewlett (Henry G.), memoir of Chorley, 536n.; letter from Miss Dickens, 540n. Heywood (Mrs. E. S. ), legacy to Owens College, 29 in. Heywood (Oliver), gift to Owens College, 29in. Hill (Octavia), her ' Homes of the London Poor ' in German, 406 Hill (Sir Rowland), obituary, 419 Hind (J. R.) on Donati's comet, 63 Hindus, ' Materia Medica ' of, 382 Hindustani, Bible in, 389 Hobhouse (John Cam), a founder of the Royal Geographical So- ciety, 481 Hodgson (Rev. Francis), his Byron correspondence, 401 Hodgson (W. B.), Professor of Political Economy, death, 461 Hodgson (Messrs.), sell Ben Jon- son's ' Workes,' 484; Household Words, 529 Holbom Viaduct, its engineer, 207 ; opened by the Queen, 241 Holland (Sir Heniy), ' Recollec- tions,' 280; death, 312 Holmes (James), obituary, 307 Holyoake (George Jacob), ' History of Co-operation,' 41 1 Homt Friend, 254 Hood (Thomas) reviews ' Master Humphrey's Clock,' 524 Hood (Tom), son, editor of Fun, obituary, 335 Hook (Dean W. F.), death, 354 Hooke (Robert) and an early tele- phone, 380 Hooker (Sir William), botanist, obituary, 182 Hope (A. J. Beresford), sale of books — death, 506 Home (Richard Hengist), E. B, Browning's letters to, 369 ; and G. Cruikshank, 393 ; on C. J. Weils, 413 Horticultural societies in Russia, 233 Horticultural Society (Royal), flower shows, 145 ; Paxton in their service, 178 ; Dr. Lindley's connexion, 186 ; and Sir C. Wentworth Dilke, 234 Hotten (John Camden), death, 313 ; on Macaulay's early com- positions, 519 Hour, its founder, 314 Household Words, last number of, 89 ; Adelaide Procter's poems in, 164 ; Walter Thornbury a con- tributor, 363 ; death of W. H. Wills, 455 ; first number, 528 ; discontinued, 529 Howitt (William), death, 434 Hua (Prof. Ko Hun), of Harvard University, obituary, 502 Hughes (Thomas), life of D. Mac- millan, 51 1 Huish(M.), editor o\ Art /ournal, 450 Hunt (James Henry Leigh), obi- tuary, 96 ; and Barry Cornwall, 375 ; ' Characteristics of,' 397 ; letters from Carlyle, 475 Hunt (Robert) studies photo- graphy, 466 Hunt (Thornton Leigh), death, 313 Husenbeth (Dr. F. C), death, 299 1 INDEX. 567 I Illuminated Magazine, Hepworth Dixon a contributor, 435 Illustrated London Nrd)s, death of its founder, 124 ; Mark Lemon a contributor, 256 ; death of Shirley Brooks, 320 ; its chess column, 325 Imlach (James), obituary, 451 Index, Universal, proposed, 388 Index Society, its origin, 38S India, the Queen proclaimed sove- reign of, 73 ; visit of Prince of Wales, 352 ; Sanskrit medicine, 382 ; modern religious reformers, 415 ; Mary Carpenter's visits, 438 ; female education, 460 ; education in Bengal, 465; natives at the Calcutta University, 479; newspaper copyright, 480 ; ' Fi- nances and Public Works,' 495 ; translations of Mrs. Faw- cett's ' Political Economy,' 502 Indian Mutiny, the Sepoys at Barrackpore — outbreak at Ber- hampore — "India quiet through- out," I ; outbreak at Meerut, 2 ; causes, 2n.; first intimation in the Times, 3 ; reference at the Plassy banquet, 5 ; Sir Colin Campbell sent, 6; siege of Delhi, 6 ; warnings of statesmen — cir- cumstances favourable to the Mutiny, 8 ; annexation policy, 11, 112; native princes, 12; death of Havelock, 35 ; poem on Sir William Peel, 36 ; services of the Naval Brigade, 38 ; books on, 39 ; two ladies on the siege of Lucknow, 40, 41 ; Greathed on the siege of Delhi, 43 ; ' The Story of Cawnpore,' 78; 'A Year's Campaigning,' 81 ; Dun- das Robertson on the causes of, 82; Sir H. Lawrence's ' Essays,' 83; W. H. Russell's 'Diary,' 112 India Office, discovery of old docu- ments, 346 Ingram (Herbert), drowned in Lake Michigan, 124 Innes (Prof. Cosmo), Scottish author, death, 336 Inverness Courier, death of Dr. Carruthers, 396 Ireland (Alexander) on Carlyle and Leigh Hunt, 475 Ireland, death of Astronomer Royal, 184 ; Round Towers, 192, 383; O'Connell and Courts of Arbitration, 345 ; its cele- brated men, 418 ; recovery of State Papers, 436 Iron and Steel Institute, death of J. Jones, 389 Irving (Edward), and T. Carlyle, 472, 474 ; his wife's family, 475 Isabella (Princess), marriage with the Emperor Frederick II., 45 Isbister & Co. buy Good IFordsand Sunday Magazi7ie, 414 Islington, Benjamin Disraeli at school at, 326 Jacob (Brigadier - General John), ' Native Array of India,' 7 James I., marriage with Anne of Denmark, 151 James II., Macaulay's history, 517 James (George Payne Rainsford), obituary, 123 Jameson (Anna), obituary, 1 19 Janney (Samuel M.), 'Life of Wil- liam Penn,' 519 Japan, Asiatic Society founded, 320; copyright with China, 479; early printing in, 499 Japanese novel, long, 239 Jeaffreson (John Cordy), on Dr. Doran, 391 ; on Hepworth Dixon, 435 Jelf (Dr. R. W.), death, 280 Jencken (Dr. F. E.), obituary, 468 Jenings (Mrs. Edmund), " Wyc- liffe Lane," death, 160 Jerdan (William), death, 244 Jerrold (Douglas), obituaiy, 22 ; his pall-bearers, 29 ; ' Life and Remains,' 70; "-dear Douglas," 72 ; letter of thanks from Lord 568 INDEX. Dundcnald, 126 ; and Charles Knight, 304 ; as Master Ste- phen, 528 Jesse (Edward), naturalist, death, 223 Jesse (John Heneage), death, 336 Jewish Chronicle, death of Dr. Benisch, 408 Jewish works on Cyprus, 399 Jewsbury (Geraldine), death, 461 Joan of Arc, poem by Chorley, 543 fohti Bull on Lord Broughams motto, 226 Johnson (Charles), botanist, death, 462 Johnson (Hem^), inventor of logo- types, 427 Johnson (Dr. Samuel), death of "Queeny," iS Johnston (Dr. A. K.), geographer, death, 2S0 Jones (Mr.), bequest to Owens College, 29in. Jones (John), secretary of Iron and Steel Institute, death, 3S9 Jones (John Winter), president of the Conference of Librarians, 387 ; resigns Principal Librarian- ship of British Museum, 401 Jonson (Ben), Charles Lamb's copy of> 353 ; ' Workes ' sold, 4S4 ; performance of ' Every Man in his Humour,' 527 Jukes (Prof. J. B.), geologist, death, 244 Junius, death of Miss Woodfall, 147; Charles Wentworth Dilke on, 172 K Kaleidoscope, its inventor, 219 Kaleidoscope, edited by R. Cham- bers, 269 Kavanagh (Julia), novelist, death, 390 Kaye (Sir J. W. ), death, 369 Kean (Edmund), and Douglas Jer- rold, 23 ; failure in ' Ben Nazir, the Saracen,' 167 ; Ploward Staunton plays with, 324; life by B. W. Procter, 330 Keary (Anna