YVYoju \Ua>«>e VooV. \ WORKINGMEN'S STANDARD OF LIVING IN PHILADELPHIA THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO • DALLAS ATLANTA ■ SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., Limited LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Lid. TORONTO WORKINGMEN'S STANDARD OF LIVING IN PHILADELPHIA A REPORT BY THE BUREAU OF MUNICIPAL RESEARCH OF PHILADELPHIA STAFF ON THIS INVESTIGATION WILLIAM C. BEYER, in charge REBEKAH P. DAVIS, ASSISTANT MYRA THWING, ASSISTANT THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1919 AU rights reserted COPTHIOHT, 1919 bt the macmillan company Set up and eleotrotyped. Publiahed October, 1919. HD P56n CONTENTS CHAPTER I Introduction PAGE The Living-Wage Principle Accepted 1 An Obstacle to its Application 2 How to Remove this Obstacle 3 Facts from 260 Families 3 The Views of SpeciaUsts ** Size of Standard Family ^ Total Income Necessary ^ Application of Findings ' Next Steps ^ CHAPTER II How OUR Facts were Obtained The Selection of Families H The Schedule 12 The Account-Book Records 14 Degree of Accuracy 15 Analysis of Data 1^ The Staff 21 CHAPTER III A Glimpse at our Families Where They Lived 22 Their Nationality 22 Membership of Families 23 Their Occupations 24 V vi Contents PAGE Their Income 30 Their Expenditures 34 CHAPTER IV The Standard of Living General Outline of the Standard 38 Division of the Standard into Specified and Unspecified 38 Presentation of the Specified Section 39 Presentation of the Unspecified Section 39 Method of Arriving at Cost of Unspecified Section 40 Comparison of Cost Variation of Unspecified Section with that of Specified Section 40 Cost Variation of the Items of the Unspecified Section Consid- ered Separately 41 Health 41 Furniture and Furnishings 42 Taxes, Dues and Contributions 43 Recreation and Amusements 44 Education and Reading 45 Insurance 45 Miscellaneous Expenditures 46 The Specified Standard 47 HOUSING 47 Requirements of a Fair Standard 47 Supporting Data 47 FUEL ANT) LIGHT 51 Requirements of a Fair Standard 51 Supporting Data 51 FOOD 53 Requirements of a Fair Standard 53 Supporting Data 54 CLOTHING 67 Requirements of a Fair Standard 67 Supporting Data 69 CARFARE 77 Requirements of a Fair Standard 77 Supporting Data 77 Contents vii PAGE CLEANING SUPPLIES AND SERVICES 79 Requirements of a Fair Standard 79 Supporting Data 79 The Unspecified Standard 81 Appendix I. The Schedule 89 Appendix II. Requirements of a Fair Standard of Living for a Family of Five 115 Index 123 TABLES PAGE 1. Occupations in Detail by Total Income Groups 25-29 2. Sources and Amount of Income 32-33 3. General Expenditures of Families. By Income Groups. .36-37 4. Average Annual Rent Paid by Families of Five Persons (Household) and Distribution of these Families in Houses of Various Sizes. By Income Groups 50 5. Fuel and Light. Average Annual Quantities Used and Average Annual Expenditures. By Objects of Expend- iture 52 6. Annual Food Consumption as Shown by Estimates. By Classes and Articles of Food 58-60 7. Annual Food Consumption During 1917-18 as Shown by the Account-Book Records of 31 Famihes. By Classes and Articles of Food 61-63 8. Annual Food Consumption During 1913-14 as Shown by Account-Book Records of Four Families. By Classes and Articles of Food 64-66 9. Clothing of the Husband. Quantity Used Annually. By Articles of Clothing 72 10. Clothing of the Wife. Quantity Used Annually. By Ar- ticles of Clothing 73 11. Clothing of Boy, Age 13. Quantity Used Annually. By Articles of Clothing 74 12. Clothing of Girl, Age 10. Quantity Used Annually. By Articles of Clothing 75 13. Clothing of Boy, Age 6. Quantity Used Annually. By Articles of Clothing 76 14. Carfare. Average Annual Expenditures for Various Ob- jects 78 15. Cleaning Supplies and Services. Average Annual Quan- tities Used and Average Annual Expenditures. By Ob- jects of Expenditure 81 ix X Tables PAGE 16. Average Annual Expenditures for Classes in the Unspecified Standard 82 17. Health. Average Annual Expenditures for Various Ob- jects 83 18. Furniture and Furnishings. Average Annual Expenditures for Various Objects 84 19. Taxes, Dues and Contributions. Average Annual Expend- itures for Various Objects 85 20. Recreation and Amusements. Average Annual Expend- itures for Various Objects 85 21. Education and Reading. Average Annual Expenditures for Various Objects 86 22. Insurance. Average Annual Expenditures for Various Kinds of Insurance 86 23. Miscellaneous Expenditures. Average Annual Expend- itures for Various Objects 87 Figures 1. Sources of Income. Average for Each Income Group. ... 31 2. Actual Distribution of Expenditures. By Income Groups. 35 3. Comparison of Food Consumption by Calories 57 WORKINGMEN'S STANDARD OF LIVING IN PHILADELPHIA WORKINGMEN'S STANDARD OF LIVING IN PHILADELPHIA CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Living-Wage Principle Accepted Nowadays very few persons object to the principle of a living wage. It is generally agreed that the hum- blest worker is entitled to a return for his services that will enable him to support himself and his family in decency and comfort and give his children a fair start in the world. If we have failed thus far to secure a Hving wage for all workers, it has been due largely to differences of opinion as to the methods to be em- ployed and to a lack of understanding of what consti- tutes a hving wage rather than to disapproval of its principle. It is not our purpose at this time to discuss the prob- lems that are involved in applying the Hving wage principle in private industry where competition is a comphcating factor. Our thought at present is con- fined entirely to the public and quasi-pubhc service. It is there that social responsibility is most direct and that negligence in conforming to accepted standards is least excusable. Every public corporation, as an agency of social welfare, ought to be a model employer. 1 2 Workingmen^s Standard of Living in Philadelphia It has nothing to fear from the hazards of competition which the private employer camiot leave wholly out of account. Neither can there be any question as to the methods of enforcing a living wage in the public serv-ice, for this is a field that is not involved in the controversy between laissez-faire and social control. Public salaries and wages always have been fixed by public authority, and, of course, a li\'ing wage for pubhc employes would be enforced in the same manner. An Obstacle to its Application Perhaps the main obstacle to the application of the living wage principle in pubhc service has been oijr lack of a definite understanding of what constitutes a hving wage. Too often we have been disposed to con- fuse a Hving wage with the minimum for which a worker can be hired, forgetting that the worker is often forced by economic necessity to accept whatever wage is offered him quite regardless of its adequacy. When we speak of a living wage, we must have in mind a certain standard of living that such a wage is to make possible. In the popular mind, however, this standard has been at best a very vague concept. Even the so- called ''American standard of Hving", which has been bandied about so much by poHtical orators, is extremely indefinite. It is true that we have a considerable number of scientific studies of living costs in different parts of the country, but their findings are generaUy expressed to such a large extent in terms of doUars and cents, rather than in actual goods and services, that, during a period of changing prices, they are of Httle practical value a year or so after pubHcation, Hence the average employer, whether private or public, has naturally been inclined to pay the usual market Introduction 3 rates, leaving the question of the resulting standard of Hving of his workers to take care of itself. In this respect the city of Philadelphia has not been different from other employers. The wages it has paid its unskilled laborers have generally been slightly above the minimum rates prevailing outside the city service, but no systematic consideration has ever been given to the adequacy of these wages from the stand- point of a fair standard of living. The appropriating body simply has not had the infonnation regarding living requirements and Hving costs necessary to apply such a test of adequacy. How to Remove this Obstacle The obvious need is for a definite statement, in terms of actual goods and services, of what constitutes a fair standard of living. This statement should be so explicit and detailed that it would be possible at any time to ascertain the current cost of each item enumerated therein and thus to arrive at the total cost of such a standard of living at existing price levels. With such a statement or standard before it, the appropriating body of the city will be able to find out in a very short time whether or not it is paying its laborers adequate wages, and if not, at what point wages must be fixed to make them adequate. Facts from 260 Families It was with the definite purpose in mind of meeting this obvious need that the Philadelpliia Bureau of Mu- nicipal Research undertook the present study a httle over two years ago. Early in the course of this study, it ap- peared that the findings of pre\'ious investigators would not supply all the specific data that were required for 4 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia outlining a fair standard of living in that degree of de- tail and in the concrete terms of goods and services for which we were striving. Hence we entered upon an inquiry of our own into the standards of Hving of workingmen's families in Philadelphia. In this in- quiry, schedules of income and expenditures were obtained from 395 famiUes hving in all the more im- portant industrial sections of the city. Of this number, 260 schedules proved acceptable for tabulation. As will be shown more in detail in the next chapter, a special effort was made to find out, not only what the various families expended, but also what they actually consumed or utilized throughout the year. The in- formation thus secured proved most valuable as a guide in devising the standard of Uving herein sug- gested. The Views of Specialists This information, however, was not our only guide. In addition, the views of social workers, food special- ists, clothiers, and others who were in position to give helpful advice, were freely consulted. The housing standard, for example, was adopted only after it had been examined and approved by Mr. John Ihlder, secretary of the Philadelphia Housing Association. In devising the food standard, we had the valuable advice and assistance of Dr. Albert P. Brubaker, Professor of Physiology at Jefferson Medical College. On the more general aspects of the report, we received many helpful suggestions from various other persons, particularly from Mr. J. L. Jacobs of Chicago, who during the period of the war was engaged by the fed- eral government as consultant on employment prob- lems. Introduction 5 Size of Standard Family As a basis for our standard, we have assumed a family of five, consisting of husband and wife, a boy- age 13, a girl age 10, and a boy age 6. In so doing we are conforming to the practice of most previous investigators who have attempted the formulation of a standard family budget. Total Income Necessary According to the findings of our investigation a family of this size cannot maintain a fair standard of living, at current prices (autumn of 1918) on less than $1,636.79 a year. Assuming 300 working days in a year the equivalent daily income would be $5.45. This figure is considerably higher than those of pre- vious investigators, but it must be borne in mind that living costs also are much higher now than they were in the days when these investigators collected their facts. Robert Coit Chapin, whose book, "The Standard of Living among Workingmen's Famihes in New York City", is one of the most authoritative works on the subject, found that a family of five persons could get along on from $900 to $1,000 a year. The Chapin investigation, however, was made in 1907, and since that time a tremendous increase in the cost of Uving has taken place. Unfortunately we do not have retail index numbers prior to 1914 for all classes of the house- hold budget so it is not possible to ascertain the full amount that would have to be added to the Chapin figure to bring it down to date. It is possible, however, to calculate the amount of increase for all the major classes since 1914 and for food and fuel since 1907. By using the retail price index numbers of the U. S. 6 Workingmen^s Standard of Living in Philadelphia Bureau of Labor Statistics for food and fuel, and index numbers derived from figures gathered by the National Industrial Conference Board ^ for rent changes and relative prices of clothing, it is possible to calculate the amount of money which must be spent now for these four big items to correspond to the expenditure which the previous investigator allowed under then- current price conditions. Expenditures for housing, fuel and hght, food, and clothing comprise practically 80 per cent of the total household budget. Of the other items in the budget, carfare remained practically stationary through the range of years with which we are dealing, and recreation and amusements probably experienced no great advance in cost. The remaining items — health; furniture and fixtures; taxes, dues and contributions; education and reading; in- surance; cleaning supplies and services; miscellaneous expenditures — comprise expenditures for things that we beheve from experience vary in price about in proportion to the combined variation of the four big items in the budget; or else expenditures for services, the cost of which should fluctuate with the cost of li\'ing.2 Revision of these seven items may therefore be accomplished by applying to each the ratio obtained by dividing the total revised cost of housing, fuel and light, food, and clothing by the total original cost of the same major items. Applying these processes to Chapin's budget of $906.70 — on which he beheved a family of five could "get along" in 1907— the 1918 equivalent of that figure is found to be $1,625. This figure, be it remem- * "War-Time Changes in the Cost of Living", National Industrial Conference Board, 1918. 2 See discussion of this point on pages 43 and 46. Introduction 7 bered, does not include the full increase in living costs that took place between 1907 and 191 4- Still further Ught on this point may be gained by referring to a local investigation made among Ken- sington millworkers during part of 1913 and 1914 by Dr. W. J. H. Cotton and Dr. E. L. Little. As the result of a careful inquiry these investigators came to the conclusion that a budget of $1,069.94 was then necessary to enable a family of five persons to main- tain a fair standard of Hving. By bringing this allow- ance down to date in the same manner as we did the Chapin figure, we find its 1918 equivalent to be $1,751. The latest official estimate in this field has been made by the cost of living department of the National War Labor Board. This department found that in June, 1918, the cost of a "minimum comfort" budget for a family of five in the larger eastern cities was $1,760 per year. It is obvious, therefore, that the old figures on family Hving costs do not hold to-day any more than the old prices of beef, coal, or shoes. In thinking of a living wage we must dismiss these figures completely from our minds. We have become accustomed to new prices of cominodities and we must accustom ourselves to the new cost of maintaining a family household. Although $1,636 is higher than the Chapin figure of 1907, it is not relatively higher than present day price levels are higher than those of 1907. We are simply face to face with a cold, unpleasant fact. Application of Findings At this point we ought to consider the practical appUcation of the wage rate herein suggested. In the first place it must be remembered that this wage rate 8 WorMngmen^s Standard of Living in Philadelphia is the lowest that will make possible a fair standard of living, and, therefore, it is to be regarded as a basic or minimum rate and not as a maximum. Five dollars and forty-five cents a day may insure a fair standard for a bricklayer's family, but this fact should not pre- vent him from receiving a daily wage in excess of $5.45. In the second place, this wage rate is intended to apply to manual workers only. The professional or clerical worker is not in the same need of a basic wage to protect his standard of living, for he usually has opportunities of advancing rapidly beyond his initial salary which the manual worker has not. A young engineer, for example, might accept employment as rodman or draftsman at less than $1,000 a year, but he would have before him the prospect of early ad- vancement to higher rates of pay. He could, in fact, look forward with reasonable certainty to a maximum income at least twice as large as the salary he accepted at the outset of his career. A laborer, however, has no such prospect and must depend for his standard of hving upon a wage that will remain relatively uniform throughout his life. In the third place, the question of how soon the living wage rate should be put into effect calls for consideration. It is not possible to answer this ques- tion dogmatically. The ideal thing to do, of course, would be to bring all manual workers now receiving less than a living wage up to that level inomediately. Even the practical thing, however, ought not to in- volve any protracted delay in bringing greater justice to those city workers who are underpaid. Having passed through the ordeal of a world war waged in the name of democracy, we are now entering upon a period of reconstruction. During this period we may expect Introduction 9 many readjustments in response to the general feeling that after the war conditions of living must be made better than they were before or during the war. One of the very first readjustments of this kind ought to be the adoption and practical appUcation of the living wage principle. The city worker and his family who have suffered before the war and endured even more during the war because of inadequate wages, ought not to be asked, now that the war is over, to continue to suffer any longer than the unavoidable difficulties of the situation necessitate. Next Steps In presenting our findings and conclusions to the city officials primarily interested in them, and to the public at large, we do so fully realizing that our present contribution is only a beginning in the solution of a difficult problem. We are, therefore, suggesting the following next steps as part of a broad program to be developed in the course of time: 1. That the city government of Philadelphia, acting through the finance committee of council or through the civil service commission, adopt the standard of living herein outlined as a basis for ascertaining currently the amount of a living wage for manual workers. 