HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^ CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS AND FIGURES OF THE INDIGENOUS SPECIES OF MARCHANTIA, JUNGERMANNIA, RICCIA, AND ANTHOCEROS M. C. COOKE, M.A., LL.D. AUTHOR OF "MICROSCOPIC FUNGI," "THE BRITISH FUNGI," ETC., ETC. WITH 7 PLATES AND 200 WOODCUTS EDINBURGH : JOHN GRANT 31 GEORGE IV. BRIDGE 1907 PREFACE. THE splendid monograph of "British Junger- manniae " published by Sir W. J. Hooker, in 1816, was the first independent work on the Hepaticae pub- lished in this country, although many species were figured in Smith and Sowerby's English Botany, 1790-1814. After that time no attempt was made at the publication of a separate work until 1865. During the interval the Liverworts were included in general Floras, such as Hooker's English Flora, Vol. V., in 1833, but notably in Gray's Arrangement of British Plants in 1821, and in the latter several new genera were proposed, which were wholly ignored down to most recent times. In the year 1865 a small and unpretending little work was issued under the title of " Science Gossip ; easy guide to the study of British Hepaticae," which included brief descriptions of all the species known to date, vi Preface. illustrated by wood-cuts. This was little more than an illustrated catalogue, but was the only complete work published down to the present At that time the announcement was made of the speedy publication of " British Hepaticae," with coloured plates, by Dr. Carrington, to be issued in four parts, which were ultimately published, but did not contain more than one-third of the British species known, and the work abruptly closed. Notwithstanding that the group is a small one, with other attractions for students, no manual for their use was to be found in the English language, except the above-named illustrated catalogue of nearly thirty years ago, and I have often been urged to expand that " easy guide" into a " Hand- book," and render it more complete and efficient, but I had always hoped that Dr. Carrington would complete his work, or issue an independent volume which should be complete in itself. These hopes having failed, with the death of my lamented friend, I have, at length, with some reluctance, pre- pared the following pages for the press. I have felt diffidence, since for many years another branch of the Cryptogamia has absorbed so much of my Preface. vii time and attention, that I have been unable to collect and study the Hepaticae in the field, and therefore have to be content with the chronicle of the labour of others rather than my own. It is acknowledged, on all hands, that such a Handbook is urgently required, and if it should be the means of increasing the number of students, or assisting those who have already commenced the study of these interesting plants, it will justify the publica- tion. M. C. COOKE. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICE. INTRODUCTION. THE Hepaticae, or Liverworts, have always been regarded as closely related to the Mosses, and in olden times were associated with them. In consti- tuting his alliances Lindley united them in his Muscal Alliance, and this has since been maintained, although there is sufficient distinction between them to be recognized by the naked eye. The most prominent and popular distinctions are that, in the Hepaticae the capsule, or spore-bearing apparatus, splits when mature into four valves ; whereas in the Mosses the capsule remains entire, and is closed by a lid, or operculum, which falls away to permit of the escape of the spores. This is a general character to which on both sides there are some exceptions, since some few of the Hepaticae are devoid of a four-valved capsule, and amongst Mosses the Andreaceae possess a valvular capsule. In another aspect, that of vegetation, a difference is also recognized, in that the Mosses are foliaceous, possessing a stem and leaves, whereas the Hepaticae are most commonly foliaceous, but 2 INTRODUCTION. sometimes frondose that is to say, the stem and leaves are combined in a flat prostrate frond, which lies flat upon the matrix. The foliaceous Hepaticae moreover have their leaves of a thinner and more delicate substance, and are destitute of a distinct central midrib. Finally, the Hepaticse usually contain within the fruit capsule, intermixed with the spores, elongated spiral fibres, called elaters, which are absent from true Mosses. These are the most evident general distinctions which are relied upon in the discrimination of the two groups. The entire group of Hepaticae are subdivided into four natural orders, which have each their peculiar character. These are the Marchantiacea, which are frondose, and have the sporangia disposed on the under side of stalked receptacles, the spores being mixed with elaters ; this is accepted generally as the highest order of Liverworts. Then follow the Jungermanniacea, in which the fruit is pedun- culate and solitary, the sporangium when mature splitting into four equal valves, and the spores mixed with elaters. After these are the Ricciacece, the species of which are frondose, with the sporangia sunk into the substance of the frond, or borne upon the surface, and the spores unmixed with elaters. Finally the Anthocerotacece, in which, although the vegetation is frondose, the sporangium is exserted and erect, splitting longitudinally on one or both sides,and exhibiting a thread-like central columella. The elaters, when present, elementary and imperfect. Of all these the most abundant in species is the Jungermanniacece> which includes far more than the INTRODUCTION. 3 other three orders together, and has come to be regarded as the type of the Hepatica. It is difficult to estimate the number of known species distributed through the world, since the latest " Synopsis " is now fifty years old. In 1847 the total stated by Lindley was seven hundred, but at the present day it cannot be estimated at less than two thousand, and possibly more, of which two hundred have been found in the British Isles. When it is remembered that Dr. Spruce records about five hundred and sixty species for the Amazon and Andes, of which but few are European, it must be conceded that our estimate is the lowest which could be accepted. The habitats mostly favoured by the Hepaticce are, for the most part, damp rocks, within the spray of waterfalls or mountain torrents, on damp soil, in bogs, on old trunks, and often intermixed with Sphagnum and mosses generally. Some are so minute as to be just visible to the naked eye, whilst others attain to several inches, and like the mosses, usually flourish in tufts or effused patches, often of many inches in extent. Whilst the true mosses are for the most part of a bright and lively green, the Jungermannice at least are more seldom of a bright green, but have a wide range of colour from silvery grey, and glaucous, through olive and brown, not uncommonly tinged more or less deeply with purple or rose, and at times nearly black. Hepatics do not retain their form or colour so well in drying as do the mosses. The thin leaves shrivel, curl, and collapse, and sometimes become B 2 4 INTRODUCTION. very fragile. When placed in water they recover their form to some extent, but the fugitive colour never returns ; nevertheless they retain their dis- tinctive specific characters, so that there is no difficulty in their determination after the lapse of many years. Although inferior to Mosses and Lichens in bearing the process of desiccation, they are at the same time superior to the fresh-water algae and fungi. What is true of other plants is also true of these that in order to their complete and accurate determination the fructification is essential. When specimens are collected they should be gathered with their fruit if possible, although there are some species of which the perfect fruit is very rare ; and a few in which the mature capsules have never been found in this country. We do not deny that the experienced hepaticologist would in many cases determine a known species accurately, from other characters, in the absence of fruit when the student would fail. The relations of the Hepatics with the Mosses have been the subject of comment by Dr. S. O. Lindberg,* an eminently capable authority, who says that the Mosses are superior to the He- paticae only in regard to the more composite . structure of their theca, and the presence of a nerve in their leaf, but in all other respects they seem to be inferior. To which he adds that the Hepaticas are superior to the Bryinece chiefly by the following characters : The polymorphy of all their organs ; *Lindherg on Zoopsis, in Linn. Journ. 'Rot. XIII., p. 196, 1873. INTRODUCTION. 5 the spore gives rise to only a single plant ; their protonema is short, usually thick, and very little or not at all branched We need not follow him through the more extended remarks which he offers in support, and his conclusion that the Liverworts seem in their relation to the Mosses to remind us a little of the Dicotyledonous plants in their relation to Monocotyledons. The first and best developed family of Hepaticae is, he thinks, Marchantiacece, with its highest type M, polymorpha ;" and he adds that " the A nthocerotacea must be placed at the end, because their oogonium is naked, and their frond and elaters show a very low grade of development, although they possess a columella, and stomata on the outside of the theca, which two organs are very characteristic, and are vainly to be searched for in the other families of Liverworts. VEGETATIVE SYSTEM. In general terms it may be said that the Hepa- tics follow two types in their vegetation, they may be frondose as in Marchantiacea, Ricciacece, and a fewjungermanmaag,and then there is a superficial resemblance to Peltigerous Lichens, or they are foliaceous, as in the majority of the Jungcrman- niaccce, and then they resemble mosses ; but in both cases the resemblance is rather superficial than real. In some instances the stem is not wholly obsolete but is fused with the leaf-like expansions into a prostrate frond, being manifested by a 6 INTRODUCTION. central nerve, more or less defined, which is the axis of the frond (fig. i). These fronds lie flat upon the ma- trix, or in a few cases are floating, and are attached by delicate radicles proceeding from the under surface, which 'may be quite smooth, or scaly, or more or less hairy. Sometimes the fronds are deeply and intricately lobed, and at others nearly simple, or notched at the apex. Occasionally solitary, but more usually radiating, overlapping, and forming imbricated tufts. In rare instances the upper surface of the frond is punctate with minute pores, which are the analogues of stomata in the higher plants. The foliaceous Hepatics have a thin thread-like stem, which is so weak that the plants are only erect when growing in dense tufts, or mixed with Sphagnum or other mosses, the lower portion being mostly naked or only furnished with radicles. Upwards the stem is forked or branched, and the branches themselves sometimes pinnate ; occasion- ally it is normally simple. The stems being so often prostrate the arrangement of the leaves is in two rows, on opposite sides of the stem, but in- serted more or less obliquely, so as to lie nearly flat, in prostrate forms (fig. 2). The leaves are ex- ceedingly variable in outline, seldom so simple as in mosses, and without any mid-rib or nerve. In INTRODUCTION many cases they consist of two unequal lobes, folded together face to face, with the margin either entire or toothed. The arrangement of leaves on the stem may be succubous, or disposed in a spiral which turns from left to right, so that the anterior border of each inferior leaf is covered by the posterior border of that im- mediately above Or the arrangement may be incubous, in which case the spiral turns from right to left, and the anterior border of each inferior leaf covers the posterior border of the leaf placed immediately above it If one of these stems \ ijis examined //carefully on 1 / both sides with i\i a lens, it will be I VI observed that theydiffermuch in appearance, and especially that the under, or ven- tral, surface exhibits a series of smaller leaves, some- 8 INTRODUCTION. times verysmall, attached to the stem at more or less regular distances, which are termed ampJiigastria, or stipules (figs. 3 to 6). Sometimes they may resemble the true leaves in miniature or they may be totally different, and occasionally they are absent altogether. Mixed with the stipules, on the ventral surface, delicate unicellular radicles will often be observed, which assist in fixing the Hepatic to its matrix or the mosses with which it is intermixed. Theoretically three rows of leaves are present, two lateral, or true leaves, and one ventral, the stipules or amphigastria, the radicles may be regarded morphologically as modified leaves. The leaves, whether normal or stipular, are thin simple plates, of a single series of cells, without any distinct central nerve. These cells vary, within certain limits, in different species, such variations being sometimes useful in the discrimination of 7. 8. 9. closely allied species (figs. 7 to 9). In some cases these cells project on the margin of the leaves and impart a crenulate or minutely serrulate appearance. In such a case as that oiScapania aspera the external surface of the cells is delicately warted, and this roughness is especially evident in Lejeunia Rosset- tiana. It is only rarely that they are punctate or perforate. INTRODUCTION. The germination of the spore in mosses pro- duces at first a thread-like protonema, which might be mistaken for a conferva, upon which buds are developed, and these are the rudimentary moss- plants. In the Hepatics there is commonly a less distinct protonema. In frondose or thalloid Jun- germanniacece a lamina is formed, from which the frond is produced, or, in some of the foliaceous species, a ribbon of cells passes into a stem and leaves ; or, in other cases, the stem bud proceeds direct from the spore, whilst in some cases there is a proper protonema. In Radula for instance there is a well-defined body of a cake shape, which sends out rootlets from beneath, and ultimately, five months after sowing, a bud at the margin indicates the commencement of growth of a young plant. This developes gradually by apical growth into stem and bilateral leaves. The modification which the leaves undergo as they approach the reproductive organs, and be- come converted into bracts, may be alluded to further on. There are two methods by which the species may be perpetuated, independently of ordinary fructifi- cation. This is accomplished, as the stem dies off behind, by the branches becoming disconnected and independent, and, in the frondose species, by adventitious frondlets becoming similarly detached and forming new plants. The other method is by gemmation. Cells will sometimes detach them- selves from the margin of leaves, as gemmae, or buds, and grow independently. In other cases the 10 INTRODUCTION. process is more elaborate and can be studied readilyin Marchantia. Cup-like bodies, seated upon the fronds and exposed to the light, will be seen to contain minute rounded greenish granules, like eggs in a miniature bird's nest. These little granules are the swollen apical cells of the slender filaments which have grown from the bottom, and they ulti- mately fall out as gemmae. On reaching the ground, or other substratum, they germinate and become young plants. REPRODUCTION. The reproductive process and organs vary not only in the different orders but to a certain extent in the different genera; it will, nevertheless, be possible to furnish such general information as may assist in the comprehension of particular phenomena as they may arise. The foliose Jungermanniae will serve as the best illustration for this purpose, and here the reproductive organs generally occupy the end of the primary axis, or special lateral branches. It will be found in most cases that the ordinary cauline leaves increase in size gradually towards the apex. Almost as gradually, in fertile shoots, do they merge into the enlarged and modified leaves, which constitute the involucre, or perichatium, of the fruit-bearing receptacle. These involucral bracts, or perichaetial leaves, vary in size and number as well as in form, and may be either free or connate at the base, more or less embracing the perianth or coleside (sometimes inaccurately termed the calyx) enclosing INTRODUCTION. the fruit. The last pair, or more, of leafy expan- sions immediately beneath the perianth, whatever their form, are the perichsetial leaves or bracts. Within these are to be found the arcJiegonia or, as sometimes called, the pistillidia, indefinite in number, perhaps three, or as many as ten, of which only one or two are fertilized and develope into the perfect fruit. The archegonia, therefore, are the young female organs of reproduction, and arise usually from the apical cell of the axis or in close proximity thereto. After the appearance of the archegonia a simple cellular ring indicates the com- mencement of growth of the colesule or perianth, which is always subsequent to the formation of the archegonia. When the colesule is developed it en- closes the fertilized and the sterile archegonia with all their subsequent appendages. Passing over the intervening period we arrive at the time when the cole- sule, or perianth, is fully developed and half emer- gent from the perichaetial leaves (as in fig. 10), with an apiculus at the apex or wholly emergent from a whorl of bracts (as in fig. n) and toothed at the apex. We need not ad- vert here to the various modifications of this peri- anth or colesule, which is often plicate, or angular, INTRODUCTION. or keeled, and may, or may not, be toothed or fringed at the mouth. At this time it encloses the fertilized archegonium, now developed into a sporo- gonium, with a rudimentary pedicel, which is enclosed within a membrane, attached at the base and pointed at the apex, called a calyptra. This is not to be confounded with the hood, or calyptra, in mosses, which is torn away at the base and carried up, like a cap or extinguisher, on the top of the capsule. In Hepatics the calyptra remains fixed at the base and is ruptured at the apex, leaving the fragments behind, in the perianth, surrounding the base of the fruit stalk. With the rupture of the calyptra the sporogonium is forced upwards by the growth of its peduncle, and appears above the perianth as a globose head (fig. 12), which soon 14. splits, in a stellate manner, into four segments or valves (fig. 13), leaving the remains of the calyptra INTRODUCTION. behind (as is shown in fig. 14, where the perianth is removed). In some genera where the colesule, or perianth, is entirely or almost obsolete, as in Metz- geria, the calyptra is more highly de- veloped, and covered with rigid hairs (fig. 15). As the capsule rises on its own peduncle it encloses within itself the mature spores, mixed with spiral fibres, and when the splitting takes place the spores are discharged, together with some of the elaters whilst others remain attached to 15. the valves (figs. 17, 18). The exterior surface of the four-valved capsule is often beautifully striate, longitudinally and transversely (fig. 16). The elaters are elongated fusiform cells, with from one to three spiral fibres coiled around the inner wall. In some species the outer membrane is so 16. 17. 18. delicate that it cannot be distinguished, but Gottsche was of opinion that in all cases there was primarily a cell membrane, within which the spirals of the elaters were turned, although in some species it is 14 INTRODUCTION. actually dissolved, or is extremely transparent. In most cases the spiral is double, but rarely single, a portion of them fall away with the spores, whilst others remain attached to the valves. The old notion that their function was to aid in the disper- sion of the spores does not seem to be supported by evidence. "In some genera a few of the apical elaters, and in others a few of the basal ones, persist for some time after the bursting of the capsule, and retain a good many of the free elaters entangled in them, but finally fall away. These elater-holders, as they have been called, are usually (but not always) shorter and wider than the free elaters, and do not generally agree with them in the number of included spirals." In Anthoceros the elaters are transverse rows of cells without spiral bands. The structure and development of the elaters in Marchantia were investigated by Professor Henfrey and made the subject of an elaborate memoir. The male inflorescence consists of antheridia which are developed in various ways. The antheri- dium itself consists of a globose, or ellipsoid, body surmounting a rather short pedicel. In the foliose Jungermanniece they generally occupy the axils of leaves, either singly or in groups. The body of the antheridium encloses within it the mother cells of the antherozoids, which escape on the access of water, and then separate, the antherozoids becoming free. The free antherozoids resemble curved threads, wound spirally from one to three times, provided at one end with a pair of long and INTRODUCTION. 15 very fine cilia, by means of which the antherozoids rotate in water. It may be observed that some authors apply the name of spermatozoids to the same bodies as are here called antherozoids. The male inflorescence, in its entirety, is called andrcB- cium, and the bracts, or modified leaves, will probably be larger than the ordinary leaves. A good example of thiswill be found in Jungermannia Pearsoni. As already intimated, there are certain modifi- cations of the above general remarks on repro- duction to be found, not only in the other orders, but also in the thalloid or frondose Jungermanniecs. Of these we can only allude to one or two of the more important. In Marchantiacea the vegetation is frondose, and special stalked receptacles have the antheridia immersed in the upper surface. The female receptacle is also stalked, the expanded apex being variously lobed, and the archegonia are produced on the under surface. Most of the other details are modified in the different genera. In the Ricciacece, which are also frondose, and sometimes floating, the reproductive organs are produced on the upper surface. The antheridia are immersed in the substance, showing but a slight conical elevation above them. The arche- gonia are also imbedded; and very simple in their character, they project at first, and when fertilized, the globose sporogonium becomes packed with 1 6 INTRODUCTION. spores without elaters, and with the decay of the surrounding tissues the spores are dispersed. In the Anthocerotece, the flat thallus, or frond, consists of several layers of cells, and in this the antheridia are immersed. When the antherozoids are mature the apex of the cavity is ruptured, and they escape. In a similar manner the archegonia commence in the substance of the frond, and after fertilization the spore-bearer or sporogonium elon- gates, rising above the surface of the frond nearly an inch, with somewhat the shape of a pod or siliqua, which splits downwards into two valves exposing the spores and a thin central columella. The elaters extend from the columella to the wall of the capsule, and when fully grown consist of a row of three or four cells. This is but a brief summary of the principal facts concerning reproduction in the Hepaticae, which could not have been extended without entering upon a long and specific account, such as the space proscribed for this volume would not permit. The combinations of male and female organs are so complicated that they have originated the following six terms, which it is necessary, simply and briefly, to explain : Synoicous. When the male and female sexual organs are intermixed in the same floral envelope. Paroicous. When with a hermaphrodite flower, or a pure female flower, a definite shoot on the same axis bears only antheridia. INTRODUCTION. 1 7 Autoicons. When the male and female sexual organs of the same plant are nevertheless found in a separate inflorescence. Heteroicous. When synoicous (or paroicous) and autoicous flowers are found on the same plant. Dioicous. When the male and female inflores- cences are found on different individuals. Polyoicous. When the male and female sexual organs occur at one time on the same plant, and at another time on a different plant. CLASSIFICATION. It has already been intimated that, as at present understood, the Muscinece include with the Bog- mosses and the true mosses, the Hepatics also, as one of the primary divisions of the Higher Crypto- gamia. We have pointed out the distinctions between the several orders of Hepaticae, and no- thing remains but to indicate the subsidiary div- isions, chiefly in so far as they relate to the Junger- manniacece. Sixty years ago, and for some time after, all the species were associated under the one genus Jungermannia, whether foliose or frondose ; and, notwithstanding Gray's proposition of a num- ber of new genera, in 1821, these were ignored in 1833, and it was not until some time after the pub- lication of Gottsche and Lindenberg's Synopsis in 1 844 that more than one genus of the Jungerman- niacecs was recognized in this country. The first departure was by Dr. Spruce in 1850, but it was not until 1865 that Mr. W. Carruthers called special c 1 8 INTRODUCTION. attention to Gray's genera, and Dr. Carrington in 1870 indicated those which had a good claim for adoption. Dumortier at this time, and previously, had been advocating and employing a classification, of which the colesule and its bracts was the chief basis, but this was only partially adopted, and was gradually superseded by a more natural arrange- ment, to which the writings of our own Dr. R. Spruce largely contributed, and which received per- haps its fullest expression in his " Hepaticae Amaz- onic32 et Andinse " in 1884. The arrangement herein adopted is based mainly upon the last-men- tioned work, although for a small local flora it has not been considered advisable to adopt the sub- divisions of each genera, as Lejeunia. The primary division of the whole of the Jun- germanniacecB into two tribes, viz., the Jubulece and the Jungermanniea seems to demand recognition. And in general terms it may be indicated that the Jubulea have a four-valved capsule, which dehisces for two-thirds of its length, with elaters of one spiral, whereas Jungermanniea have a four-valved capsule, dehiscing to the base, and elaters of two spirals. Other distinctions are also indicated. Dr. Spruce says that " the Jubulece seem to me equiv- alent to nearly all the rest of the sub-order Jun- germanniacea. The structure of the capsule, and especially of the elaters, is unique amongst Hepati- cae." The leaves of Jubulea are invariably alter- nate, and it is only in the female involucres of a limited number of species (chiefly of Frullania} INTRODUCTION. 19 that opposite and connate leaves (or bracts) are to be seen. The spores are rather large, globose, some- times angular by mutual pressure, almost always rough, tuberculate, or warted. Spruce's interpre- tation of the lower and entire portion of the capsule is, that this fleshy base is the dilated apex of the pedicel, analogous to the apophysis of some mosses. The Jungermanniece are claimed to be distinct by the following characters " Female flowers polygyn- ous. Pedicel not at all, or scarcely, dilated at the apex never into a segment of a sphere, constitu- ting a solid apophysis, nearly half the height of the cavity of the capsule, as in Jubulecs. Capsule pro- ducing spores and elaters (the medial ones hori- zontal) on its entire inner surface, four-valved down to the base. Elaters bispiral only by rare excep- tion one-spiral, deciduous, either along with the bursting of the capsule, or a few of them persisting a little longer." Leaves in some genera incubous or transverse, in the great majority they are succubous. Several genera have opposite leaves in every species ; in other genera some species have alternate, others opposite leaves, while in others every known species has alternate leaves. But the leaves vijubulece are invariably alternate. The leaves of Jungermanniea vary from broad and round to linear, and even se- taceous, from quite entire to deeply laciniate. Com- plicate leaves are typical in a few genera ; but the feature which prevails throughout Jubulece of a conduplicate-bilobed leaf with the smaller underlobe C 2 20 INTRODUCTION. cither inflated or partially inrolled or cucullate sometimes even bell-shaped or cylindrical is almost unknown in Jungermanniea. Several genera possess a character entirely unknown among Jubu- lea, viz., a perianth that is wide-mouthed through- out its existence, and therefore needs not to be rup- tured for the emission of the capsule. The calyptra, as compared with the perianth, is of various lengths, being in some species scarcely at all shorter, but in others four times as short. The character of an in- ferior or half inferior calyptra, occurring in several genera of Jungermanniea, is quite unknown in Ju- bulea. Elaters numerous sometimes to be counted by thousands, produced on the whole inner surface of the capsule, usually slender and tortuous, nar- rower at each end (never truncate), and each in- cludes two spiral fibres rarely three or more very rarely only one. When the capsule bursts they mostly fall out all together along with the spores. Spores very numerous and usually very minute, in only a few genera equalling these of \he Jubulece ; nearly always globose. The Jungermanniece are further sub-divided into eight sub-tribes, of which seven have the elaters normally bispiral. That is to say the Radulece, Porellece, Ptilidiea, Trigonanthea, Scapanioidece, Epigonianthece and Fossombroniea. The eighth, Metz- geriea, has the elaters monospiral, and at the same time the species are frondose. The relations ol these several tribes to each other will be found under each, as hereafter follows : HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HKPATIC^E. 21 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT. ORDER. HEPATIC^. Fertile sacs opening regularly or irregu- larly, without any definite lid ; borders of the fissure naked, not provided with any series of teeth (peristome), single or double. Sub-order I. JUNGERMA NNIA CE;R. Fruit solitary, capsular, four-valved, valves splitting, rarely torn. Elaters mixed with the spores. Vegetation either foliose or frondose. TRIBE I. JUBULE^E, Dum. Ramification everywhere lateral. Leaves always alternate, incubous, complicately-bilo- bate, inferior lobule smaller, commonly in- flated or saccate. Female flowers monogynous, 22 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. or i-4-gynous. Capsule from the apex to two-thirds of its length four-valved, the lower third part solid. Elaters of one spiral, trun- cate, persistent. Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. V. (1884). GENUS i. FRULLANIA, Raddi. Involucre indistinct, conforming to the leaves. Perianth three-cornered, constricted at the apex, doubly keeled at the back, mucron- ate at the apex ; capsule four-valved, bearing the elaters in the middle, peduncle short; ela- ters unispiral, persistent. Jung. Etr. XVIII. , p. 20 (1820). Branches within the axils, cauline leaves ad- joining the base inwards and free. Leaves sub- transverse, stout, for the most part entire, wall of the cells thickened, with trigones at the angles, rather large. Leaflets constantly present, sub- floral innovations none. Female flowers 2-4- gynous, bracts multijugate. Cells of pedicel of lour-strata, concentric (8 in. diameter of section, 32 in. circumference), sub-equal, alternate, joined together. Internal face of the capsule papillosely spongy. Spruce. The leaves of Frullania stand on a very small base, rarely half embracing the stem, and are almost exactly transverse. There is no decurrence of both lobe and lobule, which is an almost constant feature in Lejeunia. Underleaves, or stipules, are con- HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 23 stantly present, while in a few species of Lejeunia they are altogether absent. They are almost always broad, and at the apex bifid, very rarely entire. Radicles are produced, where needed, as in other hepatics. The female flowers are mostly acrogenous. The pistillidia vary in number from two to four. The calyptra is fleshy, as much as six or eight cells thick below the middle. The capsule in this genus, and the rest of Jubulea, is described as cloven into four valves, down only to a certain distance, which is about two-thirds, but entire at the broad, pale, fleshy base. Dr. Spruce considers it more correct to regard this entire portion as the dilated apex of the pedicel, ana- logous to the apophysis of some mosses. The apophysis in Frullania has the form of a shallow cup, only two or three cells thick, where it joins the true base of the valves, increasing to six or seven cells thick where it coalesces with the cylin- drical stalk. The inner face of the capsule is covered with an opaque, reddish-brown cell-stratum, very uneven in its surface, reaching to the base of the true valves. Elaters and spores are developed in the capsule, only so far down as this discoloured, spongy surface extends. The structure of the capsule, and its contained organs, is essentially the same in other Jubulecs as in Frullania. The foregoing is a summary of the remarks, under " Frullania," in Spruce's " Hepaticae of the Ama- zons," p. 6. Frullania dilatata, ., Loosely and vaguely pinnate. Leaves or- 2^ HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. bicular, convex, entire; auricle hood-like, rather rounded, contiguous with the stem, in- volucral bifid, with the segments entire; sti- pules ovate, bifid, with the margins plane. Perianth ovate, tuberculate. Jungermannia dilatata, Linn. Sp. 1600; Hook. Br. Jung., No. 5. Jubula dilatata, Dum. Syll. Jung., 36, t. I, f. 5. Lejeunia dila- tata, Corda in Sturm., 19, t. 12. Frullania dilatata, Dumort. Rev. Jung., p. 13 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 54, 156; Carr. and Pears. Exs., No 47 ; Cooke Hep. f. 157. Common on trunks of trees (Fr. Winter); growing in dense purplish-brown patches. Stems about f inch long, creeping, and branched. Leaves in two opposite rows, distant below, and overlapping in the upper portion of the plant so as to conceal the stem, roundish, with a small lobe or auricle at the base, applied with its face to the leaf- stipules, notched at the apex. Calyx reversely heart-shaped, with a projecting angle on the under- side ; the whole surface covered with minute fleshy tubercles ; mouth greatly contracted. Capsule globose yellowish brown. (Plate I, fig. 7.) Fig. 19, with the lobule imperfect, but more accurate on Plate I. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 25 Frullania fragilifolia, Tayl Stems procumbent, subpinnate, branches rather remote ; leaves spreading, suborbicular, entire, marked with a moniliform median line; auricles oblong (figs. 20, 21); stipules ovate, bifid ; involucral leaves nearly equally lobed, sparsely dentate ; perianth obovate, with one keel, even. Frullania fragilifolia, Tayl. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. II., 43; Ann. Nat. Hist, 1843, P- 172 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 170, 200, 226; Spruce Hep. Pyr. in Trans. Bot. Ed. III., 215 ; Cooke Hep. figs. 160, 161. On shady rocks and trees. Scarcely exceeds \ inch in length, of a dusky, reddish- brown colour, collected into thin patches, firmly attached to the rock's surface, or more rarely to the bark of trees Branches scarcely pinnately disposed. When the tip of the finger is pressed against the surface of the wet plant a multitude of leaves adhere. Cells of the leaves large. Calyx kidney-shaped, or nearly round. It may be distinguished from Frullania tamarisci by the wider cellulation of the leaves, want of lustre, fragility of the wet leaves, larger auricles in proportion to the leaves, the plane 26 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. margins of the stipules, the greater relative size of the perigonia to the plant, the large and obtuse teeth of the perichaetial leaves, and, by the ab- normal cellules being much larger. Taylor. (Plate i, fig 2.} Frullania tamarisei, Z., Dum. Bipinnately branched, somewhat rigid. Leaves rounded-ovate, mucronate, entire, marked with a moniliform median line ; auricle oblong, free from the stem ; involucral leaves lanceolate-oblong, serrate ; stipules subquadrate, emarginate; perianth ovate, one- keeled, even (fig. 23). Jungermannia tamarisei, Linn. Sp. 1600; Hook. Br. Jung., No. 6. Frullania tamarisei, Dumort. Rev. Jung., p. 13.; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 80, 199, 455 ; Cooke Hep. f. 162, 163 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 48. On the ground, and creeping over low bushes. (Fr. July, Aug.) var. a cornubica, Carr. in Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 49. var. ft microphylla. (Gott.) Not larger than F. fragilifolia, stems more regularly pin- nate ; leaves from a broader base, more con- vex and polished ; areolae larger ; involucral leaves acute, repand, nearly entire, the lobe lanceolate. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC*. var. y atrovirens. (Carr.). Stems elongated; leaves el- liptic - ovate, apiculate, in- flexed, indigo-green, forming wide, shallow patches on rocks subject to inundation. Spreading over large patches. Stems from 2 to 4 inches in length, creeping and branched. Leaves closely overlapping the whole upper surface, arranged in two opposite rows, roundish, with a small inflated lobule attached at the lower edge. Stipules obscurely notched at the apex (fig. 22). Calyx smooth, flat on the upper surface, keeled beneath, mouth at- tenuated to a long sharp point, opening with four teeth. Capsule globose, pale reddish - brown. (Plate i t fig. 3.} Frullania germana, Tayl. Stems procumbent, bipinnately branched ; leaves imbricate, rounded-ovate, entire, con- forming in their cellulose texture ; auricle oblong-ovate, ventricose ; stipules obovate, bifid at the apex ; involucral entire ; perianth oblong-ovate, one-keeled. 