Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN ?-:-r;i-vr .< V V, ^v1^ > ^i- ,%^^'|i''' "^■'^m 4 'ki-^-Mmm >' •>■ i:. ■! h-^> i.-\ ■ji •. &" t :\m. <• 4^* , SOCIOLOGY-DIAGRAMMATICALLY-SYSTEMATIZED. " We must repeat a former remark of our colleague's that ' the system is ingenious.^ We may add however that it is also Scientific and Philosophical — an ingenious adapta- tion or application of a natural law to the teaching and elucidation of those most fundamental Word-Ideas which lie at the root of our reasonings and speculations on many of the highest and noblest themes. The novelty of the method in which this teaching is . . . exhibited, and the strangeness of the terminology employed, may not at once gain popularity, and may to many aft as a deterrent. We think, however, that a little patient study of the diagrams will convince that they are soundly construfted." ' — ECCLESIASTICAL Gazette. ' This Criticism refers to preceding, but as regards System and Diagrams, essen- tially similar publications by the same author. PRELIMINARY. I . IVhat the Gist, Chief Out-come, or Purport of the fVork ? The Gist, or Chief Out-come of the Work, may be readily seen to consist in its Three Plates of One, Five and Twenty-Five Diagrams, of Thirteen Key- Worded Sociological Root-Ideas each — so systematised, or methodically put together relatively to each other throughout — as to fix permanently, correBly and succinctly, their separate and colledtive clear Sociological meanings; and ultimate in the determination of the Phalanx-Type- — -Organisation (C. 5.) of HoM£-STEADS-OF-AssociATioN, (C. 3.) as the only Mode of Social-Industrial-Organisation, responsive to the Variety, Unity, Happiness and Perfeftion tendencies, resumed in the Dynamical-Destiny of Man's-Good (C. i.). 2. How the Systematisation effected? It has been effedled by means of the Diagrams referred to, which are not simply illustrative of the Text, as often erroneously represented, but themselves the elaborative and demonstrative Text ; and whose Fro-typical plan is the Geometrical-Rectangular-Cross, with its Diagonal Correlatives, so essential to all Mathematical Systematisation ; and which property of systematising belongs also to the similar Recftangular-Cross and Diagonals of the Diagrams, although Word-strutlured instead of Linearly-struSlured, as in the case of the Geometrical- Pro- typical. 3. Has Systematisation in general, and therefore also any New Method of such, to be considered as of real value ? The reply may be given in great part, in the words of a highly esteemed writer, or as thus : — " The spirit of system is in itself nothing more than the Spirit of Order and Unity. Without Unity and Order — that is, without system, — there is no science; instead of it there can be only confused isolated opinions, ... To systematise is an intelledtual necessity, to systematise aright is a happy achievement and an immense boon. ... It is the highest form and effort of synthetic thought. . . ."—{Ency. Britann. ^th Ed.,'' Theology," by Rev. Professor Flint.) And therefore also, the discovery of a Method of Systematising aright— Four Hundred and Five— Key-lVord-Embodied Sociological Root-Ideas, must be the opening up of a New Era of Order and Unity, for Thought, Speech and Acftion ; from out of the adlual, of ' confused isolated opinions ' or, of Spiritual, Mental and Praftical Anarchy ; and legitimate the claim of the Diagrammatic to Attention, and Re-cognition even as EpocH-making. SOCIOLOGY -DIAGRAMMATICALLY- SYSTEMATIZED. BY ARTHUR YOUNG. LONDON: HOULSTON AND SONS, PATERNOSTER SQUARE. 1 8 90. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE I. IntroduSiion. Importance on behalf of the determination of the full import of our Ideas and Words, or Worded-Ideas, of their adequate Methodical-Systematization. Application to a case of Sociology. Two Stages. An initiatory of Axial- Polarity ; and a definite of Diagrammatic-Dialectics, involving the former. II. Plate I. [J.) or Fundamental Diagram ......... 2 Systematisation of the Spirit and Mind forces implanted in Man. III. Plate II. [B.) of Five Diagrams 6 Man's Statical- Destiny of Society and Industry, as developed from the preceding. IV. Plate III. of Five Seaions, or Twenty-five Diagrams 31 His Dynamical or Progressive Destiny of Social-Industrial-Good, as developed from the Statical. C. or Centre SeSlion ...... 36 Determines Man's Social and Industrial Good, as the respedlive Corre- latives of his Spirit-Attraftions, and Mind-Unanimity-ship, or At-One-Ment ; and their Negative and Positive Poles as An Inter-course-of-Aaion and its Will-Ends of Variety. An Inter-twinings-of-P assion and their Will-Ends of Unity. A Competition-of-Emulation and its Will-Ends of Happiness. And a Zeal-of-Enthusiasm, and its Will-Ends of Perfedion. D. or Lower SeSiion ...... 74 Centred on a Talent-of-Touch or Handi-craft, Concomitant of the Inter- course-of-Aftion and its Will-Ends of Variety. (C.) E. or Upper SeSiion ...... 80 Centred on a Code-of-Humanity, Concomitant of the Inter-twinings-of- Passion, and their Will-Ends of Unity. (C.) F. or Left-hand SeSlion ...... 102 Centred on a Creed-of-Reason, Concomitant of the Competition-of- Emulation, and its Will-Ends of Happiness. (C.) G. or Right-hand Seaion 122 Centred on a Genius-of-Ana-logy, Concomitant of the Zeal-of-Enthusiasm, and its Will-Ends of Perfedion. (C.) V. Index of the Diagrammatic ........... 151 — '5° VI. Appendix A. The Domestic-Agricultural-Association of Citeaux ; or the Author's case of Phalansterian Pioneering ......... 159 — 161 VII. Appendix B. Striftures on the Fourier " Criticisms " contained in certain of the Revd. Mr. Kaufmann's publications ........ . 162 — 175 SI Hi S INTRODUCTION. " It has been frequently said that most controversies are about words. This is true ; but it imphes much more than it seems to imply. Verbal differences are not what they are some- times supposed to be — merely formal, outward, slight, accidental differences, that might be removed by a simple explanation, or by a reference to Johnson's Didionary. They are differences arising from the more or less perfecfl, from the more or less full and corred conception attached to words : it is the mind that is at fault, not the tongue merely . . . Half the perplexities of men are traceable to obscurity of thought, hiding and breeding under obscurity of language." * " For . . . ' Words '," argues Archbishop Trench," " are not merely arbitrary signs, but living powers . , . they may be the fool's counters, but are the wise man's money ; not like the sands of the sea innumerable disconnefted atoms, but growing out of roots, clustering in families, conne6ting and inter-twining themselves with all that men have been doing and thinking and feeling from the beginning of the world until now , . . Many a single word also (p. 5), is itself a concentrated poem, having stores of pradlical thought and imagery laid up in it. Examine it, and it will be found to rest on some deep analogy of things natural and things spiritual, bringing those to illustrate, and to give an abiding form and body to these." " In the growth of Words indeed all the adlivities of the Mind conspire. Language is the mirror of the living inward Conscious-ness. Language is concrete metaphysics. What rays does it let in on the Mind's subtle workings ! There is more of what there is of essential in metaphysics — more of the strudural action of the human mind in Words, than in the concerted intro-speftion, of all the psychologists." ^ " Language," adds Dr. James Martineau, " is the great confessional of the human heart, and betrays by its abiding record many a natural feeling which would escape our artificial inspedtion, and it is better worth interrogating than the mixed producft of our spontaneous life, and conventional opinions." * " Neither therefore can there be any treaty dividing the domain of truth. Every one truth is conneded with every other truth in this great universe of God. The connexion may be one of infinite subtlety and apparent distance— running as it were under ground for a long ' Max Mliller, 2nd Series Le^ures, pp. 526-7. " Study of Words. ^ Swinton's Rambles among Words, p. 13. ■* Types of Ethical Theory, v. ii.. p. 19. b vi hitroduBio}!. way — but always asserting itself at last somewhere, and at some time. No bargaining, no fencing off the ground — no form of process will avail to bar the right of way." ' " And since the things the mind contemplates are none of them besides itself present to the understanding, it is necessary that something else, as a sign or representation of the thing it considers should be present to it ; and these are ideas. And because the scene of ideas that make one man's thoughts cannot be laid open to the immediate view of another, nor laid up anywhere but in the memory — a no very sure repository — therefore to communicate our thoughts to one another, as well as record them for our own use, signs for our ideas are also necessary. Those which men have found most convenient, and therefore generally make use of, are articulate sounds." * Thus the word expresses and embodies the idea. The word is the creation of the mind, the best evidence of its existence. It is the very substance and body of the idea itself. The word denotes the thing, and connotes the thought, and is the word — the very thing and thought in question. The unknowable thing has passed into the idea, the thought ; the unknowable thought or idea has passed into the word; and the words are the only things or general ideas or thoughts which can be known or discussed as they are actually in themselves by any child of man, let him talk or write as long as he may. To acknowledge and to submit to this truth is the