^HBUBRj _UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY EACILITY AA 000 816 316 4 THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. By H. HINKOVIC Late Croatian Deputy and Delegate in the Parliament of Budapest, and Member of the Jugoslav Committee in London. LONDON: THE NEAR EAST LIMITED. Devonshire Square. E.C. PRICE SIXPENCE. THE SOUTHERN SLAV LIBRARY Published on behalf of the ' . . JUGOSLAV COMMITTEE IN LONDON J, THE SOUTHERN SJLAV PROGRAMME. 2, THE SOUTHERN SLAVS ; LAND AND PEOPLE. 3, A SKETCH OF SOUTHERN SLAV HISTORY. 4, SOUTHERN SLAV CULTURE. 5 IDEA OF SOUTHERN SLAV UNITY. 6. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN SLOVENE LANDS. PRICE THREEPENCE EACH. (Most of these Pamphlets contain a Map of the Southern Slav territories), THE NEAR EAST, LIMITED, Devonshire Square, London, E.G. UCSB LIBRARY THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. By H. HINKOVIG, Late Croatian Deputy and Delegate in the Parliament of Budapest, and Member of the Jugoslav Committee in London. LONDON: THE NEAR EAST, LIMITED, Devonshire Square, E.G. SEEBO-CEOAT OETHOGEAPHY. s-=sh in Englisli "ship." c:^ts „ "cats." 6 = cli „ "church." (^ — t ,, "creature.' j=:y in English "you." z = 3 ,, " pleasure." uj=n ,, "new." g=.g „ "got." THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. The Jugoslavs. The Jugoslav question constitutes an integral part of the formidable European problem which will have to be solved by the future peace. Even if she wished it, Great Britain could not withdraw her interest from the Jugoslavs. Every Serb soldier, every Croat or Slovene volunteer, who dies a hero's death in defence of Serbia, sheds his blood not only for his own national cause, but also for that of Great Britain — just as the splendid Tommy is not only fighting for the sacred soil of his own native land, but also for ours as well. We are all fight- ing for common aims, and we are all expecting our victory to bring forth a better future. Now, what is the Jugoslav question? And, first of all, who .are the Jugoslavs, and what do they want? The Jugoslavs are the Southern Slavs. " Jug " is the word for " South " in the Slav languages. In history the Jugoslavs appear under three names — Croats, Serbs and Slovenes. But these are not three different nation- alities. Sprung from the same origin, speaking the siame language, inhabiting a continuous territory, having identical customs and, above all, identical national aspirations, the Serbs, the Croats and the Slovenes are one single nation, designated by one common name — the Jugoslav. 4 THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. The Bulgars do not look upon themselves as Slavs. Their greatest poet, Cyril Hristov, boasts of it. When he signs his poems he adds to his name the words " Tartai^o-Bulgar." However, in spite of themselves, they are Slavs, or rather slavisized. Still, they remained Tartars in spirit. They remain outside the Jugoslav family. Thus our appellation " Jugoslavs," embracing as it does the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes to the exclusion of the Bulgars, possesses no real ethnical significance. It is a purely political expression. It was during the lapse of time from the 5th to the 7th century that the Jugoslavs migrated from the trans- Carpathian regions into their present home. They number about fourteen million — five million live in Serbia and Montenegro, seven-iand-a-half million in Austria-Hungary, and about one-and-a-half million are living — for the greater part temporarily — in the two Americas and the British colonies and dominions. Others are settled in Northern Albania, in Greece they reach as far south as Salouica, in Bulgaria as far as the river Iskra and the Perin Mountains. About 40,000 Jugo- slavs dwell in the Kingdom of Italy. I mention this merely as a matter of fact. We do not claim our kins- men in Italy. They are lost for Jugoslavia. The western part of the Jugoslav territory in Austria- Hungary is occupied by the Slovenes, the centre by the Croats, the east by the Serbs. But this is only a general statement. As a matter of fact the Croat and Slovene THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. I elements on the one hand, and the Serb and Croat on the other are intermingled in the various eountries. The various Jugoslav States. The Slovenes were the first who succeeded in founding an independent State. The ninth century saw the birth of a Croatian and a Serbian State. The Slovenes were the first to succumb to Charlemagne in 778. The Croats elected the King of Hungary to be their king, after the extinction of their native dynasty in 1102. Serbia, which reached its zenith under Tsar Dusan, was definitely conquered by the Turks in 1459. The kingdom of Bosnia lost its independence to Turkey four years later. The Slovenes and Croats fell finally under the Austrian domination, the Serbs under the Turkish. The whole of Jugoslav history is full of struggles against Germans, Magyars, Turks and Yenetians. These perpetual conflicts with their invaders and oppressors have prevented them from achieving their unification. Awakening of the National Consciousness. The French Revolution, so fertile in generous ideas, awakened their national consciousness. It gave the impulse to the insurrection under Karagjorgje in 1804 and to the resurrection of Serbia. It inspired Napoleon with the idea of realising the partial unification of the Jugoslavs by uniting Dalmatia, Istria with Trieste, Carinthia, Carniola, Gorica-Gradiska and part of Croatia into one administrative unit under the name of the Provinces lllyriennes , a name derived from the ancient inhabitants of the Balkans, who were erroneously looked upon as the ancestors of the Jugoslavs. This unification. I THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. altbough very temporary (1807-1815), represents one of the most precious pages in our modern history. After centuries of oppression, the French introduced our native tongue in the schools and public life in our country. The Napoleonic experiment was followed in the thirties of the last century by another movement for Jugoslav unification, known as the Illyrian movement. It was in the end suppressed by the Austrian government, and Ljudevit Gaj, its originator, was cast into prison. The nearer we come to our own day, the stronger grows the national spirit and the more ardent the desire for union. Croatia handed over to the Magyars. After the Austrian defeat at Sadowa, the Germano- Magyars share between them the domimation of the other nationalities in the Babsburg Monarchy. Croatia- Slavonia was allotted to the Magyars. A bilateral treaty concluded between the latter and the Croats guar- anteed a large (autonomy to Croatia. Unfortunately, this treaty was never anything more to the Magyars than a ** scrap of paper." As I have mentioned this treaty — the Nagoda or Com- promise of 18G8 — permit me in passing to give you one instance out of la thousand of the bad faith of the Magyars, the favourites and accomplices of the Habs- burgs. You will see from it what is the life of the Jugo- slavs under the yoke of the Habsburgs in general and the Magyars in particular. K ^ "^ "V '\ -> ^ ■^ ■\ X ^ ;;•>- ' ■« ■ . i-%^ ^ \ X •."x, ^' ;^; V ^ ■\' '.