28 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Frullania germana, Tayl. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. II., 45; Ann. Nat. Hist., 1843, 173; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 475 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 198. Frullania tamarisci, var. 8 ger- mana, Carr. Irish Crypt. On bark of trees, and on rocks. The plant is 3 inches, and sometimes more, in length, and matted into patches sometimes a foot in breadth. It is never so black and shining as Frullania tamarisci. The fertile stems are longer, more branched, and more fastigiate ; whilst those bear- ing perigonia are far narrower, and with shorter branches. The leaves are thin, and do not present the linear mark of enlarged opaque cells as in Frullania tamarisci. The stipules are wider than the stems, and the recurvation of their margin chiefly observable towards the summit. The margins of all the perichaetial leaves are quite entire. The perigonium is a linear spike as in Frullania dilatata. Common and previously confounded with Frullania tamarisci, but readily distinguished when attention is paid to the entire perichaetial leaves, to the linear perigonium, as well as to the lighter colour, and want of lustre in the leaves. Taylor. (Plate i,fig. 4-.) GENUS z. JUBULA, Dumort. Involucre bifoliate ; perichaetial leaves op- posite, different in form from the leaves ; perianth compressed, rather triangular, rost- rate and acuminate ; capsule four-valved, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. 29 membranaceous, valves bearing the elaters at the middle, inserted in a discoid stroma ; elaters solitary, persistent. Dumort. Rev. rung. p. 12 (1835). In this genus the perianth is axillary, the peri- chaetial leaves distinct and opposite, not of the same form as the other leaves. Branches lateral, with a one-lobed, antical leaf, partly seated on the stem and part on the branch. Leaves of the stem, incurrent, tender, ciliate. Leaflets present. Female flowers i-4-gynous. Subfloral innovations two, opposite, one rarely deficient. Bracts unijugate, adnate on both sides of the innovations. Pedicel of two opposed strata of cells, axial, four seriate, in section cruciate, sixteen smaller in the periphery. Capsule with the inner face nearly even or porose. j This genus is distinct from both Frullania and Lejeunia, and is in some respects intermediate between the two. It agrees with Lejeunia in the bracts of the female flower being adnate to sub- floral ramuli (or innovations), also in the incurrent (not transverse) leaves, nor are there distinct trigones at the cellular angles, as in every Frul- lania. The apex of the pedicel is more dilated than in any Lejeunia, showing a quadrate, plane, or slightly concave surface, traversed by a great number of diagonal lines, crossing at right angles. Jubula agrees with Frullania in the axillary ramification, the saccate lobule, and the mono- tetragynous female flowers, it has one character not found in any species of either Frullania or Lejeunia, viz., the presence of an antical non- lobulate leaf at the insertion of every branch, seated partly on the stem, partly on the branch, 30 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. corresponding to the similarly placed leaf in Bazzania, Blepharostoma, c. Spruce. Jubula Hutchinsise, Hook., Dumort. Subpinnately branched. Leaves ovate, acute, serrate, plane, auriculately spurred ; involucral leaves deeply two-lobed ; lobes linear-lanceolate, dentate ; perianth obcordate, even, compressed. Jungermannia Hutchinsice, Hook. Br. Jung, t. I ; Eng. Bot. t. 2480. Frullania Hutchinsice, Nees Eur. Leb. III., 240; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 208, 477; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 50; Cooke. Hep. fig. 158, 159. Jubula Hutchinsice, Dumort. Comm. p. 212; Spruce Hep. Amaz. p 61. In damp places. (Fr. March, April.) Forming large bluish-green patches. Stems creeping, I inch or i^ inch in length, with long scattered branches. Leaves slightly overlapping, arranged in two opposite rows, egg- 2 4- shaped, with a very minute lobule on the lower edge, margin toothed (fig. 25), stipules round at the base and cleft at the apex into two sharp teeth (fig. 24). Calyx re- versely heart- shaped, flattened 25> on the upper sur- face, with a longi- HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 31 tudinal ridge on the lower. Capsule spherical, reddish brown. "In various localities along the western coasts of England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland, it grows in some abundance and fruits freely. Else- where in Europe it has not yet been met with; but what are regarded as varieties of the same species exist in the warmer parts of North America, and in regions adjacent to the Equator all round the globe." Spruce. var. ft compacta, Carr. Stems gracile, closely imbricated ; leaves smaller, more con- vex, in drier places. GENUS 3. LEJEUNIA, Lib. Involucre bifoliate ; perianth sessile, ovate, not caudate, mouth contracted, three-toothed ; peduncle articulate. Capsule capitate, quadri- fid half-way, hyaline, membranaceous, seg- ments bearing the elaters at their apices ; elaters straight, terminal, persistent, double. Lib. Ann. gen. Sci. V. p. 372 (1820). In this connection the student may consult the observations of Dr. Spruce on Lejeunia in his "Hepaticae Amazonicae" (1884), p. 63. Branches below the axils, contiguous to the outer base of the leaves. Leaf oblique or almost longitudinally inserted, for the most part tender, entire, toothed, or ciliately toothed. Leaflets in most species obvious, in a few none. Female 32 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. flowers monogynous. Innovations sub-floral, soli- tary, or binate and opposite, in most species adnate to the bracts, in others absent. Bracts one, rarely many jugate. Pedicel almost the same as in Jubula ; axial cells 4-seriate, peripherical i2-i6-seriate. Capsule with the inner face spongy. The genus Lejeunia, as recognized by Spruce, contains all the strictly monogynous Jubulece, and is well distinguished from Frullania by (i) the branches being contiguous to the outer base of the leaves, i.e., infra-axillary ; (2) the usually rhomboidal or ovate lobule being either plain or ventricose, but never (as in Frullania} either galeate or inversely saccate-shaped, like a bell, or a glove finger except in the very rare case of L. calyptrifolia, and three or four allied tropical species, where the lobule is lengthened out into the shape of a hollow horn or club ; (3) the mono- gynous female flowers ; (4) the innovations, where present, being adnate to the female bracts ; (5) the pedicel cruciate on the section, only four cells (not eight) across, quasi-articulate when dry, and mostly geniculate at the joints. In addition to the foregoing, Spruce also gives, in the work already alluded to, valuable notes on the species of Lejeunia, which are remarkably common in tropical countries. For a local Flora it is wholly unnecessary to follow him into his divisions of this large tropical genus, into subgenera. Although admitting Colura, and Phragmicoma, as subgenera of Lejeunia, he also confesses that hereafter some may consider them entitled to rank as genera, with the residue of his temporary subgenera. f HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 33 Lejeunia ineonspieua, De Not. Filiform, loosely branched, leaves distant, rounded-ovate, entire, convex, involucral rounded-oblong, spreading; without stipules; perianth axillary, plicate, pentagonal, top- shaped. Jungermannia ineonspieua, Raddi. Jung. 34, t. 5, fig. 2. Jungermannia minutissima, Tayl. Trans. Bot. Edin., 1844. Lejeunia minutissima ft, Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 216. Lejeunia Taylori, Spruce Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. III., 212. Lejeunia ineonspieua, De Not in Rab. Exs. No. 45. Lejeunia minutissima var. ft, sine amphigastriis, Carr. Irish Crypt. On trunks, very minute. Stems hair-like, flexuous, loosely branched, hardly conspicuous to the naked eye ; leaves few, vertical, two-rowed, alternate, roundish, complicate beneath, and ventricose, longitudinal fold nearly equal to the leaves ; stipules absent ; perichsetial leaves spreading, oblong, narrowly complicate; calyx terminal, broadly obovate, compressed, five-angled ; mouth obtusely papillate ; capsule subspherical, hyaline, cleft half way to the base. (Plate i,fig. 5.) Lejeunia microscopica, Tayl. Very thin, creeping, vaguely branched ; leaves remote, ovate, lanceolate, acute, ventral 34 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. margin complicate, lobule convex ; perianth obovate, mouth contracted, somewhat toothed. Jungermannia microscopica, Mack. Fl. Hib. II., 59 ; Taylor Hook. Journ. IV., t. 20. Lejeunia microscopica, Taylor in Gott. Syn. Hep., p. 345; Cooke Hep. fig. 151; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 280. Cololejeunia, Spruce. Amongst mosses, like a green stain. Scarcely visible to the naked eye, pallid green, subpellucid. Stems two to three lines long, slender, flexuous, sparingly branched, here and there emitting short simple pellucid rootlets ; leaves rather distant, flattened, acuminate, ovate - lanceolate, the elevated cells at the margin giving the ap- pearance of serratures (fig. 26) ; perigonial leaves more obtuse at the apex, enclosing in the folds cSt one or two rufescent ovate an- thers, perichaetial leaves binate, appressed to the base of cup ; perianth tumid, obovate from a narrow base, ecostate, twice longer than the leaves ; peduncle pellucid ; capsule rounded-ovate, pale brown, quadrifid. Lejeunia ealcarea, Lib. Thread - like, loosely and divaricately branched; leaves tranversely ovate, concave, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 35 acuminate, echinately dentate, decurved, com- plicate at the base ; involucral two - lobed, entire ; perianth terete, apex pentagonal, with costate wings. Jungermannia hamatifolia ft echinata, Hook. Br. Jung. 51. Jungermannia calcarea, Lib. Crypt Exs. No. in. Jungermannia echinata, Tayl. in Spruce Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. II., 88. Lejeunia calcarea, Lib. Ann. VI., 373, t. 96, f. i ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 46, 283, 3 2 3> S^S ; Spruce Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. III., 212; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 278; Cooke Hep. f. 150. Cololejeunia, Spruce. On Limestone rocks. Very delicate and minute, so as scarcely to be visible to the naked eye, loosely and divaricately branched. Leaves ovate acuminate, echinulate and denticulate with the projecting cells (fig. 27), falcate, decurved, sinuately complicate at the base, the fold saccate, ovate, twice as short as the leaf. Involucral leaves bifid, the laciniae entire. Perianth on a 27. very short lateral branch, pear-shaped or clavate, acutely five-angled, the long margins echinulately muricate. (Plate i,fig. 6.) Lejeunia ulicina, Taylor. Dioicous, very minute, stems thread-like, D 2 36 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIOE. vaguely branched ; leaves rather erect, rounded-ovate, concave, narrower at the apex, lobule turgid; stipules oval, bifid half way, bracts large, bilobate; perianth pear-shaped, obtusely five-angled. Jungermannia ulicina, Tayl. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. I., p. 115. Jungermannia minutis- sima, Hook. Jung. t. 52, partly. Lejeunia minutissima, Spruce Ann. Nat. Hist., 1849; Can*, and Pears. Exs. 196. Lejeunia ulicina, Spruce Journ. Bot., 1881, XIX., p. 34; 1887, p. 38. On branches, &c. Dioicous, minute, to finch long, loosely branched. Leaves distinct or subcontiguous, rather erect (form- ing an angle of io-3O with stem), rounded-ovate, concave, narrowed at the apex and ob- tuse, or abruptly acute ; lobule more or less shorter, scarcely equally broad, turgid, margin plane or incurved, apex acutely apiculate. Stipules three times shorter than the leaves, oval, bifid half way, segments linear - subulate, sinus rather obtuse. Bracts large, three times the size of the leaves, divergent, plane, 2 g. complicately bilobed, somewhat toothed, lobe obovate, acute, lobule shorter, semi- lanceolate ; bracteoles oval-lanceolate, one-fourth bifid, segments acute. Perianth oblong pear- shaped, at the apex obtusely five-angled, terete, but not keeled. (Plate i,fig. 14.) HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATKVE. 37 Spruce, in Trans. Bot. Edin., Vol. III., p. 212, decided that the Jungermannia minutissima of English Botany and of Hooker's pi. 52, belonged to L. ulicina Tayl., and that the Jungermannia minutissima Tayl. s-hould be called Lejeunia Taylori Spruce. Since then his opinion changed, and he refers the English Botany figure to his Lejeunia Taylori, otherwise Lejeunia inconspicua Raddi. Lejeunia Rossettiana, Mass. Stems subdichotomous, minute ; leaves im- bricate, patent, ovate, acuminate, denticulate, externally echinate ; lobule one-third smaller, subrotund, dentate, spinulose ; stipules none ; perianth projecting more than half beyond the bracts, muricate, obtusely pentagonal. Lejeunia (Cololejeunea) Rossettiana, Mass. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. XXL, 487 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 276, 277; Journ. Bot., Dec., 1889, t. 292. On limestone rocks. Amongst moss, dioicous, minute, growing in closely matted tufts of a yellowish-green colour, often in company with L. calcarea, which it re- sembles in size and habit. Stems dichotomous, rootlets pale, from the base of each leaf, or obso- lete. Leaves imbricate, spreading, somewhat con- vex, ovate, apices more or less acuminate, margin denticulate, exterior surface echinate, lobule one- 38 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC*. half to one-third smaller than leaf, tumid at the keel, nearly flat, margin subrotund, unequally spinulose, exterior surface echinate, cells very minute. Folioles none. Female flowers on short branches, bracts similar to the leaves, but larger, lobule more finely dentate, perianth oval to pyri- form, muricate, obtusely five-angled above. (Plate i, fig. 7-) Lejeunia hamatifolia, Hook., Dum. Thread-like, loosely branched ; leaves trans- versal, concave, ovate, acuminate, entire, decurved, complicate at the base ; stipules few, small, bifid ; involucral leaves deeply two- lobed, serrate ; perianth pentagonal, with costate wings. Jungermannia hamatifolia, Hook. Br. Jung, t. 51 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2592. Lejeunia hamati- folia, Dum. Comm. 1 1 1 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 215, 476; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 75; Cooke Hep. f. 149. On trunks. Growing in small crowded green patches. Stems two to three lines to \ inch long, very slender, thread-like, flexuous, procumbent, imbri- cate or creeping, each irregularly once or twice divided in a forked manner. Leaves rather close, seldom imbricate, bifarious, alternate, erect and HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 39 spreading, formed of two unequal lobes, of which the upper the largest, convex, ovate, acuminate at the extremity, where it is often curved, usually downwards (fig. 29), margins entire or serrate; lower lobe half the size of the upper, which it resembles in shape, involute, with the margin rarely slightly serrate. Colour pale green ; perichaetial leaves nearly twice the size of the cauline ones, two to each calyx, which they embrace at the base. Stipules small, ovate, acutely cleft half way down into two sharp equal segments, the margins entire. Calyx ovate or obovate, dis- tinctly ribbed, with five prominent, and acute angles, nearly to the base, mouth contracted, generally elevated and tubular, cut into sharp fine teeth. Capsule spherical, white, membra- nous, cleft half way. Elaters bispiral. Lejeunia ovata, Dicks., Tayl. Stems creeping, branched, subterete ; leaves vertical, imbricate, incurrent, auriculate ; larger limb plane, ovate, acute, lobule saccate ; involucral leaves two-lobed ; stipules small, distant, bifid ; perianth obovate, apex acute, five-angled. Jungermannia ovata, Dicks. PI. Crypt. III., t. 8, f. 6. Jungermannia serpyllifolia fi. ovata, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 42. Lejeunia ovata, 40 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Taylor Gott. Syn. p. 376; Spruce Hep. Pyr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. III., 212; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 52; Cooke Hep. fig. 154. On damp rocks. var. pumila, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 279. Stems creeping, branched. Leaves vertical, im- bricate, ovate, alternate, auriculate beneath, larger lobe plane ovate, (acute in Dickson's figure) lobule saccate and inflexed, often radicu- lose. Fruit terminal or lateral. Calyx obovate, acutely five-angled at the apex, mouth lacerated (plate 3- /, fig. 8\ The figure 30 is a fac- simile of Dickson's figure. Lejeunia serpyllifolia, Licks., Lib. Stems vaguely branched, lax, leaves in- current, accumbent, auriculate, larger limb plane, rounded-oblong ; stipules rounded, bifid, involucral deeply and unequally two- lobed, entire; perianth broadly ovate, penta- gonal, mouth mucronate. Jungermannia serpyllifolia, Dicks. Crypt. 4, p. 19; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 42; Eng. Bot. t. 2537. Lejeunia serpyllifolia, Lib. Ann. VI., HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. 41 374, t. 96, f. 2. ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 47, 273, 435; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 135, 195; Cooke Hep. fig. 152, 153. var. a planiuscula, Lindb. var. y heterophylla, Carr. Irish Crypt. Bran- ches attenuate, microphyllous ; lobule obso- lete ; leaves plane, variously shaped, distant. On wet shady rocks, var. /? cavifolia, Lindb. On trunks and amongst moss. (Fr. Ap. May.) Growing in rather large patches, stems to f inch, thread-like, flexuous, irregularly pin- nate, branches mostly simple. Leaves rather closely imbricated, bifarious (fig. 31) somewhat two- lobed, upper lobe by far the largest, horizontal, ovate, slightly convex, the base beneath ventricose, where the upper lobe rises, which perhaps is only a dilated and involute portion of the margin. Colour pale yellow green. Perichaetial leaves of different figure, from the rest, much larger, deeply divided into two oblong- ovate, obtuse, and slightly convex 31. lobes, which closely embrace the calyx, the upper three times the size of the lower. Stipules roundish, 42 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. plane, cleft one-third of their length into two sharp and equal segments, sinus rather acute (fig. 32). Calyx widely obovate, cylin- drical at the base, gradually enlarging upwards, furnished with five longitudi- nal angles, mouth small, protruding into 321 a short tube. Capsule spherical, white, transparent, split half down in four valves. Elaters bispiral. Lejeunia diversiloba, Sprue*. Shoots irregularly branched, branches divaricate, leaves incubous, vertical, large lobe oval, obtuse, entire, lobule variable in form, nearly equal, half the size, or obsolete, sub- quadrate, notched at the outer angle ; stipules bifid, segments narrow, acute, dioicous. Lejeunia cucullata 8 stricta, N. L. and G. Syn. p. 390. Lejeunia minutissima p major, Carr. Irish Crypt., 1863. Lejeunia diversiloba, Spruce Journ. Bot., July, 1876. Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 281; Journ. Bot., Feb., 1887, p. 38. Carr. Trans. Bot. Ed. XIII., p. 468, tab. 17, fig. i. Growing on prostrate mosses and hepatics. Epiphytic on Frullania, &c. Shoots filiform, rigid, irregularly branched; branches divaricate; leaves incubous, approximate, vertical ; large lobe oval, or ovate, obtuse, slightly concave, pellucid, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^ 43 entire ; lobules variable in form on the same branch, equal to the upper lobe, or half the size, or absent, subquadrate in form, inflated at the base, upper border inflexed, and notched at the outer angle, so as to form a rather blunt tooth. Stipules not broader than the stem, bifid for half their length, segments narrow, acute, incurved, sinus lunate, sometimes they are obsolete, or replaced by fascicles of very short rootlets. Inflorescence dioicous. Male spikes lateral, composed of few leaves, the lobes of which are equal. Female shoots lateral, sessile; involucral leaves larger, lobes ovate- oblong, and lobules lanceolate. In straggling patches of a pale yellowish green, sometimes nearly white. (Plate i^fig. 10.) Lejeunia flava, Sw. Stems vaguely branched or pinnate ; fertile branches innovate or dichotomous, for the most part ascending; leaves contiguous or subimbricate, oblique, oblong, or ovate- oblong ; base subdecurrent, complicate ; small lobule five to seven times shorter, triangular, saccate ; perianth green, pyriform ; calyptra thin, obovate; capsule ovate-globose, on a rather long pedicel. Jungermannia /lava, Sw. Prod. Fl. Ind. Occ., 144. Lejeunia /lava, Nees Hep. 373, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 283. Eu-lejeunia flava, Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 268. Lejeunia 44 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICJE. Moorei, Lindb. Hep. Hib., 1875. Junger- mannia serpyllifolia, Eng. Bot. t. 2537. Le- jeunia serpyllifolia, var. thymifolia, Carr. Irish Crypt. Stem branched, creeping ; leaves somewhat im- bricate, oblong-oval, quite entire, apex subrotund or subangular ; base sinuately complicate beneath ; lobule convolute. Stipules twice as small as the leaves, ovate or cordate, acutely bifid to the middle, segments ovate-lanceolate, fruit lateral, sessile at the base of the branches. Involucral leaves conforming, bilobate, lobule quadrate. Peri- anth obovate, exserted, acutely pentagonal. G. L. and N. Syn.(Ptate i,fig. 12.) Lejeunia Holtii, Spruce. Stems prostrate, creeping ; leaves distichous, spreading, ovate-oblong, obtuse, complicate at the base ; lobules small, inflated, gradually merging in the leaf at the apex, or shortly acute; stipules orbicular, bifid; flowers mono- icous, on very short branchlets. Perianth pear-shaped, five-keeled. Lejeunia Holtii, Spruce Journ. Bot., Feb., 1887, p. 33, 72 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 282. On shady rocks. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 45 Fragile, yellowish then reddish. Stems I to i inch long, prostrate, creeping amongst moss, rarely forming a stratum, with a few pinnate branches. Leaves broadly spreading, in two rows, flattened or decurved, distinct or contiguous, rarely some- what imbricated, suboblique, ovate-oblong or ovate, obtuse, rarely rounded, complicate at the base, lobules small more than five times shorter than the leaves, subovoid, inflated, apex gradually run- ning into the leaf, or shortly acute and incurved, elongated on the stems, not rarely obsolete ; cells hexagonal. Stipules three times shorter than the leaves, distant, orbicular, obtusely bifid to the middle, segments acute, or rather obtuse, monoicous on short branches. Bracts twice as short as the leaves, spreading, bilobed half way, lobes compli- cate, lanceolate. Perianth emersed, pear-shaped, depressed at the apex, with a short mucronate beak, five-keeled. Calyptra half shorter, obovate, constricted at the base. Capsule globose. Differs from every other European Lejeunia in the female flowers being borne on exceedingly short branchlets, which normally put forth no subfloral innovation. Another important and unique char- acter is afforded by the large pear-shaped perianths being so very strongly and sharply keeled that they seem broadly five-winged. (Plate i,fig. p.) Lejeunia patens, Lindb. Pallid, pellucid, shining when dry ; stems branched and intricate; leaves rounded-ovate; 46 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIOE. antical lobe very convex, abruptly erect from a basilar sac ; stipules spreading, with a broad obtuse sinus to the middle, roundish, convex ; perianth five-plicate above. Lejeunia patens, Lindb. Irish Hepat., 1875, p. 483 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 284. Le- jeunia serpyllifolia, var. ovata, Nees. Hep. p. 294. Autoicous, shorter, and twice narrower, pallid, pellucid, shining when dry, very often more branched and intricate, convex or subterete ; leaves more or less dense ; antical lobe very convex, incubous, when dry straight, abruptly erect from a basilar sac, very decurrent, oblique, broadly ovate-elliptic or oval, very obtuse, cellules rather prominent, crenu- late, basilar sac two to four times less. Stipules spreading, two to four times less than the postical lobe, very convex, roundish, split to the middle, sinus more or less broad and obtuse, segments rather obtuse, margins everywhere crenulate with the prominent cells. Perianth on lateral branches, a little emergent, clavate pear-shaped, terete below, above five-plicate one-fourth way down, crests higher, complanate, the edge crenulate. (Plate /, fig- a-) Lejeunia Mackaii, Hook., Dum. Stems creeping, vaguely branched ; curved ; leaves distichous, two-lobed ; auricles involute, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. 47 ventricose ; stipules obcordate, plane ; peri- anth compressed. Jungermannia Mackaii, Hook. Br. Jung, t. 53 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2573. Phragmicoma Mackaii, Dumort. Comm. p. 112 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 81, 164, 206 ; Cooke Hep. fig. 147, 148 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 133, 134. Homalo-Lejeunia Mackaii, Spr. Hep. Amaz. p. 134. On rocks, sometimes on trees. (Fr. Winter.) Growing in dense blackish green patches, from i to 2 inches to many feet in diameter. Stems creep- ing over each other in succes- sive layers. Each to i inch long, slender, thread-like, flexuous, once or twice, branched irregularly; branches variable in length, leaves rather closely imbricated in two rows, over the whole upper surface of the stem (fig. 33), horizontal, divided into two unequal lobes, roundish, slightly convex, the lesser one scarcely one-tenth of the size, involute and ventri- cose. When dry the whole surface "seems to be punctate, colour olive green, approaching black. Perichaetial leaves resembling the cauline, but larger, with a lobule half the size of the lobe, adpressed to the calyx. Stipules large, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. roundish, entire or obtusely notched. Calyx obcordate, depressed, beside the two angles from the sides a third )rojects from the under surface . 34), mouth at first a central tubular apiculus, at length divided into four acute teeth. Capsule spherical, delicate, whitish, cleft to the thickened apex of the peduncle. Elaters bispiral, persistent. (Plate Lejeunia calyptrifolia, Hook., Dum. Leaves bladder-like, calyptriform, ovate, cuspidate ; basilar auricle circumvolute ; peri- chaetial quadrate, obtusely emarginate ; peri- anth five-keeled, depressed at the apex. Lejeunia calyptrifolia, Hook. Br. Jung. t. 43 ; Eng. Bot t. 2, 538 ; Cooke Hep. fig. 156 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 197. Coluro- Lejeunia calyptrifolia, Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 304. On furze and rocks. Grows in little pale green tufts, scarcely inch broad. Stems procumbent, one to two lines long, creeping, thread-like, once or twice divided, with spreading branches, of a pale green. Leaves rather close, bifarious, horizontal, spreading or erect, largest at the base, gradually lessening to the apex, unequally two-lobed, having the superior the HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 49 largest, of the same shape as the calyptra in mosses, oviform, its base narrowed, furnished with a narrow opening about half the length of the leaf, the apex lengthened out, incurved and acute ; lesser lobe subquadrate, with obtuse angles, ad- pressed to the larger one, half embracing it, and concealing the opening. Colour pale yellow green. Perichaetial leaves from two to four, erect, adpressed to the calyx and about one-fourth the length, nearly quadrate, sides incurved, apex obtusely and widely emarginate. Stipules small, oblong, plane, ad- pressed or a little spreading, cleft one-third by an acute sinus into two nearly equal acute segments. Calyx oblong, attenuated at the base, widening up- wards, with five projecting angles, or teeth, apex depressed, mouth contracted and jagged. Capsule membranous, white, four cleft halfway down. Ela- ters bispiral (fig. 35). 35- Tribe II. JUNGERMANNIE&. Female flowers with few or many pistillidia (5 to 80). Capsule globose, oblong, or 5O HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. cylindrical, dehiscing to the base in four valves. Elaters almost always with two spirals, rarely with one spiral, or three to four, deciduous. Spruce Hep. Amaz., p. vi. Distinct by the polygynous female flowers, pedicel not at all or scarcely dilated at the apex, never into a solid apophysis as in Jubulece. Capsule pro- ducing spores and elaters on its entire inner surface, four-valved to the base. Elaters bispiral rarely monospiral, deciduous. SECTION A. Elaters normally bispiral. Sub-Tribe I. RADULE&. Branches all lateral, infra-axillary ; leaves incubous, leaflets none ; perianth from the front almost always compressed, mouth broad, truncate. Spr. GKNUS 4. RADULA, Dumort. Involucre indistinct, conforming to the leaves ; perichaetial leaves bilobed, condupli- cate; perianth flattened at the back, mouth truncate, entire, not laterally split ; capsule four-valved, semi-pellucid, cellular, funnel- HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. 51 shaped, naked ; elaters two-spired, deciduous. Dumort. Rev. Jung., 14. Radula is apparently separated by a wide inter- val from every other genus. It has one unique character, viz., the attachment of the radicles to the under lobe of the side leaves, and not to the under leaves, or the underside of the stem, as in all other hepatics. In the branches springing from the outer base of the leaves it agrees with Lejeunea, and with no other. In its most essential features it differs altogether from Lejeunea; e.g., in the polygynous female flowers, the macrosto- mous perianth, the stout pedicel, composed of six to eight concentric layers of alternate cells, and above all in the very numerous long slender two-spired deciduous elaters. Spruce. Radula complanata, Z., Dum. Stem creeping, flattened, branched, some- what pinnate ; leaves auriculate behind, plane, rounded, entire; auricle four times shorter, adpressed, angle rounded. Perianth flattened, mouth entire. Jungermannia complanata, Linn. Sp. 1599; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 81 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2499. Radula complanata, Dumort. p. 112; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 17, 361 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 129, 130; Cooke Hep. f. 137, 138. On trunks. (Fr. April, May.) E a HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Monoicous. Densely imbricated, forming wide compressed tufts. Stems i to 2 inches long, creeping, variously branched, branches again pinnate, and innovant, with a few pellucid radicles proceeding from the leaves. Leaves closely imbricated, in a bi- farious manner (fig. 36), concealing the Astern, unequally two-lobed ; superior lobe much the largest, orbicular, nearly flat ; inferior lobe ovate, ad- 36. 37- pressed, flat, often radiculose (fig. 37). Colour, pale yellow green. Peri- chaetial leaves differing little from the cauline ones, except in the two lobes being more equal. Stipules none. Calyx oblong, from a cylindrical base, be- coming wider, compressed, flat at the apex and truncate, nearly entire, or only cleft on one side. Capsule ovate, pale brown, furrowed. Elaters bispiral. Radula voluta, Tayl. Stem procumbent, pinnately branched ; leaves auriculate behind, densely imbricate, orbicular, entire, complicate at the base ; auricle large, rounded-cordate, excised at the base, and rather embracing the stem. Radula valuta, Taylor in Syn. Hep. 255; HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 53 Cooke Hep. f. 139; Carr. in Trans. Bot. Soc. Ed. VII., 455 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 44. Radula xalapensis, Lind. Hep. Hib., p. 491. On boulders. Dioicous. Stem procumbent, pinnately branched, rather rigid, the upper branches subfasciculate. Leaves rather imbricate, roundish, obtuse, entire, complicate at the base and subdecurrent, lobule large, rounded - cordate, mostly obtuse, transversely protracted above the stem, excised and rather embracing at the base, plane or rather undulate (ng. 38). The male spikes consist of three to four pairs of perigonial leaves, each 3 8 - enclosing two anthers, they are at first seated near the apex of small lateral shoots, but by the growth of the terminal bud, appear at length basal. Carr. Radula aquilegia, Tayl Stems caespitose, subpinnate, depressed ; leaves rather erect, convex, entire, rounded obovate, margin recurved ; perichaetial leaves deflexed ; perianth elongated, obconic. Jungermannia aquilegia, Tayl. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. II., 117. Radula aquilegia, Tayl. in Syn. Hep. p. 260 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 207 ; Cooke Hep. f. 139, 140; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 43. 54 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. On rocks, over which water constantly trickles. Dioicous. Patches wide, shallow, brownish-olive. Stems i to 4 inches long, ir- regularly pinnate (fig. 39). The branches nearly at right angles to the stem. Leaves from a narrow base, flatly cup-shaped ; their lower lobe swelling out at its involution, while their angulate tops lie closely adpressed to the inside 39 ' 4 ' of the upper lobe (fig. 40). It differs from R. complanata in the smaller and more convex leaves, their olive-brown colour, their lesser lobe not sharply reflected upon the upper, but having a turned base, by the deflected peri- chaetial leaves, by the perigonia occurring usually at the termination of the shoot, and not on proper short lateral branches, and by the angulate portion of the lower lobes of the leaves being shorter. This species prefers very wet surfaces of mural rocks, while R. complanata is partial to trees. Taylor. Radula Lindbergh, Gott. Dioicous, stems prostrate, subpinnately branched, branches ascending, leaves imbri- cate, ascending, nearly plane, quite entire, superior lobe obovate, rounded, inferior lobe four times smaller, depressed quadrate, angle acute, involucral obovate-elongate ; perianth obovate, compressed, truncate ; male inflores- HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIOE. 55 cence on proper plant, terminal and lateral, forming long narrow spikes. Radula Lindenbergii, Hartt. Skand. Flora, 1871. Radula Lindbergii, Gott. in Revue Bry., 1882, p. 82. Radula Lindbergiana, Jack. Flora, 1 88 1, p. 181. Radula commutata, Gottsche Jack. Flora, 181, t. 8, f. 5. Radula germana, Jack. Flora, 1881, Vol. VIII., fig. 6. On rocks and amongst moss. (Plate I, fig. 7<5.) Spruce (Journ. Bot, 1887, p. 210) regards Radula Lindbergii, as including also R. germana, Jack., and R. commutata Gottsche. The form, called R. germana resembles large forms of Lejeunia serpyllifolia, growing in patches procumbently, with shoots imbricating, or grow- ing erect when intertwined with mosses, of a pale yellowish green, or darker, with the old parts sordid brown. Stems f to i inch long, frontally compressed, those of female plant subpinnate, furcate or dicho- tomous, barren male stems often almost simple. Rootlets few. Leaves alternate, ascending, the upper ones imbricating each other, those of the lower portion approximate. On slender stems the leaves are more distant, roundish ovate, or obovate, convex, hiding the stem, entire, superior lobes often irregularly erose, lobule usually one-third less, rhomboid, subquadrate, ovate, at the free corner acute or obtuse, base tumid, upper portion plane and appressed. Involucral leaves accrescent, ob- long, with narrower lobes and lobules, enclosing seven to ten sterile archegonia, perigonial leaves 56 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. closely imbricating, smaller, ovate, ventricose, with lobule ovate, almost equal to superior lobe, forming a deep pouch, cells small, hexagonal ; perianth compressed, obconical, with a gradually tapering base, mouth entire. Capsule oblong-oval. Elaters bispiral, curved, lax. Radula Carringrtonii, Jack. Dioicous. Stems caespitose, prostrate, sub- pinnately branched ; leaves imbricate, spread- ing, entire, superior lobe rounded, subreniform, inferior four times smaller, quadrate, adpressed. Radula aquilegia var. major, Carr. Trans. Ed. VII., p. 455. Radula Carringtonii, Jack. Journ. Bot. XX., 1882 ; Revue Bryol., 1882, p. 1 6. On shady rocks and trees. (Plate i, fig. 75.) This species grows in close patches of an olive green, or brown colour. The stems are from 4 to 5 centimetres long, irregularly pinnate, with somewhat ascending branches. The leaves imbricate one another, and are almost flat, margin entire, the superior lobe stands off obliquely from the stem, is rotundate, almost reniform. The lobule reaches hardly to half the length and breadth of the superior lobe, with which it forms a sharp angle, and upon which it lies flat. The same is quadrate, or more or less trapeziform. The female involucral leaves are oblong-oval, with oval rotundate lobules two-thirds as large. Archegonia seven to eight. From R. complanata^ which it resembles in size and form ; it is at once distinguished by the dull, pale HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 57 glaucous leaves, and the monoicous inflorescence of that species. The shoots are irregularly pinnate or bipinnate, the branches alternate, and generally short. Radula Holtii, Spr. Stem creeping, sparingly branched. Leaves rounded-oblong, complicate, saccate from a decurrent base, lobule three times smaller, trapeziform, only inflated at the keel. Peri- anth emersed, trumpet-shaped, terete, a little compressed at the mouth. Dioicous. Radula Holtii, Spruce Journ. Bot., July, 1887, p. 209. Within the spray of a waterfall. Dioicous ; reddish or olive green ; stem creeping scarcely \ inch, sparingly branched, partly pin- nate, partly dichotomous. Leaves contiguous or separate, complicate saccate from a decurrent base, at an angle of 45, abruptly patent, oblique, rounded-oblong, plane or subconcave, repand, long incurrent, basal angle not veiling the stem; lobule three times shorter, trapezi- form, obtuse or slightly acute, nearly plane, only inflated at the keel ; cells small, equilateral, not thickened at the angles. Flowers terminal, on a unilateral or two opposite innovations. Bracts often unijugate, erect, closely imbricate, bilobed to the middle, larger lobe broadly obovate, lobule half as long, roundish. Perianth emersed, thin, somewhat incurved, trumpet shaped or club shaped, everywhere almost terete, only at the apex a little 58 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. compressed, mouth truncate, obsoletely four-lobed. Andraecium terminal on the branches, bracts two or three joined, except for the lobule somewhat larger, scarcely differing from the leaves. Sub-tribe II. PORELLE&. Branches all lateral, intra-axillary ; leaves incubous, lobules of equal size. Perianth with the mouth lacinulate, at first constricted, at length gaping and bilabiate. Capsule four- valved, the valves often incompletely discon- nected at the base, irregularly split. GENUS 5. PORELLA, Dill Branches lateral, intra-axillary, pinnate; leaves incubous, deeply lobate. Perianth at first constricted, then gaping and two-lipped. Capsule globose, rarely valvate to the very base. Dill. Hist. Muse. (1741). Madotheca, Dum. Comm. (1823). Vide Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 326. Porella differs from all Radulce in the regularly pinnate and feather - like stems ; the axillary branches (not infra-axillary, as in Radula, but intra- axillary) ; the universal presence of underleaves, the basal angles of which, like the external base of HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. 