first step in all true philosophy. All human knowledge is symbolism — the proper use of signs, symbols, words, language, invented by the human mind to describe and explain mind, matter and language." ' " The consideration then, of ideas and words, as the great instruments of knowledge, makes no despicable part of their consideration, who would take a view of human knowledge in the whole extent of it. And, perhaps, if they were distinftly weighed and duly considered, they would afford us another sort of logic and critic, than what we have been hitherto acquainted with." * But, in order to be enabled so to weigh, and so to consider our ideas and words, or word-embodied-ideas, they have to be methodically marshalled. Much more weight may be carried, and with advantage to the carried, if trussed and packed up in bundles, than when it lies untoward flapping about the shoulders. And to have so marshalled the most fundamental of our ideas and words, or of our Key-Word-embodied-Root-Ideas — to have so trussed and packed them, by availing fully of certain of their till hitherto overlooked dialeftical inter- relationships — is the claim which the Diagrammatic Systematisation, herewith puts in. First Stage of the Systematisation. Knowing that the defeat of my pioneering enterprise at Citeaux, as also of the several American enterprises of similar nature which in point of date followed my lead, could be easily ^ Argyll. ' Locke (Max Miiller LeSlures, 2nd Series, p. 336). ^ Haig's Symbolism. ■* Locke (Max Muller, 2nd Series LeBtires, p. 526). I?jtroduBio7i. vii accounted for ' without detriment to the Theory they had attempted to realize — I felt myself after a time, strongly impelled to try and put my thoughts in regard to such Theory into some systematic, clear, fixed, and especially succinEl form — in the first place for my own behoof, and next, if so far successful, for the behoof of others. The impulse came, however, without teUing me as to the precise nature of such form although a vaguely-shaped mental something of the geometrical kind may have floated in with the first stirrings of the impulse, and it was only by what must be shortly termed an accident that I got my first step. Or, when one day, on pondering over the question I had put to myself, as to which of our Word-Ideas the most fundamental, I struck upon those of Spirit and Matter, and at the same time put them down graphically as anti-thetical, or as the opposite poles of a vertical line or Axis. Matter as the Basic or Negative Pole, Spirit as the Superior, Adlive or Positive. But wrote more-over the word Mathematics horizontally or a-cross the vertical, to signify, that if inter-ai5tion of the opposite poles, the inter-a6tion must take place along lines of mathematical nature. Spirit v Matte - niatlos t Matter Now although I had started by drawing the Primary or Vertical Axis and its opposite Poles, it was the drawing of the Secondary, horizontal, or Inter-crossing Axis, which gave importance to that of the first.^ For the two in conjundtion brought with them, the idea of the Co-ordinate Axes of Descartes, as also that of the Redlangular Cross of Geometry. And as it was Fourier's Theory I wished to formulate, I followed on, by representing the Axes as those of an Ellipse ; and by placing the Three Distributive or Balancing Passions of his Classification at the Inter-crossing Centre of the Axes ; the four Affecflive and five Sensitive of the same Classification at the respedive Foci ; and Man himself on the Orbital Curve as the Path of a Destiny to be trodden under the influences of the said Twelve Passions ; and in this manner worked out my First Publication — or that of the Fractional Family. ^ »-~i J. VLaA* A ' See Appendices. ^ The determinate Conception of tiie Axial- Polarity of our Key-Word-embodicd-Root- Ideas, as of tlie same genus as all other polarities, although of different species, was not so much an antecedent of the working-out of the Diagrammatic, as a progressive growing-up and strengthening with it. viii IntroduEiion. Second Stage of the Systematisation. My " Fraftional Family" was, however, only a first stage, the chief objecfl of which was to exhibit forcibly the evils attendant upon, and which from the nature of men and things must for ever attend as regards masses of men, upon the small, and relatively speaking, the '■'■ fraElionaV family system; but had to be completed by exhibiting in contrast the good to beexpedted from the gathering of several hundred of these small families into A One Integral Family. And in attempting to do this on the same lines as those of the Fraftional Family, or viz. : those of an Ellipse and its Axes, I broke down. For the Word-Ideas now to be dealt with, were much too numerous to be got into the Elliptical enclosure, or in any sufficiently orderly way in connedion with it. And I had all but thrown up this completing move in despair — when a most fortuitous concatenation of circumstances led to my stumbling on the following passage (vol. i. p. 50) of Dr. E. H. Nolan's " History of British India " and which gave me new life, or viz. : this — " The Buddhists of Tartary used the sign of The Cross as a charm to dispel invisible dangers, and reverenced the form of the Cross in many ways .............. In every nation POSSESSING A Creed or a Philosophy the same sign has been used. ... . . .At Nineveh it was found among the ruins as a sacred emblem. In Egypt it is similarly used, as is well known. The Spanish priests were astonished to find the Cross worshipped in Mexico." ' Why the passage should have so greatly affedled me at the time, since prior readings had already made me acquainted with its substance, I shall not here detain my reader by attempting fully to explain. All I need say is, that under an extremely vivid impression that the Cross of Philosophy and Literature had somehow to be distinguished from the analogical Co-ordinate Axes or Cross of Science and Art ; and that I had to make use of the former ■' in all its simplicity " for the Word-Idea order-ing I was aiming at — I proceeded at once to make trial of the " grouping " of some of the allied Word-Ideas I had already been occupied with, upon the lines of such Cross, substituting them for its lines or Axes, their inter-crossing Centre, and Polar-Antitheses, — and gradually through years of correding and re-correfting, writing and re-writing, printing and re-printing, dominated and pressed onwards throughout by the Method — I deemed to have mastered, but which had in reality mastered me — grounded at last on the Diagrammatic as now presented. But what had I been doing during all this time of correcfting, and re-correding ; writing and re-writing ; printing and re-printing '^. Reply — following unwittingly in the steps of the Genius-of-Analogy's Logic as the Reader will see for him or herself, by turning to the page of Plate III.'s Right-hand Secflion. For the Centre Diagram of that seftion exhibits Diagrams-of-Geometry as the Negative Pole ' The Pre-Chriitian Cross. IntroduSiion. ix or Basis of such Logic, and Diale£fics-of- Algebra as its Positive or Aftive and Completing Pole : — Whilst my First Step consisted of an Inter-crossing of Axes after the manner of the Diagrams-of-Geometry ; and my further steps of a searching-out of un-known Key-Word- embodied-Root-Ideas, under dominance of the already known ; aided by the ideas of Co- ordinate and Correlate Axes, Centre-ing and Polarities, as representative of an inter-weaving of meanings ; and which such-like searching out of the still unknown, from an already posited departure of the known, in conneftion with a specific distribution of structure and composition of system, are the chief charafteristics of algebraic dialectics} And what the result of following in the steps of the Genius-of-Analogy's Logic ? Reply. — The determining as by Plates \. II. III. of Four Hundred and Five of Man's Key-Word-embodied-Root-Ideas, and their reduflion to such Order and Unity, — the so systematising them as to cause them to speak, with a Voice of Common-Meaning, as to his Will-Means and Will-Ends. As to the how of the implanting in him of the former, and as to the how of their nature. But and the more especially, as to the how of the Will-Ends of Social-Industrial-Good they involve. As firstly, of a Good of Social-Industrial-Far/V/j, to be responded to by a suitable conditioning of his Talent-of- Touch, or Handi-craft. Of a Good of Social-Industrial- {/«//)', to be responded to, by a Code-of-Humanity. Of a Good of Social-Industrial-//«/>;)/Kt'jj, by a Creed-of- Reason. And of a Good of Social-Industrial-Pfr/V^^/ow, by the Genius-of- Ana-logy. Further also, or as demanded by the authorities appealed to at the outset, the so determining, and so systematising, as to lead to the bringing-out the most corredt conception of every idea-embodied-word employed. To the digging into, and opening up to view the deepest etymologies and analogies. To the detedling of the most subtle under-ground workings, from their earliest mole-work indications, to the definite outbreak. And finally so as to fix irrevocably and categorically much of troublous disputation, in no other way apparently ever to be brought to rest. ' "The resolution of equations of whatever nature — that is — the rendering explicit the implicit subordination they institute betwixt the unknown and the given — is the proper and continuous objeft of Algebra when isolated from Arithmetic and Geometry." — Tramlated iiom. Comte's Synthhe Subjeilive, p. 167. End of the IntroduSiion. viii IntroduSlion. Second Stage of the Systematisation. My " Fradiotial Family " was, however, only a first stage, the chief objeft of which was to exhibit forcibly the evils attendant upon, and which from the nature of men and things must for ever attend as regards masses of men, upon the small, and relatively speaking, the ^'■fraSIional" family system ; but had to be completed by exhibiting in contrast the good to beexpecfted from the gathering of several hundred of these small families into A One Integral Family. And in attempting to do this on the same lines as those of the Fraftional Family, or viz. : those of an Ellipse and its Axes, I broke down. For the Word-Ideas now to be dealt with, were much too numerous to be got into the Elliptical enclosure, or in any sufficiently orderly way in connexion with it. And I had all but thrown up this completing move in despair — when a most fortuitous concatenation of circumstances led to my stumbling on the following passage (vol. i. p. 50) of Dr. E. H. Nolan's " History of British India " and which gave me new life, or viz. : this — • " The Buddhists of Tartary used the sign of The Cross as a charm to dispel invisible dangers, and reverenced the form of the Cross in many ways ........