^ ■\ ■^:, 5 . ^ ^, •N, ^l ~N» V ,. •->. >k^ ^ 'V^^. ^ ^ " ^"** ^. V 'lx ^ ^ •^' s ■?, -^ ^ V |v 1^ -^, "X ■,.-' X THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. 7 During the course of the conferences which were to lead to the compact between the Croats and the Magyars, the latter being without sea-board, demanded for themselves the town of Rijeka (Fiume), and the Croats flatly refused; because Rijeka is as Croatian as Liverpool is British. Nothing remained but to place on record the non-succesa of the negotiations with regard to Rijeka, and this was done in Article 6G of the Compact. The Compact itself was to be drawn up in two identical originals, the one in Croatian, passed by the Croatian Parliament, the other in the Magyar tongue, and passed by the Miagyar Parlia- ment. Both originals bear the signature of the Sovereign. The Director of the National Archives in Zagreb pub- lished an official edition of the Croiato-Magyar Compro- mise with a facsimile of Article 66, as it appears in the original text of the Statute. This article of the Statute is written on a slip of paper which is pasted over the primitive text (See fig. 1). The superposed text defines Rijeka as a possession of the Hungarian Crown, while the text beneiath, which was passed by the Croatian Parliament, simply records the non-success of the negoti- ations with regard to Rijeka. The superposed text corres- ponds with the text of the Magyar original which is preserved in the Archives of Budapest. Thus Francis Joseph has sanctioned two different texts of one and the same law, an action which in private life would constitute .an act of blatant swindling. The Magyars subsequentlj'^ found means to have a slip of paper pasted over the primitive text of Article 66 of the Croatian law with a text signifying the direct opposite and in accordance with their covetous desires. On the strength of this impudently falsified law the Magyars 8 THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. appropriated Rijeka and ejected the Croatian autborities. To-day there is not one Croatian school in this town, althoug-h it is an integral part of our territorial patrimony. Progress of the Jugoslav Idea. In the meantime the idea of unification progressed steadily and beciame the programme of the whole Jugo- slav nation. Already in 1869 the Croatian Parliament unanimously proclaimed the political identity and equal- ity of the Serbs and Croats, and even passed a resolution whereby the Serbo-Croat language was in future to be officially styled the Jugoslav language. That same year a Congress of the most notable Croatian, Slovene and Serbian patriots in Ljubljana, the political and intellect- ual centre of the Slovene lands, with boundless enthu- siasm proclaimed the unity of all the Jugoslavs. The most illustrious propagators of the Jugoslav idea in modern times were the Croatian Bishop Strossniayer (fig. 2), the founder of the Jugoslav Academy of Science and Art and of the Zagreb University, and his friend Prince Michael of Serbia, with whose tragic death (1868) collapsed his great plans with regard to the unification of our nation. Since then all our national life has been impregnated with the Jugoslav idea. But the more this idea pro- gressed, the more it excited the persecuting fury of the Germans and Magyars, who — with good reason, by the Croatian Bishop Strossmayer. THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. 9 way — looked upon it as highly diangerous to their hegemony. The last thirty or forty years of our history are nothing but a fierce and unremitting fight on the part of the Austro-Hungarian authorities against the irresistible JufiTOslav movement. The Hostile Policy of the Habsburgi. A few facts will mate it clear what a diabolical policy the Habsburgs have pursued with regard to the tendency towards unification displayed by their Jugoslav subjects. A mere glance at a map shows that the Jugoslav lands under the Habsburg rule form one continuous, unbroken, territorial block. Now, this block is shared between the two halves of the Monarchy and incidentally sub-divided under eleven administrations and fourteen different legislations. These eleven separate administrations are : (1) Croatia- Slavonia, (2) Rijeka (Fiume, "corpus separatum"), (3) Dalmatia, (4) Istria, (5) the city and district of Trieste, (6) Gorica-GradiSka, (7) Carniola, (8) Carinthia, (9) Styria, (10) the Southern Slav districts incorporated in Hungary proper, and (11) Bosnia-Hercegovina. Croatia-Slavonia having complete autonomy in Home affairs, Justice, Public instruction and ecclesiastical matters, has an independent legislation with regard to these. The Southern SLav districts in Hungary, being 10 THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. under direct Hungarian rule, share the legislation of Hungary proper. Eijeka has but a Municipal Council. All provinces belonging to Austria send deputies to the Vienna Reichsrat, while Croatia-Slavonia has for her common affiairs with Hungary a common legislation in the Parliament of Budapest, this Parliament being both a provincial Diet for Hungary and a common Diet for all the countries of St. Stephen's Crown, i.e. Hungary proper and Croatia-Slavonia. Besides this, there are the Austrian and Magyar Delegations for the Common Affairs of the whole Monarchy. Divide et impera. Even more complicated than this territorial and admi- nistrative division is the judicial, educational and eccles- iastical partition, the maritime service, railway and tariff policy. Some examples miay illustrate the matter. The town of Rijeka, being an integral part of Croatia, has both her Superior Courts at Budapest. Of the Aus- trian Jugoslav provinces some have their own Courts of Appeal, others have them jointly. The High Court for all of them is in Vienna. The power (usurped) of the Governor of Rijeka extends to the Croatian coast. The maritime administration of Trieste includes the whole Austrian Coast, Dalmatia and the isles. The only Jugoslav university in Austria-Hungary is in Zagreb (Croatia). Now, the examinations of this uni- versity not being acknowledged in Austria, the Austrian Jugoslavs are practically excluded from their own and only university. They must pass their exiaminations in THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. 