59 the lobules, are often decurrent on the stem, in the shape of a laciniate and crispate wing ; the side leaves (especially on the branches) often suboppo- site ; the bracts of the male spikes exactly oppo- site, and connate with the intervening underleaf, the toothed or ciliated female bracts ; the much shorter and usually less compressed perianth, at first constricted at the laciniate mouth, and only becoming two-lipped or campanulate by the extru- sion of the fruit, the globose capsule, the valves rarely separate down to the very base; the smaller, shorter elaters, and the comparatively much larger spores. Spruce. Porella lasvig-ata, Schr. Stem procumbent, bipinnately branched, leaves broadly ovate, dentate, acute ; auricles and stipules oblong-quadrate, spinulosely- toothed. Perianth dentate. Jungermannia Icevigata, Schrad. Samm. No. 104; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 35. Madotheca Icevigata, Dum. Comm., p. 1 1 1 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 53, 259, 373; Cooke Hep. f. 141. Porella Icevigata, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 45, 274, 275. On the ground and on rocks. Growing in loose patches. Stems procumbent, flexuose, 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, with numerous scattered lateral branches. Leaves at the base and extremity smallest everywhere in two opposite 60 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICJE. rows, closely imbricated and placed alternately, divided into two unequal lobes (fig. 41), the upper much the largest, con- vex, smooth, roundish, ovate, margin sometimes entire, sometimes dentate with unequal spinulose teeth, at irregu- lar distances. The inferior lobe scarcely one-third so large, obliquely adpressed, oblong or ligulate, margins dentate, teeth occasionally recurved. Stipules one to each pair of leaves, oblong- quadrate, resembling the smaller lobe, spinulose dentate at the margin. (Plate 2, fig. 77.) Porella platyphylla, Linn. Stem procumbent, bipinnately branched, leaves rounded-ovate, and, as well as the auricles and strap-like stipules, quite entire. Involucral leaves toothed or entire. J ungermannia platyphylla, Linn. Sp. 1600 ; Eng. Bot. t. 798 ; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 40. Madotheca platyphylla, Dumort. Comm., p. 1 1 1 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 51, 157, 158, 363, 364; Cooke Hep. f. 143, 144, 145. Lejeunia platyphylla, Corda. in Sturm. Fl. XXII., t. 26. Porella platyphylla, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 71. On trunks, &c. var. ft major, vaguely bipinnately branched, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 61 leaves large, smooth, greenish yellow. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 40, /. 4. Old walls, rocks, and trunks. (Fr. March, April.) Grows in considerable patches. Stems i to 2 or 3 inches long, flexuose, often pinnate, with straggling branches, which are again shortly branched. Leaves closely im- bricate in two rows, so as to conceal the upper part of the stem (fig. 42), unequally two- lobed, the upper lobe the largest, alternate, ovate, ap- proaching round, slightly concave, margins incurved, entire, or here and there ^ 45- slightly toothed, lower lobe strap-shaped, diagonally pressed to the surface of the upper, plane, margins recurved and entire. Colour, deep or blackish green, opaque. Perichaetial leaves like the cauline, but smaller, and the lobule proportionately larger, two to each calyx, stipules adpressed, oblong ovate, 62 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICE. or ligulate, margin recurved and entire (fig. 43). Calyx ovate, compressed and flat, then erect, cylin- drical, mouth truncate, serrate, deep notch on one side, half its length (figs. 44, 45). Capsule pale yellow brown. Elaters bispiral. {Plate 2, fig. / 7S . striking manner (figs. 74, 75). Cells oblong with a pellucid border (fig. 76). Perichaetial leaves ^ six or seven, resembling the rest, but the f[8j( segments less acuminate, and not incurved. Calyx oblong or oblong-ovate, a little plicate above, mouth somewhat contracted, 76. with a few short teeth. Capsule ovate, deep brown. Elaters bispiral. Dr. Carrington contends that this is the most distinct and least variable of all the bicuspidate species. Eng. Bot. t 1304, and Hooker's Jung. t. xvi., both represent states of C. bicuspidata. It occurs in neat compact strata, the stems HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 103 gracile, of equal width throughout, and from the convexity of the leaves looking like strings of small beads. These have a silky lustre, and are usually of a bright pink or claret colour, but sometimes pale green. The leaves are vertical, unsymmetri- cal, cordate, broader than long, very convex, con- duplicate, gibbous posteriorly, with the. margin infiexed and tumid, bicornute, the ventral tooth not continuous with the border, but arising at some distance within it, segments long and curved liked the horns of an ox. The axillary leaves are cordate-lanceolate, and have only one tooth, while in the perichaetial leaves there are two shorter dentate segments. The texture is thin and silky, the areolse quadrate, discrete, surrounded by a pellucid border. Cephalozia Francisci, Hook. Stem rather erect, somewhat branched, leaves incumbent, ovate, acutely emarginate; perichaetial leaves everywhere imbricate ; sti- pules ovate, bifid ; perianth terminal on lateral branches, oblong-cylindrical. Jungermannia Francisci, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 49; Eng. Bot. t. 2569; Mack. Hib. II., 64 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 503 ; Cooke Hep. f. 90. Cephalozia Francisci, Dum. Rev. Jung. p. 18; Lind. Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII., 191; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 176, 177; Spruce Cephalozia p. 49. 104 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. In moist places on the ground. (Fr. Spring.) Growing in small rather densely crowded patches of pale green colour, with a faint tinge of purple. Stems five to six lines long, slender, thread-like,flexuous, simple below, and usually bare, simple above or once or twice divided, with nar- row branches, usually erect, sometimes procumbent, pale yellowish green. Leaves bifarious, alternate, more or less close, usually a little imbricated, erect or rather spreading, ovate, concave, cleft acutely from the apex, for about one-fourth, into two equal, somewhat obtuse, segments (fig. 77). Perichaetial leaves seven or eight, increasing in size upwards to the insertion of the calyx, where they are twice or thrice the length of the cauline leaves, imbricated, oblong, subquadrate, concave or semi-cylindrical ; at the apex deeply notched, segments acute, sometimes divaricate. Stipules small, plane and adpressed, or projecting a little, ovate, cut by an acute sinus at the apex into two sharp segments. Calyx a little attenu- ated at the base, slightly narrowed above and plicate, mouth small and toothed. Capsule brown, quadrivalvular. Elaters bispiral. Cephalozia fluitans, Nets. Stem long, sometimes very long, rooting by numerous stout flagella, floating in water, branches all postical. Leaves distant, lax, pallid, long and narrow, under-leaves con- HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICVE. 105 stantly present, inflorescence cladocarpous ; female bracts tristichous, toothed at the base, innermost embracing the perianth, which latter is thin, linear-fusiform, trigonous. Jungermannia fluitans, Nees Syn. p. 129. Lindbg. Sp. p. 76. Jungermannia Francisci, Eng. Bot. t. 2569. Gymnocolea inflata v. fluitans, Dum. Hep. Eur. 65. Cephalozia fluitans, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 178, a b c, 259, 260; Spruce Cephalozia p. 50. In the wettest part of bogs. Dioicous, bright green, here and there rufous, rarely rosy. Stems elongate, 2 to 3 inches, laxly creeping, a little branched, rooting by rather short thick flagella. Leaves assurgent, subsecund, distant, inserted obliquely, oval ovate or oblong, now and then rather cuneate at the base, a little concave, bilobate at the apex - % way (sometimes trilobate) sinus narrow, acute, lobes unequal, postical largest, lanceolate, rather obtuse, margin repand, cellules rather large, hexagonal, stipules distant, adpressed to the stem, three times shorter than the leaves, six times as long as broad, linear bifid, laciniae of unequal length, margin 1-2 dentate. Flowers dioicous, bracts tristichous, inner erect, ovate, oblong, bi- lobed to the middle, lobes acute, 1-2 dentate at the base, outer three times smaller, unequally bidentate, or falcate and entire. Perianth longer than involucre, oval-cylindrical, trigonous at the apex, mouth truncate, almost toothless. Capsule pellucid, purplish, oblong, with four linear lanceolate valves. Elaters bispiral. Spores minutely rough. 106 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICJE. Male catkins on postical branches. Antheridia solitary. (Plate ^, fig. 61.) Cephalozia heterostipa, Spruce. Stems stout, radicellose, bifurcate, branches postical and mostly flagelliform, leaves dis- tant below, crowded above, oblong, acutely bilobate, stipules small. Involucral bracts loosely imbricate, 3-4 lobed, mixed with smaller bracteoles. Perianth obscurely and obtusely trigonous above, mouth rather wide, six-lobed, lobes dentate. Cephalozia heterostipa, Spruce Cephalozia p. 55. Jungermannia inflata, Carr. in Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 172. Sarcoscyphus sphacelatus, Hepp. in Gott. and Rab. Exs. 137. On wet rocks in mountains. Dioicous, depressedly caespitose, green turning reddish or bay, or sometimes orange, fragile. Stems ^ to i inch, intricate, stout, flexuous, radi- cellose throughout their length, simple, or dichoto- mous. Leaves diagonally inserted, lower distant, spreading, oblong, or cuneate-oblong, rather acutely bilobed for one-third, lobes obtuse or rounded, upper leaves approximate and more or less imbri- cate, chiefly about the female flowers and forks of the stem deeper coloured, broader, cuneate, bilobed one-half, or sometimes 3-4 lobed, obtusely toothed ; cells 4-6 angled. Stipules small or minute, now and then obsolete, coloured, linear or subulate, entire, rarely bifid, segments HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. 107 erect and narrow, sometimes with the normal form are others as long as the leaves and falcate or ligulate. Female flowers terminal on the stem, pistillidia ten to sixteen, bracts loosely imbricate, concave, broader than long, 3-4 lobed, bracteoles smaller, obliquely ovate lanceolate, entire or bilobate. Perianth emersed, green, pear- shaped, rather compressed, obscurely trigonous, mouth shortly six-lobed, the lobes dentate, teeth of equal size. (Plate j, fig. 67.} SUB-GENUS. ODONTOCHISMA, Spruce. Cephalozia sphagni, Dicks. Stem serpentine ; leaves erect, orbiculate, entire ; perichaetial leaves oblong, two-lobed, stipules lanceolate, none on sterile stems, on fertile or gemmae bearing stems ovate. Jungermannia sphagni, Dicks. Crypt. I., p. 6, t. i, f. 10 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2470; Hook. Br. Jung. No.. 33. Sphagnoccetis communis, Nees Syn. Hep. p. 148; Cooke Hep. f. 104, 105. Odontochisma sphagni, Dumort. Rev. Jung. 19; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 181. Cephalozia sphagni, Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 400. Marshy places amongst Sphagnum. Growing in loose patches, or straggling. Stems 2 to 4 inches, procumbent, filiform, flexuous, simple, or with short innovations, radicles numerous, combined with thicker and larger opaque rootlets 108 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 2 to 3 inches long. Leaves in two rows, alternate, close together and overlapping, erect or spreading, rarely horizontal, orbicular, concave on the upper side, colour yellow brown or pale green (figs. 78, 79). Stipules on the gemmiferous shoots, oblong, or strap-shaped, obtuse, entire, near the ex- , tremityof the shoots emarginate. Terichaetial leaves, uppermost, the largest, oblong ovate, cut 7 8 - 79- into five or six toothed segments, the receding ones smaller and less divided, at length nearly entire, and rounded. Calyx oblong, attenuated each way, semi-pellucid, slightly plicate, mouth contracted and a little toothed. Gemmae abundant in October and November. Cephalozia denudata, Nets. Stem procumbent, branched, flagelliferous branches ascending ; leaves subvertical, con- nivent above, orbiculate, entire, decurrent about the apex ; stipules numerous. Jungermannia denudata Nees. in Mart. Erl. p. xiv. Jungermannia scalaris ft denudata, Mart. Erl. t. 6, f. 58 b. Odontochisma denudata, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 19; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 69, 182, 183. Jungermannia sphagni, Hook. Br. Jung. Supp. t. 2. Cepha- lozia sphagni, Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 402. On trunks. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICJE. IOQ Similar to C. Sphagni, but smaller, reddish or verging on purple or violet. Stem rather short, prostrate, intricately branched, flagelliferous, attached by villose radicles, branches ascending, naked at the base, leaves increasing in size to the middle, then diminishing to the apex. Leaves almost of the same form as in C. Spkagni, broadly ovate or rounded ovate, oblique, obscurely de- current, subconcave. Stipules on the stem minute, ovate, and scale-like; larger above, rounded oval. Flowers dioicous, bracts of female flowers equal to the median leaves, apex recurved, bifid, entire or toothed. Perianth three times longer than the leaves, narrowly fusiform, three-cornered, connivent at the apex, shortly fimbriate, at length dehiscing irregularly. (Plate 6, fig. 74..) SUB-GENUS. CEPHALOZIELLA, Spruce. Cephalozia divaricata, Sm. Stems creeping, fertile shortened ; leaves complicate, concave, somewhat rounded, semi- bifid, laciniae divergent ; stipules lanceolate awl-shaped, bifid ; perianth cylindrical, trun- cate, plicate. Jungermannia divancata, Eng. Bot. t. 719 and t. 2463 ; Spruce Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. III., 207. Jungermannia Starkii, Nees Eur. Leb. II., 223; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 107, 306, 110 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 356; Cooke Hep. f. 93. Cephalozia divaricata, Dumort. Hep. Eur. p. 89; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 261. On the ground, stones, and decayed wood. Spruce is strongly of opinion that this variable species should include several forms which many authors have regarded as distinct species, but which he resolves at most into varieties. These will be disposed as follows : van o. normalis, Spruce Ceph. p. 64. Leaves orbate, lobes of the leaves triangular. Jungermannia byssacea, Roth. Germ. III., 387; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 12; Mack. Hib. II., 60; Mart. Erl. 166, t. 5, f. 47. Junger- mannia divaricata, Nees Eur. Let). II., 241 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 59, 109. Cephalozia byssacea, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 18; Lind. Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII. 192. On heaths, &c.(Ftg. 80.} Frequently growing in dense tufts, of a dark green, sometimes almost black colour. Stem very slender, two to three lines long, somewhat stellately branched, branches often again divided, and pro- cumbent, fertile ones ascending. Leaves remote, small, adpressed or spreading, nearly quadrate, embracing at the base, divided at the apex about HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Ill one-third by a rather obtuse sinus, segments acute, occasionally a little spreading, rigid and brittle when dry. Perichaetial leaves numerous, imbricate, subquadrate, the exterior divided by an obtuse sinus into two equal acute segments, the interior cut into three to five unequal segments, paler. Calyx oblong, plicate, mouth not contracted, obtusely toothed. Calyptra ovate, delicate and pellucid. Capsule deep red brown, longitudinally and transversely furrowed. Elaters bispiral. var. ft Starkii, Spruce Ceph. p. 64. Stipules present, lobes of the leaves more ovate, or ovate lanceolate, subacuminate, acute or obtuse. Jungermannia Starkii, Funck. G. L. and N. Syn. p. 134. Jungermannia Grimsulana, Jack. Gott. and Rab. Exs. sub-var. stellulifera, Tayl. MSS. Leaves recurved, spreading, involucral more crowded, stellately squarrose. Jungermannia Starkii var. procerior, G. L. and N. Syn. Hep. p. 134. Jungermannia stellulifera, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 32. Dioicous, small, colour variable, greenish olive, sometimes tinged with rose, rarely whitish or almost black, densely caespitose, or loosely creep- ing amongst mosses, prostrate or nearly erect ; stem stout, sparingly branched, with radicles but without flagella. Leaves small, scarce, longer than the diameter of the stem, distant on the sterile, subimbricate on the fertile, rather succubous or 112 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. almost transverse, wedge-shaped or rounded quadrate, bifid half way, lobes complicate or divergent, triangular, acute, rarely obtuse, entire or rarely with a tooth, cells minute, subquadrate. Stipules none, or here and there or everywhere present, lanceolate or ligulate, sometimes bifid, rarely trifid. Female flowers terminal on the stem and long branches. Bracts trijugous, in three rows larger than leaves, more or less connate, bilobate, lobes acute and denticulate. Bracteoles scarcely smaller, intermixed. Perianth linear, or narrowly fusiform, emersed, whitish at the apex, rarely three often four, five, or six angled, mouth constricted and toothed, or nearly entire. Andraecium variedly placed on stem or branches, antheridia solitary. Cephalozia seraria, Pears. Minute, tawny or pallid, caespitose, stems sparingly branched ; leaves distant, rather squarrose, wedge-shaped, keeled, and deeply bilobate ; stipules variable. Inflorescence dioi- cous, female branches very short, bracts twice as long as the leaves, bilobate and toothed. Cephalozia ceraria Pears., Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 179; Spruce Cephalozia p. 96. Jungermannia Starkii, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 33. At the mouth of an old copper mine. Dioicous, cladocarpous, minute, tawny or pallid bay, densely depressedly caespitose. Stems \ inch, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. flexuous, interwoven with thick radicles, spar- ingly branched. Leaves distant, squarrosely patent, minute, rather wedge-shaped, obscurely keeled, deeply (to three-quarters) bilobed, entire, sinus acute or obtuse, rectangular, lobes ovate or lanceo- late, subacuminate, twice as long as broad, often incurved, apiculate ; cells minute, oblong, pellucid, walls thickened at the angles. Stipules variable, the lower minute or obsolete, the upper half as long as the leaves and lanceolate, now and then connate with a neighbouring leaf, then trilobate, the highest rarely bilobed, and scarcely smaller than the leaves. Female branches very short, bracts trijugous, twice as long as the leaves, bilobed half way, sparingly spinulosely toothed, lobes ovate, acuminate. (Plate 2, fig. 24.} Cephalozia leucantha, Spruce. Stems prostrate, flexuous, rather branched. Leaves small, very distant, oblong or sub- quadrate, bifid half way, lobes unequal, subu- late, parallel or connivent. Stipules none. Peri- anth large, much exserted, three (rarely four) angled above, mouth minute ; capsule large. Jungermannia catenulata, Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 433. Cephalozia leucantha, Spruce on Cephalozia, p. 68. On decaying trunks. (Plate 2, fig. 26.) Dioicous, almost always cladocarpous, growing whitish, of the same size as C. divaricata. Stems prostrate, males with female closely interwoven, i 114 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. thin, elongated, flexuous, rather branched and radi- cellose, flagella none. Leaves small, very distant, spreading or assurgent, oblong or rounded-quadrate, bifid half way or more, sinus acute or obtuse, lobes often unequal, broadly subulate, acute or rather acuminate, parallel or connivent, cells minute, sub- quadrate, the lower a little elongated. Stipules none. Bracts of female flowers, the innermost three to four times larger than the leaves, more or less connate, orbicular, subdenticulate, 2-3 lobed, the lobes short, acuminate. Perianth large for the size of the plant, ten times longer than the leaves, ovate-lanceolate, fusiform or rather linear, whitish, three (rarely four) angled above, mouth minute, and obsoletely setu- lose. Calyptra thin. Capsule large, often half the length of the perianth, oblong cylindrical, bay brown. Andraecia short, scarce ever occupying the whole branch, terminal or median, julaceous, bracts larger than the leaves, closely imbricate, orbicular, very concave, and keeled, two or three lobed, one- third down monandrous, bracteoles minute, linear subulate. Cephalozia elachista, Jack. Small, pallid, very tender, stem with rhizo- matose base, sparingly branched ; leaves dis- tant, oval, deeply and acutely bilobed, only crowded at the tips of fertile branches, stipules minute, often bifid ; inflorescence monoicous, male terminal, female branch often proliferous ; perianth acutely trigonous, mouth toothed. Jungermanma elachista, Jack, in Gott. and HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICVE. 115 Rab. Exs. 574. Cephalozia elachista, Spruce on Cephalozia, p. 70. On damp rocks. (Plate 2, fig. 25^) Monoicous, cladocarpous and acrocarpous, small, pallid, very tender, prostrate, stem rising from a rhizomatose base, almost leafless, and sparingly branched. Leaves distant, only at the apices of the fertile branches somewhat imbricate, oval, deeply and acutely bilobate, lobes broadly subulate, acu- minate, incurved, one or other armed with a tooth ; cells small, subquadrate, pellucid. Stipules minute, often bifid, segments shortly setaceous ; sometimes none. Male catkins terminal on the stem, or occupying nearly the whole branch. Bracts narrow, often denticulate, lobes acuminate, upwards secund. Female branch short or elongated, often innovantly proliferous. Bracts much larger than the leaves, nearly free, deeply bilobed, denticulate or sub- spinulose, lobes thinly acuminate Perianth elon- gated, acutely trigonous, mouth denticulate. Capsule oblong. Cephalozia Turner!, Hook. Stem creeping, branched; leaves incumbent, conduplicate, ovate, bipartite, segments spinu- losely toothed ; perichaetial leaves everywhere imbricate, 3-4 lobed, dentate ; stipules none ; perianth terminal, cylindrical. Jungermannia Turneri, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 29; Cooke Hep. f. 100; Engl. Bot. t. 2510; Mack. Hib. II., 66 ; Cephalozia Turneri, Lindb. I 2 Il6 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Linn. Journ. XIII. ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 180. Anthelia Turneri, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 18. Banks of mountain streams. (Fr. March.) Forming patches creeping on the ground, I to 2 inches diameter and radiating from a centre, pale yellowish green, stems three or four lines long, pro- cumbent, slender, flexuous mostly simple, sometimes irregularly divided, rootlets f rom t* 16 un der side ; leaves somewhat close and regular, in two rows, spreading, em- 8l - bracing at the base, broadly ovate, divided half way by an acute sinus into two ovate or lanceolate sharp, almost conduplicate seg- ments, fringed at the margins with large spine-like teeth of unequal size (fig. 8 1 ). Colour pale yellow green. Perichaetial leaves closely imbricate on all sides of the calyx, differing from the cauline in being quadrate, frequently broader than long, and cleft for one-third of their length into three or four ovate acute spiny dentate erect segments. Calyx linear-oblong, slightly longitudinally plicate, or ob- tusely angular, at first incurved, then erect. Cap- sule ovate brown. Elaters bispiral. GENUS 1 6. ADELANTHUS, Mitt. Involucre constituted from two to four opposite scale-like leaves. Perianth tubular, rather three-sided, mouth connivent, dentate, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 1 17 obliquely truncate, hence split. Capsule four- valved, coriaceous, naked ; elaters geminate, naked, deciduous. Mitt. Hook. N. Zeal. 518. Dum. p. 46. " Adelanthus is well distinguished by its habit of Plagiochila, by its decurvo-secund and usually sharply toothed leaves, and by its half inferior calyptra, strewn with sterile pistillidia, although the cladogenous perichaetia, and the 3-5 angled perianth, with the third angle postical, whenever the angles are reduced to three, prove its affinity to Cep/talozia, especially to the sub-genus Odonto- chisina" Spruce Cephalozia, p. 17. Adelanthus deeipiens, Hook., Mitt. Stem flexuose, whip-like, leaves inflexed on the dorsal margin, the inferior ovate, and quite entire, superior rounded ovate, mucronate. Jungermannia decipiens, Hook. Br. Jung, t. 50, Eng. Bot. t. 2566. Plagiochila decipiens, Dum. Rev. p. 15; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 213; Cooke Hep. f. 31. Adelanthus decipiens, Mitt. Linn. Journ. VII., 244 ; Gott. and Rab. Ex. No. 474 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 98, 99 ; Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 404. On rocks. (Ireland.) Growing in small dense tufts. Root large and creeping, stems erect, thread-like flexuose, f to i inch long, simple or rarely divided at the base, sometimes two or more arise from the creeping HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICiE. root. Leaves alternate, bifarious, smallest at the base and most distant, ovate and concave, margins entire, adpressed to the stem or a little spreading ; the rest considerably larger, round- ish or subquadrate, spreading sometimes recurved, base decurrent, margins with one or two or three large spiny teeth, irregularly placed, so that no two precisely agree (fig. 82). Flowers dioicous. Perianth longer than the cauline leaves, emerging from the involucre, obovate pear-shaped, turgid ob- tusely, 3 (rarely 4-5 ) angled, mouth at first connivent, at length rather toothed or ciliate. Calyptra pyriform, a little smaller than the perianth, enclosing twelve abor- tive pistillidia. GENUS 17. HYGROBIELLA, Spruce. Stems with a rhizomatose base, fixed to the matrix by rooting flagella, without radicles. Flagelliferous branches postical, foliose lateral and axillary ; leaves transverse, complicately bilobed ; stipules small or none. Flowers dioicous. Perianth large, fusiform or oblong, obtusely trigonous above, with a very small mouth. On Cephalozia p. 15. Spruce, in comparing the typical species, says, //. laxifolia recedes from Cephalozia in having lateral branches, and in being (normally) quite HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 119 destitute of radicles, the stems rooting at the base by means of short naked flagella. The leaves are complicate-bilobed, and there is no capitate in- volucre, the uppermost leaves being alternate, and often rather remotefrom the perianth. Moreover, the perianths are very narrow at the mouth, and almost closed not from being plicately constricted, as is frequent in Cepkalozia, but from the proper shape of the constituent valves. The stem innovates repeatedly (sometimes bilaterally) from the base of successive sterile flowers. Hygrobiella laxifolia, Hook., Dum. Stem lax, nearly simple, leaves quadrifarious, incumbent, lax, ovate, acutely two-lobed, peri- chaetial twice as large, stipules none, perianth terminal, fusiform, rather plicate, mouth con- tracted. Jungermannia laxifolia, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 56 ; Engl. Bot. t. 2677 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 345 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 68; Cooke Hep. f. 101. Gymnocolea laxifolia, Dum. Rev. Jung. p. 17. Hygrobiella laxifolia, Spruce on Cephalozia, p. 74. Beside mountain streams. (Fr. April.) Growing in small dense green tufts. Stems erect, thread-like, flexuous | inch long, slender, simple, or innovant, pale green. Leaves distant, alternate, arising on four sides, smaller towards the base, 120 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICVE. spreading or erect and spreading, ovate, slightly keeled, cleft about one-third from the apex by an acute sinus, into two equal, sharp entire segments (fig. 83). Perichsetial leaves larger than the rest, and more distantly placed, sometimes leaving the calyx exposed. Fruit terminal. Calyx large, oblong ovate, increasing in size upwards, slightly plicate, mouth contracted and toothed. Calyptra membranaceous, whitish. Capsule spherical, brown, longitudinally and transversely furrowed. Elaters bispiral. Hygrobiella myrioearpa, Carr. Branches without leaves below, cauline leaves twice as small as in M. Stableri, which it resembles, always bilobed half way ; bracts rarely more than bijugate, quadrate, closely complicate, always free ; lobes ob- tuse, entire ; perianth quite distinct from the involucre, emersed, compressed, acutely cari- nate. Diplophyllum myriocarpum Carr., in Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 96. Jungermannia myrio- earpa Carr., Spruce Rev. Bry., 1881, 97 ; Carr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., Vol. XIII., p. 466, t. 1 8, fig. 4. Hygrobiella myrioearpa, Spruce Cephalozia, p. 75. Creeping among spongy peat-like soil. (Plate 2, fig- *?) Without stipules. Creeping at the base, rhizo- HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 121 matous shoots entangled, flexuose, polished, resembling pale brown horse-hair ; stems 2-7 mm. long, ascending, terete, rigid, interrupted, repeatedly innovant, ramuli springing from one or both sides of the old axis, either barren and setaceous, or fertile, and with rapidly accrescent leaves. Leaves on the lower portion of the shoots and flagella distichous, approximate, erect, and appressed to the stem so closely as to be readily overlooked, ovate, carinate-concave, cleft for half their length into two lanceolate lobes, sinus acute, texture thin, polished, punctate-areolate, cells subquadrate ; colour golden brown. Involucral leaves much larger, vertically spreading, lobes shallower and more obtuse, half hiding the perianth. Perianth at first turbinate, when mature roundish ovate, ventricose, obtusely three cornered below, mouth contracted, bicristate in front ; in older specimens multi-plicate, minutely toothed. Carrington. Hygrobiella Nevicensis, Carr. Shoots creeping, entangled, flagelliferous ; stems ascending, simple or irregularly branched, flexuose, leafless below and devoid of rootlets. Leaves bifarious, alternate, scarce broader than stem, distant, vaginate, upper erect, roundish ovate, lower spreading, ovate quadrate, complicate, concave, rounded at base, bidentate, sinus acute, texture thin. With- out stipules. 122 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC*:. Jungermannia Nevicensis, Carr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., XIII., p. 464, t. 17, f. 2 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 85. Hygrobiella Nevicen- sis, Spruce Cephalozia, p. 77. On moist shelving rocks. (Plate 2, fig. ^7.) Tufts cushion-like, pale green. Stems i to f inch long, mostly simple, recurved at the summit, naked below. Leaves alternate, remote, round, and sheathing at the base, shortly bidentate, sinus narrow, lobes connivent. Texture thin, translucent, marginal cells subquadrate, others hexagonal. The tufts resemble in size attenuate forms of Jung, bicuspidata, but the vertically patent con- duplicate distant leaves, and absence of rootlets, on all parts, distinguish it from that and other allied forms. The colour is pale lustreless yellowish green, stolons stramineous, sometimes the foliage is tinged with brown. Fructification unknown. GENUS 1 8. PLEUROCLADA, Spruce. Glaucescent in colour, stem radicellose, throughout its length almost equally foliate, base not rhizomatose, and not flagelliferous, subpinnately branched, branches all lateral. Base of the cauline leaves difformed (uni- lobed), crowded, leaves very concave, scarcely complicate ; perianth very fleshy, subfloral innovations none. On Cephalozia, p. 77. The Jungermannia albescens of Hooker, which, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIOE. 123 by its truly lateral and subpinnate ramification without a single postical branch and by some other of its characters, including even its bluish white colour when dry, is perhaps as nearly allied to Lepidozia reptans and to Anthelia as to Cepha- lozia. I have therefore separated it as a new genus, under the name " Pleuroclada" Spruce on Cephalozia, p. 14. Pleuroclada albescens, Hook. Stem creeping, branched ; leaves incum- bent, concave, ovate, emarginate, perichaetial leaves everywhere imbricate ; stipules trian- gular ; perianth terminal on lateral branches, ovate. Jungermannia albescens, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 72, Supp. t. 4; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 33, 468 ; Cooke Hep. f. 73. Cephalozia albe- scens, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 18 ; Lindb. Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII., 192. Pleuroclada albescens, Spruce Cephalozia p. 14; Carr. and Pears. Hep. No. 262. On mountains. Growing in large loose patches. Stems ^ to f inch in length, creeping, waved, thread-like, branched twice or thrice di- chotomously, and attached to the ground by tufts of radicles. Leaves rather dis- tant and alternate, very small, nearly hemispherical, half-embracing at the base, at the apex cut with 124 HANDBOOK of BRITISH HEPATIC^E. an obtuse notch, with the segments rather con- nivent (fig. 84). Colour pale green, becoming whitish when dry. Stipules distant, one between each pair of leaves, nearly the width of the stem, ovate - lanceolate, entire. Calyx oblong, even, mouth contracted and denticulate. Sub-tribe V. SCAPANIOIDE&. Stems producing only a few lateral branches. Leaves complicately bilobed, antical lobe smaller. Perianth from the front compressed. Elaters dispiral. GENUS 19. SCAPANIA, Dumort. Involucre bifoliate, conforming to the other leaves. Perichaetial leaves two-lobed, condu- plicate. Perianth compressed on the back, apex truncate, at first decurved. Capsule four- valved, coriaceous, not cellular, nor pellucid, decussate, naked. Elaters double, naked, deciduous. Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 14 (1835). Dioicous. Perianth terminal, smooth, obovate, compressed from before backwards, from a con- tracted base, mouth truncate, bilabiate, entire or toothed, decurved. Involucral bracts two, free, re- sembling the ordinary leaves, capsule ovate, four- valved, cleft to the base. Elaters bispiral. Carr. Hep. 73. Growing in woods, on moist rocks or boggy places, in conspicuous tufts. Leaves alternate, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 125 unequally two-lobed, inferior lobe larger. Amphi- gastria wanting. Scapania eompacta, Roth., Dum. Stem procumbent, nearly simple, leaves nearly equally conduplicately two-lobed, lobes rounded, entire, perichaetial leaves toothed. Perianth with crenulate mouth. Jungermannia eompacta, Roth. Germ. III., 375. Jungermannia resupinata, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 23. Scapania eompacta, Dumort. Rev. p. 14; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 143, 168, 445, 492; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 19; Cooke Hep. fig. 39. On loamy and heathy soil. (Fr. May, June.) Generally in small dense tufts. Stems ^ to f inch long, simple, rarely once or twice forked, pro- cumbent, extremities erect when fruiting. Colour reddish brown. Leaves closely imbricated towards the extremities in fertile plants, more distant in barren ones, bi- farious, horizontal, roundish, divi- ded into two nearly equal lobes, each convex on the outer surface (fig. 85), in the lower part of the plant the inferior lobe is a little the largest, all entire, except that some of the terminal ones are micro- scopically crenate, at the base de- current, and half-embracing, of a 85. yellowish brown colour. Perigonial leaves similar, 126 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICVE. more crowded. Perichaetial leaves only slightly different, lobes faintly crenate. Calyx narrow at the base, cylindrical, becoming depressed, and at the extremity quite flat, incurved when young, mouth truncate, and minutely crenate. Capsule ovate, deep brown. Elaters bispiral. (Plate j, fig- 32) Scapania resupinata, Z., Dum. Stem erect, rather branched, leaves un- equally conduplicately two-lobed, lobes rounded-ovate, rather obtuse, toothed. Peri- anth with a dentate mouth. Jungermannia resupinata, Linn. Sp. 1599, Eng. Bot. 1.2437. Scapania resupinata, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 14; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 1 6, 17 ; Carr. Br. Hep., t. 8, f. 26 (partly). On shady rocks and walls. (Fr. May, June.) var. ft laxifolia, Lindenb. p. 53. Stem more lax, leaves more remote, lobule less obtuse. var. y recurvifolia, Hook. Jung., t. xxi., f. 8. Lobes and lobules of the leaves recurved. (Figs. 86, 8 7> ). Densely caespitose; shoots slender, of uniform diameter, radiculose, 7 ' zonate, ochraceous, olive brown or olive ; leaves closely imbricated, equal, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. 