•••••• ........ In every nation POSSESSING A Creed or a Philosophy the same sign has been used. ... . . .At Nineveh it was found among the ruins as a sacred emblem. In Egypt it is similarly used, as is well known. The Spanish priests were astonished to find the Cross worshipped in Mexico." ' Why the passage should have so greatly affefted me at the time, since prior readings had already made me acquainted with its substance, I shall not here detain my reader by attempting fully to explain. All I need say is, that under an extremely vivid impression that the Cross of Philosophy and Literature had somehow to be distinguished from the analogical Co-ordinate Axes or Cross of Science and Art ; and that I had to make use of the former ■' in all its simplicity " for the Word-Idea order-ing I was aiming at — I proceeded at once to make trial of the " grouping " of some of the allied Word-Ideas I had already been occupied with, upon the lines of such Cross, substituting them for its lines or Axes, their inter-crossing Centre, and Polar- Antitheses, — and gradually through years of correcting and re-corre6ting, writing and re-writing, printing and re-printing, dominated and pressed onwards throughout by the Method — I deemed to have mastered, but which had in reality mastered me^ — grounded at last on the Diagrammatic as now presented. But what had I been doing during all this time of correding, and re-correfting ; writing and re-writing ; printing and re-printing ? Reply — following unwittingly in the steps of the Genius-of-Analogy's Logic as the Reader will see for him or herself, by turning to the page of Plate III.'s Right-hand Sedion. For the Centre Diagram of that seftion exhibits Diagrams-of-Geometry as the Negative Pole ' The Pre-Christian Cross. IntroduSiion. ix or Basis of such Logic, and Diaknics-of-Algebra as its Positive or Aftive and Completing Pole : — Whilst my First Step consisted of an Inter-crossing of Axes after the manner of the Diagrams-of-Geometry ; and my further steps of a searching-out of un-known Key-Word- embodied-Root-Ideas, under dominance of the already known ; aided by the ideas of Co- ordinate and Correlate Axes, Centre-ing and Polarities, as representative of an inter-weaving of meanings ; and which such-like searching out of the still unknown, from an already posited departure of the known, in connexion with a specific distribution of structure and composition of system, are the chief charaderistics of algebraic dialeiiics} And what the result of following in the steps of the Genius-of-Analogy's Logic ? RepIy.^The determining as by Plates I. II. III. of Four Hundred and Five of Man's Key-Word-embodied-Root-Ideas, and their reduftion to such Order and Unity, — the so systematising them as to cause them to speak, with a Voice of Common-Meaning, as to his Will-Means and Will-Ends. As to the how of the implanting in him of the former, and as to the how of their nature. But and the more especially, as to the how of the Will-Ends of Social-Industrial-Good they involve. As firstly, of a Good of Social-Industrial- ^ar/V/j, to be responded to by a suitable conditioning of his Talent-of- Touch, or Handi-craft. Of a Good of Social-Industrial- {7/zzVj, to be responded to, by a Code-of-Humanity. Of a Good of Social-Industrial- i¥i^/)/'z«^j-j, by a Creed-of- Reason. And of a Good of Social-Industrial-Pt'r/Vz??/;?^, by the Genius-of-Ana-logy. Further also, or as demanded by the authorities appealed to at the outset, the so determining, and so systematising, as to lead to the bringing-out the most corredt conception of every idea-embodied-word employed. To the digging into, and opening up to view the deepest etymologies and analogies. To the detedting of the most subtle under-ground workings, from their earliest mole-work indications, to the definite outbreak. And finally so as to fix irrevocably and categorically much of troublous disputation, in no other way apparently ever to be brought to rest. ' " The resolution of equations of whatever nature — that is — the rendering explicit the implicit subordination they institute betwixt the unknown and the given — is the proper and continuous objeft of Algebra when isolated from Arithmetic and Geometry." — Translated irova Comte's Synthese Subjeilive, p. 167. End of the IntroduSiion. The Diagrammatic. " Know then Thyself, 'tis thus we God may scm, — Man' s proper Study, is the God-in-Man." A Netc Reading. Plate I. (A.) Man as Race; OR Fundamental Diagram of the Systematisation. Plate I. (A.) Man as Race ; OR Fundamental Diagram of the Systematisation. Plate I. {A.) READING OF PLATE I. (A.) The Spirit-Principle of Time and the Eternal, and its Co-ordinate Mind-Condition of Place and Space, are the Primary and Secondary Bi- Polar Axes or Main-Springs of Man as Race; and Centre-Conjointly on the implanting in him, the Will-Means of the running of his ever succeeding generations; the Will-Freedom-Means of the Spirit-Principle; and Will- Necessity-Means of its Co-ordinate Mind-Condition. And the Will-Freedom-Means , as the Major Diagonal Mode of Man's Will-Means, or Correlative of the Spirit-Principle of Time and the Eternal ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, his Sense-Means-of-Time ; and as Positive Pole, his AffeElion-Means-of-the-Eternal ; — whilst the Will-Necessity-Means , as the Minor Diagonal Mode, or Correlative of the Spirit-Principle's Mind-Condition of Place and Space ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, an Instintl-Means-of- Place, Concomitant of the Sense-Means-of-Time ; and as Positive Pole, an Intelle£l-Means-of- Space, Concomitant of the AfFe6lion-Means-of-the-Eternal. I. Spirit-Principle and Mind-Condition. " The special faculties we have been discussing ^ clearly point to the existence in man of something . . . which we may best refer to as being of a spiritual essence or nature, capable of progressive development under favourable conditions. On the hypothesis of this spiritual nature of man, we are able to understand much that is otherwise mysterious or unintelligible in regard to him, especially the enormous influence of ideas, principles, and beliefs over his whole life and adlions. . . . "To this spiritual world we may refer the marvellously complex forces which we know as gravitation, cohesion, chemical force, radiant force, and eledlricity, without which the material universe could not exist for a moment in its present form, and perhaps not at all, since without these forces, and perhaps others which may be termed atomic, it is doubtful whether matter itself could have any existence. And still more surely can we refer to it those progressive manifestations of Life in the vegetable, the animal, and man — which we may classify as unconscious, conscious, and intelledual life, — and which probably depend upon different degrees of spiritual influx. ... ' Darwinism. By Alfred Russel Wallace. 4 Plate I. (A.) " Those who admit my interpretation of the evidence now adduced . . . will be able to accept the spiritual nature of man, as not in any way inconsistent with the theory of evolution, but as dependent on those fundamental laws and causes which furnish the very materials for evolution to work with. . . . " As contrasted with the hopeless and soul-deadening belief of some, we, who accept the existence of a spiritual world, can look upon the universe as a grand consistent whole adapted in all its parts to the development of spiritual beings capable of indefinite life and perfedi- bility. To us, the whole purpose, the only raison d'etre of the world — with all its com- plexities of physical strufture, with its grand geological progress, the slow evolution of the vegetable and animal kingdoms, and the ultimate appearance of man — was the development of the human spirit in association with the human body. From the fad: that the spirit of man — the man himself— /j so developed, we may well believe that this is the only, or at least the best, way for its development ; and we may even see in what is usually termed " evil " on the earth, one of the most efficient means of its growth. For we know that the noblest faculties of man are strengthened and perfefted by struggle and eiFort; it is by unceasing warfare against physical evils and in the midst of difficulty and danger that energy, courage, self- reliance, and industry, have become the common qualities of the northern races; it Is by the battle with moral evil in all its hydra-headed forms, that the still nobler qualities of justice and mercy and humanity and self-sacrifice have been steadily increasing in the world. Beings thus trained and strengthened by their surroundings, and possessing latent faculties capable of such noble development, are surely destined for a higher and more permanent existence, and we may confidently believe with our greatest living poet — ' That life is not as idle ore. But iron dug from central gloom, And heated hot with burning fears, And dipt in baths of hissing tears. And batter'd with the shocks of doom To shape and use.' We thus find that the Darwinian theory, even when carried out to its extreme logical conclu- sion, not only does not oppose, but lends a decided support to, a belief in the spiritual nature of man. It shows us how man's body may have been developed from that of a lower animal form under the law of natural selecftion ; but it also teaches us that we possess intellecflual and moral faculties which could not have been so developed, but must have had another origin ; and for this origin we can only find an adequate cause in the unseen universe of Spirit." Plate II. (B.) Social Industrial Statics As Developed from Plate I. (A.) OR Man's Will-Means of a Destiny of Society and Industry. " Yet I doubt not thro' the ages one increasing purpose runs, And the thoughts of men are widen'd with the process of the suns." Tennyson. Plate II. [B.) B. III. Developed from the affrSJon=iScanB=of=tl)e»(IEtemaI (PI. I.)