2. That the cost of this standard be ascertained at least once a year by the city government, preferably just before budget-making time. 3. That in fixing the wages of manual workers above apprentice grade no wage be made lower than the ascertained cost of this standard. 4. That at least once in five years a new in- vestigation be made with a view of modifying the 10 WorkingmeWs Standard of Living in Philadelphia standard so that it will conform to any changes which may have taken place in the living stand- ards of workingmen's families. 5. That standards of hving similar in general outhne to the one herein suggested for manual workers be devised for other occupational groups to serve as a basis for adjusting the rates of com- pensation applying to these groups. CHAPTER II HOW OUR FACTS WERE OBTAINED Discussion of the findings of this investigation prop- erly begins with a statement of the method that was employed. Not only are the findings better understood in the hght of a statement of method, but upon the correctness of the method hinges the whole value of the findings. The Selection of Families Since our quest in this investigation was for the re- quirements of a faij" standard of living rather than for a picture of living conditions in general, we confined ourselves to famiUes that were self-supporting, but whose principal breadwinner did not earn more than $2,000 a year. Within these limits, no distinctions were made as to race or nationahty. Families of skilled and unskilled laborers were preferred, but famihes of breadwinners engaged in other occupations were in- cluded if the families qualified in other respects. No family was chosen in which there were no children under income-earning age. The actual selection of families was made in two ways. For a time various clergymen having parishes in the industrial sections of the city were asked to suggest famiUes of their acquaintance that conformed to our requirements. In most cases, the clergyman sent a letter to each of the famiUes designated by him, an- nouncing that an investigator from the Bureau of II 12 Workingmen^s Standard of Living in Philadelphia Municipal Research would probably call in a few days, and explaining briefly the nature and purpose of the inquiry. The disadvantage of this method was that frequently the famihes suggested to us Uved far apart and a dis- proportionate amount of time was consumed in going from place to place. Later, therefore, our investigators simply went into industrial neighborhoods and there called upon different famihes at random. If a family was not sufficiently typical for our purpose, the inquiry was not pressed, but in the case of families that did seem suitable it was carried to completion. This enabled the investigators to concentrate their efforts in single locahties, with a minimum loss of time in transit. The Schedule The schedule used in this investigation was pat- terned very largely upon the Chapin model. Our reason for adopting this form, in preference to any other, is that the Chapin schedule lends itself most readily to a detailed inquiry. The Chapin schedule, however, was not adopted without modification. In the first place, the classifica- tion of expenditm-es was enlarged by the addition of "cleaning supplies and services". This was done in order to segregate more distinctly all expenditures relating to personal and home cleanhness. In the second place, more emphasis was given to securing "quantity" data. For example, under the food classification, our schedule calls for the yearly quantity of each article of food purchased as well as for the yearly cost, whereas the Chapin schedule provides no ready method for ascertaining the yearly quantity. How our Facts were Obtained 13 In the third place, our schedule calls for slightly more detail regarding certain forms of expenditure, such as cleaning supplies, furniture and furnishings, food, and clothing. A change also was made in the time basis for cal- culating food purchases. The Chapin schedule adheres rigidly to the weekly basis, the annual cost being as- certained by multiplying the housewife's estimate by 52. We found, however, that in many cases the housewife did not think in terms of weeks and that information could be obtained more rapidly as well as more accurately by permitting her to use whatever time basis she preferred, whether it was a week, a day, a month, or some other period. We, therefore, intro- duced into the food section an extra column labeled, ''Period of Time", in which was indicated the time basis of the estimate. In addition to the foregoing, several minor altera- tions were made in the Chapin schedule; some of them in order to conform more accurately to Philadelphia conditions, as in the housing section, and others for the sake of greater clearness, as in the case of savings and borrowings. In all cases the estimates of family expenditures were made for the 12 months just preceding our visit. This period naturally was fresher in the housewife's mind than any earlier period would have been. The actual collection of field data began on August 15, 1917, and continued for 9 months until JMay 15, 1918, so that the various family schedules represent expendi- tures for overlapping aimual periods between August 15, 1916, and May 15, 1918, a space of 21 months. If our primary object had been a comparison of contemporary hving costs, it would have been a disadvantage not to 14 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia have our facts relate to precisely the same period. Since, however, our primary object was a comparison, not of living costs, but of actual consumption and utilization of goods and services, no such disadvantage exists. The Account-Book Records In order to supplement the estimates of yeariy expenditures, effort was made to induce as many famihes as possible to keep account-book records. At first our hope was to secure a substantial number of detailed records covering an entire year, which would serve as a general check upon our estimates, but this hope was not fully realized. Most of the housewives who started keeping accounts did not continue to do so after the first month or two, although one persevering woman did not relinquish her task until the end of six months. On the whole, therefore, the account-book data did not cover a sufficiently long period to furnish a basis for calculating those expenditures that do not occur frequently and at regular intervals. Clothing, for example, is usually bought so irregularly that an expenditures-record extending over only one or two months would give us no adequate conception of a family's annual clothing budget. Many weeks might pass without any clothing purchases whatever, even though the total acquisitions for the year might be fairly large. This is not true of food. In practically all working- men's households the table is supphed from day to day, and from week to week, in such a manner that food purchases and actual food consumption approximate each other in a very short time. It was therefore as- sumed in this inquiry that when an account-book had How our Facts were Obtained 15 been kept for at least three weeks the food items re- corded therein would represent with satisfactory ac- curacy the quantity of food actually consumed during the period covered by the record. In all, 31 families furnished us with account-books that had been kept for the required minimum period and that proved acceptable in other ways. The records thus obtained proved of great value in supplementing our food estimates, wliich were naturally the most sub- ject to error, and were therefore most in need of addi- tional supporting data. Through the courtesy of Dr. Cotton and Dr. Little, we were enabled to make use of still another source of information on food consumption. Their study among Kensington millworkers, to which we have already re- ferred, was made by the account-book method, and all the original data had been preserved and were very kindly placed at our disposal. Of these we selected the account-books of four different families and made an analysis of the food purchases therein itemized. The chief value of this information is that it reflects in some measure the food habits of workingmen's families during the period just prior to the outbreak of the great war, and thus affords an opportunity of comparing them with the food habits that obtained during the period of our investigation. Degree of Accuracy It is not possible to claim absolute accuracy either for the estimates of household expenditures or for the account-book data. As a previous investigator of note has well put it, "We cannot, in inquiries of this kind, expect to be able to give the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. All we can hope to arrive IG Workingmeyi's Standard of Living in Philadelphia at is the truth, nearly all the truth, and very httle but the truth." We would be presumptuous indeed to claim more for our results. In estimating expenditures, much naturally depends upon the intelligence and good faith of the housewife who is giving the information. If the housewife is not thoroughly familiar with her affairs, it is not possible, of course, for her to make a reliable statement of the family's earnings and expenses. It is noteworthy, however, that relatively few housewives wxre en- countered who did not seem to possess a ready knowl- edge of the things we wanted to know. This may be explained partly by the fact that we limited our in- quiry to self-supporting famihes and thus probably came in touch with only the more intelligent women. Furthermore, the fact that every cent constantly must go for something sorely needed, tends to reduce the great bulk of expenditures in workmgmen's households to a routine character, so that they are more easily remembered than are those of famihes with higher incomes, in which spending may be more indiscrimi- nate. As for the good faith of the housewives m giving information, it can only be said that most of the women interviewed seemed to enter into the spirit of the inquiry and showed no signs of wilful deception. A great deal, too, depends upon the manner in which estimates are obtained. If the questions in the sched- ule are too general, the average housewife, not having kept classified accounts, will be unable to answer them with any degree of certainty. Only the exceptional woman would be able to state offhand how much she spends for, let us say, household cleaning suppHes. She would have to stop to think of a considerable number of detailed items that must be mcluded in an estimate How our Facts were Obtained 1.7 of the total, and there is always the danger of forgetting some of them. On the other hand, if the question- naire or schedule is sufficiently detailed to anticipate nearly all possible items of expenditure, the housewife's task of estimating is greatly simplified and her estimates are more hkely to be correct. While she may not be able to tell us what she spends annually for household cleaning supplies, she will know quite definitely how much laundry soap she uses per week or per month, and what price she pays per bar. She would possess the same information with regard to starch, bluing, floor oil, cleanser, scouring soap, and in fact, all the remaining articles that come logically under the head- ing of household cleaning supplies. In other words, she would be able to give us in detail what she could not give in summarized form. The schedule used in this inquiry was distinctly detailed rather than general in character. That it has made for greater accuracy in our estimates, we have no doubt. It was not at all unusual to have a house- wife tell the investigator at the begimiing of the inter- view that she ''simply could not give all the information wanted", and then, upon being induced to try, and after ha\4ng answered the long fist of specific questions contained in the schedule, exclaim, ''Why, I never thought that I would be able to tell you all this!" As a general safeguard against inaccurate estimates, only those schedules were accepted that showed a fair degree of internal consistency. If, after comparing the amount of money expended plus the amount saved (if any), with the amount reported available from all sources, there appeared a discrepancy of more than 5 per cent of the annual income, the schedule was rejected. If this discrepancy was 5 per cent, 18 Workingmen^s Standard of Living in Philadelphia or less, of the annual income, the schedule was accepted. In many cases the percentage of discrepancy was as low as 1 per cent, and in one schedule the actual amount of discrepancy was only one cent! It may prove helpful to those who are interested in special phases of family budgets, to give them the benefit of our opinion as to the relative accuracy of our data for the different classes of expenditures. This may be done by grouping these classes under the headings of ''accurate", ''fairly accurate", and "only approximate". By hsting a class of expenditures as "accurate" we mean that we beUeve the housewife's statement of those expenditures does not vary from the amount actually spent by more than the degree of error usual in ordinary bookkeeping practice. Under "fairly accurate" are included all classes of expendi- tures that cannot be called "accurate", but that will fall within a 5 per cent margin of error. Those classes that may be in error beyond the 5 per cent margin are Hsted as "only approximate". The group- ing follows: Accurate Fairly Accurate Only Approx- imate Housing Fuel and light Education and reading Insurance Clothing Health Furniture and furnishings Taxes, dues and contributions Recreation, vacation and amuse- ments Carfare Cleaning supplies and services Food Miscellaneous expenditures Several of these classes are on the borderUne be- tween "accurate" and "fairly accurate". This is true of "fuel and Ught" which is "accurate" in case of the How our Facts were Obtained 19 great majority of families, but probably only ''fairly accurate" in case of the small minority who reported coal purchases by the bucket and whose expenditures for light were uncertain. ''Health", on the other hand, is given above as "fairly accurate", but in case of many families could go as "accurate". "Carfare" also appears as "fairly accurate", but with only a slight stretching of definition it might be called "ac- curate". Analysis of Data In analyzing the data secured from famihes, special emphasis was placed upon quantities. Our endeavor throughout was to secure a statement, not only of the average amount of money spent by the famihes in- vestigated, but particularly of the average quantities of goods consumed and of services utihzed. In case of clothing, for example, a separate tabulation was made for each specific kind of wearing apparel, showing for each person the nmnber of each kind of articles worn annually and their cost, and for the aggregate, the aver- age number of articles worn annually. This enabled us to arrive at such statements as the average mmiber of pairs of shoes worn annually by the heads of famihes, the average number of shirtwaists worn annually by the wives, and the average nimiber of hats worn an- nually by boys between the ages of 11 and 14. Some items of expense, of course, could not readily be expressed in terms of quantities used and therefore had to be tabulated in terms of costs only. Among these are health; taxes, dues and contributions; recre- ation and amusements; and other similar fonns of expenditures. Such items, however, constitute but a small proportion of the family budget as a whole. 20 Worhing7nc7i's Standard of Living in Philadelphia A word should be said with regard to the analysis of food. Since the dietary habits of different fainiUes vary considerably, a basis for comparing food con- sumption can be obtained only by reducing all food articles purchased to a common denominator, the calorie. This was done by use of approved tables showing the nutritive value of different food products. At the same time, it was necessary, on account of the varying food requirements of persons of different sexes and ages, to express these requirements for family groups in terms of a common unit of measure, the man-unit. This was done by use of the following schedule of the Federal Bureau of Labor Statistics, in which the relative food requirements of men and women engaged in different kinds of work, and of children of different ages, are set forth in percentages of the needs of a man at moderately active muscular work.