11 Austrian universities, in German or Italian. (There are Italian boards of examiners at Graz and Innsbruck — an illustration, by the way, of the supposed oppression in Austria of the Italians for the benefit of the Jugoslavs!) The Archbishopric of Zagreb includes some Jugoslav regions in Southern Hungary (Medjumurje). The Serbian orthodox Bishop of Zadar, Dalmatia, depends hierarchic- ally on the orthodox Archbishop of Czernowic, in Buko- wina, where there are no Serbs at all. The Court of Appeal for Croiatia in the matrimonial matters of Roman Catholics (judged by ecclesiastical Tribunals) is in Hun- gary, the third instance being Rome. The greater part of the railw^ay system in the so-called territories of the Hungarian Crown (including Croatia- Slavonia) converges in Budapest, thus keeping Croatia away from the natural markets for her agricultural pro- ducts. Croatia has no railway communications with Dalmatia and her connection with the Austrian centres is disgraceful. To avoid any prejudice to the export of Hungarian products to Austria, the export from Croatia is rendered altogether impossible. On the other hand, by this railway system Croatia is forced to buy the trash " made in Hungary." But that is not all. What little industry and trade Croatia possesses is paralysed by an astute combination of transport tariffs which renders any competition with Hungary impossible. Thus from almost any Croatian station on the railway line Budapest-Rijeka the transport of goods to Rijeka is more expensive than the freight from Budapest to Rijeka. From the city of Osijek (Slavonia) the manufacturers are obliged to send the 12 THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. goods bound for Sarajevo (Bosnia) by the enormiously roundabout way of Budapest, in order to economise on the freight. The object of this parcelling- out was to divide the Jugoslav nation, which is one, by a series of watertight compartments, so as to estrange us each from the other, and to prevent our unification. The result was finally the very opposite of what was intended. The more the Jugoslavs have been artifically divided the more they became conscious of the absolute necessity to unite. Seeing on the one hand the con- tinuous block of their territory, and on the other the cunning contrivances of their enemies to separate them, it was quite natural that the eagerness of the Jugoslavs for their union at last became irresistible. Magyar Misrule in Croatia. The maximum of misrule is represented by the Magyar count Khuen Hedervary, who, as Ban or Viceroy of Croatia, martyred Croatia for twenty years, from 1883 to 1903. Khuen was a type of a Magyar satrap. He inaugurated his regime by stealing important historical documents from the National Archives at Zagreb. By night and secretly he forwarded three carts carrying deeds from these archives to the Magyar archives of Budapest. In the Zagreb Parliament there was therefore a. storm of THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. 13 indignation, and Khuen was literally kicked out of the House by two members, David Starcevic and Josip Grzanid. The result was that the stolen deeds remained at Buda- pest, but the two members were imprisoned and sentenced to severe penalties for having ** tried " to assault the Ban. Another member, G. TuSkan, was sentenced to eight months' imprisonment for " perjury," having had the courage to testify in Court that Khuen had really been kicked out by the deputies in question, I was counsel for the prisoners, who were my colleagues in Parliament and my friends. For this theft the Emperor-King bestowed upon Count Khuen his highest distinction, the Order of the Golden Fleece. The whole reign of the Magyar Count was one of un- paralleled lawlessness, terrorism and corruption. The elections for the Sabor (Diet) were made by gendarmes and troops, many with bloodshed. The Magyar name was so hated that Magyar flags in many places were publicly burned and Miagyar public offices attacked. The storm, which had been brewing for a long time, burst suddenly with a violence that was fraught with danger. In various Croatian districts unrest quickly degenerated into revolt. The repression was extremely severe. There were many dead and wounded, and the prisons were crowded. The detested Magyar governor quitted the country secretly and in haste. But, of course, more Austriaco rewarded for his crimes — Count Khuen was appointed Prime Minister of Hungary. 14 THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. Dalmatia and the other Jugoslav oountries sponta- neously joined the Croatian movement, the results of which manifested themselves in 1905 in a coalition of all political parties, both Serbian and Croatian, proclaim- ing afresh the indissoluble unity of the two branches of the nation. This coalition rapidly took root in other Jugoslav countries as well ; it embraced almost the total of that part of our nation which is under the Germano- Magj-ar yoke. The principle of unity became a national dogma for the whole nation. The New Era. Meantime, most important events had taken place in Serbia, in 1903. The accession of Peter Karagjorgjevid to the Serbian throne hastened the amazing renascence of the little kingdom, moral, military and economic. And it became apparent that Serbia tea's destined to play the part of the Jugoslav Piedmont. The realisation of Jugoslav unity presented itself under two alternatives : it could be laccomplished either within or without the borders of the Austro - Hungarian Monarchy. In the former case, the two independent Jugoslav States — Serbia and Montenegro — would enter the orbit of the Danubian Dual Monarchy, where the Jugoslav countries would constitute a third State beside Austria and Hungary. This idea of a solution by a Trialisra has been attributed to the late hereditary Arch- duke Francis Ferdinand, but obviously without founda- tion, a« such a course would be entirely opposed to th« THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. 