- B. Plate II. AS DEVELOPED FROM Plate I. (A.) B. IV. Developed from the 3Instina=iHeana=of=IPIace (PL I.). B. I. Developed from the 3ia3ill»jaean0 of iHan as Kace (PL I.)- B. V. Developed from the lntcIIea--iKeana=ot«Space (PL I.). B. II. Developed from the €>ni0C=iHeanB5Ofs3;ime (PL I.) Plate II. {B. I.) READING OF B. I. Man's Spirit-Spontaneity-Means of Individuality and Colledlivity, and Co-ordinate Mind- Motive-Means of Desire and Aspiration ; are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Correlative Axes of his Will- Freedom-Means and Will-Necessity-Means (A.) ; and Centre-Conjointly on his Will-Means of a Destiny, of a Major and Minor Diagonal Mode of Society and Industry, as Concomitant of his Will-Means of running as Race. And Society, as the Major Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Spirit-Spontaneity- Means of Individuality and Colleftivity, has as Negative Pole or Basis, his Duality {Male- Female) of Individuality ; and as Positive Pole, his Trinity {^Father- Mother-Child) of Colleftivity ; — whilst Industry, as the Minor-Diagonal-Mode, or. Correlative of his Mind- Motive-Means of Desire and Aspiration, has as Negative Pole or Basis, a P ursuits-of -Desire, Concomitant of the Duality {Male-Female) of Individuality; and as Positive Pole, a Vocations- of'Aspiration, Concomitant of the Trinity {Father-Mother-Child) of Colledivity. I. Spirit-Spontaneity-Means. " Every human being is a unit possessing individual organs, individual functions, and individual ends, and the spontaneous development of those organs, the spontaneous fulfilment of those funcflions, and the spontaneous pursuit of those ends, constitute the perfection of that being. Here we have the basis of all human improvement, the criteria of all human institutions. Man on the one hand really advances only in proportion as he understands, and develops the inherent powers of his own being ; and on the other hand, every social custom, every conventional usage, every legislative enadlment, every political system, that does not take into account this spontaneous development of the human intelligence in obedience to natural law, defeats itself, and is itself an adt of rebellion against nature, and against laws." — W. Adam's Theories of History, p. 376. 2. Mind- Motive- Means. " Man has a nature, and his nature has an end. This end is indicated by certain tendencies. He feels inclination or desire towards certain obje(5ts. The attainment of these objefts gives pleasure, the absence of them is a source ot uneasiness. Man seeks them by a 8 Plate 11. (B. I.) natural and spontaneous effort. In seeking them, he comes to know them better. . . . But the intelligence which is gradually developed . . . should not lead us to overlook the fad; that the desires primarily existed, as inherent tendencies in our nature, aiming at their corresponding objedls." — Fleming's Vocabulary of Philosophy. Aspiration, or, " the upward tendency of humanity, is shown in the general esteem for honesty, honour, benevolence, and all the noble and heroic virtues. Our ideal life is far above that to which we have attained. We find it in our romances, our poetry, and in the biographies of our best and greatest men — the favourite reading of all ages. In our dramas, even when performed in the lowest theatres — and most perhaps in those — honesty, self-sacrifice, fidelity, heroism, meet with general applause ; while meanness, treachery, selfishness, and cruelty are heartily detested. Even in the stories and dramas of highwaymen and pirates, they must be made brave, generous, and in some sort heroic, to gain the sympathy of even the lowest public." — Nichols's Human Physiology, p. 404. 3. Destiny. " Speaking of man exclusively in his natural capacity and temporal relations, I say it is manifest that man is by nature an end to himself, — that his Happiness and Perfecflion constitute the goal of his a£livity, to which he tends and ought to tend, when not diverted from this, his general and native destination, by peculiar and accidental circumstances."— Sir W. Hamilton's LeElures on Metaphysics, p. 5. 4. Society and Industry. All human Society is based on the Duality [Male-Female) of Individuality ; but is carried on by the Child of the Trinity of Colleftivity ; — and whilst Industry is based on a Pursuits- of-Desire, or on the " Still achieving, still pursuing, A learning to labour and to wait ; " it has, nevertheless, as its most powerful spring, a Vocations-of- Aspiration, or inner whisperings that the " Lives of great men should remind us We can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind us Footprints on the sands of time." Plate 11. [B. I.) 9 "And, then, as the man develops his nobler nature, there arises the desire . . . the passion of passions, the hope of hopes — the desire that he, even he, may somehow aid in making life better and brighter, in destroying want and sin, sorrow and shame. He masters and curbs the animal ; he turns his back upon the feasts, and renounces the place of power ; he leaves it to others to accumulate wealth, to gratify pleasant tastes, to bask themselves in the warm sunshine of the brief day. He works for those he never saw, and never can see; for a fame, or may be but for a scant justice, that can only come long after the clods have rattled upon his coffin lid. He toils in the advance, where it is cold, and there is little cheer for men, and the stones are sharp and the brambles thick. Amid the scoffs of the present and the sneers that stab like knives, he builds for the future ; he cuts the trail that progressive humanity may hereafter broaden into a high road. Into higher, grander spheres, desire mounts and beckons, and a star that rises in the east leads him on. Lo ! the pulses of the man- throb with the yearnings of the god — he would aid in the process of the suns." — Henry George's Progress and Poverty, p. 121. # Whence the derivation of the word-idea Industry? May it not be from the Gr. en-do-terd, comp. of endon, or the more within, quite within of the Mind's workings; as compared with the manifestly o«/^r-workings, of the Touch-Handicraft (D. I.), which these inner accompany .'' Plate II. [B.) B. III. Developed from the affeaion=iHean8=of.-tl)e=(!Jtcmal (PI. I.). B. Plate II. AS DEVELOPED FROM Plate I. (A.) B. IV. Developed from the 31nstma=iHeanB=of--lPIacf (PI. I.). B. I. Developed from the mauMtMB of iaan aa Eace (PI. I.). B. V. Developed from the 31mdua=i$lean0=of»«pace (PI. I.). B. II. Developed from the !&ni8C-iHean0=of»2i;ime (PI. I.). Plate 11. {B. 11.) II READING OF B. II. Man's Spirit-Discrlmination-Means of Taste and Smell, and Co-ordinate Mind- Discernment-Means of Hearing and Sight ; are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Axes of his Sense-Means-of-Time (A.) ; and Centre-Conjointly on the Will-Means of a Touch, of the Major and Minor Diagonal-Modes of Sensitive-ness or Sensitivity, and Sensibility ; as Concomitant of his Duality {^Male-Female') of Individuality (B. I.). And Sensitive-ness or Sensitivity, as the Major-Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Spirit-Discrimination-Means of Taste and Smell ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, the Suscepti- bility -of-'Taste ; and as Positive Pole, the ^lickening-of-Smell ; — whilst Sensibility, as the Minor Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of his Mind-Discernment-Means of Hearing and Sight, has as Negative Pole or Basis, an Acumen-of- Hearing, Concomitant of the Susceptibility-of-Taste ; and as Positive Pole, a Perspicacity-of-Sighty Concomitant of the Quickening-of-Smell. I . Spirit-Discrimination-Means. " Taste is a peculiar sense attached to the entrance of the alimentary canal, as an additional help in discriminating what is proper to be taken as food, and an additional source of enjoy- ment in connexion with the first reception of the nutritive material. " Smell, like Taste, is an important instrument in the discrimination of material bodies, and therefore serves a high fundion in guiding our acdions, and in extending our knowledge of the world." — The Senses and the IntelleEl, Professor Bain, p. 147. ** " Cooking " is an additional mark of discrimination as a primary Sense-Means ; — and the definition of Man as the " cooking animal " is said to have no exception. "— — Taste and Smell are so blended, that odours are received as flavours. But the greater physiological importance of Smell, entitles it to the Positive Polar post.'' 2. Mind-Discernment-Means. " I cannot apply the question of the existence of contrasts of taste and smell without remarking the extreme difixrence that exists between these senses on the one part, and seeing and hearing on the other. In all the perceptions of the two former, there is the contadl of savoury and odorous bodies with the organ ; that is to say, always a physical, and frequently 1 2 Plate 11. [B. II.) a chemical adlion ; while, in the perception of colours and of sounds, there is never a chemical aftion ; it is a simple impression that the eye receives from the light, — it is a simple vibration that the ear receives from the sonorous body." — Chevreuil on Colour, p. 391. 