Maria), novelist, death, 434 Keble (John), obituary, 193 Keightley (Thomas), author, death, 298 Keith (Hester Maria Viscountess), Johnson's " Queeny," obituary, 18 Kelly (F. F.) greatly improves the ' Post Office London Directory,' 174 Kelly's (Miss) Theatre, Jonson's 'Every Man in his Humour,' 527 Kent (Charles), letter from Dick- ens, 530 Kentish ArchKological Society, first meeting, 60 Kenyon (John), friend of E. B. Browning, 369 Kew Gardens, improved by Sir W. Hooker, 183 Kind Words, its circulation, 253 King (George) on Indian plants, ,382 King (H. S.) & Co., publishing de- partment sold, 3S8 King (Dr. Richard), founder of Eth- nological Society, death, 368 King (Richard John), author, death, 433 King's College, London, Gabriele Rossetti professor, 508 Kingsley (Charles), obituary, 339 Kingsley (Henry), novelist, death, 369 Kingston (Alfred), secretary of the Camden Society, 300 Kingston (Elizabeth, Duchess of), born Chudleigh, her marriage, 28S Kingston (William Henry Giles), boys' writer, obituary, 452 Knight (Charles), obituary, 302 ; ' Penny Cyclopasdia ' — " Weekly Volumes," 403 Knight (Joseph), ' Life of D. G. Rossetti,' 510 Kcenig (Frederick), inventor of the first steam printing machine, ^429n. Korea, movable type in, 500 INDEX. 569 Lackington «S: Co., 259 Laing (David), antiquary, death, 409 Lamb (Charles), life by B. W. Procter, 330 ; his copy of Ben Tonson,'353 ; friendship for James White, 37S Lambeth Palace Library, 328 Landon (Letitia E.), " L. E. L.," and John Forster, 357 Landor (Walter Savage), obltuaiy, 168; Forster's life, 356 Lane (Edward William), Oriental- ist, obituary, 366 Lang (R. Hamilton) on Cyprus, 400 Lankester (Dr. Edvi'in), obituary, 334 Lankester (Prof. E, Ray), on the Naples Aquarium, 273 ; founds the Marine Biological Associa- tion, 275 Lansdowne (Henry, 3rd Marquis of), his generosity, 159 " Lardner'sCyclopasdia," Forster's contribution to, 355 Lassell (William), astronomer, death, 462 Latham (Dr. Gordon) and the Tip- perary Hall papers, 407 Laiv Advertiser printed by James Holmes, 308 La7i' Journal printed by James Holmes, 308 Lawrence (Sir Henry Montgomery) on the annexation of Oudh, 83 Law Times, its foundation, 430 Layard (Sir A. H.), Assyrian dis- coveries, 337 Leader, G. H. Lewes literary editor, 405 Leech (John), his genial character, 14; obituary, 169; as Master Matthew, 528 Leeds Intelligencer, A. A. Watts editor, 165 Le Fanu (J. S.). novelist, death, 312 Legendre (A. M.), his 'Geometry' translated by Carlyle, 219, 472 Leigh (Augusta) on Byron's mar- riage, 401 Leigh Ilunt^s London Journal, 397 Leisure Hour, its good influence, 252 Lemon (Mark), obituar}', 255 ; as Brainworm, 528 Leng (John), editor of Dundee Advertiser, 497 Leopold (Prince) of Hohenzollern- Sigmaringen and the Spanish throne, 247 Lever (Charles), obituary, 287 ; contributes to Blackwood, 423 Lewes (George Henry), obituary, 402 Lewis (Sir George Cornewall), obi- tuary, 159 Lewtas (Matthew) on the convent at Cintra, 308 Libel Act, Lord Campbell's, 133 Librarians, Conference of, 387 Libraries, Salford Free, 16 ; Liver- pool Free, 88 ; Mudie's, 122 ; Smith's, 123; Guildhall, 241, 349 ; London public, 328 ; Mac- clesfield Free, 361 ; Old Library, Birmingham, 431 ; Patent Office, 434 Library Association founded, 387 Libri MSS., sale of, 89 Liefde (Jacob de). Daily News\ia.x ■ correspondent, death, 407 Lilly (Joseph), "apostle of 'first folios,' " death, 259 Limited liability companies, warn- ing concerning, 189 Lincoln's Inn, death of W. H. Spilsbury, 390 Lindley (Dr. John), botanist, Sir W. Hooker on, i82n. ; obituary, 185 ; consulted by Peel, 187 Liston (David), Professor of He- brew, death, 490 Literary Chronicle, Dr. Doran edi- tor, 392 Literary Gazette, death of Jerdan, 244 ; view of the first steam printing machine, 429n. ; bio- graphy of Mrs. Planche, 442 S/O INDEX. Literary Magnet printed by James Holmes, 308 ' Literary Souvenir,' founded by A. A. Watts, 166 Literature, in 1857, 13; in 1858, 43; in 1859, 84; in i860, 1 14; in 1861, 130; of Europe and America, 242 ; of the people, 250; highwayman, 251; pub- lishers for the people, 253 Liverpool, Free Libraries in, 88 ; observatory at, 214 Liverpool Daily Post, death of pro- prietor, 313 Liverpool Journal, death of pro- prietor, 313 Livingstone (David), his boyhood, 32 ; discoveries in Africa, 34 ; found by Stanley, 282 ; obituary, 315 ; 'Last Journals,' 335 Livre(Le), on Bentley&Son, aySn.; its foundation, 424 Lloyd (Dr. Humphrey), of Trinity College, Dublin, death, 490 Lloyd (W. A.), on early aquaria, 271 ; death, 275 Lloyifs Nezvspaper, Douglas Jer- rold's success, 28 Logan (Sir William), discoverer of fiozoon, 400 Loher (Franz von) on Cyprus, 399 Lombardy, its Iron Crown, 91 London, De Quincey's wanderings in, 108 ; Post Office Directory, statistics of, 174; Industrial Ex- hibition at the Guildhall, 189 ; great fires in, 197; Fire Brigade, 201 ; Holborn Viaduct, 207, 241; Guildhall Library, 241; chari- ties. Low's handbook to — fire- escape system, 266 ; public libra- ries of, 328 ; opening of the Guildhall Free Library, 349 ; H. T. Riley's ' Memorials,' 408; Lord Mayor in the pillory — " dagger " in City arms, 410 London, University of, presented with De Morgan's librar}', 268 ; admits women to degrees, 397 London and Westminster Review. See Westminster Review. Lo7idon Gazette, its history, 238, 427 London Magazine, Barry Cornwall a contributor, 375 ; Carlyle a contributor, 472 Londoji Society, Planche's recollec- tions, 444 London Weekly Review, 308 Long (Prof. George), editor of the ' Penny Cyclopaedia,' death, 434 Longfellow (H. W.), seventy-fifth birthday, 500 ; obituary, 503 ; poems on — memorial in West- minster Abbey, 505 Longitude of Heart's Content and Valentia, 202 Longman (Charles), F.G.S., death, 312 Longman (Thomas), obituary, 420 Longman (William), obituary, 3S3 Longman (Messrs.), publishers of Edinburgh Review, 317 ; their successes, 384 ; members of the firm, 386n.; earliest title-page, 420 Loudon (Jane), botanical writer, obituary, 59 Loudon (John C.) marries the author of 'The Mummy,' 59 Louis XVII., Augustus Meves's claim, 437 Loveday (J. T.) and the Tooley Street fire, 199 Lover (Samuel), obituary, 228 Lovett (W.), Chartist, death, 390 Low (Sampson), founder of the firm, obituary, 5l2n. Low (Sampson), jun., obituary, 266 Low (Sampson) & Co. and the Tauchnitz " Collection of British Authors," 489 Lowell (J. R.) succeeds Long- fellow at Harvard University, 504 Lubbock (Sir John William), astronomer, obituary, 1 79 Lucas (Samuel), of the Morning Star, death, 188 Lucknow, ladies on the siege, 40, 41 Lushington (Dr. S.), death, 312 INDEX. 