15 Anti-Slav sentiments of the Habsburgs, who have always looked upon themselves as German princes. As such, they have handed over their Slav subjects on the one hand to the Austrian Germans, and on the other to the Magyars. Moreover, we have now for a long time already seen them chained to the car of their conquerors and one-time rivals, the Hohenzollerns. How then could they be credited with a Slav policy? Austria-Hungary's Domestic Persecutions and Foreign Campaign. Thus there remained only the possibility of Jugoslav unification outside Austro-Hungary — a direct menace to the territorial integrity of the Dual Monarchy, which it prepared itself to obviate by taking action against the two centres of the movement, one of which lay within its borders among the Austro-Hungarian Jugoslavs, and the other without, viz. the Kingdom of Serbia. Thence the pitiless persecutions of the former, and the implacable war, both diplomatic and economic, upon the latter. Austria's domestic policy of persecution manifested itself in innumerable high treason trials, of which the Zagreb Trial and another, known as the Friedjung case, are the most notorious but by no means the most infamous instances. Both in the one case and in the other the proceedings were carried on with the help of false wit- nesses in Government pay, and with forged documents. Having been closely connected with these cases, I will give a particularly edifying instance, culled from the 16 THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. extensive collection of Government infamies they repre- sent. Professor Eriedjung, one of the hirelings of the press in the service of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Vienna, publicly accused the Serbian Government and Royal Family of having with hard cash corrupted the leaders of the Serbo-Croat Coalition with the object of provoking unrest in the Southern Slav provinces in the interests of Serbia. The author of the libel pretended to possess written proof derived from the Ministry for For- eign Affairs in Belgrade. The accusation gave rise to a lawsuit in which it wa's proved that all these documents were gross forgeries, vianufacMired in the offices of the Austro - Hungarian Legation in Belgrade by two secre^ taries of the Legation and under the patronage of the Austro-Hungarian Minister himself. Please commit to your memories the name of this diplomatic swindler. He was subsequently a part-author of the ultimatum to Serbia in July, 1914. "Whenever you hear of a diplo- matic infamy, his name may emerge from the mud; he is a Magyar, and his name is Count Forgach. Thus Austria - Hungary was conducting a remorseless cctTupaign, on the one hand, against her own Jugoslav subjects, and on the other hand against Serbia, both with the object of crushing the movement for Jugoslav unification. The achievement of this uni- fication would perforce destroy the hegemony of the Germano-Magyars, and these were not in the least dis- posed to abdicate. Moreover, from the point of view of foreign politics, the territorial integrity of the Habs- burg Monarchy was endangered by the attraction Serbia possessed for the Jugoslavs who were oppressed by the THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. 17 Germano-Magyars. Finally, and above all things, Serbia was blocking the way for Austria-Hungary's ex- pansion towards Salonica. This wiay leads through the valleys of the Morava and the Vardar. Serbia had therefore to become an Austrian vassal, or — to disappear. But it was not only in Austria-Hungary that the storm was brewing against Serbia; the home of the tempest lay farther off. Austria-Hungary pushed on by Germany. To-day one can clearly see Bismarck's idea, when he refused to touch Austria after the victory of Sadowa. Prussia proposed to absorb her completely later on. Germany was thrusting Austria towards the Aegean, but she considered her only as an extension of her own hand. In this spirit, and as the first stage on the road to the East, she caused Bosnia-Hercegovina to be allotted to Austria by the treaty of Berlin. Germany was therefore to a very great extent more or less interested in everything that happened in Austria- Hungary and in all that concerned her. The Jugoslav movement, which threatened her domestic peace, might weaken Austria - Hungary's military strength, which Germany was planning to make use of at the proper time. Therefore Germany desired the war with Serbia in order to preserve Austria from the loss of military strength 18 THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. with which she was threatened by the Jugoslav move- ment, and also in order to eliminate, by the crushing of Serbia, the principal obstacle to her Pan - German ambition. The Sarajevo Murder. The assassination of the Arch-Duke Francis Ferdinand was a welcome pretext for letting loose the war upon Serbia. The Socialist Liebknecht, criticising the methods employed by German school teachers to instil hatred against the Allies into the minds of their pupils, declared that it would be better to explain to them the true causes of the war. " They would have to he told," cried the Deputy, ** that certain German circles hailed the assassination at Sarajevo as a gift from God." The priest Locali, leader of the Transylvanian Roumanians, promised on his part, in an address by which he introduced himself to the deputation of the Roumanian Chamber in December, 1915, to publish documentary proof showing that Count Tisza and certain officials were responsible for the crime. According to a recent notice of the Berlin Lokalan- zeiger, an organ of the German Foreign Office, the Ger- man military authorities have " discovered " in the Serbian archives at Ni§ documents containing plans for the murder of the late Austro-Hungarian Heir-Apparent and *' the names of several Serbian Officers who partici- pated in the plot." One of these, the Colonel Radakovid, whom the-se documents denounced as accessory to the THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. 