^ 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 UNWERSirr OF CAUFDRNIA 
 
 RIVERSIDE 
 
 V 
 
 '^ E
 
 THE HOUSE OF CROMWELL.
 
 
 
 3 ^^f/J^ 
 
 K 
 
 
 1 
 
 1
 
 THE 
 
 HOUSE OF CROMWELL. 
 
 H (Bencalooical Ibistor^ of tbe S'amil^ auD 
 BescenCtants of tbe protector. 
 
 JAMES WAYLEN, 
 •• III 
 
 Sometime Secretary of Tkotnas Carlyle. 
 
 A NEW EDITION, REVISED 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN GABRIEL CROMWELL, M.A. Oxon., 
 
 Hon. Canon of Durham. 
 
 LONDON : 
 ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. 
 
 1897. 
 
 \,All rights 7e served. \
 
 12^ 1
 
 PREFACE 
 
 TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 IN order to render Mr. Waylen's book more complete 
 and interesting to the general reader, the Publisher 
 has decided to prefix a new chapter designed to 
 trace as far back as possible the family from which the 
 Great Protector derived his origin. He has also added 
 a chapter at the end on the Cromwells in America. 
 The book, which has been revised throughout and very 
 much condensed, now presents the history of the family 
 from the fourteenth to the nineteenth century. It may 
 seem proper, but almost unnecessary, for the editor to 
 say that he does not agree with the sentiments of the 
 late Mr. Waylen upon very many subjects.
 
 PREFACE 
 
 TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 THE following pages are primarily designed to 
 contain genealogical tables of the Protector 
 Oliver's descendants to the present day, 
 and thus to carry down through another 
 century the family history which terminated in 1785 
 with the publication of Mark Noble's " History of the 
 Protectoral House." Other miscellaneous matter is added, 
 illustrative of the Protector's character, all which will 
 speak for itself. But the mention of matter, supple- 
 mentary to Mr. Carlyle's collection of the Protector's 
 " Letters and Speeches," claims a few preliminary obser- 
 vations. 
 
 About the year 1842, Mr. John Langton Sanford, of the 
 Temple, struck by the astounding discrepancies which had 
 long been conspicuous among the biographers of Oliver 
 Cromwell, resolved to make an independent investigation 
 on his own account, and to commence the task by forming 
 as complete a collection as possible of the hero's letters 
 and speeches. Of these, he had brought together about 
 three hundred, when Mr. Carlyle's work on the same 
 subject came forth to light in 1845. As each collection
 
 viii Preface. 
 
 contained documents which were wanting in the other, 
 Mr. Sanford promptly and generously surrendered his own 
 contingent, which accordingly made part of Mr. Carlyle's 
 second edition of 1846. To specify what that contingent 
 supplied would now be a superfluous task ; it may suffice 
 to mention that it included the Clonmacnoise Manifesto — 
 perhaps the most masterly and characteristic specimen on 
 record of Cromwell's polemical discernment. 
 
 It is agreeable to add that the results of these studies on 
 Mr. Sanford's own mind were already in felicitous accord- 
 ance with the Carlylean decisions, and had issued, to use 
 his own terms, in a clear conviction that the theory of 
 Cromwell's hypocrisy and selfish ambition was devoid 
 of all support in the real facts. He had learnt also that 
 the lives of Pym, Hampden, and many others of that 
 time, required re-writing quite as much as that of Crom- 
 well ; and he became increasingly solicitous that his ac- 
 cumulated stores " might be moulded into a work supple- 
 mentary to that of Mr. Carlyle, and affording a critical 
 refutation of the large mass of calumnious anecdote which 
 still passes for history in works of such general value and 
 authority as Mr. Forster's " Statesmen of the Common- 
 wealth." Such a work, therefore, appeared in 1858 — the 
 original title of " Life of Oliver Cromwell " being sup- 
 planted by " Studies and Illustrations of the Great Rebel- 
 lion " — and a very fascinating book it is, fully answering 
 the proposed design, without in the smallest degree dis- 
 turbing the majestic supremacy of the Protector. It 
 closes with a graphic account of the fight at Marston 
 Moor, which had never before been rightly adjusted ; and 
 it supplies a few additional letters, which also may now be 
 read in Carlyle's later editions. 
 
 But, indeed, that gallant crisis in the fortunes of England 
 and of Europe may well sustain other supplementary 
 illustration besides Mr. Sanford's classic essays. The 
 position which the British Protector appeared to be as-
 
 Preface. ix 
 
 suming in the councils of foreign nations when death laid 
 him low is apprehended by very few. Englishmen seem 
 to have forgotten the motives which prompted him to 
 snatch from Papal Spain the port of Dunkirk and adjacent 
 part of Flanders. Nay, the majority of his compatriots 
 seem to have forgotten that he ever held Dunkirk at all. 
 
 The loss of Calais was more than redeemed ; and the 
 Protestant ensign, under which Gustavus Adolphus fought 
 and fell, floated over territory torn from Papal Spain. The 
 whole affair was eminently calculated to re-awaken the 
 enthusiasm which the leadership of the Protector had 
 formerly kindled; for the Flanders campaign, though 
 executed by deputy, was rightly felt to be animated by his 
 spirit. His representatives, meanwhile, at the Gallic Court, 
 where Huguenots had sued in vain, received homage which 
 was withheld from the very Legate of Rome — a strange 
 spectacle, startling to all Europe — alike anomalous, por- 
 tentous, and inexplicable. To many a lip the question must 
 then have risen, which in later years has again and again 
 baffled the logic of Oliver's defamers : Wherein lay the 
 divining power which could thus bring an aspiring Cardinal 
 and a French autocrat under the fascination of a heretical 
 island chieftain, whose political aspirations, all undisguised 
 as they were, were backed by but a very moderate military 
 power ? The answer, surely, is found in the fact, that 
 every step in his career was known to be the expression 
 and outcome of habitual faith in the Unseen. To his 
 Parliaments, and to those who came still more closely in 
 contact with him, it was sufficiently manifest that his 
 every thought was with the Eternal ; but Milton gives us 
 further to understand that the contagion of his spiritual 
 force carried the better part of the nation along with him. 
 Through Lockhart's medium the same sentiment would 
 remotely influence Mazarin, offering a more honourable — 
 and shall we not say rational ? — explanation of his bearing 
 towards the English Protector than the mere vulgar fear
 
 X Preface. 
 
 which is all that the Cardinal's enemies can discover in 
 him. The downright integrity and absence of self-seeking 
 of Oliver was a new phenomenon in the history of 
 monarchs, and at the bottom of their hearts the people 
 hailed his advent as that of a practical saviour. In short, 
 " There has not been a supreme governor worth the meal 
 upon his periwig, in comparison, since this spirit fell 
 obsolete," says Carlyle, in his comments on Speech V. 
 There, gentlemen, is that strong enough ? That it will 
 for ever silence his detractors, can hardly be looked for. 
 But it is in the firm belief, that the majority of his country- 
 men are rapidlj' reaching the same conviction, that the 
 tribute of the following pages has been rendered. 
 
 Should it be objected against him, that his organization 
 of parochial religious life was a mongrel affair, let it also 
 be remembered that in the transition age through which 
 the nation was passing it was a matter of exceptional per- 
 plexity. Robert Hall, in many respects a kindred spirit, 
 when repelling on one occasion the notion that any 
 particular form of Church-government was stereotyped for 
 all ages, exclaimed, " That which is best administered is 
 best." That Cromwell's administration of this and 
 every other department was the very best conceivable 
 is not the thing to be proved. That he deemed it the 
 best under the actual circumstances of the hour, and 
 made it the best by the simple force of his personal 
 Christianity, is all that his admirers claim — sufficiently 
 entitling him to the eulogy above expressed, ratified as 
 it is by the testimony of a contemporary who, having, 
 like many others, watched him long and closely, pro- 
 nounced him " the justest of conquerors." (Carrington's 
 " Life of Oliver Cromwell.")
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER . 
 
 THE HOUSE OF CBOMVVELL . 
 
 I'AGE 
 I 
 
 CHAPTER H. 
 
 OLIVER, LORD PROTECTOR . 
 
 19 
 
 CHAPTER ni. 
 
 ROBERT, ELDEST SON OF THE PROTECTOR . 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 OLIVER, SECOND SON OF THE PROTECTOR . 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 RICHARD, THIRD SON OF THE PROTECTOR . 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 HENRY, FOURTH SON OF THE PROTECTOR AND HIS DE- 
 
 SCENDANiS . . . . •4'
 
 xii Contents. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 JAMES, FIFTH SON OF THE PROTECTOR . . .86 
 
 CHAPTER Vin. 
 
 BRIDGET, ELDEST DAUGHTER OF THE PROTECTOR, AND HER 
 
 DESCENDANTS . . . , . • ^1 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 ELIZABETH, THE PROTECTOR'S SECOND DAUGHTER. . IIO 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 MARY, THE PROTECTOR'S THIRD DAUGHTER . • 1^5 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 FKANXES, THE PROTECTOR'S FOURTH DAUGHTER, AND HER 
 
 DESCENDANTS . . . . . • I23 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE YOUNGER SONS OF SIR HENRY CROMWELL, THE GRAND- 
 FATHER OF THE LORD PROTECTOR OLIVER, AND HIS 
 BROTHERS AND SISTERS . . . . • 183 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 SOME ANECDOTES AND TRAITS OF OLIVER CROMWELL . I98 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE CROMWELLS OF AMERICA .... 253
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE HOUSE OF CROMWELL. 
 
 AS early as 1308 we find a nobleman bearing the 
 name of Baron John de Cromwell,* who held 
 the high and responsible office of Constable of 
 the Tower of London. He was regularly sum- 
 moned to Parliament till his death, which occurred in 
 1335- His seat in the country was Tattershall Castle, not 
 far from Boston, in Lincolnshire. He was succeeded by 
 Baron Ralph de Cromwell, who died in 1399 ; by another 
 of the same name, who died in 1419 ; and then by a third 
 of the same name, who died in 1455. This nobleman at- 
 tained to the dignity of Lord High Treasurer of England, 
 under Henry VL, the pious founder and princely benefactor 
 of Eton. In the churchwardens' accounts of the parish of 
 St. Margaret's, Westminster, we find mention of a " Lorde 
 Crumwell " (sic) as a resident f therein in the year 1572. 
 
 The investigations made by Mr. Carlyle for his edition 
 of " Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches " led him to 
 conclude that there were other Cromwells in the Fen 
 counties ; and, in his own quaint phraseology, he says 
 that "without any ghost to teach us we can understand 
 
 * Vide " Historic Peerage," by Sir Harris Nicholas. 
 
 t Vide "Westminster Tobacco-box," by Mr. J. E. Smith, 1887.
 
 The House of Croviwell. 
 
 that the Cromwell kindred all got their name in very old 
 times indeed " from the village of " Cromwell," which 
 lies about five miles north of Newark. 
 
 Owing to the industry of an indefatigable antiquary of 
 this generation, Mr. John Phillips, we have been enabled 
 to trace a clear link of connection between one of the 
 lords of Tattershall Castle and a resident near Newark 
 named " John Cromwell." The way in which this dis- 
 covery was made was as follows. Mr. Phillips was 
 fortunate enough to obtain the permission of Earl 
 Spencer, the Lord of the Manor of Wimbledon, to 
 examine carefully the Court Rolls of the manor for the 
 fifteenth century. Therein he discovered numerous 
 entries of the name of " Cromwell." The first of that 
 name mentioned in those old musty documents was one 
 John Cromwell, who is therein stated to have come from 
 Norwell, a village not far from the village of Cromwell. 
 He was a fuller by trade, and he obtained the lease of a 
 fulling-mill for twenty-one years, together wdth a residence 
 and six acres of land belonging thereto, situate near the 
 river Wandle, in the ancient Manor of Wimbledon. This 
 lease was granted to John Cromwell in the year 1452, by 
 the Archbishop of Canterbury, who was then the Lord 
 of the Manor. Now, we happen to know that the custo- 
 dian of the temporalities of the Archbishop at that time 
 was a certain Sir Gervase Clifford, who also held the 
 office of Secretary to the Lord Treasurer Cromwell of 
 Tattershall Castle. It requires no great stretch of imagin- 
 ation to suppose that it was due to the tie of consan- 
 guinity that John Cromwell obtained his lease through 
 the hands of his powerful kinsman's secretary. 
 
 It is easy to conjecture that John Cromwell desired to 
 push his fortune by removing from a country village to 
 the immediate neighbourhood of London, w^here he could 
 pursue his business as a cloth-fuller to greater advantage 
 and profit than he could down in Nottinghamshire. We
 
 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 learn that John's father, William Cromwell, held a lease 
 of Palme Hall, at Norwell, and that he was a grandson 
 of William, fourth son of the sixth Ralph de Cromwell, 
 of Lambley, Nottingham. It will not escape the reader's 
 observation that Ralph was the favourite name of the 
 above-mentioned Barons de Cromwell, who resided in 
 Lincolnshire. We may conclude, with every appearance 
 of certainty, that the Cromwells of Lincolnshire had 
 originally sprung from the Cromwells of Nottinghamshire, 
 and that some connection continued to be kept up 
 between the two branches of the family at least down to 
 the middle of the fifteenth century. 
 
 Let us see what more can be gleaned about John 
 Cromwell, the cloth-fuller from Norwell. His fulling- 
 mill appears to have stood near the river Wandle, in a 
 lane formerly called Fulling-mill Lane, in the parish of 
 Wandsworth. Here cloth, imported into London from 
 Flanders by London merchants, was brought to be 
 " fulled," and then dyed and finished ready for the cloth 
 fairs held at Smithfield Market. For eight-and-twenty 
 years John Cromwell pursued his business on the Wandle, 
 and appears to have been diligent and successful in his 
 business ; for he acquired, in addition to the lease of his 
 fulling-mill, with land and house adjoining, the copyhold 
 of some land at Putney, which is called " Cromwell's " 
 in the existing Court Rolls of the manor. At his death, 
 which occurred about 1480, he was buried in Wimbledon 
 churchyard, overlooking the Valley of the Wandle. Behind 
 him he left two sons, John and Walter, and one or two 
 daughters. Follow we first the history of John, the 
 eldest son. He became a copyholder of land in the 
 parish of Lambeth, and also of a brewery at Stockwell 
 Green, where he carried on his business as a brewer till 
 his death, in 1523, and was buried in Lambeth church- 
 yard. In the churchwardens' accounts of the parish of 
 Lambeth the following entries occur :
 
 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 " 15 1 4. Rec'' of John Cromwell towards making our suits 
 of vestments 6^ 8''. 
 
 15 15. Kec'' for the burial of John Cromwell's woman- 
 servant 4''. 
 
 1521. Rec'' from John Cromwell for reparation of the 
 Church 20S o^. 
 
 1523. Rec*' for burial of John Cromwell 8^ 6*^, and for 
 ringing his knell 6*^." 
 
 In his will he directed that his body should be buried 
 in the churchyard of " our Lady of Lambithe " (Lam- 
 beth now), that 4s. should be given to the " High 
 Altar " for " tithes and oblations forgotten," that 3s. 4d. 
 should be given to the " fraternity of S^ Christopher," 
 and 6s. 4d. to the reparation of the church. It will be 
 remembered, of course, that a shilling then was worth 
 almost as much as a sovereign now. His two sons 
 followed their father's occupation as brewers, and their 
 names are found, together with that of their distinguished 
 cousin Thomas, amongst the members of the household 
 of Cardinal Wolsey, at Hampton Court, in the subsidy 
 assessment for the year 1526. 
 
 ****** 
 
 Having followed far enough the history of the eldest 
 son of John Cromwell of Norwell, let us now fix our 
 attention upon his second son, Walter, for it was through 
 him that the most eminent members of the family derived 
 their origin. To the Court Rolls of the Manor of Wimble- 
 don we are again led by Mr. John Phillips for information. 
 It thence appears that Walter succeeded his father (John) 
 in the business at the fulling-mill on the Wandle ; for 
 when the lease, originally granted to John Cromwell of 
 Norwell, expired, in 1473, it was renewed in favour of his 
 son Walter, who added to the business of a fuller of cloth 
 several other kinds of business. We learn that he held 
 in the parish of Putney several copyhold lands and tene-
 
 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 ments, and there he carried on business as a smith, an 
 armourer, a brewer, and a " hostelry-keeper." 
 
 In thus combining under one management so many 
 diverse kinds of business, Walter may be almost said to 
 have anticipated some of the big London firms of the 
 nineteenth century. 
 
 In his youth he was apprenticed to his maternal uncle, 
 who was a smith and brewer at Putney, and when his 
 apprenticeship expired, he joined his father in conducting 
 the fulling-mill on the Wandle, but did not forget or 
 abandon his original trade as a smith and armourer, and 
 thus he was described in the local records sometimes as 
 a smith, sometimes as a fuller, and sometimes as a brewer. 
 Indeed, in the Court Rolls he is variously entered as 
 " Walter Cromwell otherwise called Walter Smyth," and 
 " Walter Smyth alias Cromwell," and "Walter Cromwell 
 alias Smyth." 
 
 It is suggested that the reason why he was sometimes 
 called " Smyth " was because his uncle's name, to whom 
 he was apprenticed, was William Smith, armourer, smith, 
 and brewer, at Putney. 
 
 In the parish of Putney, Walter Cromwell held thirty 
 acres of land under the Lord of the Manor of Wimbledon, 
 which had belonged to the successive Archbishops of 
 Canterbury from the days of William the Conqueror. 
 Some of this land is said to have been situated close to 
 the Thames, between the west side of Brewhouse Lane 
 and the east side of Putney Churchyard. His brewery 
 and hostelry were in Brewhouse Lane, and the hostelry 
 was conveniently near to the " hithe," or landing-place, 
 where no doubt a good deal of business was done ; for 
 Putney was always a busy and important place, owing to 
 its being on the direct line of transit between London and 
 West Surrey, while ferry-boats constantly plied between 
 Putney and Fulham, and boats and barges, some filled 
 with rich merchandise and some with pleasure-seekers,
 
 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 came up from London and Westminster. For more than 
 a quarter of a century Walter Cromwell is known to have 
 carried on his various kinds of business at Putney, and 
 in 1500 we find that he received a considerable addition 
 to his property in land. For in that year the Court Rolls 
 tell us that " Walter Cromwell, otherwise called Walter 
 Smyth, took of the Lord of the Manor six entire virgats " 
 {i.e., ninety acres) " of land, as well as divers arable lands 
 in Roehampton." After describing fully and minutely 
 the exact situation of all these lands in legal phraseology, 
 the copy of Court Roll concludes by recording that Walter 
 Cromwell was not required to pay anything for all this 
 land, "because the Lord" (of the Manor) "for certain 
 considerations . . . had pardoned payment therefor." 
 
 In these quaint words there is something very signifi- 
 cant, and we ask with curiosity what could have been the 
 " certain considerations " that moved Archbishop Morton 
 of Canterbury to make a free grant of ninety acres of 
 land, together with "divers arable lands in Roehampton," 
 to Master Walter Cromwell, in the year of grace 1500. 
 The answer to this question probably will be found in 
 the following facts. The maternal grandfather of Walter 
 Cromwell, like his maternal uncle, was by trade an 
 armourer and smith, and in that capacity he had found 
 employment during the Wars of the Roses amongst the 
 Lancastrian Barons, whose cause he espoused, and whom 
 he accompanied, like a brave man, to the field of battle ; 
 where his strong arms, both as a soldier and a smith, were 
 doubtless very useful. In one of the numerous battles 
 fought during the thirty years' Civil War he was killed, 
 fighting on the Lancastrian side. For services thus 
 rendered by the armourer of Putney, and by his sons, to 
 the great party which eventually placed Henry VII. upon 
 the throne of England, it is conjectured that the Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury was moved to grant freely those 
 lands in Putney and Roehampton to " Walter Cromwell
 
 The House of Cro77zwell. 
 
 alias Smyth," whose mother was both a daughter and a 
 sister of a Lancastrian armourer. Other reasons Hkewise 
 may have moved Archbishop Morton to take this course, 
 for it is conjectured that some of those lands had been 
 torn from the Putney armourers by a former Archbishop 
 (Bourchier), who was a strong partisan of the Yorkist 
 cause, and therefore the grant made to Walter Cromwell 
 was probably an act of partial restitution. Be this as it 
 may, we find Walter Cromwell, near the end of his life, 
 in possession of a considerable amount of property at 
 Putney, Wandsworth, and Roehampton, though later on 
 he seems to have lost much of it, and to have died at 
 his cottage on Wimbledon Green, about the year 1516, 
 and was buried probably in Wimbledon churchyard, 
 beside his father and mother. The reader is doubtless 
 aware that it is next to impossible to give the exact date 
 of the birth, marriage, or death of anybody in England 
 prior to 1538, because before that year there was no 
 regular and systematic registration of births, marriages, 
 and deaths kept in this country. It was Thomas Cromwell 
 who first ordered registers to be kept in all parish churches, 
 and thus instituted that system of registration which con- 
 tinues in force with some alterations at the present day. 
 
 Before passing from the biography of Walter Cromwell, 
 it may be mentioned that he twice discharged the office 
 of " Constable of Putney," in 1495 and 1496, a parochial 
 office that in all parishes used to be held in turn by 
 the principal householders in a parish. Three children 
 survived him — Katharine, born about 1477; Thomas, about 
 1485 ; and Elizabeth, about 1487. Our interest will be 
 with Katharine and Thomas principally. 
 
 Place aux dames. The lady must come first, in spite 
 of the fact that her brother afterwards became the most 
 powerful subject of King Henry VIII. 
 
 It was in Putney Church, in the year of grace 1494, 
 that Katharine Cromwell, then a young lady about
 
 8 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 eighteen years of age, was married to a young man of 
 Welsh extraction named Morgan Williams. From the 
 issue of this marriage sprang in the fourth generation, 
 as we shall presently see, the renowned Lord Protector 
 of England, Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 Morgan Williams was the son of John Williams, who 
 had migrated from the parish of Llanishen, near Cardiff, 
 about the end of the fifteenth century, and took up his 
 abode at Mortlake ; where he married an English wife 
 distantly connected with the Cromwell family at Putney, 
 and pursued the avocations of accountant, land-agent, 
 and la\vyer. He seems to have been employed about the 
 Court at Richmond in the time of Henry VH. and 
 Henry VHL, and his eldest son, John Williams, is desig- 
 nated in the record of a lawsuit in the King's Bench 
 as " de Hospice de Regni," i.e., '' of the Royal House- 
 hold." In 1515 he was appointed "Yeoman of the 
 Crown " with 6d. a day, thus becoming one of that royal 
 bodyguard, composed of stahvart Welshmen, on whose 
 loyalty the two first Tudor Kings could rely ; and we 
 must never forget that Henry VH. was as much a 
 Welshman as James I. was a Scotchman, and George I. 
 was a German. Welshmen, therefore, were naturally 
 held in favour about the Courts of Henry VH. and his 
 son, bluff King Harry the Eighth. 
 
 In due time a son was born as issue of the marriage 
 of Katharine Cromw^ell and Morgan Williams, and the 
 child w^as called Richard. Of his early life little is 
 recorded, but we may conjecture, with every probability 
 in our favour, that he joined the royal bodyguard of 
 Welshmen, to which one of his paternal uncles already 
 belonged ; and that it was thus he became so proficient 
 in the use of arms, that at a grand tournament held by 
 the King in 1539 he was* successful in defeating a 
 Mr. Culpeper and two of the bravest foreign champions 
 
 * Vide Dugdale's " Baronetage," ii. 370.
 
 The House of CromwelL 
 
 who had been invited from the Continent to take part 
 in the royal festivities. It is said that Henry VIII. was 
 so highly delighted with Richard Cromwell's success in 
 beating the two foreigners, that he knighted him on the 
 spot, gave him a ring from his own finger, and said : 
 " Henceforth thou shalt be my knight." Richard thence- 
 forth, if not before, abandoned his father's surname, 
 Williams, and assumed that of his mother's family, 
 " Cromwell." He had a potent reason for making this 
 change in his name, for by so doing he proclaimed to 
 the courtiers his close kinship to the King's chief adviser 
 and Minister, Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, who had 
 not as yet fallen beneath the royal displeasure. In 
 memory of the great tournament and of its fateful results, 
 Sir Richard Cromwell and his descendants after him 
 adopted as their crest a lion rampant holding up a ring 
 in his right paw. 
 
 Leaving for a time the history of Sir Richard, we shall 
 find much to interest us in recovering the story of the 
 early life of his maternal uncle Thomas, the son, as we 
 have seen, of Walter Cromwell of Putney, for it is full 
 of adventure, and not a little romance. 
 
 Mr. John Phillips, to whom we are indebted for so 
 many interesting particulars derived from the Court Rolls 
 of Wimbledon Manor, says : " We are inclined to think 
 that Thomas Cromwell, after leaving school, resided at 
 Mortlake with John Williams ; that he assisted him to 
 collect rents and debts on the manor . . . and learnt 
 from him to prepare legal documents for leases and 
 mortgages. ... At Putney he saw and conversed with 
 the merchants who came there to buy wool, and heard 
 much about Italy and other foreign countries." Hence, 
 says Foxe : "A great delight came into his mind to see 
 the world abroad, and to gain experience, whereby he 
 learned such tongues and languages as might better serve 
 his use hereafter."
 
 lo The House of Crojnzuell. 
 
 In prosecution of his desire to see " forraine " countries, 
 he passed over sea to the great commercial port of 
 Antwerp, where, says Foxe, " he was retained of the 
 EngHsh merchants " (who at that time resided together 
 in a factory for mutual protection and convenience) " to 
 be their dark or secretarie, or in some like condition 
 pertaining to their affaires." When he was thus employed 
 at Antwerp, there arrived two merchants from Boston 
 on their way to Rome, commissioned by their townsmen 
 to solicit from the Pope, Julius 11. , a renewal of "a 
 pardon," as it was called, to the town of Boston, and 
 to " the brethren and sisters of the g>'lde of our Lady 
 in Saint Botulph's church at Boston." 
 
 A copy of this " pardon " may be seen in Foxe, and 
 very curious are the indulgences and relaxations granted 
 by the Pope to all such as should resort to the Church 
 of St. Botulph at the great Church festivals — indeed, 
 his Holiness promised that they should have " pardon 
 no less than if they themselves personally had visited 
 the stations of Rome." For such a document as this, 
 of course, the Court of Rome would demand a good round 
 sum of money from the merchants who had undertaken 
 the commission to obtain it. Foxe tells us that these 
 Boston merchants felt themselves unequal to the task 
 of " compassing such a weightie piece of worke," and 
 finding that Thomas Cromwell had acquired some skill 
 in the Italian tongue, they induced him to accom- 
 pany them to Rome, and assist them in their weighty 
 business. 
 
 By making acceptable presents to the Pope and his 
 courtiers, and by offering for his acceptance some "jolly 
 junkets and fine dishes of jellie made after the best 
 fashion and manner, which to them of Rome was not 
 known nor seene before," Thomas Cromwell and his 
 friends from Boston obtained the coveted " pardon." 
 This was in the year of our Lord 1510, says our historian
 
 The House of CroinweLC. 1 1 
 
 Foxe. Thomas would then be about twenty-five years 
 of age. 
 
 Never had the Court of Rome been more notoriously 
 and shamelessly corrupt than it was at the beginning of 
 the sixteenth century, and Cromwell must have seen and 
 heard strange things about the Pope and Cardinals during 
 his stay at Rome. No doubt his visit to the Eternal City 
 helped to colour many of his opinions and actions in his 
 subsequent career as malleus nionachomm in England. 
 Alexander Borgia, one of the most profligate Popes that 
 ever disgraced and polluted an episcopal throne, had 
 died in 1503 after a week's illness, induced by drinking 
 a poisoned cup intended, as was commonly believed, for 
 one of the guests that sat by his side at supper. "The 
 moral degradation into which the Papacy sank under 
 Alexander," says the historian Robertson, " has no parallel 
 either in its earlier or in its later history. . . . The Pope 
 and his children " (the notorious Caesar and Lucretia 
 Borgia) " are accused of profligacy which hesitated at 
 nothing for its gratification, and never scrupled to remove 
 obstacles by murder. The Vatican was polluted by revels 
 and orgies of the most shameless and loathsome obscenity, 
 of which the Pope and his daughter are represented as 
 pleased spectators. A letter of the time paints the morals 
 of the Papal Court in the darkest colours, and speaks of 
 the Pope as a man stained with every vice. . . ." It was 
 during the Papacy of this infamous man that the great 
 Florentine preacher and reformer, Savonarola, was con- 
 demned, after a mock trial before the Papal Commissioners 
 at Florence, to be hanged and burnt, and his ashes to 
 be cast into the Arno. 
 
 At the time when Thomas Cromwell (1510) was at 
 Rome, the occupant of the Papal throne was Julius II., 
 a prelate who was accustomed personally to conduct 
 campaigns, sieges, and other military enterprises, which 
 were much more congenial to his taste than the perform-
 
 12 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 ancc of any episcopal functions. Neither age nor sick- 
 ness could damp his military impetuosity. In the midst 
 of winter ho laid siege to the fortress of Mirandola, and 
 in spite of frost and heavy snow he personally super- 
 intended the pointing of his cannon, and gave the word 
 of command for their discharge. Can we be surprised 
 at all, that almost every man who paid a visit to Rome 
 during the Papacy of such Popes as Alexander Borgia, 
 Julius II., and Leo X. should go away from its gates 
 with mingled feelings of disgust and disappointment, as 
 well as with a determination to aid in producing a refor- 
 mation of abuses in the Church ? Undoubtedly such were 
 the impressions made respectively upon Thomas Crom- 
 well, upon Erasmus, and upon Luther by their respective 
 visits to Rome in the opening years of the momentous 
 sixteenth century. 
 
 After having remained in Italy for some little time, 
 Thomas Cromwell returned by slow journeys to Antwerp, 
 and afterwards settled (1514) in London as a wool and 
 cloth merchant, and also practised as a lawyer and 
 scrivener in Fenchurch Street. About 1522 he removed 
 from Fenchurch Street to Throgmorton Street, and shortly 
 afterwards took a lease from the Mercers' Company of 
 a mansion called " Great Place," at Stepney. In 1524 
 he entered the service of the King's chief Minister and 
 favourite, Cardinal Wolsey, by whom he was confidentially 
 employed in prosecuting the Cardinal's great undertaking 
 of building the college of Christ Church at Oxford. In 
 order to acquire sufficient funds for this purpose, the 
 Cardinal employed Cromwell in suppressing a certain 
 number of small monasteries and priories " in divers 
 places of the realm," and their lands were seized for the 
 benefit of the new college. Not many years passed before 
 all the monasteries in England were suppressed by the 
 same hands. His wife, whom he had married soon after 
 he had settled in London, died in 1529, and on July 12
 
 The House of Cromwell. 13 
 
 of that year he made his will, which has been printed 
 at the end of the first volume of Froude's " History of 
 England." It may be seen now in the Record Office, 
 with the erasures and interlineations made by the hand 
 of Thomas Cromwell himself. As a proof that he had 
 not been unsuccessful in his pursuits, it may in passing 
 be mentioned that the value of the property included in 
 his will would at the present day be about ^£'36,000. His 
 subsequent history and sudden downfall are so fully 
 recorded in every history of England that we need not 
 further follow his eventful career, which was terminated 
 on Tower Hill by the axe of the executioner on July 28, 
 1540. 
 
 It is now time for us to return to Sir Richard Cromwell 
 and trace the links of connection between him and the 
 Lord Protector of England. As we have seen, he had 
 managed to win the special favour of that most capri- 
 cious monarch Henry VIII., and hence when monasteries 
 and abbeys and priories were suppressed, and their broad 
 acres and immense wealth were seized by the royal hand, 
 Sir Richard's claims were not forgotten by Henry and by 
 his Minister, Thomas Cromwell, the maternal uncle, be it 
 remembered, of Sir Richard. In the county of Huntingdon 
 the monks of Ramsey Abbey had secured the possession 
 of extensive estates and manors, and to Sir Richard and 
 his heirs all those estates were granted by royal favour. 
 Thus he became the possessor of the estates that had 
 formerly belonged to the Abbey of Ramsey, the Convent 
 of Hinchinbrook, and the priories of Saltrey, Huntingdon, 
 and St. Neot's. He was made a Gentleman of the Privy 
 Chamber, Constable of Berkeley Castle, and Captain of 
 the Horse sent into France under Sir John Wallop. Like 
 many other English gentlemen of that generation, he 
 seems to have used the stones of the dismantled abbeys 
 and priories for the erection of convenient and comfortable 
 manor-houses at Ramsey and at Hinchinbrook. His
 
 14 The House of Ci'omwell. 
 
 Nvife was Frances, daughter and co-hciress of Sir Thomas 
 Miirfyn, Lord Mayor of London, and by her he had a son, 
 Henry, named, as is conjectured, after the King's majesty. 
 His wife's fortune formed a considerable addition to his 
 great possessions in Huntingdonshire. In due time Henry 
 succeeded his father, and having married Joan, daughter 
 of another Lord Mayor of London — Sir Ralph Warren — 
 was knighted by Queen Elizabeth, and died in 1603. By 
 this marriage with the daughter of a wealthy London mer- 
 chant, no doubt the wealth of the family was still further 
 augmented. Upon account of his great wealth, munifi- 
 cence, and hospitality. Sir Henry was called " the Golden 
 Knight."* His uncommon liberality was long remem- 
 bered and spoken of by the good folk of Ramsey, who had 
 been accustomed to see him throw money out of his coach 
 amongst the crowd as he passed along the street of the 
 little town. When he died, he left the bulk of his estates 
 to his eldest son, Oliver, but he provided, it is said, 5^500 
 a year in land for each of his other sons — Robert, Henry, 
 and Philip. Very shortly after Oliver had entered upon 
 possession of his estates at Hinchinbrook, he was called 
 upon to entertain King James L,f then on his way from 
 Scotland to London, there to be crowned King of England, 
 and so hospitably did the owner of Hinchinbrook enter- 
 tain his Sovereign, that the King, as a mark of royal 
 favour, conferred upon him the honour of knighthood. 
 Thus we see that three members of the family were 
 knighted by three successive Sovereigns — Richard by 
 
 * When Queen Elizabeth was returning from Cambridge in 1564, she slept 
 at Hinchinbrook, the seat of Sir Henry Cromwell, and was most handsomely 
 entertained by him. He represented the county of Huntingdon in Parliament 
 in 1563, and was Sheriff of the two counties of Huntingdon and Cambridge 
 in four different years. 
 
 f Not only did the worthy Knight entertain his Sovereign and retinue 
 in a princely fashion, but likewise at his departure he made him handsome 
 presents of a "large cup of gold, goodly horses, deep-mouthed hounds, doves, 
 and hawks of excellent wing." These royal visits were expensive luxuries, 
 as we know from other sources.
 
 The House of Cromwell. 15 
 
 Henry VIII., Henry by Queen Elizabeth, and Oliver by 
 James I. 
 
 Sir Oliver's first wife was a daughter of Sir Thomas 
 Bromley, Lord Chancellor of England ; and his second 
 wife was the widow of Sir Horace Pallavacini, a wealthy 
 Genoese merchant. He lived to the advanced age of 
 ninety-three, and was buried at Ramsey on August 28, 
 1655. By his two wives he had a numerous progeny, viz., 
 five daughters and five sons, all of whom, like their father, 
 were distinguished for their loyalty to the crown and their 
 opposition to the Republican party. 
 
 One of Sir Oliver's sons, John, was a Captain in a regi- 
 ment of English soldiers sent by James I. to assist in 
 recovering the Palatinate for his son-in-law, and subse- 
 quently he became the Colonel of an English regiment in 
 the service of Holland. Singularly enough, he was selected 
 by the Prince of Wales, then an exile in Holland, to carry 
 letters to Oliver, his cousin, and to intercede with him 
 for sparing the life of the King — but in vain. Another 
 son of Sir Oliver — William — also took service under 
 Frederic, Elector-Palatine, and became a Colonel in his 
 wars for the crown of Bohemia. He also held the office 
 of " carver " in the household of the Princess Elizabeth, 
 wife of Frederic. 
 
 No trace of any issue from either John or William has 
 yet been discovered. 
 
 So deeply did the elder branch of the family detest the 
 proceedings of their cousin Oliver, the Lord Protector, 
 that some of them dropped the very name of Cromwell, 
 and reverted to the name of Williams. Sir Oliver's ex- 
 treme liberality towards all, from King to peasant, com- 
 pelled him to sell Hinchinbrook in 1627 to Sir Sidney 
 Montague, an ancestor of the Earl of Sandwich ; and 
 later on he had to part with Newport and Easton, in 
 Essex, to Henry Maynard, Esq., an ancestor of the pre- 
 sent Countess of Warwick, to whom Easton Park now
 
 1 6 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 (1896) belongs. The exactions and oppressions, more- 
 over, of the Repubhcan party, directed against all rich 
 Royalists, almost ruined old Sir Oliver and his sons, so 
 that nearly all their estates had passed from their hands 
 by the year 1675, when Ramsay became the property of 
 Colonel Titus, author of the famous pamphlet entitled 
 "Killing no Murder." 
 
 Henry, the eldest son of Sir Oliver Cromwell, born in 
 1586, took an active part on the Royalist side in the Great 
 Rebellion, and in consequence his estate was sequestered 
 by the Parliamentary Commissioners ; but his cousin 
 Oliver, the Lord Protector, caused the fine to be remitted 
 and the land to be restored to its owner. Henry sur- 
 vived his father only two years, and died in 1657, leaving 
 several daughters and one son, Henry. His eldest son, 
 James, a Colonel in the Royalist army, had died before 
 his father, without leaving, so far as is known, any issue. 
 He fought on the Royalist side, and commanded a regi- 
 ment of Cavaliers. His other son, Henry, born in 1625, 
 succeeded to the family estate on the death of his father ; 
 retook the name of Williams ; sat in several Parliaments 
 as member for Huntingdonshire, and gave his vote in 1660 
 for the restoration of Charles H. to the throne of his 
 father. Notwithstanding the leniency shown to him by 
 his cousin, the Lord Protector, so many demands had 
 been made upon his patrimony that he died a poor man 
 in 1673, leaving no son behind him, but a widow in pos- 
 session of a very small jointure. The extensive estates, 
 derived originally from the spoliation of the abbeys, had 
 gradually passed from the hands of the Cromwells, who 
 had been for a hundred years one of the most opulent and 
 important families in Huntingdonshire. It will be noticed 
 that the property had been acquired by a man who belonged 
 to the Reformation party in the sixteenth century, and 
 was lost by men who took the side of the Ro3^alist party 
 in the seventeenth century.
 
 The House of Cromwell. 17 
 
 Though the elder branch of the family thus disappeared, 
 there remained numerous representatives of the name, 
 sprung from the three other sons of Sir Henry, "the 
 Golden Knight," namely, Robert, Henry, and Philip. 
 Moreover, the Rev. Mark Noble, in his " Memoirs of the 
 House of Cromwell," published in 1787 (vol. i., p. 81), 
 expressed an opinion that from Francis, the brother of 
 " the Golden Knight," a family descended, who bore the 
 name of Cromwell, alias Williams, and possessed property 
 both in Huntingdonshire and Glamorganshire. Noble 
 expresses himself very positively, saying, ** It appears to 
 me almost certain to a demonstration that these are the 
 descendants of Francis Cromwell, Esq., the younger son 
 of Sir Richard." From this family it is quite possible 
 that some of those who bear the name of Cromwell at the 
 present day may have descended, although the genealogical 
 line cannot now be distinctly traced. 
 
 From Robert, the second son of Sir Henry, "the Golden 
 Knight," sprang Oliver, the Lord Protector, born in St. 
 John's parish, Huntingdon, on April 25, 1599, and 
 baptized in the parish church on the 2gth day of the 
 same month, receiving his name from his uncle and god- 
 father. Sir Oliver, of Hinchinbrook. Into the history of 
 that most remarkable man, who was at once one of the 
 ablest statesmen and one of the most daring, skilful, and 
 successful generals that have ever sprung from the Anglo- 
 Saxon race, it is not intended fully to enter. From the 
 time when he entered Parliament, in 1640, to the day of 
 his death, September 3, 1658, his history forms an im- 
 portant part of the history of England. During those 
 eighteen eventful years he played a conspicuous part — 
 hated and feared by thousands, and admired, almost 
 adored, by at least an equal number. He received his 
 early education at the grammar-school of his native town, 
 and in April, 1616, he entered as an undergraduate at 
 Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. Upon the death of 
 
 2
 
 i8 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 his father, in 1617, he went to study law at Lincoln's Inn, 
 and the most damaging stories were told in after-years by 
 his political enemies respecting this portion of his life. 
 "If his professed enemies be credited," says Noble, "it 
 will appear he had no guard whatever upon his actions at 
 this period." But we cannot believe all that his professed 
 enemies said about him. When his father died, Oliver 
 was only eighteen years of age. At twenty-one he was 
 married in St. Giles's Church, Cripplegate — the church 
 where John Milton was buried. In 1628 he was sent to 
 Parliament as member for the borough of Huntingdon. 
 In 1631 he sold all his property in Huntingdon, and went 
 to St. Ives, where he resided upon a farm till 1636, when 
 he took up his residence at Ely, and farmed some land 
 which had been recently bequeathed to him by his maternal 
 uncle, Sir Thomas Steward. There he continued to reside 
 in a house adjoining St. Mary's Church till 1647, and he 
 seems to have taken an active part in the management of 
 local affairs and charities. In 1640 he took his seat in the 
 famous Long Parliament as member for Cambridge, and 
 then began the long and bitter struggle between King and 
 Parliament. 
 
 The history of that fierce struggle, as already remarked, 
 belongs to the general history of England, and does not 
 enter into the plan of this book. The foregoing pages 
 have been written with the object of placing before the 
 reader a succinct account of the House of Cromwell, so far 
 as is known, from the year 1308 to the opening of the 
 great Civil War of the seventeenth century. In the suc- 
 ceeding pages will be found a genealogical account of the 
 descendants of Oliver, the Lord Protector, followed by an 
 account of the male descendants of his uncles, Henry and 
 Philip.
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 OLIVER, LORD PROTECTOR. 
 
 OLIVER CROMWELL, the only surviving son 
 of Mr. Robert Cromwell, of Huntingdon, and 
 Elizabeth Steward, of Ely, was born at Hunt- 
 ingdon, April 25, 1599, and christened in the 
 parish church of St. John, receiving his baptismal name 
 from his uncle and godfather, Sir Oliver Cromwell, of 
 Hinchinbrook, Knight. On August 22, 1620, he was married 
 at St. Giles's Church, Cripplegate, London, to Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Sir James Bourchier, of Felsted, in Essex, 
 Knight, and had issue five sons and four daughters, namely : 
 
 Robert, baptized at Huntingdon, October 13, 162 1 ; 
 buried at Felsted, May 31, 1639. 
 
 Oliver, baptized at Huntingdon, February 6, 1623 ; died 
 of small-pox, 1644. 
 
 Richard, who succeeded his father in the Protectorate, 
 born at Huntingdon, October 4, 1626 ; died at Cheshunt, 
 July 12, 1712. 
 
 Henry, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, born at Huntingdon, 
 January 20, 1628 ; died at Spinney Abbey, March 23, 
 1674. 
 
 James, baptized at Huntingdon, January 8, 1632 ; died 
 in infancy.
 
 20 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 Bridget, baptized at Huntingdon, August 4, 1624 ; 
 buried at St. Anne's, Blackfriars, July i, 1662. 
 
 Elizabeth, christened at Huntingdon, July 2, 1629 ; 
 died at Hampton Court, August 6, 1658. 
 
 Mary, born at Ely, christened at Huntingdon, Feb- 
 ruary 9, 1637; died at Chiswick, March 14, 1713. 
 
 Frances, christened at St. Mary's, Ely, December 6, 
 1638 ; died [at Spinney Abbey ?] January 27, 1721. 
 
 Note. — In the above list, and in all subsequent dates throughout this work, 
 the year will be treated as commencing, not (as was the practice in England 
 at the Civil War period) on March 25, but on January i. 
 
 THE PROTECTRESS ELIZABETH. 
 
 The scurrilous literature which at the period of the 
 Restoration found a victim in the quiet, dignified Lady 
 Protectress is beneath notice. She was not without 
 annoyance from the Government itself. Even before the 
 King's return the newspapers were charging her with 
 secreting sundry goods at a fruiterer's warehouse near 
 the Three Cranes in Thames Street, including pictures and 
 other royal property, with a view to exportation. And a 
 few weeks later a search-warrant was issued, directing her 
 and her sons to deliver up various deeds and evidences 
 belonging to the Marquis of Worcester. These tribula- 
 tions drew from her the following petition : 
 
 " To the King's Most Excellent Majesty. 
 
 "The humble petition of Elizabeth Cromwell, widow, — 
 Sheweth, that among the many sorrows wherewith it hath 
 pleased the allwise God to exercise your petitioner, she is 
 deeply sensible of those unjust imputations whereby she 
 is charged of detaining jewels and other goods belonging 
 to your Majesty ; which, besides the disrepute of it, hath 
 exposed her to many violences and losses under pretence 
 of searching for such goods, to the undoing of her in her
 
 Oliver, Lord Protector. 21 
 
 estate, and rendering her abode in any place unsafe ; — 
 she being wiUing to depose upon oath that she neither 
 hath nor knows of any such jewels or goods. And 
 whereas she is able to make it appear by sufficient testi- 
 mony that she hath never intermeddled in any of those 
 public transactions which have been prejudicial to your 
 Majesty's royal father or yourself, and is ready to yield 
 an humble and faithful obedience to your Majesty in 
 your government, — She therefore humbly prays that your 
 Majesty would be pleased to distinguish betwixt the con- 
 cernments of your petitioner and those of her relations 
 who have been obnoxious ; and out of your princely 
 goodness vouchsafe her a protection, without which she 
 cannot expect, now in her old age, a safe retirement in 
 any place of your Majesty's dominions. And she shall 
 ever pray, etc. . ^ Cromwell." 
 
 This document is endorsed, " The petition of Old Noll's 
 Wife." As to the venerable lady's whereabouts during 
 this revolution of things, we have but scanty evidence. 
 She had been ordered to quit the Cockpit soon after her 
 son Richard's abdication ; and we can hardly doubt that 
 Henry, whose return from Ireland she was anxiously 
 soliciting, now took her under his protection. Just 
 before the King's arrival, Henry Coventry, writing to the 
 Marquis of Ormond, April 27, says : " Cromwell's widow 
 is stolen out of town, and her nighest friends pretend not 
 to know whither." It has been asserted that for awhile 
 she sought retirement in Wales, and even in Switzerland. 
 All we know for certain is that she eventually found a 
 permanent asylum at Northborough House in North- 
 amptonshire, near Market Deeping, the residence of her 
 son-in-law Claypole (still standing as a farmhouse), and 
 that there she died on November ig, 1665. Further par- 
 ticulars respecting her latter days will occur in the lives 
 of her children, Richard, Mary, and Frances.
 
 ^^^!^J;vA ■^ ^^^ ^ J?>^v:f^vl?^vJ*vVA^vl'■K^v/^^'.: ^ ^^^. :T-:?:rg mA^SiVJxv, ■ A^^ ^ 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 ROBERT, ELDEST SON OF THE PROTECTOR. 
 
 ROBERT was sent, together with his brother 
 OHver, and perhaps also with Richard, to the 
 free grammar-school of Felsted, then under the 
 management of Mr. Holbeach. This school, 
 which had been founded by Lord Rich in 1564, was then 
 in considerable repute. Drs. John Wallis and Isaac 
 Barrow are said to have received their early education 
 there. But what principally recommended the place to 
 the judgment of Oliver was, no doubt, the circumstance 
 that his sons would there be under the watchful observa- 
 tion of their maternal grandfather, Sir James Bourchier, 
 whose seat, Grandcourts, was in the same parish on the 
 road between Braintree and Felsted. Other neighbouring 
 friends and relatives were the Mashams of Otes. The few 
 scanty notices of this Robert, who was evidently a son 
 after the father's heart, are of a very interesting character. 
 The first occurs in 1638. Cromwell had been making a 
 brief stoppage at Otes, where his cousin, Mrs. St. John, 
 happened also to be paying a visit. Perhaps, as Mr. 
 Carlyle suggests, he may have been taking one of his sons 
 over to Felsted School, and on returning home took occa- 
 sion to ride round by way of Otes and have a talk with his
 
 Robert, Eldest Son of the Protector. 23 
 
 pious kinsmen. The discourse passing at that interview 
 had evidently been of a devotional character ; so Mrs. St. 
 John reminds him in a subsequent letter. Cromwell's reply 
 to her is one of his most characteristic epistles ; but the 
 only use we need make of it here is to quote the reference 
 it contains to one of his sons, presumably Robert: "Salute 
 all my friends in that family whereof you are yet a member. 
 I am much bound unto them for their love, I bless the 
 Lord for them, and that my son by their procurement is 
 so well. Let him have your prayers, your counsel ; let 
 me have them." 
 
 Seven months later this Robert died at Felsted,* of 
 small-pox, to the unspeakable grief of his father. It was 
 to this event he alluded on his death-bed, when he said, 
 "This text" ["I can do all things through Christ who 
 strengtheneth me"] "did once save my life, when my eldest 
 son died ; which went as a dagger to my heart ; indeed it 
 did." It was long supposed that the son thus alluded to 
 was young Oliver, who fought by his father's side ; and 
 under this impression Mr. Carlyle inserted the name hypo- 
 thetically into that colloquy, thus : " when my eldest son 
 [poor Oliver] died " — which Monsieur Guizot copying, 
 but failing to mark the doubt, introduced as " monpauvre 
 Olivier " into his own text, thus treating it as an un- 
 questionable fact. The error had no doubt acquired con- 
 firmation from a passage in the father's letter of condolence 
 to his brother-in-law, Valentine Wauton, who lost a son 
 at Marston Moor. " Sir," says he, " you know my own 
 trials this way " ; and then soon after, recalling his 
 favourite text, he adds, " You may do all things by the 
 strength of Christ. Seek that, and you shall easily bear 
 your trial." He had himself, in fact, just been compelled 
 to put to the test the principle here recommended to his 
 
 * The old schoolroom, in which Oliver's sons were taught by Mr. Holbeach, 
 still stands, and now is used as the Sunday-school. The names of many 
 scholars are cut into the old oak wainscot.
 
 24 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 brother. It is now fully confirmed that Robert, and not 
 Oliver, was the son whose premature death rose to his 
 memory in the hour of his own closing conflict. The 
 discovery of this interesting fact is due to a writer in the 
 Edinburgh Review, January, 1856, whose narrative is as 
 follows : "In the register of burials in the parish church 
 of Felsted for 1639 occurs this entry : 
 
 " Robertus Cromwell filius honorandi viri Militis Oliveris 
 Cromwell et Elizabethae uxoris ejus sepultus fuit, 31 die 
 Maii. Et Robertus fuit eximie pius juvenis Deum timens 
 supra multos."
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 OLIVER, SECOND SON OF THE PROTECTOR. 
 
 OLIVER accompanied his brother Robert, as stated 
 above, to Felsted School. On the breaking out 
 of hostihties, that brother having recently died, 
 Oliver was the only one of the sons old enough 
 to bear arms, and he could not have been more than 
 twenty when his name appears as Cornet in Troop Eight 
 of Earl Bedford's Horse. Very few traces of his military 
 career survive, except in the form of a reference to him 
 occurring in Simon Gunton's " History of Peterborough." 
 In that chronicle the elder Cromwell is represented, ac- 
 cording to the usual custom of ignorant church-guides, 
 as having been engaged in the mutilation of the cathedral. 
 Young Oliver's share in the transaction becomes visible 
 through the medium of one of his troopers, who, being 
 about to burn a manuscript relating to the antiquities of 
 the see, was persuaded by Mr. Humphrey Austin, the 
 precentor, to surrender it for the sum of los., and to 
 ensure its preservation by subscribing an acquittance on 
 the fly-leaf, which Mr. Austin thereupon prefaced by the 
 following "Memorandm. — This book was hid in the Church 
 by me, Humphrey Austin, February, 1643, and found by 
 one of Colonel Cromwell's soldiers when they pulled down
 
 2 6 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 all the seats in the Choir, 22 April, 1643. And I making 
 inquiry among them for an old Latin Bible which was 
 lost, I found out at last the party who had it, and I gave 
 him for the book ten shillings, as you see by this acquit- 
 tance " [here following]. 
 
 " I pray let this scripture book alone, for he hath paid 
 me for it, and therefore I would desire you to let it alone. 
 By me Henry Topcliffe, soldier under Captain Cromwell, 
 Colonel Cromwell's son. Therefore I pray you let it alone. 
 Henry Topcliffe. 22 April, 1643." 
 
 The book thus rescued was entitled, " The Leger-book 
 of Peterborough," being the annals of the see, compiled 
 by a monk of the establishment named Robert Swapham. 
 We know full well that the Cromwell family, wherever they 
 could make their influence felt throughout the war, rigor- 
 ously discountenanced violations of this kind ; and a letter 
 of the younger Oliver turns up at this very date to corro- 
 borate the fact. 
 
 " To the right worshipful and worthy friend Samuel Smythe, 
 Esq., Steward of the City of Norwich. 
 
 " Worthy Sir, 
 
 " I am sorry that I should have such an occasion 
 to write to Norwich, concerning those which say they 
 came from that noble city which hath furnished our armies 
 (I can speak by experience) with godly men ; but indeed 
 I suppose them rather spurious offspring of some ignoble 
 place. Sir, thus it is, that among honest men, some 
 knaves have been admitted into my troop, who coming 
 with expectation of some base ends but being frustrated 
 of them, and finding that this cause did not nourish their 
 expectations, have to the dishonour of God, and my dis- 
 credit, and their own infamy, deserted the cause and me 
 their captain. Therefore, Sir, look upon them as dis- 
 honourers of God's cause, and high displeasers of my
 
 Oliver, Second Son of the Protector. 27 
 
 father, myself, and the whole regiment. In brief, I would 
 desire you to make them severe examples, by taking and 
 returning the arms and horses of all that have not a ticket 
 under my hand, and to clap them up into prison, and 
 inflicting of such punishment as you shall think fit. Es- 
 pecially I desire that you would deal severely with one 
 Robert Waffe [Wasse ?] and Simon Scafe. Pray, Sir, 
 cause to return speedily all that had liberty from me to go 
 to their friends. And likewise I desire you would secure 
 a good horse from some of your malignants to mount one 
 of my soldiers, John Manning, now at Norwich, who was 
 lately taken prisoner by the enemy and by that means 
 destitute. And pray do me the favour to mount such men 
 as this bearer, Richard Waddelow, my clerk, shall procure. 
 
 And so I rest, 
 
 " Yours to command, 
 
 " Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 " From my quarters at Peterborough, 
 " 15 Aug. 1643." 
 
 Young Oliver died of small-pox at Newport Pagnell in 
 the second week of March, 1644. He was a very hand- 
 some young gentleman, says the author of the memoir 
 of Richard Cromwell in " Lives and Characters of Illus- 
 trious Persons dying in 1711." " His father had suddenly 
 summoned him to join the army, and he soon after fell a 
 victim to that complaint in the flower of his youth." In 
 opposition to the quite apocryphal statement contained in 
 the " Squire Papers," the occasion and whereabouts of 
 his death is authoritatively established by a passage in 
 the Parliament Scout, March 15 to 22, 1644 : " Colonel 
 Cromwell is gone with his forces from Burlingham to 
 Stony Stratford and Brickhill, and begins to increase in 
 power. He hath lost his eldest son, who is dead of the 
 small-pox at Newport [Newport Pagnell], a civil young 
 gentleman, and the joy of his father."
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 RICHARD, THIRD SON OF THE PROTECTOR. 
 
 LIKE his two elder brothers, Richard was sent to 
 Felsted School ; after which he resided in the 
 ^ Temple in London during the war, and at the 
 age of twenty was admitted to the Society of 
 Lincoln's Inn. The Protectorate of Great Britain and 
 Ireland, into which he was installed on the death of his 
 father, was a troublous reign of eight months, the story 
 of which would be unsuitable in this place. At the 
 Restoration he fled the kingdom, more out of fear of his 
 creditors than of the King, leaving his wife and children 
 behind him at Hursley Lodge, near Romsey, in Hants. 
 After twenty years' residence abroad in Paris and else- 
 where, he returned to England in 1680 — a period when the 
 increasing unpopularity of Charles II. divested such a step 
 of any great danger — and, under the assumed name of 
 Clarke, either occupied a small estate which he owned at 
 Cheshunt, or shared the roof of his friend, Serjeant Sir 
 Thomas Pengelly (afterwards Chief Baron of the Ex- 
 chequer), whose house was that standing near Cheshunt 
 Church, and subsequently known as the Rectory.* His 
 
 * Pengelly House in modern times became the property of a gentleman 
 named Atwood, who bequeathed it for charitable purposes. It was subse- 
 quently used as a school. In 1880 it was destroyed by fire ; estimated damage, 
 i^io.ooo.
 
 Richard, Third Son of the Protector. 29 
 
 wife had been dead five years ; his only surviving son 
 was in possession of large property derived from her ; and 
 of his daughters, one was already married to Dr. Gibson 
 (of whom hereafter) ; another was perhaps still living at 
 Hursley; and a third, Dorothy, just then nineteen years 
 of age, was on the point of becoming the wife of John 
 Mortimer, a Somersetshire squire. Richard's return to 
 England at this juncture favours the suggestion that one 
 of the objects he had in view was to be present at the 
 ceremony. The young lady died the following year in 
 childbed. There were now only two daughters and one 
 son, Oliver, remaining out of a family of nine. This son 
 died unmarried in 1705, when the question arose whether 
 the Hursley estate which he inherited from his mother 
 passed directly to his sisters as co-heirs, or to Richard 
 their father for his life. The sisters proposed to compro- 
 mise the affair by paying him an annuity ; but Richard, 
 preferring that the matter should be decided in Chancery, 
 obtained a decree in his own favour. 
 
 This affair being settled, Richard appears to have spent 
 a considerable portion of the remaining seven years of 
 his life at Hursley, where in company with his daughters 
 he attended the parish church on Sunday mornings, and 
 in the afternoon rode alone in his coach to a Baptist 
 meeting-house in Romsey. He died at Cheshunt July 12, 
 1 7 12, and lies buried in the chancel of Hursley Church. 
 His death is said to have taken place in the house of 
 his Cheshunt friend, Pengelly, above mentioned, the 
 counsel who had successfully conducted his cause in 
 1705, and to whom he was strongly attached. In his 
 will he bequeaths a personal souvenir to his good friend 
 Mrs. Rachel Pengelly. Some other names, too, are 
 mentioned, but his daughters are not referred to. He 
 knew that they would take the Hursley estate after him, 
 and of personal property he probably had but little. He 
 enjoyed, we are told, a good state of health to the last,
 
 30 The House of Cronnvell. 
 
 and at fourscore would gallop his horse for several miles 
 together. In person he is described as tall, fair-haired, 
 and '* the lively image of his father." A letter of T. 
 Whiston, quoted by Mark Noble, asserts that the Crom- 
 wells as a family possessed great bodily strength, and 
 were of robust constitutions, many of them attaining 
 considerable longevit}'. On the other hand, it is observable 
 how many of them died in infancy, but this may have 
 been owing to the ignorant medical treatment of those 
 days. 
 
 As to his character, Richard has shared in the defa- 
 mation which, more or less, overtook all the members of 
 his family. He is now known to have been an upright, 
 generous, and sagacious man — fully aware that the turbu- 
 lent crew around him when he became Protector had 
 made peace impossible, but resolving at the same time not 
 to shed a drop of blood in defence of a false position. A 
 humane temper is not necessarily a weakness; and cer- 
 tainly John Howe, who knew him well, did not deem 
 him a weak man. On one occasion in after-years, when 
 some person in Mr. Howe's presence charged the ex- 
 Protector with weakness, the venerable divine exclaimed : 
 " How could that man be termed weak who, when the 
 army remonstrance was brought to him by Fleetwood, 
 stood it out all night against the whole Council, and 
 continued the debate till four o'clock in the morning, 
 maintaining that to dissolve that Parliament would be 
 his and their ruin — with none but Thurloe to abet him ?" 
 Dr. Isaac Watts, who in his youthful days was privileged 
 to hold many conversations with Richard Cromwell, 
 testifies that his abilities were by no means contemptible. 
 He further remarks that in all these interviews, the ex- 
 Protector never but on one occasion referred to his former 
 elevation, and then only in a very cursory manner. 
 Another favourable witness was William Tonge, of 
 Denmark Street, Soho, who described to Dr. Thomas
 
 Richard, Third Son of the Protector. 3 1 
 
 Gibbons Richard's occasional visits to some friends there, 
 his appearance in a place of worship, his unblemished 
 character, and the pleasantry which characterized his talk. 
 He corroborates Watts's remark about his unwillingness 
 to refer to former times. 
 
 John Howe, the divine above mentioned, who had 
 been chaplain in succession to both the Protectors, died 
 in London in 1702. He was visited in his last sickness 
 by Richard Cromwell, then seventy-six years of age, who, 
 hearing that his old friend was near his end, had come 
 up from the country to make him a respectful visit and 
 to take a final farewell. Much serious discourse, we are 
 told, passed between the two patriarchal men, and their 
 parting was solemn and affectionate. When Richard's 
 own end was approaching, some few years later, he said 
 to his two attendant daughters, " Live in love ; I am 
 going to the God of love." His affectionate disposition 
 is revealed in the following letter, written to one of these 
 daughters from the house of his friend, Sir Thomas 
 Pengelly, at Cheshunt, ten years after his return to 
 England. 
 
 Richard, Cromwell to Mrs. Anne Gibson. 
 
 "18 December, 1690. 
 
 " Dear, 
 
 " Think not that I forget you, though I confess 
 that I have been silent too long in returning and owning 
 that of yours to me. That which was one bar, I knew 
 not, upon Mrs. Abbott's removing, how to send so as my 
 letter might come safe to you. For though we write 
 nothing of State affairs, they being above our providential 
 sphere, yet I am not willing to be exposed ; nor can there 
 be that freedom when we are thoughtful of such restraint 
 as a peeping eye. The hand by which this comes [to 
 you] gave me a hint as if there were some foul play to
 
 32 The House of Cromwell, 
 
 letters directed to him [to Pengelly ?] . Dear heart, I 
 thank thee for thy kind and tender expressions to me, 
 and I assure thee (if there had been cause) they would 
 have melted me. There is a great deal of pity, piety, and 
 love. What I had before, was so full that I had not the 
 least room to turn a thought or surmise. But what shall 
 I say ? My heart was full, but now it overflows. You 
 have put joy and gladness into it. How unworthy am I 
 to have such a child ! And I know I may venture to say 
 that the like parallel is not to be found. What I said was 
 experienced matter for information. What you replied 
 was in behalf of those who professed themselves to be the 
 Lord's people ; and they that are truly such are as tender 
 as the apple of His eye. I rejoice in that we both of us 
 love them ; yet we are not to deny our reasons as to the 
 mischiefs some of them have been instrumental [in caus- 
 ing] not only in particular to a family, but in general to 
 the Church of Christ. Besides, what woes are hanging 
 over these nations ! May we not go farther, and bring in 
 all Christendom ? I have been alone thirty years banished 
 and under silence ; and my strength and safety is to be 
 retired, quiet and silent. We are foolish in taking our 
 cause out of the hand of God. Our Saviour will plead, 
 and God will do right [as] He hath promised. Let us 
 join our prayers for faith and patience. If we have 
 heaven, let whoso will, get the world. My hearty, hearty, 
 hearty affection and love to your sister and self. Salute 
 all friends. I rest, commending you to the blessing of the 
 Almighty. Again farewell. 
 
 " Your truly loving father, 
 
 "R. C. 
 
 " Present me to all friends. Landlord and Landlady 
 [the Pengellys] present respects and service." 
 
 Note. — In his extant letters he avoids names and places as much as possible, 
 his object being to keep out of harm's way.
 
 Richard, Third Son of the Protector, 2)Z 
 
 The few incoherences visible in the above would pro- 
 bably adjust themselves fairly enough, did we know the 
 substance of the letter which brought them forth ; though 
 it is not unlikely that an obscure and involved style would 
 become habitual to one writing under the constant fear of 
 having his letters opened ; to say nothing of his having 
 spoken French for twenty years. 
 
 The story of Richard's twenty years' exile is involved in 
 much obscurity. The following document, preserved in 
 the Record Office, may help in some small measure to 
 remove it. It is numbered CLI. 17, State Papers, 
 Domestic, Charles II., and was first brought before the 
 public notice in the AthencBum, April 12, 1862, by Mrs. 
 Everett Green, who opened the subject by stating that 
 during the war with Holland the Government of 
 Charles 11. , fancying that the English " fanatics " resident 
 abroad were in league with the Provinces against their 
 own country, came to the resolution of fetching them 
 home by a threat of high treason. An Act was thereupon 
 passed, beginning with the direct attainder of three, to 
 wit, Thomas Dolman, James Bampfield, and Thomas 
 Scott ; and further enacting that any others who should 
 refuse to come when summoned would incur the like 
 penalty. This was in 1665, and the next year it became 
 known that a list of fugitives had been nominated, 
 including Richard Cromwell. Mrs. Cromwell, his wife, 
 becoming justly alarmed, sent her agent, William Mum- 
 ford, twice up to London to procure, if possible, the 
 withdrawal of her husband's name from the proclamation. 
 As the opportunity seemed a favourable one for getting at 
 the personal history of the ex-Protector, the agent himself 
 was put under examination, and deposed as follows : 
 
 " The examination of William Mumford of Hursley 
 near Winchester Co. Hants, yeoman ; taken this 15 March, 
 1666, before me Edmund Warcupp Esq. one of his 
 
 3
 
 34 -^lic House of Ci-onnucll. 
 
 Majesty's Justices of the peace for the said county and 
 liberties. This examinant saith that he is menial servant 
 to Mrs. Dorothy Cromwell, wife to Richard Cromwell, 
 living at Hurslcy ; and hath belonged to him and to her 
 these eleven years last past, and now manageth Mrs. 
 Cromwell's business in the country or London as her 
 occasions require. He saith that he came to London 
 about five weeks since to apply to Dr. Wilkins to move 
 my Lord Chancellor [Hyde] that Richard Cromwell's 
 name might be omitted in his Majesty's Proclam.ation to 
 call his English subjects out of France, for that his debts 
 would ruin him in case he should be necessitated to 
 return into England ; and Dr. Wilkins informed this 
 examinant that his lordship the Lord Chancellor told him 
 he knew not of Richard Cromwell's name being at all 
 put into the proclamation, whereupon this examinant 
 immediately returned into the country. But the rumour 
 continuing that Richard Cromwell's name would be in, 
 he returned again to London by his mistress's order 3^es- 
 terday was three weeks, and then lodged at one William 
 Taste's a baker in Air Street, Piccadilly, and his horse 
 stands at the Bear there ; — that at the first time of this 
 examinant's being in town he received a letter from 
 Richard Cromwell directed to himself but was for Mrs. 
 Cromwell, the contents whereof was complaints for money 
 and condoling for his mother's death ; and saith he 
 knoweth not of any other person, that Richard Cromwell 
 correspondeth with, but this examinant. He further saith, 
 that this examinant's wife's sister Elizabeth Blackstone 
 having by distraction murdered her neighbour's child and 
 been committed to Newgate for the offence, this exam- 
 inant repaired to Newgate to assist her in her distracted 
 condition, and this was all the reason why he went to 
 Newgate. He further saith, that as far as he knows or 
 believes, the said Richard Cromwell doth not hold any 
 intelligence with any Fanatics nor with the King of France
 
 Richard, Third Son of the Protector. 35 
 
 or States of Holland ; and that to avoid any jealousy of 
 it, the said Richard Cromwell is by Dr. Wilkins' advice 
 gone or going into Italy or Spain, and that the last letter 
 this examinant sent to him five weeks since was directed 
 to John Clarke at Monsieur Bauvais' in Paris, by which 
 name the said Richard Cromwell now passeth, and doth 
 usually change his name with his dwelling, that he may 
 keep himself unknown beyond the seas, so as to avoid 
 all correspondency or intelligence, which this examinant 
 knows he industriously avoideth ; for during last winter 
 twelve month he lived with the said Richard Cromwell in 
 Paris, and the whole diversion of him there was drawing 
 of landscapes and reading of books ; And he saw no 
 Englishman, Scotch, or Irishman in his company during 
 that whole time, nor any Frenchmen but such as in- 
 structed him in the sciences. This examinant further 
 saith that he hath not any intelligence with any person 
 whatsoever to his knowledge, that doth intend or act 
 anything whatsoever against his Majesty; and that he 
 conceives himself bound in duty and conscience to dis- 
 cover all traitors or traitorous conspiracies against his 
 Majesty or his Government ; and that the estate of 
 Richard Cromwell in right of his wife is but ;£"6oo per 
 annum, and that he knoweth Richard Cromwell is not 
 sixpence the better or richer for being the son of his 
 father, or [for being] the pretended Protector of England ; 
 and that the estate of old Mrs. Cromwell lately deceased 
 was in the hands and management of Jeremy White, 
 chaplain to Oliver Cromwell, and now at Sir John 
 Russell's at Chippenham, who will not come to any 
 account for the same, and who hath not yet conformed. 
 This examinant further saith, that he knoweth not of any 
 person who writes to the said Richard besides this exam- 
 inant and Mrs. Cromwell his wife ; and that he knoweth 
 not nor ever heard, that the Scotch regiment is coming 
 out of France ; and he is certain that the said Richard
 
 36 The House of Cromivell. 
 
 never intended to come over with it, but is gone or going 
 into Spain or Italy as advised. He further saith, that he 
 hath often heard Richard Cromwell pray in his private 
 prayers for his Majesty, praying God to make his Majesty 
 a nursing father to his people, speaking often with great 
 reverence of his Majesty's grace and favour to himself and 
 family in suffering them to enjoy their lives and the little 
 fortunes they have ; And this examinant further saith that 
 he will not meddle any further in the said Richard Crom- 
 well's affairs, if it be any way prejudicial to his Majesty's 
 service ; and that he hath not, nor the said Richard 
 Cromwell, to this examinant's knowledge, acted directly 
 or indirectly anything against his Majesty's Government 
 since his Majesty's happy restoration, and that himself 
 hath taken the Oaths of allegiance and supremacy. And 
 further sayeth not. 
 
 " William Mumford. 
 
 " (Signed) Edmund Warcupp." 
 
 The falsity of Hyde's statement that Richard Crom- 
 well's name was not in the list is proved by another 
 paper endorsed " 26 March, 1666, Names of the fourteen 
 persons to be warned home by a proclamation in pursu- 
 ance of the Act." They were as follows : William Scott, 
 Sir Robert Honeywood, jun., Colonel John Disbrowe, 
 Colonel Kilpatrick, John Grove, Algernon Sydney, Oliver 
 St. John, Richard Steele, Newcomen and Hickman, two 
 ministers, Richard Cromwell, John Phelps, Colonel 
 Cobbett, Richard Deane. On maturer consideration, all 
 these names were withdrawn except five, Richard Crom- 
 well's being one of those withdrawn.
 
 Richard, Third Son of the Protector. 2)7 
 
 THE PROTECTRESS DOROTHY. 
 
 Richard's wife, whom he married in 1649, shortly after 
 the death of Charles L, was Dorothy, eldest daughter and 
 co-heir of Richard Major, a wealthy landowner of Hursley 
 aforesaid, and of Merdon, in Surrey. This was a marriage 
 in which the elder Protector testified unqualified satisfac- 
 tion, on account of the personal piety, not only of the 
 father, but also of " Dear Doll " herself; and the allusions 
 which he makes in his letters to her on-coming family 
 look as though he cherished the hope that his grand- 
 children would sustain his own greatness. The few sur- 
 viving memorials of the lady herself represent her as a 
 prudent, godly, and practical Christian, much devoted to 
 acts of personal charity. For a while she was terribly 
 cast down by the reverse of fortune which drove her hus- 
 band and herself from the palace of Whitehall to the 
 obscurity of the Hursley retreat, an event aggravated 
 simultaneously by the decease of her father, Mr, Major, 
 and the flight of her husband into prolonged exile. It is 
 true, she had her infant family to rear, the birth of her 
 youngest child, Dorothy, occurring just as her husband 
 left the English shore ; but her bright hopes in respect of 
 their future fortunes were utterly dashed, and the chagrin 
 which darkened her own reflections seems traceable in 
 their education. One result of affliction was the strengthen- 
 ing of her Nonconformist principles, and her active bene- 
 volence thenceforward found expression in endeavours to 
 solace and protect divers ministers ejected by the Uni- 
 formity Act of 1662. She died on January 5, 1676, in the 
 forty-ninth year of her age, and lies buried in the chancel 
 of Hursley Church. Her children, nine in number, were 
 as follows : 
 
 I. Elizabeth, born in 1650. This is ''the little brat"
 
 o 
 
 8 The House of Cromivell. 
 
 after whose welfare the elder Protector makes inquiry in 
 a letter to Mr. Major on July 17, wherein also he chides 
 the young parents for neglecting to write to him, and says 
 of dear Doll, " I doubt not her husband hath spoiled her. 
 ... I hope you give my son good counsel : I believe he 
 needs it ; he is in the dangerous time of his age, and it's 
 a very vain world." Touching the baby, Mr. Carlyle 
 thinks "the poor little thing must have died soon," and 
 he adds that " in Noble's inexact lists there is no trace of 
 its ever having lived." But Mark Noble is strictly exact 
 in this matter, and gives us all the information w^e need. 
 Oliver's good wishes, too, were amply fulfilled, for the 
 little Elizabeth outlived all her brothers and sisters, and 
 reached the age of eighty-one. She appointed as executors 
 Richard and Thomas Cromwell, grandsons of Henry, 
 Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, desiring them to erect in 
 Hursley Church a monument setting forth all the par- 
 ticulars of the Cromwell and Major alliances, a task which 
 they duteously fulfilled. And as she was the last surviving 
 representative of her father's house, a vast collection of 
 portraits, letters, and other family relics, descended from 
 her to her executors. She will again come under our 
 notice. 
 
 IL Anne, born in 1651 ; died in infancy, and was 
 buried at Hursley. 
 
 HL A son, baptized at Hursley November 3, 1652 ; 
 buried there in the following month. 
 