3. Touch. " The problems which arise under the sense of Touch may be reduced to two opposite questions. The first asks, may not all the senses be analysed into Touch ? The second asks is not Touch or feeling, considered as one of the five senses, itself only a bundle of various senses ? In regard to the first of these questions, — it is an opinion as old, at least, as Demo- critus, and one held by many of the ancient physiologists, that the four senses of Taste and Smell, Hearing and Sight, are only modifications of Touch. . . . The determination of the first problem does not interfere with the consideration of the second — and which, I think, ought to be answered in the affirmative . . . for if Sight and Hearing, if Smell and Taste, are to be divided from each other and from Touch Proper, under Touch there must, on the same analogy, be distinguished a plurality of separate senses. This problem, like the other, is of ancient date." — Sir W. Hamilton's Twenty-seventh LeBure on Metaphysics. " Taste, Smell, and all the senses are only modifications of the Sense of Touch or feeling." — Nichols, M.D., Human Physiology, p. 185. 4. Concomitancies of the Poles of Sensitiveness and Sensibility. Why the Acumen-of-Hearing and Susceptibility-of-Taste on the one hand, and the Per- spicacity-of-Sight and Scent-of-Smell on the other, are here determined as respedively Con- comitants, may be partially guessed at in several ways, but the more fundamental reason of the determination seems to be this ; — That the ' Tongue ' is of supreme importance in con- nexion with the Acumen-of-Hearing, and the Susceptibility-of-Taste; and the ' Atmosphere' in connection with the Perspicacity-of-Sight and Scent-of-Smell. Other reasons may however be found for the Concomitancy of the Acumen-of-Hearing, and Susceptibility-of-Taste, in this, that besides the fad; of Table-Talk having its well-known place in literature, it is equally well-known, that no Feast or Banquet of any distindtion, is considered complete, if unaccompanied by Music: — " Not a dish removed But to the music, not a drop of wine Mixt with the water — without harmony." — Ben Jonson. and which praftlce is alluded to by Gossen in his Aplogie of the School of Abuse (1586); — and Plate II. {B. II.) 13 also in this, that the Acumen-of-Hearing, has adopted the term tasie, for cases which have no reference to eating, but from Analogy, and its frequent use in that connection. " What then is Taste, but those internal powers, Aftive and strong, and feelingly alive To each fine impulse? A discerning sense Of decent and sublime, with quick disgust From things deformed, or disarranged, or gross. In species ? " Plate 11. [B.) B. Til. Developed from the affeaion.iifiean0=of.-tf)c=(ZEtcmaI (PI. I.). B. Plate II. AS DEVELOPED FROM Plate I. (A.) B. IV. Developed from the 3!n0tiita=iaean0=of=IPlace (PI. I.). B. I. Developed from the Jiaaill=iaean0 of iHan aa Kace (PI. I.). B. V. Developed from the 3InteHea=ifaean0=of»*pace (PI. I.). B. II. Developed from the %>maz--£&.is.ns-.aUZime (PI. I.). Plate 11. [B. III.) 15 READING OF B. III. Man's Spirit-Affinity-Means of Kind-ness and Love, and Co-ordinate Mind-Homo- geneity-Means of Friend-ship and Ambition ; are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Axes of his AfFedlion-Means-of-the Eternal (A.) ; and Centre-Conjointly on the Will- Means of a Humanity, of the Major and Minor Diagonal-Modes of Philanthropy and Patriotism ; as Concomitant of his Trinity {Father- Mother-Child) of Colledtivity (B. I). And Philanthropy as the Major-Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Spirit-Affinity- Means of Kind-ness and Love, has as Negative Pole or Basis, the Charity-of-Kindness, and as Positive Pole, the Caress-of-Love ; — whilst Patriotism, as the Minor-Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of his Mind-Homo-geneity-Means of Friend-ship and Ambition, has as Negative Fole or Basis, a. Sympathy-of-Friend-ship, Concomitant of the Charity-of-Kind-ness; and as Positive Pole, a P ublic-Spirit-of- Ambition, Concomitant of the Caress-of-Love. I , Spirit- Affinity-Means. " That best portion of a good man's life, His little nameless, unremembered a(5ts Of Kind-ness and of Love." Wordsworth. 2. Mind-Homogeneity-Means. "From the domestic affinities, the transition is a very easy one, to that bond of affeflion which unites friend to friend, and gives rise to an order of duties almost equal in force to those of the nearest affinity." — Brown's 89th Lecture, Phil, of the Human Mind. . " Friendship is an incident of Political Society ; men associating together for common ends become friends. Political justice becomes more binding when men are related by friendship. The State itself is a community for the sake of advantage ; the expedient to all is the just. In the large society of the State, there are many inferior societies for business and for pleasure : friendship starts up in all." — Bain's Mental and Moral Science (Aristotle's Ethics), p. 503. 1 6 Plate 11. [B. III.) As to Ambition again, and its more positive-homo-geneity-means , its superiority to Friend- ship as regards the massing of men, what we further affirm is just this : — " That in the strudure and the fundtions of the social system there is needed, and there is adlually found, an impulse, taking effed upon a few minds, which will carry the man forward far in advance of any other motive, and far in advance of a prudent regard to his individual welfare. This we allege to be the very charaderistic of genuine ambition and of the true desire of power . . . But has not this element of human nature a further significance ? Does it not point forward to another state of things? ... to a something in the remote future which is undefined ... It has an upward and a forward look ; it asks to be numbered with the imponderable elements of the mundane system. Where, on any side, there is the most vitality, where there is progress, where there is any commendable enterprise in hand, where there is that which is true, that which is honest, that which is just, that which is pure, that which is lovely, that which is of good report — wherever, among the things of earth, there may be found any virtue and any praise, thitherward will a genuine ambition and an instiniftive love of power move on, and along with such things will it push forward ; and will do so in front of all perils, and at any cost, and with a seraph-like determination to reach the goal." — Isaac Taylor's JForld of Mind,Tpp. 286-8. ' 3. Humanity. " Our humanity were a poor thing, but for the Divinity that stirs within us." — Bacon. " With our sciences, and our encyclopasdias, we are apt to forget the divineness in those laboratories of ours. We ought not to forget it. That once well forgotten, I know not what else were worth remembering." — Carlyle. 4. Philanthropy. " The obligation of Philanthropy is for all ages. . . . No man who loves his kind can in these days rest content with waiting as a servant upon human misery, when it is in so many cases possible to anticipate and avert it. ' Prevention is better than cure,' and it is now clear to all that a large part of human suffering is preventible by improved social arrangments. Charity will now, if it be genuine, fix upon this enterprise as greater, more widely and per- manently beneficial, and therefore more Christian than the other. . . . When the sick man has been visited, and everything done which skill and assiduity can do to cure him, modern charity will go on to consider the causes of his malady, what noxious influence besetting his life, what contempt of the laws of health, in his diet or habits, may have caused it, and then to inquire whether others incur the same dangers and may be warned in time. When the Plate 11. [B. III.) 1 7 starving man has been relieved, modern charity inquires whether any fault in the social system deprived him of his share of nature's bounty, any unjust advantage taken by the strong over the weak, any rudeness or want of culture in himself wrecking his virtue and his habits of thrift. The truth is, that though the morality of Christ is theoretically perfeft ... the praftical morality of the first Christians has been in a great degree rendered obsolete by the later experience of mankind, which has taught us to hope more and undertake more for the happiness of our fellow-creatures. ... As the early Christians learnt that it was not enough to do no harm, and that they were bound to give meat to the hungry and clothing to the naked, we have learnt that a still further obligation lies upon us to prevent, if possible, the pains of hunger and nakedness from being ever felt. ******* " Thus the Enthusiasm of Humanity, if it move us in this age to consider the physical needs of our fellow-creatures, will not be contented with the rules and methods which satisfied those who first felt its power. . . . When Love was waked in his dungeon, and his fetters struck off, he must, at first, have found his joints too stiff for motion We are advanced by eighteen hundred years beyond