GIFT OF
,
y
(S.^.J.
GREEK
PROSE COMPOSITION
BY
HENRY CARR PEARSON, A.B., HARVARD
HORACE MANN SCHOOL, TEACHERS COLLEGE, NEW YORK
NEW YORK - : - CINCINNATI . : - CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
COPYRIGHT, 1897, BY
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
PEARSON, GREEK PROSE
GIFT
PREFACE
THE aim of this book is (i) to combine a thorough and sys-
tematic study of the essentials of Greek syntax with abundant
practice in translating connected English into Attic Greek; and
(2) to afford constant practice in writing Greek at sight.
Part I contains, in graded lessons, the principal points of Greek
syntax, the unusual and non-essential being purposely omitted.
These lessons are designed for use at the beginning of the second
year's study of Greek, thereby serving as a partial review of the
first year's work and as an introduction to the composition work
in connection with the reading of Xenophon's Anabasis.
Part II contains short, simple English sentences, based on
Books I-IV of the Anabasis. These should be used daily in
connection with the reading of the text.
Part III contains connected English prose, based on Books
I-IV of the Anabasis. This is carefully graded, so that the stu-
dent who performs faithfully the work outlined here will be able to
pass the entrance examination of any of the American colleges.
The method of writing Greek at sight used in this book needs a
word of explanation. It is the outgrowth of the author's personal
experience in the classroom, and his belief that the best results
can be obtained only by systematic practice in connection with
the regular work.
At intervals, review lessons are introduced, containing a list of
the important words and an enumeration of the principal con-
3
4 PREFACE
structions used in the preceding sentences. The instructor should
form original work for his class to translate at sight, based on these
words and constructions. While, strictly speaking, this is not sight
work, it enables the student to make definite preparation for this
kind of work, and gives him valuable practice in the offhand use
of words and principles of grammar. Furthermore, it enables the
teacher to vary the difficulty of the work to suit the ability of his
classc
The connected prose at the beginning of Part III has been made
very simple, so that Part II may be omitted by those instructors
who do not find time to do composition work along with the first
reading of Xenophon. The best results, however, will be obtained
from a completion of all the work here given.
The author is in full sympathy with the tendency to read other
prose works than Xenophon's Anabasis in college preparatory work,
and would have been glad to incorporate in this book exercises
based on other prose authors than Xenophon. The wide diversity
of opinion, however, as to just what authors should be read, and
the fact that Xenophon's Anabasis is made the basis of the com-
position requirement by nearly all the colleges, has made it prac-
tically impossible to prepare such exercises at present.
The author acknowledges his indebtedness to many of the text-
books in Greek Composition.
Mr. C. J Geer, of the English department of the Shady Side
Academy, Pittsburg, has given valuable assistance in the prepara-
tion of the English work of Parts II and III.
The author desires especially to thank William R. Crabbe, Ph.D.,
the principal of Shady Side Academy, for his assistance and kind
encouragement. As a successful Greek instructor of long expe-
rience, his advice in the formation of this book and his criticism
in the correction of the manuscript have been invaluable.
HENRY CARR PEARSON
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I
LESSON PACK
I. The Article. The Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative
Cases 7
II The Genitive Case n
III. The Dative Case ....".... 14
IV. Pronouns : Demonstrative, Interrogative, Indefinite, Rela-
tive ...... . . . . 16
V. Pronouns : Personal, Direct and Indirect Reflexives, Pos-
sessive, avr6s . . ' . . 20
VI. Review with Sight Practice 24
VII. Tenses, Exhortations, Commands, and Prohibitions . . 26
VIII. Causal Clauses, Interrogative Subjunctive, Subjunctive
and Future Indicative with ov |&4j 29
IX. Wishes. Ought and Must 31
X. Purpose and Object Clauses 35
XI. Review with Sight Practice. The Second Aorist Tense
System 37
XII. Particular Conditions: Simple and Contrary to Fact . . 39
XIII. Particular Conditions: Vivid and Less Vivid Future . . 42
XIV. General Conditions 44
XV. Relative Conditions. M . 46
XVI. Review with Sight Practice 49
XVII. Before and Until 50
XVIII. Indirect Discourse. Simple Sentences 52
XIX. Indirect Discourse. Infinitive and Participle .... 55
XX. Indirect Discourse. Complex Sentences 57
XXI. Review with Sight Practice. Synopsis of ot8a .... 60
XXII. The Infinitive. Result Clauses 61
XXIII. The Participle 64
5
6 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART II
PAGE
NOTES ON CONNECTIVES 68
REMARKS ON TRANSLATION 70
EXERCISES BASED ON THE ANABASIS:
Book I 72
Book II 95
Book III .......' \ 109
Book IV i 121
PART III
EXERCISES BASED ON THE ANABASIS:
Book I . . '. 135
Book II. . . . ... ."'., . . . * ; . . 148
Book III 157
Book IV . . '.-.-. ; V . . . 165
ENGLISH- GREEK VOCABULARY 173
EXAMINATION PAPERS . 180
The grammatical references are to the Greek Grammars in most common
use; H. = Hadley- Allen. G. = Goodwin. B. = Babbitt. Go. = Goodell.
GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION
LESSON I
THE ARTICLE THE NOMINATIVE, VOCATIVE, AND
ACCUSATIVE CASES
1. The definite article, 6, f|, TO, generally corresponds
to our article the.
2. An adjective or other word qualifying a noun is said
to be in the Attributive position when it follows the article
directly. It is in the Predicate position when it does not
directly follow its article.
ATTRIBUTIVE POSITION
6 d-yaOos dvrjp
6 dvrip 6 cryaOds
The brave man.
dvtjp 6 <rya66s
PREDICATE POSITION
6 dviip dvaGos \ ri L
' r \ Ihe man is brave.
a-yaBos o avrjp }
[H. 666-670: 0.959-963,971-973: 6.451-453: 00.552.]
3. The following are some important facts to remember
about the use of the article :
i. The article is often used as a possessive pronoun when
such a meaning is obvious : f| 8c p/rJTqp d-TroTr[nri err! rip
dpx'iv, his mother sends him back to his province. [H. 658:
6.949: B. 447: Go. 551, </.]
7
8 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION TART I
2. Names of persons usually omit the article. Yet they
often take it, to mark them as before mentioned or well
known : 6 Kvpos, Cyrus. [H. 663: G. 943: B. 446: Go. 551, #.]
3. Abstract nouns often take the article : TJ dpTTJ, vir-
tue ; T| SiKaioa'vvT],j?tstice. [H. 659: G. 944: B. 448: Go. 551, 4.]
4. The article is generally omitted with pacriXcvs when
referring to the king of Persia. [H. 660, c\ G. 957: B. 446, n.]
5. The demonstrative pronouns oSros, 68, and Ktvos
usually have the predicate position : oSros 6 <TTpaTuoTT|s,
this soldier. [H. 673: G. 974: B. 456 : Go. 553.]
6. irds, anas, o"ufiiras, and oXos generally have the
predicate position. So with JJLCO-OS, meaning the middle of:
ji(TT| T| xcopa, the middle of the country (while T] |iO"r| x^pd"
would mean the middle country}. [H. 672: G. 979: B. 454, 455.]
7. The article has a demonstrative force before jiV and
Slim expressing contrast : 6 JJLCV . . . 6 8, this man . . . that
man, the one . . . the other. [H. 654: G. 981 : B. 443, i : Go. 549, .]
8/ Adverbs and limiting phrases, such as prepositions
and their cases, may be used with the article and noun.
The noun may be understood and is, therefore, frequently
omitted: Mc'veov KCU ol aiiv avrc3, Menon and those with
him (his men); ol omaOev, those in the rear ; ol dvco o-Tpa-
TicoTai, the soldiers who are above ; ol vvv, the men of the
present generation.
^ There is no indefinite article in Greek. The English
a or an must therefore usually be omitted in translation :
ir6Xis, a city. When the writer has in mind some particu-
lar person or thing, but does not name it, the indefinite
pronoun ris is used: dvrjp TIS ravra CTTOITJO-C, a (certain)
man did this.
ris is enclitic, and generally follows its noun.
THE ACCUSATIVE
5. A predicate substantive with t|u and verbs signi-
fying to Become, be Named, be Elected, be Thought, and
Appear, is in the same case as the subject : alpciTcu <rrpa-
s, he is elected general. [H. 614 : G. 907 : B. 341, i : Go. 534, b.~\
6. The Accusative joined with a verb, adjective, or
substantive may denote that In Respect to Which the
expression is used. This is called the Accusative of
Specification : TO, T aXXa KOpos Tip/ii<r |i, Cyrus hon-
ored me in other respects ; 6 irorajios rv TO exipos ir\-
Opiatos, the river was a pie thrum in width. [II. 718: G. 1058:
B. 337 : Go. 537.]
7. The Accusative may denote Extent of Time or
Space: cvra/GOa |iivav rpels Tp,pas, there they remained
three days ; |TJXawe irapa<raYYT|v, he marched a para-
sang. [H. 720: G. 1062: B. 338: Go. 538.]
8^ An Accusative is often used Adverbially : rcXos,
finally ; TO Xonrov, thenceforth ; TTJV Tayi(TTi\v, by the
quickest (*Q2jS). [H. 719: G. 1060: B. 336: Go. 540.]
9. Two Accusatives, usually one of the Person, the
other of the Thing, may follow verbs meaning to Ask,
Demand, Remind, Teach, Clothe, Unclothe, Conceal, De-
prive : Kvpov 8e Td irXota aiTrjo-eo, / will ask Cyrus for
the boats ; IpovXovTo a<t>aipio-9ai TOVS "EXX-qvas TT^V -yfiv,
they wz>/z^ to deprive the Greeks of their land. [H. 724:
G. 1069 : B. 340 : Go. 535.]
10., Verbs meaning to Do Anything To or Say Any-
thing Of a person or thing may take two Accusatives :
KCIKCOS a/uToiFS 1701^0-6, he did harm to them (here KaK&s
equals Kcucd, the second Accusative). [H. 725,0: G. 1073: B
340: Go. 534, a.]
10 GREEK PROSE. COMPOSITION PART I
1L The Accusative is used after the adverbs of swear-
ing, vfj and |id, by. vr\ introduces an affirmative oath and
fid a negative one : [xd TOVS 6<rus, no, by the gods. -
The student will notice that vrj is opposite the meaning
to our English nay. This will help him to distinguish the
two words. [H. 723: G. 1066-67: B. 344: Go. 532.]
12. When the Vocative is used as the case of address,
is often written before it. [H. 709: G. 1044: B. 327: Go. 6i,<7.]
Article, H. 654-673: G. 941-981: B. 444-458: Go. 549-556- Norn,
and Voc., H. 706-709: G. 1043-1045: B. 325-327: Go. 503-504. Acc. t
H. 710-726: G. 1046-1082: B. 328-346: Go. 529-541.
13. TRANSLATE :
1. All the soldiers went back to their city.
2. You did this to a (certain) man.
3. " I will remind the whole army of this," said Cyrus, \ }
4. This man was made general by the great king, cf- ./
5. Xenophon was general during the whole retreat (/card-
6. He remained in the middle of the city for three years.
7. "Yes, by Zeus," said he, "the man is brave."
8. Cyrus and his men are not braver than those in the
van.
9. The Greeks are asking Cyrus for a guide.
10. That man was brave in battle, but in other matters a
coward.
THE GENITIVE II
LESSON II
THE GENITIVE CASE
14. In its relation to another noun, the Genitive may
denote :
1. Possession (Possessive Genitive): r6 TOO) irarpos
irXoiov, the father s boat.
2. The subject of an action or feeling (Subjective
Genitive): T| TOV (rTpaTTi'yov tiivoia, the good will of the
general (i.e. which the general feels).
3. Jhe object of an action or feeling (Objective Geni-
tive) : 6 T<OV pappdpcov cj>6pos TCOV ' EXXfjvcov, the barba-
rians' fear of the Greeks (i.e. the Greeks were the object
of their fear).
jj.. Material or contents, including that of which any-
thing consists (Genitive of Material): 8-uo xoivikcs dX<j>i-
Tcov, two quarts of meal.
5. Measure of space, time, or value (Genitive of Meas-
ure): iroSeov TT6VT6 TTOTdfios, a river of five feet (in depth).
J>._ The whole after nouns denoting a part (Partitive
Genitive): is TOVTCOV ^v "EXXt]v, one of these was a Greek.
[H. 729: G. 1085: B. 34^-352: Go. 506.]
4|u The Genitive may be used as the object of a verb.
This is often the case when the verb affects the object
only in part. Such verbs are those that mean to Share,
Enjoy, Hit, Miss, Aim, Begin, Lead, Rule, Take Hold
of, Touch, Perceive, Hear, Taste, Smell, Remember, For-
get : cip)(iv TOV e'p-you, to begin the work; T]KOD(T 6opv-
po\), he heard a noise ; ri]S paaiXcias |iTa8<o<r(o, / will
12 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
sJiare the kingdom ; ity ^ TO rot) oTpaT0|iaTos, he led the
army.
j. Verbs of hearing usually have the Thing Heard in
the Accusative and the Person From Whom in the Geni-
tive : iJKOvo- Tur(ra<|>pvovs T&V <rr6Xov, he heard of the
expedition from TissapJiernes.
,^2-^The Genitive very often expresses the Part Taken
Hold of : \apov rfjs <ovqs TOV 'Opdvrav, they took hold of
Orontas by the girdle.
3. The verb <ryeo is an exception to the rule that verbs
of leading and ruling take the Genitive. [H. 737-742: G. 1097,
1099, 1 102: B. 356: Go. 510, 511.]
16. The Genitive is also used with verbs denoting Sepa-
ration, Comparison, Source. Such verbs are those that
mean to Deprive, Remove, Spare, Release, Abandon,
Differ, Surpass, Be Superior or Inferior to, Be Full of,
Want : CWTKC&V 8i<rxiXi<ov SCTJO-OJICU, / shall need two thou-
sand skins ; cnr)(i Ten) iroTap.O'u <rra8|idv, he is a day's
journey distant from the river.
NOTE. What other construction may be used after a
verb of depriving? [H. 743, 748, 749, 750: G. 1112, 1117, 1120,
1130: B. 362, 364, 365: Go. 509.]
17. The Genitive expresses the Cause, Crime, or Value.
1. The Cause, after verbs of Praise, Pity, Anger, and
Revenge : TTJS \\)0pias vfxds cvSaijiovi^o, / congratulate
you on your freedom. [H. 744: G. 1126: B. 366: Go. 509, c~\
2. The Crime, after verbs of Accusing, Acquitting, Con-
demning, and Convicting: SUOKOD crc dorpias, I prosecute
you for impiety. [H. 745 : G. 1121 : B. 367 : Go. 514.]
3. The Value, after verbs of Buying, Selling, Valuing,
etc. : 8paxP1$ irpiaaBai, to buy for a drachme. [H. 746: G.
"S3: B. 353: 60.513.]
THE GENITIVE 13
18. Many verbs compounded with a preposition take
the Genitive when the preposition, used by itself in the
same sense, would have that case.
Especially many compounds of Kara which have the
sense of feeling or acting against, take the Genitive of the
Person : Karo/ycXo) \IJJLCOV, / laugh at you. [H. 751-752: G.
1132: B. 370.]
19. Many adjectives are followed by the Genitive. Such
adjectives are generally kindred in meaning to verbs which
take the Genitive. [H. 753: G. 1139-1140: B. 362, 2, 367: Go. 516.]
20. The Genitive expresses the Time Within Which an
action occurs : pacriXevs 8cKa -n|Xpcov fiax^trai, the king
will fight within ten days. [H. 759: G. 1136: B. 359: Go. 515.]
21. Adjectives and adverbs of the comparative degree
are followed by the Genitive when ij, than, is omitted.
[H. 755: G. 1153: B. 3 6 3 : Go. 517.]
Gen., H. 727-761: G. 1083-1156: B. 347-372: Go. 505-518.
22. TRANSLATE :
1. For what (rt) does he need the whole army ?
2. They heard these things from the general's daughter.
3. For many days Clearchus led the army.
4. They arrived at a river six feet deep.
5. He began his speech as follows : " I will not take ven-
geance on them for their evil deeds."
6. Nobody missed his man.
7. In the night they had fear of the Greeks.
8. Those men are more cowardly than these with us.
9. He bought a chariot for twenty darics.
10. They overcame the enemy when they were 1 three
stadia distant from the city.
1 Use participle.
14 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
LESSON III
THE DATIVE CASE
23. The Dative is the case of the Indirect Object of a
transitive verb. This object is generally introduced in
English by to : '8eoK TO> dvSpl tmrov, he gave a horse to
the man, or he gave the man a horse. [H. 763-764: G. 1158:
B- 375 : Go - 5 20 -]
24. The Dative is used with many intransitive verbs
(omit to in translation) meaning to Benefit, Serve, Obey,
Please, Profit, Trust, Aid, Befit, and their contraries ; also
with verbs denoting disposition toward any one, as Anger,
Envy, Favor, Threats.
m<TT\)OV o/uT(3 at TToXcis, the cities trusted him.
TCO (TTpaTT^Y^ TTi6ero, he obeyed his general.
T(5 pa<ri\L po-qOrjo-a), / will aid the king.
i. <0<|>Xco, to aid, takes the Accusative instead of the
Dative. [H. 764, 2: G. 1160: B. 376: Go. 520, .]
25. The Dative indicates the person or thing to whose
Advantage or Disadvantage the action of the verb takes
place. This Dative is sometimes translated like the Geni-
tive of Possession.
rots Vavi<rKois V)(av otvov, they poured in wine for the
young men.
rd oirXa rots crrpaTKorais erri d}ia|cov ity* 1 " * ^ le ar/ w> s f
the soldiers were carried on wagons (literally, the arms
ivere carried for the soldiers, etc.). [H. 767: G. 1165: B. 378:
Go. 523.]
26. The Dative with cijii, 'yi'Y vo l JL( u and similar verbs
may denote the Possessor : TI carat t|p.tv, what shall we
THE DATIVE 15
have? The same idea could be expressed (though less
commonly) by using C'XOD. [H. 768: G. 1173: B. 379: Go. 524,0.]
27. Just as was the case with the Genitive, the Dative
follows many adjectives and adverbs and some verbal sub-
stantives kindred in meaning to the verbs which take the
Dative of the indirect object or of advantage or disad-
vantage. [H. 765: G. 1174: Go. 522.]
28. The Dative is used with words that imply Likeness
or Unlikeness and Association or Opposition, Some com-
mon verbs coming under this rule are -iroXc^co, \La\o\Lai,
and iro[iai. [H. 772-773: G. 1175: B. 392: Go. 525.]
29. Many verbs compounded with V, o-uv, 4m, and
some with irpos, irapd, ircpi, vrro take the Dative : T|p.lv
m9TJ<rovrai, they will attack us. [H. 775: G. 1179: B. 394.]
30. The Dative is used to denote Cause, Manner, and
Means or Instrument; also the Degree of Difference after
comparatives : irporcpa Ktipou TTCVTC T||jLpais <X<|>IKTO, she
anived five days before Cyrus (literally, before Cyrus by five
days). [H. 776, 781: G. 1181, 1184: B. 387-391 : Go. 526.]
31. The Dative denotes the Time When an action takes
place : TTJ v<TTpoia, on the next day. [H. 782: G. 1192: 6.385:
Go. 527, c.-]
i. xpaoficu, to use, takes the Dative case (like utor,
which takes the Ablative).
Caution. Do not express Motion To or Towards by
the Dative. Use a preposition and the Accusative.
Dative, H. 762-783: G. 1157-1198: B. 373-395: Go. .49-527.
ativ
i
l6 GREEK PROSE COM POSH ION PART I
32. TRANSLATE :
1. I do not envy the king's men.
2. For seven days the soldiers followed him.
3. I persuaded him to obey them.
4. There Cyrus had a palace.
5. This soldier always helped the king.
6. He used the arrows which he had.
7. On that day fear fell upon the Greeks.
8. The mercenaries were very angry with Clearchus.
9. A brave man will not fight with a friend.
10. On the fourth day Tissaphernes attacked the Greeks
LESSON IV
PRONOUNS: DEMONSTRATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, INDEFINITE,
RELATIVE
33. I. The ordinary demonstrative pronoun is oSros,
this. Of the other demonstratives, 886, this (here), is used
of something near or present; Kivos, that (yonder), of
something remote.
2. oSros is used in referring back to something already
mentioned ; 886 in referring forward to something about
to be mentioned.
3. There occur in Attic prose several compounds of
OVTOS and 88c, as TOLOVTOS and rouScrSc, such, and roaovTos
and TouocrSc, so much, so many. The student will notice
that all pronouns compounded with TOL- or 01- denote
Quality, and with TOO"- or oo*-, Quantity.
4. Thus we generally find at the end of a speech such
expressions as '\ ravra (or Toia/Ora) ; while before
PRONOUNS I^
the speech we find \| rdSc (or ToidSt). [H. 271, 272, 273:
G. 409, 429: B. 480-482: Go. 205-212.]
Caution. Remember what was said in Lesson I, that
demonstrative pronouns, when used with a noun, usually
take the predicate position.
34. i. The principal interrogative pronoun is TVS, TIS,
TI, who ? which ? what ? This always has the acute
accent on the first syllable. It is declined as follows :
SINGULAR PLURAL
M andF. N. M and F. N.
Nom. rCs T( rtvcs rva
Gen. rCvos, TOV r(vo>v
Dat. rtvi, rip ifcn,
Ace. rCva rl rtvas rCva
DUAL
N.AV. T(VI
G. and D TVOIV
2. The indefinite pronoun is rls, rls, rl, some, any.
This pronoun is enclitic. It is declined just like the
interrogative, except that the accent in declension is always
on the ultima.
3. The interrogative of Quality is irotos, iroid, irotov, of
what sort? and of Quantity iroaos, Tr6<rr|, iroaov, how much ?
[H. 277-278: G. 415-416: B. 489-491, 151 : Go. 217-222.]
35. i. The relative pronouns are os, TJ, 6, who, which,
that, what, and 6<rris, TJTIS, o TI, whoever, whichever, what-
ever. The latter is called the indefinite relative.
2. OO-TLS is a compound of os and rls, and both parts
are declined together. The accent of 6s is not affected
by the presence of ris.
GK. PROSE COMP. 2
1 8 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
Masc. Fern. Ncut
Nona. OO-TIS -qris o n
Gen. OVTIVOS, OTOV iJo-Tivos OVTIVOS, OTOV
Dat. WTLVL, OTCU TJTLVL COTLVL, OTW
Ace. ovriva rjvTiva o TI
N.A.V. arrive <SriV arrive
G. and D. olvnvoiv otvTivoiv otvTivoiv
Nom. ofrrivcs arrives 6/riva
Gen. WVTLVCOV, OTWV WVTLVCOV WVTLVWV, OTWV
Dat. olo"Tion, OTOIS alo-Tio'i olo-Tio-i, OTOIS
Ace. ovo-Tivas ao-Ttvas dtTiva
3. The following relatives of Quality occur : otos and
OTTO LOS, of which kind, (such) as; and of Quantity, oaos and
6ir6(ros, how much, how many, (as much or as many) as.
[H. 275, 280, 282 : G. 421, 425, 429: B. 151 : Go. 215, 222.]
36. The relative agrees with its antecedent in gender,
number, and person, but its case is determined by the
construction of the clause in which it stands : 6 'LTTTTOS,
ov t8, KaXos ^v, the horse which he saw was beautiful.
[H. 627: G. 1019: B. 462: Go. 613, a.~]
37. The antecedent of the relative may be omitted,
when it is implied in the context. Sometimes it is incor-
porated into the relative clause.
OVK dircKpilTrTCTO i^v t)( < y V( ^K LT l v > ^ e did not conceal the
opinion which he had (i.e. TTJV \V&\LI\V r\v ctx*).
TTOIOWI d poxiXovTai, they do what they wish (i.e. To/Ora a
[H. 995-996: G. 1037, 1026: B. 461 : Go. 613, d, 614.]
38. When a relative would naturally be in the Accusa-
tive as the object of the action of a verb, it is generally
assimilated to the case of its antecedent, if this is a Geni-
tive or a Dative : &|ioi T^S \v8pias T|S KKTT]cr0 (instead
PRONOUNS 19
-of r\v KKTT](r8), worthy of the freedom ivhich you have
acquired. [H. 994: G. 1031 : B. 465 : Go. 613, b.~]
^9^ The indefinite relative, instead of the interrogative,
is often used to introduce an indirect question : \-yv o TL
iroiT|<r, he told what he did. [H. ion : G. 1013: B. 490: Go. 621.]
40. The student should remember that a relative clause
is very often expressed in Greek by the participle, with or
without the article.
TT]V iroXiv owav V T(3 iT8icp, the city which was in the
plain (literally, being in the plain).
6 To/Orci iroiTJaas, he who has done this.
rd yiyv6\Ltva, tJiose things which are going on.
TO. y 4 Y V1 lH L * va > those things which have happened.
Caution. In rendering expressions like these things
which have happened, do not use To/Ora for these things.
The article alone with the participle is the Greek usage.
41. TRANSLATE :
1. Such words Tissaphernes spoke, but Xenophon replied
as follows.
2. They came to a certain river that was twenty feet wide.
3. The man who has planned these things is clever.
4. " Who is this guide ? " said Cyrus.
5. That man is braver than the one who is present.
6. We who are so brave (TOIOVTOI) and so many are
Greeks.
7. He told us what Cyrus said.
8. And with her he sent the soldiers whom Menon had.
. And they ask him how large the country is.
10. What sort of a boy has he ?
2O GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
LESSON V
PRONOUNS: PERSONAL, DIRECT AND INDIRECT REFLEXIVES,
POSSESSIVE,
42. The Nominative forms of the personal pronouns are
omitted unless emphatic. If emphatic, they are expressed.
[H.6 77 : 0.985: 6.467: Go. 557.]
43. i. A reflexive pronoun usually refers to the sub-
ject of the sentence. When it refers to the subject of the
clause in which it stands, it is called a direct reflexive.
2. In a dependent clause, the reflexive pronoun often
refers to the subject, not of the dependent, but of the
principal verb. It is then called an indirect reflexive, and
must be distinguished from the direct reflexive.
yvcoOi <rcu)T6v, know thyself.
IpoiiXcTO dirav T& o-TpaTcvjia irpos iavrbv c'xav TTJV yv<o|i'qv,
he wished the whole army to be devoted to himself. (av-
TOV, an indirect reflexive, because it refers to the subject
of IpotiXcTo, the principal verb.) [H. 683, a-. G. 993: B. 470,
471 : Go. 200.]
44. The personal pronouns of the first and second per-
sons are declined thus :
First Person Second Person
f Nom. fy orv
SING. Gen ' **> V*
1 Dat. cju>(, |io( <ro (
ACC. U., IX CT
DUAL j N.A.V. *
I G. and D. v<f
v<fv <r<|)pv
PRONOUNS 21
First Person Second Person
Nom.
PLUR. , Gen *
Dat.
Acc.
45. There is no pronoun of the third person in regular
use. In all cases but the Nominative avros serves as the
pronoun of the third person, him, her, it, them. When the
pronoun of the third person is emphatic in the Nomina-
tive case, some demonstrative is used, cumfe is declined
like cryaSos, except that it has axmJ for a/urdv in the Nomi-
native and Accusative neut. sing.
46. Airr6s is used in three ways :
1. As a pronoun of the third person.
2. As an intensive, meaning self, very (like ipse in
Latin) : avr6s 6 avrjp, the man himself.
3. Preceded by the article, meaning the same (like idem
in Latin) : 6 O/UTOS dv^p, the same man (rd avrd, the same
things, is generally written Taxrrd; not to be confused
with-Tcn)Ta. [H. 678-680: 0.989: 6.475: Go. 199.]
47. The following is the declension of the reflexive
pronouns :
First Person Second Person Third Person
Gen. fiavTov, -TJS o-cavrov, -r\s cavrov, -fjs, -ov, or avrov, etc.
Dat. ficu>Tw, --g (Tcavrw, --Q cavTcp, -"5, -a>, or avrw, etc.
Acc. Ijiavrov, -^jv o-cavTov, -i\v i'avrov, -4\v, -6, or avrov, etc.
Gen. TJfiwv avrcov v|Jicav avrwv cavrwv or <r<|>uv avrcov
Dat. tjfiiv avrots, -ats v^tv avrois, -ais eavrots, -as, or cr4>uriv avrots, -ats
Acc. iJixas avrovs, -as v|ids avrovs, -as cavrovs, -as, -a, or o-<)>ds avrovs, -as
22 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
Norn.
Gen. ov <r<j>wv
Dat. ol o-<J>cri
Ace. 6 <r<t>ds
and o-cauTofl are used both as direct and indi-
rect reflexives.
oS, ot, <i is an indirect reflexive of the third person, but
the forms o5 and c are not used in Attic Greek.
cauTov, a direct reflexive, is used as an indirect reflexive
in place of o5 and c.
48. The following forms of the personal pronouns are
enclitic : |ioQ, (Jioi, |i ; <roi), aoi, a ; oS, ot, .
If the pronoun is emphatic, and in general after prepo-
sitions, the enclitic forms of the pronoun retain their
accent, and in the first person the longer forms |ioi), qxoi,
!|i are then used. [H. 263: G. 986: B. 70: Go. 19.]
49. i. The possessive pronouns are formed from the
personal pronouns. They are ifios, my, mine ; T|fJLTpos,
our; aos, your (sing.), vjiercpos, your (plur.). They are
inflected like <rya06s, fiaKpds.
2. The possessive pronouns take the article when a
particular object is referred to : ji6s (JnXos, a friend of
mine ; 6 [ios <j>iXos, my friend (the particular one).
[H. 675 : G. 946, I : B. 476-478 : Go. 204.]
50. I. There is. no possessive of the third person in
Attic prose. The Genitive of O/UTOS, in the predicate
position, is used to express his, her, its, their.
2. In a like manner the Genitives of the personal pro-
noun (especially in the singular) are sometimes used in
the predicate position, instead of the possessives cjids, T|p.-
TpOS, O*6S, V|ITpOS.
PRONOUNS
3. Genitives of the reflexive pronouns, when they ex-
press possession, take the attribute position.
my father.
6 |ios TrctTTJp
6 ira/nip 6 |Ji6s
iraTTjp 6 fios
6 iraTTJp [JLOD
ctSc TOV irarcpa O/UTCOV, he saw their father.
Tfl cavTOv X l pi> with Ins own hand.
[H. 690, 689, 692, 3 : G. 998, 2, 1002, 1003: B. 466-479 : Go. 194-204, 557-559.]
51. TABLE OF PERSONAL, REFLEXIVE, AND POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS
Personal
Direct
Reflexives
Indirect
Reflexives
Possessives
First
Person
4-yw
Ijiavrov
fJLCU)TOV
nos(sing.),TJ|i'Tpos
(plur.), or Gen. of
personal in predi-
cate position
Second
Person
<rv
creavTOv
(Tcavrov
<r6s (sing.), vplrcpos
(plur.), or Gen. of
personal in predi-
cate position
Third
Person
avr6s in all
cases but
Nom.
cavrov
or
avrov
(ov'), ol, (i'), etc.
Forms in ( ) not
Attic. . Use eavrov
Use Gen. of avros
in the predicate
position
NOTE. Remember that the article is often used where
in English we use an unemphatic possessive pronoun
(3, i).
24 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
52. TRANSLATE :
1 . That young man killed himself.
2. You are a Greek, but I am a Persian.
3. When he saw them, he laughed.
4. They did not wish the enemy to see them.
5. My brother sent off his own father.
6. They fought with one another on that day.
7. This soldier was a friend of mine.
8. During the same day the Greeks themselves set out.
9. We have been wronged by their king.
10. Greeks, your general has done the same thing.
LESSON VI
REVIEW
53. Review carefully all of the principles given in
1-51.
54. Learn thoroughly the meaning of the following
list of words, memorizing the principal parts of all the
verbs :
1. S&0, Seoficu 1 5. alrco)
2. aKovco 6. IpcoTcuo
3. |jLL|Jivf<rK() 2 7. d<j>aipa>
4. |XVo> 8. alpeto 3
1 W, meaning to want, need, request, takes the Genitive.
2 Notice the active and middle meaning. The Perfect middle is used with
a present meaning, like memini in Latin.
8 Act. seize, mid. choose.
REVIEW
9. KpVTTTCi)
10. TTOl<0 ( KdKCOS Or V)
11. d(|>lKV0)iai
12. apxco
13. Tl|iO)p(0
14. d>veo|icu
1 5 .