 IV. Mary, born in 1654, ^i^d in infancy ; buried at 
 Hursley. 
 
 V. A fourth daughter, born in 1655, lived only twelve 
 days. 
 
 VI. Oliver, son and heir, of whom hereafter (p. 41). 
 
 VII. Dorothy, born in 1657; died next year during 
 the Protectorate of her father, who prudently refrained 
 from opening the Westminster Abbey vault, and caused 
 the body to be quietly buried at Hursley.
 
 Richard, Third Son of the Protector. 39 
 
 VIII. Anna, born in 1659 during her father's Pro- 
 tectorate. She became the wife of Dr. Thomas Gibson, 
 Physician-General of the Army, whom she survived many 
 years. Her own death occurred in 1727, in the sixty- 
 ninth year of her age, and a marble monument in St. 
 George's Chapel in the Foundling Hospital commemo- 
 rates husband and wife. Dr. Gibson by will appointed 
 that after his wife's decease the whole of his property 
 should pass to his nephew. Dr. Edmund Gibson, Bishop 
 of London. The prelate maintained a respectful and 
 intimate correspondence with his widowed aunt so long 
 as she lived, and it is conjectured that the terse and com- 
 prehensive Life of Oliver, which about that period went 
 through so many editions, was the result of his honourable 
 and appreciative attachment to the family. The two 
 surviving sisters — that is to say, Mrs. Gibson and her 
 elder sister, Miss Elizabeth Cromwell — lived together in 
 Bedford Row, and after the death of their only brother, 
 Oliver, must have been very wealthy. We catch an inter- 
 esting glimpse of them in 1719 from the journal of 
 Thomas Hearne, the antiquary, who long resided in St. 
 Edmund Hall, Oxford : " On Saturday, 5 September, 
 came to Oxford two daughters of Richard Cromwell, son 
 of Oliver Cromwell, Protector, one of whom is married to 
 Dr. Gibson, the physician, who wrote ' The Anatomy '; 
 the other is unmarried. They are both Presbyterians, as 
 is also Dr. Gibson, who was with them. They were at 
 the Presbyterian Meeting-house in Oxford on Sunday 
 morning and evening; and yesterday they and all the 
 gang with them dined at Dr. Gibson's, the Provost of 
 Queen's, who is related to them, and made a great enter- 
 tainment for them, expecting something from them, the 
 physician being said to be worth ^30,000. They went 
 from Oxford after dinner." — (" Reliquiae Hearneanae," 
 vol. ii.) 
 
 Mr. Hewling Luson (related to Henry's line), of whom
 
 40 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 more hereafter, says : " I have been several times in com- 
 pany with these ladies. They were well-bred, well- 
 dressed, stately women, exactly punctilious ; but they 
 seemed, especially Mistress Cromwell, to carry about 
 them a consciousness of high rank, accompanied with a 
 secret dread that those with whom they conversed should 
 not observe and acknowledge it. They had neither the 
 good sense nor the great enthusiasm of Mrs. Bendysh. 
 But as the daughter of Ireton had dignity without pride, 
 the daughters of Richard Cromwell had pride wdthout 
 much dignity." 
 
 Mr. Luson might have added that they habitually 
 assisted other branches of the family who were in less 
 prosperous circumstances than themselves. When the 
 death of their father had left these two ladies at liberty to 
 dispose of the family estate at Hursley, they sold it to Sir 
 William Heathcote for ;£"34,ooo or ;£"35,ooo, who at once 
 proceeded to pull down the old mansion, and to rebuild it 
 from the very foundations. In 1894 the Hursley estate 
 passed from the Heathcote family into the possession of 
 Mr. Baxendale. 
 
 IX. Dorothy, born at Hursley, August i, 1660. The 
 date of her father's flight from England has been approxi- 
 mately determined by Mark Noble as in July or August — 
 that is to say, some few weeks after King Charles II.'s 
 return, and it seems reasonable to suppose that his object 
 in lingering here so long was to await the issue of this the 
 last birth in the family, and, as it proved to be a girl, to 
 give for the second time the beloved name of Dorothy, 
 which conjecture may be coupled with the other already 
 made, that his return to England in 1680 was in part 
 prompted by the resolution to occupy his paternal place 
 at her wedding. The young lady married John Mor- 
 timer, Esq., of Somersetshire, F.R.S., author of " The 
 Whole Art of Husbandry," published in 1708. He is said 
 to have half ruined himself by experiments in agricultural
 
 Richard, Third Son of the Protector. 4 1 
 
 science ; but before this happened his wife had died in 
 child-bed within a year after her marriage. This was on 
 May 14, 1681. Dorothy therefore is not to be credited 
 with any share in that transaction of her sisters when 
 they disputed their father's rights in 1705. 
 
 Oliver Cromwell, only surviving son of the Protector 
 Richard, was born at Hursley in 1656. It was very 
 natural that the elder Protector, after hearing of so 
 many deaths among his grandchildren at Hursley, should 
 express a partiality for one who at last gave fair promise 
 of healthy existence. Little Oliver accordingly was 
 brought up from Hampshire, probably to Hampton Court, 
 and remained there till the deposition of his father, when, 
 together with his sisters, he was sent down to Hursley. 
 Of his early manhood little is known ; but at the period 
 of the Revolution in 1688, being then in possession of the 
 estate, which he inherited from his mother, he came 
 forward with a patriotic proposal to raise a regiment of 
 horse for service in Ireland, if he might be permitted to 
 name his own officers. The politic William may have 
 had no desire at that juncture of affairs to see a rival for 
 popularity in the person of a second Oliver Cromwell, 
 and the offer was declined. It was a like cautious feeling, 
 perhaps, which gave bias to the Election Committee, who 
 in the second year of William and Mary rejected the petition 
 of Oliver Cromwell and Thomas Jervoise, Esquires, when 
 they claimed to have been legally returned for the borough 
 of Lymington. It is well known that the contested elec- 
 tions, whose details crowd the Commons' Journals of that 
 and the succeeding age, were often made to turn on 
 arbitrary, diverse, and obsolete customs prevailing in this 
 or that borough ; so that, as the law of one borough was 
 no law for its neighbour, the returns could be adjusted 
 pretty much as the Government desired. 
 
 Mr. Say, the Dissenting minister, to whom we are 
 indebted for so many reminiscences of the family, says
 
 42 
 
 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 he had seen this Mr. Cromwell, and could testify that he 
 had something of the spirit of his grandfather ; while 
 another contemporary writer adds that " he had his look 
 and genius." But notwithstanding that, like his own 
 father, he presented the marks of robust manhood, he 
 passed away prematurely in 1705 in the fiftieth year of 
 his age, and was buried in the family vault at Hursley. 
 His will, written in 1686, when thirty years old, makes 
 mention of his " honoured father," but the principal 
 money bequests are to his sisters, giving ^^2,000 to each, 
 if they married in their father's lifetime. Legacies are 
 also left to Benjamin Disbrowe of London, merchant, to 
 Paris Slater and William Wightman of London, William 
 Rudyard of Hackney, Edward Rayner and Mary his 
 wife, John Leigh, Thomas Wade, his cousin Elizabeth 
 Barton, his loving friend Samuel Tomlins, B.D., and 
 Mrs. Anne Thomas.
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 HENRY, FOURTH SON OF THE PROTECTOR. 
 
 H 
 
 ENRY, like his brothers, received such brief 
 education as the stormy times would permit, 
 at Felsted. He joined his father in arms 
 about the time of the remodelling of the army, 
 only sixteen years of age ; and three years 
 he held either a captaincy in Harrison's 
 or in Sir Thomas Fairfax's Life-Guards. In 
 of 1648 he served under his father in the 
 Advanced to a colonelcy in February, 
 
 being then 
 afterwards 
 regiment 
 the summer 
 North of England 
 
 1650, he accompanied his father in the short but decisive 
 Irish campaign, being present at the death-bed of his 
 brother-in-law, Henry Ireton, who died at Limerick in 
 
 165 1. At the age of twenty-five Henry sat in the Bare- 
 bones Parliament in 1653 as a representative of Ireland. 
 On May 10, 1653, he married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir 
 Francis Russell of Chippenham, Bart., and on Feb- 
 ruary 22 in the year following entered at Gray's Inn. His 
 subsequent career as Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland brought 
 to light all those faculties which proved him the worthy 
 son of such a father. He remained at his post during the 
 two Protectorates, having throughout a sore fight to 
 maintain with fanatics of every class, but harassed prin-
 
 44 ^'^^' House of Cromwell, 
 
 cipally by the difficulty of getting the soldiers' pay from 
 England. Rapin's observation, made after the event, 
 has been accepted by most subsequent historians, namely, 
 that if Henry had succeeded to the Protectorate instead 
 of Richard, the Republican officers would have met their 
 match. 
 
 A strong attachment had sprung up between Henry 
 Cromwell and his brother-in-law, Lord Fauconberg, even 
 before they met. Henry and his wife were in Ireland at 
 the time of Fauconberg's marriage with Mary Cromwell ; 
 but from and after that event the letters passing between 
 them were increasingly cordial and confidential. While 
 their brother Fleetwood, in conjunction with Disbrowe, 
 Lambert, Berry, and the rest, were plotting the fall of 
 the Protector Richard, Fauconberg supplied Henry with 
 constant information, and both united in scorn for the 
 fanaticism which in Fleetwood they felt to be but the 
 feeble resurrection of an obsolete creed — the theory, as 
 Henry formulated it, of " Dominion founded in Grace." 
 At the Restoration, Henry retired to the home of his 
 father-in-law. Sir Francis Russell, at Chippenham, in 
 Cambridgeshire, there to await the outcome of the 
 political chaos. After a residence of five or six years at 
 Chippenham, he removed to his own estate at Spinney 
 Abbey near Soham, worth about £500 or ;^6oo a year, 
 which he purchased in 1661, where in rural occupations he 
 passed the remaining nine years of his life. He died on 
 March 23, 1674, of that painful disorder, the stone, in the 
 forty-seventh year of his age, and was buried at Wicken 
 Church, in Cambridge. Though he is styled plain " Henry 
 Cromwell " on his tomb, yet in his will he writes himself 
 " Sir Henry Cromwell of Spinney in Cambridgeshire, 
 Knight," being not unwilling, suggests Noble, to let the 
 world know, when he could not be called to account for 
 it, that he thought it an honour to have received knight- 
 hood from his father. He had also been made one of the
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 45 
 
 Lords of the Upper House in 1657, but his work in 
 Ireland prevented his sitting. In his will he mentions 
 only two names, those of his wife and his eldest son 
 Oliver, to the former of whom he devises all his estates in 
 England and Ireland with absolute power of disposal. 
 
 The lands of Cromwell in Meath and Connaught were 
 confirmed to his trustees by special proviso of the Act of 
 Settlement, but his family seems to have lost them in the 
 next generation. 
 
 It may not be left untold that after his retirement into 
 private life he conformed to the Established Church, and 
 that, too, at a period when imprisonment and confiscation 
 were the weapons of the Church's warfare against many 
 of his personal relations and political friends. He had 
 learnt, it is true, during his dictatorship in Ireland the 
 necessity of holding the scales of justice uninfluenced by 
 polemical distinctions ; and it is evident that he acquired 
 during the process much stronger prejudices than his 
 father ever entertained against religious enthusiasts. 
 While this may partly account for his subsequent choice, 
 it is more than probable that his wife's preferences in the 
 same direction operated as a concurrent influence. We 
 are told that an Anglican chaplain was maintained at 
 Spinney Abbey during her widowhood, till the Noncon- 
 formity of the next generation displaced him. On the 
 other hand, Henry had given asylum to Richard Parr, 
 the Vicar of his own parish of Chippenham, when ejected 
 for Nonconformity. 
 
 Henry Cromwell's Petition to King Charles II. 
 
 " Sheweth, 
 
 " That your petitioner doth heartily acquiesce in 
 the providence of God for restoring your Majesty to the 
 government of these nations ; — That all his actions have 
 been without malice either to the person or to the interest
 
 46 77/6' House of Cronnvcll. 
 
 of your Majesty, but only out of natural duty to his late 
 father ; — That your petitioner did, all the time of his power 
 in Ireland, study to preserve the peace, plenty and splendour 
 of that kingdom, did encourage a learned ministry, giving 
 not only protection but maintenance to several Bishops 
 there ; placed worthy persons in the seats of judicature 
 and magistracy, and to his own great prejudice upon all 
 occasions was favourable to your Majesty's professed 
 friends. He therefore humbly beseeches your Majesty 
 that the tender consideration of the premisses and of the 
 great temptations and necessities your petitioner was 
 under, may extenuate your Majesty's displeasure against 
 him; — and that your Majesty, as a great instance of your 
 clemency and an acknowledgement of the great mercy 
 which your royal self hath received from Almighty God, 
 would not suffer him, his wife and children to perish from 
 the face of the Earth, but rather to live and expiate what 
 hath been done amiss with their future prayers and services 
 for your Majesty. In order whereunto your said peti- 
 tioner humbly offers to your Majesty's most gracious con- 
 sideration, that since he is already outed of about ^^2,000 
 per annum which he held in England, and for which ^£"4,000 
 portion was paid by your petitioner's wife's friends to his 
 late father, he may obtain your Majesty's grant for such 
 lands already in his possession upon a common account 
 with many others in Ireland, as shall by law be adjudged 
 forfeited and in your Majest3''s dispose. And forasmuch 
 as your petitioner hath laid out near £6,000 upon the pre- 
 mises, that your Majesty would recommend him to the 
 next Parliament in Ireland to deal favourably with him 
 concerning the same, and according to your petitioner's 
 deportment for the common good of that place. And 
 lastly your petitioner most humbly beseeches your most 
 excellent Majesty, — that no distinction between himself 
 and other your Majesty's good subjects may be branded on 
 him to posterity ; — that so he may without fear, and as
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 47 
 
 well out of interest as duty, serve your Majesty all his 
 
 days ; who shall ever pray, &c. 
 
 " H. Cromv^^ell." 
 
 Certificate annexed. 
 
 " Whereas we were desired to testify our knowledge 
 concerning the value of the lands to be confirmed to 
 Colonel Henry Cromwell, we do hereby certify as followeth, 
 vi2. — That the lands in Ireland possessed by the said 
 Colonel Cromwell on 7 May 1659 were in satisfaction of 
 ;^i2,ooo in debentures or near thereabouts ; — That deben- 
 tures were commonly bought and sold for four, five, and 
 six shillings in the pound, few yielding more even in the 
 dearest times. According to which rates the said lands 
 might have been had for between three and four thousand 
 pounds. Which said sum with the improvements by him 
 made thereupon, is as much as the same is now worth to 
 be sold ; and is all we know he hath to subsist upon for 
 himself and family. Given under our hands this 23 Feb- 
 ruary 1 66 1. 
 
 " Massereene. 
 
 " AUDLEY MeRVYN." 
 
 Henry's wife Elizabeth, the daughter of Sir Francis 
 Russell aforesaid, survived her husband thirteen years. 
 Elegant in manners and exemplary in conduct, she was 
 long remembered in the neighbourhood as " the good 
 Lady Cromwell." Her grandson, William Cromwell, of 
 Kirby Street, informed Dr. Gibbons that though, like 
 many others, she had at first entertained a hostile feeling 
 towards the Protector Oliver, yet on becoming his 
 daughter-in-law, closer observation changed her antipathies 
 into affectionate esteem, and led her to regard him as the 
 most amiable of parents. Her death occurred on April 7, 
 1687, in the fifty-second year of her age ; and her monu- 
 ment, with those of others of the family, is preserved in 
 Wicken Church, Cambridgeshire.
 
 48 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 Issue 0/ Henry Cromwell, Lord-Liaitenant of Ireland, and 
 the Lady Elizabeth Russell. 
 
 I. Oliver, bom in Dublin, 1656; died at Spinney 
 Abbey, 1685, in the twenty-ninth year of his age, and, as 
 is supposed, unmarried. The story of the infant's birth is 
 thus recorded in a news-letter of the day : " From Dublin. 
 On the 19th of April my lord Henry Cromwell became the 
 joyful father of a son ; which, as it hath been matter of 
 great joy to us, so I presume it will be welcome news to 
 you. The earnest prayers of good people gave his lord- 
 ship's lady so easy a deliverance that the most part of her 
 ladyship's travail was spent in dispatching letters for 
 England. The joy thereof confined not itself long within 
 the walls of their private family, but was straight blazed 
 by several bonfires throughout the city ; the honest towns- 
 men seeming emulous who should contribute the greatest 
 solemnity for so great a mercy. On the 24th following, 
 the joys were more perfect, there being more congratula- 
 tions for the infant's admission into the Church by baptism 
 than for its entrance into the world by birth ; his lordship 
 having openly in Christ-church offered up his child that 
 day to the Lord in that ordinance, and given it His High- 
 ness's name. Which so heightened the joy of the con- 
 gregation, that I never saw in one meeting more eyes and 
 I believe hearts more intently lifted up in prayer, never 
 heard more passionate praises for a blessing, than on that 
 day ; which gives no small support to my faith that a 
 child of such prayers and praises shall not miscarry." 
 
 II. Henry, born in Dublin in 1658 ; of whom hereafter. 
 
 III. Francis, born at Chippenham in 1663 ; died un- 
 married in 1719. 
 
 IV. Richard, born at Spinney Abbey in 1665 ; died 
 unmarried in London in 1687. 
 
 V. William, born at Spinney Abbey in 1667 ; died un- 
 married in the East Indies in 1692.
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 49 
 
 VI. Elizabeth, born at Whitehall in 1654 ; died at 
 Chippenham, 1659, in the house of her maternal grand- 
 father, Sir Francis Russell. This is the " Sweet Betty " 
 referred to in Fleetwood's letter to Henry in 1656. 
 
 VII. Elizabeth, born just after the decease of the pre- 
 ceding, therefore taking her name. On August 30, 1681, 
 she was married at Dover to William Russell, of Ford- 
 ham, son of Gerard Russell and grandson of Sir William 
 Russell, the first Baronet, consequently first cousin to her 
 mother, the Lady Elizabeth. Of this marriage the issue 
 was fourteen children, but the habits of the parents appear 
 to have been unthrifty. Moving for awhile among the 
 county gentry, and maintaining with that object a style of 
 living far beyond their means, Mr. Russell escaped his 
 creditors only in the grave, and the widow fled with the 
 surviving children to London, where she died in 171 1. 
 Her family was as follows : 
 
 I. O'Brian William, born 1684, fate unknown. 
 
 IL, III., IV., v., VI. Henry, John, William, 
 Edward, Thomas, died young or unmarried, two of 
 them at sea. 
 
 VII. Francis, born 1692 ; became a hosier in 
 London. His son Thomas, born 1724, had issue. 
 William died abroad unmarried, and Rebecca, who 
 died in 1832, by her second husband, William Dyer, 
 of Ilford, Esq., a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of 
 Essex, left five children, viz. : (i) William Andrew, 
 sometime of 34, Guildford Street, W.C. ; (2) Charles 
 Adams, formerly of Canewdon Hall, Rochford, Essex; 
 (3) Thomas John, in the East India Company's 
 service ; (4) Mary Eliza ; (5) Louisa. 
 
 VIII. Mary, of whom presently. 
 
 IX. Sarah became the wife of Martin Wilkins, a 
 substantial landowner of Soham, whose two children 
 died in infancy. 
 
 4
 
 50 TJic House of Cronnucll. 
 
 X. Name unknown ; became Mrs. Nelson of Mil- 
 denhall, and had a daughter, the wife of Mr. 
 Redderock, a sohcitor of that place, and the mother 
 of several children. 
 
 XL Margaret, of whom presently (p. 52). 
 
 Issxic of Mary, eldest quarried daughter of William and 
 Elizabeth Russell of Fordham. 
 
 This lady married Mr. Robert D'Aye, of Soham, and 
 long outlived him, her protracted widowhood being passed 
 at Soham, where her poverty was in some measure 
 relieved by an annual grant from the daughters of the 
 ex - Protector, Richard Cromwell, both of whom also 
 bequeathed her a legacy ; but as her own death did not 
 occur till 1765, she must have long survived her bene- 
 factors. Her family consisted of : (i) A son named 
 Russell, who died at sea unmarried ; (2) a daughter 
 married to Mr. Saunders, from whom she separated ; 
 (3) Elizabeth, who introduces us to the 
 
 Family of A ddison. 
 
 Elizabeth D'Aye, by her marriage, in 1762, with Mr. 
 Thomas Addison, of Soham, became the mother of 
 
 I. Mary, died in childhood. 
 
 II. Elizabeth, the wife of John Hill; left three sons 
 — John, William, and Eden. 
 
 III. Mary Russell, born 1764; became the wife of 
 Mr. Robert Sunman, and died at Lambeth in 1800, 
 having had Mary Addison, who died in youth, and 
 Robert, born in 1786. 
 
 IV. and V. Russell and Thomas, twins, born 1767. 
 Thomas died in infancy. 
 
 VI. and VII. Frances and Williarn ; both died in 
 infancy.
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 51 
 
 Russell, the only surviving son of this family, died at 
 the age of twenty-five in 1792. His wife Anne outlived 
 him fifty-four years, dying in 1846, at the age of eighty- 
 five. By her he left one son, 
 
 William, a surgeon of Soham, where he practised 
 laboriously for more than half a century, being held in 
 great esteem by rich and poor. Beyond this, his life may 
 be described as uneventful, though it is due to him to 
 state that the Cromwell monument, forming so striking 
 an object in Soham Churchyard, and displaying the 
 descent of the Addisons from Henry, the Lord-Lieutenant 
 of Ireland, downwards, is the expression of his hereditary 
 homage. It has been said that the career of his great 
 progenitor was not often made by Mr. Addison the promi- 
 nent subject of remark, yet the writer of this book well 
 remembers the flashing up of the old fire at an interview 
 held with him many years back, when the old gentleman 
 modestly hinted that the Protector's facial lineaments 
 were not yet obliterated in his descendants. Many will 
 say that his son Thomas, the Ely sohcitor, illustrates the 
 fond belief even more than the father did. Mr. Addison 
 died in 1868, having married Anne, daughter of Thomas 
 Fox, of the Newlands, in Curdworth, co. Warwick, 
 farmer, by whom he had three children. 
 
 I. Thomas Russell, born 1828, a solicitor practising 
 in Ely. 
 
 II. William Ohver Cromwell, born 1832, a solicitor 
 practising at Brierley Hill, co. Stafford, married 
 Charlotte, daughter of Charles Woolverton, of Great 
 Yarmouth, Esq., and has issue : (i) Charles WilHam, 
 1866 ; (2) Charlotte Barnby, i86g ; (3) Frank, 1870 ; 
 (4) Edith Maud, 1871. 
 
 III. Henrietta Fox, married, 1859, ^o George H. 
 Rust, son of the late Rev. E. Rust D'Eye, of Abbott's 
 Hall, Stowmarket. His children are eleven in 
 number, viz. : (i) Henrietta Fanny, 1862 ; (2) George
 
 52 TJic House of Cromwell. 
 
 Edgar, 1863 ; (3) Agnes Elizabeth, 1864 ; (4) Isabel, 
 1866 ; (5) Jane Louisa, 1868 ; (6) Henry, 1869 ; 
 (7) Katharine Alice, 1870 ; (8) Evelyn, 1872 ; (g) 
 Anne Georgina, 1874; (10) Mabel, 1875; (11) Emily, 
 1877. 
 
 Issue of Margaret, sixth daughter of William and Elizabeth 
 Russell of Fordham. 
 
 She became the wife of Mr. Edward Peachey, and had 
 an only daughter, Elizabeth, whose husband bore the 
 name of Richard Peachey, but was not related to her 
 father's family. By the will of her uncle, Martin 
 Wilkins, who left his real estate to his wife Sarah, some 
 of the lands in Horsecroft and the Great Fen were to 
 descend in reversion to Elizabeth, daughter of Edward 
 and Margaret Peachey, besides a bequest of ;£"500 and an 
 annuity of ^15 till she attained the age of twenty-one. 
 By a codicil to his will, in 1749, the £^00 is revoked, she 
 being then the wife of Richard Peachey. This marriage 
 produced three children, viz. : 
 
 I. Richard, who died unmarried at the age of 
 twenty. 
 
 II. William, who in 1780 was of Cambridge 
 University. 
 
 III. Elizabeth, wife of Rev. Mr. Ellis, of Mil- 
 borne, Cambs., and the mother of: (i) Thomas, a 
 solicitor ; (2) William, a surgeon ; (3) Elizabeth, died 
 unmarried ; (4) a daughter married to Mr. Burbage, 
 practising in Leicestershire. 
 
 MAJOR HENRY CROMWELL. 
 
 Dismissing the families descended from the daughters 
 of Henry, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, we now revert to 
 his son, Major Henr^' Cromwell, the only one who carried
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 53 
 
 on the name. The poHtics and religious faith of this 
 gentleman may be gathered from the fact of his marrying 
 a young lady who only the year before had played a more 
 conspicuous part than any other of her sex as intercessor 
 for the victims of Jeffreys' " Bloody Assizes." This was 
 Hannah, the daughter of Benjamin Hewling and grand- 
 daughter of William Kyffin, two names conspicuous 
 among the Nonconformists of that period, and among 
 the adherents of the unfortunate Duke of Monmouth. 
 Her interviews with Churchill and with King James II. 
 in behalf of her brothers, Benjamin and William Hewling, 
 are matters of general history. 
 
 She was beyond all doubt a courageous and energetic 
 woman. Nothing short of this conviction would have 
 secured the notice and regard of her Tory aunt, Lady 
 Fauconberg, who was greatly disconcerted at the depressed 
 condition of so many of her relatives. After considerable 
 solicitation. Lady Fauconberg was induced to push her 
 nephew's fortunes in the army, and here we may suitably 
 quote one of her letters as a sample of her style of mind 
 and of her bearing towards her niece Hannah. 
 
 "Lady Fauconberg to Henry Cromwell, of Spinney Abbey. 
 To be left with the postmaster of Newmarket, Cambridge- 
 shire. 
 
 29 January [1693?]. 
 
 " Dear Nephew, 
 
 " This comes to congratulate with you after your 
 great fright for your excellent wife, for her safe recovery. 
 And I hope, although she has lost her little one, God will 
 bless you both with more. I am very glad to find by my 
 cousin Hewling you design shortly for London, where I 
 hope to see you both, and give thanks for your kind 
 present, which came very safe to my hands. And pray 
 tell my good niece that her good housewifery is both seen 
 and tasted in it, and that it was as good as ever was
 
 54 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 eaten. And I must not omit telling you that my lord as 
 well as self returns thanks, and charges me to assure you 
 both of his humble service. All friends here are, I bless 
 God, very well, and present you both with their service. 
 And I am, to my dear niece and yourself, a most affec- 
 tionate aunt and servant. 
 
 " M. Fauconberg." 
 
 Another fragment of hers, dated i68g, thus refers to 
 her efforts in Major Henry's behalf : 
 
 " Dear Nephew, 
 
 " I received yours, which this comes in answer to. 
 My lord was on Thursday at Hampton Court, where he 
 spake to the King [William HI.] again as for your concerns, 
 and your cousin's [Oliver, son of Richard]. But all the 
 answer he could get was that he wanted money, and at 
 present did not think of raising any more men, — which 
 for your sakes I am concerned for. . . ." 
 
 He parted with Spinney Abbey under stress of pecuniary 
 difficulties, and probably lived thereafter an unsettled life 
 in the neighbourhood of London. 
 
 It was principally by the influence of the Duke of 
 Ormond that Mr. Cromwell's promotion in the army was 
 at last brought about, " in acknowledgment," as his Grace 
 always declared, " of the great service and benefit which 
 his family had received from Henry Cromwell while Lord- 
 Lieutenant of Ireland." Mr. Cromwell's military status 
 at the time of his death was that of Major of foot in 
 Fielding's Regiment. He was cut off by fever at Lisbon 
 while serving under Lord Galway in the war against 
 Spain in Queen Anne's reign, in 1711, being then in his 
 fifty-fourth year. His widow, who survived him twenty- 
 one years, appears to have resided in or near London, for 
 her burial took place in Bunhill Fields. The portraits of
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 55 
 
 herself and of her husband — the latter being represented 
 as a very handsome man — are still extant, being part of the 
 Brantingsay Collection, 
 
 Issue of Major Henry Cromwell and Hannah Hewling. 
 
 I. Oliver, born at Spinney Abbey in 1687 ; died at 
 Gray's Inn in London at the age of sixteen. This was 
 the fourth Oliver Cromwell who by celibacy or premature 
 death failed to carry on the first Protector's name. 
 
 II. Benjamin Hewling, born at Spinney Abbey in 
 i68g ; died at York in 1694. 
 
 III. Henry, born at Spinney Abbey in 1692 ; died in 
 infancy. 
 
 IV. William, generally known as " Mr. Cromwell of 
 Kirby Street," was born in the parish of Cripplegate, in 
 London, in 1693. Being bred to the law, he passed a 
 considerable portion of his life in Gray's Inn chambers, 
 and it was not till he reached the age of fifty-seven that 
 he married Mary, the daughter of William Sherwill of 
 London, merchant, and the wealthy widow of Thomas 
 Westby, of Linton, Cambs., Esq., consequent on which 
 event he changed his abode to Booking, in Essex. 
 The lady herself was sixty years of age at the time of 
 this her second marriage, and in the course of two years 
 after the removal to Booking she died, and Mr. Cromwell 
 thereupon returned to London, and spent the remainder of 
 his days in Kirby Street, Hatton Garden, where his own 
 death occurred in 1772, at the age of seventy-nine. Husband 
 and wife both lie in the family vault in Bunhill Fields. 
 Mrs. Cromwell shortly before her second marriage had, 
 in conjunction with Mrs. Bromsale, built and endowed at 
 Hoxton the row of ten houses long known as " the old 
 maids' almshouses," though, in fact, widows as well as 
 single women were embraced in the charity, the only 
 stipulation being that they were Protestant Dissenters. 
 She thoroughly sympathized in the outspoken Noncon-
 
 56 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 formity which distinguished her husband's confession of 
 faith, who for fifty years was a member, and for nearly 
 thirty years a deacon, of the church meeting at Haber- 
 dashers' Hall ; and there his funeral sermon was preached 
 by Dr. Thomas Gibbons. " He appeared," says the 
 Doctor, " to be a Christian indeed ; not only by abstaining 
 from what was gross and scandalous, profane and un- 
 godly, but by a spirituality of temper, and by attention to 
 inward religion and the pulse of his soul towards God ; 
 and, indeed, his sentiments and conduct manifested a 
 happy union of experimental and practical godliness. He 
 met, and no wonder in so long a pilgrimage, very heavy 
 afflictions, but never did I hear him murmur or repine, 
 though I am persuaded he was not without quick and 
 keen sensations. . . . He might have had genteel 
 provision made for him in life beyond what Providence 
 had otherwise given him, if he could have qualified as 
 a member of the Church of England ; but he chose 
 rather to preserve his conscience inviolate, and to re- 
 main a Nonconformist, than advance himself in the 
 world and depart from what appeared to him the line 
 of duty." 
 
 Mr. Hewling Luson, a son of Hannah's younger sister, 
 bears a corresponding testimony, speaking of him as " the 
 late Mr. Cromwell of Kirby Street, my near relation, and 
 a most benevolent humble honest man." The journal of 
 Thomas Hollis, the virtuoso, chronicles under date 1762 
 an interview with " that worthy old gentleman Mr. William 
 Cromwell, the great-grandson of the Protector," by whom 
 he is then introduced to two nieces. Miss Elizabeth and 
 Miss Letitia Cromwell, of Hampstead. The portrait- 
 gallery of these ladies, and their museum of family relics, 
 are then inspected, disclosing a variety of heirlooms, which 
 Mr. Hollis then describes, but which must be left at 
 present till the Brantingsay gallery and other collections 
 of Cromwellian relics claim a final notice.
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 57 
 
 Mr. Cromwell was on friendly terms with Henry Crom- 
 well the poet, so well known by his published corre- 
 spondence with Alexander Pope ; and though the family 
 relationship between these two gentlemen was somewhat 
 remote, yet, as they both derived from the knight of 
 Hinchinbrook, they constantly maintained the form of 
 calling one another " cousin." One of William Cromwell's 
 early reminiscences was his having dined at Westminster, 
 when a youth, with his great-uncle, Richard, the ex- 
 Protector. There were present on that occasion, besides 
 himself, Jerry White, the chaplain, and William Penn, 
 the Quaker-founder of Pennsylvania. Mr. Cromwell 
 rendered valuable aid to the compilers of "Thurloe's State 
 Papers " by contributing a large collection of family docu- 
 ments, which had come down to him from the original 
 owners, and which are duly notified in the margin of that 
 work. 
 
 V. Richard, fifth son of Major Henry Cromwell and 
 Hannah Hewling, was born at Hackney in 1695, and 
 became an eminent attorney and solicitor in Chancery. 
 In 1723, on his great-grandfather's auspicious day — 
 September 3 — he married Sarah, the daughter of 
 Ebene2er Gatton, of Southwark, who was also the niece, 
 and eventually one of the co-heiresses, of Sir Robert 
 Thornhill, a wealthy attorney of Red Lion Square. The 
 ceremony was performed by Dr. Edmund Gibson, the 
 Lord Bishop of London aforesaid, and the place selected 
 was the chapel connected with the banqueting-house in 
 the palace of Whitehall. Bishop Gibson, whose scholar- 
 ship was of the most varied kind — linguistic, antiquarian, 
 and forensic — was, moreover, what is commonly under- 
 stoodasaliberal-minded Churchman; while in his character 
 of an official censor he poured through the press an un- 
 ceasing stream of pamphlets and charges, with a view to 
 the reformation of manners, and by his hostility to Court 
 masquerades provoked the enmity of King George H.
 
 58 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 Perhaps his admiration for Oliver was an additional 
 stimulus to the royal displeasure. 
 
 Mr. Richard Cromwell, after his marriaj^e, continued to 
 reside in London as his place of business, but eventually 
 removed to Hampstead, where he died in 1759, and was 
 buried in the family vault in Bunhill Fields. He had 
 previously erected there an "altar-monument" to receive 
 family inscriptions ; but this relic, like so many others 
 around it, fell a prey to neglect, and the inscriptions are 
 now almost obliterated, excepting the names of his 
 brother William and wife. It has recently received at its 
 foot the words, deeply chiselled, " RICHARD CROM- 
 WELL, HIS VAULT. Restored by the Corporation of 
 London." It must be with reference to this gentlemen 
 that the following letter was published in the Gentleman^s 
 Magazine for July, 1777 : 
 
 " Mr. Urban, 
 
 " In order to render your former, as well as later, 
 accounts of Cromwell's family as perfect as possible, I 
 must observe that there was a Mr. Cromwell, an attorney 
 by profession, with whom I frequently conversed, and who 
 was well known to the old frequenters of Wills' coffee- 
 house, near Lincoln's Inn Gate. I do not know in what 
 degree of consanguinity he stood to Oliver, but that he 
 was a descendant of his family none who saw him could 
 doubt, for he was very like the best pictures of Oliver him- 
 self. He was respected, too, as an honest man ; but 
 he seemed to have only the external marks of his great 
 predecessor. I think about the time ' I missed him at the 
 accustomed tree ' was near twenty years ago, and he then 
 appeared to be about seventy years of age. 
 
 " P T " 
 
 A subsequent correspondent conjectured that this might 
 have been Henry, the sixth child of Hannah Hewling;
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 59 
 
 but Henry's occupation was not that of the law, nor do 
 the dates fit so well as with Richard. Mr. Richard 
 Cromwell had two sons and four daughters : 
 
 I. Robert, born at Bartlett's Buildings. This 
 gentleman inherited, in right of his mother, Sarah 
 Gatton, a moiety of the manor of Cheshunt Park or 
 Brantingsay aforesaid ; but dying unmarried in 1762, 
 at the age of thirty-seven, the said moiety went to his 
 sisters ; and the other moiety also came to them 
 eventually through the decease s.p. of their cousin 
 Peter Hynde, only son and heir of Eleanor Gatton, 
 
 II. Oliver, died in infancy. 
 
 III. Elizabeth, died at Hampstead in 1792. 
 
 IV. Anne, died at Berkhampstead in 1777. 
 
 V. Eleanor, died in infancy. 
 
 VI. Letitia, died at Hampstead, 1789. 
 
 The survivors of these ladies, namely, Elizabeth and 
 Letitia, on inheriting their brother Robert's estate, quitted 
 Berkhampstead, and reoccupied the paternal mansion at 
 Hampstead in Middlesex. Among the personal property 
 which in like manner descended to them, they came into 
 possession of a complete museum of historical relics, in- 
 cluding a series of family portraits, dating from the six- 
 teenth century downwards, all which subsequently found 
 a fitting receptacle at Cheshunt. Elizabeth's death is thus 
 recorded in the Gentleman's Magazine for November, 1792 : 
 
 "At Hampstead, Mrs. Elizabeth Cromwell, eldest 
 daughter and last surviving child of Mr. Richard Cromwell, 
 grandson of Henry, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, She has 
 left the bulk of her fortune to Mr. Oliver Cromwell, attorney, 
 clerk of the Million Bank ; ;£"50o to the children of Mr. 
 Field of Newington, late an apothecary of Newgate Street, 
 who married her cousin, her uncle Thomas's daughter ; and 
 a handsome legacy to Mrs. Moreland, relict of Richard 
 Hynde, Esq., whose mother was her maternal aunt, and
 
 6o TJic House of Cromwell. 
 
 who with her brother jointly possessed Cheshunt Park, the 
 moiety of which on his death devolved to them, subject to 
 his widow's jointure." 
 
 VI. Henry, sixth son of Major Henry Cromwell and 
 Hannah Hewling, born 1698 ; was for some time in 
 partnership with his brother Thomas as a wholesale pro- 
 vision merchant, though he subsequcntl}^ held a post in the 
 Excise Office. He died unmarried in 1769, and was buried 
 in Bunhill Fields, in the vault of his brother Thomas. 
 The inscriptions on this tomb, like those on Richard's, are 
 now also defaced, but the name HENRY CROMWELL 
 has been recently cut in strong relief, and the following 
 words : " Discovered seven feet beneath the surface, and 
 restored by the Corporation of London, 1869," The ruin 
 which some few years ago had, with increasing rapidity, 
 been overspreading the memorials of Bunhill Fields through 
 overcrowding, was happily brought to an end when all 
 future interments were forbidden. Amongst many others, 
 one of the Cromwell monuments, and also that of Lieu- 
 tenant-General Fleetwood and Lady Hartopp, had gone 
 quite out of sight, although both of them, especially that 
 of Fleetwood, were capacious structures. 
 
 Vn. Thomas, the only one of the eight sons of Major 
 Henry Cromwell and Hannah Hewling whose descendants 
 survive, of whom presently (p. 61). 
 
 VHL Oliver, born in Gray's Inn in London, in 1704, 
 just after the death of his eldest brother Oliver, and there- 
 fore made to succeed him in name. He, like his father, 
 served in the British Army, and held an ensigncy in an 
 Irish regiment ; but disliking the situation, he resigned his 
 commission, and passed the rest of his life in privacy, 
 dying unmarried in 1748. 
 
 IX. Mary, born at Newington Green in 1691 ; died un- 
 married in 1731 ; buried in Bunhill Fields. 
 
 X. Hannah, born at Hackney in 1697 ; died unmarried 
 in 1732.
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 6 1 
 
 VII. Thomas, seventh son of Major Henry Cromwell 
 and Hannah Hewling, born at Hackney in i6gg ; became, 
 in partnership with his brother Henry, a wholesale pro- 
 vision merchant and sugar -refiner, on Snowhill. On 
 quitting business he retired to Bridgwater Square, dying 
 in 1748 (or 1752 ?), and was buried in Bunhill Fields. 
 He was twice married ; first to Frances, daughter of 
 John Tidman of London, merchant ; and secondly to 
 Mary, daughter of Nicholas Skinner of London, mer- 
 chant, of whom hereafter. The issue of the first marriage 
 were : 
 
 Oliver, Henry, Thomas, and Elizabeth, who all 
 died young or unmarried ; and Anne, who in 1753 was 
 married at Edmonton to John Field, an apothecary, 
 at that time of Newgate Street, but afterwards of 
 Stoke Newington, of whom hereafter. 
 
 Mr. Thomas Cromwell by his second wife, Mary Skinner, 
 had: 
 
 I. Oliver, his heir, of whom hereafter. 
 
 II. Thomas, who in 1771 or 1773 died in the East 
 India Company's service, just after obtaining a lieu- 
 tenancy. 
 
 III., IV., v., VI. Richard, Elizabeth, and Hannah 
 Hewling, who all died young ; and Susanna, who for 
 many years lived with her widowed mother in Carey 
 Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, subsequently at Ponders 
 End. Leaving there after her mother's death, she 
 occupied a cottage at Flamstead End in her brother 
 Oliver's parish, and is supposed to have died there 
 unmarried in 1834, t)ut to have been buried in Bun- 
 hill Fields. 
 
 As for the widowed mother herself, she survived her 
 husband more than sixty years, reaching at last the 
 patriarchal age of one hundred and four; in fact, she 
 was nearly one hundred and five. About the year 1783,
 
 62 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 being then seventy - four years of age, she quitted 
 London in company with her daughter Susanna, and 
 took up her final residence at Ponders End in the house 
 of her deceased aunt, Lady Collett, who had long been a 
 principal supporter of the Nonconformist interest in that 
 village. 
 
 Mrs. Cromwell's communion with her new friends as a 
 church-member was considerably hindered by her loss of 
 hearing, but she found a partial resource in the habitual 
 record of her feelings in the form of a diary which must 
 have covered a vast space of time. This chronicle of her 
 hidden life was destroyed, in fulfilment no doubt of her 
 own wishes ; but a fragment or two from its earlier pages 
 have been rescued, from the tenor of which we may 
 gather that the successive loss of her husband and children 
 had been felt by her as a very sore affliction. Referring 
 to the death of her daughter Elizabeth, above mentioned, 
 who died at the age of thirteen, she makes the following 
 reflection : " My God has seen fit in His infinite wisdom to 
 remove another dear creature-comfort, a first-born ; one 
 whom His grace made to differ, whose early piety appeared 
 in her fear of offending God, her love to every duty of 
 religion, her strict regard to truth, always dutiful, and 
 conscientiously careful against sin. Her life was short, 
 but well improved : she made haste and dela3^ed not to 
 keep the commandments of the Lord. Could I follow 
 my dear delights no farther than the grave, I must sink 
 under my afflictions — to see my comforts dropping off 
 like leaves in autumn, wave after wave rolling over me, 
 and leaving me a lonely survivor. But religion teaches 
 me to converse with things above, leads me to see where 
 real and lasting joys are to be found, and calls me to recol- 
 lect my covenant-engagements. I then resolved to take 
 up my cross." On the death of her husband, in October, 
 1752, she had written, " . . . . Ere long my change will 
 come. I think I am as weary of sin as of sorrow, though
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 63 
 
 Death has been my worst enemy. May his next visit be 
 in mercy, and may every wave of affliction leave me nearer 
 the heavenly shore. Afflictions have drunk up my spirits. 
 Thine arrows stick fast in me, and Thine hand presseth 
 me sore. Therefore is my spirit overwhelmed within me ; 
 my heart within me is desolate. Unless Thy law had 
 been my delight I should have perished in my affliction." 
 She had, however, after her retreat to Ponders End, an 
 abiding consolation in the character and creditable career 
 of her son Oliver, who, residing in the neighbouring parish 
 of Cheshunt, often came over to see her, and was able 
 before she died to invoke her blessing on seven of his own 
 grandchildren. That he also took an interest in the 
 religious community to which his mother was attached is 
 evidenced by the appearance of his name in a subscrip- 
 tion list preserved in the records of that church for en- 
 larging the building in 1815, towards which object " Oliver 
 Cromwell" gives ten guineas, and " Susannah Cromwell" 
 five guineas. 
 
 As might have been expected, Mrs. Cromwell's decease 
 at so advanced an age was a very gradual process. Dim- 
 ness of sight, so far as to preclude the faculty of reading, 
 had been added to her other infirmities, so that, shut out 
 from the external world, the attitude of her soul expressed 
 itself in a constant desire to depart, and her attendants on 
 entering her chamber usually found her on her knees. 
 January 29, 1813, saw the close of her long pilgrimage ; 
 and her surviving children, Oliver and Susannah, selected 
 as an appropriate motto for her funeral sermon the dying 
 song of the Apostle Paul, " I have fought the good fight," 
 etc., which sermon, entitled " The Triumph of Faith," was 
 accordingly delivered by John Knight, the then minister 
 of Ponders End Chapel. Her portrait, taken shortly 
 before her death, is in the hands of her descendants, the 
 Prescott family. Mrs. Cromwell, as also her daughter 
 Susanna, who survived her some years, are believed to
 
 64 The House of Cromzvcll. 
 
 Ikinc boon both buried in Bunhill Fields. We have now 
 to treat of her only surviving son, 
 
 OLIVER CROMWELL OF CHESHUNT. 
 
 Oliver Cromwell, Esq., born in 1742, commenced life 
 as a solicitor. He practised for many years as a solicitor 
 in Essex Street, Strand, and was also clerk to St. Thomas's 
 Hospital. But on inheriting the Cheshunt estate under 
 the will of his cousins Elizabeth and Letitia, he adopted 
 Brantingsa}' as his habitual residence.* On August 8, 
 1771, Mr. Cromwell espoused Mary, daughter and co-heir 
 of Morgan Morse, Esq., and had two sons and a daughter. 
 The first child died in infancy. The birth of the second, 
 named Oliver, is thus recorded in the Annual Register for 
 1782 : " Birth, — The lady of Oliver Cromwell, Esq., of a 
 son and heir, at his house in Nicholas Lane. This child 
 is the only male heir of the Cromwell family in a lineal 
 descent from the memorable Protector of that name." 
 But little Oliver, alas ! like so man}^ of his predecessors, 
 once more disappointed the hopes of his friends. He lived 
 but three years ; and now the only surviving child was a 
 daughter, Elizabeth Oliveria, born in 1777, and married in 
 1801 to Thomas Artemidorus Russell, Esq. 
 
 Mr. Cromwell of Cheshunt wished his daughter to carry 
 on his name, in accordance with the course usually pursued 
 in such cases, by her husband's adopting the surname and 
 arms of Cromwell, either in addition to, or in exchange 
 for, those of Russell. Such a procedure is technically said 
 to be " by royal permission." The issue of the affair is 
 thus recorded by Mr. Burke, the herald : " Mr. Cromwell 
 wishing to perpetuate the name of his great ancestor, 
 
 * This estate is not to be confounded with Theobald's Park, which was never 
 in the possession of the Cromwell family. Theobald's Park and the Manor of 
 Cheshunt belonged to the Prescott family, while Cheshunt or Brantingsay Park 
 and Manor at Theobald's belonged to the Cromwell party. The name was 
 formerly spelt Brantingshaye.
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 65 
 
 applied, it is said, in the usual quarter for permission that 
 his son-in-law should assume the surname of Cromwell ; 
 when, to his astonishment, considering that such requests 
 are usually granted on the payment of certain fees as a 
 matter of course, the permission was refused. Such a 
 course of proceeding is too contemptible for comment."* 
 The credit of the refusal has been variously ascribed to the 
 old King, to the Prince Regent, and to William IV. Sir 
 Robert Heron, writing in 1821, makes mention of it thus : 
 "Within the last two or three years died the last male 
 direct descendant of Oliver Cromwell. He was well 
 known to my father and to Sir Abraham Hume, who lived 
 near him. They represented him as a worthy man of mild 
 manners, much resembling in character his immediate 
 ancestor, Henry, the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. Early 
 in life his pecuniary circumstances were narrowed, but 
 latterly he possessed a comfortable income. He was 
 desirous of leaving his name to his son-in-law Mr. Russell, 
 and applied for his Majesty's permission that Russell 
 should assume it ; but the old King positively refused it, 
 always saying, ' No, no — no more Cromwells ' " (Sir 
 Robert Heron's Notes). Another version of the affair is, 
 that Mr. Cromwell, becoming apprehensive that the change 
 of name might, after all, prove a hindrance rather than 
 otherwise to his grandchildren's advance in life, allowed 
 the matter to remain in abeyance ; but that the scheme 
 was revived by another member of the family in a 
 memorial addressed to William IV., and that it was this 
 King, and not George III., who uttered the energetic veto 
 above recorded. 
 
 Mr. Cromwell, to whom we are indebted for the 
 " Memoirs of the Protector Oliver Cromwell and of his 
 Two Sons, Richard and Henry," died on May 31, 1821, 
 at the age of seventy-nine. His excellent wife, whose 
 charitable deeds were long remembered in the neighbour- 
 
 * " History of the Commoners," vol. i., p. 433. 
 
 5
 
 66 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 hood, li\ed on to her eighty-seventh year. On Sundays 
 she was in the habit of attending the chapel of the neigh- 
 bouring college (founded by Lady Huntingdon), in which 
 she was joined by her husband and by her sister-in-law. 
 Miss Susanna Cromwell. 
 
 The family monument at Cheshunt Church records only 
 the following names : 
 
 Oliver Cromwell, Esq., 1821, aged seventy-nine. 
 
 Mary Cromwell, his wife, 1831, eighty-seven. 
 
 Lieutenant-General Armstrong, his son-in-law, sixty- 
 three. 
 
 Thomas Artemidorus Russell, Esq., 1858, eight}^- 
 three. 
 
 Eliza Oliveria, his wife, 1849, seventy-two. 
 
 Artemidorus Cromwell Russell, 1830, twenty-seven. 
 
 Avarilla Aphra, his wife, 1827, twenty-one. 
 
 John Russell, Esq., 1830, eighty-two. 
 
 Eliza, wife of John Henry Cromwell Russell, 1876, 
 seventy. 
 
 Family of Russell, of Cheshunt Park. 
 
 Elizabeth Oliveria Cromwell, only surviving child 
 of Oliver Cromwell, of Cheshunt, was born in 1777, mar- 
 ried in 1801 to Thomas Artemidorus Russell, of Thurston, 
 CO. Hereford, Esq. She died in 1849 at the age of 
 seventy-two, and in her death the English nation had to 
 contemplate the final extinction of the Protector's house- 
 hold inheriting the name of Cromwell by blood. To the 
 present wTiter, his personal intercourse with the venerable 
 lady is the most interesting fact connected with the 
 labours of this family history. To watch her passing 
 from portrait to portrait through the Brantingsay gallery, 
 and hear her with tremulous voice dwelling on the virtues 
 of each successive representative of the house from the 
 Protector's parents down to her own father, was to become
 
 Henry, Fo2trth Son of the Protector. 67- 
 
 for awhile the passive recipient of very pleasant sensations 
 — sensations, it may be, too thronging for description, 
 too complex for analysis. By her husband she left nine 
 children : 
 
 I. Elizabeth Oliveria, born 1802 ; married 1823 to 
 Frederick Joseph, son of George Frederick Prescott, of 
 Theobalds, Herts, Esq. By her husband, formerly of the 
 War Office, and who died in 1888, aged ninety-one, she 
 became the mother of ten children : 
 
 I. Frederick George, born 1824 ; died in infancy. 
 
 II. Emma Elizabeth, born 1826 ; married, 1853, to 
 Herbert Calthorpe, son of Lieutenant-General Wil- 
 liam Gardner, R.A., and by him (who died 1857) had, 
 surviving issue, Herbert Prescott, born 1854, ^"^^ 
 Emma Louisa, born 1857. 
 
 III. George Frederick, Vicar of St. Michael's, Pad- 
 dington, M.A. Cantab., born 1827 ; married, 1863, 
 to Sarah, daughter of John Horsley, Esq., Madras 
 Civil Service, and had : Mary, 1864 ; Edward, 1866 ; 
 Ernest, 1867 ; Mildred, 1871. 
 
 IV. Charles Andrew, banker and M.A. Cantab., 
 born 1829 ; married, 1864, to Emma Catharine, 
 daughter of William Harrison, Esq., of Westbourne 
 Terrace, by whom he had four children : Charlotte 
 Cromwell, 1865 ; Charles Cave Cromwell, 1867, died 
 in childhood ; Oliveria Cromwell, 1872 ; Kenneth 
 Loder Cromwell, 1874. 
 
 V. Edward Barker, Captain 33rd Regiment (Wel- 
 lington's), wounded in the Crimea. Medal and clasps. 
 Married, 1857, to Sophia Victoria, daughter of Wil- 
 liam Cox, of Gloucester Crescent, Esq., and has a 
 son, Edward Frederick William, born 1858. 
 
 VI. Lucy Esther, born 1833. 
 
 VII. Augusta Sophia, born 1S35 ; married, 1873, 
 to Robert Burn, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.
 
 68 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 VIII. Henry Warner, a banker, born 1837. 
 
 IX. Edgar Grote, of the Stock Exchange, and B.A. 
 Oxon., born 1839 ; married, 1865, to Jane Katharine, 
 daughter of Edgar Barker, Esq., of Oxford Square, 
 and had seven children : Henry Frederick, i856 ; 
 Edward Barker, 1867 ; Edgar Evelyn, i86g ; Mar- 
 garet Oliveria, died in infancy, 1871 ; Herbert, 1872 ; 
 Nelly Margaret, 1875 ; Isabel Katharine, 1878. 
 
 X. Oliveria Louisa, born 1842. 
 
 II. Artemidorus Cromwell, born 1803 ; died 1830, 
 having married Avarilla Aphra Armstrong, by whom (who 
 died 1827) he had one daughter, Avarilla Oliveria Crom- 
 well, born 1826 ; married, 1849, to Rev. Paul Bush, of 
 South Luffenham, now [1890] Rector of Duloe, near 
 Liskeard ; died November 25, 1895. By her husband she 
 had issue: 
 
 I. Thomas Cromwell, B.A. Oxon, born 1851, 
 Vicar of Camel Queen, Bath. 
 
 II. Elizabeth Oliveria, 1852. 
 
 III. James Graham, in India, 1854. 
 
 IV. Paul Warner, Lieutenant in the Royal Navy, 
 born 1855. 
 
 V. Charles Cromwell, in India, born 1857. 
 
 VI. Charlotte Mary Avarilla, 1858. 
 
 VII. Beatrice Maud, i860. 
 
 VIII. Herbert Cromwell, 1861. 
 
 IX. Ethel JuHa, 1863. 
 
 X. Gertrude Harriet Cromwell, 1865. 
 
 XI. Mabel Ottley, 1868. 
 
 III. Mary Esther, born 1805; married, 1832, to 
 General George Andrew Armstrong, of Hereford, In- 
 spector-General of the Hereford Volunteers. She married 
 secondly, in 1836, Thomas Huddlestone, Esq. 
 
 IV. John Henry Cromwell, of Sittingbourne, born 
 1806 ; married, 1832, to Eliza, only daughter of Maurice
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 69 
 
 Lievesley, Esq., and had one daughter : Eliza Clementina 
 Frances Cromwell, born 1835. 
 
 V. Thomas Artemidorus Cromwell, born 1808 ; 
 died in infancy. 
 
 VI. Thomas Artemidorus, born 1810 ; married 1862 ; 
 died 1863. 
 
 VII. Letitia Cromwell, born 1812 ; married, 1847, 
 to Frederick Whitfield, of 4, Vane Street, Bath, M.D., 
 and had two daughters : Amy, 1848, and Elizabeth (?). 
 Mrs. Whitfield died in 1863. 
 
 VIII. Charles William Cromwell, born 1814; died 
 1859. 
 
 IX. Emma Bridget, born 1816 ; married, 1834, to 
 Captain Richard Warner, 5th Foot, a descendant of Sir 
 Thomas Warner, who, as one of the early explorers of 
 Antigua, obtained a grant of land there from James I., 
 who also presented him with the celebrated ring which 
 Queen Elizabeth had given to Essex. This gem, we are 
 informed, belonged originally to Mary, Queen of Scots, 
 and King James's gift of it to Sir Thomas Warner was 
 designed as an especial mark of favour. Since that time 
 it has descended from father to son in the elder branch of 
 the Warner family. Captain Richard Warner died 1863. 
 The issue of the above marriage was as follows : 
 
 I. Ashton Cromwell, born 1835. He served through- 
 out the Indian Mutiny campaign in 1857-58, received 
 a medal with clasps for " Defence of Lucknow " and 
 " Lucknow," and a brevet majority ; retired from the 
 20th Hussars in 1868 ; appointed Chief Constable of 
 Bedfordshire in 1871. Major Warner, married first 
 — 1868 — Anne Gcraldinc, only daughter of M. B. 
 Jeffreys, Esq., and by her (who died 1871) had one 
 son, Ashton Darell Cromwell, who died in infancy. 
 He married secondly — 1872 — Florence Louisa, fourth 
 daughter of the late W. Stapleton Piers, Esq., and 
 grand-daughter of Sir John Bennett Piers, of Trister-
 
 70 The House of Crovnvell. 
 
 nagh Abbey, co. Westmeath, Bart., and has issue : 
 Bridget Nora Cromwell, 1874 ; Lionel Ashton Piers, 
 1875 ; IMarjorie Ellin, 1877 ; Esther Hastings, 1878. 
 
 II. Richard Edward, born 1836; married, 1864, to 
 Mary Jametta Hale, daughter of Major Constantine 
 Yeoman, of Sibron, and had issue : Constance Emma 
 Cromwell, Leonard Ottley, Mary Challoner, Basil 
 Hale, Richard Cromwell, Lawrence Dundas, Wynyard 
 Alexander, Marmaduke. 
 
 III. Wyn3'ard Huddleston, named after his uncle, 
 General Wynyard, of the Grenadier Guards, who 
 distinguished himself in the Crimea. He married 
 Jane, daughter of Mr. Bell, of the Civil Service, East 
 India Company. 
 
 We now pass to the families deriving from Anne Crom- 
 well (p. 61). 
 
 Family of Field. 
 
 Anne, only surviving daughter of Thomas Cromwell, of 
 Bridgwater Square, by his first marriage, married, in 1753, 
 at Edmonton, John Field, an apothecary, at that time of 
 Newgate Street, but afterwards of Stoke Newington. 
 There is reason to think that this was a union prompted 
 by cordiality of religious sentiment, the Fields being of 
 a Puritan stock, and Mr. Field himself attached to Stoke 
 Newington society. Mr. Field, whose medical practice 
 was extensive, was the founder, in 1765, of the London 
 Annuity Society, established for the benefit of the widows 
 of its members. This institution, now located at 3, Ser- 
 geants' Inn, possesses half-length portraits of himself 
 and of his son Henry, who succeeded him professionally. 
 His living presence, we are told, was a familiar and grate- 
 ful object to all the dwellers in and about Stoke Newing- 
 ton, who believed his good nature to be inexhaustible, the 
 capacious coach in which he perform.ed the daily journey
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 71 
 
 into town being apparently at the service of the pubhc, 
 for while his personal friends occupied the interior, some 
 poor neighbour was generally to be seen on the box. The 
 religious coterie of that suburban district, clustering round 
 the household of the ex-General Fleetwood, will be noticed 
 more at large hereafter. Mr. Field's intercourse must 
 have been with their succeeding generation. His own 
 ancestry derived from Cockenhoe, in Herts, where he was 
 born in 1719. His death occurred in 1796, the year 
 before that of his wife. Their children now to be noticed 
 are nine in number : 
 
 I. Henry, an apothecary, born September 29, 1755, 
 rose to high esteem among the brethren of his profession, 
 as testified by the offices which from time to time he 
 filled. In 1807 he was elected apothecary to Christ's 
 Hospital. He was also lecturer and treasurer to the 
 Society of Apothecaries, one of the Board of Health in 
 1831 for prevention of cholera, the city of London pre- 
 senting him with a silver centre for his table. He was 
 also for many years treasurer of the London Annuity 
 Society for the benefit of widows of apothecaries, in Chat- 
 ham Place, Blackfriars, which his father had founded. 
 Among his writings may be mentioned " Memoirs of the 
 Botanick Garden " at Chelsea. He maintained his powers 
 till his eighty-third year, when he died at Woodford, 
 Essex, December ig, 1837, and was buried at Cheshunt. 
 His portrait was painted for the Apothecaries by R. 
 Pickersgill, and for the Annuity Society by Samuel Lane, 
 and an engraving from the latter was so skilfully executed 
 by Charles Turner that the family regard it as a better 
 likeness than the original painting. Mr. Field married, 
 on September 2, 1784, Esther, daughter of E. Barron, of 
 Woolacrc House, near Deptford, Esq., and by her (who 
 died January 16, 1834) ^^^ six sons and two daughters : 
 
 L Henry Cromwell, born 1785. Succeeded to his 
 father's professional position in Newgate Street, and
 
 72 The House of Crojuwell. 
 
 became chairman of the Court of Examiners of the 
 Apothecaries' Company. His personal tastes took 
 an artistic turn, and led to his becoming an occasional 
 exhibitor at the Royal Academy. Shortly before his 
 death he was preparing, in co-operation with the 
 chaplain of Charterhouse, a book in illustration of 
 that establishment. It was whilst in the discharge 
 of his duty as resident medical officer there that his 
 death occurred instantaneously in 1840. He was 
 buried in the vault of Charterhouse Chapel. He 
 married his cousin Anne, daughter of Thomas 
 Gwinnel, of whom hereafter. 
 
 II. Barron, born October 23, 1786; died s.p. 
 April II, 1846, at his residence at Meadfoot House, 
 Torquay. He entered the Inner Temple i8og, and 
 was called to the Bar on June 23, 1814. He became 
 Advocate - Fiscal at Ceylon, Chief Justice in New 
 South Wales, and finally Chief Justice at Gibraltar. 
 It was at Gibraltar that the late Earl of Beaconsfield, 
 then a young man on his travels, met the Chief 
 Justice in 1830. He characteristically describes the 
 Judge-Advocate as " noisy, obtrusive, jargonic, a true 
 lawyer, ever illustrating the obvious, explaining the 
 evident, and expatiating on the commonplace." Like 
 his brother, he sought and found a solatium in studies 
 less rigid than the law. Dramatic literature became 
 his favourite pursuit. He was an intimate friend of 
 Charles Lamb, Leigh Hunt, and Crabb Robinson, 
 and for a time held the post of theatrical critic for 
 the Times. He edited some of the issues of the 
 Shakspeare Society, and was meditating a complete 
 collection of Heywood's works with a biography at 
 the time of his own decease. His widow, Jane, 
 daughter of Mr. Carncroft, whom he had married in 
 1816, died at Wimbledon in 1878, aged eighty- 
 six.
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Pi'-otector. J2> 
 
 III. Francis John, born 1791 ; died suddenly, in 
 1857, at his residence, 88, Chester Place, Regent's 
 Park. He held in the India House the office of 
 Accountant-General, and was the last of that title. 
 He married, 1841, Anne, daughter of Edward Barron, 
 of Northiam, in Sussex. Charles Lamb, in one of 
 his letters to Bernard Barton, while humorously re- 
 cording his neglect of some of the details of social 
 life, says : " All the time I was at the East India 
 House I never mended a pen. When I write to a 
 great man at the Court end, he opens with surprise 
 upon a naked note such as Whitechapel people inter- 
 change, with no sweet degrees of envelope. I never 
 enclosed one bit of paper in another, nor understood 
 the rationale of it. Once only I sealed with borrowed 
 wax, to set Sir Walter Scott a-wondering, signed 
 with the Imperial quartered arms of England, which 
 my friend Field bears in compliment to his descent 
 in the female line from Oliver Cromwell. It must 
 have set his antiquarian curiosity upon watering" 
 (Talfourd's " Life and Letters of Lamb "). 
 
 IV. Esther, born 1792, resided near her brother, 
 Frederick Field, the Rector of Reepham, in Norfolk, 
 and died 1871. 
 
 V. Edmund, born 1799, a Russia merchant of the 
 firm of Brandt and Co., retired to Hastings, where 
 he became active in works of benevolence and in 
 pictorial studies. He died in 1880. 
 
 VI. Frederick, born in London July 20, 1801. In 
 1824 he was elected Fellow of Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, in company with T. B. Macaulay. 
 Among his private pupils was F. D. Maurice. He 
 was Rector, first of Great Saxham, Suffolk, and after- 
 wards, from 1842, of Reepham, Norfolk. He resigned 
 this living in 1863, and removed to Norwich, where 
 he continued to reside till his death, which occurred
 
 74 The House of Crotnwell. 
 
 on April ig, 18S5. His name is inseparably con- 
 nected with Chrysostom and Origen, and his edition 
 of Origen's "Hexapla" is recognised as the most 
 important contribution to Patristic theology which 
 has appeared for a centur}^'. 
 
 VII. Marriott, born 1803, emigrated to America, 
 where he was drowned. His taste was for music, 
 but he also produced three poems, entitled "Job," 
 " Ecclesiastes," and the " Story of Esther." 
 
 VIII. Maria Letitia, born 1805, has long con- 
 stituted one of the Field colony at Hastings. 
 
 II. Oliver, born 1761, left Worcester for America in 
 1799, and died at New York in 1835. His wife was 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Gittings, of Shropshire. 
 Their famil_v when they left England were very young ; 
 of these, Oliver died in childhood. Of the survivors, 
 John, Joseph, and Thomas, two of them and the mother 
 paid a visit to England many years ago, but are now 
 [1879], together with their sisters, believed to have all 
 married in America. 
 
 III. John, born 1764, commenced business as a Russia 
 merchant, but discovered before long a remarkable aptitude 
 for astronomy and the construction of scientific apparatus. 
 These qualities, combined as they were with a character 
 for high integrity, becoming known to the Government, 
 his services were secured for the Royal Mint, where he 
 held the office of Umpire between the several departments 
 on the precious metals passing between the officers and 
 the Bank of England. Among his mechanical inventions, 
 some of which were adopted in America and France, may 
 be mentioned a counting -machine and an improved 
 S3^stem of assay-beams and weights. He died, in 1843, 
 at his residence, Bayswater Hill, in his seventy-ninth 
 year. His portrait, reminding one of Pascal, is in the 
 possession of his son Henry. He married Mary, only
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the P 7^0 tec tor. 75 
 
 child of Charles Pryer, of Tichfield, Hants, Esq., and by 
 
 her, who died 1859, had eight children : 
 
 I., II., and III. Henry, Charles, and Frederick, 
 who all died young of typhus fever. 
 
 IV. Henry William, born 1803. Was for fifty-one 
 years an able servant of the Crown at the Mint, and 
 about seven years ago retired to his estate of Munster 
 Lodge, on the banks of the Thames, near Tedding- 
 ton. He entered the Mint at the age of sixteen, at 
 the time of Lord Maryborough's Mastership, and 
 assisted at the great recoinage, then in progress. 
 The chemical skill which he inherited from his father 
 eventually found fuller scope when, in 1850, he suc- 
 ceeded to the office of Queen's Assay -Master (an 
 ancient appellation subsequently disused). This was 
 also the period of Sir John Herschell's appointment 
 to the Mastership, marking an economical crisis in 
 the history of that establishment, which was long 
 remembered as "the revolution of '51." In the labora- 
 tory Mr. Field was ever Sir John's able auxiliary, 
 more especially when it was resolved to establish and 
 apply more incontrovertible tests to the quality of 
 bullion devoted to coinage. The scientific details of 
 Mr. Field's new system of working the assays cannot 
 here be displayed ; it must suffice to say they re- 
 ceived Herschell's emphatic approbation. A parting 
 message which came from his old friend many years 
 after will form a suitable voucher. " I am suffering," 
 says Sir John, " under an attack of bronchitis which 
 has lasted me all the winter, so excessively severe 
 that I can hardly hold the pen, which must excuse 
 the brevity of this, and being now in my eightieth 
 year, I can hope for no relief. I shall retain, how- 
 ever, to the last a pleasing recollection of aid and 
 support I received from you during the period of my 
 administration of the Mint. And I know you will
 
 76 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 believe me ever, my dear sir, yours most truly, 
 J. F. W. Herschell." — Mr. Field, in 1840, married 
 Anna, daughter of T. Mills, of Coval Hall, Chelms- 
 ford, and Vicar of Hellions-Bumpstead, Essex, and 
 by her, who died in 1868, had : 
 
 I. Mary Hester Katherine, born 1841 ; married, 
 1864, to Arthur Evershed, of Ampthill, M.D., and 
 has issue seven children, 
 
 n, Katharine Anne Russell, born 1842 ; married, 
 1866, to William Henry Snelling of the Admiralty, 
 of Ashton Lodge, Selhurst, Esq., and has issue. 
 
 III. Harriet Elizabeth Pryer, born 1843. 
 
 IV. Frances Anna Ollyffe, born 1847. 
 
 V. Henry Cromwell Beckwith, of Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, Curate of St. Jude's, Liverpool ; 
 born 1850. 
 
 VI. Letitia Eliza, married, 1876, to Ralph 
 Thomas, of Doughty Street, solicitor, and has 
 issue. 
 
 VII. Minnie, died 1878. 
 
 V. Emma Katharine, born i8og, lived with her 
 widowed mother at Notting Hill, and after her 
 mother's decease removed to Barnes. 
 
 VI. Charles Frederick, born 1813 ; held office in 
 the Admiralty ; married, in 1868, Flora Helen, daughter 
 of Charles A. Elderton of the Bengal Medical Staff, 
 and had issue : (i) Charles John Elderton, i86g ; 
 (2) Flora Georgiana, 1870 ; (3) Oliver Cromwell, 
 1871 ; (4) Katharine Mary Ida, 1875. 
 
 VII. Oliver Cromwell, born 1815, a Commander 
 in the Royal Navy, having much in common with 
 his renowned ancestor ; a man of energy, humanity, 
 and prompt action, shown on various occasions in the 
 rescuing of wrecked crews during his several voyages 
 to and from India. His wife died in 1884.
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. yy 
 
 VIII. Samuel Pryer, M.A., of Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, Vicar of Sawbridgeworth, born in 1816 ; 
 died 1878 ; so devoted to the study of ecclesiastical 
 architecture that he lavished much of his income in 
 restoring the church fabrics successively under his 
 care. By his wife, Jane, daughter of Admiral Sir 
 W^. H. Pierson, of Langton, Hants, he had four 
 children: (i) Cyril, in the Royal Marines ; (2) Bertha; 
 (3) Oliver, in New Zealand ; (4) Maud, died 1885. 
 
 IV. William, fourth son of John Field and Anne 
 Cromwell, born 1767; died 1851 ; of Leam, near Warwick. 
 In accordance with the Calvinistic theology of his parents, 
 he was educated as a Protestant Dissenting minister, first 
 at Daventry and afterwards at Homerton ; but adopting 
 Unitarian principles, he was ordained by Dr. Priestley and 
 Mr. Belsham to the pastorate of the ancient Presbyterian 
 congregation of High Street Chapel in Warwick, and 
 with this was combined for twenty-two years the over- 
 sight of a similar community at Kenilworth. He early 
 displayed that literary power, both political and polemical, 
 which he was ever afterwards prompt to wield in the 
 advocacy of popular rights, and which resulted in a vast 
 variety of pamphlets belonging chiefly to the period of 
 Lord Grey's first Reform Bill. Other works from his pen 
 are the Life of his friend. Dr. Parr of Hatton, and an 
 " Account of the Town and Castle of Warwick." His 
 activity also resulted in the establishment of a public 
 library, and of the Warwick Advertiser. His portrait, 
 painted by Henry Wyatt, and exhibited in 1838, has been 
 well engraved in large quarto by Charles Turner, The 
 Diary of Henry Crabb Robinson gives us a glimpse of the 
 domestic life of this family in 1839. Mr. Robinson had 
 been spending a fortnight with his friends, the Masqueriers, 
 of Leamington, and adds: "This excursion has left several 
 very agreeable recollections. Among them the most promi- 
 nent was my better acquaintance with the Field family. I
 
 78 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 then knew Edwin Field chiefly as the junior partner of 
 Edgar Taylor, who was at that time approaching the end 
 of an honourable and useful hfe. Mr. and Mrs. Field 
 senior were then living in an old-fashioned country-house 
 between Leamington and Warwick. He had long been 
 the minister at Warwick, and also kept a highly-respect- 
 able school. He was known by a Life of Dr. Parr, whose 
 intimate friendship he enjoyed. His wife was also a very 
 superior woman ; I had already seen her in London. I 
 heard Mr. Field preach on July 21 ; his sermon was 
 sound and practical, opposed to metaphysical divinity. 
 He treated it as an idle question (he might have said, 
 a mischievous subtlety), whether works were to be con- 
 sidered as a justifying cause of salvation, or the certain 
 consequence of a genuine faith " (vol. iii., 178). The lady 
 here mentioned was Mary, daughter (by his first wife, 
 Elizabeth North) of William Wilkins, Baptist minister of 
 Bourton-on-the-Water. She was married to Mr. Field in 
 1803, and died in 1848, having had thirteen children, 
 eleven of whom survived their parents in 1851, namely: 
 L Edwin Wilkins, born 1804, an eminent solicitor, 
 practising first in Bedford Row, and afterwards in 
 Lincoln's Inn Fields. His life will be given presently. 
 He married, first, Mary Sharpe, niece of Samuel 
 Rogers, the poet, and had one son named Rogers, after 
 this great-uncle. Mr. Field married, secondly, Letitia, 
 daughter of Robert Kinder of London, Esq., who died 
 in i8go, aged eighty-eight. She became the mother 
 of seven children, namely : (i) Basil, 1834, successor 
 to his father ; (2) Allan, 1835, married Miss Phillips, 
 and has five daughters; (3) Walter, 1837, ^^^ eminent 
 landscape and genre painter, married Miss Cookson, 
 daughter of W. Strickland Cookson, solicitor, and 
 has seven children ; (4) Mary, 1839; (5) Grace, 1841 ; 
 (6) Susan, 1843 ; (7) Emily, 1845. 
 
 n. Arthur, born 1806, died unmarried about (1845 ?)
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 79 
 
 III. John Hampden, born 1807; settled and married 
 in America. 
 
 IV. Emma, born i8og ; died 1816. 
 
 V. Ferdinand Emmans, born 1810 ; a merchant in 
 Birmingham. 
 
 VI . Laura, born 181 1 ; married W. Langmead of 
 Plymouth, and died 1879. 
 
 VII. Algernon Sidney, born 1813 ; a solicitor at 
 Leamington, and clerk of the peace for Warwickshire ; 
 married Sarah Martin, of Birmingham, and has issue 
 three sons and two daughters. The two daughters 
 both married, the latter in 1886. 
 