the Apostolic generation Our minds are set free, so that we may boldly criticise the usages around us, knowing them to be but imperfed; essays towards order and happiness, and no divinely or supernaturally ordained constitution which it would be impious to change. We have witnessed improvements in physical well- being which incline us to expert further progress, and make us keen-sighted to deted: the evils that remain. The channels of communication between nations and their governments are free, so that the thought of the private philanthropist may mould a whole community. And, finally, we have at our disposal a vast treasure of science, from which we may discover what physical well-being is, and on what conditions it depends. In these circumstances the Gospel precepts of philanthropy become utterly insufficient. It is not now enough to visit the sick and give alms to the poor. We may still use the words as a kind of motto, but we must understand them under a multitude of things which they do not express Christ commanded his first followers to heal the sick and give alms ; but he commands the Christians of this age, if we may use the expression, to investigate the causes of all physical evil, to master the science of health, to consider the question of education with a view to health, the question of labour with a view to health, the question of trade with a view to health ; and, while all these investigations are made, with free expense of energy, and sense, and means, to work out the rearrangement of human life in accordance with the results they give." — Ecce Homo,'-^ The Law of Philanthropy " chap. xvii. pp. 184, 190. 5. Patriotism. " For some centuries before the introduftion of Christianity, patriotism was in most countries the presiding moral principle, and religion occupied an entirely subordinate position. D 1 8 Plate II. {B. III.) Almost all those examples of heroic self-sacrifice, of passionate devotion to an unselfish aim, which antiquity affords, were produced by the spirit of patriotism Nor was it only in the great crises of national history that this spirit was evoked. The pride of patriotism, the sense of dignity which it inspires, the close l^ond of sympathy produced by a common aim, the energy and elasticity of character which are the parents of great enterprises, were manifested habitually in the leading nations of antiquity. The spirit of patriotism pervaded all classes. It formed a distind type of charafter, and was the origin both of many virtues and of many vices." — Leckv's History of Rationalism, part ii. chap. v. Plate 11. {B.) B. III. Developed from the affeaton=i«£ani3.of=t!)C=ffitctnal (PI. I.). B. Plate II. AS DEVELOPED FROM Plate I. (A.) B. IV. Developed from the 3In0tina.-iflcana=oMIDIace (PI. I.). B. I. Developed from the aaaill^itleans of i«lan as Kace (PI. I.). B. V. Developed from the 3intcllc3--iil£ana=of=«)pate (PI. I.). B. 11. Developed from the ftcnaC'iiacane.ot.Sime (PI. I.). Plate 11. [B. IF.) 21 READING OF B. IV. Man's-Spirit Conscious-ness- Means of Perception and Conception, and Co-ordinate Mind Refledion-Means of Common-Sense and Thought, are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Axes of his Instind-Means-of-Place (A) ; and Centre-Conjointly on the Will-Means of a Reason, of the Major and Minor Diagonal-Modes of Attention and Memory ; as Concomitant of his Pursuits-of-Desire (B. I.). And Attention, as the Major Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Spirit-Conscious- ness-Means of Perception and Conception, has as Negative Pole or Basis, the Suggestions-of- Perception ; and as Positive Pole, the Grasp-of-Conception ; — whilst Memory as the Minor Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of his Mind-Refledtion-Means of Common-Sense and Thought, has as Negative Pole or Basis, a Retentions-of-Common-Sense, Concomitant of the Suggestions- of-Perception ; and as Positive Pole, a Recolle£tions-of -Thought , Concomitant of the Grasp-of- Conception. I. Spirit-Consciousness-Means. " Consciousness may be considered as the leading term of mental science ; all the most subtle distindtions and the most debated questions are unavoidably connedled with it." — Bain's Mental and Moral Science, Appendix E. " Nothing is known to us except in and through mind. It is in this consciousness, which each of us carries about with him . . . and which is thought of ... as a great chamber or aerial transparency . . . yet somehow enclosed within us . . . that all presents itself that we can know or think about. Except by coming within this chamber, or revealing itself there, nothing can be known." — Masson's Recent British Philosophy, p. 31. 2. Mind-RefleSlion-Means. " RefleSlion creates nothing — can create nothing : everything exists previous to refledion in the Consciousness ; but everything pre-exists there in confusion and obscurity. It is the work of reflexion in adding itself to Consciousness to illuminate that which was obscure, to develop that which was enveloped. Reflecftion is for Consciousness what the microscope and telescope are for the natural sight. Neither of these instruments makes or changes the 2 2 Plate 11. {B. IF.) objeds ; but in examining them on every side, in penetrating to their centre, these instruments illuminate them, and discover to us their chara6leristics and their laws." — Cousin's History of Modern Philosophy, vol. i. p. 76. 3. Reason. " We have the Latin ratio, meaning reason ; and ratiocinor, to reason. This word ratio we apply to each of the two quantitative relations forming a proportion ; and the word ratio- cination, which is defined as ' the adt of deducing consequences from premises,' is applicable alike to numerical and other inferences. Conversely, the French use raison in the same sense that ratio is used by us. Throughout, therefore, the implication is that reason-ing and ratio-ing are fundamentally identical." — Herbert Spencer's Principles of Psychology, vol. ii. part vi. chap. viii. " That the commonly-assupied hiatus between Reason and Instindt has no existence, is implied both in the argument of the last few chapters, and in that more general argument elaborated in the preceding part. . . . Not only does the recently enumerated dodtrine, that the growth of intelligence is throughout determined by the repetition of experiences, involve the continuity of Reason and Instind: ; but this continuity is involved in the previously enunciated doftrine. " The impossibility of establishing any line of demarcation between the two may be clearly demonstrated. If every instinftive adtion is an adjustment of inner relations to outer relations, and if every rational ad:ion is also an adjustment of inner relations to outer relations; then, any alleged distincflion can have no other basis than some difference in the charafters of the relations to which the adjustments are made. It must be, that while in Instincfl the correspondence is between inner and- outer relations that are very simple or general; in Reason, the correspondence is between inner and outer relations that are complex, or special, or abstract, or infrequent. But the complexity, speciality, abstradlness, and infrequency of relations, are entirely matters of degree. . . . How, then, can any particular phase of complexity or infrequency be fixed upon as that at which Instind: ends and Reason begins ? " From whatever point of view regarded, the fads imply a gradual transition from the lower forms of physical adtion to the higher. That progressive complication of the instindts, which, as we have found, involves a progressive diminution of their purely automatic charadler, likewise involves a simultaneous commencement of Memory and Reason. ******* " Hence it is clear that the adlions which we call instindtive pass gradually into the adlions we call rational. " Further proof is furnished by the converse fadt that the adlions we call rational are, by Plate IL [B. IF.) 23 long-continued repetition, rendered automatic or instinftive. By implication, this lapsing of reason into instind: was shown in the last chapter, when exemplifying the lapsing of memory into instinft: the two fafts are different aspects of the same fad:. ... In short, many, if not most, of our common daily adions (adions every step of which was originally preceded by a consciousness of consequences, and was therefore rational) have, by perpetual repetition, been rendered more or less automatic. The requisite impressions being made upon us, the appropriate movements follow, without memory, reason, or volition, coming into play." — Spencer's Principles of Psychology, vol. i. p. 453. " Dr. Darwin contends that what have been called the instindive adions of the inferior animals are to be referred to experience and reasoning, as well as those of our own species ; • though their reasoning is from fewer ideas, is busied about fewer objeds, and is exerted with less energy.'" — Zoonomia, vol. i. p. 256. " Mr, Smellie, instead of regarding the instindive adions of the inferior animals as the results of reasoning, regards the power of reason as itself an instin£l. He holds that all animals are, in some measure, rational beings ; and that the dignity and superiority of the human intelled are necessary results of the great variety of instinds which nature has been pleased to confer on the species." — Philosophy of Natural History, vol. i. p. 155. " Reason seems chiefly to consist in the power to keep such or such thoughts in the mind, and to change them at pleasure, instead of their flowing through the mind as in dreams; also in the power to see the difference between one thought and another, and so compare, separate, or join them together afresh." — Taylor's Elonents of Thought. 