1 6. Kpareco
17.
1 8.
19. d|JLapTdva)
20. dirpxo|JLat
21. TOS
22. Kardpacris
23.
24.
25. 6m<T0V
26. pdGos
27. 9vy&Tiip
28. irovs, iro86s
29. \6-yos
30. iri6o) (act. and mid. 1 )
31.
32.
57.
33-
34. (b(j>X'a>,
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40. pcwriXcia
41.
42.
43-
44. |iicT0ocj)6pos
45. \ipos
46. 8iv6s
47. irais, iraiSds
48. diroKpivo)iai
49.
50.
51.
52. dlTOKTlVa)
53. opdo)
54. iropvo> (mid. 2 )
55. vcavias
56. dXX-qXcov
55. From the above list of words, let the instructor
form sentences embodying the principles of the first five
lessons. The student should write these sentences at
sight in the class-room.
1 Act. persuade (Accusative), mid. obey (Dative).
2 Act. make go , mid. proceed.
26 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
LESSON VII
TENSES EXHORTATIONS, COMMANDS, AND PROHIBITIONS
56. Keep in mind the following points in regard to the
use of the tenses in the Indicative mood :
1. The Aorist is of very frequent occurrence. It is
more often used for the English Perfect than the Perfect
itself, and frequently takes the place of the Pluperfect.
As distinguished from the Imperfect it expresses a Simple
Past Occurrence : eironjo-a, / did ; while the Imperfect
eiroiovv denotes Repeated or Continued Past Action, / was
doing or used to do. The Aorist is also often used to
express the English Imperfect.
Let the student acquire the habit of using the Aorist
for the Perfect unless emphasis is put on the fact that
the action is completed in present time.
2. In general avoid the use of the Pluperfect.
3. Remember that there are several Perfects with the
force of Presents, and Pluperfects with the force of Imper-
fects : fJLp,vii[iai, / remember.
4. The following is the division of tenses into Primary
or Principal, and Secondary or Historical :
PRIMARY (PRINCIPAL) SECONDARY (HISTORICAL)
Present Imperfect
Future Aorist
Perfect Pluperfect
Future Perfect
[H. 824-850: G. 1249-1270: B. 519-538: Go. 453-47 2 46.]
TENSES EX HORTATIONS 2J
57. i. The distinctions of time which mark the tenses
of the Indicative are not maintained in the Subjunctive and
Imperative, and generally not in the Optative and Infinitive.
2. In using all moods but the Indicative, the Time should
be lost sight of and the student should consider only the
Kind of Action of the verb, i.e. whether the verb expresses
a continuance of the action or a simple occurrence or the
completion. The Present tense denotes an action as con-
tinued or repeated ; the Aorist as simply brought to pass,
the Perfect as completed.
dv TOVTO iroi/fj (Present), if he shall do this (habitually), or
if he shall be doing this.
dv Tofiro iroiTJ<rr| (Aorist) (simply), if he shall do this.
[H. 851 : G. 1271-1276: B. 539: Go. 475.]
58. The Present and the Aorist are the tenses com-
monly used in the Subjunctive, Optative, Imperative,
Infinitive, and Participle.
The Perfect is rare in the Subjunctive, and not common
in the other moods.
The Future Optative is used only in indirect discourse,
and the Future Infinitive is generally used in that con-
struction.
59. The first person of the Subjunctive (generally
plural) is used to express an Exhortation. The negative
is JJLTJ : 'X6o>[iV, let us go ; \LT\ iro\|iioi 'y vcofi6a, let us
not become enemies. [H. 866, i : G. 1344: B. 585 : Go. 472.]
60. An exhortation in the third person is expressed by
the third person of the Imperative mood : IXOerco eiri TTJV
iroXiv, let him come to the city ; x al povTcov, let him rejoice.
[G. 1342: B. 582: Go. 484.]
28 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
61. The second person of the Imperative is used to
express a Command or Prohibition : TOVTO iroUi, do this
(command); |iT] TOVTO iroii, do not do this (prohibition).
62. In negative commands (i.e. prohibitions) \LT\ is used
with the Present Imperative if the act is continued, but
with the second person of the Aorist Subjunctive if the
simple occurrence of the act is to be expressed.
(JLTJ TTOii TOVTO, do not do this (habitually), or do not go on
doing this.
\LT\ iroiTjo"(|S TOVTO, do not do this, referring to a single
action. [H. 874, a-. G. 1346: B. 584: Go. 485.]
SUMMARY
Let us come, \6co|iV
Come, \8T
Let them come,
Do not come (habitually), \LT\
Do not come (single act), \M\ \8T]T
63. TRANSLATE :
1 . Let us see all the horses that you have.
2. Fellow soldiers, do not be discouraged.
3. Let the king be honored by his sailors.
4. Do not throw your arrows against the enemy.
5. Try to be braver than those who are in his house.
6. Let us not proceed home (oWSe), but let us use the
provisions that we have.
7. " Hear my words," said Cyrus.
8. Do not shut the door.
9. Let us not do harm to our own country.
IO. Do not wonder at this.
CAUSAL CLAUSES OV |ITJ 29
LESSON VIII
CAUSAL CLAUSES INTERROGATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE SUBJUNC-
TIVE AND FUTURE INDICATIVE WITH OV [LT\
64. Causal clauses state the cause of an action and are
introduced by OTI, <bs, iri, eiraSTJ, OT and oirore, because
or since. They take the Indicative after both primary and
secondary sentences : gXnrc S\)Wcn,s TO, dKpa, on TJKOUC,
Syennesis left the heights, because he heard ; Tats vaxxrt
iroXiopKi MfXtyrov, 8r Tu7aa<|>pvi <}>XT| &TTIV, //<? besieges
Miletus with the ships, since it is friendly to Tissaphernes.
[H. 925: G. 1505: B. 598: Go. 629.]
65. The first person of the Subjunctive is used in ques-
tions of Appeal, where the speaker asks himself or another
what he is to do. The negative is |ITJ. In Attic Greek
this Subjunctive is often introduced by (JoiiXa or po-uXcaOc :
TOVTfr iroiTJao), shall I do this ? or poxiXci TO-UTO Troifj<ra>,
do you wish that I should do this ? TI |iT| CLTTCO, w hat shall
I not say ? [H. 866, 3, b: G. 1358: B. 577 : Go. 471.]
66. The Subjunctive (usually the Aorist), and some-
times the Future Indicative, with ov fj/rj may have the
force of an emphatic Future with oil : o-u |ITJ TOVTO -ya^Tai
(sometimes ov \vr\ TOVTO Y^vrjo-CTai), this will not happen, or
this surely zvill not happen ; oil |rrj iroff dXco, / will never
be caught. [H. 1032: G. 1360: B. 569, 2: Go. 489, a.]
67. f with the Genitive, through.
Sia
i with the Accusative, on account of.
3O GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
with the Genitive, with.
|tTd
with the Accusative, after.
mptj
[ Wl
[ with the Genitive, concerning, about.
with the Accusative, around.
68c SUMMARY
Since he did this.
bri
TOVTO
we to do? TI -iroiTJ<reonV ;
// -/ ./ f Ov I 1 *! TOVTO TTOITJOT1.
2/^// not do this \
[ OV pi TOVTO TTOITJCTCI.
Caution. Do not express questions like What shall I
do ? or Where shall I go ? where the speaker is in doubt,
by the Future Indicative. The Subjunctive is generally
used.
69. TRANSLATE:
1. Inasmuch as we do not follow him, he is not our pay-
master.
2. Where shall I see her ?
3. On account of this he found his friend.
4. Hereafter 1 I will not wait for them. .
5. Shall I proceed with the army through the middle of
the village ?
1 Hereafter = after this. ,
WISHES 31
6. Let us not go with the king.
7. Will you reply, 1 or shall I speak ?
8. Do not be cowards, simce the contest is about our
lives. 2
9. Do you wish, then, 3 that I should stop ?
10. What shall I give to each of my friends?
LESSON IX
WISHES OUGHT AND MUST
70. Wishes may be divided into two classes :
1. Those that refer to the future ; as may he do this, or
O that he may come.
2. Those that refer to present or past time, and that
wish for something which (it is implied) is not or was
not attained. They are commonly called Contrary to Fact
wishes ; as O that this had happened (implying that it did
not happen), or would that he were not here (implying that
he is here now).
71. i. Wishes that refer to the future are expressed by
the Optative, with or without i6 or cl -yap. The nega-
tive is |iVj.
2. The Future and Perfect tenses of the Optative are
not used in wishes.
8c TOVTO oi Ocoi 8otV, may the gods grant you this.
i9 [iT| ycvoiTO, O that it may not happen. [H. 870: G. 1507:
3.587: 60.476.]
1 Does this come under the rule in 65? 2 <r|xa, -arcs, r6. * ouv.
32 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
72. Contrary to fact wishes may be expressed in two
ways :
1. By the past tenses of the Indicative with ctOc or t
yap. The Imperfect tense refers to present time, and the
Aorist to past time. The Pluperfect is not commonly
used. The negative is (1/q.
i6 |i ctScs, would that you had seen me (implying that he
did not see me).
I yip |U| Trappy, O that he were not present (implying that
he is present).
2. By oS<t>\ov, Aorist of 6<j>iXco, with the Present or
Aorist Infinitive, the Present Infinitive when the wish
refers to present time, and the Aorist when it refers to
past time. Negative [ITJ. The subject is Nominative,
subject of o><|>Xov, not Accusative, subject of the Infini-
tive.
oS<j>\S |JL ISctv, would that you had seen me (literally, you
ought to have seen me).
oS<t>\ |it| irapctvat, O that he were not present (literally, lie
ought not to be present). [H. 871, a \ G. 151 1, 1512 : B. 588 -. Go. 470.]
73. English expressions that employ the auxiliary verbs
Ought or Must, such as you ought to go, he must do this, are
expressed in Greek in several ways. The English construc-
tion is generally personal, while the Greek phrase is gener-
ally impersonal.
74. The Greek constructions in common use are :
I. Set with the Accusative and Infinitive 1 ougJit or
rj with the Accusative and Infinitive J must.
OUGHT AND MUST 33
2. Verbal adjectives in TC'OS
dvdvKTj, with or without Icrri, and the
must
Accusative (sometimes Dative) and
Infinitive
Examples :^
TOVTO aVTW TTOLTITCOV (4<TTl) 1 rr
,,",,,> ~ \Hemustdothis.
,,,,,> ~
ava"yKt] (<rri) avTov TOVTO
Set O/UTOV ToaiTO Troifj<rai 1 He ought to do this, or He
avrov TOVTO iroifjcrai
75. The student will remember the following facts about
the use of verbal adjectives in TCOS :
1. -T&S is added to that theme of the verb which is
obtained by removing the augment and ending of the
First Aorist passive.
2. The verbal, when used in the personal construction,
is always passive in sense, and expresses Necessity. The
agent is expressed by the Dative.
3. The verbal, when used in the impersonal construction
(and this is more common), is in the Nominative neuter
singular (sometimes plural) with Icrri expressed or under-
stood. In this use it is practically active in sense and
takes an object the same as its verb. The agent is
expressed by the Dative.
4. In using the verbal, always recast an active English
sentence to its corresponding passive form, as we must do
this to it must be done this by us, or this mtist be done by
us before turning the sentence into Greek.
TTurTOV <rr! T<3 crTpaTTj-ycS VJJLLV, you must obey your gen-
eral (literally, it must be obeyed your general by you\
[H. 988-992: G. 1594-1597 ' B - 2 35 663-666: Go. 352-354, 596.]
GK. PROSE COMP. 3
34
GREEK PROSE CUMFUbl HON PART I
Caution. In using the impersonals Set and XP 1 !* do
not employ the Dative and the Infinitive after them ; the
Accusative and the Infinitive is the common Greek usage.
This mistake is very natural, as the impersonal English
form is it is necessary for him, etc.
76.
WISHES.
Negative |i4
SUMMARY OF THE WISH CONSTRUCTIONS
_ ... ( Present or Aonst Optative, with or with-
Posszble. \ _ '
I out 6\:0 or d -ydp.
II.
Contrary
to Fact.
Present j
Time. |
Past
Time.
:0 or cl -yap and Imperfect In-
dicative, or otycXov and Pres-
ent Infinitive.
!0c or cl -ydp and Aorist Indic-
ative, or w<j>\ov and Aorist
Infinitive.
77. TRANSLATE :
1. We must proceed for a day through the plain.
2. May he never find his friends.
3. The man ought to obey his king.
4. Would that Cyrus were not marching inland. 1
5. On the following day he said, " O that I had not fought
the Greeks."
6. Since Cyrus is our genersi, we ought not to disobey
him.
7. The whole army must learn this.
8. We must not await the enemy.
9. Would that the king's men 2 had not fled into the
camp.
10. May he not do harm to me.
1 dvapcUvw.
2 the king's men = the king and those with him.
PURPOSE CLAUSES 35
LESSON X
PURPOSE AND OBJECT CLAUSES
78. A Purpose clause is one which expresses the end
or purpose of the action of a verb.
In English, purpose is indicated in a variety of ways.
In the sentence He came to see me, the purpose clause
to see me may be expressed in order that he might see
me, or for the purpose of seeing me> or in order to see
me> etc.
79. The following are the common ways of expressing
purpose in Greek : .
1. Iva, <bs, 8ira>s and the Subjunctive or Optative.
2. The Infinitive.
3. The Future Party
4. A relative with tlf^Future Indicative.
[H. 881, 951, 969, r, 911: G. 1365,^1369, 1532, 1442, 1563,4: B. 590-592,
653, 5 : Go. 565, a, 615, 636, 638, 642.]
80. In expressing purpose IVJOL, cbs, 1 or OTTCOS take the
Subjunctive when the ma^n verb is a primary tense, and
the Optatiye^when the main VOT^S secondary. On the
principle of indirect discourse the Subjunctive is often
used after a secondary tense. The negative is [ir\.
?p)(Tai 'va TO-UTO tS'Q, he is coming in order that he may
see this.
iva TOVTO ISoi, he came that he might see this.
1 This word is used by Xenophon, but is not Attie Greek. Avoid its use.
36 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
81. 'Qs is often used with the Future Participle to express
purpose, indicating the Presumed or Intended rather than
the Real purpose.
TJXScv cbs 8iaX|6[iv6s |ioi, he came (as though) to speak
with me. [H. 978: G. 1574: B. 656, 3: Go. 593, c.~]
82. The sentence He sent a man to see me might be
expressed in Greek in the following ways :
iva
TTfi\|/v avSpa cos
Sircos
Iva
eTTp.\|/v dv8pa cbs
1601.
. H*
OTTCOS
avSpa 6\|/6|iv6v |ic. .--
avSpa 8s (or Sorts) |i oxf/crai.
avSpa |i ISetv.
83. After verbs which signify to Care for, Strive for,
Effect, and Plan, the object of the action is expressed by
8rro>s, that, and STTCOS |ITJ, that not, with the Future Indicative,
after both primary and secondary tenses. The Subjunctive
and Optative also are used, but less frequently than the Fu-
ture Indicative : eirifieXciTai OTTCDS pi ycvrjo'CTai, he takes
care that it may not happen ; (JouXeiieTai OTTCOS H/HTTOTC en
carat irl T<3 d8Xc))c3, he plans how he may never again be in
the power of his brother. [H. 885 : G. 1372: B. 593: Go. 638, a.]
84. Verbs and phrases which express or imply Fear,
Caution, or Danger take JITJ, lest or that, or JJLT| oil, that not,
with the Subjunctive, if the main verb is primary, and with
the Optative, if the main verb is secondary. The Subjunc-
tive may be retained after a secondary tense : ScSoiKa \LT\
REVIEW 37
i, I fear that it may happen ; eScicra [Xt] ov
(or "yVT|Tai), I feared that it would not happen. [H. 887; G.
1378: B. 594: Go. 610, 611.]
85. TRANSLATE :
1. They asked Cyrus for boats, that they might sail away.
2. They are afraid that the enemy will attack them.
3. See to it that you are brave.
4. He collected an army as though to make war on the
Thracians.
5. O that he were present, that I might see him.
6. He was on his guard lest the Greeks should attack him
as he was going away.
7. I am doing this that my friend may not suffer harm.
8. He took care that the barbarian should never again
capture him.
LESSON XI
REVIEW
86. Review all the principles stated in 56-84.
87. Learn thoroughly the meaning of the following
words, memorizing the principal parts of all the verbs :
1. d8\)(io) 9. 6i)pa
2. Ti|icuo 10.
3. vavrtis ii. OTTOU
4. pdXXco 12. ippi<TKeo
5. irapcuD 13. Sia
6. 4mTrj8ia 14.
7. K\UO 15.
8. 6a\>n,ao> 16.
GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
17. iraxico (act. and mid. 1 )
1 8. Ka(TTOS
IQ.
20.
21. dvapaivco
22.
23.
24.
25.
26. 8'8oLKa,
27. <|)op<i> (act and mid. 2 )
28. <rKOTT(D
29. cruXXc-yeo
30. <j>\)XdTT<o (mid.)
3 1 . ImiicXcofiai
32. alpco, dXicrKO|iai
88. Keep in mind the following facts in regard to the
formation, conjugation, and accent of the Second Aorist
tense system :
1. In most Second Aorists the Indicative is conjugated
like the Imperfect. The other moods are formed like the
Present tense of those moods.
2. The irregularities in accent are : the Second Aorist
active Infinitive and the Second Aorist middle Imperative
circumflex the ultima ; the Second Aorist active Participle
and the five active Imperatives, clire, X0, vp, Xo,pe, ISe,
behold, have the acute on the ultima; the Second Aorist
middle Infinitive of verbs in co has the acute on the penult.
As an example, the complete synopsis of the Second
Aorist system of Xcnrco is given.
Ind.
Subj.
Opt.
Imp.
Inf.
Part.
ACTIVE
IfXiirov
XlTT
Xitrctv
Xiirwv
Ind.
Subj..
Opt.
Imp.
Inf.
Part.
MIDDLE
\lir6|JLT]V
X.iiroCfj.Tjv
\iirov
Xiir(r0ai
\iir
1 In the active it means make stop, in the middle cease.
2 In the active frighten, in the middle be afraid.
CONDITIONS 39
89. Several common verbs have Second Aorist systems
formed and conjugated like those of \LI verbs. A few of
these synopses are given below, and should be thoroughly
learned.
dXCo-KOficu, paivco, -yi-yvwo-KW,
be captured go know
Ind. cdXwv or v\\a>v cp-qv c-yvcov
Subj. dXw P -yvw
Opt. dXotTjv PCUT]V -yvoCriv
Imp. Pf)9i -yvwOt
Inf. dXwvat Pf]vai -yvwvai
Part. dXovs pds -yvovs
NOTE. 6'p-qv is conjugated like the First Aorist passive
of a regular verb. cdXcov and eyvcov in the same way
retain co throughout.
90. Write the synopses of all the Second Aorists in 87.
91. Let the instructor form several original sentences
in English from the words in 87, illustrating the gram-
matical principles of 56-85. Let these sentences be
given to the class to write at sight.
LESSON XII
PARTICULAR CONDITIONS : SIMPLE AND CONTRARY TO FACT
92. There are two main classes of conditions, (i) those
that refer to a single definite act, called Particular Condi-
tions, and (2) those that refer to any one of a series of acts,
called General Conditions. Example : If he does this, he
is punished, where the condition refers to single, specific
40 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
occurrence. If this condition is put in the form If he ever
does this, he always is punished, it becomes a general con-
dition, because it refers to any one of a series of acts, and
not to a specific one.
A general condition, then, in English, may usually be
recognized by the word ever, always, as often as.
93. Particular Conditions are, for convenience, divided
into four forms :
1. Simple.
2. Contrary to Fact (Non-Fact).
3. More Vivid Future.
4. Less Vivid Future (Vague Future).
94. Simple Condition. In this form the protasis (or
condition) simply states a present or past supposition, and
does not imply anything as to its fulfilment. The prota-
sis has i, if, with the present or past Indicative, and any
form of the verb may stand in the apodosis(or conclusion).
cl irpa| TOVTO, KaXcos (T)(V, if he did tJiis, it was well.
dXV el 8oKt, irXo)|iV, but if it pleases you, let us sail.
[H. 893: G. 1390: B. 602: Go. 647.]
95. i. Contrary to Fact Condition. When the prota-
sis states a present or past supposition, implying that the
condition is not or was not fulfilled, the secondary tenses
of the Indicative are used in both protasis and apodosis.
The apodosis has the adverb civ.
2. The Imperfect here refers to present time, and the
Aorist to past time. The Pluperfect is not often used.
The Imperfect may refer to an act as going on or repeated
in past time.
CONDITIONS 41
Kai av Tavr erroici, i <opa T||JLds, and he would be doing
this, if he saw us (implying that he did not see us).
i fill TavTo, errpa|av, OVK av KaX&s eVx^v, if they had not
done this, it would not have been well (implying that they
did do this).
The first example is in present time and employs the
Imperfect, while the second is past time and employs
the Aorist [H. 895: G. 1397: B. 606: Go. 649.]
96. In all conditions \LT\ is the regular negative of the
protasis, and ov of the apodosis.
97. The student will notice that the only way of distin-
guishing a past simple condition from a past contrary to
fact is the_dv of the conclusion, as both may employ the
Aorist Indicative in both parts.
i Tavra irpa|av, KaXcos <r)(V, if they did this, it was
well (simple).
cl TaOra errpa|av, KaXcos av <rxV, if they had done this,
it would have been well (contrary to fact).
Caution. Observe how important the av is ; it may
change the whole meaning of a sentence.
98. TRANSLATE:
1. If any one is brave, let us choose him general.
2. If Cyrus had restrained himself, he would have been
king.
3. If he came, he marched through the city.
4. If the general had wished to go, the soldiers would
have followed him.
42 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
5. If any one knows this, let him speak. ,
6. He would persuade me, if my father were not here.
7. If you had not come, we should now be proceeding
against the king.
8. Change i to a contrary to fact condition, past time,
and write in Greek.
9. Change 3 to a contrary to fact condition, past time,
and write in Greek.
LESSON XIII
PARTICULAR CONDITIONS VIVID AND LESS VIVID FUTURE
99. Review 92 and 93.
100. More Vivid Future Condition. When a supposed
future case is stated distinctly and vividly (as in English,
if I shall go, or if I go\ the protasis has the Subjunctive
with cdv, T]V, or av, and the apodosis has the Future Indica-
tive or some other form expressing future time.
This form of condition, then, is recognized in English
by the auxiliaries shall and will.
Idv fiTj cXe-fls, <rrai <roi Kaicd, if you will not come (or do
not come), you will have trouble. [H. 898, 899: G. 1403, 1405 :
B. 604 : Go. 650.]
101. As a still more vivid form of expression, cl and the
Future Indicative may be used in the protasis, instead of
cdv and the Subjunctive.
Caution. The auxiliary shall or will is not necessary
to express future time in English. In the clause if he
FUTURE CONDITIONS 43
goes, the English Present may be used in the sense of will
go. Remember, then, that many vivid futures have shall
or will only in the conclusion.
102. 'Edv (sometimes contracted to rjv and av) is a com-
pound of i and civ.
103 Less Vivid Future Conditions. i. When a sup-
posed future case is stated in a less distinct or vivid form
(as in English, if I should go), the protasis has the Opta-
tive with i, and the apodosis has the Optative with av:
ct irXowios ycvoio, TIVOS av Scoio ; if you should be rich,
what would you want f
2. The Future Optative is not used in this construction.
3. This form of condition is recognized in English by
the auxiliaries should or would in both parts of the condi-
tion. [H. 900: G. 1408: 6.605: 60.651.]
104. In suppositions, especially less vivid future and
contrary to fact conditions, the condition is often left to
be understood, or is expressed by the participle.
Kdi CTW XJfJAV |1V CIV IT)V TljUOS, XlfiCOV & pT|[10S 0>V OVK (XV
licavos ii]v, and with you (i.e. if I should be with you)/
should be in honor, but if I sJiould be (literally, being)
deprived of you, I should not be able, etc. [H. 903, 969, d:
G. 1413: B. 614: Go. 583.]
105. TRANSLATE:
1. If we take this height, those above the road 1 will not
be able to attack us.
2. If he will come, what shall we do ? 2
1 01 VTTp TT1S 680V.
2 Is it correct to use the Future Indicative?
44 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
3. Cyrus said, "If the king should fight within ten days,
I would give you ten talents."
4. If he had come, we should have seen him.
5. I should hesitate to embark in those boats.
6. If this is so, I shall come.
7. If I should not be captured by the enemy, I should not
be killed.
8. If we should have 1 our arms, we would use our valor
also. 2
LESSON XIV
GENERAL CONDITIONS
106. Review 92 and 93.
107. The distinction of conditions as particular and
general is observed in all suppositions, but there is
no difference in the Greek form of expression except in
the first form, or simple conditions. Simple general con-
ditions are of two forms, present and past, according to
the time.
108. Present General Conditions. These are general
suppositions of present time implying nothing as to the
fulfilment. They employ the Subjunctive with iav, r\v
or av in the protasis, and the Present Indicative (or some
other present form denoting repetition) in the apodosis :
cdv KXcxJrfl, dXio-Kerai, if he ever steals, he is caught. [H. 894,
I : G. 1393, I : B. 609: Go. 650.]
1 Use the participle.
2 ica( before the word it emphasizes.
GENERAL CONDITIONS
45
109. Past General Conditions. These employ the Opta-
tive with l in the protasis, and the Imperfect Indicative
(or some form denoting past repetition) in the apodosis :
i K\\|/<H, T|Xio-KTO, if he ever stole, he was caught. [H. 894,
2: G. 1393, 2: B. 610: Go. 651, (2).]
110. The Imperfect and Aorist Indicative are some-
times used with dv to express a customary action.
These forms, then, may be used in the conclusion of a
past general condition. Do not confuse this use of av
with the Imperfect and the Aorist, with dv used in the
conclusion of contrary to fact suppositions. [H. 894, a\ G.
1296: B. 610, n. i.]
111.
SUMMARY OF GENERAL CONDITIONS
GENERAL
CONDITIONS.
I. Simple.
{ a. Present time : 4dv (TJV, dv) with Sub-
junctive in protasis ; Present In-
dicative in apodosis.
b. Past time : ct with Optative in prot-
asis ; Imperfect Indicative (or
Imperfect with dv, or Aorist with
I dv) in apodosis.
II. Contrary to Fact. Same as Particular (95).
III. More Vivid Future. Same as Particular (100).
IV. Less Vivid Future. Same as Particular (103).
112. TRANSLATE :
1. If he ever saw me, he ran away.
2. If his soldiers should march in good order, he would
praise them.
3. The enemy always escape, if we attack them.
46 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
4. If you had ever come, he would have congratulated you.
5. If we ever saw her, she was always speaking about her
husband's l bravery.
6. The barbarians always tried to attack us, if we crossed
the river.
7. She used to march along with him.
8. If he ever promises you, he will not deceive you.
9. Cyrus is glad, if his soldiers never flee.
LESSON XV
RELATIVE CONDITIONS
113. A relative clause may have a conditional force, the
relative pronoun or adverb implying the idea of if; for
example, whatever he does, I praise him means if he does
anything, I praise him ; or, wherever he goes, I see him is
equivalent to saying if he goes anywhere, I see him.
The relative word, when used with this conditional
force, has an indefinite antecedent, that is, refers to an
uncertain or undetermined person or thing, place or time.
[H. 912: G. 1426, 1427: B. 620: Go. 616.]
114. i. Conditional relative clauses have forms corre-
sponding to the regular constructions used in conditional
sentences, the only difference being that the relative word
takes the place of l, if.
2. The av of lav is attached to the relative word, when-
ever the Subjunctive is used; thus, os civ, 6ir66V av, etc.
RELATIVE CONDITIONS
47
With (>T, 6ir6T, iri, and errciSTJ, av is united and forms
orav, oTTorav, eirrjv or irdv, and iri8dv. The negative,
of course, is |nj. Example : The sentence whomever he
sees, I know is a relative clause with indefinite antecedent,
and is a present general condition in form, therefore it is
written in Greek just as a regular present general condi-
tion would be, the relative and civ taking the place of iav :
ovriva av IS-fl, yt-yvcoorKa). [H. 913: G. 1428, 1429: B. 621-625:
Go. 616, 617.]
115. The following summary will indicate the construc-
tions used in all kinds of conditional relative sentences :
( Relative and Indicative in protasis;
\ .
[ any form in apodosis.
a. Present : Relative -f av and Sub-
junctive in protasis ; Present
Indicative in apodosis.
b. Past: Relative and Optative in
protasis ; Imperfect Indicative
in apodosis.
Relative and past tenses of Indi-
cative in protasis ; dv and past
tenses of Indicative in apodo-
sis.
>
Q
Z
o
u
I. Simple.
II. Contrary
to
Fact.
III. More
Vivid
Future.
IV. Less
Vivid
Future.
General.
Both particular
and
general.
Both particular ( Relative + dv and Subjunctive
and \ in protasis ; Future Indicative
general. I in apodosis.
Both particular f Relative and Optative in prota-
and I sis ; dv and Optative in apod-
general. ( osis.
The above table is a summary of the moods and tenses
used in all kinds of conditions. For all kinds of conditions,
See H. 889-918: G. 1381-1437: B. 599-625: Go. 616, 617, 645-656.
4 8
GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
with the Genitive.
116. The following are some of the more important
meanings of the preposition eiri with its different cases :
a. Of place, on or upon : 4-irl yr\s t on the
earth ; en-l TOV cvcovvfiou, on the left
wing.
b. With verbs of motion, towards, in the
direction of: cirl 'IwvCas, in the di-
rection of Ionia .
c. In the time of: <}>' ij^wv, in our
time.
d. Denoting distribution : lirl Tcrrapwy,
four deep ; <(>' c'vos, in single file.
4m \ ( a. Of place, at, by, near : cirl SaXdrrn,
at the sea.
b. In the power of: 4-irl TW dSX4>u>, in
the power of his brother.
a. To, against (with verbs of motion) :
irl paa-iXe'a, against the great king.
b. On, upon (with verbs of motion) :
dva|3aiviv <)>' iirirov, to mount on
horseback.
c. Eoctending over (extent of space) : 4irl
iroXv, for a great distance.
with the Dative.
with the Accusative.
117. TRANSLATE :
1. Wherever Cyrus would go, his soldiers would follow.
2. Whenever the Greeks came to a river, they were afraid
that the enemy would attack them.
3. I know whatever he does.
4. She would have obeyed whatever he said.
5. Whenever they were drawn up three deep, they never
conquered.
6. They will use whatever arrows they take.
7. Whenever anyone wishes to go away, he permits him.
8. Wherever he went, he was in the power of his father.
REVIEW 49
LESSON XVI
REVIEW
118. Review the principles stated in 92-116.
119. Learn thoroughly the meaning of the following
words and memorize the principal parts of all the verbs :
1. dvxo> (act. and mid.) 13. erraivco I/
2. y i 'Y v< k (rKa> r 1 4- oiroi) V
3. alpo> 15. cdci)
4. ciXicrKOfjicu 1 6. d'rro<|>'u 4 Y< || > Y
5. Swajiai^/ 17. v8ai|iovi^a)
6. aicpov (plur.) ^ 18. 8ia,paiva> ^
7. rdXavTov^ 19. TCITTCO
8. 8i8o)(JLi 20. vLKaca I/
9. 6KV60) 1 I/ 21. f|TTClO|iai
10. dpTT| 22. clairardco i^
11. |ipaivo> 23. fjSofjLai
12. -uTaKTa>s ]/ 24. diroSiSpdo-Kco \S
25.
120. Write out the synopsis of the second Aorist system
of verbs in the above list.
121. Let the instructor form several sentences employ-
ing the words in 119 and embodying the most important
of the grammatical principles in 92-116. These sentences
should be written in Greek, at sight, by the class.
1 Followed by the Infinitive, it means hesitate ; by jjf/j and the Subjunctive
or Optative, fear.
GK. PROSE COMP. 4
50 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
LESSON XVII
BEFORE AND UNTIL
122. Until in its meaning may refer to either definite or
indefinite time: I. If we say, / waited until they arrived,
I did not go away until I had found it, or, in general, when
the reference is to a past action, we refer to a definite
point of time. 2. If we say, / shall not go away until I
see him, I waited until he should find it, or, in general,
when the reference is to future time, we have an indefi-
nite point of time, because the speaker implies that he
does not know when the decisive event will occur.