 VIII. Alfred, born 1814 ; merchant in New York, 
 where he married the daughter of another emigrant, 
 viz., Charlotte Errington, whose father, a native of 
 Yarmouth in Suffolk, left England in consequence of 
 failure in business. Miss Errington's mother, named 
 Notcutt, was descended from an old Puritan family 
 long known at Ipswich in Suffolk. Alfred Field had 
 issue one son, named Henry Cromwell, and one 
 daughter, named Rosa. 
 
 IX. Caroline, born 1816 ; married Reginald A. 
 Parker, solicitor, and has seven children. 
 
 X. Alice, born 1817. 
 
 XI. Lucy, born 1821 ; died 1822. 
 
 XII. Horace, born 1823 ; architect; married Chris- 
 tina, daughter of Edward White, of Glasgow, and had 
 two children. 
 
 XIII. Leonard, born 1824 '■> barrister. 
 
 V. Anne, eldest daughter of John Field and Anne 
 Cromwell ; born 1756 ; died 1820, having married in 1787 
 Thomas Gwinnel, of Worcester, merchant. Mr. Gwinnel, 
 who died in 1818, aged sixty-eight, left fivechildren, namely : 
 
 I. Thomas Cromwell, a solicitor at Worcester ; 
 died 1835.
 
 So TiiC House of C^'onnvell. 
 
 II. Anne Sophia ; married her cousin, Henry Crom- 
 well Field. 
 
 III. Amelia ; lived at Hastings with her cousin, 
 Letitia Field. 
 
 IV. Diana ; married Mr. Roberts, of Worcester. 
 
 V. Eliza ; married Patrick Johnston, of the firm of 
 Praed, Fane and Johnston, bankers in Fleet Street. 
 Their children are : (i) Patrick, a solicitor (both he 
 and his wife died July, 1884, and were buried at 
 Thames Ditton) ; (2) Janet Eliza ; (3) Henry Crom- 
 well, in Holy Orders (subsequently of 163, Ladbroke 
 Grove Road, and chaplain of Kensal Green Cemetery ; 
 he died 1892, aged fifty-seven) ; (4) Thomas, of 
 Kingston-on-Thames. 
 
 VI. Letitia, second daughter of John Field and Anne 
 Cromwell, became the second wife of Rev. William 
 Wilkins, of Bourton-on-the-Water, and had four children, 
 
 viz. : 
 
 I. William, who died j'oung. 
 
 II. Letitia ; married William Kendall, of Bourton, 
 solicitor, by whom she has six children : Herbert 
 William, Amelia Letitia, Edmund, Agnes, Harriet, 
 Henry. 
 
 III. Henry Field, a solicitor at Chipping-Norton ; 
 married Miss Spence, of that place. 
 
 IV. Harriet, married George Tilsley, a solicitor at 
 Chipping-Norton. 
 
 VII., VIII., IX. Elizabeth, Sophia, Mary, three 
 unmarried daughters of John Field and Anne Cromwell. 
 Elizabeth died at Stoke Newington, 1781, aged twenty-two; 
 buried at Cheshunt. Mary, who resided at Worcester, 
 died in 1840. 
 
 Life of Edwin Wilkins Field. 
 
 If Edwin Field was not a statesman in the popular 
 sense, he was the stimulating agent in bringing about
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 8i 
 
 many reforms for which professed statesmen have reaped 
 the credit. Yet neither was he a law-reformer only ; he 
 was a man of unbounded sympathies, and his Cromwellian 
 energy was combined with versatile capacity. 
 
 Born at Leam, near Warwick, on October 12, 1804, and 
 educated at his father's school, he was articled, on March ig, 
 1821, to Taylor and Roscoe, of King's Bench Walk, in 
 the Temple. He was admitted attorney and solicitor in 
 the Michaelmas term, 1825. He joined his fellow-clerk, 
 William Sharpe, to form the firm of Sharpe and Field, in 
 Broad Street, Cheapside, but in 1835 Taylor, who was 
 then alone, took Sharpe and Field into partnership with 
 him. The office of the firm was long in Bedford Row, 
 but was subsequently removed to Lincoln's Inn Fields. 
 " I remember as if it were yesterday," says he in after- 
 life, " my good old father's wistful look as he left me 
 there. That look has stood me in fast stead many a time 
 since." His first action in life was to repay that father 
 the expenses incurred in his outsetting. The father 
 refused, but the pious dexterity of the son contrived to 
 fulfil the intention. This generous impulse was the 
 animus which pervaded all his subsequent schemes. His 
 object was to make the practice of the law square with 
 consciences as upright and scrupulous as his own. To 
 become a law-reformer was therefore with him a moral 
 necessity, and to see those reforms carried to a triumphant 
 issue was but the fair reward of one who thought it more 
 heroic to abolish abuses than to run away from them. 
 His first essays in the Legal Observer had reference to the 
 law respecting marriages abroad between English subjects 
 within the prohibited degrees. This was in 1840 ; but his 
 grand attack during the same year was directed against 
 the Court of Chancery, and the Six-Clerks and Sworn- 
 Clerks Office in particular. Lords Brougham and 
 Cottenham had begun to clear the ground, but the crisis 
 was not precipitated until Mr. Field led the public voice. 
 
 6
 
 82 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 Details cannot be enlarged on here, but the judgment of 
 contemporaries may establish the verdict. Spence, in his 
 " Equity Jurisprudence," says : " To Mr. Field's exertions, 
 enforced by Mr. Pemberton, the Court of Chancery is in 
 great part indebted for the late improvements." John 
 Wainewright, formerly one of the sworn clerks, and now 
 [1S79] taxing-master, says in a letter written since Mr. 
 Field's death that his friend was " the first person who 
 practically brought about this change." And Robert 
 Bayley Follett, also a taxing-master, says : "I always 
 considered the abolition of the Six-Clerks Office due to 
 E. W. Field." 
 
 The removal of one monster grievance ensures the fall 
 of many parasitical institutions. In 1844 Field was in 
 communication with the Board of Trade on the subject of 
 a winding-up Act for joint-stock companies. The Act of 
 1848 substantially embodied the proposals contained in a 
 draft Bill laid before the legal adviser of the Board of 
 Trade on April 27, 1846, by Field and his friend Rigge, 
 who had formerly been in his office. His views on the 
 question of legal remuneration were practically embodied 
 in the Act of 1870. Mr. Field had abundance of work 
 before him ; but success had now energized his arm and 
 inspired his friends with confidence. After the year 1840 
 there was scarcely a Royal Commission or Parliamentary 
 Committee on Chancery reform or general legal questions 
 before which he was not called upon to give evidence. 
 Extracts from the list of his published writings may serve 
 as an index to his subsequent services. Thus, in the 
 Westminster Review, February, 1843, we have : " Recent 
 and Future Law Reforms," "Judicial Procedure a Single 
 and Inductive Science "; in the Law Review, August, 1848, 
 " Comparative Anatomy of Judicial Procedure," reprinted 
 in the New York Evening Post. Mr. Field also wrote 
 papers, etc., " On the Right of the Public to form Limited- 
 Liability Partnerships, and on the Theory, Practice, and
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 83 
 
 Costs of Commercial Charters " ; " On the Roots and 
 Evils of the Law " ; " Economical Considerations on the 
 Autocracy of the Bar, and on the System of Prescribed 
 Tariffs for Legal Wages." A paper was read by him at 
 Manchester in 1857, entitled " What should a Minister of 
 Justice do ?" ; one before the Metropolitan and Provincial 
 Law Association, held in London, 1859, on " Legal Educa- 
 tion and the Comparative Anatomy of Legal, Medical, 
 and other Professional Education " ; he had also some 
 correspondence with C. G. Loring, the eminent American 
 advocate, on the present relations between Great Britain 
 and the United States ; and " On the Property of Married 
 Women," published in the Times. 
 
 Brought up among the English Presbyterians, Mr. 
 Field was not disposed to sit down quietly under the 
 partial legislation which was still enforced against 
 Unitarians under cover of the notorious Lady Hewley 
 case, and accordingly, by the Dissenters' Chapels Bill of 
 1844, he upset that legislation for ever. This is quickly 
 told, but the struggle while it lasted was arduous, and to 
 many appeared hopeless. Even his constant friend and 
 ally, Crabb Robinson, despaired of attacking entrenched 
 orthodoxy ; but a band of resolute men, who for many 
 months sat on the question de die in diem, had at length 
 a long conference with the Minister, Sir Robert Peel, Mr. 
 Field acting as spokesman. Sir Robert, though a political 
 opponent, promptly undertook to make it a Government 
 measure ; while the elaborate historical argument with 
 which Mr. Gladstone swayed the Commons on that 
 occasion was mainly furnished by Mr. Field, 
 
 It was Mr. Field's belief that few schemes would more 
 tend to simplify and quicken legal operations than the 
 concentration of all the courts of justice and offices of the 
 law into one building. For thirty years before the passing 
 of the Courts of Justice Building Act of 1865, he had 
 urged the measure ; and when at last a Royal Commission
 
 S4 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 was issued to obtain and approve a plan upon which the 
 new Courts should be built, it was natural that her Majesty 
 should appoint " her trusty and well-beloved Edwin Wil- 
 kins Field to be the secretary to the Commission." For 
 his arduous duties in this capacity, extending over three 
 years, embracing a thorough mastery of the details of the 
 vast fabric, preparing instructions for the competing 
 architects, and drawing up elaborate reports, Mr. Field 
 refused all remuneration. But the firm of which he was 
 the head were appointed by the Board of Works solicitors 
 for acquiring the new site ; and under his vigorous super- 
 intendence a very short time sufficed to clear the ground 
 for an architectural pile which will not be complete with- 
 out some artistic memorial of the enthusiastic secretary. 
 
 He was an ardent lover of Nature, and of the pictorial 
 renderings by which true poetry alone can apprehend her. 
 Much of the interest which, as a member of the Council 
 of University College, he took in that institution, assumed 
 this form, as shown in his co-operating with Henry Crabb 
 Robinson in the formation of the Flaxman Gallery, and 
 the establishment of the Slade School of Art, in all which, 
 as well as in the legislation which from time to time he 
 put into motion for the furtherance of art and its pro- 
 fessors, his advice and assistance were spontaneous. 
 " No labour," says he, " that I can ever give on this 
 subject will repay the obligations I am under to art and 
 to artists for a great deal of the pleasure of my life. I 
 reverence art. I look upon it as one of the divinest gifts 
 of our nature. Develop a love of art in every way. It 
 will give you new eyes wherewith to draw in and make 
 part of yourself the very beauty of Nature, and new, un- 
 dreamt-of capacities for enjoying it. It will assuredly 
 improve and elevate your character." Accustomed as he 
 was to be consulted in matters of taste, it awoke no 
 suspicion when Mr. T. Cobb, one of his former clerks, 
 asked him one day what painter he would recommend
 
 Henry, Fourth Son of the Protector. 85 
 
 under the following circumstances : A number of clerks 
 in a London office had subscribed to get the portrait of 
 their master executed in the best style, and it was thought 
 they could not have a better adviser than Mr. Field. 
 After a little further explanation he replied : " Watson 
 Gordon is your man." " But, sir," said Cobb, " Sir 
 Watson paints only in Edinburgh, and we doubt whether 
 his sitter would consent to travel so far." " Then," 
 rejoined Mr. Field, *' tell the young men to drag him 
 there. He ought to be proud of such a request." In due 
 time Mr. Field was himself requested to go to Edinburgh 
 and sit to Sir Watson Gordon for a painting to be pre- 
 sented to Mrs. Field. " Congratulate me," he wrote to 
 Crabb Robinson. " A hundred of my old clerks have 
 subscribed to have my portrait painted — men I have 
 tyrannized over — bullied — taken the praise from, which 
 they really had earned — who knew every bit of humbug 
 in me — no sense of favours to come. Regard from such a 
 body is worth having." The picture is now at the family 
 residence at Squire's Mount, Hampstead, with the names 
 of the hundred subscribers displayed on the frame. 
 Another characteristic likeness is preserved in a picture 
 painted by his son Walter — a river scene, in which Mr. 
 Field, together with part of his family, is represented in 
 the enjoyment of one of his favourite pursuits — that of 
 boating on the Thames. It has been said of him that 
 " not Izaac Walton loved his favourite river more than 
 Mr. Field loved the Thames." Like the painter Turner, 
 he descried in its varied aspects suggestive material for 
 boundless poetry ; and in order fully to drink in its in- 
 fluences, he took for holiday purposes a lease of the Mill 
 House, Cleve, near Goring. Yet the Thames became the 
 disastrous scene of his death. On July 30, 1871, the boat 
 in which he was sailing with two of his clerks was upset 
 by a gale of wind. One of the party, named Ellwood, as 
 well as Mr. Field himself, was a swimmer ; the third who
 
 86 
 
 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 could not swim, was the sole survivor. And all that this 
 survivor could recollect about the affair was that he had 
 at first gone down, but afterwards found himself sup- 
 ported by his two friends, who held on to the boat, and 
 were making for the shore ; that eventually Mr. Ellwood 
 sank, and soon afterwards Mr. Field also. Five days 
 later, at the Highgate Cemetery, Edwin Field was laid in 
 a vault next to that in which sleeps his friend Henry 
 Crabb Robinson. His age was sixty-seven. The above 
 facts are derived from " A Memorial " drawn up by his 
 friend Thomas Sadler, Ph.D., and published by Mac- 
 millan in 1872, abounding with anecdotes and details of a 
 highly interesting nature, but far too copious for adoption 
 in this place. It may also be here stated that notices of 
 the various members of the Field family will be found 
 scattered up and down the biographies of Crabb Robinson, 
 Serjeant Talfourd, and Charles Lamb. 
 
 J 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 JAMES, FIFTH SON OF THE PROTECTOR. 
 
 AMES, named after his maternal grandfather, Sir 
 James Bourchier ; was baptized January 8, 1632, 
 at St. John's Church in Huntingdon, where also 
 he was buried on the following day.
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 BRIDGET, ELDEST DAUGHTER OF THE PROTECTOR. 
 
 BAPTIZED at St. John's Church, Huntingdon, 
 August 5, 1624, Bridget was married first to 
 Henry Ireton in 1646, and secondly to Charles 
 Fleetwood, probably in the early part of 1652. 
 Her marriage with Ireton took place just before the com- 
 pletion of the first Civil War, while Fairfax was investing 
 the city of Oxford ; and at Holton St. Bartholomew, some 
 six miles distant from the walls, and conjectured to have 
 been the General's headquarters, the marriage is thus 
 chronicled in the parish register : " 15 June, 1646. Henry 
 Ireton, Commissary-General to Sir Thomas Fairfax, and 
 Bridget, daughter to Oliver Cromwell, Lieutenant-General 
 of the Horse to the said Sir Thomas Fairfax, were married 
 by Mr. Dell in the Lady Whorwood's house in Holton. 
 Alban Eales, rector." Dell was Fairfax's chaplain. The 
 ancient manor-house, which was surrounded by a moat, 
 was taken down in 1804, and the present mansion built 
 upon its site. 
 
 Henry Ireton, descended from a good family, seated at 
 Attenborough, co. Nottingham, born 1611, was educated 
 at Oxford (Trinity College) and the Middle Temple. He 
 was brought up to the law, but when the civil contests
 
 88 The House of Crourcuell. 
 
 commenced, his Puritan and patriotic principles found 
 more congenial play in the Parliament's army, where the 
 inflexible character of his mind acted as a buttress and 
 stimulant even to that of Cromwell. Strong sympathies 
 early drew the men together, and during the principal 
 passages of the war they acted in concert. After the 
 King's death Ireton accompanied his father-in-law to 
 Ireland, and being left by him there in the capacity of 
 Lord-Deputy, he completed the subjugation of the natives 
 with rare vigour and ability. Having crowned his career 
 with the capture of Limerick in 1 651, he was seized with 
 a pestilential disease, and died there, in the presence 
 of his brother-in-law, Henry Cromwell, sincerely lamented 
 by the Republicans, who revered him as a soldier, a states- 
 man, and a saint. He received a public funeral in West- 
 minster Abbey, Oliver Cromwell walking as chief mourner, 
 attended by several members of Parliament. The House 
 passed a Bill for settling an estate of ;£'2,ooo per annum on 
 the widow and children, a gift which had, in fact, been 
 offered a few months previously to Ireton himself, but 
 which he had nobly refused, urging that the Parliament 
 had many just debts which he desired they would pay 
 before they made any such presents. For himself, he had 
 no need of their land, and would be far better pleased to 
 see them doing the service of the nation than so liberal in 
 disposing of the public treasure. " And truly," adds his 
 friend Ludlow, " I believe he was in earnest, for as he was 
 always careful to husband those things that belonged to 
 the State to the best advantage, so was he most liberal in 
 employing his own purse and person in the public service " 
 (Ludlow's " Memoirs," i. 286). 
 
 At the Restoration of Charles II., Ireton's body, like 
 that of his father-in-law and of Bradshaw, was taken from 
 its tomb in Westminster Abbey and hung on the Tyburn 
 gallows. The sermon preached at his funeral in West- 
 minster Abbey by Dr. John Owen, February 6, 1652, con-
 
 Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. 89 
 
 tains a fitting eulogium of him, and with the recital of the 
 dedication of that performance to Henry Cromwell his 
 character may be dismissed. The text was from Daniel 
 xii. 13 : " But go thou thy way till the end be, for thou 
 shaltrest and stand in thy lot at the end of the days." 
 
 (Slightly Abridged.) 
 
 " To the Honourable and my very worthy friend, Colonel 
 
 Henry Cromwell. 
 " Sir, 
 
 " The ensuing sermon was preached upon as sad an 
 occasion as on any particular account hath been given to 
 this nation in this our generation. It is now published 
 at the desire of very many who love the savour of that 
 perfume which is diffused with the memory of the noble 
 person particularly mentioned herein. It was in my 
 thoughts to direct it immediately to her [the widow] who 
 was most nearly concerned in him ; but, having observed 
 how near she hath been to be swallowed up of sorrow, and 
 with what slow progress He who took care to seal up 
 instruction to her soul by all dispensations hath given her 
 hitherto towards a conquest thereof, I was not willing to 
 offer a new occasion to the multitude of her perplexed 
 thoughts. In the meantime, sir, these lines are to you. 
 Your near relation to that rare example of righteousness, 
 faith, holiness, zeal, courage, self-denial, love to his 
 country, wisdom and industry, the mutual tender affec- 
 tion between you whilst he was living, your presence with 
 him in his last trial and conflict, your design of looking into 
 and following his steps and purpose in the work of God 
 and his generation, as such an accomplished pattern as 
 few ages have produced the like — [all these] did easily 
 induce me hereunto. I have nothing to express concern- 
 ing yourself, but only my desires that your heart may be 
 fixed to the Lord God of your fathers, and that in the
 
 90 The House of Croniivell. 
 
 midst of all the temptations and opposition wherewith 
 your pilgrimage will be attended, you may be carried on 
 and established in your inward subjection to, and outward 
 contending for, the kingdom of the Dearly Beloved of our 
 souls, not fainting nor waxing weary until you also receive 
 your dismission to rest for your lot in the end of the days. 
 " Sir, your most humble and affectionate servant, 
 
 "John Owen." 
 
 Upon Ireton's death, Cromwell fixed upon Charles 
 Fleetwood to marry his widow. The Fleetwoods, deriving 
 from an ancient stock in Lancashire, had recently made 
 rapid progress in honours. Charles was the third son 
 of Sir Miles Fleetwood, of Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire. 
 In the Civil War the family became, like many others, 
 divided, for while Sir William Fleetwood, of Aldwinkle, 
 suffered for the King, his brother Charles was in the 
 opposite ranks, becoming Oliver Cromwell's son-in-law 
 and Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in England, and 
 both were nominated lords in his Upper House — nay, it 
 has always been a sort of conjectural creed with many 
 that Oliver designed Charles Fleetwood as successor to 
 himself in the Protectorate, but that the instrument or 
 will to that effect was not discoverable when wanted. Is 
 it not Lord Broghill who unhesitatingly declares that such 
 was the case, and that the fair spoiler who discovered and 
 burnt the document was one of the Protector's own 
 daughters ? 
 
 What sort of Protector Fleetwood would have made it 
 were vain to surmise. Entertaining in theory many of 
 the maxims of his father-in-law, he was totally wanting in 
 moral ascendency and personal prowess. He witnessed 
 the elevation of his pacific nephew, Richard Cromwell, 
 with impatience, and it was the factious course which he 
 thereupon thought fit to pursue, which drew from Henry 
 (then in Ireland) the memorable and oft-quoted letter.
 
 Bridget, Eldest Dmighter of the Protector. 9 1 
 
 exposing the folly and wickedness of using the army in 
 defence of any sectional form of faith. 
 
 When at last the factions of the hour had exhausted 
 themselves, and the return of Charles II. became inevit- 
 able, Fleetwood's Puritan principles and theoretic objec- 
 tions to the kingly office made him still hesitate to adopt 
 those conciliatory measures by which other prominent 
 agents mitigated the coming wrath. 
 
 There was one respect in which he could look back on 
 the late upturnings without any remorse. The part which 
 he had himself borne in them was marked throughout by 
 perfect disinterestedness. Expressing once to Henry his 
 unwillingness to aid out of the public purse a distant 
 relative whom he calls " poor Cromwell," he frankly adds : 
 '' You in part know my estate and condition. I cannot 
 make an advantage of my public employments as many 
 have [done], or others suppose I do. Neither am I 
 solicitous about this business. I have sufficient cause 
 from experience to trust the Lord with children whom I 
 shall leave behind me. His blessing with a little is great 
 riches " (Thurloe, vii. 595). 
 
 Dr. Watts tells us, too, that his name was held in 
 honour among the Churches. 
 
 Not having been implicated in the trial and death of 
 Charles I., the penalty which overtook him was limited to 
 degradation and partial confiscation. He passed from 
 the activities of a camp to the social obscurity of a meek 
 Dissenter in the suburban region of Stoke Newington. 
 That place thus became early conspicuous as the 
 chosen asylum of some of the more wealthy Puritan 
 families ; and the fines levied there on the Fleetwoods, 
 Hartopps, and others of their non-conforming associates 
 amounted in no long time to six or seven thousand pounds. 
 Meanwhile, his Royahst father, Sir WilHam, resumed his 
 ancient position at Court in the capacity of cup-bearer to 
 the restored monarch.
 
 92 The House of Croimveli. 
 
 But it was not to Stoke Newington that Charles Fleet- 
 wood first fled to escape the returning torrent of royalism. 
 He was naturally attracted to Feltwell St. Mary, in 
 Norfolk, where an estate had descended to his first wife 
 or her heirs. This first wife was Frances, sole daughter 
 and eventual heiress of Thomas Smith, of Whinston, in 
 Norfolk, Esq., and Fleetwood's retirement to this place 
 may be reasonably regarded as contemporary with the 
 death of his second wife, Bridget Cromwell. Having 
 reached this point, it will be best, before proceeding 
 further with Fleetwood's own affairs, to conclude the 
 personal history of that excellent lady. 
 
 Bridget Cromwell belonged to the Puritan party par 
 excellence, to which result the characters of both her 
 husbands greatly contributed. The confederacy of Henry 
 Ireton, Charles Fleetwood, Edmund Ludlow, John Hutch- 
 inson, and their associates, most of them being Baptists, 
 represented the root and branch section of the anti- 
 monarchists, Ludlow ardentl}^ admired Bridget's first 
 husband, but could never be reconciled to her father ; 
 while Mrs. Colonel Hutchinson's memoir betrays the same 
 envious spirit against the entire family of the Protector, 
 always excepting her dear friend Bridget. " Oliver's wife 
 and children," says she, " were setting up for principality, 
 which suited no better with any of them than scarlet on 
 the ape. Only to speak the truth of Oliver himself, he 
 had much natural greatness, and well became the place he 
 had usurped. His daughter Fleetwood was humbled, 
 and not exalted with these things ; but the rest were 
 insolent fools." 
 
 There was no lack of cordiality between Bridget and 
 her father, however much her own familiar friends might 
 misunderstand him. She became, too, the mother of a 
 daughter, the renowned Mrs. Bendysh, who, more than 
 any other person in the succeeding generation, judged him 
 aright and reflected his character. Fortunately there are
 
 Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. 93 
 
 sufficient materials in Oliver's correspondence to illustrate 
 his estimate of Bridget's piety and his care to foster it. 
 The first letter to be noticed was sent to her a few months 
 after her first marriage, and constitutes one of the choicest 
 gems of the Cromwellian biography. The " sister Clay- 
 pole " referred to was Elizabeth Cromwell, who had also 
 been very recently married. 
 
 *' For my beloved, daughter Bridget Ireton, at Cornbury 
 the General's Quarters. 
 
 " London, 25 October, 1646. 
 
 " Dear Daughter. 
 
 " I write not to thy husband, partly to avoid trouble, 
 for one line of mine begets many of his, which I doubt 
 makes him sit up too late ; partly because I am myself 
 indisposed at this time, having some other considerations. 
 Your friends at Ely are well. Your sister Claypole is, I 
 trust, in mercy exercised with some perplexed thoughts. 
 She sees her own vanity and carnal mind ; bewailing it. 
 She seeks after, as I hope also, what will satisfy. And 
 thus to be a seeker, is to be of the best sect next to a 
 finder ; and such an one shall every faithful humble seeker 
 be at the end. Happy seeker, happy finder ! Who ever 
 tasted that the Lord is gracious, without some sense of 
 self vanity and badness ? Who ever tasted that gracious- 
 ness of His, and could go less in desire, — less than pressing 
 after full enjoyment ? Dear heart, press on. Let not 
 husband, let not any thing cool thy affections after Christ. 
 I hope he [thy husband] will be an occasion to inflame 
 them. That which is best worthy of love in thy husband 
 is that of the image of Christ he bears. Look on that 
 and love it best, and all the rest for that. I pray for thee 
 and him. Do so for me. My service and dear affections 
 to the General [Fairfax] and Generaless. I hear she is 
 very kind to thee. It adds to all other obligations. 
 " I am, thy dear Father, 
 
 " Oliver Cromwell."
 
 94 The Hotise of Cromwell. 
 
 In the next extant letter she is addressed, not as the wife 
 of Ireton, but as that of Fleetwood, on her second arrival 
 in Ireland. It is not difficult to see that this second visit 
 had something depressing about it. Her first experiences 
 of Irish life had been in company with the gallant Ireton, 
 but now her heart seems to have been yearning for the 
 children whom we judge to have been left behind her in 
 England. Whatever it was, her father evidently felt that 
 there was need for solace and encouragement. But, first 
 of all, he seeks to silence her groundless anxieties, as 
 though she were the victim of penal discipline. " The 
 voice of fear," says he, " is, If I had done this, or avoided 
 that, how well it had been with me. (This I know hath 
 been her vain reasoning.) Whereas, love argueth on this 
 wise. What a Christ have I. — What a Father in and 
 through Him. — What a name hath my Father, merciful, 
 gracious, long suffering, abundant in goodness and truth, 
 forgiving iniquity, transgression, and sin. What a nature 
 hath my Father. He is love, free in it, unchangeable, 
 infinite. What a Covenant between Him and Christ for 
 all the seed, for every one ; wherein He undertakes all, 
 and the poor soul nothing. And shall we seek for the 
 root of our comforts within ourselves ? Acts of obedience 
 are not perfect, and therefore yield not perfect grace. 
 Faith, as an act, yields it not but only as it carries us into 
 Him who is our perfect rest and peace, in whom we are 
 accounted of and received by the Father even as Christ 
 himself. This is our high calling. Rest we here, and here 
 only." He concludes by assuring her that her two children, 
 "the boy and Betty, are very well." The boy is Henry 
 Ireton ; but Betty may be either Elizabeth or Bridget. 
 
 A third letter from her father, dated two years later and 
 directed to Fleetwood, is in a similar strain as concerning 
 herself, and need not therefore be quoted. On returning 
 to England with her husband and the infant children born 
 to them in Dublin, she had to witness during the next three
 
 Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. 95 
 
 years her father's death and the downfall of his family. 
 Amid the national confusions which prepared the way for 
 the Restoration, she did her utmost to sustain her husband 
 in some sort of consistent action, but his scrupulous con- 
 science proved a very intractable factor in that whirlpool 
 and conflict of second-rate men. Edmund Ludlow has 
 recorded a scene in which with tears she besought his 
 counsel and aid. It has been said that she disapproved 
 of her father's elevation to the supreme power ; and very 
 possibly she may in former years have entertained theo- 
 retical objections to such a measure, especially when she 
 lived in companionship with Ireton. The place of her 
 death is uncertain, but her burial is recorded at St. Anne's, 
 Blackfriars, July i, 1662. Few, if any, of her letters 
 survive, except the following one which she sent back 
 from England to her brother Henry, when he superseded 
 her own husband, Fleetwood, in the government of Ireland. 
 
 Mrs. Bridget Fleetwood to Henry Cromwell, Lord-Deputy 
 in Ireland, date 1657 (?). 
 
 " Dear Brother, 
 
 " I am very unfit and unapt to write, and yet I 
 would not altogether neglect to stir up that affection 
 which ought to be betwixt so near relations, and is very 
 apt to decay. I blame none but myself. I desire rather 
 so to do than to lay it upon others, or to be a judge of 
 others. I could wish there had not been so much 
 occasion of the contrary, wherein my corrupt heart hath 
 taken advantage. I desire to be humbled for it, and not 
 to give way, whatever others' unkindness may be, to 
 weaken that love and affection which ought to be and is 
 the desire of my soul to defend and nourish in me towards 
 yourself, though it may be not much cared for. Yet, 
 however, I shall labour to be found in my duty, which is 
 to be, 
 
 " Your dear and affectionate sister, 
 
 *' Bridget Fleetwood."
 
 96 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 Abstract of the Will of General Fleetwood, recorded in the 
 Prerogative Court of Canterbury, January 10, 1690. 
 
 "I, Charles Fleetwood of Stoke Newington in the 
 County of Middlesex, Esq, being through the mercy of 
 the Lord in health and memory, do make &c. First, I 
 commend my soul and spirit into the hands of my gracious 
 God and father through our Lord Jesus Christ by the 
 Holy Spirit enabling me to lay hold upon the imputed 
 righteousness of Christ for my justification, and in virtue 
 of that righteousness do I hope to stand at the great day 
 of the Lord. My body to be buried in the same grave or 
 as near as may be to my last dear wife. Debts, wages, 
 &c. to be paid within one year of death. To my daughter 
 the Lady Elizabeth Hartopp £100 as a last expression of 
 my thankfulness for the constant dear love and duty she 
 hath always manifested unto me. I give unto dear 
 daughter Carter £100. To my cousin Mary Waterson 
 5^20 over and above the ^^'ao which my last dear wife 
 owed her by bond which I now direct my executor to pay. 
 To Anne Pace ;^io for myself and ^^lo more which my 
 last wife gave her [two devises left blank, follow]. I give 
 to the poor distressed people of God £200 such as my 
 executor with two of my trustees hereafter named (Sir 
 John Hartopp to be one) shall think fit objects of charity. 
 jTio to be paid to the poor of that society with whom I 
 have had Christian communion in the Gospel, — as also 
 £6 to my antient friend James Berry Esq. and £'^ to Mr. 
 Howard minister of the Gospel and to Mr. Thomas Taylor 
 minister of the Gospel at Cambridge and Mr. Felloe 
 minister of the Gospel at Sudbury, and £2 to any others 
 that I shall name in a paper behind me. I give and 
 devise to Sir John Hartopp bart., Samuel Desborrow 
 doctor of physic, Captain John Nicholas, and Nathaniel 
 Gould merchant their heirs and assigns all my manor or 
 lordship of Burrough alias Burrough-Castle, Co. Suffolk,
 
 Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. 97 
 
 in trust to pay legacies &c. and afterwards to convey the 
 same to my son and heir Smyth Fleetwood and his heirs 
 for ever. To each of my said trustees ^^5 for mourning. 
 And whereas there is a debt due to me from my son 
 Bendysh, my will is that my executor shall not demand 
 the said debt till God shall in His providence make a 
 comfortable provision for his wife and children. My son 
 Smyth Fleetwood to be sole executor — Signed 10 January 
 i6go — in presence of Edward Terry, Mary Waterson, 
 John Wealshdale. Proved by Smyth Fleetwood in 
 P. C. C. 2 November 1692. Registered 'Fane'' 201." — 
 Notes and Queries, May 4, 1872. 
 
 In accordance with the above will, General Fleetwood 
 was buried in his wife's tomb in Bunhill Fields. 
 
 Children of the Protector's daughter Bridget by Henry Ireton, 
 her first husband. 
 
 I. Henry, who married Katharine, daughter of the 
 Right Hon. Henry Powle, Speaker of the House of 
 Commons in 1689 and Master of the Rolls. He became 
 Lieutenant-Colonel of Dragoons, and Gentleman of the 
 Horse to William HI., but died without issue. 
 
 n. Elizabeth, born about 1647. A brief reference to 
 her childhood occurs in a letter sent in 1651 by Oliver St. 
 John " to his kinsman Oliver Cromwell," then command- 
 ing in Ireland: "Tell my cousin Ireton that his wife 
 breeds Betty up in the Popish religion to worship images, 
 and that [which] she now worships teacheth her to 
 frown." What this playful sarcasm indicates we can 
 only conjecture. In 1674 she was married to Thomas 
 Polhill, of Otford, co. Kent, Esq. 
 
 Family of Polhill. 
 
 The issue of the marriage of Elizabeth Ireton and Mr. 
 Polhill consisted of three sons : (i) David, of whom pre- 
 
 7
 
 gS The Ilojise of Cromwell. 
 
 sently ; (2) Henry, who died in his father's Hfe-time ; 
 (3) Charles, a Smyrna merchant, born 1679 ; died s.p. 
 1755, having married Martha, daughter of Thomas Streat- 
 foild, of Sevenoaks. 
 
 David, of Cheapstead, in Kent, born in 1675 ; M.P. for 
 tl;e county, then for Bramber, and finally for Rochester, 
 which city he represented till he reached the age of 
 seventy-nine. This is the gentleman whom Daniel De 
 Foe memorialized as the leader of the Kentish Petitioners 
 of 1701, a body of five delegates who, in the reign of 
 William III., presented a remonstrance to the Houses 
 condemnatory of their subservience to the Court of 
 France, the other names being Thomas Colepepper, 
 \\'illiam Colepepper, William Hamilton, and Justinian 
 Champneys, Esquires. For this they were committed to 
 the Gatehouse, and kept prisoners for a week ; but their 
 return into Kent resembled the march of conquerors. 
 Polhill was met at Blackheath by five hundred horsemen, 
 and escorted to his house at Otford ; the other four were 
 met at Rochester by nearly half the county, and from 
 thence on to Maidstone, where flowers were strewn in 
 their path, and all the church bells set a-ringing. A con- 
 temporary print is preserved in the Polhill family contain- 
 ing the portraits of the five patriots. 
 
 Mr. Polhill was thrice married — first to Elizabeth 
 Trevor ; secondly, to Gertrude, sister of Thomas Hollis, 
 Duke of Newcastle ; and, thirdly, to Elizabeth, daughter 
 of John Borrett, of Shoreham ; the last became the 
 mother of four sons and one daughter. In these sons 
 and daughters were united not only the blood of Oliver 
 Cromwell and Henry Ireton, but also that of the patriot, 
 John Hampden, for Elizabeth Borrett's mother was the 
 daughter of Sir John Trevor, of Denbighshire, by Ruth, 
 eldest daughter of John Hampden. The names of these 
 children were Charles, Thomas, Henry, John, and Eliza- 
 beth, all of whom died unmarried except
 
 Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. 99 
 
 Charles, of Cheapstead, and afterwards of Otford ; 
 married, first, Tryphena Penelope, daughter of Sir John 
 Shelley, of Mitchel Grove, Sussex, bart., and by her 
 had one daughter, Tryphena Penelope, who married 
 George Stafford, and had two sons, Charles and Thomas 
 George. Mr. Polhill by his second wife. Patience Has- 
 well, had seven children : George, his successor ; Charles, 
 who died unmarried ; David, died in infancy ; Patience, 
 unmarried ; a second David, unmarried ; Thomas Alfred, 
 lost in the South Seas from the Guardian (Captain Rion) ; 
 Francis, Comptroller of the Customs at Monserrat, in the 
 West Indies, died 1839. Mr. Polhill died in 1805, and 
 was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 George, who married Mary, daughter of Robert 
 Porteus, and grand-niece of Dr. Beilby Porteus, Bishop of 
 London, and died in 1839. Their children were : 
 (i) Charles, who married Sarah Marshall, and had two 
 daughters, Beatrice Mary, born 1867, married, 1888, to 
 Alfred George Streatfield Beadnell, and has one son, 
 Montgomery Polhill Beadnell, and Elizabeth Mary, born 
 1868, married, i8go, to Robert Brownell Dobble, has issue 
 one daughter, Sybil Mary ; (2) Mary Elizabeth Campbell, 
 died 1884 ; (3) Frederick Campbell, of Sundridge, Seven- 
 oaks, curate of Hever, which post he resigned in 1850 ; 
 (4) George, died in 1892 ; (5) Henry Western Onslow, 
 rector of Ashurst, Kent, married to Miss Frances Charlotte 
 Streatfield. The seat of the Polhills contains a valuable 
 collection of the portraits of their illustrious ancestry, 
 including many full lengths. 
 
 III. — Jane, second daughter of Bridget Cromwell and 
 Henry Ireton ; born about 1648 ; married, 1668, Richard 
 Lloyd, of St. James's, Duke's Place, Esq., widower, and 
 had an only child, Jane, wife in 1710 of Nicholas (or 
 Henry) Morse, Esq. Issue of this marriage were four 
 sons : David, Henry, Nicholas, Daniel, There were also 
 three daughters : Elizabeth, Jane, and Anne, of whom
 
 lOO 
 
 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 the eldest married Mr. Oyle, a physician, and became the 
 mother of Elizabeth, married to Samuel Codrington ; 
 Jane, the second daughter, became Mrs. Burroughs ; and 
 Anne, the youngest daughter, became Mrs. Roberts. 
 
 After the death of Richard Lloyd, his widow (Jane 
 aforesaid) married Mr. William Barnard. The descendants 
 of this marriage are set out below : 
 
 William Barnard, of Penning -= 
 ton and Longthorpe, colonel ; 
 b. 1634; m. 1680; d. 1709; 
 bur. at Pennington. 
 
 =Jane, relict of Richard Lloyd, 
 and dau. of Henry Ireton, by 
 Bridget, eldest dau, of Oliver 
 Cromwell. 
 
 William Barnard, b. 1685 ;= 
 d. 1775; l^ut-. at Great El- 
 lingham, Norfolk. 
 
 William Barnard, b. at Rock- 
 land, Norfolk, 1709; d. Sept., 
 178S; bur. at Old Meeting, 
 Norwich. 
 
 Thomas Barnard, b. 18 Dec.,= 
 1757 ; mar. at Sudbury, May, 
 1789; d. 1 April, 1833. 
 
 ■Mary, dau. and heir of Jas. Corsbie, of 
 the family of Corsbie, of Corsbie Castle, 
 Berwickshire ; b. at Ashwellthorpe, 
 1714; d. 21 May, 1801 ; bur. at Old 
 ^ieeting, Norwich. 
 
 =Ann, youngest dau. and co-heir of 
 Samuel and Deborah Stott, of St. 
 Edmundsbury, Suffolk ; b. 10 Mar., 
 1758 ; d. II Nov., 181 1. 
 
 Alfred Barnard, b. 14 Feb. ,=f=Frances Katherine, eldest dau. and co-heir of 
 
 1793; "i^""- lo Nov., 1817; 
 d. 4 July, 1835 ; bur. at Octa- 
 gon Chapel, Norwich. 
 
 Francis Smith, of Norwich (descendant of 
 Robert Pierrepont, ist Earl of Kingston-upon- 
 HuU), and Sarah (Marsh) ; b. 7 May, 1796 ; 
 d. 20 Jan., 1869 ; bur. in the Rosary, Norwich. 
 
 Alfred Francis Barnard, b. at Norwich,= 
 4 Jan., 1821 ; mar. in London, 5 Jan., 
 1854; d. in London, 14 Sept., 1894; 
 bur. at Highgate Cemetery. 
 
 =Mary Hog, eldest dau. of Thos. Cal- 
 vert Girtin and Rachel (Haward), and 
 grand-dau. of Thomas Girtin, the 
 water-colour painter ; b. 20 Jan., 
 1829. 
 
 Francis Pierrepont Barnard, son and heir, of=Eliza Smith, eldest dau. and 
 St. Mary's Abbey, Windermere ; ALA. Oxon; co-heir of William Pollard, 
 some time headmaster of Reading School, J. P., of St. Mary's Abbey, 
 Berks; b. 27 Nov. 1854; mar. at Winder- Windermere, 
 mere, 15 April, 1884. 
 
 Touching the four sons of Mr. Morse aforesaid, nothing 
 seems recoverable unless we make an exception in favour 
 of the third named, and regard him as the Nicholas Morse 
 who was Governor of Madras in the middle of the last
 
 Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. loi 
 
 century, and whose daughter, Amelia, married Henry 
 Vansittart, Governor of Bengal, and father of Nicholas, 
 the first Lord Bexley. It may suffice to add that the 
 claim which the Vansittart family have long asserted, 
 touching their descent from the Protector through Henry 
 Ireton and Nicholas Morse, has every right to be accepted 
 as legitimate, the only difficulty in the way being that 
 Mark Noble gives " Moore " instead of " Morse " as 
 the name of Jane Lloyd's husband. That this is an 
 error, occasioned by the resemblance of the two words in 
 manuscript, hardly admits of a doubt. It is also to be 
 noted that the lady who about the same time, viz., in 
 1771, became the wife of the last Oliver Cromwell, Esq., 
 was named Mary Morse, indicative at least of friendly 
 relations existing between families so named. 
 
 Amelia Morse, the wife of Governor Henry Vansittart 
 aforesaid, died in 1818 at her house on Blackheath, aged 
 eighty. Her husband had long been dead, having perished 
 at a comparatively early age on his passage to India in the 
 Aurora frigate. 
 
 Nicholas Vansittart, Baron Bexley, was the second 
 son of Henry Vansittart, the Governor of Bengal. Lord 
 Bexley was born in 1766, four years before his father's 
 death at sea. In 1784 he went to Christchurch, Oxford, 
 and in 1791 was called to the Bar in Lincoln's Inn. He 
 entered the House as member for Hastings, and in 1801 
 was entrusted with a special mission to Copenhagen. The 
 Danes, overawed by Napoleon, refused at that time to 
 entertain an English ambassador, and on returning home, 
 Mr. Vansittart became joint Secretary of the Treasury, 
 which office he held till the Addington Ministry resigned 
 in 1804. Under Lord Liverpool he became Chancellor of 
 the Exchequer in 1812, and held the post for twenty-one 
 years. In 1823 he obtained his peerage and a seat in the 
 Cabinet, and took little share afterwards in public affairs, 
 dying in 1851, at the age of eighty-five, at his residence of
 
 I02 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 Footscray, near Bexley, in Kent. He married in 1806 the 
 Hon. Katharine Isabella Eden, second daughter of William, 
 first Lord Auckland ; but by her, who died four years after- 
 wards, he left no issue, whereupon the barony of Bexley be- 
 came extinct, and a pension of £3,000 lapsed to the Crown. 
 IV. — Bridget, third daughter of Bridget Cromwell and 
 Henry Ireton ; born about the year 1650. The biography 
 of this lady, as heretofore given, simply consists of three 
 different sketches, supplied respectively by Samuel Say, a 
 Dissenting minister, by Dr. J. Brooke, and by her relation, 
 Mr. Hewling Luson. In the following version an attempt 
 has been made to impart greater completeness to the account 
 by blending these three narratives. Bridget, together with 
 one or two others of the family, appears to have been left 
 under the care of their grandmother, the Protectress, 
 when their own mother went to Ireland with her second 
 husband, Fleetwood, in 1652. Her grandfather's death 
 occurred before she was ten years of age ; that of her 
 mother followed four years later ; so that she must have 
 had an unquiet time of it before she settled down with her 
 sisters beneath the roof of their step-father, Fleetwood, 
 in the nonconforming atmosphere of Stoke Newington. 
 Here she passed four or five years of her life, till her 
 marriage in i66g with Thomas Bendysh, of Gray's Inn 
 and of Southtown, Yarmouth, Esq., a distant relative of 
 Sir Thomas Bendysh, who had served as Ambassador to 
 Turkey both from Charles I. and from the Protector 
 Oliver. Soon after her marriage she settled at South- 
 town, near Yarmouth, where her husband owned farms 
 and salt-mines. It would be highly interesting, were the 
 materials extant, to trace the early married life of this 
 excellent lady. 
 
 Samuel Say, the earliest of Mrs. Bendysh's biographers, 
 had many opportunities of knowing her intimately, for he 
 had not only been pastor of a church in the neighbouring 
 town of Ipswich, but he married a relative of Mr. Carter,
 
 Bridget, Eldest Daug;hter of the Protector. 103 
 
 of Yarmouth, the husband of Mary Fleetwood ; moreover, 
 he had been a fellow-student with Dr. Watts. Here is his 
 description of her personal appearance : 
 
 "As Mrs. Bendysh in the features of her face exactly 
 resembled the best picture of her grandfather Oliver which 
 I have ever seen, and which is now at Rosehall, in the 
 possession of Sir Robert Rich, so she seems also as exactly 
 to resemble him in the cast of her mind — a person of great 
 presence and majesty, heroic courage and indefatigable 
 industry, and with something in her countenance and 
 manner that at once attracts and commands respect the 
 moment she appears in company." 
 
 Dr. J. Brooke, of Norwich, another of her biographers, 
 whose testimony is of a later date, remarks : " There was 
 something in her person when she was dressed and in 
 company that could not fail of attracting at once the 
 notice and respect of any strangers that entered the room 
 wherever she was, though the company were ever so 
 numerous, and though many of them might be more 
 splendid in their appearance. Splendid, indeed, she never 
 was, her highest dress being a plain silk ; but it was 
 usually of the richest sort, though, as far as I can remem- 
 ber, of what is called a quaker's colour ; and she wore 
 besides a kind of black silk hood or scarf that I rarely, if 
 ever, observed to be worn by ladies of her time ; and 
 though hoops were in fashion long before her death, 
 nothing, I suppose, could have induced her to wear one. 
 I can so far recollect her countenance as to confirm what 
 is observed by Mr. Say of her likeness to the best pictures 
 of Oliver ; and she no less resembled him in the qualities 
 of enterprise, resolution, courage, and enthusiasm." 
 
 The narrative of Mr. Hewling Luson, the third of her 
 biographers, who, like Dr. Brooke, knew her only in 
 advanced life, presents us with a similar picture. Luson's 
 mother was a younger sister of Hannah Hewling (Mrs. 
 Henry Cromwell), and the sympathy which Mrs. Bendysh
 
 104 '^^^ Ho7ise of Cromwell. 
 
 felt for the fate of her brothers fully accounts for the 
 frequency of her visits to the elder Mr. Luson's house. 
 "I was young," says Hewling Luson — "not more than 
 sixteen — when Mrs. Bendysh died, yet she came so often 
 to my father's house that I remember her person, her 
 dress, her manner, and her conversation, which were all 
 strikingly peculiar, with great precision, and I have heard 
 much more of her than I have seen. She was certainl}-, 
 both without and within, in her person and in her spirit, 
 exactly like her grandfather, the Protector. Her features, 
 the turn of her face, and the expression of her counten- 
 ance, all agree very exactly with the excellent pictures I 
 have seen of the Protector in the Cromwell family ; and 
 whoever looks upon the print prefixed to the octavo ' Life 
 of Cromwell,' said to be published by the late Bishop 
 Gibson about the year 1725, which exactly agrees with 
 these pictures, will have a clear idea of Mrs. Bendysh's 
 person, if their imaginations can add a female dress, a 
 few years in age, and a very little softening of the features. 
 I refer to that print because the fine engraving of Crom- 
 well in the Houbraken Collection bears very little resem- 
 blance to the pictures in the Cromwell family, and no 
 resemblance at all to Mrs. Bendysh. . . . She had strong 
 and masculine sense, a free and spirited elocution, much 
 knowledge of the world, great dignity in her manner, and 
 a most engaging address. The place of her residence was 
 called the Salt Pans [near Yarmouth]. In this place, 
 which is quite open to the road, I have often seen her in 
 the morning, stumping about with an old straw hat on 
 her head, her hair about her ears, without stays, and 
 when it was cold an old blanket about her shoulders and 
 a staff in her hands — in a word, exactly accoutred to 
 mount the stage as a witch in ' Macbeth.' Yet if at such a 
 time she were accosted by any person of rank or breeding, 
 the dignity of her manner and politeness of style, which 
 nothing could efface, would instantly break through the
 
 Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. 105 
 
 veil of debasement which concealed her native grandeur, 
 and a stranger to her customs might become astonished 
 to find himself addressed by a princess while he was look- 
 ing at a mumper. Mrs. Bendysh resembled the Protector 
 in nothing more than in that restless, unabated activity of 
 spirit, which, by the coincidence of a thousand favourable 
 circumstances, conducted him to the summit of power 
 and of fame, but entangled her, generally unfavoured by 
 success, in a thousand embarrassments and disgraces. 
 Yet she never fainted, nor was weary. One prospect lost, 
 another still she gained, and the enthusiasm of her faith 
 kept pace with, or, to speak more truly, far outran the 
 activity of her mind. . . . She had one constant, never- 
 failing resource against the vexation of disappointments, 
 for as she determined, at all events, to serve the Lord 
 with gladness, her way was to rejoice at everything as it 
 arrived. If she succeeded, she was thankful for that ; 
 and if she suffered adversity, which was generally her lot, 
 she was vastly more thankful for that, and she so managed 
 that her spiritual joys always encreased with her outward 
 sufferings. . . . Mrs. Bendysh's religion was in the 
 highest strain of Calvinistic enthusiasm, and Dr. Owen 
 in his writings was her spiritual guide. She no more 
 doubted the validity of her election to the kingdom of 
 heaven than Squire Wilkes doubts the validity of his for 
 the county of Middlesex. But her enthusiasm never 
 carried her to greater lengths of extravagance than in 
 the justification of her grandfather, of whose memory 
 she was passionately fond. It, however, unfortunately 
 happened that her fancy led her to defend him exactly in 
 that part of his character which was least defensible. 
 She valued him, no doubt, very highly as a General and 
 politician, but she had got it fixed in her head that this 
 kind of fame was vain and worthless when compared with 
 the greater glory of his saintship. . . . Now, it could 
 not but happen that for five hundred who might be pre-
 
 io6 The House of Cro7)iiuclL 
 
 vailed with to receive Oliver as a great General, not five 
 could be found who would admit him to be a great saint, 
 and this constant kicking against Oliver's saintship 
 wrought the good lady sore travail." 
 
 " This extraordinary woman," says Dr. Brooke, "wanted 
 only to have acted in a superior sphere to be ranked by 
 historians among the most admirable heroines. . . . She 
 lived through what the Dissenters but too justly called 
 the troublous times, when the penal laws against con- 
 venticles were strained to their utmost rigour. The 
 preaching of this sect was then held in the closest con- 
 cealment, and the preachers went in momentary danger 
 of being dragged out by spies and informers to heavy 
 fines and severe imprisonment. With these spies and in- 
 formers she maintained a perpetual war. This kind of 
 bustle was in all respects in the true taste of her spirit. 
 I have heard many stories of her dealings with these un- 
 gracious people. Sometimes she circumvented and out- 
 witted them, and sometimes she bullied them, and the 
 event generally was that she got the poor parson out of 
 their clutches. Upon these occasions and upon all others 
 when they could express their attachment to her, Mrs. 
 Bendysh was sure of the common people. She was, as 
 she deserved to be, very dear to them. When she had 
 money, she gave it freely to such as wanted ; and when 
 she had none, which was pretty often the case, they 
 were sure of receiving civility and commiseration. She 
 practised an exalted humanity. If in the meanest sick- 
 room she found the sufferer insufficiently attended, she 
 turned attendant herself, and would sit hours in the 
 poorest chamber to administer support or consolation to 
 the afflicted. In this noble employment she passed much 
 of her time." She was in the secret of the Revolution of 
 1688, and would go into shops in different parts of the 
 town under pretence of cheapening silks or other goods, 
 and on coming out to her coach take occasion to drop
 
 Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. 107 
 
 bundles of papers to prepare the minds of the people for 
 that happy event, for she might safely be trusted with 
 any secret, were it ever so important. After the accession 
 of William and Mary, she was presented to the Queen by 
 Archbishop Tillotson with a view to the settlement of a pen- 
 sion, to enable her to support in some creditable measure 
 the dignity which she had tasted in early days ; but the 
 death of both prelate and Queen defeated that design, 
 
 Mrs. Bendysh's husband had died on April 27, 1707, 
 and was buried in St. Nicholas Church, Yarmouth, where 
 she erected a monument to his memory. She survived 
 him twenty-two years, dying in 1729 at the age of eighty. 
 She was buried at Yarmouth, having had two sons and 
 one daughter, viz. : 
 
 1. Thomas, who died in the West Indies. His first 
 wife was the mother of his only son, Ireton, a young man 
 of great promise, whose early death was much lamented. 
 His second wife was Katharine Smith, of Colskirk, near 
 Fakenham, a lady of property ; but extravagant habits 
 darkened their remaining history. The fate of this family 
 was no doubt one of the sorrows of old Mrs. Bendysh. 
 
 2. Bridget, lived and died at the paternal seat of 
 Southtown. She died at Yarmouth, unmarried, in 1736, 
 aged sixty-four. 
 
 3. Henry, of Bedford Row, London, where he died in 
 1740 ; married Martha Shute, sister of the first Viscount 
 Barrington, and had (i) Henry, of Chingford, and of the 
 Salt-pans at Southtown, died unmarried in 1753, when 
 the name of Bendysh became extinct in this branch of the 
 family ; (2) Mary, married to William Berners, of whom 
 presently ; (3) Elizabeth, married, 1756, to John Hagar, of 
 Waresley Park, son of Admiral Hagar. 
 
 Family of Berners. 
 Mary, grand-daughter of Bridget Bendysh, and William 
 Berners her husband both died in 1783. Their surviving
 
 io8 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 children were : (i) Charles, of whom presently ; (2) Henry, 
 rector of Hambledon, near Henley-on-Thames, had one 
 child (Emma) by his wife, Elizabeth Weston. 
 
 Charles, born 1740 ; married Katharine, daughter of 
 John Laroche, of Egham, M.P. for Bodmin, and had 
 issue : 
 
 (i) Charles, his heir, who, dying unmarried in 1831, 
 was succeeded by his brother ; (2) Henry Denny ; 
 (3) William, a London banker, married Rachel Jarrett, 
 of Freemantle, in Hampshire, and had William, a 
 captain in the horse artillery, Henry, married to 
 Miss Saunders, and Arthur ; (4) Martha, married to 
 Herbert Newton Jarrett, of Jamaica, Esq., and 
 died 1831. 
 
 Mr. Charles Berners, died 18 15, and was succeeded, 
 first by his son Charles, secondly by his second son. 
 
 Rev. Henry Denny Berners, LL.B., Archdeacon of 
 Suffolk. By his wife Dinah, daughter of John Jarret, 
 Esq., he had issue : (i) John, born 1800, died s.^. ; 
 (2) Hugh, born 1801, Captain R.N., married, 1832, Julia, 
 daughter of John Ashton, of the Grange, Cheshire, died 
 at Wolverstone, in Suffolk, in 1891, aged eighty-nine ; he 
 had a son and three daughters ; (3) Ralph, born 1803, 
 rector of Harkstead and Erwarton, in Suffolk, married, 
 1831, Eliza, daughter of Sir Cornelius Cuyler, of Welwyn, 
 bart., and had three sons and two daughters ; (4) Alice, 
 died unmarried, 1820. 
 
 Children of Bridget Cromwell by her second husband, 
 Charles Fleetwood. 
 
 By Bridget Cromwell, Fleetwood was the father of 
 
 I. Cromwell Fleetwood, born about 1653 ; married 
 
 in 1679 to Elizabeth Nevill, of Little Berkhampstead, 
 
 Hertfordshire ; administration of his goods was granted 
 
 September 20, 1688. He seems to have died without issue.
 
 Bridget, Eldest Daughter of the Protector. 109 
 
 II. Anne Nancy Fleetwood, buried in Westminster 
 Abbey before 1659, ^-^^ exhumed at the Restoration. 
 
 III. Mary, who married Nathaniel Carter, of Yarmouth, 
 February 21, 1678 ; died without issue ; and several other 
 children, most of whom died young, and none of whom 
 left issue. 
 
 Of the remaining children may be : (i) Charles, buried 
 at Stoke Newington in 1676 ; (2) Bridget, buried at Stoke 
 Newington in 1681 ; (3) Ellen, buried at Stoke Newington 
 in 1731. The authority for the above consists in various 
 allusions to children or approaching births occurring in 
 letters passing between the Protector, Thurloe, and Fleet- 
 wood, compared with entries in the Stoke Newington 
 registers. Fleetwood's will throws no light upon the 
 subject ; and another difficulty arises from the fact that 
 the Misses Cromwell, of Hampstead, whose knowledge of 
 the family may be supposed to have been complete, took 
 no notice in their pedigrees of any issue of Fleetwood's 
 marriage with Bridget Cromwell.
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 ELIZABETH, THE PROTECTOR'S SECOND DAUGHTER. 
 
 BORN at Huntingdon on July 2, 1629, Elizabeth 
 married in 1646 John Claypoole, eldest son and 
 heir of John Claypoole, of Northborough, or 
 Norborough, near Market Deeping. The father 
 had fallen under the displeasure of the Court for contu- 
 macy in respect of ship-money, a circumstance sufficient to 
 account for that personal intimacy with Oliver Cromwell 
 which issued in the marriage aforesaid, and in Cromwell's 
 creating John Claypoole, senior, a baronet, July 16, 1657. 
 Under the Protectorate, the younger Claypoole became 
 Master of the Horse, with other positions of emolument, 
 besides obtaining a seat in Oliver's Upper House. At the 
 Restoration, having taken no hostile action against the 
 King's party, he was permitted, not without molestation, 
 to retire into private life. His death occurred on June 26, 
 1688, at which time he was of the Middle Temple, 
 London. 
 
 Elizabeth Cromwell was her father's favourite daughter, 
 and, judging by the portraits taken at different periods of 
 her life, must have been very attractive in person. The 
 narrator of Sir James Harrington's recovery of his manu- 
 script of " Oceana," which had been seized by the Pro- 
 tector's orders, states that Sir James determined to make
 
 Elizabeth, the Protecto7' s Seco7id Daughter. 1 1 1 
 
 his application through the Lady Claypoole, " because she 
 acted the part of a princess very naturally, obliging all 
 persons with her civility, and frequently interceding for 
 the miserable." This is the lady who has so often been 
 made to figure in pictures by artists of the royalist school, 
 who represent her, during her last illness, as upbraiding 
 her father for the part he had taken against the King, 
 representations which may safely be dismissed. 
 
 The Protector's parental anxiety has been already 
 witnessed in the letter written to her elder sister, Bridget, 
 in 1646. Five years later, when she was living with her 
 husband at Norborough House,* and had apparently just 
 recovered from the perils of childbirth, Oliver, writing from 
 Edinburgh to her mother, says : " Mind poor Betty of the 
 Lord's great mercy. Oh, I desire her not only to seek the 
 Lord in her necessity, but in deed and in truth to turn to 
 the Lord, and to keep close to Him, and to take heed of a 
 departing heart and of being cozened with worldly vanities 
 and worldly company, which I doubt she is too subject to. 
 I earnestly and frequently pray for her and for him. Truly 
 they are very dear to me — very dear, and I am in fear lest 
 Satan should deceive them, knowing how weak our hearts 
 are, and how subtle the adversary is, and what way the 
 deceitfulness of our hearts and the vain world make for his 
 temptations. The Lord give them truth of heart to Him. 
 Let them seek Him in truth, and they shall find Him. 
 My love to the dear little ones. I pray for grace for 
 them. I thank them for their letters ; let me have them 
 often." 
 
 Four years subsequently another domestic episode en- 
 gaged the parents' sympathy. The following scraps of 
 intelligence, pointing apparently to the birth at Whitehall 
 of her fourth and last child, will sufficiently tell the tale. 
 
 * There was long a tradition at Norborough House that Oliver was fond of 
 spending his Christmas there. The Protectress seems to have had a similar 
 attachment to the spot ; it was there that she spent the evening of her days.
 
 112 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 " My lady Elizabeth continues ill, but we hope mending. 
 Her Highness [the Protectress] is recovered. It was grief 
 [which brought her down], but now his Highness and she 
 rest well. ... I never saw two parents so affected e'er 
 now as my Lord Protector and her Highness." Fleet- 
 wood writes: "The illness of my sister Claypoole is so 
 very great that both their Highnesses are under a great 
 trial. You know the dearness they have unto her ; and 
 though we know not how the Lord will deal with her, yet 
 her recovery is much doubted. This afternoon hath given 
 very great cause of fear"; but he adds in a postscript: 
 *' Since the writing hereof my sister Claypoole is fallen 
 into travail, and so her condition is very hopeful." 
 
 She did, in fact, survive the trial, but never seems to 
 have recovered robust health. During the next year she 
 joined her two unmarried sisters, Mary and Frances, at 
 Hampton Court, and appears to have resided there for 
 the remaining two years of her life. The following letter, 
 dated a few weeks before her death, and presumably the 
 last she ever wrote, is addressed to her sister-in-law, 
 Henry Cromwell's wife. It contains a reference to the 
 latest plots against her father's life : 
 
 Lady Elizabeth Claypoole to Lady Elizabeth Cromwell. 
 June 12, 1658. 
 
 " Dear Sister, 
 
 " I must beg your pardon that I do not write to 
 you so oft as I would do. ; but in earnest I have been so 
 extreem sickly of late that it has made me unfit for any- 
 thing ; though there is nothing that can please me more 
 than wherein I may express my true love and respect to 
 you, which I am sure none has more reason than myself, 
 both for your former favours and the sense you have of 
 any thing which arises to me of happiness. I will assure 
 you, nothing of that can be to me wherein I have not a 
 power to express how really I love and honour you. Truly
 
 Elizabeth, the Protector s Second Daughter. 113 
 
 the Lord has been very gracious to us, in doing for us 
 above what we could expect ; and now has shewed Him- 
 self more extraordinary in delivering my father out of the 
 hands of his enemies ; which we have all reason to be 
 sensible of, in a very particular manner ; for certainly not 
 only his family would have been ruined, but in all proba- 
 bility the whole nation would have been involved in blood. 
 The Lord grant it may never be forgotten by us, but that 
 it may cause us to depend upon Him from whom we have 
 received all good, and that it may cause us to see the 
 mutableness of these things, and to use them accordingly : 
 I am sure we have need to beg that spirit from God. 
 Harry is very well : I hope you will see him this summer. 
 Truly there is nothing I desire more than to enjoy you 
 with us ; and I wish that you may [lie-in] here. I beg 
 my true affection to your little ones. 
 " Dear Sister, I am, 
 
 " Your most affectionate sister and servant, 
 
 " Elizabeth Claypoole." 
 
 Every testimony which we possess of a direct or 
 personal kind shows her to have been loyal to the cause 
 of her father. Attempts have been made to prove her 
 sympathy with Dr. Hewitt and other episcopalian plotters, 
 and an infamous letter to that effect has even been fabri- 
 cated in her name ; but her own words negative the 
 insinuation. 
 
 She died on August 6, just four weeks before her father. 
 After lying in state in the Painted Chamber, she was 
 carried in pompous procession on the night of August 10, 
 1658, to a new vault in Henry VH.'s chapel, her aunt 
 Robina (Mrs. Wilkins) walking as chief mourner. 
 
 Horace Walpole says : " Lord Pelham has a small 
 three-quarters of Mrs. Claypoole, on which is written 
 M. Ritus fee. It is an emblematic piece, the allegory of 
 which is very obscure, but highly finished." M. Ritus
 
 1 1 4 The House of Cromzueli. 
 
 stands for Michael Wright, a Scots painter. Lord Pelham 
 probably acquired this relic through his wife, Anne Frank- 
 land, the great-grand-daughter of Frances Cromwell. 
 
 The children of Elizabeth Cromwell and John Claypoole 
 were three sons and one daughter : 
 
 I. Cromwell, born about 1647, to whom his father 
 resigned his manor of Norborough with appendages. He 
 died a bachelor in 1678, and was buried in the chancel of 
 Norborough Church, according to his express direction, 
 as near to the body of his grandmother, the Protectress, 
 as convenience would admit. The family relics at his 
 disposal he left to his cousins, having no surviving brother 
 or sister directly descended, but only a half-sister. His 
 will may be read in extenso in Mark Noble's "Memoirs of 
 the Protectoral House of Cromwell." 
 
 II. Henry, went, as is supposed, into the army, and 
 pre-deceased his brother. 
 
 III. Oliver, died young, June, 1658, during the last 
 illness of his mother, a circumstance which precipitated 
 her own dissolution. 
 
 IV. Martha, died young and unmarried, January, 1664; 
 buried in Norborough Church 1664, 
 
 It will thus be seen that with the death of Mr. Cromwell 
 Claypoole in 1678 this branch of the Protector's family 
 dies out. True it is that ever and anon persons of the 
 name of Claypoole or Claypole are found cropping up to 
 claim descent through that channel. But descent from 
 John Claypoole is not enough, since he married a second 
 time. Claypooles inheriting the blood of Cromwell through 
 the Lady Elizabeth are no longer in existence.
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 MARY, THE PROTECTOR'S THIRD DAUGHTER. 
 
 BO RN at Ely, Mary was christened at Huntingdon 
 on February 9, 1637. It is believed that when 
 only seventeen years of age she had to encounter 
 the matrimonial proposals of Sir Anthony Ashley 
 Cooper, afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury. Edmund Ludlow 
 is our principal authority for the statement, which occurs 
 among the suppressed passages in his " Memoirs," a 
 work from which everything reflecting injuriously on the 
 character or career of Shaftesbury was cut out previous 
 to publication. " Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, who was 
 first for the King, then for the Parliament, then in Crom- 
 well's first assembly for the Reformation, and afterwards 
 for Cromwell against the Reformation ; now being denied 
 Cromwell's daughter, Mary, in marriage, he appears against 
 Cromwell's design in the last assembly, and is therefore 
 dismissed the Council, Cromwell being resolved to act 
 there as the chief juggler himself." Oldmixon and 
 Anthony a Wood sustain this testimony, though neither 
 of them gives the name of Mary. Cromwell must have 
 thought favourably of him when he summoned him to 
 join his first Convention ; since then he had probably read 
 him down. But whatever was the cause of alienation, the 
 matrimonial suit appears to have miscarried suddenly and
 
 1 1 6 The House of Crouiwell. 
 
 entirely. Perhaps the young lady herself entertained 
 personal objections to one who had already had two 
 wives, and was nearly twice her own age. Mr. Christie, 
 the modern editor of the Shaftesbury papers, throws doubt 
 on the whole transaction. 
 
 The next suitor was Sir Edward Mansfield, of Wales, of 
 whom next to nothing is recorded. Fleetwood, in a letter 
 to Henry Cromwell, preserved in the Lansdowne MSS. 821, 
 " hopes he may be worthy of so deserving a lady "; which 
 perhaps means he hopes Sir Edward will not get her. The 
 claims of the Welsh knight, whoever he was, quickly paled 
 before the advances of a more dashing aspirant in the person 
 of Thomas Bellasyse, Viscount Fauconberg, who was just 
 then returning from foreign travel. 
 
 Lord Fauconberg, who was about twenty-nine years of 
 age, was also, like Mary Cromwell's first lover, a widower, 
 but he was the representative of an illustrious family 
 holding large estates in Durham, Yorkshire, and Lancashire, 
 to which, as also to the title, he had recently succeeded 
 upon the death of his grandfather Thomas, the first 
 Viscount Fauconberg. Sir Richard Bellasyse, the Knight 
 ■of Durham, had served on the committee acting in the 
 Parliament's behalf for that county ; but, with almost this 
 sole exception, the entire family had been avowed Royalists 
 during the war, and Oliver no doubt felt that union with 
 the new lord would tend to conciliate an important section 
 of aristocratic malcontents. Seconded, therefore, by the 
 Protectoral policy, the young man's ambition found little 
 or no obstacle in his path. He commenced his suit when 
 passing through Paris from Italy, in the spring of 1657, by 
 enlisting the services of Sir William Lockhart, the English 
 ambassador in the Court of Louis XIV., in whom he found 
 an ally who was not onl}' the husband of one of Oliver's 
 nieces, but a statesman whose diplomatic career reflected 
 more credit on the Protestant Protector's name than any 
 other of his Continental representatives. And so well did
 
 Mary, the Protector s Third Daughter. 1 1 7 
 
 the ambassador plead the suitor's cause with Mr. Secretary 
 Thurloe, vindicating him from the charge of supposed 
 Romanist procHvities, and enlarging on his personal en- 
 dowments, and on his attachment to the actual form of 
 government, that the young lord's arrival in England and 
 presentation at Court was speedily followed by his nuptials, 
 which took place at Hampton Court with great pomp and 
 magnificence on November ig, 1657. The public ceremony 
 was performed according to the simple ritual then in use 
 among the Puritans ; but before the day was over, by 
 general consent, the marriage contract was repeated in the 
 Anglican form. Andrew Marvell thereupon composed 
 a pastoral eclogue, and the news-writers did their best to 
 follow in fancy's train and snatch a ray from Parnassus. 
 Her brother Henry, whose duties kept him in Ireland, 
 seems to have been the only absent member of the family. 
 Lord and Lady Fauconberg immediately after the mar- 
 riage interchanged letters with him and his wife, full of 
 cordial salutations, which may be read in Thurloe. Of 
 this marriage there was no surviving issue. The following 
 letter, written by the husband only three months after- 
 wards, will explain itself: 
 
 hord Fauconberg to Henry Cromwell, Lord Deptity of 
 Ireland. 
 
 " Whitehall, 
 
 "February 26, 1658. 
 
 " My Lord, 
 
 " This place is at present so distracted with the 
 death of my brother Rich. — especially my dame, whose 
 present condition makes it more dangerous to her than the 
 rest — that I must humbly beg your lordship's pardon if in 
 short I only tell you that Major-General Packer, four 
 Captains, and the Captain Lieutenant, after an obstinate 
 persisting, even to his Highness's face, in their dislike of 
 his government, were this week cashiered. 
 
 " My lord, I am just now called to my poor wife's
 
 1 1 8 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 succour ; therefore I must humbly entreat of your lordship 
 leave to subscribe myself, sooner than I intended, My 
 lord, 
 
 " Your lordship's most faithful, humble servant, 
 
 " Fauconberg." 
 
 Henry Cromv^^ell, in reply, says : 
 
 " I hope your lordship's being called to succour my dear 
 sister, your lady, tends but to repair our family of the late 
 loss it hath sustained ; and I hope that the sad appre- 
 hensions occasioned by this late stroke will not frustrate 
 our hopes therein." 
 
 The first form in which the Protector proceeded to 
 utilize the new connection was by sending his son-in-law 
 on a mission of congratulation to the French Court on the 
 successes of Louis's arms against the Spaniards in co- 
 operation with "the Six Thousand" sent from England. 
 During his tour in the northern counties of England, on 
 his return from France, the Earl was accompanied by his 
 youthful bride. All contemporaries agree in attributing a 
 large share of beauty to Lady Fauconberg, a testimony 
 which is fully borne out by the extant portraits of her. 
 The return south of the Earl and Countess is thus 
 chronicled by a weekly newspaper {Mercurms Politicus) : 
 " Hampton Court, 30 July. This evening here arrived the 
 most noble lord the Lord Fauconberg, with his most 
 illustrious lady, the Lady Mary ; being safe returned out 
 of the North, where, in all places of their journey, and 
 particularly at York, the people of those parts made so 
 large expression of their duty, in the honours done to the 
 person and virtues of this most religious lady, and of their 
 extraordinary affection towards this meritorious lord, as 
 abundantly manifested what a high esteem his noble 
 qualities have purchased him in his own as well as in other 
 counties." 
 
 Only a few weeks later Fauconberg thus announces the 
 death of the first Protector to his brother-in-law Henry :
 
 Alary, the Protectors Third Daughter. 119 
 
 Lord Faticonberg to Henry Cromwell. 
 
 " Whitehall, 
 
 "September 7, 1658. 
 
 " Dear my Lord, 
 
 " This bearer Mr. Underwood brings your lord- 
 ship the sad news of our general loss in your incom- 
 parable father's death, by which these poor nations are 
 deprived of the greatest personage and instrument of 
 happiness that not only our own, but indeed any age else, 
 ever produced. The preceding night and not before, in 
 presence of four or five of the Council, he declared my lord 
 Richard his successor. The next morning he grew speech- 
 less, and departed betwixt three and four in the evening. 
 A hard dispensation it was, but so has it seemed good to 
 the all-wise God. And what remains to poor creatures 
 but to lay our hands upon our mouth to the declaration of 
 His pleasure ? Some three hours after his decease (a time 
 spent only in framing the draft, not in any doubtful dis- 
 pute) was your lordship's brother, his now Highness, 
 declared Protector of these nations with full consent of 
 council, soldier and city. The next day he was proclaimed 
 in the usual places. All the time his late Highness was 
 drawing on to his end, the consternation and astonishment 
 of people is unexpressible. Their hearts seemed as sunk 
 within them. And if thus abroad in the family, your lord- 
 ship may imagine how it was with her Highness and other 
 near relations. My poor wife, I know not what in the 
 Earth to do with her. "When seemingly quieted, she 
 bursts out again into passion that tears her very heart in 
 pieces ; nor can I blame her, considering what she has 
 lost. It fares little better with others. God, I trust, will 
 sanctify this bitter cup to us all. His mercy is extra- 
 ordinary as to the quiet face of things amongst us ; which 
 I hope the Lord will continue. 
 
 " I am. Your lordship's most affectionately faithful 
 and very humble servant, 
 
 " Fauconberg."
 
 I20 The House of Cromiuell. 
 