1 27 pellucid, smooth, divided for one-third of their length into two lobes ; inferior lobe roundish-obo- vate, obtuse or apiculate, convex, strongly reflexed ; lobule half the size, obliquely reniform, crossing the stem, apex rounded, concave, incumbent or antiflexed ; margins equally dentate ; perianth ob- conic, truncate, inciso-dentate ; capsule small, oval, shortly stipitate. (Plate j, fig. jj). Scapania Bartlingii, Ascending; leaves shortly conduplicate,two~ lobed, concave at the base and embracing, spreading at the apex, lobes equal half- rounded, subrepand, entire ; perichaetial leaves broader, rounded. Jungermannia Bartlingii, Hampe. Nees Eur. Leb. II., 423. Scapania Bartlingii, Nees in Syn. Hep. p. 64 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 292; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 18 ; Carr. Brit. Hep. p. 83, t. ix., f. 27. On damp shady rocks by streams. Tufts depressed, scattered, of a sordid green colour, frequently creeping among other mosses and hepatics. Stems stout, pale brown, lower two-thirds creeping, upper third ascending. Leaves loosely im- bricated, alternate, with an upward and forward direction, when opened out cordate, the base saccate and embracing, divided for a short distance into two nearly equal lobes, apiculate or obtuse. The base of the leaf generally vaginate and erect, the upper por- 128 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. tion spreading, texture thin. Inflorescence dioicous. Involucral bracts somewhat larger and broader, lobes obtuse. Perianth oblong, half-immersed, apex recurvate, obliquely truncate, entire. Calyp- tra obovate. (Plate 3, fig. 34.) Scapania sequiloba, Schw., Dum. Stern erect, leaves conduplicate, two-lobed, lobes nearly equal, rounded ovate, acute, den- tate ; perianth with dentate mouth. Jungermannia cequiloba, Schwag. Prod. p. 24 ; Ekart. Syn. Jung., t. ii., f. 90. Scapania cequiloba, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 14 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 89, 169, 331, 404, 408; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 159; Cooke Hep. f. 40; Carr. Br. Hep. p. 81, t. 8, f. 26 partly. Crevices of rocks in subalpine districts. var. a dentata, Gott. and Rab. Exs. 331. Leaves broader, irregularly toothed, apical teeth largest. , .^ var. (3 inermis, Gott. and \^~-~A|j^:^ R ab . EXS. 80, 404, 408. Lobes obovate, oblong, sometimes cultriform, en- tire. >^ Stems shorter, gracile, loosely tufted ; leaves approximate, equi - distant ; texture firm, olive brown, verrucose, divided for a short dis- HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 149 tance into two nearly equal subdentate lobes (fig. 88) ; inferior lobe roundish ovate from a contracted, reflexed base, shortly pointed, apiculate ; lobule obliquely ovate, crossing the stem, spreading ; perianth half-immersed, obovate- oblong, truncate, inciso-denticulate ; capsule ovate. Carr. " The papillose leaves separate .S". aquiloba not only from 6". resupinata, with which it was generally confounded, but from all other Scapania? Scapania subalpina, N., Dum. Stem erect, forked, leaves two-lobed to the middle, denticulate, lobes nearly equal, rounded, toothed, narrowly incumbent. Jungermannia subalpina, Nees ; Lind. Sp. Hep. 55. Scapania subalpina, Dumort. Rev. Jung. 14; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 465; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 226, 227; Cooke Hep. f. 41. In sub-alpine woods. var. undulifolia, Syn. Hep. p. 65. Stem more slender, radiculose be- neath, leaves broader, undu- late, lobes spreading. On rocks. Leaves denticulate towards the outside, equally distant, soft, imbricate, bifid nearly to the middle, lobes rounded, obtuse, nearly equal, closely incumbent (fig. 89). Perianth HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. much longer than the involucre, obovate from a narrow base, compressed, truncate, and toothed. (Plate 3, Jig. 35.} Scapania nimbosa, Tayl Stem erect, leaves ciliately dentate, two- lobed, dorsal lobule oblique-ovate, exceeding the breadth of the stem, ventral lobule oblong- ovate, spreading. Scapania nimbosa, Tayl. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. II., p. 115. (Cooke Hep. fig. 46 ?) Amongst moss, on mountains. Stems growing up through tufts of moss, red- dish brown, 2 to 4 inches long, loosely caespitose, erect, somewhat branched ; leaves, except at the very base, nearly of the same size, the lower lobe patent, or deflexed, and so the shoots have a squarrose appearance ; their texture is of very minute cells. The lower lobe obo- vate, rather acute, spreading ; the upper lobe smaller, obovate, nearly erect, somewhat imbricate, adpressed to the stem, the connection between the upper and lower lobes very short, margins ciliate. This was taken for .S. nemorosa at first ; but it differs in the taller size, the more deflexed lower lobes of the leaves, the slight join- ing between the lobes, and the more considerable and more distant ciliae of their margins. Taylor. 90. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIOE. Scapania undulata, L., Dum. Stem erect, rather forked, leaves unequally conduplicate, two-lobed, lobes entire, rounded, anterior much the smallest. Perianth with entire mouth. Jungermannia undulata, Linn. Sp. 1598; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 22; Engl. Bot. t. 2251. Scapania undulata, Dumort. Jung. p. 14; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 194, 34, 90, 91, 139, 260, 278, 291, 318, 387 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 21, 22, 1 60; Cooke Hep. fig. 42, 43. Wet places, among rocks. (Fr. May.) Growing in large closely-matted tufts. Stems I to 3 or 4 inches, simple, or once or twice (fig. 91) divided, with nearly erect dichotomous branches, dirty green, becoming almost black. Leaves bifari- ous, the lower ones small and more distant ; upper slightly imbricate, all spreading, decurrent, and half-embracing at the base, divided into two unequal vertical lobes (fig. 92) ; the lower one the largest, ad- pressed to the hinder part of the stem, the upper smaller by one-half, both roundish, sometimes a little pointed, slightly waved margin entire, or obscurely crenate in a few terminal ones, thin and delicate, dull green with a purplish K 2 132 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPAT1OE. tinge, to nearly black. Perigonial leaves almost the same, more crowded and imbricate, either entire or slightly crenate. Calyx narrow at the base, attenuate and cylindrical, compressed and incurved towards the mouth, which is truncate and entire. Capsule deep brown. Elaters bispiral. Scapania irrigua, M, Dum. Creeping, leaves deeply and unequally con- duplicate, two-lobed, lobes rounded, some- what mucronate, anterior twice as small, incurved at the apex, perichaetial leaves bifid, lobes equal. Jungermannia irrigua, Nees Eur. Leb. I., p. 193. Scapania irrigua, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 15; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 317,332, 383, 392, 454 57 5 Carr. and Pears. Exs. 93. Mixed with mosses. Stems creeping, leaves repand, rather rigid, deeply and unequally bilobate, lobes rounded and somewhat mucronate, the ventral adpressed ; the dorsal twice smaller, convex, incurved at the apex. Involucral leaves bifid, lobes nearly equal, denticulate ; perianth ovate, compressedly angular, mouth denticulate. (Plate 3, fig. 36.) Scapania umbrosa, Schr. y Stem somewhat erect, branched, leaves un- equally conduplicate, two-lobed, lobes acute, serrate, the larger ovate, strap-shaped, the smaller ovate. Perianth with an entire mouth. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. 133 Jungermannia umbrosa, Schrad. Samm. II., p. 3 ; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 24 and Suppl. 3 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2527; Gott. and Rab. Exs. Nos. 57, 355, 412, 425; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 20; Cooke Hep. fig. 51. Scapania umbrosa, Dum. Rev. Jung. p. 15. In mountainous districts. (Fr. April May.) Growing in small dense patches, amongst mosses. Stem short, generally not exceeding inch, erect, or ascendent, flexuous, pale reddish brown, simple, or once or twice dichotomous, with lateral innovations. Leaves bifarious, horizontal, imbricate, divided into two unequal adpressed vertical lobes, the inferior the largest, ovate, acute, recurved, and sharply serrated (fig. 93), serratures irregu- lar and half way down from the apex. Superior lobe not so large by two-thirds, rounded-ovate, acute, exterior surface convex, apex sharply and unequally ser- rated. Colour pale yellow-green, sometimes inclining to brown. Texture rather firm. Perichaetial leaves resembling the cauline ones, 93- but the inferior lobes more recurved, and the superior about half their size. Calyx cylindrical at the base, or ventricose, becoming depressed and quite flat at the mouth, which is truncate and entire. Capsule brown. Elaters bispiral. (Plate j, fig- 37-} 134 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Scapania nemorosa, L., Dum. Stem erect, leaves unequally conduplicate, two-lobed, lobes obovate, rather obtuse, ciliately toothed, anterior doubly small, perianth with a ciliate mouth. Jungermannia nemorosa, Linn. Sp. No. 1598; Eng. Bot. t. 607; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 21. Sca- pania nemorosa, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 14; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 92, 224, 279, 331 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 92. Shady banks and woods. (Fr. April, May.) Tufts 2 or3 inches diameter, compact, but not mat- ted. Stems rather stout, flexuose, brownish, nearly black, naked, creeping at the base. Shoots as- cending, i to 2 inches,simple or irregularly branched, branches spreading, recurved at the apex. Leaves rather distant, bifarious, alternate, increasing up- wards, decurrent on both aspects, unequally bilobed, parallel with each surface of the stem. Lower lobe obovate, obtuse or bluntly pointed, decurrent for some distance ; lobule equal to diameter of the larger lobe, cordate, acute, concave ; margins of both lobes closely ciliate-dentate. Colour pale green, or yellowish green, lower leaves brownish. Inflo- rescence generally dioicous, rarely autoicous. In- volucral bracts two. Perianth conspicuous, obovate, thinner and broader to the truncate ciliated apex. Calyptra pear-shaped, white. Capsule large, red- dish brown. Elaters bispiral. Antheridia axillary, olive green. Gemmae frequently present, at the HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 135 apices of growing stems, and terminal leaves* (Plate 3, fig. 38^ Scapania uliginosa, Sw., Dum, Stem erect, leaves unequally conduplicate, cordate, anterior reniform, reclinate. Perianth larger than the involucre, with an entire mouth, plicate, and triangular. Jungermannia uliginosa, Sw. Lind. Syn. Hep. p. 59. Scapania uliginosa, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 14; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 34, 193 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 161, 228; Cooke Hep. f. 44, 45. In sub-alpine regions, on rocks, &c. Leaves quite entire, rather rigid, deeply and un- equally bilobate, lobes rounded, ven- tral lobe convex, somewhat trans- verse, and spread- ing, dorsal lobe four times smaller, kid- ney-shaped, incum- bent (figs. 94, 95). Involucral leaves similar to the cauline, with the lobes quite entire, closely pressed to the larger lobe. Perianth larger than the involucre, when young plicate, triangular. Stem sometimes floating. Scapania curta, Mart., Stem ascending, leaves unequally condupli- 136 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. cate, two-lobed, lobes ovate, acute, denticulate. Perianth terminal, mouth ciliate. Jungermannia curta, Mart. Erl. p. 148; Ekart. Syn. Jung. p. 27, t. n, f. 89. Scapania curta, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 14; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 93, 393, 196, 382; Cooke Hep. fig. 52; Taylor Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. II., p. 115. In old woods on damp rocks. Stems subcaespitose, shortened, ascending, the lower leaves much the smallest, rather imbricate, toothed at the apex, the lower lobe obovate, nearly plane, the upper smaller, and acute (fig 96). Lower leaves rather square. Perianth terminal, compressed, and fringed at the mouth. 9<5. An extremely variable species. In Ireland it occurs in a great variety of situa- tions, on stones on mountain sides facing the north ; but its most favourite locality is in old woods on damp rocks. In some states it resembles 5. ne- morosa. var. p spinulosa Nees, Gott. and Rab. Ex. 196. Shoots longer, erect, recurved at the apex; leaves yellowish green, more closely imbricated; lobes ovate, acute, distinctly spinu- lose-dentate; inferior lobe convex, slightly recurved ; lobule obliquely ascending, half as large. y rosacea Corda, in Sturm II., 22, 23, t 29. Erecto-procumbent, claret-coloured, inno- HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 137 vant, furcate; leaves approximate, narrower; inferior lobe cultriform, shortly cuspidate, plane, or slightly concave; lobule about a third as large, obliquely ovate to cuneiform, acute, ascending ; margins entire, repand, or minutely denticulate. Shoots minute, ascending, simple or innovant, fasciculate ; leaves distichous, approximate, cleft for half their length into two unequal lobes ; inferior lobe obliquely obovate, apiculate, nearly plane ; lobule much smaller, subquadrate, acute, erectly spreading ; margins entire or subdentate ; perianth half-immersed, ovate, compressed, subplicate, apex truncate, inciso-dentate. Carrington. Scapania planifolia, Hook., Dum. Stem erect, simple, leaves unequally two- lobed to the base, conduplicate, ciliately toothed, posterior lobe larger, ovate, anterior lobe cordate, twice shorter, perianth with entire mouth. Jungermannia planifolia, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 67; Eng. Bot. t. 2695. Scapania plani- folia, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 14; Carr. and Pears. Exs. Nos. 162, 229 ; Cooke Hep. fig- 50. Moist rocky places. Growing in closely crowded patches of a dingy 138 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICJE. brown colour, mixed with mosses. Stems erect, 2 to 3 inches long, thread- like, flexuous, for the most part sim- ple, now and then forked, rigid, and brittle. Leaves quadrifarious, and imbricate on both sides of the stem, those at the back the largest, plane, distichous, vertical, widely ovate. Superior leaves scarcely half so large as the rest, obliquely adpressed to them, form nearly cordate, the whole are ciliately toothed at the margins, dark brown, the texture thin and membranaceous (fig. 97). Scapania aspera, Mull Dioicous. Stems simple, radiculose, leaves transverse, unequally bilobod, margin ciliate, epidermis minutely warted ; bracts larger than upper leaves; perianth projecting, compressed, mouth truncate, ciliate. Scapania aspera, Mull, and Bern. Cat. Hep. Sud-Ouest (188); Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 602; Journ. Bot. Dec., 1892, t. 329. On limestone rocks. (Plate j, fig. 39.) Dioicous, loosely depressedly csespitose, of a reddish or olive brown colour. Stems 2 inches long, simple or slightly branched, firm, blackish, recurved at the apex, naked at the base, radi- HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. 139 culose, rootlets few, whitish. Leaves transversely inserted, somewhat smaller and more distant below, contiguous or imbricate above, subsecund, unequally bilobed, margin ciliate-dentate, postical lobe more distinctly ciliate, about twenty-five cilia round the margin, antical lobe with five to ten more distant teeth, about half the size of the postical, convex, oval, triangular, rounded, or abruptly subacute, appressed to the stem ; postical lobe oval oblong, rounded or rarely abruptly subacute, reflexed ; texture somewhat firm, epidermis verruculose, several minute papillae to each cell, cells small or minute, subquadrate. Bracts rather larger than the upper leaves, lobes more equal, antical lobe rounded. Perianth projecting half beyond the bracts, obovate, com- pressed, mouth wide, truncate, spinosely ciliate. Male stems more slender, perigorual bracts en- closing leafy paraphyses along with the an- theridia. GENUS 20. DIPLOPHYLLUM, Dumort. Involucre small-leaved, leaves conduplicate, bilobate, margin entire, conforming with the true leaves. Perianth sessile, erect, free, terete, toothed at the apex. Capsule four- valved, coriaceous, naked; elaters geminate, naked, deciduous. Dumort. Rev. Jung. P. 15- Leaves without stipules, complicate, bilobate, anterior lobe smallest. 140 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Diplophyllum albicans, Vain., Dum. Stem erect, somewhat branched, leaves nearly bifarious, unequally bilobate, condupli- cate ; lobes rather acute, pellucidly vittate in the middle ; perianth terminal, obovate. Hcpaticoides albicans, Vaill. Par. t. 19, f. 5. Jungermannia albicans, Linn. Sp. 1599; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 25; Eng. Bot. t. 2240; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 13, 233, 247 ; Cooke Hep. f. 53. Diplophyllum albicans, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 48 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 23, 24, 230. In moist woods, hedge banks. (Fr. Mar. Apr.) Growing in large and densely-crowded tufts, 6 or 7 inches broad, or straggling amongst mosses ; stems i to 2 inches long, erect, simple, or once or twice dichotomous, often innovant, pale yellowish brown. Leaves in two opposite rows, more or less close, the lower part embracing and decurrent, divided to within one-third of the base into two un- equal vertical lobes; in- ferior the largest, oblong, acute, plane, a little scimi- tar-shaped ; superior lobe about half the size, oblong ovate, acute, closely adpressed diagonally to the inner side of the larger lobe, both serrated at the point. Colour sometimes deep, more usually pale yellowish green. Perichse- HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 141 tial leaves large, entirely sheathing with their base the lower part of the calyx, which latter is rather attenuated at the base, longitudinally plicate at the apex, mouth contracted and toothed. Capsule red- dish brown. Elaters bispiral (figs. 98, 99, 100). (Plate III., fig. 40.} Hooker's variety, procumbens, has a creeping habit, and grows on clay soil. Diplophyllum taxifolium, Wahl, Dum. Stem nearly erect, somewhat branched ; leaves bifarious, unequally two-lobed, con- duplicate, rather acute, toothed, without ribs, vittate ; perianth terminal, obovate. Jungermannia taxifolia, Wahl. Fl. Lapp, t. 25, fig. A-C. /. albicans v. taxifolia, G. L. and N. Syn. Hep. 76. Diplophyllum taxifolium, 142 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Dum. Rev. Jung. p. 16; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 231, 232. In mountains. (Plate III., fig. 4.1.) Diplophyllum Dieksoni, Hook., Stem ascending, simple ; leaves bifarious, unequally two - lobed, coriduplicate ; lobes narrowly ovate, acute, quite entire ; perianth terminal, ovate, mouth scarious, somewhat ciliate. Jungermannia Dieksoni, Hook. Br. Jung. t. 48; Eng. Bot. t. 2591; Cooke Hep. f. 55. Diplophyllum Dieksoni, Dum. Rev. Jung. p. 16; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 25. In Scotch and Irish mountains. (Fr. Aug.) Growing in small and densely-matted tufts. Stems to ^ inch long, thread-like, flexuous, a little procumbent at the base, the rest erect, un- divided, or rarely with a simple branch or innova- tion. Leaves more or less close, bifarious, spreading or horizontal, frequently secund towards the apex, deeply divided into two un- equal lobes or segments, the inferior twice the size of the superior, both of the same "" figure, narrowly ovate with acute apices (fig. 101), margins entire, or slightly HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 143 and irregularly toothed. Yellow green approaching to olive, lower leaves inclining to dirty brown. Perichaetial leaves resembling the cauline, erect, and embracing the lower part of the calyx. Calyx ovate, longitudinally plicate, mouth a little con- tracted, and toothed. Capsule ovate, longitudi- nally and transversely furrowed, pale bright red. Elaters bispiral. Diplophyllum minutum, Dicks., Dum. Stem erect, dichotomous ; leaves bifarious, nearly equally two-lobed, conduplicate ; lobes entire, acute ; perianth terminal, subsphaerical. Jungermannia minuta, Dicks. PI. Crypt. II., p. 13; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 44; Eng. Bot. t. 2231 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 36, 270, 290, 429, 439, 464. Cooke Hep. fig. 83. Diplo- phyllum minutum, Dum. Rev. Jung. p. 16; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 94, 95. Amongst mosses. (Fr. Spring and Summer.) In small loose patches, of a brownish green colour. Stems nearly erect, thread-like, flexuous, | to i inch long. Simple, or once or twice dichotomous, with long undivided branches, with occasional innova- tions, brownish, brittle when dry. Leaves rather distant, more so at the base, bifarious, horizontal, subquadrate, the upper ones di- 102. vided into two equal rather acute Lower leaves - lobes, becoming more unequal and acute as they 144 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. recede downwards, so that the basal leaves have a different appearance (fig. 102, lower leaves). Colour yellow green. Perichaetial leaves large, roundish, divided into two or three acute lobes or segments, paler than the cauline leaves. Calyx globose, and concealed, then obovate, a little plicate above, mouth contracted, and minutely dentate. Capsule reddish brown, striate. Elaters bispiral. (Plate 3, fig. 43.} Diplophyllum Hellerianum, Stem ascending, branched, leaves bifarious, two-lobed, conduplicate ; lobes acute, with a tooth at the base, perichaetial leaves serrate ; perianth terminal, obovate. Jungermannia Helleriana, Nees in Lind. Syn. p. 64; Ekart. Syn. Jung. t. 12, fig. 103; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 303 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 164. On trunks. Stems creeping, intricately interwoven. Leaves complicate-concave, lower spreading, somewhat as- cending, dimidiate, or bifid for a third part down, lobes equal, acute, entire or serrate ; involucral leaves bifid or trifid, spinulosely-serrate ; perianth ovate, contracted at the mouth. Stipules none. (Plate 3, fig. 42) Diplophyllum obtusifolium, Hook., Dum. Stem ascending, simple ; leaves bifarious, unequally two-lobed, conduplicate ; lobes HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 145 falcate, rounded at the apex ; perianth ter- minal, ovate. Jungermannia obtusifolia, Hook. Br. Jung, t. 26; Eng. Bot. t. 2511; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 149, 277; Cooke Hep. f. 54. Diplophyllum obtusifolium, Dum. Rev. Jung. p. 16. In mountain woods. (Fr. Mar. Apr.) Growing in dense matted tufts, 2 or 3 inches broad, firmly attached to the soil. Stems ascend- ing, or when crowded erect, seldom more than three or four lines long, simple, with innovations, dirty green (fig. 103). Leaves in two opposite rows, horizontal, rather closely imbricated, entirely con- cealing the stem, smaller at the base, somewhat rounded, divided about half way down into two unequal vertical lobes ; the inferior the largest, oblong, a little curved on one side, thus scimitar- shaped ; the superior ovate or oblong-ovate, closely adpressed diagonally to the larger lobe, both obtuse at their apices, and rounded, margins entire, except in a few terminal leaves, which are microscopically crenate. Perichaetial leaves larger than the rest, more erect, a little waved at the margins, enveloping the lower part of the calyx, which latter is ovate or obovate, erect, plicate in L 146 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. the upper half, mouth contracted, and cut into several sharp teeth. Capsule ovate, reddish brown. Elaters bispiral. Diplophyllum saxicolum, Schrad. Stem ascending, somewhat branched, leaves unequally two-lobed, entire, posterior lobe rounded, anterior three times smaller, acuminate. Perianth obtuse, 5-6 plicate. Jungermannia saxicola, Schrad. Samm. 97 ; Mart. Erl. t. 5, f. 34 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 12, 302 and bis; Carr. and Pears. Exs., No. 2 34> 2 35> 2 36; Diplophyllum saxicolum, Du- mort. Rev. Jung., p. 16. In sub-alpine regions. Stipules absent ; leaves deeply bifid, complicate ; lobes nearly equal, broadly ovate, entire, below closely imbricate, convex, rounded, apex of the stem innovant, with the leaves semi-terete ; fruit terminal on subdorsal innovations. Bracts two pairs, imbricate, a little smaller than cauline leaves, inferior pair broad, plicate, mostly trifid or subquadrifid, lobes sparingly and obtusely repand, dentate, superior ovate, acute, broadly rounded in the middle. Perianth ovate, obtuse, 5-6 plicate, with the angles between the folds rounded and obtuse, mouth laciniate. (Plate 3, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIOE. 147 Sub-tribe VI. EPIGONIANTHE&. Leaves succubous or transverse (never in- cubous). Flowers acrogenous. Perianth, when perfect, normally compressed from the side. Elaters dispirous, rarely monospirous. GENUS 21. LOPHOCOLEA, Dumort. Involucre small leaved, perichaetial leaves multifid. Perianth sessile, erect, cylindrical, three-cornered above, mouth three-lobed, cristate. Capsule four-valved, coriaceous, naked. Elaters double, naked, deciduous. Dumort. Hep. Eur. 83. Plants stipulate, leaves subcurrent, bifarious, flattened, divided. Perianth cristate. Lophocolea bidentata, L. Stem procumbent, branched ; leaves accum- bent, obliquely-ovate, bicuspidate, acuminate, sinus sublunate ; perichaetial leaves bipartite, laciniae acuminate, dentate. Stipules lacini- ate, segments linear. Perianth terminal. Jungermannia bidentata, Linn. Sp. 1598; Engl. Bot. t. 606 ; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 30 ; Musc.Britt. 235. Lophocolea Hookeriana, Nees Eur. Leb. II., 336. Lophocolea bidentata, Du- 148 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. mort. Rev. Jung. p. 17 ; Cooke Hep. f. 109; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 184. var. ft obtusata. Leaves obtusely emargin- ate, dark green; stipules multifidly divided. 104. fungermannia bidentata ft obtusata, Hook. Jung, figs. 30, 12, 13. var. y gracile, Carr. Irish Hep. t. 2, f. 6. Fronds creeping, attenuate, not larger than in f. bicuspidata ; leaves narrower at the base, ovate, divided half way down into two slender, curved segments ; stipules slender, bifid (fig. 104). var. alata, Nees. Some stems bear both entire and winged perianths, so that this state is not even entitled to rank as a variety. Plentiful in moist shady situations. (Plate 3, fig- 45-} Growing in more or less crowded patches of some inches diameter. Stems I to i inch long, procumbent, flexuose, branched, the branches often erect, towards the extremity simple, or with a short lateral shoot. Leaves close but scarcely im- bricated, in two opposite rows, plane or slightly HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 149 waved, horizontal, broadly ovate at the base, half surrounding the stem, the lower margin very de- current, divided at the apex for one-quarter or one- eighth of their length with a more or less acute sinus, into two equal sharp straight segments, the tips of which resemble cilia. Colour light green. Peri- chaetial leaves, the first pair are twice the length of the stem leaves, quite erect and adpressed, deeply divided into two equal lanceolate segments, which are sometimes dentate at the margin. Stipules, one to every pair of leaves, adpressed to the under side of the stem, oblong, generally divided into two, some- times three, segments, here and there dentate. Calyx sometimes slightly incurved in an early stage, ovate-oblong, obtusely triangular, mouth slightly contracted at first, afterwards somewhat expanded, with a deep incision on one side, and bordered with numerous laciniae. Capsule ovate, deep brown, longitudinally and transversely furrowed. Elaters bispiral. Lophocolea cuspidata, Limp. Stem procumbent, branched ; branches as- cending or erect ; leaves acutely emarginate, bidentate; teeth elongated, acuminate; stipules quadrifid; perianth terminal, tubulose, lacini- ate. Lophocolea bidentata ft cuspidata, Nees in Fw. Herb. II., 327. Lophocolea Hookeriana y prolifera, Nees. Lophocolea cuspidata, Limp. Leb. Krypt. Schl. p. 303 ; Carr. and Pears. 150 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Exs. No. 185. Jungermannia bidentata, Raddi. Etrusc. t. IV., fig. 6. On mountain rocks. (Plate j, fig. 4.6^) (Fr. April.) Leaves with the teeth longer than in L. biden- tata, more acute and straight. There has been some uncertainty about L. Hookeriana. Gottsche says that : " Hooker's figure of L. bidentata (t. 30, f. 7) shows a deeply divided involucral leaf, each lobe bidentate, which I have never seen in British or German examples, and which must be of rare occurrence, or depend on some mistake. Our German forms have the segments of the involucral leaves either entire, merely elongated cauline leaves, or they have a small tooth on one side, and the adjacent stipule is quadrifid." It was probably a mere local variety of L. bidentata, and not the above species. Lophocolea spicata, Tayi. Stem branched ; leaves horizontal, ovate, apex two or many toothed ; perichaetial leaves many toothed ; stipules free, bifid, dentate at the base, fruit terminal ; perainth prismatic, naked ; mouth torn and toothed ; perichaetial leaves two-toothed, serrate. Lophocolea spicata, Tayl., in Nees Syn. Hep. 167; Cooke Hep. fig. 113; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 263. Amongst mosses. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 151 Stem creeping, branched ; leaves ovate, some- what horizontal, diversiform, apex emarginately bidentate, or tridentate, with the middle tooth largest or multi- dentate (fig. 105). Stipules free, small, bifid, furnished with a small tooth sometimes about the base ; fruit terminal, perianth prismatic, the angles without wings, mouth laciniate, lacinise toothed, bracts larger, many toothed at the apex, sometimes with the dorsal margin serrate ; invo- lucral stipules ovate and bifid. Lophooolea heterophylla, Schr. Stem ascending, branched, leaves accum- bent, quadrate-rounded, entire, emarginate or obtuse ; perichaetial leaves external, two or three lobed, dentate ; stipules dissected ; perianth terminal, mouth cristate. Jungermannia heterophylla, Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1801, p. 66; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 31 ; Mart. Erl. p. 140, t. 3, f. 12. Jungermannia bicuspidata, Eng. Bot. t. 281. Lophocolea heterophylla, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 17; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 36; Cooke Hep. f. no. 112. On trunks. (Fr. Early Spring.) Growing in small loose patches, often amongst HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICE. moss. Stems procumbent, \ to | inch long, flexuous, extremity with the bran- ches erect, pale green. Leaves more or less close, in two opposite rows, horizontal, plane or slightly concave, round- ish ovate, half embracing at the base,and decurrent, variable at the apex (fig. io6,after Martius). Those nearest the base acutely divided one-fifth down into two acute segments, slightly divaricate. Those 106. in the middle obtusely emarginate, segments obtuse. Those near the apex entire and rounded. Sometimes all are nearly entire throughout. Colour, pale green. Perichaetial leaves remark- ably variable, in some they are entire, in others bifid, and entire, whilst others have the third pair obtusely emarginate, the second pair deeply emarginate, with acute points, and the first pair, varying with two or three acute ovate segments, unequally toothed. Stipules adpressed, oblong, bifid or trifid, segments divaricate, slightly toothed (fig. 1 08). Calyx obtusely triangular, mouth ex- panded and slit on one side. Elaters bispiral, cells compact (fig. 107). GENUS 22. CHILOSCYPHUS, Dumort. Involucre scale-like, many-leaved, every- where imbricate; perianth erect, cup-shaped, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. 153 terete, smooth, laterally 2-3 lobed ; calyptra equal or shorter, torn at the apex ; capsule four - valved, coriaceous, naked ; elaters double, naked, deciduous. Dumort. Syll Jung. 67 (^1831) ; Hep. Eur. 100, /. 3,/. 24. Plants with subcurrent, flattened, undivided leaves. Chiloseyphus polyanthus, Linn. Stem creeping, branched ; leaves rounded- quadrate, entire and emarginate, imbricate ; stipules linear, forked ; perianth short, hence split ; laciniae entire ; calyptra exserted. Jungermannia polyanthus, Linn. Sp. 1597 > Hook. Br. Jung., No. 62. Marsupella polyan- thos, Dumort. Comm. p. 114. Chiloseyphus polyanthos, Dumort. Syll. Jung. p. 67, t. I, f. 9; Cooke Hep. f. 106, 107. Moist and very wet places. (Fr. Apr. May.) The two forms of this species are : var. (3 rivularis, Nees. The most common form and the most typical. var. y pallescens, Linden. Of which Dr. Carrington writes that he sees no valid dis- tinction between this and C. polyanthus. Jungermannia pallescens, Nees Hep. Jav. p. 25. Chiloseyphus pallescens, Nees Hep. 154 HANDBOOK OP BRITISH HEPATIC^. Eur. p. 360. Jungermannia polyanthus, var. /8 Lindenb. Hep. Eur. 30. Growing in loose straggling patches, easily de- tached. Stems procumbent, or only ascending at the tips, thread-like, flexuous, I to 2 inches long, simple or irregularly branched, frequently innovant. Leaves closely, and alternately in two rows, some- what imbricate at the margins, horizontal (fig. 1 10), decreasing in size from the middle towards the base, as well as the extremity, nearly quadrate, angles obtuse, surface plane, or slightly convex, base decurrent at the lower margin, extremity entire in mostinstances,oftenemargin- ate, especially on the inno- vations, notch varying from obtuse to acute, pale green. Stipules narrowly lanceolate, divided nearly to the base into two entire subulate seg- ments (fig. 109). Perichaetial leaves small, ovate, obtuse, unequally serrate at the mar- gin, a few of these resembling scales at the base of the calyx. Calyx very short, scarce half so long as the calyptra, cylindrical at the base, compressed above, widely ovate, truncate, split into two lips, each of which laciniate at the margin, clefts unequal. Calyptra oblong-ovate, white, twice as long as the calyx. Capsule ovate, brown, furrowed. Elaters bispiraL 109. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC-E. 155 GENUS 23. PLAGIOCHILA, Dumort. Involucre diphyllous, somewhat conform- ing to the leaves, but larger ; leaves simple, flattened; perianth compressed at the sides, flattened, mouth oblique, truncate, dentate, or ciliate, somewhat lipped, hence split ; cap- sule four-valved, coriaceous, decussate, naked; elaters geminate, naked, deciduous. Dumort. Hep. t. i,/ ii. Leaves dimidiate, not conduplicate, nor auricu- late, without a dorsal lobule. Fructification terminal, or from the growth of innovations axillary. Autoicous or dioicous. Perianth laterally compressed, erect, or decurved at the apex; mouth obliquely truncate, bilabiate, entire, or ciliate. Involucral bracts two, erect. Pistillidia numerous. Capsule thick, four-valved. Elaters bispiral. Andraecium spiral. Perigonial leaves smaller, closely imbricate in two rows. Primary shoots leafless, creeping, with rootlets. Leaves succubous, distichous, or subsecund, dorsal margin decurrent, entire, ventral arcuate, entire, or cut. Amphigastria inconspicuous. Carr. Br. Hep. 51. Plagioehila asplenioides, VaW., Dum. Stem ascending, branched ; vertical leaves subcurrent, rounded-ovate, convex, slightly recurved, dentate ; perichaetial leaves revolute 156 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. at the margin ; perianth terminal, oblong, mouth ciliate. Hepatica asplenioides, Vaill. Bot. Par. p. 99. Lichenastrum asplenii, Dill. Muse. t. 69, f. 5, 6. Jungermanma asplenioides, Linn. Sp. 1597; Eng. Bot. t. 1061 ; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 13. Plagiochila asplenioides, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 43; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 20, 271, 320 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 87 ; Cooke Hep. f- 36, 37 J Carr. Brit. Hep. p. 55, t. iv., fig. 12. In moist woods, at roots of trees. var. a major, Carr. Shoots 2 to 4 inches; sparingly branched, leaves loosely imbricated, nearly horizontal, less rigid and convex, obovate, trapezoid, more or less closely denticulate ; perianth obconic. Eng. Bot. t. 1788; Hook. Jung. t. xiii. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 157 var. ft minor, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 88, 222. Shoots i to i inch, summit de- curved, densely caespitose, leaves erecto- patent, approximate, subsecund, roundish ; margins strongly reflexed, ciliately toothed, entire or emarginate ; perianth oblong. Form /8* humilis, Linbenb. Shoots attenuate, leaves ovate, entire, obtuse, or notched. Lichenastrum asplenii, Dill. Muse. t. 69, f. 6., A. B. C. Jungermannia Dillenii, Tayl. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. II., 316. Plagiochila asplenio- ides ft minor, form humilis, Carr. Br. Hep. P. 56- On sandy banks of streams in woods. Tufts wide, dark green ; stems about I inch high, sparingly branched, curved at the top. Leaves convex towards the anterior margin. Dillenius distinguished this from P. asplenioides. It may be recognised by the obovate leaves, which have no appearance of being truncate at the tips ; by their being more crowded, nearly vertical, dentate throughout ; by both their margins being recurved, and thence appearing convex in front, by their less patent position, by the greater length of their de- current bases, very essentially by their smaller cellules ; and by the mouth of the calyx having large crenulations, which are themselves denticulate. Besides the tufts are of a darker green, and the shoots more slender. Taylor. var. 8 devexa. Carr. Br. Hep. p. 56. Shoots 158 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. compressed, subcircinate i inch long, two or three times innovant-furcate ; leaves secund, roundish, ciliate-dentate, closely im- bricate, erect ; dorsal margin straight, strongly recurved, ventral projecting back- ward, so as to form a crest with the opposite leaves; perianth short, oblong, scarcely ex- ceeding the involucral leaves, and like them densely ciliate at the apex. The typical form occurs straggling amongst moss or forming dense tufts (fig. in). Primary shoots creeping, leafless, entangled. Secondary less rigid, paler brown, ascending, simple or dichotomous, innovant in older plants. Leaves bifariously im- bricated, alternate, horizontally patent, roundish, obovate, or trapezoid, with a broad rounded or truncate apex, dorsal margin decurrent, entire, reflexed, ventral rounded,dentate, or ciliate, superior aspect decidedly convex (fig. 112). Texture thin and semi-pellucid. Amphigastria general but distant and irregular, minute, subulate, bifid. Inflorescence normally dioicous, sometimes auto- icous or with male and fertile shoots springing from the same stolon. Involucral leaves slightly larger than those of the stem. Perianth laterally com pressed, from a narrow base, curved to one side. Calyptra pear-shaped. Capsule ovate, purplish- brown, lustrous. Spores spherical. Perigonial leaves six to eight pairs, closely imbricate in two rows. Antheridia in clusters of two to four, greyish-green. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 159 Plagiochila interrupta, N., Dum. Stem horizontally branched, leaves imbri- cate, oval, repand, obtuse, quite entire, margin plane; perianth terminal, oblong, mouth repand, crenulate. Jungermannia interrupta, Nees Leb. I., 165. Plagiochila interrupta, Dumrt. Hep. Eur. p. 44; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 48, 136, 516; Cooke Hep. f. 35 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 86 ; Carr. Br. Hep. p. 52, t. 3, f. n. In mountain woods, on dry shady rocks. var. pyrenaica, Spruce Hep. Pyr. No. 9. Pedinophyllum pyrenaicum, Spr. Trans. Bot. Edin. III., 200. Barren stems humifuse,serpen- tine-flexuous, horizontally branched ; leaves ovate-oblong, obliquely truncate, two, three, or four dentate; perianth obovate, mouth acutely dentate. Tufts broad, depressed, attached to the surface of rocks. Stems creeping, flexuous, simple or irregularly branched, olive-brown, purplish near the base, brittle when dry. Leaves elliptic, ovate, or subquadrate, distichous, alternate, horizontally imbricate; apex rounded and ob- tuse, retuse, or emarginate, dorsal margin scarcely decurrent (fig. 113). Amphigastria usual on the barren shoots, minute, 1-3 partite, segments subu- late. Inflorescence autoicous. Fertile shoots rare. l6o HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. Involucral bracts two, twice the size of ordinary leaves, ovate-oblong, emarginate. Perianth obovate, compressed, mouth broad, bilabiate, curved to one side. Calyptra campanulate. Capsule dark brown, spores reddish-brown, granular, i^p. diam. Andrae- cium terminal. Perigonial leaves closely imbricate, bilobate. Antheridia usually solitary. (Plate 3, fig> 47-) Plagfiochila spinulosa, Dicks .^ Dum. Stem erect, rather branched, leaves semi- vertical, obovate, recurved, dentately-spinu- lose ; perianth lateral and axillary, rounded- oblong, truncate, mouth spinulose. Lichenastrum pinnulis alternis, Dill. Muse. p. 489, t. 79, f. 14. Jungermannia spinulosa, Dicks. Crypt. II., p. 14; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 14; Eng. Bot. t. 2228. Plagiochila spinulosa, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 45 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 500 ; Cooke Hep. f. 32 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 89 ; Carr. Br. Hep. p. 60, t. iv., f. 14. var. 8 microphylla. Stems filiform, densely pulvinate, all the leaves minute. Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 90. var. procumbens, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 223. var. punctata. Carr. 1. c. Smaller, densely caespitose, repeatedlyramose, ultimate branches flagelliform ; leaves punctate, loosely im- HANDBOOK OF feRiTlSH HEPATICJE. 161 bricate, divergent, roundish-ovate, from a contracted base, apex and ventral margin spinose-dentate ; perianth axillary, obcordate, truncate, bilabiate, alae distinctly toothed, apex densely spinulose. Jungermannia punctata, Taylor Trans. Bot. Ed. I., 179. Form * flagellifera, Carr. Most of the branches flagelliferous, intertwined, fastigiate, naked or microphyllous, leaves not much broader than the stems, obovate - cuneate, patent, recurvo-convex, scarcely decurrent, 2-3 dentate ; amphigastria frequent. Plagiochila punctata, Tayl. Lond. Jour. Bot., 1844, p. 371. var. 8 inermis, Carr. 1. c. Closely tufted shoots slender, leaves roundish-ovate, ob- liquely retuse, or bidentate at the apex, mar- gins recurved, mostly entire. Either mixed with other hepaticae, and mosses, or forming dense cushion- like tufts on rocks, or invest- ing the trunks of trees. Rhi- zomes creeping, entangled, dirty brown. Stems upright or inclined, reddish-brown, simple or dichotomous, or in- novant from the axils of ter- minal leaves. Shoots I to 4 inches, with distant or closely imbricated alternate leaves. Barren shoots nearly equal throughout. Leaves broadly ovate, or obovate, M l62 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. rather distant, semi-vertically spreading, dorsal margin entire, decurrent, apex 2-3 dentate, ventral margin irregularly toothed, strongly recurved (fig. 114). Amphigastria usually present, distant and irregular. Inflorescence dioicous. Perianth later- ally compressed, bilabiate. Male shoots distinct, more slender. Andraecium terminal. Perigonial leaves six to twelve pairs. Antheridia oval, greyish- green in small groups. Fructification has never been met with in this country. Dr. Carrington regards the P, punctata> Taylor, as the typical form. " Like most plants propagated chiefly by rhizomatous shoots or gemmae, it exhibits great variety of aspect, and in the form and toothing of the leaves." Plagioehila tridentieulata, Tayl. Stem nearly erect, flexuous, somewhat branched, leaves semi-vertical, accumbent, remote, wedge - shaped, 2-3 partite, re- curved. Jungermannia spinulosa ft tridentieulata, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 14. Plagiochila triden- ticulata, Dumrt. Hep. Eur. 45 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 212; Carr. Ir. Hepat. t. xi., f. 5 ; Cooke Hep. 3334; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 15. In mountains. Either creeping loosely amongst tufts of other HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 163 hepatics, or forming dense fasciculate patches of a dark green colour. Stems about as thick as horse-hair, purplish black, rigid, polished, but flexuous ; shoots ^ to i inch, rarely 2 inches, long ; branches alternate, divaricate, of nearly uniform size. Leaves dis- tant, alternate, distichous, obovate, or wedge-shaped, contracted and scarcely decurrent at the base (fig. 116), bidentate at the apex, terminal leaves only are erect, dark olive or indigo-green, blackish when dry. Amphigastria gener- ally present, minute, distant, bidentate. Andraecium spi- cate, ovate. Perigonial leaves \H/ three to six pairs, larger than \ VH those of the stem, closely f\ \ ) imbricate, with many teeth. \ \ | / Antheridia one or two, pale <^~ \J olive yellow. Cells larger >^ \1 than in Plagiochila spinulosa ^^\ (fig. us). ^ " This appears to be a \ very distinct species. The shoots are flagelliform, II<5 - nearly equal throughout, stems black and rigid, leaves distant, patent, wedge-shaped, from a narrow basis, easily detached, usually bidentate at the apex, with an obtuse sinus." Plagioehila exigua, Tayl Stem filiform, serpentine, leaves vertical, M a 164 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. ovately wedge-shaped, spreading, divergent, subreflexed, plane, bifid, laciniae rather diver- gent, acute. Jungermannia exigua, Tayl. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. I., 179. Plagiochila exigua, Dum. Hep. Eur. 46 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 15 ; Carr. Br. Hep., p. 65, t. iv., fig. 13. On trunks, parasitic on other hepatics. Forming minute scattered, or dense tufts. About \ inch high, light green, usually caespitose, but when growing amongst other species decumbent ; shoots minute, naked at the base. Leaves distant, alternate, erect, then spreading, from a narrow base, wedge-shaped or obovate, bidentate at the apex, with an acute shallow sinus, lobes acute, divergent. Amphigastria generally present, minute, subulate, toothed on one side, or acutely bidentate. Taylor says it is closely allied to P. bidenticulata. from which it may be recognised by its smaller size, the shallower division of the leaves, their less acu- minated segments, by their being shorter, by their far smaller cells, by the weak connexion of the leaves to the stems, by the paler colour of the adult plants, more spreading leaves, and by the roots occupying a greater length of stem. (Plate 4, fig. #&> GENUS 24. APLOZIA, Dumort. Involucre two or three leaved ; perichaetial leaves undivided, entire, conforming to the stem leaves. Perianth sessile, erect, teicte, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 165 inflated, with a toothed mouth. Capsule four- valved, coriaceous, naked. Elaters double, naked, deciduous. Dumort. Syll. Jung. 47 (1831), as a sub-genus. Leaves undivided, flattened, subcurrent, or some- times transversal. Some species stipulate, but for the most part without stipules. Perianth various at the apex. Aplozia cuneifolia, Hook., Dum. Stem creeping, leaves distant, wedge- shaped, plane, entire at the apex, or obtusely emarginate, stipules bifid. Jungermannia cuneifolia, Hook. Br. Jung, t. 64; Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2700; Carr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. VII., 488; Cooke Hep. 91, 92. Aplozia cuneifolia, Dumort. Hep. Eur. p. 55. Coleochila cuneifolia, Du- mort. Hep. Eur. p. 106. Leptoscyphus cuneifolius, Mitt. Hook. Journ. III., 358. Parasitic on F. tamarisci. Very minute, resembling a conferva, scattered. Stems ex- tremely slender, thread-like, scarce exceeding \ inch, often smaller, undivided, brownish. Leaves throughout the whole plant distantly placed, spread- ing or erect, wedge-shaped, base decurrent, apex 118. 1 66 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/B. entire, or cut into a wide very shallow notch (fig. 117); margin everywhere entire, dull reddish olive or brown. Stipules closely appressed to the under side of the stem, small, ovate, divided more than half way down by an acute sinus into two sharp segments (fig. 118). Dr. Spruce believes that when the fructification has been met with this will be found to be a true species of Clasmatocolea. Aplozia Schraderi, Mart., Dum. Stem procumbent, rather branched, leaves bifarious, erect, orbicularly elliptic, entire ; perichaetial leaves undulate. Stipules trian- gular, awl-shaped. Perianth cylindrical. Jungermannia Schraderi, Mart. Fl. Erl. 180, t- 6, f. 55 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 101 ; Cooke Hep. f. 58. Aplozia Schraden, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 56. In moist woods. Collected in dense tufts, stems creeping and flexu- ous, radiculose, ascending, here and there branched, 119. Leaves densely imbricate , succubous, rather orbicu- lar, obliquely sessile at the base, or a little decur- HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 167 rent, quite entire (fig. 119). Stipules broadly subulate, in the older stems obsolete, hence sometimes described as absent. Bracts longer than the cauline leaves. Perianth cylindrical, sometimes slightly curved, mouth shortly lacinate. Aplozia crenulata, Sm., Dum. Stem creeping, branched, leaves rather re- mote, erect, orbicular, marginate, entire ; stipules none ; perianth terminal, obovate, compressed, quadrangular, mouth truncate. Jungermannia crenulata, Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 1463 ; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 57 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 68, 172, 219, 360, 406 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 26; Cooke Hep. fig. 59. Aplozia crenulata, Dumort. Hep. Eur. p. 57. Bogs and moist places. Growing in densely-matted patches of considerable extent. Stems about I inch long, filiform, flexuous, rarely simple, mostly once or twice irregularly divided, innovant Leaves rather distant on barren shoots, crowded and imbricated on fertile ones,erect, diminishing in size downwards, generally spreading, nearly orbicular, concave, with the margin plane, cells of the margin quadrate, forming a conspicuous border (fig. 120), colour green, dull olive, with the extremities and 1 68 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. terminal leaves purple. Perichaetial leaves similar, closely adpressed to the calyx, the calyx obovate, laterally compressed, with four longitudinal angles, which are prominent and acute when mature, mouth contracted and irregularly toothed. Capsule ovate, shining brown, longitudinally and transversely furrowed. Elaters bispiral. Aplozia graeillima, Sm., Dum. Stem creeping, fertile branches erect, leaves alternate, remote, amplexicaul, rounded ovate, concave, rounded marginate ; stipules none ; perianth terminal, cylindrical. Jungermannia gracillima, Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 2238 ; Carr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. VII., 447 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 248, 249 ; Cooke Hep. fig. 60. Aplozia gracillima, Dumort. Hep. Eur. p. 57. Jungermannia crenulata )3, Hook. Br. Jung. p. 37. Jungermannia Gen- thiana, Hubn. Hep. Germ. 107 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 68, 115, 384. On the ground. Not nearly so small as Lejeunia minutissima, and differing in the stem, clasping leaves, and more essentially in its perianth, which is terminal, cylindri- cal, obtuse, surrounded by several imbri- cated leaves, which are larger than the rest, and these as well as the perianth tinged with red. Stems very slender and pellucid, branched, creeping, somewhat zig-zag, clothed with small scattered pellucid, apparently fleshy, leaves, of a roundish HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 169 concave undivided figure (fig. 121), always more or less embracing the stem with their base, and desti- tute of any appendages. (Plate 4, fig, 60.) Dr. Carrington writes that : " Hooker describes this as not differing from A. crenulata except in size, but all the specimens I have examined are destitute of the conspicuous border cells, and the perianth is not compressed." Aplozia laneeolata, Z., Dum. Stem creeping, simple, leaves accumbent, oblong-elliptic, rounded, entire; stipules none ; perianth cylindrical, arcuate, apices depres- sedly plane. Jungermannia lanceolata, Linn. Sp. 1597 ; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 28 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 170. Liochlcena lanceolata, Nees Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 94, 438 ; Cooke Hep. f. 1 08. Aplozia lanceolata, Dum. Hep. Eur. 59. Woods and moist shady places. Growing in small dense clusters of a pale-green colour. Stems to inch long, pro- cumbent, simple, or now and then with one or two short lat- eral shoots. Leaves rather close, always spreading or hori- zontal, entire, ovate, with a broad and half-embracing 170 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC*. base, smaller towards the base of the stem, light yellowish green, varying to dirty brown (fig. 122). Perichaetial leaves larger and more oblong than the rest, concave at the base, upper part spreading. Calyx large, a little incurved, slightly thickened upwards, the apex depressed and flattened, mouth contracted, minute, and slightly toothed. Aplozia pumila, With., Dum. Stem ascending, simple ; leaves incumbent, elliptical-ovate, entire, perichaetial oblong, stipules none. Perianth terminal, fusiform, plicate, mouth denticulate, compressed front- ally. fungermannia pumila, With. Arr. III., 866; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 17; Eng. Bot. t. 2230; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 244, 237, 396, 198; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 102 ; Cooke Hep. fig. 68. Aplozia pumila, Dum. Hep. Eur. P- 59- On rocks. (Fr. May, June.) var. /? nigricans, Hook. Jung. t. 17, fig. 7-10. Stems branched, leaves more remote, turn- ing black. Forming small loose patches. Stems mcn long, wholly procumbent, or ascending at the ex- tremity, mostly simple, though occasionally divided. Leaves rather close, varying from horizontal to erect, ovate, approaching elliptical, sometimes HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICJE. iyi nearly round ; in fertile specimens the uppermost are the largest, barren ones the contrary, all of them concave, semi-embracing at the base, occasionally slightly not- ched at the apex (fig. 123). Texture thin and delicate, colour pale yellowish green. Perichae- tial leaves not differing, except that the two uppermost pairs are the largest of all, and more uniformly erect. Perianth lengthened at the base, broadest in the middle, and acuminate at the apex, where it is slightly plicate, mouth contracted, small, minutely toothed. Capsule ovate, deep brown. Elaters bispiral. The perianth is fusiform, with a minute orifice at the acute apex, obtusely biplicate above, with a narrow furrow between the folds. Aplozia eordifolia, Hook., Dum. Stem erect, branched, leaves incumbent, concave, cordate, entire, embracing the stem, stipules none ; perianth terminal and axillary, fusiform, plicate, compressed frontally, mouth denticulate. Jungermannia cordifolia, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 52 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2590 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 271, 341-344; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 27; Cooke Hep. fig. 67. Aplozia cordi- folia, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 59. 172 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Highlands, in moist situations. (Fr. Aut.) Growing in dense tufts, i or 2 inches across, of blackish appearance. Stems I or 2 to 3 inches long, flexible, erect, simple or more frequently irregularly dichoto- mous, branches simple, or with one or two lateral shoots. Leaves bifarious, rather distant, erect, or a little spread- ing, loosely imbricate, cordate, concave, margins embracing and concealing the stem (fig. 124), thin and membrana- ceous, dark olive, or blackish green, sometimes tinged deep purple. Peri- chaetial leaves like the cauline ones. Perianth oblong-ovate, lengthened at the base or fusiform, slightly plicate above, mouth small and indistinctly toothed, terminal and axillary. 124. Aplozia lurida, Dumort. Stem creeping, fruit-bearing, ascending, leaves incumbent, rounded, entire, superior closely imbricate ; perichaetial leaves very broad, stipules none. Perianth terminal, ovate, dentate. Jungermannia scalaris, Web. and Mohr. Crypt, p. 419. Jungermannia pumila, Lind. Syn. Hep. 69, t. 2. Jungermannia nana, Nees Eur. Leb. 1317; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 287, 512; Cooke Hep. f. 63, 64. Junger- mannia lurida, Dum. Syll. Jung. p. 50 ; Carr, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 173 and Pears. Exs. No. 166. Aplozia litrida, Dumort. Hep. Eur. p. 60. " Stems caespitose, i to ^ inch long, innova- tions arising below the apex, slender, terete. Stems ascend- ing or erect, pale green, clothed with white radicles ; branches slen- der ; leaves round or roundish -ovate ( fig. 126), erect, clasping; perianth obtuse, pli- cate, quadrangular (fig. 125) ; mouth small, four - toothed, capsule globose. Cells large, pellucid, those of the margin somewhat larger." Possibly not distinct from Aplozia sphcerocarpa. 126. Aplozia sphasroearpa, Hook., Dum. Stem ascending, simple, leaves rather re- mote, accumbent, orbicular, entire ; stipules none, perianth terminal, cylindrically ovate, quadrifid. Jungermannia sphcerocarpa, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 74; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 186; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 167 ; Cooke Hep. figs. 65, 66. Aplozia sphcerocarpa, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 61. In damp places. (Fr. Early Spr.) 174 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Growing in rather dense pale -green tufts. Stems about inch long, ascending, thread-like, waved, and simple, attached by white radicles. Leaves distantly and bifariously placed, in barren shoots smallest at the base and ex- tremity, in fertile largest to- wards the calyx, orbicular, a little concave and de- current, mostly horizontal, spreading, sometimes to- wards the apex, erect (fig. 127), pale green. Perichaetial 'leaves more ovate, always I28> larger. Calyx oblong, in- clining to obovate, without angles, cut at the apex into four large acute teeth (fig. 128). Capsule spherical, brown, shining. Elaters short, bispiral. Aplozia riparia, Tayl., Dum. Rooting, leaves obovate, obtuse or subemar- ginate, perichaetial saccate, spreading, squar- rose. Perianth pear-shaped, plicate at the apex, compressed frontally, mouth contracted, den- ticulate. Jungermanniariparia,Ta.y\. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. II., 43 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 428 ; Cooke Hep. fig. 69. Aplozia riparia, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 63. var. minor, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 168, 169. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPAT1CAC. 175 Stems procumbent, branched. Leaves scarcely overlapping, embracing the stem at their base, roundish or oblong, concave, and not toothed at the margin. Calyx terminal, obovate, plaited at the apex. Leaves more distant, concave, broader and rounder than in Aplozia pumila.) with larger cells (fig. 129). It may be distinguished from A.pumila, with which it was long confounded, by the paler colour, larger size, the leaves more distant, amplexicaul, more con- cave, broader and rounder, their cells much larger, the calyx less exserted out of the perichaetium, the calyx never acuminate, and the calyx dis- tinctly plicate above. From Aplozia sphcerocarpa it differs by the larger and more procumbent stems, the calyx plicate above, longer and less wide, the leaves not exactly orbicular, but rather terminating in the figure of a parabola. Taylor. This species varies much in the form of the perianth and leaves, the frontal compression of the perianth is slight, but perceptible. (Plate 4, fig. 4.9.} GENUS 25. JUNGERMANNIA, Linn. Involucre small-leaved, perichaetial leaves many times cut, dissimilar to stem leaves. Perianth sessile, erect, terete, inflated, mouth contracted and toothed. Calyptra free, within the perianth. Capsule four-valved, coriaceous, naked. Elaters double, naked, deciduous. Dumort. Hep. Eur. 68., t. ii.,/ 19. 176 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPAT1C/E. Plants stipulate, or without stipules, leaves sub- current, flattened, divided. Jungfermannia Bantriensis, Hook. Stem nearly erect, simple, leaves rounded- ovate, lunately emarginate, two-toothed, plane, perichaetial leaves similar, stipules small, lan- ceolate, awl-shaped, incised, dentate ; perianth naked, obovate, mouth ciliate-toothed. Jungermannia Bantriensis, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 41, note ; Cooke Hep. fig. 70; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 305 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 246. Jungermannia bidentata var. Bantriensis, Hook. Br. Jung. Syn. p. 16., Suppl. t. 3. var. major, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 105. Plants forming dense tufts or patches ; in habit much resembling/, cordifolia. Stems mostly erect, flexuose, simple, or sparingly dichotomous, with suberect branches, sometimes more procumbent, with divaricate branches. Leaves secund, far rounder in outline, and attached by a narrower base than in J. bidentata, gradually increas- ing in size from base to summit of stem, terminal ones three times the size of the lowest, all emarginate, or more rarely tridentate, with obtuse, acute, or apiculate segments ; the lower with a lunulate sinus, and entire margin ; the upper subacutely and often irregularly emarginate, angular or toothed at the margins. Colour varies from yellowish green to deep olive, never whitish. Leaves of branches and innovations narrower, more deeply HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^ 1 ,. 177 and acutely cloven than the rest ; on procumbent stems seldom secund, but merely incurved or even spreading. Stipules minute, seldom broader than the stem, variable, usually lanceolate-awl-shaped, with one or more lateral teeth, sometimes entire, rarely bifid, never twisted. Inflorescence dioicous. Male plants in separate tufts, stems antheriferous in their upper half ; perigonial leaves acutely divided above into three incurved unequal teeth, each leaf en- closing one to four anthers. Female flowers terminal, without proper perichsetium. The calyces, which contain only pistilla, are pear-shaped, but, when full grown, nearly cylindrical, depressed above, and terminating in a narrow tubular, ciliated mouth ; destitute of furrows or folds, the transverse section always circular. Calyptra obovate, narrower than the calyx, and perfectly free. Peduncle thicker than in /. bidentata. Capsule smaller, more spheri- cal, the valves of a deep purplish brown hue. Seeds slightly smaller, and spiral filaments shorter. The fructification of J. scutata differs, in that it is lateral, with a perichaetium of two to six leaves, en- tire, or variously cut at the extremity, and far smaller than the stem leaves, and the calyx is obovate with a trigonous toothed mouth. The calyptra is of equal width with the calyx, and adheres to its sides. Spruce. (Plate 4, fig. 30.} Jungermannia Kunzeana, Huben. Stem ascending, rooting without flagelli; leaves bifarious, spreading, acutely emarginate, bilobed, lobes erect, obtuse, incurved; stipules bipartite, awl-shaped, entire. 178 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Jungermannia Kunzeana, Hubn. Hep. Germ. p. 115; Tayl. Hook. Journ. 1845, 2 ?8 ; Dum. Hep. Eur. 69 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 237, 238. Jungermannia plicata, Hartm. Fl. Scan. II., p. 90 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 394. On sub-alpine moors. Growing in dense olive -brown patches. Stems about I inch long, erect, or ascending, simple or dichotomous, attached from the under side by hair- like radicles ; leaves almost vertical, crossing the stem, spreading, roundish, quite entire, all pointing upwards, obtuse, complicate, bifid with a narrow sinus, some near the top trifid, the laciniae obtuse, incurved, reticulate with large areolae ; stipules bipartite, rather rigid, spreading, entire, of the same texture as the leaves ; laciniae lanceolate, divergent, with a few spinous teeth at the base, sometimes one or two above the base. Lateral perichaetial leaves quadrifid. Perianth convex above, deeply channelled below, peduncle four times as long as the perianth. Capsule oblong- ovate. (Plate 4, fig. 59.) Jung-ermannia Muelleri, Nees. Stem ascending, rather branched ; leaves imbricate, plane, obliquely ovate, emarginate, bidentate ; laciniae straight, acute ; perichaetial leaves ciliately toothed ; stipules two or tri fid, rather ciliate at the base; perianth cylindrical, mouth rostrate, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC.^. 179 Jungermannia Muelleri, Nees in Lind. Syn. p. 39 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 58, 147, 148, 154, 227, 395. Jungermannia ban- triensis, var. Muelleri, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 247. On stones, limestone rocks, and amongst moss. Stem creeping, ascending at the apex, flexuous, innovant, leaves semi-vertical, orbicular, repand, emarginate, bidentate, with a narrow sinus ; laciniae unequal, acute or obtuse ; involucral leaves larger, spreading at the apex, bifid, embracing at the base, more or less ciliate, dentate. Stipules lanceolate, bifid or trifid, or pinnately ciliate, subulate at the tips. Perianth subcylindrical, even, mouth plicate, rather mucronate. (Plate 4., fig. 5.) Jung-ermannia attenuata, Lind. Stem ascending, nearly simple ; lower leaves accumbent, subquadrate, emarginate- trifid ; upper leaves incumbent, rounded, tri- crenate, concave; perichaetial leaves subtrifid ; stipules ovate, entire; perianth cylindrical, terminal. Jungermannia barbata ft minor, Hook. Br. Jung. t. 70, f. 18-22. Jungermannia attenuata, Lind. Syn. Hep. 48 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 74. On the ground, rocks or trunks. Stem ascending, with a few radicles, fasciculately N 2 l8o HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICJE. innovant about the apex, innovations subcylin- drical, primary leaves semi-vertical, oblique, spread- ing, roundish, for the most part concave, two or four toothed, teeth acute, nearly equal, inflexed when dry, on the innovations closely imbricate, ovate, nearly quadrate, irregularly two to four toothed ; stipules none, or subovate, bifid, segments entire, involucral leaves two, tridentate, spreading. Peri- anth terminal, oblong, plicate at the apex. (Plate 4, fig- 52.) Jungermannia barbata, Schr. Stem ascending, branched ; leaves sub- quadrate, 3-5-fid ; perichaetial leaves similar ; stipules bipartite, laciniate ; perianth oval, terminal. fungermannia barbata, Schreb. Spic. 107; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 70; Cooke Hep. f. 87, 88; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 244. fungermannia quinquedentata, Huds. Angl. p. 511 ; Engl. Bot. t. 2517. var. j3 Flcerkii, W. and M. Mart. Erl. p. 144, t. 4, f. 17 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 106, a. b. Leaves connivent ; laciniae of the stipules awl- shaped, very long. var. a quinquedentata, Nees Eur. II., p. 196; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 107. Leaves with the teeth rather obtuse ; stipules minute. In woods and heathy places. (Fr. April.) Growing in more or less densely-crowded patches, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 181 130. of unequal size. Stems I to 2 or 3 inches long, not really branched but innovant, filiform, greenish. Leaves vari- able in closeness, sometimes densely imbricate, at others distant, distichous, alternate, spreading, or erect, subquad- rate, slightly decurrent at the base, divided at the apex into three, sometimes two, often four, large triangular teeth (fig. 130), not always equal ; the inferior one usually smallest, frequently incurved, or con- duplicate, the rest expanded, entire, mostly acute at the apex, sometimes acuminate, or spi- nose. Besides these large teeth, a very minute one at the base of the upper margin of the leaf near its insertion. Usually pale or bluish green. Stipules one to each pair of leaves, variable in size. Widely lanceo- late, divided three-fourths down into two narrow acuminate segments, again cut at the margin into teeth or laciniae (fig. 131). Perigonial leaves crowded, scarcely different from the cauline ones, but more convex, with a swollen or ventricose base. Perichaetial leaves three or four, round the base of the calyx, rather roundish, concave in the inside, quadrifid at the apex, segments very sharp, with a small spiny tooth on one side. Calyx nearly spherical, then obovate, plicate above, mouth contracted, sharply irregularly toothed. Capsule dark brown. Elaters bispiral. 1 82 HANDBOOK OP BRITISH Jungermannia lyeopodioides, Waiir. Stems prostrate, rooting ; leaves divergent, suborbicular, margin repand, five - toothed, teeth nearly equal, plane, rather obtuse ; stipules thick, lanceolately bifid, margin ciliate. Jungermannia lyeopodioides^ Wallr. Crypt. Germ. III., 76; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 243. fungermannia barbata var. lyeopodioides , G. L. and N. Syn. p. 125. On clay soil and amongst moss. Stem prostrate, rooting, nearly straight and rigid, with a few furcate innovations ; leaves semi- vertical, imbricate, plane, divergent, broadly em- bracing the stem, transversely orbicular, pallid green, soft, lobately 3-5 dentate, lobes nearly equal, rounded, mucronate, reclined upwards ; involucral leaves ventricose, embracing, 4-5 dentate, teeth acuminate. Stipules close, sub-imbricate, bipartite or bifid, and the acuminate laciniae often to the middle ciliately dentate. Perianth terminal, or by innovations subdorsal, oval, plicate. (Plate ^, fig- 58) Dr. Carrington seems to think that J. Lyoni should be referred as a variety to this species. ** Stipules none. Jungermannia Lyoni, TayL Stems ascending, rather branched ; leaves HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 183 subquadrate, recurved, trifid ; perichaetial leaves rather long ; perianth lateral, ovate, plicate ; stipules none ; fruit at length lateral. Jungermannia Lyoni, Tayl. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. I., p. 116, t. 7; Spruce Trans. Bot. Edin. III., 204; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 31. Amongst moss. (Plate 4, fig. j"j.) Stems 2 or 3 inches long, erect, or ascending, with entangled short, flat, simple, pale yellowish roots, along the inferior side. Colour of stems dark chest- nut brown when dry, paler above when wet. Leaves pale brownish yellow, with a slight greenish hue when moist, rounded quadrate, half embracing, concave at the base, divided at the outer side into three (rarely four) laciniae, middle tooth usually smallest. Perichaetium of two leaves, the lower quad- rind, the upper five or six fid, both recurved ; calyx swollen and smooth, cylindrically obovate, about five plaits at the top, mouth shortly ciliate. Capsule oblong-rounded, pedicel short. Easily distinguished from J. barbata by the absence of stipules, more oblong calyx, less concave leaves, which are less imbricated, and subsquarrose. It differs from J. incisa by its greater size and ascend- ing stems, by the leaves being rounded anteriorly, and having the lower laciniae reflexed, by the more tumid and less plicate calyx, by the squarrose perichaetial leaves, by the greater distance between the leaves, and their paler colour. Taylor. Jungermannia socia, Nees in Syn. p. in, appears in British lists apparently on 1 84 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. account of Jungermannia Lyoni, TayL, having been referred to it in the synopsis, whilst Dr. Carrington regards Taylor's species as a form of Jungermannia lycopodioides. We have been unable to trace the typical Jungermannia soda as British. Jung-ermannia exsecta, Schmid. Stem nearly erect; leaves bifarious, spread- ing, concave, acute, margin one -toothed, emarginate ; perichaetial leaves four-fid ; stipules none; perianth terminal, plicate. Jungermannia exsecta, Schmid. Ic. 244, t. 62, f. 2; Hook. Br. Jung., No. 14, Suppl. t. i ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 130, 177, 358; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 108, Cooke Hep. f. 85. On boggy heaths. Forming small scattered patches, somewhat stel- lately disposed, pale yellowish green. Stems pros- trate, \ inch long, fra- gile, simple, or rarely with a small shoot at the base. Leaves imbricated in two opposite rows, spreading or horizon- tal, gradually becom- ing smaller towards the base, where they closely surround and HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICiE. lS$ embrace the stem, ovate in figure, concave, or con- duplicate, very acute at the apex, furnished in the middle of the upper margin with a strong sharp tooth, pointing a little upwards (fig. 132). Fruit ter- minal. Calyx oblong-ovate, cut at the mouth into four obtuse teeth. Capsule ovate. Elaters bispiral. Gemmae abundant in December and January, of a deep orange colour. Jungermannia alpestris, Schl. Stems creeping, nearly simple ; leaves ac- cumbent, ovate, subquadrate, obliquely two- toothed ; laciniae acute ; perichaetial leaves bi- or tri-fid, erect, entire ; stipules none ; perianth oblong, terete; mouth obtusely plicate. Jungermannia alpestris, Schl. Exs. ii., 59; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 190, 264, 265, 304, 3046 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 109 ; Cooke Hep. fig. 78. Densely caespitose in Alpine regions. var. gelida, Tayl. Hook. Journ. IV., 1845, p. 277; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. no. Stem ascending, i inch long, flexuous, apex innovant; leaves approximate, erect, spread- ing, secund, subrotund, bifid; lobes unequal, rather acute, incurved, entire. 