19 Sarajevo murder, was arrested in the concentration camp of Grodig, near Salzburg, and was sont to the military prison of Salzburg to await his trial before the Sarajevo Military Tribunal. Evidently the whole history of these documents is an impudent invention, and if documents have really been " discovered " they are surely forged like those exposed in the famous Friedjung trial. Can you, after all, imagine such naive murderers as to record on paper and preserve in the State archives the scheme of the assassina- tion of the Heir - Apparent of 'a neighbouring mighty Empire? As a matter of fact, the Archduke had no friends any- where. The Magyars in especial feared him because of his supposed trialistic leanings. At court his wife, a former maid-of-honour to an Archduchess, was nick- named the '' servant girl." It was feared that she would become Empress and her son eventually be Emperor. It is well known that Francis Ferdinand was more than unbalanced; in fact, a maniac. The Czech journal Czas one day related, in a thinly disguised fashion, that in his castle in Konopist, Francis Ferdinand entertained him- self by shooting flies with a revolver. Serbia has been reproached with being the cause of the war. This is true in so far as, by her geographical position and as the standard-bearer of the Jugoslav move- ment, she was an obstacle to the Pangerman Berlin- Bagdad scheme. 20 THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. Pangermanism. Pangermanism has nothing in common with the prin- ciple of nationality. It does not merely tend towards the unification of the German race, but it aspires to world-domination. Believing themselves superior to the other nations, the Germans would fain conquer them, in order to dominate and exploit them. They are the master nation, the others were to be reduced to the position of colonists or negroes. As mere curiosities, I will quote a few extracts from a book published in 1911 by the Pangermanist Tannen- berg on Greater Germany. The Pangerman author agrees with us in advocating the dismemberment of Austria, hut only in order to transform nearly the whole of it into Prussian provinces. In this way he claims a great part of the Jugoslav territory for Prussia. ** Let us moreover add to Prussia," he proceeds, " the regions of Southern Croatia, the islands which lie along her coasts and Dalmatia herself (with some exceptions) ; all this will form the German Littoral (Deutsches Kusten- land)." With reference to- the natives of these regions, the author calls them *' Slavo-Romans." But this does not trouble him in the least. ** Their country," he cries, " must belong to us, it absolutely must be ours, for a great people cannot permit its way of access to the sea be blocked." Extolling the incomparable beauty of these shores, the author explains : ** In Prussian hands, and under Prussian administration, this coast will become a veritable Paradise . . . for the people of the North, who crave from the South the restoration of their health or who are anxious to avoid the cold of the northern winter." Our native land is to become a paradise of the THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. 21 Huns! And we, who have been in possession of this paradise for thirteen centuries — what is to become of us? — we are all to be simply evacuated ! " With the assistance of the State," we read in this Pan-Germanist gospel, " the natives will emigrate to Tunis and Tripoli." That Tunis belongs to France, and that Tripoli is an Italian colony does not worry these good Germans in the least. They dispose most royally of other people's property. All the same, mark their generosity ! They promise State assistance to the dis- possessed Jugoslavs. Their magnanimity does not even confine itself to compensating the owners of estates. " Those who possess no land will be free to go and offer their services in Central or Northern Germany." They will be generously allowed to become slaves of the master nation ! The whole monstrousness of the Pangerman eonception is plainly apparent in these words. It is a peril to liberty, civilisation, to the whole of mankind. It must be fought as one fights a wild beast. The two heroic small nations of Serbia and Belgium have generously sacrificed themselves to stay the progress of the monster, and mankind should never forget the immense service thev have rendered to its cause. The crushing of Pangermanism. Pangermanism must be crushed. When this is accom- plished, Prussian militarism, which is merely its instru- ment, will be simultaneously laid low. 22 THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. But it will not suffice to simply vanquish the monster. It must never be permitter to return. How? In order to prevent it let us see wither it would go. One of the aims of Pangermanism is its expansion towards the South - East. Salonica and Constantinople are only preliminary stages. It aspires towards horizons more distant — towards Bagdad, the Persian Gulf, towards Egypt and India. Serbia was the first dyke encountered by the German tide. Twice running she, the tiny David, had hurled the Austrian Goliath back across her frontiers. But in the end, without help at the right time, she could not but succumb to the united attack of four bandits — the Ger- man, the Austrian, the Magyar, and the Bulgar. Now that the dyke is overthrown, Pangermanism, by way of crushed Serbia, through well-tamed Austria, Bulgaria and Turkey, is nearing the realisation of its sinister dream. Since the downfall of Serbia and the conse- quences brought about thereby, the capital importance of the little country is all-apparent. Obviously, a dyke will have to be re-built. I do not say the dyke, because the former dyke, Serbia before the war, has proved inadequate. Austria-Hungary must be broken up. First of all, before reconstructing the dyke, the force of the current which it will be called upon to resist mu»t THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. 23 be diminislied. Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria must he forcibly detached from Germany's grip. These two States have lost their independence, and at the present moment they are merely vassal States of Germany. Especially Austria-Hungary. Germany has laid her hand upon the army, the diplomacy, the economic life, and even upon the civil administration of the Empire of the Habsburgs. This Empire contains twelve million Germans and ten million Magyars, while the remainder is Slav and Latin. Moreover, these remaining twenty- nine millions are implacable foes of Germany. In spite of this, they are forcibly enrolled in the Austro- Hungarian armies, and are fighting for a cause which they detest. I am not going into the causes; I am merely stating the effect. If Austria-Hungary remains, this monstrous phenomenon will repeat itself in yet another war. In order to render it impossible, these twenty-nine millions must be amputated from the Austro-Magyar, i.e. from the German block. When the Poles, the Ruthenes, the Roumanians, and the Italians have been detached, and been