^ Man: At hard muscular work 120 per cent At moderately active muscular work 100 " " At light muscular work 90 " " Sedentary occupation 80 " " Man or Woman: Old age 90 " " Extreme old age 70-80 " " WoTnan: At moderately active work 80 " " AtUghtwork 70 " " Boy: 15-16 years 100 " " 13-14 years 90 " " 12 years 70 " " 10-11 years 60 " " * Monthly Review of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Vol. 5, No. 6, December 1917, pp. 6-7. How our Facts were Obtained 21 Girl: 15-16 years 90 per cent 13-14 years 70 " " 10-12 years 60 " " Child: 6-9 years 50 " " 2-5 years 40 " " Under 2 years 30 " " Having expressed all food articles in terms of calories and the food requirements of all families in terms of man-units, it was possible to ascertain the number of calories consumed per man-unit and thus to compare the food consumption of one group of families with that of another group of famihes. It was possible, also, to determine whether or not the food purchases reported by the families investigated provided the amount of nourishment that authorities hold neces- sary for health and efficiency. The Staff The field work in this study was done entirely by two women both of whom had had previous experience in social work. With a larger corps of investigators the collection of data might have been completed in a shorter period, but there would have been less con- sistency in the methods used and the results would have been the product of relatively less experience in this speciaHzed task. The number of persons employed in checking and analyzing field data varied consider- ably in different stages of the investigation and was made up of both regular and volunteer workers. At first only one person gave full time to the clerical work, but later others were added until a maximum number of five was reached. A senior member of the staff had charge of the entire study. CHAPTER III A GLIMPSE AT OUR FAMILIES There are many things that we should Uke to tell about the 260 families whose generous co-operation has made this report possible, but limitation of space confines us to a few of the more significant facts. Where They Lived All our famdlies lived within the city limits of Phil- adelpliia, distributed among the different sections of the city as follows: West Philadelphia 53 Kensington 43 North Philadelphia 43 South Philadelphia 24 Southwest Philadelphia 21 Central Philadelpliia 19 Frankford 10 Tioga 10 Frapcisville 8 East Germantown 6 Northeast Philadelphia 6 lliclimond 6 Manayuxik 6 Falls of Schuylkill 2 Harrowgate 2 Logan 1 Wissahickon 1 Total 260 Their Nalionaliiy Most of our families were American born. The following shows their distribution by nationaUty as determined by the birthplace of the husband: 22 A Glimpse at our Families 23 United States 203 Ireland 27 England 10 Germany 9 Italy 3 Sweden 2 HoUand 1 Hungary 1 Norway 1 Poland 1 Russia 1 Scotland 1 Total 260 By going back one generation to the fathers of American bom husbands, we find that the 203 families accredited to the United States are distributed as follows: United States 163 Ireland 16 Germany 10 England 4 Unknown 4 France 2 Wales 2 Italy 1 Roumania 1 Total 203 Membership of Families In view of our choice of a standard family of five, that is, the parents and three children under income- earning age, it is interesting to note that the average number of children per family included in this investi- gation is 3.03, making our actual average family only slightly larger than five. By eliminating from our count the children 16 years of age and over, we obtain an average per family of 2.82 children under income- 24 Workingvien's Standard of Living in Philadelphia earning age, which corresponds closely to the number assumed in the standard family. Their Occupations As sho^^Ti in Table 1, most of our families were those of less skilled and unskilled wage-earners. A consid- erable proportion belong in the skilled labor group and a few are classified as professional and clerical. The occupational distribution according to the latest U. S. Census classification is as follows: Agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry. ... 1 Manufacturing and mechanical industries 158 Transportation 38 Trade 10 Public service (not elsewhere classified) 18 Professional service 3 Domestic and personal service 7 Clerical occupations 25 Total 260 aaoqt) pnv OOGli' T-H I— 1 00 !,-(!!i!!^""'''-ii-H-- 66Sl$ -OOSl$ o 1-H t^ 6611$ -001T$ 00 • ■* • ;!!!!!!!! i— i • 6691$ -0091$ OS lO • . . j—i • 669 J $ -0091$ 00 I— ( Q^ '. ^ '.'.'.'.'...■ T-l r-l ■ y-l ■•■ ■ 66fT$ -00fl$ 00 • CO y-^ 1—1 .,—1 . -1—1 . -1—1 -1-1 66SIS -OOSl$ I— ( : ^ ; ! ; ! i . . th 1-1 1-1 • • • • ; 66^1$ -00$ 1$ 00 • : : : ^ : : : : ^ • (N : • j • (N J 6611$ -0011$ Oi ■ ; ,-1 '. '. T-{ '• '• ■ ■ ■ • 1-H • • 1-i ^ 660 T$ -0001$ a> CO IM ■ ;,-i '. '. '. '. i(M c^ -i-iT-i 666$ -006$ o .-H T-i co- co --1 ■ tH ■ 668$ -008$ CO I— 1 00 • 1—1 661$ -001$ 1—1 t^ • 1—1 '.'.'. 669$ -009$ -* <* • o H O ,-HrH COr--l(N'-t(NGC'-lO'-H'-ICO'-H CD »0 m O g O O T e C c 1 1 ; J ! \ < i 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 : 4 »^ Q L) H t _ 6 il a • t ; a c c ; c. ■ 'c c. a : £ ; c • t c I J ■ • • : • : : . 1 . } 1 \ '. it 3 a 3 *< H -< £■•••:::::::::::: 1 ;;;:::::::::::: : .a :::::::::::::: — "C ' +3 '^ '.::'.'.'.'■'.'■'•'•'■'•'• • a : . : S:^::^i^::;i:-2!2 a ' ■ ' • • . ..••o.o) a :| -^-i :« :-S : : -il :i 25 9ioqv pUD 0061$ 1— ( T-H c« j 6681$ -0081$ 1— ( i-H 6611$ -0011$ I-H (M 669 J $ -0091$ - (N I-H 6691$ -0091$ C^l -i'*'-HTtHkOI^ -1- c ' 0. i 1— • a • t- 1 a ; c ) £: I. c c 1— 1/ a i- c 9. • ^ C >^ ;■ C ■^ c c 1- ! c ' a ll ■ (. , c i1 a ' a b £ ; c '1 a 0- c a. > c c , a r ■ a • (. ■ a . -!< . «- C : & : i i o: z : z ; a 3 <>■ a a i 2 2 cr (■ a ■.i • t '■ .E • ^ ; C • t: • c • o J b < e \'i i D 26 o Q o < P U O O n aooqo pnv 0061$ 1 T-* • I— 1 6681$ -008 J $ • (M CJ 1— 1 6611$ -0011$ (N »H 6691$ -0091$ (M • »-H 6691$ -0091$ (N T— ( 1—1 66fJ$ -00tl$ (N (N 66ST$ -OOSl$ t-H ■* I— 1 1—1 66«T$ -OOSli rH T— 1 66 J 1$ -0011$ 1— 1 (N .H -* 1— ( I— ( 1—1 1—1 6601$ -0001$ l-H 1— ( r-( 1— 1 CO lO 1—1 666$ -006$ I— 1 1— 1 T-( tH 1—1 .-H ■<* CO l-H 668$ -008$ 1-t CO (N ^ -- — — 661$ -001$ (N l-H rH 669$ -009$ 1-H 1— li— (lO'^i-HOO'-Hi— -l m g u O 1 c PC z a. -i C _c 1- C a C o; t- t a >- P3 c a, s a c3 o m o o C O O > c c s > s 1 C! a- e C - C o c 'c C o c 1 c3 c s 02 o o 27 Moqo puv ooeit : : 668 It -008 It >— 1 l-H 6611 1 -Wilt • i-< 6691 1 -009 It • I-l fl • I^ 669 J t -009 It W rH —t ^ • I— ( 66V It -OOVlt iM • .— 1 rH O (N • M • »-l f-H 66Slt -OOSlt (N -< l-H • l-H 669 It -OOSlt (N ■ l-H I— 1 f-H ■ I— 1 66llt -OOllt 1— ( ;^ (N • I-l l-H 660 J t -oooit r-t CO rH I— 1 l-H 666t -ooet o D, 3 2 o e 03 1 m a 03 H 2 H B o a m cc o -a o "5 o G 2 o tc rt a T3 '3 a c o H O 1 3 CO o 0) u 1 to 3 a o £ o 73 3 o 2 5 a S E o o o f2 s 0; a g CO E 28 aaoqv puv 0061$ 55 O < P. B D o • o ■> (1 fl _o o t-l 03 to a -a O s .2 a O CO a 1 o "o CJ ■> a o G a 03 _o a: o e o Q 2^ CQ to o C c o 'H •-5 m o "3 a c 3 o o 1 •n c U to . >-• o G o o :3 o o PQ CO o CO C 0) bC e "3 U CO O w "o O CO C o bC o c 2 3 to a 2 Xi c 1 o a v 29 30 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia Their Income The sources and amounts of income of our families are shown in Table 2. It will be observed that the average total income per family is $1,262.09. Of this amount, the husband contributes $1,069.88, or 84.8 per cent of the total. The children contribute $79.26 annu- ally, or 6.3 per cent of the total. From others living with the family, principally from boarders and lodgers, the average family receives $74.46 aimually, or 5.9 per cent of the total income. The remaining 3 per cent of the family revenue comes from earnings of the wife, from other members of the net family,^ and from miscellaneous sources. * The terminology used in this report conforms closely to that used by the U. S. Bureau of Liil)or Stiitistics in its rci>ort on the cost of living investigation in the District of Coluinhia in 191G, but dots not conform absolutely. We are, therefore, giving below the following definitions which, for the most part, arc quoted from the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: "'Family' covers everyone living in the household, including boarders and lodgers." '"Net family' . . . covers hu.sbands, wives, dependent children, such working children as contribute their whole income, and other person.s living with the family who are supported out of the family fund and who contribute their income, if any, to the family fund." "'Children' includes children not working and also those who turn over their entire earnings to th(; family and receive their support from the common family fund." "'Other members of net family' includes all members of family, other than husbands, wives, and their children, who are sup- ported from the common family fund and contribute their earnings, if any, to the family fund." "Others living with family" includes boarders and lodgers, and all other persons, whether related to the family or not, who are not included in other chusses. Thus, it includes aged relai- tives who arc supported, in part, from funds other than that of the family. A Glimpse at our Families 31 fNCOME GROUP $600 tw^///^/////y^/yyy.^^^:;^ / $700 $800Wa $900 $1400 $1500 $1600 W" $1700^ $1800 v/// $190 \ /,2A4,SA ^^^^c ^p ' ■ VA't ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ 1 ... 1 i :^. ^-n / 3,5. 6, '^M6. SCj$L£X eoo 400 600 aoo 1000 1200 uoo 1600 /SCO eooo Legeno CZl E3 AV.GfiOUP AV6/i:uP Al' GROUP MC9ii-'i:i,f.'CS Ai:C;'iOl,P Ai'.OfiOUP EAflNINGiOf O)P»/IN0S fAWMiiOF Of Omf/IS cMMMiSrwn FA/lS'ysSfWf HUiBAND ortVlfE. CHtMfilN IN FAMILY BQAHDERi OTHPI SmUS f 2 3 4 5 ^ F/6. / Sources of Income Ai^ER/iGEFOR EACH INCOME GROUP 32 Workingmcri's Standard of Living in Philadelphia Table 2. Sources and Famiues Hus- bands Wives CuiLDREN Income 4; °"S i.l Earnino income 3 fc c E All families . . . »600-$699 . . . 260 4 12 13 30 39 27 2(5 25 28 18 9 8 10 11 5.57 5.00 5.92 5.15 4 . 97 5.33 5.15 5.19 5.04 0.21 0.39 5.33 0.13 5.50 7.09 5.04 5.00 5.50 4.92 4.77 4.79 4 . 56 4.77 4.90 5.39 5.67 4.67 5.88 5.10 6.09 $1,069.88 $050.25 738.63 788 . 02 896.87 984.61 1,013.01 1.0,55.68 1,107.71 1,101.49 1,295.17 1,515.07 1,281.50 1,465.92 1,297.52 30 $138.12 3.03 3.00 3.50 2.92 2.73 2.79 2.50 2.77 2.92 3., 39 3.67 2.. 56 3.88 3.10 4.09 51 76 $404.10 $700-$799 . . . 3 3 5 4 3 4 2 2 1 1 $29.00 122.58 70.30 209.00 210.67 99.75 104.00 85.50 208.00 104.00 $800-$899 . . . $900-$999 . . . $1.00O-$ 1.099 $1,100-$1,199 $l,20O-$l,299. $1,300-$ 1,399. $l,40O-$1.499. $l,50O-$l,599. $l,fi0a-$l,C99. 2 4 7 4 11 7 2 4 10 5 12 10 $172.50 318.63 315.71 343.19 270.86 300.86 $1,700-81,799. 4 5 7 8 9 16 544.13 $l,80O-»1.899. Sl.UOO & above 1 1 468.00 312.00 534.60 775.64 A Gli7npse at our Farnilies 33 Amount of Income Other members of NET FAiULY Other.9 living with family (mainly boarders and lodgers) Other SOURCES OF INCOME c s Contribut- ing AVERAQB Income QROUPS 1.1 11 3 IP 1 2 's 1 ^ lit 1 S III it TOTAL INCOME PER FAMILY All families $600-8699 4 1 3 $100.05 90 1.53 $215.10 90 $61.84 $1,262.09 $650.25 $70O-$799 3 3 6 11 11 10 11 14 7 4 2 3 5 1.67 1.00 1.00 1.91 1.45 1.10 1.55 1.64 1.86 1.50 1.00 1.33 2.20 $34.00 76.67 139.00 98.00 147.41 145.40 307.50 277.94 209.71 217.00 390.00 82.17 548.60 5 5 9 12 7 9 11 12 6 1 5 4 4 $6.72 20.30 52.95 29.64 37.29 96.04 15.41 56.89 85.90 30.00 134.85 82.81 267.43 757 . 18 $80(>-$899 841 76 $900-$999. . 1 1 952 27 Sl,000-$1,099. . . 1,051.65 $1.10(>-$1,199.. . $l,20O-S1.299. . . 1,1.53.35 1,245.19 $1,300-$ 1,399.. . $l,40O-$l,499.. . $1,,50(>-$1,.599. . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 $98.14 182.00 1,343.35 1,443.86 1,536.24 $1,600-$1,699.. . $l,70O-Sll,799. . . *1,800-$1,899. . . 1 1 1 20.00 1,629.22 1.735.47 1,837 74 $1,900 and above 2.166.08 34 W orkingmen' s Standard of Living in Philadelphia Their Expenditures Table 3 shows how our families spent their available funds. As we proceed from the lower income groups to the higher ones, we observe that certain classes of expenditure claim a diminishing share of the family budget, that other classes claim an increasing share, and that still others remain about the same in their relative demands upon the household treasury. The classes claiming a diminishing share are housing, fuel and light, and food. Those claiming an increasing share are clothing; furniture and furnishings; taxes, dues and contributions; recreation and amusements; carfare; cleaning suppUes and services; and miscellane- ous expenses. The classes remaining about the same are health, education and reading, and insurance. In the interpretation of Table 3, it should be borne in mind that the difference between the average total income and the average total expenditure includes not only actual savings and actual deficits, but in- cludes also the possible 5 per cent discrepancy be- tween the reported annual expenditures and savings and the money reported available from all sources. A Glimpse at our Families 35 ff£y ro ffaeffE-viATiOAfS -f. flG.l./JC TU^t^lDlS miBUTJOA/ OF €xPrNDlTURB.S 30 Workiiigmeii's Standard oj Living in Philadelphia Taule 3. General ExPENDiTtTRBS Description of famiues AND OBJECTS OF EXPENDITUWK All rAUiUEB S600- troo- taoo- taoo- toao $799 4899 S999 4 12 13 30 5.00 5.92 5.15 4.97 5.00 5.50 4.92 4.77 5.00 5.92 5.08 4.93 3.2.5 3.77 3.30 3.20 650.25 757.18 841.70 952.27 693.40 796.37 902.08 983.84 142. 4S 139.83 103.09 1. '55.83 20.5 17.6 IS.l 15.8 49.89 45.05 48.22 r,r>.rA 7.2 5.7 5.3 5.7 337.91 .390.57 428.0-J 402.40 48.7 49.8 47.5 47.0 6-t.48 9-1.01 90.. 30 124.2S 9.3 11.8 10.7 12.7 17.75 10.77 24 IS 20 . 95 2.6 2.1 2.7 2.1 1.05 9.12 28.74 14.64 0.2 1.1 3.2 1.5 5.95 10.11 12.35 M.W 0.9 1.3 1.4 1.5 2. IS 2.35 4 10 5.17 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.20 8.12 0.65 10.00 0.9 1.0 0.7 1.0 27.. 30 22.39 28.70 31.05 3.9 2.8 3.2 3.2 8.92 13.00 15.77 19.31 1.3 17 1.7 2.0 13.75 19 05 20.00 23.97 2.0 2 4 2.3 2.4 15.00 11) 34 24 02 45.40 2.2 :.M 2.7 4.6 tl.OOO- $1,099 (1) N'unibor of families.. . . (2) Average siio of family (household) (3) AvcraKC size of net family (4) AveruRi- number of per- 80IW coiLfuminK food. ^5) Equivalent male adults. (6) Average total income. . (7) Average total ex- penditure Expenditures: (8) Housing (9) Fuel and light (10) Food (11) Clothing (12) Health (13) F'urniture and fur- ni.shings (14) Taxf.H, dues and contributions. . . (15) Recreation and amusements. .... (16) Education and reading (17) Insurance (18) Carfare (19) Cleaning supplies and services (20) Mi.iccllancou.s 260 5.57 5.0-1 5. .50 3.71) $1,262.09 $1,261.93 ! average $177 per cent 14 average $ 04 . per cent 5 average $557 per cent 44 average $175 per cent 1.3 average $ 32 per cent 2 average $ 35 per cent 2 average $ 24 per cent 2 average $ 15 per cent 1 average $ 12 per cent 1 avcnigo $ 40 I)er cent 3 average $ 31 per cent 2 average $ 33 per cent 2 average $ 61 per n-nt 4 39 5.33 4.79 5.21 3 31 1.051.65 1,064.43 175.82 16.4 58.00 5.5 478.65 45.0 133.39 12.0 21.74 2.1 28.96 2.7 18.51 1.7 9.62 0.9 8.27 0.8 33.31 3.1 21.48 2 23 22 2 2 53.48 5.0 A Glimpse at our Families 37 OP Families. By Income Groups $1,100- SI, 200- $1,300- S 1.400- $1,500- $1 .Hon- SI .71111 - SI .Snn- Sl.orO $1,199 91, £99 SI ,M9 $1,400 $1,600 $1 .>;:j:i il.7:j:j il.SiK) arui (ihoze 27 20 25 28 18 9 8 10 11 (1) 5.15 5.19 5.6-1 6.21 6.39 5.33 6.13 5.50 7.09 (2) 4.50 4.77 4.90 5.39 5.67 4.67 5.88 5.10 6.09 (3) 5.04 5.15 5.64 6.14 6.28 5.33 6.00 5.30 7.00 (4) 3.49 3.67 3.99 4.39 4.35 3.58 4.49 3.89 5.51 (5) 1.153.35 1.245.19 1,343.35 1,443.80 1,536.24 1,629.22 1,735.47 1.837.74 2.166.08 (6) 1,145.18 1,231.21 1,312.57 1,440.94 1,573.80 1,529.87 1,735.66 1,786.27 2,082.77 (7) 164.20 180.19 181.. 39 194.24 194.03 188.68 186.71 219.79 212.13 (8) 14.3 14.7 13.8 13.4 12.3 12.3 10.8 12.3 10.2 6-1. 80 01.57 05.49 07.03 78.95 82.59 79.33 83.96 86.71 (9) 5.7 5.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 5.4 4.6 4.7 4.1 534.50 .534.30 5S5.S5 630 98 668.91 632.69 670.87 706.65 872.15 (10) 46.7 43.3 44.6 44.0 42.5 41.4 39.0 39.6 41.9 135.27 171.82 191 . 35 210.42 249 . 36 250.53 209.85 277.18 307.73 (11) 11.8 14.0 14.8 15.0 15.9 16.4 15.5 15.5 14.8 33.01 32.69 20 . 79 46.72 35.94 56.33 67.19 44 91 43.17 (12) 2.9 2.7 2 1 3.2 2.3 3.7 3.9 2.5 2.1 29.24 34.67 30. 37 26.92 66.66 40.17 73.00 72, 54 80.68 (13) 2.5 2.8 2.8 1.9 4.2 2.6 4.2 4.0 3.9 22.70 30.24 22.80 33.94 39.47 29.27 37.60 38.72 33.69 (14) 2.0 2.5 1.7 2.4 2.5 1.9 2.2 2.2 1.6 15.18 19.85 13.20 15.01 21.44 43.25 28.44 42.25 35.62 (15) 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.4 2.8 1.6 2.4 1.7 10.99 12.24 15. 39 18.. 36 16.10 11.74 20.03 15.53 24.42 (16) 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.0 0.8 1.2 0.9 1.2 36.33 39.54 49.00 45.26 53.12 38.10 75.12 31.90 74.34 (17) 3.2 3.2 3.7 3.1 3.4 2.5 4.3 1.8 3.6 32.16 37.14 32.82 34.80 35.19 29.19 42.87 50.38 85.12 (18) 2.8 3.0 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.9 2.5 2.8 4.1 28.80 27.18 30. IS 32.05 38.45 35 81 49. 32 63.28 101.43 (19) 2.5 2.2 2 8 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.8 3.5 4.8 37. 8S 49.78 52.94 78.61 70.18 91. 52 128.73 139 IS 125. 58 (20) 3.3 I 4 5 4 4 9 6 7 4 7 S CHAPTER IV THE STANDARD OF LIVING General Outline of the Standard In general outline the standard of living suggested for the standard fiunily assumed in this report is as follows : Classes op Expenditure Cost per Year at Autumn 1918 Prices All classes $1,636 . 79 Specified standard $1,352.72 Housing $240.00 Fuel and light 75.00 Food 660.09 Clothing 299.43 Carfare 35.40 Cleaning supphes and services 42 . 80 Unspecified standard — 21 % of cost of specified standard $284 . 