4. Attention. " Attention is the voluntary direEiing of the energy of the mind towards an objed or an ad. It has been said by Sir H. Holland (' Mental Phys.,' p. 14), that ' the phrase of dire ff ion of consciousness might often advantageously be substituted for it.' It implies Will as distind from Intelligence and Adivity. It is the voluntary diredion of the intelligence and adivity." — Fleming's Vocabulary of Philosophy. " ' Thinkest thou there were no poets till Dan Chaucer ? ' asks Thomas Carlyle — * No heart burning with a thought it could not hold, and had no word for, and needed to shape and coin a word for — what thou callest a metaphor, a trope, or the like ? For every word we have, there was such a man and poet. The coldest word was once a glowing new metaphor, and bold questionable originality. My very attention, does it not mean an attentio, a stretching- 24 Plate IL [B. IF.) to ? Fancy that atft of the mind, which all were conscious of, which no one had yet named, — when this new poet first felt bound and driven to name it ! His questionable originality and new glowing metaphor, was found adoptable, intelligible, and remains our name for it to this day.'" — Swinton's Rambles. 5. Memory. " The word memory is not employed uniformly in the same precise sense ; but it always expresses some modification of that faculty which enables us to treasure up, and preserve for future use, the knowledge we acquire ; a faculty which is obviously the great foundation of all intelleftual improvement, and without which no advantage could be derived from the most enlarged experience. This faculty implies two things : a capacity of retaining knowledge, and a power of recalling it to our thoughts when we have occasion to apply it to use. When we speak of a retentive memory, we use it in the former sense ; when of a ready memory, in the latter." — Stewart, Philosophy of the Human Mind, chap. vi. " A systematic arrangement of our knowledge is evidently of the utmost importance for preserving it in the Memory ; and when it is so disposed, each new idea is transmitted to its proper place, and is recalled with the utmost facility as required : no fresh acquisition to our store of learning will in such a case be lost, but will serve to supply some deficiency. Thus it is, that in the study of science of history, wherein the different events or principles are connefted with, or dependent on, each other, so vast a store of knowledge may be retained in the memory with the utmost accuracy, far beyond what, in ordinary cases, can be efFefted, and in these instances the reason may essentially aid the memory by assisting to recall peculiar fafts, and diredling its progress in so doing." — George Harris, treatise on Man, vol. ii. p. 367. # In this connedion therefore the reader will do well to consider for a moment, in how far a Systematic Arrangement of his most fundamental Word-Ideas may be of service to himself. Plate 11. (B.) B. III. Developed from the affcaion»iilean0=of>tl)e=ffitemal (PI. I.). B. Plate II. AS DEVELOPED FROM Plate I. (A.) B. IV. Developed from the 3Instina=iifle3na=of«lii)Iace (PI. I.). B. I. Developed from the mnUMtme of iHan as Kace (PI. I.). B. V. Developed from the 3Intcllea=iftcan0=of=Space (PI. I.). B. 11. Developed from the Scnse^ffteanasflfsiEime (PI. I.). Plate II. {B. F.) 27 READING OF B. V. Man's Spirit Inference-Means of Induction and Deducftion, and Co-ordinate Mind Metliod-Means of Analysis and Synthesis; are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Axes of his Intelleft-Means-of-Space (A) ; and Centre-Conjointly on a Will-Means of Ana-logy, of the Major and Minor Diagonal-Modes of Generalisation and Classification; as Concomitant of his Vocations-of-Aspiration (B. I.). And Generalisation, as the Major Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Spirit- Inference-Means of Induftion and Deduftion; has as Negative Pole or Basis, its Implica- tions-of-Indu£lion ; and as Positive Pole, its Explications-of-Dedu£lion ; — whilst Classification, as the Minor Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of his Mind-Method-Means of Analysis and Synthesis ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, a Contrasts-of- Analysis, Concomitant of the Implica- tions-of-Indu(5tion ; and as Positive Pole, a Comparisons-of-Synthesis, Concomitant of the Explications-of-Dedudion. 1. Spirit- Inference-Means. We are not conscious of Space, as we are of Place, but itjfer or induSl it, and its contents, into our Consciousness, and follow such Inducflion up, when occasion calls for it, by a more or less of Dedu6tion, or drawing-out, and exhibition within the Consciousness of such contents and their relation-ships. " And we shall consider every process by which anything is inferred ... as consisting of an Induction followed by a Deduftion ; because although the process needs not necessarily be carried on in this form, it is always susceptible of the form, and must be thrown into it when assurance of scientific accuracy is needed and desired." — Mill's Logic, book ii. chap. iv. par. 7. 2. Mind- Met hod- Means. " There is but one possible Method of Philosophy, a combination of Analysis and Synthesis, and the purity and equilibrium of these two elements constitute its perfeftion. The aberrations of Philosophy have been all so many violations of the law of this One Method. Philosophy has erred, because it built its systems upon incomplete or erroneous analysis ; and it can only proceed in safety, if, from accurate and unexclusive observation, it rise by successive generahsations to a comprehensive system." — Sir W. Hamilton's Sixth Letture on Metaphysics. 2 8 Plate 11. (B. F.) 3. Ana-logy-Means. " The earliest use of the name {Analogy) in its current logical sense is to be found apparently in Galen. While, in popular language, the word has come to be vaguely used as a synonym for resemblance, the logical authorities, though having generally the same kind of inference in view, are by no means agreed as to its exaft nature and ground. It has chiefly to be distinguished from the related process of Induftion, in their conceptions of which logicians are notoriously at variance." — Encyclop<£dia Britannica, 9th Ed., Article "Analogy." If the reader will, however, refer to the Diagram, he will observe how it fixes both Analogy and Induftion so accurately in relative position as regards each other, and as regards the other elements of their common grouping, as to leave no room for disagreement. " In getting on from what is known already to something new, analogy or reasoning by resemblance always was, as it still is, the mind's natural guide in the quest of truth. Only its result must be put under the control of experience. When the Australians picked up the bits of broken glass left by European sailors, the likeness of the new material to their own stone flakes leading them to try it for teeth to their spears, experience proved that in this case the argument from Analogy held good, for the broken glass answered perfeftly. So the North American Indian, in default of tobacco, finds some more or less similar plant to serve instead, such as willow bark. The praftical knowledge of nature possessed by savages is so great that it cannot have been gained by mere chance observations, they must have been for ages con- stantly noticing and trying new things, to see how far their behaviour corresponded with things partly like them. And where the matter can be brought to pradtical trial by experi- ment this is a thoroughly scientific method." — Tylor's Anthropology, p. 338. 4. Generalisation and Classification. " The basis of all scientific explanation consists in assimilating a fad: to some other facft or fadts. It is identical with the generalising process, that is, with Induftion and Deduftion. " Generalisation is not a process of mere naming, it is also a process of inference. From instances which we have observed, we feel warranted in concluding, that what we found true in those instances holds in all similar ones, past, present, and future, however numerous they may be. We then by that valuable contrivance of language which enables us to speak of many as if they were one, record all that we have observed, together with all that we infer from our observations, in one concise expression ; and have thus only one proposition, instead of an endless number, to remember or to communicate. The results of many observations and inferences, and instruftions for making innumerable inferences in unforeseen cases, are com- pressed into one short sentence." — Mill's Logic, book ii. chap. iii. par. 3. Plate II. (B. V.) 29 5. Classification. " Classification (where arrangement and distribution are the main objed) is a contrivance for the best possible ordering of the ideas of objeds in our mind ; for causing the ideas to accompany or succeed one another in such a way as shall give us the greatest command over our knowledge already acquired, and lead most diredtly to the acquisition of more. The general problem of classification, in reference to these purposes, may be stated as follows: — to provide that things shall be thought of in such groups, and those groups in such an order, as will best conduce to the remembrance and ascertainment of their laws." — Mill's Logic, b. iv. chap. vii. §1. # Consider the application of this statement to the case of the Diagrammatic Plates, and their Word-Idea-Groupings, or with reference to the provision thus made, for the ascertain- ment and remembrance of their most fundamental laws. Plate III. Social-Industrial Dynamics As Developed from Plate II. (B.) OR Man's Will-Ends of a Destiny OF Social-Industrial-Good. Plate 1 11.