Until, then, refers to past or definite time, or to future
or indefinite time.
123. i. Until is expressed in Greek by o>s, <TT,
and |JXP l > Trpw a ls means until, but only after a negative
sentence.
2. When until refers to definite time, it takes the Indica-
tive mood, usually the Aorist tense : |iiva o>s a<(>iKovTo,
/ waited until they arrived. [H. 922: G. 1464: B. 619: Go. 631.]
124. When until refers to indefinite time, av and the
Subjunctive is used after a primary tense, and the Optative,
without av, after a secondary tense. The Aorist is the tense
commonly used : [LCi\oi)\Lai H^XP 1 av TTJV irdXiv fe'Xco, I shall
fight until I shall take the city ; jJLiva ccos X6oi, / waited
until he should come. [H. 921 : G. 1465 : B. 626: Go. 631.]
125. IIpiv has two meanings.
i. After affirmative sentences it is naturally translated
before ; as, He went away before it was light.
BEFORE AND UNTIL
2. After a negative sentence it is more naturally ren-
dered by until than before ; as, He did not go away until
it was light.
126. When irpiv means before, that is, after an affirma-
tive sentence, it takes the Infinitive with subject Accusa-
tive : ravTo, 8' eiroui<r irpiv a/UTOiis p. ISciv, he did this
before I saw them. [H. 955 : G. 1470: B. 645 : Go. 644.]
127. When irpiv means until, it employs the same con-
struction as cos, as explained in 123 and 124. [H. 924 : G.
1471, 2 : B. 627: Go. 644.]
128. The following table summarizes the moods and
tenses used after irpiv and ecos, &JTC, axpt> and
after Affirmative 1
Sentences Infinitive,
(meaning before). J
I. Definite Time. Indicative.
TTplV
after Negative
Sentences
(meaning until).
6S
<TT
' a. After Primary
tense, av and
II. Indefinite Subjunctive.
Time. | b. After Secondary
tense, Optative until.
without dv. J
(The negative is ii-fj in all constructions.)
129. "E<os also means while, as long as, and in this sense
takes the Indicative.
General references, H. 920-924: G. 1463-1474: B. 619, 626, 627, 645:
Go. 631, 644.
130. TRANSLATE:
1 . Let the truce remain until he comes.
2. He used to arm himself 1 carefully before he fought.
1 What tense expresses used to ?
52 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
3. She told the heralds to wait until she should be at leisure.
4. Do not do this until I come.
5. He did not set sail until he saw his mother.
6. He delayed until his soldiers should march through the
middle of the city.
7. If we had not known this, we would not have waited
until they arrived.
8. As long as he saw her, he waited at the door.
9. Let us proceed until we see him.
LESSON XVIII
INDIRECT DISCOURSE SIMPLE SENTENCES
131. The words or thoughts of any person may be quoted
either directly or indirectly. A direct quotation (i.e. direct
discourse) is one which gives the exact words or thoughts
of the original speaker or writer. An indirect quotation
(i.e. indirect discourse) is one in which the original words or
thoughts are stated in the words of another and conform to
the construction of the sentence in which they are quoted.
The English sentence " I am present," when quoted
indirectly, is stated " He says that he is present," or, when
quoted after a past tense of the verb of saying, " He said
that he was present." Indirect statement, then, is gener-
ally introduced in English by the word that.
132. An indirect statement in Greek may be introduced
(1) by on or o>s, corresponding to the English that ;
(2) sometimes by the Infinitive, without 8ri or o>s ; (3) some-
times also by the participle, without 8n or <bs. [H. 930: G.
1476: B. 670-673: Go. 659, 578, 586.]
INDIRECT DISCOURSE S3
133. The following are the general principles of indirect
discourse as applied to simple sentences when 8n and <bs
are used :
1. After primary tenses, the verb retains both the mood
and tense of the direct discourse, no change being made
except (when necessary) in the person of the verb.
Direct discourse : irdpi|u, I am present.
Indirect discourse : Xc-yci on irdpccrnv, he says that he
is present. [H. 932, i : G. 1481, i : B. 672: Go. 624.]
2. After secondary tenses, each Indicative and each
Subjunctive of the direct discourse may be changed to
the same tense of the Optative, or retained in its original
mood and tense.
Exceptions. (i) The Imperfect and Pluperfect, having
no tenses in the Optative, are generally retained in the
Indicative. (2) Secondary tenses of the Indicative with
av are not changed to the Optative.
Direct discourse : cpx^Tat eiri TTJV irdXiv, he is coming
to the city.
Indirect discourse : fe'Xc-yev on cpxoiro errl TTJV irdXiv, he
said that he was coming to the city.
Direct discourse : vvv |JiV c'pxovrai irpdaOcv 8c av ^X6ov,
they are coming now, and would have come before.
Indirect Discourse : cXc^yov a>s KUV piv cpxoivro (or c'pxov-
Tai) irpdaOcv 8 av ^X9ov, they said that they were coming
now, and would have come before.
Notice that the tense of the verb never changes.
[H. 932, 2, 933, 935 : G - 1481, 2, 1482, 1493 : B. 674, 675 : Go. 659, <?.]
134. In writing sentences in indirect discourse, let the
Student always think of what the direct discourse was, and
54 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
then change that direct discourse according to the princi-
ples stated in 133.
135. The negative in indirect discourse is generally the
same as it was in the direct discourse. [H. 1022: G. 1486: B. .
670, 3 : Go. 486.]
136. The student should notice carefully the difference
between indirect statements and indirect questions. As
has been stated before (131), indirect statements may be
recognized by the fact that the word that comes after the
introductory verb. An indirect question, however, states
indirectly a direct question, and has some interrogative
word after the introductory verb instead of that.
I know who is present (indirect question).
I know that he is present (indirect statement).
/ heard where he went (indirect question).
/ heard that he went (indirect statement).
137. After a primary tense, the verb of an indirect ques-
tion remains in the same mood and tense that was used in
the direct question ; after a secondary tense, it may remain
the same, or change to the same tense of the Optative.
[H. 930, 2: G. 1479: B. 673: Go. 661.]
ot8a OTTOI) <TTIV, / know where he is (the direct question
being irov !<TTIV); -qKoixra Girder^ TJ x^P a ' L ' t l I heard how
large the country was (the direct question being ir6<rr| TJ
X<opa <rriv).
138. TRANSLATE :
1. Tissaphernes reported that Cyrus was marching against
the king.
2. He said * that he would kill the horsemen who were
burning 2 the country ahead.
1 Do not use <|>T)|I(. 2 Use participle.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE 55
3. They deliberated how 1 they should attack him.
4. I knew that the king would not have done this.
5. I say that Cyrus marched inland with a large army.
6. He heard that the enemy would not fight for ten days.
7. We asked him who this sailor was.
8. They perceived that the enemy were in the camp.
LESSON XIX
INDIRECT DISCOURSE INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE
Review 132.
139. i. After verbs of Saying and Thinking, which
introduce indirect discourse, the main verb is changed
to the corresponding tense of the Infinitive, after both
primary and secondary tenses.
Exception. Of the common verbs meaning to say, ctirov
takes the on or o>s construction with the Indicative or Opta-
tive ; Xeyco, in the active voice, generally takes on or <bs
and the Indicative or Optative, and in the passive voice
the_Jnfmitive; j)^[u regularly takes the Infinitive.
CLTTOV and (generally) \-yo>, therefore, are exceptions
to 139.
2. If av was used in the direct discourse, it is regularly
retained with the Infinitive in the indirect.
Direct discourse : irpoo-pxTai, he is approaching.
Indirect discourse : (|)T|)xi O/UTOV irpocrepxco'Oai, / say that
he is approaching. [H. 946: G. 1522, 1523: B. 669: Go. 658.]
1 What was the direct form ?
56 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PAR r I
140. When the subject of the Infinitive is the same as
the subject of the introductory verb it is not expressed.
[H. 940: G. 895, 2: B. 646: Go. 571.]
141. As an exception to the principle stated in 135, verbs
of Hoping, Promising, and Swearing regularly have JJLTJ and
the Infinitive instead of ov. [H. 1024 : G. 1496 : B. 549, 2 : Go. 579, .]
142. After many verbs the participle may be used in
indirect discourse, each tense representing the correspond-
ing tense of the direct form. The participle retains the
av of the direct form.
Such verbs are those that signify to See, Know, Hear,
Learn, Perceive, Be Ignorant of, Remember, Forget, Show,
Appear, Prove, Acknowledge, and dyycXXo), to announce.
To this class belong the phrases 8t]X6s l|u and <|>avp6s
t|ii, <j>avpos *yiYVO|jLai, used personally.
NOTE. Most of these verbs may also take the 8ri or d>s
construction in indirect discourse. [H. 981,982: G. 1588, 1589:
B. 661 : Go. 586.]
Direct discourse : irpcxrepxerai, he is coming.
Indirect discourse : aKo-uco avrbv irpocrcpx^vov, I hear
that he is coming. This may also be written aicoveo on
Direct discourse : Trapt](rav, they were present.
Indirect discourse : eyveov a/Oro-us irapdvras, or c'-yvov OTL
/ knew that they were present.
143. The phrases 8i}X6s cl|i.i, <j>avp6s cl|Li, and <|>avp&s
yiY i;o H Lai are used both personally and impersonally. When
used personally (which is more common) the participle
follows them ; when used impersonally they take 8ri or
<bs : KOpos Sf^Xos ^v TOIITO pouXojicvos, it was clear that
INDIRECT DISCOURSE 57
Cyrus wished this, or Cyrus evidently ivished this (literally,
Cyrus was evident wishing this).
The student will notice that the construction commonly
used in English is impersonal.
144. TRANSLATE :
1. He announced that his own friends were approaching.
2. On account of this he thought he would run off.
3. It was evident that he had a large army.
4. I saw that you were suffering harm, and were not able
to retaliate.
5. They swore that they would never fight against their
own friends.
6. He said (e<iy) that they never betrayed their king.
7. The king's wife is said to have seen them.
8. Cyrus was evidently J in Cilicia.
LESSON XX
INDIRECT DISCOURSE COMPLEX SENTENCES
145. A complex sentence is one consisting of a principal
clause and one or more dependent clauses ; as " If he
comes, I shall go " ; " we waited until we saw her." " The
man whom I saw is a Greek." The dependent verbs are
italicized.
146. When a complex sentence is indirectly quoted, its
principal verb follows the rules stated in 133, 139, 141, and
142. Its dependent verb follows the following law :
1 What is the Greek idiom?
58 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
After a primary tense, no change is made in the mood
or tense of the dependent verb. After a secondary tense,
no change may be made, or the dependent verb may
change to the same tense of the Optative, except that
dependent secondary tenses of the Indicative remain
unchanged. When a Subjunctive becomes Optative, dv
is dropped, 4dv becoming cl.
Direct discourse : os Trap^v, |i6s <|>iXos T\V, the man who
was present was a friend of mine.
Indirect discourse : <i$T] os Trapijv <|>iXov ivai, he said
that the man who was present was his friend.
In this sentence Trappy could not become Optative,
because it is a secondary tense in the dependent clause.
Direct discourse : Idv 'X8T|, avrov 6\J/o|iai, if he comes, I
shall see him.
Indirect discourse : ctirov 8ri, el \8oi, O/UTOV 6\|;oi|n]v,
I said that if he should come, I should see him. Both \6T|
and 6x|/o}iai might be unchanged. [H. 931, 932: 0.1497,1,2:
B. 672-675 : Go. 662.]
147. The principles stated in 146 apply also to any de-
pendent clause after a secondary tense (even if the clause
on which it depends is not quoted) that expresses indirectly
the past thought of any speaker. [H. 937: G. 1502: B. 677.]
148. The student will notice the difference between
" know that" and "know how to." If that introduces the
clause following know, the construction is indirect dis-
course, and the verb of knowing takes the participle or the
OTI or <5>s construction. If how to follows the word know,
the construction is not indirect discourse. The Infinitive
is then used.
ot8a avrov TOVTO iroiovvra, / know that he is doing this.
ot8a TOVTO iroii]<rai, / know how to do this.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE 59
O, when followed by the Infinitive, often means
judge, decide. [H. 986: G. 1592, 2: B. 661, n. 3: Go. 588, <:.]
149. The student should remember the following facts
about the use of conditions in indirect discourse.
1. The protasis contains the dependent verb, and the
apodosis the main verb.
2. A contrary to fact condition never changes its mood
and tense after on or <bs, because it employs a secondary
tense in the protasis, and a secondary tense with civ in
the apodosis.
3. The protasis of the vivid and less vivid future may
be the same in indirect discourse ; the apodosis, therefore,
must be relied on to indicate the direct form of the condi-
tion (a) curev on, t \9oi, <xvapii<roiTO.
(b) nrV OTL, i X9oi, av dvapai-q.
Both are translated he said that if he should come he
would march inland, and it is, therefore, impossible from
the English sentence to tell what the direct form was. In
Greek, however, we can easily see that (a) was vivid future
in direct discourse, because the Future Optative is used in
the conclusion, and that (b) was less vivid because civ is
used in the conclusion.
150. In all indirect discourse sentences these three
points should always be in mind :
1. First find the direct form of the sentence.
2. Remember that all changes are made to the Optative
and not to the Subjunctive, as is the case with subordinate
clauses in Latin.
3. Do not change the tense.
Indirect discourse, H. 928-937, 946, 981, 982: G. 1475-1502, 1522, 1523,
1588, 1589: B. 646, 661, 668-677: Go. 657-664.
60 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
151. TRANSLATE:
1. The sailor said that they would not set sail until the
admiral arrived.
2. He says (^>r]ai} that if he had done this he would have
been caught.
3. He replied, " Let us delay until we see them."
4. He promised that he would not give them up until they
should make a treaty.
5. They announced that they would follow him wherever
he should lead.
6. He does not know how to use his arms.
7. He said that wherever the Greek went the enemy
attacked them.
8. He knew that they would dread to embark on the boats
which Cyrus might give.
-*
LESSON XXI
REVIEW
152. Review the grammatical principles stated in
122-151.
153. The following synopsis of ot8a should be learned
Review the conjugation of all its tenses. [491: 820.]
Perf. otSa Opt.
Plupf. flSt] or flSciv Imp. *<r0i
Subj. cl8 Inf. cl&v
Part. clS4s
RESULT CLAUSES 6 1
154. Learn the meaning of the following words. Mem-
orize the principal parts of all the verbs, and write out a
complete synopsis of the second aorist system of each verb
that has one.
1. oiria> 13.
2. <rxoXda> 14. irpoBiScojJLt
3. diroirXcco 15. irpocrepxoji
4. Siarpipo) 16. OKVC'CO
5. <nrv8<0 (mid.) 17. T\*y^o(jLai
6. o~irov8fj (plur.) 18. dyy^XXco
7. T|-y|JLcov 19. KaraKaco
8. linreiis 20.
9. ircos 21.
10. vaxiapxos 22. aKoxico
11. 6)ivv|ii 23. |iav6dvo>
12: irdcrxco 24. ol8a
155. Let the instructor form several sentences which
employ the words in 154, and which embody the most im-
portant of the grammatical principles in 122-151. These
sentences should be written in Greek, at sight, by the
class.
LESSON XXII
THE INFINITIVE RESULT CLAUSES
156. Review 78 and 79, 2.
157. The student should notice carefully the differ-
ence between a Purpose and a Result clause. A result
clause expresses the result or outcome of the action of
62 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
a verb. Observe the difference as shown in these two
examples :
They shouted so that he might hear (Purpose).
They shouted so that he heard (Result).
Some word or phrase like so, such, in such a way,
etc., is often used in the sentence before the result clause
to lead up to it, and to show that such a clause is to
follow.
158. Result is generally expressed in Greek by <S<rr
(sometimes o>s) with the Accusative and Infinitive (nega-
tive (JLTJ), and the Indicative (negative oil). With the Infini-
tive, G>OT expresses the result which the action of the main
verb tends to produce, and with the Indicative, the result
actually produced. This distinction, however, which is
hardly perceptible in English, is often disregarded in
Greek :
OVTOS crrl 6av6s <5<rr 8iKt]v \M\ SiSdvcu, he is clever enough
not to be punished.
OVTCDS <rr! Savbs a><7T SIKTJV ov 8i8axriv, he is so clever
that he is not punished.
[H. 953* 927: G. 1449, H5 : B - 595 : Go - 5 66 &> 6 39 *-]
159. Result may be expressed by a relative pronoun
with the Indicative. The negative is ov. This occurs
chiefly after negative clauses, or interrogatives implying a
negative :
TIS OVTO) (icuvTai 8<rris ov poxiXcrai croi <|>iXos ctvai ; (Xen.
Anab. II, 5, 12.) Who is so mad that he does not wish
to become your friend? [H. 910: G. 1447: B. 597: Go. 619.]
THE INFINITIVE 63
160. The Infinitive follows many adjectives that denote
Ability, Fitness, Desert, Willingness. Some of the com-
mon adjectives are Swards, able ; Scivds, skillful ; a|ios,
worthy ; ixavos, competent, able ; eroijios, ready.
dvTjp rd jjL-ydXa irpaTTCiv IKCLVOS, a man capable of doing
great things. [H. 952: G. 1526: B. 641 : Go. 565, <?.]
161. The Infinitive with the neuter article becomes a
verbal noun, being used in most of the constructions be-
longing to the different cases. This use of the Infinitive
corresponds to the Gerund in Latin.
LATIN
Nom. TO |j.dx<r0<u or )idxe<r6ai pugnare
Gen. TOV pdx<r6<u pugnandi
Dat. TW |idx<r0cu pugnando
Ace. r6 |idx<r0ai or pdxeo-Oou pugnandum
Here are a few examples of this use of the Infinitive :
cts T6 SUOKCIV <bp|iTJcra|iV, we set out in pursuit.
^p|av TOV 8ia,paiViv, they began the crossing.
TI pa<riX<os dpx^l ^v T<3 Sico-irdo-eai rds 8wdjiis do-Ocvris,
the country of the king was weak in the scattered condition
of his forces. [H. 959: G. 1541-1547: B. 639-640: Go. 574-575.]
162. After verbs and expressions denoting Hindrance
or Freedom from anything, one may use (i) the simple
Infinitive or (2) TOV and the Infinitive. As the Infinitive
after verbs implying negation may take [ITJ to strengthen
the previous negation without otherwise affecting the sense,
one may use a third and fourth construction : (3) p/q and
the Infinitive and (4) TOV firj and the Infinitive. The Accu
sative TO JITJ and the Infinitive may also be used.
64 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
ctp'ycv avTovs |idxo~9ai
ctpvcv CIVTOVS TOV itdYcaOai
' , , , , A He prevented them
LpVV ttVTOVS U/h UtaY(TUaL [ - ^ , .
* , ' , , A /r^w fighting.
cip-ycv avTovs TOV (i/* 1 ^^-fli
avTOiFS TO \LT\
[H. 963: G. 1549: B. 643: Go. 572-573.]
Infinitive, H. 938-964 : G. 1516-1556: 6.632-647: 60.562-579.
163. TRANSLATE:
1. Whenever he is skillful in speaking, I praise him.
2. The barbarians will never hinder us from crossing the
bridge.
3. When he was a boy, he was worthy of being honored.
4. They fought so bravely that they did not taste of food.
5. He always prevented his men from capturing women.
6. We went away in such a way as to frighten the citizens.
7. Who would be so foolish as not to obey his general ?
8. He accomplished this by being l brave.
9. Therefore we have come to save you.
LESSON XXIII
THE PARTICIPLE
164. The Participle has three uses :
1. It may qualify a noun, like an ordinary adjective.
2. It may define the circumstances under which the
action of the principal verb takes place.
1 IK TOV and Infinitive.
THE PARTICIPLE 65
3. It may be joined to a verb to supplement or com-
plete its meaning, often having a force like that of the
Infinitive.
165. When the Participle qualifies a noun, Kke an attrib-
utive adjective, it may often be translated in English by
a relative clause, especially when it is preceded by the
article.
TOV pcwriXcxjovra d8\<j)6v, his brother, who is king.
dv6pS ol TOVTO iroiTJ<rovTS, men who will do this. See 40.
166. In defining the circumstances of the action of the
principal verb, the Participle may be translated in a variety
of ways, according as it expresses Time, Cause, Manner,
Means, Purpose, Condition, Concession, or Attendant Cir-
cumstance.
Time : dKowas TOVTO dircKpivaro, when he heard this, *
he replied.
Cause : ravra eiroiT|<r dmcvai pouX6p,Vos, he did this
because he wished to go away.
Purpose : cruXXaupdvci Kvpov a>s O/TTOKTCVCOV, he arrests
Cyrus as if to put him to death. See 79, 3.
Condition : VIKCOVTCS oiiScva dv Karaicdvoicv, if they
should conquer (literally, conquering), they would kill
nobody (the negative is n/rj).
Concession : TO/UTO, irTroiT|Ko>s OVK airwave, although
he had done the same things, he was not killed. [H. 969, a-e\
G. 1563, 1-8: B. 653, 1-8: Go. 583.]
Remark. In writing Greek let the student endeavor
to use the Participle as much as possible, as participles
are much more common in Greek than they are in
English.
GK. PROSE COMP. 5
66 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART I
167. The supplementary participle completes the idea
expressed by a verb, by stating that to which its action
relates. In this use it is very often similar to the object
Infinitive. It is often used in this sense with verbs that
signify to Begin, Continue, Cease, be Weary, be Pleased,
Displeased, or Ashamed.
^PX OV X a ^ ira ^ va)V ^ was the first to be angry.
irawofiai Xc-ycov, / will cease talking.
[H. 980, 981 : G. 1580: B. 660: Go. 585, .]
168. When a circumstantial participle belongs to a
substantive which has no grammatical connection with the
main construction of the sentence, both the substantive
and the participle are put in the Genitive. This is called
the Genitive Absolute.
The Genitive Absolute may express any one of the ideas
mentioned in 166.
TCOV 'EXXfjvcov raOra TTOIOVVTCOV, oi pdppapoi din]X6ov,
while the Greeks were doing this y the barbarians went
off.
The student will notice that the Genitive Absolute may
be used in the above example, because the word Greeks
has nothing to do, grammatically, with the main clause
the barbarians went off. [H. 970: G. 1568: B. 657: Go. 590.]
169. The use of the Participle with the verbs XavBdvo,
escape the notice of, Tvy\av&, happen, and cj>0dvco, anticipate,
requires careful attention.
The use of these verbs in Greek is very idiomatic and
quite different from the English idiom. The translation
will vary. The Participle generally contains the main
THE PARTICIPLE 67
idea of the sentence, while an adverb or a phrase will
usually best translate the main verb of the Greek sen-
tence.
\av0dvo> conveys the idea of unobserved, secretly, unseen,
etc.
Tvy)(av<D the idea of perchance, as it happened, as luck
would have it, etc.
<|>8dva> the idea of first, beforehand, etc.
Study these examples carefully :
T\i'YX aV irapwv, as it happened he was present or he was
present by chance (literally, he happened being present}.
\dv9avV dmcov, he went off without being seen, or he went
off secretly (literally, he escaped notice going away).
<|)9acrav T|}ias ravra TTOIOVVTCS, they did this before we did
(literally, they anticipated us in doing this}. H. 984 : G. 1 586 :
B. 660, note : Go. 585, a.']
170. TRANSLATE :
1. If we should cross the river, whom would they kill ?
2. I shall never cease to pity you and deem happy those
who march with the king.
3. Although he knows that the enemy are coming, he
does not fear.
4. He went secretly and took the height.
5. He did this by chance, when Cyrus was speaking to
his soldiers.
6. When he had read the letter, he blamed him.
7. They arrived at the wall before the enemy.
8. The king thinks that the Greeks are his, since he has
them in his country.
Participle, H. 965-987= G. 1557-1593: B. 648-662: Go. 580-595.
PART II
NOTES ON CONNECTIVES
Compare the following examples of standard English
and Greek prose, noticing especially the use of the con-
nectives in the two languages :
(FROM LINCOLN'S GETTYSBURG ADDRESS)
" Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought
forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in lib-
erty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are
created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war,
testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived
and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a
great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate
a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who
here gave their lives that that nation might live."
(THUCYDIDES, I, 46 ff.)
at (JiV 8i] i>r}e9 afyucvovvrat e? rrjv Kep/cvpav, ol 8 "KopivOioi,
avrois Trapea/cevaa-TO, eirXeov CTTI rrjv Kep/cvpav vavcrl
/cal e/carov. rjcrav 84 'HXetW fiV e'/ea,
pecov Sc SwSe/ca ical Aevtcaftfov Se/ca, 'AfJLTrpa/citoT&v 8c eT
ical eticocrt ical ' KvaKTOpiw pia, avrwv 6k KopivOicov evevij-
Kovra a-rparrjjol 8c TOVTWV rjcrav (UV teal Kara 7ro\^9 e/ca-
6
68
NOTES ON CONNECTIVES t>9
The student will readily notice the difference in style in
the two languages. Simple, vigorous English generally
abounds in short, disconnected sentences. The Greek
language, however, marks very carefully the connection
of sentences and clauses, and, by the free use of particles,
indicates fine shades of contrast which can be expressed
in English only by the stress of the voice.
Remember, then, generally to begin each clause in
Greek with a connective or particle, and to mark, by
the use of the proper particle, the contrasted words or
expressions.
There follows a list of the common connectives and
particles. In case of doubt as to the proper use of any
one of them, consult a Greek-English lexicon to see the
Greek usage. Those marked f cannot come first in the
sentence.
And: KOI, f^, rarely enclitic \iL
Also, even: KOI.
But: dXXd, \bi (with or without a preceding fH^v).
For: f-ydp (Kai -yap and dXXd -ydp are often found at the be-
ginning of a sentence, where we usually say/<?rand but).
Therefore : fow, froivuv, 8id TOVTO, rot-yap, roryapovv.
However: f|Uvrou
Yet, nevertheless : opxos, KOITOI.
At least, at any rate: enclitic f-yc, f-yovv. ^ is often
attached to pronouns : 6-yory^
Of course, then: f8fj. This particle has a great variety
of meanings according to the connection in which it is
used. It often corresponds to of course, you know, you
see, then, there, etc. Very frequently it gives strength
or definiteness to another particle : v6a 8rj, then indeed.
70 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
Not even :
And not: otiSc (when a negative clause precedes).
Neither . . . nor: OVT* . . . OVT.
When |iTJ is the proper negative, use it in place of ov in
all compounds, as H.TJT, etc.
The use of |iV and 8c should be carefully noticed. They
are used to contrast words and clauses whose contrast in
English is often indicated merely by the stress of the
voice, as irpo-pijTpos |iV ' ApTa|p|-qs, va>Tpos 8 Kvpos,
"the older Artaxerxes, the younger Cyrus."
|iv does not connect its clause with what precedes, but
looks forward, generally to a 8 which is to follow.
Kai ^dp often occurs at the beginning of a sentence, and
implies that something is omitted which may be easily
supplied from the context : v8a 8i] eyi/yvcoo-Kero on \nr6-
ircjiTTTos iil KCU -yap Ttov Ti(T(ra(|>'pvo\)S TIS OIKCUOV irapTi-
KoXo\)0TJKi m<rros VKa, then indeed it became known that
he had been sent underhandedly ; and (that was the case}
for one of Tissaphernes relatives followed to ensure his
fidelity.
In the expression dXXd -yap something is easily inferred
from the context between dXXd and
REMARKS ON TRANSLATION
One may be able to translate correctly an English sen-
tence, word for word, into Greek, and yet not be able to
write real Greek. The Greeks had a natural way of
expressing their thoughts that is not like the English
form of expression. The student in all of his study, then,
should aim to understand this spirit of the Greek language,
else he will never be able to write real Greek.
REMARKS ON TRANSLATION 71
Take the English sentence " He made this promise."
Translated, word for word, it would be iroLi]cr Ta-ur-qv
rqv irrr6<rx(7iv, but such a rendering would not be correct,
for the Greeks would probably say, To/Ora irrrco-x^TO, " he
promised this." The student will notice, therefore, that
the English language uses a large number of abstract
words whose thought would be rendered in Greek by
verbs. In writing Greek always strive to remove from
the English sentence its form of expression, and think
only of the fact or idea that is being related ; then trans-
late that idea into Greek as simply as possible.
Study the following examples :
After the arrival of the generals, errei ol o-TpaTTj-yol <X<|H-
KOVTO. (Literally, "When the generals arrived.")
I remembered her personal feelings, ||JL|IVT)|JLT|V a uirri]
pov\TO. (Literally, " I remembered what she herself
wished.")
They reported the details of the battle, TiyyciXav <*>S Ka-
<rra Iv TTJ p.axn eyVTo. (Literally, "They reported
how each thing took place in the battle.")
EXERCISES BASED ON THE ANABASIS
(" Sec." refers to the Section of the Chapter)
BOOK I CHAPTER I
171. Sec. 1-2.
1. Darius happened 1 to send for Cyrus.
2. Cyrus will collect all on the plain of Castolus.
3. Therefore he wishes to march inland. 2
4. Tissaphernes, as it happens, 3 is not his friend.
172. Sec. 3-5.
1. They said that he was plotting 4 against the king.
2. His mother does not wish Cyrus to be in the king's
power.
3. He was arrested because he slandered 5 Tissaphernes.
4. Cyrus planned so that his friends could wage war. 6
173. Sec. 6-7.
1. He is making a levy in order to collect the very best
men.
2. The king gave to Tissaphernes all 7 the cities, except
Miletus.
1 Use rtryxdvo) : H. 984 : G. 1586 : B. 660, note : Go. 585, a. * march in-
land: the Greek word means to go up. 3 as it happens : see 169. 4 he
was plotting: the direct discourse was^<? is plotting. Does the tense change ?
5 because he slandered: use the participle. so that . . . war: this is a
result clause. H. 927 : G. 1449-50 : B. 595 : Go. 566, b, 639, a. 7 H. 672 :
G. 979 : B. 454, 455.
7 2
ANABASIS BOOK I, CHAP. II 73
3. He became aware beforehand that Cyrus was collect-
ing 1 an army.
4. He will kill those who plan 2 the same things.
/r
174. Sec. 8-9.
1. Cyrus' mother thought that the king did not perceive
the plot.
2. So that Cyrus waged war against Tissaphernes.
3. Cyrus met the fugitive and gave 3 him this money.
4. Another army will be secretly 4 supported among the
Thracians.
175. Sec. lo-n.
1. Since Aristippus happened to be hard pressed, he
asked Cyrus for gold. 6
2. He requested 6 his guest to overcome his opponents.
3. He will not take the men until 7 he wages war with
them.
4. The Pisidians will never trouble my land.
BOOK I CHAPTER II
176. Sec. 1-4.
1. Clearchus resolved to take as large an army as he had.
2. He promised us that he would not 8 stop until we 9
obeyed him.
1 that . . . collecting: H. 982: G. 1588: B. 66 1 : Go. 586. 2 those who
plan : use the article and the participle. See 40. 3 met and . . . gave =
having met, gave. Use the Aorist participle. 4 Use XavOdvco. 5 H. 724 :
G. 1069 : B. 340 : Go. 535. 6 Study in the vocabulary the various uses of
Sew, and notice that it governs the Genitive. 7 Use irpiv : H. 924 : G.
1471, 2: B. 627: Go. 644. 8 H. 1024: G. 1496: B. 549, 2: Go. 579, a.
9 The direct form was, I will not stop until you obey me.
74 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
3. He arrives with the men from Miletus.
4. Cyrus thought that he would proceed to the king 1 as
quickly as he could.
177. Sec. 5-8.
1. Starting 2 from the city, he crossed this river.
2. Whenever we wish to hunt, we go into the park.
3. Therefore he marched through the middle 3 of Phrygia
five days' journey.
4. Xerxes was said to have been conquered 4 and to have
retreated from Greece.
178. Sec. 9-12.
1. Cyrus remained for five days at a river which was 6
twenty feet 6 wide. 7
2. He is evidently troubled because the men ask for
pay.
3. Cyrus paid a large amount of money to his army at
that time.
4. After he had made a review, a woman came.
179. Sec. 13-17.
1. The Cilician woman requested Cyrus 8 to review his army.
2. Cyrus wishes each general to draw up his own men.
1 to the king: H. 722, a : G. 1220, 8 : B. 418. 2 This use of the Present
Participle in English must not be imitated in Greek; use the Aorist, because
he started before he crossed the river. 8 Predicate position: H. 671: G.
