aapuig lunouiB|XBQ -o#o»o«o»o#o«o#o«o«o«o»o«o«o«o#o- A Manual FOR 'IHK Study of Latin Grammar. TOMLINSON. -o#o«o*o«o«o»o«o«o«o«o#o«o«o«o«o- MANUAL STUDY OF LATIN GRAMMAR. E. T. TOMLINSON, HEAD MASTER OF RUTGERS COLLEGE GRAMMAR SCHOOL. BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY GINN, HEATH, & CO. 1885. /?^/(^ Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1884, by E T. TOMLINSON, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. J. S. CusHiNG & Co., Printers, 115 High Street, Boston. PREFATORY NOTE. I HAVE prepared this little book because of a want I have felt in my own classes. In the usual method of studying the Grammar by reference, the pupils learn separate and distinct fragments, which, if they remain in their minds, are held as units and not as the parts of one whole. For example, they learn at one time that the ** Dative Case is used with esse to denote the possessor"; and again, that the *' Genitive Case is used to denote possession^' ; and again, that the ** Possessive Adjective expresses possession." I have tried to group principles together ; and by asking the ques- tion, " How is Possession expressed ? " and giving all the references bearing upon that point, to partially arrange their knowledge, and to give some definite aim and end to their study. Without adher- ing too closely to a rigid system, I have had the synthetic method before me in all the work. I would here acknowledge the aid I have received from the teachers who have kindly assisted me by their suggestions and criticisms. E. T. TOMLINSON. Rutgers College Grammar School, New Brunswick, N.J. Jan. I, 1884. Ml95b'40 PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. Teachers have frequently written and have inquired the way in which I advise my little book to be used. As classes vary in their composition and demands, no fixed rule can be made ; but in my own classes I use it, by placing a copy in the hands of each pupil studying Latin, and assigning lessons daily in connection with the regular class work. With certain classes we take only sections, but with the advanced classes we study the book entire. I have been pleased at the reception the Manual has met. E. T. TOMLINSON, RLrrcERs College Grammar School, Jan. I, 1885. EXPLANATION OF REFERENCES AND ABBREVLVITONS. "A. & G." refers to the Latin Grammar of Allen & Greenough ; " H." to Harkness's Latin Grammar; " C. & S." to the Latin Grammar of Chase & Stuart; " N." denotes note; and "re." remark. In some cases the references given will be found not to contain a direct answer to the question propounded, but they will give the information called for. A MANUAL FOR THE STUDY OF LATIN GRAMMAR. QUANTITY AND ACCENT. 1. When is a syllable or vowel short f A. & G. i8, a. H. i6, 2, ii. C. & S. 7, 3. 2. When can a vowel naturally short be regarded as long? A. & G. 18, ^. C. & S. 7, I, Ex. I. 3. What is the quantity of a diphtJiongf A. & G. 18, ^. H. 16, iii. N. 4. C. & S. 7, 2. 4. In what other cases is a syllable /^;/^ //^ quantity ? A. & G. 18, c, d, e. 5. What is the rule for accent f Ans. Generally accent the penult if it is long in quantity; otherwise, accent the antepenult. A. & G. 19, a, b, c, H. 17, 18. C. & S. 9, 10, 11. INFLECTION. 1 . What does Inflection include ? 2. In Inflection, what part of the word remains unchanged? A. &G. 21. H. 46. C. &S. 15. 3. What is the difference between the stem and the 7'oot ? A. &G. 21, 22, 23. H. 313, 314. C.&S. 15, 16. 4. What parts of speech are inflected f 5. What names are considered as Masculine in Gender? As Feininine? As Neuter? Select illustrations of each. A.&G. 29, H.42,i. 1,2; ii. I, 2. C.& S. 13, i. i, 2, 3 ; ii. 1,2, 3. NOUNS. NOUNS. 1. What cases in the decIe7isio?i of nouns have the same termina- tions ? A. & G. -^i, a, b, e, H. 46, 2, i), 2), 3). C. & S. 17, i, 2, 3. 2. Of what ^^^;/(f^r are most nouns of the First Declension f A. & G. 35. H. 48. C. & S. 19. 3. Of what gender are the nouns of the Second Declension ? State the endings of each ^^//^^r. A.«&:G. 39. H.51. C.&S. 21. 4. What are the terminations in the Nojuinative Singidar of the Mascidine nouns of the Third Declension ? A. & G. 65, a. H. 99. C. & S. 30, I, 4, 7, 9, 10, 13, 15, 16. 5. What are the terminations in the JVominative Singidar of the Feminine Nouns of the Third Declension f A. & G. 6s, b, H. 105. C. & S. 30, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12. 6. What are the teri7zinations of the Neuter noims in the Nomina- tive Singidar of the Third Declension ? A. &. G. 65, ^. H. III. C. & S. 30, 14, 15. 7. What is the gender of the nouns of the Third Declension Avith the following terminations in the Nominative Singidar? — a^ or, as, gs, I, men, 7ir, us, its, es, es, A. & G. 6s, a, b, c. H. 99-115. C. & S. z^^ 1-16. 8. How is the Nominative Singular of the First Declension formed ? A. & G. 34, N. H. 48, foot-note 3. 9. How is the Nominative Sifigidar of the Second Declensioji formed? A. & G. 37, N. H. 51, i, 2). C. & S. 21, i, 2. ID. What is the difference in the formation of the Noininative Sin- gidar between ager ^.n^ puer? A. &G. 38, 42. H. SI, 1,4), 5). 11. How are nouns of the Third Declensiojt classified according to their ste7n e7idings ? A. & G. 43, N. H. 56, i., ii. C. & S. 26, i, 2. 12. Mention the Mides and their divisions. Mention the Liqtdds. NOUNS. 7 13. How d o MasacUjie and Feminine nouns of the Third Declension , with stems ending in a Mute, form their Nomijiative Singu- lar? Yio^ ^o Neuter nouns? A. &G. 44. H. 67. C. &S. 29,1. 14. How is the No})iinative Singular of stems ending in a Liquid of the Third Declension formed? A. & G. 48, a, b, c, d, e. H. 60, i, 3). C. & S. 29, i. 15. What peculiarities in declension have the vowel or i-stems of the Third Declension ? A. & G. 55, a, b, c, d, e. H. 62-65. C. & S. 29, v., vi., vii., ix., 1-8, xi. 16. In what 7iouns of the Third Declension can iu?n be found in the Genitive Plural? See A. & G. Latin Method. A. & G. 55, a, 53, a, b, 54, i, 2, 3. H. 65, I, 2, 3. C. & S. 29, ix. 1-8. 17. Form the Nominative Singular from the following stems: Stella, domino, puer, dent, leon, corpor, animal, due, inilit. capit, patr. Explain the process. 18. What is peculiar in the declension oi filia,filius, deus, Vergil- ius, sol, pelagus ? 19. Name three irregularly neuter nozms of the Second Declension. A. &G. 39, ^. H. 51, 7. C.&S. 23, 7. 20. Decline vis, senex, bos, dea, Aeneas, Delos. 21. What nouns of the Fourth Declension have the ending -ubus in the Dative and Ablative Plural? A. &G. 70, ^. H. 117, I, I), 2), 3). C.&S. 34, 4. 22. Of what^^;/^^r are most nouns of the Fourth Declension ? A. & G. 69, a, b. H. 116, 118. C. & S. 34, 5. 23. How do nouns of the Fotirth Declension form their Nominative Singular? A. & G. (y^, n. 24. What nouns of the Fifth Declension have any forms of the plural, and what nouns are masculine ? A. & G. Ti, 74, d. H. 122, I, 2, 120. C. & S. '}>^, I, 5. 25. DeclH^^ domus, cantus, inanus, dies, res. 8 NOUNS. 26. Wliat is an Epicene noun ? A. & G. 30, b. H. 43. 3- C. & S. 13, i. 3. 27. What are Heteroclitic and Heterogeneous nouns ? A. & G. 78, 79. H. 127, iii., iv. C. & S. 37, 6, 7. 28. What peculiarities are there in the declension of Proper nouns ? A. & G. 40, c. H. 130, 2. C. & S. 37, 2, «. 29. What are the Iitdirect or Oblique cases ? A. &G. 31, N. C. &S. 14, 3. 30. What Adjectives are or can be used as nouns ? A. & G. 88, ^, 86, c, 94, ^. H. 441. C. & S. 113, 7, 8. 31. Whaty^r/z/i- ^ the verb are or can be used as nouns ? A. & G. 114, /3:, b, 112, ^. H. 2C0, i., ii., iii., iv. C. & S. 65, 3, 4, 5, 6. 32. In what case is the subject of a sentence ? A. & G. 173, also note. H. 368, 536. C. & S. 109, i, 3. '^i'^. By what cases can the object of a verb be expressed ? A. & G. 237, 219, 221, a, b, c, 222, 227, 249. H. 371,407, 406, i., ii., iii., 385, i., ii., 421, i., ii. C.&S. 121, 137, also Ex., 138, 139, 1,2, 142, 1,2,3, 153, 167, i., 168. 34. By what case is the Indirect Object expressed ? A. & G. 224. H. 382, 384, i., ii. C. & S. 108, 6. 35. In what ways C2iXi possession be expressed? A. & G. 214, 214, a, 231. H. 396, i., 401, N. 3, 387. C. & S. 133, I, N. 2, 156. 