 Lord Fauconberg facilitated the restoration of royalty 
 as soon as he saw it was inevitable. To the King himself 
 the recovery of such an agency was especially welcome ; 
 for the link which attached Fauconberg to the Crom- 
 wellian destinies carried with it an added force. With 
 this course of action, the influence of Henry Cromwell, 
 though less demonstrative, must needs be associated. In 
 this they stood apart from Lockhart, whose personal 
 alliance with some of the Republican party made him slow 
 to believe in the possibility of such a universal revolt. 
 
 The Restoration being accomplished, Fauconberg was 
 at once installed into the offices of Lieutenant of the 
 Bishopric of Durham, Lord-Lieutenant and Gustos 
 Rotulorum of the North Riding of Yorkshire, and 
 Ambassador-Extraordinary to Venice, Tuscany, and 
 Savoy.* He enjoyed the favour of the three succeeding 
 monarchs, diverse as were their principles, and, dying in 
 1700, was buried at Cockswold, in Yorkshire, where a 
 lengthy epitaph, recited in Le Neve's " Monumenta 
 Anglicana," records his virtues and his prosperous career. 
 In the construction of this epitaph it had been Lady 
 Mary's original intention to exhibit more definitely his 
 alliance with the Protectorate, to which end, says Lord 
 Dartmouth, " she desired Sir Harry Sheers to write an 
 inscription for the monument, and would have it inserted 
 that in such a year Fauconberg married his Highness the 
 then Lord Protector of England's daughter, which Sir 
 Harry told her he feared might give offence. She 
 answered, that nobody could dispute matters of fact, and 
 therefore insisted on its being done." The wording 
 
 Three years after the Restoration, we get a glimpse of this lady and her 
 husband, at the play. " Here," says Samuel Pepys, " I saw my Lord Faucon- 
 berg and his lady, my Lady Mary Cromwell, who looks as well as I have 
 known her, and well clad. But when the house began to fill, she put on her 
 vizard, and so kept it on all the play, which of late is become a great fashion 
 among the ladies, which hides their whole face." — Pepy's " Diary," June 12, 
 1663.
 
 Mary, the Protector's Third Daughter. 121 
 
 eventually adopted shows that she yielded somewhat to 
 her friend's objection, though, of course, it duly sets forth 
 whose daughter she was. Her own death occurred in 1713, 
 at the age of seventy-six, shortly after that of her brother 
 Richard, and she was buried at Chiswick on March 24. 
 Sutton Court, the house in which she lived and died at 
 Chiswick, no longer exists. It stood very near the west 
 end of the parish church. Neither is there any monument 
 to her in the church. J. Mackay, speaking of this spot in 
 his "Journey through England," says: "I saw here a 
 great and curious piece of antiquity — the eldest daughter 
 of Oliver Cromwell, who was then fresh and gay " ; date 
 not given. Grainger, having stated that in the decline of 
 life she was pale and sickly, adds : " Since this note was 
 printed I had the honour to be informed by the Earl of 
 Ilchester, who remembers her well, and to whom she was 
 godmother, that she must have been far gone in the 
 decline of life when she was pale and sickly, as she was 
 not naturally of such a complexion." The testimonies as 
 to her personal merit are uniformly eulogistic. Bishop 
 Burnet styles her a wise and worthy woman, and one who 
 was more likely to have maintained the post of Protector 
 than either of her brothers. A footnote in " Hughes's 
 Letters " describes her as " a lady of great beauty, and of a 
 very high spirit, who distinguished herself till her death 
 by the quickness of her wit and the solidity of her judg- 
 ment." Mr. Hewling Luson, in the same volume, writes 
 as follows : " She was said to have been a lady of a very 
 great understanding. This was the ' noble relation ' 
 referred to in Mr. Say's character [of Mrs. Bendysh], who 
 left Mrs. Bendysh a handsome legacy, as she did also to 
 the other descendants of her father Oliver to whom such 
 an aid might be useful. She died wealthy, and never had 
 a child." She betrayed, some thought, in her last will 
 an undue partiality for her own personal relatives, for she 
 left everything in her power away from her husband's
 
 122 The House of Cro^nwelL 
 
 kindred, including Fauconberg House in Soho Square, the 
 town residence of the family. Some interesting relics, 
 however, descended to the last heir of the Fauconbergs, 
 among which was the sword worn by Oliver at the battle 
 of Naseby. There are extant two or three letters of Lady 
 Mary's to her brother Henry, two of which may be read in 
 Carlisle's " Letters and Speeches." The first, addressed 
 in 1655, and warning him against the influence of some 
 intriguing lady, who had made a lodgment in his Irish 
 household ; the second giving a long account of their 
 sister Frances's marriage negotiations. A third, here 
 following, relates to the last illness of their mother, the 
 Protectress. When that sorely-stricken lady found an 
 asylum at Norborough House, Lady Mary was her frequent 
 visitor, and this brief letter seems to point to the latest of 
 those interviews : 
 
 hady Mary Fauconberg to Henry Cromwell, of Spinney 
 Abbey (1665?). 
 
 " Dear Brother, 
 
 " I have sent this bearer on purpose to see you and 
 my sister, fearing I shall not see you before I go from 
 hence. My poor mother is so affecting a spectacle as I 
 scarce know how to write, she continuing much the same 
 as she was when you were here. The Lord knows best 
 what is best for us to suffer, and therefore I desire we may 
 willingly submit to His will ; but the condition she is in is 
 very sad ; the Lord help her and us to bear it. I am 
 now able to say no more, my heart being so oppressed, but 
 that I am, 
 
 " Your dear wife's and your affectionate sister, 
 
 " M. Fauconberg."
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 FRANCES, THE PROTECTOR'S F"OURTH DAUGHTER. 
 
 BORN at Ely in 1638, Frances was married in 
 December, 1657, to the Hon. Robert Rich, eldest 
 son of Lord Rich, and grandson of Robert, Earl 
 of Warwick, the admiral of the fleet, and the 
 veteran peer who carried Oliver's sword of State at the 
 proclamation of his Protectorate. But this was by no 
 means her first love affair. In the first place there seems 
 no sufficient reason for discrediting the story of a pro- 
 jected alliance with the exiled King Charles, in which 
 Lord Broghill acted as the medium of negotiation. It 
 wears, at least, an air of greater probability than the 
 reports [preserved in Thurloe's papers] which in 1654 were 
 circulated in France to the effect that the Duke d'Enghein, 
 only son of the Prince of Conde, was her favoured suitor. 
 The Duke of Buckingham is the third name on the list, 
 but his chances must have been slender in the extreme. 
 Her fourth gallant was the Rev. Jeremiah White, or 
 "Jerry White," as he was commonly called, one of her 
 father's chaplains, and a Fellow of Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge. He is described as possessing a handsome person 
 and an engaging address, though his extant portrait, 
 p)hotographed by the Arundel Society, can hardly be said 
 to warrant the encomium. Another attribute with which
 
 1 24 The House of Cromwel/. 
 
 he is credited — that of a ready wit — rests possibly on better 
 authority. Oliver put it to the test on one occasion in a 
 somewhat crucial form. Having been given reason to 
 suspect that his aspiring chaplain had carried his amatory 
 professions too far, Cromwell managed to entrap the 
 couple just at a moment when Jerry was on his knees, 
 caressing the Lad}^ Frances's hand. " What is the mean- 
 ing of that posture before my daughter ?' demanded he. 
 Here Jerry's wit came to his aid. " May it please your 
 Highness, I have long unsuccessfully courted the young 
 gentlewoman yonder, my Lady's waiting-maid, and I was 
 now therefore humbly praying her Ladyship to say a word 
 in my behalf." Turning to the waiting-maid, Oliver went 
 on : " Well, hussey, and why should you refuse Mr. 
 White's offers ? You must know that he is my friend, 
 and I expect that you wall treat him as such." Here the 
 ready wit of the maiden proved smarter even than Jerry's. 
 " If Mr. White," says she, " intends me that honour, I 
 shall not oppose him." " Sayest thou so, lass ?" rejoined 
 Cromwell. " Call Goodwyn ; this business shall be finished 
 at once." Mr. Chaplain Goodwyn arrived ; the parties 
 were married on the spot, and Cromwell, by way of 
 solatium, made them a present of £500.* A union 
 effected after this fashion was not likely to be productive 
 of much mutual regard, nor was the result felicitous, 
 though they contrived to live together as man and wife for 
 half a century longer. " I knew them both," says Old- 
 mixon, the historian, " and heard the story told when 
 Mrs. White was present, who did not contradict it, and 
 owned there was something in it." But Jerry, though taken 
 down in this abrupt style, always maintained a marvellous 
 influence in the Cromwell family. Years after the Restora- 
 tion, when the Protectress w^as living at Norborough, he 
 was entrusted with the entire management of her pecuniary 
 
 * This scene was painted by Augustus Egg in 1842. — See the Exhibition 
 Catalogue for that year, No. 548.
 
 Fra7ices, the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 125 
 
 affairs. At that time he was occupying the position of 
 chaplain in the family of Sir John Russell, of Chippenham, 
 the Lady Frances's second husband, previous to which he 
 had enjoyed the confidence of her father-in-law. Sir 
 Francis Russell, as evidenced by a long and curious letter 
 (in the possession of Mr. Field, of Teddington) which the 
 knight sent him in 1663, touching his bodily ailments, and 
 the benefits which he had derived from the chaplain's 
 curative measures. Master White's talent seems to have 
 been multifarious. He wrote an essay on universal restora- 
 tion, and he gathered a list of many hundreds of the 
 sufferers for Nonconformity. 
 
 Jerry White being checkmated, the Dutton affair next 
 becomes prominent. Cromwell, it is assumed, had at 
 some time entered into a verbal engagement with John 
 Dutton, a wealthy freeholder, of Sherborne, in Gloucester- 
 shire, to bestow his daughter Frances in marriage on 
 William Dutton, the nephew or grandson {ncpos) of that 
 gentleman ; and in his will (dated 1655) Mr. Dutton 
 expresses an " earnest desire that it might take effect." 
 How Cromwell and his daughter looked upon this mode 
 of courtship is not recorded. All we know is that, at the 
 age of nineteen, the young lady practically waived it by 
 falling in love with the Hon. Robert Rich aforesaid. 
 
 This young man, losing his mother at an early age, was 
 at her dying request placed under the care of Dr. Gauden, 
 by whose recommendation he first went to college, and 
 with whom he then made a foreign tour. On returning 
 home, being deeply in love with Frances Cromwell, he 
 sought her hand at once, though at the time he was in a 
 very sickly state of health. The marriage came off in 
 December, 1657 ; it can hardly be supposed with the 
 Protector's hearty concurrence. His disorder appears 
 to have been of a scrofulous nature, carrying him off in the 
 ensuing February, only two months after the wedding. 
 His grandfather, the old Earl of Warwick, when he heard
 
 126 The House of Cro77iwell. 
 
 of it, said that, if they would keep the body above ground 
 a Httle while, they might carry his own along with it ; 
 and, indeed, he survived only two months longer. To 
 complete the tragedy, Mr. Rich's father, who succeeded to 
 the Earldom, followed his father and his son in the course 
 of the next year. 
 
 The collapse of this matrimonial connection was deeply 
 felt by all parties concerned ; for the mutual friendship of 
 the two houses was of long standing, dating back to asso- 
 ciations connected with Felsted, where the family of Rich 
 was seated, and ratified by political sympathies during the 
 recent war. Henry undertook to send a message of 
 condolence to Christian, Countess of Devonshire, the 
 grandmother of the deceased, and Oliver performed 
 the same office to the Earl of Warwick. The Earl's 
 letter in reply, which contained a noble tribute to the 
 character of the Protector, may be seen entire in Dr. 
 William Harris's "Life of Oliver." It concludes : " Others' 
 goodness is their own. Yours is a whole country's — yea, 
 three kingdoms', for which you justly possess interest and 
 renown with wise and good men. Virtue is a thousand 
 escutcheons. Go on, my lord — go on happily to love 
 religion, to exemplify it. May your lordship long continue 
 an instrument of use, a pattern of virtue, and a precedent 
 of glory." 
 
 Rich's funeral was conducted with great pomp on 
 March 5, 1658, the corpse being carried to Felsted for 
 interment in the family vault, and the funeral sermon 
 delivered by Dr. Gauden. Of all the extant specimens 
 of that dreary species of literature, the funeral sermon, 
 this of Gauden's is one of the most nauseous. 
 
 On May 7, 1663, the young widow, the Lady Frances, 
 was married at Hursley to Sir John Russell, third baronet, 
 of Chippenham, co. Cambridge, and by him became the 
 ancestress of numerous and wide -spreading groups of 
 Cromwellian descendants. In the interval between her
 
 Frances, the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 127 
 
 first and second marriage she may have been residing at 
 Hursley with Dorothy, the wife of the ex -Protector, 
 Richard. She survived her second husband fifty-one 
 years, spending a considerable portion of her later life 
 with her sister, Lady Fauconberg. Finally she outlived 
 all those of her own generation, and died in 172 1 at the 
 age of eighty-four. 
 
 The Family of Russell 
 
 First became conspicuous in the person of Thomas 
 Russell, of the Isle of Wight, in Henry VI. 's time. The 
 baronet of the Civil War period, viz., Sir Francis, was an 
 ardent supporter of the Parliament's cause, a man of high 
 morality and humanity, and a personal friend of Oliver. 
 Of his fourteen children, besides his eldest son John, who 
 married Frances Cromwell, Elizabeth married Henry 
 Cromwell, the Protector's fourth son, and Sarah married 
 Sir John Reynolds, of whom larger notice will have to be 
 taken. The issue of the Lady Frances Cromwell by Sir 
 John Russell consisted of five children, viz : 
 
 I. Sir William, the fourth Baronet, of whom pre- 
 sently. 
 
 II. Rich, baptized at Chippenham, Cambs., Feb- 
 ruary 14, 1667, was the fourth child and second son. He 
 married, first, at Fordham, Cambs., April 5, 1693, his 
 cousin Mabel. She died January 5, 1731, and was buried 
 at Hillingdon, Middlesex, leaving issue one only child, a 
 daughter Mary, who married, 1731, at Hillingdon (as his 
 second wife), the Rev. Richard Mills, Vicar of Hillingdon, 
 by whom she left issue {inter alios), Rev. Thomas Mills, 
 also Vicar of Hillingdon, who was baptized (see Hilling- 
 don registers) June, 1738. These two vicars held the 
 living between them eighty-six years, although it was not 
 a family living. Rich married, secondly, at St. George's, 
 Hanover Square, October 28, 1732, Catherine Barton, 
 spinster, who survived him and proved his will. Rich
 
 128 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 was a General in the army, and, according to the inscrip- 
 tion still legible on his tombstone at Hillingdon, served 
 his King and country forty-seven years. He died at Bath 
 (see Gentleman's Magazine) June i6, 1735, but was buried 
 in his family tomb at Hillingdon. His will was proved in 
 London February 6, 1735 (25 Denby, i. 46). His only 
 living descendants trace their descent from him through 
 his daughter, Mrs. Richard Mills. She is referred to as a 
 legatee in the wills of her father, of her grandmother, 
 Dame Frances Russell, the daughter of the Protector, 
 and of her cousin, Miss Elizabeth Cromwell. The Rev. 
 Thomas Mills left issue {intey alios) Frederick Russell 
 Mills, Esq., formerly Librarian of the Home OfBce and 
 private secretary to Lord Sidmouth while Home Secretary. 
 Mr. F. R. Mills died August 8, 1861, aged seventy-nine, 
 leaving numerous issue still surviving, including the heir- 
 at-law of Rich Russell. The Rev. Thos. Mills' youngest 
 son was Richard Mills, Esq., one of the Taxing Masters 
 of the Court of Chancery, who died at his residence, the 
 Moat, Eltham, Kent, April 21, 1880, aged ninety-four, 
 leaving numerous issue. The Mills family trace their 
 descent from Betham, in the parish of Penkridge, Stafford- 
 shire, where they were established in and prior to the 
 year 1490 (see Visitation of London, 1633, title Mills). 
 
 in. Christian, a daughter so named in memory of 
 Christian, Countess of Devonshire aforesaid. She died in 
 childhood in 1669. 
 
 IV. Elizabeth, born 1664, became the wife of Sir 
 Thomas Frankland, of whom presently. 
 
 V. John, third and posthumous son ; Governor of Fort 
 William, in Bengal; died at Bath 1735, having married, 
 first, Rebecca, sister of Sir Charles Eyre, of Kew, by 
 whom he had one son and three daughters. He married, 
 secondly, Joanna, sole daughter and heiress of Mr. Thurl- 
 bone, of the Chequers, Bucks, sergeant at law. The 
 children of the first marriage were :
 
 Frances^ the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 129 
 
 1. Frances, born 1700; died 1775; bedchamber- 
 woman to the Princess AmeHa. Married John, son 
 of Colonel Rivett of the Guards, but leaving no 
 issue, his estate of the Chequers passed to his sister 
 Mary, who, as will be seen presently, married Charles 
 Russell. 
 
 2. Charles, born 1701, died 1754, was a Colonel 
 in the army; fought at Dettingen and Fontenoy; 
 married, 1737, Mary Joanna Cutts, daughter of 
 Colonel Rivett aforesaid, who became the heiress of 
 Chequers, and by whom he had, besides Mary [bed- 
 chamber-woman to the Princess Amelia after her 
 aunt Fanny (?)] one son, John, eventually the eighth 
 Baronet. 
 
 3. Mary, married a Mr. Holmes. No issue. 
 
 4. Elizabeth, born 1704 ; married Samuel Green- 
 hill, of Swincombe, Oxford, and had issue, John 
 Russell Greenhill, LL.D., of Cottesford House, 
 Oxford, who took the Russell estates under the will 
 of the ninth baronet. He married Elizabeth, only 
 child of M. Noble, of Sunderland, Esq., and had a 
 son, Robert, created a Baronet by Lord Grey in 
 1831, at whose death, s./)., in 1836, the property passed 
 by his will to Sir Robert Frankland, who thereupon 
 assumed the surname of Russell in addition to and 
 after that of Frankland. 
 
 Sir John Russell, the third Baronet, husband of the 
 Lady Frances Cromwell, was succeeded by his son. 
 
 Sir William Russell, the fourth Baronet ; born about 
 1660, whose lavish expenditure in furtherance of the 
 Revolution of 1688 is supposed to have been the occasion 
 of his selling the Chippenham Manor to the Earl of 
 Orford. He died in 1725, leaving two sons. 
 
 Sir William Russell, the fifth Baronet, dying un- 
 married in 1738 at Passage, near Water ford, was suc- 
 ceeded by his brother, 
 
 9
 
 130 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 Sir Francis Russell, the sixth Baronet ; Governor 
 of Fort WilHam, in Bengal ; married, 1725, Ann Gee, and 
 left one son, 
 
 Sir William Russell, the seventh Baronet ; Lieu- 
 tenant in the Guards ; died a bachelor in 1757, when 
 the title descended to his second cousin, mentioned 
 above, viz. : 
 
 Sir John Russell, the eighth Baronet; barrister at 
 law, of Lincoln's Inn. He died prematurely, 1783, at the 
 age of forty-two, at the seat of Sir Henry Oxenden, in 
 Kent, from inflammation of the bowels occasioned by 
 eating melons, and was much lamented as a kind and 
 generous man. His wife was Katharine, daughter of 
 General the Hon. Henry Carey, brother to Lord Falkland, 
 by whom he had two sons, the elder of whom. 
 
 Sir John Russell, the ninth Baronet, born 1779, 
 died unmarried, and was succeeded by his brother, 
 
 Sir George Russell, the tenth Baronet, who dying 
 unmarried in 1804, the title expired, and the estates 
 devolved under his brother's will upon their aunt Mary 
 (mentioned under the third baronetcy). This lady died 
 unmarried, and was succeeded in her possessions by her 
 cousin. Dr. John Russell Greenhill, of Cottesford House 
 aforesaid. 
 
 Family of Frankland. 
 
 Elizabeth, second daughter of the Lady Frances 
 Cromwell and Sir John Russell, of Chippenham, married 
 Sir Thomas Frankland, of Thirkleby, Yorks, Bart., eldest 
 son and heir of Sir William Frankland by Arabella 
 Bellasyse, sister to Viscount Fauconberg (the husband of 
 Mary Cromwell). Consequently Fauconberg was uncle 
 both to the bride and to the bridegroom, and so much 
 interest did he feel in this alliance that he settled divers 
 estates on Frankland, to which was added by bequest the 
 house at Chiswick. Sir Thomas Frankland, who repre-
 
 Frances^ the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 131 
 
 sented Thirsk in Parliament, and was Postmaster-General, 
 is thus notified in 1713 : " He is chief of a very good 
 family in Yorkshire, with a very good estate. His being 
 my Lord Fauconberg's nephew, and marrying a grand- 
 daughter of Oliver Cromwell, first recommended him to 
 King William, who at the Revolution made him Com- 
 missioner of the Excise, and some years after Governor 
 of the Post -Office. By abundance of application he 
 understands that office better than any man in England, 
 and is adapted for greater matters when the Government 
 shall think fit to employ him. The Queen, by reason of 
 his great capacity and honesty, hath continued him in 
 the office of Postmaster. He is a gentleman of a very 
 sweet, easy, affable disposition — a handsome man, of 
 middle stature, towards forty years old." By his lady, 
 Elizabeth Russell, who died 1733, he had seven sons and 
 three daughters : 
 
 I. Thomas, the third Baronet, of whom presently. 
 
 n. William, F.R.S., page to Queen Mary H. His 
 children died young. 
 
 ni. John, died at Hamburgh. 
 
 IV. Henry, of Mattersea, Notts ; acquired property in 
 India, and died there 1728. By his wife Mary, daughter 
 of Alexander Cross, he had issue : 
 
 1. Charles Henry, fourth Baronet, of whom here- 
 after. 
 
 2. Thomas, fifth Baronet, of whom hereafter. 
 
 3. 4, 5, 6. William, Richard, Robert, Harriet, died 
 young or unmarried. 
 
 7. Frederick, a Major in the Blues ; died at Lisbon 
 1752, having married Melissa, daughter of Rev. Mr. 
 Laying, by whom he had a daughter married to 
 Peniston Powney, Esq. She died 1774, leaving a 
 daughter, Melissa. 
 
 V. Richard, D.C.L., of Jesus College, Camb., died 
 1761.
 
 The House of Cro^nzveil. 
 
 VI. Frederick Meinhardt, barrister at law; M.P. 
 for Thirsk ; died 1768, having married, first, Anne, relict 
 of Adam Cardonnel, whose children died young, except 
 Anne, wife of Thomas, Lord Pelham, of whom hereafter. 
 He married, secondly, Anne Lumley, daughter of Richard, 
 first Earl of Scarborough, the " Lady Anne Frankland" 
 who, together with her sisters, Lady Barbara Leigh and 
 Lady Henrietta Lumley, were, by their mutual friend, the 
 Countess of Huntingdon, brought under the influence of 
 George Whitefield's preaching. But so highly did Mr. 
 Frankland resent the affair that he compelled his wife to 
 quit his house, and returned her fortune. She survived 
 the heart-breaking ordeal only eight months. 
 
 Vn. Robert, a trader at Calcutta, slain in the Persian 
 Gulf. 
 
 VIH. Elizabeth, married to Roger Talbot, of Wood- 
 end, Yorks, of whom hereafter. 
 
 IX. Frances (or Mary), married to Thomas Worsley, 
 of whom hereafter. 
 
 X. Arabella, died unmarried. 
 
 Sir Thomas Frankland died in 1726, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his eldest son. 
 
 Sir Thomas Frankland, the third Baronet; M.P. for 
 Thirsk in five Parliaments, and a lord of the Admiralty. 
 By his wife Diana, daughter of Francis Topham, of Agel- 
 thorpe, he had {inter alios) a daughter, Diana, who became 
 wife of George Henry Lee, Earl of Lichfield. Sir Thomas 
 married, secondly, Anne, daughter of a Huguenot refugee 
 named Rene Baudouin. After Sir Thomas's early death 
 in 1747, the widow married Adam Cardonnel, at whose 
 death Frederick Meinhardt Frankland, a younger brother 
 of Sir Thomas, became guardian and trustee for her 
 children. He did more than this : he became her third 
 husband. She had thus married two brothers, but Adam 
 Cardonnel coming between, she is always described in 
 the Peerages as Cardonnel's relict, and by this means
 
 Frances, the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 133 
 
 her marriage with Sir Thomas conveniently drops out of 
 sight. At Sir Thomas's death, in 1747, the title passed to 
 his nephew, 
 
 Sir Charles Henry Frankland, the fourth Baronet ; 
 born in Bengal in 1716, at the time of his father's re- 
 sidence there as Governor of the East India Company's 
 factory. Although by that father's death he inherited a 
 considerable fortune, yet the lucrative post of Collector in 
 the port of Boston, in New England, which he obtained 
 through the Duke of Newcastle, had sufficient attractions 
 to induce him to make that colony the place of his 
 residence for the greater part of his after-life. He went 
 over there in 1741, at the age of twenty-five, soon after 
 which, while on a visit of inspection to the neighbouring 
 seaport of Marblehead, where the home Government had 
 resolved to erect a fortification, he met the young woman 
 whose fascinations were destined to give that colouring to 
 his history, of which more than one writer of American 
 romance has availed himself. This young woman was 
 the celebrated Agnes Surriage, then sixteen years of age, 
 of obscure birth, being the daughter of a fisherman, but 
 gifted with the heritage of dazzling beauty. Her mother, 
 it is true, had a nominal claim to one-seventh part of a 
 vast tract of land in Maine, which fell to her on the death 
 of her father, Richard Pierce, of New Harbour, one of the 
 sharers in what was long known and litigated as " the 
 Brown right" (the title to which seventh part Sir C. H. 
 Frankland subsequently purchased of the widow Surriage 
 for ;^5o), and it must have been this circumstance which 
 led Mark Noble and the other genealogists to give the 
 name of Agnes Brown instead of Agnes Surriage as 
 Frankland's wife. But whatever the prospects in Maine 
 might be worth, the daughter had received no education, 
 and she was accordingly placed for the present under the 
 tutelage and protection of Edward Holyoake, the Puritan 
 minister of the place.
 
 134 ^'^^ House of Ci'07)nuelL 
 
 Frankland, whose tastes were those of a general dilettante, 
 but found their best expression in architecture and horti- 
 culture, purchased an estate in the suburban village of 
 Hopkinton, and erected a vast and classic mansion, which 
 for some years became the scene of lawless revelry, 
 greatly to the scandal of the old-fashioned Puritans of 
 Boston. 
 
 Charles Henry Frankland, by the death of his uncle, 
 Sir Thomas, was called home to carry on a suit at law, 
 in which the will of this uncle, bequeathing the entire 
 estate at Thirkleby to his lady, was contested. The 
 Gcntleman^s Magazine thus reports the facts: "June 4, 
 1754. A cause between Sir Henry Frankland, plaintiff, 
 and the lady of the late Sir Thomas, defendant, was 
 tried in the Court of King's Bench by a special jury. 
 The subject of litigation was a will of Sir Thomas, sus- 
 pected to be made when he was not of sound mind ; and 
 it appeared that he had made three — one in 1741, another 
 in 1744, and a third in 1746. In the first only a slender 
 provision was made for his lady, by the second the family 
 estate in Yorkshire, of ^2,000 per annum, was given her 
 for her life, and by the third the whole estate real and 
 personal was left to be disposed of at her discretion 
 without any provision for the heir at law. The jury, after 
 having withdrawn for about an hour and a half, set aside 
 the last and confirmed the second. In a hearing before 
 the Lord Chancellor some time afterwards in relation to 
 the costs, it was decreed that the lady should pay them 
 all, both at common law and in Chancery." 
 
 On this occasion he was accompanied to England by 
 Agnes Surriage ; and on the conclusion of the law affair, 
 they made the tour of Europe together, and took up a 
 temporary abode in Lisbon, furnishing a house there, and 
 joining in the dissipations of that doomed city. This 
 brings us to what Frankland's biographer justly terms the 
 catastrophe and turning point of his life. Hitherto he had
 
 Frances, the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 135 
 
 led the life of a voluptuary and a sceptic. Henceforward 
 his career was that of one stunned into modesty and 
 repentance. 
 
 The first of November, 1755, will ever be a memorable 
 date in the annals of Europe, and especially of Lisbon. 
 In that city, which then contained nearly a quarter of a 
 million of inhabitants, a brilliant morning sun was shin- 
 ing on the papal festivities of All Saints' Day. At eleven 
 o'clock high mass at thirty churches was quenched in 
 universal collapse. The earthquake was sensibly felt all 
 over western Europe, northern Africa, and even in the 
 West Indies ; but the catastrophe wrought its climax in 
 Lisbon, where the convulsed bed of the Tagus lifted for 
 some minutes all its shipping high and dry, to be over- 
 whelmed immediately after by a refluent rush of waters, 
 which fairly turned the harbour-quay bottom upwards and 
 then swallowed it out of sight. Of the thousands of fugi- 
 tives who had sought safety at that spot not a corpse ever 
 rose to the surface. The loss of human life in the city 
 was estimated at nearly 30,000, and the loss of property 
 at ^Tgs, 000,000. Sir Henry Frankland, attired in Court 
 dress and in company with a lady, was on his way to 
 one of the church spectacles, in a carriage and pair, when 
 his vehicle was crushed by falling ruins and the horses 
 killed. While thus entombed, his companion, in her 
 frantic despair, seized his arm with her teeth and tore 
 away a portion of the flesh. What became of her is not 
 stated. As for Frankland himself, the dark horrors of 
 the hour brought the delinquencies of his past life into 
 startling review, and wrung from him vows of total re- 
 formation of life, and ample retribution to all whom he 
 had ever injured, if deliverance were now vouchsafed to 
 him — vows which there is good reason to believe he never 
 forgot. Meanwhile his devoted Agnes was traversing the 
 ruined streets in search of him ; and recognising at last 
 the plaintive voice which issued from his living tomb, she
 
 136 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 accomplished his dehverance in no long time by lavish 
 rewards distributed to her assistants. His wounds being 
 dressed, he was conveyed to Belem, a suburb of Lisbon, 
 where his first action on recovery was to formalize his 
 marriage with his deliverer, by the hands of a Romish 
 priest. As his own house in Lisbon was wrecked, it was 
 resolved at once to embark for England ; and on board 
 ship the union was again ratified by the services of an 
 Anglican clergyman. On landing, the now sobered and 
 chastened couple proceeded to the family seat, where 
 Agnes was affectionatel}^ welcomed by her mother-in- 
 law. 
 
 Although Sir Henry two years later was formally ap- 
 pointed to the office of Consul-General at Lisbon, the 
 attractions of Hopkinton again and again induced him 
 and his lady to be backwards and forwards across the 
 Atlantic, till his health breaking down prematurely com- 
 pelled him to retire to Bath, where he died in 1768, aged 
 fifty-one years. He was buried in the church of the 
 neighbouring village of Weston, where the following 
 epitaph may be seen against the wall of the nave. 
 
 "To the memory of Sir Charles-Henry Frankland of 
 Thirkleby, Co. York, bart., Consul-General for many years 
 at Lisbon, from whence he came in hopes of recovery from 
 a bad state of health to Bath, where after a tedious and 
 painful illness, sustained with the patience and resignation 
 becoming a Christian, he died January 11, 1768, in the 
 fifty-second year of his life, without issue ; and at his 
 own desire he lies buried in this church. This monu- 
 ment is erected by his affectionate widow, Agnes Lad}' 
 Frankland." 
 
 On the death of her husband. Lady Frankland, in 
 company with Henry Cromwell, returned to the Hopkin- 
 ton estate, and there she cherished her relatives and 
 maintained a magnificent style of housekeeping till the 
 breaking out of the war of Independence in 1775. As
 
 Frances, the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 137 
 
 the rich widow of a prominent officer of the Crown, her 
 soHtary position was felt to be no longer tenable, and 
 accordingly she and Henry took refuge in Boston, then 
 occupied by British troops. From the windows of her 
 house in Garden Court Street she witnessed, with many 
 others, the storming of Bunker's Hill, and afterwards 
 busied herself in succouring the wounded men as they 
 were brought in from the bloody field. The last of her 
 many voyages was then carried into effect, the succeeding 
 seven years of her life being spent in old England among 
 the members of the Frankland family, till her removal to 
 Chichester on becoming the wife of John Drew, a banker 
 of that city, the same place where Henry Cromwell also 
 appears to have settled. She died in the course of the 
 next year, 1783, at the age of fifty-seven, and was buried 
 at Chichester. 
 
 Captain Henry Cromwell, an illegitimate son of Sir 
 C. H. Frankland, whose name has occasionally cropped 
 up in the above narrative, was born in 1741, the first year 
 of his father's residence in New England. At the age of 
 fifteen he commenced his naval career by joining his 
 Majesty's ship Success, Captain Rouse, then lying in Casco 
 Bay, yet found or made frequent occasions for visiting and 
 travelling about with his father ; Lady Frankland on her 
 part ever cherishing a fond regard for him, though she 
 was not his mother. He was also held in high esteem in 
 the Navy, where, holding the rank of Captain, he was 
 present with Admiral Kempenfeldt in the gallant action off 
 the French coast, November 14, 1781. In the promotion 
 list for 1801 Henry Cromwell, Esq., becomes Rear Admiral 
 of the Blue, and in 1805 he is Rear Admiral of the Red. 
 A monument to his memory, and to one of his daughters, 
 may be seen in Chichester Cathedral. 
 
 Sir Thomas Frankland, who on the death, in 1768, of 
 his brother. Sir Charles Henry Frankland, succeeded as 
 fifth baronet, was already known as a naval officer of
 
 138 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 distinction. He was now holding the rank of Admiral of 
 the Red, and he eventually attained to the White. He 
 was only twenty-two when he obtained the command of 
 the Rose frigate, appointed to carry out to the Bahamas 
 Mr. Tinker, the new Governor of those islands. Remain- 
 ing on that station as a check to the Spanish marauders 
 termed " guarda-costas," he had the good fortune to fall 
 in with one of them soon after it had made three prizes 
 — this was in June, 1742. The guarda-costa, supported 
 by two of her prizes, fought the English frigate for nearly 
 three hours, till, the prizes thinking it more prudent to 
 stand off, the two principal combatants had a running 
 fight all to themselves. In the course of another hour the 
 Spanish colours were hauled down, in opposition to their 
 captain's orders ; and Frankland, having shifted his 
 prisoners with all possible speed, went in pursuit of the 
 three flying prizes. In the end, they were all gathered 
 and carried to Carolina, when it became apparent why 
 the Spanish captain had maintained so obstinate a fight. 
 He turned out to be the notorious Fandino, who some 
 years previously had cut off the ear of Captain Jenkins. 
 Frankland, sharing in the general indignation which that 
 action had aroused throughout England, and regarding his 
 prisoner as one who merited nothing short of a pirate's 
 doom, refused to release him on parole or to exchange 
 him, and accordingly shipped him off to be judged in 
 England. 
 
 He continued some years longer on the same station, 
 guarding the newly-formed settlements of Georgia and 
 Carolina ; and in 1743 he married Sarah Rhett, daughter 
 of the Chief Justice and Governor of South Carolina, by 
 whom he had five sons and eight daughters. Miss Rhett 
 was a highly gifted woman, and it was the opinion of the 
 late Sir Thomas Frankland Lewis that from her were 
 derived those powers of understanding which distinguished 
 the next generation of Franklands. Immediately after his
 
 Frances, the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 139 
 
 marriage, Captain Frankland sailed into Boston harbour 
 to pay a visit to his brother, Sir Charles Henry Frank- 
 land. 
 
 In the following year, while cruising off the north side 
 of Cuba, Captain Frankland found himself one dark 
 December morning under the shadow of a large Spanish 
 ship — the Conception — crowded with soldiers for Havana. 
 He kept to windward till daybreak, and at seven began an 
 engagement which lasted five hours, with a fresh gale and 
 a heavy sea. Three or four times did he put himself 
 alongside the enemy before she would strike, and when 
 the combat ceased at half-past twelve, it was found that 
 she had nearly a hundred men killed outright. The Rose, 
 on the other hand, which went into action with only 
 177 men and boys, had five killed besides the wounded. 
 The prize was carried to South Carolina, and found to 
 contain 310,000 pieces of eight and 5,000 oz. of gold in 
 passengers' money. 
 
 On the termination of the war in 1748, our sea-rover 
 came home and took his place in Parliament for the 
 family borough of Thirsk, and died at Bath in 1784, in his 
 sixty-seventh year. 
 
 x\dmiral Frankland always nursed with pardonable 
 pride the fact of his descent from the Protector Oliver ; 
 and he seems to have entertained the further belief that he 
 resembled him in person. The Admiral's surviving 
 children were as follows : 
 
 I. Thomas, the sixth baronet, of whom presently. 
 
 n. William, who died, unmarried, in 1816. He was a 
 barrister at law, attending the northern circuit, became 
 Attorney-General of the Isle of Man, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 of the North York Militia, M.P. for Thirsk, and a lord of 
 the Admiralty under Lord Grenville's administration in 
 1806. He is often named in the memoirs of Romilly and 
 Macintosh ; and it was thought by the late Sir Thomas 
 Frankland Lewis that of all Oliver's descendants with
 
 140 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 whom he had come in contact, WiUiam Frankland was 
 the ablest and best informed, always excepting the late 
 Earl of Clarendon. But for some original traits of fancy, 
 which certain of his friends deemed eccentric, it was 
 generally felt that he might have been one of the leading 
 thinkers of his day. During the short peace he accom- 
 panied his friend, Sir James Macintosh, to Paris, when an 
 introduction to the First Consul was arranged, Bonaparte 
 being desirous of offering his personal compliments to Sir 
 James as the author of the " Vindicise Gallicae." But 
 some mistake in names occurring, Bonaparte advanced 
 towards the wrong man, and began pouring into Mr. 
 Frankland's ear those praises for philanthropy and 
 philosophical acumen which were intended for his friend. 
 What completed Mr. Frankland's embarrassment was that 
 his defective French rendered him unable to correct the 
 error. When it came to Macintosh's turn to hold colloquy 
 with the great man, the conversation dropped down to the 
 conventional topics current at courts, unless we except 
 the question, which Napoleon is said to have asked 
 Macintosh and Erskine, whether either of them had ever 
 been Lord Mayor of London. 
 
 in. Roger, Canon-residentiary of Wells, Rector of 
 Yarlington, and Vicar of Dulvington, both in Somerset ; 
 died in 1826. Like his brother William, he was a man of 
 considerable ability. By his wife Katharine, daughter of 
 John, seventh Lord Colville of Culross, and sister to Vice- 
 Admiral Lord Colville, he had twelve children. 
 
 1. Frederick William, the eighth baronet, of whom 
 hereafter. 
 
 2. Rear-Admiral Edward Augustus, born 1794 ; 
 entered the sea service as midshipman on board 
 the Repulse. For some time he was secretary to 
 his cousin. Commander Bowles, on the South 
 American station. Died unmarried at Florence, in 
 1862.
 
 Frances, the Protectors Fozirth Daughter. 141 
 
 3. Emma, married W. Chaplin, Esq., of the 
 Madras civil service ; died at Ramsgate, 1825. 
 
 4. Admiral Charles Colville, began as midshipman 
 in the Aquilon, commanded by his cousin, Captain 
 William Bowles, who made him lieutenant into the 
 A ndromache. After attaining the rank of Commander, 
 he became an extensive traveller in Europe and 
 Asia Minor, the narratives of which, illustrated by 
 sketches, were published in 1827 and 1832. He died, 
 unmarried, at Bath, in 1876, aged seventy-nine. 
 
 5. Matilda, died at Bath in 1819, having in the 
 previous year married Lieutenant-Colonel W. Robison, 
 24th Foot. 
 
 6. George, Lieutenant 65th Foot ; died in Van 
 Dieman's Land, 1838. In 1822 he had married Anne, 
 daughter of Thomas Mason, Esq., and had issue : 
 (i) Sophia Katharine, twice married ; (2) Georgina 
 Ann, married J. T. Francis, Esq. ; (3) Augustus 
 Charles, killed in 1857 at the battle of Kooshab. 
 His wife was Clara, daughter of H. Williams, Esq. 
 
 7. Katharine Henrietta, married to Mr. Carey, still 
 living in 1878. 
 
 8. Octavia, married to Mr. Montgomery ; died 
 1868, aged sixty-two. 
 
 g. Louisa, died in childhood, 1814. 
 
 10. Arthur, bore the title of Colonial Aide-de-camp 
 at the Mauritius. He was a Captain in the army, and 
 died unmarried, 1843. 
 
 11. Sophia, died unmarried at Nice in 1837. 
 
 12. Albert Henry, died in infancy. 
 
 IV. Mary, eldest daughter of Admiral Sir Thomas 
 Frankland ; married, in 1778, Sir Boyle Roche, Bart., of 
 Fermoy, in Ireland, grandson of Dominick Roche, a 
 partizan of James II. 
 
 V. Sarah, second daughter of Admiral Frankland ; 
 died young.
 
 142 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 VI. Harriet, third daughter ; died unmarried. 
 
 VII. Anne, fourth daughter; became, in 1778, second 
 wife to John Lewis, of Harpton Court, Radnor ; and, 
 surviving him, married secondly, 1811, Rev. Robert Hare, 
 of Hurstmonceaux, in Sussex, and died 1842. 
 
 Family of Lewis. 
 
 By her first marriage, the children of Anne Frankland 
 were one son — Thomas Frankland — and two daughters — 
 Anne and Louisa, who both died unmarried. Mr. Lewis 
 died in 1797, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 The Right Hon. Sir Thomas Frankland Lewis ; 
 born 1780, educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxon. ; 
 Privy Councillor and M.P. He had filled a variety of 
 offices before he consented, under Lord Grey's administra- 
 tion, to be placed on the Poor Law Commission, the 
 chairmanship of which he fulfilled with great efficiency 
 from 1834 to 1839. The Rev. Sidney Smith, writing to 
 Sir William Horton in 1835, says : " Frankland Lewis is 
 filling his station of King of the Paupers extremely well. 
 They have already worked wonders ; but of all occupations 
 it must be the most disagreeable." And again to the 
 same person : " Our friend Frankland Lewis is gaining 
 great and deserved reputation by his administration of the 
 Poor Laws, one of the best and boldest measures which 
 ever emanated from any Government." Sir Thomas died 
 in January, 1855, after only two days' illness, having taken 
 a chill whilst shooting in very severe weather. The 
 patent of his baronetcy is dated June 27, 1846. • He 
 married first, in 1805, Harriet, fourth daughter of Sir 
 George Cornewall, of Moccas Court, Hereford, by whom 
 he had two sons — George Cornewall and Gilbert Frank- 
 land ; he married secondly, in 1839, the daughter of the late 
 John Ashton, Esq., a captain in the Horse Guards Blue. 
 
 Sir George Cornewall Lewis, second baronet ; born 
 1806; educated at Eton and at Christchurch, Oxon.,
 
 Frances, the Protector'' s Fourth Daughter. 143 
 
 where he gained a first-class in classics and a second in 
 mathematics. From the obscuritj^ of his Middle Temple 
 chambers he emerged in 1835 into the professional distinc- 
 tion of a Government Commissioner, though he did not 
 enter Parliament till the General Election of 1847, and 
 Lord John Russell being then in power, Mr. Cornewall 
 Lewis found himself forthwith installed in the office of 
 Secretary to the Board of Control. That Whig Govern- 
 ment fell in 1851, and Mr. Lewis lost his seat, till the 
 death of his father gave him the family honour of repre- 
 senting the Radnor boroughs. His return to Parliament 
 was signalized by his appointment to the Chancellorship 
 of the Exchequer, and that, too, at a very critical period 
 (during the Crimean war with Russia), when Mr. Glad- 
 stone's retirement from the Palmerston Ministry created 
 a void which no one seemed capable of filling. 
 
 His death took place in 1863 at his country-seat of 
 Harpton Court, whither he had retired during the 
 Parliamentary vacation to obtain a brief rest from official 
 duties. 
 
 Sir George was succeeded by his only brother, 
 
 Sir Gilbert Frankland Lewis, the third baronet^ 
 M.A., prebendary of Worcester, rural dean, rector of 
 Mornington on the Wye, Hereford ; born 1808 ; married 
 1843, Jane, eldest daughter of Sir Edmund Antrobus, 
 bart., and had issue : (i) Edward Frankland, died 1848 ; 
 (2) Herbert Edmund Frankland, born 1846 ; (3) Lindsay 
 Frankland, died young ; (4) Mary Anna ; (5) Eleanor. 
 
 VHL Dinah, fifth daughter of Admiral Frankland ; 
 born 1757 ; became in 1779 the wife of William Bowles, 
 of Heale House, near Stonehenge, in Wiltshire, by whom 
 she had ten children. 
 
 Family of Bowles. 
 Mr. Bowles being a member of Earl Shelburne's Wilts 
 Reform Association, his name is constantly found in con-
 
 144 ^^^ House of Cromwell. 
 
 junction with those of Lord Radnor, Lord Abingdon, 
 Charles James Fox, Awdry Wyndham, and others of 
 that countr}^ party who, in the county meetings held in 
 Devizes from time to time, denounced the extravagance 
 of the pubhc expenditure, the American war, and the 
 ever - augmenting pension - hst. Yet, in spite of his 
 Whiggism, Mr. Bowles included Dr. Samuel Johnson 
 among his personal friends, and a visit which was paid to 
 Heale House by the Doctor in 1783 constitutes an episode 
 in his family history, linking it with still older historical 
 associations. 
 
 Mr. Bowles died in 1839. His children were : 
 I. Sir William Bowles, K.C.B., and admiral of the 
 fleet ; was born at Heale House in 1780. He entered the 
 navy at the age of sixteen, and was present in the expedi- 
 tion to Copenhagen, and afterwards in that against the 
 Spanish ports. In 1812, while commanding the Aquilon, 
 Captain Bowles, assisted by Captain David Latimer St. 
 Clair, of the Sheldrake, had to execute the disastrous office 
 of destroying seven large English merchant-ships, laden 
 with hemp, which had run ashore in a fog near Stralsund. 
 As 1,500 French soldiers were posted on a neighbouring cliff, 
 from which they could sweep the decks of the merchant- 
 men, it was manifestly impracticable to bring them off. 
 Their destruction therefore was accomplished by approach- 
 ing each ship in succession on the offside, scuttling her on 
 that side, and then setting her on fire. In 1820 Captain 
 Bowles controlled the South American station, and twice 
 received complimentary addresses from the British mer- 
 chants of Buenos Ayres, the latter memorial being accom- 
 panied with a present of plate. In 1822 he was appointed 
 Controller -General of the coastguard of England and 
 Ireland, which office he held till advanced to the rank of 
 Rear Admiral in 1841. He became Admiral of the Fleet 
 in 1869. In 1820 he had married the Hon. Frances 
 Temple, sister of the late Lord Palmerston. His death
 
 Descendants of the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 145 
 
 occurred on July 2, i86g, at his residence, 21, Hill Street, 
 Berkeley Square, in the ninetieth year of his age, just 
 when he had reached his highest grade. 
 
 II. Sir George ; born 1787 ; a General in the army, 
 and G.C.B. ; served in Germany, the Peninsula, Flanders, 
 and France ; Military Secretary to the Duke of Richmond 
 in Canada and Jamaica ; Commander of Lower Canada 
 during the rebellion of 1838 ; Master of the Queen's house- 
 hold in 1845 ; M.P. for Launceston, 1844 ; Lieutenant of 
 the Tower of London, 1851 ; Colonel of the First West 
 India Regiment, 1855 ; died unmarried, 1876. 
 
 III. Thomas Henry, barrister-at-law ; died unmarried 
 at the Cape of Good Hope in 1868. 
 
 IV. Anne ; married in 1805 to Dr. Fowler, of Salisbury, 
 and died 1878, aged ninety-six, when this branch of the 
 Bowles family became extinct, and the great wealth that 
 she inherited from her brothers went to the Sahsbury 
 Infirmary. 
 
 v., VI., VII., VIII., IX., X. Lucy, Charlotte, Harriet, 
 Katharine, Amelia, and Augusta, died young or un- 
 married. 
 
 Family of Whinyates. 
 
 Katharine, sixth daughter of Admiral Sir Thomas 
 Frankland ; married in 1777 Major Thomas Whinyates, 
 of Abbotsleigh, Devon, of the second Dragoon Guards, 
 and afterwards of the East India service, and had six sons 
 and nine daughters. 
 
 I. Thomas, a most intrepid sea-captain ; born in 1778 ; 
 entered the navy at the age of fifteen ; was present at the 
 storming of Fort Royal, Martinique, March, 1794 ; in 
 Bridport's action off Port L'Orient with the Brest fleet, 
 June 23, 1795 ; in Warren's action in Donegal Bay, 
 October 12, 1798, with the French squadron for the 
 invasion of Ireland, on which occasion he fought in the 
 Robust, 74, which captured the La Heche, of 80 guns. 
 
 10
 
 146 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 He commanded the Frolic at the capture of Guadaloupe, 
 Martinique, and St. Martin's, 1809-1810. He became 
 Rear Admiral in 1846. The five clasps of Admiral 
 Whinyate's war-medal record his valour at (i) Guada- 
 loupe ; (2) Martinique ; (3) in Warren's action ; (4) in 
 Bridport's ; (5) for boat service at the storming of Fort 
 Royal, Martinique. He died unmarried in 1857, aged 
 seventy-nine. 
 
 n. Russell Manners Mektolu, so named in memory 
 of his birth, in 1780, at Mertolu, a Portuguese town in the 
 Alentejo, at a time when his parents were prisoners of 
 war. He died at Brighton in 1788. 
 
 HI. Sir Edward Charles Whinyates, K.C.B. and 
 K.H. This distinguished soldier, born in 1782, was 
 educated at Dr. Newcome's school. Hackney, and at the 
 Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He entered the 
 army in 1798 as Second Lieutenant in the Artillery, and 
 was with Sir Ralph Abercrombie at the landing of the 
 Helder, and under the Duke of York in the campaign of 
 North Holland. In 1807 he was at the siege and capture 
 of Copenhagen under Lord Cathcart. From 1810 to 1813 
 he fought in the Peninsula, sharing in many an arduous 
 action, and being generally found in the advance or rear 
 guards, for which services he received the Peninsula 
 medal, with two clasps for Busaco and Albuera. At 
 Waterloo, where he was severely wounded in the left arm, 
 he commanded the second Rocket Troop, R.H.A., and 
 during the three following years remained with the 
 army of occupation in France. A brevet majority and 
 a medal were the rewards of his conduct at Waterloo. 
 General Whinyates married in 1827 Elizabeth, only 
 daughter of Samuel Crompton, of Woodend, Yorks, Esq., 
 which lady died in childbirth in the following year. His 
 own decease took place in 1865 at his residence, Dorset 
 Villa, Cheltenham. 
 
 IV. George Burrington Whinyates, Captain in the
 
 Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daiighter. 147 
 
 royal navy; born in 1783, and educated at Dr. Newcome's 
 school ; commenced service at the age of fourteen ; and 
 in 1806 was at the fight of San Domingo, when Admiral 
 Duckworth took or destroyed four sail of the line. In the 
 Hon. Robert Stopford's ship, the Spencer, 74, Mr. Whin- 
 yates was serving as Lieutenant, ignorant of the fact that 
 he had already been promoted to a Captaincy. The 
 Spencer captured the Alexandre, 80. The last ship he 
 commanded was the Bergere sloop of war of 18 guns. 
 He died of consumption, unmarried, at the age of twenty- 
 five. 
 
 V. Major-General Frederick William Whinyates 
 of the Royal Engineers ; married at Harpton Court in 
 1830 Sarah Marianne Whalley, and had eight children. 
 
 1. Harriet, died in infancy, 1830. 
 
 2. Emily Marianne, died at the age of four. 
 
 3. Frederick Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel Royal 
 Horse Artillery ; married, 1872, Constance, fifth 
 daughter of Matthew Bell, of Bourne Park, Canter- 
 bury, Esq. 
 
 4. Edward Henry, of Trinity College, Oxon, curate 
 at East Hampstead, Berks. 
 
 5. Francis Arthur, Major, commanding the C. 
 Battery, A. Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery. 
 
 6. Albert William Orme, Captain Royal Artillery ; 
 married, 1868, Margaret Williams, only daughter of 
 Major-General William Dunn, R.A, ; died 1878, aged 
 thirty-seven. 
 
 7. Amy Octavia. 
 
 8. Charles Elidon, Captain in 52nd Light Infantry. 
 Died at Mentone in 1872, aged twenty-six. 
 
 VI. General Francis Frankland Whinyates, of the 
 Madras Artillery; married, 1826, Elizabeth Campbell, of 
 Ormisdale, co. Argyle. Died at Bath, 1887, aged ninety 
 years.
 
 148 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 VII. Sarah Anne Catherina, died in i860, having 
 married, first, in 1803, Lieutenant James Robertson, of 
 the Bengal Engineers; and secondly, in 1811, Captain 
 Robert Younghusband, of her Majesty's 53rd Regiment. 
 Her children by the first marriage were : James Alexander, 
 who died in 1828 ; and Sarah Mary Emily, married, 1833, 
 to Major Chalmer of the 7th Dragoon Guards, and had 
 nine children. Mrs. Chalmer died in 1850 ; her husband 
 in 1868. The issue was : 
 
 1. Anna. 
 
 2. Emily Eliza ; married, 1870, to Captain P. Cox, 
 and has a son. 
 
 3. Catharine Frances, died i8g6. 
 
 4. Charlotte Amy Rachel ; married, 1875, to Mr. 
 Percy P. Lysaght. 
 
 5. Georgina Isabella, infant. 
 
 6. Gilbert Stirling, Captain in the Blues ; married, 
 1873, to the Hon. Norah Westenra ; has a son, Henry 
 Francis. 
 
 7. Reginald, Captain 6oth Rifles. 
 
 8. George, Captain 92nd Highlanders, 
 g. Francis, Lieutenant R.N., retired. 
 
 VIII. Amy, died unmarried, 1875, aged ninety. 
 
 IX. Rachel, died unmarried, 1858. 
 
 X. Ellen Margaret, died in infancy, 1788. 
 
 XI. Isabella Jane, died unmarried, 1868. 
 
 XII. Mercy, died in infancy in 1790. 
 
 XIII. Caroline Charlotte, died in infancy in 1796. 
 
 XIV. Octavia, married William Christmas, of Whit- 
 field, CO. Waterford, who died 1867. 
 
 XV. Letitia, died unmarried in 1862. 
 
 This brings down to present times the history of the 
 fighting race of the Whinyates, who, since their union with 
 Admiral Frankland's daughter Katharine, have furnished 
 fourteen conspicuous names to the two Services.
 
 Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 1 49 
 
 Family of Nicholas. 
 
 Charlotte, seventh daughter of Admiral Sir Thomas 
 Frankland ; married, in 1778, Robert, elder son of Dr. 
 Edward Richmond Nicholas, of Roundway Park, Devizes, 
 described in an obituary notice in the Salisbury Journal 
 of 1770 as " an eminent physician of Devizes," where 
 the family had long flourished. Nicholas memorials 
 are found in the parishes of St. John and St. Mary, 
 Devizes, Southbroom St. James, Devizes, Bishops 
 Cannings, All Cannings, Winterbourn Earls, and Man- 
 ningford Bruce. His wife Charlotte having died in 1800, 
 he married secondly, in 1805, Anne (died 1873), daughter 
 of John Shepherd Clark, Esq., and by her had, with many 
 other children. Major Griffin Nicholas* of the 62nd, or 
 Wiltshire regiment, the present head of the family and 
 claimant of the barony of De la Roche aforesaid ; born in 
 1813, and now, 1879, resident at Hounslow. He died in 
 1826 at Clifton, whence his body was brought to Ashton- 
 Keynes. The children by his two marriages were eighteen 
 in number, all the sons dying childless ; those descending 
 from Miss Frankland being as follows : 
 
 I. Edward, Charge d'affaires at Hamburgh, latterly 
 Governor of Heligoland, and a Dutch merchant ; born 
 1779 ; died 1828. 
 
 n. Robert, a daring naval officer, who lost his life at 
 sea, August 3, 1810, just as he was made post-captain into 
 the Garland. The catastrophe occurred on board the Lark, 
 which foundered off San Domingo in one of the white 
 squalls peculiar to that station.f 
 
 * Author of " Genealogical Memoranda Relating to the Family of Nicholas." 
 
 t On a silver soup tureen, surmounted by the family crest, an owl with 
 wings extended, on a cap of maintenance, was engraved the following testi- 
 monial : 
 
 "To Captain Robert Nicholas, of H.M.S. Lark, late Lieutenant-Governor 
 of the island of Cura5oa. 
 
 " This piece of plate is presented by the merchants concerned in trade with 
 that island, as a mark of respect to his person, and a token of gratitude for
 
 150 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 III. William, born at Ashton- Keynes in Wiltshire, 
 December 12, 1785, received his grammatical education at 
 Mr. Newcome's school at Hackney, was a Woolwich cadet 
 in 1799, a Lieutenant of Engineers in 1801, and first saw 
 active duty at the defences of the western heights of 
 Dover. In the spring of 1806 he joined the expedition 
 to Sicily, dating from which time till his early death, he 
 took part in eleven engagements, viz., at St. Euphemia, 
 Maida, Rosetta first and second, Bagnora, Alexandria, 
 Scylla first and second, Alcanitz, Barossa, and Badajos. 
 It was at the ill-contrived assault on Rosetta that he had 
 his first experience of the style of warfare practised by 
 the Turk, whose cavalry during the retreat of the English 
 descended on the helplessly wounded, and deliberately cut 
 off their heads. During the street fighting at Rosetta, 
 when General Meade was wounded in the eye. Captains 
 Nicholas and James bore him in their arms out of that 
 scene of carnage, and placed him on the camel which 
 carried him to Alexandria. Though unwounded in fight, 
 Mr. Nicholas about this time sustained great injury from 
 a bathing accident at Alexandria, by plunging into water 
 which was so shallow that his breast struck against a 
 sunken rock. Sir Thomas Graham habitually spoke of 
 his conduct at Barossa as beyond all praise. But let the 
 young soldier here tell his own story, as recorded in his 
 letters home : " It was the most glorious day England 
 ever saw. I wish the eyes of the world had been upon 
 us. I have not had time to indulge in melancholy re- 
 flections since I received your letter ; but as I galloped 
 through the fire, I thought of the pleasure of meeting my 
 mother and brothers, and never saw death with more in- 
 difference. The men fell too fast to be counted. In 
 
 those important benefits which resulted to them from his zeal and activity in 
 the protection of their trade, and the wise policy of those measures to which 
 the beneficial intercourse with the neighbouring Spanish colonies is to be 
 attributed. London, February 14, 1809."
 
 Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 1 5 1 
 
 short, never was there greater slaughter or a more dis- 
 tinguished battle and victory. It exceeds Maida and 
 Alcanitz. I assure you they were nothing in comparison. 
 Captain Birch and myself were publickly thanked on the 
 field of battle for the assistance we rendered General 
 Graham, in these words : ' There are no two officers in 
 the army to whom I am more indebted than to you two ' 
 — stretching out his hands to us — ' you have shewn your- 
 selves as fine fellows in the field as at your redoubts.' I 
 hope he will not forget me in his public letter. In every 
 action I have been in before I have not been perfectly 
 satisfied with myself, always thinking that I might have 
 done more. At Barossa I inwardly feel and am satisfied 
 that I did honour to our name. . . . But alas, as in all 
 our victories, honour will be the only reward that falls to 
 us. We have retired again into La Isla, disgusted with 
 our allies, and have left them to pursue their objects as 
 they can. Our men and the soldiers' wives abuse the 
 Spanish officers and men as they pass them in the streets, 
 so that it is probable some disturbance will happen. The 
 Portuguese infantry, who fought admirably, publicly abuse 
 them in the streets." 
 
 At the siege of Badajos, he volunteered to direct the 
 action of the storming column which ascended the great 
 breach ; and it was in accordance with his habits of 
 thoroughness that in the dead of the night preceding the 
 night of the attack, he determined on making a personal 
 reconnoitre of the position. For this purpose he stripped, 
 and, disregarding the perils of sentinels or of cold water, 
 forded the inundation of the Ravellas in order to deter 
 mine the safest passage across, an action of which due 
 note was taken by Sir Thomas Graham. 
 
 The next night witnessed the assault. After twice 
 assaying to reach the summit of the breach, Nicholas fell, 
 wounded by a musket-ball grazing his knee, a bayonet- 
 thrust in the right leg, his left arm broken, and his wrist
 
 152 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 bleeding from a third shot. Thus shattered, he rolled 
 among the debris ; but on hearing the soldiers demand 
 who should lead them on to the third attack, he rallied his 
 energies sufficiently to order two of his men to hold him 
 up in their arms, and carry his wounded body to the front. 
 Again were they at the top of the breach, when one of his 
 bearers fell dead, and himself received a fourth shot, which 
 broke two ribs and passed out near the spine. This shock 
 precipitated him the whole length of the slope down to the 
 bottom of the breach. By his side were falling his friends, 
 Colonel McLeod, Captain James, and Major-General 
 Colville. The last-mentioned officer swooned from the 
 agony of a wound in the thigh, but he afterwards re- 
 covered ; and when writing home to his brother-in-law, 
 Canon Frankland (an uncle to William Nicholas), he says : 
 " The last sound which I heard was the voice of that 
 valuable young man and excellent officer, Captain 
 Nicholas, emphatically exhorting his men in the ditch." 
 
 After his wounds had been dressed, he wrote home in 
 the following terms : 
 
 " My dear Father, 
 
 " The breaches were stormed last night, and 
 Badajos taken. I had the honour of showing and leading 
 the troops of the advance to the great breach. I am 
 wounded in the following manner : — one m.usket ball 
 through the left arm, breaking it about the middle below 
 the elbow, — another through my left side, breaking I 
 believe one or two ribs, — two very slight wounds, one on 
 the knee-pan, and one in the calf of my left leg, — ditto, 
 wrist of the left arm. Adieu, my dear father, 
 
 " Your most affectionate son, 
 
 "William Nicholas." 
 
 " Camp before Badajoz, 
 "April 7, 1812." 
 
 He calmly expired in the afternoon of April 14, 1812, 
 being the eighth day after his wounds.
 
 Descendants of the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 1 53 
 
 Sir Richard Fletcher, the commanding engineer, erected, 
 before quitting the captured city, an altar-tomb over the 
 grave of his comrade, and announced the fact to the elder 
 Mr. Nicholas, who had now, in the brief space of two 
 years, lost three sons in the service. 
 
 IV. Thomas, born 1790, a naval Lieutenant of H.M.S. 
 Satellite. He was supposed to have been blown up with 
 his boat's crew, while setting fire to the French frigate 
 Elise off Tatatho, on the coast of France, December ig, 
 1810. At any rate, neither the boat nor her freight were 
 ever again seen. 
 
 V. Charles, born 1794 ; died 1822. At first a Wool- 
 wich cadet ; but on the death of his brother William 
 it was decided to send him to Oxford. He eventually 
 became a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, but shortly after died 
 of consumption at Madeira, his remains being brought to 
 England for interment in the family vault at Ashton- 
 Keynes. 
 
 VI. Charlotte, born 1784 ; died unmarried. 
 
 VII. Sophia, born 1787 ; died unmarried in 1866. 
 
 VIII. Frances; died unmarried in i860, aged seventy- 
 two, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. 
 
 IX. Harriet ; married, in 1816, Captain (afterwards 
 Admiral) Henry Theodosius Browne Collier, brother to 
 Admiral Sir Francis Collier; and died in 1850, the mother 
 of seven children. 
 
 1. George Baring Browne, Captain R.N. ; married 
 Justina Maria Stepney, youngest daughter of Joseph 
 Gulston, of Derwydd, Carmarthen. 
 
 2. Clarence Augustus, Lieutenant-Colonel Bombay 
 Staff Corps ; retired on full pay with rank of Colonel. 
 He married Anne, daughter of Peter Rolt, Esq., 
 M.P. 
 
 3. Herbert Cromwell, Captain 21st Hussars ; 
 married Blanche Frances, only child of Major-General 
 Bonner.
 
 154 T"^^ House of Cromwell. 
 
 4. Gertrude Barbara Rich ; married Charles Ten- 
 nant, of Cadoxton Lodge, Glamorgan, Esq. 
 
 5. Harriette Augusta Royer ; married Sir Alexan- 
 der Campbell, Bart., of Barcaldine. 
 
 6. Adeline Letitia ; married Robert Gordon, 
 Adjutant-General of the Madras Army. 
 
 7. Clementina Frances ; married Frederick Erskine 
 Johnston, Captain R.N., son of the late Right Hon. 
 Sir Alexander Johnston, of Carnsalloch, co. Dumfries. 
 
 X. Ellenor, born 1796 ; married Mr. Sutton, and died, 
 s,p., in 1862. 
 
 XI. Maria, died unmarried in 1821. 
 
 Family of Gossct. 
 
 Grace, eighth daughter of Admiral Sir Thomas 
 Frankland, fifth Baronet ; married, in 1793, Matthew 
 Gosset, Esq., Vicomte of Jersey, and died in 1801. The 
 Gosset family, of noble Norman descent, adopted the 
 .Protestant faith, and in consequence forfeited rank, it is 
 thought, about 1555 ; and later on the estates near St. Lo 
 and St. Sauveur, fleeing to Jersey at the Revocation of the 
 Edict of Nantes. Matthew Gosset's children by Grace 
 Frankland were as follows : 
 
 I. William Matthew, Lieutenant-Colonel Royal En- 
 gineers ; served during the last war with America (1812- 
 1814), and was engaged in the capture of Oswego ; married 
 Louisa Walter, in 1830, and died in 1856. No children. 
 
 IL Admiral Henry Gosset, served, like his brother, 
 in the last war with the States, and assisted at the capture 
 of Genoa ; escorted Napoleon L to St. Helena. Born in 
 1798 ; died unmarried 1877. 
 
 HL Captain Charles Gosset, R.N. ; served in the 
 Mediterranean and Adriatic during the war with France ; 
 died unmarried, 1868. 
 
 IV. Grace Elizabeth ; married in 1819 to John Cal- 
 laghan, of Cork, Esq., and had three children — two sons,
 
 Descendants of the Pi'otectors Fou7'th Daughter. 155 
 
 who died, and a daughter, who married, in 1876, C. R. 
 Palmer, of Carrig, Queen's Co., Esq. 
 
 V. Arthur, of Eltham House, Kent, and some time of 
 West Park, Mortlake ; Major (retired) Royal Horse 
 Artillery ; a Magistrate and Deputy-Lieutenant for Kent. 
 In 1834 he married Augusta, daughter of Thomas Morgan, 
 Esq., had twelve children, and died 1886. 
 
 1. Augusta Louisa. 
 
 2. Emma. 
 
 3. Arthur Wellesley, late Captain 2nd Queen's 
 Royals ; served throughout the China War of i860, 
 and in the advance on Pekin ; medal and two clasps ; 
 married, 1881, Harriet Lavinia, daughter of Rev. R. 
 Holden Webb, and has one daughter. 
 
 4. Matthew William Edward, C.B., Brigadier- 
 General, Madras ; served with 54th Regiment during 
 the Indian Mutiny, against the Chittagong mutineers 
 in 1857, and in Lord Clyde's campaign, in Oude, 
 1858-1869. Medal. Adjutant 54th Regiment, 1863- 
 1867 ; Instructor Royal Military College, 1873-1877 ; 
 Brigade- Major, Aldershot, 1877-1878 ; Aide-de-camp 
 to General Officer Commanding the Forces, Cape of 
 Good Hope ; and Assistant-Quartermaster-General, 
 2nd Division, during operations against the Gaikas in 
 the Buffalo Mountains, and the Perie and In'taba 
 Ka'ndoda Bush, 1878-1879. Employed in Quarter- 
 master-General's Department, and as Commandant at 
 Durban, in iirst and second advance into Zululand. 
 Battle of Ulundi ; mentioned in despatches. Medal with 
 clasp. Brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel, 1879 '■> ^"^ Trans- 
 vaal Campaign, 1880-1881 ; Lieutenant-Colonel of the 
 Dorset Regiment, 1884- 1890 ; in operations of the 
 Irrawaddy column in Burmah, 1891-1892. Medal with 
 clasp; Assistant - Adjutant - General, Egypt, 1891 ; 
 Brigadier-General, Madras, 1891-1896. 
 
 5. Mary Harriet.
 
 156 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 6. Philip Henry ; died 1893 ; unmarried. 
 
 7. Laura Henrietta. 
 
 8. Octavia Georgina Emily. 
 
 9. Gertrude Maria ; married, 1873, F. B. Shad- 
 well, Esq., and has two sons. 
 
 10. Grace Amelia. 
 
 11. Adelaide Louisa Julia. 
 
 12. Edward Frankland, Major East Yorkshire 
 Regiment, ; married, 1893, Mary Mabel Vidal, and 
 has one son. 
 
 This completes the genealogies of the younger children 
 of Admiral Frankland. The baronetcy has now to be 
 carried on in the person of his eldest son and heir, 
 
 Sir Thomas Frankland, sixth Baronet ; born 1750 ; 
 died 1831, having, in 1775, married his cousin, Dorothy, 
 daughter of William Smelt, and niece of Leo Smelt, Esq., 
 sub-Governor to the Prince of Wales [George IV.], and 
 by her, who died 1820, had six children, the youngest of 
 whom was his successor. 
 
 Sir Robert Frankland, the seventh Baronet, who, 
 having inherited the Chequers estate by the will of Sir 
 Robert Greenhill Russell in 1836 assumed by sign manual 
 the surname of Russell in addition to and after that of 
 Frankland. He was born 1784, and in 1815 married the 
 Hon. Louisa Anne, third daughter of Lord George Murray, 
 Bishop of St. David's. He sat in several Parliaments, but 
 took no prominent part, nor held office. His five daughters 
 were : 
 
 L Augusta Louisa; married, 1842, to Thomas De 
 Grey, fifth Baron Walsingham, and died 1844, leaving 
 a son, Thomas, who in 1870 succeeded his father as 
 sixth Baron, and married, 1877, Augusta Selina Eliza- 
 beth, widow of Ernest Fitzroy Neville, Lord Burg- 
 hersh. 
 
 n. Caroline Agnes; died, unmarried, 1846. 
 
 HL Emily Anne; married Sir William Payne
 
 Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 157 
 
 Gallwey, of Thirkleby Park, Bart., M.P. for Thirsk ; 
 and was the mother of: (i) Ralph William, in the 
 army, who married Edith Alice, daughter of Thomas 
 M. Usborne, of Blackrock, co. Cork ; (2) Edwin ; 
 
 (3) Lionel ; (4) Wyndham Harry ; (5) Leonora Anne ; 
 (6) Bertha Louisa ; (7) Isabel Julia, died 1873. 
 
 IV. Julia Roberta ; married, 1845, Ralph Neville 
 Grenville, eldest son of George Neville, and grandson 
 of the second Baron Braybrooke, and had issue 
 (i) Robert, 1846; (2) George, 1850; (3) Hugh, 1851 ; 
 
 (4) Louisa ; (5) Agnes Magdalen ; (6) Beatrice ; (7) 
 Etheldreda. 
 
 V. Rosalind Alicia ; became, in 1854, the second 
 wife of Lieutenant-Colonel Francis L' Estrange Astley, 
 third son of Sir Jacob Henry Astley, and is now 
 (1896) Mrs. Frankland Russell Astley, of Chequers 
 Court, Bucks. Their issue was : Bertram Frank- 
 land, 1857 ; Hubert Delaval, i860 ; and Reginald 
 Basil, 1862. 
 
 Sir Robert died in 1849, and was succeeded by his 
 cousin, 
 
 Sir Frederick William Frankland Russell, the 
 eighth Baronet, lately residing at Cheltenham. He 
 was the eldest son of Roger Frankland, the Canon of 
 Wells. Born in 1793, he received his military education 
 at Marlow and Woolwich, joined the Duke of Welling- 
 ton in Portugal in 1812, was present at Pampeluna, 
 Pyrenees, Nivelle, Nive, Bidassoa, Bayonne, Toulouse, 
 and Waterloo, also at the storming of Cambray, held 
 office in the Ordnance Department at Gibraltar, served 
 in the East and West Indies, and sold out in 1825. For 
 fifteen years he was a magistrate and Deputy- Lieutenant 
 of Sussex, in which county his estate of Montham lay. 
 In the evening of his days he drew up, at the request of 
 his children, a relation of his military life, more particu- 
 larly of the part which he had borne in the Peninsular
 
 158 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 War, and, under the title of " Reminiscences of a 
 Veteran," it was printed for private circulation in 1872, 
 adorned with a portrait of the old soldier. It makes no 
 pretensions to systematic history, but abounds with per- 
 sonal incidents. His health, it appears, was far from 
 good when he left England as a youth, yet he had no dis- 
 position to retreat before that or any other obstacle. It 
 was therefore rather humbling to his pride when one day, 
 while the army was ploughing its way by the torrent of 
 Bidassoa, driving the French before them, a message came 
 from the Adjutant directing the young officer to go to the 
 rear, and, taking command of the sick men there gathered, 
 to march them to the nearest hospital station. The order 
 was peremptory, and had to be put in immediate execu- 
 tion ; so the march began ; but after the first quarter of a 
 mile its ignominy could be endured no longer, and the 
 word was given to "Halt." "Well, my lads," he went 
 on, " I never expected to have such a duty as this to per- 
 form. I ought at this moment to be leading the Grenadiers 
 into action, instead of which I am sent to the rear with a 
 pack of skulking fellows, who are shamming sickness 
 because they are tired of fighting. You may hear the 
 guns firing now, and the French are in full retreat. Come 
 now, just change your minds. You may be unwell, but 
 there is not one of you so ill as myself. I declare it drives 
 me mad to think of it." After a short pause, one of their 
 number stepped forward : " Mr. Frankland, we are all 
 knocked up, but we have nevertheless determined to go 
 back with you." So the word was given " Right about 
 face," the fighting battalion was soon overtaken, and 
 every invalid rejoined his company. 
 
 Sir Frederick married, in 1821, Katharine Margaret, 
 only daughter of Isaac Scarth, of Stakesby, Yorks, Esq., 
 by whom, who died 1871, he had : 
 
 I. Frederick Roger, Midshipman in the Winchester ; 
 died at Sierra Leone, 1845.
 
 Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 159 
 
 II. Thomas, of the 48th Madras Native Infantry; 
 killed in 1857 ^-t the storming of a tower in the 
 Secunder Bagh, at Lucknow. 
 