07 Division of the Standard into Specified and Unspecified In so far as it was possible to do so, the requirements of this standard are set forth in the following pages in terms of actu £,l goods and services. Since these re- quirements, hmvevcr, could not be expressed through- out in actual goods and services, the standard has been divided into two sections, the specified section and the unspecified section. In the specified section are included all items or classes of the household budget for which the requirements could be set forth in terms of goods and services, and in the unspecified section are included those classes that could not be set forth in 38 The Standard of Living 39 this mann er. The classes included in the specified section are housing, fuel and hght, food, clothing, carfare, and cleaning supplies and services. These constitute approximately 82 per cen t of the en- tire household budget. In the unsjjecified section are included health; furnitiu' e and furnishings; taxes, dues and contributions; recreation and amusements; education and reading; insurance; and miscellaneous expenditures, which together constitute the remaining 18 per cent of the household budget. Presentation of the Specified Section A discussion of the specified section naturally re- solves itself into a statement of the requirements of a fair standard of living, followed by data supporting these requirements. This method has been pursued throughout in the treatment of the various classes of the household budget included in the specified section. Presentation of the Unspecified Section In the case of the unspecified section it obviously was not possible to give a statement of requirements. All that could be done was to show the distribution of expenditures by various objects. This distribution, however, will give a fairly definite idea of the detailed needs that must be met out of the unspecified section of the household budget and will give also some in- dication of the relative importance of these needs. Besides outlining the contents of a fair standard of living, this chapter shows the current (autumn of 1918) cost of such a standard. In the specified section are shown, not only the actual goods and services that are considered necessaiy, but also their current prices and their total current cost. 40 Wnrkingwen's Standard of Limng in Philadelphia Method of Arriving at Cost of Unspecified Section In arriving at the current cost of the unspecified section, which could not be expressed in terms of goods and services, a different method had to be adopted. After considering the problem carefully from all angles, we came to the conclusion that for all practical purposes it would be sufficiently accurate to reckon the cost of this section as a certain percentage of the cost of the specified section. This percentage should correspond with the normal relationship sho^^^l by uivestigation to exist between these two parts of the workingman's household budget. From our own data it would appear that the imspecified section of the budget is approxi- mately 21 per cent of the specified section. This find- ing is confirmed by the recent investigations made in different parts of the country by the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. In the present instance, the cost of the specified standard is $1,352.72. By adopting the method just described, that is, by taking 21 per cent of this amount, we find that the cost of the imspecified standard is S284.07. The cost of the standard as a whole equals the sum of these two amounts, or $1,636.79. Comparison of Cost Variation of Unspecified Section with that of Specified Section This method is based upon the assumption that the cost of the unspecified standard will vary directly wdth the cost of the specified standard. In other words, if the cost of the specified standard shows an increase of, let us say, 20 per cent over its cost a year ago, it is assumed that a like increase has taken place in the cost of the unspecified standard. In so far as this assumption is not true, the method herein adopted will be mislead- The Standa/rd of Limng 41 ing. It is pertinent, therefore, to inquire into the prob- able extent that we may be misled by following this method. Let us suppose a very extreme case. Let us suppose that since the time of our field investigation no in- crease whatever had taken place in the cost of the items in the unspecified standard and that the original figure of $222.64 is still correct. By applying the method adopted in this report we arrive at $284.07 as the cost of the unspecified standard, an amount $61.43 or 27.6 per cent higher than the original figure. The unspecified standard, however, constitutes only 18 per cent of the household budget, so that the per- centage of error for the entire standard is only 18 per cent of 27.6 per cent, or 4.97 per cent. It is obvious, therefore, that even in a most extreme case, the final error would not be overwhelmingly great. Cost Variation of the Items of the Unspecified Section Considered Separately It is very unlikely, however, that such a variance in cost fluctuation between the specified and the un- specified standard would ever occur. The two groups of items, after all, are very closely related and are bound to respond in much the same manner to causes affecting prices. If we scan the classes of expenditures that comprise the unspecified standard we shall find that practically all of them have conformed to the rapid upward trend that has characterized the course of the specified classes during the last few years. Health First in the list of unsp ^ified class es of expenditures is health. As shown in Table 17 over' 50 per cent of the 42 ]Vurhing7nen*s Standard of Living in Philadelphia average family's exjienditures for health are for serv- ices of the physician. The mere fact, therefore, that since the outbreak of the great war physicians liave increased their fees from 50 to 100 per cent would mean a marked advance in the cost of general health necessities. The physician's service, however, is not the only item in this class that has advanced. Drugs also have risen very rapidly. An api)r()ximate idea of the extent of this rise may be obtained from the wholesale index niunbers of the U. S. Bureau of La))or Statistics for chemicals and drugs. According to these index numbers the wholesale prices of chemicals and drugs in August, 191S, were about 12 per cent higlier than the average 1917 prices and more than 100 per cent higher than the average 1914 prices. It is diffi- cult to estimate with exactness the increase that has taken place during the last year in the cost of all health items combined, but it seems safe to conclude from the facts just cited that an increase has taken place and that this increase, if not as great as the average for all specified classes, is at least as great as the uicrease for housing and greater than the increase for carfare, both of which are included in the specified standard. Furniture and Furnishings The next class in the unspecified standard is furni- ture and fiirnishings. This, too, has conformed toThe upward trend of prices. According to the retail index nmnbers of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics for Philadelphia, the cost of funiiture and furnishings has risen lO.j per cent from December, 1914, to August, 1918. During the same period all household expendi- tures combined increased only 67 per cent. It is The Standard of Living 43 evident from this fact that furniture and furnishings not only kept pace with the specified classes but actu- ally exceeded them. If we confme our obser^'ation to the period from December, 1917, to August, 1918, we find that all classes of the household budget have advanced about IG per cent, whereas furniture and furnishings have advanced 37 per cent, thus confirming our first impression. It is interesting to note also that for both the longer and the shorter period the increase in the cost of furniture and furnishings is practically the same as the increase in the cost of clothing. Taxes, Dues and Contributions The third class in the unspecified standard is taxes, dues and contributions. In connection with this class it is necessary to distinguish between two different points of view. One is that the rate of taxes and the actual amounts of dues and contributions are the factors that detennine whether there has been any change in cost. The other is that the standard of support given to government, church, and lodge is the important factor to be considered. If, owing to an increase in the cost of commodities in general, the operating expenses of an organization, whether pubhc or private, are advanced, the ^Kli^'idual member must increase his contributions accordingly or lower his standard of support. For our present purpose, the latter point of view seems more nearly correct than the former. Wlien we are interested in the cost of maintaining a given standard of li\'ing, we are inter- ested also in the cost of maintauiing a certain standard of support of such organizations as are dependent upon taxes, dues or contributions. We are not interested in the cost of a less adequately supported organization 44 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia and hence not interested in mere rates which may fail to correspond to the increased costs of maintaining the activities of the organization. Proceeding, then, upon the thesis that the standard of support must be the basis for ascertaining changes in the cost of items hsted under taxes, dues and contri- butions, let us see whether this cost has remained stationary during the past few years or whether it has shown an upward tendency. In so far as an organiza- tion requires the same commodities as a household — fuel and hght, for example — the cost fluctuation should be the same as it is in maintaining a household. If part of the operating expenses are for salaries and wages and standards of compensation are to be kept up, then there must be a fluctuation of cost corre- sponding almost exactly to that of the household. If union dues are to provide the same amount of rehef and protection that they made possible at lower price levels, they must be increased as much as prices have increased. In other words, the cost of maintaining a given standard of support of public or private organ- izations is so directly dependent upon the same prices that affect the cost of maintaining a household that the two costs inevitably must fluctuate in about the same manner. Recreation and Amusements The fourth class in the unspecified standard is recreation and amusements. By consulting Table 20 we find that the major part of the expenditures in this class are for excursions, movies, and playthings. Ex- cursions involve expenses for railroad fares, meals, refreshments, and other incidentals, all of which have gone up in cost during the last few years. Movies The Standard of Living 45 have not advanced to the same extent nor as generally as most items in the family budget, but they have not remained entirely stationary. "Where the price of admis- sion has not been raised there still is the 10 per cent tax that makes this form of amusement more costly than in former years. Toys and playthings, on the other hand, have increased very decidedly. As a class, it may be said that recreation and amusements has fol- lowed the general trend upward fairly closely, although it has not advanced quite as rapidly as most of the other classes. Education and Reading The fifth class in the unspecified standard is educa- tion and reading. The principal items to be considered in this class are newspapers, school supphes, and stationery. Newspapers have advanced about 70 per cent during the last few years, and school supplies, such as tablets and pencils, also have gone up very con- siderably. Stationery for correspondence purposes has soared since the outbreak of the war. This class too, therefore, has moved upward with the procession. Insurance The sixth class in the unspecified standard is in- surance. Analogous to the case of taxes, dues and contributions, we are here concerned, not with rates of premium, but with the cost of maintaining a given standard of protection. When we consider that this standard of protection is determined by the quantity and quality of goods and services the face of an in- surance policy will buy, it immediately appears that the cost of insurance protection must vary directly with the cost of the other items of the family budget. 46 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia Miscellaneous Expenditures The last class in the unspecified standard is viiscel- laneoiis expenditures. The items in this class that are important both in point of average annual cost and in point of the number of famiUes reporting expendi- tures therefor are tobacco, ice cream, candy, and soda water. Although spending-money for the husband and for the cliildren at work also looms large, this no doubt is applicable, for the most part, to the items already mentioned. It is unnecessary to point out in detail how much each of them has advanced in price, for it is a matter of common knowledge that all of them have gone up verj' considerably. ^Vfter this cursory- examination of the various classes composing the unspecified standard, it would appear that this standard has conformed very closely to the upward trend of the specified standard. Whether this conformity has been complete, it is difficult to estimate; but the discrepancy, if there has been any, was doubtless negligible. This view is confirmed by the present practice of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics which assumes that all other items of the household budget fluctuate in cost in the same manner and to exactly the same degree as clothing, furniture and fmnishings, food, housing, and fuel and hght. For all practical purposes, therefore, it seems perfectly safe to adopt the method herein suggested for ascer- taining the cost of the unspecified standard. The Standard of Living 47 The Specified Standard HOUSING Requirements of a Fair Standard Annual rent $240 . 00 Two-story row house, with six rooms, facing street; bathroom, inchiding toilet, washstand, and tub; laundry; furnace; and facilities for gas for cook- ing and lighting. Supporting Data Typical housing facilities of Philadelphia working- men. The above standard conforms closely to what we found to be typical housing facilities of the families in- cluded in our investigation. The following is a sum- mary of our findings: By how many Families Housing Facilities Possessed General character of house: One-famUy house House facing front Row house Semi-detached house One-story house Two-story house Three-story house House with basement Number of rooms (exclusive of bathroom) : Three or less Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine or over Location of water supply: Kitchen Bathroom Basement 48 Workingmens Standard of Living in Philadelphia Housing Facilities Locaiion of water supply: — Continual Shed Yard All the foregoing Kitchen, bathroom, yard, and shed Kitchen, bathroom, and one other place ... Kitchen and bathroom Kitchen and one place other than bathroom , Method of heating: Stoves Furnace Hot water Gas used for: Lighting Cooking Both cooking and lighting Neither Electricity used for lighting Where clothes are washed: Basement Kitchen and yard Shed or laundry Toilet facilities: Bathroom Water-closet in house " " yard " " shed " " " both house and yard " " " " " " shed " " used by one family " " " " two families Privy used by one family " " " two families By how many Families Possessed Number Per Cent 20 210 None 12 153 26 38 84 172 4 249 243 235 3 3 3 164 93 224 174 79 6 4 2 245 8 6 1 7.7 80.8 0.0 4.6 58.8 10.0 14.6 32.3 66.2 1.5 95.8 93.5 90.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 63.1 35.7 86.2 66.9 30.4 2.3 1.5 0.8 94.2 3.1 2.3 0.4 This standard also describes a type of dwelling that is very common in Philadelphia. In all the industrial sections of the city a large proportion of the homes are six-room houses, with a furnace for heating and gas for cooking and lighting. A bathroom, including toilet, washstand, and tub, is usually also among the conveniences of a house of this size. The standard The Standard of Living 49 adopted, therefore, is not at all an unrealizable ideal, but rather a description of a typical Philadelphia workingman's home. Current rentals. The allowance of $240 a year, or $20 a month, for rent was decided upon after a general survey during November, 1918, of rents through- out the city. It was found that in some sections houses of the type called for in this standard rented for sHghtly more than this allowance, while in other sections they rented for slightly less. Twenty dollars a month, however, was a very frequent figure and seemed to be a fair average for the entire city. Another angle of approach brings us to practically the same conclusion. Of the 260 families included in our investigation, 218 rented their houses. The aver- age rental paid by these families was $18.31 per month. This figure may be taken as representing 1917 con- ditions, for July 1 of that year happens to be the date midway between the beginning and the end of the period to which our facts relate. According to the Philadelphia Housing Association, the average in- crease since 1917 in the rent of houses such as our standard describes has been $2 per month. By adding this increase to our 1917 figure we arrive at $20.31 as the probable monthly rent in the autumn of 1918. 9S O a o a ^ go o 11 el m'-' 3 a a b a . O OS ^ M fa o ° 5 ^ r S O Ph « P < O tuoourjivq ro}"i utnojijitxj uioouiifoq V'.'.ll 1P)01 moosyixxi tmoj moodijjvq tuoojyjoq WAi. mox tuoo^i/jvq C^ -H -^CO-H rH •IN^'-CO-I >-H -H M «5 (N « 1-1 —I .-I l-H CO t- W W l-H ^ l-H M Tf —I 1-1 ?i';''i; 3Bvj3a.y ssyiyuivf jo uiqmn^ OXI.MAiO eaniwvj AO Has was; saniivvj JO uaaivQM CO co^o:;roO'^0'0->ro O 00^3"JH^Oi-iO-*;^0 o o -^ CO r~ o ■>* CO » r^ oi o .0;c ^ 1-1 C>1 CO lO — I T)< Ol N U5 CO C^ .-hiMt1) •2^3 1 'Q i:^ jumpt n of 3 mptio 1 1 AZ-r/iT/ c .2 ^ <-0 e^ l_ 9/-^/6/ <0 -3 a 8 1 19^ < 2 3-3 ^ So -i 9/-Z/. ■2SJ\ 2 J2 _C a t." represents the average f esents the ave \ 1 o CO .2 -t^/-P/^ 1 1 ^ c3 to ^ b W a g- e/-//,{Z 1 (3 1 -►J T3 -a c ar labele bar rep fourth b 1*1 S E o ond b e thirc The 13-14. i o S to eH 00 "^ 1 ^ The The ies. 917-1 urine :;i »H TS 58 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia Table 6. Annual Food Consumption as Shown by Estimates. By Classes and Articles op Food Classes and articles OF FOOD All olasses Bread and cereals Barley Bread Buckwheat Buns and rolls Cakes, miscellaneous Cereals, ready- cooked, unspecified. Cornflakes Cornmeal Cornstarch Crackers Flour, wheat Grapenuts Hominy. Macaroni Noodles Oatmeal Pies Rice Shredded wheat . . . . Spaghetti Tapioca Wheat breakfast foods Meals arid fish Bacon Beef, dried Beef, fresh Clama Fish, canned Fish, fresh Fish, salt or dried . . . Fowl and game Ham, luncheon Lamb Meats, ready-cooked Mutton Oysters Pork Sausage Scrapple Veal Meat aitbslitiUes Beans, dried Buttermilk Cheese, American paJe Cheese, cream Cheese, Swiss Eggs. ■■;■-, Infants' food Number OF FAMILIES REPORT- INQ USE OF 260 200 36 248 56 C4 72 27 131 191 152 255 2 4 68 2 212 34 247 20 122 54 260 83 65 259 11 105 179 72 172 103 68 141 72 107 167 141 168 54 260 207 41 147 16 33 251 2 Average per standard family (3.80 units of consumption) QUANTITT Total Protein (lbs.) (lbs.) 5,459.52 323.05 1,421.49 158.82 2.56 .22 987.94 117.56 6.20 .40 68.74 4.33 17.04 1.01 6.92 .80 2.71 .31 22.17 2.04 12.01 21.11 2.15 152.99 15.91 .04 .01 .50 .04 6.60 .88 .04 .01 50.29 8.10 7.09 .22 40.95 3.28 1.96 .21 10.68 1.29 2.59 .01 .36 .04 492.85 77.09 11.25 1.07 4.02 1.81 237.52 37.53 .15 .02 3.91 .80 49.38 5.93 9.29 1.60 17.17 2.35 17.41 3.85 14.68 2.33 17.94 5.51 14.79 2.04 6.05 .30 43.96 5.89 15.14 1.97 21.06 2.74 8.53 1.29 907.18 53.23 28.68 6.45 11.32 .34 11.53 3.32 1.62 .34 2 13 .58 109.86 13.07 1.82 .23 Carbo- hydrates (lbs.) 1,025.67 436.21 2.00 122.68 4.83 39.39 10.24 5.32 2.08 16.72 10.81 15.28 119.95 .03 .40 4.89 .03 33.95 3.03 32.35 1.53 8.15 2.28 .27 .61 FaU (lbs.) .01 .20 68.62 17.09 .54 .07 .03 1.39 282.64 18.17 .03 2.96 .07 4.47 1.81 .10 .04 .42 1.86 1.84 (') (') .06 (') 3.62 .69 .12 .03 .04 (') .01 87.86 6.69 .25 36.10 (') .34 1.97 .39 11 .59 .00 .33 .43 .08 10.64 6.69 9.31 .94 49.60 .52 .06 4.14 .02 .74 10.22 .06 Fitel value (calories) 4,361,587.32 1,899.185.52 4,243.69 l,175,f>19.06 10,048.38 100,017.26 28,541.94 11,784.21 4,613.14 36,691.18 20,119.40 40,207.27 260,085 . 