36. What is the distinction in Question 35 between the use of the Genitive and Dative? A. & G. 231, remark. 37. How can ^^^//r^ be expressed ? A. & G. 246, b, i-yz, a, b^ 263. H. 388, 2, 415, i. i, N. i. C. & S. 157, 173, I, 2. 38. What is the Partitive Genitive? A. &G. 216, H. 397. C.&S. 133, 4. 39. In what manner is the idea of the Partitive Genitive sometimes expressed? A. & G. 216, c. C. & S. 133, 4, n. 4, n. 5. NOUNS. 9 40. How is the material of which anything is composed expressed? A. &G. 244, 214, ^. H.4i5,iii. C. & S. 172, 133, 6. 41 . How is the place to which expressed ? A.&:G.257, ^, 258,<^. H. 380, i., ii., 1,2. C.&S. 129, i, 130, 1,2,3. 42. How is the place from which expressed? A. & G. 243, c, 258, a. H. 412, i., ii. C. & S. 182, i, 2. 43. How is the place at which or where expressed? A. &G. 258,^,^,^,/. H.425,i., ii. C.& S. 183, i, 148, 1,2. 44. How is duration of time or titne how long expressed? A. & G. 256. H. 379. C & S. 129, I, 2. 45. How is time at which or time when expressed? A. & G. 256. H. 429. C. & S. 185. 46. How is time within which expressed? A. & G. 256. H. 430. C. & S. 185. 47. What cases express ^^//;r^ .? A. & G. 214, ^, 244. H. 413, 415. C. & S. 178. 48. What constructions denoting source are used with participles denoting birth or origin ? A. &G. 244, ^. H. 415, ii. C.&S. 178, I. 49. What cases express quality ? A. & G. 215, 251. H. 419, ii. C. & S. 175, 134. 50. What distinction is to be made between the different cases used in Question 49? A. & G. 251, a. C. & S. 134, N. i. 5 1 . What cases are used to complete the meaning of Adjectives ? A. & G. 218, 234, 247. H. 399, 391, 417. C. & S. 136, 162, 181, 174. 52. How is price or value expressed ? A. & G. 252, 215, c. H. 422, 404, 405. C. & S. 179, 146, 147, I, 2. 53. How is specification or that in respect to which a statement is i7todified expressed ? A. & G. 253, 240, b, c. H. 424, yjZ. C. & S. 180, i23, i. lO NOUNS. 54. ^\\di\.\?>^\'iQ Cognate Accusative? A. &G. 238. H. 371,1. I). C. &S. 123. 55. How is the degree of differ ejice expressed? A. & G. 250. H. 423. C. & S. 176. 56. How are means ^ manner^ and instrtiuient expressed ? A. & G. 248. H. 418, 419, iii. C. & S. 166, i, 2, 3. 57. How is accojnpaniment expressed ? A. &G. 248, ^. H. 419, i. C.&S. 166, 5. 58. When can cum be omitted in the construction of Question 57? A. & G. 248, a. 59. What English idiom or expression does the Ablative Absolute often resemble? — Ans. The Parenthesis. 60. What words are used in the construction called the Ablative Absolute? How are they used? A. & G. 255, a. H. 431, I, 2. C. & S. 187, I, 2, 3. 61. What Prepositions are used with the Accusative ? A. &G. 152, ^. H. 433. C.&S. 131, I. 62. What Prepositions are used with the Ablative? A.&LG.iS2,b. H. 434. C. & S. 186. 63. What Prepositions are used with either the Accusative or Ablative? A. & G. 152, ^. H. 435. C. & S. 131, 3. 64. What is the distinction in the use of in and sub with the Accu- sative and with the Ablative ? A. &G. 152, ^. H. 435, i. C.&S. 131,3. 65. What 7^^r<^i" govern two Accusatives ? A. & G. 239, a, b, c, d. H. 2>7?>^ 2>7A, 375^ 376. C. & S. 122, N. 2, 124, N. 2, 126, 127. 66. V^h2it prepositions in composition with verbs govern the Dative? A. & G. 228. H. 386. C. & S. 154. 67. What cases and constructions xQQ\\\\rQ prepositions^ and in what can the Preposition be omitted? 68. What construction is used with verbs of accusing, etc.? A. & G. 220. H. 409, ii. C. & S. 140. NOUNS. I I 69. What is the Dative of Reference ? A. & G. 235. H. 382, 384, ii. 4. C. & S., 158. 70. What case follows nouns of action^ agency^ and feeling? A. & G. 217. H. 395, 396, iii. C. & S. 133, 2, 3. 71. What case or cases are used in exclamations? A. & G. 240, d, 241. H. 381, 369. C. & S. 120, 2, 3, 132. 72. What is the distinction in the use of the Genitive and Dative with similis ? A. & G. 234, ^, remark. H. 391, foot-notes I and 3. C.&S. 162,4. T^i' What cases are used with causa ^ erga^ propius, instar, prope^ proximus ? 74. What case follows the comparative degree when quam is not expressed? What case when quam is expressed? A. &G. 247, ^. H. 417, I. C. & S. 174. 75. How were the following expressions stated in Latin? at home; on the ground ; at Athens ; at Cures ; at Carthage. A. & G. 258, c. H. 48, 4, 51, 8. C. & S. 19, 5, 23, 8. 76. When does ad with the Accusative have the meaning of near? A. & G. 259,/. H. 433, i., 446, N. 4. C. & S. 183, 6, a. yj. What prepositions express the relations of /^, in^froju^ at? A. & G. 259,/ H. 433, i., 434, i. C. & S. 183, I, 6, a, 131, 3. 78. When is the preposition super used with the Accusative and when with the Ablative ? A. &G. 260, ^. H. 435, i. C.&S. 131,4 79. What constructions follow verbs of plenty atid want ? A. & G. 223, 243. H. 421, ii., 399, 3. C. & S. 170, 143 80. What case is used with opus and usus ? A. &G. 243, ^. H. 414, iv. C.&S. 171 81. What case is used with miser et? A. & G. 221, b. H. 409, iii. C. & S. 139, 2 82. What other verbs are used similarly to miser et? A. & G. 221, b. H. 409, iii. C. & S. 139, 2 12 VERBS. 83. What distinction, if any, is made between the Ablative and Genitive of Quality ? A. & G. 215, N. H. 419, iii. 2. C. & S. 134, N. i. 84. In a tabular form arrange the leading uses of each case. ^S' Arrange in a tabular form the particulars wherein the cases resemble one another; as, *' The Gen. and Abl. are used to express quality"; **The Dative and Ablative are used to express agency," etc. 86. Arrange in a tabular form the particulars wherein the cases are opposed to one another; as, "The Ace. is used to express motion to, the Abl. motion from a place," etc. VERBS. 1. What are the tenses of the verb^ and what time does each denote? A. &G. 115. H. 197. C. & S. 66, i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 2. Into what two classes are these divided? A. & G. 108, c, 285, I, 2. H. 198. C. & S. 66, 7. 3. What point in common have the Present and Imperfect Tenses f A. & G. 115, a, 2. H. 467, ii., 469, ii. C. & S. 66, i, 3. 4. What two uses has the Perfect Tense? A. &G. 115, ^. H. 471, i. ii. C. & S. 66, 4. 5. What is the distinction as regards time between the Perfect and Imperfect Tenses ? A. & G. 115, b. H. 471, i., ii., 469, i., ii. C. & S. 66, 3, 4. 6. What are the personal and tense endings^ Active and Passive? A. &G. 118. H. 242, 243, 247, 248. C. & S. 91, 92. 7. What is the rule for the sequence of tenses? A. &G. 286. H. 491. C. &S.234. 8. What tenses has the Subjunctive ? A. & G. no, a. H. 197, ii., n. 2, 478. 9. What is the distinction in the use of the Active and Passive Voices? A. &G. III. H. 195, i., ii. C. & S. 64. 10. What peculiar use does the Passive Voice often have? A. & G. Ill, ^, N. I. H. 465. C.&S. 64, 2. VERBS. 13 11. What class of verbs is used only in the PassiDH form with the Active or Reflexive meaning? A. &G. 111,2. H. 195, ii. 2. C. &S. 64, I. 12. How are the different ^^rj^;/j and numbers expressed? A. & G. 108, 2, d, H. 199, N. C. & S. 89, I. 13. Name the conjugations and the distinctive features of each. A. & G. 122, 126, a^ b, c, d. H. 201. C. & S. Ti,, 14. Define the t&xm priftcipdl parts, and name each. A. & G. 122, b, c. H. 202, 220. C. & S. 69. 15. Which conjugations are primitive and which catisative f A. &G. 165. 16. In the derivative verbs, what are the inceptive or inchoative endings, and what do they signify? A. &G. 167, ^. H. 337, 281. C. &S. 83, I. 17. T\i^ frequentative, intensive, or iterative endings? A. & G. 167, b, c. H. 336, i., ii. C. & S. 88, 2. 18. T\vQ diminutives ? A. & G. 167, ^. H. 339. C. cS: S. 88, 5. 19. ThQ desideratives f A. & G. 167, ^. PL 338. C. & S. 88, 4. 20. What is the force of tlie preposiiion in compound verbs ? A.!kG.i7o,a,b,i20,a,b. H. 344, foot-note 2. C.&S. ioi,i. 21. How many and what stems has a transitive verb? A. & G. 121. H. 251, 252, 256. C. & S. 68, I, 2, 3. 22. How is i\iQ present stem formed and found? A. & G. 123, a, b, c, d, e. H. 251, 1-6. C. & S. 94, i., ii. 23. What forms of the verb are made from the present stem ? Ans, The Present, Imperfect, and Futtire Indicative, Active and Passive ; Present and Imperfect Subjunctive, Actitie ajtd Passive ; the Present and Future Imperative, Active and Pas- sive ; Present Infinitive, Active and Passive ; Present Active Participle; Future Passive Participle {Gerundive)] and the Gerund. Learn thoroughly, and give synopses by the different persons and numbers of the entire present system. A thorough knowledge of sum is pre-supposed. 