571 I,yell (Sir Charles), death, 353 Lynch (Rev. T. Toke), death, 280 Lytton (Edward George Bulwer, Lord), obituary, 301; 'Life,' 302 ; supports Zadkiel, 322 ; novels in Blackwood, 423 Lytton (Rosina, Lady), 'Life,' 302 M Macaulay (Catharine), first lady reader at British Museum, 288 Macaulay (Thomas Babington, Lord), death, iii ; 'Lays of Ancient Rome,' 384, 513 ; * Critical and Historical Essays ' — quarrel with Croker, 515 ; Rector of Glasgow University — ' History of England,' Vols. L and IL, 517 ; on the clergy — visits the Boyne — on William Penn, 518; 'Speeches' — 'His- tory,' Vols. HL and IV.— death — early compositions, 519; letter from solicitors concerning — 'Bio- graphies,' 521 ; on the Corn Laws — and Hannah More, 522 ; 'Life and Letters,' by his nephew, 523 Macaulay (Zachary) and Hannah More, 522 MacCarthy (Denis Florence), poet, obituary, 506 Macclesfield, Free Library pre- sented to, 361 M'Clintock (Sir Francis L.) com- mands the Fox, 20 M'Clure (Sir Robert), obituary, 310 M'CulIoch (J. R.), death, 171 ; re- futed by Thornton, 446 MacDonald (John C), manager of the Times, 429 Mackarness( Matilda Annie), 'Trap to Catch a Sunbeam,' 442 Maclaren (Charles), founder of the Scotsman, 195 Macleod (Dr. Norman), death, 298 Maclise (Daniel), picture of the reading of ' The Chimes,' 355 Macmillan (Daniel), memoir by Thomas Hughes — historj', 511 Macmillan & Co., agents for the Clarendon Press, 293 Macmillan'' s Magazine, its founda- tion, 99 Maconochie (Capt. Alex.), death, 127 Madden (Sir Frederic), death, 312 Madras Athcnivum and Daily Nr^'s, death of P. H. Gordon, 369 Magnetic needle, OErsted's dis- coveries, 57 Mahaffy (J. P.) on Dr. F. E. Jencken, 468 Mahon (Lord). See Stanhope. Maitland (Dr. Samuel Rofiley), obituary, 191 Makerstoun Observatory founded, iiS _ Mallarme (Stephane) on Bcckford's ' Vathek,' 360 Manchester, Art Treasures at, 19 ; Owens College and the Victoria University, 290 ; death of the Manchester poet, 337 ; of " A Manchester Lady," poetess, 353 ; Shelley on the Manchester massacre, 453n.; Chevalier Neu- komm's oratorio, 537 Manchester Courier, A. A. Watts editor, 165 Manchester Examiner, death of A. W. Paulton, 363 Manchester Guardian, its war correspondent, 263 Mansel (Dean H. L.), death, 280 Manuscripts, sale of the Libri, 89 ; of Gray and Dickens, 347 ; pre- servation in India, 382 Manx Society, its work, 352 Marcet (Jane), scientific writer for the young, obituar>', 58 Margaret (Princess), marriage with James IV., 46 Margaret of Windsor, marriage with Alexander III., 46 Margate, Bmnel's treatment at, 149 Margoliouth (Moses), Hebrew scholar, death, 491 Marine Biological Association, its foundation, 275 572 INDEX. Markham (Clements R.) on the Royal Geographical Society, 481 Mark system of prison reform, 127 INIarriages, of English princesses, 45 ; child, 48 Marsh (Mrs. A.), novelist, death, 337 Marshman (John Clark), 'Memoirs of Havelock,' 120 Martin (Rev. Samuel) on Faraday as a Christian, 212 Martin (Sir Theodore), ' Life of the Prince Consort,' 335, 414, 440 Martineau (Harriet), death, 369 ; 'Autobiography,' 371 Martyn (Henry), missionary, Mac- aulay on, 519 Marvell (Andrew), author of " The spacious firmament on high," 229 Mary (Princess), "Pearl of Eng- land," her two marriages, 47 Mary (Princess), daughter of Charles I., her marriage, 48 l^Iary (Princess), daughter of James H., marriage with Wil- liam of Orange, 48 Mary Stuart (Queen), time of her marriage with Darnley, 47 Jilassey (Gerald), poem on Sir William Peel, 36 Masson (Prof. David), first editor of Rlacmillan^s Magazine, 99 Mathematics, reform in, 65 ; Sir W. R. Hamilton's genius for, 184 ; Dr. Whewell, 192 Mather (Dr. R. Cotton), death, 389 Matilda (Princess), marriage with the Emperor Henry V., 45 Maurice (Frederick Denison), obi- tuary, 285 ; life by his son, 286; book dedicated to Principal Scott, 292 ; influence on Canon Kings- ley, 339 Mayall (J. E.), photograph of Daguerre by, 459 Mayer (S. R. Townshend), on R. Bentley tetnp. Charles II., 278n.; edits E. B. Browning's letters, 369 ; death, 461 Mayhew (Horace), death, 29S Mazzini (Joseph), death, 298 Medley (Capt. J. G. ), 'A Year's Campaigning in India,' 81 Melbourne, great telescope at, 232 Melville (Major Whyte), obituary, 405 Merivale (Dean Charles) on Dean Alford, 305 Metals, quantities obtained in the British Isles, 329 Meteren (Emanuel van), printer of the first Bible in English, 395 Metropolitan Improvement Society, Dickens on the committee, 525 ]\reves (Augustus), claimed to be Louis XVII., 437 Meyrick Collection arranged by Planche, 444 Microscope, first English treatise on, 380 Mill (James), early life, 305 Mill (John Stuart), and women's rights, 240; obituary, 305; 'Au- tobiography,' 306; and J. Robert- son, 348; reviews W, T. Thorn- ton 'On Labour, '446; on Dr. Franz's case, 469 ; in Caroline Fox's 'Memoriesof Old Friends,' 493 Miller (Hugh), his last work, 13 Milman (Dean H. H.), obituary, 229 Milton (John), Macaulay's admira- tion of, 520 Mitford (Mary Russell), friend of E. B. Browning, 369 Moltke (Hellmuth, Count von), honorary citizen of Berlin, 480 Monk (Bishop J. H.) and the 'Gre- ville Memoirs,' 333 Montagu (Mrs. Elizabeth), her letters, 300 Monthly Repository, Harriet Mar- tineau a contributor, 371 ; R.H. Home editor, 413 Moore (Bessy), widow of the poet, 188 Moore (Thomas), ode by D. F. MacCarthy, 507 More (Hannah) on Macaulay, 522 INDEX. 