978: B. 454: Go. 556. 4 to have been conquered : use the participle. Where
English uses two coordinate verbs with the same subject, Greek generally uses
a participle and a verb. 5 which was : use the participle. 6 H. 729, d :
G. 1094, 5 : B. 352. 7 = in width : the Accusative of specification. 8 8&o
takes the Genitive.
ANABASIS BOOK I, CHAP. II 75
3. He will review the Greeks in his chariot as they
march by.
4. There the Greeks halted l and presented arms.
180. Sec. 18-21.
1. The Cilician woman was pleased when she saw the
Greeks going to their tents.
2. He handed her over to them to be sent 2 off by the
quickest way. 3
3. On the next day a messenger said that Cyrus had
killed a man.
4. He perceives that they will go 4 upon the moun-
tains.
181. Sec. 22-27.
1. When he had marched into this plain, he arrived at a
city called Tarsus. 5
2. These said that they had perished because 6 they could
not find the road.
3. He said that his wife wished to persuade 7 him.
4. If we ever happen upon any gifts, we will 8 take
them.
1 The verb is intransitive here. Consult the vocabulary and learn what
forms of toTT||u are transitive and what intransitive. 2 Does the Infinitive
express purpose in Greek? in Latin? in English? 8 An adverbial Accusa-
tive. * that they will go: H. 982: G. 1588 : B. 66 1 : Go. 586. 5 called
Tarsus : compare KvSvos ovopa, sec. 23. 6 because . . .find: does the par-
ticiple express cause ? 7 ircCOo) takes the accusative when it means persuade
and the Dative when it means obey. 8 Wherein is the difference in the Greek
form of expression between a vivid future and a present general condition ?
76
GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS I AND II
182. Learn the meaning of the following words. They
are all very important, and have occurred in Chapters I
and II. Memorize the principal parts of the verbs, and,
where indicated, notice the difference between the active
and middle meanings.
i. al<r0dvo|i<H 1 8. 8t>vajus 35.
IXms 36.
dirOKTlVG>
cnroSiSa>|JLi
d<j>ncv0}iai
dvapaivco
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Siapaivco
n. Karapaivco
12.
13.
14.
15.
1 6. yvvr\
1 7. 8\iva|Aai
IGcXco
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. if8ai|i(ov
24.
25.
26.
27. Ka6urrr|[u
28.
29.
30.
32.
33-
34-
iraxia) (act. and
mid.)
XavOdvo)
irais
37.
38.
39.
4O.
4 1 .
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
5O.
TTOVS
TTplV
raTTco
183. Review carefully the following points of syntax :
1. The participle with TVYX&VOD and XavOdvo. [H. 984:
G. 1586: B.66o, n.: Go. 585, a.~]
2. The construction used after ^ju, Xc^yo), and ctirov.
[H.94M: G. 1523: B.66 9 : Go. 658.]
3. The principle governing tenses in indirect discourse.
[H. 932, 2: G. 1487, 1494: B. 670: Go. 659.]
4. 4m with the Dative. See any lexicon.
ANABASIS BOOK I, CHAPS. I-II 77
5. Various meanings of the participle. [H. 969: G. 1563:
B. 653, 1-8: 60.583.]
6. Result clauses. [H. 927, 910: G. 1449, 1450, 1445: B. 595,
597 : Go. 566, b, 619, 639, a.~]
7. OTI or <bs and the superlative. [H. 651 : B. 428.]
8. Purpose clauses. [H. 881, 911, 951, 969, c\ G. 1365, 1532,
1442, 1563,4: B. 590-592, 653, 5 : Go. 565, a, 615, 636, 638, 642.]
9. Position of irds, |i<n>s, and OVTOS. [11.671,672,673:
G. 974, 978, 979: B. 454, 456: Go. 455, 553.]
10. Verbs that are followed by the participle in indirect
discourse. [H. 981, 982: G. 1588: B. 661 : Go. 586.]
11. When avrds means the same. [H. 679: G. 989, 2: B.
475 : Go. 199.]
12. Verbs that are followed by the Infinitive in indirect
discourse. [H. 946: G. 1522: B. 669: Go. 658.]
13. Case governed by iro\|JLa> and 8o>. See lexicon.
14. Verbs governing two Accusatives. [11.724: 0.1069:
B. 340: Go. 534, 535.]
15. Construction following irpiv, until. [11.924: 0.1471,
2 : B. 627 : Go. 644.]
1 6. The negative used after verbs of Hoping, Promising,
and Swearing. [H. 1024: G. 1496: B. 549, 2: Go. 579, a.~]
17. Duration of time. [H. 720: G. 1062: B. 338: Go. 538.]
1 8. Genitive of measure. [H. 729, d\ G. 1094, 5: B. 352:
Go. 506.]
19. Present general conditions. [H. 894, i: G. 1393, i: B.
609 : Go. 650.]
20. Vivid future conditions. [H. 898: G. 1403: B. 604: Go.
650.]
21. SfjXos l[u used personally. [H. 981: G. 1589: 6.634.]
22. Accusative of specification. [H. 718: 0.1058: 6.337:
Go. 537.]
23. Verbs governing the Dative. [H. 764,2: G. 1160: B,
376: Go. 520, a.~\
78 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
184. Let the instructor form several sentences, employ-
ing the words in 182 and involving the constructions in
183. These sentences should be written by the students
at sight.
BOOK I CHAPTER III
185. Sec. 1-4.
1. I suspect 1 that the Greeks are not hired for this.
2. He was surprised when he saw that his soldiers were
stoning him. 2
3. Do not 3 wonder, Cyrus, that I take the darics.
4. I waged war against them that I might deprive the
Greeks of their land. 4
186. Sec. 5-8.
1. No one says that I betrayed Cyrus and chose 6 the bar-
barians.
2. I will suffer 6 whatever I must do.
3. I think that 7 if I should be deprived of you I should
not be in honor.
4. Cyrus, because he is troubled, 8 will send for Clearchus.
187. Sec. 9-13.
1. If we do not follow Cyrus, he will not be our paymaster.
2. He feared that he would not inflict punishment 9 on them.
1 Is to suspect a verb of thinking ? 2 H. 683, a, 685 : G. 993, 987 : B.
470, 471 : Go. 200. 3 What is the difference between the use of JXTJ with the
Present Imperative and JJITJ with the Aorist Subjunctive ? H. 874: G. 1346:
B. 584: Go. 485. 4 H. 724: G. 1069: B. 340: Go. 535. 5 betrayed and
chose = having betrayed, chose. Which tense of the participle ? 6 H. 916:
G. 1434: B. 620: Go. 616. 7 Which part of a condition is the main clause ?
8 because he is troubled: use the participle. 9 inflict punishment:
with Dative. H. 887: G. 1378.
ANABASIS BOOK I, CHAP. IV 79
3. We must consider l how we shall be 2 valuable friends.
4. When he had said this, he showed what the difficulty
was. 3
188. Sec. 14-17.
1. If he does not give us these, we shall send men to seize
the heights.
2. Let us take the property before 4 Cyrus does.
3. I shall not obey whatever man you know.
4. We should hesitate 5 to follow whatever guide you
would wish to choose. 6
189. Sec. 18-21.
1. If we follow 7 as friends, we shall not use the mercena-
ries.
2. I think it best to march inland with Cyrus.
3. We replied that Abrocomas was 8 our enemy, and 8 was
distant from the river. 9
4. Cyrus promised that he would give each soldier a daric.
BOOK I CHAPTER IV
190. Sec. 1-4.
i. They march one day's journey, amounting to six para-
sangs, to the last city of Cilicia.
1 must consider : use the verbal in T^OS. 2 how . . . be : H. 885 : G. 1372 :
B. 593 : Go. 638, a. 3 What was the tense used in the direct question ?
4 Use <|>edva). See H. 984 : G. 1586 : B. 660, note : Go. 585, a. 5 What are
the two meanings of OKVC'CO ? See the vocabulary. 6 How does cupcoo differ
in meaning in the active and middle voices ? 7 If we follow : does the parti-
ciple ever take the place of the protasis ? H. 969, d : G. 1563, 5 : B. 653, 6:
Go. 583. 8 Omit. 9 Genitive of separation.
80 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
2. He will command 1 them from Ephesus.
3. He was said to be occupying these 2 walls.
4. It was not possible 3 to pass through the middle of the
road.
191. Sec. 5-8.
1. We thought that Cyrus would send for the ships.
2. Cyrus remained there five days, and allowed them to
sail off.
3. Let him understand 4 that he will be caught.
4. I know that he will rob them of their wives. 6
192. Sec. 9-12.
1. They encamped at 6 a river which was thirty feet wide.
2. Belesys, the former king 7 of Syria, had a palace.
3. The soldiers said that they would follow Cyrus.
4. Although he knew this, he marched inland with 8 Cyrus.
193. Sec. 13-15.
1. They promised that they would follow Cyrus until he
collected 9 his army.
2. He said this before 10 they were persuaded.
3. They ought 11 to cross the river.
4. If we go away, he will use us for whatever he wishes.
1 H. 741: G. 1109: B. 356: Go. 510. cryw is an exception to this rule.
2 Predicate position. *. clpC in the third person singular often means it is
possible. 4 The third person of the Imperative is used in exhortations. In
exhortations of the first person, the Subjunctive is used. 6 H. 724 : G. 1069 :
B. 340 : Go. 535. 6 Study all the meanings of 4irC, as given in the vocabulary.
7 the former king the one having ruled : use the Aorist participle. 8 H. 801,
806: G. 1 21 2, I, by 1217. 9 The direct discourse was we will follow Cyrus
until he collects. H. 920-922: G. 1463-5: B. 626: Go. 631. 10 irpCv,
meaning before, takes the Infinitive. n ought is expressed by 8ci or XPH and
the Accusative and Infinitive.
ANABASIS BOOK I, CHAPS. III-IV
8l
194. Sec. 16-19.
1. We shall take care 1 that 2 you hear this.
2. They prayed that the whole 3 army might follow
3. He went ahead that. he might burn these boats.
4. The villages in which they remained were full of food.
17.
1 8. Trcuvea>
19. em
20.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS III AND IV
195. Learn the meanings of the following important
words which occur in Chapters III and IV. Memorize
the principal parts of the verbs, and, where indicated,
notice the difference between the active and middle mean-
ings.
1. dSlK0>
2. agios
3. CLTTOKpLVOfiai
4. diroirXcco
5-
6.
7. pdXXo>
8.
9-
10. <|>op<o (act. and mid.)
I I . OKVCl)
12. Siapards
13. SICOKCD
14. 8o> (act. and mid }
15. VKd
1 6. 6VT10T] (U
1 We shall take care = Tt will be a care to us. 2 H. 885 : G. 1372 : B. 593 :
Go. 638, a. 3 Predicate position. 4 Refers to the subject of the verb prayed
GK. PROSE COMP. 6
21.
22.
23-
24.
25. |iVTOl
26. |1TJV
27. otfiai
28. oixojia
29. opdo)
30. 6p|idca
31. 6p|I0)
32.
82 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
33. imGo 39. oTv6s 45. <{>aiva> (act. and mid.)
34. mords 40. Tix<>s 46. <j>avp6s
35. irpa/yiia 41. Tifidco 47. <|>8dva>
36. -Trpo6iSco|H 42. irpoTi|ida) 48. \PGLO\LCLI
37. (TITOS 43. Ti[ic0pa> 49. \f/\i8(o (act. and mid.)
38. o-K-qvcco 44. inro\|;ia 50. <b<J>Xa>
196. Review 183 and the following points of syntax :
1. Reflexive pronouns. [11.683,0,685: 0.993,987: 6.470,
471 : Go. 200.]
2. Tenses in indirect discourse. [H. 853-855: G. 1483: B.
670: Go. 659.]
3. Prohibitions. [H. 874: G. 1346: B. 584: Go. 485.]
4. Verbs taking two Accusatives. [H. 724 : G. 1069 : B.
340: Go. 534, 0, 535.]
5. Vivid future relative conditions. [H. 916: G. 1434: B.
621-625 : Go. 616, 617.]
6. Moods after verbs of Fearing. [H. 887 : G. 1378 : B. 594 :
Go. 6 10, 6u.]
7. Construction used with (j>6dvco. [H. 984: G. 1586: B. 660,
n. : Go. 585, #.]
8. Use of the participle for the protasis of a condition.
[H. 969, di G. 1563, 5: B. 653, 6: Go. 583.]
9. The use of the third person of the Imperative.
10. (JL6TCL with the Genitive.
11. Until and before. Sec. 122-129.
12. Ways of expressing ought.
13. OTTCOS and the Future Indicative. [H. 885: G. 1372: B.
593 : Go. 638, a.]
14. Position of the demonstrative pronouns. [H. 673: G.
974: 6.456: Go. 553.]
197. Let the instructor form several sentences, employ-
ing the words in 195 and involving the constructions in
196. These sentences should be written by the students
at sight
ANABASIS BOOK I, CHAP. V 83
BOOK I CHAPTER V
198. Sec. 1-4.
1. In this plain were ostriches of all kinds.
2. Whenever they ran forward, the horsemen did the
same. 1
3. It is possible to use the wings.
4. Whenever the horsemen pursue 2 them, they quickly
stop. 3
199. Sec. 5-8.
1. All the inhabitants used to live 4 by making 5 millstones.
2. Since they could not buy grain, they ate flesh.
3. On one occasion 6 Cyrus thought that they worked
slowly.
4. Some, wearing 7 tunics, ran into the mud.
200. Sec. 9-1 1.
1. Cyrus clearly 8 thought that he 9 would fight the king.
2. One could see 10 that the kingdom was weak in its
forces.
3. They crossed the river in such a way that the water
did not touch u them.
4. While Clearchus was inflicting 12 blows, the soldiers
were angry.
1 avrds following the article. 2 Whenever . . . pursue : a present general
condition. 3 How does iravw differ in meaning in the active and middle
voices? 4 used to live : what tense denotes customary action? 5 Use the
participle. 6 On one occasion: use ITOT& 7 \o>. 8 H. 981 : G. 1589:
B. 634. 9 The subject of the Infinitive in indirect discourse is omitted when
it is the same as that of the main verb. 10 One could see = It was possible to
see. n in such a way . . . touch: a result clause. 12 while . . . inflicting :
use the Genitive absolute.
84 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
201. Sec. 12-17.
1. On the same day one of the soldiers came to split 1
wood.
2. The Thracians were 2 thoroughly frightened, and ran to
their own army.
3. Proxenus chanced to speak lightly of their 3 suffering.
4. Consider that the barbarians will be more hostile to us
than the enemy are.
BOOK I CHAPTER VI
202. Sec. 1-4.
1. He said that if 4 he should seize the horsemen he
would plot against Cyrus.
2. We prevented them from seeing 5 the king.
3. They thought that a trusty man had this letter.
4. Cyrus arrested 6 Orontas and called together the Per-
sians.
203. Sec. 5-7.
1. It is right to council with you about Orontas.
2. Afterwards I brought 7 it about that he gave me pledges.
3. Did 8 you not come to the altar and acknowledge
this?
4. I said that they repented. 9
1 Review all the ways of expressing purpose. 2 were thoroughly frightened
and ran being thoroughly frightened, ran. 3 avrwv in the predicate
position. A possessive Genitive of a reflexive pronoun takes the attributive
position. 4 if. . . Cyrus : first write out the condition as it was in direct dis-
course. 6 from seeing: for the various forms of expression, see H. 963 : G.
1549 : B. 643 : Go. 572, 573. arrested and called = having arrested, called :
use the Aorist participle. 7 Cf. liroi)<ra <TT Sogcu. 8 H. 1015 : G. 1603 : B.
572 : Go. 668. 9 pLCTa^cXci is an impersonal verb, and takes the Dative case.
ANABASIS BOOK I, CHAPS. V-VI 85
204. Sec. 8-1 1.
1. If I should not do wrong, you would not be a friend to
me.
2. I have leisure to benefit l my friends.
3. At the command of 2 Cyrus, they led him to death.
4. They conjectured 3 that he had died.
14.
15.
1 6.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS V AND VI
205. Learn the meaning of the following important
words which occur in Chapters V and VI. Memorize the
principal parts of the verbs, and, where indicated, notice
the difference between the active and middle meanings.
17. ui|ii (act. and mid.)
1 8. unriis
19. t<r)(vpcos
20. KdTdKCUVa)
21. Kdco
22. KdTaKdeo
23. irpoKaraKaco
24. Kpavyrj
25. Kpivco
26. KcoXvco
27. vofis
28. op-yi^ofiat
29. ow
30. iravToios
3i-
2.
3. d(T0VTJS
4. euro/yco
5.
6.
7-
8. 8id
9. Siarpipco
10. o-8ia>
11. TOl|iOS
12.
32.
TT0160)
1 Use v iroic'w with the Accusative. 2 At the command of ': use the parti-
ciple. Is the Genitive absolute permissible? 3 This is a verb of thinking.
86 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
33. KCUC&S TTOl0> 42. TpX
34. TTOT4 43. irpOTpXO)
35. irpdTTCD 44. v8o>p
36. irpOl|U 45. WTpOS
37. iri)v8dvo|xa 46.
38. crxoXii 47.
39. axoXatos 48.
40. axoXaicos 49. a>V0|iai
41. rax^ 50. (0<j>\i[ios
206. Review the following points of syntax :
1. Present and past general conditions. [H. 894, 914,6.:
G. 1393* ! 2 HS 1 * ! 2: B - 69> 6lO: Go - 6 5> 651, (2).]
2. Verbs which take the participle in indirect discourse.
[H. 981, 982: G. 1588: B. 661 : Go. 586.]
3. Result clauses. [H. 927: G. 1449, 1450: B. 595, 597: Go. 566,
,619, 639, a.~]
4. Genitive absolute. [11.970: G. 1568: 6.657: Go. 590.]
5. Construction after verbs of Preventing. [H. 963: G.
1549: B. 643: Go. 572, 573.]
6. Interrogative particles. [H. 1015 : G. 1603 : B. 572 : Go. 668.]
207. Let the instructor form several sentences, employ-
ing the words in 205 and involving the constructions in
206. These sentences should be written by the students
at sight.
BOOK I CHAPTER VII
208. Sec. 1-4.
1. On the following dawn, the king came to fight.
2. He planned how he would encourage 1 his men.
1 how . . . encourage : the direct question was how can I encourage /
[R.8 7 2: G. 1327: 6.577: Go. 471.]
ANABASIS BOOK I, CHAP. VII 87
3. See to it that 1 you are braver than the barbarians.
4. I will make many choose 2 not to go home.
209. Sec. 5-9.
-. Some say that you do this because you are 3 in danger.
Z. I say that you can not 4 pay all 5 you wish.
3. I fear that he will not give 6 a golden crown to each
man.
4. What shall we have, if we go away ?
210. Sec. 10-15.
1. The number was said to be one hundred thousand. 7
2. They arrived seven days after the battle. 8
3. Deserters before the battle were captured by the enemy. 9
4. We thought that the king would fight at 10 the walls.
211. Sec. 16-20.
1. Cyrus learned that the king was marching forward and
was inside the ditches.
2. If the king does not fight within ten days, 11 I will give
you the money.
3. They promised that they would not 12 do this.
4. Cyrus thought 13 he would sit in his chariot.
1 See to it that: H. 886: G. 1352-3: B. 583, n. 3: Go. 638, b. 2 make
many choose : cf. iroXXovs iroiT|<riv . . . IX&rOai. 3 because you are : 8td
TO elvai. * that you can not: 4>T)(i is followed by the Accusative and
Infinitive; ctirov, and Xc'^co in the Active, by the ort or ws construction.
5 oo-a. 6 that . . .give: H. 887: G. 1378: B. 594: Go. 610 611. 7 What
is used in the text ? 8 seven . . . battle : cf. vorpr]<r rfjs H-oot 1 ! 5 vjUpats
TTVT. H. 781 : G. 1184: B. 388: Go. 526. 9 by the enemy : Genitive with
viro. 10 4irC : see the vocabulary for the proper case. n within ten days :
the Genitive expresses the time Within Which ; the Dative, the time When ;
and the Accusative, the time How Long. u H. 1024 : G. 1496 : B. 549, 2 :
Go. 579, a. 13 8oKo> with the Dative.
88 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
BOOK I CHAPTER VIII
212. Sec. 1-7.
1. He intended to halt, when a man appeared, 1 riding at
full speed.
2. They thought that the king would attack them. 2
3. After him, Proxenos occupied the left wing.
4. All except Cyrus did not have bare heads.
213. Sec. 8-12.
1. And then the whole army came into view.
2. In the afternoon, the enemy appeared.
3. They cut down whomever they came upon. 3
4. Cyrus was deceived, however, in what 4 he told the
Greeks.
214. Sec. 13-17.
1. Although he saw 5 that the king occupied the center,
he did not do this.
2. I will take care 6 that we are not surrounded.
3. We asked him if the omens were favorable. 7
4. When he heard 8 the watchword passing through the
ranks, he said, " Well, 9 let it be this."
215. Sec. 18-22.
i. Everybody shouted, so as to frighten 10 the horses.
1 Note the difference of meaning in the active and middle. 2 An indirect
reflexive. H. 683, a, 685 : G. 993, 987 : B. 472 : Go. 200. 3 whomever . . .
upon: past general condition. For the case, see H. 775: G. 1179: B. 394.
4 Accusative of specification. 6 Although he saw : the participle may denote
concession. 6 / will take care = it will be a care to me. 7 The direct
question was Are the omens favorable ? 8 H. 742: G. 1102: B. 356 : Go.
-510, 511. 9 d\Xd. 10 irWw $6fiov and Dative.
ANABASIS BOOK I, CHAPS. VII-VIII 89
2. Whenever the chariots rushed through the Greeks, no
one suffered any harm. 1
3. Cyrus knew that the Greeks were 2 victorious over those
opposite them.
4. They thought they 3 would perceive this.
216. Sec. 23-29.
1. Cyrus feared that the barbarians would march to meet
him. 4
2. When he saw the king, Cyrus could not restrain him-
self.
3. Ktesias, the surgeon, will tell you how many 5 were
killed. 6
4. He is said to have fallen from his horse.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS VII AND VIII
217. Learn the meaning of the following important words
which occur in Chapters VII and VIII. Memorize the prin-
cipal parts of the verbs, and, where indicated, notice the
difference between the active and middle meanings.
1. alo-xiivco (act. and mid.) 7. pdOos
2. dvrios 8. pa6vs
3. cnroOvfjo-Kco 9. podco
4. cipfia 10. 86pv
5. aurojioXc'co II. eyyvs
6. a-uTOjioXos 12.
1 any harm : ovSev. Do two negatives in Greek make an affirmative ?
2 H. 981, 982: G. 1588: B. 661 : Go. 586. 3 May this be omitted ? 4 to
meet him : dvrios. 5 how many : oirocroi. 6 diro0vT)<rKa> is often used as
the passive
90
GREEK
PROSE COMPOSITION -
-PART II
13-
CKCUTTOS
26.
0CO
38.
6m<r6v
14.
KdTpO)0V
27.
06pupos
39-
iraia)
IS-
KaTpCOC7
28.
Uavds
40.
irdpoSos
1 6.
KctTpos
29.
KaTa<f>avfjs
41.
TTpnrnr
17.
\l)6pia
30.
K(j>aXTJ
42.
miTTCi)
18.
[rrrpoo-0V
31-
Kparcco
43-
irXriv
19.
cvTv-yx&Vtt
32.
Krdofiai
44.
o-irovSTJ
20.
ImmirrcD
33-
|ii|ivfjorK(o (act.
45-
TO|LS
21.
cpcordco
and mid.)
46.
TCL(j>p09
22.
TL
34-
VIKCUO
47-
T6|\)|ia
23.
cvpos
35.
ofcaSe
48.
TO|1JO)
24.
TJK(0
36.
OLKOL
49-
inro^Yt
25.
T|VlKa
37-
6}XCOS
50.
XPTI^
218. Review the following points of syntax :
1. Potential Optative. [H. 872: G. 1327: B. 563: Go. 480.]
2. STTCOS with the Future Indicative in Commands. [H.
886: G. 1352-1353: B. 583,11. 3: Go. 638,^.]
3. Construction after <t>tiju, etirov, and Xeyco. [H. 946, b\
G. 1523: B. 669: Go. 658.]
4. Construction after verbs of Fearing. [H. 887: G. 1378:
B. 594: Go. 610, 6 1 1.]
5. \nr6 and the Genitive [H. 808, i, b\ G. 1219, .]
6. How is time Within Which expressed ? time When ?
time How Long? [H. 759, 782, 720: G. 1136, 1192, 1062: B. 338,
359,385: Go. 538, 515, 527, c.-]
7. What verbs take |i/rj and the Infinitive ? [H. 1024 : G.
1496: B. 549, 2: Go. 579, a.']
8. Indirect reflexives. [H. 683, a, 685: G. 993, 987: B. 472:
Go. 200.]
9. Compound verbs which take the Dative. [H. 775 : G.
1179: B. 394.]
10. The Accusative of specification. [H. 718: G. 1058: B.
337: Go. 537.]
ANABASIS BOOK I, CHAP. IX 91
11. Various meanings of the participle. [H. 969, a-e\ G.
1563, 1-8: B. 653, 1-8: Go. 583.]
12. Verbs followed by the Genitive. [H. 742: G. 1102: B.
356: Go. 510, 511.]
13. Indirect Questions. [H. 932, i and 2: G. 1479, 1481 : B.
673 : Go. 66l.]
219. Let the instructor form several sentences, em-
ploying the words in 217 and involving the construc-
tions in 218. These sentences should be written by
the students at sight.
BOOK I CHAPTER IX
220. Sec. 1-6.
1. Cyrus was acknowledged to be worthy 1 to rule.
2. When he was a boy, he was the best of all in every
respect. 2
3. One 3 could learn 4 how to rule and to be ruled.
4. Once a bear rushed upon Cyrus and dragged him off
his horse.
221. Sec. 7-13.
1. If he ever promised 5 anybody 6 anything, he considered
it of the greatest importance 7 not to prove false.
2. Therefore all the cities feared Tissaphernes and chose
Cyrus.
1 H. 952: G. 1526: B. 641: Go. 565, #. 2 Accusative of specification.
3 rls. 4 could learn : H. 872: G. 1327 : B. 563 : Go. 480. |iav0dvci> followed
by the participle means / learn that, etc.; by the Infinitive, / learn how to,
etc. 5 If . . . promised : this is a past general condition. Review 106-111,
113-115. 6 Dative of indirect object. 1 considered . . . importance : irepl
irXctcrrov iroie'w.
92 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
3. He prayed to live 1 until he should overcome the men
who did him harm.
4. He allowed rascals 2 to be deprived of their hands.
222. Sec. 14-19.
1. Brave men, however, 3 he used to honor.
2. Wherever 4 any one thought Cyrus would notice him,
he evidently 5 wished to incur danger.
3. He employed 6 just generals.
4. If he ever saw that a man was just, he gave him more.
223. Sec. 20-26.
1. Cyrus thought that his friends needed 7 as 8 many things
as they saw.
2. They say that many sent 9 him gifts.
3. He used to surpass his friends in thoughtfulness.
4. The bearer said that Cyrus wished 10 you to take a
taste 11 of these.
224. Sec. 27-31.
1. He procured fodder on account of having 12 many
friends.
2. If many were ever 13 likely to see him, he honored his
friends.
3. Cyrus thought that this man was faithful to him. 14
4. After his death, 15 Ariaeus fled.
1 See 122, 123, 124. 2 icaKovp-yos. 8 -y ^VTOI. 4 Sirov. This is a past
general condition. 6 Use SfjXos or <|>avep6s lju ; H. 981 : G. 1589: B. 634.
6 xpa-o^cii. What case follows it ? 7 Seo^xai takes the Genitive. 8 as many
as: ocros. 9 In all indirect discourse constructions he sure to find the tense
of the direct statement. Here the direct form was many sent. 10 The direct
form was wishes. n take a taste : Aorist. ^ on . . . having : 8td r6 and In-
finitive. 13 H. 846: G. 1254: B. 533: Go. 570, b. 14 This refers to Cyrus.
What kind of a reflexive pronoun is it ? 16 After his death : Genitive absolute.
ANABASIS BOOK I, CHAP. X 93
BOOK I CHAPTER X
225. Sec. 1-6.
1. The king with his men fled through his own 1 camp.
2. The king pursued them as if he was victorious in every
way.
3. Tissaphernes planned whether he should go 2 ahead in
pursuit or collect his own men.
4. He was evidently making preparations.
226. Sec. 7-12.
1. The Greeks struck Tissaphernes' men as they charged
through.
2. The king is afraid that the Greeks will put 3 the river
in their rear. 4
3. The king then 5 also 6 saw that the Greeks were chang-
ing into the same formation.
4. So that the Greeks did not know what would take place. 7
227. Sec. 13-19.
1. He halted 8 his army and saw that they were fleeing.
2. He rode ahead to seize 9 some point. 10
3. They prepared this wine that they might distribute it
among their friends. 11
4. It was night before the king appeared. 12
1 his own : the possessive Genitive of the reflexive pronouns is put regularly
in the attribute position. 2 whither . . .go : the direct question was a dubitative
Subjunctive, Shall I go ? 3 that... put: H. 887: G. 1378: B. 594: Go. 610,
611. 4 put . . . rear : cf. iroi/qVao-Oai ftrurOcv TOV iroTafxov. 6 Srf. 6 KCU
placed before the word it emphasizes. 7 what . . . place : what tense of the
participle ? 8 Consult the lexicon to see what forms of lo-r-qui are transitive
and what intransitive. 9 to seize : how many ways are there of expressing this
idea? 10 some point: rl. n Dative. 12 irpCv, meaning before ', takes the In-
finitive. See 125, 126, 127.
94
GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS IX AND X
228. Learn the following important words which occur
in Chapters IX and X. Memorize the principal parts
of the verbs, and, where indicated, notice the difference
between the active and middle meanings.
1. atpc'co (act and mid.)
2. alcrxpds
3. apicrrov
4. dvdpi<7TOS
5. dvcnravo) (act. and mid.)
6. av9is
7.
8.
9. 0'X<0
10. ytva> (act. and mid.)
11. SiaStSa>|u
12.
13.
14. 8oi)Xos
15. v6a
1 6. 1TlTa
I /. 6WOVS
1 8.
19.
20.
21.
22. KaraKdirrco
23. KplVCO
24. KpSoS
25. Kp8a\os
26.
27. X6<j)os
28.
29.
30.
31. irais
32.
33.
34. ircipdco
35. irXo\)T(D
36. irXowtos
37. irXii<rios
38. irords
39. TToXXaxis
40.
41.
42. CTKOTTCO)
43. (nrcvSco (act. and mid.)
44. <nrov8ii
45. <TTpO|I(U
46.
47. 0-4^0)
48. ox|>6Spa
49.
50.
ANABASIS BOOK II, CHAP. I 95
229. Review the following points of syntax :
1. Infinitive with adjectives. [H. 952: 0.1526: 6.641: Go.
565, a.-]
2. Present and past general conditions. See 106-111.
3. Until and before. See 122-129.
4. 8fjX6s i[u and <|>avp6s t|u. [H. 981.- G. 1589: B. 634.]
5. What case follows 8o> ?
6. Use of the tenses in indirect discourse. [H. 853-855:
G. 1483 : B. 670 : Go. 659.]
/. Use of fJL\Xo>. [H. 846: G. 1254: B. 533: Go. 570, b.~\
8. Construction after verbs of Fearing. [H. 887: G. 1378:
B. 594: Go. 610, 6 1 1.]
230. Let the instructor form several sentences, employ-
ing the words in 228 and involving the constructions in 229.
These sentences should be written by the students at sight.
BOOK II CHAPTER I
231. Sec. 1-4.
1. At daybreak they decided to pack up and join 1 Cyrus.
2. I will wait for you a day, 2 if you intend to come.
3. Would that Cyrus had not died. 3
4. If he had 4 come, we would have put him on the throne.
232. Sec. 5-9.
1. We provided food as best we could 5 by using the oxen.
2. One of them, as it happened, was acquainted with
tactics. 6
1 to pack up and join = having packed up, to join. 2 What kind of time is
expressed ? 3 Would . . . died : express this sentence in two ways. H. 870,
871, a: 0.1507,1511,1512: B. 588 : Go. 470. 4 H. 895 : G. 1397 : B. 606 :
Go. 649. 6 as best we could : cf. oirws ISvvaro (6). 6 Cf. TWV dji,<)>l
96 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
3. They bade him surrender his arms and go to the king's
court 1
4. It is not the privilege of the conquered 2 to reply.
233. Sec. 10-13.
1. Why must 3 the king persuade us and not come and
take our arms ?