14 VERBS. 24. How is the Perfect stem formed and found ? A. &G. 124, a, b, c, d, e. H. 252, 253, 254, 255. C. & S. 95, 1-6. 25. What forms of the verb are made from the Perfect stem f Ans, The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Active; the Perfect and Pluperfect Stibjunctive Active, and the Perfect Infinitive Active. 26. How is the Supine stem formed and found? A. & G. 125, a, b, H. 256, I. C. & S. 96. 27. What forms of the verb are made from the Stipine stem ? Ans. The Future Infinitive Active ; the Future and Perfect Infinitive Passive; Future Participle^ Active; Perfect Parti- ciple; Accusative and Ablative of the Supine; Perfect, Pluper- fect, and Future Perfect Indicative Passive ; and the Perfect and Pluperfect Subjtmctive Passive. The teacher should insist, in the early study of the language espe- cially, upon rapid and accurate synopses of the verb in each person and number, by moods and voices, and upon the conjugation of tenses and statement of comparative forms. The perception of differences is, or should be, most fully devel- oped in the study of language. The pupil, with careful practice, will soon gain such proficiency that the form will instantly suggest its location, meaning, and use. 28. What is the general use of the Indicative moodf A. & G. 112, a, 264. H. 474. C. & S. 65, 188. 29. What forms of the indicative sometimes have the use of the I?nperative f A. & G. 269,/. H. 487, 4. C. & S. 191 , 2, 247, 3, 5. 30. What use has the Indicative in Causal Se7itences ? A. & G. 321, ^23' H. 516, i. C. & S. 224, n. 2, 232. 3 1 . What take the place of the Future Indicative in Indirect Dis- coursed A. & G. 334, a. H. 529, ii. 4. C. & S. 234, 7. 32. When is the Indicative used in Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Discourse'^ A. & G. 336, b. H. 524, 2. C. & S. 228, 5. 33. What forms of Present and Past Conditional Sentences require the Indicative ? A. & G. 306, 308, b, c. H. 508. C. & S. 188, I, 215, 2. vKKBS. 15 34.. What forms of FtUure Conditional Soitences require the Indica- tive? A. &G. 307, ^. H. 508. C. & S. 215, 2. 35. When is the Indicative used in General Conditions f A. & G. 309, c. H. 508, 5. C. & S. 215, 2, 3. 36. What special use has the Indicative of verbs signifying neces- sity^ propriety, and the like ? A.&G.3ii,^. H.5ii,i,n. 3. Synopses of the Indicative mood of many different verbs in each person and number, with the equivalents of each form in English, should be frequently required. 37. How is a present conditioft, in which nothing is implied as to the truth of the statement, expressed? A. & G. 306. H. 508. C. & S. 215, 2. 38. How is a present condition, in which the condition is 7iot ful- filled, expressed? A. & G. 308. H. 510. C. & S. 215, 4. 39. How is the more vivid future condition expressed? A. &G. 307. H. 508. C.&S. 215, 2. 40. The less vivid future conditioji is how expressed? A. & G. 307. H. 509. C. & S. 215, 3. 41. How is a past conditional statement, in which nothifig is itn- plied as to the truth of the statejjient, expressed ? A. &G. 306. H. 508. C.&S. 215, 2. 42 . How is a past condition, in which the condition was not fulfilled, expressed? A. & G. 308. H. 510. C. & S. 215, 4. 43. What is the rule for the statement of general conditions? A. & G. 309, a, b, c. H. 508, 5, i), 2). 44. Is the conditional part of the sentence ever omitted.'*, A. '&G. 310, ^, (^, ^, 311. H. 549, 2. C. & S. 219. 45. Mention the particles used in introducing cotiditional sentences. A. & G. 304, a, N. H. 311, 3, 513, i., ii. C. & S. 215, i, N. 2. 4.6. What is the distinction between the tiine expressed by the In- dicative and Subjunctive nioods f A. & G. 264, a, 323. H. 478. C. & S. 214. l6 VERBS. 47. What constructions are used with cimt temporal'? When is each used? A. &G. 325. H. 521,!., ii. i, 2. C. &S. 214, 4, 5. 48. What other temporal particles are used in the same construction in which cum is? A. & G. 327. H. 519, ii. 520, i. I, 2, ii. C. & S. 214, i, 2. 49. What are the coimnon adverbs of tiine^ and with what snoods are they used ? A. & G. 149, b, 324, 322, 328, re. H. 519, 520. C. & S. 193, I, 214, I, 2, 3. 50. What are the uses of the Independent Subjunctive? A. &G.265,^. H.483, I, 2, 4, 484, i., ii., iii., iv. C.&S. 2oi,i. 5 1 . What are the uses of the Subjunctive in Dependent clauses f A. & G. 265, b, H. 497, 498, 500, 504. C. & S. 201, ii. 52. What is the general rule for the expression of a wish ? A. k G. 267. H. 483. C. cSc S. 203, I, 2, 3. 53. What is the distinction in tense in the uses in Question 52? A. & G. 267. H. 483, 2. C. & S. 203, 2 54. What particles are common in the use in Question 52 ? A. & G. 267, b. H. 483, I. C. & S. 203, 2, 3. 55. What special uses have velim, vellem, and their compoujids ? A. & G. 267, c. C. & S. 202, 2, N. 56. What special use has the Futiire Indicative in place of the hn- perativef A. & G. 269, ^. H. 487, 4. C. & S. 247, 3, 5. 57. What forms of the Subjunctive are used to denote a iiiild form ofcom7nandf A. & G. 266. H. 483, 2. C. & S. 203, 2, 8. 58. How is a strong command expressed ? A. & G. 269. H. 487. C. & S. 65, 2. 59. What are the common constructions m prohibitio7is f A. & G. 266, a, 269, a. H. 484, iv. n. i, n. 2, 487, 1,2). C. & S. 203, 5, 7, 247, 5, N. I. 60. How are sijuple questions introduced? A. & G. 210, a, b, c,d,e,f, H. 351, i,n. i, N. 2,n. 3, n. 4, 2, 3,4. C. & S. 258, I, 2, 3, 5. VERBS. 17 61. How are double questions introduced? A. & G. 211, a, b, c, d. II. 353, i, 2. C. & S. 258, 6, 7, 8, 10, II, 12, 13. 62. In what kind of questions is the Indicative 7nood used? A. &G. 264. H. 196, i. C. &S. 188. 63. In what kind of questions is the Subjunctive mood used? A. & G. 268, 334. H. 529, i. C. & S. 231, I. 64. What is the most common manner of expressing ^7/r^^j"(? ? A. & G. 317, 318, a. H. 497, i., ii. C. & S. 201, i. 65. In how many and what ways may purpose be expressed ? A. & G. 318. H. 497, i., ii., 533, ii., 542, i. n. 2, 542, iii. n. 2, 544, 2, N. 2, 546, 549, 3. C. & S. 206, 222, 244, I, 249, I, 250, 252, 6, 7, 9, I, 252, 12, 253, N. 66 . H o w i s negative purpose introduced? A. &;G. 331, 3i8,('?, 319, <^, N., re. H.497, ii. C.&S. 206,3,4. Q)']. In what construction is the Supine used to express pitrposc f A. &G. 318, 2, ^, 302. H. 546. C. & S. 253. 68. What is the Gerundive use in expressing ///r/^j"^ .^ A. & G. 318, 2, b, 300. H. 544, 2, N. 2. C. & S. 252, 6, 7, 9. 69. How is t\\Q future active participle used in expressing ///r/^j-^ .? A. & G. 318, 2, d. H. 549, 3. C. & S. 249, I, 250. 70. When is the particle ut omitted in clauses of purpose"^ A. & G. 331,/, re. H. 502, I, 2, 499, 2. C & S. 209, 4, 5. 71. With what verbs is the Infinitive mood used to express purpose '( A. & G. 331, a, b, c, d. H. 533, ii. C. & S. 244, i. 72. What is the common manner of expressing resuW^ A. & G. 319. H. 500, ii., i. C. & S. 207. 'J2>' How is negative result introduced ? A. & G. 319, d, N., re. H. 500, ii. C. & S. 207, 2o3. 74. How are qui/^ and quominus used in clauses oi result? A. & G. 3:9,^, ^. II. 504. 4, 500, ii., 501, ii. 2. C.&S. 211,1. l8 THE INFINITIVE. 7$, What words besides ul sometimes introduce clauses of results A. & G. 319, d, re. H. 500, i., ii., 501, ii. 2, iii., 502, i, 2, 3 503, i., ii. I, 2, 3. C. & S. 207, 208. ^6. What is the Subjunctive of characteristic, and how is it ex- pressed? A. & G. 320. H. 503, i. C. & S. 223, I. 7^]. In what special construction is the Subjunctive of characteristic sometimes used? A. & G. 320,^, <^, <;, ^. H. 503, i., foot-note. C. & S. 223, i, N. i. ']%. What constructions are used with the temporal particle cuni^ A. & G. 325. H. 521, i., ii. I, 2. C. & S. 214, 4, 5. 79. What constructions are used with the causal particle cutn f A. & G. 321, c, 326, a, b, H. 517. C. & S. 214, 3. 80. What particles have a use similar to that oicuin, in narration? A. & G. 327. H. 520, i. I, 2, ii., 519, i., ii. i, 2. C. & S. 214, 2. 