573 Moreton's (Countess of) ' Daily Exercise,' 1665, 420 Morfill (W. R.) on early travels in Cyprus, 399 Moriarty (E. A.), translator of ' Pickwick ' into German, 336 Morison (James Cotter) on Gibbon, 400 Morley (Henry), ' Of English Lite- rature in the Reign of Victoria,' 489, 492 Morley (John), editor of the Fort- nightly, 405 ; of the Pall Mall Gazette, 441 ; on Carlylism, 475 Mo)-m7tg Advertiser, Archibald Forbes its correspondent, 264 ; death of J. Grant, 434 Mornijig Ckroniele, Lord Camp- bell a contributor, 133 ; J. D. Cook, 229; G. H. Lewes, 403; struggle with the Times, 425 Morning Star, death of S. Lucas, 188 Morris (Mowbray), manager of the Times, obituary, 320 Monison (Capt. Richard James), "Zadkiel," obituary, 321 Moultrie (Rev. John), death, 353 Moxon (Edward), "the poets' publisher," obituary, 53 Mozley (Canon J. B. ), death, 407 Mudie (Charles Edward), founder of the library, I22n. Muir (Dr. John), Sanskrit scholar, obituary, 501 Murchison (Kenneth) presents books to Geological Museum, 28on. Murchison (Sir R. L), awarded gold medal, 119; obituary, 27S ; a founder of the Royal Geo- graphical Society, 481 ; and the British Association, 4S2 ISIurray (E. C. Grenville), jour- nalist, death, 492 Murray (Dr. J. A. H.), editor of ' New English Dictionary,' 296 Music, for the people, 537 ; Chor- leys services to, 539 N Napier (Mark), death, 435 Naples, aquarium at, 273, 275 ; politics in 1820, 508 Napoleon L, and the Iron Crown of Lombardy, 91; at St. Helena, 280 Napoleon HL, quarrel with Aus- tria, 74 ; and Prussia, 260 ; at Sedan, 261, 264; and Sir H. Holland, 281 ; on Cxsar, 435 Napoleonic dynasty not extinct, Nares (Sir George S.) and the Challenger expedition, 318 Nation, D. F. MacCarthy a con- tributor, 507 National Portrait Galleiy, its foundation, 18 ; opened, 86 ; Crabb Robinson's gift, 204 Ahitional Revieiv, Bagehot a con- tributor, 373 Naval Architects, Institution of, founded, 116 Negro receives medal of Geogra- phical Society, 482 Nelson (Horatio, Lord), visit to Fonthill, 69 ; his chaplain at Trafalgar, 310 Neukomm (Chevalier S.), oratorio at Manchester, 537 Newcastle-on-Tyne, Ashton Dilke M.P., 235n. ; opening of Free Library, 458 ' New English Dictionary,' origin and progress, 296 New Monthly Magazine, 'Romaunt of Margret ' in, 134; Cyrus Red- ding and T. Campbell editors, 257 New South Wales, Sir T. M. Bris- bane Governor — founds Para- matta Observatory, iiS Newspaper, the King's, 23S Newspapers, sale in the Franco- German War, 248 ; yearly issue in London, 250; impressed stamp abolished, 258 ; great increase in, 327 ; in 1824, 328 ; German "special correspondents," 417; , 574 INDEX. the "leading" or "leaded"' article, 42S ; copyright in India, 480 I Ne-tv Spirit of the Age, 413 I Newsvendors' Benevolent Institu- tion, Dickens at, 528; "John Francis Pensions " founded, ,550 Newth (Mr.), experiments on for- mation of fogs, 503 Newton (Sir C. T.) on the work of the Hellenic Society, 416 Newton (Sir Isaac), life by Brew- ster, 219 Nro) York Herald expedition for Livingstone, 282 Nichol's Edinburgh edition of the British poets, 408 Nicholas (Dr. Thomas), author of 'Pedigree of the English People,' death, 434 Nichols (John Eowyer), obituary, 161 Nichols (John Gough), death, 312 ; at school with Benjamin Disraeli, 326 NicoU (Henry J.), ' Great Move- ments, and Those who Achieved Them,' 4S5 Nicolson (Dr. Alexander), editor of 'Memoirs of Adam Black,' 3i8n. Norris (Dr. Edwin), Assyriologist, death, 299 North- West Passage, its discovery by M'Clure, 310 Norton (Caroline), death, 389 Norton (John Bruce), 'The Re- bellion in India,' 8 Norway, Carlyle on its early kings, 474 Notes and Queries, Charles Went- worth Dilke a contributor, 172; death of James Yeowell, 354; of Dr. Doran, 391 ; Key to 'En- dymion,' 459; published by John Francis, 549 Novel in 106 volumes, 240 Nutt (David) publishes Lewes's life of Goethe, 404 O O'Connell (Daniel) sentenced to imprisonment, 345 CErsted (H. C), his magnetic dis- coveries, 57 Oldham (Prof. Thomas), geologist, obituary, 400 Oldham (William), founder of the Concordium, 457 Oliphant (Margaret), contributor to Blackwood, 423 O'Neill (Henry), death, 490 Optics, Sir W. R. Hamilton dis- covers conical refraction, 184 Orcadian, oldest newspaper in the Northern Islands, 334 Orchids popularized by Dr. Lind- ley, 187 Orridge (B. B. ), author, death, 259 Osborn (Admiral Sherard), death, O'Shaughnessy (Arthur), poet, death, 490 Oudh, its annexation, 82 ; Sir H. Lawrence on, Z^i 5 W. H. Rus- sell on, 113 Outram (Sir James), " the Bayard of modern times," 112; and Havelock, 120 Ouvry (Frederic), antiquary, death, 491 Overall (W. H.), librarian at Guildhall, 350 Overs (John), ' Evenings of a Working Man,' 526 Overstone (Samuel Jones, Lord), presents De Morgan's library to University of London, 268 Owen (Sir Richard), on the gorilla, 86 ; helped by Woodward, 181 Owen (Robert) at Tivoli Gardens, Norwood, 456 Owens (John), founder of Owens College, 290 Owens College, its history, 289 Oxford, first book printed at, 294 ; British Association at, 494 Oxford Gazette founded by Charles II., 238 Oxford University, girls examined 1 INDEX. 575 by, 242 ; history of Clarendon Press, 292 ; Revised Bible, 296 ; death of Prof. Bosworth, 361 Paganini (N.), poem by Chorley, 541. Palestine Exploration Fund, death of C. F, Tyrwhitt-Drake, 336 ; progress of the survey, 344, 36 8 Palgrave (Sir Francis), obituary, 137 Pali, Burmese grammar of, 258 Pall Mall Gazelle, John Morley editor — J. H. Fyfe assistant- editor, 441 Palmerston (Henry.Lord), appealed to by Lady Franklin, 21 ; on the Channel as a barrier, 75 ; death, 188 ; determination to work, 281 Palm-leaf books discarded, 258 Panizzi (Sir A.), death, 434 Papal Infallibility, CEcumenical Council on, 246 Paper Duty, amount paid on the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica,' 132; repealed, 137 ; influence of the repeal on immoral literature, 251 ; David Chambers, 271 ; on the Penny Cyclopedia, 304 Paper for Oxford Bibles, 295n. Paris, siege of, 261 ; aquaria in, 272 Parker (John Henry), sale of ' The Christian Year,' I93n. Parker (John William), business bought by Longmans, 385 Parthenon, C. W. Goodwin editor, 407 Pasta (G.), poem by Chorley, 541 Pasteur (Louis), grant from the French Government, 450 Patent Office, specifications printed, 434 Patteson (Bishop J. C.) murdered, 280 Paul (C. Kegan) on Mrs. Irving, 475 Paul (C. Kegan) & Co. buy H. S. King & Co. 