76 73.10 828.19 10,988.04 69.94 93,538.61 8,999.10 66,751.33 3,330.29 17,734.18 4,274.71 596.76 514,444.26 30,219.00 4,435.20 221,608.21 51.10 2.922.08 19,161.06 8,852.41 13,309.14 22.285.84 12,765.84 20,089 . 73 18,260.21 1,392.54 55,827.04 32,168.97 44,743.23 6,352.66 427,502.77 46,024.46 1,868.26 23,684.07 824.07 4,280.99 69,762 . 33 3,264.27 (') Less than one two-hundredth of 1 pound. The Standard of Living 59 Table 6 — Continued Classes and articles OF FOOD Meat substitutes (cont'd) Milk, condensed Milk, evaporated.. . . Milk, freah Milk, skimmed Nuts Peanut butter Peas, dried Shortening Butter Crisco Lard Oleomargarine Olive oil Suet Vegetables, fresh Asparagus Beets Cabbage Carrots Cauliflower Celery Corn Cucumbers Eggplant Lettuce Lima beans Onions Parsnips Peas Peppers Potatoes, Irish Potatoes, sweet. . . . Pumpkins Radishes Rhubarb Spinach Squash String beana Tomatoes Turnips Vegetables, unspeci- fied Number OF FAMILIES REPORT- ING USB OF Vegetables, canned Asparagus Baked beans Beets Com Lima beans Onions Peas Soups, unspecified . . . String beans Tomatoes Vegetables, unspeci- fied 91 66 226 6 77 99 45 260 194 39 217 89 53 11 260 28 57 183 125 8 17 197 12 17 107 92 256 4 70 7 260 6 1 7 4 59 1 162 253 121 232 3 51 1 147 6 1 148 8 8 173 10 Average per standard family (3.80 units of co.nsumptio.v) Quantity Total (lbs.) Protein (lbs.) 17.91 22 . 25 682.21 8.04 1.50 5.45 2.86 135.12 62.71 4.25 35.97 27.99 2.33 1 1,620.90 3.24 11.24 75.68 38.67 1.87 1.49 89 . 23 1.37 1.00 2.41 24 . S6 90.83 1.04 21.86 1.53 994.29 7.05 .02 .64 .64 8.77 .26 42.91 159.38 34.32 6.30 88.92 .58 8.09 .43 18.25 .56 .03 20.06 2.46 .43 36.29 1.74 1.58 2.14 22.51 .27 .10 1.60 .70 .34 .08 26.58 .06 .15 1.06 .34 .03 .01 1.07 .01 .01 .02 .80 1.27 .01 .79 .01 17.90 .10 (■) .01 (') .18 (■) .90 1.43 .31 .11 2.35 .01 .56 .01 .51 .02 (') ,72 .05 .01 .44 .02 Carbo- hydrates (lbs.) 9.69 2.49 34.11 .41 .10 .93 1.77 186.78 .11 .86 3.67 2 . 86 .09 .04 6.87 .04 .05 .06 2.46 8.08 .11 2.14 .06 146.16 1.16 (■) .03 .01 .28 . 01 3.00 6.22 1.96 .45 8.76 .02 1.59 .03 3.47 .08 (') 1.96 .08 .01 1.45 .07 Fats (lbs.) 1.49 2.07 27.29 .02 .40 2.54 .03 120.62 53.31 4.25 35.97 23.23 2.33 1.53 2.91 .06 .01 .15 .07 .01 (■) .36 (') (') .01 .07 .27 (') .04 (') .99 .04 (') (■) (■) (>) (■) .13 .64 .03 .03 .55 .01 .20 (') .22 (>) (') .04 .01 (') .07 (0 Fuel value (calories) 25.610.25 17,355.00 211,483.80 1,327.23 1,872.59 15,404 . 10 4,741.35 510,582.45 226,085 . 00 17,955.37 151,781.51 98,659.17 9,492.94 6,608.46 404,276.00 340.03 1,797.83 8,703.59 6,186.79 261.62 96.94 16,060.83 88.75 129.50 156.85 6,338.45 17,257.17 239 . 77 5,573.22 138.39 308,228.76 3,243.53 .93 60.80 41.41 832 . 63 26.06 7,294.36 15,938.01 4,118.17 1,121.61 22,206.31 48.90 4,489.82 78.93 8,305.10 201.54 5.23 5.115.43 307.65 41.08 3,447.52 165.11 (0 Less than one two-hundredth of 1 pound. 60 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia Table 6 — Continued Classes and Awncixa or FOOD fruits, freah Apples Ban&nas Berries, unspecified . Blackberries Cantaloupes Cherries Currants Gooseberries Grapefruit Grapes Lemons Oranges Peaches Peara F*ineapplcs Plunis Raspberries Strawberries Watermelons Fruits, canned Cherries Fruits, unspecified . Peaches Pears Pineapple PruiU, dried Apples Apricots Currants ......... Fruits, unspecified. Peaches Prunes Raisins Sugara Jams and Jellies. . Molasses Sugar, granulated . Bereraoet Cereal cofifee Cocoa Coffee Tea Miacetianeoua .... Olives Pickles Sauerkraut .... Tomato ratnup. NnuBER or rAMlLIES REPOKT- INQ nsB or 253 226 63 22 7 9 6 4 1 10 32 1 136 209 33 11 17 1 30 41 5 8 24 10 11 200 1 5 3 121 10 48 137 260 100 202 259 260 4 149 249 241 210 4 91 173 55 Average per standard familt (3.80 UNITS or CONHOMPTION) Quantity ToUd 389.93 212 48 9.44 3.92 .46 1.79 .22 .07 .02 4.18 2.73 .08 53.27 87.36 8.21 .71 .88 .06 2.75 1.30 5.14 .25 .66 2.19 1.05 .99 22.43 .10 .26 .11 10.52 .81 3.25 7.38 281.63 11 70 20 .59 243.34 66.26 .48 4 98 4fi..'>2 14.28 27.67 .07 4.13 19.69 3 78 Protein (U>a.) 1.68 .64 OS .04 .01 .01 (') (') (') .03 .03 (■) .32 .44 .04 {') .01 .01 .02 (') .03 (') .01 .02 (') (') .61 (') .01 (') ..34 .04 .05 .17 .12 .12 1.08 (') 1.08 (') Carbo- hudrales itbs.) 38 39 22.95 1.3.') .40 .05 .08 .02 .01 (') .36 .39 .01 4 53 . 73 1.04 .06 .17 .01 .19 .04 .91 .05 .07 .24 .19 .36 14.66 .07 .16 .08 6.77 .50 2.02 5.06 267.50 5.55 18.61 243.34 1.89 .01 1.88 1.34 .01 .11 .75 .47 PaU .95 .64 .04 .04 .01 (') (') .03 (') .05 .09 .03 (') .02 (') (') (•) (') (') .01 .40 (') (') (') .17 .01 .22 1.44 1.44 .13 .01 .01 .10 .01 Fuel value {caioriei) 09.827.41 40.370.79 2.455 24 835.78 123 23 143.17 57.30 19 18 5 70 627 22 806.41 10.14 7,990 34 13,540 58 1.887 .36 141 31 324 14 11 94 412.06 64.80 1,810.91 104.15 145 08 480.77 372.82 707.49 28,166.65 120.10 293 19 161 62 12,1.52 03 907 82 3.861 76 10,670.13 468,978.55 10..568.41 32,568.92 425,841.22 10,778 98 14 42 10.764.58 3,827 51 73 77 280 22 2.461 63 1 .002 89 (■) Less than one two-hundredth of 1 pound. The Standard of Living 61 Table 7. Annual Food Consumption During 1917-18 as Shown BY THE Account-Book Records of 31 Families. By Classes AND Articles of Food Clabses and arttclbs OF FOOD All OLABSEa . Bread and cereals Barley Hread Buckwheat Buns anil rolls Cakes, miscellaneous Cereals, ready- cooked, unspecified . Cornflakes Commeal Cornstarch Crackers Flour, wheat Hominy Macaroni Noodles Oatmeal Pies Rice Shredded wheat Spaghetti Tapioca Wheat breakfast foods Meats and fish Bacon Beef, dried Beef, fresh Clams Fish, canned Fish, fresh Fish, salt or dried . . . Fowl and game Ham, luncheon Lamb Meats, ready-cooked Meats, unspecified. . . Mutton Oysters Pork Sausage Scrapple Veal Meat substiirUes. . . . Bean.s, dried Buttermilk Cheese, American pale Cheese, Swiss .... Cocoanut Eggs Number OK FAMILIES REPORT- ING D8E OF 31 31 4 31 11 16 29 1 7 9 7 21 21 2 13 9 IS 13 20 8 31 IS 10 30 C, 19 17 12 9 22 12 23 2 3 IG 21 24 21 13 31 20 1 23 3 3 30 AVEKAOE PER STANDARD FAMILY (3.80 UNITS OF CON8D.SIPTION) Quantity j Total {lbs.) Protein (lbs.) Carbo- hydrates (lbs.) Fats (.lbs.) 5,120.55 307 . 35 1.267.32 284.09 1.176.61 129 . 59 680.06 21. 34 2.52 .21 1.96 .03 780.46 92.87 401. SM 2.34 10.31 .60 8.03 .12 46.67 2.94 26.74 3.03 79.12 4.67 47.55 8.39 1 SO .21 1.38 .03 1,2(1 .14 .92 .02 10.79 .99 8.14 .21 3.12 2.81 23 23 2.37 16.82 2.04 118,82 12.36 93.15 1.43 1 . 20 .10 .95 .01 9.44 1.26 7.00 .08 14.63 1.71 11.06 .15 37 . 89 6.10 25.58 2.73 4.83 .15 2.07 .47 15.11 1.21 11.94 .05 12.59 1.32 9.81 .IS .90 .11 .69 (') .24 (■) .21 (') 1.74 .21 1.31 .03 5.34.28 91.94 1.49 99.57 17.53 1.67 10.41 2.52 .99 .14 202.67 32.02 30.81 .89 .09 .05 .01 4 63 .95 .40 24 . 52 2 94 .98 10.22 1.76 1.53 15.83 2 17 1.95 15.20 3. 36 3.13 25.49 4.05 3 47 86.76 26.64 11.28 .22 .03 .03 1.80 .25 .42 24.57 1.47 .81 .32 32.39 4.34 7.84 .35.77 4.65 .39 15.81 22 24 2.89 .24 9 83 11.03 1.67 1.21 1.124.28 57.37 71.56 56.17 27 28 6 14 16.26 .49 1 03 .03 .05 .01 15.51 4.47 5.57 .36 .10 (') .13 ..36 .02 .11 .21 104.15 1 2 .39 9.69 Fuel taltie {calories) 4,189.869.19 1.593,986 60 4,158 00 928,747 40 16.702.20 67.904.85 132.526.00 3.063 . 60 2,042 40 17,857 45 5.226.00 44.253 15 201.994.00 1.980.00 1.5,717 60 24.358 95 70.475 40 6,134.10 24,629 30 21.403.(X) 1.494 (H) 396.00 2.923 . 20 593.372 , 63 47.068 05 2.419 20 189,091 11 302 60 3.463.24 9.513.76 9.739.66 12.268.25 19,456 00 22.176.30 97,171 20 205 26 2.223 00 5.651 . 10 41.1.35 30 76.011 25 47,260 00 8.217.35 465,577 50 43,784 40 169.95 31.873 05 723 60 1.031 40 66.1.35 25 (■) Less than one two-hundredth of 1 pound. 62 Warkingmen^s Standard of Living in Philadelphia Table 7 — Continued CLASeES AND ARTICLES OF FOOD Number or FAMILIES KKPORT- INQ rsB OF AVERAQE PER STANDARD FAMILY (3.80 DN1T8 OF consumption) Quantity Total (lb».) Protein Carbo- hydralea (lbs.) FcUs (lbs.) 8.10 .71 4.38 .67 .24 .02 .03 .02 931.54 30.74 46.58 37.26 26.81 .91 1.37 .08 2.70 .19 .18 .72 2.78 .81 .48 1.29 3.42 .84 2.12 .03 114.55 .92 101.12 01.51 .62 52.28 3 72 3.72 20.08 20.20 20.08 24.34 .29 4.54 4.54 .36 .01 .30 1,124.49 19.31 130.61 2.03 9.35 .17 .31 .02 23.38 .30 1.80 .02 53.48 .75 2.57 .11 30.91 .28 2.29 .06 7.67 .14 .36 .04 5.87 .05 .15 .01 23 37 .28 1.80 .0!) 3.9C .03 .10 .01 1.80 .02 .09 .01 6.71 .07 .17 .01 49.13 1.57 4.86 .15 43.65 .61 3.88 .13 2.03 .03 .22 .01 28.36 1.02 2.78 .06 2.18 .03 .08 (') 657.69 11.84 96.68 .66 24.32 .34 5.33 .15 .84 (■) .02 (') . 1 . 59 .01 .06 (') 15.65 .06 .34 .06 2.18 .05 .07 .01 .96 .01 .04 (') 40.71 .85 2.81 .12 69.79 .63 2.72 .28 18.91 .17 1.08 .02 131.50 4.33 15.01 1.16 1.20 .02 .03 (0 24.88 1.72 4.88 .62 1.02 .02 .08 (') 27.87 .78 5 . 30 ..33 30.20 1.09 2.96 .06 11.60 .28 .37 .07 .29 .01 .01 .01 34.44 .41 1.38 .07 517.11 2.33 53.31 1.47 252.22 .76 27.24 .76 17.64 .14 2.52 .07 3.15 .03 .32 .04 Fuel value (calories) Meat subatUutea (cont'd.) Milk, condensed Milk, evaporated.. . . Milk, fresh Milk, skimmed Nuta Peanut butter Peas, dried Shortening Butter Crisco Lard Oleomargarine Olive oil Suet Vegetables, fresh . . , Asparagus Beets Cabbage Carrots Cauliflower. ... Celery Com Cucumbers .... Eggplant Lettuce Lima beans. . . . Onions Parsnips Peas Peppers ....... Potatoes, Irish . Potatoes, sweet . Pumpkins Radishes Rhubarb Spinach Squash String beans . . . Tomatoes Turnips Vegetables, canned. . . Asparagus Beans Beets Com Peas Soups, unspecified . Spinach Tomatoes Fruits, fresh Apples . Bananas Bcrrirs, unspecified . 17 1 31 1 7 7 •6 31 28 4 26 12 6 2 31 5 8 24 20 8 16 7 5 3 20 9 30 3 6 7 27 10 1 6 7 4 2 11 17 13 28 2 17 1 18 16 13 1 20 30 25 12 3 11,583.00 187.20 288,777.40 4,423.65 3,375.00 7,853.50 5.660.10 427,784.73 221,743.55 15,698.40 84,737.60 85,798.-50 18,532.28 1.274.40 283,879.00 981.75 3,740.80 6,1.50.20 4.945.60 1,073.80 381.55 4,206 60 257 . 40 2,34 00 4.30.15 12,528.15 8,293.. 50 466 . 90 7,231.80 189.00 203,883 . 90 11,187.20 50.40 151.05 1,017.25 207 . 10 96.00 6,920.70 6.979.00 2,269.20 39.278.15 102.00 13.808.40 188.70 12,680.85 7.701.00 1,450.00 75.40 3.271.80 96,704.50 47.921.80 4,586.40 670.95 (■) Less than one two-hundredth of 1 pound. The Standard of Living 63 Table 7 — Continued Classes and abticles OF FOOD Fruit, fresh {cont'd.) Cantaloupes Crab apples Cranberries Grapefruit Grapes Lemons Oranges Peaches Pears Pineapples Plums Quinces Strawberries Fruits, canned. Cherries. . . Peaches . . . . Pears Pineapple.. . Fruits, dried , Apricots. . Citron . . . . Peaches . . , Prunes . . . . Raisins. . . Sugars Apple butter Candy Jams and jellies . . . Molasses Sugar, brown Sugar, granulated . Sugar, loaf Syrup Beverages , Cocoa Coffee Tea Miscellaneous. . . . Mincemeat . . . . Olives Sauerkraut. . . . Tomato catsup . NUMBEB OF F.\MIUEa REPORT- ING 08B OF 1 1 .3 5 9 10 16 11 10 2 3 1 1 9 1 6 2 5 18 2 2 5 10 11 31 2 20 9 18 1 29 2 4 30 12 29 23 24 2 2 18 15 Average per standard family (3.80 UNITS OF consumption) Quantity Total {lbs.) 1.08 3.60 1.59 11.15 14.81 10.46 83.51 65.69 46.99 .72 3.15 .90 .45 14.78 .24 9.35 2.88 2.31 15.92 .36 .09 1.92 6.12 7.43 308.05 2.19 16.14 2.76 11.06 .48 271.94 .72 2.76 38.61 2.70 29.50 6.41 26.37 .71 .16 17.99 7.51 Protein {lbs.) (>) .01 .01 .07 .15 .07 .50 .33 .23 (0 .03 (•) (') .09 (') .07 .01 .01 .39 .02 (0 .09 .11 .17 .03 {') ".03 .58 .58 .47 .05 (') .31 .11 Carbo- hydrates {lbs.) .05 .39 .16 .95 2.13 .62 7.10 5.06 5.97 .07 .60 .10 .03 1.42 .05 .01 .52 .84 10.40 .23 .07 1.20 3.81 5.09 300.40 .81 15.49 1.31 7.74 .46 271.94 .72 1.93 1.02 1.02 2.04 .43 .01 .68 .92 Fats {lbs.) .01 .01 .01 .18 .05 .08 .07 .19 (') (') .04 (') .01 .01 .02 .24 (') (') .02 .22 .02 .02 Fuel valxi« {calories) 86.40 684.00 341.85 1,672.50 4,368.95 1,307.50 12,526.50 10,181.95 10,807.70 144.00 1,165.50 171.00 67.50 4,830.65 99.60 2,057.00 1,022.40 1.651.63 20,721.40 405.00 137.25 2,160.00 7,282.80 10.736.35 652,572.58 1.598.70 28,809.90 2,492.28 13.548.50 847.20 475,895.00 126,000.00 3,381.00 5,832.00 5,832.00 5,329.43 926.53 164.00 2,248.75 1,990.15 (') Less than one two-hundredth of 1 pound. C4 Workingmens Standard of Living in Philadelphia Table 8. Annual Food Consumption During 1913-14 as Shown by Account-Hook Recouus ok Fouu F'amilieb. Hy Classes and Akticles of Food Classes and articles or FOOD All CLASSES Bread and cereal* Barley Hn-ad Buckwheat Buns and rolls Cakes, miscellaneous Cereals, ready- cooked, UQspeciBed. Cornflakes Cornmeal Cornstarch Crackers Flour, wheat Noodles Oatmeal Pies Rice Shreddeti wheat Tapioca Meats and fish Bacon Beef, fresh Clams Fish, canned Fish, fresh. Fish, salt or dried . . . Fowl and game Ham. luncheon Lamb Meats, ready-cooked Meats, unspecified. . . Mutton Oysters Pork Sausage Scrapple Veal Meat substitutes Beans, dried Cheese, American ^: :::::. :::.::: Muk, condensed Milk, evaporated. . . . Milk, fresh Nuts Peanut butter Peas, dried Shortening Butter NCUBBR OF FAMIUEH BEPORT- INQ (J8E OF AVERAOE PEIi HTANUAKU FAMILY (.3. SO U.NITH OK CONHUMITIO.N) Quantity Total (lbs.) J.Ul.tW 793.50 2.1 2C3 . 33 1.30 27.93 135.35 18.70 6.96 2.17 .43 21.74 268. 3 3.10 9.78 12.28 18.26 .33 1.30 731.37 27 . 3.' 223.28 1.09 15.91 28.70 6.09 23 . 48 35.98 40.27 43.95 9.18 49.11 106.30 87.12 19.87 6.. 30 7.39 913.51 8.91 26.83 1.59.69 22.99 ..33 685 . 20 1.96 1.30 6.30 1.39.89 99 13 Protein (lbs.) 274.38 78.46 .18 31. 34 .08 1.76 7.99 2.17 .81 .20 2.21 27.91 .36 1..57 .38 1.46 .03 .01 107.63 2.60 35.28 .12 3.28 3.44 1 . 05 3.22 7.95 6.40 13.49 1.45 6.78 6 . .38 11.67 2.. 58 .82 1.12 55.46 2.00 7,73 19.00 2.02 .03 22.61 .14 . 38 1 . 55 1.02 .99 Carbo- hydrates (lbs.) 1,316.87 513.57 1.69 135.61 1.01 16.00 81.35 14.36 5.35 1.64 .39 15.74 210.40 2.34 6.60 5.26 14.43 .26 1.14 3.86 PaU .06 3.51 56.31 5.31 12.44 .04 34.26 .13 .22 3.91 332.13 24.51 .02 .79 .02 1.82 14.35 .26 .10 .04 1.91 3.22 .03 .70 1.20 .05 (') (') 122.74 16.25 33.94 .01 1.37 1.15 .91 2.89 7.41 5.48 5.71 1.40 11. 39 1.38 21.08 8.78 2.78 .81 55.20 .16 9.63 14.88 1.91 .03 27.41 .52 .60 .06 124.87 84.26 Fuel value (calories) 4.296,136.33 1,203.444 . 92 3.580. 50 313,362.70 2.106.00 40,638.15 226,711.25 31,827.40 11,845.92 3,591 . 35 720.25 41,414.70 456,229.00 5,161.50 18.190.80 15,595.60 29,763.80 561.00 2,145.00 724,899.93 73,4.34.75 208,320.24 370.60 11,900.68 11,135.60 5,803.77 18.197.00 46,054 . 40 35,034 . 90 49,224.00 8,564 . 94 60.650 . 85 24.449.00 110,642.40 42.223.75 13,387. 50 5,505.55 432.933.45 14.300.55 55,135.65 101,403.15 32,875.70 257.40 212.412 00 2,4,50.00 3,672 . .50 10,426.50 528,069.73 357,363.63 (■) Less than one two-hundredth of 1 pound. r/ie Standard of Living 65 Table 8 — Continued Classes and articles or FOOD Shortening {continued) Crisco Lard Olive oil Suet Vegetables, fresh . . Asparagus Beets Cabbage Carrots Cauliflower .... Celery Com Cucumbers. . . . Eggplant I^ettuce Lima beans. . . . Onions Peas Peppers ....... Potatoes, Irish . Potatoes, sweet . Radishes Rhubarb Spinach String beans . . . Tomatoes Turnips Vegetables, canned. Beans Corn Peas Tomatoes Fruits, fresh Apples Bananas Berries, unsjjecified . Cantaloupes Grapes Lemons Peaches Pears Watermelons Fruits, canned Apricots Peaches Pears Pineapple Fruits, dried Apples Citron Currants Figs Number OF families REPORT- ING USE Average per 8ta.ndaiu> family (3.80 UNITS OF co.nsumptio.n) QUA.VTITT Total (lbs.) Protein (lbs.) Carbo- hydrates (lbs.) Fats (lbs.) .5 65 5.65 29.02 29.02 5.24 5.24 .85 .03 .70 1,666.50 27.65 212.42 2.64 2.61 .05 .09 .01 4 . 35 .06 ..33 (') 41.74 .58 2.00 .08 3.48 .03 .26 .01 8.70 .16 .41 .04 5.87 .05 .15 .01 69.73 .84 5.37 .28 5.22 .04 .14 .01 5.87 .07 .30 .02 2.83 .03 .07 .01 .35.00 1.12 3.47 .11 84.13 .18 7.49 .25 22.01 .79 2.10 .04 .22 .01 (') 1,224.98 22.05 180.07 1.22 20.00 .28 4.. 39 .12 1.85 .02 .07 (') 7.83 .03 .17 .03 1.09 .02 .03 (') 14.74 .31 1.02 .0-t 84.30 .76 3.29 .34 19.83 .18 1.13 .02 45.17 1.58 5.99 .37 5.98 .41 1.17 .15 13.91 .39 2.64 .17 20.11 .72 1.97 .04 5.17 .06 .21 .01 213.29 1.31 21.82 1.04 34.65 .10 3.74 .10 17.22 .14 2.46 .07 35.87 .39 3.60 .43 17.83 .05 .82 21.20 .21 3.05 .25 l.,52 .01 .09 .01 48.91 .24 3.77 .05 32.01 .10 4.14 .13 3.48 .01 .09 (') 58.37 .29 16.97 .30 4.35 .04 .75 9.67 .07 1.04 .01 5.22 .02 .94 .02 39.13 .16 14.24 .27 15.77 .37 10.43 .27 1.09 .02 .72 .02 .22 (') .17 (') 6.09 .15 4 . 52 .10 .11 (') .08 (•) Fuel value (calories) 23.843.00 122.464.40 21,389.68 3.009 00 455,402.65 274.05 690.00 4,800.10 5.56.80 1,218.00 381.55 12,551.40 339.30 763.10 183.95 8,940.30 15,984.70 5,612.55 19.80 379,743 80 9,227 . 60 175.75 508.95 103.55 2,505.80 8,436.00 2.379.60 15.267.15 3,318.90 6,.329.05 5,128.05 491.15 41.826.76 6.583 . .50 4,477.20 7,640.31 1,426.40 6,254.00 190.00 7,581.05 7.500.30 174.00 33,437.45 1,479.00 2,127.40 1,853.10 27,977.95 21.885.70 1.291.65 .335.50 9,104.55 162.25 (') Less than one two-hundredth of 1 pound. 