 III. Harry Albert, Midshipman in the Alarm; 
 died of fever at Vera Cru2, 1847. 
 
 IV. William Adolphus, Lieutenant -Colonel, and 
 late of the Royal Engineers, of whom presently. 
 
 V. Colville, Captain 103rd Fusiliers ; married, in 
 1870, Mary Jay, daughter of W^illiam Dawson, of 
 New York, and has two sons and three daughters. 
 
 VI. Frederica,died in infancy at Poonah, East India. 
 
 VII. Eliza Henrietta Augusta ; married at Frank- 
 fort-on-the-Maine, 1861, to Major F. S. Vacher, of 
 the 22n,d Regiment. 
 
 VIII. Maria Margaret Isabella, died i860. 
 
 Sir Frederick William Frankland died 1878, aged 
 eighty-five, and was succeeded by his eldest surviving 
 son. Sir William Adolphus Frankland, the ninth 
 Baronet, who was born in 1837, and passed first out of 
 the Royal Military Academy into the Royal Engineers 
 in 1855. He succeeded his father, the old Peninsula and 
 Waterloo officer, in 1878. He married Lucy Ducarel, 
 daughter of Francis Adams, Esq., of Clifton and Cots- 
 wold Grange, Gloucester. The baronetcy was created 
 by Charles II. at the Restoration. The second Baronet 
 married Frances Russell, grand-daughter of Oliver Crom- 
 well, and the Franklands, being descendants of the 
 Protector, a large number of pictures and relics of the 
 Cromwell family descended with the baronetcy. Sir 
 William Frankland was thus the possessor of the well- 
 known portraits* of Cromwell by Sir Peter Lely, Walker, 
 and Cooper, and of the mask taken of the Protector after 
 
 * Amongst these portraits are Oliver as a child, three years old ; Oliver in 
 armour, with a page tying his sash ; Oliver on horseback ; Oliver's mother ; 
 his two sons, Richard and Henry ; his four daughters ; his chaplain, Jeremy 
 White ; his secretary, Thurloe ; and Cornet Joyce, who took Charles prisoner 
 from Holmby House to Newmarket.
 
 i6o The House of Cromwell. 
 
 death. At the 1880 General Election, Sir William Frank- 
 land, coming forward as a Conservative, lost his seat for 
 Thirsk, a borough which had been represented by a long 
 line of his ancestors, with few intermissions, for several 
 hundred years. He died in December, 1883, after a long 
 illness, at Sunbury-on-Thames. He is succeeded by his 
 eldest son, now Sir Frederick Frankland. 
 
 In Henry Stooks Smith's " Parliaments of England," 
 the representatives of Thirsk, being members of the allied 
 families of Greenhill, Greenhill-Russell, Frankland, and 
 Crompton, are invariably marked as Whigs from 1806 
 downwards. Previous to that date their politics are not 
 specified in Mr. Smith's work. 
 
 Earldoms of Chichester and Darnley, and Viscounty of 
 Midleton. 
 
 Anne Frankland, only daughter and heiress of 
 Frederick Meinhardt Frankland, Esq., married. May 11, 
 1754, Thomas Pelham, Esq., who succeeded his cousin as 
 second Baron Pelham, of Stanmer, in Sussex, and in 1801 
 was created Earl of Chichester, dying four years after- 
 wards. The Pelhams, of Sussex, were an eminent Whig 
 family. There were four of the name in the Long Par- 
 liament. Peregrine Pelham, M.P. for Hull, was a regicide, 
 but whether or not related to the Sussex family is un- 
 known. Sir Thomas Pelham, the member for Sussex, 
 and the direct ancestor of the present Earl of Chichester, 
 served on the committee acting in the Parliament's behalf 
 for that county (Lords' Journals, vii. 208). Thomas 
 Pelham's children by Anne Frankland were : 
 
 L Thomas, second Earl. 
 
 n. Henrietta Anne, married to George William 
 Leslie, tenth Earl of Rothes, of whom presently. 
 
 HL Henr}', born 1759 ; died 1797, having married 
 Katharine, daughter of Thomas Cobb, Esq. Issue, 
 two daughters : (i) Katharine Elizabeth Anne, and (2)
 
 Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Dmighter. 1 6 1 
 
 Fanny, married to Captain James Hamilton Murray, 
 R.N. 
 
 IV. Frances, born 1760; married to George, fourth 
 Viscount Midleton of Ireland ; and died 1783, leaving 
 a daughter, Frances Anne, who became the wife of 
 Inigo Freeman Thomas, of Ratten in Sussex, Esq., 
 and died s.p. in 1858. 
 
 V. Lucy, Countess to John, first Earl of Sheffield ; 
 died s.p. 1797. 
 
 VI. Emily, born 1764. 
 
 VII. George, D.D. ; Bishop successively of Bristol, 
 Exeter, and Lincoln. He married Mary, daughter of 
 Sir Richard Rycroft, and died s.p. 1827. 
 
 Thomas, second Earl of Chichester, born April 8, 
 1756. Throughout the period of the French Revolution 
 he was Chief Secretary for Ireland under Lord Camden. 
 As Lord Pelham in the House of Commons, he dis- 
 tinguished himself by maintaining, in alliance with Mr. 
 (afterwards Earl) Grey, the right of the House to be 
 made acquainted with the merits of every case of foreign 
 negotiation, as the only means of escaping constant war- 
 like complications. He was one of those who urged the 
 prosecution of Warren Hastings. He married, in 1801, 
 Henrietta Juliana, daughter of Francis Godolphin, fifth 
 Duke of Leeds, and left issue : 
 
 I. Mary, born 1803 ; died i860. 
 
 II. Henry Thomas, third Earl. 
 
 III. Amelia Rose, married to Major-General Sir 
 Joshua Jebb, of the Royal Engineers, and died 1884. 
 
 IV. Frederick Thomas (died 1861), Rear-Admiral, 
 R.N. ; married, 1841, to Ellen Kate, daughter of 
 Rowland Mitchell, Esq., and had : (i) Frederick 
 John; (2) Frederick Sidney, Lieutenant, R.N. ; 
 (3) Constance Mary Kate ; (4) Emily Blanche ; 
 (5) Beatrice Emily Julia ; (6) Kathleen Mary Maud. 
 
 V. John Thomas, D.D., Bishop of Norwich; 
 
 II
 
 1 62 The House of Cro77twell. 
 
 married Henrietta, daughter of Thomas WilHam 
 Tatton, Esq., of Wythenshaw, and had issue: (i) 
 Henry Francis, of Exeter College, Oxon. ; married, 
 1873, Laura Priscilla, daughter of Sir Edward Buxton, 
 Bart. ; (2) John Barrington, in Holy Orders ; married 
 Carohne, daughter of Rev. William Buller; (3) 
 Sidney, B.A. ; (4) Herbert ; (5) Fanny. 
 
 VI. Henrietta Juliana, born 1813. 
 
 VII. Katharine Georgiana, born July 21, 1814 ; 
 married, October 26, 1837, the Hon. and Rev. 
 Lowther John Barrington, son of George, fifth 
 Viscount Barrington ; and died 1885, leaving a family. 
 
 VIII. Lucy Anne, second wife to Sir David 
 Dundas, of Beechwood, Bart. 
 
 The Earl died in 1826, and was succeeded by his son, 
 Henry Thomas Pelham, third Earl of Chichester, 
 born August, 1804 ; married, 1828, Mary Brudenell, 
 daughter of Robert, sixth Earl of Cardigan, who died in 
 1867. By her he had issue : 
 
 I. Walter John (Lord Pelham), married, 1861, 
 Eliza Mary, only daughter of the Hon. Sir John 
 Duncan Bligh. 
 
 II. Francis Godolphin, M.A., Vicar of St. Mary's, 
 Beverley, Yorks, subsequently Canon of Bangor and 
 Rector of Lambeth ; married Ahce Carr, daughter of 
 Lord Wolverton, and has Jocelyn Brudenell, Ruth 
 Mary, Henry George Godolphin, Anthony Ashley 
 Ivo, Herbert. 
 
 III. Thomas Henry William, barrister-at-law ; 
 married Louisa, daughter of William Bruce, Esq., 
 cousin to Lord Balfour of Burleigh, and has issue 
 Mary Louisa. 
 
 IV. Arthur Lowther, married Evelyn, daughter of 
 Reginald Cust, Esq. 
 
 V. Harriet Mary, married, 1850, to John Stuart 
 Bligh, Earl of Darnley, in the peerage of Ireland, and
 
 Descendants of the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 163 
 
 Baron Clifton in that of England; descended from 
 John Bligh, one of Cromwell's agents for the settle- 
 ment of forfeited estates in Ireland. Issue : Edward 
 Henry Stuart, Kathleen Susan Emma, and other 
 children, 
 
 VI. Susan Emma, married, 1853, to Abel Smith, 
 of Woodhall Park, Herts. 
 
 VII. Isabella Charlotte, married, 1855, to Samuel 
 Whitbread, M.P. for Bedford. Issue : Maud ; married 
 Mr. Charles Whitbread. 
 
 The Earl died in 1886, and was succeeded by his son, 
 Walter John Pelham, fourth Earl of Chichester, who was 
 born in 1838. 
 
 Earldom of Rothes. 
 
 Henrietta Anne Pelham, eldest daughter of Thomas, 
 first Earl of Chichester ; married, 1789, George William, 
 tenth Earl of Rothes, of the kingdom of Fife, and had, 
 with Amelia and Mary, who died unmarried, 
 
 Henrietta Anne, Countess, who in 1806 married 
 George Gwyther on his assumption of the surname and 
 arms of Leslie, and had issue : 
 
 I. George William Evelyn, eleventh Earl. 
 
 II. Thomas Jenkins, in the army. 
 
 III. Henrietta Anne, wife of Charles Knight Mur- 
 ray, barrister-at-law. 
 
 IV. Mary Elizabeth, married Martin E. Haworth, 
 of the 6oth Rifles ; died 1893. 
 
 V. Anna Maria, married Henry Hugh Courtenay, 
 Rector of Mamhead, son of the eleventh Earl of 
 Devon, and had : Henry Reginald and Hugh Leslie. 
 
 VI. Katherine Caroline, married John Parker, 
 Captain, 66th Foot. 
 
 The Countess died in 1819, and was succeeded by 
 her son, 
 
 George William Evelyn, eleventh Earl of Rothes ;
 
 164 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 born i8og ; married Louisa, third daughter of Henry 
 Anderson Morshead, of Widey Court, Devon, and left 
 at his death, in 1841, a daughter, Henrietta Anderson 
 Morshead, who eventually became Countess, and an only 
 son, namely, 
 
 George William Evelyn, twelfth Earl, who died 
 unmarried in 1859, when the family honours devolved 
 upon his sister, 
 
 Henrietta Anderson Morshead Leslie, Countess of 
 Rothes, and Baroness Leslie and Ballenbreich in the 
 peerage of Scotland ; married, 1861, to the Hon. George 
 Waldegrave Leslie, third son of William, eighth Earl of 
 Waldegrave. 
 
 Family of Gee. 
 
 Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Sir Thomas Frankland, 
 the second Baronet ; married Roger Talbot, of Woodend, 
 in Yorkshire, whose only daughter, Arabella, or Eliza- 
 beth (?), became the second wife of Colonel William Gee, 
 who fell at Fontenoy in 1743. They had one son, viz. : 
 
 Roger Gee, Esq., of Bishop Burton, who by his wife, 
 Caroline, eighth daughter and co-heir of Sir Warton 
 Penyman Warton, had two daughters : (i) Sarah Eliza- 
 beth, married to Henry Boldero Barnard, of Cave Castle ; 
 and (2) Caroline, married to George Hotham, of the 
 Guards. Mr. Gee died in 1778, and was buried in Bath 
 Abbey. His daughters, who were his co-heirs, sold the 
 Woodend estate to the Crompton family. 
 
 Family of Barnard. 
 
 Sarah Elizabeth Gee, married Mr. Barnard afore- 
 said in 1788, and had surviving issue as follows : 
 
 L Henry Gee, born 1789 ; a Captain in the Scots 
 Greys. 
 
 n. Charles Lewyns, born 1790 ; entered the army in 
 his fifteenth year as Ensign in his uncle General Hotham's
 
 Descendants of the Protectors Fourth Daughter. 165 
 
 regiment, and finally became a Captain of the Scots 
 Greys, in the troop previously commanded by his elder 
 brother. After distinguishing himself in no less than 
 twelve engagements under the Duke of Wellington, he 
 fell at Waterloo in 18 15. 
 
 III. Edward William, held the family living of South 
 Cave, and died at Chester in 1827, leaving by his wife, 
 Philadelphia Frances Esther, daughter of Archdeacon 
 Wrangham, three children, namely : (i) Edward Charles 
 Gee, born 1822 ; (2) Rosamund ; (3) Caroline. 
 
 IV. Sarah Eleanor, married, in 1832, to Joseph, only 
 surviving son of Samuel Delpratt, of Jamaica, and had 
 issue one daughter, Eleanor Josephine. 
 
 Mr. Boldero Barnard died in 1815 — his widow in 1832 
 — and was succeeded by his eldest son, Henry Gee 
 Barnard. 
 
 Family of Hotham and Baronetcy of Lubbock. 
 
 Caroline, the second daughter of Roger Gee aforesaid, 
 became in 1792 the first wife of Lieutenant - Colonel 
 George Hotham, eldest son of General George Hotham 
 and brother to Admiral Lord Hotham. She died in 1811. 
 
 The children of Colonel Hotham and Miss Gee were as 
 follows : 
 
 I. WilHam, Rear Admiral, R.N., born 1794 ; went to 
 sea at the age of ten in the Raissonable, 64, commanded by 
 his uncle, Vice-Admiral Sir William Hotham ; dis- 
 tinguished himself at Antwerp, Cadiz, Matagorda, the 
 capture of La Persanne, French store-ship ; destroying 
 batteries at Omago, on the coast of Istria ; storming the 
 fort of Farisina ; capturing the batteries of Rovigno ; com- 
 manding a flotilla on the Po, in co-operation with the 
 Austrian army ; sailing in the squadron which escorted 
 Louis XVIII. to his restored dominions in 1814, etc. 
 
 II. George, a Captain of Engineers ; born 1796 ; died 
 i860. He married Caroline, daughter of Richard Watt,
 
 1 66 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 of Bishop Burton, Esq., and had two children : Richard, 
 an officer in the army, and Harriet. By his second wife, 
 Ameha, daughter of Francis Ramsden Hawkesworth, he 
 had Arthur, Francis, AHce, and Laura. 
 
 III. Charles, Prebendary of York ; married Lucy Eliza- 
 beth, daughter of Rev. Christopher Sykes. 
 
 IV. John, in the Artillery, E.I.C. His first wife 
 was Maria, daughter of Henry Thompson, of Burton, 
 Esq. By his second, Mary, daughter of Rev. D. R. 
 Roundell, he had : Charles, John, Caroline, Fanny, and 
 Gertrude. 
 
 V. Sarah, married in 1823 to Stephen Creyke, Arch- 
 deacon of York, and had issue : Walter Pennington, 
 Alexander Stephen, Alfred Richard, Caroline Julia, Diana 
 Jane, Gertrude Hotham. 
 
 VI. Charlotte, married to Robert Denison, Esq. 
 
 VII. Gertrude, married to Rev. Christopher Neville, 
 and had issue a daughter, Charlotte, 1831, and a son, 
 George, 1833. 
 
 VIII. Diana Caroline, married in 1841 to Henry 
 Alexander Brown, of Kingston Grove, Oxford. 
 
 IX. Harriet, married in 1833 to Sir John W^illiam 
 Lubbock, of Lamas, co. Norfolk, Bart., and had issue : 
 
 1. John, who succeeded to the baronetcy, M.P. 
 for Maidstone, F.R.S., D.C.L., Vice-Chancellor of 
 London University, Hon. Secretary of the London 
 bankers ; married Ellen Frances, daughter of Rev. 
 Peter Hordern. Her children are : John Birkbeck, 
 1858; Norman, 1861 ; Rolfe Arthur, 1865; Amy 
 Harriet ; Constance Mary ; Gertrude ; Florence, who 
 died 1868. 
 
 2. Henry James, 1838. 
 
 3. Neville, 1839. 
 
 4. Beaumont William, 1840. 
 
 5. Montague, 1842. 
 
 6. Frederick, 1844.
 
 Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 167 
 
 7. Alfred, 1845. 
 
 8. Edgar, 1847. 
 
 g. Mary Harriet, married, 1857, to Robert Birk- 
 beck, Esq. 
 
 10. Diana Hotham, married, 1856, to William P. 
 Rodney, cousin of Lord Rodney. 
 
 11. Henrietta Harriet. 
 
 Family of Worsley. 
 Frances, second surviving daughter of Thomas Frank- 
 land, the second Baronet ; married, in 1710, Thomas 
 Worsley, of Hovingham in Yorkshire, Esq. Worsley, 
 or Workesley, is a name derived from Sir Elias, Lord of 
 Worsley, near Manchester, at the time of the Conquest, 
 who accompanied Robert, Duke of Normandy, to the 
 Holy Land, and was buried at Rhodes. 
 
 By Frances Frankland, Mr. Worsley had two sons and 
 four daughters, as follows : 
 
 L Thomas, his successor. 
 
 IL James, a clergyman; married Dorothy Penny- 
 man, and left four children : James, Ralph, Richard, 
 and Dorothy. A grandchild of Mr. James Worsley 
 was James Whyte Pennyman, of Ormesby Hall, 
 Yorkshire, and possibly other names might be success- 
 fully sought in that direction. 
 
 HL Mary, wife to Marmaduke Constable, of Was- 
 sand, of whom hereafter. 
 
 IV. Elizabeth, survived her husband, William 
 Slaenforth, Esq. 
 
 V. Katharine, unmarried. 
 
 VL Frances, married to Sir Thomas Robinson, 
 
 Lord Grantham, of whom hereafter (page 171). 
 
 Mr. Thomas Worsley was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Thomas, M.P., Surveyor-General of the Board of 
 
 Works under George HL, from whom he received many 
 
 marks of favour. He rebuilt the family mansion, and 
 
 enriched it with a library and a gallery of paintings. By
 
 i68 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. J. Lister, he had, 
 besides two daughters, two sons, viz. : 
 Edward, his successor. 
 
 George, Rector of Stonegrave and Scawton, York- 
 shire ; married Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Cayley, 
 of Brompton, Bart., and had fifteen children : (i) and 
 (2) George and Edward, died young ; (3) William, 
 succeeded his uncle ; (4) Marcus, married Miss Harriet 
 Hamer, and had issue ; (5) Thomas, Rector of Scaw- 
 ton ; (6) Frederick Cayley ; (7) Septimus Launcelot, 
 M.A. of Cambridge ; (8) Henry Francis, married 
 Catharine, daughter of B. Blackden, Esq., and had 
 issue; (g) Charles Valentine, barrister-at-law ; (10) 
 Arthur, of the 51st Regiment of Native Infantry in 
 India; (11) Digby Edmund; (12) Isabella, married 
 J. C. Blackden, Esq., and had several children ; 
 (13) Philadelphia, married William J. Coltman, M.A., 
 Oxon. ; (14) Anne ; (15) Frances, married G. H. 
 Webber, Prebendary of Ripon. 
 Edward Worsley was the next heir, but, dying un- 
 married in 1830, was succeeded by his nephew, 
 
 William Worsley, M.A., St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge ; many years in the Hussar Yeomanry Corps of his 
 relation, Lord de Grey, and a magistrate and Deputy- 
 Lieutenant in the North Riding. In 1827 he married 
 Sarah Philadelphia, daughter of Sir George Cayley, of 
 Brompton, Yorkshire, Bart., and had issue : 
 
 I. Thomas Robinson. 
 
 II. William Cayley. 
 
 III. Sophia Harriet. 
 
 IV. Arthington. 
 
 V. Katherine Louisa. 
 
 VI. Anna Barbara. 
 
 Family of Constable of Wassand. 
 Mary, eldest daughter of Frances Frankland and 
 Thomas Worsley (see page 167), married Marmaduke
 
 Descendants of the Pi'otector^ s Fow^th Daughter. 1 69 
 
 Constable, of Wassand, near Hull, Esq. The " Wass- 
 and Constable " race have always held high position in the 
 northern counties. From Robert de Lacy Constable of 
 Chester, in 1206, down to Robert Constable of 1701, 
 twenty-eight members of the family have been High 
 Sheriffs of York. During the Civil War of Charles I.'s 
 time, the house of Constable, like many others, was a 
 divided one. Sir William, the Flamborough Baronet, and 
 the representative of the elder branch, sat for Knares- 
 borough in the Long Parliament, and, having married a 
 daughter of the house of Fairfax, became associated with 
 them in war. His personal hostility to the King's 
 measures, especially in the matter of ship-money, had 
 already resulted in imprisonment, and declared itself more 
 fully when he joined in signing the warrant for Charles's 
 execution. Judging by the large sums passing through 
 his hands, he must have been much in the Parliament's 
 confidence. In 1643 he was actually proposed for the 
 command-in-chief, under Fairfax. In 1648 he was one of 
 the Council of State. As a regicide, he was excepted out 
 of the Bill of Pardon, and, having died during the Pro- 
 tectorate, his estates fell under confiscation. On the other 
 hand, there are several of the Constables discernible 
 among the Royalists — to wit, Sir Philip of Everingham, 
 Sidney, William, Matthew, and John, besides " Ralph 
 Constable," whose composition-fine was ■£']o 13s. 4d. Of 
 the " Marmaduke Constable of Wassand " of that period, 
 nothing distinctive (beyond his marriage) is recorded. 
 The children of Mary Frankland by Mr. Constable were 
 as follows : 
 
 I. Marmaduke, his heir. 
 
 II. Thomas, a clergyman ; married Sarah, daughter of 
 Charles Goulton, Esq., and had : 
 
 1. Charles, heir to his uncle Marmaduke. 
 
 2. Marmaduke, married, 1807, Octavia, daughter 
 of General Hale ; no issue.
 
 T/O The House of Cromwell. 
 
 3. Rachel Marian, married, 1808, James Salmond, 
 Esq. Their son Edward died s.p. 182 1. 
 
 4. Frances EHzabeth, married, 1814, WilHam 
 Bentinck, Prebendary of Westminster, eldest son of 
 Lord Edward Charles Cavendish Bentinck. 
 
 5. Sarah, died young. 
 
 III. Mary, married to Jonathan Acklom, of Wiseton, 
 Notts, Esq., by whom she had one son and four daughters, 
 viz. : Richard, Ann Elizabeth, Mary, Lucy — who mar- 
 ried her cousin Charles Constable, see below — and Rosa- 
 mund. The eldest daughter, Anne Elizabeth, was the 
 wife of Christopher Neville, of Thorney, and the mother of 
 two sons — Christopher and George — the elder of whom 
 married Gertrude, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Hotham, 
 of York, and had a daughter — Charlotte, 1831 — and a son 
 —George, 1833. 
 
 IV. Rosamund, died unmarried in 1801. 
 
 Mr. Constable, dying in 1762, aged fifty-eight, was suc- 
 ceeded by his elder son. 
 
 Marmaduke, who died unmarried in 1812, was suc- 
 ceeded by his nephew, 
 
 Charles, M.A., and a clergyman, also in the Commis- 
 sion of the Peace for the three Ridings of Yorkshire. On 
 succeeding to the family estates, he built a new house in 
 place of the mansion which had stood since 1530. He 
 married his cousin Lucy, daughter of Jonathan Acklom, 
 and had an only child — Mary — who in 1818 married 
 George, eldest son of Sir William Strickland, of Boynton, 
 Bart. 
 
 Family of Strickland. 
 
 Mr. George Strickland married Mary Constable 
 aforesaid, and in 1834 succeeded his father as seventh 
 Baronet. They had issue as follows : 
 
 I. Charles William, eighth Baronet. 
 
 II. Frederick, born 1820; died 1849.
 
 Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 1 7 1 
 
 III. Henry Strickland Constable, of Wassand, who 
 took by royal license the additional surname of Con- 
 stable ; married Cornelia Charlotte Anne, daughter of 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Henry and Lady Sophia Dumaresq 
 (see " Lanesborough " in the Peerage), and had issue : 
 
 1. Frederick Charles, i860. 
 
 2. Marmaduke. 
 
 3. Ethel. 
 
 4. Mary Sophia. 
 
 5. Rosamund. 
 
 6. Lucy Winifred. 
 
 IV. Lucy Henrietta, the wife of J. P. Marriott, after- 
 wards Goulton Constable of Cotesbach. They both died 
 in 1871. 
 
 Sir George Strickland died in 1874, and was succeeded 
 by his eldest son, 
 
 Sir Charles William Strickland, eighth Baronet, 
 barrister-at-law ; born i8ig ; married first Georgina Selina 
 Septimia, daughter of Sir William Milner, of Nun-Apple- 
 ton, Bart., and by hfer, who died 1864, has a son — Walter 
 William. He married secondly Ann Elizabeth, daughter 
 of Rev. Christopher Neville, of Thorney, Notts, and has 
 issue : 
 
 I. Frederick, 1868. 
 
 II. Eustace Edward, 1870. 
 
 III. Henry, 1873. 
 
 IV. Esther Anne. 
 
 Family of Robinson and titles of Grantham, De Grey, 
 Cowper, Goderich, and Ripon. 
 Frances, fourth daughter of Thomas Worsley (see 
 page 167), married, about 1736, her cousin, Sir Thomas 
 Robinson, who after her decease became the first Baron 
 Grantham in the county of Lincoln. He was second son 
 to Sir Tancred Robinson, Rear-Admiral of the White, and 
 twice Lord Mayor of York. He commenced his political
 
 172 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 career as Secretary to Sir Horace Walpole, when Am- 
 bassador in France, and attained his peerage in 1761. 
 His wife had died in 1750. Their children were : 
 I. Thomas, his successor. 
 
 n. Frederick, married Katharine Gertrude Harris, 
 sister to the first Earl of Malmesbury. 
 
 HI. Theresa, married John Parker, first Lord 
 Boringdon, of whom hereafter. 
 Lord Grantham died in 1770, and was succeeded by 
 his elder son, 
 
 Thomas, second Baron Grantham ; married, in 1780, 
 
 Mary Jemima, second daughter and co-heiress of Philip 
 
 Yorke, second Earl Hardwicke, by Jemima, Marchioness 
 
 De Gre3% and sister and heir - presumptive of Amabel, 
 
 Countess De Grey, by whom he left two sons, namely : 
 
 Thomas Philip, Earl De Grey (page 173). 
 
 Frederick John, Viscount Goderich and Earl Ripon, 
 
 who, with his lady, Sarah Louisa Albinia Hobart, only 
 
 daughter of Robert, fourth Earl of Bucks, inherited the 
 
 property of that nobleman. His children, besides a son 
 
 who died in infancy, were : George Frederick Samuel, 
 
 his successor, and Eleanor Henrietta Victoria, who 
 
 died young. Frederick John, born in London in 1782, 
 
 was educated at Harrow and Cambridge, where he 
 
 obtained Sir William Browne's medal for the best 
 
 Latin ode, and took his degree in the following year. 
 
 He began public life as secretary to his Tory relation, 
 
 Lord Hardwicke, then Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 
 
 till the death of Pitt made way for the coalition of 
 
 "All the Talents." On the appointment of the next 
 
 Ministry, that of the Duke of Portland, in 1807, Mr. 
 
 Robinson, as Member for Ripon (which he continued 
 
 to represent for twenty years), voted as a Tory, 
 
 and forthwith we find him Under-Secretary for the 
 
 Colonies in Mr. Perceval's Administration, from which 
 
 date he passed from one post of duty to another.
 
 Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 1 73 
 
 always to a higher, giving evidence of versatile 
 capacity and plodding industry, till his utmost powers 
 were taxed as Chancellor of the Exchequer. 
 
 The part he played in the Corn-Law Bill led to 
 the attack on his house by a London mob in March, 
 1815. Almost his last public act was to move in 
 the House of Lords the second reading of Sir Robert 
 Peel's Bill of 1846, obliterating that measure, and 
 stultifying the doctrines and prophecies of thirty 
 years of Protection. 
 Thomas, second Baron Grantham, died in 1786, and 
 was succeeded by his elder son, 
 
 Thomas Philip, Earl De Grey, Baron Lucas of 
 Crudwell in Wilts, and Baron Grantham ; Commander 
 of the Yorkshire Hussars; Lord -Lieutenant and Custos 
 Rotulorum of Bedfordshire, in which county he inherited 
 the Wrest estate from his aunt, Amabel, Countess De 
 Grey ; and Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland under Sir Robert 
 Peel's Administration, 1841-44. The Earl's political bias, 
 whatever it was, had not prevented him on a previous 
 occasion from advocating the cause of the oppressed. 
 This was in the matter of the judicial inquiry into the 
 conduct of George IV. 's Queen, Caroline of Brunswick, 
 when, as Lord Grantham, together with other peers, he 
 openly recorded his disapproval of the Bill of Pains and 
 Penalties, though put in execution by the Ministry of 
 which his brother, Frederick Robinson, was a member. 
 In private life Earl De Grey was a liberal patron of the 
 decorative sciences, and is said to have himself exhibited 
 skill as a painter. He certainly made an extensive 
 and tasteful collection of works of art. Of the various 
 portraits taken of him from time to time, a resemblance 
 to his ancestor, the Protector, seems traceable in the 
 quarto engraving after John Wood's picture, executed 
 when he must have been in the prime of life, though the 
 same can hardly be said of that by Sir Thomas Lawrence.
 
 174 ^-^^ House of Cromwell. 
 
 Earl De Grey married, in 1805, Henrietta Frances Cole, 
 daughter of William, first Earl of Enniskillen, and, 
 besides a son who died in infancy, had two surviving 
 daughters : 
 
 I. Anne Florence, Baroness Lucas; married, in 
 1833, to George Augustus Frederick, sixth Earl 
 Cowper, of whom presently. 
 
 II. Mary Gertrude, married, in 1832, to Captain 
 Henry Vyner, of whom presently. 
 
 Earl De Grey died in 1859, when he was succeeded in 
 his barony of Lucas by his daughter. Lady Cowper, and 
 in his other titles by his nephew, the Earl of Ripon. 
 
 Sir George Frederick Samuel Robinson, born 
 1827; succeeded his father as Earl of Ripon and Viscount 
 Goderich, and his uncle as Earl De Grey, Baron Grantham, 
 and a Baronet. Previous to this he had been M.P. in 
 succession for Hull, Huddersfield, and the West Riding. 
 In 1859 he was Under-Secretary for War. He married 
 Henrietta Anne Theodosia, eldest daughter of Captain 
 Henry Vyner, and grand-daughter of the late Earl De 
 Grey, and had issue : Frederick Oliver, Lord De Grey, 
 born 1852 ; and Mary Sarah, who died in 1858. 
 
 Earldom of Cowper. 
 
 Anne Florence, elder daughter of Earl De Grey, who 
 married George Augustus Frederick, sixth Earl Cowper 
 and Lord- Lieutenant of Kent, had issue as follows : 
 
 I. Francis Thomas De Grey, who in 1856 succeeded 
 his father as seventh Earl, and also as a Prince of the 
 Holy Roman Empire. He subsequently married Katrine 
 Cecilia, daughter of Lord William Compton. 
 
 II. Henry Frederick, M.P. for Herts. 
 
 III. Henrietta Emily Mary, died 1853. 
 
 IV. Florence Amabel, married, in 1871, to the Hon. 
 Auberon Herbert.
 
 Descendants of the Protector s Fourth Daughter. 175 
 
 V. Adine Eliza Anne, married to Julian Fane, fourth 
 son of John, eleventh Earl of Westmoreland, and died 
 1868. 
 
 VI. Amabel, married, in 1873, to Lord Walter Kerr, 
 R.N., son of the late Marquis of Lothian, and has issue. 
 
 Family of Vyner. 
 
 Mary Gertrude, younger daughter of Earl De Grey, 
 was married in 1832 to Captain Henry Vyner, son of 
 Robert Vyner, of Gautby, and his wife, the Lady Theo- 
 dosia Maria Ashburnham, and had six children, as 
 follows : 
 
 I. Henry Frederick Clare, 1836, of Gautby, Lincoln- 
 shire ; Newby Hall, Ripon, Yorkshire ; and of Coombe 
 Hurst, Kingston, Surrey ; died on November 11, 1882. 
 
 n. Reginald Arthur, M.P. for Ripon ; died 1870. 
 
 HL Robert Charles, of Fairfield, Yorkshire; married, 
 1865, to Eleanor, daughter of Rev. Slingsby Duncombe 
 Shafto. His eldest daughter, Mary Evelyn, was married, 
 in 1886, to Lord Alwyne Compton, loth Royal Hussars, 
 third son of the Marquis of Northampton. His younger 
 daughter, Violet Aline, was married in July, i8go, to Lord 
 Loughborough, eldest son of the Earl of Rosslyn. 
 
 IV. Frederick Grantham, murdered by brigands in 
 Greece, April 21, 1870.* 
 
 V. Henrietta Anne Theodosia, present Marchioness of 
 
 * The Earl of Shaftesbury in his Diary thus alludes to this event : 
 " April 25. — Three English gentlemen, among whom was Fred Vyner, the 
 son of my old friend, Lady Mary, have been captured and slain by brigands 
 near Athens. Cecil [Ashley] had intended to join the party to Marathon. A 
 special providence, God's interposing mercy, saved him from it. Had not the 
 steamer to Italy been ordered to sail the next day, he would have gone with 
 the rest, and have shared their fate. 
 
 ^^ April 2"]. — This very dreadful event has seized hold of my imagination, 
 and haunts me day and night. O God, to whom vengeance belongeth, show 
 Thyself. The cruelty, the cowardice, the bloodthirstiness of the deed ! Poor 
 boy, poor dear boy ! Fred Vyner, so young, so gentle, and so handsome !"
 
 176 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 Ripon, having married her cousin, Sir George Robinson, 
 afterwards Earl of Ripon and De Grey. 
 
 VI. Theodosia, Marchioness of Northampton; died 1864. 
 
 Family of Parker and titles of Boringdon and Morley. 
 
 Theresa, only daughter of Thomas, first Lord 
 Grantham, became, in 1769, the second wife of John 
 Parker, M.P. for the county of Devon, afterwards created 
 Baron Boringdon in that county. His children by Lady 
 Theresa were John, his successor, and a daughter, 
 Theresa, married to Hon. George Villiers, of whom pre- 
 sently. Lord Boringdon died 1788, and was succeeded 
 by his son, 
 
 John, born 1772 ; created Earl of Morley in 1815. He 
 married, first, Augusta, daughter of John, Earl of West- 
 moreland, by whom he had one son, who in 1816, at the 
 age of eleven, met his death at St. Maud, near Paris, 
 through inadvertently swallowing a stalk of rye. 
 
 Family of Villiers and titles of Hyde and Clarendon, Lytton 
 and Skelmersdale. 
 
 Theresa, only daughter of John, first Lord Boringdon, 
 married, in 1798, George, third son of Thomas Villiers 
 Earl of Clarendon, and died in 1855. Her children 
 were : 
 
 L George William Frederick, successor to his uncle, 
 the third Earl of Clarendon. 
 
 n. Thomas Hyde, died 1832. 
 
 HL The Right Hon. Charles Pelham Villiers, born 
 1802 ; M.A. Cantab., barrister-at-law, late Judge-Advo- 
 cate-General, and a Privy Councillor ; President of the 
 Poor Law Board, 1859 '■> M.P. for Wolverhampton ever 
 since 1835; Deputy -Lieutenant for Herts. Finally — 
 and here his fame principally rests — he was chairman of 
 the memorable Anti-Corn-Law League. While Colonel 
 Thompson, Dr. Bowring, George Wilson, Richard Cobden,
 
 Descendants of the Protector's Fourth Daughter, 177 
 
 and John Bright worked the question out of doors, to 
 Mr. Villiers was assigned the more trying task of fighting 
 the battle of Free Trade against his own order — against 
 the entire aristocratic phalanx, whether Whig or Tory. 
 While, therefore, we wonder not that, as the reward of 
 his well-sustained fortitude, he should ever enjoy a fixed 
 and abiding place in the esteem of the mercantile classes 
 and in the affections of the labouring classes, it were 
 equally true to add that his merits have long received the 
 like homage from eminent members of his own class. In 
 the summer of 1879 a colossal statue of the veteran states- 
 man was erected in the town which he had represented 
 for forty-four years. 
 
 IV. Edward Ernest, born 1S06 ; married, in 1835, to 
 Elizabeth Charlotte Liddell, fifth daughter of Lord Ravens- 
 worth, and died 1843, leaving issue: 
 
 I. Ernest, born 1838. 
 
 II. Maria Theresa; married, 1864, to Captain 
 Earl, of the Rifle Brigade. 
 
 III. and IV. Edith and Elizabeth, twins. Edith 
 married Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, of whom pre- 
 sently (page 181). 
 
 V. Henry Montague, D.D., of Christchurch, Oxon., 
 born in 1813. Lord Chancellor Cottenham presented 
 him to the vicarage of Kenilworth, and when Dr. T. 
 Vowler Short was advanced to the bishopric of Sodor and 
 Man, Dr. Villiers succeeded Dr. Short at St. George's, 
 Bloomsbury. In 1847 he was nominated by Lord John 
 Russell, then Prime Minister, to a canon-residentiary in 
 St. Paul's Cathedral. In 1856 Lord Palmerston advanced 
 him to the bishopric of Carlisle, his promotion culminating 
 at Durham, when Dr. Longley attained the archbishopric 
 of York. The money value of Durham was then estimated 
 at ;£'8,ooo a year, with considerable patronage attached. 
 He married, in 1837, Amelia Maria, eldest daughter of 
 
 12
 
 1 78 TJic House of Cromwell. 
 
 William Hulton, of Hulton Park, Lancashire, and had 
 issue : 
 
 1. Henry Montague, M.A., Rector of St. Paul's 
 Church, Wilton Place, London ; married Victoria, 
 second daughter of Earl Russell, and has : Henry 
 Montague, John Russell, Thomas Lister, another 
 son ; Frances Adelaide, Gwendolen Mary, Rhoda 
 Victoria, Margaret Evelyn, Dorothy, Mabel Agatha, 
 Katharine Helen. 
 
 2. Frederick Ernest, born 1840. 
 
 3. Am}' Maria, married the Rev. Edward Cheese. 
 
 4. Gertrude Fanny. 
 
 5. Mary Agneta. 
 
 6. Evelyn Theresa. 
 
 VL Augustus Algernon, of the Royal Navy ; died 
 
 1834. 
 
 Vn. Maria Theresa, married, in 1830, to Thomas 
 Henry Lister, Esq., of Armitage Park, co. Stafford. Mr. 
 Lister dying in 1842, his widow remarried Sir George 
 Cornewall Lewis. The children of her first marriage were : 
 
 1. The Hon. Thomas Villiers Lister, of Armitage 
 Hill, Sunninghill, and 61, Eaton Square ; born 1832 ; 
 married, first, Fanny Harriet, daughter of William 
 Coryton, Esq., of Pentillie, in Cornwall, and had : 
 George Coryton, 1863, with three other sons and 
 three daughters. He married, secondly, 1877, Florence 
 Selina, daughter of William John Hamilton, Esq., 
 and has a daughter. Mr. Lister, who was educated 
 at Harrow, and Trinity College, Cambridge (M.A. 
 1853), is a Deputy-Lieutenant for co. Radnor, and 
 Assistant - Under - Secretary of State for Foreign 
 Affairs. 
 
 2. Maria Theresa, married Mr. (now Sir) William 
 Vernon Harcourt, M.P., and died 1863, leaving one 
 son, Lewis Reginald.
 
 Descendants of the P^'otectors Fourth Daughter. 179 
 
 3. Alice Beatrice, married Algernon Borthwick, 
 Esq., of 60, Eaton Place, who was knighted in 1880, 
 made a peer in 1895, and has two children. 
 The Lister family is one of long standing and celebrity 
 in the Northern counties, whose senior branch, now repre- 
 sented by Lord Ribblesdale, is reputed to have been 
 seated at Gisburn, in the West Riding, for five centuries 
 or more. During the period of the great Civil War, their 
 leading members were prominent as patriots. 
 
 George William Frederick, Earl of Clarendon and 
 Baron Hyde, of Hindon, in Wilts, K.G., G.C.B., P.C., 
 D.C.L. ; born in 1800; succeeded as fourth Earl on the 
 decease of his uncle in 1838 (page 176). From an early 
 period Mr. Villiers selected diplomacy as his special 
 sphere, being only twenty years old when he was attached 
 to the Embassy at Constantinople. After the second 
 Revolution in France of 1830, he went to that country to 
 arrange a commercial treaty, and became still more con- 
 spicuous by his residence in Spain as Lord Grey's Envoy 
 during the period of the civil war between the Carlists 
 and the Christinos. He never concealed his preference 
 for the people's party, and when the success of the 
 Christinos had confirmed his own popularity, he used 
 the influence so acquired for the advancement of liberty 
 in other forms than in the mere establishment of Queen 
 Isabella's throne, negotiating, among other schemes, a 
 treaty for the more effectual suppression of the slave 
 trade. In George Borrow's " Bible in Spain," an instance 
 is recorded of his prompt solicitude to relieve individual 
 suffering. Mr. Borrow had been thrown into prison by 
 the Spanish authorities for opening a shop for the sale of 
 Bibles. He appealed to the English Ambassador, and 
 Mr. Villiers immediately paid him a visit, heard his own 
 explanation of the affair, and then, hastening to the 
 Spanish Minister, at once procured his countryman's 
 release. Succeeding to the earldom, he came to England
 
 iSo The House of Ci'oniwell. 
 
 in 1839 to take his place in the House of Peers, and, as 
 Lord Privy Seal, to strengthen the Melbourne Administra- 
 tion ; but the days of that Cabinet were already numbered, 
 and the advent of Sir Robert Peel shut him out of office 
 for another five years. But the interval was well im- 
 proved. He performed, in conjunction with his brother 
 Charles, the chairman of the Anti-Corn-Law League, 
 a very important part in furthering Sir Robert Peel's 
 Corn-Law Repeal Bill of 1846, and the dislocation 
 of the Conservative Party consequent on that measure 
 made way for the return of the Whigs. And now Lord 
 Clarendon, as Viceroy of Ireland, had to take part in 
 another civil war, though on a much smaller scale than 
 that in Spain. 
 
 From the Earl's triumphs in Ireland, we pass on to 
 his important Embassy in France during the Crimean 
 War. 
 
 The post of Ambassador to France brought into requisi- 
 tion all the experiences of his past life, to which the suavity 
 of his manners and the goodness of his heart were, under 
 the circumstances of the hour, added qualifications of the 
 utmost value. If it were too much to say that no other 
 Englishman could have supplied his place, it will probably 
 be admitted that none could more ably have forwarded the 
 views of Napoleon III. Whether or not he was constitu- 
 tionally in love with the policy which united us to France 
 is a matter of doubt. 
 
 Lord Clarendon's latest appointment to office was under 
 Mr. Gladstone, in 1868, and his death eighteen months 
 after was felt to be a great blow to the stability of that 
 Cabinet. He married, in 1839, Lady Katharine, daughter 
 of Walter James, first Earl of Verulam, and widow of 
 John Barham, of Stockbridge, by whom (who died 1874) 
 he had : 
 
 1. Edward Hyde, died in infancy. 
 
 2. Edward Hyde, fifth Earl.
 
 Descendants of the Protector^ s Fourth Daughter. i8i 
 
 3. George Patrick Hyde, born 1847 ; Captain, Grenadier 
 Guards ; Military Secretary to Lord Lytton in India, 
 holding a staff appointment in the Afghan Expedition of 
 1878. 
 
 4. Francis Hyde, married, 1876, Virginia Katharine, 
 second daughter of Eric Carrington Smith, Esq. 
 
 5. Constance, married, 1864, to Frederick Arthur, the 
 younger son of Edward, fourteenth Earl of Derby, and has 
 issue : Edward George Villiers, Victor Albert, Geoffrey 
 and Arthur — twins, Geoffrey dying in infancy — Ferdinand 
 Charles, Katharine Mary, and others. 
 
 6. Alice ; married, i860, to Edward Bootle Wilbra- 
 ham, Baron Skelmersdale, of Lancashire, and had issue : 
 Edward George, Villiers Richard, Randle Arthur, Reginald 
 Francis, Alice Maud, Constance Adela, Florence Mary, 
 Bertha Mable, Edith Cecil. 
 
 7. Emily Theresa, married, 1868, to Odo William 
 Leopold Russell, Baron Ampthill of Ampthill, third son 
 of the late Major-General Lord George William Russell, 
 G.C.B. Lord Ampthill died in August, 1884, in Berlin, 
 where he was then British Ambassador to Germany, 
 and had issue : Arthur Oliver Villiers, born at Rome, 
 1870 ; Victor Alexander Frederick and Alexander Victor 
 Frederick, twins ; Constance Evelyn Villiers. 
 
 8. Florence Margaret, died in infancy. 
 
 His lordship died in 1870, and was succeeded by his 
 eldest son, 
 
 Edward Hyde Villiers, fifth Earl of Clarendon and 
 Baron Hyde ; an officer in the South Herts Yeomanry 
 Cavalry ; M.P. for Brecon, i86g. Born 1846 ; married, 
 1876, to the Lady Caroline Elizabeth Agar Ellis, eldest 
 daughter of the Earl of Normanton, and has issue : George 
 Herbert Hyde, born 1877. The earldom of Clarendon is 
 a branch of the earldom of Jersey, but derived maternally 
 from the Lord Chancellor Clarendon of the Civil War 
 period.
 
 l82 
 
 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 Barony of Lytton. 
 
 Edith, second daughter of Edward Ernest Villiers (see 
 page 177) ; married, in 1864, Sir Edward Robert Lytton 
 Bulwer-Lytton (only son of the first Baron Lytton, of 
 Knebworth, in Herts), late Minister at Lisbon, and Viceroy 
 of India in 1876. In the following year the Queen con- 
 ferred on him the Grand Cross of the Civil Division of the 
 Order of the Bath. His children are : . 
 
 I. Rowland Edward, died in infancy. 
 
 II. Henry Meredith Edward, died young. 
 
 III. A son born at Simla in 1876. 
 
 IV. Elizabeth Edith. 
 
 V. Constance Georgina. 
 
 VI. Emily. 
 
 His father, the first Lord Lytton, distinguished as a 
 novelist, a poet, and an orator, was buried in Westminster 
 Abbey in 1873. Sir WilHam Lytton, of Knebworth, M.P. 
 for Herts in the Long Parliament, was one of the Com- 
 missioners to treat with King Charles at Uxbridge.
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE YOUNGER SONS OF SIR HENRY CROMWELL, THE 
 GRANDFATHER OF THE LORD PROTECTOR OLIVER, AND 
 HIS BROTHERS AND SISTERS. 
 
 THE descendants of Sir Henry Cromwell — "the 
 Golden Knight," as he was termed on account of 
 his lavish generosity and hospitality — having 
 been traced through his two sons, Sir Oliver 
 and Mr. Robert Cromwell, it will now be convenient to 
 add a brief account of the other three sons of Sir Henry, 
 namely, Henry, Richard, and Philip. From the Register 
 of the University of Oxford, printed by the Oxford Histori- 
 cal Society, we learn that each of these gentlemen had the 
 advantage of an education at the University of Oxford. 
 
 Henry, third son of Sir Henry, at the age of fifteen 
 was matriculated at St. John's College, in 1581, and was 
 admitted Fellow in 1588, after having taken the degree of 
 B.C.L. He resided on his patrimony at Upwood, was 
 a Justice of the Peace, and was returned as member for 
 the borough of Huntingdon in the first Parliament called 
 by James I. As a sign of his interest in the public welfare, 
 we are told that he was one of the " adventurers " who 
 subscribed their money for the colonization of the infant 
 colony of Virginia. He died in 1630, leaving one son — 
 Richard — who died without male issue in 1626, and was 
 buried at Upwood.
 
 184 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 Richard, fourth son of Sir Henry, at the age of 
 fifteen was matriculated at Brasenose College, Oxford, in 
 1587, and admitted to the degree of B.A. in 1590. On the 
 authority of Willis's Not. Parlem. we are told by Noble 
 (vol. i. 30) that this Richard Cromwell was member for 
 the borough of Lostwithiel in Cornwall, in the forty-third 
 year of Queen Elizabeth. How he became connected with 
 so distant a part of the country, we are left to conjecture ; 
 and it is just possible that Willis may have made a mis- 
 take, and may have confounded this Richard Cromwell 
 with another of the same name in Wiltshire, who matricu- 
 lated, in 1581, at Magdalen Hall, Oxford. He is supposed 
 to have left no child, as his landed property passed at his 
 death, in 1628, to his nephew Oliver, afterwards the Lord 
 Protector. 
 
 Philip, fifth son of Sir Henry, at the age of fourteen 
 was matriculated, in 1592, at Brasenose College, like his 
 brother Richard, and in 1599 was admitted at St. John's 
 College to the degree of B.C.L. That old Sir Henry 
 should thus have sent three of his sons to the University 
 may be accepted as some indication that he did not 
 undervalue for his children the benefits of a sound educa- 
 tion. After leaving the University, Philip seems to have 
 settled down into the position of a country gentleman, 
 and to have resided on his estate at Biggin, between Ram- 
 sa3' and Upwood, in Hunts. He was knighted by James I., 
 at Whitehall, in 1604, and died in 1629, leaving behind 
 him five sons and three daughters. Three of these sons 
 fought in the Civil War, two of them — Philip and Oliver 
 — on the side of the Parliament, and one — Thomas — on the 
 side of the King, thus illustrating the terrible nature of a 
 Civil War, when brothers have to draw the sword against 
 each other on the field of battle. 
 
 I. Philip was wounded at the siege of Bristol, and 
 died of his wounds (1645). 2. Oliver, after seeing service 
 in England, accompanied his cousin, the Protector, to
 
 Descendants of Sir Henry Cromwell. 185 
 
 Ireland, in command of a regiment, and there died in 
 1649. 
 
 3. Thomas espoused the King's cause on the outbreak 
 of the Civil War. and passed through it in safety. He left 
 one son — Henry — whose chief claim to be remembered by 
 posterity is that he was numbered amongst the friends and 
 correspondents of Alexander Pope. Pope's letters to 
 Henry Cromwell may be read in his correspondence. 
 Nothing more is known about him — whether married or 
 not. 
 
 4. Richard, youngest son of Sir Philip Cromwell, appears 
 to have succeeded in keeping out of service in the Civil 
 War, and at the Restoration showed his dislike of the 
 Protector's memory and all his doings by quietly abandon- 
 ing the name of Cromwell, and resuming the name of 
 Williams. He died in 1661, and was buried at Ramsay. 
 
 The Brothers and Sisters of the Lord Protector. 
 
 Oliver had two brothers, Henry and Robert, both of 
 whom died in infancy, and seven sisters: Joan, Elizabeth, 
 Catharine, Margaret, Anna, Jane, and Robina. Of these, 
 Joan, born in 1598, died at the age of eight. Of the other 
 six who reached maturity a brief account here follows : 
 
 Elizabeth Cromwell, born in 1593 ; died unmarried 
 in 1672, and was buried within the Communion-rails of the 
 chancel of Wicken. An interesting letter to her finds its 
 place in the last edition of " Cromwell's Letters and 
 Speeches." Mr. Carlyle thus introduces it : "By accident 
 another curious glimpse into the Cromwell family. Sister 
 Elizabeth, of whom, except the date of her birth, and that 
 she died unmarried, almost nothing is known, comes 
 visibly to light here — living at Ely, in very truth, as 
 Noble had guessed she did, quietly boarded at some 
 friendly doctor's there, in the scene and among the 
 people always familiar to her. She is six years older 
 than Oliver — now and then hears from him, we are glad
 
 1 86 The House of Cromiuell. 
 
 to see, and receives small tokens of his love of a sub- 
 stantial kind. For the rest, sad news in this letter : son 
 Ireton is dead of fever in Ireland. The tidings reached 
 London just a week ago. 
 
 " For my dear Sister Mrs. Elizabeth Croviwell, at Dr. 
 Richard Stand's house at Ely. These. 
 
 "Cockpit, 
 
 " 15 Dec, 1651. 
 
 *' Dear Sister, 
 
 " I have received divers letters from you. I must 
 desire you to excuse my not writing so often as you expect. 
 My burden is not ordinary, nor are my weaknesses a few, 
 to go through therewith ; but I have hope in a better 
 strength. I have herewith sent you Twenty pounds as a 
 small token of my love. I hope I shall be mindful of you. 
 I wish you and I may have our rest and satisfaction where 
 all saints have theirs. What is of this world will be found 
 transitory, a clear evidence whereof is my son Ireton's death. 
 " I rest, dear Sister, 
 
 " Your affectionate brother, 
 
 " Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 " P.S. — My Mother, wife, and your friends here re- 
 member their loves." 
 
 Catharine Cromwell, the Protector's third sister, 
 born 1597, married Roger Whitstone (descended from a 
 Peterborough family), who served in the British forces in 
 the pay of Holland, where also most of her children were 
 born, and where he himself is supposed to have died some 
 time before his brother-in-law's rise to power. The widow 
 and her children then returned to England, Henry, the 
 eldest of them, serving as a sea-captain under Admiral 
 Stokes. But neither he nor his three brothers appear to 
 have left descendants, and the same must be said of their 
 sister Levina, who in 1655 was married to Major Richard
 
 The Sisters of Oliver Cromwell. 187 
 
 Beke, of Buckinghamshire. This lady is referred to as 
 being near death, in the postscript of a letter by Lord 
 Fauconberg. From another document here following, 
 we gather that, on the Whitstone family returning from 
 abroad, the widow and her daughter Levina shared for 
 some time the dwelling-house of her brother Oliver at the 
 Cockpit, and in that document Mrs. Whitstone is stated 
 to have been " his best-beloved sister." 
 
 Among the troops of petitioners besieging the throne of 
 the restored Charles figures Lady Baker (widow of Sir 
 Thomas Baker, of Exeter), who, while recounting the 
 sacrifices which she and her husband had made during the 
 wars, indulges in a long narrative touching her own corre- 
 spondence with the Cromwell family, undertaken, as she 
 represents, solely with a view to plead the King's cause. 
 She had commenced proceedings by forming the acquaint- 
 ance of Mrs. Whitstone, " Cromwell's best - beloved 
 sister," at the time when the family was living at the 
 Cockpit, in Westminster, in order to obtain through her 
 means a personal interview with her brother, expressing to 
 her dear friend the confident hope that, if she could only 
 get speech of my Lord General, she doubted not to render 
 him the happiest man alive. In pursuance of this object, 
 she was so far successful on one occasion as to induce 
 Mrs. Whitstone to carry a request in to her brother, who 
 was no farther off than in an adjoining room ; but Mrs. 
 Whitstone, after a talk with him, came back with tears in 
 her eyes, saying that he was the dearest brother in the 
 world, and she would never forgive herself if through her 
 means any injury should befall him — in short, my Lady 
 Baker was given to understand that many thought her a 
 dangerous person, an insinuation which she repelled with 
 laughter, asking whether they thought that, because she 
 was a big woman, she must therefore be full of ammuni- 
 tion. Henry Cromwell now enters the room, desiring to 
 know the object of the lady's mission, and, after a renewed
 
 iSS The House of Cronnvcll. 
 
 colloquy with his father, revives her hopes of a personal 
 audience. But a personal audience is not yet attainable ; 
 her benevolent solicitude is again met with a message of 
 dismissal, and a recommendation to put her thoughts 
 upon paper ; and so ended this experimental visit. But 
 shortly afterwards she again waited, by appointment, on 
 Mrs. Cromwell at the Cockpit, and begged Mrs. Whit- 
 stone's daughter to announce her arrival. Mrs. Crom- 
 well, who had not yet left her private apartments, returned 
 answer that it was out of no disrespect to Lady Baker that 
 she was not up ready to receive her, but the fact was that 
 she and her lord had not slept that night ; she would, never- 
 theless, let him know that Lady Baker was come. The 
 long-looked-for opportunity seemed now at last within 
 reach ; but, alas ! instead of my Lord General coming 
 forward to greet her, he was represented by two of his 
 officers — to wit, Pickering and Fiennes — to whom, of 
 course, she stoutly refused to give any explanation. She 
 had not come to see them, and she had nothing to com- 
 municate. Mrs. Whitstone now urgently recommended 
 her departure, suggesting that very possibly there might 
 be something brewing against her. Lady Baker, scorning 
 to be supposed accessible to fear while in the discharge of 
 her duty, was proceeding to walk into the garden, where 
 she found her progress again checked b}^ a guard of 
 musketeers, and it required more than one additional 
 messenger yet to persuade her to quit the premises. 
 
 It could not have been long after this affair that the 
 widow Whitstone married Colonel John Jones, one of the 
 regicides who suffered the penalty of high treason on the 
 King's return, from and after which event the lady also 
 sinks out of history. Mark Noble observes respecting 
 her : " She is said to have been very unlike to her brother, 
 the Protector." 
 
 Margaret Cromwell, the Protector's fourth sister, 
 born 1601, was married to Colonel Valentine Wauton (or
 
 The Sisters of Oliver Cromwell. 189 
 
 Walton), of Great Stoughton, co. Hunts, a member of a 
 family which for generations back had been in cordial 
 alliance with the Cromwells, and by this marriage the old 
 friendship seemed more than ever confirmed. In one 
 respect only — namely, in silent disapproval of the Pro- 
 tectorate — did Wanton's friendship suffer abatement. On 
 the return of royalism, Colonel Wauton, as having been 
 one of the most impetuous of the late King's judges, could, 
 of course, expect no mercy, and he accordingly retired to 
 some spot in the Low Countries, where he died in the 
 following year, the victim, as was supposed, of disappoint- 
 ment, anxiety, and dread. His first wife, Margaret Crom- 
 well, had been long dead, and his children must have found 
 themselves great sufferers by the total confiscation of their 
 father's estates. These children appear to have been : 
 (i) George, born 1620, died in infancy ; (2) Valentine, 
 born 1623 ; (3) another George, slain at Marston Moor ; 
 (4) Robert, a London mercer, ruined by a contract to 
 supply nearly ^£"7,000 worth of cloth at Oliver's funeral ; 
 he married a daughter of Colonel Pride ; (5) Anna, born 
 1622 ; and perhaps (6) Lieutenant Ralph Wauton, who 
 fell in Scotland serving under General Monk. 
 
 Anna Cromwell, the Protector's fifth sister, born 
 in 1603, was married to John Sewster, of Wistow, co. 
 Hunts, Esq., and was buried at Wistow in 1646, her 
 husband surviving her thirty-six years. They were a quiet, 
 unambitious race, and the " particular regard " which the 
 Protector entertained towards them was no doubt based 
 upon the Puritanism common to both houses. The chil- 
 dren, six in number, were : (i) John, of whom presently ; 
 (2) Robert, buried at Wistow, 1705 ; (3) Lucy, 1631 ; 
 (4) Robina, named after her aunt, became the wife of Mr. 
 Ambassador Lockhart ; (5) Catharine, died in infancy, 
 1642 ; (6) Anna, died in infancy, 1647. 
 
 John Sewster, eldest son and heir, died in 1680 (the 
 year before his father), leaving two daughters, who both
 
 IQO The House of Cromwell. 
 
 married, but had no issue. The family pictures descended 
 to Mr. Cowley, of Fenny-Stanton. 
 
 Jane Cromwell, the sixth sister of the Protector 
 Oliver, born in 1606, married, 1636, John Disbrowe, after- 
 wards one of the Major-Generals of the Protectorate, and 
 a member of the Upper House. The family was seated at 
 Eltisley, co. Cambs, and were very prominent Puritans in 
 matters both ecclesiastical and civil. John Disbrowe was 
 stoutly opposed to his brother-in-law's acceptance of the 
 kingl}- title ; he was also a main agent in upsetting the 
 Protector Richard. At the Restoration he went abroad, 
 but was summoned back by the proclamation of 1665, 
 requiring certain refugees to report themselves. He lived 
 to exult in the Revolution of 1688, which virtually banished 
 the Stuart race ; and it is thought that after the death of 
 his wife, Jane Cromwell, he married a second time. 
 
 Lady Jane Disbrowe is believed to have died about the 
 year 1656, as various letters from her husband at that 
 period, while he was executing his major-generalship in 
 Wiltshire, refer to her failing health, and solicit permission 
 to return home. 
 
 RoBiNA Cromwell, the Protector's seventh and 
 youngest sister, was married to Dr. Peter French, a 
 Puritan divine, Canon of Christchurch, Oxford, who died 
 in 1655 during the dominion of his brother-in-law. In 
 the following year she became the wife of another divine, 
 the learned and eccentric Dr. John Wilkins, afterwards 
 Bishop of Chester ; time of her death unknown. By her 
 first marriage she had one daughter, Elizabeth, married 
 in 1664 to John Tillotson, afterwards Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury. The prelate's children were three in number : 
 (i) A son who died in early manhood ; (2) Elizabeth, died 
 unmarried, 1681 ; (3) Mary, married to James Chadwick, 
 of Wanstead, Esq., and had issue : George, John, and 
 Mary. Of these last three, George left one son, Evelyn ; 
 and Mar}', as the wife of Edward Fowler, son of Bishop
 
 Wills and Registers. 191 
 
 Fowler of Gloucester, had two daughters, Anna Maria and 
 Elizabeth, 
 
 Wills and Registers. 
 
 It appears, upon a review of the family history, that the 
 Lord Protector had ten male cousins, many of them 
 stanch Royalists, fighting and dying for their King. Only 
 two of those ten cousins left a son each. Both of these 
 sons bore the favourite family name of Henry, and both 
 of them died, so far as is known, without issue — one 
 in 1673, and the other in 1712 — if we may place reliance 
 upon the statements made by the Rev. Mark Noble in his 
 " Memoirs of the House of Cromwell." It is possible that 
 he may have failed to trace quite accurately the history of 
 those ten cousins of the Protector, and that from some of 
 them may have descended one or more of those persons 
 who, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, lived 
 and died in London, and bore the name of Cromwell. The 
 registers of the old burial-ground in Bunhill Fields,* now 
 
 * Extracts from Registers of Burials in Bunhill Fields. 
 
 ... Mr. Cromwell's child fr. St. Sepulchre's. 
 
 ... Mr. Cromwell's child fr. Kartlett's Buildings. 
 
 Mrs. Cromwell fr. Hamstid (sic). 
 ... Mrs. C. fr. St. George the Martyr. 
 (She was the wife of Major Hy. Cromwell.) 
 ... Mr. C.'s child fr. St. Sepulchre's. 
 ... Mrs. C. fr. Snowhill. 
 ... Mr. C.'s child fr. Lingon's Fields (sic). 
 
 Mr. C.'s child fr. Grasinlane (sic). 
 ... Mr. Oliver C. fr. Holeborn (sic). 
 
 Mr. C. fr. Bridgwater Square. 
 
 Mr. C. from Bocking in Essex. 
 ... Miss C. fr. Paternoster Row. 
 ... Mrs. Sarah C. from Hamstid. 
 ... Edward Cromwell Esqr. fr. Hamstid. 
 ... Mr. Rob. C. fr. Cheshunt. 
 ... Mr. Henry C. fr. " Bartolmew " Close. 
 ... Mr. Henry C. fr. the Old Bailey. 
 ... Wm. C. Esqr. fr. "Holeborn." 
 ... Mr. C.'s child from St. Antlins. 
 
 Miss C. fr. " Barkhamstead." 
 ... Mr. Oliver C. fr. the Strand. 
 
 1727. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 18. 
 
 1728. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 27. 
 
 1731- 
 
 July 
 
 16. 
 
 1732. 
 
 Ap. 
 
 I. 
 
 1733- 
 
 May 
 
 18. 
 
 1733. 
 
 Ap. 
 
 14. 
 
 1741. 
 
 May 
 
 8. 
 
 1741. 
 
 Jn. 
 
 23- 
 
 1748. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 II. 
 
 1748. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 16. 
 
 1752. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 13- 
 
 1753- 
 
 Jiy- 
 
 25. 
 
 1759- 
 
 May 
 
 2. 
 
 1759. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 10. 
 
 1762. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 24. 
 
 1769. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 12. 
 
 1772. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 5- 
 
 1772. 
 
 July 
 
 15- 
 
 1772. 
 
 July 
 
 22. 
 
 1777. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 8. 
 
 1785. 
 
 Ap. 
 
 22.
 
 19- The House of Crouizuell. 
 
 kept at Somerset House, and the various registers of the 
 city and suburbs of London,* contain numerous entries 
 of that name. The name is also found four or five 
 times upon the Deed Poll of the Livery Voters in the 
 City of Londonf in the early years of the eighteenth 
 
 1789. Nov. 25. ... Miss L. Cromwell fr. Hampstead. 
 1813. Feb. 8. ... Mary C. fr. Ponder's End (age 108). 
 1S34. March 7. ... Susannah C. fr. Plamstead End (age 89). 
 
 * Extracts fro.m Various London Parish Registers. 
 John C, son of John, bap. at St. James's, Clerkenwell. 
 John C, son of John, buried at St. Mary Aldermanbury. 
 Chas. C. buried at St. Botolph's. 
 Jane C. married at St. Dioni's to Chas. Faethr. 
 John C. buried at St. Mary Aldermanbury. 
 Elizabeth C. buried ditto. 
 Eliz. C. daughter of James and Joanna bap. at Mr. Keith's Chapel, May 
 
 Fair. 
 Oliver C. (a boy) buried at St. James, Clerkenwell. 
 James C. (a boy) ditto. 
 Sophia bap. at St. Sepulchre's, Newgate. 
 Mary C. married at St. George's, Hanover Square, to Robert Lowe. 
 
 t Extracts from the Deed Poll of Livery Voters in the 
 City of London. 
 1700. Francis Cromwell, Citizen and Goldsmith. 
 1700. Henry Cromwell, Plaisterer. 
 1 7 10. Willm. Cromwell, Citizen and Baker. 
 1710. Jonathan Cromwell, Scrivener. 
 
 Copy of a Certificate from Register of the Masons' Company, 
 
 London. 
 William Cromwell of London, Mason was admitted into the Freedom afore- 
 said and sworn in the Mayoralty of Thos. Wright Esq'' Mayor and John IVilkes 
 Esq'' Chamberlain and is entered in the book signed with the letter A relating 
 to the Purchasing of Freedoms and the Admissions of Freemen (to wit) The 
 4"^ day of April in the 26'h Year of the Reign of King George the Third And 
 in the Year of our Lord 1786 In Witness whereof the Seal of the Office of 
 Chamberlain of the said City is hereunto affixed dated in the Chamber of the 
 Guildhall of the same City the day and year aforesaid. 
 
 1 701 
 1707 
 1710 
 1711 
 1718 
 1719 
 1741 
 
 1743 
 1746 
 1779 
 1779 
 
 Countersigned with the initials J. 'W.
 
 Wills and Registers. 193 
 
 century. One of them was a citizen and goldsmith, 
 another a plasterer, another a baker, another a scrivener, 
 and another a mason. In Chester's " London Marriage 
 Licenses "* also may be found five or six entries in 
 the seventeenth century ; and in Phillimore's " Note- 
 book of London and Middlesex"! some interesting in- 
 formation about the family is contained. The Register 
 of Gray's InnJ shows that eight or nine members of the 
 family were at various times enrolled in that home of legal 
 learning. The first was Thomas Cromwell, who after- 
 wards became Earl of Essex, and for a time the greatest 
 man in England under Henry VIL 
 
 * Extracts from Chester's "London Marriage Licenses." 
 
 1661. John Cromwell of Eling married Joan Bennett. 
 
 1663. George C. of Eling married Elizabeth BoUes. 
 
 1686. Clement C. of St. Dunstan's married Christina Stanniford. 
 
 1700. John C. of St. Mary Abchurch married Elizabeth Aston. 
 
 1702. Robert C. of Kensington, widower, married Margaret Benton. 
 
 J Extracts from Phillimore's " Notebook of London and 
 Middlesex." 
 
 Walter Cromwell of Ealing, yeoman, by his Will dated July i6, 1668, devised 
 Hangers to his son, John, and to his Wife ^40 a year. To the Poor of Ealing 
 he bequeathed ^10 a year. 
 
 In Feltham Churchyard are several monuments to this family. 
 
 Mr. Joseph Cromwell, brewer and maltster of Hammersmith, died Nov. 4, 
 1816, aged 70. 
 
 Mr. Geo. Cromwell died July 25, 1825, aged 85. 
 
 Jas. Cromwell, Esqr., brewer and maltster of Hammersmith, died June 3, 
 1841, aged 89. 
 
 % Extracts from the Admission Register of Gray's Inn, 
 
 1524, Thomas Cromwell (afterwards Earl of Essex). 
 
 1561. Francis C. (probably son of Sir Richard). 
 
 1609. Giles C. of Westerham, Kent. 
 
 1620. Henry C. son of Sir Philip of Ramsey. 
 
 1654. Henry C. son of the Protector. 
 
 1703. Oliver C. son of Henry of St. Andrew's, Holborn. 
 
 1709. Samuel C. son of Samuel of Mansfield, Doctor of Medicine. 
 1747. Richard C. of St. Andrew's, Holborn. 
 1806. Oliver C. son of Thomas of Enfield. 
 
 13
 
 194 TJie House of Cromwell. 
 
 The wills proved in the Prerogative Court of Canter- 
 bur)-,* and the wills at Somerset House,-f- are full of 
 interest, the earliest carrying us back to the time of 
 Henry VI., and the latest bringing us down to George III.'s 
 reign. When the eye glances over these various records 
 of the past, one is inevitably led to the conclusion that 
 long before the days of Oliver Cromwell there were in 
 and around London not a few persons who bore the same 
 surname. We know that John Cromwell, who died at 
 Lambeth in 1523, left sons ; and probabl)- they married 
 and left progeny. 
 
 Passing from London to York,t. we shall find some very 
 
 * Wills proved in Prerogative Court of Canterbury. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1455. Rolph, Lord Cromwell of Tattershall. 
 *523- John Cromwell of St. Mary's, Lambeth. 
 1534. Maude Cromwell of St. Mildred, Poultry. 
 
 1546. Sir Rd. Cromwell, alias Williams (sic) of Hinchinbrook in the county 
 of Huntingdon. 
 
 (He was the nephew of Thomas, Earl of Essex.) 
 
 t Wills at Somerset House. 
 
 1 748. Thos. C. : his Executors his Brothers Wm. and Henry. He left a son 
 
 Henry. Affidavit to Will sworn by Rd. Cromwell. 
 1772. Ann Cromwell, from " Herts " (sic). 
 1779- Geo. C. of Eeltham, yeoman : left sons Geo. and Wm. 
 
 X Extracts from Wills at the Registry, York. 
 
 William Cromewell of lownde. Will dated 26 July 1525 ; proved 12 
 October 1525. My bodie to be buried in the church of Sutton of Saint 
 Bartilmowe within the belhouse, and the church to have iij^ iiij"^. To my 
 broder Rchard Cromewell. To ych on' of my sisters a shepe. Residue to my 
 . . . Cecilie my executrix. Supervisors, Ric. Cromwell my fader and John 
 Atkinson. Witnesses, Vicar of Sutton, John pecke yonger, and Ric. Crowme- 
 well, with others. (Vol. 9, folio 323. ) 
 
 Richard Cromewell of Sutton. Will dated iS December 1528 ; proved 
 7 May 1529. My bodie to be buried in the church of Sutton of Sainte 
 Bartilmowe. To our ladie of Southwell ij''. To Sutton church Beldyng ij^. 
 To my iij doughters. To Jenet pynchebeke. To ich on' of my childer 
 childer. To Thomas and henry Cromewell my brether childer. To my 
 broder Roberta. Residue to Richard Cromewell my sone. William dpyng 
 dann' and John Atkymson my executors. Witnesses, William hawmond, vicar 
 of Sutton, Thomas Colby the elder, and William fedean. (Vol. 9, folio 
 396.)
 
 Wills and Registers. 195 
 
 quaint entries of wills made by persons who bore the name 
 of Cromwell. They all belong to the first half of the 
 sixteenth century. 
 
 But it is in the West of England that we shall find a 
 greater number of representatives of the name from the 
 sixteenth century onwards. 
 
 In the neighbourhood of Devizes and of Bath, the 
 registers of several parish churches have been searched, 
 with the result of showing that from the sixteenth century 
 downwards many persons bearing this name lived there. 
 For example, in the parish register of All Cannings, near 
 Devizes,* we find three entries in the sixteenth century. 
 
 Henrie Cromewell of Sutton opon loundc. Will dated 4 November 
 1546; proved 5 May 1547. My bodie to be buried within the churche yerde 
 of Sainte Barthilmewe of Sutton. To Thomas Cromewell my son. To 
 dorothie my doughter. Residue to Isabell my wif my executrix. Supervisor, 
 Thomas Cromewell my broder. Witnesses, Thomas Cromewell, husbandman, 
 Will'm kendall, and John Preston. (Vol. 13, folio 322.) 
 
 Alexander Cromewell of Moregaite in p'ish of Clareborough. Will 
 dated 8 Aprile 1550 ; proved 9 October 1550. My bodie to be buried within 
 the churche yerde of Clareborough.^ To Thomas Johnson dwellinge at 
 Bolsore. To John my sone. To Agnes my doughter. To the poore folks at 
 the dale of my buriall viij'^. To Jennett Cromwell and to Elizabeth Cromwell 
 my doughters. Residue and make them my executors. Supervisors, Thomas 
 Cromwell my brother and Thomas Cromwell my cousin. Witnesses, Sir 
 William Carre, prest, Roger Bramston, Roberte Spenser, Will'm hides the 
 clerke, with other moo'. (Vol. 13, folio 665.) 
 
 THO^L■\s Crowmwell of morhous. Will dated 28 August 1558; proved 
 13 October 1558. To the me'ding of morhouse chappell iij^ iiij'^. To the pore 
 folks in Laxton & morhous iij'* iiij'*. To Will'm browne. To Jasper Sainpall. 
 To leonard Wilson my servant. To barbara temple, Will'm pomfrett, and 
 Dorothe Flyntham. To barbara my wife all my messuage in morhows with all 
 the lands, etc., as they lye in the towne and Feilds in the lordshippes of 
 Laxton and Ossington.- Residue to barbara my wife my sole executrix. 
 Witnesses, Sir hugh pullan, vicar of Laxton, Christopher bettnay, George 
 pullaine, and Will'm browne. (Vol. 15, part ii., folio 364.) 
 