81. What moods (and when) are used with diwi, donee, quoad, dujHiiiodo f A. & G. 328, 314. H. 513, i., 519, i., ii. i, 2. C. & S. 214, i. 82. Describe the Concessive Subjunctive and the particles used with it. A. &G. 313,266, ^. H.5i5,i.,ii.,iii. C.&S. 204, i, 2, 214, 3, 225. THE INFINITIVE. 1 . The Infifiitive is a form of the verb with what force ? A. & G. 108, ^, foot-note i. H. 200, i., 532. C. &S. 235, 65, 3. 2. What are its chief uses ? A. & G. 112, d. H. 533, 534, 536, 538, 539, i., ii., iii., iv. C. & S. 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242. 3. Describe the uses of the Infinitive 7nood as the subject, A. & G. 270. H. 538, I, 2, 3. C. & S. 239, I, 2, 3. 4. When used as a verb in what case is its subject if it has one? A. &G. 240,/. H. 536. C.&S. 109, 3. PARTICIPLES. 19 5. When the subject of the Infinitive is not expressed, in what case is a predicate noim or adjective after the Infinitive ? A. & G. 272, b. H. 536, 2, i), 2), 3). 6. Is the subject of the Infinitive ever attracted to or expressed in any other case than the Accusative ? A. & G. 272, a, 275. H. 536, I. C. & S. 109, 3, Ex. 7. What is the common use of the Infinitive with other verbs? A. &G. 271. H»533, i. 1,2. C. & S. 237. 8. What is the use of the Infinitive in Exclamations f A. & G. 274. H. 539, iii. C. & S. 240. 9. In what constructions does the Infinitive express purpose P A. & G. 273, a, b, c, d, H, 533, ii; N. 2. C. & S. 244, i. 10. With what parts of speech does the Infinitive have the Greek Accusative Vise"^ A. &G. 273, <3^. H.533,ii.3. C.&S.244, 3. 11. In what tenses is the Infinitive used? A. & G. 288. H. 537. C. & S. 246. 12. What is the Historical Infinitive f A. &G. 275. H. 536, i. 13. What ti7ne do the tenses of the Infinitive express? A. & G. 288. H. 537. C. & S. 246. 14. How is the I^tfinitive used in Indirect Discourse? 'A. & G. 336. ii. 523, i., ii. 2. C. & S. 228, I. 15. Describe the uses of the tenses of the Infinitive in Indirect Discourse. A. &G. 288,^,(;,^,^,/. H. 530, i). C.&S.228, 8. Give examples, orally and in writing, original and selected, from authors, of the principles contained in Question 15. PARTICIPLES. 1. In what tenses 2ixe participles found, and with what distinction as regards time? A. & G. 290. H. 550. C. & S. 65, 4, 249. 2. What is used instead of a present passive participle ? A. & G. 290, c. H. 550, N. 5. C. & S. 249, 2. 3. What peculiar uses has \\\e present participle? A. &G. 290, ^, 291, 292,^, 113,^. H. 2oo,iv., 548. C.&S. 251,9. 20 THE GERUND. 4. What peculiar uses has the perfect participle ? A. & G. 290, b, d, 291, 292, c, d, 113, c, H. 200, iv., 548. C. & S. 251, 4, 9. 5. What peculiar uses has thQ future participle ? A. & G. 293, ay b, c, 113, b. H. 549, 3. C. & S. 249, i. 6. What are the uses of iho. future passive participle ? A. & G. 294, dJ, ^, c, d, 135, ^, 113, d. H. 543, 544, I, 2, notes. C. & S. 252, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, II, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. 7. ^hsX participles do Deponent Verbs have? A. &G. 135, ^. H. 231, I. C. &S. 79. 8. Tht participle is diform of the verb having what force? A. & G. 113, ^,^. H. 200, iv., 548. C. & S. 251, 9. 9. V^h.2it participles have the use of nouns? When? A. & G. 113,/. H. 441, I, 2, 3. C. & S. 251, 10. 10. Describe the uses of the participle in the Ablative Absolute. A. &G. 255,^, <5, foot-note. H.431,4, n. 2. C. &S. 187, 1,4, 5. 1 1 . What use has the participle in -urus with the forms of fui in conditional sentences f A. &G. 308, ^. H. 511, 2. C.&S. 228, 6. 12. What is the common method of translating the participle in the construction of Question 10? A. &G. 255, N. H. 431, 2. C.&S. 187, 3. THE GERUND. 1. What is the force of the Gerund and in what cases is it found ? A. & G. 109, by ii^y ay 295. H. 200, ii., 542. C. & S. 65, 5. 2. From what stem of the verb is it formed? 3. How does the Gerund govern the following word? A. &G. 295. H. 541. C. & S. 252. 4. By what are the Nominative uses of the Gerund supplied ? A. & G. 295, re. C. & S. 252, 14, n. i. 5. Mention other constructions of the Gerund. A. & G. 297, 298, ay 301, re. H. 542, i., ii., iii., iv. C. & S. 252, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, II, 13. THE SUPINES. 21 THE GERUNDIVE. 1 . What is the Gerundive^ and what is its common use ? A. & G. 109, a^ foot-note 3. H. 543. C. & S. 252, 17. 2. When used Adjectively^ what is its force in translation? A. & G. 113, d, 294. H. 544, I, 2. C. & S. 252, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, II, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. 3. When and how does the Gerundive QX^ress purpose ? A. & G. 294, d, 300. H. 544, 2, N. 2. C. & S. 252, 9, I. 4. What construction is frequently used in place of the Gerund and a direct object ? A. & G. 296. H. 544, i. C. & S. 252, 2. Causa videndi Caesarem = Gerund construction. Causa Caesaris videndi = Gerundive construction. THE SUPINES. 1 . How is the Supine Stem of the verb formed ? A. & G. 125, ^, b. H. 256, I, 222, iii. 2, N. C. & S. 96. 2. What force have Xki^ forms of the Supine? A. & G. 109, ^. H. 200, iii. C. & S. 65, 6. 3. In what cases is it found ? A. & G. 71, a, 114, b. H. 200, iii., 545, N. I. C. & S. 6^, 6. 4. With what parts of speech is each used ? A. & G. 114, b. H. 546, 3, 547, I. C. & S. 253, 254. 5. Is the Supine parsed as \\2iVm^ person and number f A. & G. 301, N. 6. By what term is the Supine in -u?n sometimes called? A. & G. 302. 7. The Supine in 'U7n has what use? A. & G. 302, 318, c. H. 546, 2, 3. C. & S. 253, I, 2, 3, 85, 7, 2. 8. The Supine in -u has what use? A. & G. 303, re. H. 547. C. & S. 254, i, 2. 9. Does the Supine govern as a verb or noun f A. & G. 303, foot-note I. H. 545,N. i, 547, N. C.&S.253, i. 22 PRONOUNS. PRONOUNS. 1. Define and classify /r^/z^/z/zj". A. & G. 25, c. H. 182, foot-note 2, 183, i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. C. & S. 57-62. 2. What often takes the place of the third personal pronoiin? A. &G. 98, /^. H.450. C. &S. 116. 3. What use, in addition to the common one, have iho. personal pronouns? A. & G. 98, a. H. 448, N. C. & S. 117. 4. What is the distinction in the use of the two forms of the genitive plural of ego and tu ? A. & G. 194, b. H. 446, N. 3. C. & S. 57, 6. 5. When is \\\^ pronoun as subject expressed? A. & G. 194, a, 346, d. H. 446. C. & S. 109, 2. 6. What is the general rule for the construction of personal pro- nouns? A. & G. 194. H. 184, foot-note 3. 7. Define the term de7nonstrative proftoun, and decline each. A. &G. 100, loi. H. 186, i., ii.,iii.,iv., v., vi. C. & S. 59, i., ii. 8. What case do all the pronouns (except ipse) lack? A. &G. loi. H. 184-190. C.&S. 57-62. 9. What is the distinctive use of kic^ ille, iste, and is ? A. & G. 102, a, b, c,d, e. H. 450, i, 2, 3, 4, 451, i, 2, 3, 4, 5. C. & S. 116, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 10. What uses has the pronoun ipse? A. &G. 195,/,^,-^,/, ^, /. H. 452, 1,2,3,4, 5,6. C.&S. 1 18, 1,2. 11. What is the rule for the gender of de7nonstrative pronoims when used adjectively ? A. &G. 186, 195, ^. H. 438. C.&S. 113, I. 12. What use does idefn often have? A. &G. 195, ^. H. 451,3. C.&S. 116, 7. 13. What is the general rule for the syntax of ^^;//^;?j/r^//7>'^ /r^- noims? A. & G. 195. H. 438, i. C. & S. 113. 14. Decline the Relative Pronoun. A. &G. 103. H. 187. C.&S. 62, I. PRONOUNS. 23 15. How, and with what significations, is the stem of the Relative compounded ? A. «&: G. 105, a^ b, c, d. H. 190, 191. C. & S. 62, 13, 14, 15. 16. What term is applied to a clause introduced by a Relative Proitoim? A. & G. 180, c. C. & S. 222, N. 2. 17. What is the rule for the agreement of a Relative Pronoun ? A. &G. 198. H. 445. C. &S. 114, I. 18. Is the antecedent always expressed? A. & G. 200, c. H. 445, 6. C. & S. 114, 2, b. 19. What exceptions occur in the agreement of a Relative Prononn with its antecedent in gender? A. & G. 199, b, H. 445, 2, 3. C. & S. 114, 4. 20. Is the Relative Pronoun ever omitted? A. & G. 201, a. 21. What pronoun is most frequently used as the <^;//^^^^^7;/ of a Relative Pronoun ? A . «& G . 1 02, ^/. H . 45 1 . C. & S . 