's publishing business, 388 Paul (James Balfour), ' History of the Royal Company of Archers,' 348 Paulton (A. \V.), Corn Law jour nalist, death, 363 Paxton (Sir Joseph), obituary, 178 Peacock (Dr. George), Dean of Ely, matliematician, obituary, 64 Peel (Sir Robert), second volume of 'Memoirs,' 15; consults Dr. Lindley, 187; at Harrow, 375 Peel (Sir William), poem on, 36; and the Naval Brigade, 38 Penn (William), Hepworth Dixon and Macaulay on, 518; 'Life' by Janney, 519 Penny Cyclopcedia, amount spent on, 303 ; G. H. Lewes, 403 ; Prof. G. Long, 434 People's Magazine, 254 Perkins sale, Mazarine Bible at, 376n. Persia, war with, 9 Peter the Great first Russian editor, 371 Peters (Rev. Dr.), of Logie, be- friends James Mill, 305 Petherick (Katherine), African ex- plorer, death, 389 Petrie (Dr. George), Irish archaeo- logist, obituary, 192 Phillips (J. Arthur), works on me- tallurgy, 328 PhiUott (Rev. H. W.) on alleged centenarian, 484 Philobiblon Society, 507 Philological Society, dictionary begun, 30; publication begun, 296 ; Prince L. L. Bonaparte's gift, 377 PInlosophical Magazine on the Daguerreotype, 466 Phiz. See Browne {Hablot Knight). Photographic Society subscribes to Scot Archer fund, 20 Photography, the collodion process, 19 ; likeness of Daguerre, 459 ; death of Mungo Ponton, 461 ; first photograph from life, 467 Physical Society and the formation of fogs, 503 576 INDEX. Picton (Sir J. A.) on alleged cen- tenarian, 483 Pilkington (Alderman and Sheriff Thomas), fined 100,000/, for slander, 410 Pilot newspaper, 257 Piracy, literary, Dickens on, 525 Pitt (William), Macaulay's lines to his memory, 520 Planche (J. R. ), obituary, 442 Plassy, hundredth anniversary of the battle, 5 Plymouth, British Association at, 379 Plymouth Chrotticle, 2^y Poets Laureate, their succession, 139 Polidori (Frances) marries Gabriele Rossetti, 508 Polytechnic, the, visit from the Queen, 381 Ponton (Mungo), death, 461 Pope (Alexander), Charles Went- worth Dilke on, 172; life by Dr. Carruthers, 396 Porter (Jane and Anna Maria), novelists, their popularity, 351 Portfolio and the Art Journal, 451 Post Office, death of Sir Rowland Hill, 419 'Post Offace Directory,' F. F. Kelly's improvements, 1 74 ; printers in, 327 Power (Marguerite), death, 208 Pratt (John Tidd) on Sir John Soane's Museum, 124 Preaching, " Habitans in Sicco " on, 50 Preece (\V. H.) exhibits Bell's telephone, 379 Pre-Raphaelitism, 255 Preston (Sir Robert), originator of the ministerial Whitebait Dinner, 194 Price (Prof. Bartholomew) and the Clarendon Press, 293n. Priestley (Dr. J.) at Birmingham, 431 Princesses, marriages of English, 45 Princess Royal. See Victoria Ade- laide. Prinsep (H. T.), writer on India, death, 407 Printers, master, number in Lon- don, 327 Printers' Pension Corporation, Mr. Walter at, 326 ; pensions from the Caxton Celebration, 377 Printing, exhibition of early, 375 ; logographic, 427 ; early, in Japan, 499 Printing machines, improvements in, 326, 428, 429 Prison, Mark system, 127; London prisons, 435 Procter (Adelaide Anne), ' Legends and Lyrics,' 128 ; her Evening Hymn, 129; obituary, 164; hirth, 375 Procter (Bryan Waller), "Barry Cornwall," obituary, 330; auto- biography, 374 Procter (Richard Wright), Man- chester historian, death, 492 Publishers, of literature for the people, 253 ; Spedding's crusade against, 491 Publishers' Circular, its history, 5i2n. Punch, its foundation, 27 ; reissue, 131 ; Thackeray's contributions, 162 ; designs from, at the Egyp- tian Hall, 170; Leech's contri- butions, 171 ; death of Mark Lemon, 255 ; Shirley Brooks editor, 257; his death, 319; Tom Taylor editor, 320; F. C. Bur- nand editor, 450 ; death of W. H. Wills, 455 Puttick & Simpson, sell Sunderland Librar}', 485 ; letters of Wil- liam III., 516 Pye (Henry James), Poet Laureate, 139 Pye (Mrs.), death, 139 Pym (Horace N.), editor of Caro- line Fox's ' Meiijories of Old Friends, ' 492 INDEX. 577 Q Quakers, catalogue of books by, 218 Quaritch (Bernard), buys a Maza- rine Bible, 3760.; at the Sunder- land sale, 485 Quarterly Kri-icii), death of R. J- King, 433 Queen, bought by Serjeant Cox, 430 Queen's Theatre, musical telephone at, 379 R Rachel (Elisa) as Camille, poem by Chorley, 541 Railway, Pacific, results of, 237 ; advertisements in London Gazette, 239; first journalist, 313; death of J. T. Hackett, 360 Railway Magazine, its foundation, 313 Raines (Canon Francis R.), bequest to Chetham Library, 409 Raleigh (Dr. Alexander), death, 461 ; biography, 490 Raleigh (Mary) edits life of A. Raleigh, 490 Raleigh Travellers' Club, its his- tory, 481 Ramsay (Alexander), death, 245 Ranyard (Mrs.), " L. N. K.," death, 434 Ravenstein (E. G.) on Cyprus, 400 Reade (Winwood), death, 353 Redding (Cyrus), journalist, obi- tuary, 257 Reed (Sir E. J.), lion. sec. Institu- tion of Naval Architects, 116 Reeve (Henry), editor of ' Gre- ville Memoirs,' 332 Reformatories, Mary Carpenter on, 378 Religious Tract Society, death of Joseph Gurney, 419 Resolute, Franklin search vessel, her remarkable history, 20n. Reuter's Agency, 426 Richardson (Dr. Charles), lexico- grapher, death, 188 Richmond (Richard), author of " When all Thy mercies," 447 VOL. II. Richmond (Richard) described as Bishop of " Soda," 448 Riley (H. T.), editor of 'Memo- rials of London,' death, 408 Rippon (Dr. John), inscriptions in Bunhill Fields Burial-ground, 240 Robertson (Campbell) on causes of Indian Rlutiny, 5 Robertson (E. W.), author, death. 336 Robertson (H. Dundas) on causes of Indian Mutiny, 82 Robertson (John), of Brighton, journalist, obituary, 347 Robespierre (Maximilian), life by Lewes, 404 Robinson (G. T.), 'Fall of Metz,' 263 Robinson (Henry Crabb), obituary, 203 ; ' Diary,' 236 Robson (John), of University College, death, 368 Rochester, the Cloisterham of ' The Mystery of Edwin Drood,' 532 Rogers (Charles), editor of the ' Pogmoor Olmenac,' death, 353 Rosse (William, 3rd Earl of), astronomer, obituary, 215 Rossetti (Christina G. ), poem, 509 Rossetti (DanteGabriel),his poems, 254; on 'Joseph and his Breth- ren,' 413 ; obituary, 50S ; Hall Caine's ' Recollections ' — ' Col- lected Works,' 509 ; in French — 'Life ' by J. Knight, 509 Rossetti (Gabriele), Italian poet and politician, 508 Rossetti (William M.) edits his brother's works, 509 Routledge (Messrs.), and Lord Lytton's novels, 301 ; Staunton's ' Shakspeare,' 324 Rowlandson (Thomas), the carica- ■ turist, life by Grego, 451 ' Roxburghe Ballads,' 421 Royal Academy, Cruikshank's con- tributions, 394 Royal Society, removal to Burling- ton House, 18, 312 ; bicentenary, 127 ; Lord Wrottesley president, 2 P 578 INDEX. 