 * From the Parish ok All Cannings, Co. Wilts. 
 
 Maria Cromwell, filia Johan' Cromwell baptisata 8 Oct. 1585. 
 
 John Cromwell buried 28 Nov. 1586. 
 
 John Beale and Elizabeth Cromwell married 12 June 159S. 
 
 1 Clareborough is near Retford. 
 
 ■^ Laxton and Ossington are near Newark.
 
 196 
 
 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 And in the parish of Rodney-Stoke,* numerous entries are 
 found between the years 1656 and 1775. Similarly, in 
 
 * From the Register of Baptisms, Marriages, and Burials in the 
 Parish of Rodney Stoke, Somerset, 1654-1787. 
 
 1656. Lenard Cromwell to be . . . Parish Register . . . (greater 
 
 part illegible) 
 1656. Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Cromwell, born ... 
 1658. Leonard, son of Thos. Cromwell, born .. 
 1660. Agnes, daughter of Thomas Cromwell and ftrancis his wife, 
 
 baptised ... 
 1660. Leonard Cromwell signs the Rector's declaration 
 
 1662. William and Agnes, son and daughter of Thos. and ffrancis 
 
 Cromwell, baptised 
 Agnes, grand-daughter of Thos. Cromwell, buried 
 William, grandson of Thos. Cromwell, buried 
 
 1663. Leonard Cromwell, buried 
 
 1675. Edward Cromell (.fzV) son of Mark Cromell, buried 
 
 1676. Mark Cromwell, buried 
 1692. George Cromwell and Joan Sage, married 
 
 1694. George, son of George Cromwell, baptised 
 George, son of George and Joan Cromwell, buried 
 
 1695. George, son of George and Joan Cromwell, baptised 
 1699. Esther, daughter of George and Joan Cromwell, baptised ... 
 1705, Frances, daughter of George and Jone Cromwell, baptised 
 1716. John, son of George and Jone Cromwell, baptised 
 
 17 19. Hester Cromwell, buried 
 
 1720. Hester, daughter of George and Jone Cromwell, baptised ... 
 1720. George Cromwell and Jone Denmead of Cheddar parish, 
 
 married ... 
 1724. Elizabeth, daughter of George and Jone Cromwell, baptised 
 1727. George, son of George and Joan Cromwell, Junr., buried ... 
 1729. Joan Cromwell, buried 
 1731. Mark Cromwell, buried 
 1733. Frances Cromwell, buried 
 
 1736. John Cromwell and Hannah Williams, married ... 
 
 1737. Frances, daughter of John and Hannah Cromwell, baptised 
 1737-8. George Cromwell, buried 
 
 1738-9. Mary, daughter of John and Hannah Cromwell, baptised ... 
 1741. George, son of John and Hannah Cromwell, baptised 
 1744. John, son of John and Hannah Cromwell, baptised 
 1 745' J^ne, daughter of John and Hannah Cromwell, baptised ... 
 1747. James, son of John and Hannah Cromwell, buried 
 1749. James, son of John and Hannah Cromwell, baptised 
 
 George Cromwell, Junr., buried 
 1751. John Cromwell, buried 
 1759. Jane Cromwell, buried 
 
 Jone Cromal [sic], buried 
 
 Oct. 
 
 8. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 I. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 25- 
 
 Mar. 
 
 31 
 
 Aug 
 
 8. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 9- 
 
 Aug. 
 
 II. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 21. 
 
 June 
 
 17. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 5- 
 
 Jan. 
 
 24. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 21. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 18. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 22. 
 
 Ap. 
 
 9- 
 
 Feb. 
 
 21. 
 
 May 
 
 I. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 II. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 3- 
 
 May 
 
 17- 
 
 Oct. 
 
 S- 
 
 Sep. 
 
 8. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 20, 
 
 Nov. 
 
 29. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 4. 
 
 May 
 
 2. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 12. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 2. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 21. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 9- 
 
 Ap. 
 
 T. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 3- 
 
 Aug. 
 
 2. 
 
 Ap. 
 
 2. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 21. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 6. 
 
 June 
 
 18. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 2.
 
 Wills and Registers. 197 
 
 several of the parish registers of churches in the city of 
 Bath* many entries have been found of the name Crom- 
 w^ell between the years 1726 and 1791. 
 
 It seems difficult now to ascertain what was the link of 
 connection between members of the family in Wiltshire 
 and Somersetshire, and those in the Eastern counties and 
 London. So far as is known to the writer of these lines, 
 the name of Cromwell has entirely fallen away in the 
 Eastern counties, where it was so well known and dis- 
 tinguished between two and three centuries ago ; and not 
 more than half a dozen representatives of the name are 
 known at the present day, so completely has the hand of 
 Time reduced to obscurity and insignificance the repre- 
 sentatives of one of the greatest names inscribed upon the 
 pages of English history. 
 
 George Cromal [sic), buried ... ... ... ... June 22. 
 
 1766. John Cromwell, buried ... ... ... ... Oct. 22. 
 
 1775. James Cromwill {sic), buried ... ... ... June 6. 
 
 * Extracts from St. James's Baptismal Register, Bath. 
 
 1726. Wm. C. son of James, baptised. 
 
 1745- Jas. C. son of Joseph, baptised. 
 
 1749- Joseph C. son of Joseph, baptised. 
 
 1754. Oliver C. son of Peter, baptised. 
 
 1755. John C. son of Oliver, baptised. 
 
 1767. James C. son of James, baptised. 
 
 1785. Willm. C. son of Oliver and Catherine, baptised. 
 
 Extracts from Widcombe Baptismal Register. 
 
 1732. Peter C. son of Oliver, baptised. 
 
 175 1. James C. son of Joseph, baptised. 
 
 1754. Benjamin C. son of Joseph, baptised. 
 1764. Joseph C. son of Joseph, baptised. 
 
 Extracts from Walcot Registers, near Bath. 
 
 1755. Dec. 30. ... Willm. C. married Elizh. Rawlins. 
 1757. Oct. 2. ... John C. bapd. 
 
 '^1^9- June 7. ... Joseph C. son of Joseph and Mary, bapd. 
 1797. Nov. 12. ... Oliver C. son of John and Hannah, bapd. 
 
 Extract from Baptismal Registers of St. Michael's, Bath. 
 1760. Mar. 30. ... Ann, daughter of James and Susannah C.
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 SOME ANECDOTES AND TRAITS OF OLIVER CROMWELL. 
 
 THE list of officers who fell on the King's side at 
 Marston Moor includes the names of Charles 
 Towneley, of Towneley, Esq., a Lancashire 
 Papist, connected with whose death we have 
 a family tradition illustrative of Oliver's humanity. 
 Towneley's wife, Mary, daughter of Sir Francis Trappes, 
 was, during the anxious period of the battle, waiting 
 with her father at Knaresborough, where the news of her 
 husband's death was brought to her on the following 
 morning and prompted her to go and search for his body. 
 On reaching the fatal field, where the attendants of the 
 camp were stripping and burying the dead, she was ac- 
 costed by a general officer, to whom she told her melan- 
 choly story. He heard her with great tenderness, but 
 earnestly besought her to quit a place where, besides the 
 distress of witnessing such a scene, she might probably be 
 insulted. She complied, and he called a trooper, who 
 took her en croup. On her way to Knaresborough she 
 inquired of the man the name of the officer to whose 
 civility she was indebted, and learnt that it was Lieutenant- 
 General Cromwell. The lady survived till i6go, dying at 
 Towneley, and being buried in the family chapel at Burnley,
 
 Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 199 
 
 aged ninety-one. The anecdote was told to Dr. Whitaker, 
 the editor of " Sir George Radcliffe's Correspondence," 
 by the then representative of the family, to whom it had 
 been handed down by his ancestress, Ursula Towneley (a 
 Fermor of Tusmore, and aunt to Pope's Belinda), who 
 had it from the lady herself. (J. Langton Sanford's 
 " Studies and Illustrations of the Great Rebellion," p. 611.) 
 
 His Faithful Valet. 
 
 During the severe illness which prostrated the Lord 
 General in Edinburgh, he was watched and tended by a 
 most devoted French servant named E)uret, one who 
 heartily loved and appreciated him, and was in return 
 treated with unreserved confidence. Cromwell not only 
 committed to him the management of domestic affairs 
 while campaigning, but during this illness he would receive 
 food and medicine from no other hand. This unremitting 
 assiduity on the part of Duret, involving as it did pro- 
 tracted midnight watchings, had at length a fatal result 
 for the watcher himself, and Oliver, as he advanced 
 towards recovery, had the intense grief to discover that 
 his friend was rapidly sinking. It was now his own turn 
 to act as nurse and spiritual consoler. Duret, for himself, 
 cheerfully accepted his fate ; he was quite satisfied to lay 
 down his life in such a cause and for such a master, and 
 he merely desired that the case of his mother, sister, and 
 two nephews might be taken into consideration ; they 
 were still in France, and were in some measure dependent 
 on his services. " I will look to that," said Cromwell. 
 " My obligations to you are so great that it were impos- 
 sible for me to do otherwise." Immediately, therefore, 
 after Duret's death, a message was sent to the survivors, 
 begging the entire family to come to England ; and at the 
 same time Cromwell gave to his wife, by letter, a full 
 account of the affair, representing that she should treat 
 the strangers on their arrival in London in a manner cor-
 
 200 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 responding with her just sense of the merits and good 
 offices of the deceased, and that, as it was entirely to 
 Buret's care, pains, and watchings, that he owed the 
 preservation of his own hfe, she would proportion the 
 kindness shown to them to the love which she bore to 
 himself as her husband. The Duret family at once 
 accepted tha invitation, and were welcomed into Mrs. 
 Cromwell's household with the utmost cordiality. Madame 
 Duret was of course promoted to her table, the sister 
 became a maid of honour, and the two nephews occupied 
 the post of pages. Cromwell had still an arduous cam- 
 paign to complete, which kept him in Scotland for several 
 weeks longer, and it was not until after fighting the battle 
 of Worcester that he at last found an opportunity of re- 
 visiting the sanctuary of home, and of ratifying by his 
 personal salutation the new domestic alliance. The scene 
 at that moment must have been redolent of Christian 
 pathos. The mutual tears and incoherent greetings had 
 an eloquence of their own, for it was through the medium 
 of his daughters, who were better skilled in the French 
 language than himself, that he testified to the old lady 
 how he rejoiced at her arrival, assuring her at the same 
 time that, as she had lost her first son in his service, he 
 would do all possible to fill the vacancy as her second 
 son. Moreover, he took pains to acquire sundry French 
 phrases wherewith to salute her whenever they might 
 chance to meet. 
 
 The Spoliation of Churches. 
 
 Not only the capture of bells, but every other form of 
 church spoliation, wherever found in England, is habitually, 
 but wrongly, attributed to the personal agency of Crom- 
 well. It was rather the previous age (that of the Reforma- 
 tion) which witnessed these defacements, concerning which 
 let a statement from Goodwyn's " Catalogue of Bishops," 
 published forty years before the Civil War, be heard re- 
 
 I
 
 Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 201 
 
 specting Ely Cathedral, under whose shadow the Crom- 
 wells dwelt. Bishop Hotham, he tells us, " lieth entombed 
 in a monument of alabaster that was some time a very 
 stately and goodly building, but now [1601] shamefully 
 defaced, as are also all other monuments of the church." 
 
 Whatever may have been the fanaticism of some few 
 iconoclasts, no wanton destruction either in respect of 
 churches, towns, or country-houses, is chargeable on the 
 Cromwell family. It is even told of Oliver that, when the 
 Parliament dismantled Nottingham Castle, he was heartily 
 vexed at it, and told Colonel Hutchinson that if he had 
 been in the House when it was voted, he would not have 
 suffered it to be done. Nor, indeed, are the Parlia- 
 mentarians, as a rule, to be credited with the house- 
 burnings and town-burnings belonging to that period. 
 Such actions were almost without an exception the work 
 of the Royalists, and were frequently quite independent 
 of the accidents or exigencies of war. This is not a 
 statement loosely made, but is the result of a pretty 
 close and prolonged investigation of the recorded facts. 
 Prince Rupert, a foreigner, and one who acquired the 
 sobriquet of " Prince Robber," first set the example by 
 burning Cirencester and Marlborough, and devastating 
 Fawley Court, belonging to Bulstrode Whitelock. Then 
 followed the destruction of Bridgnorth, unhousing three 
 hundred families, and consuming £"90,000 worth of 
 property. Wooburn, in Bedfordshire, was treated in like 
 manner in 1645, and in the year following the combined 
 towns of Great Faringdon and Westbrook, in Berkshire, 
 were burnt, to the value of ;£'56,g76, as appraised by 
 judges of assize at Reading. These afflictions, together 
 with the sack of Leicester, the Parliament endeavoured 
 from time to time to mitigate by the action of a Com- 
 mittee of Burnings, and by ordering public contributions 
 for the sufferers to be made either throughout the realm 
 or in a group of counties. (In respect of Leicester, see
 
 202 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 the Lords' Journals, vii. 665 ; the Bridgnorth affair, 
 ihid., ix. 657; Great Faringdon, ihid., x. 485. Consult 
 also the Commons' Journals.) 
 
 Yet, if only a tradition survive in any domestic history 
 that the family estate was wrecked in the Civil Wars, 
 it will almost invariably be found that such tradition is 
 made to do duty for the wrong party. The house, so the 
 family annalist usually informs us, "was burnt by the 
 rebels, and the money estate was all lost in the royal 
 cause." Take, for instance, the case of Drake of Ashe. 
 The Drakes, like the families of naval heroes generally, 
 went in roundly for the Parliament, and the petition 
 of Lady Ellen Drake (Commons' Journals, v. 508), as 
 well as a mass of documents among the Composition 
 Papers, all attest that the destroyer of the family mansion 
 was the Cavalier Lord Pazalet, who had to make ample 
 restitution for the same. Yet the modern annalist of the 
 Drake family tells us that it was the work of the rebels. 
 (Burke's " Extinct and Dormant Baronetage.") 
 
 Dean Stanley, in his " Memorials of Westminster 
 Abbey," remarks that : " After the overthrow of Charles L, 
 the Abbey was placed for twelve years in the hands of the 
 Commonwealth and the Protector. The royal monuments 
 in the Abbey, which suffered cruelly under Henry VIIL, 
 remained uninjured, so far as we know, under Cromwell." 
 This testimon}' should never be forgotten when one hears 
 the verger of a cathedral ascribe every act of vandalism to 
 Cromwell. 
 
 The Ceremony of Kissing Hands. 
 
 " Our Lord Protector gave a noble audience to the 
 Dutch ambassadors last Saturday. His part was just as 
 the King's used to be, only kissing his hand excepted." 
 (From an intercepted letter, March, 1654.) The testimony 
 of the three Ambassadors themselves, Beverning, Nieuport, 
 and Jongestall, is still more graphic. After the final inter-
 
 Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 203 
 
 change of friendly expressions in the banqueting-room at 
 Whitehall, "we presented unto his Highness twenty of 
 our gentlemen, who went in before us, being followed by 
 twenty more, to have the honour to kiss his hand. But 
 instead thereof, his Highness advanced near the steps and 
 bowed to all the gentlemen one by one, and put out his 
 hand to them at a distance, by way of congratulation." 
 
 In 1653, some person addressing him in St. James's 
 Park, and omitting what was called " the homage of the 
 hat," induced him to relate, with a smile, a circumstance 
 which he remembered to have witnessed on the same spot 
 some years back, when the late King was once walking 
 there. The Duke of Buckingham on that occasion was 
 advancing towards his Majesty without uncovering, where- 
 upon an indignant Scot in the King's train at once struck 
 off the Duke's hat. 
 
 But while Oliver gracefully waived the accustomed 
 forms of personal worship, he was not solicitous to abate 
 the innocent parade of sovereignty which might be sup- 
 posed due to the nation's representative. For instance, 
 " My Lord of Leda gave his adieu yesterday to my Lord 
 Protector, who sent his own coach of six white horses. 
 Certain it is, as many told me, that none of the English 
 Kings had ever any such. And with it ten more coaches 
 of six horses, with many cavaliers. So was Leda con- 
 ducted and re-conducted ; but what he did at the interview 
 is not known." (James Darcy to Dr. John Smith of Dun- 
 kirk, June 13, 1655. See also Carlyle's narrative of the 
 ceremonious reception of the Swedish Ambassador in July, 
 1655-) 
 
 Hh Love of Horses and other Animals, and also of Races and 
 other Sports. 
 
 The epicedium by Andrew Marvell says : 
 
 " All, all is gone of our or his delight 
 In horses fierce, wild deer, or armour bright."
 
 204 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 Writing to Cornet Squire just after Gainsborough fight, 
 he says : " I will give you all you ask for that black horse 
 you won last fight." Two months later Squire captures 
 another horse, for which also he makes application : " I 
 will give you sixty pieces for that black horse you won at 
 Horncastle, if you hold to a mind to sell him, for my son, 
 who has a mind to him." In after-da}-s Longland, his 
 agent at Leghorn, and Sir Thomas Bendysh, in Turkey, 
 busied themselves in procuring Barbary horses. Races 
 continued in Hyde Park during the Protectorate ; and 
 Dick Pace, the owner of divers horses who live in racing 
 chronicles, was the Protector's stud-groom. His adven- 
 ture in the Park when attempting to drive his own coach- 
 horses is too well known to need repetition. We therefore 
 pass to the " wild deer " mentioned by Marvell. This 
 probably refers to the twelve reindeer, which, together 
 with their two Laplander drivers, were sent by the Queen 
 of Sweden in 1654. (See Bulstrode Whitelocke's narra- 
 tive.) Oliver is also said to have " fallen in love with the 
 company" of Sir James Long, of Wiltshire, a gentleman 
 eminent as a naturalist. During the fighting days of 1645 
 this knight, then Sheriff of Wilts, was, together with his 
 entire regiment, captured b\- Cromwell and Waller, near 
 Devizes. Sir James is described by his friend Aubrey as 
 orator, soldier, historian, and romancer, as excelling in the 
 arts of fencing, falconry, horsemanship, and the study of 
 insects — in short, a very accomplished gentleman. The 
 belligerents probably had not met since the scrimmage at 
 Devizes placed Sir James in a private position, till one day 
 when Oliver (now Protector), hawking on Hounslow 
 Heath, recognised his old antagonist, who, we may 
 suppose, was engaged in the like pastime. The knight's 
 discourse was so skilfully adjusted to the altered state of 
 affairs that Oliver forthwith fell in love with his company, 
 and commanded him to wear his sword, and to meet him 
 again when they should next fly their hawks. All which
 
 Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 205 
 
 caused some of the stricter cavaliers to look upon Sir James 
 with an evil eye. (Aubrey.) 
 
 Hh Opinions on Agriculture and the Scheme for a Canal 
 between Bristol and London. 
 
 John Aubrey says : "I heard Oliver Cromwell, Pro- 
 tector, at dinner at Hampton Court in 1657 or 8, tell the 
 Lord Arundel of Wardour and the Lord Fitz- Williams 
 that he had been in all the counties of England, and that 
 the Devonshire husbandry was the best. And at length 
 we [in Wiltshire] have obtained a great deal of it." Hartlib, 
 a Pole, who translated Child's Treatise on the Agriculture 
 of Flanders, obtained a pension from the Protector. It 
 was, no doubt, the canals of Flanders which suggested the 
 scheme for uniting by a canal the Bristol Avon with the 
 Thames, which Captain Francis Matthew having illus- 
 trated with a map, the Protector would have put into 
 execution had he lived long enough. (" Natural History 
 of Wilts.") A hundred and thirty years later it was 
 accomplished by John Rennie. 
 
 His Natural Eloquence, and Protection of Learning. 
 
 Bishop Burnet, on the authority of Lieutenant-General 
 Drummond (afterwards Lord Strathallan), mentions that 
 in Drummond's presence Cromwell engaged in a long 
 discourse with a group of Scots Commissioners, on the 
 nature of the regal power according to the principles of 
 Mariana and Buchanan ; and Drummond's conclusion was 
 that Cromwell had manifestly the better of the Commis- 
 sioners at their own weapon and upon their own principles. 
 Indeed, a modern French writer declares him to have been 
 the only eloquent man in the kingdom. " En effet," says 
 Villemain, " dans la Revolution Anglaise, il n'y eut qu'un 
 homme eloquent, et c'est celui qui aurait pu se passer de 
 I'etre, grace a son epee — Cromwell. Hormis Cromwell, 
 eloquent parce qu'il avait de grandes idees et de grandes
 
 2o6 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 passions, la Revolution Anglais n'inspirait que des rheteurs 
 th^ologiques, en qui la verite du fanatisnie meme etait 
 faussee par un verbiage convenu." 
 
 Beverning, one of the Dutch Ambassadors, writing home 
 in 1653, says : " Last Saturday I had a discourse with his 
 Excellency above two hours, no one else being present. 
 He spoke his own language so distinct!}' that I could 
 understand him. I answered again in Latin." 
 
 Touching the various schemes adopted during his brief 
 tenure of power for the advancement of learning, it is 
 unnecessary to enlarge. A passage from Anthony a Wood, 
 a very unexceptional witness in a case of this nature, may 
 suffice. In his biographical notice of Henry Stubbs, 
 keeper of the Bodleian, who took his degree in the days of 
 Owen, he remarks : " While he continued undergraduate 
 it was usual with him to discourse in the public schools 
 very fluently in the Greek tongue. But since the King's 
 restoration we have had no such matter, which shows that 
 education and discipline were more severe then than after- 
 wards, when scholars were given more to liberty and 
 frivolous studies." It should not be forgotten that Oliver 
 proposed to found a University at Durham for the benefit 
 of education in the northern parts of the kingdom, and 
 that Westminster School and its famous head-master — 
 Dr. Busby — shared his protection and favour all through 
 the troublous days of the Civil War. 
 
 Hh Interview with Archbishop Usher. 
 
 The Irish prelate was considerably his senior ; and this 
 circumstance, combined with his fervid Churchmanship, 
 enabled him to present a defiant front when in colloquy 
 with the Protector, who, nevertheless, was most generously 
 disposed towards him, and anxious to have a courteous 
 interview. Usher's own account is that he at last con- 
 sented to accept the invitation of the Protector only lest 
 further evil towards his brethren should grow out of his
 
 Anecdotes and Traits of Olive7' Cromwell. 207 
 
 refusal. At their first meeting, the Protector's opening 
 observations about advancing the Protestant interest in 
 Europe appeared to the Archbishop little better than 
 " canting discourse " ; and as he was evidently too much 
 of an enthusiast to take his (the Archbishop's) advice in 
 the matter, a civil dismissal closed the affair. On the next 
 occasion, the Archbishop, carrying in his hand a petition 
 for enlarged liberty to the clergy in the matter of preach- 
 ing, found Oliver under the hands of a doctor, who was 
 removing a boil from his breast. After begging his guest 
 to be seated, Oliver said : 
 
 " If this core were once out, I should be quickly well." 
 
 Archbishop: " I doubt the core lies deeper. There is a 
 core at the heart that must be taken out, or else it will not 
 be well." 
 
 Oliver : " Ah, so there is indeed !" and sighed. 
 
 The Archbishop, finally gathering that the curb was not 
 to be removed from the Royalist clergy, departed to his 
 home in grief, and placed on record his indignant judg- 
 ment : " This false man has broken his word. Royalty 
 will now speedily return." It is commonly added that at 
 the death of Usher, which followed shortly after, the Pro- 
 tector decreed a public funeral for him in Westminster 
 Abbey, but left the family to bear the charges, which 
 Henry Cromwell's testimony indirectly shows to be 
 destitute of all credibility. (See also the Mcrcnrius Politicus, 
 March and April, 1656.) 
 
 His Contributions to the Repairs of a Church. 
 
 Richard Byfield, the Rector of Sutton, in Surrey, con- 
 tested the repairs of the church with his patron, Sir John 
 Evelyn, of Godstone. To put an end to the contest, the 
 Protector got them together in his presence, when Sir 
 John charged the minister with reflecting on him in his 
 sermons, which, of course, Byfield repelled. Oliver then 
 addressed the belligerents in the following terms : " I
 
 2o8 TJie House of Cromwell. 
 
 doubt. Sir John, there is something indeed amiss. The 
 word of God is penetrating, and if, as I suspect, it has 
 found you out, you will do well to search your ways." 
 He succeeded in making them good friends before parting, 
 and, to mollify the knight's chagrin, ordered his secretary 
 Malyn to pay him £ioo towards the repairs of the 
 church. Byfield was afterwards one of the ejected 
 of 1662. 
 
 Hh Patyonnge of Music and Painting. 
 
 The Protector of England had many personal traits in 
 common with Martin Luther. Zwingle's zeal in destroy- 
 ing pictures and organs in the churches of Zurich has often 
 been contrasted with the conduct of Luther, who system- 
 atically protected and honoured art. As Cariyle has said : 
 " Death defiance on the one hand, and such love of music 
 on the other. I could call these the two opposite poles of 
 a great soul. Between these two all great things had 
 room." And again : " Who is there that in logical words 
 can express the effect that music has on us ? — a kind of 
 inarticulate, unfathomable speech, which leads us to 
 the edge of the Infinite, and lets us for moments gaze 
 into that." 
 
 Cromwell's order that Dr. Wilson should regularly give 
 his music lecture at Oxford, though passed over by 
 Walton, is commented on in an essay in the Edinburgh 
 Review (No. 193). John Hingston, a scholar of Orlando 
 Gibbons, after being in the service of Charles L, became 
 organist to Cromwell at a pension of ;^ioo a year, and 
 instructed his daughters in music. His portrait was in 
 the music school at Oxford. (Braybroke's Pepys, Decem- 
 ber 10, 1667.) The first step towards the revival of 
 dramatic music after the Civil War took place in 1653, in 
 the performance of Shirley's mask of Cupid's death, and 
 three years later Davenant obtained a license to open a 
 theatre for operas. A modern chronicler of the town of
 
 Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 209 
 
 Tewkesbury, while gossiping about its abbey, narrates 
 as follows : " The organ, now placed in a gallery between 
 two of the pillars in the nave, beneath which is the prin- 
 cipal entrance to that portion of the church appropriated 
 for Divine service, is not more distinguished for its ex- 
 terior appearance and great powers than for the singu- 
 larity of its history. It originally belonged to Magdalen 
 College, Oxford. Oliver Cromwell, who was fond of 
 music, and particularly of that of an organ, which was 
 proscribed under his Government, was so delighted with 
 the harmony of this instrument that, when it was taken 
 down from its station in the college, according to the 
 Puritanical humour of the times, as an abominable agent 
 of superstition, he had it conveyed to Hampton Court, 
 where it was placed in the great gallery for his entertain- 
 ment. It remained there till the Restoration, when it was 
 sent back to Oxford ; but another organ having been 
 presented to the college, it was, in the year 1737, removed 
 to Tewkesbury." The local cicerone of Tewkesbury 
 further avers that this was the instrument on which John 
 Milton was in the habit of performing for the delectation 
 of the Protector's family, a perfectly possible case, and, 
 were it authenticated, a very welcome fact, for it would be 
 the furnishing of one instance, in the absence of any other, 
 of Cromwell and Milton being sometimes found in personal 
 communion. 
 
 At the sale of Charles I.'s pictures, Oliver secured the 
 cartoons of Raphael to the nation for ;^300, and fifty years 
 later William III. took measures for their preservation 
 and restoration. In the interval they had a narrow escape. 
 Charles II. was on the point of selling them to Louis XIV., 
 and it was all that the Lord Treasurer could do to save 
 them from the clutches of Barillon. Probably Danby 
 found by some other means the money they were to have 
 raised. Yet we fancy that even Charles II. would hardly 
 have thrown away the chance, which in more modern days 
 
 14
 
 2 1 o The House of Cromwell. 
 
 presented itself to an English Prime Minister, of securing 
 the entire collection of paintings in the Pitti Palace. 
 \\'hen the French republican armies were overrunning the 
 North of Italy, and commencing their wholesale system of 
 plunder, the Grand-Duke of Florence offered this magnifi- 
 cent gallery to the English nation for the comparatively 
 small sum of ;^ioo,ooo ; but this offer was declined by the 
 English Government. 
 
 When the Dutch Envoys arrived in March, 1653, to 
 settle the terms of peace, they seem to have brought over 
 with them some of Titian's paintings. The intercepted 
 letter of a Royalist (name unknown) has the following : 
 " One that was present at the audience given in the 
 banqueting-house told me that Cromwell spent so much 
 time looking at the pictures, that he judged by it that he 
 had not been much used heretofore to Titian's hand." 
 (Thurloe, ii. 144.) Might we not rather say that, the 
 more he had seen of Titian, the longer he loved to linger ? 
 
 Beyond the pencils employed to execute the portraits of 
 the members of his family, there is not much evidence of 
 Oliver's patronage of living artists. Three entries in the 
 Exchequer accounts for 1657-58 refer to a sum of £150 
 paid "to Mr. Francis Clyne for the designing of two 
 stories by the tapestry men." He also engaged a naval 
 painter named Isaac Sailmaker, a pupil of Gildrop, to 
 execute a sea-view of the English fleet as it lay before 
 Mardyke during Sir John Reynolds' assault on that fort 
 in 1657. Sailmaker lived to paint the naval fight between 
 Sir George Rooke and the Count de Toulouse. 
 
 On February 22, 1649, Lieutenant-General Cromwell 
 reports from the Council of State "that divers goods 
 belonging to the State are in danger of being embezzled, 
 whereupon it is ordered that the care of the public library 
 at St. James and of the statues and pictures there be 
 committed to the Council of State to be preserved by 
 them." (Commons' Journals.)
 
 Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 2 1 r 
 
 The goods here referred to were the pictures, statues, 
 household furniture, and other personal estate of the late 
 King, which the House thereupon ordered to be in- 
 ventoried, appraised, and sold. The sale soon afterwards 
 commenced, and went on till August, 1653. The prices 
 were fixed, but if more was offered, the highest bidder 
 became the purchaser. Part of the goods were sold by- 
 inch of candle. The buyers, called " contractors," signed 
 a writing for the several sums ; but if they disliked the 
 bargain they were at liberty to withdraw from the engage- 
 ment on payment of a fourth part of the sum stipulated. 
 Among the contractors appears Mr. John Leigh, who, 
 August I, 1649, buys goods for the use of Lieutenant- 
 General Cromwell to the value of £iO(^ 5s., and on the 
 15th are sold to the Right Hon. the Lady Cromwell goods 
 to the amount of ^200.* But no sooner was Oliver in 
 possession of the supreme power than he not only put a 
 stop to the sale, but detained from some of the purchasers 
 goods for which they had contracted. Such, at least, was 
 the affirmation made in a petition addressed, after the 
 Protector's death, to the Council of State by Major 
 Edward Bass, Emanuel de Critz, WilHam Latham, and 
 Henry Willett, in behalf of themselves and divers others, 
 in which they represent: "That in the year 1651 the 
 petitioners did buy of the contractors for the sale of the 
 late King's goods the several parcels thereunder named, 
 and did accordingly make satisfaction unto the treasurer 
 for the same. But forasmuch as the said goods are in 
 Whitehall, and some part thereof in Mr. Kinnersley's 
 custody in keeping, the petitioners do humbly desire their 
 Honours' order, whereby they may receive the said goods, 
 they having been great sufferers by the late General 
 Cromwell's detaining thereof." The goods specified are 
 hangings and statues, the latter adorning the gardens at 
 Whitehall. This charge against the Protector of some- 
 
 * This last-mentioned may have been a Countess of Ardglass.
 
 2 1 2 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 thing little short of felony is one which there are probably 
 now no means of adjusting. Had the petitioners made 
 their appeal during his lifetime, we might have had an 
 honest explanation. 
 
 " Oliver Cromwell at Hampton Court"" 
 
 is the title of a paper contributed to the Gentleman's 
 Magazine by John B. Marsh, containing a survey of the 
 state of the palace and park just before the Restoration, 
 and an account of the drawing up of an inventory of their 
 contents by the Sergeant-at-Arms, Mr. C. Dendy, and Mr. 
 John Embree, derived from the State Paper Office. But 
 as the association of the works of art there with the Pro- 
 tector's memory is no more than an accident, which he 
 shares with his predecessors and successors, Mr. Marsh's 
 facts, though highly interesting throughout, hardly claim 
 more specific notice in this place than may be supplied by 
 a few random extracts. 
 
 According to tradition, Cromwell's bedchamber was 
 upon the ground-floor, and had in the time of Charles I. 
 been used as a day room — the same room where it is said 
 the King with some of his children was once standing at 
 the open window, when a gipsy woman solicited per- 
 mission to tell the children's fortune. The King refused^ 
 whereupon she handed him a small mirror, in which, with 
 terror, he beheld a severed head. To give the legend 
 rotundity, she is further credited with a prophecy that 
 when a dog should die in that room the King's son would 
 regain his throne, all which came to pass, the dog being 
 Cromwell's favourite. 
 
 What is supposed to have been the King's own bed- 
 room remained unoccupied and unfurnished during the 
 time of Cromwell. 
 
 The Earl and Lady Fauconberg's bedroom had been 
 stripped before the inventory was taken ; but we are told 
 that in one of their rooms, formerly occupied by the 
 Duke of Richmond, the walls were hung about with old
 
 Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 213 
 
 green perpetuano, and there were two black stools, three 
 folding stools, and one footstool covered with old green 
 cloth. The Lady Frances Cromwell, widow of Mr. Rich, 
 had "lodgings" in what was formerly the late King's 
 cabinet room. Then followed a list of the furniture, all 
 which had belonged to Charles I. There were three 
 rooms used by Lady Claypoole as nurseries : one was at 
 the end of the passage leading to the tennis-court ; a 
 second was a portion of the armoury, a room hung round 
 with striped stuff; and the third was a room formerly 
 occupied by the " Bishop of Canterbury," which, from 
 its furniture and hangings, must have been the largest 
 and the best. This chamber contained one of the few 
 looking-glasses remaining in the palace (four only occur- 
 ring in the entire inventory), and is described as " One 
 large looking-glass in an ebony frame, with a string of 
 silk and gold." 
 
 Colonel Cromwell and John Howe the preacher had 
 bedrooms adjoining each other. Howe's room is " hung 
 round in gray-striped stuff, and contains one standing bed, 
 with feather-bed and bolster, two blankets, and a rug. 
 The furniture of the like striped stuff. One bed had a 
 head-cloth and four curtains. Dr. Clarke lay not far from 
 Mr. Howe, and in his room were one half-headed bed- 
 stead, one deal table, and a form. Colonel Philip Jones, 
 the comptroller, occupied as a bedroom that which had 
 formerly been the Lord Chamberlain's." The lodgings of 
 all the personal attendants of the above are also fully 
 described. " In a room below stairs, where the servants 
 dine, formerly called the vestry," there are five tables and 
 eight forms. 
 
 The gardens boasted of various sun-dials, a large foun- 
 tain surmounted with a brass statue of Arethusa, and 
 divers objects in marble. In the privy-garden there was 
 a brass statue of Venus, ditto of Cleopatra, and marble 
 statues of Adonis and Apollo. Of these, the Venus is the 
 only one now remaining, which the modern palace guide
 
 2 14 ^-^^ House of Cromwell. 
 
 calls Diana. George II. is credited with having removed 
 the others to Windsor. 
 
 Hampton Court has been greatly altered since Crom- 
 well's time. The Great Hall, of course, remains, in which 
 were two organs, the larger one a gift from Cromwell's 
 friend, Dr. Goodwyn, president of Magdalen College, 
 Oxford ; but the traditions of this part of the building 
 belong to Wolsey's entertainments and subsequent dra- 
 matic pageants rather than to any scenes in the Puritan 
 Protector's life. The Mantegna Gallery, with its vast 
 pictures representing the triumphs of JuHus Csesar (pur- 
 chased by Charles I.) it is reasonably thought must have 
 often attracted his notice, though this is mere conjecture. 
 But in respect of the armoury there is ground for thinking 
 that the collection of specimens may have been in great 
 part the result of his personal taste, for Andrew Marvell 
 tells us that he delighted in bright armour. 
 
 " Here Edward VI. was born, and here his mother, 
 Jane Seymour, died. Here Queen Mary and Philip of 
 Spain spent their dull honeymoon, and here Queen Eliza- 
 beth held her Christmas festivities. Here James I. sat as 
 Moderator, and listened to the arguments of Presbyterians 
 and Churchmen, and here Queen Anne his wife died, in 
 1618. Here Charles I. and Queen Henrietta passed their 
 honeymoon, and here Charles I. was kept a prisoner pre- 
 vious to his trial and execution. Here Mary Cromwell 
 was married to Earl Fauconberg in 1657, and here, in 
 r658, died little Oliver and his mother, the Lady Elizabeth 
 Claypoole ; while almost at the same time Cromwell him- 
 self was seized with the illness which eventually terminated 
 in his death at Whitehall." 
 
 Oliver's Wound at Marston Moor. 
 
 The proclamation offering a large reward for killing the 
 Protector, issued in 1654 by Charles II., has been duly 
 noticed by Carlyle. Though no adventurer ever laid claim 
 to the glittering reward promised, there was a certain
 
 Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 2 1 5 
 
 young gentleman who lived to taste the royal bounty in 
 consideration of the inferior feat of wounding Oliver in 
 battle. This was Marcus Trevor, Esq., who declared 
 himself the author of the sword-thrust which drew blood 
 from Oliver at Marston Moor ; and Trevor's claim being 
 allowed at the Restoration, he was two years later created 
 Viscount Dungannon. At the Archaeological Meeting at 
 Shrewsbury in 1855, ^ modern Viscount Dungannon dis- 
 played from Brynkinault the original patent, being a 
 richly-emblazoned document in which Richard St, George, 
 Ulster King-of-Arms, grants to the first Lord Dungannon 
 a lion and a wolf as supporters, and recites that King 
 Charles II., taking into consideration the faithful services 
 of his beloved councillor, Mark Trevor, Esq., and parti- 
 cularly his valiant action at the battle of Marston Moor, 
 where, after many high testimonies of his valour and 
 magnanimity, he that day personall}' encountered that 
 arch-rebel and tyrant Oliver Cromwell, and wounded him 
 with his sword, had created the said Mark Trevor Viscount 
 Dungannon. Dated September 20, 1662. (See also the 
 Peerages under the article " Downshire.") 
 
 His Assassination attempted. 
 
 The story of his being shot at by Miss Granville, on his 
 passage into the City to dine with the Lord Mayor in 
 1654, has been discussed more than it merits. Raguenet, 
 who was the first to print it, in his French history of the 
 Protector, says that he derived it from the manuscript of 
 M. de Brosse, docteur de la faculte de Paris, an eye-witness 
 of the event, which manuscript he was ready to show to 
 anyone who desired it. According to our French authority, 
 the young lady's lover, who was brother to the Duke of 
 Buckingham, had fallen at the battle of St. Neot's by 
 Cromwell's own hand. Hence her long-nursed revenge, 
 and until the above opportunity presented itself she prac- 
 tised pistol-shooting at a picture of Oliver. As the caval- 
 cade passed her balcony on its way to the City, she dis-
 
 2 1 6 T/ie Hotise of Cromwell. 
 
 charged her weapon at something more substantial than 
 his picture, but the shot took effect only on the horse of 
 his son, Henry Cromwell, whereupon she delivered herself 
 in an appropriate tragic speech, and her attendants assuring 
 those who were sent to arrest her that her mind had long 
 been in a disordered state, the scene shifts to Grocers' 
 Hall, where my Lord Mayor must have been verily guilty 
 of thoughtless discourtesy if he failed to congratulate his 
 Highness on his recent escape. On this point, however, 
 the reporters are unaccountably silent, though otherwise 
 the day's proceedings are graphically described in the 
 Perfect Diurnal of February 6 to 13. 
 
 Even that (so styled) amiable gentleman, Mr. Secretary 
 Nicholas, saw no impropriety in the plan of assassination. 
 " We have here seen," says he, writing to Lord Culpepper 
 from Bruges, " a most excellent treatise entitled ' Killing 
 no Murder,' dedicated to Cromwell, showing both Scrip- 
 ture and many reasons that it is not only lawful, but even 
 necessary, to kill him, being an usurper and a tyrant who 
 ought no more to have any law than a wolf or a fox ; and 
 I hear that Cromwell is no less fearful than Cain was after 
 the murder of his brother Abel." 
 
 Fairfaxes Desertion and Hutchinson's. 
 
 One of the deep sorrows of the Protector's latter days 
 was the alienation of former friends. His secretary, 
 Thurloe, who perhaps more than any other of those 
 about him could estimate its depressing effect, is fre- 
 quently quite touching in his narratives to Henry Crom- 
 well of " the great man's " trials. He could bear with 
 comparative indifference the barking of Cornet Day and 
 John Sympson, who, preaching — as it was called — 
 no farther off than Allhallows Church, assailed the 
 Government as " the thieves and robbers of Whitehall." 
 But when more creditable divines resisted his project 
 for the admission of Jews into the country, and in a
 
 Anecdotes and Traits of Oliver Cromwell. 217 
 
 variety of ways checked his intelligent patriotism, Thurloe 
 writes : 
 
 " I do assure you his Highness is put to exercise every 
 day with the peevishness and wrath of some persons here. 
 But the Lord enables him with comfort to bear the hard 
 speeches and reproaches he is from day to day loaded 
 with, and helps him to return good for evil, and goodwill 
 for their hatred — which certainly is the way to heap coals 
 of fire on their head, to melt them and bring them into a 
 better frame and temper." And again, shortly after : " His 
 Highness meets with his trials here at home, of all sorts ; 
 being under daily exercises from one hand or another. I 
 wish he may not have occasion to say, My familiar friends 
 in whom I trusted have lift up their heel against me. 
 These things should make him and all his relations to 
 depend the more upon God, and to take heed of all carnal 
 confidences. Trials work patience, and patience ex- 
 perience, and experience hope. That hope will never 
 make ashamed, but all hope in men will." 
 
 Here is one of Carlyle's sketches : " Colonel Hutchin- 
 son, as his wife relates it, Hutchinson, his old battle-mate, 
 coming to see him on some indispensable business, much 
 against his will — Cromwell follows him to the door in a 
 most fraternal, domestic, conciliatory style, begs that he 
 would be reconciled to him, his old brother-in-arms ; says 
 how much it grieves him to be misunderstood, deserted by 
 true fellow-soldiers dear to him from of old. The rigorous 
 Hutchinson, cased in his Presbyterian formula, sullenly 
 goes his way." 
 
 Among trials of this nature, Fairfax's desertion must 
 have especially increased his sense of isolation, and tested 
 his magnanimity. Thomas Lord Fairfax, enriched by the 
 forfeited spoils of the profligate Duke of Buckingham, had 
 an only daughter, Mary, who, though very unattractive 
 in appearance, it was thought might be utilized to bring 
 about a reconciliation with the royal exiles, and at the
 
 2i8 The Hotise of Cromwell. 
 
 same time ensure the settlement of the newly-acquired 
 estates. The young lady's mother, who was a Vere, was 
 probably the contriver of this precious scheme. Whether 
 or not Buckingham had previously made overtures for the 
 hand of Frances Cromwell, as commonly reported, must 
 ever remain doubtful ; but we may be quite sure that it 
 was with no sort of reference to that transaction that 
 Cromwell viewed the Fairfax intrigue with disgust and 
 pity, for in this he did but share the sentiment of all the 
 honest party. The marriage, nevertheless, was performed 
 with great splendour at Nun-Appleton in Yorkshire, in 
 September, 1657, which was only a few weeks before that 
 of Frances Cromwell with Lord Rich ; and Fairfax then 
 posted off to London to have a talk with the Protector 
 about it. Thurloe can best tell us what passed. In a 
 letter to Henry Cromwell, he says: "I suppose your 
 lordship hath had a full account of the Duke of Bucking- 
 ham's marrying the lord Fairfax's daughter. My Lord 
 Fairfax was here this day, 27 Oct., with his Highness 
 to desire favour in behalf of the Duke and his new wife, 
 the Duke being now sought for to be committed to the 
 Island of Jersey. His Highness dealt friendly with him. 
 but 3^et plainl}', and advised him to do that now, which he 
 should have done before, that is, to consult with his old 
 friends, who had gone along with him in all the wars, as 
 to what was fit for him to do ; and no longer listen to 
 those who had brought him into this evil, but to regard 
 them as enemies both to his honour and his interest. My 
 Lord Fairfax laboured to justif}^ himself as well as he 
 could. He w^as willing to believe that the Duke was 
 a better man than the world took him to be ; — and so his 
 Highness and he parted." And the parting appears to 
 have been final, and the alienation complete. Those who 
 watched the ex-General stalking from the presence-cham- 
 ber, took notice that he cocked his hat and cast his cloak 
 under his arm in a style which he was wont to adopt when
 
 A Singulai' Medal of Oliver Cromwell. 219 
 
 his wrath was roused. He Hved to see verified the words 
 of his brother-in-arms — that both honour and interest had 
 been bartered for this specious alUance. A few years later 
 his promising son-in-law, in furtherance of an intrigue with 
 the Countess of Shrewsbury, slew that lady's husband in 
 a duel, and Fairfax outlived the event. As for his own 
 dear daughter, naught but neglect and obloquy fell to her 
 share, as a matter of course. 
 
 " It is high time," observes a recent critic, " that the 
 great and good Lord Fairfax, as Mr. Markham calls him, 
 should be made to appear in his true contemptible light ;" 
 and he refers, among other authorities, to Fairfax's own 
 " Apologia," which, it is averred, clears his memory from 
 not a single blot. (Notes and Queries, February 24, 1877.) 
 Possibly true enough. But what, it may be asked, is the 
 use of parading one defaulter, when the entire population 
 was in full march back to Egypt ? Though otherwise the 
 spectacle is not unsuggestive, which presents to view one 
 historic name after another dropping away from the once 
 beloved " Cause " and hiding itself in ignominy, as if 
 to leave the Cyclopean figure of the Puritan King unap- 
 proachable in its solitary grandeur. 
 
 A singular medal, known as the Cromwell and Fairfax 
 medal, is preserved at Brussels, and was first published in 
 England by Mr. Henfrey. The obverse bears a head of 
 Cromwell wearing a sort of imperial crown. The head is 
 double, and when reversed represents that of a demon. 
 In front of the faces is the word "Cromwel." The surround- 
 ing Dutch legend (" Den een mens is den anderen siin 
 duivel ") means, " This one [Cromwell] is the evil genius of 
 the other" [Fairfax]. The reverse has a head representing 
 Fairfax in a Puritan hat, reversible in like manner, and 
 then displaying a fool's head with cap and bells, and 
 opposite the faces the word" Farfox." The circumscription 
 in this case ("Deen sot is den anderen siin gek ") signifies, 
 " This simpleton [Fairfax] is the other's [Cromwell's] fool" 
 or dupe. (" Numismata Cromwelliana.")
 
 2 20 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 Olive/s Corpse torn from Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Here follows the mason's receipt of wages for exhuming 
 the bodies of Cromwell, Ireton, and Bradshaw, at the 
 Restoration of Charles II., as copied by Dr. Cromwell 
 Mortimer, Secretary of the Royal Society. 
 
 " May the 4th day. i65i. Rec'^ then in full of the 
 worshipful Sergeant Norfolk, fiveteen shillings for taking 
 up the corpes of Cromell and lerton and Brasaw. Rec. 
 by mee, John Lewis." 
 
 For a full account of the expulsion from the Abbey of 
 these and sundry other of the buried heroes of the 
 Commonwealth, the reader is referred to the classic pages 
 of Dean Stanley's " Historical Memorials of Westminster 
 Abbey." The following appear to have escaped the 
 execution of the warrant : Elizabeth Claypoole ; the Earl 
 of Essex ; Grace, wife of General Scott, a regicide ; 
 General Worsley ; and George Wilde, Lord Chief Baron 
 of the Exchequer. 
 
 Over the breast of the Protector was found a copper 
 plate, double gilt, engraved on the one side with the arms 
 of the Commonwealth impaling those of the deceased, and 
 upon the reverse this legend : " Oliverius Protector 
 Reipublicae Anglise, Scotise, et Hiberniae. Natus 25° 
 Aprilis Anno 1599. Inauguratus 16° Decembris 1653. 
 Mortuus 3° Septembris Anno 1658, hie situs est." This 
 plate, together with the canister in which it was enclosed, 
 was appropriated by Mr. Sergeant Norfolk, of the Heralds' 
 College above mentioned, who at first imagined it to be 
 gold. From him it descended, through his daughter, 
 Mrs. Hope Gifford, of Colchester, into the hands of the 
 Hon. George Hobart, of Nocton in Lincolnshire, and 
 from that family it has again passed into the possession of 
 the present Earl of Ripon and De Grey. 
 
 For " the savage ceremonial," as Dean Stanley termed
 
 The Co7'pse of Oliver Cromwell. 221 
 
 it, " which followed the Restoration," the Dean himself 
 made what atonement he could by placing a large tablet 
 in the centre of the apse of Westminster Abbey, engraved 
 as follows : 
 
 In this Vault was interred 
 
 Oliver Cromwell. 1658 
 
 And in or near it 
 
 Henry Ireton. his son in law. 165 i 
 Elizabeth Cromwell. His mother. 1654 
 Jane Desborough. his sister. 1656 
 Anne Fleetwood. 
 
 Also Officers of his Army and Council. 
 
 Richard Deane. 1653 
 
 Humphrey Macworth. 1654 
 
 Sir William Constable. 1655 
 
 Robert Blake, admiral. 1657 
 
 Dennis Bond. 1658 
 
 John Bradshaw. president of 
 
 The High Court ok Justice. 1^59 
 
 And Mary Bradshaw. his wife. 
 These were removed in i66i. 
 
 The bones of Oliver share the honour which has 
 apparently been common to heroes from Moses down- 
 wards — that of becoming the subject of fierce debate and 
 endless conjecture. Dryden said of him : " His ashes in
 
 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 a peaceful urn shall rest " ; and perhaps Dryden for once 
 was right. At any rate, no attempt will be made in this 
 place to marshall the rival claims either of the aforesaid 
 urn, or of the river Thames, or the field of Naseby, or the 
 vault of the Claypooles at Northampton, or the crypt 
 beneath Chiswick Church, close to the residence of the 
 Fauconbergs, or the Fauconbergs' home in Yorkshire, or, 
 lastly, of the storm fiend, who howled through the two 
 nights or more preceding his death. But inasmuch as it 
 is pleasant to meet with any corroboration of the filial 
 devotion of Lady Mary Fauconberg, of which, indeed, 
 there was never any reasonable doubt, but which the 
 Royalists have sometimes sought to tarnish, an exception 
 will be briefi!y made in favour of the Newburgh tradition, 
 as the one also which more recently than others has 
 invited public attention. The following passage from an 
 account of Sir George Orby Wombwell's home-life at 
 Newburgh is quoted from the World of September ii, 
 1878: 
 
 "There is, however, a mightier memory than that of 
 Laurence Sterne associated with Newburgh. In the long 
 gallery is a glass case containing the saddle, holsters, bit, 
 and bridle of the greatest prince who ever ruled in 
 England. The saddle and holster cases are by no means 
 of Puritan simplicity, being of crimson velvet, heavily 
 embroidered in gold. The pistols are of portentous 
 length, and very thin in the barrel ; and the bit is a cruel 
 one, with the tremendous cheek-pieces common two 
 centuries ago. Doubtless the Lord Protector liked to 
 keep his horse like his Roundheads — well in hand. Not 
 quite opposite to these relics hangs the portrait of a lady 
 clad in dark-green and demureness. This serious-looking 
 dame is Mary Cromwell, wife of the second Lord Faucon- 
 berg. It was she who, with keen womanly instinct, 
 sharpened yet more by filial affection, foresaw that, the 
 Restoration once achieved, the men who had fled before
 
 The Tomb of Oliver Cromwell. 223 
 
 Oliver at Naseby and Worcester would not allow his 
 bones to rest in Westminster. At dead of night his 
 corpse was removed from the vault in the Abbey, and 
 that of some member of the undistinguished crowd substi- 
 tuted for it. In solemn secrecy the remains of him of 
 whom it was said, * If not a king, he was a man whom it 
 was good for kings to have among them,' were conveyed 
 to Newburgh, where they yet repose, the insane fury of 
 the Royalist ghouls, who hung the supposed body of Crom- 
 well, as well as that of Ireton, on the gallows at Tyburn, 
 having thus been cheated of its noblest prey. The tomb 
 of Cromwell occupies the end of a narrow chamber at the 
 head of a flight of steep stairs, and is an enormous mass 
 of stonework built and cemented into the walls, apparently 
 with the object of making it impenetrable. There is no 
 reason to doubt the truth of this story, preserved in the 
 Bellasyse family for two centuries and a quarter. It is not 
 a legend, but a genuine piece of family history, and 
 implicitly believed on the spot. It is needless to say 
 that the over-curious have again and again begged the 
 lords of Newburgh to have the tomb opened, but this 
 request has met with invariable refusal, even when 
 proffered by the most illustrious personages. * No, no,' 
 observes Sir George Wombwell, heartily as ever, but 
 quite firmly, ' we do not make a show of our great 
 relative's tomb, and it shall not be opened. In this 
 part of Yorkshire we no more dig up our remote great- 
 uncles than we sell our grandmothers. The Protector's 
 bones shall rest in peace — at least, for my time.' " {Notes 
 and Queries, October 5, 1878.) Sir George Wombwell, the 
 second Baronet, married in 1791 Lady Anne Bellasyse, 
 daughter of Henry, second Earl of Fauconberg. 
 
 The Newburgh tradition might very safely take a slightly 
 altered and more credible form by making the acquisition 
 of the Protector's body an event subsequent to the Tyburn 
 exposure. Whether or not the three bodies were, after
 
 2 24 ^'^''^ House of Cromwell. 
 
 decapitation, buried beneath the gallows, as commonly 
 alleged, two of them, at least, were recovered by friends 
 and carried off, as proved by Mr. Godfrey Meynell's dis- 
 covery of the coffins of Ireton and Bradshaw in the vault 
 beneath Mugginton Church in Derbyshire ; and in respect 
 of the recovery of the third body, Lord and Lady Faucon- 
 berg were just the persons who of all others might be most 
 reasonably credited with it. Compared with them, there 
 were not at that moment any of the Protector's represen- 
 tatives possessing a tithe of the power and influence 
 necessary for the accomplishment of so hazardous a 
 scheme. The first place of concealment might then have 
 been the Chiswick cr}'pt. Beyond this point we tremble 
 to advance. 
 
 The Head of Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 The genuineness of the embalmed head belonging to 
 Mr. Horace Wilkinson, of Sevenoaks, is, of course, depen- 
 dent on the previous question, Was it the Protector who 
 was hung at Tyburn ? That the head in question is the 
 same which (together with a portion of the pikestaff) fell 
 from the pinnacle of Westminster Hall in James H.'s 
 reign is sufficiently credible, and every portion of its 
 internal evidence is so far favourable as to make it im- 
 possible to gaze on the relic without deep emotion. The 
 history of its transmission and of its present condition 
 has been exhaustively treated by the late C. Donovan, 
 Esq., in two numbers of the Phrenological Journal for 
 1844. There is also "An Account of the Embalmed 
 Head of Oliver Cromwell at Shortlands House in Kent," 
 by Colonel Sir James Edward Alexander, in the "Trans- 
 actions of the Glasgow Archaeological Society,'' vol. ii., 
 p. 35. The following scanty notice must suffice : 
 
 The upper half of the skull has been sawn off; this 
 was for the purpose of embalming. The lower half being 
 then filled with the spicy composition, long since con-
 
 The Head of Oliver Cromwell. 225 
 
 creted, it has come to pass that this portion of the head, 
 including the lower jaw and the pike passing through it 
 all, is cemented into one mass, a state of things which, it 
 has been asserted, could not be predicated of any other 
 known head, since the long exposure of thirty years would 
 in ordinary cases have detached the lower jaw and destroyed 
 the fleshy covering. And whereas the crown of the skull 
 would be pushed off by the upward action of the pike, this 
 difficulty was met by piercing the crown with a central 
 hole, through which the pike then passed, and appeared 
 above the skull. Phrenologically speaking, the head has 
 no large or small organs, all being nearly alike well 
 developed, consequently it is absolutely a large head, the 
 circumference over the occipital bone and round the super- 
 ciliary region being 22 inches ; in life it would have been 
 23 inches. The spot where the well-known wart over the 
 right eye was placed is indicated by a small cavity in the 
 bone, the excrescence having dropped away. The ragged 
 remains of hair, which is of a reddish chestnut, and which 
 covers the jaw, corresponds with the account of his remain- 
 ing unshaved during the anxious weeks passed at Lady 
 Claypoole's bedside, and with the remark made by his 
 relations when they saw the post-mortem plaster cast, 
 that his habitual practice had latterly been to preserve a 
 clean chin. The elder Mr. Wilkinson, writing in 1827, 
 saj^s : " This head has been in my possession nearly fifteen 
 years. I have shown it to hundreds of people, and only 
 one gentleman ever brought forward an objection to any 
 part of the evidence. He was an M.P., and a descendant 
 by a collateral branch from Oliver Cromwell. He told me, 
 in contradiction to my remark that chestnut hair never 
 turned gray, that he had a lock of hair at his country 
 house which was cut from the Protector's head on his 
 death-bed, and had been carefully passed down through 
 his family to his own possession, which lock of hair was 
 perfectly gray. He has since expressed his opinion that 
 
 15
 
 2 26 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 the long exposure was sufficient to change the colour." 
 In the Dublin University Magazine, April, 1843, it is stated 
 that a lock cut from Charles I.'s head, when washed, was 
 of a bright brown colour, though it is known to have been 
 of a grizzled black in life ; the embalming materials prob- 
 ably wrought the same effect in both. The ground on 
 which the sculptor Flaxman pronounced in its favour was 
 the squareness of the lower jaw, a marked speciality in 
 the Cromwell family. Oliver Cromwell, Esq., of Cheshunt, 
 after comparing it with the mask taken after death, ex- 
 pressed himself satisfied ; while Dr. Southgate, librarian of 
 the British Museum, and Mr. Kirk, the medallist, reached 
 the same conviction from their knowledge of the Oliverian 
 coins and medals. 
 
 Cromwellian Personal Relics. 
 
 Of these, as may well be supposed, there is a large 
 crop. In briefly cataloguing them, it will be best to 
 begin with the heirlooms of the Cromwell family pre- 
 served in the custody either of the Rev. Paul Bush, Hon. 
 Canon of Truro Cathedral and Rector of Duloe, Cornwall, 
 or the Rev. Thomas Cromwell Bush (eldest son of Canon 
 Paul Bush), of Cheshunt Park, and Rector of Michel 
 Dean, Gloucestershire. 
 
 The portraits at Duloe Rectory are (1896) as follows : 
 
 1. Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector, by Walker. (Mr. 
 Bush possesses the receipt.) 
 
 2. Elizabeth Bourchier, wife of the above, by Sir Peter 
 Lely. 
 
 3. Richard Cromwell, Protector, by Walker. 
 
 4. Henry Cromwell, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, by 
 Christian Dusart. 
 
 5. Mary Cromwell, wife of Lord Fauconberg, by Michael 
 Dahl, the Danish painter. 
 
 6. Elizabeth Cromwell, wife of John Claypole.
 
 Relics of Oliver Cromwell. 227 
 
 7. Frances Cromwell, Lady Russell, by John Riley. 
 
 8. Major Henry Cromwell, son of the Lord-Lieutenant 
 of Ireland, by W. Wissing. 
 
 g. Hannah Hewling, wife of the above, by W. 
 Wissing. 
 
 10. William Cromwell, of Kirby Street, fourth son of 
 Major Henry Cromwell, by Jonathan Richardson. 
 
 11. Richard Cromwell, fifth son of Major Henry Crom- 
 well. 
 
 12. Sarah Gatton, wife of the above. 
 
 13. Eleanor Gatton (Mrs. Hynde), sister of the above. 
 
 14. Thomas Cromwell, seventh son of Major Henry 
 Cromwell, by Jonathan Richardson. 
 
 15. John Thurloe, secretary to the Lord Protector, by 
 Dobson. 
 
 16. General Stewart, uncle to the Lord Protector. 
 
 17. Elizabeth Cromwell, daughter of the Protector 
 Richard. 
 
 18. Oliver Cromwell, son of Richard Cromwell, of 
 Hampstead. 
 
 ig. Oliver Cromwell, of Cheshunt Park, died in 1821. 
 
 20. Morgan Morse. 
 
 21. Mrs. Morgan Morse. 
 
 22. Artemidorus Cromwell Russell, of Cheshunt Park, 
 grandfather of Rev. Thomas Cromwell Bush. 
 
 23. Mr. Russell, of Hereford, grandfather of the 
 above. 
 
 24. A family group, comprising Richard Cromwell, fifth 
 son of Major Henry Cromwell ; Sarah Gatton, his wife, 
 with an infant son in her lap ; two daughters, Elizabeth 
 in blue and Anna in red ; Mrs. Letitia Thornhill in yellow ; 
 Mrs. Eleanor Gracedieu in white ; the widow of Mr. Robert 
 Thornhill ; Mrs. Hynde making tea — painted by Richard 
 Philips. 
 
 The following heirlooms have descended to the Rev.
 
 2 28 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 Thomas Cromwell Bush at Michel Dean Rectory, near 
 Gloucester : 
 
 Oliver Cromwell's mask ; Henry Cromwell's helmet ; 
 Long - Parliament hat, wide - brimmed ; spurs ; Oliver 
 Cromwell's powder-flask ; another helmet ; seal of Lord- 
 Lieutenant of Ireland ; Oliver Cromwell's private seal ; 
 four pieces of padded armour ; pedigree ; pair of leather 
 leggings ; Oliver Cromwell's stirrups ; eight swords, one 
 serpentine ; mourning sword belonging to the last Oliver 
 Cromwell, Esq. ; dagger ; Henry Cromwell's Bible and 
 Prayer-book ; piece of the pear-tree planted by Oliver 
 Cromwell in the garden of Sidney Sussex College, Cam- 
 bridge ; piece of Shakespeare's mulberry-tree ; portrait of 
 Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, by Holbein ; ditto, 
 Henry VHL; Oliver Cromwell's father and mother; 
 Charles L, in needlework; John Pym; Richard Cromwell ; 
 ditto in locket ; Lord and Lady Thomond, by S. Cooper; 
 Nicholas Skinner, by the same painter ; hatchment carried 
 at the Protector's funeral; small gilt-edged diary; banner; 
 Oliva pacis ; small cannon-ball ; medicine-chest ; large 
 Tuscan cabinet in ebony, of elaborate design, for per- 
 fumes, presented by the Grand-Duke of Tuscany to his 
 Highness on the arrival of his portrait in Florence ; small 
 picture of Mary, daughter of Nicholas Skinner, widow of 
 Thomas Cromwell, who died in 1813, at the age of 104 
 (see pp. 5i, 62) ; various Lives of the Protector and mis- 
 cellaneous papers, in cabinet. 
 
 His Highness's coach appears, from an entry in the 
 Commons' Journals, May 28, 1660, to have been trans- 
 ferred to the service and use of Charles H., or such at 
 least was the design, though, from a passage in the first 
 volume of " State Papers," p. 266, it seems to have 
 eventually reached the hands of Lord Hollis. Mark 
 Noble tells us (but this was a hundred years ago) that a 
 large barn built by Oliver at St. Ives still (1785) goes by
 
 Relics of Oliver Cromwell. 229 
 
 his name ; and the farmer renting the estate still marks 
 his sheep with the identical marking-irons which Oliver 
 used, having " O. C." upon them. State -coach and 
 marking-irons ought certainly to have been secured by 
 Lord Mollis. 
 
 Respecting the articles which descended through Mary 
 Cromwell, Mark Noble has the following : " The present 
 Earl of Fauconberg (1785) possesses some valuables which 
 were the first nobleman's of that title, and presented 
 to him by his Highness, his lordship's father-in-law. 
 Amongst these are a sabre worn by Oliver at Naseby. 
 His head is engraved upon the blade, with this inscrip- 
 tion : ' Oliver Cromwell, General for the English Parlia- 
 ment, 1652'; above it, 'Soli Deo gloria'; below it, 'Fide, 
 sed cui vide.' On the other side of the blade is the 
 same head and inscription, and a man on horseback, 
 with the words 'Spes mea est Deo,' and ' Vincere aut 
 mori.' " A similar weapon is described in the Gentleman'^ 
 Magazine for 1793, p. 209, belonging to some other party. 
 This may suffice for the O. C. swords, which might fill an 
 armoury. 
 
 But the Fauconberg collection long included an object 
 of still greater interest, which has now passed into the 
 possession of the Earl of Chichester. This was Oliver's 
 pocket Bible, an edition printed for the assignees of Robert 
 Barker in 1645, bound in four thin volumes for portability, 
 and having Cromwell's autograph at the beginning of 
 vol. iii., thus, " O. C. el. 1645," and the words " Qui 
 cessat esse melior cessat esse bonus." Each volume also 
 contains " Lord Fauconberg his Book, 1677." Lastly 
 must be mentioned Lady Mary's knife, fork, and spoon in 
 a shagreen case, which she derived from her father, and 
 which she bequeathed to Miss Plaxton, from whom they 
 passed to her descendant, Mr. Thomas Beckwith, of York, 
 painter and F.A.S. 
 
 Mr. H. R. Field, formerly of Munster Lodge, Tedding-
 
 230 The House of Cro77iwell. 
 
 ton, possesses the portrait of Elizabeth Bourchier, the 
 Protector's mother, by some Dutch master, a marble bust 
 of the Protector, several original letters, various articles 
 belonging to his medicine-chest, one of the brass breast 
 ornaments worn on the belt of his troopers, Gillray's 
 caricature representation of George III. inspecting a 
 miniature of Cromwell, and a collection of drawings 
 formerly at Brantingsay. 
 
 At the thirty days' sale, in 1806, of Sir Ashton Lever's 
 museum, Oliver's helmet and gorget, and a buff doublet, 
 were bought for five guineas. They were presented by 
 a descendant of General Disbrowe to Mr. Busb}-, who 
 gave them to Sir Ashton. A three - quarter bust in 
 armour cut in white paper, and regarded as the work of 
 his daughter, Mrs. Bridget Fleetwood, is now in the 
 United Service Institution ; where also are divers other 
 Cromwelliana. A clock, now in the Philadelphia Library, 
 and regarded as the oldest clock in America, is called 
 Oliver Cromwell's clock. His watch, delineated in a print 
 in the Gentleman's Magazine, December, 1808, is now in 
 the British Museum. His oval brass snuff-box was 
 minutely described in Notes and Queries, October 29, 1864. 
 At an archaeological meeting in York, September, 1846, 
 another watch turned up, a repeater, maker's name Jaques 
 Cartier, exhibited by Mr. F. H. Fawkes, of Farnley Hall, 
 near Otley, together with the original matrix in silver 
 of a seal for the approbation of parish ministers. Mark 
 Noble believed himself to be the happy possessor of 
 the Protector's steel tobacco-box. His boots, with many 
 other articles, used to be shown to visitors at the 
 Chequers, in Buckinghamshire ; while a rival pair of 
 boots formed part of Mr. Mayer's Museum at Liverpool, 
 together with a cocoanut cup mounted in silver ; and 
 there is a silver shoe-buckle in the rooms of the Edin- 
 burgh Antiquaries. Mrs. Inigo Thomas, of Ratten, had 
 his brooch. Even his finger-ring was found in 1824 ^-^
 
 Portraits of Oliver Cromwell, 231 
 
 Enderby, near Leicester, having a pointedly-cut diamond 
 between rubies, and " O. C." on each side of the rubies. 
 Inside the ring were the words " For the Cause " {Gentle- 
 man's Magazine, July, 1824). Thomas Dickenson Hall, 
 Esq., of Whatton Manor, co. Notts, has his silver 
 drinking-cup, with a cover. The numerous articles in- 
 herited by the Dickenson family were likely to be genuine, 
 as they came through the Claypooles. An aunt of 
 Daines Barrington formerly rejoiced in the possession of 
 an intricate lock, manufactured in Scotland, but attached 
 to a chamber-door in Whitehall. Other possessors of 
 relics are, or were, Mr. Goodall, of Dinton Hall, Ayles- 
 bury ; Sir Peter Dick, of Sloane Street, Chelsea ; and the 
 owner of the armoury in the chapel of Farley Castle, the 
 ancient seat of the Hungerfords, in Wiltshire. The above 
 list, copious though it may appear, is far from being 
 exhaustive, and a small space must still be claimed for 
 objects more strictly belonging to the Protectress's de- 
 partment. It remains, then, to state that at a sale of 
 porcelain belonging to Miss Wroughton, of Wilcot, near 
 Devizes, one lot was styled Oliver's, probably a set of 
 Delft earthenware, which was popular in England from 
 1600 to 1660. And when about the same time the antique 
 furniture of Chavenage House, near Tetbury, was sold by 
 auction, amongst various Oliverian relics, his quilt in 
 satin, trimmed with silk fringe, was sold for £^. A 
 similar quilt of Ireton's fetched one guinea. Nor must 
 an article belonging to Ireton's wife, Bridget Cromwell, 
 be overlooked. This is a brass-mounted pair of bellows 
 adorned with scroll-work and flowers encircling a portrait 
 of her father, exhibited by Mr. Burkitt at the archaeo- 
 logical meeting in 1845. Lastly, a kettle — a camp-kettle, 
 a gift from Mrs. Russel, of Cheshunt — was cherished by 
 the late Sir Charles Reed, of Hackney, derived through 
 his wife from her father, Edward Baines, Esq., M.P., of 
 Leeds.
 
 232 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 There was a gentleman resident in the Paragon at 
 Hackney, Mr. De Kewer WilHams, the pastor of an Inde- 
 pendent Church, whose CromwelHan museum, in one re- 
 spect at least, was emphatically unique, for it included 233 
 different engraved portraits of him, 180 being English, 39 
 French, 7 Dutch, 6 German, i Itahan ; and by this time the 
 collection is doubtless still further enriched. Other items 
 in this gathering were portraits in oil (one apparently an 
 original) ; miniatures on various grounds and bas-relievos of 
 every material ; a statuette of considerable age, possibly 
 contemporary ; besides coins, medals, seals, silver lockets, a 
 large ivory tankard, the carving around which represents 
 the Dissolution of the Long Parliament ; all the best en- 
 gravings of Oliver, inclusive of caricatures native and 
 foreign ; and lastly a book-case of characteristic device, 
 containing a selection of rare works illustrative of his 
 career, in various languages. 
 
 In the execution of his picture of the Dissolution of the 
 Long Parliament, Benjamin West was anxious to examine 
 a miniature of great repute, then belonging to an old lady, 
 a member of the Russell family. " Lord Russell " is 
 described as the mediating channel through whom per- 
 mission to inspect was, after much difficulty, obtained. 
 But permission was only one step in advance. Sundry 
 preliminaries had to be observed, for which the painter 
 was hardly prepared. The box containing the miniature 
 lay at the lady's banking-house, and whenever it was 
 brought to her own home, the servants were all put into 
 livery as for a State reception, and visitors were required 
 to appear in Court dress. Benjamin West's Quaker pre- 
 judices revolted against the sword and other paraphernalia 
 belonging to that costume ; but deeming it best to waive 
 his objections for the nonce, he was duly ushered along 
 with others into the lady's bedroom, where she appeared 
 propped up with pillows and dressed with plumes and 
 jewels. The box was opened, and Mr. West had at
 
 Portraits of Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 last the satisfaction of holding the Protector's miniature 
 in his hand. A glance sufficed to verify the report of its 
 excellence. He had never before seen, he said, so ex- 
 pressive a likeness of " Cromwell." At the word "Crom- 
 well " the old lady's eager hand had plucked the jewel from 
 his profane grasp and replaced it in its casket. With an 
 agitated voice she declared that Mr. West could not again 
 be permitted to handle it. " You must know," she added, 
 " that in my presence he is never spoken of but as my 
 Lord Protector." Lord Russell here interposed, and after 
 suitable apologies and explanations obtained for Mr. West 
 the privilege of another long inspection, in the course of 
 which the courtly painter found sundry opportunities for 
 magnifying the name and virtues of our Lord Protector. 
 After the lady's death, he made another effort to see it 
 through her executors, but all the information he could 
 get was that when the box was recovered from the banker's 
 the picture was absent, and was supposed to have gone 
 abroad. Thus it seemed hopelessly lost, but Mr. West 
 was of opinion that the beauty of its execution would 
 ensure its restoration to the light. (Notes and Qiieries, 
 July 15, 1865.) Possibly its subsequent history may be 
 read in a statement occurring in a letter to the present 
 writer, written in 1848 by the late Sir Thomas Frankland 
 Lewis, to the effect that the best portrait of Oliver he had 
 ever seen was " a miniature in the hands of Sir Augustus 
 Foster, who had purchased it at Turin. It was by Cooper, 
 and had belonged to some of Oliver's descendant's." As 
 to the lady herself, who paid such affectionate homage to 
 his memory, she may be conjecturally identified with one 
 of the two members of the Russell family who successively 
 filled the office of bed-chamber woman to the Princess 
 Amelia. 
 
 The portrait (life - size) in Sidney Sussex College, 
 Cambridge, was probably the last taken from life, for it 
 represents him worn and faded from the fatigues of office
 
 234 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 and indoor life. It was presented to the college, in 1766, 
 by Thomas Hollis, the antiquar}^ who accompanied the 
 gift with two unsigned letters as follows : 
 
 '* To the Master and Fellows of Sidney Sussex College, 
 Cambridge. 
 
 " An Englishman, an assertor of liberty, citizen of the 
 world, is desirous of having the honour to present an 
 original portrait in crayons of the head of O. Cromwell, 
 Protector, drawn by Cooper, to Sidney Sussex College in 
 Cambridge. London, Jan. 15, 1766. 
 
 • I freely declare it, I am for old Noll ; 
 Though his government did a tyrant's resemble. 
 He made England great, and her enemies tremble/ 
 
 " It is requested that the portrait should be placed so as 
 to receive the light from left to right, and be free from 
 sunshine. Also that the favour of a line may be written 
 on the arrival of it, directed to Pierce Delver, at Mr. 
 Shore's, bookbinder in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, 
 London." 
 