1 1 6, 6, 6. 22. State the use of the Relative in introducing clauses expressing; purpose. A. & G. 317. H. 497, i. C. & S. 222. 23. State the use of the Relative in introducing result. A. & G. 319. H. 500, i. C. & S. 223, I, 2, 3, 4, 5. 24. What adjectives take a clause expressing result, with the rela- tive? A. & G. 320,/. H. 503, ii. I, 2, 3. C. & S. 223, 2. 25. Decline the Interrogative arid Indefinite Pronouns. A. & G. 104. H. 188, 190. C. & S. 62, 2, 5. 26. State the distinction in form between the Indefinite and Rela- tive Pronouns. A. & G. 104, a. H. 188. C. & S. 62, i, 2. 27. How is the Interrogative form modified? A. & G. 105, b. H. 188, ii. 3. C. & S. 62, 12, 14, i-ii. 28. State and decline the compounds of the Interrogative form. A. & G. 105, c, d, i. H. 188, ii. 3, 190, i, 2, i), 2}. C. & S. 62, 14, i-ii. 29. Which is the most definite and which the least so of the In- definite Pronouns? What is the difference in use and mean- ing between aliquis and quida77i ? A. 3iG. 202, a, b. H. 455-458. C. & S. 119, 1-9. 24 ADJECTIVES. 30. Which is used Iq ?i particular negation and which in a general? A. & G. 202, b, H. 455, 456. C. & S. 119, 3, 5. 31. What kind of a pronoun is ipse f A. & G. 100. H. 452, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. C. & S. 118, I, 2. 32. What distinction is made between se and /)^j^f A. &G. 102, ^, note. H. 449, 1,1). C. & S. 117, 1-5, 118, i, 2. 33. What words are sometimes used as Reciprocal Pronouns ? A. & G. 203, a, b, c. H. 459. C. & S. 119, 9, a-c. 34. Describe the correlative uses of pronouns, A.&G. 106. H. 191. C.&S. 63, I. ADJECTIVES. 1. What ending has the Fe?ninine forin of the First and Second Decle7isionf A. & G. 81. H. 147, 148. C. & S. 39. 2. What is peculiar in the declension of miser? A. & G. 82. H. 150, N. I). C. & S. 39, 21, 2. 3. What adjectives are declined like miser, and what is the differ- ence between the declension of 7niser and niger f A. & G. 82, b, H. 150, N. I). C. & S. 39, 21, 2, 23, I. 4. What adjectives are declined like jiiger f A. & G. 82, c. H. 150, N. C. & S. 39, 21, 2, 23, I. 5. What is peculiar in the declension of totus, and v/hat are the nine adjectives of this class? What is the quantity of / in the Genitive Singular of each ? A.&G. 83. H. 151,1. C.&S.4T. 6. What adjectives belong to the Third Declension, and by what name are they called? A.&G. 84. H. 152, i., ii., iii. C. & S. 42, (i), (2), (3). 7. In what adjectives of the Third Declension do you find ia in the IVominative Neuter Plural f A. & G. 84, b, 85. H. 63. C. & S. 45, 4, 29, vii. 8. What forms of the verb are used as Adjectives f 9. Are nouns ever used as Adjectives f A. & G. ZZ, c. H. 441, 3. ADJECTIVES. 25 10. Are Adjectives ever used as nouns? A. & G. 88, a, 188, a, c. H. 441, i, 2. C. & S. 113, 7, 8. 1 1 . What is the Vocative Singular of mens f A. &G. 81,^. H. 185, N.I. C. &S. 23, 3. 12. What is the ending of the Masculine Genitive Sitigular of the Nominative ending i us ? A. & G. 81, «. 13. What Feminine forms lack a Masculine Noininative Singular? A. &G. 82, ^. H. 159, ii. 14. What is the difference in the two forms of the Genitive Plural oi celer? A. & G. 84, ^. C. & S. 42, i. 15. What is meant by adjectiites of one termijtatio?t f A. &G. 85, ^. H. 155. C. & S. 42, (3),45. 16. What is the distinction in the use of the forms of the ablative singular which end in i and ef A. & G. 87, a. C. & S. 45, i. 17. In what adjectives do you find the Genitive Plural in tcm ? A. &G. 87, ^. H. 158, 2, I), 2), 3), 4). C.&S. 45. 3»4. 18. What signification have the following adjective endings: iiluSy ddes, ensis, illus, dris, ter^tus, ax, eus. His, minus, bundus? A. & G. 164. H. 328-334. C. & S. 104, 1-52. 19. Write the ending signifying, provided with, quality, passive qualities, full of , gentile, son of, dimimction. A. & G. 164. H. 328-334. C. k S. 104, 1-52. 20. Form words denoting /^r^;//^^<^ from Atlas, Tyndaris, ^neas. A. & G. 164, b. H. 322. C. & S. 104, 34. 21. Form words with the diminutive signijication from puer, homo, avus, mulier. A. & G. 164, a. PL 321. C. & S. 104, 25. 22. Form adjectives denoting material or relation from rex, patres. A. & G. 164, g. H. 330. C. & S. 104, v., 41, 42. 23. Form adjectives denoting full of or profte to from ira, pisces, gloria. A. & G. 164, k. H. 328. C. & S. 104, v., 43. 24. Form adjectives denoting qiLality or te7tdency from the verbs pugno, bibo, noceo. A. & G. 164, /. C. & S. 104, iv., 36, 1-4. 26 ADJECTIVES. 25. Form adjectives signifying passive qualities from the verbs frango and nasco. A. & G. 164, m. H. 333. C. & S. 104, iv., 36, 1-4. 26. Other exercises of a similar nature can be given by the teacher with great profit. In a tabular form, write the significant endings of adjectives. Comparison of Adjectives. 27. How are adjectives regularly compared? A. &G. 89. H. 160, 161, 162. C. &S. 47. 28. What adjectives form their superlative by the ending -ri?nus ? A. &G. 89, ^. H. 163, I. C.&S. 48. 29. What adjectives form their superlative by the ending -liinus ? A. & G. 89, b. H. 163, 2. C. & S. 48, I. 30. What adjectives are regularly compared by means of the adverbs magis and tnaxiinef A. 6^G. %^, d. H. 170. C. & S. 50. 31. How are participles compared when used as adjectives f A. & G. 89, e. 32. Compare in full the irregular adjectives bojzus, 7naltcs, magitus^ parvus y multuSy nequajn, frugalior, dexter. A. & G. 90. H. 165, N. 2. C. & S. 49, I. 33. Give i\iQ full comparison of the comparatives citerior^ interior ^ prior ^ propior, ulterior. A.&G.91. H. 166. C.&S.49, i. 34. Compare exterus, ijiferus, posterus, superus. A. &G. 91,^. H. 163, 3. C.&S. 49, I. 35. Compare juvenis and senex. A. &G. 91,3. H. 168, 4. C.&S. 49, I. }fi. What peculiar significations have certain co7nparatives and superlatives ? A. & G. 93, a, b, c, d, e,f, 192, 193. H. 458, r, 2, 444, i, 2, 3, 440, N. I, N. 2. C. & S. Slty 1-6, 113, 10. 37. What are the classes of numeral adjectives ? A. & G. 94, 95. H. 172, I, 2, 3. C. & S. 54, I, 2, 3. 38. What nuineral adjectives are declined? A.&G,94,^,<^,^,^,^. H. 175, 176, 177, 178, 179. C.&S. 55, 3. ADJECTIVES. 27 39. What is the rule for the agreement of an adjective? A. &G. 186. H. 438. C, &S. 113, I. 40. When an adjective is tised with several nouns in wliat number is the adjective? A. & G. 186, d. H. 439. C. & S. 113, 3. 41. When an adjective is used with several nouns of dijferent gender, with which does it agree? A. & G. 187, b, c. H. 439, I, 2, 3, 4. C. & S. 113, 3. 42. What peculiar uses has tlie Neuter form of the Adjective? A. & G. 189, a, b, c, d. H. 439, 2, x. C. & S. 113, 3, N. I, N. 2, 4, 5, 8. 43. Instead of what case is the Possessive Adjective sometimes used? A. & G. 217, a. H. 395, N. 2. C. & S. 133, N. 3, 116, 10. 44. Of what adjectives is the Genitive used to express indefinite value / A. ^ G. 215, c. H. 404, N. I, foot-note 2. C. & S. 146, i, a, 45. What common use has the Neuter Accusative of the Adjective? A. k G. 240, a. H. 375, 378. C. & S. 124, N. i. 46. With 2ahat case following may cardinal numbers sometimes be used? A. &G. 216, 6-. H. 397, 3,N.3. C. & S. 133,4, notes 4 and 5. 47. What case follows the comparative degree when quam is omitted? A. &G. 247. H. 417. C. &S. 174. 48. When is the Genitive, and when the Dative, used with similis? A. &G. 234, d. H. 391, i., ii. 4, foot-notes i and 3. C.&S. 162, 4. 49. What adjectives regularly govern the Genitive and what the Dative in the following word? A. & G. 218-234. H. 391, i., 399, i. I, 2, 3, ii. C. & S. 136, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 162, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 50. What is the normal position of the adjective in a sentence? A. &G. 343, ^. H. 565. C.&S. 259, 1,9. 51. How is plus declined ? A. &G. 86. H. 165, N.I. C.&S. 44, 2. 52. Explain the uses of primus, primum, primo. A. &G. 151,^. H. 554, i. 6, N. 2. C. & S. 113,6, notes I and 2. 28 PREPOSITIONS. ADVERBS. 1. How are adverbs formed from adjectives of the First and Second Declenuoii ? A. &G. 8i,^. H. 304- C. &S. 99, I, ^. 2. How are adverbs formed from adjectives of the Third Declen- sio?tf A. &G. 84, ^. H. 304. C. &S. 99, I, ^. 