united to Poland, Russia, Roumania and Italy respectively, the Czecho-Slovak group will constitute itself an independent State, and the Jugoslavs will unite with Serbia and Montenegro. Remains the Austro-Magyar block. The official num- ber, viz. twelve million Germans and ten million Mag- yars, is greatly falsified to the detriment of other nation- 24 THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. •alities. Moreover, two of the German millions are scattered in ethnical islets in Hungary, and two others are spread over the Czech countries within the historic and strategic frontiers of Bohemia. These four million Germans would thus be cut off from the main body of the Austrian Germans, just as the Magyars in Transyl- vania would remain outside their national body. Thus the German and Magyar block would both emerge considerably attenuated. It will be objected that the remaining eight million Austrians will go to swell the German power. Of course, this would be very unfortunate. But since Germany to- day already disposes of the whole of the population of the Dual Monarchy to the number of fifty-one million, even that would be something of a gain. Besides this, it must be taken into consideration that, by virtue of the principle of nationality, Germany ought to lose five million Poles, one million and a half Alsace-Lorrainers, and 200,000 Danes, a little less than she would gain by the annexation of the Austrian Germans, so that the number of her inhabitants would remain approximately unchanged. I do not enter into the question of an eventual dismemberment of Prussia, or even of the German Empire. I only emphasise the absolute neces- sity of the destruction of Austria-Hungary. This is a condition sine qua non for the peace of future Europe. THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUEOFE. 25 The Apologists of Austria-Hungary. Great Britain does not yet sufficiently realise that Germany is not the only foe. Austria-Hungary as her accomplice and willing tool is not less dangerous. This misconception is the more pernicious, as it permits the survival of certain sjonpathies for the preservation of Austria-Hungary after the war. " Has she not," says her apologists, " fulfilled in his- tory her piacific mission by keeping the peace between so many heterogeneous nationalities, which would otherwise have destroyed each other, a process likely to have jeopardized international relations? Might she not con- tinue to fulfill this mission in the future?" How erron- eous ! The peace of Austria-Hungary is the peace of the graveyard. A Germano-Miagyar minority odiously op- presses and exploits the alien races under the Habsburg sceptre. It is precisely because these oppressed nation- alities desire to free themselves that this graveyard peace is an inexhaustible source of internal convulsions and external conflicts. Others would like to see Austria preserved because she is Catholic, and as a counterbalance to Protestant Prussia. But has Bavaria in any way whatever counterbalanced Prussianism? And are not the Catholic Habsburgs docile accomplices of the Protestant Hohenzollerns? The apologists further suggest that, if the majority is at present ruled by the minority, iall this will be changed by universal suffrage. They forget that uni- versal suffrage has already existed in Austria for several 26 THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. years without having in the least affected the general position. The electoral geometry, that is to say, the sub-division of the electoral districts, is so arranged that the national minority emerges from the election with a greater number of deputies than the majority. The value of universal suffrage is fundamentally vitiated by other similar processes. These ingenious friends of Austria - Hungary fail to realise that all constitutional or liberal institutions in that country are nothing, and never were anything but a deceptive fagade, behind which the scourges of corrup- tion and political depravity were plied with impunity. Time out of number the Habsburgs have violated their most S'acred oaths. Not to go further than Croatia and recent times — the last thirty years, in fact — Francis Joseph has twice, within this interval (1883 and 1912) suspended the Croatian constitution, although, as a Catholic Apostolic King, he had solemnly called God to witness that he would observe it himself and enforce its observance by his subjects. Others again wax pathetic over the Habsburgs, and especially over Francis Joseph, upon whom such un- equalled misfortunes have fallen. But the Habsburgs are degenerates. The foul scandals with which they constantly bemire themselves in public are proof of it. Francis Joseph himself is a typical case of moral in- sanity, characterised by the absolute want of honourable feeling, honesty and justice. He is past understanding by his own moral perversity. The sole fact that he is forcinp millions of his Slav ctnd Latin subjects to fight in a fratricidal war places him outside the pale of humanity . THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. 17 Not only must Austria-Hung'ary be broken up, but not even a throne of the least importance should be reserved for the pernicious House of Habsburg. The Magyars and Germany. For a long time past the Magyars have in a naively credulous Europe enjoyed the reputation of being cbam- pions of liberty against the Germanising tyranny of Austria. But since their compact with Austria, whereby the Germans and Magyars secured the joint domination of the other alien nationalities in the Monarchy, it has become exceedingly -apparent that liberty, as they under- stand it, is merely the liberty to oppress and exploit other nationalities. The Magyars have always sought and found in Berlin support for their Imperialistic fancies just as, on the other hand, in Germany they have always been con- sidered a most important pawn in the Hamburg-Bagdad game. After the Austrian defeat at Sadowa it was Bismarck who gave Prussia's enemy of yesterday the advice to transfer the Capital of the Empire to Budapest, and it was the Miagyar Count Julius Andrassy who, as Austro- Hungarian Foreign Minister, in 1879, concluded the alliance with Germany. He was very well aware that only under the protection of Prussian militarism could the Magyars have a free hand to oppress the non-Magyar races in Hungary — which oppression was welcome to 28 THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. Germany in her conviction that the Slavs are the real barrier