 Second letter : 
 
 " A small case was sent yesterday by the Cambridge 
 waggon from the Green Dragon, Bishopsgate Street, 
 directed to Dr. Elliston, Master of Sidney Sussex College, 
 Cambridge, free of carriage. It contains a portrait which 
 the Master and Fellows of that College are requested to 
 accept. London, Jan. 18, 1766." 
 
 How and when the donor's real name was discovered is 
 uncertain, but the letters were so characteristic that it 
 could not long remain a secret. Thomas Hollis died in 
 1774, but we learn from his memoirs that it was known in 
 1780. {Notes and Queries, February 24, 1872.)
 
 The Standard of Oliver Cromwell. 235 
 
 The Standard of Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 Mr. Henfrey observes, writing in 1875, that there seems 
 to be only one example of a Commonwealth flag now in 
 existence in this country. It was the standard hoisted 
 during that period on the flagstaff at Chatham Dockyard, 
 and it is still preserved at the private house of the Captain- 
 Superintendent of the dockyard. Captain Charles Fellowes, 
 C.B. It is there deposited in a curious chest of carved 
 cypress, taken by Sir George Rook out of a Spanish 
 galleon in Vigo Bay in 1704, and which was used for hold- 
 ing colours. The following notice of it occurs in the 
 Kentish Gazette, January 11, 1822 : 
 
 " Cromwell's Standard. — When his Royal Highness the 
 Duke of Gloucester visited the dockyard at Chatham a 
 few days since, he was shown Cromwell's standard, 
 supposed to be the only one remaining in the kingdom. 
 Its ancient simplicity and good preservation excited the 
 attention of his Royal Highness. When his late Majesty 
 visited the yard in 1781, it was shown to him, and he 
 expressed a desire that particular care might be taken of 
 it. The flag is red, twenty-one feet by fifteen, having on 
 it St. George's Cross, red on a white field, and the Irish 
 harp, yellow on a blue field, the shield surrounded by 
 branches of palm and laurel." 
 
 Respecting which memorandum, Mr. Henfrey further 
 observes that the writer errs in calling it Cromwell's 
 standard, since it carries the arms of the Commonwealth 
 of England and Ireland only, which differ considerably 
 from the bearings of the Protectorate. On May 18, 1658, 
 an order of Oliver's Council directed " That the standard 
 for the General of his Highness's fleet be altered, and do 
 bear the arms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, with 
 his Highness's escutcheon of pretence according to the 
 impression of the great seal of England, and that the 
 jack-flags for the flag-officers of the fleet and for the
 
 236 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 general ships of war of his Highness be the arms of 
 England and Scotland united, according to the ancient 
 form, with the addition of the harp, according to the 
 model now shown, and that the Commissioners of the 
 Admiralty and Navy do take order that the standard and 
 jack-flags be prepared accordingly." The standard thus 
 determined on bore quarter!}', first and fourth, argent, the 
 cross of St. George, gules, for England ; second, azure, a 
 saltire, argent, being St. Andrew's cross for Scotland ; 
 third, azure, a harp, or, stringed, argent, for Ireland. On 
 an escutcheon of pretence in the centre were the paternal 
 arms of Cromwell, sahle, a lion rampant, argent. 
 
 The National Ensign was in all probability down to 
 1658 the flag of St. George introduced by the Common- 
 wealth in 1649 ; but by the order above quoted we learn 
 that the old Union Jack, bearing the combined crosses of 
 St. George and St. Andrew, was revived, with the singular 
 alteration of placing the Irish harp "over the centre" (as 
 Mr. Henfrey supposes) of the flag. This altered Union 
 Jack was, of course, disused upon the restoration of 
 Charles II., nor was Ireland again represented in the 
 Union flag until the reign of George III., when the cross 
 of St. Patrick was added to the jack on the union with 
 Ireland, January i, 1801. During the short period 
 between the resignation of the Protector Richard and the 
 return of the King, the standard was probably that of the 
 Protectorate with the Cromwell escutcheon omitted. The 
 ensign was perhaps the Union Jack as altered in 1658. 
 (From a paper by H. W. Henfrey on the " Commonwealth 
 Flags.") In the matter of colours, costumes, and badges 
 worn by the several companies of the fighting armies in 
 the early stages of the war, much information is supplied 
 in the life of Admiral Deane by his descendant, John 
 Bathurst Deane. 
 
 I
 
 The Coins of Oliver Cromwell. 237 
 
 The Coins of Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 " Numismata Cromwelliana ; or, The Medallic History 
 of Oliver Cromwell, illustrated by his Coins, Medals, and 
 Seals, dedicated by permission to the Marquis of Ripon, 
 * the eminent statesman, the patron of archaeology and 
 art, and a descendant of the Cromwell family,' " by 
 William Henry Henfrey, author of " A Guide to English 
 Coins," member of the Numismatic and other learned 
 societies (4to., 1877), is a fascinating and exhaustive 
 treatise on a department of our history concerning which, 
 notwithstanding the extant account of Simon's works, 
 little before was known.. With a copious history of mint- 
 ing operations during the period in question, it supplies 
 also the biographies of the artists engaged, and is rich not 
 only in scientific data, but in contemporary anecdote. 
 The pictorial delineations, which are of extraordinary 
 beauty, being the product of the Autotype Company, 
 include all the English specimens, and also foreign imita- 
 tions and Dutch satirical pieces. In presence of so 
 finished a work of art, it would be an impertinence to 
 treat its details in a cursory style. Beyond, therefore, a 
 notice of the Dunbar medal, but little attempt will be 
 made to rifle its contents. 
 
 Oliver's numismatic history commences with the victory 
 of Dunbar, September 3, 1650. Two days after the news 
 of that event reached the House, a resolution was passed 
 for a general distribution of memorial pieces to the army, 
 and constitutes the first instance in English history of the 
 same medal being granted to officers and men alike, as is 
 our present practice. Nor was it ever done again till the 
 battle of Waterloo, in 1815, when a distribution of silver 
 medals was in like manner made to every man present at 
 the action. Relics of this kind in commemoration of 
 great men and great events have, of course, been common 
 time out of mind ; but in the whole space of our own
 
 238 The House of Cro^nwelL 
 
 history preceding the battle of Waterloo, the Common- 
 wealth of England stands alone in the gift of this form of 
 decoration to every man of every grade in the army. 
 
 It was proposed that the Dunbar medal should exhibit 
 on the one side a view of the Parliament sitting, and on 
 the other an effigy of the victorious General, backed by a 
 distant view of the army, and superscribed "The Lord of 
 Hosts," which had been the battle-cry on the occasion ; 
 and Thomas Simon, the renowned medallist, was sent 
 down to Scotland to convey to him the wishes of the 
 House, and to make the necessary studies for the bust. 
 Oliver expressed his cordial approval of the design, except 
 that he wished his own portrait to be left out ; but as this 
 would not be listened to, Simon went back to London 
 furnished with those materials, which have issued in that 
 representation of the General in middle life, which we 
 instinctively feel to be the true one, well executed in the 
 Dunbar medals, but still better expressed in the Inaugura- 
 tion medal. Both are represented in Plate I. of the auto- 
 types in Mr. Henfrey's work. 
 
 In executing the reverse for the smaller of the Dunbar 
 medals, namely, the view of the Parliament sitting, Simon 
 used up a die which he had formerly engraved for the 
 Meruisti medal. This was a medal which had been ordered 
 in 1649 to decorate several sea-captains who had done 
 good service to the Commonwealth ; and it had on the 
 obverse the Commonwealth arms in the form of the 
 English and Irish shields suspended from an anchor, and 
 the word Meruisti. These, with their gold chains, were 
 ready for delivery in 1653, and Cromwell having in the 
 meanwhile become Protector, he had the pleasure of per- 
 sonally presenting them to Generals Blake and Monk, to 
 Vice-Admiral Penn, Rear-Admiral Lawson, and others. 
 
 Of the Cromwellian coinage generally, Mr. Henfrey, 
 after reciting the eulogies of various numismatic authorities, 
 concludes with those of B. Nightingale and R. Stuart
 
 The Coins of Oliver Cromwell. 239 
 
 Poole, the latter being the Keeper of the Coins in the 
 British Museum. Says Mr. Nightingale : " They have 
 always been considered the most truthful, graceful, and 
 highly-finished specimens of modern medallic art. Indeed, 
 they have never been surpassed by any productions of the 
 English Mint. Perhaps we might say they have never 
 been equalled." Mr. Poole says : " The great Protector's 
 coins, designed by Simon, the chief of English medallists, 
 are unequalled in our whole series for the vigour of the 
 portrait, a worthy presentment of the head of Cromwell, 
 and the beauty and fitness of every portion of the work." 
 
 But, beautiful as the Protector's money was, it had but 
 a very limited circulation. As he died within a few months 
 after the great coinage of 1658, the specimens then afloat 
 would very naturally be hoarded as memorials of him and 
 as curiosities. Sainuel Pepys tells us that even so early 
 as 1662 Cromwell's pieces were prized and bought up by 
 connoisseurs. From the circumstance that no specific 
 mention is made of^hem in Charles II. 's proclamation 
 calling in the Commonwealth money, it has even been 
 argued that they were never in public circulation. This 
 Mr. Henfrey does not admit, and thinks, with Sir Henry 
 Ellis, that it must have been deemed quite unnecessary to 
 prohibit in a proclamation the currency of coins which had 
 virtually gone out of sight. 
 
 Oliver's seal on the death-warrant of the King differs 
 from that which he commonly used, inasmuch as the 
 demi-lion holds a fleur-de-lys instead of a javelin or ring. 
 The same seal follows Harrison's name. Perhaps he was 
 without a seal at the time, and Cromwell, standing by, lent 
 him his. The published facsimiles of the warrant do not 
 correctly represent this seal.
 
 240 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 Church Policy of Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 Oliver Cromwell was a man of prayer. To his honest 
 apprehension the hand of Providence was throughout his 
 career as distinct and palpable as the sun in the heavens. 
 To retain the benefit of this sure defence, it followed that 
 the only possible course open to him was that of childlike 
 obedience. Along this path he moved with the serene 
 confidence only known to the sons of faith, and the 
 power of his genius was born of the innocency of his 
 heart. Personal supremacy was valuable only as it 
 furnished the means for carrying out those maxims of 
 religious liberty, civil order, and Protestant ascendancy in 
 Europe, which he often told his brother sovereigns abroad 
 were the terms of his Divine commission. In Rome he 
 discerned the chief enemy to the liberties, the prosperit)', 
 and the piety of mankind, and in nations devoted to her 
 sway the strongholds of tyranny and vice. In face of 
 such a state of things, he was not called upon when 
 smitten on the one cheek to offer the other also. That 
 might be a personal duty. Possibly it might not be a 
 national duty. Nationality was an element not of his 
 creation, but it was a factor which went for a great deal in 
 the history of human progress, and he found himself, by 
 the will of Heaven, in possession of a national sword. 
 Without adopting the fiction of a Christian nation, he had 
 to ask himself the question why that sword was placed in 
 his hand as a Protestant potentate in the then state of 
 Europe. His answer to that question was, as we know, 
 a systematic plan of resistance to Papal influences 
 abroad. By parity of reasoning it appeared to him just 
 and right to exercise the same law of force at home ; and 
 he exercised it so far as to meet and ratify the universal 
 craving for an outward and visible profession of Chris- 
 tianity, but combining therewith absolute toleration for all 
 doctrines that were not opposed to the nation's peace.
 
 Church Policy of Oliver Cromwell. 241 
 
 To him, as to Milton, the attainment of those ends was a 
 more important object than the symmetry of the machinery. 
 The respective views of the two men in matters ecclesiastic 
 may or may not have corresponded in some executive 
 details, but Milton had the good sense not to stand against 
 the Protector's decision under the circumstances of the 
 hour. Milton was born to be a theologian ; Cromwell 
 was born to be a Ruler. Milton's views of Church 
 organization were manly, Apostolic, and evangelical ; and 
 when looked at from the private Christian's standpoint, 
 they were all-sufficient. But Cromwell had to look at the 
 matter from the Ruler's standpoint, and this was a very 
 different affair. He had to sweep a politico-ecclesiastic 
 horizon which was charged with thunder-clouds, an horizon 
 of far wider reach than that of Milton's model Church, 
 which only asked to be guided back into Apostolic order. 
 
 The period between the battle of Worcester and the 
 dissolution of the Long Parliament was greatly occupied 
 by national discussions on what was called "the propaga- 
 tion of the Gospel " — a term embracing the whole question 
 of the alliance of Church and State, the selection 01 
 pastors, and the maintenance of the old system of tithes 
 versus a declaration of absolute voluntaryism. Committees 
 were sitting, books printed, petitions presented, proposals 
 entertained, in all which Cromwell was a patient worker 
 and watcher ; and we must therefore conclude that, when 
 he reached the conviction that England was not yet ready 
 for the experimental adoption of Milton's theories, he had 
 weighed the matter with all the powers he possessed. 
 
 Now, it has often been stated that his resolution to 
 maintain the parochial clergy by force and arms was the 
 one point in which he thoroughly disappointed John Milton 
 and his brother voluntaries. It may be so. Perhaps he 
 much more disappointed himself. But before surveying 
 the difficulties of his position, let us clear the ground by 
 first disposing of Richard Baxter's objections. It was the 
 
 16
 
 242 The House of Cromwell, 
 
 recorded opinion of this divine that Cromwell systemati- 
 cally prepared the public mind for his own personal 
 exaltation by first stimulating the religious extravagances 
 of the hour, in order that himself might be welcomed as 
 the patron and restorer of order ; and that, having attained 
 his end, he trusted thenceforward to the policy of doing 
 good for his continued security, " that the people might 
 love him, or at least be willing to have his government for 
 that good." So, then, we are to understand it was all in 
 furtherance of his own interest. Any solution will satisfy 
 Baxter rather than admit that the Protector adopted the 
 course which he deemed most righteous for righteousness' 
 sake. But to those of us who believe that Cromwell 
 possessed what the Scriptures term "a single eye," the 
 crooked policy here attributed to him is altogether inad- 
 missible. To a dignitary like Baxter, who caused Quakers 
 to be put in the stocks at Kidderminster, and to other 
 ministers who shared his sentiments of clerical domination, 
 the Protector's decision, one would think, might have 
 been sufficiently palatable, let the motive be what it 
 might. It was the amount of toleration which went along 
 with it which the Presbyterian champion so resented. 
 No man loved better than he did the order and power 
 implied in the phrase " Church and State," and liberty of 
 conscience consequently took, in his estimation, the place 
 of rank heresy — liberty of the lay conscience, that is to say ; 
 for ministers were the only true guides of opinion. " If," 
 says he, referring to the early stages of the struggle, " there 
 had been a competent number of ministers, each doing his 
 part, the whole plot of the furious party might have been 
 broken, and King, Parliament, and religion preserved." 
 By the "furious party" here are meant the Anabaptist 
 soldiers, who in the days of his army chaplaincy had so 
 often outraged his official dignity by controverting his 
 dogmas of Church polity. 
 
 But leaving Baxter to learn in the after-school of tribu-
 
 Church Policy of Oliver Cromwell. 243 
 
 lation the lesson of mutual forbearance, we may now look 
 at some other of Oliver's difficulties, and in so doing take 
 a glance at the actual state of English churches. They 
 comprehended, then, to begin with, the entire population. 
 Everyone who had been made a Christian by baptism 
 could claim a legal right to church privileges, by which 
 fiction it came to pass that church discipline was, as it 
 always must be under the circumstances, a farce. When 
 Peter Ince, one of the conscientious pastors of South 
 Wilts, ventured to restrict communion by instituting a 
 character test, all the parish rose in arms. The church 
 was theirs, not his. Still more dire must have been the 
 confusion and clash of tongues when the incumbent hap- 
 pened, as was sometimes the case, to be a Baptist. Such 
 was the nature of parochial church life which Cromwell 
 had to deal with — a system wrought for ages past into 
 the very fabric of society, one which he had no hand 
 in initiating, and which he certainly had no power to 
 arrest. 
 
 Church discipline, then, must for the present be re- 
 garded as unattainable, even if it had ever been possible 
 to bring it within the reach of an ecclesiastical police ; and 
 congregations must be treated, not as Christians, but as 
 citizens. Cromwell knew as well as anyone that Churches 
 of the primitive age had their organization in their own 
 hands, but he also knew that as soon as they learned to 
 look to earthly authority in support or recognition of their 
 spiritual status, from that moment they became merged in 
 surrounding influences. Their spiritual status was quenched 
 in their citizenship, and forthwith became, if not a myth, 
 at least an undefinable quantity outside of the legislator's 
 notice. Milton, with the daring of youth, had once said : 
 " A commonwealth ought to be but as one huge Christian 
 personage, one mighty growth and stature of an honest 
 man." The aspiration was poetic — it was even prophetic 
 and Biblical — but as yet it was far enough out of sight in
 
 244 "^^^^ House of Cro77izvell. 
 
 England ; and when he and Cromwell found at last an 
 opportunity of giving to their endeavours a practical 
 shape, the reform had to drop down to the regulation of 
 parish churches ; and how to exalt and purif}' even these 
 by legislative action it was felt could only be a very 
 superficial affair. 
 
 But in addition to them, the legislator had also to 
 recognise the existence of other gatherings of Christian 
 men. From the days of Constantine downwards. Catholic 
 unity had forcibly preserved the peace in this respect ; but 
 Protestantism is the nurse of sects, and as England and 
 Scotland were Protestant, so the sects abounded. They 
 could not be obliterated. Nay, putting aside the bitter- 
 ness of rivalry kept alive in them by the action of paid 
 teachers, they are a healthy symptom of life. In any case, 
 then, let them enjoy a common share of that protection 
 which is their undoubted right as citizens, though not as 
 spiritual persons. Even Milton could not withhold this 
 amount of governmental support. 
 
 By this principle, therefore, Cromwell appears to have 
 guided his course. The various religious parties were 
 given to understand that the}- had perfect liberty to think 
 and let think. He attempted neither to define nor to 
 defend the theological position of any one of the belHgerents, 
 but he was resolved, if possible, to keep them one and all 
 from cutting each others" throats. How this amicable 
 neutrality could be secured, when the beneficed clergy 
 retained the power of summoning the civil sword in defence 
 of their tithes, could never have been very clear. Ap- 
 parently, there was at present no mode of escape out of 
 the dilemma ; but so far as the circumstances of the case 
 permitted, he became what has been termed " a despot for 
 freedom of conscience," paradoxical as it may sound. 
 Could a succession of Cromwells be counted on, the 
 system of compromise thus put into action might possibly 
 retain some healthy efficiency, and the religious freedom,
 
 Church Policy of Oliver Cromwell. 245 
 
 which he secured in spite of the parochial clergy, be 
 indefinitely perpetuated. Still, it was but a compromise, 
 a temporary expedient adopted in hope of something better 
 turning up ; and, so far as his own conscience was con- 
 cerned in the matter, it is satisfactor}^ to know from his 
 repeated declarations that he believed he had pursued the 
 right course. 
 
 Was there an}' other prominent object to be considered? 
 Yes, there was the selection and payment of ministers. 
 Here, also, if legislation w^ould but consent to sit still and 
 ignore the existence of Christianism, Milton's conclusions 
 were irresistible. And as England then was, another con- 
 clusion also was irresistible — every parish would become 
 in succession the seat of civil war. Those who are 
 familiar with the schedules of estates called " particulars," 
 which the Royalists had to furnish when they compounded 
 for their " delinquency," will have observed how frequently 
 the rural rectories were in the hands of laymen, who, 
 while they kept the tithes to themselves, and maintained 
 the fabric of the church in repair or disrepair, as the case 
 might be, met the ecclesiastical wants of the people 
 by paying a small stipend of from ^40 to ^£'70 to 
 some curate or vicarius, who was very much at their 
 mercy. And as were the Royalist landowners, so were all 
 other landowners. Now, let it be conceived for a moment 
 what would have been the result of tearing up such a 
 system as this in countless parishes, where there could be 
 no possible agreement in doctrinal matters, and conse- 
 quently no concord in the choice of a pastor — at a time, 
 too, when the Quakers were perambulating every village in 
 the realm and sowing broadcast the seeds of ecclesiastical 
 revolt. Was it not better to allow the right of presenta- 
 tion to remain for the present with the landowners or 
 other patrons, and qualify the evil by subjecting the 
 nominees to the strait gate of examination ? So Oliver 
 appears to have reasoned.
 
 246 The House of Cromzvell. 
 
 And this brings us at last in sight of the county courts 
 of arbitrators, called " tryers " or " expurgators," and by 
 the episcopal party basanistai, or " tormentors," selected 
 from professors of different Protestant creeds, lay and 
 clerical, and appointed to pronounce on the fitness or 
 otherwise of candidates for benefices. They were not 
 altogether a new institution. Acts for the ejectment of 
 scandalous and insufficient divines having been on the 
 statute-books ever since the time of James I. (see the 
 Commons' Journals as far back as June 22, 1604), but under 
 the Commonwealth the system was brought into more 
 rigorous practice. This is what Professor David Masson, 
 in his " Life of John Milton,'' so repeatedly terms " Crom- 
 well's State Church," but which, after all, means no more 
 than this : that he met the helpless cr}- for a paid pastorate 
 by furnishing the best article within his reach ; and in 
 furtherance of this object it must be admitted that his 
 supervision was anxious and incessant. In Marchmont 
 Needham's book, published in 1657, entitled "The Great 
 Accuser Cast Down," we are told that " His Highness, 
 having near one half of the livings in England one way or 
 other in his own immediate disposal by presentation, he 
 seldom bestoweth one of them upon any man whom him- 
 self doth not first examine and make trial of in person. 
 Save only that at such times as his great affairs happen to 
 be more urgent than ordinary, he useth to appoint some 
 other to do it in his behalf. Which is so rare an example 
 of piety, that the like is not to be found in the stories of 
 princes." 
 
 And then, touching the sources of income, how to find 
 a substitute for tithes was felt to be a bottomless question. 
 There was some talk of experimenting in Ireland, and 
 gathering tithes into a common fund for re-distribution 
 among incumbents, but it came to nothing. Oliver 
 evidently shrank most sensitively from the injustice of 
 any plan which looked like pauperizing the regular clergy.
 
 Chur^ch Policy of Oliver Cromwell. 247 
 
 On this ground he fought their battle from first to last. 
 He told the House that the best among the clergy would 
 heartily welcome some more gracious scheme of support, 
 if such could be found ; but until that happy discovery 
 were made, tithes were unavoidable. To fall back on 
 universal voluntaryism, he thought, would be unfair treat- 
 ment towards the ministers. 
 
 But let Cromwell's solicitude as the father of his people 
 be what it might, was not the above plan tainted with the 
 old inherent vice of withholding from the churches the 
 right to choose their own pastors ? It certainly was 
 the withholding of that right from the parishioners in the 
 mass, whether they were Christians or not. And if we 
 wish to know how the exercise of such right would be 
 likely to work, we have only to look at those parishes 
 where the popular election of their rectors or ministers 
 still prevails in England. Though blood may not be 
 actually spilt, as was the case in some of the earlier 
 battles between bishops, the spectacle is equally unedify- 
 ing. What, then, it will be asked, is legislation to do in 
 such a case ? After an experience prolonged for two 
 centuries since Oliver fell asleep, we might be tempted to 
 utter a summary sentence very much at variance with his 
 plan of action. But in judging of that plan so far as he 
 was implicated, we have to remember that, in the Reforma- 
 tion era, through which his own youth had passed, the 
 Protestant conscience was absolutely saturated with the 
 Divine mission of a stationary preaching clergy. Ever 
 since the hour of his conversion he had been prominent 
 in their advocacy, and to give them a fair chance now 
 that he had the power was clearly with him a point of 
 conscience. The most advanced Christian thinkers of 
 that day were as yet very far from taking the ground 
 which John Foster (the essayist) occupied a hundred and 
 fifty years later when he started the suggestion that all 
 ecclesiastical organizations were useless and mischievous,
 
 24 S The House of Cromivell. 
 
 and the sooner they were dissolved the better. Pure 
 Protestantism, or the Biblical principle of light against 
 darkness, had never before found herself in the seat of 
 authority — at least, in England. The metaphor which 
 represents the champion of Puritanism with a sword in 
 one hand and a Bible in the other is a perfectly just one ; 
 for though Puritanism was something more reformed than 
 the Anglican Reformation, it was that something still 
 pronouncing itself by the aid of Governmental force. 
 The main difference lay here : that, in place of subsidizing 
 a Church of priests, the monopoly was transferred to a 
 Church of pastors. These had now to be put upon trial, 
 and in spite of the check delivered by the re-ascent of the 
 Anglican Church to the supreme power, the experimental 
 preaching dynasty of the sixteenth century has gone on 
 ever since. Should it have to resign its functions to 
 something better, it will not, in the meanwhile, have lived 
 in vain. 
 
 Here the defence of Oliver's Church policy must come 
 to an end. If we say that, in presence of the moral 
 upturnings through which the nation had passed, he saw 
 no other method whereby to ride the angry storm, let it 
 be accepted as an admission that he was able to read his 
 position better than we can read it for him, though it 
 leave untouched the counter-axiom that no civil power 
 has ever yet shown itself sufficiently pure to become the 
 earthly representative of the kingdom of righteousness. 
 How far he was himself aware of the false position held 
 by subsidized divines may be partly gathered from his 
 own explicit disavowal of their exclusive charter, and this 
 in fairness ought to be now added : " Where do you find 
 in Scripture," he had said to the Scots ministers, " a 
 ground to warrant such an assertion that preaching is 
 exclusively your function ? Though an approbation from 
 men hath order in it, and may do well, yet he that hath 
 no better warrant than that hath none at all. I hope He
 
 Church Policy of Oliver Cromwell, 249 
 
 that ascended up on high may give His gifts to whom He 
 pleaseth ; and if these gifts be the seal of mission, be not 
 you envious though Eldad and Medad prophesy." To 
 the Irish prelates and priests he had further said : 
 
 "I wonder not at discontents and divisions where so 
 antichristian and dividing a term as clergy and laity is 
 given and received — a term unknown to any save the anti- 
 christian Church and such as derive themselves from her. 
 ' Ab initio non fuit sic. . . .' It was your pride that 
 begat this expression, and it is for filthy lucre's sake that 
 you keep it up, that by making the people believe that 
 they are not so holy as yourselves they might for their 
 penny purchase some sanctity from you, and that you 
 might bridle, saddle, and ride them at your pleasure, and 
 do (as is most true of you) as the Scribes and Pharisees 
 of old did by their laity — keep the knowledge of the law 
 from them, and then be able in their pride to say : ' This 
 people that knoweth not the law are cursed.' " 
 
 These revelations of his personal convictions give us 
 some insight into the conflicting elements through which 
 he had to steer his course. It was impossible, for ex- 
 ample, that he could be deaf to the woes and wailings of 
 the Quakers, flogged, imprisoned, and robbed by tithe- 
 gatherers. We know, in fact, that a very fair list could 
 be exhibited, were there time, of kindnesses and deliver- 
 ances wrought not only by himself, but by members of his 
 household, in behalf of the sufl"erers. Some (not all) of 
 the Quaker annalists have been very unjust towards him 
 in this matter, attributing to him personally what was 
 due to the tyranny which, in that age of local govern- 
 ment, magistrates at a distance from London were able 
 to exercise with impunity. Where he could not legally 
 interfere was in those violations of established order in 
 which some of the more audacious Quakers indulged. It 
 matters little. The Quakers, meanwhile, were quite right 
 in attributing to his governmental sanction the ugly
 
 250 The House of Cromivell. 
 
 machinery of a dominant clerg}-, under which they suffered 
 most cruell}-. He became — we can hardl}- doubt it — 
 more fully sensible of the reigning evil when failing health 
 and foreign complications left him no further time for 
 organic reforms. 
 
 The effect on the ministers themselves was still more 
 morally disastrous. They supported the Protector's 
 authority so long as it lasted, and then, as one man, fell 
 prostrate at the feet of returning Royalism, having done 
 their utmost to bring it about in pure dread of the 
 encroachments of Quakerism. And their official repre- 
 sentatives and successors to the present hour revile the 
 Protector and all his works. 
 
 The crucial test of the Act of Uniformity proved the 
 personal worth of many of them as men and as Christians, 
 and so far forth reflected credit on the system which 
 placed them in office ; and if that crucial test did not at 
 once bring the expelled Two Thousand round to the 
 platform of John Milton and the Quakers, it at least gave 
 positivism to those principles which, b}^ a slower routine, 
 will eventually show that platform to be the only honest 
 and victorious one. Strange was the destiny of the 
 Puritan poet. Led, like his illustrious friend, the Puritan 
 captain, away from the path which he had originally 
 chosen into other scenes and controversies which were 
 necessary for his mental education, he proved in his own 
 case the wisdom of that friend's axiom — how feeble is 
 human forecast when compared with the faith which asks 
 where the next footstep shall be planted ! If the Civil 
 War had brought forth no other fruit than John Milton's 
 controversial writings, the crop might well challenge the 
 benediction of all succeeding ages. His polemics were as 
 far in advance of the pulpit of his day, or of our own, 
 either, as the intelligent patriotism of the Protector went 
 ahead of the crotchets of his Parliaments. Not a few of 
 his compatriots of the present generation have this con-
 
 Church Policy of Oliver Cromwell. 251 
 
 viction profoundly seated in their hearts, and their own 
 forced and temporary inaction is rendered just support- 
 able by the thought that the words of the master ready 
 stand, waiting like Samson's foxes, so soon as the 
 Philistines' harvest shall be fully ripe, to run in and set 
 the field on fire. 
 
 For two hundred j^ears the exaltation of John Milton's 
 poetry has been made by his pseudo-admirers the means 
 of smothering his authority as a divine. In an epic or 
 lyric form he may be tolerated in the most fastidious 
 drawing-room — pictoriall}- edited or plain — illuminated or 
 obscured, as the case may be, by distracting quotations 
 from heathen writers or the microscopic revelations of 
 commentators. There is only one proviso to be observed 
 — his orthodox writings must never be bound up with his 
 apocrypha. 
 
 But this apocryphal divinity of John Milton will yet be 
 the death of idolatry. Absorbing all that was crystalline 
 in George Fox, all that was practicable in Puritanism, 
 and all that was gallant in good citizenship, he sets forth 
 Christianity as hostile indeed to lawless tyranny, but in 
 no sense uncongenial with national self-assertion — rather, 
 indeed, as the sole guarantee of a people's advance. 
 Priestcraft by a law of necessity withers beneath his touch, 
 and God's true heroes stand out in celestial relief. The 
 sacerdotalists to a man instinctively recoil from his pages, 
 but they will never be permitted to forget that the 
 anatomist who has gibbeted their cause, and their martyrs, 
 too, in perennial infamy, was the sublimest of poets and 
 the ripest of scholars, the most logical controversialist 
 and the most finished Latinist — a man of child-like faith, 
 serenest valour, and harmonious soul. Vain is it for one 
 traducer after another to tell us how he was ignominiously 
 " vomited forth of the University," or to picture him as 
 destitute of natural affection. His position in the heavens 
 is fixed and eternal. His imperial friend and himself
 
 252 
 
 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 stand out as the Castor and Pollux of a storm-ridden sky, 
 nor has their lustre yet reached its culmination. Oliver 
 once threatened that the guns of England should be 
 heard under the walls of the Vatican. The guns of 
 England in those days, simple Puritan guns though they 
 were, were sufficiently eloquent to awake in the sacerdotal 
 breast the desire, as John Dryden expresses it, " Behind 
 more Alps to stand, although an Alexander were her 
 guard."
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE CROMWELLS OF AMERICA. 
 
 MEMBERS of the Cromwell stock, though they 
 are still numerous in North America, have 
 to a great extent died out of the old country. 
 This remark is made, not in reference to 
 the Protectoral branch only, but to various offshoots 
 parting company with the central stem of the Midland 
 Counties before Oliver became conspicuous, and now 
 only dimly traceable through early parish registers, testa- 
 mentary documents, and ecclesiastical presentations. And 
 some of these evidences, it may be observed, crop up 
 in very unsuspected quarters. For instance, there are 
 several such existing in the registers of rural parishes 
 round Devizes in Wiltshire, as well as in the neighbouring 
 county of Somerset, and in the city of Bath, as already 
 mentioned. Moreover, the title has disappeared from the 
 peerage. But Cromwell, as a patronymic, is not the only 
 illustrious name which has been gradually suffering eclipse ; 
 and we must rest contented with the assurance that its 
 memory at least will never die. Not a few cases of dis- 
 appearance arose from the action of sundry cautious or 
 prejudiced individuals, in the era of reaction, discarding 
 the name of Cromwell and reassuming the family alias of
 
 2 54 ^^^ House of Cromwell. 
 
 Williams ; but still more from the practice, which early 
 set in, of emigration to New England and Maryland. In 
 that country there would be little temptation in after-times 
 to put the name under a bushel. The tendency would be 
 rather the other way ; and the result has been, as stated 
 above, that Cromwells are now found scattered over the 
 Eastern States ; they have even penetrated California. 
 Mark Noble quotes the " History of Massachusetts Bay " 
 as authority for the existence of a valiant and wealthy 
 buccaneer, known in the Western seas as Captain Cromwell, 
 who died at Boston as far back as " about 1646." We are 
 not to suppose that the old sea-rover went thither in 
 pursuit of religious freedom ; but in less than a dozen 
 years after his death we have abundant evidence in the 
 Land Agency Office of Annapolis of the presence of more 
 permanent and law-abiding settlers bearing the same 
 name — of whom more anon. At a still earlier period than 
 the above — namely, in James I.'s time — Henry Cromwell 
 of Upwood, third son of Sir Henry Cromwell of Hinchin- 
 broke, had interested himself in the settlement of Virginia, 
 and was one of the "adventurers " who advanced money 
 to cultivate that province. The fictitious story of Oliver 
 Cromwell's being frustrated by royal mandate, when at- 
 tempting to embark for America, no doubt obtained 
 popular currency from the known fact that so many of his 
 name from time to time pursued the like course. The 
 principal point of attraction seems to have been Maryland 
 rather than New England, for the following reason. As 
 the Lords Baltimore had in succession procured for their 
 territory in Maryland charters favourable to religious 
 freedom, in the interests of those who, like themselves, 
 held the Romish faith, sober Protestants shared in the 
 privilege ; so that it came to pass that members of the 
 Church of England, who were excluded by rigid Puritanism 
 from Massachusetts, and Puritans, on the other hand, who 
 found Virginia too hot for them, alike found refuge in this
 
 The Cromwells of America. 255 
 
 intermediate province. Other inducements to colonize the 
 Baltimore territory were made from time to time. It was 
 understood that fifty acres, more or less, were free to all 
 comers, and that everyone might claim it, whether rich or 
 poor. Here is an early entry from the Annapolis records : 
 In 1653 " Geessam [Gershom ?] Cromwell demands land 
 for his own transportation and for the transportation of 
 his wife and daughter " (liber iv., folio 49). Annapolis 
 is the county town of Anne-Arundel, and capital of the 
 State of Maryland ; from the city of Baltimore it is 
 distant about eighteen miles. 
 
 The question that Americans, then, naturally ask, is: 
 " Whence did these early Cromwellians spring ? Do we or 
 do we not possess amongst us the direct descendants of the 
 Protector ? Our own personal tastes — the tastes, that is 
 to say, of some of us — together with various family tradi- 
 tions, seem to point to an affirmative issue ; though, after 
 the lapse of two centuries, the documentary evidence has 
 confessedly become obscure and intricate." 
 
 In answering this question, it will be well to commence 
 by removing certain misconceptions ; and first, in respect 
 of cognate descent from the Protector through the Clay- 
 poole connection. Although it is an indisputable fact that 
 the children of Elizabeth Claypoole, Cromwell's second 
 daughter, died without issue, the belief, nevertheless, long 
 prevailed in the States, owing to the number and promi- 
 nence of Claypooles there resident, that the link was well 
 authenticated. The owners of the name, it is presumed, 
 are by this time pretty well disabused of the conception ; 
 but it may be interesting to make a short digression in 
 their favour, before treating of the Cromwells proper. 
 First, as furnishing a creditable set-off against the moral 
 shadow cast by Mark Noble on the memory of John Clay- 
 poole, the Protector's son-in-law ; and secondly, as as- 
 sociating the name with the triumphant march of American 
 Independence.
 
 256 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 James Cla)-poole, the brother of John, quitted the old 
 country for New England when somewhat advanced in 
 years ; but previous to that event his eldest son John, 
 having become intimate with William Penn, had accom- 
 panied the philanthropist to Philadelphia in 1682, in the 
 capacity of surgeon. In i68g he was holding the more 
 prominent office of Sheriff of Philadelphia. In Penn's 
 Diary are preserved one or more letters confirmatorj' of 
 this friendship. John's grandson William was the husband 
 of Elizabeth Griscom, who, as " Betsey Claypoole," long 
 carried on the upholstery business in Philadelphia, and 
 was the maker of the first American standard flag. In 
 this first standard she arranged the thirteen stars in a 
 circle, and the form of her star, with its five points, is still 
 retained throughout the States. Her house of business 
 was No. 239, Arch Street, and was still standing in 1885. 
 In Harper's Magazine for July, 1873, may be seen a 
 narrative of George W^ashington's visit to her establish- 
 ment in 1777, in company with George Ross of Maryland 
 (who was her brother-in-law). Betsey Claypoole died in 
 1833, aged eighty-six years, and the flag-making business 
 continued for some time to be carried on by her daughter 
 Clarissa Claypoole ; but this lady; as a member of the 
 Society of Friends, becoming increasingly unwilling that 
 her handiwork should be utilized for belligerent objects, 
 eventually relinquished the occupation. 
 
 Returning to James Claypoole, with whom we began, 
 an extract from a letter of his, written in England in 1682, 
 preserved in the Philadelphia Historical Society, may here 
 be recited. " My eldest son John," says he, " is going 
 away this week in the Amity, R. Dymond, Pens., to be 
 assistant-surgeon to William Penn. I have bought five 
 thousand acres of land, and have fitted John out with all 
 things necessar}-. His employment is very creditable, and 
 if he is diligent and sober, may come in a few years' time 
 to be very profitable. ... I have a great drawing in my
 
 The Cromwells of America. 257 
 
 own mind to remove thither with my family ; so that I am 
 given up, if the Lord clears my way, to be gone next 
 Spring, — it may be, about a year hence." 
 
 Pursuant to this " drawing " towards a land of freedom, 
 James Claypoole, in the following year, reached Phila- 
 delphia by the ship Concord, carrying with him his wife 
 Helena, his four remaining sons — James, Nathaniel, 
 George, and Joseph — and his three daughters — Mary, 
 Helena, and Priscilla ; besides five servants. From this 
 stock numerous representatives have branched off in 
 various directions, and their annals, we feel assured, can 
 well afford to stand on their own merits. We now go on 
 with the representatives of the Cromwell name. 
 
 In meeting a second misconception, it will hardly be 
 necessary to warn the reader off from Negroland. Yet it 
 may not pass unnoticed, that among the commercial an- 
 nouncements made by persons of this name in Philadel- 
 phian and other newspapers and directories, the advertisers 
 not unfrequently turn out, upon inquiry, to belong to the 
 coloured race. Nor must we blame the innocent ambition 
 of men who, after emancipation from the condition in 
 which they were known only as Tom or Nick, and finding 
 themselves at liberty to adopt their own patronymics, 
 sought to identify themselves with such houses as Raleigh, 
 Trevelyan, Sydney, Russell, Talbot, or Cromwell ; besides 
 that in many cases they did but call themselves after 
 their own masters. If this explanation suffice not, more 
 domestic consanguinity will not be worth the tracking. 
 
 There were two principal Cromwellian groups in Mary- 
 land — those of Baltimore City and those of Cecil County. 
 The former were the earliest on the scene by perhaps half 
 a century, though other arrivals would naturally occur 
 from time to time, claiming clanship with their pre- 
 decessors, and intermarrying with them, other kindred 
 families associated with them being those of Hammond, 
 Bond, Rattenbury, Woolghist, Trahearne, Wilson, etc. 
 
 17
 
 258 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 With the Cecil County group, who went over near the 
 middle of the eighteenth century, descent from Oliver 
 Protector is out of the question, since the pedigree of the 
 Protectoral house at that period is thoroughly well known 
 and definitely recorded. If existing anywhere, it must be 
 sought among those of the previous century. 
 
 The first oral tradition to be noticed is that of Miss 
 Katharine Cromwell, of Washington, living in 1885, and 
 who, if still alive, must be ninety-four years of age. Her 
 statement is to the effect " that among the individuals 
 constituting an early colony of Cromwells, Hammonds, 
 and Bonds, the eldest of the Bonds was named Peter, and 
 that one of the Cromwells was a William, born in the old 
 country in 1678, and dying in 1735, and that his wife's 
 name was Mary." All very true, probably, and seemingly 
 built on transmitted dates. We have to see how far it 
 dovetails with other facts. Miss Cromwell is aunt to 
 Mr. Thomas Cromwell, of 906, First Street, N. W. Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 A more positive narrative rests on the testimony of 
 Mrs. Sidney Norris, residing at Olney, near Ilchester, in 
 Howard Count}^, Maryland (born Elizabeth, daughter of 
 Richard Cromwell, of Baltimore, M.D.), a lady con- 
 spicuous for her intelligent interest in the ancestral story. 
 Here we are first introduced to a barrister, named Richard 
 Cromwell, practising in Huntingdonshire in England, 
 whose three sons (keeping an eye on the Annapolis 
 records), John, William, and Richard, were grown men 
 in 1670. But what was the exact era of this Huntingdon 
 barrister ? His age would very well fit in with that of 
 Richard, the son of Sir Philip Cromwell, born in 1617 
 (Noble's "Protectoral House," i. 357), but that Richard 
 seems to have left a daughter only. This solution failing 
 us, it must be admitted that there is no other printed 
 record capable of supplying the want ; and we must there- 
 fore suppose him to be one of the (then) numerous Crom-
 
 The Croinwells of America. 259 
 
 wells whose memorial is still shrouded in a parish register. 
 Neither may we identify him with Richard, son of Henry 
 Cromwell, the Lord - Lieutenant of Ireland, for that 
 Richard, being born in 1665, could not have been the 
 father of sons grown up in 1670, even if it could be shown 
 that any of Henry's children ever went to America. It 
 has, indeed, been suggested that Richard and William, 
 sons of the Lord-Lieutenant, becoming, like the rest of 
 their brothers and sisters, unfortunate, were dropped out 
 of notice by the family biographers, and that the story of 
 their obscure and early deaths might more truly have 
 taken the form of emigration to America ; but as there 
 were already on the Transatlantic scene still older persons 
 bearing their name, they really are not wanted to help us 
 out of the difficulty, and we may therefore go on with 
 Mrs. Norris's narrative. 
 
 Richard Cromwell, though he appears never to have 
 set foot in America, acquired the grant of a large estate in 
 Frederick County, subsequently known as Cromwell's 
 Manor. He was also one of the largest, if not the very 
 largest landowner in Baltimore, and the estates thus 
 acquired, together with town-houses in Baltimore City, 
 are still enjoyed by his descendants, who are persons of 
 good fortune and standing. The family carried over with 
 them from the old country a large stock of household 
 plate, engraved with a Cromwell coat-of-arms. There is 
 no trace of Richard's will in America. A search at Peter- 
 borough, in England, would probably bring it to light. 
 The next in descent to be noticed is : 
 
 John Cromwell, styled "of Fairfield," one of the 
 Baltimore estates. He married Elizabeth Todd, and had 
 three sons, namely : 
 
 I. Richard, of whom presently. 
 
 II. Colonel Thomas Cromwell, of Bedford County, 
 Pennsylvania, where, about 1785, in conjunction with 
 partners, he established the first iron-works, west of
 
 2 6o TJic House of Cromwell. 
 
 the Susquehanna. In 1787, a new county being 
 formed out of a part of Bedford, Colonel Cromwell, 
 being on the Commission, caused it to be named 
 Huntingdon, and one of its townships is called Crom- 
 well. Descendants of this gentlemen are believed to 
 be still extant. 
 
 III. John Cromwell, M.D., died s.p. 
 Richard Cromwell, of Fairfield. A will bearing his 
 name, preserved at Annapolis, August 17, 1717, mentions 
 Elizabeth as the name of his wife, and Richard and John 
 as his two sons, while Thomas Cromwell is the name of a 
 cousin. By this will slaves are bequeathed, but no real 
 estates are devised. One of the legacies is that of a negro 
 girl to Margaret Rattenbury, and after her death to 
 Hannah Rattenbury and her heirs for ever (!) The next in 
 succession is : 
 
 John Cromwell, of Fairfield, who marries Hannah 
 Rattenbury (Hannah was born in 1704), and is subse- 
 quently represented by another Richard of Baltimore, 
 M.D., father (by Miss Hammond) of Mrs. Norris afore- 
 said. But it is evident that two or more generations 
 have been lost sight of in this sketch, and as there were 
 divers contemporary kinsmen, it may be as well to com- 
 plete this section by recording the titles of the Cromwell 
 charters, etc., preserved in the Land Office at Annapolis, 
 not hitherto referred to : 
 
 1670. A warrant, granted 19th December, to George 
 Yale for 600 acres. Three hundred of them, bearing the 
 name of " Cromwell's Adventure," are at the same time 
 assigned to John and William Cromwell, of Calvert 
 County (liber xvi., folio. 151). Sixty -five years later 
 " Cromwell's Adventure " is re-surveyed for William's two 
 grandsons, William and John. 
 
 1680. Will of William Cromwell, signed by himself and 
 his wife, Elizabeth Trahearn. Mention is made of two 
 brothers, John and Richard; of two sons, William and
 
 The Cromwelh of America. 261 
 
 Thomas, though there were others. The lands willed are 
 " Cromwell's Adventure," " Mascall's Hope," and " Hunt- 
 ing Quarter." Will proved 3rd March, 1684-85. 
 
 1723. Will of Thomas Cromwell. Two sons are men- 
 tioned, Thomas and Oliver. The lands devised are " Ken- 
 sey," to his brother John Ashman ; " Oliver's Chance," to 
 John Cromwell ; " Maiden's Chance " and "Oliver's Range," 
 with " Cromwell's Chance," to the two sons. Proved in 
 the same year ; but the four exors., William Cromwell and 
 John Ashman, two cousins, viz., John Cromwell and 
 George Bailey, together with his eldest son, all immedi- 
 ately after resigned the office. No reason stated. 
 
 1731 or 1733. " South Canton," being a part of the 
 Fairfield estate, granted to Robert Clarkson in 1680, is 
 now assigned to Captain John Cromwell. 
 
 1733. Will of John Cromwell, Four children men- 
 tioned — Margaret, John, Hannah, and Anne. Lands 
 willed are : Three tracts in ' Gunpowder Forest," called 
 "Cromwell's Park," "Cromwell's Chance," and "Crom- 
 well's Addition." The land formerly held by Thomas 
 Cromwell in " Whetstone Neck " to be sold for his debts. 
 His wife Hannah (Rattenbury) executrix. Proved gth 
 May, 1734. The widow re-married within the same year 
 William Worthington, at St. Paul's. 
 
 1730. Will of William Cromwell. Four sons, William, 
 Alexander, Joseph, and Woolghist. Lands willed : " The 
 Deer Park " and " Cromwell's Enlargement." Witnesses : 
 John Cromwell, Joshua Cromwell, and George Ashman. 
 Proved 12th February, 1735. 
 
 1745. Will of John Rattenbury, in favour of his 
 nephew, John Cromwell. 
 
 1813. " South Canton " and " Hay-Meadow," two 
 portions of Fairfield, re-surveyed, and patented as one 
 tract for Richard, son of John Cromwell (by Elizabeth 
 Todd). 
 
 It now remains to take note of the Cromwells of Cecil
 
 262 TJic House of Croinwell. 
 
 County, and of their offshoot in Kentucky. Here we have 
 to begin with Thomas Cromwell, of Huntingdonshire, in the 
 old country, who in the early part of the eighteenth century 
 married a Welsh lady, named Venetia Woolgrish, or Wool- 
 ghist, and himself died in England, leaving two surviving 
 sons, John Hammond Cromwell and Vincent Cromwell, 
 who, with their widowed mother, passed over to America in 
 1763 to join the Cromwells of Baltimore, with whom they 
 claimed kinship, and apparently had full warranty for so 
 doing. The elder son at that time was twenty years of 
 age, and Vincent was eleven. The family at first located 
 themselves at Port Tobacco, in the southern part of Mary- 
 land, but eventually secured an abiding-place on the ridge 
 of an imposing plateau called Mount Pleasant, in Cecil 
 County, in the north-east corner of the State ; their own 
 particular domain bearing the name of Cromwell's Moun- 
 tain, subsequently corrupted into " Cromley's Mountain," 
 for such is the name of the neighbouring railway-station 
 on the Columbia and Port Deposit line. The quaint old 
 family residence, which still dominates this tableland, 
 stands in the midst of a farm of 300 acres, at a spot 
 between the main road and the Susquehanna River, and 
 about a mile and a half from Rowlandville Station on the 
 Philadelphia and Baltimore Central Railway. It is con- 
 structed partly of stone, but principally of timber, sheathed 
 with clap-boards and surmounted by a gambrel roof. 
 Inside the house the walls of the rooms are scored all 
 over in diamond pattern, and the floors are, from 
 age and settlement, far from level. The founders of the 
 house sheltered it with Lombardy poplars; but perhaps 
 the most interesting feature of the place is a quadrangular 
 enclosure not far from the house, surrounded by a box 
 hedge six feet in height. This is the family cemetery, and 
 here may be spelt out the brief memorials of many a 
 Henry, a Venetia, an Oliver, or a Henrietta of the illus- 
 trious clan.
 
 The Cromwells of America. 263 
 
 Here lived and died the elder of the two brothers afore- 
 said, John Hammond Cromwell. His wife's name was 
 Mary Hammond Dorsay. His children were : I. Henrietta 
 Maria, who married Reuben Reynolds, and became the 
 mother of Dr. John Cromwell Reynolds, surgeon of the 
 U.S. army, and others. By her second husband, John 
 Briscoe, of Kent County, Maryland, there was also issue. 
 n. Matilda, married to Mr. Harlan. IH. Frances. 
 IV. Delia, married to Richard H. Keene, of Kentucky, all 
 of whom left descendants. His will, which was proved 
 October 12, i8ig, is registered at Elkton (lib. G. G., 
 No. 7, folio 309). The old family house, which it seems he 
 had named " Success," he leaves in succession to the 
 Harlan family, and then to Dr. John Cromwell Reynolds 
 aforesaid. It is still occupied by relatives ; but, as he had 
 no sons, the name of Cromwell has there died out. One of 
 his surviving representatives is Mrs. Stacey, of Oswego, 
 in New York State, wife of Colonel M. H. Stacey, of the 
 U.S. army. Among other provisions of his will, Mr, 
 Cromwell frees his slaves. 
 
 Now, in respect of Vincent, the younger brother of John 
 Hammond Cromwell, he appears to have moved into the 
 neighbouring State of Kentucky (where, in fact, both the 
 brothers had acquired estates), settling near Lexington 
 about 1793, where he died in the same year as his brother, 
 1819. By his wife, Rachel Wilson, he had eleven children, 
 as follows : 
 
 I. John, born 1781, whose descendants live in 
 Ohio. 
 
 II. Benjamin, born 1782. His children were : 
 (i) John ; (2) Oliver ; (3) Alvin ; (4) William ; 
 (5) Howard ; (6) Vincent ; (7) Marcus ; (8) Caroline ; 
 (9) Nancy. Of this group, John was recently reported 
 as living at the age of eighty. Oliver, the second son, 
 must be the gentleman who, a few years back, while 
 passing through Cape Town on a cosmopolitan tour,
 
 264 The Hotise of Cromwell, 
 
 attracted so much notice by his characteristic bearing 
 and physiognomy, that a resident artist — Mr. Barnard 
 — was happy to secure several photographs from him. 
 III. Joseph, of Lexington, in Missouri, where his 
 descendants still flourish. 
 
 IV., v., VI. Joshua, Vincent, and Oliver ; this last 
 possibly identical with the Oliver Cromwell of Caro- 
 lina who, in 1828, published a poem entitled " The 
 Soldier's Wreath," in celebration of General Jackson's 
 defence of New Orleans. 
 
 VII., VIIL, IX., X., XI. Sarah, Rebecca, Hannah, 
 Rachel, and Mary. One of these daughters was the 
 mother of the present Hon. Cromwell Adair, of 
 Kentucky. Hannah, the third mentioned, married 
 Nathaniel Ford, whose daughter is the wife of H. 
 Hammond Randolph. Mrs. Ford died in 1881, at 
 the age of ninety-two. 
 During the War of Independence, two names con- 
 spicuous on the American side were Captain William 
 Cromwell and Major Stephen Cromwell, both from the 
 vicinity of Baltimore City. A third member of the family 
 was John Cromwell — who entertained at his house near 
 " Rye Pond," New York, Generals Washington and 
 Lafayette — described as a descendant of John, cousin of 
 the Protector, and son to Sir Oliver, of Hinchinbroke. 
 
 Sidney Cromwell, in 1776, at New York, published an 
 essay entitled " Political Opinions." 
 
 Mrs. C. T. Cromwell, in 1849, was the author of " Over 
 the Ocean ; or, Glimpses of Travel in Many Lands " ; 
 New York. 
 
 A final notice may be taken of the name of Hammond, 
 which, it will have been observed, is frequently found in 
 connection with the American Cromwells, as it had also 
 been in England. This ancient and knightly family, Mark 
 Noble observes, were greatly divided in their religious and 
 political opinions. The most notable historical figure
 
 The Cromwells of America. 265 
 
 among them is, perhaps, Robert Hammond, the guardian 
 of Charles I. in the Isle of Wight ; but there is no reason 
 to conclude that the Major-General John Hammond, who 
 held office in Maryland under Queen Anne, was other than 
 the descendant of a Royalist. An entry in the register of 
 St. Anne's, Annapolis, states that he was buried by James 
 Walton, the Rector of that parish, November 29, 1707, 
 who describes him as " the Honourable John Hammond, 
 Esq., Major-General of the Province of Maryland, Western 
 Shore, and one of her Majesty's Most Honourable Council, 
 and Judge of the High Court of Admiralty in the said 
 province." The funeral took place, not at Annapolis, but 
 on the Hammond estate, three miles from that city, where 
 the inscription on his tombstone is still legible, and states 
 that he died in the sixty-fourth year of his age. He 
 married a daughter of Colonel Greenberry, and left 
 descendants at Baltimore, who were subsequently joined 
 by other English emigrants of the same name. One of 
 the race still living — viz., William A. Hammond, M.D., 
 Surgeon-General in the army — has a name of great and 
 deserved eminence in the States. 
 
 For the gathering of the above facts I am entirely 
 indebted to the industrious courtesy of P. S. P. Conner, 
 Esq., of 126, South i8th Street, Philadelphia, who has 
 long been on intimate terms with various members of the 
 Cromwell house, and whose intelligent interest in historical 
 matters eminently qualifies him for the task of sifting 
 evidence. His principal informant was Mr. William H. 
 Corner, connected by marriage with the Baltimore Crom- 
 wells. One of Mr. Corner's friends, Mr. William Henry 
 Cromwell, of Philadelphia, deriving from the Cromwells 
 of Road, near Frome, in Somerset county, England, bears 
 an unmistakable resemblance to Oliver the Protector ; 
 and yet the Somerset Cromwells do not derive from Oliver 
 direct, but rather from Sir Philip, his uncle. There can 
 be little doubt that the early progenitors of this race must
 
 266 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 have been distinguished by personal traits of a very pro- 
 nounced character ; and as it is a known fact that ancestral 
 resemblances, both mental and physical, do occasionally 
 crop up after protracted intervals, there is no reason why 
 the vera effigies of his Highness should not reappear 
 amongst us from time to time- Sir Walter Scott has 
 made use of this physiological tendency in his romance of 
 " Red Gauntlet." Some have thought that the Protector's 
 countenance is traceable in the Addison family, of Soham, 
 who descend from him through Henry, the Lord- 
 Lieutenant of Ireland.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 COURTESY TITLES ARE OMITTED. 
 
 Acklom, Jonathan, m. Mary Con- 
 stable, 170 ; issue : 
 
 Richard, Ann Eh'zabeth {see 
 
 Neville), Mary, Lucy (j-^e Constable, 
 
 Charles), Rosamund, 170 
 Adair, Hon. Cromwell, 264 
 Adams, Lucy Ducarel, daughter of 
 
 Francis Adams, m. Sir William 
 
 Adolphus Frankland, 159 
 Addison, Elizabeth {v. D'Aye), m. 
 
 Thomas Addison, of Soham, 50 ; 
 
 issue : 
 
 Mary, Elizabeth {see Hill), Mary 
 
 Russell {see Sunman), Russell {see 
 
 below) Thomas, Frances,\Villiam, 50 
 Addison, Russell, 51 
 Addison, William, son of above, 51 ; 
 
 issue : 
 
 Thomas Russell, William Oliver 
 
 Cromwell, 51 (issue : Charles 
 
 William, Charlotte Barnby, Frank, 
 
 Edith Maud); Henrietta Fox, 51 
 
 {see D'Eye) 
 Agar- Ellis, Lady Caroline Elizabeth, 
 
 daughter of the Earl of Normanton, 
 
 m. Edward, fifth Earl of Clarendon, 
 
 181 
 Ampthill, Odo William Leopold 
 
 Russell, Baron Ampthill of, m. 
 
 Emily Theresa Villiers, 181 ; issue : 
 Arthur Oliver Villiers, Victor 
 
 Alexander Frederick, Alexan<ler 
 
 Victor Frederick, Constance Evelyn 
 
 Villiers, 181 
 Anti-Corn-Law League, the Right 
 
 Hon. Charles Pelham Villiers and 
 
 the, 176, 177 ; Lord Clarendon and 
 
 the, 180 
 
 Armstrong, Avarilla Aphra, m. Arte- 
 
 midorus Cromwell Russell, 68 
 Armstrong, Mary Esther {v. Russell 
 
 of Cheshunt), m. General George 
 
 Andrew Armstrong, 68 
 Ashburnham, Lady Theodosia Maria, 
 
 m. Robert Vyner of Gautby, 175 
 Ashton, Captain John, father of Sir 
 
 Thomas Frankland Lewis's second 
 
 wife, 142 
 Ashton, Julia, daughter of Job 
 
 Ashton, m. Hugh Berners, 108 
 Astley, Lieut. - Colonel Francis 
 
 L'Estrange, ra. Rosalind Alicia 
 
 Frankland (second wife), now Mrs. 
 
 Frankland Russell Astley, 157 ; 
 
 issue : 
 
 Bertram Reginald, Hubert 
 
 Delaval, Reginald Basil, 157 
 
 Barham, Lady Katharine, daughter of 
 Walter James, first Earlof Verulam, 
 relict of John Barham, m. George, 
 first Earl of Clarendon, 180 
 Barnard, Alfred, 100 
 Barnard, Alfred Francis, 100 
 Barnard, Francis Pierrepont, 100 
 Barnard, Henry Boldero, m. Sarah 
 Elizabeth Gee, 164 ; issue : 
 
 Henry Gee, Charles Lewyns, 
 164 ; Edward William (issue : 
 t^dward Charles Gee, Rosamund, 
 Caroline), 165 ; Sarah Eleanor {see 
 Delpratt), le^; 
 Barnard, Thomas, 100 
 Barnard, William, second husband 
 
 of Jane Ireton, 100; issue, ibid. 
 Barnard, Wm., grandson of above, 100
 
 268 
 
 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 Barrington, Hon. and Rev. Lowther 
 John, m. Katharine Georgiana 
 Pelham, 162 
 
 Barron, Anne, daughter of Edward 
 Barron of Northiam, m. Francis 
 John Field, 73 
 
 Barron, Esther, daughter of E. 
 Barron, m. Henry Field, 71 
 
 Barton, Catherine, second wife of 
 Rich Russell, 127 
 
 Barton, Elizabeth, cousin to Oliver, 
 second son of the Protector Richard, 
 42 
 
 Baudouin, Anne, daughter of Rene 
 Baudouin, second wife of Sir 
 Thomas Frankland, third Bart., 
 afterwards relict of Adam Car- 
 donnel, and first wife of Frederick 
 Meinhardt Frankland, 132 
 
 Baxendale, Mr., the Hursley estate 
 passed to in 1894, 40 
 
 Beadnell, Alfred George Streatfield, 
 m. Beatrice Mary Polhill, 99 ; 
 issue : 
 
 Montgomery Polhill Beadnell, 99 
 
 Beke, Major Richard, m. the Pro- 
 tector's niece Levina, 186 
 
 Bell, Constance, daughter of Matthew 
 Bell, m. Frederick Thomas Whin- 
 yates, 147 
 
 Bell, Jane, daughter of Mr. Bell, m. 
 Wynyard Huddleston Warner, 70 
 
 Bellasyse, Arabella, m. Sir William 
 Frankland, 130 
 
 Bendysh, Henry, 107 ; issue : 
 
 Henry, Mary {see Berners), Eliza- 
 beth {see Hagar), 107 
 
 Bendysh, Thomas, m. Bridget Ireton, 
 102 
 
 Bentinck, William, eldest son of Lord 
 Edward Charles Cavendish Ben- 
 tinck, m. Frances Elizabeth Con- 
 stable, 170 
 
 Berners, Charles, 108 ; issue : 
 
 Charles, Henry Denny (j'lf^below), 
 William (issue : William, Henry, 
 Arthur), Martha (j^,? Jarrett), 108 
 
 Berners, Rev. Henry Denny, 108; 
 issue : 
 
 John, Hugh (issue), Ralph (issue), 
 Alice, 108 
 
 Berners, William, m. Mary Bendysh, 
 107 ; issue : 
 
 Charles {see above), Henry (issue : 
 Emma), 108 
 
 Birkbeck, Robert, m. Mary Harriet 
 Lubbock, 167 
 
 Blackden, Catharine, daughter of B. 
 
 Blackden, m. Henry Francis 
 
 Worsley, 168 
 Blackden, J. C, m. Isabella Worsley 
 
 (issue), 168 
 Bligh, Eliza Mary, daughter of the 
 
 Hon. Sir John Duncan Bligh, m. 
 
 Walter John, fourth Earl of 
 
 Chichester, 162 
 Bonner, Blanche Frances, daughter of 
 
 Major-General Bonner, m. Herbert 
 
 Cromwell Collier, 153 
 Boringdon, John Parker, first Baron, 
 
 m. Theresa, daughter of Thomas, 
 
 first Lord Grantham, 172 ; issue : 
 John, second Baron and Earl 
 
 of Morley, Theresa {see Villiers), 
 
 176 
 Borrett, Elizabeth, daughter of John 
 
 Borrett of Shoreham, third wife of 
 
 David Polhill, 98 
 Borthwick, Algernon, Baron, m. Alice 
 
 Beatrice Lister (issue), 179 
 Bourchier, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir 
 
 James Bourchier, of Felsted, Essex, 
 
 m. Oliver Cromwell {see Elizabeth, 
 
 the Protectress), 19 
 Bourchier, Sir James, 19, 22, 86 
 Bowles, Dinah, fifth daughter of 
 
 Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland, 
 
 m. William Bowles, 143 ; issue : 
 William, Admaral, K.C.B., 140, 
 
 141, 144; George, G.C.B. ; Thomas, 
 
 Henry, Anne {see Fowler), Lucy, 
 
 Charlotte, Harriet, Katharine, 
 
 Amelia, Augusta, 145 
 Briscoe, John, second husband of 
 
 Henrietta Maria Cromwell, 263 
 
 (issue) 
 Bromley, Sir Thomas, Lord Chan- 
 cellor of England, father of Sir 
 
 Oliver Cromwell's first wife, 15 
 Brown, Henry Alexander, m. Diana 
 
 Caroline Hotham, 166 
 Bruce, Louisa, daughter of William 
 
 Bruce, m. Thomas H. W. Pelham, 
 
 162 
 Brudenell, Mary, daughter of Robert, 
 
 sixth Earl of Cardigan, m. Henry 
 
 Thomas, third Earl of Chichester, 
 
 162 
 BuUer, Caroline, daughter of Rev. 
 
 William BuUer, m. John Barrington 
 
 Pelham, 162 
 Bulwer-Lytton, Sir Edward, m. 
 
 Edith Villiers, 177 ; Viceroy of 
 
 India, 1S2 ; issue :
 
 Index. 
 
 269 
 
 Rowland Edward, Henry Mere- 
 dith Edward, another son, Eliza- 
 beth Edith, Constance Georgina, 
 Emily, 182 
 
 Bunhill Fields, Cromwells buried at, 
 191 
 
 Burghersh, Lady Augusta Selma 
 Elizabeth, relict of Ernest Fitzroy 
 Neville, Lord Burghersh, m. 
 Thomas, sixth Baron Walsingham, 
 156 
 
 Burn, Augusta Sophia {v. Russell of 
 Cheshunt), m. Robert Burn, 67 
 
 Burroughs, Mrs. Jane, daughter of 
 Jane Lloyd, 100 
 
 Bush, Avarilla Oliveria Cromwell {v. 
 Russell of Cheshunt), m. Rev. Paul 
 Bush, 68 ; issue : 
 
 Thomas Cromwell, Elizabeth 
 Oliveria, James Graham, Paul 
 Warner, Charles Cromwell, Char- 
 lotte Mary Avarilla, Beatrice Maud, 
 Herbert Cromwell, Ethel Julia, 
 Gertrude Harriet Cromwell, Mabel 
 Ottley, 68 
 
 Buxton, Laura Priscilla, daughter 
 of Sir Edward Buxton, m. Henry 
 Francis Pelham, 162 
 
 Callaghan, Grace Elizabeth, daughter 
 
 of Grace Gosset, m. John Callaghan, 
 
 154 (issue, see Palmer) 
 Campbell, Elizabeth, of Ormisdale, 
 
 wife of General Francis Frankland 
 
 Whinyates, 147 
 Campbell, Sir Alexander, m. Harriette 
 
 Augusta Royer Collier, 154 
 Cardonnel, Anne, relict of Adam 
 
 Cardonnel, see Baudouin 
 Carey, Katharine, daughter of General 
 
 the Hon. Henry Carey, wife of Sir 
 
 John Russell, eighth Bart., 130 
 Carey, Katharine Henrietta, daughter 
 
 of Roger Frankland, 141 
 Carlyle. Thomas, vii-x, i, 22,23, 38, 
 
 122, 185, 217 
 Carncroft, Jane, m. Chief Justice 
 
 Barron Field, 72 
 Carter, Nathaniel, m. Mary Fleet- 
 wood, 109 
 Cayley, Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas 
 
 Cayley, m. George Worsley, 168 
 Cayley, Sarah Philadelphia, daughter 
 
 of Sir George Cayley, m. William 
 
 Worsley, 168 
 Chadwick, James, m. Mary Tillotson, 
 
 190 ; issue : 
 
 George (issue, Evelyn), John, 
 Mary {see Fowler), 190 
 Chalmer, Sarah Mary Emily, daughter 
 of Sarah Anne Catherina Whin- 
 yates, m. Major Chalmer, 148 ; 
 issue : 
 
 Anna, Emily Eliza {see Cox), 
 Catherine Frances, Charlotte Amy 
 Rachel {see Lysaght), Georgina 
 Isabella, Gilbert Stirling (issue : 
 Henry Francis), Reginald, George, 
 Francis, 148 
 Chaplin, Emma, daughter of Roger 
 
 Frankland, m. W. Chaplin, 141 
 Cheese, Rev. Edward, m. Amy Maria 
 
 Villiers, 178 
 Chichester, Henry Thomas, third 
 Earl of, 162 ; issue : 
 
 Waher John, fourth Earl, 162 ; 
 Francis Godolphin (issue : Jocelyn 
 Brudenell, Ruth Mary, Henry 
 George Godolphin, Anthony Ashley 
 Ivo, Herbert), 162 ; Thomas Henry 
 William (issue : Mary Louisa), 
 ibid. ; Arthur Lowther, Harriet 
 Mary {see Darnley), 162 ; Susan 
 Emma {see Smith), Isabella Char- 
 lotte {sse Whitbread), 163 
 Chichester, Thomas, second Earl of, 
 161 ; issue : 
 
 Mary, Henry Thomas, third Earl, 
 Amelia Rose {see Jebb), 161 ; 
 Frederick Thomas, Rear-Admiral 
 (issue : Frederick John, Frederick 
 Sidney, Constance Mary Kate, 
 Emily Blanche, Beatrice Emily 
 Julia, Kathleen Mary Maude), 161 ; 
 John Thomas, Bishop (issue : Henry 
 Francis, John Barrington, Sidney, 
 Herbert, Fanny), 161, 162 ; Hen- 
 rietta Juliana, Katharine Georgiana 
 {see Barrington), Lucy Ann {see 
 Dundas), 162 
 Chippenham, residence of Sir Francis 
 Russell at, 43 ; Henry Cromwell 
 retires to at the Restoration, 44 ; 
 manor sold to the Earl of Orford, 
 129 ; 48, 49 
 Chiswick, Mary Cromwell died at, 
 20, 121 ; house at bequeathed to 
 Sir Thomas Frankland, 130 
 Christmas, William, m. Octavia Whin- 
 yates, 148 
 Clarendon, George William Frederick 
 Villiers, fourth Earl of and Baron 
 Hyde, 1 79 ; diplomatic career, ibid.; 
 Viceroy of Ireland, 180 ; issue :
 
 270 
 
 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 Edward Hyde ; Edward Hyde, 
 fifth Earl (issue, George Herbert 
 Hyde), 180, iSl ; George Patrick 
 Hyde, Francis Hyde, Constance 
 [see Stanley), Alice [see Skelmers- 
 dale), Emily Theresa {see Ampthill), 
 Florence Alargaret, 181 
 
 Clark, Anne, daughter of John Shep- 
 herd Clark, second wife of Robert 
 Nicholas, 149 
 
 Clarke, John, name assumed by the 
 Protector Richard after his return 
 from exile, 28, 35 
 
 Claypoole, Clarissa, of Philadelphia, 
 256 
 
 Claypoole, Cromwell, eldest son of 
 Ehzabeth Cromwell, 114 
 
 Claypoole, Henry, second son of 
 Elizabeth Cromwell, 114 
 
 Claypoole, James, of New England, 
 256, 257 ; his sons John, 256 (J ohn's 
 grandson William, ibid.), James, 
 Nathaniel, George, Joseph, 257, 
 and daughters Mary, Helena, 
 Priscilla, ibid. 
 
 Claypoole, John, 21 ; m. Elizabeth 
 Cromwell, iio 
 
 Claypoole, Martha, daughter of Eliza- 
 beth Cromwell, 1 14 
 
 Claypoole, Oliver, third son of Eliza- 
 beth Cromwell, 114 
 
 Clifton, Baron (see Darnley, Earl of) 
 
 Cobb, Katharine, daughter of Thomas 
 Cobb, m. Henry Pelham, 160 
 
 Codrington, Samuel, m. Elizabeth 
 Pyle, 100 
 
 Cole, Henrietta Frances, daughter of 
 William, first Earl of Enniskillen, 
 m. Thomas, Earl de Grey, 174 
 
 Collier, Harriet, daughter of Charlotte 
 Nicholas, m. Admiral Henry Theo- 
 dosius Browne Collier, 153 ; issue : 
 George Baring Browne, Clarence 
 Augustus, Herbert Cromwell, 153 ; 
 Gertrude Barbara Rich [see Ten- 
 nant), Harriet Augusta Royer (see 
 Campbell), Adeline Letitia (see 
 Gordon), Clementina Frances (see 
 Johnston) 
 
 Coltman, William J., m. Philadelphia 
 Worsley, 168 
 
 Colville, Katharine, daughter of John, 
 seventh Lord Colville of Culross, 
 m. Roger Frankland, 140 
 
 Compton, Katrine Cecilia, daughter 
 of Lord William Compton, m. 
 Francis, seventh Earl Cowper, 174 
 
 Compton, Lord Alwyne, m. Mary 
 Evelyn Vyne, 175 
 
 Constable, Charles, 170 ; issue : Mary 
 (see Strickland), 170 
 
 Constable, Henry Strickland, 171 ; 
 issue : 
 
 Frederick Charles, Marmaduke, 
 Ethel, Mary Sophia, Rosamund, 
 Lucy Winifred, 171 
 
 Constable, Marmaduke, m. Mary 
 Worsley, 167 ; issue : 
 
 Marmaduke Thomas (issue : 
 Charles, see above, Marmaduke, 
 Rachel Marian, see Salmond, 
 Frances Elizabeth, see Bentinck, 
 Sarah), Mary (see Acklom), Rosa- 
 mund, 169, 170 
 
 Cookson, Miss, daughter of W. Strick- 
 land Cookson, m. Walter Field, 
 
 Corner, William H., 265 
 
 Cornewall, Harriet, fourth daughter 
 of Sir George Cornewall, first wife 
 of Sir Thomas Frankland Lewis, 
 142 
 
 Corsbie, Mary, daughter of Jas. 
 Corsbie, m. William Barnard, 100 
 
 Coryton, Fanny Harriet, daughter of 
 William Coryton, first wife of Hon. 
 Thomas Villiers Lister, 178 
 
 Courtenay, Rev. Henry Hugh, m. 
 Anna Maria Leslie, 163 ; issue : 
 Hen. Reginald, Hugh Leslie, 163 
 
 Cowper, George Augustus Frederick, 
 sixth Earl, m. Anne Florence Robin- 
 son, Baroness Lucas, daughter of 
 Earl de Grey, 174 ; issue : 
 
 Francis Thomas de Grey, seventh 
 Earl, Henry Frederick, Henrietta 
 Emily Mary, Florence, Amabel 
 (see Herbert), 174 ; Adine Eliza 
 Anne (see Fane), Amabel (see Kerr), 
 
 Cox, Captain P., m. Emily Eliza 
 
 Chalmer, 148 (issue) 
 Cox, Sophia Victoria, daughter of 
 
 William Cox, m. Edward Barker 
 
 Russell, 67 
 Creyke, Stephen, m. Sarah Hotham, 
 
 166 ; issue : 
 Walter Pennington, Alexander 
 
 Stephen, Alfred Richard, Caroline 
 
 Juha, Diana Jane, Gertrude 
 
 Hotham, 166 
 Crompton, Elizabeth, daughter of 
 
 Samuel Crompton, m. General Sir 
 
 Edward Charles Whinyates, 146
 
 Index. 
 