2. I think that you are mine, 4 because I have a multitude
of men.
3. Do not think, 5 soldiers, that we shall not use our valor.
4. Let them know, 6 however, that we are not foolish.
234. Sec. 14-18,
1. Some said that they had been and would be 7 valuable 8
friends.
2. He asked if you were 9 a Greek.
3. Advise us what you think 10 will bring you honor.
4. He will not surrender hi$ arms, in order that 11 you may
be more hopeful.
235. Sec. 19-23.
1. If you could be saved by fighting 12 the king, I should
advise you not to surrender your arms.
2. We shall be more valuable friends, if we have 13 our
arms.
1 Use Ovpa. 2 // . . . conquered '= it is of the conquered. 8 See 73 and 74.
* Use the possessive Genitive. 5 H. 874, a: G. 1346: B. 584: Go. 485.
6 Let them know : in exhortations of the third person, the Imperative is used ;
of the first person, the Subjunctive. 7 had been and would be : the direct dis-
course was have been and will be, etc. 8 iroXXoi) auu. 9 What was the direct
question? 10 what you think : & TI <roi SOKCI. n Review all the common
ways of expressing purpose. See 78 and 79. 12 Use the participle. 13 if we
have : the participle is often used to express the protasis of a condition.
ANABASIS BOOK II, CHAP. II 97
3. Carry back word, therefore, that we must wage l war.
4. Phalinus replies, "If you remain, 2 there will be a truce;
and if you advance or retreat, war."
BOOK II CHAPTER II
236. Sec. 1-4.
1. Ariaeus then 3 said, "There are many Persians nobler
than I am." 4
2. If you do not 5 come, we shall go away early.
3. At sunset they would not be able to cross the Tigris
river without boats.
4. Whenever the signal is given, 6 follow me.
237. Sec. 5-io.
1. They obeyed him, because the others were inexpe-
rienced. 7
2. About midnight, they grounded arms 8 and came to-
gether.
3. The barbarians swore that they would not 9 betray the
Greeks.
4. Come now, 10 let us take the same 11 journey.
238. Sec. 11-15.
i. If you go away by the road 12 by which you came, you
will perish from hunger.
1 that . . . wage: H. 981 : G. 1588: B. 235, 663-666: Go. 352-354, 596.
2 If you remain : notice carefully the expression used in the text. 3 Brf.
4 Omit. 5 H. 1019, 1021 : G. 1383, I : B. 600: Go. 646. 6 Whenever . . .
given : what kind of a condition? signal is given : use oTjixaCvco impersonally.
7 because . . . inexperienced: use the Genitive absolute or a conjunction, such
as ore or erreC, and the Indicative. 8 ground arms : TiO-qjAL rd oirXa. 9 See
141. 10 Come now : a-yerc 8if. ll What position has avros when it means the
same ? 12 by the . . . came ; cf. TJV rjX.6o|j,v, H. 715, b : G. 1057 : B. 331 : Go. 536.
GK. PROSE COMP. 7
98 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
2. You must J proceed through the country.
3. If we are once separated from the Persians, they will
not 2 be able to overtake us.
4. We were deceived in this, because smoke appeared. 3
239. Sec. 1 6-2 1.
1. At sunset, the very 4 wood of the houses will be carried
off by the king.
2. We made a great 5 noise by calling one another, so that
the enemy were terrified. 6
3. A panic, however, fell upon the Greeks also. 7
4. He said that whoever disclosed this would receive 8 a
talent.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS I AND II
240. Learn the following important words which occur
in Chapters I and II. Memorize the principal parts of the
verbs, and, where indicated, notice the difference between
the active and middle meanings.
1. oxcov 8.
2. afxa 9. 5ih>o
3. avcryKaa> 10.
4. diraYY&Xa n.
5. dVX<0 12. CVpUTKCO
6. aircipos 13. 4|oTrXici>
7. potJS 14. d<0
1 See 74. 2 H. 1032 : G. 1360 : B. 569, 2 : Go. 489, a. 8 See the vocab-
ulary for the difference between the active and middle meaning of 4>cuvco.
* Review all the uses of avros : 46. 6 Use iroXvs. 6 So that . . . terrified:
is this a purpose or a result clause? 7 Ka, meaning a/so, precedes the word
it emphasizes. 8 whoever . . . receive : the direct statement was whoever dis-
closes this will receive.
ANABASIS BOOK II, CHAPS. I-II
99
15. rjXios
1 6. 8vo> (act. and 28.
mid.)
1 7. KTJp-UTTCD
27. Ol6v T
4O. 0-T||iaLVCO
28. 0|1VU|U
41. <n>|ipo\)Xi
29. ovos
42. <ro>Ttipia
30. TrapaSiScojii
43. acoos
31. TTpl|lV(0
44. TlTpCOdKO)
32. TTOpl<0
45. TOIVW
33. irpOTpaios
46. ToX(xda>
34. wTpaios
47. <|>pO)
35. <n/yT|
48. <j>pOV0)
36. (TKOTOS
49. \|/ij8co
37. o-Koraios
50. XRT|
38. (TTOXOS
19. KaTao-K-qvdco
20. (TKT|VCD(ia
21. KaTaXa|J.pdvco 34.
22. KOTTTCO
23. Kpcas
24.
25.
26. |l<j)OS 39-
241. Review the following points of syntax :
1. Wishes. [H. 870, 871,0: G. 1507, 1511, 1512: B. 587, 588: Go.
470, 476.]
2. Contrary to fact conditions. [H. 895: G. 1397: B. 606:
Go. 649.]
3. Must and Ought. See 74 and 75.
4. Prohibitions. [H. 874, a\ G. 1346: B. 584: Go. 485.]
5. Purpose clauses. See 78 and 79.
6. Construction used after aYyeXXco. [H. 981: 0.1588:
B. 661 : Go. 586.]
7. The negative of the protasis. [H. 1019, 1021 : G. 1383, i :
B. 600 : Go. 646.]
8. Verbs followed by \LT\ and the Infinitive. See 141.
9. Uses of O/UTOS. See 46.
10. Cognate Accusative. [H. 715, b\ G. 1057: B. 331: Go,
536.]
IT. Verbal in Tos. See 75.
12. Emphatic future. [H. 1032: G. 1360: B. 569, 2: Go.
489, a.-}
100 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
242. Let the instructor form several sentences, employ-
ing the words in 240 and involving the constructions in
241. These sentences should be written by the students
at sight.
BOOK II CHAPTER III
243. Sec. 1-8.
1. At sunrise, he told 1 the heralds to wait until he was at
leisure. 2
2. He stationed the army so that everybody was well
armed.
3. We will lead you to a place 3 whence you will get pro-
visions.
4. It was not clear that the truce was for every one.
244. Sec. 9-15.
1. He feared, however, that our 4 soldiers also 6 would have
the same fear.
2. He found that the trees had fallen down, so that they
could not cross. 6
3. If any one did not jump into the mud, he struck 7 him.
4. One cannot 8 see such palms in Greece.
245. Sec. 1 6-2 1.
i. Whenever the soldiers ate these, they wondered at the
peculiarity of the flavor.
1 clirov is sometimes used in the sense of command, and then is followed
by the Infinitive, instead of 8ri and o>s. 2 wait . . . leisure : the direct com-
mand was wait until I am at leisure. See 122, 123, 124. 8 Omit to a place.
* our . . . fear = the same fear would be to our soldiers. Use the Dative of
possession. 6 KaC. 6 so . . . cross : H. 927 : G. 1449, 1450 : B. 595 : Go.
566, b ; 639, a. With the Infinitive the negative is (JLT(; with the Indicative, ov.
7 av and the Aorist or Imperfect expresses a customary past action, and therefore
may be used in the conclusion of a past general condition. 8 Cf. TTIV ISctv.
ANABASIS BOOK II/ CHA?. J 'IV IOI
2. I will ask the king l to give me the privilege 2 of doing
this.
3. I was the only one who arrived 3 with help.
4. We did not assemble with the avowed purpose 4 of
leading you here.
246. Sec. 22-29.
1. Now that 5 Cyrus is dead, we shall not betray you.
2. They would not kill him, if you would not trouble 6
them.
3. I did not allow him to buy provisions.
4. Afterwards, 7 the brother-in-law 8 of the king took an oath.
BOOK II CHAPTER IV
247. Sec. 1-5.
1. He does not bear malice against you 9 for the past 10
2. He will destroy the Greeks, that others may fear to
make an expedition against him. 11
3. He would not willingly, at least, wish M us to go away
and mock 13 him.
4. If we should do this, Ariaeus would not lead us. 14
248. Sec. 6-1 1.
i. I know 15 that the cavalry of the enemy is efficient 16
1 Genitive with irapd. 2 Omit : see the idiom in the text, sec. 18. 8 /
was . . . arrived '= I only (jwSvos) arrived. 4 ivith . . . purpose : H. 978:
G. 1574: B. 656, 3: Go. 593, c. 5 Now that: erreC. 6 would . . . trouble:
what kind "of a condition? 7 After this. 8 brother of the wife. 9 Dative.
10 H. 744: G. 1126: B. 366: Go. 509, c. n This refers to the subject of de-
stroy. What kind of a pronoun? 12 would not wish : av and the Optative.
13 and mock = having mocked : use the Aorist participle. 14 H. 741 : G.
1109: B. 356: Go. 510, c. ^ H. 982: G. 1588: B. 661 : Go. 586.
X.ov agios.
IO2 ,; GREEK W FROSE COMPOSITION PART II
2. If * we should be conquered, whom would we save ?
3. If 1 Tissaphernes leads, we will proceed by ourselves.
4. This furnished suspicion so that they kept 2 away from
each other.
249. Sec. 12-17.
1. This wall was twenty parasangs 3 long. 4
2. They arrived at a city which was twenty stadia distant
from the park.
3. The pickets asked where they could see 5 the generals.
4. He intended to attack us, so that we could not 6 cross.
250. Sec. 18-23.
1 . The intention to attack 7 us frightened me.
2. If there are many across the river, it will not be neces-
sary for us to flee.
3. We asked him how many villages there were. 8
4. I fear 9 to do harm to the king.
251. Sec. 24-28.
1. When it is dawn, he intends to attack 10 them while
crossing.
2. He halted his own n army while the Greeks were pass-
ing by.
1 H. 969, d\ G. 1563, 5 : B. 614: Go. 583. 2 so . . . kept: if the actual
result is expressed, what mood is used? 3 What case expresses the measure?
4 = in length : Accusative of specification. 5 where they could see : direct,
where can we see? H. 872: G. 1327: B. 563: Go. 480. 6 pf is the nega-
tive of purpose clauses, after Eva, ws, or OTTWS. 7 The . . . attack : the Infini-
tive with (or without) the article is used as the subject. What tense would
be used here? 8 how . . . were : what was the direct question? 9 Consult
the vocabulary for the two meanings of OKV&D and the constructions following
it. 10 What tense often follows jiAXco? See the text. n The possessive
Genitive of the reflexive is in the attributive position.
ANABASIS BOOK II, CHAPS. III-IV
103
3. As long as he looked 1 on, so long the Persian was
terrified.
4. He proceeded thirty parasangs, keeping the river on
his right.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS III AND IV
252. Learn the following important words which occur
in Chapters III and IV. Memorize the principal parts
of the verbs, and, where indicated, notice the difference
between the active and middle meanings.
i. aicrx.vvco(act. and mid.)
2.
3.
4.
5. aiT0>
6. pc0Taco
7. avp<oTaa>
8.
9.
10.
1 1 .
21. TOS
22. <T010)
23.
24. <|>io"rr}fu
25. eirurTcuris
26. TTKrTpaTlf(0
27. eiucrrpaTcia
28.
12. -yc
13. 8iavo0|iai
14. SiaTpipa
15. ScrOXos
1 6. 8ao"us
I /. Kir\TJTT(0
1 8. '<j>o8os
19.
20.
29.
30. T]V0|JiaL
31. TjO- V X ia
32. 6VTJ(TKO>
33. dlTOKTlV(0
34. p,TJKOS
35. vx|/os
36. vovs
37. otos
38. 00V
39. 6mo"6o<|>DXaK'a>
40. OKV(0
1 This is a past general condition.
104 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
41. -rrpo5i8a)|ii 45. <nxnro\)8da> 49. <|>pd
42. Trpo0i)|i0|iCH 46. (T)(oXd<o 5- t|f
43. (TTTCvSo) 47. TapttTTO)
44. cnrou8d<o 48. viroxj/ia
253. Review the following points of syntax :
1. Until, 122, 123, 124.
2. Result clauses and their negatives. [H. 927: G. 1449-
50: B. 595: Go. 566, b y 639, a.]
3. <bs and the participle. [H. 978: G. 1574: B. 656, 3: Go.
593* '-]
4. |JiTdi with the Genitive and the Accusative.
5. Genitive of cause. [H. 744: G. 1126: B. 366: Go. 509, ^.]
6. Case after verbs of Ruling. [H. 741: G. 1109: B. 356:
Go. 510.]
7. Verbs followed by the participle in indirect dis-
course. [H. 981, 982: G. 1588: B. 66 1 : Go. 586.]
8. Participle for the protasis. [H. 969, d\ G. 1563, 5: B.
614: Go. 583.]
9. Potential Optative. [H. 872: G. 1327: 6.563: 60.480.]
10. What case expresses the measure ?
254. Let the instructor form several sentences, employ-
ing the words in 252 and involving the constructions in 253.
These sentences should be written by the students at sight.
BOOK II CHAPTER V
255. Sec. 1-8.
1. They put an end 1 to these suspicions before 2 he met
Clearchus.
2. I perceive by observation 3 that you can not dispel the
distrust.
1 iravci> in the active means to make stop ; in the middle, to cease. 2 See
126. 3 by observation = by observing: present participle.
ANABASIS BOOK II, CHAP. V 1 05
3. Some l do irreparable evils to their friends ; others 1 do
not intend to.
4. In the present case, into what sort of darkness can we
run 2 off ?
256. Sec. 9-15.
1. If we should try to kill you, every 3 crowd would be
very frightful.
2. Who is so mad as not to use 4 the forces of the king?
3. I think that I should punish 5 them by using you as
allies.
4. This being the case, 6 I shall not distrust you. 7
257. Sec. 16-23.
1. Well, 8 Clearchus, do I seem to lack infantry?
2. There are so many mountains over which 9 you must
proceed.
3. How, then, could we do 10 this by perjury ?
4. I know in how many ways n you are useful to me.
258. Sec. 24-33.
1. Those who try to slander us are worthy 12 of suffering
death.
2. Clearchus evidently thought that he ought to go to
Tissaphernes.
1 ol |xv . . . ol Sc. 2 The potential Optative. 8 irds in the singular without
the article often means every. 4 See 159. 5 should punish : the student will
notice that when av and the Infinitive depend upon otficu, av is placed close to
otfxcu. 6 This . . . case: cf. the idiom in the text, sec. 12. 7 H. 764, 2: G.
1 160 : B. 376 : Go. 520. 8 dXXd. 9 over which : H. 715, b : G. 1057 : B. 331 :
Go. 536. 10 could we do : cf. irws av f;\oi|j.0a, sec. 20. n in . . . ways : an
Accusative of specification. 12 aios is one of the adjectives followed by the
Infinitive.
106 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
3. We suspect that he is secretly meeting the enemy with 1
Ariaeus.
4. At the same signal we killed whoever were 2 inside.
259. Sec. 34-42.
1. We were all frightened, and thought 3 that the king
would come immediately.
2. He will demand of us 4 our arms, because we are his. 5
3. We swore that we would betray the same men.
4. Send our generals here, since they will give the best
advice Q for both you and us.
BOOK II CHAPTER VI
260. Sec. 1-7
1. These generals, who had been captured 7 in this way,
were beheaded.
2. When he no longer obeyed, he sailed off 8 to wage war
on the Thracians.
3. When Clearchus is allowed 9 to have money, he chooses
to spend it on war.
4. All acknowledged that he was 10 warlike and fond of
danger.
261. Sec. 8-15.
i. Clearchus was capable 11 of impressing on his soldiers
that they must obey him. 12
1 Genitive with fierd ; not Dative with <rvv. 2 we . . . inside : what kind
of a condition? 3 were frightened and thought being frightened, thought.
4 Would this be Genitive? 11.724: G. 1069: B. 340: Go. 535. 5 of him.
6 give the best advice advise the best things. 1 who . . . captured: see 40.
* sailed off = went off sailing. 9 When . . . alloived ': H. 973: 0.1569: B.
343: Go. 591. H. 981 : G. 1588: B. 66 1 : Go. 586. n H. 952: G. 1526:
B. 641 : Go. 565, a. 12 An indirect reflexive.
ANABASIS BOOK II, CHAP. VI 1 07
2. He used to say 1 that the soldiers ought to fear him
more than they do the enemy.
3. Whenever they could, 2 many chose another general.
4. The fact that they did not fear 3 the enemy made them
courageous.
262. Sec. 16-23.
1. From early boyhood, Proxenus desired great power. 4
2. He did not think that he ought to impress on his sol-
diers fear of himself. 5
3. Those who did wrong 6 evidently distrusted him.
4. Menon is deceitful, that he may do wrong without 7
being punished.
263. Sec. 24-30.
i . We thought that we alone knew how many were 8 per-
jured.
2. Menon delighted in 9 being able to slander his friends.
3. By doing wrong 10 with them, he expected 11 his soldiers
to obey him. 12
4. Although they had done 13 the same things, his fellow
generals were not tortured.
1 What tense expresses this idea? 2 they could: use ggciiu. 8 The fact
. . .fear : the Infinitive with the article is often used as the subject of a verb.
The negative is jx^. 4 iri6\>|j,a> is followed by the Genitive. 5 What kind
of a reflexive? 6 Those . . . wrong : see 40. 7 that . . . punished: notice
the idiom at the end of sec. 21, in the text. 8 The direct question was how
many are? 9 in being able : see 161. 10 By doing wrong: IK TOV and the
Infinitive. n agioo). 12 Review the use of the reflexives. See 43 and 47.
13 Although . . . done: H. 969, e : G. 1563, 6: B. 653, 7: Go. 583.
io8
GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS V AND VI
264. Learn the following important words which occur
in Chapters V and VI. Memorize the principal parts of
the verbs, and, where indicated, notice the difference be-
tween the active and middle meanings.
1 8.
IQ.
20.
21.
22.
23. Oavaroa)
24. T]80|1CU
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31. |iTa|i\Ci)
32. |l|i(j)0)JLai
33.
34.
2. dm<TTG>
3. dmoria
4. dSlK<0
5. d|i6o)
6. Sia/irpaTTo
7. 8v<nropos
8. cvrropos
9.
35. iraxioDCact. and
mid.)
36.
37.
38. iropos
39. diropos
40. cra(j>cas
41. (rvvaSiK(o
42. crvvaKoXovOcco
43.
44. (TT]|iLOV
45.
46.
47. TL|JLO)pia
48. TpOTTOS
49.
50.
II.
12.
13.
14.
15. OpKOS
1 6.
I/.
265. Review the following points of syntax :
1. Before, 126.
2. irds with and without the article. [H. 672, b\ 6.455.]
3. Relative clause of result, 159.
4. Verbs followed by the Dative. [H. 764, 2: G. 1160: B.
376: Go. 520.]
ANABASIS BOOK III, CHAP. I 1 09
5. Verbals in TOS. [H. 988-990: G. 1594-97: B. 663-666: Go.
352-354.]
6. SfjXos and <}>avp6s (^tju). [H. 981 : G. 1589: B. 661 : Go.
586.]
7. Verbs followed by two Accusatives. [H. 724: G. 1069:
B. 340: Go. 535.]
8. Use of the participle for a relative clause, 40.
9. Accusative absolute. [H. 973: G. 1569: 6.343: 60.591.]
10. Adjectives followed by the Infinitive. [H. 952: G.
1526: B. 641 : Go. 565, a.~\
11. Use of the reflexive pronouns, 43, 47.
12. The article and the Infinitive, 161.
13. Various meanings of the participle. [11.969: G. 1563:
B. 653, 1-8: Go. 583.]
266. Let the instructor form several sentences, employ-
ing the words in 264 and involving the constructions in
265. These sentences should be written by the students
at sight.
BOOK III CHAPTER I
267. Sec. 1-5.
1. If no one furnishes a market place for the Greeks, they
will not taste of food. 1
2. They think that they 2 will never again see their wives
and children.
3. I promise you that, if you come, Cyrus will be 3 your
friend.
4. They suspected 4 that Xenophon would become a friend
to the Spartans.
1 H. 742: G. 1 102: B. 356: Go. 510. 2 When may the subject of an
Infinitive be omitted? 8 that . . . will be: what was the direct discourse?
4 H. 887: G. 1378: B. 594: Go. 610, 611.
1 10 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
268. Sec. 6-12.
1. He asks the god whether 1 it is better for him 2 to go or
to remain at Athens.
2. As soon as I set out on the journey inland, the expedi-
tion will be against the Pisidians. 3
3. It was clear that the majority 4 were unwilling.
4. He feared that the dream was from Zeus.
269. Sec. 13-18.
1. If we get into the 5 power of the enemy at daybreak,
we shall never be older.
2. We declared war against the enemy before we made
preparations.
3. Would they not resort 6 to every means to torture
us?
4. We must take care that he does not make us slaves. 7
270. Sec. 19-25.
1. I never ceased considering how many provisions the
king has.
2. We have no share 8 in these good things, except by pur-
chase. 9
3. Since we do not perjure ourselves, 10 we refrain from
these prizes.
4. If you do not wish me to lead, I will follow you.
1 See 136. 2 To whom does this refer? 3 As soon . . . Pisidians : a vivid
future relative condition. 4 the majority : ol iroXXoC. 5 into the power of:
eirC with the Dative. 6 Would . . . resort: H. 1015 : G. 1603 : B. 572 : Go. 668.
7 that . . . slaves : H. 885 : G. 1372 : B. 593 : Go. 638, a. 8 See the vocabulary
for the construction following |ATIJU. 9 except by purchase = if we do not buy.
What negative is used in the protasis? 10 Since . . . ourselves : participle.
ANABASIS BOOK III, CHAP. I III
271. Sec. 26-33.
1 . We can not get safety l in any other way than by per-
suading the king.
2. We will not surrender our arms until 2 we get a
truce.
3. I think that we ought to take away his captaincy.
4. Wherever there is no general, they summon a lieu-
tenant general.
272. Sec. 34-38.
1. We shall plan whatever good we can. 3
2. If you should not evidently be making preparations
against the enemy, the soldiers would be cowards.
3. Know well, however, that you get more honor than
these. 4
4. By 5 doing this, I think that you would help the
army.
273. Sec. 39-47.
1. This being the case, I know that they would go to their
arms despondently.
2. Soldiers, strive 6 to die nobly.
3. We praised them for what they said and did.
4. Let us elect the generals and come 7 into the middle of
the camp.
1 Cf. the text in sec. 26. 2 until . . . truce : see 122, 123, 124. 3 what-
ever . . . can = if we are able any good thing. Review conditions in 113-115.
4 get . . . these = get more than these in honor. 5 By doing this : use parti-
ciple. 6 to die nobly : irpl TOV and the Infinitive. " Let us elect . . . and
come = having elected . . . let us come (hortatory Subjunctive).
112 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
BOOK III CHAPTER II
274. Sec. 1-6.
1. After the election of the generals, 1 Chirisophus said,
" Our former allies have deserted us."
2. May we never, at least alive, get 2 into the hands of the
enemy.
3. He swore in person 3 that he would consider it of the
greatest importance not to destroy us.
4. We must never again suffer this.
275. Sec. 7-1 1.
1. It is right 4 to equip myself for war as best I can.
2. If we inflict punishment 5 on the enemy, we shall not
be greatly discouraged.
3. I happened to be saying that the enemy have broken
the truce, contrary to the oaths.
4. The Persians came to destroy 6 Athens utterly.
276. Sec. 12-17.
1. We vowed that we would find as many she-goats as we
killed 7 of the enemy.
2. Although 8 Xerxes collected a numberless host, he did
not, at that time, conquer our ancestors.
1 After . . . generals when the generals had been elected. H. 837 : G.
1261. 2 May . . . get: see 70-72. 3 in person : avr6s. 4 It is right : use
6p0ws X. Notice that \ with adverbs means to be. 6 inflict punishment :
for this expression, see the text (sec. 8, line 7). 6 to destroy . . . utterly : ex-
press in at least three ways. See 79. 7 we would . . . killed : the vow in the
direct form was we will find . . . as we kill, which was a vivid future relative
condition. 8 How is a concession commonly expressed in Greek? See H.
969, e: G. 1563, 6: B. 653, 7: Go. 583.
ANABASIS BOOK III, CHAP. II 113
3. Why is it fitting for you to be more courageous ?
4. Do not l be drawn up with the men of Ariaeus.
277. Sec. 18-23.
1. Bear in mind that horsemen are not the 2 ones who win
victories.
2. We will strike whomever we wish.
3. It is better to take provisions than to use their 3 measure.
4. I say that we are braver than they are.*
278. Sec. 24-28.
1. I, at least, say that you ought to live somewhere 5 here.
2. If we had once learned to live in idleness, we should
have forgotten 6 the way home.
3. It is the privilege of the conquerors to say how many 7
good things they can have. 8
4. In the second place I think it is best to get rid of the
superfluous baggage.
279. Sec. 29-34.
1. They thought that we should perish, if there were no 9
leaders.
2. You ought to punish the one who disobeys. 10
3. In this way you will allow no one to be a coward.
4. Let all who think this best raise n their hands.
1 Do . . .up: see 62. 2 the ones who win : see 40. win : iroi&i>. 8 Use
Kivos in the predicate position. 4 Omit. 5 Notice that irov, where? is an
interrogative, while irov is enclitic, meaning somewhere. Likewise irs, how ?
irws, somehow. 6 H. 742: G 1102: B. 356: Go. 511. 7 how many : oirocra.
' how many . . . have : the direct question was a potential Optative, how many
good things can we have? H. 872: G. 1327 : B. 563 : Go. 480. 9 When the
participle is used for the protasis, the negative is JJLTJ. 10 the one who dis-
obeys : see 40. n Let all raise : the third person of the Imperative is used
in exhortations of the third person.
GK. PROSE COMP. 8
114 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
280. Sec. 35-39-
1. If the enemy should follow after us, it would probably
be safer for us to form 1 a square.
2. We ought to be able to use immediately those who
have been drawn up.
3. May Chirisophus for the present lead this square.
4. Let us therefore remember 2 to be brave.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS I AND II
281. Learn the following important words which occur
in Chapters I and II. Memorize the principal parts of the
verbs, and, where indicated, notice the difference between
the active and middle meanings.
1. cryapco
2. d8\)|l(0
3. dOvfiia
4. dOvjjicos
5. aUk'oiiai
6. dp/uva>
7. dva-yfyvcicrKa)
8. dvaKotvoo)
9. dva|lV(0
10. dvarcivco
11. cnroTivco
12. dpxaios
13. a<()8ovos
14. 8iipyco
15. Tl
16. feVyovos
17. irpd-yovos
1 8. m|X\0|J.ai
19. m(i\TJs
20. TjTTao|iai
21. KaOcvSco
22. KaTClKl|iai
23. Kaipos
24. XTJY<O
25. X{ryx& VCl >
26. Xinreco
2 Let us remember : in an exhortation of the first person, use
the Subjunctive; in one of the third person, the Imperative. Notice that the
Perfect middle of |U}j,Wj<rK<i> is used with a present meaning. Note the differ-
ence between the active and middle meaning.
ANABASIS BOOK III, CHAPS. I-II
115
27. Xvirfj
28. |il|Jl0|JLai
29. |U|ivfjcrKa> (act. and mid.)
30. oxXos
31. irarpis
32. irXauriov
33. ir66os
34.
35.
36. cra<t>TJs
37. dcrd<j)ia
38. GTK1)OS
39. <jKvo<|>opa>
40. 0-Kl)0(|>6pOS
41. crrpo}i<u
42. vppio
43. i5p pis
44. inroXa[ipdva>
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50. 0)V0|Xai
282. Review the following points of syntax :
1. Verbs followed by the Genitive. [H. 742: G. 1102: B.
356: Go. 510, 511.]
2. Indirect questions, 136.
3. frircos and the Future Indicative. [H. 885: G. 1372: B.
593: Go. 638, a."]
4. General conditions, 92. 107-109.
5. Relative conditions, 113-115.
6. Wishes, 70-72.
7. Purpose clauses, 79.
8. Prohibitions, 62.
9. Participle for a relative clause, 40.
10. Potential Optative. [H. 872: G. 1327: B. 563: Go, 480.]
11. Exhortations, 59 and 60.
12. The Perfect middle system of |U|ivTJ<rKco.
283. Let the instructor form several sentences, employ-
ing the words in 281 and involving the constructions in 282.
These sentences should be written by the students at sight.
Il6 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
BOOK III CHAPTER III
284. Sec. 1-6.
1. We shall share with one another whatever we dp not
throw l into the fire.
2. If I should see that they are planning some safety, I
should tell you what I have in mind.
3. You cannot be saved without my consent. 2
4. When Mithridates appears, we shall go away. 8
285. Sec. 7-14.
1. We do not shoot far enough to reach the Persians. 4
2. While we were fleeing, we injured them by shooting 5
backward.
3. Within this day, we must pass over 6 twenty stadia.
4. I suffered harm in not advancing. 7
286. Sec. 15-20.
1. The barbarians were so swift that we could not catch
them.
2. We need slingers, 8 in order to injure them as they pro-
ceed.
3. If you give them money, they will probably help us
somewhat. 9
4. I see that many horses have been left behind.
^whatever . . . throw: H. 1019, IO2I : G. 1383, I: B. 600: Go. 646.
2 without my consent : cf. f3a<ri\cos O.KOVTOS. 8 go away : cf. W'XCTO ciiruov.
4 We . . . Persians : cf. the text in latter part of sec. 7. 5 by shooting : use
the participle. 6 pass over : SUp\o|xai. 7 in not advancing : 4v TW and In-
finitive. See H. 1023: G. 1611. 8 Genitive. 9 = in respect to something, rl.
ANABASIS BOOK III, CHAP. IV H7
BOOK III CHAPTER IV
287. Sec. 1-9.
1. I fear that they must 1 cross the ravine.
2. We promised that if he should give us so many, we
would do much damage. 2
3. When the enemy follow, 3 the Greeks will mutilate the
dead.
4. This city was taken by 4 siege.
288. Sec. 10-17.
1. This wall was one hundred and fifty feet high.
2. They came into view 5 with the force with which they
aided the king.
3. Whenever the Rhodians shot, they did not miss their 6
man. 7
4. We shall continue to use 8 the arrows which have been
taken.
289. Sec. 18-23.
1. The Greeks happened upon the village, and laid in pro-
visions during the following day.
2. If the road is ever too 9 narrow, the hoplites are thrown
into confusion.
3. Whenever they had to cross a bridge, the enemy at-
tacked them.
1 H. 411 : G. 495, x > 2: B. T 99> 2: G- 3 21 - 2 d Damage :
iroXXd KO.KOI. 3 When . . .follow : Genitive absolute. * by siege by besieging.
5 cam* into view : notice the difference in meaning between <j>aCva> and liri-
<|>aivtt. 6 Omit. 7 H. 748: G. 1099. 8 continue to use : H. 981 : G. 1580:
B. 660 : Go. 585. 9 The comparative degree often expresses this idea.
Il8 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
4. The interval l was so 2 wide that they did not 3 cross by
companies.
290. Sec. 24-33.
1. Then the Persians attacked them, as they were ascend-
ing the second hill.
2. The light-armed soldiers will be useless, because they
are shut up 4 inside of the hoplites.
3. We feared that they would go along parallel with us.
4. Necessity taught the barbarians not 5 to skirmish with
the Greeks.
291. Sec. 34-40.
1. The Persian has to 6 mount his horse when there is
confusion.
2. The Greeks broke camp within hearing of the enemy. 7
3. On the fourth day, the Greeks intended to pass by the
spur of a mountain.
4. We can 8 see that the hill has been taken ahead of us.
292. Sec. 41-49.
1. If you desire, take 9 the men and proceed to the moun-
tain.
2. "Well," said 10 Xenophon, "I urge you to send picked
men with me."