3. What cases of the adjective are used as adverbs? A.&G.88,^. H. 304, i. 1,2, 3,4, ii. 1,2,3, iii. 1,2. C. &S.99, i,r. 4. How are adverbs co7npared? A. & G. 92. H. 306, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. C. & S. 52. 5. Explain the uses of nttmeral adverbs. A. & G. 96. H. 181. C. & S. 54, 3, 55, 5, 8, 9. 6. Mention and explain the origin of some of the adverbs of place, time, degree, or cause. A. & G. 149. H. 305, i., ii., iii., iv., v. C. & S. 99, 2, 3. 7. What adverbs, and with what case following, are used as prepo- sitions f A. & G. 207, b. H. 398, 5, 437, I, 2, 3. C. & S. 131,2, 133, 7, I, 162, 6. 8. What is the normal position of the adverb in a sentence? A. & G. 343. H. 567. C. & S. 259, 7. 9. What demonstrative pronoun is often used adverbially? A. &G. 195,^. H.451,3. C.&S. 116, 7. PREPOSITIONS. 1. What is the comjnon use oi prepositions ? A. &G. 152. H. 307. C. &S. loi. 2. What prepositions are used with the Accusative f A. &G. 152, ^. H. 433. C.&S. 131, I. 3. V^h^t prepositions are used with the Ablative f A. & G. 152, b. H. 434. C. & S. 186. 4. ^\\2X prepositions sometimes are used with the Accusative and sometimes with the Ablative? A. &G. 152, ^. H.435. C.&S. 131,3, 4. PREPOSITIOXS. 29 5. What is the distinction in the use of the prepositions in Ques- tion 4? A.&G. 152,^, 26o,<;,^/. H. 435,1. C. & S. 131, 3, 4. 6. What prepositions compounded with verbs govern the Dative ? A. & G. 228, 229. H. 386. C. &S. 154. 7. State the peculiar uses of ad with the Accusative. A. &G. 259,/, 318,259, b. H. 433, i., 408, i. 3,446, N. 4, 542, foot-note 5, 542, iii. N. 2. C. & S. 115, 2, 142, 4, 183, 6, a, 252, II, 12. 8. What are the uses of prepositions in expressing //<3:<:^ / A. & G. 229, a, 259,/. H. 380, i., ii. i, 2, i), 2), 3, 412, i., ii., 425, i., ii., 426, I, 2, 427, i., ii., iii., 428, i., ii., iii. C. & S. 131, 3, 182, 2. 183, I, 2, 5, 6, a, b, 184. 9. What construction follows compounds of ab, de, ex, when used figuratively.^ A. & G. 243, b. H. 434, N. i. C. & S. 151. 10. In expressions of source or material, what is the use of prepo- sitions .^ A. & G. 244, ^, also re. H.4i5,i., ii., iii. C. &S. 172, 178, 1,2,3. 11. In expressions of cause, what is the use of the preposition ? A. & G. 245, also b. H. 416, i. i), 2). C. & S. 166. 12. VJ\\2it preposition is used with the Voluntary Agent? A. & G. 246, also ^. H. 388, 2, 415, I. C. & S. 173, i, 2. 13. When does the Ablative of manner require the use of cum? A. & G. 248, re. H. 419, iii. N. i. C. & S. 166, i, 2, 3. 14. When does the Ablative of accompaniment require, and when omit cumf A. & G. 248, a. H. 419, i. also i, i), 2). C. & S. 166, 5. 15. V^\\2X preposition is frequently used with words of contention f A. & G. 248, b. H. 419, I, 2). C. & S. 166, 5. 16. What preposition is frequently used with verbs of exchafiging, etc.? A. & G. 252, c. H. 422, N. 2. C. & S. 179, 3. 17. What is the use o{ prepositions in expressions of time? A. &G.256, ^. H. 379, 1,429, I, 2. C. &S. 129, I, 2,3, 185, 10, 4. 30 CONjU:sXTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS. 1 8. What adverbs are frequently used as prepositions and with what cases f A. & G. 261, a, b, c. H. 398, 5, 437, i, 2, 3. C. & S. 131, 2, 133, 7, I, 162, 6. 19. What is the regular position of a preposition in a sentence? A. & G. 345, a, H. 569, ii. C. & S. 259, 3, 4. 20. What prepositions sometimes follow their nouns f A. & G. 263, note. H. 569, ii. C. & S. 259, 5, 131, 5. 21. With what case is instar used? A. & G. 214, g. H. 398, 4. C. & S. 133, 7. 22. With what case is ^r^f? used? A. & G. 214, ^. H. 398, 5. C. & S. 133, 7. CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS. 1. Define and illustrate conjunctions. A. & G. 25, >^. H. 309, 310, 311. C. & S. 100, i. I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; ii. i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 2. What adverbs are sometimes used as conjunctions ? A. & G. 107. H. 555, ii. I. C. & S. 63, 2. 3. How are conjunctions supposed to have originated? A. &G. 154. C. &S. 98. 4. Classify conjunctions and give examples in English and Latin of each class. A.&G. 154, ^,^,155, .4,/?, C,D,E,F, G,H. H. 309, 310,311. C. & S. 100, i. I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ii. I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 5. Explain the difference between the uses of the conjunctions et^ que, and atque. A. & G. 156, a. H. 554, i. 2. 6. State the signification of the cojtjunctions sed and verian^ at and tamen, Quod si, vere and autem. A. & G. 156, ^. H. 554, iii. 2. 7. State the use of '^/^/ ; 2i\so vel minifnus , A. & G. 156, ^. H. 554, ii. 2. C. & S. 257, 4. 8. Explain the difference in the use of JVain, enirn^ and etetii^n. A. & G. 156, d. H. 554, V. I, 2, 3. PHRASES AND CLAUSES. 3 1 9. Explain the difference in the use of Qida^ quod^ qiLoniain. A. &G. 156,/. 10. What is the force of et in translation when connecting consecu- tive clauses? A. & G. 156,//;. H. 554, i. 5. C. & S. 257, 6- 11. What is the position oi eniin^ vero, aictem^ in a sentence? A. & G. 156, k. H. 569, iii. C. & S. 259, 20. 12. Explain the use of Copulative and Disjunctive Conjunctions. A. & G. 208. H. 554, i., ii., 310, I, 2. C. & S. 100, i. i, 2. 13. Explain the use and force Qi negative particles. A. & G. 209, a, b, c, d, e. H. 552, i, 2, 3, 553, i, 2. C. & S. 256, I, 2, 3, 4. 14 Mention the Conunon Interjections and their uses. A. & G. 155. H. 312, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 556, 557. C. & S. 102, i. I, 2, 2, I, 2, 3. PHRASES AND CLAUSES. 1. What is 2Lphrasef A. & G. 179. 2. What are the classes of phrases., and how is each used? A. & G. 179. 3. What is a clause f A. & G. 180. 4. Mention the classes of clauses. A. & G. 180, a, b, 6-, t/, e,f. H. 348, N. 2. C. & S. 107, 3. 5. Express in a tabular form the syntax oi Dependent clauses. A. & G. 316-342. H. 371, iv., 431, N. I, 445, 7, 498, 499, 503, I, N. I, 513, 514, 518, 524. C. & S. 236, 206, 207, 187, 5. 6. State and explain the uses of Conditional Relative Clauses. A. &G. 316. H. 507, iii. 2. C. &S. 221. 7. Express in a tabular form all the uses Qi clauses of purpose. A. & G. 317, 318, 331. H. 497, 498, S33^ ii-» 542, i. n. 2, iii. N. 2, 544, 2, N. 2, 546, 549, 3. C. & S. 206, I, 2, 4, 222, N. 2, 244, I, 249, I, 250, 252, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 253, N. 8. Express in a tabular form the uses of clauses of result. A. & G. 319, 320,/, 332. 11.500-505. C. & S. 207, 208, 209. 32 SENTENCES. 9. Explain the use of the adjectives digmis, znd/gnus, idonetis^ and apttis with result clauses. A. &G. 320,/. H. 503, ii. 2. C. & S. 223, 2. 10. Explain the uses of Causal clauses . A. & G. 321, 326. H. 516, 517. C. & S. 214, 3, 224, 232. 11. Express in a tabular form the uses of Temporal clauses. A.&G. 323-328. H. 518-521. C. &S. 214. 12. Define, illustrate, and classify Substantive clauses. A.&G. 329, I, 2, 3, 4. H. 540, i.,ii.,iii., iv. C.& S. 208, 209, 212. 13. State the chief uses Q>i [nfinitive clauses. A. & G. 330, 272, re. H. 524, I, I), 533, 534, 535, 538, 539. C. & S. 209, 2, 3, 238-240, 241, 5, 226, 228, 244, I, 2,3,4. 14. State the force and use of a clause with its verb in the Indica- tive introduced by quod. A. & G. 333. H. 516, i. C. & S. 232, 233. 15. Explain the uses and force oi Indirect Questions. A. & G. 334, 338. H. 529. C. & S. 231. 16. Explain the principles of Indirect Discourse as affecting its clauses. A. & G. 336-338. H. 523-531. C. & S. 228-230. Give examples of every case. SENTENCES. 1. Define the term sentence and state the different kinds. A. & G. 171, a, b, c, d, 180. H. 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351. C. & S. 107, I, 2, 3. 2. Name the essential parts . A, & G. 172, 173. H. 346, 356. C. & S. 107. 3. Is the subject necessarily expressed? A. & G. 174, 175. H. 368, 2. C. & S. 108, 2. 4. What is the position of the subject with reference to other words in the sentence? A. & G. 343. H. 560. C. & S. 259, i. 5. Define the terms Complement^ Copula, and copulative verbs, as used in a sentence. A. &G. 176, also^, ^. C. & S. 108, 3, 1,2. DATES ; AND NAMES OF I^ERSONS. 