against her push to Salonioa and Constantinople. As a prominent German writert states, on the battle- field of Koniggratz, the Prussians and — without having fought — the Magyars, were joint victors. The same authorft proposes to crown the statues of BisTnarck and Andrassy together with the laurels of tlianksgiving and glory. " Andrassy," says he, '' was at the beginning of the war (between Prussia and France) for neutrality, in the hope that France and Prussia would both weaken in the struggle laud give Austria-Hungary the opportunity to play the decisive role of an arbitrator in the peace treaty. Meanwhile the Austrian Foreign Minister Beust wished to intervene against Prussia, but the far-sighted Magyar imposed neutrality, and the unexpected German victories showed that he was right. He may be con- sidered as the saviour of Central Europe (i.e. Greater Germany), because if Austria had then tried to settle her account wdth Prussia their common future would not have been possible. Andrassy was thus, in 1870, already the man with whom Bismarck was to conclude the memor- able treaty of 1879." The present Hungarian Prime Minister, Count Stephen Tisza, in company with another Magyar, the forger-in- chief of the well-known Friedjung documents, with the ominous name Count Forgacs, and Herr Tschirsky, the German Ambassador in Vienna, were the three framers tFriedrich Naumann : Mitteleuropa, p. 87. ttlbd. p. 53. THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. 29 of the Ultimatum to Serbia. So the Magyars and Germany plotted together to provoke the present wax. Magyar Duplicity. Besides this, amongst all the peoples of Austria- Hungary, the Miagyars were the only one who constitu- tionally and through their Parliament approved the war as their war. Not one voice was raised against it. All parties, both of the Government and the Opposition, even the most radical Independent Party, proclaimed the '* Sacred Union." But the appearance of the Russian Cossack on the Carpathian slopes in Hungary in the winter of 1914-1915 had greatly alarmed these partisans of the " Sacred Union." Seeing their territory threatened, the Magyars staged an impudent political comedy to dupe the world and to prepare the ground for the future leniency of the Allies. While Count Tisza travelled to Berlin to implore the Kaiser's help against the Russians, he patronised at the same time the creation of an Opposition against his own Government. This Opposition had to feign sympathies with the Allies, to start a stop-the-war campaign, to advocate a separate peace for Hungary, and, if necessary, even to crush the Tisza Cabinet. It was a neat piece of hedging — absolutely in the spirit of Bismarck's diplo- macy — a subsidiary insurance, in fact, in case the Central 80 THE JUGOSLAVS IN TUTUHE EUROPE. Empireg were defeated. These pretended pro-Ally sym- pathies were to preserve to the Magyars the whole terri- tory of Hungary, and their domination over the non- Magyar races. But as in the spring of 1915 Mackensen pressed back the Russians from the Carpathians, this artificial Oppo- sition grew weaker and weaker until it finally vanished altogether. Government and Opposition became once more good friends, and the sympathies for France and Britain were only a pleasant memory. We may now frankly acknowledge that the year of 1915 was not at all propitious for the Allied Powers. The surer the Central Empires were of their victory, the more intimate became the connection between the Hun- garian Government and the Opposition. In fact, the connection developed quite into a permanent collabora- tion. On June 5th, 1916, Count Tisza in Parliament openly praised the loyalty of the Opposition which enables him to impart the greatest political and military secrets to the leaders of the Opposition and to take their advice. But tlio unexpected again happened. Once more the hoofs of tiie Cossacks' horses resounded in the Carpath- ians, and once more the Magyars prepared a new edition of their first comedy. THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. 31 The Karoly Comedy. Count Karoly, the President of the Independent Party, published on July 9th a letter announcing his secession from his own party. ' I take this step,' he wrote, ' in order to regain my freedom of action. As I did not approve the policy of the Government in entering upon this war, and, as in consequence I consider that not even the shadow of blame should fall upon me for the initiation of the war, I am not inclined to share in the responsibility for it either.' Count Karoly has so far been followed by some thirty members of the Independent Party. Now, this argument of Count Karoly is egregiously misleading. First of all, as I pointed out, his party has been from the beginning of the war, q component part of the " Sacred Union," and he, personally, was one of the collaborators of Count Tisza. On many occasions promi- nent members of the Independent Party and Count Karoly himself reaffirmed their solidarity with the Ger- man Government and the Austro-Germ.ans generally in this war. On one occasion he especially declared in the name of his party that the alliance with the Germans ought to become still stronger after the war " as the interests of the two countries did not clash at any point." At the sitting on February 18th, 1916, of the Hun- garian Parliament, Count Battyany, one of the leaders of the Independent Party, who has now joined Count Karoly, declared that only the Miagyar administration bad fulfilled its duty completely and entirely, ^* Both > THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. States " (Austria and Hungary)— cried the deputy of the Opposition — "ought to thank the good Magyar God, the Honved (the Magyar territorial), and the Magyar soldier and administration. Because, if our military position is good, it is thanks to the Magyar soldier and the Hon- ved, who is a Magyar institution. Let them, (the Austrians) not forget that, neither to-day, nor to-morrow, OT they might be called upon to repent bitterly." Con- tinuing his tirade against Austria, he added : " Professor Koranyi said in his lecture that of our sick and maimed soldiers seventy per cent, are Magyars, that is to say that they have been twice as forward in sacrificing the- selves as the others. It is true that the Magyars are doing this partly in their own interest, but all the same they must be given credit for it." In the sitting of the following day Count Karoly him- self complained of the want of agricultural labour in the country. But his attacks upon the Government were only prompted by his anxiety for victory for Austria- Hungary and her Allies. " It would be unpardonable," he said, " if our war, after so many military successes, should remain barren of result in consequence of a finan- cial crisis, economic disorganisation and famine." Still more. That same Count Karoly joined the army as a volunteer and served as a private on the different fronts, evidently to stimulate by example the enthusiasm of his countrymen for the war. That the whole thing is humbug becomes obvious by the fact that, just on the occasion of the split in the Independent Party, even such a Chauvinist paper as the THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. 