1 rb Sic'xov. 2 ovTtt. 8 If the Infinitive follows OXTTC, the negative is ii-fj,
while o\> is the negative used with the Indicative. 4 because . . . shut up :
H. 969, b: G. 1563, 2 : B. 653, 4 : Go. 583. 6 JATJ' is the regular negative for
the Infinitive. In indirect discourse ov may be used, being retained from ov of
the direct. 6 has to : bear in mind that 8t is regularly followed by the Accu-
sative and the Infinitive, not the Dative. 7 within . . . enemy : Genitive ab-
solute. 8 |CTTI. 9 Participle; what tense? 10 Notice that <|>T](iC is the
verb of saying, which is generally used in the middle of a direct quotation.
ANABASIS BOOK III, CHAPS. III-V 1 19
3. Consider that after a little toil 1 you will see your wives.
4. We captured the height before 2 the Persians.
BOOK III CHAPTER V
293. Sec. 1-9.
1. These were captured while scattered in the plain.
2. We are apprehensive lest they should not concede the
country to be ours.
3. The river was so deep 3 that they did not try the depth. 4
4. Provide for me what 5 I need.
294. Sec. 10-18.
1. By throwing on wood, I shall keep you from slipping. 6
2. The captives 7 said that the king passed the summer at
Susa.
3. They also said 8 that these people made a treaty in the
plain.
4. Whenever they eat dinner, everybody halts.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS III, IV, AND V
295. Learn the following important words which occur
in Chapters III, IV, and V. Memorize the principal parts
of the verbs, and, where indicated, notice the difference
between the active and middle meanings.
1. at| 3. cucpov 5. d|uXXdo|iai
2. alx^dXcoTOS 4. a,KpopoXio|icu 6. cnroT|iv0>
1 after . . . toil : participle. 2 captured . . . before : use 4>0dva>. See the
text at end of sec. 49. See 169. 3 so deep so much in respect to depth,
* H. 738: G. 1099: B. 356: Go. 510. 6 What case follows verbs of plenty
and want ? 6 from slipping = so as not to slip. 7 the captives those who
had been taken. 8 Use <|>T)jiC.
I2O
GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
8. dfiapTdvco
9. dvaxcopc'co
10. iravax<>pa)
11. do-KOS
12.
17. 8iacj>0Lpa>
18.
19.
2O.
21.
22.
13. SWXP'HO'TOS 23. |lKV0|iCU
14. pcXos 24.
15. ppa X vs 25.
1 6. 8CD 26.
37. XoiSope'co
38. |iaKp6s
39. V00>
40. VVOOfiCU
41. 6Xur9dva>
42. ojxoios
43. irXarvs
27.
28. T|VlKa
29. Kaco
30. KLV(0
. 31.
32.
33.
34. Kara<|)pova>
35. X6<()os
36. YH^^os
44. TTOppO)
45-
46. crrp'<|>eo
47. aTv6s
48. -ux|/iiX6s
49- <t>d(TK(0
50. <|>9dvco
296. Review the following points of syntax :
1. Negative of protasis and apodosis. [H. 1019, 1021: G.
1383, I : B. 600: Go. 646.]
2. The negative used with Infinitive. [H. 1023: G. 1611$
6.633: 60.564.]
3. Contraction of dissyllables in co. [H. 411: G. 495, i, 2:
B. 199, 2: Go. 321.]
4. Verbs governing the Genitive. [H. 748, 738: G, 1099: B.
356: Go. 510, 511.]
5. Supplementary participle. [H. 981: G. 1580: B. 660: Go.
585-]
6. The negatives with result clauses, 289, note 4.
7. Various translations of the participle. [H. 969: G.
1563: 6.653: 00.583.]
8. Use of <j>6dvo), 169.
ANABASIS BOOK IV, CHAP. I 121
297. Let the instructor form several sentences, employ-
ing the words in 295 and involving the constructions in
296. These sentences should be written by the students
at sight.
BOOK IV CHAPTER I
298. Sec. i- 10.
1. I hear from the captives 1 that we shall have to 2 cross
the sources of the Tigris.
2. There was danger that the enemy would perceive 3
them.
3. The Greeks did not carry off their wives and children,
in order that they might let them pass through.
4. Some of the Carduchi suddenly fell upon the Greeks.
299. Sec. 11-18.
1. If, however, the enemy had been more numerous, we
should all have been wounded.
2. The generals decided that they must leave the rest
behind, because there were many disabled. 4
3. Whenever the snow is deep, 5 the enemy attack us vigor-
ously.
4. A brave man was shot in the head. 6
300. Sec. 19-28.
i. We could not bury the dead and fight at the same time. 7
1 from the captives : Genitive of source. 2 have to : use &o>. 8 that . . .
perceive H. 887: G. 1378: B. 594: Go. 610, 611. 4 because . . . disabled:
Genitive absolute. disabled: diropaxos. 5 iroXvs. 6 in the head : H. 718 :
G. 1058 : B. 337 : Go. 537. * bury . . . time . cft ^^OVTCS ajxa |xdx<re<u in
sec. 19.
122 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
2. If they trouble 1 us, I will form an ambush and take a
them alive.
3. The guide was asked if it were impossible to pass by
the height.
4. " The whole 3 army/' said he, " will follow under my
command."
BOOK IV CHAPTER II
301. Sec. 1-6.
1. After binding the guide, we agreed to hold the pass
during the day.
2. We must cross without being seen. 4
3. They tried to approach the entrance 5 until it was dark.
4. The guards thought that they were encamped on this
road.
302. Sec. 7-13.
1. When they heard the trumpet, 6 Chirisophus and his
men rushed against the enemy.
2. He had to either proceed along 7 the road or be cut off
from the rest.
3. If we leave a retreat, the enemy will escape.
4. Xenophon feared that the hill would be taken 8 by the
enemy.
303. Sec. 14-21.
i. We suspected 9 that we should be surrounded if they
should depart.
irap\a). 2 form . . . and take = having formed '. . . shall
take. 3 iras has the predicate position. 4 cross . . . seen : cf. XdOoicv in sec.
2, and for its use, see H. 984: G. 1586: B. 660, n. : G. 585, a. 6 Dative.
6 H. 742: G. 1 102: B. 356: Go. 511. 7 Kara. 8 What verb is regularly
used as the passive of alpaca? 9 Is this a verb of saying or thinking?
ANABASIS BOOK IV, CHAP. Ill 123
2. He said that they arrived at the village by jumping
down the ledge.
3. We shall give up the dead on condition that 1 the enemy
do not rush against us.
4. One man had his leg crushed. 2
304. Sec. 22-28.
1 . The wine was so plentiful that they encamped 3 there.
2. Whenever Xenophon sallied forth from the rear, he
got above the blockaders. 4
3. Sometimes 5 we troubled the barbarians.
4. The arrows which they used were more than two cubits
in length.
BOOK IV CHAPTER III
305. Sec. 1-9.
1. They remembered 6 all 7 they suffered at the hands of
the king.
2. They armed themselves to prevent the enemy from
crossing. 8
3. If they ever retreated, they became exposed to the
missiles.
4. During 9 this night, Xenophon had a dream.
306. Sec. 10-17.
i. One might 10 approach Xenophon while he was eating
dinner.
1 on condition that : 4<j>' u> and the Infinitive. 2 had . . . crushed '= was
crushed in respect to his leg. 3 What is the difference between the Indicative
and Infinitive in a result clause after <rr? H. 927: G. 1450: B. 595: Go.
566, b, 639, a. 4 the blockaders = those hindering. 6 -qv Sc OITOTC. 6 H.
742: G. 1 102: B. 356: Go. 511. 7 = all things as many as, irdvrwv o<rv.
8 from crossing : 11.963: 6.1549: 6.643: 60.572-573. 9 Is this duration
of time ? 10 one might = it was impossible to (c^ori).
124 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
2. They decided that it was safe to strip and cross 1 the
river.
3. How 2 can we conquer 3 those in front?
4. The young men led the way, with some on their right
and some on their left.
307. Sec. 18-26.
1. He runs at full speed to shut off the men along the
river.
2. We shouted to them not 4 to flee.
3. When we saw what was going on 5 across the river, we
attacked the enemy.
4. Xenophon passed along the command to wheel against
the Carduchi.
308. Sec. 27-34.
1. Whenever we begin to cross, we sing songs.
2. He ordered us to run as soon as the enemy wheeled
about. 6
3. The man who gets across first 7 will be the best.
4. When the Greeks had crossed, the majority were still
plainly 8 running.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS I, II, AND III
309. Learn the following important words which occur
in Chapters I, II, and III. Memorize the principal parts
1 to strip and cross having stripped to cross. 2 irws. 8 can we con-
quer : H. 872: G. 1327: B. 563: Go. 480. 4 |Mj. 6 what was going on'
see 40. 6 run . . . about : the direct command was, as soon as the enemy
wheel about, run. Remember that the Imperative expresses future time.
7 get across first : irlpav . . . ytyvoiuu. 8 were plainly : <j>avp6s dpi.
ANABASIS BOOK IV, CHAPS. I-III
125
of the verbs, and, where indicated, notice the difference
between the active and middle meanings.
1. CLVCO
2. CLT
3-
4-
5-
6.
7. ocSticD
8. diroSvo
9. 8a\|/iXTJs
10. X"YX>
11. V8pV(0
12.
13-
14.
IS-
1 6. KvXivSo
17. KDK\6(0
1 8. icpdros
19. Kp|iafiai
20. XiOos
21. XavBdvco
22. [1VT|[10VV<
23. VKp6s
24. L<ro8os
25. d({>oSos
310. Review the following points of syntax :
1. Genitive of source, 16.
2. Construction after verbs of Fearing. [H.88;: G. 1378:
B. 594: Go. 610, 611.]
26.
27. 6x611
28. oiipavds
29. TTpOO-|UYVU|ll
30. CTXJfJlfiL'yVUfJlL
31. ircXd^co
32. ircrpa
33.
34.
35-
36. irpoo-pdXXco
37- TrilX^S
38. CTK'XOS
39. o-qfjiaiva)
40. <TTp<|)(0
41. (T(j>a'ytd^o|JLai
42. KaTacr<()dTTci>
43. T0)S
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
126 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
3. Accusative of specification, or Greek Accusative.
[H. 718: G. 1058: B. 337: Go. 537.]
4. Construction after Xav6dvo>. [H. 984: G. 1586.] See
169.
5. Case following ircXd^a). [H. 772 : G. 1175 : B. 392: Go. 525.]
6. Verbs followed by the Genitive. [H. 742: G. 1102: B.
356: Go. 510, 511.]
7. Result clauses. [H. 927: G. 1450: 6.595, 597: Go. 566, b,
619.]
8. Construction after verbs of Hindering. [H. 963: G.
1549: 6.643: Go. 572-573-]
9. Potential Optative. [H. 872: G. 1327: B. 563: Go. 480.]
10. Use of participle for a relative clause, 40.
311. Let the instructor form several sentences, employ-
ing the words in 309 and involving the constructions in 310.
These sentences should be written by the students at sight.
BOOK IV CHAPTER IV
312. Sec. 1-13.
1. Because 1 of the enemy, they proceeded through Ar-
menia.
2. We made a treaty on condition that we should take as
much provision as we needed. 2
3. The snow was so deep 3 that the men were covered.
4. While they were scattered, they saw many fires.
313. Sec. 14-22.
1 . We suffered punishment, because we burned the villages.
2. Whatever things were not 4 facts, he did not report.
1 Notice carefully the difference between 8id with the Accusative and the
Genitive. 2 take . . . needed '= take provision as much as we need. 8 air\-
TOS. 4 H. 1025, a\ G. 1612: B. 600: Go. 646.
ANABASIS BOOK IV, CHAP. V
3. We asked him who would attack us. 1
4. We left a garrison and proceeded with the man who had
been captured.
BOOK IV CHAPTER V
314. Sec. i-ii.
1. We must seize the pass before they attack us.
2. Many perished, because the north wind blew in their
faces. 2
3. Unless you admit us to the fire, we will not share 3
with you what we have.
4. When they had eaten something, they came to the
mayor.
315. Sec. 12-20.
1. Whoever did not have 4 something black as a protec-
tion, lost their eyes. 5
2. We requested the sick not to be left behind.
3. On account 6 of the steaming, we thought that the snow
would melt.
4. They went along and found out what the hindrance
was.
316. Sec. 21-27.
1. They sent men 7 to find out how the sick were. 8
2. Xenophon bade them distribute these villages by lot.
1 who . . . us : what was the direct question? To whom does us refer?
2 in . . .faces : Ivavrios. 3 H. 737: G. 1097: B. 356: Go. 510. 4 Whoever
. . . have = those not having : which negative? 5 lost . . . eyes = were de-
stroyed in respect to the eyes. 6 on . . . steaming: cf. 8td TO
sec. 15 of the text. 7 Omit. 8 What tense in Greek?
128 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
3. The husband of the mayor's daughter had gone to
hunt hares.
4. They had to l go down to their houses on a ladder.
317. Sec. 28-36.
1. We will deprive 2 him of his children until he prom-
ises to lead us.
2. Whenever Xenophon went by a house, they drank to
his health.
3. We asked him what the neighboring 3 country was.
4. Then the mayor taught us how to lead these horses
through deep snow.
BOOK IV CHAPTER VI
318. Sec. 1-9.
1. If you lead us well, we shall hand over to you your son.
2. The boy who was left behind 4 by the mayor was carried
home.
3. I will stop advancing in order that we may plan how
we shall fight. 6
4. As soon as they arm themselves, they will not delay.
319. Sec. 10-16.
1. We must consider how to seize the mountain without
being seen. 6
2. If the enemy are on both sides, 7 we shall be struck on
the head.
1 had to : use 8^w. 2 What two constructions follow verbs of depriving?
H. 724, 748: G. 1069, 1118: B. 340, 362: Go. 509. 8 ir\T|<rCov. 4 who . .
behind: see 40. 5 how . . .fight: H. 885: G. 1372: B. 593: Go. 638, *.
6 without being seen : use the participle of \av0dvw. 7 on both sides : V0V
KCU ev6cv.
ANABASIS BOOK IV, CHAPS. IV-VI 129
3. I heard that you stole whatever the law did not l pro-
hibit.
4. I, also, am clever at stealing. 2
320. Sec. 17-27.
1. If we ever take any part of the mountain, they form
ambuscades.
2. Why must you make this agreement ? 3
3. The majority 4 joined the others before the enemy fled.
4. We could not render their shields 5 useless by cutting
them with our knives.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS IV, V, AND VI
321. Learn the following important words which occur
in Chapters IV, V, and VI. Memorize the principal parts
of the verbs, and, where indicated, notice the difference
between the active and middle meanings.
1. cryvoc'co n.
2. dOpoos 12. 6iacrKT|Va)
3. d|i\ia 13. 8ia<j>pa>
4. cnravTaco 14. 5id<|>opos
5. a/ira| 15. eyKaXvirTco
6. airXcros 16. |nri|nrpti|u
7. dcr6Va> 17. v8a
8. pp'x<o 1 8. pdco
9. \ajJLa> 19. -u^vos
IO. 8oLKTt)\OS 2O. KdfJLVCO
1 All negative relative clauses which are protases of condition use |i/fj.
* at stealing : H. 952: G. 1526: B. 641: Go. 565, a. 8 onuv6t]|xa. 4 ol
iroXXoC. 5 Not -y^ppov; wicker shields.
GK. P..OSE COMP. 9
130
GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
27.
28.
29. |iTp0)
30. vdjjios
31. VO[U|IOS
32. SKVOS
33-
34. 6x|/
35. iraiSaia
36. irdXai
37. iraXaids
38.
45-
46.
47. Tpira>
48. Tp<|)(0
49. dva,Tp<|>a>
50.
2 1 . KXeirro
22. icX(ox|/
23. KXOTTTJ
24. KpaTTJp
25. KTTJVOS
26. KV<()as
39.
40.
41.
42. irpomvco
43. ircojjLa
44. -JTOJp
322. Review the following points of syntax :
1. 8id with Accusative and Genitive.
2. Case governed by 8co.
3. IITJ with the participle. [H. 1025,0:0. 1612: 6.653,6:
Go. 582, c.]
4. Vivid future condition.
5. Construction used with |iTaSiSo>|u. [11.737: 0.1097:
B. 356: Go. 510.]
6. Constructions used after verbs of Depriving. [H. 724,
748: G. 1069, n 18: B. 340, 362: Go. 509.]
7. OTTODS with the Future Indicative. When used ?
[H. 885: G. 1372: B. 593: Go. 638, a.-]
8. Adjectives followed by the Infinitive. [H. 952: G. 1526:
B. 641 : Go. 565, a.~\
9. Present General Condition.
323. Let the instructor form several sentences, employ-
ing the words in 321 and involving the constructions in
322. These sentences should be written by the students
at sight.
ANABASIS BOOK IV, CHAP. VII 131
BOOK IV CHAPTER VII
324. Sec. 1-8.
1. Immediately, on his arrival, 1 Xenophon said, "What
prevents us from taking 2 the place ? "
2. Whenever we pass by, our legs are crushed. 3
3. Should we not 4 suffer, while under fire? 5
4. It will not be possible to run along one by one.
325. Sec. 9-17.
1. The whole army. feared that he would be the first to
run 6 into the stronghold.
2. He seized him by the hand 7 as he ran by.
3. We shall cut off the heads of whomever we can
conquer.
4. Whenever we are going to fight, 8 they follow.
326. Sec. 18-27.
1. It is plain that 9 this guide came with us to destroy the
country.
2. The shouting of those who were coming up became
louder and nearer.
3. We heard the men ahead shouting, "The sea, the sea!"
4. Without the exhortation of any one, 10 the guide himself
cuts the shields.
1 on his arrival = having come. 2 What . . . taking: see text, sec. 4.
3 our . . . crushed '= we are crushed in respect to our legs. 4 H. 1015, b\ G.
1604 : B. 573. 5 while under fire = being struck. 6 be the Jirst to run : use
irpwTOS in agreement with the subject. 7 by the hand : H. 738, a : G. 1 100 :
B. 356 : Go. 510. 8 The Future Infinitive very often follows ji\\w. 9 When
SfjXos is used impersonally, it is followed by <Jn and the Indicative or Opta-
tive. 10 without . . . any one = no one exhorting : Genitive absolute.
132 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
BOOK IV CHAPTER VIII
327. Sec. i-io.
1. A man who had been a slave 1 at Athens said, "I should
like to ask a question." *
2. We have not come to do harm to the king at least.
3. The Macrones said that they would give the Greeks a
spear.
4. We must come together and plan how to fight in the
best way.
328. Sec. 11-19.
1. If we go arranged in this way, the enemy will fall upon
our phalanx.
2. There is nothing to hinder 3 us from forming 4 the
companies in column.
3. If the companies are on both sides, 5 we shall not be cut
off by the enemy.
4. The right wing, which Cleanor led, began to sing the
paean.
329. Sec. 20-28.
1. As many as eat of the honeycomb will become foolish. 6
2. When a boy, he once killed a boy by striking him with
a dagger.
3. "This hill," he said, "will be a very excellent place for
wrestling."
4. The horsemen had to turn back at 7 the sea.
1 who . . . slave : see 40. 2 ask a question = ask something. 3 nothing
to hinder : cf. the text, sec. 14. 4 hinder . . . forming : H. 961, 1029: G.
1551 : B. 643: Go. 572-573. 8 on both sides : ev8v Kal v6v. 6 as many
. . .foolish : what kind of a condition? 7 4v.
ANABASIS BOOK IV, CHAPS. VII-VIII
133
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS VII AND VIII
330. Learn the following important words which occur
in Chapters VII and VIII. Memorize the principal parts
of the verbs, and, where indicated, notice the difference
between the active and middle meanings.
1. d\Kl|JLOS
2. d video
3.
4.
5. dvaXuricco
6.
7.
8. Sacrus
9.
10.
1 1 . Sp|ia
12.
13. Sicunraco
14.
15.
1 6. craipos
1 7.
18.
19. T|
2O.
21.
22. Ocajxa
23. KoXcOVOS
24. K\)XivSa>
25.
26.
27.
28. opico
29. opiov
30. opos
31.
32.
33. TTCptTTOS
34.
35.
36. 1TL^0)
37. iraXaico
38. irdXi]
39. TTDYR
40. 1TTpv|
41. plTTTd)
42. <TKUTJ
43.
44.
45. <J>6Lpa>
46.
47.
48.
49. (OfJLOS
50.
134 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART II
331. Review the following points of syntax :
1. The Accusative of specification. [H. 718: G. 1058: B.
337 ' Go. 537.]
2. Direct Questions. PH. 1015: G. 1603, 1604: B. 570-572: Go.
488.]
3. Verbs followed by the Genitive. [H. 738," #: G, iioo:
B. 356: Go. 510, 511.]
4. Vivid Future Relative Conditions, 114 and 115.
5. StjXos 411 used impersonally, 143.
6. Construction after verbs of Hindering, etc. [11.963:
G. 1549: B. 643: Go. 572-573.]
7. Redundant Negative. [H. 1029: G. 1615 : B. 434: Go. 487.]
332. Let the instructor form several sentences, employ-
ing the words in 330 and involving the constructions in
331. These sentences should be written by the students
at sight.
PART III
BOOK I CHAPTER I
333. Sec. 1-2.
When Darius was sick, the elder of his two sons was
with him ; l but the younger 2 was, by chance, 3 in the prov-
ince of which Darius had made him satrap. Accordingly
the king sent for him, and he marched inland with three
hundred heavy armed Greek soldiers.
334. Sec. 3-6.
On the death of Darius, 4 Artaxerxes, his elder son,
ascended the throne, and arrested his brother, Cyrus, on
the ground that 6 he was plotting against him. Cyrus,
however, was begged off by his mother and sent back to
his province. There he planned to make war on his
brother, 6 and he treated all who were with him 7 in such
a way that they were well disposed toward him. 8
335. Sec. 7-8.
Cyrus secretly 9 plotted against his brother in the follow-
ing way: He took the fugitives of Miletus under his protec-
1 was with hint : irdpcifu. 2 With what word is this contrasted ? The
use of jUv and 8^ indicates the contrast. 3 was by chance = chanced to be ;
see 169. 4 On . . . Darius = when Darius died. 5 on the ground that : o>s
6 Dative. 7 with him : irop* cavrcp. 8 such . . . him : see 157 and 158.
9 See 169
135
136 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
tion, and besieged 1 the city both by land and sea, in order
that he might find many pretexts 2 for collecting troops.
836. Sec. 9-1 1.
So 3 the king did not notice that Cyrus was plotting 4
against him, because he thought that he was at war with
Tissaphernes, and because he sent to him the taxes that
accrued 6 from the cities. Cyrus also gave to Clearchus,
who was his guest, ten thousand darics for the support of
his soldiers. In this way an army was maintained with-
out attracting attention. 6
BOOK I CHAPTER II
337. Sec. 1-4.
The Greek generals obeyed the call of Cyrus, 7 because
he promised that he would not stop until they should
arrive 8 among the Pisidians. Therefore they assembled
as many soldiers as they could. When Tissaphernes,
however, perceived this preparation, he went to the king
as quickly as he could in order that he might make
preparations in turn. 9
338. Sec. 5-9.
On setting out 10 from Sardis, Cyrus marched to the
large city of Celaenae. 11 Whenever the king was in the
1 took . . . and besieged = having taken, besieged. 2 See the text at the
end of sec. 7. 8 &TT. 4 that . . .plotting: H. 982: G. 1588: B. 661 : Go.
586. 5 that accrued: see 40. accrued: < yi < yvo|iai. 6 without .. .atten-
tion : see 169. 7 the call of Cyrus Cyrus* calling. 8 until . . . arrive :
see 128. 9 in turn : what preposition expresses this idea? 10 On setting
out: do not follow this use of the present participle in English. The Greeks
were more accurate in their use of the tenses than the English are. Did he
set out before he marched ? n Do not use the Genitive.
ANABASIS BOOK I, CHAP. II 137
park of this city, he used to hunt wild beasts on horse-
back. 1 The Marsyas river, which empties into the Maean-
der, is twenty feet 2 wide. 3 There Xerxes, after his defeat
in Greece, was said to have built a palace at the sources of
the river.
339. Sec. 10-14.
When he was at Cayster-plain, the soldiers kept coming
to Cyrus to demand 4 the pay which was due them 5 ; but
Cyrus was evidently 6 troubled because he had no money
to give them. The Cilician queen, however, 7 at that time,
gave Cyrus a large amount of money in order that he
might pay the army. When Cyrus reached Tyriaeum, he
remained ten days.
340. Sec. 15-18.
At the request of the Cilician queen, 8 Cyrus reviewed
his whole 9 army. As the Greeks were marching past,
Cyrus ordered them to advance arms 10 ; and when the
trumpet sounded, they advanced arms and moved for-
ward on the run toward the barbarians. On this account,
the barbarians were greatly alarmed, and Epyaxa herself
fled in her carriage.
341. Sec. 19-22.
While they were marching through Cappadocia, Cyrus
was said to have killed a man. Syennesis, the king of
1 on horseback = from horse. 2 Genitive of measure. 8 in width. 4 to
demand : review the ways of expressing purpose. See 79. 5 which . . . them :
this idea is expressed by dird in composition with the verb meaning to demand.
6 See 143. 7 8 8 At . . . queen : use the Genitive absolute. 9 H. 672 :
G. 979 : B. 455. 10 advance arms : irpo(3dXX.o}icu TO. oirXa.
138 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
Cilicia, tried to prevent Cyrus from entering 1 his country
by guarding 2 the pass over the mountains. But when a
messenger came and said that Menon was already inside
of the mountains, the king abandoned the pass, and Cyrus
proceeded without hindrance. 3
342. Sec. 23-27.
Some 4 say that these soldiers perished among the moun-
tains at the hands of 5 the Cilicians, while others 4 say that
they could not find the road. Afterwards, 6 when Cyrus
had entered Tarsus and met Syennesis, he gave him many
valuable gifts, while 7 he, on the other hand, 8 gave Cyrus
a large sum of money. The Greeks said that they would
not take the slaves, if they ever came across any. 9
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS I AND II
343. Follow the directions given in 182-184.
The sight work should be connected prose.
BOOK I CHAPTER III
344. Sec. 1-6.
Cyrus was compelled to remain here many days, 10 for
his soldiers would not go against the king. When Clear-
chus could not force his soldiers to advance, he addressed
them as follows: " Fellow-soldiers, do not wonder 11 that
I wish to aid Cyrus for the benefits I have received at his
1 from entering: 1^.963: G. 1549: B. 643: Go. 572, 573. 2 by guard-
ing : use the participle. 8 without hindrance = no one hindering. 4 some
. . . others : ol piv . . . ol 8. 6 at the hands of: Genitive with vird. 6 After
this. 1 SI. 8 on . . . hand : omit. 9 if. . . any : see 111 and 149. 10 many days :
what kind of time is expressed? u do . . . wonder : for prohibitions, see 62.
ANABASIS BOOK I, CHAP. Ill 139
hands. 1 On the other hand, I do not wish to desert you,
for I know that, if I should be deprived 2 of you, I should
not be able to ward off an enemy."
345. Sec. 7-12.
The soldiers commended the decision 3 of Clearchus
when he said that he would not desert them. On account
of this, Cyrus thought that he had been wronged 4 by the
Greeks, and, accordingly, they feared that 5 he would
inflict punishment on them. Clearchus told them that
Cyrus was a very bitter enemy, as well as 6 a valuable
friend.
346. Sec. 13-16.
" I propose," said one of the soldiers, " that we sail
away, 7 if Cyrus will give us boats. But if not, 8 let us
ask him for guides so that we may seize the heights before
the Cilicians." 9 After him, Clearchus stood up and said
that he knew how to be ruled also, 10 and that he would
obey whatever man they chose to be general. 11
347. Sec. 17-21.
The Greeks did not think it best 12 to ask Cyrus for
boats, 13 for they would hesitate 14 to embark in the boats
which he might give. " We will send messengers," they
1 for . . . hands : see text, last part of sec. 4. 2 if... deprived : H. 969, d:
G. 1563, 5 : B. 653, 6: Go. 583. 3 yv&\Lr\. 4 had been wronged: the direct
form of the thought was I have been wronged. 6 H. 887: G. 1378: B. 594:
Go. 6 10, 611. 6 as well as : r\ icaC. 7 propose . . . away : ctirov followed by
the Infinitive. 8 See 96. 9 seize . . . Cilicians : see 169. 10 icat before
the word it emphasizes. n would . . .general: what was the direct form of
the condition? 12 think it best: 8oK&> and Dative. 13 for boats: H. 724:
G. 1069: B. 340: Go. 535. 14 Notice the two meanings of OKVO> as given in
the vocabulary, and the construction used in each case.
I4O GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
said, "to ask him if this expedition is more dangerous
than the former one." Cyrus replied to the delegates
that he wished to inflict punishment on Abrocomas, a per-
sonal enemy of his, who was l at the Euphrates river.
BOOK I CHAPTER IV
348. Sec. 1-5.
While Cyrus was staying at Issus, thirty-five ships that
he had sent for arrived. From there they march for
one day to the pass from Cilicia into Syria. 2 By landing 3
troops inside and outside the walls, Cyrus overpowered
the enemy and took the pass. When Abrocomas heard
that Cyrus was coming 4 against him, he retreated to the
king.
349. Sec. 6-10.
At Myriandus, two generals placed their most valuable 5
goods on a boat, and sailed away. Some 6 expressed the
wish that Cyrus would capture them, while 6 others thought
that he would not pursue them. Cyrus said to his troops,
" I, at least, 7 will not capture their boat, lest some one
might say that I rob 8 of their property whoever wishes to
go away."
350. Sec. 1 1-14.
After this episode, 9 Cyrus marched on to the Euphrates
river, which was 10 twenty-four plethra wide. When the
soldiers heard that the march would be to Babylon, they
1 who was : see 40. 2 from . . . Syria = of Cilicia and Syria. 8 By
landing: H. 969, a: G. 1563, 3: B. 653, 2: Go. 583. 4 was coming: see
142. 5 most valuable : irXcCcrrov o|ia. 6 Some . . . while others : ol plv . . .
ol 8 7 7, at least : tyuyt. 8 H. 724 : G. 1069 : B. 340 : Go. 535. 9 Omit.
10 which was : do not use a relative clause.
ANABASIS BOOK I, CHAP. V 14!
said that they would not go. 1 Cyrus, however, persuaded
the greater part of the Greek army to follow, by promising
to give to each man a large amount of money until they
reached 2 Babylon.
351. Sec. 15-19.
Menon wished to persuade his men to cross the river
before 3 the rest of the soldiers decided what they would
do. "For," said he, "if you begin to cross, Cyrus will
honor you above the rest." Cyrus was pleased with
Menon and his soldiers, 4 and he said that he would take
care 5 that 6 they praise him. It is said that this river
receded before Cyrus.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS III AND IV
352. Follow the directions given in 195-197.
The sight work should be connected prose.
BOOK I CHAPTER V
353. Sec. 1-4.
While they were marching through Arabia, they hunted
wild animals of all sorts on horseback. Whenever they
gave chase 7 to the wild asses, these ran so much faster 8
than the horses that they could not capture them. After
they remained at Corsote for three days, they marched to
Pylae, keeping 9 the Euphrates on their right.
1 they . . . go : the Greek expression is did not say that they would go.
2 until . . . reached : what was the form of the promise in Cyrus' words? See
128. 3 irpiv: see 128. 4 Do not use the word for soldier at all. Express
in another way. 5 take care : this verb is impersonal in Greek. 6 H. 885 :
G. 1372: B. 593: Go. 638, a. 1 whenever . . . chase : see 109. 8 so much
faster = faster by so much. 9 having.
142 GREE^ PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
354. Sec. 5-
Here the soldiers ate meat, because grain was very
scarce. On one \ccasion, 1 when a narrow place ap-
peared, 2 one coukr see 3 a sample 4 of Cyrus' discipline.
At the comtnand of Cyrus, 6 his noblest attendants
strrppecf ^ff their tunics, jumped into the mud, and
helped hasten on the wagons.
355. Sec. 9-11.
Cyrus did not delay, except 6 where it was necessary to
provide himself with provisions, for he evidently 7 wished
to fight the king when he was 8 unprepared. Besides, 9
Cyrus knew that the king's country was weak in the
scattered condition of his troops. 10 The soldiers obtained
provisions from a city named Charmande by crossing the
river on skins. ^
/> 356. Sec. 12-17.