214 ; Lord Rosse president, 215 ; death of C. R. Weld, 243 ; elec- tric light at, 488 Royal Society of Edinburgh, Sir T. M. Brisbane president, 119 Ruskin (John) and Walter Thorn- bury, 363 Russel (Alexander), editor of the Scotsman, obituary, 363 Russell (John, Earl), death, 40S Russell (W. H.), called "Pen of the War," 22 ; on the Indian Mutiny, 112 Russia, horticultural societies in, 233 ; Woman's Rights Con- vention in, 240 ; English spoken by the Emperor, 456 Russian, ' Pickwick Papers ' in, 524 ' Russian Ilagiography,' 500 Sainsbui7(Noel), calendar of MSB. at the India Office, 346 St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Har- vey Prize founded, 45 1 St. James's Jllagazine, death of S. R. Townshend Mayer, 461 St. Paul's Cathedral, Sunday even- ing services at, 51 ; Dean Mil- man's 'Annals,' 229 ; W. Long- man's ' Three Cathedrals,' 385 St. Petershuro Gazette, its founda- tion, 370; its early numbers, 394 Sala (George Augustus) contri- butes to Household Words, 528 Salford, its Free Library in 1856, 16; in 18S5, I7n. Salmon, introduced into Australia, 204 ; in Tasmania, 242 Sandemanians, their tenets, 213 Sandys (George), early traveller in Cyprus, 399 Sargant (William Lucas) on Sir Rowland Hill, 420 Satow (E.) on early printing in Japan, 499 Saturday Magazine, its circulation, 254 Saturday Review, death of J. D. Cook, 229 J of Lieut.-Col. Cun- ningham, 352 ; J. H. Fyfe assist- ant-editor, 441; history, 506 Savage (W. M.), death, 298 Scarlett (Hon. Peter Campbell), life of Lord Abinger, 483 Scheffer (Ary), life by Mrs. Grote, 433 Schiller (J. C. F. von), life by Carlyle, 472 Schliemann (Dr. H.), honorary citizen of Berlin, 480 Schneider (Karl), 'Cypern unter den Englandern,' 417 Schuyler (E.) on the St. Petersburg Gazette, 394 Scotland, printing Bibles in, 106 ; Royal Company of Archers, 348 Scotsman, death of its founder, 195; memoir of Adam Black, 318 ; death of Alex. Russel, 363 ; J. H. Fyfe a contributor, 441 ; C. Cooper editor, 497 Scott (Rev. A. J.), Nelson's chap- lain at Ti'afalgar, 309 Scott (Alexander J.), first Principal of Owens College, 291 Scott (Edward J. L.), on the ' Eikon Basilike,'43i; on "When all Thy mercies," 447 Scott (Sir Walter), copyright of his works, 317; visited by the Wordsworths, 325 ; and Mac- pherson the freebooter, 452; and Constable, 491 Scrope (George Poulett), death, 36S Sedgwick (Prof. Adam), death, 312 Seeds, their vitality, 209 Seeley (R. B. ), obituary, 5i2n. Septuagint, concordance to, 298 Sei-vants, domestic, and Prince Albert, 144 Servetus (Miguel), life by Dr. Willis, 408 Servia, original charter in British Museum, 502 Sewing machine invented by Brunei, 148 Seyd (Ernest), bi-metallist, death, 491 Shaftesbury (Anthony, 7th Lord), INDEX. 579 and the British and Foreign Bible Society, 105, 106 Shairp (Dr. J. C), editor of Do- rothy Wordsworth's ' Tour in Scotland,' 325 Shakspeare (William), sale of his autograph, 54 ; death of S. W. Singer, 85 ; New Place pur- chased, 138 ; Prince Albert's contribution, 144 ; " first folios," 259 ; Staunton's editions, 324 ; Mrs. Cowden Clarke's ' Con- cordance,' 373; ' Falstaff 's Let- ters,' 378; 'King John' at Covent Garden, 442 ; sale of folios, 506 Sharpe (Samuel), Biblical scholar, death, 491 Sharpey (Prof. William), physiolo- gist, death, 461 Shaw (Capt. Eyre Massey), on the Tooley Street fa-e, 199; statis- tics of fires, 200 Shelley (Percy Bysshe), Leigh Hunt on, 99 ; legacy to Jane Clairmont, 434; ' Prose Works, ' edited by Forman, 453; 'Poe- tical Works'— 'The Mask of Anarchy,' 453n.; death of E.J. Trelawny, 492; D. F. IMacCarthy on, 507 Shelley Society, 453n. Shillhtg Magazine, Hepworth Dixon a contributor, 435 Siddall (Elizabeth Eleanor) marries D. G. Rossetti, 509 Simpson (Sir James Y.), death, 259 Sindh, its annexation, 112 Singer (S. W.), editor of Shak- speare and Bacon, obituaiy, 85 Sion College Library, 328 Slick (Sam). See Halibiirton. Smart (Hawley) on ALajor Whyte Melville, 405 Smedley (Frank E.), death — ' Ga- thered Leaves,' 166 Smee (Alfred), surgeon, inventor of method of printing Bank notes, death, 370 Smith (Albert), obituary, 120 Smith (Alexander), author, death, 203 Smith (George), ' Assyrian Dis- coveries,' 337; 'Chaldean Ac- count of Genesis,' 338 : on the Temple of Belus, 357: obituary, 358 Smith (Sir J. E.), botanist, 182 Smith (Joseph), ' Catalogue of Friends' Books,' 218 Smith (Prof. Robertson) on Bible societies, 106 Smith (W. Browning), sub-editor of ' Encyclopedia Britannica,' death, 407 Smith (W. H.) & Son, their sub- scription library, 123 Smith & Elder, publish ' Jane Eyre,' 351 ; Lewes's ' Rose, Blanche, and Violet,' 404 Smithsonian Institution, its collec- tion of shells, 377 Smyth (Admiral W. H.), death, 188 Soane (Sir John), his Museum, 124 Socialism and co-operation, 41 1 Social .Science Association, its first meeting, 30 ; in London, 145 .Society for Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 159. 181 Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, in Wales, 103 ; its publications, 254, 489 .Society of Antiquaries, death of J. Y. Akerman, 313 ; Planche elected, 444; death of F. Ouvry, 491 Society of Arts, tablet to Byron, 205; death of P. Le Neve Foster, 434 Society.of Biblical Archteology, 359 Soldiers, unsuitable dress in India, 39 Solly (E.) and the Index Society, 388 Somerville (Mary), death, 299 ; recipient of Geographical Society medal, 4S2 Sotheby & W^ilkinson, sale of .Shakspeare's autograph, 54; of Libri MSS., 89; of H. G. 58o INDEX. Bohn's books, 221, 222; of MSS. of Gray and Dickens, 347; of Beresford Hope's books, 506 Southwark Bridge purchased, 227 Southwark Park formed, 1 89 "Spacious firmament on high," written by jMarvell, 229 Spain, the throne offered to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern - Sig- maringen, 247 Spectator, 17 12, "When all Thy mercies," 447 Spectator, letter from F. D. Maurice, 286 Spedding (James), editor