 271 
 
 Cromwell, Anna, sister of the Pro- 
 tector, m. John Sewster, 189 ; 
 issue, ibid. 
 Cromwell, Anna, sixth daughter of 
 
 the Protector Richard ^^see Gibson, 
 Mrs. Anna) 
 Cromwell, Anne, second daughter of 
 
 the Protector Richard, 38 
 Cromwell, Baron John de, Constable 
 
 of the Tower, i 
 Cromwell, Baron Ralph de, Lord 
 
 High Treasurer, i 
 Cromwell, Bridget, eldest daughter 
 
 of the Protector, 20 ; marriage with 
 
 Henry Ireton, 87 ; second marriage 
 
 with Charles Fleetwood, 90; letters 
 
 from her father to her, 93, 94 ; 
 
 letter from her to Henry Cromwell, 
 
 95 ; issue, 97-109 
 Cromwell, Captain, buccaneer, 254 
 Cromwell, Captain John, 261 
 Cromwell, Captain William, 264 
 Cromwell, Catharine, sister of the 
 
 Protector, 186; m., first, Roger 
 
 Whitstone, ibid. ; second, Colonel 
 
 John Jones, 188 ; issue : 
 
 (i) Henry, three other sons; 
 
 Levina {see Beke), 186 
 Cromwell, Dorothy, the Protectress, 
 
 33-36 ; parentage and marriage, 37 ; 
 
 death, ibid. ; issue, ibid. 
 Cromwell, Dorothy, third daughter 
 
 of the Protector Richard, 29 
 Cromwell, Dorothy, fifth daughter of 
 
 the Protector Richard, 38 
 Cromwell, Dorothy, seventh daughter 
 
 of the Protector Richard, birth 
 
 and marriage, 40 ; death, 41 
 Cromwell, Elizabeth, daughter of 
 
 Walter, 7 
 Cromwell, Elizabeth, sister of the 
 
 Protector, 185 ; letter to from 
 
 Oliver, 186 
 Cromwell, Elizabeth, the Protectress, 
 
 petition of, 20, 24, 35 
 Cromwell, Elizabeth, second daughter 
 
 of the Protector, 20, 93, no; 
 
 m. John Claypoole, 1 10 ; letter 
 
 from to Lady Elizabeth Cromwell, 
 
 112 ; death and burial, 113 ; issue, 
 
 114 
 Cromwell, Elizabeth, daughters of the 
 
 Lord-Lieutenant: (i) died young, 
 
 (2) married William Russell {see 
 
 Russell, Elizabeth) 
 Cromwell, Elizabeth, eldest daughter 
 
 of the Protector Richard, 37-39 
 
 Cromwell, Elizabeth, of Hampstead, 
 
 56, 59, 109 
 Cromwell, Frances, fourth daughter of 
 the Protector, 20, 21, 128 ; m. the 
 Hon. Robert Rich, 123 ; and Sir 
 John Russell, 126 ; issue, 127, 128 
 Cromwell, Francis, younger son of 
 Sir Richard, brother of " the 
 Golden Knight," 17 ; possible 
 descendants, ibid. 
 Cromwell, Francis, third son of the 
 
 Lord-Lieutenant, 48 
 Cromwell, Geessan (? Gershom), of 
 
 Annapolis, 255 
 Cromwell, Henry, son of "the Golden 
 Knight," 14, 17, 183; issue: 
 Henry, 183 
 Cromwell, Henry, fourth son of 
 the Protector, 19, 21, 38; early 
 career and marriage, 43 ; Lord- 
 Lieutenant of Ireland, ibid. ; death, 
 44 ; conformed to the Established 
 Church, 45 ; petition to Charles H., 
 ibid. ; issue, 48 et seq. ; letter from 
 Dr. Owen to, 89 ; correspondence 
 with Lord Fauconberg, 117, 119; 
 letter from Mary Cromwell to, 122 ; 
 90, 116, 120 
 Cromwell, Henry, the poet, 57 
 Cromwell, Henry, eldest son of Sir 
 
 Oliver, Royalist, 16 
 Cromwell, Henry, son of above, 16 ; 
 retook name of Williams and voted 
 for Restoration, ibid. ; died a poor 
 man, ibid. 
 Cromwell, James, eldest grandson of 
 Sir Oliver, a Colonel in the Royalist 
 army, 16 
 Cromwell, James, fifth son of the 
 
 Protector, 19, 86 
 Cromwell, Jane, sister of the Pro- 
 tector, m. John Disbrowe, 190 
 Cromwell, John, fuller, of Wimble- 
 don, 2 
 Cromwell, John, son of John the 
 
 fuller, 3 ; will, 4 
 Cromwell, John, son of Sir Oliver, 
 sent by the Prince of Wales to 
 intercede with his cousin Oliver for 
 the King's life, 15 
 Cromwell, John, described as a de- 
 scendant of John, son of Sir Oliver 
 of Hinchinbroke, 264 
 Cromwell, John, of Fairfield, Balti- 
 more, 259 ; issue : 
 
 Richard, 259 ; issue : Richard, 
 John (issue : Richard, M.D., of
 
 272 
 
 TJie House of Cromwell. 
 
 Baltimore), 260 ; Thomas, John, 
 M.D., 260 
 
 Cromwell, John, will : children, Mar- 
 garet, John, Hannah, Anne, 261 
 
 Cromwell, John Hammond, son of 
 Thomas Cromwell, of Huntingdon- 
 shire, 262 ; issue : 
 
 Henrietta Maria {see Reynolds, 
 R., and Briscoe, J.), Matilda {see 
 Harlan), Frances, Delia {see Keene, 
 R. H.), 263 
 
 Cromwell, Katharine, daughter of 
 Walter, 7 ; m. Morgan Williams, 8 
 
 Cromwell, Letitia, of Hampstead, 56, 
 
 59, 109 
 
 Cromwell, Major Henry, second son 
 of the Lord-Lieutenant, 48, 52 ; 
 marriage, 53 ; death, 54 ; issue : 
 
 Oliver, Benjamin Hewling, 
 Henry, William " of Kirby Street," 
 Richard {see below), Henry, Thomas 
 {see below), Oliver, Mary, Hannah, 
 
 Cromwell, Major Stephen, 264 [55 
 
 Cromwell, Margaret, sister of the 
 Protector, m. (first wife) Colonel 
 Valentine Wanton, 188 
 
 Cromwell, Mary, third daughter of 
 the Protector, 20, 44, 115; letter 
 from to Mrs. Henry Cromwell, 53 ; 
 m. Lord Fauconberg, 117; her 
 beauty, 118; death, 121 ; letter 
 from to Henry Cromwell, 122 
 
 Cromwell, Mary, third daughter of 
 the Protector Richard, 38 
 
 Cromwell, Mr. Oliver, loi 
 
 Cromwell, Mrs. C. T., 264 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, eldest son of Sir 
 Henry "the Golden Knight," 14; 
 entertains James L and is knighted 
 by him, ibid. ; wives and progeny, 
 15 ; prodigal hospitality and sale of 
 estates, ibid. ; 17 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, vii-x ; descended 
 from Katharine, daughter of Walter 
 Cromwell, 8 ; birth, baptism, edu- 
 cation, early life, marriage, and 
 entry into Parliament, 17-19 ; issue, 
 19 ; unspeakable grief at the death 
 of his eldest son, 23 ; death of his 
 second son, 27 ; inquiries after a 
 grandchild, 38 ; feeling of Henry 
 Cromwell's wife towards him, 47 ; 
 the last of his blood and name, 66 ; 
 his body hung at Tyburn gallows, 
 88 ; letters to his daughter Bridget, 
 93, 94 ; letter to from Oliver 
 St. John, 97 ; blood united with 
 
 that of Ireton and Hampden, 98 ; 
 parental anxiety, 11 1 ; checkmates 
 Jeremiah White, 124; the suitors 
 of his daughter Frances, 123-126 ; 
 brothers and sisters, 185 ; letter 
 from to Elizabeth Cromwell, his 
 sister, 186 ; anecdotes and traits, 
 198-218; singular medal of, 219; 
 corpse exhumed, 220 ; tablet in 
 Westminster Abbey, 221 ; tomb of, 
 222-224 ; head of, 224, 225 ; per- 
 sonal relics, 226-231 ; portraits of, 
 232-234 ; standard of, 235, 236 ; 
 coins, 237-239 : Church policy of, 
 240-252 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, second son of the 
 Protector, 19, 22, 24, 25 ; letter 
 from to the Steward of the City of 
 Norwich, 26 ; death, 27 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, eldest son of the 
 Lord-Lieutenant, 48 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, son of the Pro- 
 tector Richard, 29 
 
 CromwelljOliver, second son of the Pro- 
 tector Richard, 38, 39, 41 ; patriotic 
 proposal, 41 ; rejected from Parlia- 
 ment, ibid. : death and will, 42 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, of Cheshunt, 59, 
 
 63, 64-66 ; issue : \^{see Russell) 
 
 Oliver, Elizabeth Oliveria, 64 
 
 Cromwell, Philip, son of " the Golden 
 Knight," 14, 17 ; knighted by 
 James I., 184 ; issue : 
 
 Philip, Oliver, 184; Thomas 
 (issue : Henry), 185 ; Richard, 
 resumed name of Williams, ibid. 
 
 Cromwell, Ralph de (sixth), of 
 Lambley, Notts, 3 
 
 Cromwell, Rear- Admiral Henry, 137 
 
 Cromwell, Richard, son of " the 
 Golden Knight," 183, 184 
 
 Cromwell, Richard, third son of the 
 Protector, 19, 21, 22, 27; career 
 and death, 28, 29 ; character and 
 disposition, 30-32 ; story of his 
 twenty years' exile, 33-36 ; issue, 
 
 37; 90 
 Cromwell, Richard, fourth son of the 
 
 Lord-Lieutenant, 48 
 Cromwell, Richard, grandson of 
 
 Henry, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 
 
 38 
 Cromwell, Richard, fifth son of Major 
 Henry Cromwell, 57-59 ; issue : 
 
 Robert, Oliver, Elizabeth, Anne, 
 Eleanor, Letitia {see Elizabeth and 
 Letitia of Hampstead), 59
 
 Index. 
 
 273 
 
 Cromwell, Richard, son of John, 
 261 
 
 Cromwell, Richard, M.D., of Balti- 
 more, 258, 260 ; daughter Eliza- 
 beth, ibid. 
 
 Cromwell, Richard, acquires land in 
 America, 259 
 
 Cromwell, Robert, second son of" the 
 Golden Knight," 14, 17, 19 
 
 Cromwell, Robert, eldest son of the 
 Protector, 19; youth, 22; death, 
 23 ; the Protector's grief, ibid. ; 
 entry of burial, 24, 25 
 
 Cromwell, Robina, sister of the Pro- 
 tector, m., first. Dr. Peter French, 
 second. Dr. John Wilkins, 190 ; 
 issue, ibid. 
 
 Cromwell, Sidney, 264 
 
 Cromwell, Sir Henry, "the Golden 
 Knight," son of Sir Richard, 14 ; 
 marriage, ibid. ; issue, 17, 183 
 
 Cromwell, Sir Richard {see Williams, 
 Richard), estates of Ramsey Abbey, 
 in Huntingdonshire, granted to 
 him, 13 ; honours bestowed upon 
 him, ibid. ; builds manor-houses at 
 Ramsey and Hinchinbrook, ibid. ; 
 marriage, 14 
 
 Cromwell, Thomas, son of Walter, 
 7 ; member of the household of 
 Cardinal Wolsey, 4 ; instituted 
 registration of births, marriages, 
 and deaths, 7 ; early life, 9 ; em- 
 ployed at Antwerp, 10 ; journey 
 to Rome, ibid. ; enters the service 
 of Cardinal Wolsey, 12 ; suppresses 
 the monasteries, ibid. ; will and 
 death, 13 
 
 Cromwell, Thomas, grandson of 
 Henry, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 
 38 
 
 Cromwell, Thomas, seventh son of 
 Major Henry Cromwell, 61 ; twice 
 married, ibid ; issue : 
 
 (i) Oliver, Henry, Thomas, 
 Elizabeth, ibid. ; Anne (see Field), 
 ibid.; (2) Oliver {see, of Cheshunt), 
 Thomas, Richard, Elizabeth, 
 Hannnh Hewling, Susanna, ibid. 
 
 Cromwell, Thomas, cousin of Richard 
 Cromwell, of Fairfield, 260 
 
 Cromwell, Thomas, will : sons, 
 Thomas, OHver ; brother, John 
 Ashman ; exors., William Crom- 
 well, John Ashman, John Crom- 
 well, George Bailey, 261 
 
 Cromwell, Vincent, son of Thomas 
 
 Cromwell, of Huntingdonshire, 
 262 ; issue : 
 
 John, Benjamin (issue : John, 
 Oliver, Alvin, William, Howard, 
 Vincent, Marcus, Caroline, Nancy), 
 263 ; Joseph, Joshua, Vincent, 
 Oliver, Sarah, Rebecca, Hannah 
 (see Ford), Rachel, Mary, 264 
 
 Cromwell, Walter, son of John the 
 fuller, 3 ; succeeded his father, 4 ; 
 various descriptions of, 5 ; death, 7 
 
 Cromwell, William, of Palm Hall, 
 Norwell, 3 
 
 Cromwell, William, fourth son of 
 Ralph de Cromwell, 3 
 
 Cromwell, William, fifth son of the 
 Lord-Lieutenant, 48 
 
 Cromwell, William, grandson of 
 Henry Cromwell, 47 
 
 Cromwell, William, son of Sir Oliver, 
 in the service of the Elector-Pala- 
 tine, 15 
 
 Cromwell, William, will : sons, Wil- 
 liam, Alexander, Joseph, Wool- 
 ghist ; witnesses, John Cromwell, 
 Joshua Cromwell, George Ashman, 
 261 
 
 Cromwell, William, will : wife, Eliza- 
 beth Trahearn ; brothers, John, 
 Richard ; sons, William, Thomas, 
 260, 261 
 
 Cromwell, William Henry, of Phila- 
 delphia, 265 
 
 Cromwell of Calvert Co., John and 
 William, 260 ; latter's grandsons, 
 William and John, ibid. 
 
 Cromwell, village of, 2 
 
 Cromwells in the Fen counties, i 
 
 Cromwells of Lincolnshire, 3 
 
 Cromwells of Nottinghamshire, 3 
 
 Cromwells of Washington : William, 
 Katharine, Thomas, 258 
 
 Cross, Mary, daughter of Alexander 
 Cross, m. Henry Frankland, 131 
 
 Crumwell, Lord, of Westminster, i 
 
 Cust, Evelyn, daughter of Reginald 
 Cust, m. Arthur Lowther Pelham, 
 162 
 
 Cuyler, Eliza, daughter of Sir Corne- 
 lius Cuyler, m. Ralph Berners, 108 
 
 Darnley, John Stuart Bligh, Earl of, 
 m. Harriet Mary Pelham, 162 ; 
 issue : 
 
 Edward Henry Stuart, Kathleen 
 Susan Emma, and others, 163 
 
 Dawson, Mary Jay, daughter of 
 
 18
 
 2 74 
 
 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 William Dawson, m.Colville Frank- 
 land, 159 
 
 D'Aye Mary {^v. Russell), m. Robert 
 D'Aye of Soham, 50 ; issue : 
 
 Russell, Saunders (Mrs.), Eliza- 
 beth {see Addison), ibid. 
 
 De Grey, Thomas Philip Robinson, 
 Earl, Baron Lucas and Baron 
 Grantham, 173 ; issue : 
 
 Anne Florence, Baroness Lucas 
 {see Cowper), Mary Gertrude {sec 
 Vyner), ibid. 
 
 Delpratt, Joseph, m. Sarah Eleanor 
 Barnard, 165 ; issue : 
 Eleanor Josephine, ibid. 
 
 Delpratt, Samuel, of Jamaica, 165 
 
 Denison, Robert, m. Charlotte 
 Hotham, 166 
 
 D'Eye, Henrietta Fox {v. Addison), 
 m. George H. Rust D'Eye, 51 ; 
 issue : 
 
 Henrietta Fanny, ibid. ; George 
 Edgar, Agnes Elizabeth, Isabel, 
 Jane Louisa, Henry, Katharine 
 Alice, Evelyn, Anne Georgina, 
 Mabel, Emily, 52 
 
 Disbrowe, Colonel John, "warned 
 home," 36 ; m. Jane, sister of the 
 Protector, 190 
 
 Dobble, Robert Brownell, m. Elizabeth 
 Mary Polhill, 99 ; issue : 
 Sybil Mary, 99 
 
 Dorsay, Mary Hammond, 263 
 
 Drew, John, second husband of Agnes 
 Surriage, 137 
 
 Dundas, Sir David, m. Lucy Anne 
 Pelham (second wife), 162 
 
 Dunn, Margaret Williams, daughter 
 of General William Dunn, R.A., 
 m. Albert William Orme Whin- 
 yates, 147 
 
 Dyer, Rebecca {v. Russell), m. Wil- 
 liam Dyer of Ilford, 49 ; issue : 
 
 William Andrew, Charles Adams, 
 Thomas John, Mary Eliza, Louisa, 
 49 
 
 Earl, Captain, m. Maria Theresa 
 VilHers, 177 
 
 Elderton, Flora Helen, daughter of 
 Charles A. Elderton, m. Charles 
 Frederick Field, 76 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen, Sir Henry Crom- 
 well knighted by, 14 ; 69 
 
 Ellis, Elizabeth {v. Peachey), m. Rev. 
 Mr. Ellis of Milborne, Cambs., 52 ; 
 issue : 
 
 Thomas, William, Elizabeth, and 
 
 daughter m. Mr. Burbage 
 Errington, Charlotte, descended from 
 
 an old Puritan family named Not- 
 
 cutt, m. Alfred Field, 79 
 Evershed, Arthur, M. D., of Ampthill, 
 
 m. Mary Hester Katherine Field, 76 
 Eyre, Rebecca, sister of Sir Charles 
 
 Eyre, first wife of John Russell, 128 
 
 Fane, Augusta, daughter of John, 
 Earl of Westmoreland, m. John, 
 second Baron Boringdon, and Earl 
 of Morley, 176 
 
 Fane Julian, son of John, eleventh 
 Earl of Westmoreland, m. Adine 
 Eliza Anne, daughter of George, 
 sixth Earl Cowper, 175 
 
 Fauconberg, Thomas Bellasyse, Vis- 
 count Henry Cromwell's attach- 
 ment to, 44 ; m. Mary Cromwell, 
 117 ; letters from to Henry Crom- 
 well, ibid., 119; aids in the 
 Restoration, 120; royal favours, 
 ibid. ; death, ibid. ; 130 
 
 Field, Alfred, of New York, 79 ; 
 issue : 
 
 Henry Cromwell, Rosa, 79 
 
 Field, Anne, daughter of Thomas 
 Cromwell, m. John Field, of 
 Newington, 61, 70 ; issue : 
 
 Henry, 71 (issue: Henry Crom- 
 well, 71 ; Barron, Chief Justice, 
 72 ; Francis John, Accountant- 
 General to India House, 73 ; 
 Esther, 73 ; Edmund, Frederick, 
 Rector of Reepham, 73 ; Mar- 
 riott, 74 ; Maria Letitia, 74) ; 
 Oliver, of New York, 74 (issue : 
 Oliver, John, Joseph, Thomas, and 
 daughters) ; John, Umpire at the 
 Mint, 74 (issue : Henry, Charles, 
 Frederick, 75 ; Henry William, 
 Queen's Assay - Master, 75, see 
 below ; Emma Katharine, 76 ; 
 Charles Frederick, 76, see below ; 
 Oliver Cromwell, 76 ; Samuel 
 Pryer, 77, see below) ; William, 
 Unitarian minister, 77 (issue : 
 Edwin Wilkins, 78, see below ; 
 Arthur, 78 ; John Hampden, Emma, 
 Ferdinand Emmans, Laura, Alger- 
 non Sidney (issue), 79 ; Alfred, 
 79, see above ; Caroline (issue; 
 Parker), 79 ; Alice, Lucy, 79, 
 Horace (issue), 79 ; Leonard) 
 Anne, 79 {see Gwinnel) ; Letitia,
 
 Index. 
 
 275 
 
 80 [see Wilkins), Elizabeth, Sophia, 
 Mary, 80 
 
 Field, Charles Frederick, 76 ; issue : 
 Charles John Elderton, Flora 
 Georgiana, Oliver Cromwell, 
 Katharine Mary Ida, 76 
 
 Field, Edwin Wilkins, 78 ; life of, 
 8o-86 ; twice married, 78 ; issue : 
 
 (i) Rogers; (2) Basil, Allan 
 (issue), Walter (issue), Mary, 
 Grace, Susan, Emily, 78 
 
 Field, Henry William, 75 ; issue : 
 Mary Hester Katherine (issue, 
 Evershed) ; Katharine Anne Rus- 
 sell (issue, Snelling) ; Harriet 
 Elizabeth Pryer, Frances Anna 
 Ollyffe, Henry Cromwell Beck- 
 with Letitia Eliza (issue, Thomas), 
 Minnie 
 
 Field, John, of Newington, 59, 70 
 
 Field, Samuel Pryer, 77 ; issue : 
 
 Cyril, Bertha, Oliver, Maud, 77 
 
 Fleetwood, Anne Nancy, daughter of 
 Bridget Cromwell, 109 
 
 Fleetwood, Cromwell, son of Bridget 
 Cromwell, 108 
 
 Fleetwood, Lieut. -General Charles, 
 30, 44, 49, 60, 71 ; marriage with 
 Bridget Ireton, 90 ; in social ob- 
 scurity at Stoke Newington, 91 ; 
 abstract of his will, 96 ; children 
 by Bridget Ireton, 108 ; I02, 116 
 
 Fleetwood, Mary, daughter of Bridget 
 Cromwell, m. Nathaniel Carter, 109 
 
 Ford, Nathaniel, 264 
 
 Fowler, Anne, daughter of Dinah 
 Bowles, and last survivor of the 
 family, 145 
 
 Fowler, Edward, son of Bishop 
 Fowler, m. Mary Chadwick, 190 ; 
 issue : Anna Maria, Elizabeth, 191 
 
 Fox, Anne, daughter of Thomas Fox, 
 of Newlands, Curdworth, co. War- 
 wick, m. William Addison, 51 
 
 Francis, Georgina Ann, daughter of 
 George Frankland,m. J. T. Francis, 
 
 Frankland, Admiral Sir Thomas, 
 fifth Bart., 137; marriage, 138; 
 naval career, 138, 139 ; issue : 
 
 Thomas, sixth Bart, {see below), 
 William, 139 ; Roger (issue : 
 Frederick William, eighth Bart. ; 
 Rear-Admiral Edward Augustus, 
 140 ; Emma, see Chaplin ; Admiral 
 Charles Colville, Matilda, see 
 Robison, George (issue : Georgina, 
 
 Augustus Charles), Katharine 
 Henrietta, Octavia, see Mont- 
 gomery, Louisa, Arthur, Sophia, 
 Albert Henry, 141), 140 ; Mary 
 [see Roche), Sarah, 141 ; Harriet, 
 Anne {see Lewis and Hare), 142 ; 
 Dinah {see Bowles), 143 ; Katha- 
 rine {see Whinyates), 145 ; Char- 
 lotte {see Nicholas), 149 ; Grace 
 {see Gosset), 154 
 
 Frankland, Henry, fourth son of 
 Sir Thomas Frankland, second 
 Bart., 131 ; issue : 
 
 Charles Henry, fourth Bart. 
 {see above) ; Thomas, fifth Bart. 
 {see below) ; William, Richard, 
 Robert, Harriet, Frederick (issue, 
 see Powney), 131 
 
 Frankland, Sir Charles Henry, fourth 
 Bart., 133 ; his connection with 
 Agnes Surriage, ibid. ; in the earth- 
 quake at Lisbon, 135; marriage 
 and death, 136 
 
 Frankland, Sir Frederick William, 
 eighth Bart., 157, 158 ; issue : 
 
 Frederick Roger, 158; Thomas, 
 Harry Albert, William Adolphus 
 {see below), Colville (issue), 
 Frederica, Eliza Henrietta Augusta 
 {see Vacher), Maria Margaret Isa- 
 bella, 159 
 
 Frankland, Sir Robert, seventh Bart., 
 assumed surname of Russell, 156; 
 issue : 
 
 Augusta Louisa {see Walsing- 
 ham), Caroline Agnes, Emily Anne 
 {see Galfrey), 156; Julia Roberta 
 {see Neville), Rosalind Alicia {see 
 Astley), 157 
 
 Frankland, Sir Thomas, second Bart., 
 m. Elizabeth Russell, second 
 daughter of Frances Cromwell, 
 128, 129, 130, 131 
 
 Frankland, Sir Thomas, third Bart., 
 twice married, 132 ; issue : 
 
 (i) Diana {see Lichfield), and 
 others, 132 
 
 Frankland, Sir Thomas, sixth Bart., 
 156 ; issue : 
 
 Robert, seventh Bart., and 
 others 
 
 Frankland, Sir William, first Bart., 
 130 
 
 Frankland, Sir William Adolphus, 
 ninth Bart., 159 ; issue : 
 
 Frederick, present Bart,, and 
 others
 
 276 
 
 The House of Cro7nwell. 
 
 French, Dr. Peter, first husband of 
 the Protector's sister Robina, 190 ; 
 issue : 
 
 Elizabeth [see Tillotson), 190 
 
 Gallvvey, Sir William Payne, m. 
 Emily Anne Frankland, 156 ; 
 issue : 
 
 Ralph William, Edwin, Lionel, 
 Wyndham, Harry, Leonora, Anne, 
 Bertha Louisa, Isabel Julia, 157 
 
 Gardner, Emma Elizabeth [v. Rus- 
 sell of Cheshunt), m. Herbert 
 Calthorpe Gardner, 67 ; issue : 
 
 Herbert Prescott, Emma Louisa, 
 67 
 
 Gatton, Sarah, daughter of Ebenezer 
 Gatton, m. Richard, fifth son of 
 Major Henry Cromwell, 57 
 
 Gee, Ann, m. Sir Francis Russell, 
 sixth Bart., 130 
 
 Gee, Colonel William, m. Arabella 
 Talbot (second wife), 164 ; issue : 
 Roger, 164 ; issue : Sarah Eliza 
 beth {see Barnard), Caroline (see 
 Hotham), 164 
 
 Gibson, Mrs. Anna, letter from the 
 Protector Richard to, 31 ; her 
 birth, marriage, and death, 39 
 
 Girtin, Mary Hog, daughter of 
 Thomas Calvert Girtin, m. A. F. 
 Barnard, 100 
 
 Gittings, Elizabeth, daughter of 
 Thomas Gittings, m. Oliver Field, 
 
 74 
 
 Glyn, Alice Carr, daughter of Lord 
 Wolverton, ni. Rev. Francis Godol- 
 phin Pelham, 162 
 
 Goderich, Viscount [see Ripon, Earl) 
 
 Godolphin, Henrietta Juliana, 
 daughter of Francis, fifth Duke of 
 Leeds, m. Thomas, second Earl of 
 Chichester, 161 
 
 Gordon, Adjutant -General Robert, 
 m. Adeline Letitia Collier, 154 
 
 Gosset, Grace, daughter of Admiral 
 Sir Thomas Frankland, m. Matthew 
 Gosset, Vicomte of Jersey, 154; 
 issue : 
 
 William Matthew, Henry (Ad- 
 miral), Charles, Grace {see Cal- 
 laghan), 154. Arthur ; issue : 
 Augusta Louisa, Emma, Arthur 
 Welleslev, Matthew William 
 Henry (Brigadier - General), Mary 
 Harriet, 155 ; Philip Henry, 
 Laura Henrietta, Octavia Georgina 
 
 Emily, Gertrude Maria {see Shad- 
 well), Grace Amelia, Adelaide 
 
 Louisa Julia, Edward Frankland 
 
 (issue), 156 
 Goulton, Sarah, daughter of Charles 
 
 Goulton, m. Thomas Constable, 
 
 169 
 Grantham, Sir Thomas Robinson, 
 
 first Baron, m. Frances Worsley, 
 
 167 ; issue : 
 Thomas, second Baron {see 
 
 below), Frederick, Theresa (see 
 
 Boringdon), 172 
 Grantham, Thomas, second Baron, 
 
 172 ; issue : 
 Thomas Philip (see De Grey^, 
 
 Frederick John (see Ripon), 172 
 Gray's Inn, 43, 55, 60 
 Greenhill, Samuel, m. Elizabetli 
 
 Russell, 129 ; issue : 
 John Russell (issue : Robert), 
 
 129, 130 
 Griscom, Elizabeth, m. William Clay- 
 
 poole of Philadelphia, 256 
 Gulston, Justina Maria Stepney, 
 
 daughter of Joseph Gulston, m. 
 
 George Baring Browne Collier, 
 
 ^53 . 
 
 Gunton, Simon, reference in his 
 
 " History of Peterborough" to the 
 
 Protector's son Oliver, 25 
 Gwinnel, Anne, daughter of Thomas 
 
 Gwinnel, m. Henry Cromwell 
 
 Field, 72 
 Gwinnel, Thomas, of Worcester, m. 
 
 Anne Field, 79 ; issue : 
 
 Thomas Cromwell, 79 ; Anne 
 
 Sophia, Amelia, Diana, 80 ; Eliza, 
 
 80 (issue, Johnston) 
 Gwyther, George, assumed surname 
 
 of Leslie and m. Henrietta Anne, 
 
 Countess of Rothes, 163 
 
 Hagar, John, m. Elizabeth Bendysh, 
 
 107 
 Hale, Octavia, daughter of General 
 
 Hale, m. Marmaduke Constable, 
 
 169 
 Hame, Harriet, m. Marcus Worsley, 
 
 168 
 Hamilton, Florence Selina, daughter 
 
 of William John Hamilton, second 
 
 wife of Hon. Thomas Villiers Lister, 
 
 178 
 Hammond, Family of, 264, 265 
 Hampden, John, 98 
 Hampton Court, 20, 54, 117, 118
 
 Index. 
 
 277 
 
 Harcourt, Sir William Vernon, m. 
 
 Maria Theresa Lister, 178 ; issue : 
 Lewis Reginald, 178 
 Hare, Rev. Robert, second husband of 
 
 Anne, fourth daughter of Admiral 
 
 Sir Thomas Frankland, 142 
 Harlan, Mr., m. Matilda Cromwell, 
 
 263 
 Harris, Katharine Gertrude, sister of 
 
 the first Earl of Malmesbury, m. 
 
 Frederick Robinson, 172 
 Harrison, Emma Catharine, daughter 
 
 of William Harrison, m. Charles 
 
 Andrew Russell, 67 
 Haswell, Patience, second wife of 
 
 Charles Polhill, 99 
 Haward, Rachel, m. T. C. Girtin, 
 
 100 
 Hawksworth, Amelia, daughter of 
 
 Francis Ramsden Hawksworth, 
 
 second wife of George Hotham, 126 
 Haworth, Martin E., m. Mary Eliza- 
 beth Leslie, 163 
 Henry VHI., knights Richard 
 
 Williams, 9 
 Herbert, Hon. Auberon, m. Florence 
 
 Amabel, daughter of George, sixth 
 
 Earl Cowper, 174 
 Hewling, Hannah, daughter of 
 
 Benjamin Hewling, m. Henry 
 
 Cromwell, 53, 103 
 Hill, Elizabeth {v. Addison), m. John 
 
 Hill, 50 ; issue : 
 John, William, Eden, 50 
 Hinchinbrook, estates of the Convent 
 
 of granted to Sir Richard Crom- 
 well, 13 ; manor-house erected, 
 
 ibid. ; Queen Elizabeth and James L 
 
 entertained at, 14 ; sold by Sir 
 
 Oliver, 15 
 Hobart, Sarah Louisa Albinia, 
 
 daughter of Robert, fourth Earl 
 
 of Bucks, m. Frederick John, Earl 
 
 Ripon, 172 
 Hollis, Gertrude, sister of Thomas 
 
 Hollis, Duke of Newcastle, second 
 
 wife of David Polhill, 98 
 Holmes, Mr., m. Mary Russell, 129 
 Hordern, Ellen Frances, daughter of 
 
 Rev. Peter Hordern, m. Sir John 
 
 Lubbock, 166 
 Horsley, Sarah, daughter of Job 
 
 Horsley, m. George Frederick 
 
 Russell, 67 
 Hotham, Gertrude, daughter of Lieut. - 
 
 Colonel Hotham, m. Christopher 
 
 Neville, 170 
 
 Hotham, Lieut. -Colonel George, m. 
 Caroline Gee (first wife), 164 ; 
 issue : 
 
 William (Rear Admiral), 165 ; 
 George, twice married (issue : (i) 
 Richard, 165, Harriet, (2) Arthur, 
 Francis, Alice, Laura), 166; Charles, 
 166 ; John, twice married (issue : 
 (2) Charles, John, Caroline, Fanny, 
 Gertrude), 166; Sarah (.f^^ Creyke), 
 Charlotte {see Denison), Gertrude 
 {see Neville), Diana Caroline {see 
 Brown), Harriet {see Lubbock), 
 166 
 
 Huddlestone, Mary Esther {v. Russell 
 of Cheshunt), m. Thomas Huddle- 
 stone, 68 
 
 Flulton, Amelia Maria, daughter of 
 William Hulton, m. Bishop Henry 
 Montague Villiers, 177 
 
 Huntingdon, Oliver Cromwell re- 
 turned to Parliament for, 18 ; he 
 sells his property there, ibid. ; 19 
 
 Huntingdon, estates of the Priory of 
 granted to Sir Richard Cromwell, 
 
 13 
 
 Huntingdonshire, estates in granted 
 to Sir Richard Cromwell, 13 
 
 Hursley Lodge, near Romsey, Hants, 
 the Protector Richard leaves his 
 wife and children at, at the Re- 
 storation, 28, 29, 34, 37, 38, 40-42 
 
 Ireland, Henry Cromwell Lord-Lieu- 
 tenant of, 43 ; lands of Cromwell 
 
 in, 45-47 
 Ireton, Bridget, third daughter of 
 
 Bridget Cromwell, 40, 92, I02, 121 ; 
 
 m. Thomas Bendysh, ibid. ; issue : 
 Thomas, Bridget, Henry {see 
 
 below), 107 
 Ireton, Elizabeth, daughter of Bridget 
 
 Cromwell, 97 ; m. Thomas Polhill 
 
 of Otford, ibid. ; issue : 
 
 David {see Polhill), Henry, 
 
 Charles, 97 
 Ireton, Henry, eldest son of Bridget 
 
 Cromwell, 97 
 Ireton, Henry, marriage of with 
 
 Bridget Cromwell, 87 ; career, 88 ; 
 
 death at Limerick, 43 
 Ireton, Jane, second daughter of 
 
 Bridget Cromwell, 99 ; m. Richard 
 
 Lloyd, ibid. ; and later to William 
 
 Barnard, 100 ; issue : 
 
 (i) Jane {see Morse), loO ; (2) 
 
 William (issue : William), 100
 
 2/8 
 
 The House of Croviwell. 
 
 James I., Oliver Cromwell, eldest son 
 of "the Golden Knight," knighted 
 by, 14 ; 69 
 
 Jarret, Dinah, daughter of John 
 Jarret, m. Rev. Henry Denny 
 Beiners, loS 
 
 Jarrett, Herbert Newton, m. Martha 
 Berners, loS [108 
 
 Jarrett, Rachel, m. William Berners, 
 
 Jebb, Major-Geneial Sir Joshua, m. 
 Amelia Rose Pelham, 161 
 
 Jeffreys, Anne Geraldine, daughter of 
 M. B. Jeffreys, first wife of Major 
 Ashton Cromwell Warner, 69 
 
 Johnston, Frederick Erskine, m. Cle- 
 mentina Frances Collier, 154 
 
 Johnston, Patrick, banker, m. Eliza 
 Gwinnel, 80 ; issue : 
 
 Patrick, Janet Eliza, Henry 
 Cromwell, Thomas, 80 
 
 Jones, Colonel John, second husband of 
 the Protector's sister Catharine, 188 
 
 Keene, Richard H., m. Delia Crom- 
 well, 263 
 
 Kendall, William, of Bourton, m. 
 Letilia Wilkins, 80 ; issue : 
 
 Herbert William, Amelia Letitia, 
 Edmund, Agnes, Harriet, Henry 
 
 Kerr, Lord Walter, son of the Marquis 
 of Lothian, m. Amabel, daughter 
 of George, sixth Earl Cowper, 175 
 
 Kinder, Letitia, daughter of Robert 
 Kinder, second wife of Edwin 
 Wilkins Field, 78 
 
 Lambeth, copyhold land held by John 
 Cromv/ell in, 3 ; his burial there, 3 ; 
 extracts from churchwardens' ac- 
 counts, 4 
 
 Langmead W., of Plymouth, m. 
 Laura Field, 79 
 
 Lanishen, near Cardiff, John Williams 
 migrated from, 8 
 
 Laroche, Katharine, daughter of Job 
 Laroche, M.P., m. Charles Berners, 
 108 
 
 Laying, Melissa, daughter of the Rev. 
 Mr. Laying, m. Frederick Frank- 
 land, 131 
 
 Leslie, Hon. George Waldegrave, 
 m. Henrietta A. M., Countess of 
 Rothes, 164 
 
 Lewis, Anne, fourth daughter of 
 Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland, m. 
 John Lewis, 142 ; issue : 
 Thomas Frankland (issue: Thomas 
 
 Frankland, J£f below), Anne, Louisa, 
 142 
 
 Lewis, Right Plon. Sir Thomas Frank - 
 land, 138, 139 ; Poor Law Commis- 
 sioner, 142 ; twice married, ibid. : 
 issue : 
 
 (i) George Come wall, second 
 Bart., 142 (see below) ; Gilbert 
 Frankland, third Bart, (issue : Ed- 
 ward Frankland, Herbert Edmund 
 Frankland, Lindsay Frankland, 
 Mary Anna, Eleanor), 143 
 
 Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, m. 
 Maria Theresa Villiers, relict of 
 Thomas Henry Lister, 178 
 
 Lichfield, Diana, Countess of, daughter 
 of Sir Thomas Frankland, third 
 Bart., m. George Henry Lee, Earl 
 of Lichfield, 132 
 
 Liddell, Elizabeth Charlotte, daughter 
 of Lord Ravensworth, wife of 
 Edward Ernest Villiers, 177 
 
 Lievesley, Eliza, daughter of Maurice 
 Lievesley, m. John Henry Crom- 
 well Russell, 68 
 
 Lincoln's Inn, Oliver Cromwell studies 
 law at, 18 ; Richard Cromwell ad- 
 mitted to, 28 
 
 Lister, Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. J. 
 Lister, m. Thomas Worsley, 168 
 
 Lister, Thomas Henry, m. (first hus- 
 band) Maria Theresa Villiers, 178 ; 
 issue : 
 
 Hon. Thomas Villiers, twice m. 
 (issue: (l) George Coryton, three 
 other sons, three daughters, 178 ; 
 (2) a daughter), 17S ; Maria The- 
 resa {see Harcourl), 178 ; Alice 
 Beatrice {see Borthwick), 179 
 
 Lloyd, Richard, first husband of Jane 
 Ireton, 99 
 
 Lockhart, Mr. Ambassador, ix ; m. 
 Robina Sewster, 189 
 
 Loughborough, Lord, m. Violet Aline 
 ^'yner, 175 
 
 Lubbock, Sir John William, m. 
 Harriet Hotham, 161 ; issue : 
 
 John, present Bart, (issue : John 
 Birkbeck, Norman, Rolfe Arthur, 
 Amy Harriet, Constance Mary, 
 Gertrude, Florence), 166 ; Henry 
 James, Neville, Beaumont William, 
 Montague, Frederick, 166 ; Alfred, 
 Edgar, Mary Harriet {see Birk- 
 beck), Diana Hotham (see Rodney), 
 Henrietta Harriet, 167 
 
 Ludlow, Edmund, friend of Ireton,
 
 Index. 
 
 279 
 
 88 ; his " Memoirs " quoted, ibid., 
 
 "5 ; 92,95 
 
 Lumley, Lady Anne, daughter of 
 Richard, first Earl of Scarborough, 
 second wife of Frederick Meinhardt 
 Frankland, 132 
 
 Luson, Mr. Hewling, 39, 56, 102- 
 105, 121 
 
 Lysaght, Percy P., m. Charlotte Amy 
 Rachel Chalmer, 148 
 
 Major, Dorothy, daughter of Richard 
 Major, of Hursley and Merdon, 
 wife of the Protector Richard {see 
 the Protectress Dorothy) 
 
 Marriott, J. P., m. Lucy Henrietta 
 Strickland, 171 
 
 Marshall, Sarah, m. Charles Polhill, 99 
 
 Martin, Sarah, of Birmingham, m. 
 Algernon Sidney Field, 79 
 
 Mashams of Otes, the, 22 
 
 Mason, Anne, daughter of Thomas 
 Mason, m. George Frankland, 141 
 
 Maynard, Henry, purchases Newport 
 and Easton from Sir Oliver Crom- 
 well, 15 
 
 Meath, lands of Cromwell in, 45 
 
 Midleton of Ireland, George, fourth 
 Viscount, m. Frances Pelham, 
 161 ; issue : 
 
 Frances Anne {see Thomas), 161 
 
 Mills, Anna, daughter of Rev. T. 
 Mills, of Coval Hall, Chelmsford, 
 m. Henry William Field, 76 
 
 Mills, Rev. Richard, m. Mary, 
 daughter of Richard Russell, 127 ; 
 issue : 
 
 Thomas (issue : Frederick Rus- 
 sell, Richard), 128 
 
 Milner, Georgina Selina Septimia, 
 daughter of Sir William Milner, 
 first wife of Sir C. W. Strickland, 
 171 
 
 Mitchell, Ellen Kate, daughter of 
 Rowland Mitchell, m. Rear-Admiral 
 Frederick T. Pelham, 161 
 
 Montgomery, Octavia, daughter of 
 Roger Frankland, 141 
 
 Morgan, Augusta, daughter of Thomas 
 Morgan, m. Arthur Gosset, 155 
 
 Morse, Amelia, m. Henry Vansittart, 
 lOI 
 
 Morse, Mary, m. Mr. Oliver Crom- 
 well, lOI 
 
 Morse, Mary, daughter of Morgan 
 Morse, m. Oliver Cromwell of 
 Cheshunt, 64 
 
 Morse, Nicholas (or Henry), m. Jane 
 Lloyd, daughter of Jane Ireton, 99 ; 
 issue : 
 
 David, Henry, Nicholas, Daniel, 
 Elizabeth, Jane, Anne, 99(jeeOyle, 
 Burroughs, Roberts) 
 
 Morse, Nicholas, Governor of Madras, 
 100 
 
 Morshead, Louisa, daughter of Henry 
 Anderson Morshead, m. George 
 W. E., eleventh Earl of Rothes, 
 164 
 
 Mortimer, John, a Somersetshire 
 squire, 29 ; m. Dorothy, seventh 
 daughter of the Protector Richard, 
 40 
 
 Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 makes a free grant of land to Walter 
 Cromwell, 6 
 
 Murfyn, Frances, daughter of Sir 
 Thomas Murfyn, Lord Mayor of 
 London, m. Sir Richard Crom- 
 well, 14 
 
 Murray, Captain James Hamilton, 
 m. Fanny Pelham, 161 
 
 Murray, Charles Knight, m. Hen- 
 rietta Anne Leslie, 163 
 
 Murray, Hon. Louisa Anne, daughter 
 of Lord George Murray, Bishop of 
 St. David's, m. Sir Robert Frank- 
 land, seventh Bart., 156 
 
 Nelson, Mrs., of Mildenhall {v. 
 Russell), 50 
 
 Nevill, Elizabeth, m. Cromwell Fleet- 
 wood, 108 
 
 Neville, Christopher, m. Anne Eliza- 
 beth Acklom, 170 ; issue : 
 
 Christopher (issue : Charlotte, 
 George), 170; George, 170; Ann 
 Elizabeth (second wife of Sir C. W. 
 Strickland), 171 
 
 Neville, Ralph Neville Grenville, 
 eldest son of George Neville, ni. 
 Julia Roberta Frankland, 157 ; 
 issue : 
 
 Robert, George, Hugh, Louisa, 
 Agnes Magdalen, Beatrice, Ethel- 
 dreda, 157 
 
 Neville, Rev. Christopher, m. Ger- 
 trude Hotham, 166 ; issue: 
 Charlotte, George, 166 
 
 Newport Pagnell, death of Captain 
 Oliver Cromwell at, 27 
 
 Nicholas, Charlotte, daughter of 
 Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland, 
 m. Robert Nicholas, 149 ; issue : 
 Edward, Robert, 149 ; William.
 
 28o 
 
 The House of Cro^nwell. 
 
 150-152 ; Thomas, Charles, Char- 
 lotte, Sophia, Frances, Harriet {see 
 Collier), 153 ; EUenor {sec Sutton), 
 Maria, 154 
 
 Nicholas, Major Griffin, 149 
 
 Noble, Elizabeth, m. John Russell, 
 Greenhill, 129 
 
 Noble, Rev. Mark, vii, 17, 18, 30, 
 38, 40, 44, loi, 114, 133, 185, 188, 
 191, 254, 255, 265 
 
 Norris, Mrs. Sidney, 258, 260 
 
 Owen, Dr. John, preacher of Ireton's 
 funeral sermon, 88 ; letter from to 
 Henry Cromwell, 89, 105 
 
 Oxford, Dr. and Mrs. Anna Gibson 
 and Elizabeth Cromwell at, 39 ; 
 Henry Ireton educated at, 87 ; in- 
 vestment of, ibid. 
 
 Oyle, Mr., m. Elizabeth Morse, 100 ; 
 issue : 
 
 Elizabeth {see Codrington), 100 
 
 Pallavicini, Sir Horace, former hus- 
 band of Sir Oliver Cromwell's 
 second wife, 15 
 
 Palmer, C. R., m. daughter of Grace 
 Callaghan, 155 
 
 Parker, Captain John, m. Katherine 
 Caroline Leslie, 163 
 
 Parker, Reginald A., m. Caroline 
 Field, 79 
 
 Peachey, Margaret {v. Russell), m. 
 Edward Peachey, 52 ; issue : 
 
 Elizabeth, m. Richard Peachey 
 (issue : Richard, William, and 
 Elizabeth, see Ellis), 52 
 
 Pelham, Lady Anne, daughter of 
 Frederick Meinhardt Frankland, m. 
 Thomas, Lord Pelham, afterwards 
 Earl of Chichester, 114, 132, 160 ; 
 issue : 
 
 Thomas, second Earl ; Henrietta 
 Anne [see Rothes), Henry (issue : 
 Katharine Elizabeth Anne, Fanny, 
 see Murray), 160, 161 ; Frances 
 {see Midleton), Lucy {see Sheffield), 
 Emily, George (Bishop), 161 
 
 Pelham, Lord, afterwards Earl of 
 Chichester, 113, 114, 132, 160 
 
 Pennyman, Dorothy, m. James 
 Worsley, 167 
 
 Pennyman, James Whyte, grandson 
 of James Worsley, 167 
 
 Pengelly, Mrs. Rachel, mentioned 
 in the Protector Richard's will, 
 29 
 
 Pengelly, Sir Thomas, friend of the 
 
 Protector Richard, 28, 31 
 Phillips, Miss, m. Allan Field, 78 
 Pierce, Richard, father of Agnes 
 
 Surriage, 133 
 Piers, Florence Louisa, daughter of 
 W. Stapleton Piers, second wife of 
 Major Ashton Cromwell Warner, 
 69 
 Pierson, Jane, daughter of Admiral 
 Sir W. H. Pierson, m. Samuel 
 Pryer Field, 77 
 Polhill, Thomas, of Otford, m. Eliza- 
 beth Ireton, 97 
 Polhill, Charles, 99 ; twice married, 
 ibid. ; issue : 
 
 (i) Tryphena Penelope (issue, 
 Stafford), (2) George {see below), 
 Charles, David, Patience, David, 
 Thomas Alfred, 99 
 Polhill, David, M.P., of Cheapstead, 
 98 ; leader of the Kentish Peti- 
 tioners, ibid.; thrice married, ibid. ; 
 issue : 
 
 (3) Charles {see above), Thomas, 
 Henry, John, Elizabeth, 98 
 Polhill, George, 99 ; issue : 
 
 Charles (issue : Beatrice Mary, 
 sec Beadnell, Elizabeth Marv, see 
 Dobble), Mary Elizabeth Camp- 
 bell, Frederick Campbell, George, 
 Henry Western Onslow, 99 
 Pollard, Eliza Smith, daughter of 
 William Pollard, m. F. P. Barnard, 
 100 
 Porteous, Mary, daughter of Robert 
 
 Porteous, m. George Polhill, 99 
 Powle, Katharine, daughter of Right 
 Hon. Henry Powle, m. Henry 
 Ireton, 97 
 Powney, Peniston, m. daughter of 
 Frederick Frankland (issue : Me- 
 lissa), 131 
 Prescott, Elizabeth Oliveria, grand- 
 daughter of Oliver Cromwell of 
 Cheshunt, m. Frederick Joseph 
 Prescott, of Theobalds, Herts, 67 ; 
 issue : 
 
 Frederick George, Emma Eliza- 
 beth (.f^^ Gardner), George Frederick 
 (issue : Mary, Edward, Ernest, 
 Mildred), Charles Andrew (issue : 
 Charlotte Cromwell, Charles Cave 
 Cromwell, Oliveria Cromwell, 
 Kenneth Loder Cromwell), Edward 
 Barker (issue : Edward Frederick 
 William), Lucy Esther, Augusta
 
 Index. 
 
 281 
 
 Sophia {see Burn), Henry Warner, 
 Edgar Grote (issue : Henry 
 Frederick, Edward Barker, Edgar 
 Evelyn, Margaret Oliveria, Herbert, 
 Nelly Margaret, Isabel Katharine), 
 Oliveria Louisa, 68 
 
 Pryer, Mary, daughter of Charles Pryer 
 of Titchfield, m. John Field, 74 
 
 Putney, land called "Cromwell's" 
 at, 3 ; lands held by Walter Crom- 
 well, 4-6 
 
 Ramsey Abbey estate granted to Sir 
 
 Richard Cromwell, 13 ; manor- 
 house erected, ibid. : becomes the 
 
 property of Colonel Titus, 16 
 Randolph, H. Hammond, 264 
 Rattenbury, Hannah, 260, 261 ; 
 
 Elizabeth, 260 
 Rattenbury, John, will : nephew John 
 
 Cromwell, 261 
 Reynolds, Reuben, m. Henrietta 
 
 Maria Cromwell 263 ; issue : 
 Dr. John Cromwell Reynolds 
 
 and others, ih'd. 
 Reynolds, Sir John, m. Sarah Russell, 
 
 127 
 Rhett, Sarah, daughter of the Chief 
 
 Justice of South Carolina, m. 
 
 Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland, 
 
 fifth Bart., 138 
 Rich, Hon. Robert, m. Frances 
 
 Cromwell, 123, 125; his death, 126 
 Ripon, Frederick John Robinson, 
 
 Viscount Goderich and Earl, 172 ; 
 
 issue : 
 
 George Frederick Samuel, second 
 
 Earl {see below) ; Eleanor Hen- 
 rietta Victoria, 172 
 Ripon, George Frederick Samuel 
 
 Robinson, second Earl and first 
 
 Marquis, 174 ; issue : 
 
 Frederick Oliver, Lord de Grey ; 
 
 Mary Sarah, 174 
 Ripon, Henrietta Anne Theodosia, 
 
 Marchioness of, 175 
 Rivett, John, sou of Colonel Rivett, 
 
 m. Frances Russell, 129 
 Rivett, Mary Joanna Cutts, daughter 
 
 of Colonel Rivett, m. Charles 
 Russell, 129 
 Roberts, Mrs. Anne, daughter of Jane 
 
 Morse, 100 
 Robertson, Sarah Anne Catherina, 
 
 daughter of Katharine Whinyates, 
 
 first m. Lieut. James Robertson, 
 148 ; issue : 
 
 James Alexander, Sarah Mary 
 
 Emily (see Chalmer), 148 
 Robison, Matilda, daughter of Roger 
 
 Frankland, m. Lieut. -Colonel W. 
 
 Robison, 141 
 Roche, Mary, eldest daughter of 
 
 Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland, 
 
 m. Sir Boyle Roche, Bart., 141 
 Roehampton, lands at granted to 
 
 Walter Cromwell, 6 
 Rodney, William P., m. Diana 
 
 Hotham Lubbock, 167 
 Rolt, Anne, daughter of Peter Rolt, 
 
 m. Clarence Augustus Collier, 
 
 153 
 
 Rothes, George William Evelyn, 
 eleventh Earl of, 163 ; issue : 
 
 George William Evelyn, twelfth 
 Earl ; Henrietta Anderson Mors- 
 head. Countess (see Leslie), 164 
 
 Rothes, George William Leslie, tenth 
 Earl of, m. Henrietta Anne Pelham, 
 160 ; issue : 
 
 Amelia, Mary, 163 ; Henrietta 
 Anne (Countess), 163 ; issue : 
 George William Evelyn, eleventh 
 Earl, Thomas Jenkins, Henrietta 
 Anne {see Murray), Mary Elizabeth 
 {see Haworth), Anna Maria {see 
 Courtenay), Katherine Caroline 
 {see Parker), 163 
 
 Roundell, Mary, daughter of Rev. 
 D. R. Roundell, second wife of 
 John Hotham, 166 
 
 Russell, Christian, eldest daughter of 
 PVances Cromwell, 128 
 
 Russell, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir 
 Francis Russell of Chippenham, 
 m. Henry Cromwell, fourth son of 
 the Protector, 43 ; death, 47 ; issue 
 48 ; letter to her from Lady Clay- 
 poole, 112 
 
 Russell, Elizabeth, daughter of the 
 Lord - Lieutenant, m. William 
 Russell of Fordham, 49 ; issue : 
 
 O'Brian William, Henry, John, 
 William, Edward, Thomas, Francis 
 (issue : Thomas, William, Rebecca, 
 see Dyer), Mary {see D'Aye), Sarah 
 {see Wilkins), 49 ; Mrs. Nelson, 
 Margaret (see Peachey), 50 
 
 Russell, Elizabeth, second daughter 
 of Frances Cromwell, ra. Sir 
 Thomas Frankland, second Bart., 
 128, 130 ; issue : 
 
 Thomas, third Bart, (see Frank- 
 land), William, John, Henry (see
 
 282 
 
 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 Frankland), Richard, 131; Frederick 
 Meinhardt {see Pelham), Robert, 
 Elizabeth {see Talbot), Frances or 
 Mary (-"YV Worsley), Arabella, 132 
 Russell, Elizabeth Oliveria, daughter 
 of Oliver Cromwell of Cheshunt, 
 m. Thomas Artemidorus Russell, 
 64, 66 ; the last of the Protector's 
 blood, ibid. : issue : 
 
 Elizabeth Oliveria {see Prescott), 
 Artemidorus Cromwell (issue : 
 Avarilla Oliveria Cromwell, see 
 Bush), Mary Esther {see Armstrong 
 and Huddlestone), John Henry 
 Cromwell (issue : Eliza Clementina 
 Frances Cromwell), 68 ; Thomas 
 Artemidorus Cromwell and Thomas 
 Artemidorus, Letitia Ciomwell {see 
 Whitfield), Charles William Crom- 
 well, Emma Bridget {see Warner), 
 69 
 Russell, Gerard, 49 
 Russell, John, third son of Frances 
 Cromwell, 128 ; twice married, 
 ibid. ; issue : 
 
 (i) Frances, Charles (issue: Mary, 
 John, Mary, Elizabeth, see Green- 
 hill), 129 
 Russell, Rich, second son of Frances 
 Cromwell, 127 ; twice married, 
 ibid. ; issue : 
 
 (i) Mary {see Mills), 127 
 Russell, Sarah, daughter of Sir 
 Francis Russell, m. Sir John Rey- 
 nolds, 127 
 Russell, Sir Francis, 43, 49, 125, 127 
 Russell, Sir Francis, sixth Bart., 130 
 Russell, Sir Frederick William Frank- 
 land {see Frankland) 
 Russell, Sir George, tenth Bart., 130 
 Russell, Sir John, eighth Bart., 130 
 Russell, Sir John, ninth Bart., 130 
 Russell, Sir John, of Chippenham, 35, 
 125; second husband of Frances 
 Cromwell, 126 
 Russell, Sir Robert Frankland 
 
 assumes name of, 156 
 Russell, Sir Robert Greenhill, 156 
 Russell, Sir William, 49 
 Russell, Sir W^illiam, fourth Bart., 129 
 Russell, Sir William, fifth Bart., 129 
 Russell, Sir William, seventh Bart., 
 
 130 
 Russell, Victoria, daughter of Earl 
 Russell, m. Rev. Henry Montague 
 Villiers, 178 
 
 Russell, William, of Fordham, 49 
 Rycroft, Mary, daughter of Sir 
 
 Richard Rycroft, m. Bishop George 
 
 Pelham, 161 
 
 St. John, Mrs., cousin to the Pro- 
 tector, 22, 23 
 
 St. Neot's, estates of the Priory of 
 granted to Sir Richard Cromwell, 
 
 13 
 Salmond, James, m. Rachel Marian 
 
 Constable, 170; issue: 
 Edward, 170 
 Saltrey, estates of the Priory of 
 
 granted to Sir Richard Cromwell, 13 
 Sanford, John Langton, vii, viii 
 Saunders, Miss, m. Henry Berners, 
 
 108 
 Say, Rev. Mr., 41, 102, 121 
 Scarth, Katharine Margaret, daughter 
 
 of Isaac Scarth, m. Sir Frederick 
 
 W. Frankland Russell, 158 
 Sewster, John, m. the Protector's 
 
 sister Anna, 189; issue: 
 
 John (issue), Robert, Lucy, 
 
 Robina {see Lockhart), Catharine, 
 
 Anna, 189 
 Shad well, F. B., m. Gertrude Maria 
 
 Gosset (issue), 156 
 Shaftesbury, Earl of, reference in 
 
 Diary of to the death of Frederick 
 
 Vyner, 175 
 Shafto, Eleanor, daughter of Rev. 
 
 Slingsby Buncombe Shafto, m. 
 
 Robert Charles Vyner, 175 
 Sharpe, Mary, niece of Samuel Rogers, 
 
 the poet, first wife of Edwin Wilkins 
 
 Field, 78 
 Sheffield, first Earl of, m. Lucy 
 
 Polham, 161 
 Shelley, Tryphena Penelope, daughter 
 
 of Sir John Shelley, of Mitchel 
 
 Grove, first wife of Charles Polhill, 
 
 99 
 Sherwiil, William, father of Mary 
 
 Westby, m. William Cromwell, 
 
 " of Kirby Street," 55 
 Shute, Martha, sister of the first 
 
 Viscount Barrington, m. Henry 
 
 Bendysh, 107 
 Skelmersdale, Edward Bootle Wil- 
 
 braham, Baron, m. Alice Villiers, 
 
 181 ; issue : 
 
 Edward George, Villiers Richard, 
 
 Randle Arthur, Reginald Francis, 
 
 Alice Maud, Constance Adela,
 
 Index, 
 
 28- 
 
 Florence Mary, Bertha Mabel, 
 Edith Cecil, i8i 
 
 Skinner, Mary, daughter of Nicholas 
 Skinner, second wife of Thomas, 
 seventh son of Major Henry Crom- 
 well, 6i 
 
 Slaenforth, William, m. Elizabeth 
 Worsley, 167 
 
 Smelt, Dorothy, daughter of William 
 Smelt, m. Sir Thomas Frankland, 
 sixth Bart., 156 
 
 Smith, Abel, m. Susan Emma Pel- 
 ham, 163 
 
 Smith, Frances, daughter of Thomas 
 Smith, of Whinston, first wife of 
 Fleetwood, 92 
 
 Smith, Frances Katherine, daughter 
 of Francis Smith, m. Alfred Bar- 
 nard, 100 
 
 Smith, Katharine, of Colskirk, m. 
 Thomas Bendysh, 107 
 
 Smith, Virginia Katharine, daughter 
 of Eric Carrington Smith, m. 
 Francis Hyde Villiers, iSi 
 
 Smith, William, uncle of Walter 
 Cromwell, 5 
 
 Snelling, William Henry, of the 
 Admiralty, m. Katharine Anne 
 Russell Field, 76 
 
 Spence, Miss, m. Henry Field 
 Wilkins, 80 
 
 Spinney Abbey, death of Henry 
 Cromwell, Lord-Lieutenant of 
 Ireland, at, 19, 44 ; his children 
 born there, 48 ; sold by Major 
 Henry Cromwell, 54 ; 55 
 
 Squire's Mount, Hampstead, family 
 residence of the Fields, 85 
 
 Stacey, Mrs., of Oswego, 263 
 
 Stafford, George, m. Tryphena 
 Penelope Polhill, 99 ; issue : 
 Charles, Thomas George, 99 
 
 Stanley, Frederick Arthur, son of 
 Edward, fourteenth Earl of Derby, 
 m. Constance Villiers, 181 ; 
 issue : 
 
 Edward George Villiers, Victor 
 Albert, Geoffrey, Arthur, Ferdi- 
 nand Charles, Katharine Mary, 
 and others, 181 
 
 .Steward, Elizabeth, of Ely, mother of 
 Oliver Cromwell, 19 
 
 Steward, .Sir Thomas, maternal uncle 
 to Oliver Cromwell, 18 
 
 Stott, Ann, daughter of Samuel Stott, 
 m. Thomas Barnard, 100 
 
 Streatfeild, Martha, daughter of 
 Thomas Streatfeild, of Sevenoaks, 
 m. Charles Polhill, 98 
 
 Strickland, Sir George, seventh Br.rt., 
 m. Mary Constable, 170 ; issue : 
 
 Charles Vv'illiam, eighth Bart., 
 twice married (issue: (l) Walter 
 William ; (2) Frederick, Eustace 
 Edward, Henry, Esther Anne), 
 171 ; Frederick, 170 ; Henry 
 Strickland {see Constable), Lucy 
 Henrietta {see Marriott), 17 1 
 
 Sunman, Mary Russell {v. Addison), 
 m. Robert Sunman, 50 ; issue : 
 Mary Addison, Robert, 50 
 
 .Surriage, Agnes, the celebrated beauty, 
 133 ; her connection M'ith Sir 
 Charles Plenry Frankland, fourth 
 Bart., ibid.; in earthquake at 
 Lisbon, 135; marriages, 136, 137 ; 
 death, 137 
 
 Sutton, Mrs. Ellenor, daughter of 
 Charlotte Nicholas, 154 
 
 Sykes, Lucy Elizabeth, daughter of 
 Rev. Christopher Sykes, m. Charles 
 Hotham, 166 
 
 Talbot, Elizabeth {v. Russell), daughter 
 of Sir Thomas Frankland, m. Roger 
 Talbot, 132 ; issue : 
 
 Arabella or Elizabeth {see Gee), 
 164 
 
 Tattershall Castle, near Boston, Lin- 
 colnshire, I 
 
 Tatton, Henrietta, daughter of Thomas 
 William Tatton, m. Bishop John 
 Thomas Pelham, 162 
 
 Temple, Hon. Frances, sister of Lord 
 Palmerston, m. Admiral Sir William 
 Bowles, 144 
 
 Tennant, Charles, m. Gertrude Bar- 
 bara Rich Collier, 154 
 
 Thomas, Inigo Freeman, m. Frances 
 Anne, daughter of fourth Viscount 
 Midleton, 161 
 
 Thomas, Ralph, solicitor, m. Letitia 
 Eliza Field, 76 
 
 Thompson, Maria, daughter of Henry 
 Thompson, first wife of John Ho- 
 tham, 166 
 
 Thurlbone, Joanna, of The Chequers, 
 Bucks, second wife of John Russell, 
 128 
 
 Thurloe, 30, 91, 117, 123, 218 
 
 Tidman, Frances, daughter of John 
 Tidman, first wife of Thomas,
 
 284 
 
 The House of Crotnivell. 
 
 seventh son of Major Henry Crom- 1 
 
 well, 61 
 Tillotson, Archbishop, 107 ; second 
 
 husband of the Protector's sister 1 
 
 Robina, 190 ; issue : 1 
 
 A son, Elizabeth, Marj- (sec Chad- j 
 
 wick), 190 ' 
 
 Tilsley, George, of Chipping Norton, 
 
 m. Harriet Wilkins, 80 
 Todd, Elizabeth, 259, 261 
 Topham, Diana^ daughter of Francis 
 
 Topham, first wife of Sir Thomas 
 
 Frankland, third Bart., 132 
 Trahearn, Elizabeth, 260 
 Trevor, Elizabeth, first wife of David 
 
 Polhill, 98 
 
 Usborne, Edith Alice, daughter of 
 Thomas M. Usborne, m. Ralph 
 William Galhvey, 157 
 
 Vacher, Major F. S. , m. Eliza Hen- 
 rietta Augusta Frankland, 159 
 Vansittart, Henry, Governor of Bengal, 
 
 lOI 
 
 Vidal, Mary Mabel, m. Edward Frank- 
 land Gosset, 156 
 
 Villiers, George, son of Thomas, Earl 
 of Clarendon, m. Theresa, daughter 
 of first Baron Boringdoii, 176 ; 
 issue : 
 
 George William Frederick, fourth 
 Earl of Clarendon {see Clarendon), 
 Thomas Hyde, Right Hon. Charles 
 Pelham Villiers, Chairman of the 
 Anti-Corn Law League, 176; Ed- 
 ward Ernest (issue : Ernest, Maria 
 Theresa, see Earl, Edith, see Bulwer- 
 Lytton, Elizabeth), Henry Mon- 
 tague, see below, 177 ; Augustus 
 Algernon, Maria Theresa {see Lister 
 and Lewis), 178 
 
 Villiers, Henry Montague, Bishop, 
 177 ; issue : 
 
 Henry Montague (issue : Henry 
 Montague, John Russell, Thomas 
 Lister, another son, Frances Ade- 
 laide, Gwendolen Mary, Rhoda 
 Victoria, Margaret Evelyn, Dorothy, 
 Mabel Agatha, Katharine Helen), 
 177, 178; Frederick Ernest, Amy 
 Maria [see Cheese), Gertrude Fanny, 
 Mary Agneta, Evelyn Theresa, 178 
 
 Vyner, Captain Henry, m. Mary 
 Gertrude, daughter of Earl de 
 Grey, 174 ; ssue : 
 
 Henry Frederick, Reginald Ar- 
 thur, Robert Charles (issue : Mary 
 Evelyn, see Compton, Violet Aline, 
 see Loughborough) ; Frederick 
 Grantham, Henrietta Anne Theo- 
 dosia, Marchioness of Ripon, 175 > 
 Theodosia, Marchioness of North- 
 ampton, 176 
 
 Walsingham, Thomas de Grey, fifth 
 Baron, m. Augusta Louisa Frank- 
 land, 156 ; issue : 
 
 Thomas, sixth Baron, 156 
 
 Walter, Louisa, m. William Matthew 
 Gosset, 154 
 
 Wandsworth, falling mill in, leased 
 to John Cromwell, of Norwell, 2, 3 
 
 W^arner, Emma Bridget (?'. Russell of 
 Cheshunt), m. Captain Richard 
 Warner, 69 ; issue : 
 
 Ashton Cromwell, twice married 
 (issue: (l) Ashton Darell Crom- 
 well; (2) Bridget Nora Cromwell, 
 Lionel Ashton Piers, Maijorie Ellin, 
 Esther Hastings), 69 ; Richard Ed- 
 ward (issue : Constance Emma 
 Cromwell, Leonard Ottley, Mary 
 Challoner, Basil Hall, Richard 
 Cromwell, Lawrence Dundas, 
 Wynyard Alexander, Marmaduke), 
 Wynyard Huddleston, 70 
 
 Warren, Joan, daughter of Sir Ralph 
 Warren, Lord Mayor of London, 
 m. Sir Henry Cromwell, 14 
 
 Warton, Caroline, daughter of Sir 
 Warton Penyman Warton, m. 
 Roger Gee, 164 
 
 Watt, Caroline, daughter of Richard 
 Watt, first wife of George Hotham, 
 165 
 
 Wauton, Colonel Valentine, m. (first 
 wife) Margaret, sister of the Pro- 
 tector, 23, 1S8, 189 ; issue: 
 
 George, Valentine, George, 
 Robert, Anna, Ralph (?), 189 
 
 Waylen, James, v 
 
 Webb, Harriet Lavinia, daughter of 
 Rev. R. Holden Webb, m. Arthur 
 Wellesley Gosset, 155 
 
 Webber, Rev. G. H., m. Frances 
 Worsley, 168 
 
 Westby, Mary, widow of Thomas 
 Westby, of Linton, m. William 
 Cromwell " of Kirby Street," 55 
 Westenra, Hon. Norah, m. Gilbert 
 Stirling Chalmer, 148
 
 Index. 
 
 285 
 
 Westminster, •' Lorde Crumwell " of, 
 I 
 
 Westminster Abbey, 38, 88, 109, 220, 
 221 
 
 Weston, Elizabeth, m. Henry Berners, 
 108 
 
 Whalley, Sarah Marianne, m. General 
 f^ederick William Whinyates, 
 R.E., 147 
 
 Whinyates, Katharine, sixth daughter 
 of Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland, 
 m. Major Thomas Whinyates, 145; 
 issue : 
 
 Thomas, Admiral, 145 ; Russell 
 Manners Mertolu, Edward Charles, 
 General, K.C.B., K.H., 146; 
 George Burrington, Frederick Wil- 
 liam, General, R. E. (issue: Har- 
 riet, Emily Marianne, Frederick 
 Thomas, Edward Henry, Francis 
 Arthur, Albert William Orme, Amy 
 Octavia, Charles Elidon), Francis 
 Frankland, General, 147 ; Sarah 
 Anne Catherina {see Robertson and 
 Younghusband), Amy, Rachel, 
 Ellen Margaret, Isabella Jane, 
 Mercy, Caroline Charlotte, Octavia, 
 Letitia, 145 
 
 Whitbread, Samuel, m. Isabel Char- 
 lotte Pelham, 163 ; issue : 
 
 Maud (m. Charles Whitbread), 
 163 
 
 White, Jeremiah, chaplain to the 
 Protector Oliver, 35, 57, 123-125 
 
 White, Christina, daughter of Edward 
 White of Glasgow, m. Horace 
 Field, 79 
 
 Whitehall, 37, 49, 57, in 
 
 Whitfield, Letitia Cromwell {v. Rus- 
 sell of Cheshunt), m. Frederick 
 Whitfield, M.D., 69 ; issue : 
 Amy, Elizabeth (?), 69 
 
 VVhitstone, Roger, first husband of 
 the Protector's sister Catharine, 
 186 
 
 Wilkins, Dr. John, 34, 35, m. the 
 Protector's sister Robina, 190 
 
 Wilkins, Mary, daughter of William 
 Wilkins, Baptist minister, m. Wil- 
 liam Field, 78 
 
 Wilkins, Mrs. Robina, 113 {see Crom- 
 well, Robina) 
 
 Wilkins, Sarah {v. Russell), m. Mar- 
 tin Wilkins of Soham, 49, 52 
 
 Wilkins, Rev. William, m. as second 
 wife Letitia Field, 80 ; issue : 
 
 William, Letitia (issue, Ken- 
 dall), Henry Field, Harriet, 80 
 Williams resumed as family name by 
 the elder branch of the Cromwells, 
 
 15 
 
 Williams, Clara, daughter of H. Wil- 
 liams, m. Augustus Charles Frank- 
 land, 141 
 
 Williams, John, father of Morgan, 8 
 
 Williams, John, son of above, a Yeo- 
 man of the Crown, 8 
 
 Williams, Morgan, m. Katharine 
 Cromwell, 8 
 
 Williams, Richard, son of Katharine 
 Cromwell, 8 ; knighted and assumes 
 name of Cromwell, 9 {see Crom- 
 well, Sir Richard) 
 
 Wills and Registers containing names 
 of Cromwells, 191-196 
 
 Wilson, Rachel, m. Vincent Crom- 
 well, 263 
 
 Wimbledon, Court Rolls of the Manor 
 of, 2 
 
 Wimbledon, John Cromwell buried 
 at, 3 ; Walter Cromwell dies at, 7 
 
 Wolverton, Charlotte, daughter of 
 Charles Wolverton of Great Yar- 
 mouth, m. William Oliver Crom- 
 well Addison, 51 
 
 Woolgrish or Woolghist, Venetia, m. 
 Thomas Cromwell of Huntingdon- 
 shire, 262 
 
 Worsley, Frances or Mary {v. Russell), 
 daughter of Sir Thomas Frankland, 
 m. Thomas Worsley, 132 ; issue : 
 
 Thomas (issue : Edward, George, 
 see below, and others), 168 ; James 
 (issue : James, Ralph, Richard, 
 Dorothy), 167 ; Mary (^ed" Constable), 
 Elizabeth {see Slaenforth), Katha- 
 rine, Frances {see Grantham), 167 
 
 Worsley, George, 168 ; issue : 
 
 George, Edward, William [see 
 below), Marcus (issue), Thomas, 
 Frederick Cayley, Septimus Launce- 
 lot, Henry Francis (issue), Charles 
 Valentine, Arthur, Digby Edmund, 
 Isabella (5££ Blackden), Philadelphia 
 [see Coitman), Anne, Frances {see 
 Webber), ibid. 
 
 Worsley, William, 168 ; issue : 
 
 Thomas Robinson, William Cay- 
 ley, Sophia Harriet, Arthington, 
 Katherine Louisa, Anna Barbara, 
 ibid. 
 
 Worthington, William, 261
 
 286 
 
 The House of Cromwell. 
 
 Wrangham, Philadelphia Frances 
 Esther, daughter of Archdeacon 
 Wrangham, m. Edward William 
 Barnard, 165 
 
 Yeoman, Mary Jametta Hale, daugh- 
 ter of Major Constantine Yeoman, 
 m. Richard Edward Warner, 70 
 
 Yorke, Mary Jemima, daughter of 
 
 Philip, second Earl Hardwicke, m. 
 
 Thomas, second Baron Grantham, 
 
 172 
 Younghusband, Captain Robert, 
 
 second husband of Sarah Anne 
 
 Catherine, Whinyates, 148 
 
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