33 6. What is the positioti of the verb of the predicate? A. &G. 343- H. 560. C. &S. 259, I. 7. How does the position of the inodifier of the subject differ from that of the modifiers of the verb ? A. & G. 343. H. 560. C. & S. 259, I. 8. Define the term Period or Periodic Sefitence and explain its structure. A. & G. 345, N., 346, also a, b, c, d. H. 573. C. & S. 263. DATES; AND NAMES OF PERSONS. 1. Of what did the Roman day consist, and how was it divided? H. 645, I, 2. C. & S. 313, I, 2. 2. How many days and months were in the Roman calendar? A. & G. N. before 376. H. 641. C. & S. 313, 3. 3. When and what were the Calends f A. & G. 376, a. H. 642, i. I. C. & S. 313, 3. 4. When and what were the Ides ? A. & G. 376, b. H. 642, i. 3. C. & S. 313, 3. 5. When and what were the Nones f A. & G. 376, c. H. 642, i. 2. C. & S. 313, 3. 6. How were the days of the month reckoned with reference to these points of time? A. & G. 376, ^. H. 642, ii.,iii., 644, i.,ii. C. & S. 313, 3, 4, 5. 7. How was the year stated and reckoned? A. & G. N. before 376. C. & S. 313, 8. Write in Latin the date of the birth of Cicero. Write in Latin the date of the birth of Caesar. Write in Latin the date of the death of each. 1. How many names had each Roman man? A. & G. 80. H. 649. 2. How many names had each Roman woman? A. & G. 80, c. H. 649, 4. 34 DATES ; Ax\I) NAMES OF PERSONS. 3. What was the name designating the gens called ? A. & G. 80, a. H. 649, 331, N. 2. 4. What was the najne designating X\\q family called ? A. & G. 80, a. H. 649. 5. What was the name designating iht perso7i called? A. & G. 80, a. H. 649. 6. What was \\\^ agnomen f A. & G. 80, b. H. 649, 2. A Hand-Book of Latin Synonyms. By EDGAR S. SHUMWAY, A.M., Adjunct Professor (in charge) of Latin, Rutgers College ; Principal of the Chautauqua Academia: Editor of Latine. Introd. Price, 30 cts. 1. What Syn- These synonyms comprise only those which onyms. are used in classical Latin. The number is pur- posely limited : first, to those whose likeness and difference can be made evident to the student ; second, to those which are used frequently enough to make their acquisition of value in vocabulary-building. 2. How classi- Each group of synonyms is headed by tliat fied. English word which expresses the most general meaning of the group. These groups are then arranged in the alphabetical order of these English list-words, and num- bered for ready reference. Within the group each synonym is printed in bold-faced type, and with its definition has a separate paragraph. The most general Latin term is usually placed first in the group. An index of Latin words renders the finding of synonyms for Latin words very eas3\ 3. Method of Conciseness has been studied as well as treatment, clearness. Especial stress is put on derivations as often giving the readiest clue to difif'erences. Opposites are frequently inserted to make use of other groups which have been already learned. Cross-references indicate groups not far separated in meaning. Throughout the work the needs of two classes have been consulted : first, of the trans- lator of Latin, who should express the proper flavor of the word; secondly (and chiefly), of the writer of Latin, who must exercise great care in his choice of terms. To give still more aid to the Latin writer, frequent cautions have been inserted to help him to the idiom, — to a pure Latiuity. 4. In general. The hand-book is of size convenient for the pocket, and in flexible covers. It is designed to meet the needs not only of the college student, but also of the pre- paratory school. The stud}' of s^'nonyms should begin with the earliest lessons in Latin, and never cease. By no other method can a vocal)ulary be so speedily and surely mastered, or so gre^tt interest aroused. Prepared by a teacher who un- derstands the defects in the ordinary apparatus for the study of Latin in the preparatory school as well as college, and tested not only with pupils but with classes of teachers, this compendium is nothing if not practical. GINN, HEATH, & CO., Publishers. LATIN TEXT-BOOKS. 87 /? Brief History of Roman Literature. For Schools and Colleges. Translated and edited from the German edition of Bender by Professors E. P. Crowell and H. B. Richard- son of Amherst College. Square l6mo. 152 pages. Mailing Price, ;pi.io; Introduction, $1.00. This work was received with great favor in Germany, and was widely adopted by the secondary schools. The present translation adapts it to the use of schools and colleges in America, not only by retaining all that is valuable in the German work, but by adding copious references to the best general and special English works on Roman literature. The table of contents has been greatly enlarged, so as to consti- tute a complete analysis of the whole, and the chart at the end has been put into better form ; in short, the aim has been to make it a serviceable handbook for students and teachers. The chief excellence of the work consists in its terse, suggestive, and admirable characterizations of the Roman writers and of their times. It contains just what the student ought to know, and sug. gests much for the teacher to enlarge upon. C. S. xiwtrnngton, j^rof. of Latin, \ tory manual of the kind for the use of Wesleyan Univ.: A very convenient 'ind complete compend for the use of students. W. A. Packard, Prof, of Latin, Princeton Coll. : An excellent compen- dium, in translating and editing which the editors have done a good service. Oscar Howes, Prof of Latin, Madison Univ. : It is a valuable little book, supplying a conspicuous want, and rendering possible what was before well-nigh impracticable, the effective class-study of Roman Literature. Edmund H. Smith, Prof of Latin, Hobart Coll., N. Y. : I desire to speak of it in terms of high commendation. I have no doubt it will prove of great use to college classes. A. G. Hopkins, Prof of Latin, Hamilton Coll, : It is the only satisfac- school and college with which I arA acquainted. Geo. O. Hoitrooke, Prof of Latin in Trinity Coll., Ct. : It is a book which has been greatly needed in Amer- ican Colleges, and could not have been better introduced than by Professors Crowell and Richardson. John Avery, Prof of Greek, Bow- doin Coll.: It seems to me a very use- ful manual. It has one advantage over Cruttwell's work, that, while reasonahlv fu"l in its survey of the literature, it is so inexpensive as to be within the reacli of college classes. Geo. E. Jackson, Prof of Latin, Washinj^ton Univ., St. Louis .-It seems to me the very book for the under- graduate, discriminating, comprehv^n- sive, and yet concise and attractive. 1 shall make trial of it another year. LATIN TEXT-BOOKS, 89 /?/? Etymology of Latin and Greek. With a Preliminary Statement of the New System of Indo-European Phonetics, and Suggestions in Regard to the Study of Etymology. By Charles S. Halsey, A.M., Principal of Union Classical Institute, Schenectady, N.Y. i2mo. Cloth. 272 pages. Mailing Price, ^1.25. Introduction, ^1.12. The following are the prominent features of the work : — 1. It presents the subject in a systematic form. The general principles and laws of the science are first clearly stated and illus- trated ; then the words are treated in their etymological order. This produces a result far better than can be obtained from the mere study of detached words scattered irregularly through a lexicon. 2. It gives a new and simple plan, presenting side by side for each group of related words the form of the root in Indo-European, Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, with the meaning of the root. Follow- ing these roots are the most practical Greek words and the most practical Latin words, with their meanings. This furnishes a valu- able stock of words associated by the natural bond of their common derivation, each language, too, throwing light upon the other. 3. It presents within moderate compass the results of the lates^ investigations of the highest authorities, omitting doubtful etymolo' gies, and is thus at once rigidly scientific and thoroughly practical. 4. It gives great prominence to the derivation of English words, supplying to a large degree the place of an English etymology. 