of Bacon, death, 491 Speke (Capt. J. H.). African ex- plorer, obituary, 167 Spence (William), entomologist, obituary, 115 Spenser Society, works of Taylor the Water- Poet, 311 Spilsbury (W. H.), of Lincoln's Inn Library, death, 390 Spinoza (Benedict I3aruch), life by Dr. Willis, 40S Stael (Madame de) described, 281 Staffordshire Examiner, 258 Standard, A. A. Watts one of its founders, 165 ; D. M. Evans, 314 Stanfield (Clarkson) and Douglas Jerrold, 24 Stanhope (Philip Henry, 5th Earl), death, 368 Stanley (Dean A. P.), death, 491 Stanley (H. M.), 'How I found Livingstone,' 2S2 ; traces the Lualaba, 3S6 Staunton (Howard), obituary, 323 Steam engine, double-acting marine, 149 Stebbing (Dr. Henry), obituary, 390n. Stephens (Henry), author of ' Book of the Farm,' death, 336 Stereoscope, Sir David Brewster on, 14 Sterling (John), and F. D. Maurice, 285 ; ' Life ' by Carlyle, 474; in Caroline Fox's ' Memories of Old Friends,' 493 Stethoscope, its use, 140 Stevens (Henry), G.M.B., 'Bibles in the Caxton Exhibition,' 394 ; obituary, 395n. Stillingfleet (Benjamin), his blue stockings, 300 Stirling-Maxwell (Lady), formerly Caroline Norton, death, 389 Stirling - Maxwell (Sir William), death, 407 Stoddart (Thomas Tod), death, 462 Stokes (Margaret) on Irish Round Towers, 383 Stone (Frank) as Justice Clement, 528 Stowe (Harriet Beecher), 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' in France, 433 Strachey (Sir John), 'Finances and Public Works of India,' 495 Strachey (Lieut.-General Richard), ' Finances and Public Works of India,' 495 Stratford - on - Avon, New Place purchased, 138 Stuart (Lady Arabella), confined at Copt Hall, 92 Stuart (Queen Mary), time of marriage with Darnley, 47 Sun, oxygen discovered in, 495 Sun, death of Murdo Young, 259 Sunday Magazine, 253 ; bought by Isbister, 414 Sunday School Union, its magazines, 253 Sunderland Library, sale of, 485 Swain (Charles), the Manchester poet, death, 337 Sweden, Mrs. Fawcett's ' Tales in Political Economy' in, 502 Swift (Dean Jonathan), Forster's life, 356 Swinburne (Algernon Charles), and Barry Cornwall, 375 ; on Char- lotte Bronte, 386; on 'Joseph and his Brethren,' 413 Tagore (Maharaja Jotindra Mohan), INDEX. 581 C.S.I., president of ihe Faculty of Arts, Calcutta University, 479 Tannahill (Robert), weaver-poet of Paisley, centenary, 323 Tao-Sze, secret society, 322 Tasmania, salmon in, 204, 242 Tauchnitz (Christian Bernhard), two thousandth volume ^ of "British Authors," 489; new year's gift, 492 Taylor (Alfred Swaine), Professor of Medical Jurisprudence, death, 461 Taylor (Isaac), writer and inventor, obituary, 180 Taylor (John), the Water-Poet, his works, 311 Taylor (Capt. Meadows), novelist and historian, death, 369 Taylor (Tom), editor of Punch, 320 ; obituary, 448 Teignmouth (John, ist Lord), first president of British and Foreign Bible Society, 106 Telephone, its origin and early his- tory, 379 ; at Dolcoath copper mine, 498 Telescope, reflecting, 215 ; great Melbourne, 232 Tennant (James), mineralogist, death, 491 Tennent (Sir Emerson), death, 244 Tennyson (Alfred, Lord), and Albert the Good, 209 ; his first publisher, 228 ; little poem, 458 Tennyson (Charles). See Turtier {C. T.). Testament, New. See Bible. Thackeray (William Makepeace), founds the CornhiH, 99 ; obi- tuary, 161 Thames Tunnel opened, 149 Thirlwall (Bishop Connop), death, 353 Thompson (Alderman Joseph), his- tory of Owens College, 290 Thompson (General Perronet), death, 244 Thompson (Dr. W. IL), Master of Trinity, 193 Thorns (W. J.), resigns secretary- ship of Camden Society, 300 ; and the Folk-Lore Society, 389 ; on Dr. Doran, 391 ; on alleged centenarians, 483 Thomson (Sir C. Wyville), natu- ralist of Challenger expedition, 318 Thomson (Capt. Mowbray), ' Stoiy of Cawnpore,' 78 Thornbury (George Walter), obi- tuary, 362 ; ' Old and New I-on- don,' 410 Thornton (William Thomas), po- litical economist, obituary, 446 Thorold (Sir John), his ^Mazarine Bible, 376n. Thorpe (Benjamin), archaeologist, death, 259 ' Thousand and One Nights,' Lane's translation, 366 Thynne (Mrs.), first maker of an aquarium, 273 Ticknor (George) at Harvard Uni- versity, 504 Timbs (John), obituary, 343 Times, first intimation of Indian Mutiny, 3 ; Crabb Robinson at Corunna, 204 ; on Sir C. Went- worth Dilke, 233 ; on peaceful prospects of 1870, 246; on French jealousy of Germany, 247; battle of Sedan, 260; Gambetta's proclamation, 261 ; terms of peace, 262 ; ' The Campaign of 1870-I,' 265 ; its City editors, 313 ; death of Mowbray Morris, 320 ; improvements in printing machinery, 326 ; Finlay's letters on Greece, 341 ; death of Dr. Woodham, 344 ; of J. T. liack- ett, 360 ; on Mary Carpenter, 378 ; death of Delane, 424 ; its history, 426 ; death of E. S. Dallas, 433; of J. II. Fyfe, 441; on English spoken by Chinese ambassador, 456 Timmins (Samuel) on the Old Library, Binningham, 431 582 INDEX. Todd (James Henthorn), Irish antiquary, death, 244 Tomahawk! or Censor General, its history, 364 Tooke (William), treasurer of the Society for Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, death, 159 Tourguenief (Ivan S.), 'Virgin Soil ' translated by Ashton Dilke, 235". Towson (John Thomas), advocate of great-circle sailing, obituary, 466 Trelawny (E. J.), friend of Shelley and Byron, 492 Trench (Abp. Richard Chenevix) preaches first Sunday evening sermon in Westminster Abbey, 5 1 Trevelyan (George Otto), ' Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay,' 523 Trinity College, London, prize for essay on middle-class education, 460 Trollope (Frances), death, 160 Tucker (Stephen Isaacson), editor of Planche's extravaganzas, 445 Turkish, Dickens's works in, 525 Turner (Charles Tennyson), ' Col- lected Sonnets,' 458 Turner (J. M. W. ), sale of ' Pic- turesque Views in England and Wales,' 323 ; life by Thornbury, 363 Twelfth Night at Drury Lane, 231 Tyers (Mr.), manager of Vauxhall Gardens, 94 Tyndall (Dr. John), on Faraday as a discoverer, 213; on glaciers, 231 Tyrwhitt-Drake (C. F. ), death, 336 U United Service Gazette, reforms ad- vocated by, 165 United States, Congi-ess presents the Resolute to the Queen — her gift to the President, 20n. ; area of, 202 ; trade of, 497 University College, Flaxman