One of Menon's soldiers said that he had been beaten
by Clearchus; therefore, on the same 11 day, when Clear-
chus was riding by, 12 they threw stones at him. When
Cyrus learned of the affair, he rode between the two
armies, and told the Greeks that, if they engaged in any
conflict with one another, they would be 13 cut to pieces by
the barbarians.
1 On . . . occasion: ITOT& 2 when . . . appeared : Genitive absolute. 8 one
could see it was possible to see. 4 |ilpos, r6. 6 At . . . Cyrus : Genitive
absolute. 6 except where : oirov JJL^. 7 See 143. 8 Omit when he was.
9 CTI. 10 in . . . troops : notice the text at the end of sec. 9. n See 46.
12 when . . . by : use participle. 18 if. . . be: Cyrus said, if you engage . .
you will be t etc.
ANABASIS BOOK I, CHAP. VII 143
BOOK 1 CHAPTER VI
, 357. Sec. 1-5.
Orontas, a man who had formerly been at war 1 with
Cyrus, said to him, " If you give me a thousand horsemen,
I will kill these horsemen, and prevent them from 2 carry-
ing the news 3 to the king." But Orontas was planning
to go to the king. When Cyrus heard of this, he arrested
Orontas.
358. Sec. 6-1 1.
At the trial, Orontas said that he had never been
wronged by Cyrus. Cyrus then said, " Did you not 4
revolt to the Mysians after you gave 5 me pledges?"
Orontas assented. When Clearchus advised that they
put him out of the way as quickly as possible, all the
rest assented to this opinion. After this, no one ever saw
Orontas either dead or alive.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS V AND VI
359. Follow the directions given in 205-207.
The sight work should be connected prose.
BOOK I CHAPTER VII
360. Sec. 1-5.
After Cyrus had reviewed 6 the whole army, he collected
the general and captains of the Greeks, and told them that
he led them as allies because he thought 7 that they were
1 a . . . war : see 40. 2 H. 963 : G. 1549 : B. 643 : Go. 572, 573. 3 car-
rying the news : express by one verb. 4 Did you not : OUKOVV. Like nonne
in Latin. 5 after you gave : Aorist participle. 6 made a review. 7 because
H. 969, b\ G. 1563, 2: B. 653, 4: Go. 583.
144 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
braver than the barbarians. He showed them into what
sort of a contest they were going, and said he would make
them the envy of their friends at home, if his enterprise
was successful. 1
361. Sec. 6-1 1.
Gaulites, who happened to be present, said that Cyrus
would not be able to fulfill his promises, 2 even if he should
remember 3 them. When the Greeks asked Cyrus what
they should have, 4 if they conquered, he said that he
would give to each man a golden crown. Artagerses was
said to be the leader of the king's horsemen.
362. Sec. 12-20.
Cyrus thought that the king would not fight on that
day, because he learned that many tracks of men, who
were retreating, were visible. Ten days before this, 5 Sila-
nus said that the king would not fight within ten days, so
Cyrus promised him a large amount of 6 money in case he
should prove to speak 7 the truth.
BOOK I CHAPTER VIII
363. Sec. 1-7.
While all were proceeding rather carelessly, Pategyas
rode up at full speed and shouted that the king would
immediately attack .them with a large army. Thereupon
the generals and soldiers armed themselves in all haste,
1 if. . . successful : use the Genitive absolute. See text at end of sec. 4.
2 his promises = as many things as he promised. 3 Notice that the Perfect
middle of [ii}j.vT|crKa> has a present meaning. 4 what they should have = what
should be to them : Dative of possession. 6 Ten . . . this on the eleventh day
from that day. 6 large amount of: iroXXd. 7 in . . . truth : what was the
promise in the direct form? prove to speak : Aorist.
ANABASIS BOOK I, CHAP. VIII 145
and took 1 their positions, 2 each in his appointed place.
Clearchus occupied 3 the right wing, near 4 the Euphrates
river.
364. Sec. 8-13.
In the afternoon, the whole Persian army came into
sight. In front of the lines the Greeks saw some chariots
that had scythes for the purpose of cutting whomever they
came in contact with. 5 Although Clearchus was ordered 6
to lead against the center of the enemy, yet he did not
obey, because he feared 7 that he would be cut off from
the river.
365. Sec. 14-21.
When Cyrus heard from Xenophon 8 what the watch-
word was, 9 the Greeks sang the paean, and went against
the enemy. But the barbarians were frightened out of
their wits, and fled before they suffered any injury.
Whenever 10 the chariots were borne through the Greeks,
they opened ranks.
366. Sec. 22-29.
Cyrus, fearing that the king would surround him and
cut his men to pieces, rode against the men in front of the
king. There Cyrus received a wound under the eye and
was killed. This defeat occurred n because Cyrus did not
restrain himself, 12 and because Clearchus did not himself
lead against the king.
1 armed . . . and took = having armed . . . took. 2 took their positions :
KaOio-TTjiu. 3 held. 4 Dative with irpos- 5 came . . . with : vTvyx<* vw -
6 Although . . . ordered: H. 969, e\ G. 1563, 6: B. 653, 7: Go. 583. 7 be-
cause he feared : participle. 8 Genitive of source. 9 The direct question
was What is, etc. 10 See 109. n -yC-yvoiJiat. 12 restrain himself:
GK. PROSE COMP. IO
146 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS VII AND VIII
367. Follow the instructions given in 217-219.
The sight work should be connected prose.
BOOK I CHAPTER IX
368. Sec. 1-7.
Cyrus was educated at the king's court, with the sons of
the nobles. There, all who were personally acquainted 1
with him agreed that he was the best of all in everything,
and that he knew how to 2 rule and obey. While he was
satrap of Lydia and Phrygia, everybody had confidence in
him, because he never broke his word, 3 if he promised any
one anything.
369. Sec. 8-15.
Cyrus evidently 4 showed that he would not betray the
fugitives of Miletus, therefore very many cities prayed
that they might intrust even 5 their lives to him. Now, 6
he always had a large supply of brave men, for wherever 7
Cyrus appeared, very many were willing to incur danger
and go on expeditions with him.
370. Sec. 16-23.
He regarded it of the utmost importance 8 to take
nothing away from those who brought in 9 large revenues
from the countries which 10 , they ruled. Furthermore, 11
1 were . . . acquainted: \v ireCpa ytyvoiicu. 2 knew how to: H. 986: G.
1592, 2 : B. 661, n. 3 : Go. 588, c. 8 broke his word: \(/6v8o|xai. 4 See 143.
6 Kal. What position? 6 8-fj. 7 See 109. 8 regarded . . . importance :
irplir\urTOv iroic'w. 9 brought in : irotw. 10 See 37. n CTU
ANABASIS BOOK I, CHAP. X 147
whatever gifts he received he distributed among his
friends, and he was a most excellent co-worker with
them in whatever they wished to accomplish.
371. Sec. 24-31.
I, at least, think 1 that it is remarkable that he looked
after his friends so carefully. 2 For this reason he had
very many true friends. Even all the nobles who were
with him in battle were killed while fighting in his behalf.
Such a man, .then, 3 was Cyrus the Younger.
BOOK I CHAPTER X
372. Sec. 1-6.
After the battle, the king's soldiers plundered 4 the camp
of Cyrus and fell upon the camp of the Greeks, where all
who chanced to have arms made a stand. The Greeks,
on the other hand, 6 conquered their opponents and went 6
ahead in pursuit.
373. Sec. 7-1 1.
Now 7 Tissaphernes had the worst of it 8 in the first
encounter, for the Greeks, under the command of Epis-
thenes, 9 opened up their ranks and shot at him as he was
charging through. When the Greeks saw that the king
was coming up from the rear, they wheeled about and
attacked him.
1 / . . . think : SOK&O used impersonally and Dative. 2 so . . . carefully :
OUTCOS 3 S^j . 4 plundered . . . and fell ' = having plundered . . .fell. 5 on
. . . hand: dXXd. 6 els TO irpo<r0v. 7 8rfj. 8 had . . . it: see the text at
the beginning of sec. 8. 9 under . . . Episthenes : Genitive absolute.
148 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
374. Sec. 12-19.
The Persians, however, fled in different 1 directions when
they saw that the Greeks were advancing. After this
encounter, the Greeks halted at the foot of a certain hill,
and wondered whether Cyrus was dead or 2 had gone in
pursuit. After deliberation, they decided to go to their
camp, where they found that everything had been plun-
dered.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS IX AND X
375. Follow the directions given in 228-230.
The sight work should be connected prose.
BOOK II CHAPTER I
376. Sec. 1-5.
The Greeks were grieved when they heard from Procles
that Cyrus was dead, and that Ariaeus would go away
towards 3 Ionia on the next day. Clearchus said, "Would
that Cyrus had not been killed. 4 If he were alive, we
would put him on the throne, 5 for victors have the privi-
lege of ruling." 6
377. Sec. 6-10.
After this, the Greeks went ahead and ate the flesh of
some 7 oxen, using the arrows of the enemy for fuel. 8
While Clearchus was sacrificing, a herald from the king
1 in different directions : aXXoi aXXoOcv. 2 ir6rpov . . . rj. 8 &irC with
the Genitive. * Would . . . killed ' : express this in two ways. See 72. 5 If
. . . throne : see 95. 6 victors . . . ruling : see the text at the end of sec. 4.
7 This may be omitted or expressed. 8 In apposition with arrows. What
case?
ANABASIS BOOK TI, CHAP. II 149
came and told the Greeks to surrender their arms.
Proxenus replied, "Well, 1 if the king has conquered us,
let him come and take 2 our arms, or tell us what we shall
have, if we obey him."
378. Sec. 11-16.
In reply to 3 these words, 4 the herald, whose name was
Phalinus, 5 said that the Greeks belonged to the king,
because he could lead against them a large number of
troops, and that they were foolish, if they thought they
could use their valor and conquer the king. Therefore
many of the Greeks began to lose 6 courage.
379. Sec. 17-23.
Clearchus, wishing that Phalinus would advise them not
to surrender their arms, said, " Tell us, Phalinus, what we
ought to do." But he replied that they did not have one
hope in ten thousand of saving themselves without the
consent of the king. 7 Clearchus, however, said that they
would not surrender their arms, for they would be more
valuable 8 friends with them than without 9 them.
BOOK II CHAPTER II
380. Sec. 1-6.
. Ariaeus urged the Greeks to go back home with him
on the next day. After he had sacrificed, Clearchus said
1 d\\d. 2 let . . . take = having come. Jet him take : see 60. 8 In reply
to : irpos with the Accusative. 4 Omit. 6 whose . . . Phalinus = Phalinus
in respect to name. 6 began to lose : Imperfect. 7 without . . . king: Geni-
tive absolute. 8 more valuable : irXeCovos oioi. 9 with . . . without =
having them than not having them : H. 969, d: G. 1563, 5 : B. 653: Go. 583.
What is the negative in conditions?
ISO GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
to the generals, " The omens are not favorable for us
to go to the king, and we cannot remain here, because
we have no provisions, therefore we must 1 go immedi-
ately to our friends." Henceforth the Greeks obeyed
Clearchus.
381. Sec. 7-13.
About midnight, Ariaeus and the Greeks came together
and took an oath that they would not 2 betray each other.
Ariaeus thought that they ought not to go back by the
road 3 they came, for fear that 4 they would not have pro-
visions. Therefore they decided to go by a longer route, 3
so that they might not perish from hunger.
382. Sec. 14-21.
The Greeks did not wish to attack these horsemen, but
they led straight on and arrived at sunset at villages, which
had been plundered 5 by the king's army. There the
Greeks made such a noise that the enemy actually fled 6
from their tents. Clearchus, however, was afraid that a
panic would fall upon the Greeks also 7 within that night.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS I AND II
383. Follow the instructions given in 240-242.
The sight work should t be connected prose.
1 For the different ways of expressing must, see 74. 2 See 141. 8 by the
road; by a longer route : H. 715, b\ G. 1057: B. 331 : Go. 536. 4 for fear
that: jMf. 6 that . . . plundered: see 40. 6 that . . .fled : for the distinction
between WCTTC with the Indicative and with the Infinitive, see H. 927 : G.
1450: B. 595 : Go. 566, b t 639, a. 7 KCU. In what position?
ANABASIS BOOK II, CHAP. Ill 151
BOOK II CHAPTER III
384. Sec. 1-9.
At sunrise, some heralds came to the pickets and asked
for Clearchus. He replied, " Wait until I am at leisure, 1
and tell them that we shall not talk about a truce unless
they furnish breakfast." The messengers said that they
would furnish the Greeks with provisions, in case there
was a truce. After consultation, the generals decided 2
not to hesitate to make the treaty.
385. Sec. 10- 1 6.
As they marched along, they came upon canals, over
which they had to build 3 bridges. Clearchus beat those who
loitered, in order that he might hurry on the work, for he
thought that the king was trying to hinder the Greeks by let-
ting 4 the water into the plain. In the villages, they found
dates of such wonderful flavor 6 that the soldiers ate them.
386. Sec. 17-22.
Tissaphernes said to the Greeks, through an interpreter,
that he would ask the king that they might be carried
safely 6 into Greece, "and I think/' said he, "that he will
grant me this as a favor, 7 because I was the first to report
that Cyrus was plotting against him." Clearchus replied
that they were ashamed to desert Cyrus, now that they
had marched inland 8 with him.
1 Wait . . . leisure : see 128. 2 Use SOK&O impersonally. 8 had to build :
see 74. 4 -by letting : participle. 5 wonderful flavor = wonderful because
of their flavor : H. 744, 753: G. 1126, 1140: B. 366: Go. 509, c. * be
carried safely : cnro<ra>a>. 7 grant as a favor : x,apio|iai. 8 now . . . in"
land : participle.
152 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
387. Sec. 23-29.
The Greeks said that they did not wish to kill the king,
but would like l to proceed home. On the next day, 2 Tis-
saphernes came and said, "We will furnish you with
provisions, if you will give us pledges ; you will have to
swear further that you will buy food, whenever we cannot
provide a market. "
BOOK II CHAPTER IV
388. Sec. 1-6.
While the Greeks and Ariaeus were encamped near
each other, the Greeks were evidently 3 not pleased with
the soldiers 4 of Ariaeus. They said to their generals,
" Let us not wait here until we perish." Clearchus, how-
ever, replied that, if they should go away then, they would
have no provisions, nor would they be able to cross the
Euphrates.
389. Sec. 7-14.
" If the king," said Clearchus, " had desired to destroy
us, I do not think that he would have broken his oath."
After this, as Tissaphernes led them,^ the Greeks en-
camped by themselves, because the barbarians and the
Greeks suspected each other. As they passed through
the country, they arrived at a canal that was 6 fifteen para-
sangs long.
1 c0cXo>. 2 On . . . day : express in two ways. 8 See 143. * Do -not
use the word o-TpaTiwrrjs. 5 a s . . . them :, Genitive absolute. 6 that was :
see 40.
ANABASIS BOOK II, CHAP. V 153
390. Sec. 15-22.
When Xenophon happened to be in front of the pickets,
a man came up and said that Ariaeus bade them send a
guard to the bridge, in order that the barbarians might
not destroy the bridges and attack them. Then, indeed, 1
the Greeks knew that he had been sent underhandedly, 2
for Tissaphernes could not flee if 3 the bridge was de-
stroyed.
391. Sec. 23-28.
When the Greeks learned what sort of 4 country there
was between the river and the canal, they were not fright-
ened, for they thought that the barbarians would not wish
them to destroy the bridge and remain.
At the river Physeus the Greeks met the illegitimate
brother of the king, who halted 5 his army as the Greeks
went by. He was astonished as he saw them.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS III AND IV
392. Follow the directions given in 252-254.
The sight work should be connected prose.
BOOK II CHAPTER V
393. Sec. i-io.
When they reached the Zapatas river, Clearchus and
Tissaphernes had a conference. 6 Clearchus said, "We
1 Then, indeed: cv9a 8-fj. 2 sent underhandedly : vir6irjnrros. 8 Do
not use el. How else may a condition be expressed? 4 what sort of: for
the interrogative of quality, see 34. 5 Distinguish between the transitive and
intransitive meanings of the different tenses. 6 had a conference : ls Xo-yovs
px.o|Aai (Dative).
154 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
must put a stop to these suspicious feelings before we
inflict incurable evils on each other. 1 The Greeks will
not violate their oaths, nor will they kill you, Tissa-
phernes, our greatest benefactor, for we should be fool-
ish if we should do so."
391 Sec. 11-17.
"Since you have both Cyrus' domain and the king's
troops, who is so foolish as not to desire to become your
ally 2 ? But we also, Tissaphernes, can help you in many
ways. If the Egyptians should trouble you, I think that
you could punish 3 them by using us as your allies. This
being so, 4 who has persuaded you that we distrust you ? "
395. Sec. 18-24.
Tissaphernes said in reply that the Greeks did not
justly distrust either him or the king; for they could
easily destroy the Greeks by seizing 5 the mountains before-
hand and burning the crops. He furthermore asserted
that he would be foolish if he should perjure himself, for
perjury was characteristic of 6 men in difficulty. "Who
are the ones," said he, "who 7 are trying to slander me? "
396. Sec. 25-33.
Clearchus urged the rest to go to Tissaphernes with
him, so that the slanderers might be detected and pun-
ished. He evidently 8 suspected that Menon was the one
1 on each other: H. 725, a: G. 1073: B. 340: Go. 534, a. 2 who . . .
ally ? see 159. 3 think . . . punish : if the Infinitive with av depends upon
otfiai, the av is placed near otjicu. 4 Genitive absolute; see text, sec. 12.
5 by seizing : participle. 6 characteristic of: see text, at beginning of sec. 21.
7 the ones who : see 40. 8 See 143.
ANABASIS BOOK II, CHAP. VI 155
who was plotting against the Greeks. Although many of
the soldiers did not trust Tissaphernes, 1 nevertheless five
generals and twenty captains went with Clearchus. These
generals were arrested, and most of the captains were
killed.
397. Sec. 34-42.
After this, messengers from the king came and demanded
of the Greeks 2 their arms, on the ground that they were
his. 3 Cleanor said to Ariaeus that he was the basest of
men, because he had betrayed the very 4 men to whom he
had sworn to be a friend. Xenophon asked Ariaeus 2 for
Proxenus and Menon, because they were friendly to both
parties. 6
BOOK II CHAPTER VI
398. Sec. 1-5.
Of these generals who were captured and beheaded,
Clearchus was the most fond of war. While he was at
war with the Thracians, who were plundering the Greeks,
he did not obey the order of the Ephors 6 to come back.
Accordingly he was condemned to death. After this, he
collected an army with the money which Cyrus had given
him, and waged war against the Thracians until 7 Cyrus
sent for him.
399. Sec. 6-15.
I think that the man who spends money on war, when
he can choose peace, is very fond of danger. Further-
1 Although . . . Tissaphernes : Genitive absolute. 2 H. 724 : G. 1069 :
B. 340: Go. 535. 3 on . . . his = as being of himself. 4 avros. 5 Omit.
6 order . . . Ephors the Ephors ordering him. 7 See 128.
156 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
more, 1 Clearchus used to punish his soldiers so severely
that they thought that they must obey 2 him. Whenever
they were out of danger, his soldiers went over to another
general, but when dangers came they repented, for their
fear of him 3 made them brave soldiers.
400. Sec. 16-20.
Proxenus was a just and honorable man, 4 but he was
not a good general, 4 because he could not impress on his
troops respect for himself. He thought, as it seemed, 5
that his -soldiers would obey him, if he did not praise the
disobedient. The soldiers used to fear Clearchus more
than they did Proxenus. At his death, Proxenus was
about thirty years old.
401. Sec. 21-30.
Menon 6 wished to become very rich and powerful.
Therefore he thought that he must commit perjury and
deceive his friends, in order to carry out 7 his desires. 8
He used to think that it was an easy matter to take the
possessions of his friends, because they would be off their
guard. He always used to fear those who he thought
were rascals. This base man was not beheaded as the
rest were, but was tortured to death.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS V AND VI
402. Follow the instructions given in 264-266.
The sight work should be connected prose.
1 av. 2 must obey : H. 988-992: G. 1594-1599: B. 663-666: Go. 352-354.
8 their . . . him : use the article and the Infinitive. 4 just man ; good general:
show that these two expressions are contrasted. 6 as it seemed : see 143.
6 Notice in the text the use of 81 at the beginning of each of the character
sketches. 7 in . . . out: eirl r6 and the Infinitive. 8 Do not use a noun.
ANABASIS BOOK III, CHAP. I 157
BOOK III CHAPTER I
403. Sec. 1-5.
After the death of the generals, the Greeks did not go to
sleep, for they thought that, inasmuch as they had no
cavalry, no one would be left, if they should prove victo-
rious. Now it happened that Xenophon, the Athenian,
was with the army at the invitation of Proxenus. 1 He
was a friend of Socrates, the philosopher, 2 who advised
him to consult the god at Delphi with reference to the
journey.
404. Sec. 6-13.
Xenophon decided that he ought to go with Proxenus,
so he asked Apollo to what gods he must sacrifice, if he
wished to get home safely. When he was introduced to
Cyrus, and was on his march inland, 3 he was ashamed to
go back, after he had discovered that Cyrus wished to con-
quer the king. During a thunderstorm, he thought that
he saw a vision.
405. Sec. 14-20.
For a long time he lay thinking what sort of dream it
was; then he called the captains of Proxenus together,
and said that he could not sleep when he saw that the
Greeks were not making preparations against the king.
"For," said he, "if we get into the hands 4 of the king
to-day, will he not resort to every means to kill 6 us ? I
1 at . . . Proxenus : express this idea by the use of the participle. 2 <j>i\6-
<ro<|>os. 3 on . . . inland : use one word. * = power. 6 to kill : s and
the Subjunctive or Optative. Which?
158 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
fear the truce, because we must get all of our provisions
by purchase/'
406. Sec. 21-29.
"In this struggle," said he, "the gods, in all likelihood,
would be on our side ; let us therefore show : ourselves
very brave generals and captains. For my part, 2 I will
follow or lead, just as you choose." Apollonides, how-
ever, said he talked foolishness. Xenophon said in reply,
" Do you 3 not remember 1 that our generals were beaten by
the Persians? "
407. Sec. 30-35.
The decks accordingly took away the captaincy from
Apollonides, 4 because they saw that both of his ears had
been bored, 5 and because they thought he was a disgrace to
all Greece. Then Hieronumos urged Xenophon to tell the
others just what he had also told them. Xenophon replied
that they at least must never get into the power of the enemy.
408. Sec. 36-41.
"You ought not," said he, "to be discouraged, but you
ought to be making preparations to meet the enemy, so
that the soldiers may imitate you. And in the first place,
since nothing can be done without generals, let us appoint
generals and captains in place of those who have been lost.
Know well that we can not use our soldiers for any pur-
1 Compare the active and middle meaning of these verbs. 2 For my part :
these words merely emphasize the /. 8 Do you not, etc. : H. 1015 : G. 1603 :
B. 570-572: 60.488. 4 H. 724: G. 1069: B. 340: Go. 535. 6 both . . .
bored = had been bored in respect to both ears.
ANABASIS BOOK III, CHAP. II 159
pose, 1 if they are dejected, and think only of what they
are to suffer." 2
409. Sec. 42-47.
Xenophon told the Greeks that he noticed that men who
strove to die nobly generally 3 passed their lives in happi-
ness. "Let us, therefore," said he, "since men are the
ones who win 4 victories, be brave men ourselves, and urge
the others on to bravery." Then Chirisophus praised the
words and deeds of Xenophon, 5 and urged them not to
delay, but to choose commanders at once. Xenophon
was elected in place of Proxenus.
BOOK III CHAPTER II
410. Sec. 1-6.
After the election 6 of the generals, Chirisophus ad-
dressed them as follows : " Although Ariaeus has betrayed
us, nevertheless we must not give in, but try not to get into
the power of the enemy alive." Cleanor then said, " Would
that the gods had punished 1 Tissaphernes before 8 he had
done harm to our generals. But since we understand his
faithlessness, let us never again be deceived by him."
411. Sec. 7-13.
Then Xenophon arose, splendidly equipped for war, and
said that now he hoped that they could punish 9 the
enemy. Just 10 then some one sneezed; and the soldiers
1 for any purpose : rl. 2 they . . . suffer : future tense. 8 o>s irl TO iro\v.
4 iroio>. 5 the words . . . Xenophon praised Xenophon for what he said and
did. 6 Do not use a noun. 7 Would . . .punished: what kind of a wish is
this? See 76. 8 See 128. 9 8io]v kir\.rLOr\^\,. 10 8^ : post-positive.
160 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
vowed to offer sacrifices to Zeus, because they thought
this a good omen. After this incident, 1 Xenophon re*
minded them of the valor of their ancestors, and of how
many Persians they killed when Xerxes came against
Athens with his countless host
412. Sec. 14-19.
If you formerly dared to go against the Persians for 2
Cyrus, now, surely, you will be more courageous for 2
your own safety. Do not think 3 that you are worse off
because you see that Ariaeus and his men are in the
ranks of the enemy. Furthermore, 4 you should not be
discouraged because you have no cavalry, for when you
are on the ground you can hit much better whomever you
wish.
413. Sec. 20-25.
Xenophon told the Greeks that it was far better to take
men and compel them to lead than to use Tissaphernes as
a guide, and that all rivers were passable at their sources.
"I say," said he, "that the king would give you many
guides, if he saw that you were making preparations to
settle hereabouts. But if you remain, do not live 6 in
abundance or forget the way 6 home."
414. Sec. 26-32..
" I think it best/' said Xenophon, "to burn up the super-
fluous baggage and try to conquer the enemy, so that they
may be our baggage-carriers. The most important point, 7
1 Omit. 2 irepC with the Genitive. 8 Do not think : see 62. 4 irpds 8'
?TI. 5 do not live : see 62. 6 H. 742: G. 1102: B. 356: Go. 511. 7 The
. . .point: TO |iyurTOV.
ANABASIS BOOK III, CHAP. Ill l6l
however, is for us to be more orderly and obedient than
formerly, and to help the commander punish the disobe-
dient. In this way the king will be disappointed, if we
allow 1 no one to be a coward."
415. Sec. 33-39.
After all had voted to do what Xenophon had proposed,
Xenophon again spoke : " It is plain that the enemy will
follow us like cowardly dogs; therefore, let us form the
hoplites in a hollow square 2 and appoint commanders for
the van, 3 flanks, and rear, so that we should not have to 4
arrange the men in case the enemy should attack us."
They decided that Xenophon should guard the rear, for
the present.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS I AND II
416. Follow the directions given in 281-283.
The sight work should be connected prose.
BOOK III CHAPTER III
417. Sec. i-io.
Before the Greeks burned up the superfluous baggage,
they shared with one another what they needed. Then
Mithridates came up in the guise of 5 a friend and tried to
bribe some of the captains. The result was that 6 the
Greeks decided that the war should henceforth be without
heralds. As they went along, the Greeks could do no
harm to the Persians, because they did not shoot far
1 7riTpire0. 2 form . . . square = make a hollow square of the hoplites.
3 for the van : do not use the Dative. 4 have to : use 8&o. 6 in . . . of:
o>S. 6 The result was that : OXTTC.
GK. PROSE COMP. II
l62 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
enough to reach them. 1 Moreover, whenever the Greeks
tried to pursue, the Persians shot backwards as they rode.
418. Sec. 11-20.
When the Greeks saw that they could not reach the
enemy with their missiles or overtake the-m in pursuit,
they thanked 2 the gods, because the Persians had shown
them what they needed. It happened that there were
some Rhodians in the army who knew how to use the
sling and who could shoot twice as far as the Persians.
These, therefore, by the use of money, 3 they formed into
a company of two hundred slingers. They provided them-
selves with cavalry also.
BOOK III CHAPTER IV
419. Sec. 1-9.
On the next day, the Greeks saw Mithridates coming
with a large force. As was the case 4 in the former attack,
he expected to do 5 much damage to the Greeks 6 ; but they
were more courageous now, because they had both cavalry
and slingers. Accordingly, they were victorious, and cap-
tured many of the Persians alive. There was in this place
a city named Larissa, which was captured in ancient times
by the Persians.
420. Sec. 10-18;
The city of Mespila 7 also was once besieged by the Per-
sian king, but he could not capture it by either siege or
1 shoot . . . them : cf. the text at the end of sec. 7. 2 x-P lv X W anc ^
Dative. 8 by . . . money = by giving money. 4 was the case : omit these
three words. 5 expected to do = thought that he would do. 6 H. 725, a : G.
1073 : B. 340 : Go. 534, a. 7 Do not use the Genitive.
ANABASIS BOOK III, CHAP. IV 163
assault. As the Greeks went on their journey, 1 Tissa-
phernes came in sight with a large force, but he retreated
very quickly, because the Rhodians shot a very long dis-
tance and did not miss 2 their man. While the Greeks
and Persians were skirmishing, the Greeks captured many
bows, which proved useful to the archers.
421. Sec. 19-24.
After these skirmishes, it became evident that the hollow
square threw the Greeks into confusion, for, whenever the
road was too 3 narrow, or they had to cross a bridge, the
hoplites were crowded out {oi their places^ Therefore
they formed six companies to help the phalanx whenever
the wings were drawn together or separated.
422. Sec. 25-34.
While the Greeks were marching through some 5 hills,
the Persian slingers and archers wounded many of them
by shooting down from the heights. But after the Greeks
got above them, they feared that they would be surrounded,
and fled. After this, the Greeks decided not to proceed
and fight at the same time, 6 because 7 there were many
wounded.
423. Sec. 35-41.
The Greeks decided to break camp and march as far as
possible during the night, for the Persians never encamped
near the Greeks on account of fear 8 of an attack. On the
1 went . . .journey : use one word. 2 H. 748 : G. 1099 : B. 356 : Go. 510.
3 Comparative. 4 of their places : omit. 5 Omit. 6 not . . . time = not to
proceed still fighting. 7 H. 971, a: G. 1568. 8 Do not use the noun.
1 64 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
fourth day, however, the barbarians seized in advance 1
the spur of a mountain at the base of which they must
pass. Xenophon thought that, if he could get possession
of the summit of the mountain, the Persians would not be
able to remain.
424. Sec. 42-49.
"Well, I will give you your choice/' said Chirisophus,
" either to go to the summit or to remain with the army."
Xenophon chose to go, and took men from the van, and
started immediately. When the enemy saw that he had
set out, they too began to race to the summit. Xenophon
said to his men, " Have courage, 2 for after a little toil we
shall reach home safely." The Greeks reached the height
before the enemy. 3
BOOK III CHAPTER V
425. Sec. 1-9.
The Persians then turned and fled. But the Greeks
were discouraged when they saw that they had no place
from which to take provisions, for the barbarians suddenly
began to burn the villages. " I, at least," said Chiriso-
phus, " think we had better burn them also, so that they
may stop all 4 the more quickly." While the Greeks were
in perplexity because of the depth of the river, a Rhodian
came up and said that he would transport them across the
river, if they would give him what he needed. 5
1 in advance: irp6 in composition with the verb. 2 Have courage : 6ap-
p&o. 3 reached . . . enemy : see 169. * Omit. 6 he . . . needed: what kind
of a condition was used in the direct discourse?
ANABASIS BOOK IV, CHAP. I 165
426. Sec. 10-18.
The Rhodian said that he would build a bridge by using
two thousand skins, each one of which would keep two
men from sinking. 1 This device, however, seemed im-
practicable to the generals. Then the Greeks went back
toward Babylon, so that the enemy might not know what
they intended 2 to do. After questioning the captives, the
Greeks decided to cross the Carduchian mountains.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS III, IV, AND V
427. Follow the directions given in 295-297.
The sight work should be connected prose.
BOOK IV CHAPTER I
428. Sec. 1-14.
The Greeks entered the country 3 of the Carduchi as
secretly as they could, for they feared that an attack
would be made. At first, the Carduchi fled from the vil-
lages, but later, a few of them suddenly assembled on the
heights and fell upon the Greeks. If, however, at that
time there had been more, I think that the majority of the
Greeks would have been in danger of being destroyed.
429. Sec. 15-28.
Whenever the enemy attacked the rear guard as they
were passing along, Xenophon sent along word to the van
to wait ; but on one occasion 4 the van did not halt. Xeno-
1 from sinking : 11.748, 1029: G. 1117, 1615: B. 434: Go. 487. Also
see 161. ' 2 had in mind. 3 country of: omit. Use the Accusative with
els. 4 on one occasion :
1 66 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
phon therefore went ahead to see what the trouble was,
and saw that Chirisophus was hurrying to seize 1 a certain
steep road. The enemy, however, captured the pass first.