66 Workingmen^s Standard of Living in Philadelphia Table 8 — Continued Classes and articles OF FOOD Fruits, dried (^continued) Peaches Prunes Raisins Sugars Candy Jams and jellies. . Marmalade Molasses Sugar, granulated . Syrup Beverages. Cocoa. Coffee. Tea. . . Miscellaneous. . . . Sauerkraut. . . . Tomato catsup. Number OF FAMILIES REPORT- INO USE OF Average per standard family (3.80 UNITS OF consumption) Quantity Total (lbs.) .87 2.01 4.78 493.92 28.24 32.83 1.30 .98 428.04 2.53 30.32 .54 11.52 18.26 10.01 2.39 7.62 Protein ilbs.) .12 .12 Carbo- hydrates (lbs.) .05 1.62 3.27 474.27 27.11 15.56 1.10 .69 428.04 1.77 .20 .20 Fal-s (lbs). .01 .14 (') Fuel value (calories) 978.75 3,105.90 6.907.10 835,484.14 50,408.40 29,645.49 2,060.50 1.200.50 749,070.00 3,099.25 1.166.40 1,166.40 2,318.05 298.75 2.019.30 (') Less than one two-hundredth of 1 pound. The Standard of Living G7 CLOTHING Requirements of a Fair Standard Prioe per ARTIOLE Annual quantity Annual COST Total. Total for husband Caps, wool and cotton mixture, 30 per cent wool, lined or unlined Hats, soft or stiff felt, medium grade Hats, cheapest straw, stiff brimmed Sweaters, 60 per cent wool Overcoats, overcoating, 40 per cent wool Suits, cheviot or cassimere, 50 per cent wool .... Extra trousers, worsted face, cotton back Overalls, denim Working shirts, cotton flannel or flannelette .... Working shirts, cotton shirting Dress shirts, printed madjas Collars, stiff or soft washable Ties, silk and cotton four-in-hand Suspenders, cotton or lisle elastic web Belts, cheap leather Handkerchiefs, cotton Nightshirts (homemade), 5 yds. 36 inch muslin, thread, and buttons Nightshirts (homemade), 5 yds. 36 inch outing flannel, thread, and buttons. Summer underwear, sets, Balbriggan Winter underwear, sets, 25 per cent wool Socks, common cotton Shoes, gun-metal welt Shoe repairs, half-soled and heeled Rubbers, storm Gloves, knitted yam, 75 per cent wool Garters, cotton elastic web i .75 2.25 1.50 5.00 16.50 16.50 4.50 1.50 1.65 1.50 1.50 .25 .65 .50 .50 .125 1.00 1.00 1.50 2.30 .25 5.50 1.50 1.50 1.00 .50 Total for wife Hats, plain velvet, little trimming Hats, plain straw, little trimming Coats, Kersey cloth, pile fabric, cheviot, or mixtures. Wash dresses (homemade), 6 yds. 36 inch gingham or percale, thread, and buttons Suits, wool poplin, or other material, 50 per cent wool Skirts, serge, panama cloth, or plaid mixtures Shirtwaists (homemade), 2J^ yds. cotton voile or lawn, thread, and buttons Shirtwaists (homemade), 2}4 yds- 36 inch washable silk, thread, and buttons Petticoats (homemade), 3M yds. 27 or 36 inch mus- lin, cambric, or sateen, thread, and buttons Corsets, standard make Corset covers, cambric with narrow embroidered or lace edging Summer underwear, cotton ribbed union suits. ..... Winter underwear, winter weight cotton union suits Nightgowns (homemade), 4 yds. 36 inch nainsook, muslin, or outing flannel, thread, and buttons .... Handkerchiefs, cotton . Gloves, cotton or chamoisette Aprons (homemade), 5 yds. 30 inch figured percale or gingham, thread, and buttons Stockings, plain cotton Shoes, gun-metal welt Shoe repairs, half-soled and heeled Rubbers, storm $3.50 1.50 15.00 1.75 16.00 5.00 .75 2.50 1.50 2.00 .40 .75 1.50 1.25 .10 .75 1.50 .25 5.00 1.50 1.00 y% 1 3 1 12 2 2 1 1 1 y% 1 y^ 2y^ y^ 1 2 1 2 3 2 2 6 1 $299.43 % 77.68 % .75 1.13 .75 2.50 5.50 16.50 4.50 3.00 3.30 3.00 3.00 1.50 1.95 .50 .25 .73 1.00 1.00 4.50 2.30 3.00 11.00 3.00 1.50 1.00 .50 $65 . 78 $ 1.75 1.50 7.50 4.38 8.00 5.00 2.23 1.23 3.00 2.00 .80 2.23 3.00 2.50 .60 .73 10.00 1.60 1.00 68 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia Clothing — Continued Total for boy. age 13 1 Caps, wool and cotton mixture. 30 per cent wool. bned or unlined Hats, wool and cotton mixture Sweaters. 60 per cent wool ■ • Overcoats, overcoating, 30 per cent wool. . . . .. • • •■ • K! W) ^r cent wool, caasimere. union cheviot, or Ex\«*''t^u9er8. 35 per cent wool, union cheviot Extra trousers, cotton khaki .... .' " ', ' ' Bloules (homemade). 24 yds. 30 inch percale or giiiKham. thread, and buttona C-i'iiars, .stiff or soft washable Tiffl. silk Windsor Hi-lts. cheap k-athor SShS::\l^nSej .• 3H y^ 3C inch musiin; " Ni&tr0.omra"de),-3}:^- yd.! -aO inch outing- flannel, thread, and buttoiis . Summer underwear, sets, Balbnggan ... .... • • — ■ Winter underwear, sets, winter weight cotton, fleece- lined .•• ■ • Stockings, cotton nbbed Shoes, gun-metal welt •••••■•,•, Shoe repairs, half-soled and heeled Rubbers, storm • ■ ■ • Gloves, fleece-lined, cotton back •••••• .• ^ Garters (homemade). 1 yd. cotton elastic web PlllCE PER ARTICLE Total for girl, age 10. J .75 1.25 5.00 10.00 8.75 1.50 1.00 .85 .25 .30 .50 .10 .90 .90 .90 1.00 .25 4.. 50 1.50 1.00 .75 .10 Annual qcantity }4 Vi m 1 2 5 2 2 6 1 1 3 2 18 4 4 1 1 2 Annual COST Hats, tailored straw Hats, velveteen or corduroy. ■ • •■ Sweaters, worsted face, cotton back Coats, cheviot, 50 per cent wool ■ , - ^ . , . ^ Wash dresses (homemade). 4 H ycls. 3C inch ging- ham or chambray. thread and buttons . ....... Petticoats (homemade), 2 yds. 36 inch muslin and 2'.; yds. lace or edging, thread, and buttons Pettiroata (homemade). 2 yds. 36 inch outing flannel, thread, and buttons Drawer waists, muslin . . ••••••.••;••••,.■ '*uJJ^'a' ' Drawers (homemade). 2 yds. 36 inch muslin, thread, and buttons • ■ • ■ • ■ Union suits, cotton, fleece-lined. .... . • • • • • • • Night^owni (homemade). 3 yds 36 inch mushn and 1 1^ vds. lace or edging, thread .. .••■••;.•• Nightgowns (homemade). 3 yds. 36 inch outing flannel, thread Handkerchiefs, cotton •••••■ Gloves, fleece-lined, cotton back Stockings, cotton ribbed Shoes, gun-metal welt ■■■■■■■■, Shoe repairs, half -soled and heeled Rubbers, storm , • • • • / Garters (homemade), 1 yd. cotton elastic web Ribbons, 8 yds. 3 inch silk face $ 1.00 1.25 2.00 7.50 .90 Total for boy, age 6 Caps, wool and cotton mixture, 30 per cent wool. .50 .40 .40 1.25 .75 .75 .05 .75 .30 4.00 .75 .75 .10 .10 Sweaters, worsted face, cotton back Overcoats, overcoating or union cheviot. 30 per cent wool Wash suits (homemade).' iz'^yds. 36 inch percale or gingham, thread, and buttons $ .75 2.00 5.00 .75 H 2H 2 3 C 2 1 6 1 12 4 2 1 2 VA 1 S69.04 $ 1.13 63 2 50 5.00 13.13 .50 00 4.25 .50 .60 .25 .60 .90 .90 2.70 2.00 4. .50 18.00 6.00 1.00 .75 .20 $52.75 $ 1.00 1.25 2.00 3.75 10.00 2.25 1.00 1.20 2.40 2.50 .75 .75 .30 .75 3.60 16.00 1.50 .75 .20 .80 $34.18 $ 1.13 2.00 2.50 4.50 The Standard of Living 69 CiiOTHiNO — Continiied Price per ANmjAL ARTICLE QUANTITY .25 1 .05 6 .75 1 .75 1 .40 3 .40 4 1.25 2 .25 18 3.00 3 .75 2 .75 1 .75 1 .10 2 Annual COST Total for bay. age 6 (continued) Tics, silk Windsor Handkerchiefs, cotton Nightgowns (homemade), 3 yds. 36 inch muslin, thread, and buttons Nightgowns (homemade), 3 yds. 36 inch outing flauDcl, thread, and buttons , Drawer waists, musUn Drawers (liomemade), 13^ yds. 36 inch muslin, thread, and buttons Union suits, cotton, fleece-lined Stockings, cotton ribbed Shoes, satin calf, macliine sewed, or nailed Shoe repairs, half -soled Rubbers, storm Gloves, fleece-lined, cotton back Garters (homemade), 1 yd. cotton elastic web.. . .25 .30 .75 .75 1.20 1.60 2.50 4.50 9.00 1.50 .75 .75 .20 Supporting Data Basis of allowances. The clothing allowances in the above standard are based mainly upon the data con- tained in Tables 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 which show the average and the most frequently reported quantities of clothing articles required annually by the families investigated. Neither the average nor the frequency figures were followed impUcitly, but were used always as a guide in devising the standard. For example, Table 10 shows that the average number of wash dresses needed an- nually by the wife is 2.54 and the most frequently needed number is two, although a considerable pro- portion of the wives (45 out of the 187 reporting quan- tities) have reported three as their annual requirement. It seemed reasonable, therefore, to conclude that two and one-half wash dresses a year, that is, five bought every two years, would be a fair allowance, and hence they were included in the standard. The same table shows that only 77 wives reported the use of sweaters. This would seem to indicate that a sweater is not a customary part of the wearing apparel of working- 70 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia men's wives, so the clothing standard of the wife makes no allowance whatever for sweaters. The designation of clothing articles in the standard differs, in some instances, from that in the supporting data. For example, under clothing of the wife our table merely gives summer underwear. The informa- tion under this heading includes all the underwear worn by the wife, and the quantities appearing in the table refer to sets, consisting generally of two pieces, union suit and corset cover. It will be noted that the 249 wives reporting quantities appear to have used an average of 3.51 sets, which represents approximately seven garments. Two sets or four garments, however, were Used by the largest number of wives. In formu- lating our standard we considered it better, in order to make our specifications clear, to treat the item corset covers separately from the general heading summer underwear. Two corset covers and three union suits are therefore allowed in our standard. It will also be seen by comparing Table 12 with the stand- ard that woolen dresses have been entirely omitted from the articles allowed ''girl age 10", although they were reported as used by 29 families. In formulating our standard we decided that as woolen dresses were not generally worn, no allowance would be made for them. In order, however, that the dress allowance for the little girl should not be less than our information shows to be necessary, eight wash dresses were allowed, although only six were used by the largest number of famiUes reporting use. This number should ade- quately supply the child's needs. If desired, a woolen dress may be substituted for two wash dresses. The specifications for the various articles of clothing were decided upon after consultation with clothing The Standard of Living 71 buyers and salesmen in a number of Philadelphia's down-town and outlying stores where workingmen are accustomed to trade. In deciding upon these specifi- cations, it was our endeavor to conform as nearly as possible to existing standards of quality in working- men's clothing. Basis of prices. The prices given in the clothing standard are based upon the results of an inquiry made in September, 1918, into the retail prices obtaining in five different stores of popular custom in Philadelphia. In practically all cases where the quotations did not agree, the lowest price quoted was selected. Comparison of clothing costs. In Table 3 it is shown that the average clothing expenditures per family of all the famihes reporting is $175.64. The total cost of the clothing standard outhned above is $299.43, which is about 70 per cent higher than the previous figure. This difference is accounted for very largely, but not wholly, by the rise in clothing prices since the period covered by the investigation. Two other causes help to explain the difference. One is that a consider- able quantity of clothing reported by famihes was received as gifts and no cost was given. The other is that the famihes of lower income very often did not report the use of different articles of clothing which could hardly be omitted from a standard that purports to be fair. Nightshirts, for example, are absent from many clothing schedules, but, of course, were in- cluded in the standard, the allowance being based upon the reports of the famihes using nightshirts. E o 5 z p a Cc v~.^SM(MMM«^C<5C0'«»' H U B Z O W a Of O" 00 M -S" I^ •«»< CO CO ■»«" M •* » >0 .^ O <0 CO ■»< t-- CO M i-l «0 ^ ,^ s-\fi -- to «D >o M -^ •nt~a>''icotoiot^ "5 aitou3ocotDOoooto-H oo 5^ sc«_~^^ i-l(NMM!0 M tHNO)e^i-lNNi-l^.-itO C^ ^ VJ toco^eoNOOOicoN Tl0 M i-l M^r^O»^iM-HOOOS p «3C50N®CJ-^z!'^"t'2 * S^ u^ — , CO Tf I- oi to o o to oS'-no-*m>ooioioco in MrHCSC^Ii-c f-cC^C^ <-l N ri -^ M N N CI >-«■-< ■-I 1-1 to^oo»>-''^-^oo CO comc^mooomtooooo t~» eo u^^^^^ 1-c ■ ■>!< C^ \*(N 1-1 iH v?)'^ CO ■ OW505C00000W • ■* C^ SP>'<1< •* CO CO ^ 00i-c>?5 Tit r-1 CO IN ■* "3 lO t^ O '^:s<=^^>:s C0»-INCOi-l to WCOCli-H Wvf» di-HMNfJ T|( t>.OiOOOOO .-Hi-l " '"iNrHSPl.-llNINi-llNINlNINCl W i-H (N O IN --i "-i '-"-' 6 a 2 li, a (N«DOC0'*'r0'fC0r^«0i-0.-lC0C0OO O O'-ooi).-i o 2g«go2;3;e^J2 S C^ >-l rt r-l IN ■-< C^ IN r-l fH .-I rtlNC^INrtr^ r^i^co-«jnt^a>Tt<^cocorHio t-h tgioiocojH^ror-. ■t'l^COO^COiO'OINOOC^'OQO^OO »o "^r^SS^SSS " S C^ "H rH rt (N ^ IN C<1 rH rt i-H .-1 IN 04 IN .-H 11 x) a OS M CO m 3 fl M I moQ i E 1°.2.^- .^1 , S'o2S^'Hm?q ^ all^m^llllls I IllllilS 73 -a a e3 O ";:* « f o J2 a 3 2 ^ Q « Ul u ^ ^lOor^-H — »^oo«lOc<5^5WM^»»^<®OlOC>e»5^^ • re (N fO O — ?5 -r ?•! -" « ^O O cj « sp ~riM if;i^j2 N^^'HWrt «0 tOMIN^ <0 i-iMM !• •<>< ~ ^ o « i-i -h t~ioot»o t^ n n It n •« t^ [>• t^ do ^ ^c f e^ to b, u i: b n oagoo Z J M -J < S 1^ o 2 03 u 2^ wqqOoqMO a3 ^.1 03 CQ 74 3^ as a 2 -0.^3 a ^ « Ji 55 -9 M C.9 Oi 90 4> r 3 iC W r^ O !M ei '-1 1-1 r}. • ■— 0;i01"tMf)Tj<{v;,-icO'«-i f n 'J' ro ^j< a w fco t Q X a si Nsfi-HL':-!" c^ -f n '^s: ■«J"-^ — C-JM (N (NMOCOP) IN MiNfO M i-H .-ixjj 5D — I e^ OJINWIMIN Tjl O i- O W t)< « .-i ^^xj. o H fl O O . 6, u ?: a. J o J H ■^ o c a o S £ > <: a< D 5 O MOl^-t-H —I O OCCCOOOO fO in -H e^COlNCO'-i>--HC^J'^Mi?OrH 05IOG0 o» c^ r- oiOi'O N po h--i-i0505;o r» to .1 00 tc u! i. >' ^ $ c o u o c H o O < ^ o tx a. o S (3 (c O O a o 3 2: Hi n -Q J u a eo Q 2u B 7 0''5 0l»®C<'"V-Hi-i-c>»«oiNMint- UiOOOlMIN 8SS -< US«NWO-< d Nfflt-lWMOCO M .-. -H CO ^ ,-1 ,-1 CO 00 o 35 00 1^ CO 52 CO to r» o CO « CO t^ a> uj 00'^c>»-"O-h 00 ■* 00 «- CO i-> CS 00 00 OC 00 fc U Z fc u ^ < i» u OS o — I c« OS 92 1^ CO -f CO •^»< OOiOOOt^cO f-l i-l to 00 00 00 00 I Km 2|| . 76 The Standard of Living 77 CARFARE Requirements of a Fair Standard Total $35.40 Carfare of husband to and from work, 604 ridea @ $.05 $30.20 Carfare of family for all other purposes, 104 rides @ $ .05. . . . 5 . 20 Supporting Data It is assumed in the above standard that the bread- winner of the family is obhged to ride to and from his place of work. Doubtless a small proportion of the laborers employed by the city government live within walking distance of their work and thus avoid the expense of carfare, but since municipal activities are not concentrated in the industrial sections of the city where most workingmen have their homes, this pro- portion is probably much smaller than it is in case of workers in private establishments. It should be re- membered, too, that the allowance of five cents for a ride is insufficient in those cases where exchange tickets are required. If this cost could be accurately ascertained and the amount saved by walking to and from work also could be ascertained, we might find that the one very nearly ofifsets the other. The hus- band's annual allowance of 604 rides at five cents a ride, therefore, seems only fair. For all purposes other than taking the husband to and from work, the standard provides 104 rides. This will enable the wife and other members of the family to take occasional shopping and amusement trips, but the occasions cannot come very frequently. Even if the wife were to avail herself of all the rides, she would still be limited to two rides a week. It is ob\'ious that any excess in the allowance for the husband's 78 Workingmen's Sia?idard of Linng in Philadelphia carfare to and from work could readily be used by the family for other purposes. Table 14 shows the actual expenditures of our fami- lies for carfare. It must be borne in mind, however, that these are the expenditures of famihes whose principal breadwinners for the most part were engaged in industrial pursuits and thus were more hkely to live within walking distance of their work than are city employes. Table 14. Carfare. Average Annual Expenditures for Various Objects Repgrtinq expenditure.s All families (260) expenditure Number of families Average ex- penditures per family Average ex- penditures per family All objects 254 165 32 3 148 76 12 $32.01 $34.04 37.70 26.17 4.66 5.72 8.75 $31.27 Carfare of husband Carfare of children to and from work Carfare of children to and from school Carfare of wife. . . $21.60 4.64 .30 2.65 Carfare for visiting and recreation Unspecified 1.67 .41 The Standard of Living CLEANING SUPPLIES AND SERVICES Requirements of a Fair Standard Total. Specified requirements . Personal Toilet soap, small bars Tooth brushes Tooth paste or powder, tubes or boxes Combs, plain hard rubber Hair brushes, wooden back Shoe polish, boxes Barber's services: Husband, shaves and haircuts . . . Children, haircuts Household . Laundry soap, J^ lb. bars Starch, pounds Bluing, pint bottles Clotheshne, yards Clothespins, dozens Stove polish, boxes Furniture polish, pint bottles Cleanser, boxes Collars sent to laundry Unspecified requirements, 26 per cent cost of specified requirements Price .07 .25 .10 .35 .50 .10 .40 .25 .08 .08 .10 .021/ .03 .00 .25 .05 .04 Annual Quan- tity 70 5 12 1 12' 10 'A 120 24 12 5 1 26 2 36 52 of Annual Cost $42.80 $33.97 $15.15 $ 4.90 1.25 1.20 .35 .25 1.20 4.00 2.00 $18.82 $ 9 60 1.92 1.20 .13 .03 1.56 .50 1.80 2.08 $ 8.83 Supporting Data Basis of allowances. The data in Table 15 have been used as a general guide in determining the standard outlined above. In the collection of these data, it did not prove possible in all cases to ascertain the actual quantities purchased throughout the year, but it was possible nevertheless in case of a number of items to 80 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia estimate the annual quantities from the annual cost, and thus secure a fair basis for fixing the standard allowances. This was true of combs and hair brushes and also of clotheslines and clothespins. About 20.6 per cent of the expenditures, however, were for miscellaneous items that could not be readily specified in actual quantities. In order to provide for these items in the standard an allowance has been made for "unspecified requirements" equal to 26 per cent of the cost of the specified requirements, which is equivalent to 20.6 per cent of the total cost of the standard. Thus the same relationship is maintained between the two parts of the standard that we found existing between the corresponding two parts of the reported expenditures for cleaning suppHes and serv- ices. Basis of prices. The prices used in this standard are those current in Philadelphia during November, 1918. The Standard of Living 81 Table 15. Cleaning Supplies and Services. Average Anntjal Quantities used and Average Annual Expenditures. Bt Objects of Expenditure ' Objects or EXPENDITURE Reportinq nsB of articles listed Famiues reporting expendi- tures IN DETAIL (248) All families (260) Number of families Quantity used per family A verage expenditures per family Average expenditures per family Aterage expenditures per family 248 247 246 3 67 69 64 205 235 33 9 247 246 232 222 66 128 211 34 186 51 $31.72 $11.34 $ 3.70 1.05 1.75 .48 .39 1.21 5.21 4.12 11.67 $20.50 $ 7.44 1.28 .87 .38 1.11 1.80 29.94 5.72 2.29 $31.72 $11.30 $ 3.67 .01 .48 .13 .10 1.00 4.94 .55 .42 $20.42 $ 7.38 1.20 .77 .10 .57 1.53 4.11 4.29 .47 $33 15 Personal $11 24 Toilet soap, small 66.47 $ 3 61 01 Tooth paste, tubes . Toothbrushes Combs and hair- 12.96 4.08 * 'l2!48" ' .50 .13 10 Shoe polish, boxes . 