Gal- lery at, 204 ; Dr. Barlow's lega- cies, 367 ; death of John Robson, 368 ; women at, 397 University College Hospital, Dr. Stebbing chaplain, 39in. Unwin (Dr. W. J.), of Homerton College, death, 389 Ure (Dr. Andrew), chemist, obi- tuary, 17 V Varley (Cromwell), his musical telephone, 379 Vauxhall Gardens, Dr. Doran on, 91 ; called Foxhall, 94; closing of, 96 Vestris (Lucia E.) and Planche, 444 Victoria (Queen), subscribes to Scot Archer fund, 20; the Reso- lute presented to her — gift to the President of the United States, 2on. ; message by cable to U.S. President, 63 ; proclaimed Queen of India, 73; restores Lord Dun- donald's honours, 126 ; gives tickets for the Exhibition of 1862, 146; anxiety concerning Braidwood, 198 ; ' Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands,' 216 ; present to Mrs. Dilke, 234; opens Holborn Viaduct, 241; at the Polytechnic, 3S1 Victoria Adelaide, Princess Ro3'al, marries the Crown Prince of Prussia, 45 Viles (Edward) on an early tele- phone, 379 Volta (A.), electric discoveries, 56 Volunteer rifle corps, the Artists' — South Kensington, 74 W Waddington (Dean George), death, 244 Waddington (Dr. John), ' Congre- gational History,' 401 i Wade (John), author of 'The Black 1 Book,' death, 354 Wales, ignorance in, 102 ; oldest I newspaper, 259 INDEX. 58 Wales (Prince of). See Albert Edward. Wales (Princes of), Dr. Doran on their marriages, 151 Wales (Princess of). See Alex- andra. Walford (Cornelius) on a General Catalogue of English Literature, 388 Walford (Edward), 'Old and New London,' 410 Walker (Thomas) appointed edi- tor of Lojidon Gazette, 239 Waller (Rev. H. ), editor of Living- stone's 'Last Journals,' 335 Walter (John), the founder of the Times, 426 Walter (John), the second, editor of the Times, 428 Walter (John), the third, on the early printing machinery of the Ti»ies, 326 ; succeeds his father, 429 Walton (Izaak), destruction of his house, 484 Warburton (Alderman), legacy to Owens College, 29in. Warburton (Col. P. Egerton), ex- plorations in Australia, 331 Ward (Sir Patience), Lord Mayor, in the pillory, 410 Warington (R.), advocate of aqua- ria, 273 Warren (Samuel), author of 'Ten Thousand a Year,' death, 390 Watch trade in England, statistics, 205 Waterton (Charles), naturalist, obituary, 177 Watson (Sir William), his electric experiments, 62 Watts ( Alaric A. ), obituary, 165 Watts (Theodore), on 'A New " Curiosity of Literature," ' 412; ' Reminiscences of George Bor- row,' 491; on D. G. Rossetti, 508 Watts (Thomas), Keeper of Printed Books, death, 244 Way (Albert), antiquary, death, 336 Webb (Alfred), ' Compendium of Lish Biography,' 418 Weekly Dispateli, and the Tooley Street fire, 199; owned by Ash- ton Dilke, 235n.; E. J. Francis manager, 5460. Weld (Charles Robert), death, 243 Wellington (Arthur, Duke of), on the invasion of England, 75, 77 ; Arthur the Great and duty, 143 Wells (Charles J.), author of 'Joseph and his Brethren,' obi- tuary, 412 Welsh (Jane), marries Carlyle, 472; death, 474 Westminster Abbey, Sunday even- ing services, 51; Longfellow bust in, 595 Westminster Revie'LV, death of General Thompson, 244 ; of J. Robertson, 347 Whately (Richard), Archbishop of Dublin, death, 160 Wheatstone (Sir Charles), his tele- phone, 380 "When all Thy mercies," its real author, 447 Whewell (Dr. William), Master of Trinity, obituary, 192 White (James), author of ' Falstaff's Letters,' 378 White (Robert), author, death, 336 Whitebait Dinner, origin of the ministerial, 194 Whitehead (Mrs. Trafibrd^, "A IManchester Lady," poetess, death, 353 Whittingham (Charles), founder of the Chiswick Press, 364 Whittingham (Charles), nephew, 365 Whitty (M. J.), newspaper pro- prietor, death, 313 Whitworth (Sir Joseph), legacy to Owens College, 29in. Wilkinson (Sir John Gardner), death, 354 William, Emperor of Germany, advice from Prince Consort, 414 William III., sale of letters, 516 584 INDEX. William IV. and Sir \V, Hooker, 1S2 Williams (Mr.), editor of the Cambria)!, death, 259 Williams (Dr. Daniel), his Library, 32S Williams (John), Archdeacon of Cardigan, obituary, 85 Williams (Sir Monier) on Indian Theism, 415 Williams (William Smith), friend of the Brontes, obituary, 351 Willis (Prof. Robert), death, 353 Willis (Dr. Robert), biographer of Spinoza and Servetus, death, 408 Wills (W. H.), editor oi Chambers s Journal, obituary, 455 Wilson (Andrew), Indian journalist, obituary, 480 Wilson (Effmgham), death, 228 ; published 'the Black Book,' 354 Wilson (Sir Erasmus), his objec- tions to flogging, 107 Wilson (James), foundei Economist, 373 Wilson (Mary), daui, "Christopher North,"' Winchilsea (George J' Lord), poem on * Grc moirs,' 333n._ Wine, Redding's history or, Winsor (Justin) on the Society, 388 Wiseman (Cardinal death, 176 Woman's Rights Convent Petersburg, 240 Women, wood's educat at Bor uc of, H Woodcroft (Bennet), Superinten- dent of Specifications, death, 434 Woodfall (Elizabeth), death, 147 Woodham (Dr. H. A.), Latinist, obituary, 344 Woodward (B. B.), death, 244 Woodward (Dr. Samuel P.), geo- logist, obituary, 181 Wordsworth (Dorothy), ' Recol- lections of a Tour made in Scot- land,' 325 Wordsworth (William) in Scotland, 325 Wright (Thomas), antiquary, death, 390 Wrottesley (John, 2nd Lord), astronomer, obituary, 214 Wynne (W. W. E.), archaeologist, death, 461 Wynter (Dr. Andrew), editor of the British Medical Journal, death, 369 Y Yapp (G. W.), compiler of cata- logue of 1S51 Exhibition, death, 462 Yates (Edmund), recollections of Albert Smith, I22n. ; preface to Smedley's 'Gathered Leaves,' 166 Yeowell (James), sub-editor of Notes and Queries, death, 354 Young (Murdo), death, 259 Z death of, see Morrison Richard James) ; his suc- Zadkiel, {Capt. cessor, 322 ZadkiePs Almanac, its compilers, 321, 322 Zoological Gardens, aquarium in, 271 P. P. P. CORRIGENDA 6S, 1. 10, for 17S9 read 1759. 229, 1. '» and side-note, for " Cooke" "'3, 1. I, for 183^ read 1841 P« 335, 1 for " ■^Yahdsworth" read Wanstead. PRINTED BY FRANCIS & CO. TOOK's COURT, CHANCERY LA^"E, E.C. / ^ "^^mm ■Ty "^'>4RYQ^^ \VN^'"^ .CT ^oimni 'St. I ? a^ubIa ..!V> UnivfiMly 1.1 ' alilomi.-i Los Anqi;lrt ■^. L 007 183 79 6 LIBRARY fAClU];|,, 7a 000 409 768 9 oo ^ ilt iiiiiirrnf'..