Then a guide, on being questioned, told the Greeks that
there was 2 another road, and a height which they must
preoccupy.
BOOK IV CHAPTER II
430. Sec. 1-13.
Many, under the leadership of Callimachus, volunteered
to capture this height. Then Xenophon made an attack
on the enemy at the visible pass, so that the volunteers,
while the enemy were directing their attention to this
road, might go around without detection. 3 Afterwards,
Xenophon and the volunteers, by a simultaneous attack, 4
captured the pass. Then Xenophon, taking half of the rear
guard, followed the guide, and came upon two hills which
had been seized by the enemy, one of which he captured
by forming the companies in column.
431. Sec. 14-28.
The barbarians, however, abandoned the third hill for
fear that they would be surrounded. After the Greeks had
united, Xenophon told the enemy that he would not burn
their houses on condition that 6 they give up the dead.
Whenever the barbarians troubled the van or the rear,
Xenophon and Chirisophus helped each other. Some-
times 6 the Cretans, too, were very useful.
1 to seize : see 79. 2 Should the Imperfect be used? 8 withottt detection:
see 169. 4 by . . . attack = attacking at the same time. 6 on . . . that :
H. 999, a\ G. 1460: B. 596: Go. 567. 6 Cf. TJV & icai oirdrc.
ANABASIS BOOK IV, CHAP. Ill l6/
BOOK IV CHAPTER III
432. Sec. i-ii.
On reaching l the Centrites river, the Greeks encamped
very gladly, now that they had endured so many hardships
at the hands of the Carduchi. But the Greeks were greatly
discouraged, for their situation was as follows : in front
were horsemen who would keep them from crossing, 2
while in the rear the Carduchi were on the mountains
ready to attack them. At this juncture, 3 two young men
came running up and said that they had found a place
where they thought it was safe to cross.
433. Sec. 12-23.
The young men said that they could cross at this point
without wetting their waists. The Greeks, therefore, de-
cided to try this ford. Xenophon then hit upon a plan 4 ;
by running back along the river and by pretending to
cross there, he frightened the enemy so much that 6 they
did not prevent Chirisophus with the van from crossing.
When they were on the other side, Chirisophus shouted
to his soldiers not to pursue.
434. Sec. 24-34.
While the camp followers and the baggage train were
in the act of 6 crossing, the Carduchi were evidently com-
ing down from the mountains. Xenophon then faced
about and charged the Carduchi; but, as soon as they
1 On reaching: should the Present Participle be used? 2 from crossing:
H. 963 : G. 1549 : B. 643 : Go. 572, 573. 3 Kcupds. 4 hit . . . plan = devised
something. Use jx-qxavdofxai. 6 so much that: see 157. 6 in . . of:
1 68 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
turned in flight, he wheeled to the right and crossed with
his men as quickly as he could. In this way the Greeks
all crossed this river safely, with the exception of a few
who were wounded. 1
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS I, II, AND III
435. Follow the directions given in 309-311.
The sight work should be connected prose.
BOOK IV CHAPTER IV
436. Sec. 1-13.
When the Greeks were marching through western Arme-
nia, its vice-satrap, Tiribazus, came up and said that he
would make a treaty with them, if they would not burn
his houses. While they were encamping, so much snow
fell that it kept warm whomever 2 it fell upon. There
Xenophon, by his example, 3 made the soldiers get up 4
and split wood.
437. Sec. 14-22.
Democrates was a man who never reported as true
whatever was not true. The Greeks, therefore, gave him
men and sent him to find out what the fires were. On his
return, 5 he said he had not seen any fires, but that he had
learned that Tiribazus was preparing to attack them in
the defiles of the mountains. As they were passing over
1 with . . . wounded : Genitive absolute. 2 kept warm whomever = was a
warm thing to, etc. 8 What does example really mean? 4 make get up:
compare the transitive and intransitive .meanings of avtcrTTjfu. 5 On his
return = having proceeded.
ANABASIS BOOK IV, CHAP. V 169
the heights, they espied the camp of Tiribazus, and with a
charge l they captured about twenty horses.
BOOK IV CHAPTER V
438. Sec. i-ii.
The strong north wind and the deep snow destroyed
many of the soldiers. There the soldiers did not act
friendly toward one another, for those who had a plenty
of wood said that they would not let the others come near
the fire unless they shared 2 with them their wheat. After
this, Chirisophus came upon some water carriers, who told
him that the satrap was about a parasang distant.
439. Sec. 12-22.
As many as did not wear something black before their
eyes, lost them on account of the snow, 3 and their shoes,
too, froze on, if they did not unfasten them at night. The
sick, however, were of some use, for they helped the rear
guard frighten 4 the enemy by shouting as loud as they
could. As Xenophon and his men went along, they found
that all those in front had halted right in the snow. He
tried to make them get up.
440. Sec. 23-36.
The underground houses of the Armenians seemed very
strange to the Greeks. All sorts of animals were raised
in them. Xenophon said to the ruler of the village, " Lead
us well until we leave your country, and I will not deprive 6
1 with a charge = having charged. 2 H. 737 : G. 1097, 2 : B. 356 : Go.
510. 3 As . . . snow : see 109. 4 Compare the active and middle meaning
of <(>op<). 6 H. 724, 748, a: G. 1069, 1118: B. 340: Go. 535.
I/O GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
you of your children." The soldiers had a good time here,
eating and drinking. Because Armenia had a large num-
ber of very spirited horses, its tribute to the king consisted
of horses.
BOOK IV CHAPTER VI
441. Sec. 1-13.
Under the leadership of the mayor, they marched along
at the rate of six parasangs a day until they reached a pass
which was held by the enemy. Chirisophus thought it
best to charge the enemy immediately after breakfast. 1
Xenophon, however, wished to seize secretly 2 some part
of the mountain, for he thought it was easier to go up
a steep road at night than to fight on level ground in the
daytime.
442. Sec. 14-27.
Now the Spartans practice stealing from early bcyhood;
therefore Xenophon thought that Chirisophus would be
a man capable of 3 seizing the height by stealth. Chiriso-
phus, however, said: "We are not the only ones who
know how to steal, for you Athenians are clever thieves." 4
As they usually did, the Greeks called for volunteers and
sent them to capture the mountain.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS IV, V, AND VI
443. Follow the directions given in 321-323.
The sight work should be connected prose.
1 immediately after breakfast as soon as they had eaten breakfast. 2 seize
secretly: K\irTo>. 3 capable of: IKO.VOS and Infinitive. 4 clever thieves
clever to steal.
1
ANABASIS BOOK IV, CHAP. VIII 171
I
BOOK IV CHAPTER VII
444. Sec. 1-14.
When the Greeks arrived among the Taochi, they came
upon a stronghold, which they had to take to get provi-
sions. On account of an encircling 1 river, there was only
one road, which the enemy protected by rolling down
rocks. On consideration, Xenophon hit upon this device : 2
"Let us run forward," said he, "until they begin to roll
down stones, and then retreat quickly. In this way we
would compel them to use up their rocks, and then we
can capture the place." This they did.
445. Sec. 15-27.
On leaving Gymnias, the Greeks had a guide who
escorted them, not out of good will, but that he might
persuade the Greeks to lay waste the land of his enemies.
As Xenophon drew near 3 the mountain, he heard a loud
shouting, and noticed that the noise became louder and
louder as the army advanced. If he had ridden forward,
he would have found the van embracing one another, and
shouting, "The sea, the sea."
BOOK IV CHAPTER VIII
446. Sec. 1-13.
The Greeks, through a former Athenian slave, who
could talk with the Macronians, told them that they had
waged war with the king, and were on their way to
1 encircling = which ivas in a circle. 2 hit . . . device devising the fol-
lowing. 3 dre^v near : irXi(]<rida> (Dative).
1/2 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION PART III
Greece. After this, the Macronians were very friendly.
In attacking a large mountain among the Colchians, the
Greeks did not employ the phalanx, but left a space
between the companies. The object was to 1 prevent 2 the
enemy from outflanking them.
447. Sec. 14-28.
Xenophon encouraged his soldiers as follows : " Men,
these are the only ones who prevent us from reaching
home. 3 Let us make short work of them." 4 The enemy
were defeated, and fled in different directions. After
this, the Greeks reached the sea without further hin-
drance. Here for many days they were busy performing
the vows which they had promised, and instituting athletic
contests.
REVIEW OF CHAPTERS VII AND VIII
448. Follow the instructions given in 330-332.
The sight work should be connected prose.
1 The . . . to = they -did this that. 2 See 162. 8 that . . . home : see text,
sec. 14. 4 make . . . them : do not translate this literally. What does this
expression really mean?
ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY
The student should consult a Greek-English vocabulary for the forms
and fuller meanings of the Greek words here given. Figures in
parentheses refer to sections of the book.
a, an, generally omitted, sometimes
rts (4)- f
able, iKavds, Swards (160); be ,
about, d/u,<t, Trept (67).
above, vrre'p.
accompany. ITTO/AOI, <rui/aKoAov-
accomplish,
accordingly, ow, 817 (a post-posi-
tive).
account, on of, 810, Ive/ca (after
its word).
admiral, orpaTT/yds.
admire, Oavp.a.^w.
advance, make an ,
TTpdcm/u.
afraid, be ,
after, //.era.
again, TroAiv, en.
against, Trpds, iir
aid, oj</>c
all, Trots.
alone,
along, Trapa.
also, Kftt, before the word it em-
phasizes.
always, dei'.
among, cv, aV
and, Kat, 8e (a post-positive).
angry, be , opyt^o/xat, ^aX
announce, dyycAAc
another, oAAos-
any, anybody, any one, rts
(34, 2).
appear, </MUVO/UU.
applaud, 7ratv(o.
approach, TrAT/crta^a) ; let , Trpo-
crtrjpj,.
Ariaeus, 'Apiaios-
arms, armor,
arm, to , oTrAiifo).
army, o-rparcv/Aa, o-Tpart(3i, o-rpards.
arrive, d^t/cveo/Aat, 7rapct/xt.
arrow. rdfcv/Aa.
Artaxerxes. ^
as, o>s.
ashamed, feel , ato-
ask, (a question), cpa/raco;
assistance, give ,
Aca).
at, cv, Trpds, 7rt.
attack, 7rtTt^c/Aat,
await,
174
GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION
B
back,
bad,
barbarian, /3ap/3apiKOs, /3d,
battle, ftax 7 ? ' >i v ? fJLaxofJLaL.
be, dpi ; present, Trapet/xt, ?rapa-
ytyvo/xat.
beautiful, KoAo?.
because, on, <os; of, 8td (67).
become, ytyvo/xat.
before, TrptV, irpovOfv, irpo.
begin, dj
behind, o
believe,
benefit, w^eAe'w, cv Trote'w.
beside, Trapd.
betray, TrpoStSco/xt.
blame,
boat,
bow, rdfov ; use the , Toevo>.
bowman,
boy, TTCUS.
brave,
bravely,
bravery, dpcriy.
breadth,
bridge,
brother,
burn, Kaw, up or down,
Kara/cao).
but, dAAd, 8e (a post-positive).
buy, dyopdo>.
by, VTTO with genitive of agent ; iiri
call, KoXco.
camp, KaTao-Krjvtw, orparoTrcSov.
captain, Xoxayos-
capture, aipco), ap7rafa>; be cap-
tured, aA.t<TKo/xat (89).
care, take ,
carefully, .
catch, Aa/x/^avo) ; be caught, aAt
(7KO/xat (89).
cavalry, man, ITTTTCVS.
cease, Travo/xat.
certain, a , TIS (4).
chance, by , generally use rvy
X(iV(o (169).
chariot, ap/xa.
choose, atpeo/xat.
Cilicia, KtAtKtd.
citizen, TroAtriys.
city, TroAis.
Clear chus, KAeapxos.
collect, cruAAcya), aOpoiw.
come, Ipxo/xat, have , ^KO>.
command, KeAeixo, dpx<*>.
commander, apxwv, crrpaTr/yds.
congratulate, cv8ai/xovt'o>.
conquer,
consider,
contest,
country,
courage, dpcriy.
coward, /ca/cds.
cross, over, &a/?ai'va>.
Cyrus, Kvpos.
danger,
daric, 8dpet/cds.
daughter, Ovydrrjp.
day, 17/xepd.
deceive^ i
deep, jSa^vs.
defeat, viKao) ; be defeated,
o/xat.
delay, Starpt^o).
deliberate, /?ouAcvo/xat. *
die, a.7roOvrj(TK(t) 7 rcAcvraa).
discouraged, be ,
ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY
175
disobey, a7rtoTa>.
distant, be ,
do, TTOteO), TTpdTTO).
door, Ovpd.
draw, up, Tarro).
dread, 6/cve'o>.
each, IKCCOTOS.
either. ... or, $ . . . $.
embark, e/A/2aivco.
enemy, TroAe/xtos ; the , ot TTO\-
utot.
entire, ?ras, aTrds.
envy, <0oi/a).
escape, d7ro<euyo>; notice of ?
\avOdvd> (169).
especially, /xciAtcrra.
even, KO.I (before the word it em-
phasizes) ; not , ov8c or
ever, Trore, TTWITOTC.
evident, 0^7X05 .
evil,
fall, yiyvofjuLL ; on, /x7ri7rr<D.
father, 7rarr;/3.
fear, <^>o^o/xat, 8e'8otKa; <o/3os.
fellow-soldiers, avSpc? o-Tpartco-
rat, with or without co.
fight, /xa^o/xat, fJia-X 1 !' [cr/ccTrro/Aat.
find, VpL(TK(D\ OUt, C7KO7T60),
first, Trpcoros ; 7rpom>i/.
flee, c^eirya).
f ollow, 7ro/xat, aKoXavOeo) ; as fol-
lows, proper case of oSc (33).
food, OTTOS.
foolish, ^At'&os.
foot, TTOI;?.
foot-soldier, Tre^os.
for, -yap (a post-positive).
fourth, TeVapros.
friend, c^Aos, f evos.
friendly, <i'Aios, <^>tXos.
frighten, ^o^Seto; fear,
from, c^, Trapo, a7ro.
furnish,
general,
get, ytyvo/xat (in the sense of
obtain), rvy^ai/a), possession,
give, 6Y8u)/u.
glad, be , ^S
gladly, T/Scws.
go, et/u, cp^o/xat ; be gone, ot^o/xat.
good, dya^os.
great, fteyas, -rroAvs.
Greek, "EAAryv ; '
guard,
guide,
happen, rvy^avo) (169), ytyvo/xat.
happy, cv8at/xa>v ; deem , et>oat-
harm, do ,' Ka/ccos Troteco, /?Xa7TTa>.
have, xw, dative of possessor with
i/u (26).
hear, dfcovo).
heavy-armed man, oTrAtr^?.
height, vi/^os ; aKpov.
her, oblique cases of avrrj (51).
herald, iajpv.
here, IvravOa, avrov, Scvpo.
hereupon, c/c TOVTOV, cvravOa.
hesitate, o/cvcw.
him, oblique cases of avros (45) ;
if reflexive, ov (51).
himself, cavrov (51) ; avros (46).
hinder, K(oAi)a>.
176
GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION
his, when not emphatic, use the
article (3, i); otherwise avrov,
CKCtVov (51); own, cavTov
(sO-
hold, \(D.
honor, TI/AT; ; rt/xaa> ; in , TI/UUOS.
hope, cXTTts.
hoplite, o
horse,
horseman, ITTTTCVS.
house, otKtd.
how, Tra)?, OTTO)? (83) ; many,
TTOCTOI, OTTOCTOI; large, ocros,
07TOCTOS.
hundred,
I, eyco (44).
if, a, cdv, lyi/, av.
immediately,
in, eV, cis ; order that, fva, <os,
OTTCD? (80).
inasmuch, see since,
injure, /?Aa7rra>.
instead, of, dvrt.
into, cts.
journey, 68os, iropcta; to make
a , Tropevofjuai.
judge, /cptvo).
just, SiKato?.
justice, St/catocrwjy.
justly, SiKaaos*
kill, a7TOKTtV(o; be killed, cwro-
king, )8a(rtXev5, be ? /3affi\va).
know, otSa (153), yiyvaxj/ca) (89).
large, /xcyas, TTO\VS; how
OTTOO-OS.
laugh, at, KarayeXaw.
lead, ayw, ^yeo
leader,
learn, ir
least, at , ye (a post-positive),
leave,
leisure, be at ,
lest, ^ (84) .
letter,
long,
long, as as, cws (129).
loose, Xv<o.
love, </H/\.eoL>.
M
make, TTOICQ).
man, av^pwTro? (homo), avyp (vir).
manifest, <avepos, 8^X
many, so , roaovros,
march, eXawco, Tropevo/Aai ; Tropet'a.
mercenary, feviKos.
messenger, ayyeXos.
middle,
miss, dfJ
more, /xaXXov.
mother, /xr/r^p.
much, TToXi/s ; TroXv.
must, Set, XP 7 ?' avayKr) corf, and
the verbal in reo? (74, 75).
my, c/xos, sometimes c/xov or /^ov ;
of mine, e/xo? (51).
myself, c/xavrov; when intensive,
avros (51).
N
near, Trapa ; TrXryo-tov, eyyv?.
necessary, it is , Sei (74)
ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY
177
need, Seouat.
praise, 7rcuva>.
l/ /
never, OVTTOTC, tup-ore.
present, be , Trapeifu, ?rapayt-
night, i/vf .
yvo/Liat.
no, no one, nobody, ovoW?, toy-
prevent, KcoXvco.
Sets.
proceed, Tropevo/xat, efeAawo).
not, ov, /xiy; only . . . but
promise, or make a , vrrurxveV
also, KOL . . . KULL.
pot.
notice, escape of, XavOdva)
provisions, TO. CTrtTT/Seio.
(169).
pursue, 3taJKa).
now, vuv ; already, rj&rj.
R
read, dvaytyvciio'Ka) (89).
obey, TreiOofJM.
receive, Aau/^cu'ci), devoucu.
on, CTTI, ev ; account of, eve/ca,
remain, p,evo).
(after its word) Sid.
remind, utui///cr/<aj.
one, cts, TIS (34, 2) ; another,
reply, dTro/cptvo/xat.
dXXiyXwv.
report, aTrayyeAAa).
or,,?.
restrain, Kare^o).
order, KeXeuo) ; in that, Tvo, cos,
retaliate, dvrtTroico).
O7TO)S (80).
ride, IXawo).
other, dXXos.
rightly, 8i/cat'oj?, opOus.
ought, xpv, SeT (74).
river, Trora/xos.
our, when not emphatic, by the
ruler, dpx<>v.
article (3, i); sometimes by
run, Tp\<D, ^0).
^/XO)V (5 1 )'
overcome, Kpareco.
S
sail, set , TrXco).
P
sailor, vai;r>79.
palace, /fo<rtAeia.
same, 6 avros (46).
parasang, Trapacrdyyr^.
save, oxt)a).
pay, p.i.o-06^.
say, Xeya>, ^ry/xt ; said, CITTOV (139)-
paymaster, /ucr^oSoTiys.
sea, ^aXarra.
perceive, atcrvavo/xai.
see, opda) ; to, O-KOTT^O) ; be seen,
permit, eaco.
<^atvo/xai.
Persian, IIcpcrT;? ; HcpcrtKOs.
seem, or best, SOKC'GJ and da-
persuade, TreiOa).
tive.
pity, oiKTCtpo).
self, avros (46).
place, \wpiov ; take , ytyvo/xai.
send, Tre/xTTa) ; for, tieTcwreiiTro-
plain, TreStbv, 8^X09.
/xat.
plan, flovXtvu) ; /3ov\rj.
senseless, d<^po)v.
power, in the of. kiri.
set, out or forth, opadouat.
GK. PROSE COMP. 12
GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION
seven, CTTTGI.
shut, up, Kara/cAetco ; off,
since, CTrci, CTreiS?/, oTroYe (64).
six, If.
skillful, Seiko's.
so, OVTCOS ; as to, that,
COOTC (158).
soldier, or/ocmtoTrys ; light-armed
some, somebody, TIS (34).
sort, what , TTOIOS, otos.
speak, A.yo>.
speech, Aoyos.
stadium or stade, ora&ov.
stay, /xeVco.
still, Irt.
stop, Trauco, dvaTravo/xat.
straightway, evtfus-
successfully, KaAxos.
such, of a kind, TOIOVTOS (of
what precedes), ToidcrSe (of what
follows) .
suffer, Tracr^w ; harm,
swear, cyxrutu.
take, Xa.jjL/3dv<j) ; place, ytyvo-
/xat; be taken, aXtorKo/xat (89).
talent,
taste,
tell, Xe'yo).
ten, SeKa.
than, iy.
that, on, /x>; (84); in order ,
tra, cos, OTTCOS (80) ; so , OHTTC
(158) ; Ktvo9 (33) (the demon-
strative pronoun).
the, 6, 17, TO (i ; 3).
their, sometimes by the article
(3, i); also avTon/, e/ceiViov (51).
them, oblique cases of ai/ros in
plural (45).
themselves, reflexive, tavrwv (47);
intensive, avroi (46) ; sometimes
the middle voice.
thence, cvrevtfev.
there, cvTavOa, CKCI.
therefore, ow, Sta, TOVTO
thereupon, cVrar^a, cv^a.
they, generally omitted (42), some-
times, OVTOt, 6KCU/OI.
think, vofJLi^w, ot/xat, SOKCCO.
this, OVTOS, oSe (33).
thousand, ^tAtot.
Thracian, /oaf.
three, r/oets.
through, 8ta (67).
throTv, ptTTTto, at, /?oAAa>.
thus, ovrcos, <J8e.
Tissaphernes, Ttcro-a^epnys.
to, ets, Trpds, Trapa, CTrt, cos (with
persons).
treaty, make a ,
truce, crTroi/Sat.
true, a\rjOrjs.
try, Tretpcto/xat.
twenty, ctKotri.
two, 8vo.
U
until, Icos,
(128).
urge
use,
valor,
van, o-To/xa ; those in the , ot
ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY
179
vengeance, take on,
fUU.
very,
village,
virtue, dperr;.
W
wait, 7rpi/Ai/o>.
wall, rectos.
war, TToXe/xos ; carry on or make
well, ev.
what, rt's (34), os, OOTIS ; sort,
TTOtOS-
When, 7Tt, 7T10\7, OT.
whenever, CTrctSry, OTTOTC.
where, ov, v0a, oTny.
which, os.
who, rts (34)? os.
whole, oXos-
why, rt.
width, evpos-
wife, yvvrj.
willing, be , /2ovA.o/>uu,
wish, j8ovXo/xat, c^e
with, ow, yxra, l
within, Iv
wonder,
word, Xoyos.
worthy, aftos-
woman, yuvr/.
wrong, or be in the , doWo>.
Xenophon, Eevo<(ov.
Y
year, ITOS-
you, o-v (44).
your, often by the article (3, i),
v/xTpos, <rov (51).
yourself, reflexive, o-cavrov (51),
intensive, avros (46)
Zeus, Zcvs, G. Aio's, D. Aa, A. Awt,
V. Zev.
SPECIMEN COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS
IN GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION
AMHERST COLLEGE, 1897
i. Then he put Megaphernes to death, because he was
plotting against him. 2. The king, hearing from Tissa-
phernes of the preparations against him, was very angry.
3. These Ionian cities, which originally belonged to Tissa-
phernes, having been given him by the king, now belong
to Cyrus. 4. Syennesis, the king of Cilicia, wishing to
prevent Cyrus from entering his country, seized the pass
over the mountains. 5. But a messenger came and told
him that Menori had already led his army through the
pass, and was marching on through the plain towards
Tarsus.
BRYN MAWR COLLEGE, 1897
When the Turks. (Tovp/coi) attacked the Greeks in the
last war, the latter were once encamped in a small village
near the Peneios River. Fearing lest they should be
encircled on both sides, the commander-in-chief of the
Greek forces ordered the captains to summon their sol-
diers, in order that he might address them. " Greeks/'
he said, "let us rather die than be conquered."
180
COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS l8l
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1897
A
When after five days Chirisophus, who had been sent
to Athens that he might bring thence provisions for the
army, had not yet appeared, the generals would have
marched down into the plain, had they not seen the
enemy already there in large numbers. They decided
therefore to remain upon the heights.
B
Let us command the soldiers to cross the river, that we
may not appear more cowardly than the barbarians.
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, 1896
Here the Greeks were discouraged. For they saw that
there were large rivers which they must pass, and they
feared that the king would give them no leaders. But
Xenophon said, "the king would gladly send us away, if
he should see that we are not wishing to go. We must
therefore make preparations to remain here." By such
words Xenophon made his soldiers much braver.
Scholarship Examination
The Thebans, as it seems, wished to obtain the head-
ship of Greece, and therefore decided to send Pelopidas
as ambassador to the Persian king, to set forth the Advan-
tages both to him and to them 2 of his becoming their ally.
They thought that the fact of their Refusal to follow Agesi-
laus when he took up war against the king would 3 have
great weight with him. Besides that, they could claim to
1 82 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION
be no longer inferior to the Lacedaemonians, having won
the victory at Leuctra. They imagined, therefore, that,
if the king should aid them by declaring the autonomy
of Messene" and thus 4 menacing their enemies, they could
obtain supremacy over all Greece.
1 Translate by a verb.
2 Translate by a conditional clause.
3 = greatly contribute toward persuading him.
DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, 1897
Presently they hear the soldiers ahead of them on the
heights shouting, "The sea! the sea!" and passing the
word along. Then they all broke into a run, even the rear
guard. And as soon as they reached the summit they fell
into one another's arms, weeping for joy.
Xenophon proceeds to tell how the Greeks gave their
guide many gifts before dismissing him. After he had
pointed out to them a village where they were to find
quarters, and the road leading to it, toward evening he
took his departure. A few days later they reached Tra-
pezus, where they offered the sacrifice which they had
vowed.
HARVARD COLLEGE, 1897
Once, when Xerxes was marching into Europe and the
Greeks saw * many grave 2 dangers before them, they sent
an embassy 3 to Crete and asked the Cretans 4 to help
them against the Great King. The Cretans immediately
dispatched messengers to Delphi to ask the god whether 5
they should gain any advantage if they went to the aid of
Greece. And Apollo answered, " You Cretans seem not
COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS 183
to remember that the Greeks have already received many
benefits at your hands, for which they feel no gratitude.
For your ancestors joined with them in their expedition
against Troy, when the wife of Menelaus was carried off 6
by a barbarian. Nevertheless, when your own King Minos
was murdered in Sicily, they refused to help you in pun-
ishing 7 his murderers. 8 "
When the Cretans heard that, they were so angry at the
Greeks that they refused to help them, and took 9 no part
in the war with 10 the Persians. Cf. HEROD. VII, 169.
1 saw before them : use irpo<|>a(vo|i<u. 6 dpiraa>.
2 great. 1 ri|j,<oplo|j,ai.
3 ambassadors. 8 4>ovevs-
4 Kpt]s. KpTjro's. 9 have part, |iT'x,a>.
6 if it would prove {become) better for them. 10 irpo's.
LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY, 1896
Translate into Greek :
When Cyrus marched against his brother, he took with
him ten thousand Greeks and many barbarians. The
Greeks conquered easily, but Ariaeus and the barbarians
fled. Cyrus himself was killed in the battle, and not long
afterwards most of the Greek generals were seized. They
were then without generals or guides and in the midst of
a hostile country ; but they showed themselves brave men
and conquered all their foes.
PRINCETON COLLEGE, 1897
Cyrus and his army remained twenty days in that
place. The soldiers were unwilling to proceed, because
1 84 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION
they thought he was marching against the king. Clear-
chus tried to persuade them, telling them that Cyrus had
honored him and would honor them, if they would obey.
If you do not wish to go, I shall remain with you, that
you may know my good will (evvoia) towards you. Clear-
chus would not have been a brave man, if he had not
spoken to his soldiers. Let him be honored.
VASSAR COLLEGE, 1897
Let us try to return to Hellas as quickly as possible,
for I fear, if we remain in this country much longer, we
shall forget the way homeward. And it is not the part
of brave men to flee from danger, but to prefer to die
nobly rather than to live basely.
He said that they ought to burn up all their wagons,
if they intended to march quickly ; otherwise these would
be inconvenient to transport, while they would be in no
way helpful in battle.
WELLESLEY COLLEGE, 1897
And Cyrus called together his generals and said :
" Xenias and Pasion have left us ; but let them clearly
understand that they have neither run away, for I know
where they have gone ; nor have they escaped, for I have
triremes so as to take their boat. But I, for my part, will
not pursue them, nor shall any one say that I use a man
as long as he may be with me, but whenever he wishes to
go away I seize him and abuse him and take away his
money. But let them go knowing that they are more
disloyal toward us than we are toward them. And I have
their wives and children under guard (lit. being guarded) ;
COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS 185
but not even of these shall they be deprived, but they
shall receive them -back on account of their former loyalty
(aperrj) toward me."
WILLIAMS COLLEGE, 1897
Translate into Greek the following passage (which is
based upon the previous passage \_Anab. VII, vi, 1-6]):
Since Thibron was in need of generals and captains,
he offered to the former (rofc pev) four darics a month,
and to the latter (rofc Se), two, if they would take-the-field
against the army of Tissaphernes. When they learned
that Seuthes was not in need of them and would no longer
promise them wages, they said that they would gladly
withdraw from his country. And so early the next morn-
ing the soldiers were collected together at the call of
Xenophon (gen. absol.). And they also offered no oppo-
sition. And so the whole army of the Greeks hurried-off-
with (avvrpe^co) the messengers (ayyeXos) in order that
they might not be deprived (aTrocrre/oeft)) of wages.
YALE COLLEGE, 1897
Translate into Attic Greek :
In the battle the Persians killed Cyrus ; and the king,
therefore, thinking the victory his, sent heralds to the
Greeks to command them to surrender l their arms. But
the Greeks were indignant at this, 2 and said to the heralds :
"If the king thinks he is victorious, let him come and take
our arms. But if we should surrender them out of friend-
ship, what will he give us in return ? If Cyrus were living,
he would already be king in place of 3 his brother; for
1 86 GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION
whoever defeats the enemy, as we have you, dictates the
terms 4 of peace."
Where does that young man live who stands by the
door ?
1 irapaSCScofu. 2 Literally, bore this heavily. 3 dvr.
4 Literally, tells on what (condition) there shall be peace.
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, 1897
Elementary Prose Composition
Translate into Greek :
(a) Go and ask Cyrus for a boat, that you may sail back.
(6) Since it is necessary for you to go with me, do not
abandon me.
( c ) Let some one ask the general what he wants.
(X) The king thought that the enemy would fight on the
same day.
( e ) He does not fear that he will not conquer his brother.
(f) Let the king come himself and take our arms, if he
wants them.
Advanced Prose Composition
Translate into Greek :
The messengers, when they had heard this, went away
and came back quickly; and by this it was evident that
the king was somewhere near, or some one else upon
whom it had been enjoined to do this ; and they said that
they seemed to the king to speak what was reasonable,
and had come with guides, who, if a truce should be made,
would lead them to a place from which they could get pro-
visions.
COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS 187
But he asked them whether there was a truce just for
the men who were coming and going, or whether there
would be a truce for the rest also. They replied : " For
all, until your message be reported to the king."
Now, when they said this, Clearchus sent for them and
deliberated ; and it seemed best to make the truce quickly,
and quietly to go to the provisions and take them.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 1897
Translate : When Cyrus determined to march against
his brother, he collected together as large an army as he
could and summoned several Greek generals to join him,
for he believed the Greeks to be far superior to the Per-
sians in war (TO, TroXefutcd). But he did not at first tell
them his purpose. So when the Greeks began-to-suspect
at length that they were marching against the king, they
refused to go further, and claimed they had not been hired
for this. Clearchus, one of the Greek generals, attempted
to compel his soldiers to march on; but they not only
refused to do so when ordered, but flung stones at him,
so that he barely escaped being killed. Later, he called
his soldiers to a meeting and, attempting to address them,
burst-into-tears, and could-not-speak (was silent) for a long
time, so that his men wondered (to see him). At length
he said : " Soldiers, Cyrus has been a good friend to me ;
he has honored me highly when I was an exile from my
native land, and I have promised to help him in return.
But without you (eprj^o^ and gen.) I can neither help a
friend nor punish an enemy."
A Grammar of Attic and
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By FRANK COLE BABBITT, Ph.D. (Harvard)
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THIS grammar states the essential facts and principles of the Greek
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