1.00 4.88 Other personal 53 48 Household $21 91 Laundry soap, bars. Starch, pounds Bluing, bottles Clothesline and clothespins 121.91 22.92 15.83 $ 7.26 1.16 .75 .10 Furniture and floor polish 59 Cleanser, boxes. . . . Labor for washing. . 34.85 1.49 5.18 Work sent to 4.72 Miscellaneous .66 1 At the outset of our field investigation, the expenditures for cleaning supplies and services were not obtained with the same attention to detail that was adopted lat^-r. As a result it was necessary to exclude the first twelve schedules from that portion of the table which contains quantity data and to base quantity averages on the reports of the remaining 248 families. In the last column of this table, however, are shown cost averages for all of the 260 families. The Unspecified Standard As explained in the opening of this chapter, the cost of the unspecified standard is ascertained by comput- ing 21 per cent of the cost of the specified standard. Since the cost of the specified standard at autunin 82 Workingmms Standard of Living in Philadelphia 1918 prices was SI, 352.72, the cost of the unspecified standard for the same period equals .?284.07. In the following pages are given tables showing the distribution of the unspecified expenditures as they appeared in the reports of our 2G0 faiuiUes. Table 16. Average Annual Expenditures for Classes in the Unspecified Standard All families (260) Average expend- itures per family Classes of expenditure All unspecified classes Health Furniture and furnishings. . . . Taxes, dues and contributions Recreation and amusements. . Education and reading Insurance Mi.scpllaneous expendituras . . Reporting expenditures If 1-^ H 2 »> Average penditu per Jam 260 $222.64 258 $ 32.55 256 35.82 252 25.46 222 18.61 257 12.96 245 43.01 260 01.16 $222.64 $ 32.30 35.27 24.68 15.89 12.81 40.53 61.16 17.7 2.6 2.8 2.0 1.3 1.0 3.2 4.8 The l:iianaara of Living 83 Table 17. Health. Average Annual Expenditures for Various Objects Objects op expenditure All objects Physician Dentist Oculist Nurse Surgical appliances Medicine prescribed by physician Other medicine Hospital charges Dispensary charges Spectacles and eyeglasses Unspecified Reporting expenditures Num- Average ber of expend- fam- itures per ilies family 258 $ 32.55 217 $ 20.53 97 13.02 20 9.36 22 17.73 6 9.83 79 5.11 184 5.05 20 12.54 10 5.68 52 5.83 1 100.00 All families (260) Average expend- itures per family Amount $ 32.30 $ 17.14 4.86 .72 1.50 .23 1.55 3.57 .96 .22 1.17 .38 Per cent 100.0 53.1 15.0 2.2 4.6 0.7 4.8 11.1 3.0 0.7 3.6 1.2 64 Workingmens Standard oj Living in Philadelphia Table 18. Furniture and FuRNiaeiNas. Average Annttal Ex- penditures FOR Various Objects Objects op expenditure All objects Floor coverings Chairs, tables Pianos, other musical instruments. Other wooden furniture Pictures, curtains, mirrors, orna- ments Lamps, lamp-shades Shades, screens, netting Beds, bedding, bed-Unen Table-linen, towels Dishes, tableware Kitchen utensils Stoves, refrigerators Equipment for cleaning Trunks, suitcases Other items Repgrtinq All families expenditures (260) Num- Average Average expend- ber of fam- expend- itures per itures per family Per ilies family Amount cent 256 $ 35.82 % 35.27 100.0 76 $ 17.94 $ 5.24 14.9 38 24.83 3.63 10.3 27 82.36 8.55 24.2 28 34.35 3.70 10.5 34 5.27 .69 1.9 31 4.49 .54 1.5 77 3 16 .94 2.7 102 12.19 4.78 13.6 83 1.98 .63 1.8 72 2.92 .81 2.3 81 2.49 .78 2.2 35 13.29 1.79 5.1 245 1.91 1.80 5.1 4 3.55 .05 0.1 22 15.81 1.34 3.8 The Standard of Living 85 Table 19. Taxes, Dues and Contributions. Average AnntjaIj Expenditures for Various Objects Objects op expenditure All objects Taxes Labor union dues Gifts of friendship Gifts of charity Church and other rehgious organi zations Lodges and societies Other contributions (election fund). Reporting expenditures Num- ber of fam- ilies 252 163 57 62 3 182 159 1 A verage expend- itures per family $ 25.46 $ 1.37 14.87 11.06 10.42 11.51 15.84 15.00 All families (260) Average expend- itures })er family Amount I 24.68 S .86 3.26 2.64 .12 8.06 9.68 .06 Per cent 100.0 3.5 13.2 10.7 0.5 32.7 39.2 0.2 Table 20. Recreation and Amusements. Average Annual Ex- penditures FOR Various Objects Objects of expenditure All objects Regular theater Movies Dances Excursions Toys and playthings Hunting trips Other forms of amusement Reporting All families expenditures (260) Num- Average Average expend- ber of fam- expend- itures per itures per family Per ilies family Amount cent 222 $ 18.61 $ 15.89 100.0 24 $ 14.57 $ 1.35 8.5 175 8.07 5.44 34.2 6 4.46 .10 0.6 98 15.96 6.01 37.8 127 4.88 2.38 15.0 2 1.50 .01 0.1 10 15.46 .60 3.8 86 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia Table 21. Education avd Readino. Average Annual Expend- iTUKEs Fou Various Objects Objects op expenditure All objects . School expenses Newspapers and periodicals . Books Postage and stationery Music lessons Reporting expenditures Num- ber of fam- ilies 257 177 237 12 147 12 A verage experui- itures per family % 12.96 3.35 8.51 8.32 1.95 27.93 All families (260) A verage expend- itures per family Amount % 12.81 $ 2.28 7.76 .38 1.10 1.29 Per cent 100.0 17.8 60.6 2.9 8.6 10.1 Table 22. Insurance. Average Annual Expenditures for Va- rious Kinds of Insurance Reporting expenditures All families (260) Kinds of insurance Num- ber of fam- ilies Average expend- itures per family Average expend- itures per family Amount Per cent All kinds 245 243 187 189 206 28 24 40 39 1 8 $ 43.01 « 43.00 $ 18.92 9.78 16.56 19.54 46.02 $ 1.89 S 1.90 1.67 $ 1.66 % 40.53 % 40.19 1 13.61 7.11 13.12 2.10 4.25 $ .29 $ .28 .01 $ .05 100.0 Life insurance 99.2 Husband 33.6 Wife 17.5 Children 32.4 Relatives or others 5.2 Unspecified 10.5 Furniture insurance 0.7 Against fire 0.7 Against theft (') Insurance of house 0.1 (') Less than one-half of 1 per cent. The Standard of Living 87 Table 23. Miscellaneous ExpE^^)ITURE^. Average Expenditures for Various Objects Annual Objects op expenditure All objects Funeral expenses Legal expenses Expenses of moving Interest on debts Telephone Liquor away from home Tobacco Ice cream Candy and soda water Spending-money, husband Spending-money, wife Spending-money, children at work . . Spending-money, children at school . Tools Photos and kodak views Plants and flowers Pins Incidentals Reporting All families expenditures (260) Num- Average Average expend- ber of expend- ilures per itures per family fam- Per ilies family $61.16 Amount cent 260 $ 61.16 100.0 16 $110.79 $ 6.82 11.2 3 33.33 .38 0.6 45 7.68 1.33 2.2 4 12.58 .19 0.3 62 6.70 1.60 2.6 10 42.26 1.63 2.7 176 12.15 8.23 13.5 164 6.00 3.78 6.2 118 6.06 2.75 4.5 81 80.75 25.16 41.1 4 50.75 .78 1.3 25 46.15 4.43 7.2 34 12.77 1.67 2.7 34 2.59 .34 0.5 34 2.61 .34 0.5 58 1.64 .36 0.6 109 .40 .17 0.3 31 10,04 1.20 2.0 APPENDIX I THE SCHEDULE As we stated in Chapter II the schedule used in this investigation was patterned upon the Chapin model with some modifications. After our schedule was printed and had been used several times we found that a number of minor changes would add greatly to the ease of gathering accurate information. For instance we found one line for ''Other fresh vegetables" to be entirely inadequate, so we adopted the method of itemizing the several vegetables used most fre- quently. Other changes of hke nature were made. Some questions which seemed to be of doubtful value were omitted. Such a question as ''What garments are re-made and mended" seemed useless for our purpose. In printing the schedule we have, therefore, decided that it would be more helpful to anyone de- siring to make use of our experience to have it printed with the corrections which were made after it had been used rather than to show it in its first form. The modifications were in no case fundamental and when once decided upon were adopted as a regular form of procedure. 90 Working-men's Standard of Living in Philadelphia FAMILY REPORT ON COST OP LIVING BY THE Bureau op Municipal Research of Philadelphia Checked Corrected . Disposition Entered . . Residence of family, No Street Reported by of (orgaaization) Data gathered between and IleUability of estimates Was account-book left? Account keeping to begin Completed Description op Family 1 . Birthplace of father Of his parents 2. Birthplace of mother Of her parents 3. If foreign-born, years spent in U. S. by father By mother. 4. Composition, occupation, and earnings of the family Age Sex Occupation Hours employed per week Days regularly employed per year Days lost this year Earninqs Members WeeUy average Actual annual total Father s %.. . . Ist child 2d child 3d child 4th child 5th child Total annual income from wages . Appendix I 5. Income from other sources 91 Age Sex Number of weeks Amount Paid Others Living with Family Weekly AnmiaUy Lodgers $ $ Relatives (specify rekition- shio) Non-relatives Boarders Relatives (specify relation- shin) Non-relatives Table boarders Relatives (specify relation- shio) Non-relatives Total paid aimually by others living with family . 6. Summary of annual income Income from wages for year (brought forward) $ . Income from others living with family, for year (brought forward) $ . Income from miscellaneous other sources, for year (specify sources) $ . Total annual income from all sources . 7. Physical condition. (Characterize father, mother, and children with reference to physical traits; note any inherited defects.) Father Mother Children 8. Mental condition and capacity. (Characterize father, mother, and children with reference to mental and moral traits; note any inherited defects or marked abihty.) Father Mother Children 92 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia 9. Habits of father, so far as ascertainable 10. Is mother a good manager? Does she keep things clean?. In order? 11. In case of retrenchment, what expenditures are curtailed or elim- inated? 12. What articles, if any, are bought on the installment plan? . 13. General remarks about family Housing 14. Type of house (underline). Tenement-house, rooming-house, two- family house, one-family house. Front, rear, row, semi-detached, detached. 15. Number of stories 16. Is dwelling rented? Owned? 17. If rented, monthly rent paid Annual 18. (a) If owned, estimated value (b) Monthly rent of like houses nearby Annual (c) Is it mortgaged? For how much? (d) Monthly interest paid Annual (e) Is mortgage held by Building and Loan?. . . .For how much?. . (f) Monthly payments Annual (g) Amount paid on repairs and improvements this year (h) Annual water rent (i) Taxes on dwelling 19. If rented, does rent include water? Light? Janitor service? Heat? 20. Is it a corner building? 21. On which floor does family Uve? 22. Size of yard (measured) (estimated) 23. How is yard used? 24. Number of rooms, exclusive of bath-room and laundry 25. Is there a bath-room? Appendix I 93 26. (a) Is there a water-closet?. . . . Number of families using same (b) Location of water-closet (underline). House, apartment, hall, yard. (c) Is there a privy? Number of families using same 27. Are there stationary washtubs? 28. Where is water supply located? 29. Number of taps per family 30. How many store closets? 31. How is dwelling heated? 32. Where is coal stored? 33. Is there a basement? Is it dry? 34. Designation of Rooms Size in Feet Number of outside windows Width Length Height 35. Are rooms used for other than dwelHng purposes? . . . If so, for what purposes? 36. How long has family been in present dwelhng? 37. Has rent been increased wthin two years? If so, when? How much increase? . 38. What reason given for increase of rent? Fuel and Light 39. What fuel, if any, is gathered free of cost? 40. Is gas used for cooking? 41. Is gas used for lighting? Number of burners How many usually burned all evening? 42. Is slot meter used? 43. Is electricity used for Ughting? Number of globes . How many usually burned all evening? 94 WorkingmerCs Standard of Living in Philadelphia 44. Articles Coal Wood. . . Candles. . Kerosene . Matches. Gas Period of Quantity time Price Annual Quantity Amount paid Remarks Electricity . Total annual expenditure for fuel and light . Food Period of time Quantity Price $ . . Annual Articles Quantity Amount paid Remarks 45. Bread and cereals Barley $ Bread Buns and rolls . Cakes, misc. . . Cereals, ready- cooked Cereals, un- cooked Cornmeal Cornstarch. . . Crackers Flour, wheat. . Macaroni Pies Rice Tapioca Appendix I Foot) — Continued 95 96 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia Food — Continued Period of time Quantity Price Annual Articles Quantity Amount paid Remarks 47. Meat substitutes $ $ Buttermilk Eirirs Milk, con- Milk, evap- oratpH Milk fresh Nuts Peanut butter Peas dried Period of time Quantity Price Annual Articles Quantity Amount paid Remarks 48. Shortening Butter % $ Lard Oleomargarine Olive oil Appendix I 97 Food — Continued Period of time Quantity Price Annual Articles Quantity Amount paid Remarks 49. Vegetables, fresh Asparagus. . . . $ $ Beans, lima. . . Beans, string. . Beets Cabbage Carrots Celery Com Cucumbers. . . £e(rplant Lettuce . . . Onions Peas Potatoes, Irish Potatoes, sweet Spinach Tomatoes Turnips Period of time Quantity Price Annual Articles Quantity Amount paid Remarks 50. Vegetables, canned Beans, baked . . $ $ Beans, string. . Corn Peas Tomatoes 98 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia Food — Continued Period of time Quantity Price Annual Articles Quantity Amount paid Remarks 51. Fruits, fresh Apples 1 t Bananas Berries Grapes. . . . Lemons Muskmelons. . Oranges Peaches Pears Watermelons. . Period of time Quantity Price Annual Articles . Quantity Amount paid Remarks 52. Fruits, canned Peaches % % Pears Pineapple .... Appendix I 99 Pood— Continued Period of time Quantity Price Annual Articles Quantity Amount paid Remarks 53. Fruits, dried Apples % $ Apricots Currants Prunes Raisins Period of time Quantity Price Annual Articles Quantity Amount paid Remarks 54. Sugars Candy % $ Molasses Sugar, brown. Sugar, gran- ulated 100 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia Food — Continued Period of time Quantity Price $ Annual Articles Quantity Amount paid Remarks 55. Beverages Cocoa $ CJoff ee Liquor (used at table) . Beer Whiskey . . Wine Soft drinks. . . Tea Articles 56. Miscellaneous Baking powder Catsup Gelatine Ice Pepper Pickles Salt Spices Vinegar Yeast Period of time Quantity Price Annual Quantity Amount paid Remarks Total annual expenditures for food eaten at home . Appendix I Food— Continued 101 57. Meals aw at from Horn: What meals Number per week Provided from hoxise (yes OB no) Bought Odtbidb (Cost) Weekly ArinuaUy Father % $ Mother Total annual expenditures for food eaten away from home . . $ . Total annual expenditures for food $. . . 68. In how small quantities and how frequently is food bought? . 59. Where are food supplies purchased? (underline) Grocers', butchers' shops, markets, delicatessen stores, street venders. 60. What faciUties for keeping provisions and cooked food? 61. How frequently are guests present at meals? 62. What canning and preserving is done in the home? (specify) . 102 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia Clbaning Supplies and Services (Personal) 63. Abticles Toilet soap. . . Tooth paste. . Toothbnishe* . Combs Brushes Period of time Quantity Price Annual Quantity Amount paid Remarks Shoe polish Barber's aerTJces Shaves Haircuts Other personal services Total annual expenditures for personal cleaning supphes and services Appendix I 103 Cleaning Sttpplies AND Services (Household) Period of time Quantity Price Annual 64. Articles Quantity Amount paid Remarks Laundry soap $ $ Starch Bluing Clothesline. . . Clothespins Furniture polish .... Broom Stove polish Cleanser Scouring soap Labor for washing. . . Work sent to laundry Total annual expenditures for household cleaning supplies and services $ Total annual expenditures for all cleaning supplies and services 104 Workingmen^s Standard of Living in Philadelphia Clothinq Articles Actual number during past year 65. For father Hats Caps Sweaters Overcoats Suits Extra trousers . . . Overalls Working shirts. . Dress shirts Collars Ties Suspenders Belts Handkerchiefs. . . Nightshirts or pa- jamas Underwear — summer sets. . . Underwear — winter sets. . . . Socks Shoes Shoe repairs Rubbers Gloves Shoestrings Jewelry Garters Cost during past year Average number per year Remarks Total annual expenditures . Appendix I 105 CuyrHiNG — Continued Articles lAciitaZ number during past year 66. For mother Hats Sweaters Coats Furs Dresses of wash goods Dresses of woolen or silk Suits Skirts Waists Petticoats Corsets Underwear — sum- mer (specify ar- ticles) Cost during past year Average number per year Remarks Underwear — win- ter (specify ar tides) Shoestnngs . . . Nightdresses. . Collars Handkerchiefs . Gloves Aprons Stockings Shoes Shoe repairs . . Rubbers Jewelry Garters Total annual expenditures. 106 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia Clothing — Continued ASTICLES 67. For boy, age . . . Hate Cape Sweaters Overcoats Suite Extra trousers. . . Overalls Shirte Blouses Collars Ties Suspenders Belts Handkerchiefs. . . Nightshirts or pa- Jamas Underwear — summer sets. . . Underwear — winter sets . . . . Stockings Shoes Shoe repairs Rubbers Glovea Shoestrings Jewelry Garters Actual number during past year Cost during past year Average number per year Remarks Total annual expenditures $. Appendix I 107 Clothing — Continued Abticles Actual number} Cost U^^^gg number dunngpast dunng past J; g^^ year 68. For girl, age Hats Sweaters Coats Furs Dresses of wash goods Dresses of woolen goods Waists Petticoats Corsets Underwear — sumf mer (specify) . year Remarks Underwear — ^win- ter (specify) . . Nightdresses. . . Ribbons Handkerchiefs . . Gloves, mittens. Aprons Stockings Shoes Shoe repairs. . . . Rubbers Jewelry Garters Shoestrings Total annual expenditures. 