1 86 HANDBOOK OP BRITISH HEPATICE. Jungermannia gelida, Tayl. Journ. Bot. 1845, p. 277. Stems interwoven, creeping, ascending at the apex, flexuous, bifidly-branched, and rather rigid ; leaves semi-vertical, secund, ovate, approaching quadrate, oblique, with a broad obtuse sinus, obliquely bidentate (fig. 133) ; laciniae unequal, acute, or mucronate, distant, very much inflected in drying; stipules none ; in- volucral leaves broader, erect, bifid or trifid. Perianth twice as long as the involucre, oblong, even, mouth obtuse, complicate, capsule oval. Male inflorescence spi- cate, involucral leaves saccate at the base, bidentate at the apex. Jungermannia intermedia, Lind. Stem ascending, rather branched ; leaves bifarious, erect, suborbicular, acutely two- lobed, segments acute ; perichaetial leaves 3-5 lobed, incised, dentate, adpressed, connate at the base; stipules none; perianth terminal, obovate. Jungermannia excisa v. crispa, Hook. Br. Jung., p. II, Sup. 2. Jungermannia inter- media, Lind. Syn. Hep. p. 83 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 60, 144, 312 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 30; Cooke Hep. fig 81. Stems creeping, simple or rather branched, the HANDBOOK of BRITISH HEPATIC,*:. 187 short branches thickened at the apex, leaves semi- vertical, closely imbricate, rather concave, quadrate, or roundish, loose, reticu- late, the lower lunately, the upper deeply and obtusely emarginate, bi- or tri-fid, laciniae unequal and acute (fig. 134). Bracts trifid or quadrifid, rather serrate, connate at the base, thus ternate or quaternate. 134. Perianth short, ovate-triangular, plicate, mouth denticulate. Stipules absent. Jungermannia capitata, Hooke. Stem prostrate, simple ; leaves erect, rounded-quadrate, lower bifid, the rest and perichaetial leaves 3-4-fid ; stipules none ; perianth terminal, ovate. Jungermannia capitata, Hook. Br. Jung., t. 80 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 242 (variety). On turfy soil. Growing in small pale-green patches, stems ^, rarely , inch long, almost always simple, greenish, with numerous pellucid radicles. Leaves rather closely ranged in two rows, sometimes spreading or nearly horizontal, generally nearly erect, roundish, approaching quadrate, those at the base smallest and bifid, the rest increasing in size upwards, and trifid or quadrifid, segments unequal, a little waved and acute. At the very i88 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. apex, particularly of the sterile shoots, the leaves are collected in a head or cluster, colour pale yel- lowish green. Perichaetial leaves large, with four or five very unequal, incurved segments. Calyx oblong-ovate, greenish, diaphanous above and pli- cate, mouth somewhat contracted, and unequally toothed. Capsule ovate, dark brown, four-valved. Elaters bispiral, attenuated in both directions. (Plate 4, fig. 54) Jungermannia ventrieosa, Dicks. Stem ascending, rather branched ; leaves accumbent, subquadrate, obtusely emarginate, concave; perichaetial leaves adpressed, 3-4- fid ; stipules none; perianth ventricose. Jungermannia ventrieosa, Dicks. Crypt. II., p. 14. Hook. Br. Jung., t. 28; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 184, 185. ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 171; Cooke Hep. f. 77. In woods. (Fr. Spring.) Sometimes growing in dense patches, at others scattered amongst Sphagnum. Stems \ to f inch long, procumbent, rarely simple, more frequently once or twice branched, the branches bearing in- novations. Leaves rather close, but scarcely imbricate, in two op- posite rows, spreading, with the lateral margin HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 1 89 more or less incurved, subquadrate, widely and obtusely notched at the apex, with the points acute, and sometimes involute (fig. 135) ; the lower ones cleft into three, or more rarely four, teeth, which are frequently unequal. Perichaetial leaves closely embracing the calyx, cut at their apex into three, four, or five acute, unequal teeth. Fruit terminal. Calyx at first spherical, and afterwards oblong-ovate, plicate towards the apex, mouth contracted and minutely toothed. Capsule deep brown, furrowed ; elaters bispiral. Dr. Gottsche says that this species may always be distinguished from its allies by the violet colour of the cortical layer of the stem. Jungermannia porphyroleuea, Stem creeping, rather rigid; leaves ovate, bifid ; lobes unequal, rather obtuse ; peri- chaetial leaves multifid, attenuated at the base, subconnate ; stipules none ; perianth club- shaped, plicate at the apex, mouth den- ticulate. Jungermannia excisa, Fl. Dau. t. 1715, f. I ; Ekart. Syn. Jung. X., f. 79. Jungermannia porphyroleuea, Nees Eur. Leb. II., 78 ; Gott. and Rab. Hep. Exs. No. 184, 185, 288; Carr and Pears. Exs. No. 172. On trunks and amongst moss. Stem serpentine, creeping, radiculose, alternately branched, rather rigid, leaves semi-vertical, spreac 1 1 90 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. ing, or rather ascending, nearly plane, or rarely concave, oval, or quadrate, entire, minutely reticu- late, the lower lunately, the upper deeply and ob- tusely emarginate, two or three toothed, with rather obtuse, unequal laciniae. Bracts wedge- shaped, at the base convolute, and mostly connate, spreading at the apex, plane, palmately trifid, with the laciniae bifid, bracteoles small, linear, subulate, bifid or trifid. Perianth oval, plicate above, mouth denticulate. Stipules absent. {Plate 4, fig. 55.) Jungermannia excisa, Dicks. Stem prostrate, simple; leaves accumbent, subquadrate, lunately marginate ; perichaetial leaves subtrifid, plicate; stipules none; peri- anth terminal, cylindrical, plicate; mouth open, dentate, coloured. Jungermannia excisa, Dicks. Crypt. III., t. 8, f. 7; G. L. and N. Syn. p. 112; Spruce Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. III., p. 206. This species has long been a mystery, apart from Dickson's figure. Spruce wrote in 1849: "I fear J. excisa, Dicks, t. 8, f. 7, will have to be entirely erased from the list of Hepaticss. I have spent much time in the attempt to ascertain what it really is, but without success, &c." Subsequently Dr. Car- rington wrote: "I quite concur with Mr. Spruce that we have no such British species as /. excisa'' He proceeds to enumerate, as Spruce had previously done, the varieties of other species, which were supposed to be referable to J. excisa. (Trans. Bot. Ed. VII., p. 448.) HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 191 Jungermannia bierenata, Schm. Stem procumbent, subsimple, leaves erect, rounded-ovate, acutely emarginate ; laciniae acute ; perichaetial leaves subtrifid, adpressed, rather serrulate ; stipules none, perianth oval. Jungermannia bicrenata, Schmid Anal., p. 247, t. 64, fig. i; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 127, 187, 310,411, 495; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 1 1 1 ; Cooke Hep. f. 79, 80. Junger- mannia excisa, EngL Bot. t. 2497, Ekart. Jung. t. ii, f. 93- On sandy soil, &c. Stem creeping, short, somewhat proliferous ; leaves semi-vertical, densely imbricate, connivent above, concave, ovate, or roundish, reticulate,bidentate, with an acute sinus, the laciniae also acute, margins en- tire ; involucral leaves a little larger, adpressed, acutely bifid or trifid, some- what serrulate ; perianth terminal, ovate, plicate, mouth ciliately toothed, connivent (figs. 136, 137). 137 192 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. Jungfermannia turbinata, Raddi. Stems spreading on the ground ; leaves suborbicular, loosely reticulate, obtusely bi- dentate ; perichaetial leaves axe-shaped, bidentate ; perianth turbinate. Jungermannia turbinata, Raddi. Jung. Etrus. t. III., f. 2, 3 ; Dumort. Hep. Eur. 79 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 103, 104, 240. Jungermannia corcyrcea, G. L. and N. Syn. p. 103. In mountain regions. Stem creeping, ascending, loosely radiculose, somewhat branched ; leaves semi-vertical, spread- ing, orbicular, repand, and wavy, loosely reticulate, narrowly bifid, sinus obtuse as well as the laciniae. Involucral leaves axe-shaped, unequally bidentate, spreading at the apex, convolute at the base ; perianth obconical or top-shaped, even, obtuse. (Plate 4, fig. 56^ Jungermannia incisa, Schrad. Stem procumbent, nearly simple, com- pressed, leaves accumbent, concave, quadrate, undulate, subtrifid, incised; perichaetial leaves, 3-4-fid, denticulate; stipules none; perianth terminal, obovate, mouth torn. Jungermannia incisa, Schrad. Samm. 2, p. 5 ; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 10; Eng. Bot. t. 2528; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 228, 229, 407, 487 ; HANDBOOK OF SRITISH HEPATIOE. 193 Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 241 ; Cooke Hep. fig. 82. In moist places, bogs, &c. (Fr. Winter and Spring.) Forming small dense patches of pale green, firmly attached to the ground by numerous radi- cles. Stems prostrate, inch long, generally simple ; leaves rather distant at the base, become larger and more approximate upwards, subquadrate, a little embracing and de- current at the base, an- terior margin a little involute ; apex three or four toothed, segments unequal, crisped and dis- torted, their margins frequently toothed (fig. 138). Perichaetial leaves trifid or quadrifid, the segments more equal than in the stem leaves. Fruit ter- minal. Calyx obovate and plicate, contracted, and torn at the mouth. Calyptra obovate, whitish. Elaters bispiral. Gemmae produced in December and January. Jangermannia Pearsoni, Spruce. Dioicous, small, stem furcate. Leaves dis- tant, transverse, broadly wedge-shaped, com- plicately keeled, deeply bifid, segments erect, parallel to the stem, ovate, acuminate. Male inflorescence in the middle of the stem or branches. 194 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Jungermannia Pearsoni, Spruce Journ. Bot., Feb., 1 88 1, p. 33; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 165, 239. On wet rocks. (Plate 4, fig. 57-} Dioicous, small, depressedly caespitose, lurid green, resembling Cephalozia divaricata. Stem 8 mm. long, flaccid, twice, or rarely more, fur- cate, radicles very rare. Leaves distant, rarely con- tiguous, transverse, broadly wedge-shaped, compli- cately keeled, bifid three-quarters down, keel making a broad angle with the stem ; segments suberect, nearly parallel to the stem, rather plane, ovate, subacuminate, acute or rather obtuse ; cells minute, subquadrate. Andraecia placed in the middle of the stem or branch ; bracts few, three to four, larger than the leaves, crowded, base turgid, sometimes with an antical incurved tooth ; anthe- ridia large, solitary on long pedicels. Jungermannia orcadensis, Hook. Stem erect, nearly simple ; leaves bifarious, incumbent, appressed or rather spreading, ovate, obtusely emarginate, margin revolute ; stipules none. Jungermannia orcadensis, Hook. Br. Jung. t. 71 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 40, 399, 400; Cooke Hep. f. 76 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 245. Mesophylla orcadensis, Dumort. Hep. Eur. p. 130. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICiE. 195 In mountainous districts. Growing in loose patches, a few inches broad, or scattered amongst mosses. Stems I to 2 inches long, erect, thread-like, flexuose, simple, or innovant towards the apex. Leaves close and subimbricate, widely ovate, approaching cordate, spreading or erect and secund, half embracing at the base and decurrent, at the apex with a rather deep obtuse notch (fig. 139). Margins recurved. Colour brownish green. GENUS 26. MYLIA, Gray. Involucre small-leaved, leaves connate at the base. Perianth terminal, elongated, cylin- drical, longer than the calyptra, mouth com- pressed, two-lipped. Capsule four-valved, coriaceous. Elaters double, naked, deciduous. Gray Arr. /., 693 (1821). Dioicous. Perianth terminal, laterally compressed from a subterete base, contracted at the apex, at length bilabiate, denticulate ; involucral bracts two, spreading from a clasping base. Leaves succubous, bifariously imbricated, alternate, circular, or ovate, and pointed. Amphigastria subulate. Elaters bi- spiral, deciduous. Plants forming dense tufts in Alpine bogs, or clinging to the stems of Sphagnum. The com- pressed perianth of Plagiochila is combined with general habit of Jungermannia. O 2 196 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Mylia Taylori, Hook. Stem erect, nearly simple, leaves bifarious, accumbent, rounded, concave, entire; peri- chaetial leaves oblong, connate at the base ; stipules awl-shaped ; perianth ovate, truncate, rather two-lipped. Jungermannia Taylori, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 57 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 14 ; Cooke Hep. f. 56, 57. Mylia Taylori, Carr. and Pears. Exs. 91, 224; Carr. Br. Hep., p. 68, t. 9, f. 30. Coleochila Taylori, Dumort. Hep. Eur. p. 1 06. Leptoscyphus Taylori, Mitten. Hook. Journ. III., 358. Moist rocks and boggy places. (Fr. Spring.) Shoots densely caespitose, erect, innovant, leaves orbicular, coriaceous, horizontally spreading and reflexed from a saccate base ; perianth ovate, as long again as the roundish involucral bracts. Growing in rather large patches. Stems erect, 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, thread-like, flexuous, simple, or sometimes innovant near the extremity. Leaves largest at the extremity of fertile threads, everywhere close and bifarious, slightly imbrica- ting, alternate, horizontally spreading, not unfrequently erect and secund, round or suborbicular, plane or slightly concave ; margins entire, sometimes a little HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICVE. 197 waved, slightly recurved at the extremity, base decurrent, and obliquely half embracing (fig. 141). Substance thick. Colour yellowish-green at the base,assuming a purplish tint towards the extremity. Stipules minute, widely subulate (fig. 140). Peri- chaetial leaves one erect pair at the base of the calyx, margins a little waved. Calyx ovate, not plicate, cylindrical, but compressed at the apex, and truncate, obsoletely toothed, and two-lipped. Capsule dark brown, furrowed. Elaters short, bispiral. Mylia anomala, Hook. Shoots scattered, creeping, mostly simple; leaves rather distant, subsecund, diversiform, roundish-ovate, obtuse to ovate, acuminate, concave ; texture thinner than in M. Taylori. Perianth ovate-oblong, thrice the length of the involucral bracts, which are ovate. Jungermannia anomala, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 34; Eng. Bot. t. 2518. Jungermannia Taylori v. anomala, Nees Eur. Leb. II., 455 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 113, 236, 414, 415. Coleochila anomala, Dumort. Hep. Eur. 106. Mylia anomala, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 225. Mylia Taylori anomala, Carr. Br. Hep. p. 70, t. 9, f. 29. In scattered tufts among Sphagnum. Sir W. Hooker states that the principal differ- ence between these two species consists in the 198 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICJE. ovate and acute leaves of M. anomala, which are wholly wanting in M. Taylori. Other marks, much less to be depended upon, may be found in the densely-crowded patches in which M. Taylori grow, so that the individuals are forced into a nearly erect position, and in the colour, which is far deeper and generally with a purplish tinge through- out. Dr. Carrington recognises the two as sub- species. GENUS 27. GYMNOCOLEA, Dum. Involucre small-leaved, distinct, conforming to the stem leaves. Perianth erect, stipitate, naked, terete, contracted at the apex, mouth denticulate. Capsule four-valved, coriaceous, naked. Elaters double, naked, deciduous. Dumort. SylL 52 (1831). Plants without stipules, leaves subcurrent, flattened, two-lobed. Perianth exserted. Gymnocolea inflata, Huds., Dum. Stem ascending, branched ; leaves bifari- ous, remote, accumbent, roundish, acutely bifid ; stipules none ; perianth terminal, pear- shaped. Jungermannia inflata, Huds. Aug. p. 511 ; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 38; Eng. Bob. t. 2512; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 145, 174, 253, 311, 390, 450, 482, 485, 494, 497 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 28, 29 ; Cooke Hep. f. 75. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICJE. 199 Gymnocolea inflata, Dumort. Rev. Jung, p. 17. Moist heaths and boggy places. (Fr. Mar. Ap.) var. a compacta, Carr. A curious variety with inflated umbilicate perianths, and very short tufted stems. var. y laxa, Carr. On heaths and bogs. Growing in densely-matted patches of con- siderable extent, deep green, nearly black. Stems i to | inch or more, procumbent, filiform, simple, or with two or three scattered branches, now and then innovant. Leaves bifarious, distant in the lower part of the stem, imbricated above, horizontal, spreading or erect, frequently con- cave, divided less than half way by an acute sinus (fig. 142). Perichaetial leaves similar and smaller. Calyx terminal, at first nearly spherical, then pear-shaped or obovate, with a tapering base, somewhat plicate above, mouth con- tracted, with a few obtuse unequal teeth. Capsule slightly furrowed. Elaters bispiral. i " The singular form of the full-grown calyx, the obtuse segments of the leaves, together with the deep olive, almost black, colour, are marks by which this may be known from every other species." Hooker. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIOE. Gymnocolea affinis, Wils., Dum. Stem procumbent, without stipules, leaves rounded, hyaline, acutely bifid ; laciniae ob- tuse; perichaetial leaves spreading. Perianth pear-shaped, contracted at the apex, mouth dentate. Jungermannia affinis, Wils. in Brit. Fl. V., in. Jungermannia turbinata, Wils. Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 2744. Jungermannia Wilsoniana, Nees Eur. Leb. III., 548 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 447 ; Cooke Hep. f. 74. Gymnocolea affinis, Dumort. Hep. Eur. p. 65. In moist shady places under banks. (Early Spring.) Stems procumbent, simple or branched, leaves roundish, concave, acutely bifid, coarsely reticulated, the seg- ments obtuse, those of the involucre larger than the rest ; fruit terminal ; perianth pear-shaped, plicate, contracted, and toothed at the mouth. (ng 143). Separated from J. inflata, to which its trivial name applies, by the procumbent stems, large reticulations, and less obtuse segments HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. 2OI of the leaves, and, above all, the plicated upper portion of the perianth. Perigonial leaves on separate shoots crowded, concave, sometimes three- toothed, anterior segment inflexed, forming an auricle. GENUS 28. HARPANTHUS, Nets. Dioicous. Involucre small-leaved, lateral, incurved from the interposition of two sti- pules, dissimilar to the leaves. Perianth fusi- form, terete, mouth three or four fid, laciniae unequal, entire, connate at the base with the calyptra, which is adherent up to the middle, apex free. Capsule four-valved, coriaceous, naked. Elaters double, naked, deciduous. Nees Eur. Leb. II., 351. Plants stipulate, leaves subcurrent, flattened, divided. Fertile shoots very short, ventral, at length sub- lateral. Perianth exserted, terete, the lower half thickened ; mouth contracted, three to four toothed. Calyptra fleshy, confluent two-thirds with the perianth. Involucral leaves one or two pairs. Leaves succubous, ovate, emarginate, semi-vertically imbri cate, secund. Amphigastria lanceolate, connate with adjacent leaves, free margin reflexed, one- toothed at the base. Male shoots slender, peri- gonial leaves terminal, enclosing one to two antheridia, arr. Br. Hep. ^. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Harpanthus Flotovianus, Nees. Stem ascending, leaves approximate, or- bicular-ovate, obtusely emarginate ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, bifid or entire, equally acu- minate ; perianth cylindrical, subsessile. Jungermannia Flotoviana, Nees Fl. Ratis. 1833, p. 408. Harpanthus Flotovianus, Nees Eur. Leb. II., 353; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 379, 417; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 265. Pleur- anthe olivacea, Tayl. Lond. Journ. V., 282 (1846); Lindb. Hep. Hibern. 516. Amongst Sphagnum, on wet rocks. (Fr. Spr. and Sum.) Stems to 2 inches, flexuous, procumbent, creeping amongst mosses, mostly unbranched, sometimes several stems from an old growth, of a delicate green or tinged with brown ; rootlets white, short. Leaves ovate, orbiculate, horizontal, insertion of upper part in line with the stem, base decurrent, curved forward. Apex contracted, emarginate, sinus small and shallow, segments rounded, upper tooth sometimes larger and acute, then overhanging like a claw. Young shoots light green or light olive, older plants often with a reddish tinge. Stipules large, very distinct, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, acute, inserted obliquely, some entire, others with a tooth on the outer side about the middle, rarely toothed on both sides. Leaf cells hexagonal. Dioicous. Male HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 203 plants smaller, antheridia single at the base of each swollen leaf. Perianth from the axil of a stipule, subcy-lindrical, slightly sickle-shaped, pale greenish, mouth pointed, at first notched on one side, and finely crenulate. Calyptra campanulate. Capsule oval, brown, four-valved. Elaters bispiral. (Plate 5, fig- 62.) HarpantllUS SCUtatUS, W. and M., Spruce. Stem ascending, simple ; leaves erect, rounded, concave, acutely emarginate, peri- chaetial 3-4-fid ; stipules triangular, acuminate, one tooth on each side; perianth lateral, ovate. Jungermannia scutata, Web. and Mohr. D. Crypt. 408; Hook. Br. Fl. V., p. 118; Mack. Hib. II., 64; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 218, 354, 466 ; Cooke Hep. f. 72. Jungermannia stipu- lacea, Hook. Br. Jung. t. 41 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2538. Harpanthus scutatus, Spruce Trans. Bot. Edin. III., 209; Carr. Br. Hep., p. 49, t. 17, f- 52. On rocks or trunks. var. imbricatus, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 264. Growing in dense compact tufts, pale olive, olive-brown or brown. Stems decumbent, rootlets numerous. Leaves bifarious, imbricate, erect, roundish-ovate, sharply bidentate, with an acute 204 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. sinus, margins entire (fig. 144). Amphigastria large, spreading, lanceolate-acuminate. Diocious. In- volucral bracts two, the upper one adnate at the base ; segments acute, sharply dentate. Perianth contracted above, at length faintly 3-4 plicate ; apex slightly crenate, splitting on one side. Calyp- tra connate. Capsule oval, deep brown ; spores spherical, ru- fous brown, io/u. diam. Ela- ters bispiral. Male plants dis- tinct, densely caespitose. GENUS 29. SACCOGYNA, Dumort. Involucre none. Perianth affixed laterally by the margin of the apex, saccate, pendu- lous, naked, smooth, or everywhere pilose ; mouth circular, base connate with the calyptra, not bearded at the insertion. Capsule naked, four-valved, valves straight. Elaters double, naked, deciduous. Dumort. Comm. p. 113 (1822); Hep. Eur. t. 3, / 33. Dioicous. Perigynium at first bud-like, inferior, proceeding from the axil of an amphigastrium, at length oblong, pendulous, fleshy, sublateral, shortly stipitate, surmounted by the remains of the in- volucral bracts. Perianth wanting. Calyptra con- nate, for most of its length with the outer walls, the dome-like apex alone free. Capsule oblong, quadrivalvate, Male spikes minute, inferior, rising HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. 20 5 from the amphigastria of separate individuals. Carr. Brit. Hep. 44. Saeeogyna vitieulosa, Linn. Stem procumbent, branched ; leaves accum- bent, ovate, entire ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, margin denticulate. /ungermannia vitieulosa, Linn. Sp. 1597; Eng. Bot. t. 2513; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 60; Mack. Hib. II., 63. Saccogyna viticulosa, Dumort. Comm. p. 113; Cooke Hep. f. 115, 1 1 6, 117, 1 18; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 12, 13, 14; Carr. Br. Hepat, p. 47, t. 9, f. 28. Shady rocks in woods and heaths. Attached to Sphagnum, or the surface of rocks, forming depressed patches several inches in circum- ference. Stems filiform, slightly flexuous (fig. 145). Innovations distant. Rootlets sparse. Leavesdis- tichous, closely im- bricate, alternate, horizontal, plane, ovate, obtuse with a broad subdecurrent base (fig. 147) ; margin 206 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATlCiE. entire. Green, ochraceous, or olive- brown. Amphi- gastria 2-3 den- tate (fig. 146). Dioicous. After impregnation the fleshy base of the receptacle elon- gates and des- cends into the earth as a hollow oblong pouch, attached to the stem by its upper border (fig. 148). Capsule reddish-brown, quadrivalvular. Spores 1 5/x. diam., reddish-brown. 147. GENUS 30. NARDIA, Gray. Dioicous. Perianth connate with involucral leaves to form an urceolate involucre ; stoloniferous at the base. Shoots ascending or erect, innovations ventral. Leaves dis- tichous, subvertical. Amphigastria present only in species with round leaves. Andraecium terminal, subspicate. Carr. Hep. 10. Gray Arr. B. PI. (1821). Alicularia, Corda Opiz. Beitr. (1829). Mesophylla, Dumort. Southbya, Spruce Trans. Ed. III., p. 197. Marsupella, Spruce; see "Nardia" in Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 518. Dr. Carrington, in referring to the ramification in this genus, says that, instead of the ordinary furcate division of the stem, the annual shoots spring from HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. 207 the ventral aspect, and may be called adventitious. Thus, if we isolate one or two colesuliferous stems from a luxurious tuft, at first view the central axis appears continuous, and the shoots interrupted at pretty regular intervals, each of which bears an involucre at the apex. But on careful examination we find that the axis is not continuous, but that each younger stem originates from the axil of an amphigastrium beneath the involucre of the former season. Other innovations may spring from differ- ent parts of the ventral aspect, or very rarely from the axil of a leaf ; but only one of these is continued in the line of the main stem. Spruce contends for the separation of Marsupella from Nardia, on the ground that the stem with the leaves is compressed from the front, and not from the side. That stipules are not present, whilst they are in Nardia. That the leaves are transverse, against succubous in Nardia. That the leaves are com- plicate or carinate in Marsupella, but not in Nardia, and that the perianth is compressed from the front in Marsupella, and from the side in Nardia. See Revue Bryologique, i88i,p. 92. Nardia sparsifolia, Lindb. Leaves scattered. Cortical stratum of stem simple. Leaves acutely incised. Lobes rather acute, margin straight. Bracts connate below the middle, lobes slightly inflexed, rather con- cave, lobes of involucre acute. Calyptra large. Nardia sparsifolia, Carr. Brit. Hep. p. 21. Sarcoscyphns sparsifolius, Lind. Musci. Novi., 208 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIOE, 1868, p. 280. Marsupella sparsifolia, Lind. Not. pro Fauna, &c., Fenn. IX., 1868; Pears. Journ. Bot. Aug., 1884, * 2 4^ ; Dum. Hep. Eur. 128; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 220. Nardia Funckii var. major, Nees. On rocks in Alpine situations. Paroico"is, rather robust, few-leaved, cortical stratum of the stem simple, leaves acutely incised, lobes rather acute, margin erect, involucral bracts connate to near the middle, lobes slightly inflexed, very concave, those of the involucre acute ; calyptra large. Plants rather stout, densely csespitose. Stems ascending, entangled, slender, flexuose, fastigiately branched, radiculose at the base, and producing long stolons, few-leaved, cortical stratum simple. Leaves accrescent, margin erect, inferior ones patent from a somewhat contracted base, quadrate ovate, subamplexicaul, acutely emarginate, lobes rather acute, plane, superior ones with a broader base, sub- vaginate and saccate, broadly ovate, erecto-patent, bearing two antheridia in their axils. Involucral bracts resembling the upper leaves, erect, connate below the middle, lobes slightly inflexed, rather con- cave. Involucre four or five fid, lobes acute. Pro- fessor Lindberg thinks that Nardia adusta and N. sparsifolia should be united in one species. (Plate 5, fig. 64.) Nardia conferta, Spruce. Stems prostrate, simple or branched; leaves closely imbricate, secund, broadly oval, acutely HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 209 bifid ; segments acute ; bracts larger than the leaves, innermost free, or sometimes con- fluent. Sarcoscyphus confertus, Limpr. Jahres. Schles. Ges., 1880, p. 313. Gymnomitrium confertum, Limpr. Flora, 1881 ; Marsupella conferta, Spruce Journ. Bot., Sept., 1892, t. 327 ; Revue Bryol., 1881, p. 95. In Alpine situations. Autoicous,caespitoseorstragglingamongst mosses, pale yellowish green to reddish brown. Stems simple, ^ to i inch long, or branched, prostrate, flexuous, filiform, terete, denudate at the base, branches short, ascending, cortical cells with slightly firmer walls, radiculose, rootlets fasciculate, short. Leaves closely imbricate, bifarious from a vaginate base, appressed, erect, on fertile stems gradually ac- crescent, oval, bifid to about one-fifth, sinus and segments acute. Cells minute, or very minute, indistinctly 5-6 angled. Female flowers terminal on short branches, or on main stem, bracts larger than the leaves, oval or oval rotund, innermost bracts free (or sometimes united into a tube), small, tender, margin irregular. Archegonia five to ten, dispersed over the calyptra. Pedicel long, thick, capsule dark brown, almost spherical. Spores yellowish-brown, granulate. Elaters three to four spired, sometimes furcate. Andraecia spicate on the main stem or short branches. Male bracts ovate, a little swollen at the base. Antheridia solitary, stipitate. (Plate 5, fig- 63) HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Nardia Stabler!, Spruce. Dioicous. Stem creeping or erect, branched. Leaves subimbricate, erect, broadly ovate, quadrate, complicately keeled, bilobate ; lobes acute. Female flowers terminal, opposite in- novations. Bracts larger than the leaves. Perianth cylindrical, when mature half adnate; mouth fimbriate. Marsupella Stableri, Spruce; Rev. Bryol., 1 88 1, p. 96; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 153. On rocks. Dioicous, small, densely caespitose, brownish- green, becoming purple, resembling copper wire, at the head rosy-purple. Stem from a rhizomatose base, small leaved, rarely without leaves, somewhat erect or creeping, thread-like, i to f inch long, and branched ; branches fastigiate, equally foliose, female clavate, often dichotomous, or fasciculately innovant Leaves subimbricated, subpellucid, erect, adpressed, broadly ovate-quadrate, complicatedly keeled to one-half or one-third, bilobate, lobes acute, rarely acuminate, entire or rarely with a tooth. Cells hexagonal. Lower cauline leaves and all those of sterile branches minute, closely adpressed. Andraecia terminal or median on stem or branches, bracts three, large, two to three times larger than adjacent leaves, ventricose, bilobed one-third. Female flowers ter- minal, opposite innovations, bracts much larger than the leaves, not crowded, adpressedly imbricate, broadly ovate, ventricose below, keeled above, bi- HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICVE. 211 lobate,lobesplane,ovate, subacuminate,and denticu- late, exterior bracts much smaller, and less deeply cut. Perianth when young, ovate, tubular, turgid at the base, nearly free, mouth rosy ciliate ; when ma- ture half adnate, mouth fimbriate. Calyptra not much shorter. Capsule oblong-globose on a short pedicel. Spores even. Elaters bispiral. (Plate 6, fig- 770 Nardia olivacea, Spruce. Caespitose, small, rhizome creeping, without leaves, apex erect. Leaves small, imbricate, oblong, concave, or keeled, bilobed, sinus and lobes obtuse. Bracts concave, shortly bilobate, larger. Perianth variable, concrete half way, mouth toothed. Marsupella olivacea, Spruce Revue Bryol., 1 88 1, p. 97. Sarcoscyphus Sprucei p decipiens, Limpr. Flora; Jahresber Schleis., 1881. Sarcoscyphus adustus, Gott. and Rab. Exs. 648 (partly). On rocks. Synoicous and paroicous, small, caespitose, olive green. Stem ^ to 5- inch long, rhizome creeping, subdivided, without leaves or with small ones, apex erect, simple or innovant, fertile clavate above, sterile thread-like. Leaves small, thick, opaque, subimbricate, erect, adpressed, the upper sometimes spreading at the apex, decurrent and vaginate at the base, oblong, concave or keeled, |- bilobed, sinus obtuse, lobes obtuse, rarely abruptly subacute, cells minute. Invo- p 2 212 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. lucral bracts terminal, fusiform, 3 - 4 - jugate, broadly ovate, concave, very shortly bilobed at the apex, lobes incurved, obtuse, rarely rounded, larger than neighbouring leaves, base slightly connate, apex cut down one-third. Antheridia solitary in the axils of the bracts. Pistillidia five, rarely ten. Perianth variable, now and then as long as the involucre, oblong, rarely closed at the apex, or one side shorter and gaping, mouth lacini- ate, concrete half way up with the involucre, rarely wholly free. Calyptra globose-oval, smaller, upper half bearing four to nine sterile pistillidia. Capsule oblong-globose. Nardia ustulata, Spruce. Paroicous, rhizome creeping, stems some- what erect, almost simple, clavate. Leaves imbricate, oval, bilobate, sinus and lobes acute, subcomplicate. Perianth immersed, apex an- gular, concrete at the base, with the involucre at length lobed. Gymnomitrium adustum, Nees Eur. Leb. (partly). Marsupella ustulata, Spruce Revue Bryol., 1881, p. 100 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 219. Sarcoscyphus adustus, Spruce Muse, el Hep. Pyr. ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 648 (partly). On rocks or stones. Tufts rarely green, for the most part purple brown, or as if scorched, becoming more or less black. Rhizome creeping, flexuous, stems somewhat erect, almost simple, rarely innovant, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^:. 213 clavate and fertile, a few equal and sterile. Leaves of sterile stems smaller, less imbricate, spreading, broadly oval or roundish ; bilobate, sinus acute, lobes acute. Flowers terminal, paroi- cous. Bracts two to five, joined, rarely two, twice as large as the leaves, ovate, orbicular, sub- cordate at the base, ventricose, bilobed. Antheridia twin, rarely solitary, globose. Perianth immersed, apex obscurely 4-5 angled, at length lobed, base concrete with the involucre. Calyptra glo- bose-oval, constricted at the base, with six to eight sterile pistillidia. Capsule four-valved, the valves sometimes bilobed. Elaters bispiral, obtuse. It grows, in broad low patches, of a reddish or purplish brown colour on the surface, as if scorched. The parts not exposed to the light paler and more tender. On stones in moist sites, under trees the plants are often greener, only the tips slightly browned, but on exposed sub-alpine rocks the whole plant becomes of a purple black. (Plate 6, fig. 75-} Nardia emargfinata, Ehr., Gr. and Benn. Stems rigid, simple or innovant from the apex ; leaves loosely imbricate, round or sub- cordate, base broad, embracing the stem, emargination shallow, lobes obtuse or apicu- late, basal margin reflexed, texture firm and polished ; involucre urceolate, connate for more than half its length, segments retuse. Jungermannia emarginata, Ehr. Beitr. III., 214 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. p. 80 ; Hook. Br. Jung., t. xxvii., Brit. Fl. V., I., p. no; Eng. Bot. I., t. 1022. Junger- mannia macrorhiza, Dicks. Crypt, II., t. 5, f. 10. Nardius emarginatus, Gray and Benn. Arr. I., p. 964. Nardia emarginata, Carr. Br. Hep., p. 13, t. 2, f. 7; Carr. and Pears. Ex. 77, 78, 154, 155, 156 (var.); Mass, and Ces., t. x., f. i. Sarcosyphus Erhardtii, Corda Sturm. II., 19, 20, p. 25 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 256 (form acuta), 255 (form obtusa); Cooke Hep. figs. 23, 24, 25. Common on borders of sub-alpine streams, in the spray of waterfalls. (Fr. April.) The following varieties and forms have been distinguished : 149- 150- var. a major. Shoots i \ to 3 inches long, compressed. Stems rigid ; leaves rather dis- tant, divergent, less concave, cordate, emar- ginate, rounded and reflexed at the base, olive, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 215 olive brown or purple, sometimes nearly black. * Form acutiuscula. Lobes divergent, abruptly apiculate. ** Form obtusa. Lobes rounded, obtuse. var. ft aquatica, Ldg. Shoots long, strag- gling, repeatedly innovant, naked or ramen- tose at the base, leaves irregular in outline, often erose, 2-3 lobed, undulate, sordid olive green. Ldg. Hep. Eur. 75. In running water. var. y minor. Smaller. Shoots subterete ; leaves more closely imbricate, erecto-patent, subcomplicate, round or subquadrate; lobes bluntly apiculate, margin nearly plane, olive brown or fawn-colour, sometimes livid green. S. Ehrharti y julacea, Nees. On exposed rocks. No short description can be given of such a variable species, consistent with the bulk of this volume. It is one of the most easily distinguished of our common Hepatics. Ehrhart compares the form of leaf to a heart cut out of paper. When occurring in mass on wet rocks by a moun- tain stream it is beautiful and conspicuous. The spores are round, fulvous i$fj. diam. Gemmae are occasionally met with at the apex of the stem and terminal leaves, they are elliptic, two or three septate, and of a pale brown colour. (Plate 5, fig. 6^ 2l6 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. Nardia robusta, Du. Growing in tufts, stems erect (i^ c. m.), in- novant at the apex, robust, leaves olive or rubiginous, circular when expanded, with an obtuse, rather lunate, shallow sinus at the apex ; when growing, loosely imbricate, dis- tichous, deeply concave. Sarcoscyphus Ehrhardtii robustus, De Not. Comm. Ital. fig. iv. Nardia robusta, Lindb. Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 157. Dr. Carrington writes that : " N. robusta Lind. seems to me only a stouter variety of N. emarginata with nearly black stems and more distant, cordate leaves, which are seated at right angles with the stem, less concave, sometimes plane or slightly convex, and of firmer texture. The colour is an obscure indigo green, turning black, but otherwise scarcely altered when dry." Nardia alpina, Carr. Dioicious. Densely caespitose, stems rigid, leaves patent, approximate, orbiculate, verti- cally concave, lobes obtuse, connivent, sinus acute ; involucral leaves larger, convolute, in- volucre short, nearly immersed ; cells smaller, glossy pitch black. Nardia alpina, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 79, 15805, 1586. Sarcoscyphus alpinus, Gott. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 217 and Rabh. Exs. No. 453, 535. Nardia emar- ginata 8 picea, Carr. Br. Hep. p. 14. On rocks. var. laxior, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 80. The plant is intensely black, a warm brown by transmitted light, barren shoots \ inch, pros- trate at the base, with pectinate pinnate leaves, exactly round inflexed obtuse lobes, and acute sinus, equal to one-third or one-fourth of the length, very convex and narrowed at the base ; fertile shoots stouter, with large involute involucral leaves which nearly hide the short roundish involucre ; leaf cells smaller than in var. minor of TV. emarginata; the marginal ones more minute ; the perigonial leaves are fewer in number, and terminal. Carr. I. c. (Plate s, fig. 66.) Nardia revoluta, N., Lindb. Stems matted and stoloniferous at the base, densely tufted ; leaves subcomplicate, erecto- patent, imbricate when dry, rigid, round or elliptic from a narrower half-embracing base, deeply and acutely bidentate, margin narrowly reflexed throughout ; involucral leaves re- sembling those of the stem but larger. Sarcoscyphus revolutus, Nees Leberm. II., 4I9> iv., 34. Jungermannia atrata, Mitt. Hep. E. Ind. p. 90. Nardia revoluta, Carr. Grevillea II., p. 88, t. 18, f. 19-25. Gym- 2l8 HANDBOOK OP BRITISH HEPATIC^. nomitrium revolutum, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 217, 218. Densely caespitose in black tufts. Base stoloniferous, dark brown, brittle, spar- ingly rooting; shoots ascending, simple, inch to I inch long, rigid, innovations from the apex, or axils of upper leaves. Leaves bifarious, imbri- cate, complicate-concave, bidentate, erect, roundish or elliptic-obovate from a rather narrowed base ; smaller and more distant near the base of the stem, gradually enlarging upwards. Lobes equal, acute, cuspidate, with a deep sinus, about one-third. Margin narrowly reflexed. Texture dense, polished, pitch-black. In size and emargination of the leaves it is intermediate between TV. emarginata and N. Funckii, but the narrow revolute continuous border will at once distinguish it from these. The leaves of N. emarginata are usually rerlexed at the base, but the lobes are blunter, and plane at the margin. (Plate 5, fig- 7/0 Nardia Funckii, W. and M, Carr. Densely caespitose ; stems very short, erect, rigid, fastigiate-innovate; leaves approximate, erectly spreading when moist, erect when dry, subrotund, carinate, concave, acutely emarginate, lobes acute ; involucral leaves much larger ; involucre ovate, lower half connate, acutely bilobed, the segments in- curved : two to four lines. HANDBOOK OP BRITISH HEPATIC^. 2IQ Jungermannia Ftmckii, Web. and Mohr., p. 422. Eckart. Syn. Jung. p. 14, t. 13, f. 3, 112-113. Sarcoscyphus Funckii, Nees Leberm. I., p. 135 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 86, 54, 461 ; Spruce Hep. Pyr. V., III., p. 197; Cooke Hep. fig. 26. Nardia Funckii, Carr. Brit. Hep. p. 17, t. ii., f. 6 (p.p.); Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 82, 83. Forming large dark patches on siliceous or argillaceous rocks. var. /3 robustior. Shoots com- pressed, stouter; leaves approxi- mate, twice the breadth of the stem, elliptic-obovate, complicate; lobes inflexed, dark-brown, pol- ished, two to six lines. * diffusa. Stems longer, in- tricately and repeatedly innovant, fastigiate; leaves more remote, subvertically spreading, not un- frequently subsecund, lobes di- vergent; reddish brown, or dark brown, polished, ^ to I inch. Stems creeping, intricately matted at the base, which is naked or beset with remains of old leaves, ascending, rather thick, rigid, at first simple, pro- ducing innovations from the terminal axis of the shoots, or axils of the leaves, brown or nearly black ; shoots slightly compressed, subclavate, or when barren attenuate. Rootlets confined to the creeping portion. Leaves scarcely wider than the 226 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. stem, somewhat smaller and more distant near the base ; round or subquadrate, sometimes round- ish-ovate, acutely emarginate, sinus one-third to one-fourth ; lobes equal, divergent. Leaves loosely imbricate, half embracing, very concave, inflexed at the base. Olive-brown, lurid-brown, or pale olive, smooth. Dioicous. Fertile shoots thickened upwards, shortened ; involucral leaves two or three pairs, suddenly enlarged, broadly ovate, lobes rather obtuse, sinus acute. Involucre conspicuous, ovate, of two convolute leaves, connate half their length ; lobes acute, at first connivent, then erect. Perianth adnate with and hidden by the outer invo- lucral bracts, apex at first entire, afterwards split. Calyptra obovate. Capsule very minute, pale reddish-brown, valves ovate, spores brown 15/1. diam. Elaters bispiral, flexuous. This species is rarely met with in fruit. (Plate 5, fig. 65?) Nardia adusta, N., Carr. Paroicous. Shoots very minute, clavate, terete ; leaves few, vertically imbricate, ao cresent, subcomplicate, round or broadly ovate, from a ventricose sheathing base, acutely bilobed, the sinus angular; cells large, hyaline ; involucre ovate, conspicuous ; segments erect, acute, lower half adnate. Gymnomitrium adustum, Nees Leberm. I., 120; Cooke Hep. f. 15. Acolia brevissima, Dum. Syll. p. 76. Sarcoscyphus adnstus, Spr. Hep. Pyr. p. 196. Nardia adusta, Carr. Brit. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Hep. 20, t. ii., fig. 6, in part ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 5. Nardia Spntcei, Mass, and Carr. Epat. Alp. 222. On sandstone rocks. (Fr. Early Summer.) Primary shoots stoloniferous, creeping, attached to the ground by numerous rootlets, mostly forming patches of a lurid brown colour, as if scorched. Stems ascend- ing,one or two lines high, thick, fleshy. Barren shoots scarcely one-third the diameter of the fertile ones, of nearly the same thickness throughout. Leaves increasing in size upwards, dis- tant, seldom more than five to eight pairs, bifariously imbri- cate, vertical, upper ones gradually enlarging, closely appressed, complicate-concave ovate or broadly ovate from a dilated saccate base ; apex acutely emarginate, lobes angular, sinus acute, one-fourth of the length. Texture firm, translucent, pale yellow or olive. Inflo- rescence paroicous. Antheridia occupying the same perichaetium as the pistillidia, but arising from the axil of the lower bract. Fertile shoots clavate. In- volucral leaves half the length of the involucre, broadly ovate, lobes rather obtuse, connivent. In- volucre equal in length to the rest of the stem. Perianth half as long as the involucre, apex free, conical, at first contracted and crenate, afterwards irregularly lobed. Calyptra large, obovate. (fig- 153- 153), elliptic- 222 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. Nardla Muelleri, Nets. Stems erect, branched, flagelliferous ; leaves subquadrate, obtusely emarginate; laciniae ovate, obtuse ; involucral deeply dis- sected, acutely bifid. Jungermannia pulvinata, Raddi. Etrusc. t. 4, f. 5. Sarcoscyphus Muelleri, Nees Eur. Leb. I., p. 132. Nardia Muellen, Carr. in Hep. Exs. var. ligurica-viride, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 81, without diagnosis. (Plate 7, fig. 85.) In the type the stems are erect, somewhat dicho- tomously branched, and flagelliferous, leaves ap- proximate, rather rounded or subquadrate, broader than long, rather spreading and concave, obtusely emarginate, with a rather acute sinus, involucral leaves similar, deeply and acutely bifid, with acute laciniae. Perianth terminal, ovate, immersed in the involucre. Nardia repanda, Lind. Paroicous. Stems more slender, fragile, ascending, innovant ; branches slender; leaves distant, subvertical, orbiculate, concave, saccate and embracing at the base; margin erect, more or less undulate, emarginate ; texture thin, hyaline; the cells larger, thin walled ; involucre obovate-clavate ; bracts HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. 223 subreniform, repand-lobate ; upper amphi- gastria ovate, 3-4 dentate ; pale green. Jungermannia scalaris ft repanda, Hiib. Hep. Germ. p. 81 (partly). Jungermannia silvrettce, Gott. and Rab. Exs. 470. Nardia repanda, Lindberg. Carr. Br. Hep. p. 27. Stems ^ to ^ inch. Professor Lindberg states that it is the common form in Finland. It has been confounded with Jungermannia capitata, the large form of which it resembles in the delicate crisped hyaline leaves, and large areolae. (Plate 6, fig. 76.} Nardia sphacelata, Gt'es., Carr. Stoloniferous. Stems slender, flexuous ; leaves rather distant, spreading vertically, obovate, from a narrower sheathing base, emarginate; lobes ovate, rounded; sinus acute ; margin plane or inflexed ; involucre oblong, connate at the lower third only ; segments deeply lobed. Carr. Jungermannia sphacelata, Gies. in Lindbg. Syn. Hep., p. 76, t. i., f. 9, 13. Sarcoscyphus sphacelatus, Nees Eur. Leb. I., p. 129 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 519, 255. Nardia sphacelata , Carr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., 1870, p. 378; Carr. Brit. Hep., p. n, t. 2, f. 5; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 4. Forming extensive livid tufts on the borders of Alpine streams. Scotland, Ireland. 224 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Stems stoloniferous at the base, erect, tender, flexuous, pale-brown. Shoots I to 3 inches, simple, appearing branched by the growth of inno- vations. Stolons creeping, naked, or with bundles of rootlets, which latter are rare on the erect shoots. Leaves smaller at the base, rather distant, obovate, or obcordate, bilobed, lobes equal, sinus narrow, margin plane, or undulate, inflexed at the base. Texture thin and tender, pale pellucid olive when moist, brownish purple at the apex. Dioicous. Fertile stem thickened at apex. Involucral leaves larger than the rest, spreading, cordate, deeply lobed. Involucre of two convolute leaves, connate at the lower third, lobes acute, inflexed. Perianth with the apex free, divided into four or five broad segments, shorter than the involucre. Calyptra campanulate, pistillidia attached to the walls. Capsule small, blackish brown, spores reddish brown, 1 5/t diameter. Antheridia one to three, olive green, on slender pedicels. (PlaU $ t fig. 68.} Nardia Carringtonii, Balf. Primary stems rhizomatous, creeping ; branches erect, laterally compressed, re- curved at the apex; leaves of firm texture, secund, obliquely subreniform, approximate; concave, vertically appressed ; margins ap- proximate to each other. Anterior margin narrow and decurrent; posterior abruptly rounded. Adelanthus Carringtonii, Balf. Trans. Hot. Soc. Edin. X., 380; Dum. Hep. Eur. 47; HANDBOOK Of SRlTlSH HEPATIC^E. 22$ Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 97, 233. Nardia Carringtonii, Carr. Br. Hep. p. 27, t. x., fig- 31- In boggy places, Scotch Highlands. Stems two to four lines high, by a line in breadth, of a brownish colour, slender, rigid, flexuose, of a dense texture, naked, or a few scanty white rootlets. Barren shoots 2 to 4 inches high, simple, or with occasional innovations from the axils of amphigastria. Leaves nearly uniform, subvertically imbricate, appressed, obliquely or- bicular, or reniform, entire, or obscurely truncate, very concave, ventral border rounded, and inserted at right angles to the stem, anterior narrow and decurrent. Colour uniform straw, or pale olive green. Amphigastria rare, except at apex of young shoots, long and slender, subulate, erect Inflo- rescence dioicous. Andraecium spicate, terminal. Perigonial leaves more rounded and convex, gibbous at the base, posterior lobe subquadrate, in- flexed. Antheridia two to three in each leaf, round, or obovate. At first sight resembling N. compressa, but quite distinct, which is supported by the cell structure. (Plate jig. 7, 82.) Nardia SCalaris, Sckr., Gr. and Ben. Dioicous. Shoots creeping or erect, radicu- lose, slightly compressed; leaves subverti- cal, arcuately imbricate, orbicular, concave, Q 226 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICjE. upper ones retuse; amphigastria broadly subulate; involucre compressed, obovate, urceolate ; capsule oval. Jungermannia scalaris, Schrad. Crypt. II., p. 4. Jungermannia lanceolata, Eng. Bot. t. 605. Nardia scalaris, Carr. Br. Hep. p. 23; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 6, 7, 84; Alicularia scalaris, Cooke Hep. f. 27, 28. Common on shady banks, rocks, and wet places (Fr. Spring and Autumn.) Colour from dark brown to purple. Stolons mostly subterranean, viticulose, fleshy. Stems to I inch in length, or longer, stout, simple, rarely forked, innovations from axils of apical amphigastria. Barren shoots of nearly equal diameter, terete or laterally compressed, curved at the summit ; rootlets numerous. Leaves smaller and more distant at the base, distichous, scalately imbricate, erect, obliquely clasping, con- cave, orbiculate (fig. 154), submarginate, terminal leaves emarginate. Amphigastria ovate or triangular - subulate. Dioicous. Fertile stems ascending, trigonous in section. Involucral leaves two or three pairs, double the size of the ordinary leaves, entire or emarginate, vaginate. Involucre obovate, lobes HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC.*. 22J roundish-ovate or cordate, sharply emarginate. Perianth immersed and adnate, apex cleft in five broad equal segments. Calyptra obovate. Capsule oval, chocolate brown, valves thick, annulate, striate. Spores dark brown, obscurely triangular, 15/4 diam. Andraecium terminal on distinct shoots. var. a major. Stems incrassated, naked, for the most part erect ; leaves more distant, less convex, patent, and often recurved at the apex; involucral leaves emarginate; amphi- gastria distinct, triangularly subulate, entire. Deep green, sometimes red, or purplish. fungermannia scalaris, Hook. Jung. t. 6i; Brit. Fl. V., i, p. 1 1 6. var. o major. Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 106, 362. Ahcularia scalaris, Corda Sturm. Fl. XIX., p. 32, t. 8; Cooke Hep. f. 27, 28. a* distans. Stems elongated ; leaves dis- tant, more convex, erect, spreading, ventricose, dingy green, shrinking when dry. var. ft rigidula. Shoots rigid, creeping, subterete; leaves roundish-ovate, closely imbricate, semi-vertical ; male stems terete, subspicate; amphigastria frequent, subulate; involucre half-immersed, olive green, brown, or purple. Alicularia scalaris, <*** rigidula, Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 223. Q 2 228 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICJE. var. /3* rigens. Shoots erect, slender, inter- rupted, two or three times innovant from the upper amphigastria ; leaves adpressed, scalate, imbricate, entire; amphigastria frequent, subulate. var. y compressa. Stems short, erect, rigid ; leaves orbiculate, plane, more crowded and compressed near the apex; amphigastria broadly subulate, patent; involucral bracts larger, entire, connivent, pale green. " This species may always be distinguished from other entire-leaved Hepatics by the peculiar nucleate bodies, of two to four granules, arranged in a line, contained in the leaf-cells" (fig. 155). Nardia geoseypha, Not., Lind. Autoicous. Smaller than N. scalaris, barren stems very slender, terete, creeping, radicu- lose ; fertile stouter, ascending only at the apex; leaves accrescent, lower ones entire or emarginate, orbiculate ; involucral leaves broader, repand-lobate ; amphigastria rare on the barren stems ; upper ones lanceolate, trifid ; involucre immersed, seated at right angles with the stem, gibbous at its base ; the cortical layer and rootlets purple. Alicularia geoscypha, De Not. Alicularia scalaris, |3 minor, Nees Leb. Eur. I., 281 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 416. Nardia HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. 2 29 geoscypha, Lindberg Muse. Scan. ; Carr. Br. Hep. p. 27. On rocks, &c. Colour reddish brown or purple, from two to six lines. Resembling Jimgermannia Genthiana in size and colour, but differing in the immersed colesule and peculiar structure of the involucre. Dr. Car- rington says that the position of the parts may be better understood if we compare the creeping shoot to the stem of a clay pipe, the head representing the involucre, and its tumid base the knob beneath. Nardia compressa, Hook. Stem erect, branched ; leaves closely ac- cumbent, bifarious, orbiculate, entire; peri- chaetial leaves kidney-shaped ; stipules on the stem none. Jungermannia compressa, Hook. Br. Jung, t. 58 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2587 ; Lib. Crypt. Exs. No. 211. Mesophylla compressa, Dumort. Comm. p. 112. Alicularia compressa, Gott. and Rab. Exs. 443,472 ; Cooke Hep. f. 9, 30. Nardia compressa, Carr. and Pears. Exs, No. 8, 9, 221. Borders of mountain rills, or in the spray of waterfalls. (Fr. Spring.) Stems ascending or erect, thread-like, flexuous, i to 3 inches long, or more, of a pale brown 2 3 o HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. colour, simple or proliferous. Stolons long, branched, bearing white hair-like rootlets. Inno- vations numerous, from the axils of the amphi- gastria, or rarely from involucral bracts. Leaves smaller at the base, terminal more crowded and larger, imbricating regularly (fig. 156), erect, ad- pressed, plane or slightly con- cave, orbiculate to reniform, entire, submarginate, at right angles or oblique, dorsal margin decurrent, ventral rounded at the base (fig. I 57)> pale green below, or yellowish - brown, purplish or maroon in upper portion. Amphi- gastria ovate, subulate. Dioicous. Fertile stems thickened above. Involucral leaves terminal, two or three pairs, larger and more reni- form, terminal pair compressed. Involucral amphigastria ovate, ir- Perianth immersed, at first entire, at length quadripartite. Capsule dark brown, on short pedicel. Spores reddish-brown. Male shoots slender. Perigonial leaves terminal, enclosing two to three olive antheridia. 156. regularly lobed. Nardia hyalina, Lyell, Dum. Stem creeping, almost simple; leaves erect, spreading, imbricate, rounded, somewhat undulate, entire ; stipules none ; perianth ter- minal, ovate ; apex angular, mouth quadrifid. Jungermannia hyalina, Lyell, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 63; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 189, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. 231 234, 469; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 100 ; Cooke Hep. f. 61. Aplozia hyalina, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 58. Nardia hyalina, Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 519. On moist argillaceous rocks. (Fr. Early Sum.) Forming more or less dense, depressed tufts, on wet slaty rocks, or mixed with bog moss. Shoots to I inch long, procumbent, densely rooting, simple or inno- vant. Branches springing from axils of the in- volucral leaves, or from the ven- tral side of the stem. Rootlets pale claret colour. I ^ ' Leaves semi-vertical, roundish, broad,and obliquely decurrent at the base, plane and nearly horizontal (fig. 158), except on upper part of the stem. Margin entire, a little inflexed. Texture thin, pale glaucous green. Inflorescence autoicous or dioicous. Fructi- fication terminal. Involucral leaves larger than the rest, sometimes emarginate, closely investing the perianth. One or two amphigastria adnate with the bases of the involucral leaves, absent elsewhere ; capsule globose, dark brown, shining. Spores round, yellowish-brown, H-IS/*. Elaters bispiral. Andraecium on distinct shoots, or on special branches on the ventral surface of fertile shoots. Perigonial leaves smaller. Antheridia two or three together, axillary, deep green. 232 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Nardia (Southbya) obovata, Nees. Stems ascending ; leaves rounded, obovate, emarginate, saccate at the base, squarrosely spreading, alternate, involucral opposite. fungermannia obovata, Nees Eur. Leb. L, 332 ; Carr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. VII., p. 447, t. xi., f. i. ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 266, 352 ; Cooke Hep. f. 62. Southbya obovata, Dumort. Hep. Eur. p. 123. Forming compact tufts on damp rocks, of a deep green colour. (Fr. Early Sum.) Primary stems stout, herbaceous, creeping. Fertile shoots erect, simple, or innovant from below the apex, ^ to i inch long, clothed on the under side with purplish rootlets. Leaves rather distant, subvertical, distichous, spread- ing, roundish or ovate, upper half plane or recurved, margin entire, deep green, sometimes tinged with brown or purple (fig. 159). Inflorescence paroi- cous. Involucral leaves two pairs, larger than the ordinary ones, upper pair equal, obovate, nearly opposite, and connate for more than half their length, spreading at the apex. One or two amphigastria attached to involucral walls, but absent elsewhere. Perianth obovate- obJong, upper third free and HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 233 exserted. Calyptra surrounded by numerous abor- tive pistillidia. Capsule round, dark brown, on a long white pedicel. Spores yellow-brown, granu- lose. Antheridia axillary, olive-green, shortly pedicellate. GENUS 31. ACROBOLBUS, Nees. ' Involucre scale-like, of one leaf. Perianth terminal, affixed laterally at the margin ; stem descending below the apex, without radicles ; capsule four-valved. Elaters double, amongst the spores, deciduous. Gott. L. and N. Syn. Hep. p. 5. Gymnanthe, TayL Dumort. Hep. V. 3,7.35. Plants without stipules, leaves subcurrent, entire. Involucre terminal, obovate, seated at right angles with the stem, bulbous and rooting on the ventral aspect. Perianth absent. Calyptra attached to the bulbous base of the receptacle, surrounded by, and concrete with, the entire portion of the involucre, and bearing around the apex the abor- tive pistillidia. Antheridia terminal on separate shoots. Plant small, creeping, semi-parasitic. Leaves succubous, ascending, two-lobed. Amphi- gastria absent from stems. Carr. Hep. p. 4.1. Spruce holds that Acrobolbtis is the direct con- tinuation of species of Nardia (Alicularia), whose gibbous rooting involucre is the precursor of the pendulous bulbiform pouch of Acrobolbus Wilsoni, 234 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. while the vegetative organs are the same type in both genera. Acrobolbus Wilsoni, Nees. Stem creeping, leaves obovate-quadrate, bifid, acute, lacinia, ventral, large, often uni- dentate. Gymnanthe Wilsoni, Tayl. in Lehm. Fl. Nov. VIII., p. i ; Carr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. VII., 452. Acrobolbus Wilsoni, Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 52. In scattered tufts on Radula or Frullania. Stems i to ^ inch long, flexuous, creeping, olive or olive-brown, adhering by scattered fascicles of short pale rootlets. Leaves approximate, roundish or obovate, divided for a third to half their length into two acute lobes, ventral somewhat larger, sinus acute, margin entire, leaves inserted obliquely. Fructification terminal. Involucral leaves originally free, much larger than the rest, broadly ovate or cordate, 2-3 lobed, with the lobes dentate. After impregnation the bases of the adjacent leaves are combined into an involucre, the lower half of which projects below the level of the stem, and forms a kind of bulb. The mouth is sur- mounted by the connivent involucral leaves. Peri- anth wanting. Capsule oval, dark, brown, on a stout pedicel, bulbous at the base. Spores minutely granular i^to'sH- Elaters bispiral. Male inflo- rescence autoicous. Antheridia one or two, oval. (Plate 7, fig. 83.) HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC*!. 235 GENUS 32. GYMNOMITRIUM, Corda. Involucre many-leaved, leaves imbricate, free, not adherent, involving the calyptra. Perianth none. Capsule four-valved, cori- aceous, naked. Elaters double, naked, deciduous. Acolea, Dumort. Syll. (1831). Diocious. Perianth wanting. Involucre double, the inner shorter, composed of two or more involute, deeply cleft, dentate leaves, whk:h enclose the short campanulate calyptra. Capsule globose, four-valved. Elaters bispiral, falling away. Antheridia oval, stipitate, in the axils of perigonial leaves. Stems fasciculate, ascending, leaves in two rows, closely imbricate, glaucous, creeping at the base, without stipules. Carr. Br. Hep, p. 4.. Readily distinguished by the rigid julaceous, thickly-matted shoots, resembling a plaited thong. Colour also characteristic, silvery, creamy-white, rarely darker grey or smoky. Gymnomitrium concinnatum, Corda. Barren shoots erect, simple or fasciculately branched, slightly compressed, thicker and obtuse at the apex ; leaves imbricated, ovate, bidentate, sinus and lobes acute, border narrow, membranous. Fertile shoots clavate; involucral leaves larger, with reflexed margins, upper connivent, irregularly dentate-lobate. Jungermannia concinnata, Lightf, Scot. II., HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. 786 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2229, Ed. 2, 1820. Hook. Jung. t. iii. ; Brit. Flor. V., i., p. 1 10. Gymnomitrium concinnatum, Corda Sturm., Fl. XIX., XX., p. 23, t. 4 ; Nees Leber. I., 115 ; Carr. Brit. Hep. p. 5, t. I, f. 2 ; Got. and Rab. Exs. No. 423 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 151, 152 ; Cooke Hep. No. 4, f. 19, 20. Barren spongy places in Scotch mountains. In sub-alpine northern districts of England. (Fruit, Summer.) Growing in thick matted tufts of consider- able size, of a silvery hue. Stems creeping, as- cending, rooting from be- neath, inch long, simple, or with a few erect branches (fig. 1 60). Flagellae creep- ing, thread-like, interwoven, brownish, naked or scaly, at length ascending and proliferous. Leaves erect, bi- farious, closely imbricated, ovate, concave (fig. 161), acutely emarginate, or notched ; margin entire ; texture thin but firm, pale glaucous, silvery- olive, nearly white when old. Fertile shoots clavate. Involucral leaves, three to four pairs, larger than the ordinary ones, upper pair con- nivent, with two or three teeth at the apex. Inner involucre of two or three smaller leaves. Calyptra campanulate, six to eight barren pistillidia scattered 1 60. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICJE. 237 over the lower half. Capsule spherical, chocolate- brown, valves four, recurved when empty. Spores sphaeroidal, dark tawny, 15/1 diam. Male shoots more slender. Antheridia one to three together, oval, axilliary, pedunculate. Gymnomitrium eoralloides, Nees. Barren shoots irregularly fasciculate, much compressed, lanceolate, subfalcate, sometimes deformed ; leaves crowded, closely imbricate, roundish-ovate, retuse ; margin broad, scari- ose, seldom entire. Fertile shoots clavate ; involucral leaves obscurely emarginate ; margin plane, erose-denticulate. Gymnomitrium coralloides, Nees Europ. Leberm. I., p. 418 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. Nos. 79; 383, 513 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 216 ; Carr. Brit. Hep. p. 7, t. i., fig. 4 ; Cooke Hep. f. 21, 22. Rare on Scotch mountains. Patches dark brown or nearly black, forming dense tufts. Stems ascending, rigid, irregularly branched. Fertile shoots strongly compressed, obtuse above, the remainder lanceolate. Flagellae creeping, inter- laced, dark brown, with paler delicate rootlets. Leaves closely imbricated and brittle (fig. 162), broadly ovate, obtuse, very concave, bluntly emargi- nate, sometimes nearly entire, sometimes irregularly eroded or crenulate, thin, glaucous, and delicate. Dioicous. Involucral leaves closely imbricated, 238 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIOE. outer convolute, appressed, broader than long, margin entire or eroded, inner two, shorter, pellucid, margin lobate- dentate, closely embracing each other. Calyptra top-shaped, of thin texture. Capsule reddish brown. Spores brown, granular. Perigonial leaves terminal on more slender stems, broadly ovate, with a hyaline ragged margin. Antheridia roundish, one or two together, on slender pedicels. Intermediate be- 162. 163. tween G. concinnatum and G. erenu- latum. The leaves closely pressed together, so as not to be easily detached, entirely, or almost, smooth at the edges, and with none of the cells pro- jecting beyond the others (fig. 163). Gymnomitrium erenulatum, Goftscke. Tufts depressed, lurid brown ; barren shoots slender, rather terete, acute and arcuate ; leaves broadly ovate, complicate-concave, closely imbricate ; apex bidentate, sinus narrow, lobes acute, connivent ; margin cre- nulate, hyaline. Fertile shoots ovate, acute at the apex, outer involucral leaves convolute- conoid. Gymnomitrium erenulatum, Gottscheand Rab. Exs. No. 478 ; Carr. Glean., p. 18, t. i, f. 5; Carr. Brit. Hep., p. 9, t. I, fig. 3 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 2, 3 ; Cooke Hep. figs. 17, 18. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC*. 239 Ireland, in sub-alpine districts, on walls and rocks, England. (Fr. May, June.) Growing in flat smoky brown or olive patches, 2 to 4 inches broad. Stems densely matted. Branches ascending, of nearly equal diameter, pointed at the apex, rigid, slightly com- pressed. Flagellae flexuous, at- tached here and there by tufts of rootlets. Leaves distichous, scarcely broader than the stem, imbricate (figs. 164, 165), ovate, acutely notched, margin narrow, crenulate. Texture thin but firm, dark olive brown. Dioi- cous. Involucral leaves three or four pairs, double the size of the stem leaves and less concave. The upper pair closely embracing each other. Inner involucre of two smaller leaves, with two or three dentate lobes. Calyptra obovate, reticulate. Barren pistillidia eight to twelve. Capsule buff coloured ; valves punctate, striate. Spores roundish, irregular, n-i5/z diam., reddish brown. Perigonial leaves on separate shoots, shorter than the ordinary leaves. Anthe- ridia axillary, mostly solitary, shortly pedicellate. Leaf cells minute and hexagonal, those along the margin transparent (fig. 166). Gymnomitrium obtusum, Lind, Dioicous. When tufts are crowded stems 240 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. erect, J to J inch with branches, few assurgent, to height of chief stem ; when tufts loose, stems prostrate, creeping ; leaves closely clasping stem on both sides ; fertile stems increasing in size to apex, which is blunt and swollen ; barren shoots catenulate ; leaves ovate, roundish ovate, bidentate ; segments round and obtuse, finely crenu- late. Gymnomitrium obtusum, Pears. Journ. Bot., Nov. 1880 ; Pears. Journ. Bot., 1880, p. 337. Gymnomitrium concinnatum, Gott. and Rabh Exs. No. 567. In crevices of rocks. In tufts a few inches in diameter, or less, of a silvery polished appearance, dark coloured where exposed, and, where shaded, greenish. Stems intricately entangled, ^ to ^ inch, almost round, rootlets few, hyaline, produced from the underside of the stem. Leaves ovate, roundish ovate, obovate, sometimes broader at the lower half of the leaf, sometimes broader at the upper, concave, bidentate ; margin entire, except occasion- ally at the outside of the leaf a shallow hollowing out; sinus shallow, one-fifth to one-fourth deep, sharp at the base, segments frequently slightly overlapping, widening out broadly, with the seg- ments broad, obtuse, nearly equal, each segment very concave, forming at the top of each leaf two spoon-shaped hollows ; segments finely rounded, crenulate ; leaves with a hyaline border. Marginal cells quadrate, small. Male stems swollen at the HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 241 ends, where are the antheridia, perigonial leaves but little altered, more swollen at the base, and rather broader. Antheridia few, oval, on a pe- duncle of the same length. (Plate 6, fig. / 1890, GENUS 35. PETALOPHYLLUM, Gottsche. Involucre connate with the colesule. Peri- anth quadrate-campanulate, mouth funnel- shaped, undulate, toothed. Capsule coriaceous, one-valved, split to the middle into four irregular segments, pitted, lobed at the apex. Elaters vague, geminate, deciduous. Codonia Dumort. Comm. Bot. p. in (1822). Petalophyllum Ralfsii, Gottsche. Fronds procumbent, the midrib prominent beneath, overlapping each other in a singular lamellate manner (figs. 166, 167). Fruit borne from the upper surface. Calyx funnel- shaped, broad and toothed. Calyptra shorter. Capsule spherical, bursting irregularly. Spores reticulated. fungermannia hibernica, var. Wils. Eng. 245 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC*. Bot. t. 2750, figs. 15, 1 6. Jungermannia Ralfsii, Wils. Eng. Bot. Supp., t. 2874, t. 2750, figs. 15, 1 6. Petalophyllum Ralfsii, Gottsche Syn. Hep., p. 472 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 448 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 214; Cooke Hep. f. 1 66, 167. Codonia Ralfsii, Dumort. Hep. Eur. p. 16, t. i, f. 2. Dioicous. Growing close to the ground, with spreading, obovate, forked divisions, sometimes simply obovate, flattish, beset on the upper side with erect lamellar processes, disposed in radii towards the extremity of the frond, which is somewhat emarginate, colour light green, tex- ture rather flaccid, except the thick midrib which is often lengthened out at the base of the frond, 170. 171. and denuded so as to resemble a stipe. Midrib covered beneath with fibrous radicles. Perianth widening at the mouth, broad in proportion to its length, the sides ribbed or lamellate. Calyptra concealed. Capsule round, olive brown, opening irregularly. Elaters bispiral (figs. 170, 171). HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICJE. 249 GENUS 36. PELLIA, Raddi. Involucre cup-shaped, mouth torn into teeth. Perianth none. Calyptra four-valved, valves naked, rounded. Elaters central, persistent, double, enclosed. Raddi. Jung. Etrus. p. 49 (1820). Plants frondose, without leaves, fronds without ribs. Pellia epiphylla, Linn. Frond oblong, sinuate, lobate, thick ; invo- lucre included ; calyptra exserted. Fruit pro- duced from the upper surface of the nerve near the extremity. Jungermannia epiphylla, Linn. Sp. 1602 ; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 47. Pellia epiphylla, Corda Opiz. 654; Dumort. Hep. Eur. 145; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 31, 119, 120, 179, 274, 357; Cooke Hep. f. 171; Carr. and Pears. EXS. 200, 201, 202, 203. var. /3 endimcefolia Dicks. Fronds elon- gate, broadly linear, fruit terminal and lateral. Jungermannia endimcefolia, Dicks. Crypt. IV., p. 19. In shady wet places. (Fr. Aut. and Spr.) Growing generally in large patches, some feet 250 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. broad. Fronds I or 2 to 4 inches long, oblong, narrowest at base, simple or once or twice divided ir- regularly, by short lateral segments, margin waved, en- tire, or only cut into a few short unequal lobes, which are flat or curved, sometimes innovant. The whole plant has a wide and con- spicuous nerve. Colour deep green. Calyx bursting through the frond, tubular, some- what plicate, mouth a little expanded, and irregu- larly toothed. Calyptra ovate, becoming oblong, in length twice or thrice exceeding the calyx. Capsule pale greyish brown, four-valved. Elaters bispiral, attached to the inner base of the capsule in tufts (fig 172). Pellia calycina, Mack. Dichotomous, segments elongated, broadly linear, palmatifid, rib stout, distinct ; involucre exserted, cup-shaped, calyptra included. Jungermannia epiphylla var. y furcigera, Hook. Br. Jung. t. 47, f. 18. Jungermannia calycina, Mack Hib. II., 55 ; Eng. Bot. Suppl. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 251 t. 2873. Pellia calycina, Nees Eur. Leb. III., 386; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 181, 242, 297, 339; Cooke Hep. fig. 172 ; Carr. and Pears. Ex. No. 142, a, b. On shady wet banks. (Fr. Feb. Mar.) Considerable resemblance exists between this species and P. epiphylla, but it differs in the shape of the f ron d, which is much narrower, more elongated, with more numerous subdivisions (in the male fronds linear); margins more flexible, wavy, and some- times crisped ; midrib better defined at the edge; the colour of the mature fronds a darker green, destitute of the brownish purple tinge on the midrib. Dioicous. Males immersed in the frond, above the midrib. The large ventricose perianth, and the short included, and concealed, calyptra is constant (fig. 173). i73- GENUS 37. PALLAVICINIA, Gray. Frond simple or bifid, with a distinct median costa, radiculose beneath, antheridia solitary, uniseriate at the margin of the *5 2 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATlCA. midrib. Involucre monophyllous, torn, at first terminal from the costa. Perianth tubular, mouth denticulate. Calyptrachartaceous, equal or shorter than the perianth, torn at the apex. Capsule four-valved. Elaters bispiral, decidu- ous. Spores minute. Gray Arr. Br. PI. (1821); Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 536. Pallavicinia Lyellii, Lindb. Frond procumbent, rather branching. Invo- lucre fimbriate. Perianth cylindrical, scarce touching the calyptra. Jungermannia Lyellii, Hook. Br. Jung, t. 77 ; Dilccna Lyellii, Dumort. Hep. Eur. p. 137; Blyttia Lyellii, Lind. G. and N. Syn. Hep. p. 475; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 121 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 144; Cooke Hep. fig. 1 68. Pallavicinia Lyellii, Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 537. In bogs. (Fr. May.) Growing in small matted patches. Frond about I inch long, or twice that length, horizontally pressed to the ground, or matrix, oblong, nearly linear, simple, or shortly branched laterally, or forked at the extremity (fig. 174) ; margin waved, frequently entire, now and then with a few distant unequal teeth, a distinct nerve running down the centre, rather prominent on both sides, of a pale green colour. Innovations not unfrequent, from HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 253 the underside of the nerve, sometimes simple and sometimes branched, which at length detach themselves and become new plants. Perigonial scales numerous on each side the nerve, ovate, and toothed. Calyx double, the exterior shortest, 1 acini- ate at the margin, the in- terior more delicate, three or four times as long as the outer, a little plicate and toothed at the mouth, torn< on one side. Capsule ob- long - ovate, pale brown. Elaters bispiral. 174. Pallavicinia hiberniea, Hook. Frond procumbent, dichotomous, perichae- tium urn-shaped (urceolate), torn, dentate, perianth oblong-ovate, twice as long as the calyptra. fungermannia hibernica, Hook. Br. Jung., t. 78, Supp. t. 4. Dilcena hiberniea, Dumort. Hep. Eur. 137. Mosrckia hiberniea, Gott. and Rab. Exs. 295, 163, 334, 335 ; Carr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. VII., p. 443 ; Cooke Hep. figs. 1 69, 1 70. Pallavicinia hiberniea, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 143. Growing amongst Sphagnum. (Fr. April.) In small imbricated patches, from 2 to 4 254 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. inches long, procumbent, oblong, once, twice, or thrice branched dichotomously, branches spreading, the whole plant more or less waved and undulated, especially at the margins, which are quite entire (fig. 175). Substance delicate, nerve scarcely differing except in thickness from the rest of the frond. Colour pale green. Perigonial scales few on the nerve, closely ad pressed, ovate, convex, margins slightly toothed. Calyx double, exterior one short, cut nearly to the base in lanceolate laciniae, which 175- 176- are themselves toothed. Interior more delicate, paler, three times as long, nearly cylindrical, cut down on one side, slightly toothed (fig. 176). Capsule oblong-ovate. Elaters bispiral. As to the differences between this and Blyttia Lyellii, Gottsche remarks that the former " has no nerve, the latter has a nerve. In the former all the cells are alike, and no midrib with ligneous fibres is present." GENUS 38. BLASIA, Mich. Involucre undivided, bladdery, adnate to HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICJE. 255 the apex of the frond ; peduncle emerging from the apex. Perianth internal. Capsule four - valved, coriaceous, naked. Elaters double, naked, deciduous. Plants without leaves, frondose, the fronds having nerves. Blasia pusilla, Linn. Utricular involucre immersed, adnate to the frond ; elaters double, free. Form /3 capsulifera, Hubn. Jungermannia blasia, Hook. Br. Jung., t. 82, 84. Blasia pusilla, Linn. Sp. 1605 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 145, 146, 287 ; Cooke Hep fig- 173- On the margin of ditches. (Fr. Mar. Apr.) Growing in patches, often imbricating. Radicles more or less numerous, and on difierent parts, fre- quently along the underside of the nerve. Frond horizontal, prostrate, the apices often erect, to I inch long, for the most part oblong, some- times simple, or with a single lateral branch, *77 but sometimes more divided dichotomously; atother times the ramification is almost palmate, having the ends forked, extremities always wider than the base, more rarely the fronds are stellate, substance 256 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. between fleshy and membranaceous, thinnest at the margin, which is waved and obtuselylobed, the lobes often incurved (fig. 177). Throughout the centre of the frond, and its divisions, runs an evident and broad nerve, most prominenton the underside, whole plant pale green. Closely adpressed to the nerve on the underside are scattered small, oval scales resembling stipules, which are unequally dentate. Calyx oblong-lanceolate, and acuminate, inflated, semi-transparent. Capsule ovately globose, whitish at the base, the rest pale olive brown. Elaters bi- spiral. Sect. B. Elaters monospiral, acute at each extremity. Sub-tribe VIII. METZGERIE&. Plants frondose, pinnately or dichotomously branched ; laciniae linear ; reproductive or- gans of either sex in two rows on the costa in abbreviated branches pistillidia two to twenty, without styles. Perianth none. Calyp- tra large, clavate, fleshy, papillose, or hairy. Capsule four-valved. Elaters fixed, mixed with others free, rising in four tufts on the open capsule ; monospiral, attenuated to each end. GENUS 39. METZGERIA, Raddi. Involucre scale-like, of one leaf, bilobate. Perianth none. Calyptra exserted, echinate. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIOE. 257 Capsule four-valved, coriaceous, valves bear- ing elaters at their apex. Elaters terminal, solitary, naked, persistent. Raddi. Jung. Etrusc., p. 45, 1820. Plants without leaves, frondose, fronds costate. Metzgeria furcata, Linn. Frond creeping, linear, dichotomous, mar- gin ciliate, nerve villose. Jungermannia furcata, Linn. Sp. 1602 ; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 55, 56; Eng. Bot. t. 1632. Metzgeria furcata, Dum. Rev. Jung, p. 26 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 31, 119, 120, I 79, 2 74> 357 ; Carr - and Pears. Exs. 72, 73 ; Cooke Hep. figs. 179, 180, 181, 182. On trunks and on the ground. (Fr. Spring.) var. y ceruginosa, Hook. Fronds broader, dilated at the apex, quite obtuse. Jung. fruticulosa, Eng. Bot. t. 2514. Growing in dense patches, closely pressed to the surface. Fronds i to i inch long, creeping, horizontal, overlying each other in an imbricated manner, linear, thin, membranaceous, slightly waved, mar- gins entire, always branched in a furcate manner, with the branches forked for the most part at the extremity, apices obtuse, upper surface smooth, margin and under surface beset with stout ^white hairs. Colour pale and pleasant green. Through- out the frond and its branches runs a distinct central 258 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. nerve (fig. 180), which gives rise to innovations beneath, which at length separate, and become dis- tinct individuals. Calyx at first scale-like, roundish, adpressed, convex, fringed with white hairs ; then cut into two reniform lobes, embracing the base of 178. 179- lSl ' the calypira, then exserted. Calyptra obovate, curved at the base, erect, beset on every side with whitish hairs, which are rigid and bristling (fig. 178). Capsule deep brown, with four valves which soon become twisted. Elaters simple (fig. 179). Metzg-eria pubescens, Raddi. Frond creeping, branched, furcate, linear, everywhere pubescent. Jungermannia pubescens, Schrank Sal. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICJE. 259 p. 231 ; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 73. Metzgeria pubescens, Raddi. Jung. Etr. p. 46 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 84 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 149, 150 ; Cooke Hep. fig. 183. On wet rocks. Forming glaucous green patches. Fronds i inch long, horizontally creeping, and imbricating. Branched in a dichoto- mous manner once or twice, apices always obtuse, edges waved, but entire, centre furnished with a strong nerve, the whole surface above and below, and the margin, covered with short, white simple hairs. Colour pale green, glaucous with the white hairs (fig. 182). 182. Metzgeria hamata, Lind. Dioicous, very often large and much elon- gated, dichotomous ; branches long-linear, and equally broad throughout, very convex, subterete, not undulate, postical in the stem, and margins densely setosely pilose, hairs very long, divaricate, those on the margin torn and divergent. Metzgeria hamata, Lind. in Mon. Metz. fig.; G. and Rabh. Exs. 559 ; Carr. and Pears. S 2 260 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Exs. 206, 207. Metzgeria linearis, Moore Irish Hepat. 666. In moist situations. Plants 10 c.m. long, 2\ mm. broad, pallid, yellowish, greenish, or lurid yellow, shining when dry, very pellucid, dichotomous, linear, obtuse at the apex (flate 7, fig. 88\ margins much reflexed, nearly meeting, so as to make the stems appear half-round when dry, subelliptic in transverse section, hairs very long, in twos or threes to- gether, spreading widely, and arcuately bent. This appears to be the M. furcata )3 elongata ot Hooker's Jungermanniae, pi. 56, fig. 2. Metzg-eria eonjugata, Lind. Autoicous, robust, rather elongated, more or less dichotomous, or irregularly pinnate, or decompound, linear, but narrower in some parts than in others ; antically convex, in transverse section more or less semi-lunar ; hairs longish, singly, or often in pairs on the margin, and divergent. Metzgeria eonjugata (Dill.), Lindb. Hedw. 1876, p. ii ; Dill. Muse., t. 74, f. 45, D.E. ; Gott. and Rahb. Exs. 119, 274^; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 205 ; Lind. Mont. Metz. fig. 6. On bark. (Plate 7, fig. 89.) The paucity of hairs and more horny substance of the stems distinguish this from any of the normal HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 261 states of M. furcata, but the chief distinguishing character seems to be the autoicous inflorescence, which is remarkable in a genus where all the other species are dioicous. GENUS 40. ANEURA, Dumort. Involucre cup-shaped, shortened ; perianth none ; calyptra exserted, smooth, naked ; capsule four-valved, coriaceous, valves bear- ing elaters at the apex ; elaters terminal, double, naked, densely spiral, persistent. Plants without leaves, frondose, fronds continu- ous, without costae. A. Phymatia. Calyptra tuberculate ; peri- chaetium submarginal. Aneura multiflda, Linn. Frond rosulate, documbent, bipinnatifid, lobes dilated at the apex, horizontal, pinnati- sect ; involucre very short, mouth fimbriate ; calyptra clavate, tuberculate. Jungermannia multiflda, Linn. Sp. 1602 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1 86; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 45. Aneura multifida, Dumort. Comm. 115; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 463; Cooke Hep. f. 176, 177. Riccardia multiflda, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 62. Jn wet places on heaths, &c. 262 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. var. a. major, Nees. On rocks in streams. var. ft ambrosioides, Nees. Riccardia multi- fida v. ambrosioides, Carr. and Pears. Ex No. 63. Running among wet moss. var. y filiformis, Nees. Growing in loose balls in boggy places. Generally growing in thickly-crowded tufts. Fronds to i inch long, half to three-quarters line broad, compressed, erect or decumbent, always branched, but variously (fig 183), often twice or thrice divided irregularly, with narrow laciniae, at other times pinnate or bipinnate, pinnae distant, alternate, spreading or horizontal, be- set with remote pinnules, obtuse at the apex, rarely emarginate, fleshy, succu- lent, pale green. Calyx short, slightly attenuate at the base, mouth expanded and laciniate. Calyptra oblong, widening gradually to the apex, yellowish white. Capsule oblong, brown, striate. Elaters simple, attached at the apices of the valves. Aneura pinnatifida, Nees. Frond procumbent, linear, pinnatifid, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 263 branches horizontal, broader at the apex, pinnatifid or dentate, obtuse ; perichaetium campanulate, mouth laciniate ; calyptra cylin- drical, even, downy. Jungermannia pinnatifida, Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. p. 327. Aneura pinnatifida, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 26 ; Cooke Hep. f. 175. var. sinuata, Dicks. Crypt. II., p. 16 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1476. Rather more branched, digitate- palmate. Jungermannia multifida ft sinuata, Hook. Br. Jung. t. 45. Aneura sinuata, Dumort. Comm. p. 115. Riccardia sinuata, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 60, 61. Near waterfalls and mountain streams. It is recorded of the form sinuata that the fronds are larger and flatter than in A. multifida, as well as somewhat more compound, with un- equally cloven extremities, while the fructification is smaller and more scattered. (Plate 7, fig. po.) Aneura palmata, Hedw. Frond rosulate, ascending, digitate-palmate ; segments linear, unequal; perichaetium median; calyptra clavate, tuberculate. Jungermannia palmata, Hedw. Theor. t. 20, f. 3-7, t. 21, f. 1-3. Aneura palmata, Dumort. Comm. 115; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 43, 463. 264 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^.. Riccardia palmata, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No 204. var. polyblasta, Nees. On dead trees. var. y (?) conferta, Nees. On dead trees. Dioicous, small, opaque. Fronds with a short and narrow stipe, divided into narrow linear palmate segments, very often gradually narrowed towards the apex, and rather acute, scarcely emarginate, biconvex, gonidia produced on both surfaces, but almost always on the superior parts. Cells small, rounded, perichaetial bracts numerous, Calyptra small and densely warted. Andraecium linear. (Plate f,fig. p/.) Aneura latifrons, Lindb. Autoicious, rarely paroicous, large, pellucid. Frond long and broad, divided into broad staghorn-like lobes, more or less oblong, wedge-shaped, very obtuse and emarginate, plano-convex. Cells large, oblong-rhomboid ; perichaetial bracts few ; calyptra large and less verrucose. Andraecium narrow, oblong, almost always affixed to the side of the perichaetium. Aneura palmata major, Nees Hep. Eur. III., 459. Riccardia palmata, Carr. in Seem. Journ. III., 302; Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 45, fig. 4, 7 and j 2, Riccardia latifrons, Lind. Not, Soc. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. 265 Fl. Fenn. 13, p. 372 ; Gott. and Rahb. Exs. 202, 493. Aneura latifrons. Carr. and Pears. Exs. 288, 289. On the naked ground. (Fig. / Cooke Hep. fig. 200 ; Lindenb. Mon. 437, t. xxii., fig. 2. On banks and hedges on damp mould. var. a vulgaris. Fronds less deeply cut, lobes obcordate, margin rather elevated, crenate. Riccia pellucida, Hoffm. Germ. 96. (Plate 7, fig- 94> var. /3 palustris. Fronds with linear laciniae, apex less dilated, crenulately emarginate. Riccia crystallina |3, Hook. Muse. Brit. 212 ; Eng. Fl. V., i, p. 98 ; Lind. Mon. t. xxii., fig. 2. No. 9. Lichen palustris, Dill. Muse. 355, t. 78, f. 12. (Plate 7, fig. 946.) Grows in more shady and moist situations than R. glatica, has the frond generally longer,broader, and much thinner, nearly plane, with the segments more numerous, and very obtuse, colour by no means glau- cous, rather perhaps inclin- 196- ing to yellowish green. Fronds in orbicular tufts radiating from the centre, when fresh of a remarkably crystalline appearance. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. 283 Riccia gflaueeseens, Carr. Frond flabellate-furcate, segments linear, wedge-shaped, concave, with rather a broad border, margins thinner, fringed with small translucent cells, not channelled above, pale glaucous, apex emarginate ; under surface purplish. Riccia glaucescens, Carr. in Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 66. On moist ground. Dioicous. Fronds flabellate-furcate, sometimes crowded and imbricate, segments linear, cuneate, or battledore-shaped, concave, not channelled on the upper side, surrounded by a rather broad bor- der, recurved and convex when moist, inflexed when dry, texture homogeneous, composed of large cells, arranged in regular series, thickened along the mid line of the lower surface; margins thinner, acute, fringed with small but strong translucent cells, sometimes wanting or irregularly disposed, and the border simply crenulate. Apex of the fronds emarginate, lobes connivent, connected at the base by a lunate fold, between which there is often a small central tongue proceeding from the inferior lobe of the frond. Colour pale trans- lucent, glaucous green above, border somewhat paler, under surface covered laterally by a delicate membrane, or detached scales of a purple colour. Capsules few, occupying the hollow central channel near the base of the frond. Spores large, dark brown, muriculate. (Plate J,fig. #7.) 284 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Riccia soroearpa, Bisch. Segments of the frond linear, subdichoro- mous, carinate-sulcate, green on both surfaces ; lobes thick and fleshy, oblong, obtuse, or emarginate ; margin thin, glabrous, inflexed when dry ; fruit scattered along the mid-vein. Riccia soroearpa, Bisch. Hep. Nov. Act. N. Cur. XVII., p. 1053, t. 71, f. ii ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 23, 543 ; Carr. in Grevillea, II., p. 88 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 139; Braith. Grevillea, I., p. 144. On limestone rocks and moist walls. Fronds forming shallow strata, crowded and entangled, so as to be separated with difficulty ; colour pale glaucous green. Segments one to three lines long, one-quarter to one-third line broad. Pis- tillidia scattered along the carinate base of the lobes, young fruit immersed, at length elevating the epi- dermis, which it ruptures to allow the escape of the spores. Spores smaller than in R. bifurca, dark brown, crenate-reticulate (Plate 6, fig. 80.) Riceia tumida, Lindenb. Frond nearly simple, oblong-linear, obtuse, thickened about the apex beneath, and at the margin, above channelled, below purplish ; the margin singly, the apex doubly ciliatc. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. 285 Riccia tumida, Linden. Mon. 459, t. xxvii., fig. 2 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 67. Frond two to three lines long. (Plate 7, fig. 9 2.} This may be recognised amongst British species, with a purplish under surface, by the ciliated margin, in which respect it differs from R. nigrella, as well as in its thicker substance. Rieeia nigrella, De Cand. Frond dichotomous; laciniae linear, chan- nelled; margin membranaceous, quite entire, dark purple beneath ; transversely scaly, scales semi-circular, not exceeding the margin. Riccia nigrella, De Cand, Fl. Fr. V., p. 193; Lind. Mon. p. 467, t. xxix., fig. i ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 65, 290. Riccia lamellosa, Ralfs. Cooke Hep. No. 133. On damp banks. Small in all its parts, with linear dichotomous lobes, margin membranous, entire, expanded, and dark green when moist, but when dry remarkably inflexed, and displaying the dark purple scales which clothe the lower surface, and which are rounded and closely imbricate. (Plate 6, fig. leaf and stipule. 12. Lejeunia flava, leaves (Moore) and stipule. ,, ,, 13. Lejeunia Mackayi, leaves and stipule (Hooker). ,, 14. Lejeunia ulictna, leaves and perianth (Hooker). ,, 15. Radula Carringtonii, leaves. ,, 16. Radula Lindbergii (cominutata)^ leaves. Plate 2. Fig. 17. Porella l&vigata, leaf (Stephani). ,, 1 8. Porella platyphylla, leaf and stipule. 19. Porella rivularis, leaf and stipule, with stipule. 20. Porella thuja, leaves and stipules. 300 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Plate 2. Fig. 21. Porella pinnata, leaves and stipules. 22. Kantia trichomanes, pendulous calyx. 23. Cephalozia multiflora, leaves. 24. Cephalozia ceraria, leaves. 25. Cephalozia elachista, leaves (Gottsche). 26. Cephalozia leucantha, leaf. 27. Hygrobiella nevicensis, leaves and stipule (Carrington). 28. Anthelia juratzkiana, leaf, expanded. 29. Hygrobiella myriocarpa, leaves, perianth and stipule (Carrington). 30. Kantia arguta, leaves of young plant. ,, ,, 31. Lepidozia Pearsoni, leaves and stipules. Plate 3. Fig. 32. Scapania compacta, leaves (Notaris). ,, 33. Scapania resupinata, leaves (Carrington). ,, 34. Scapania Bartlingii, leaves (Notaris). 35- Scapania sub-alpina, leaf (Siephanij. ,, ,, 36. Scapania irrigua, leaves. 37. Scapania umbrosa, leaves (Hooker). ,, ,, 38. Scapania nemorosa, leaves (Stephani). 39- Scapania aspera, three leaves (Pearson). ,, ,, 40. Diplophyllum albicans, leaf. ,, ,, 41. Diplophyllum taxifolium, leaf. ,, ,, 42. Diplophyllum Hellerianum, leaves. 43. Diplophyllum minutum, leaf (Stephani). 44. Diplophyllum saxicolum, leaves. ,, ,, 45. Lophocolea bidentata, leaves. ,, 46. Lophocolea cuspidata, leaves and stipules. 47. Plagiochila interrupta, leaves (Carring- ton). Plate 4. Fig. 48 Plagiochila exigtta, young plant, leaves and stipules , Carrington). ,, ,, 49. Aplozia riparia, perianth. > 5- Jungermannia Bantriensis, leaves and stipule (Stephani). > 5 1 - Jungermannia Muelleri, leaves (Gottsche). 5 2 - Sung"trmanm'aatteriuata,leaves(Steph2Lni). > 53- Jungermannia Lyoni, leaves (Taylor). EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 30! Plate 4. Fig. 54. Jungermannia capitata, leaves (Hooker). )> 55- Jungermannia porphyroleuca, leaves (called excisa). 11 56 Jungermannia turbinata, leaves (Notaris). 11 51 57- Jungermannia Pearsoni, two leaves. > 58- Jungermannia lycopodioides, leaf. 11 11 59- Jungermannia Kunzeana, leaves. ,, ,, 60. Aplozia gracillima, leaves. ,, ,, 61. Cephalozia fluitans, leaves with radicles. Plate 5. Fig. 62. Harpanthus Flotovianus, leaves and sti- pules (Pearson). 63. Nardia conferta, portion of stem with leaf (Pearson). ,, 64. Nardia sparsifolia, portion of stem with leaves (Pearson). ,, ,, 65. Nardia Funckii, portion of stem with leaves (Carrington). ,, 66. Nardia alpina, portion of stem with leaves (Stephani). 67. Nardia robusta, leaves (Notaris). ,, 68. Nardia sphacelata, portion of stem and leaves (Carrington). ,, 69. Nardia emarginata, leaf (Hooker). ,, 70. Nardia geoscypha, leaves (Notaris). ,, ,, 71. Nardia rovoluta, leaves (Carrington). Plate 6. Fig. 72. Cephalozia Lammersiana, portion of stem and leaves. 73- Cephalozia heterostipa, portions of stems and leaves. 74. Cephalozia denudata, portions of stem and leaves. ,, 75. Nardia ustulata, portion of stem and leaves. 76. Nardia repanda, portion of stem and leaves. ,, 77. Nardia Stableri, portion of stem and leaves. 78. Gymnomitrium obtusum, stem with leaves. 79- Ricciabifurca, fronds enlarged (Carrington). ,, ,, 80. Riccia sorocarpa, fronds enlarged (Car- rington). 302 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Plate 6. Fig. 81. Riccia nigrella, frond enlarged (Carrington). Plate 7. Fig. 82. Nardia Carringlonii, leaves (Carrington). ,, ,, 83. Acrnbolbus Wilsoni, portion of stem and leaves (Carrington). 84. Gymnomilrium crassifolium, stem and leaves (Carrington). 85. Nardia Mullerii\xr.ligurica, perianth and leaves (Notaris). ,, 86. Fossombronia angulosa, portion of stem and leaves. 87. Riccia glaucescens, two iror\&s. 88. Metzgeria hamata, frond. 89. Metzgeria conjugata, fronds. ,, 90. Aneura pinnatifida, frond. 91. Aneura palmata, part of frond (Stephani). ,, 92. Riccia tumida, frond and enlarged portion (Lindenberg). 93. Lunularia vulgaris, magnified receptacle (Taylor). 94. Riccia crystalling frond, b var. &. Plate i. Plate 2. 7 Plate 3. Plate 4. Plate 5. Plate 6. Plate 7. INDEX. PAGE PAGE Acolia brevissima 220 Anthoceros laevis ... .. 291 ACROBOLBUS, genus 233 punctatus .. 290 Acrobolbus Wilsoni ADELANTHUS, genus 234 116 APLOZIA, genus ... Aplozia, cordifolia... .. 164 Adelanthus Carringtonii Adelanthus decipiens 224 117 ii crenulata cuneifolia ;; \% A licularia compressa 229 > fracillima... .. 168 geoscypha 228 yalina ... 2'?T ,, scalaris 226, 227 lanceolata '. 169 ANEURA, genus 261 |f lurida .. 172 Aneura multifida 261 M pumila ... .. 170 var. major 262 var. nigricans .. 170 var. ambrosioides 262 riparia .. 174 var. filiformis 262 9) Schraderi... .. 166 ,, palmata 263 sphaerocarpa 173 var. polyblasta ... 264 var. conferta 264 BAZZAN I A, erenus ... 78 palmata major ... pinguis 264 265 Bazzania Donniana triangularis '.'. 80 pinnatifida 262 tricrenata .. 81 var. sinuata 263 j} trilobata... 79 pinnatifida sinuata 4 263 Bibliography BLASIA, genus .. 293 2 54 ANTHELI A, genus 72 Blasia pusilla .. 255 Anthelia filum 75 BLEPHAROSTOMA, genus Q2 julacea 72 Blepharostoma connivens 160 Juratzkiana 73 setacea 00 setiformis Turneri ,8 trichophylla 92 ciliaris ... 66 Anthocerotacese 289 M Woodsii .. 68 ANTHOCF.ROS, genus 289 Blyttza Lyellii ... .. 252 34 INDEX. PAGE Calypogeia arguta ... 85 PAGE Diplophyllum saxicolum ... 146 trtchomanis ... S3 ,, taxifolium ... 141 CEPHALOZIA, genus 93 DUMORTIERA, genus ... 274 Cephalozia asraria 112 Dumortiera irrigua ... 274 albescens 123 bicuspidata ... 97 Epigoniantheae 147 byssacea catenulata ... no 94 Eu-lejeunia flava 43 Explanation of Plates ... 299 connivens 100 curvifolia 101 FEGATELLA, genus ... 275 denudata 108 Fegatella conica ... .-. 276 divaricata ... 109 ,, hemispherica ... 273 elachista 114 Fossombronieas 242 11 ui tans 104 FOSSOMBRONIA, genus ... 244 Francisci heterostipa ... 103 106 Fossombronia angulosa ... 246 ,, caespitiformis 245 Lammersiana 99 pusilla ... 244 leucantha multiflora 95 FRULLANIA, genus ... 22 Frullania dilatata 23 reclusa 95 ,, fragilifolia ... 25 sphagni 107 germana ... 27 Turneri "5 Hutchinsitz ... 30 CHILOSCYPHUS, genus ... Chiloscyphus pallescens ... Chiloscyphus polyanthus var. rivularis 152 153 153 ,, tamarisci ... 26 Gymnanthe Wilsoni ... 234 GYMNOCOLEA, genus ... 198 vat. pallescens Cincinnulus argutus Cincinnulus trichomanis... 83 Gymnocolea affinis ... 200 inflata ... 198 var. compacta 199 Classification var. laxa ... 199 CodoniaRalfsii 248 Gymnocolea inflata Coleochila anomala 197 v. flititans 105 cunet 'folia 165 ,, laxifolia ... 119 Taylori 106 GYMNOMITRIUM, Genus... 235 Coluro-Lejeunia calyptri- Gymnomitrium adus- folia 48 tum 212, 220 Gymnomitrium concinna- Dilczna hibernica 253 tum 235, 240 Lyellii DIPLOPHYLLUM, genus ... Diplophyllum albicans ... Dicksoni ... 252 139 140 142 confer turn 209 ,, coralloides 237 crassifoliuni24i crenulatum 238 Hellerianum 144 obtusum 239 minutum ... 143 revolutum 218 myriocarpum 120 obtusifolmm 144 Haplomitrium Hooker i ... 243 INDEX. 35 ] HARPANTHUS, genus ... 'AGE 201 PAGE Jungermannia bicrenata ... 191 Harpanthus Flotovianus... 2O2 , , biden tat a 1 47 , 1 50 ,, scutatus 203 var. Bantri- var. imbricatus 203 ensis ... 176 Hepatica asplenoides Hepaticae, order Hep a ticoides albicans I 5 6 21 140 Jungermannia bicuspi- data 96,97, 99, 151 ,, blast a ... 255 HERBERTA, genus Herberta adunca 69 69 ,, byssacea ... no calcarea ... 35 Homalo-Lejeunia Mackaii HYGROBIELLA, genus ... 46 118 calycina ... 250 ,, capitata ... 187 Hygrobiella laxifolia myriocarpa ... 119 120 ,, catenulataqa,, 113 ciliaris ... 66 Nevicensis ... 121 cochleari- Hygropyla irrigua 274 f or mis ... 77 compacta ... 125 Index 33 ,, complanata 51 Introduction , comprexsa... 229 , concinnata 235 JUBULA, genus 28 , connivens 96, 100 Jubula dilatata 24 corcyrcea ... 192 Jubula Hutchinsias 3 , cordeana ... 64 Jubuleae 21 , cordi folia ... 171 Jungermanniaceae 21 , crenulata ... 167 JUNGERMANNIA, genus ... 175 , cuneifolia... 165 Jungermannia aebata adunca ... 217 60 , curta ... 136 , curvifolia ... i o i ,, cequiloba ... affinis 128 200 , decipiens ... 117 , deflexa ... 80 ,, alb esc ens ... 123 denudata ... 108 , , albicans . . . 140 Dicksoni ... 142 ,, alpestris ... I8 5 ,, dilatata ... 24 var. gelida I8 5 Dillenii ... 157 anomala ... 197 divari- ,, aqnilegia... 53 cata 109, no asplenii . . . J 57 Donniana ... 82 ,, asplenioides echinata ... 35 attenuata... i ,, elachista ... 114 ,, Bantriensis 76 emarginata 213 ,, barbata ... 80 ,, endivcefolia 249 vat , minor 79 ,, epiphylla ... 240 var. Flcerkii var. lycopodioides var. quinqueden- 80 182 var. furcigera 250 ,, excisa 189, 190 var. crispa 186 tata 1 80 ,, exigua ... 164 j, Bartlingii 127 exsecta ... 184 X Jungermannia filum flava Flotoviana fluitans .. fruliculosa furcata gelida Genthiana... gracillima... Grimsulana PAGE 75 43 202 105 , 105 257 219 168 168 in hamatifolia^ 38 Helleriana 144 heterophylla 151 hibernica 247, 253 Hookeri . . . 243 Hutchinsice 30 hyalina . . . 230 incisa ... 192 inconspicua 33 inflata 106, 198 intermedia 186 interrupta... 159 irrigua ... 132 julacea 72, 73 junipcrina... 69 Juratzkiana 73 Kunzeana ... 177 lavigata ... 59 lanceolata 169, 226 laxi folia ... 119 lurida ... 172 lycopodioides 182 ?// ... 2.52 Lyom Mackaii ... macrorhiza microscopica minuta minutis- 2 182 46 214 34 143 sima 33, 36, 42 Muelleri ... 178 multifida ... 261 mulliflora... 91 mynocarpa 1 20 Jungermannia nana nemorosa ... Nevicensis obovata ... obtusifolia orcadensis ovata pallescens ... palmata . . . Pauci flora... Pearsoni ... 172 134 122 232 H5 194 39 J I 3 263 90 193 265 263 137 pinnatifida planifolia . . platyphylla 60, 63 Plicata ... 178 Polyanthus 1 53 porphyroleuca 189 pubescens ... 258 Pulvinata . . . 222 pumila 170, 172 punctata .. pusilla quinqueden- tata rudicans . Raljsii reclusa reptans 161 244 1 80 79 248 rip aria ... 174 saxicola ... 146 scalaris 172, 226 scalar is ft 108 var. repanda 223 Schraderi ... 166 scutata ... 203 serpylli- folia 43, 40, 39 setacea ... 90 setiformis 74, 75 silvrettee ... 223 soda ... 183 sphacelata... 223 sphagni 107, 108 sphcerocarpa 1 73 INDEX. 37 PAGE Jungermanma spinulosa . . . 160 var.tridenticulata 162 Starkii ... 109, III, 112 ,, stellulifera in , , stipulacea . . . 203 ,, subalpina^... 129 , , tantarisci ... 26 taxi folia ... 141 Taylori ... 196 ,, thuja ... 63 ,, tomentella 71 ,, triangularis 80 ,, trichomanis 83 trichophylla 93 ,, trier enata... 81 , , trilobata 79, 8 1 , 82 ,, turbinata ... 192 ,, turbinata ... 200 Turneri ... 115 ulicina ... 36 uliginosa ... 135 umbrosa ... 133 undulata ... 131 ventricosa... 188 , , viticulosa ... 205 ,, Wilsoniana 200 ,, Woodsii ... 68 Jungermannieae 49 KANTIA, genus 82 Kantia arguta 84 ,, trichomanis ... 83 LEJEUNIA, genus 31 Lejeunia calcarea 34 ,, calyptrifolia ... 47 cucullata 42 dilatata 24 diversiloba ... 41 flava 43 hamatifolia ... 38 Holtii 44 inconspicua ... 33 Mackaii 46 microscopica ... 33 Lejeunia minutissima ...33, 36 Moorei 43 ovata 39 patens 45 platyphylla ... 60 Rossettiana ... 37 serpyllifolia 40, 45 Taylori 33 ulicina 35 LEPIDOZIA, genus 86 Lepidozia cupressina /3 ... 88 Lepidozia Pearsoni ... 89 ,, pinnata 88 reptans 86,89 setacea 90 tumidula ... 87 Leptoscyphus cuneifolius 165 Taylori ... 196 Lichen minor 280 palustris 282 paruus vernus ... 286 Lichenastrum alpinum ... 77 ,, aquaticum 287 ,, asplenii ... 156 ,, pinnulis alter- nis ... 160 pinnulis, Sr'c.t 245, 246 ,, scorpioides... 66 Liochlana lanceoiata ... 169 LOPHOCOLEA, genus ... 147 Lophocolea bidentata ... 147 var. obtusata 148 var. gracile ... 148 var. alata ... 148 cuspidata ... 149 ,, heterophylla... 151 Hookeriana 147, 149 ,, spicata ... 150 LUNULARIA, genus ... 269 Lunularia vulgaris 269 Madotheca l&vigata ... 59 ,, platyphylla ... DO foretla 64 ,, rivularis ... 62 X 2 38 INDEX. PAGE Madotheca thuja 6^? PAGE var. major ... 208 Marchantiaceae MARCHANTIA, genus 266 267 Nardia geoscypha hyalina 228 230 Marchantia androgyna ... 271 Muelleri 222 ,, commutata .. 271 var. ligurica-viride 222 conica 276 obovata 232 hemisphcerica olivacea 211 271, 273 repanda 222 irrigua 274 revoluta 217 Ice-vis 269 robusta .. ... 216 ,, polymorpha Marsupella conferta 267 209 scalaris var. major 225 227 aim ace a 211 var. rigidula 227 polyanthos ... 153 var. rigens .,. 228 ,, sparsifolia 208 var. compressa ... 228 Stableri 2IO ,, sparsifolia 207 ustulata 212 sphacelata 223 Mastigobryum deflexum 80, 81 trilobatum 70 Sprucei Stableri 221 210 Mastigophora Woodsii ... Mesophylla compressa 6$ 229 ustulata Odontochisma denudata ... 212 108 orcadcnsis 194 sphagni ... 107 Metzgerieae METZGERIA, genus Metzgeria conjugata furcata 2 5 6 20 260 257 PALLAVICINIA, genus ... Pallavicinia hibernica Lyellii Pedinophyllum pyrenai- 251 253 252 var. aeruginosa 257 cum 159 hamata 259 PELLIA, genus 249 ,, line arts 266 Pellia calycina 250 pubescens Mcerckia hibernica 259 2 S3 epiphylla PETALOPHYLLUM, genus 249 247 MYLIA, genus Mylia anomala Taylori NARDIA, genus Nardia adusta 195 I 9 7 196 206 220 Petalophyllum Ralfsii ... Phragmicoma Mackaii ... Physiotium cochleariforme PLAGIOCHILA, genus Plagiochila asplenioides ... 247 47 77 155 155 alpina 216 var. major ... 156 Carrington i 224 var. minor 157 compressa 229 var. devexa ... conferta 208 decipiens 117 emarginata 213 exigua 163 var. major 214 interrupta 159 var. aquatica 215 punctata 161 var. minor 215 spinulosa 160 var.^picea 217 var. micro- Funckii 218 phylla 1 60 INDEX. 309 PAGE PAGE var. procum- Riccardia palmata 264 bens 160 pinguis 266 var. punctata 160 sinuata 263 var. flagellifera 161 Ricciaceae ... 278 var. inermis... 161 RICCIA, genus 279 Plagiochila tridenticulata 162 Riccia bifurca 281 Pleuranthe olivicea 202 crystallina 281 Pleurochisma deflexum ... ,, Donnianum 80 82 var. vulgaris var. palustris 282 282 , , trilobatum 79 crystallina a. 280 PLEUROCLADA, genus ... 122 crystallina 282 Pleuroclada albescens 123 fluitans 287 PLEUROZIA, genus 77 giauca 280 Pleurozia cochleariformis 77 var. major 280 Porellese 58 var. minor 280 PORELLA, genus 58 glaucescens .. 283 Porella lasvigata 59 lamellosa .. 285 ,, pinnata 63 natans .. . f 286 ,, platyphylla rivularis 60 62 nigrella pellucida .. 285 282 ,, thuja PREISSIA, genus 63 270 sorocarpa .. tumida 284 284 Preissia commutata 270 Ricciella fluitans 287 Ptilideae 64 Ricciocarpus natans 286 PTILIDIUM, genus 65 Ptilidium ciliare 65 SACCOGYNA, genus 204 Woodsii Raduleas RADULA, genus 68 50 50 Saccogyna viticulosa Sarcosyphus adustus 211,212, alpinus 205 220 216 Radula aquilegia ... 53 Carringtonii 56 56 confertus Erhardtii ... 209 214 commutata complanata 55 var. julacea... var. robustus III germana 55 Funckii 219 Holtii 57 Muelleri ... 222 Lindbergii 54 revolutus . . . 217 Lindenbergii Lindenbergiana 55 55 sparsifolius ... 207 sphacelatus 106, 223 voluta 52 Sprucei ,, xalapensis 53 var. decipiens 211 REBOULIA, genus 272 SCALIA, genus 242 hemispherica... 272 Scalia, Hookeri 243 Reproduction 10 SCAPANIA, genus Riccardia latifrons ., ... 264 Scapania aspera 138 ,, mulifida... 261 Rartlingii 127 var. ambrosioides 262 compacta ... 125 3io INDEX. PAGE Scapania aequiloba ... 128 a dentata ... 128 /3 inermis ... 128 curta 135 var. spinulosa ... 136 var. rosacea ... 136 irrigua 132 nemorosa ... 134 nimbosa 130 planifolia ... 137 resupinata ... 126 jSlaxifolia ... 126 y recurvifolia 126 subalpina ... 129 uliginosa 135 umbrosa 132 undulata 131 Scapanioideae 124 PAGE Schisma aduncam 69 straminea ... 70 Sendtnera adunc a 69 Woodsii ... 68 Southbya obovata 232 SPH^ROCARPUS, genus ... 288 Sphaerocarpus, terrestris... 288 Michelii ... 288 Sphagnoccetis communi 's ... 107 TARGIONIA, genus 277 Targionia hypophylla ... 277 Trick otolea tomentella ... 71 TRICHOLEA, genus ... 70 Tricholea tomentella ... 71 Trigonanthese 76 Vegetative system 5 IMPORTANT WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR Now greatly reduced in Price Rust, Smut, Mildew, and Mould AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF MICROSCOPIC FUNGI Illustrated with 269 Coloured Figures by J. E. SOWERBY REVISED AND ENLARGED. CROWN 8vo. PUB. 6/~ F O R 2/6 Those of our readers who are the happy possessors of microscopes would welcome this book with delight, as opening the way to a definite study of a most interesting branch of plant life. The minute fungi, here so faithfully depicted by Mr Sowerby, and so carefully described by Dr Cooke, have not only beauty of form and colour, but wonderful life-histories. Every hedge or lane or piece of waste ground, even in the suburbs of large towns, will provide specimens which may be easily preserved on the plants which they attack, or mounted as microscope slides. The British Fungi A PLAIN AND EASY ACCOUNT WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ESCULENT AND ECONOMIC SPECIES With Coloured Plates of Thirty-four Species, and numerous Woodcuts REVISED. CROWN 8vo. PUBLISHED AT 6/- FOR 2/6 "Mr Cooke writes for those whose education and means are limited, and with pre-eminent success. ... It is really a pleasure to read the Manuals which he has published, for they are up to the mark, and so complete as to leave hardly anything to be desired. The new work on the Fungi contains descriptions of the esculent fungi, the manner in which they are prepared for the table, how to discriminate the nutritious from the poisonous species, details of the principles of their scientific classification, and a tabular arrangement of orders and genera." To be hat! of alt Booksellers, ana JOHN GRANT, 31 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh IMPORTANT WORK BY THE SAME AUTHOR Now greatly redttced in Price Our Reptiles and Batrachians A PLAIN AND EASY ACCOUNT OF THE LIZARDS SNAKES, NEWTS, TOADS, FROGS, AND TORTOISES INDIGENOUS TO GREAT BRITAIN With original Coloured Plates of every Species, and numerous Woodcuts CROWN 8vo. PUBLISHED AT 6/~ F R 2/6 BY R. RIMMER, F.L.S. The Land and Freshwater Shells of the British Isles ILLUSTRATED, CONTAINING FIGURES OF ALL THE PRINCIPAL SPECIES SECOND EDITION. CROWN 8vo. PUB. AT 5/- FOR 2/- "The author writes both attractively and well, and in a manner so simple and natural that we have no fear that any ordinarily educated man will easily understand every phrase. But the feature of this book which strikes us most is that every species of British land and freshwater shell has been photographed, natural size, so that the merest tyro will find no difficulty in identifying any shell he may find." Science Review. To bo had of all Booksellers, ana JOHN GRANT, 31 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh Library Use Only A 001 020 202