5. Being furnished with a complete index for every root and word treated, it can be conveniently used as a work of reference. 6. It presents the entire subject in a form thoroughly adapted to school use in classes. The study of Etymology, as here presented, may begin with the very outset of the study of Latin, and be con- tinued through the entire course of classical study. It may l:>e pursued with a separate recitation, or in brief portions, in connec- tion with the recitations from the Greek and Latin authors. 7. The present work is the first school-book to set forth in the English language the principles and the application of the new sys- tem of I.-E. Phonetics. This it does in full, and in a practical and ilJteiiiglbie form. This work may be used without confusion in con> nectioii with any grammar or lexicon ; and it supplies thoroughlj? what they may lack in the important department of Etymology. 90 GINN, HEATH, &- CO:S PUBLICATION'S. Maduig's Latin Grammar. Carefully revised by Thomas A. Thacher, Professor of Latin, Yale College. i2mo. Half morocco. 515 pages. Mailing Price, ;^2.50; Introduction, ^2.25. Whatever may be the preferences for one or another modern Latin Grammar, the scholars of the country agree in placing Alad- vig*s Latin Granmiar as the highest authority for reference yet issued. H. S. Frieze, Prof, of Latin, Univ. of Mich. : As a grammar for reference, and for the cultivation of thorough scholarship in Latin, I think it un- equalled. J. B. Greenoug-h, Prof, of Latin, Harvard Coll. : A book that all stu- dents who wish to go beyond the rudi • ments of Latin ought to have and study. Charles Short, Prof of Latin, Columbia Coll. : Prof. Madvig is known as one of the greatest of living classical scholars, — great in Greek as well as in Latin. We congratulate American teachers that they can now procure this valuable work in an enlarged and im- proved state, and that at one-third the English price. B. L. Cilley, Prof of Greek, Phil- lips Exeter Acad. : It is the best gram- mar for reference with which I am ac- quainted. No teacher of Latin should be without it. The Nation : May justly be pro- nounced the most important aid to Latin scholarship which our commu- nity has for a long time received. We should decidedly prefer Madvig to Zumpt for college use. Madvig adds to comprehensiveness and accuracy a far superior power of generalization ; or, at any rate, taking up the analysis of the usages of the language where Zumpt left it, he has carried it still further. At the same time, this more philosophical treatment is not a priori or over-theoretical : the generalizations are purely the result of the observation of facts, not of preconceived theories, so that the grammar is in the main just what a grammar should be, — a well- digested analysis of actual facts and usages. The Latin Verb. Illustrated by the Sanskrit. By C. H. Parkhurst, formerly of Willis- ton Seminary. i2mo. Cloth. 55 pages. Mailing Price, 40 cts. ; Introduction, 35 cts. The immediate aim of this treatise is to familiarize the student with the earlier and later forms of the Latin verb, and the method by which the latter has been corrupted from the former. The imjnediate aim is to introduce the pupil to the study of Comparative Grammar. LATIN TEXT-BOOKS. 9 1 Ginn & Heath's Classical Atlas, By A. Keith Johnston, LL.D., F.R.G.S., aided by W. E. Gladstone, Prime Minister of England* Contains also a Geography of the Ancient World, prepared by W. F. Allen of the Univ. of Wisconsin. Bound in full cloth, with guards, similar to Long's Classical Atlas (7^ X 12 inches). Mailing price, ^2.30; Inttoduction, ^2.00. We ivould call special atte?itioti to the binding of the cloth edition. It is mounted on guards^ the binding thus costing about twice as much as that of the English edition, and yet we do not increase the price to the purchaser. As a book of this kind is in constant use, the stronger binding very much enhances its value. Comprising in Twenty-three Plates, Colored Maps and Plans of all the important countries and localities referred to by Classical Authors. Embodies the results of the most recent investigations. Has a full Index of Places, in which the proper quantities of the syllables are marked by T. Harvey and E. Worsley, M.M.A., Oxon, Classical Masters in Edinburgh Academy. Also containing Allen^s Geoa;- raphy of the Ancient "World, which is designed to bring the leading epochs and events of ancient histor}^ into connection with the geography of the ancient world. Brief suggestions to teachers are added, to assist in the work of the class-room. '* It has the special attraction of Mr. Gladstone's cooperation, who not only placed at the editor's disposal the illustrations to his work on Homer, but enhanced the favor by revising the proof-sheets of the plates and text, as adapted for this Atlas.'' — Spectator. CONTENTS. Map. 1 . Plan of Rome, and Illustrations of Classical Sites. 2. The World as known to the Ancients. 3. Map of the outer Geography of the Odyssey. 4. Orbis Terrarum (et Orb. Homeri, Herodoti, Democriti, Strabonis, Ptolemaei) . 5. Hispania. 6. Gallia. 7. InsulcG Britanicce (et Brit. Strabonis, Brit. Ptolemaei, etc.). 8. Germania, Vindelicia, Rhoetia, et Noricum. 9. Pannonia, Dacia, Illyricum, Moesia, Macedonia, et Thracia. 10. Italia Superior et Corsica. 11. Italia Inferior, Sicilia, et Sardinia (et Campania, Syracusae, Roma). 92 GINNy HEATH, &- CO:S PUBLICATIONS. 12. Imperium Romanum (et Imp. Rom. Orient, et Occid.). 13. Grxcia (et Athense, Marathon, Thermopylae). 14. Peloponnesus, Attica, Boeotia, Phocis, ^toHa, et Acarnania. 15. Grsecia a Bello Peloponnesiaco, usque ad Philippum II. (et Mantinea. Leuctra, Plataea). 16. Asia Minor (et Campus Trojse, Bosporos, Troas, Ionia, etc.). 17. Syria et Palestina (et Hierosolyma, etc.). 18. Armenia, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Assyria (et Iter Xenophontis). 19. Regnum Alexandri Magni (et Granicus, Issus, Arbela). 20. Persia et India (et India Ptolemaei). 21. y^gyptus, Arabia, et Ethiopia (et yEgyptus Inferior). 22. Africa (et Carthago, Alexandria, Numidia et Africa Propria). 23. Europe, showing the general direction of the Barbarian Inroads during the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Index. Allen's Geography of the Ancient World. Used at Eton, Harrow, Rugby, and other Prominent English Pre- paratory Schools and Academies. Also used and recommended by such Colleges and Preparatory Schools as : — Harvard, Yale, Lafayette, Rutgers, Oberlin, Marietta, Worcester Univ., Ohio Wesleyan, Hiram, Phillips Exeter Academy, Williston Seminary, Trinity, Conn., Trinity, N.C., N. W. University, Wesleyan, 111., Lake Forest, Wisconsin, Beloit, La-wrence, Wis., Olivet, Phillips Boston Hillsdale, Dickinson, Wesleyan, Conn., Princeton, Bates, Grinnell, Colby, Kentucky Univ., Vanderbilt. Andover Academy, Latin Schools, etc. W. W. Goodwin, Prof, of Greek, Harvard Univ. : It is a most beautiful and highly useful work, and I am glad to see what used to be an expensive luxury brought within the means of all Gtudents of the classics. {Dec. 2, 1880.) Elisha Jones, Assf. Prof of Latin, Univ. of Mich. : From my cursory ac- quaintance I have recommended it to our teachers. The map of the Home- ric Geography is a feature not contained in either of my other atlases, and will aid Homeric students greatly. Tracy Peck, Prof of Latin, Yale Coll. : I have heretofore known the Atlas sufficiently well to feel justified in recommending it to inquiring students. {May 9, 1881.) S. R. Winans, Tutor in Greek, Princeton Coll., N.J. : It is superb : nothing to criticise, and everything to commend. Every student of the clas- sics needs something of the sort, and this is by all odds the best of its kind. {Oct. 4,' 1880.) UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. r$% NOV 10 ; DEC t 194^ DEC 19 1947 6Jan'59PW? m^' 26J»n'6lUf OCT 3 01961 DEC? 1955 U LD21-100m-12,'46(A2012sl6)4120 fCR 1 ^ 19D^ ^.^^^ ' 16Nev'64BE^ «^;*^ «^-12» 6INN, HEATH, & CO., Publishers. BOSTON. NBW YORK. CHICAGO. U. C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES CDM77^1b31 Mia5640 n THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 9 "'