108 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia ChcyrBitiQ— -Continued Abticles 69. For child under 3— boy, girl Caps Sweaters Coats and sacks Dresses Rompers and play suits Petticoats Diapers Bands Underwear — summer sets. Underwear — winter sets . . Nightdresses. . Bathrobes. . . . Ribbons Bibs Handkerchiefs . Mittens Stockings Shoes Jewelry Actual number during past year Cost during past year Average number per year Remarks Total annual expenditures . 70. Summary. Expenditures for clothing Father Mother Labor for cleaning and pressing . Total annual expenditures for clothing . Appendix I 109 71. Physician . Dentist . . Oculist . Health Objectb of Expenditure Nurse Surgical appliances • • • • • Medicine prescribed by physician . Other medicines Annual cost Hospital charges Dispensary charges . . . Spectacles, eye glasses . Total annual expenditures for health * 72. What cases of serious iUness or accident have occurred during the year? • • • • (Note member of family) 73' What"free medical attendance has been received?. 74'. Is patent medicine used? To what extent?. 110 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia FuRNTTtTRE AND FURNISHINGS 75. Articles Annual Remarks {Note whether 2d hand) Quaniily Cost Rugs % Carpets Linoleum Piano Other musical instruments (specify) Chairs Tables Beds Other wooden furniture (specify).. . . Bedding (specify) Bed-linen (specify) Table-linen (specify) Pictures Curtains Mirrors Ornaments Lamps Lamp-shades Window shades Screens Netting Dishes and tableware (specify) .... Kitchen utensils (specify) Stove Refrigerator Trunks, suitcases, etc. (specify) Other items (specify) Total annual expenditures for furniture and furnishings ....$. Appendix I 111 76, Present equipment: [Enumerate the principal articles in each room, designating the room as parlor, kitchen, etc., and state the kind of furniture (e. g., folding bed, lace curtains) and present condition] Taxes, Dues and Contributions 77. Amount Paid to Labor Unions Weekly AnniuUly By father $ $ By By Total annual amount paid to labor unions . 78. Amount Paid to Lodges and Societies By father . By By Weekly AnnvxiUy Total annual amount paid to lodges and societies . 79. Annual amount paid in taxes $ . 80. Amount of gifts of friendship (outside of family) $ . 81. Amount paid to church or other religious organizations $ . Total annual expenditures for taxes, dues and contributions . .%. Recreation and Amusements 82. In what ways do adult members of the family seek amusement and recreation? 83. In what ways do children seek recreation? . 112 W orkingmerC s Standard of Living in Philadelphia Recreation and Amusements — Continued 84. Annual expenditures for the regular theater $. 85. Annual expenditures for moving pictures $. 86. Annual expenditures for dances $. 87. Annual expenditures for excursions and pleasure trips . . . $ . 88. Annual expenditures for toys and playthings $ 89. Annual expenditures for other forms of amusement (state the pur- pose) $ Total annual expenditures for recreation and amusements. .|. Education and Reading 90. Annual school expense of children (exclusive of carfare). . I. 91. Newspapers and periodicals (specify) $. 92. Books 93. Postage and stationery . Total annual expenditures for education and reading $ . Insurance Kind of insurance Amount carried Amount Paid 94. For Insurance op Weekly Anniuxlly Father 1 $ $ Mother 1st child 2d child 3d child 4th child 6th child Total annual expenditures for insurance of persons . Appendix I 113 95. Is furniture insured against fire? For how much? $ Annual premium $. Against theft? For how much? $ Annual premium $ . 96. Is house insured? For how much? $ Annual premium $ . Total annual expenditures for insurance of persons and property S- Carfare 97. Carfare of father to and from work $. 98. Carfare of other wage-earners to and from work $. 99. Carfare of children to and from school $ . 100. Carfare of mother $ . 101. Carfare for visiting, recreation, etc $. Total annual expenditures for carfare $. Miscellaneous Expenditures 102. Objects of expenditure: Funeral $. Legal Moving Interest on debts Telephone Beer, whiskey, etc. (consumed away from home) Tobacco Pins (hairpins, common pins, etc.) Spending-money (not otherwise specified) Father Per week $ Mother " " Children at work " " Children at school " " Tools Photos and kodak views Plants and flowers Incidentals Total annual miscellaneous expenditures . Savings and Borrowings 103. Amount added to bank account this year $ . 104. Amount invested in Building and Loan stock, etc ....$. 105. Loans made during the year $ . 106. Current payments on debts contracted during previous years $ . Total annual savings, etc $ ■ 114 Workingmen^s Standard of Living in Philadelphia Savings and Borrowings — Continued 107. Amount drawn from savings during the year $ 108. Amount borrowed during the year $ Total annual borrowings, etc $ Total annual net savings or borrowings $ Summary of Annual Expenditures 109. Housing $ 110. Fuel and light $ 111. Food $ 112. Cleaning suppUes and services $ 113. Clothing $ 114. Health $ 115. Furniture and furnishings $ 116. Taxes, dues and contributions $ 117. Recreation and amusements $ 118. Education and reading $ 119. Insurance $ 120. Carfare $ 121. Miscellaneous expenditures $ Total expenditures $ Summary 122. Annual income $ 123. Annual expenditures $ 124. Annual net savings $ 125. Annual net borrowings $ APPENDIX II REQUIREMENTS OF A FAIR STANDARD OF LIVING FOR A FAMILY OF FIVE TOTAL $ Specified Standasd $ Housing Annual rent $ Two-story house, with six rooms, facing street; bath- room, including toilet, washstand, and tub; laundry; furnace; and faciUties for cooking and lighting with gas. Fuel and Light Unit Price per unit Annual quantity Annual cost Total. Coal, pea. . . Coal, stove. Gas Matches. . . ton ton 1000 cu. ft box of 500 2^ 2K 26 52 Food Unit Price per unit AnnvM quantity Annual cost Total .... $ Bread and cereals $ Bread 16 oz. loaf 24 oz. doz. lb. lb. pkg. 12 lb. bag 12 oz. pkg. lb. lb. $ 988 52 13 26 13 13 13 52 39 $ Buns and rolls Cakes, misc. . . Cornmeal Cornstarch . . . Flour, wheat. . Macaroni Oatmeal Rice Meats and fish. . $ Beef lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. $ 286 26 78 13 65 $ Chicken Fish, fresh. . . . Fish, salt Pork 1 115 116 Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia Food — Continued Unit Price per unit Annual quantity Annual cost % Beans dried lb. lb. doz. qt. lb. % 13 26 78 728 13 % Eees Milk fresh . Peas dried . . . Shortening . . $ Butter lb. lb. lb. $ 26 32.5 65 $ Lard Oleomargarine Fresh vegetables Cabbage Carrots . . . $ 2 lb. head 2 lb. bunch doz. 4 oz. head lb. pk. pk. pk. pk. pk. $ 39 39 13 13 91 78 1 4 4 13 $ Corn Lettuce Onions . . . Potatoes, Irish Potatoes, sweet Spinach String beans . . Tomatoes Canned vegeta- bles Corn 19 oz. can 19 oz. can 19 oz. can % 13 13 52 Peas Tomatoes .... Fresh fruits Apples Oranges Peaches pk. doz. pk. % 13 19.5 6.5 Dried fruits .... Prunes lb. 15 oz. pkg. $ 13 6.6 Raisins Sugars Molasses 18 oz. can lb. 1 26 234 Sugar, gran. . Beverages Cocoa 8 oz. can lb. lb. $ 13 52 13 Coffee Tea i Appendix II 117 Food — Continued Unit Price per unit Annual quantity Annual cost $ Miscellaneous. . . Baking powder Ice 214 oz- can 25 lb. cake 8 oz. bottle 4 lb. bag $ 13 120 26 13 $ Pickles Salt Clothing Total. Price per\ AnnvM quantity article Husband • • ; Caps, wool and cotton mixture, 30 per cent wool, lined or unlined Hats, soft or stiff felt, medium grade Hats, cheapest straw, stiff brimmed Sweaters, 60 per cent wool • • • Overcoats, overcoating, 40 per cent wool. . Suits, cheviot or cassimere, 50 per cent wool Extra trousers, worsted face, cotton back. . Overalls, denim • ■ • • • • Working shirts, cotton flannel or flannelette Working shirts, cotton shirting Dress shirts, printed madras Collars, stiff or soft washable Ties, silk and cotton four-in-hand Suspenders, cotton or lisle elastic web Belts, cheap leather Handkerchiefs, cotton .'■;■" Nightshirts (home made), 5 yds. 36 inch muslin, thread, and buttons Nightshirts (home made), 5 yds. 36 mch outing flannel, thread, and buttons Summer underwear, sets, Balbriggan.. . . . Winter underwear, sets, 25 per cent wool.. Socks, common cotton Shoes, gun-metal welt Shoe repairs, half-soled and heeled Rubbers, storm • • • • Gloves, knitted yarn, 75 per cent wool. . . Garters, cotton elastic web Annual cost X2 'A 1 3 1 12 2 2 1 1 1 lis Workingmen's Standard of Living in Philadelphia Clothing — Continued Wife Hats, plain velvet, little trimming $ . Hats, plain straw, little trimming Coats, Kersey cloth, pile fabric, cheviot, or mixtures Wash dresses (home made), 6 yds. 36 inch gingham or percale, thread, and buttons Suits, wool poplin or other material, 50 per cent wool Skirts, serge, panama cloth, or plaid mix- tures Shirtwaists (home made), 2}4 yds. cotton voUe or lawn, thread, and buttons Shirtwaists (home made), 2}/^ yds. 36 inch washable silk, thread, and buttons Petticoats (home made), 3% yds. 27 or 36 inch muslin, cambric, or sateen, thread, and buttons Corsets, standard make Corset covers, cambric with narrow em- broidered or lace edging Summer underwear, cotton ribbed union suits Winter underwear, winter weight cotton union suits Nightgowns (home made), 4 yds. 36 inch nainsook, mushn, or outing flannel, thread, and buttons Handkerchiefs, cotton Gloves, cotton or chamoisette Aprons (home made), 5 yds. 36 inch figured percale or gingham, thread, and buttons Stockings, plain cotton Shoes, gun-metal welt Shoe repairs, half -soled and heeled Rubbers, storm Price per article Annual \ Annual quantity cost Boy, age 13 Caps, wool and cotton mixtm-e, 30 per cent wool, lined or unUned Hats, wool and cotton mixture Sweaters, 60 per cent wool Overcoats, overcoating, 30 per cent wool . 1 'A iM 'A ¥2 y2 I Appendix II 119 Clothing— Confinued Price per article Boy, age 13 — Continued Suits, 60 per cent wool, cassimere, union cheviot, or suiting Extra trousers, 35 per cent wool, union cheviot Extra trousers, cotton khaki Blouses (home made), 2}4 yds. 36 inch per- cale or gingham, thread, and buttons . . . Collars, stiff or soft washable Ties, silk Windsor Belts, cheap leather Handkerchiefs, cotton Nightshirts (home made), 3H yds. 36 inch muslin, thread, and buttons Nightshirts (home made), 3H yds. 36 inch outing flannel, thread, and buttons Summer imderwear, sets, Balbriggan Winter underwear, sets, winter weight cot- ton, fleece-Uned Stockings, cotton ribbed Shoes, gun-metal welt Shoe repairs, half -soled and heeled Rubbers, storm Gloves, fleece-hned, cotton back Garters (home made), 1 yd. cotton elastic web Annual Annual quantity cost Girl, age 10 Hats, tailored straw Hats, velveteen or corduroy Sweaters, worsted face, cotton back Coats, cheviot, 50 per cent wool Wash dresses (home made), 43^ yds. 36 inch gingham or chambray, thread, and buttons Petticoats (home made), 2 yds. 36 inch muslin and 2\^ yds. lace or edging, thread, and buttons Petticoats (home made), 2 yds. 36 inch out- ing flannel, thread, and buttons Drawer waists, muslin Drawers (home made), 2 yds. 36 inch mus- Un, thread, and buttons Union suits, cotton, fleece-Uned 1 2 H 1 3 2 18 4 4 1 1 H 2H 2 3 6 2 120 Workingmen^s Standard of Living in Philadelphia Clothing — Continued Price per article Girl, age 10— Continued Nightgowns (home made), 3 yds. 36 inch muslin, and 1 3^ yds. lace or edging, thread Nightgowns (home made), 3 yds. 36 inch outing flannel, thread Handkerchiefs, cotton Gloves, fleece-lined, cotton back Stockings, cotton ribbed Shoes, gun-metal welt Shoe repairs, half -soled and heeled Rubbers, storm Garters (home made), 1 yd. cotton elastic web Ribbons, 8 yds. 3 inch silk face Boy, age 6 Caps, wool and cotton mixture, 30 per cent wool Sweaters, worsted face, cotton back Overcoats, overcoating or imion cheviot, 30 per cent wool Wash suits (home made), 23^ yds. 36 inch percale or gingham, thread, and buttons Ties, silk Windsor Handkerchiefs, cotton Nightgowns (home made), 3 yds. 36 inch muslin, thread, and buttons Nightgowns (home made), 3 yds. 36 inch outing flannel, thread, and buttons .... Drawer waists, muslin Drawers (home made), 1 3^ yds. 36 inch muslin, thread, and buttons Union suits, cotton, fleece-Uned Stockings, cotton ribbed Shoes, satia calf, machine sewed or nailed . Shoe repairs, half -soled Rubbers, storm Gloves, fleece-lined, cotton back Garters (home made), 1 yd. cotton elastic web Annu/il quantity 1 6 1 12 4 2 1 2 8 1 ^ 1 3 4 2 18 3 2 1 1 Annual cost Appendix II 121 Carfare Unit Price per unit AnnuM quantity Annual cost Total $ Carfare of husband ride ride $ 604 104 $ Carfare of family Cleaning Supplies and Services Total. Personal Toilet soap . Toothbrush . Toothpaste . Combs, hard rubber Hairbrushes, wooden back . Shoe poUsh Barber's services: Husband Children . Household Laundry soap Starch Bluing Clothesline Clothespins Stove polish Furniture polish Cleanser Collars sent to laundry . Unit small bar brush tube or box comb brush box shave and haircut haircut Price per unit M lb. bar lb. pt. yd. doz. box pt. box collar Unspecified cleaning supplies and services, 26 per cent of cost of specified requirements Annual quantity Annual cost 70 5 12 1 12 10 8 120 24 12 5 1 26 2 36 52 Unspecified Standard 21 per cent of cost of specified standard. INDEX Account-books, period covered by, 14-15; use of, 15; of Dr. Cotton and Dr. Little, 15; of Kensing- ton mill workers, 15; value of, 15 Accuracy, degree of, 15-19; how obtained, 16-17; degree nec- essary, 17; degree for different classes of expenditure, 18 American standard of living, 2 Basis for standard, 5 Brubaker, Dr. Albert P., 4 Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S., index numbers of, 5-6, 42; food schedule of, 20-21, 55; ter- minology used by, 30; assump- tion regarding fluctuation in cost, 46 Carfare, detail of requirements, 77; average annual expenditures for, table, 78 Chapin, Robert Coit, findings of, 5; 1918 equivalent of figure of, 6; schedule of, 12-13 Cleaning supplies and services, detail of requirements, 79; average annual quantities used, table, 81; basis of allowances, 79-80; basis of prices, 80 Clothing, detail of requirements for husband^ 67; detail of re- quirements for wife, 67; detail of requirements for boy, age 13, 68; detail of requirements for girl, age 10, 68; detail of requirements for boy, age 6, 68-69; basis of allowances, 69- 71; basis of prices, 71; com- parison of costs, 71; quantity used by husband, table, 72; quantity used by wife, table, 73; quantity used by boy, age 13, table, 74-, quantity used by girl, age 10, table, 75; quantity used by boy, age 6, table, 76 Cotton, Dr. W. J. H., investiga- tion made by, 7; account-books of, 15 Education and reading, increased cost of, 45; average annual expenditures for, table, 86 Families, self-supporting, 11; se- lection of, 1 1-12; location of, 22; nationality of, 22-23; member- ship of, 23-24; occupation of, 24, table, 25-29; income of, 30, table, 32-33; sources of income of, figure, 31, table, 32-33; ex- penditures of, 34, figure, 35, table, 36-37; housing facilities of, 47-48; average rent paid by, 49, table, 50; annual quan- tities of fuel and light used by, table, 52; food requirements of, 53-54; food habits of, 54- 56; annual consumption of food by, tables, 58-€0, 61-63, 64-66; clothing requirements of, 67-69 Food, analysis of, 20-21; detail of requirements, 53-54; basis 123 124 Index of allowances of, 54-56; nec- essary constituents of, 55-56; basis of prices of, 56; compar- ison of food consumption, figure, 57; annual consumption as shown by estimates, table, 58- 60; annual consumption during 1917-18, table, 61-63; annual consumption during 1913-14, table, 64-66 Fuel and light, quantity necessary, 51-52; basis of allowances of, 51-52; basis of prices of, 52; average annual quantities used, table, 52 Furniture and furnishings, ad- vance in cost of, 42-43; average annual expenditures for, table, 84 Health, advance in cost of, 41-42; average annual expenditures for, table, 83 Housewife, intelligence of, 16-17; good faith of, 16 Housing, specifications of, 47; typical facilities, 47-48; current rentals of, 49; average annual rent, table, 50 Ihlder, Mr. John, 4 Insurance, standard of protection given by, 45; average annual expenditures for, table, 86 Investigation, period covered by, 13-14 Jacobs, Mr. J. L., 4 Kensington mill workers, inves- tigation among, 7; account- books of, 15 Little, Dr. E. L., investigation made by, 7; account-books of, 15 Living wage, in the public service, 1-2; lack of definite understand- ing of, 2-3 Man-unit, requirements exprepsed in terms of, 20-21 Miscellaneous expenditures, items included in, 46; average an- nual expenditures for, table, 87 National Industrial Conference Board, figures gathered by, 6 National War Labor Board, "minimum comfort" budget of, 7 Philadelphia, wages it has paid, 3; standards of Uving of working- men's families in, 4 Quantity data, object to obtain, 19; items that could not be ex- pressed in terms of, 19 Recreation and amusements, in- creased cost of, 44-45; average annual expenditures for, table, 85 Schedule, form of, 12-13; detail of, 12-13, 17; copy of, 90-114 Specified standard, items in, 38- 39; per cent of budget, 39; de- tail of, 47-81 Standard of living, statement in terms of goods and services, 3; amount necessary for a fair, 5-7; adoption of, 9; cost to be ascertained, 9; no wage lower than, 9; modification of, 9-10; to be devised for other groups. Index 125 10; general outline of, 38; quantitative statement of, 115- 121 Taxes, dues and contributions, standard of support given by, 43; average annual expend- itures for, table, 85 Unspecified standard, items in, 38-39; per cent of budget, 39; relationship of specified stand- ard to, 40; cost variation of, 40-41; percentage of error of, 41; average annual expenditures for classes in, table, 82 Wage rate, practical application of, 7-9; basic or minimum, 8; professional or clerical worker not in need of basic wage rate, 8; laborer dependent upon baaic wage rate, 8; when to put into effect, 8-9 Printed in the United States of America I z' 4 \ ^ III Mill II nil Mill Mill I L 006 782 627 1 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 001 154 773 4 'M§l\ m ;i!'!!vi::': ' %''i' ijiil-iinll^ii^ ill