33 Budapest Hirlap on July lltli, 1916, wrote in its leading article : — " Those German writers and politicians who recently were the guests of the Magyar capital will have arrived at their homes with the knowledge that the Magyars are unswervingly loyal to the alliance with Germany (the newspaper's italics), that the German Empire will always be able to count upon the swords of those legen- dary heroes who, together with the Germans are just now beating the Russian, the French, and the English, settling at the same time, by themselves, the treacherous ally or yore," (The "treacherous ally of yore" is, of course, Italy.) When the Russians once more threatened Hungary, the Magyars again looked with one eye towards the Ger- mans to ask for help and with the other towards the Allies to make for leniency. They distributed the neces- sary parts amongst themselves accordingly. Count Andrassy, the son of the founder of the Germano- Austrian Alliance in 1879, appealed personally to the Kaiser for his help, while Count Karoly, member of the Opposition, became ,a pacifist. Once more the Magyars donned the mask of an irreconcilable adversary of the present war. In some English papers (Morning Post, August 22nd, 1916) the Magyars succeeded in being treated as " our friend the enemy." Once more they hypocritically pleaded imaginary sympathies for the Allies, especially for Great Britain, pretending that they only awaited the propitious moment to proclaim Hun- gary's independence and disentanglement from Ger- many's iron embrace. To believe them we should have thought that the country was seething with revolution 34 THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE and on the eve of a general rising, asking for Hungary a separate peace, of course with the condition that the Hungarian Integrity should be preserved. Now, this integrity simply means that Hungary might keep the Slav and Roumanian regions and the Magyars retain their domination of the non-Magyar peoples of Hungary — esactly the same thing as they expected aa a reward from the victorious Central Powers. A Separate Peace ? Of course, such a rising or a separate peace either for Austria-Hungary or Hungary alone is an impossibility, the whole Monarchy being completely in Germany's grip. Some months ago a treaty was initiated for the unification of the German and Austrian m.ilitary control and foreign policy, and it was officially announced that a happy agreement had been reached between the Dual Monarchy and Germany. How, then, could a separate peace either of Austria- Hungary or Hungary alone be possible? If this could be, it would only be by permission of Germany and in her own interest. A separate peace would mean the preservation of the integrity of Austria-Hungary or or Hungary alone, in order to keep their territories for Germany's future disposition : firstly as Allies in a second inevitable war, and then, after the victory, as component parts of "Central Europe," and in reality Greater Germiany. THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTURE EUROPE. 35 The Allied powers will not be duped by the Magyar game. They will never permit their friends to be punished and their enemies to be rewarded. They never can, without denying their solemn promises to the oppressed small nationalities and compromising their own interests, permit the Slavs and Roumanians of Hun- gary to remain under the hateful Magyar yoke. Since the entry of Roumania into the war the question of Hungary's integrity is already settled in the negative, at least as far as the Roumanian districts of Hungary are concerned. Similarly the Southern Slav parts of Hungary, cannot remain under Magyar rule. Thus, finally, only those parts of Hungary inhabited by la com- pact Magyar population can, on the principle of nation- ality form the future Hungary. If it were to become a part of Germaay, which Nau- mann in his euphemism calls " Central Europe," the Magj'ar nationality would be hopelessly lost. Thus it is obvious that the Magyars can save their nationality only if outside the German orbit. This future Hungary should be an independent kingdom. The Jugoslavs will certainly give them every facility to reach the sea through Jugoslav territory. Bulgaria must be reduced. Besides Austro-phils and Magyarophils there .are also Bulgarophils among the Allies, who would be quite dis- posed, in the event of a separate peace, to confirm the 36 THE JUGOSLAVS IN FUTUEE EUROPE. Bulgars in the possession of all tliey filched from the Serbs and under such odious circumstances. By diplomatic subterfuges, of which they are past masters, the Bulgars .are — even after their felony — keeping up friendly feeling among the Allies. Com- formably with their spirit of duplicity, they invariably keep two irons in the fire. They are with the Germans, but if German affairs turn out badly, they will repudiate Ferdinand and sacrifice Eadoslavov. But the Bulgarian people are in perfect concord with their sovereign. Has a single voice from among the people been raised against the war? Let no one be mis- led by the " Realists " of Sofia. Ferdinand suits the Bulgars admirably, and the Bulgars ar© well worthy of their king. The Bulgars manifested themselves as the vanguard of Germany, and are therefore as dangerous and per- nicious as herself. A separate peace by which they would keep Macedonia or simply their ancient frontiers would enable them to assail Serbia again on the first opportunity, and eventually Greece and Roumania. For their's is a vast ambition. They dream of an Empire, washed bj^ three seas, and investing them with the hegemony in the Balkans. Their plan is for the Balkans what the Pangerman plan is for Europe and the world. They fancj' themselves in the role of Balkan emulators of the Prussians. As a matter of fact, they are only