^ Left-hand SeSiion. (F.) F. III. Developed from Attention's (Srasp^of'Sonception (PI. II.). F. Plate III., Left-hand Section, AS DEVELOPED FROM THE Left-hand Diagram, Plate II. (B. IV.) F. IV. Developed from Memory's Ectctttion0=oC=Sommon«®cnac (PI. H.). F. I. Developed from Reason's attention ant) iilcmotj (PI. II.). F. V. Developed from Memory's Eeconeaion0.-of=®l)ouB!)t (PL II.). F. II. Developed from Attention's &uoBeotiono!of--ll'Htcrprton (PI. II.). ;SS3ES^SaS^S: SSBBS^SSSSEi SSBOSSSISSi Plate IH. Successive Readings OF ITS Five Sections. Plate III. Reading of the Five Diagrams OF THE Centre Section. (C.) Argument. The Man of Society and Industry's Destiny-of-Good. Plate III..y Centre Se&ion. (C.) C. III. Developed from Society's %xmtt, {Father-Mother-Child) of Gollcaitiitj (PI. IL). Plate III., Centre Section, AS DEVELOPED FROM THE Centre Diagram, Plate II. (B. I.) C. IV. Developed from Industry's Pursuita^of^Dwite (PI. II.). C. I. Developed from the Destiny of SocictB anD JnBusttg (PI. II.). C. V. Developed from Industry's {Hocations=of»aflpiratioii (PI. II.). C. II. Developed from Society's a:»ualitp (Male-Female) of 31ntlit)il)ualit2 (PI. II.). Plate III. Centre Se&ion. [C. I.) 37 READING OF C. I. Man's Spirit Attraftions of Adtion and Passion, and Co-ordinate Mind-Unanimity- ship {Jt-One-ment with It-self , and the fundamental Spirit-Attractions') of Emulation and Enthusiasm ; are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Correlative Axes, of his Destiny-Modes of Society and Industry (B. I.) ; and Centre-Conjointly, on the Will-Ends of a Destiny-of- GooD, of a Major and Minor Diagonal-Mode, Social and Industrial. And Social-Good, as the Major Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Spirit-Attraftions of Adlion and Passion ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, his Inter-course-of-A£lion ; and as Positive Pole, his Inter-twinings-of-P assion ; — whilst Industrial-Good, as the Minor Diagonal- Mode, or Correlative of his Mind-Unanimity-ship of Emulation and Enthusiasm ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, a Competition-of-Emulation, Concomitant of the Inter-course-of- Adion ; and as Positive Pole, a Zeal-of-Enthusiasm, Concomitant of the Inter-twinings-of Passion. I. Spirit- At traSiions and Mind-Unanimity-ship. " Attradions are proportional to Destinies, The Series distributes Harmonies." Fourier's Epitaph. An astounding mistake of Fourier's Critics is the almost invariably ignoring the distinftion betwixt the freedom of a force, when harmonically harnessed for its work, as in the case of a fire in the furnace of a loco-motive ; and an equivalent fire preying ad libitum, but subversively, on some magnificent building. Thus the Critics referred to, always talk most foolishly, if not indeed wickedly, of Fourier's advocating the " unrestrained freedom of Man's Passional Attraftions," and which is perfedly false in the sense attached to the term " un-restrained" by such critics. Fourier invariably supposes their play to be guided — indeed even constrained to useful and good purposes- — by a suitable Mechanism. The proposed Mechanism may be legitimately attacked as insufficient by those who so deem it. But where Mechanism of any kind or degree is introduced, there is no unrestrained freedom. 2. Destiny-of-Good. " Every art and every scientific system, and in like manner every course of adlion and deliberate preference, seems to aim at some good ; and consequently ' the Good ' has been well defined as ' that which all things aim at.' " — Aristotle's Ethics. 38 Plate III. Ce7ttre Se&ion. [C. I.) And what Aristotle thus asserts in his Ethics, as true of the various faculties of Man, viewed alone and by themselves, he in his Politics asserts as true of the Social state, that is, of Man, in his various natural (^Social-Industrial) relations to his fellow-men .... the word " good " having always to be taken in its most extensive signification ; utility, in the strict sense, constituting but one of Its branches, and that the lowest. 3. Social-Good. " The infant does not cling to his nurse more readily than the boy hastens to meet his playmates, and man, to communicate his thoughts to man. If we were to see the little crowd of the busy school-room, rush out when the hour of freedom comes, and instead of mingling in some general pastime — Inter-course-of-Atlion and Inter-twinings-of-P assion — betake them- selves each to some solitary spot, till the return of that hour which forced them again together, we should look on them with as much astonishment, as if a sudden miracle had transformed their bodily features, and destroyed the very semblance of men. As wonderful would it appear, if in a crowded city, or even in the scattered tents of a tribe of Arabs, or in the huts or caves of the rudest savages, there were to be no communing of man with man — no voice or smile of greeting, — no seeming consciousness of mutual presence, — but each were to pass each other with indifference, as if they had never met, and were never to meet again, — or rather with an indifference which even those cannot wholly feel, who have met once in the wildest solitudes, and to whom that moment of accidental meeting was the only tie which connedts them afterwards in their mutual recognition." — Dr. Brown's Philosophy of the Human Mind, Ledture 67. 4. Industrial-Good. " The Fourierists .... believe that they have solved the great and fundamental problem of rendering labour attractive (or At-One with Man's Spirit- Attraftions). That this is not imprafticable they contend by very strong arguments ; particularly one which they have in common with the Owenites, e.g., that scarcely any labour, however severe, undergone by human beings for the sake of subsistence, exceeds in intensity that which other human beings, whose subsistence is already provided for, are found ready and even eager to undergo for pleasure. This certainly is a most significant faft, and one from which the student in social philosophy may draw important instruftion. But the argument founded on it may easily be stretched too far. If occupations full of discomfort and fatigue are freely pursued by many persons as amusements, who does not see that they are amusements exaftly because they are pursued freely, and may be discontinued at pleasure. The liberty of quitting a position often Plate III. Centre SeSiion. [C. I.) 39 makes the whole difference between its being painful and pleasurable. Many a person remains in the same town, street, or house from January to December, without a wish or a thought tending towards removal, who, if confined to that same place by the mandate of authority, would find the imprisonment absolutely intolerable." — J. S. Mill's Principles of Political Economy, book ii. chap. i. The putting forth of this objecftion, however, is a grave mistake in as far as diredted against the Phalansterian (Fourier's) Theory, for that Theory supposes as its most funda- mental condition, an Organisation which shall permit of the most perfeft liberty of moving from place to place, as from occupation to occupation at Individual pleasure. And the mistake originates in the supposition of some single or isolated Community, whereas the correct supposition has to be that, of a number of Communities and their federation, and an Organisation permitting not only a moving from Occupation to Occupation at pleasure, but even from Community to Community. Thus Mr. Mill continues : "According to the Fourierists, scarcely any kind of useful labour is naturally and necessarily disagreeable, unless it is either regarded as dishonourable, or immoderate in degree, or destitute of the stimulus of sympathy and emulation. Excessive toil need not, they contend, be undergone by anyone, in a society in which there would be no idle class, and no labour wasted, as so enormous an amount of labour is now wasted, in useless things ; and where full advantage would be taken of the power of association, both in increasing the efficiency of produf (PI- H-)- D. II. Developed from the S)UficcptibiIit2=of=iJa0tc (PI. II.). Plate III. Lower SeSiion. {^D. I.^ 63 READING OF D. I. Man's Spirit-iEsthetics of Feeling and Emotion, and Co-ordinate Mind-Exaltation of Culture and Worth-ship or Worship ; are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Correlative Axes of the Sensitive-ness or Sensitivity, and Sensibility of Touch (B. II.) ; and Centre-Conjointly on the Will-Ends of a Talent-of-Touch or Handi-craft, of a Major and Minor Diagonal- Mode oi Ingenuity and Skilfid-ness ; as Concomitant of his Will-Ends of Variety (C. II.). And Ingenuity y as the Major Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Spirit-.(?isthetics of Feeling and Emotion, has as Negative Pole or Basis, his 'Ta£f-of- Feeling ; and as Positive Pole, his Ingenuous-ness-of- Emotion ; — whilst Skilfnl-ness, as the Minor Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of his Mind-Exaltation of Culture and Worth-ship or Worship ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, a Discipline-of-Culturey Concomitant of the Taft-of-Fecling ; and as Positive Pole, a Sentiment-of-JVorth-ship or Worships Concomitant of the Ingenuous-ness-of-Emotion. I. Spirit- Msthetics and Mind-Exaltation. " You are aware that aisthesis in Greek, means feeling in general, as well as sense in particular, as our term feeling means either the sense of touch in particular, or sentiment and the capacity of the pleasurable and painful in general. Both terms are therefore to a certain extent ambiguous ; but the objection can rarely be avoided, and ./Esthetic, if not the best expression to be found, has already been long and generally employed." — Sir W. Hamilton's Seventh Lecture on Metaphysics, p. I2j. " /Esthetics is the term now employed to designate the theory of the Fine Arts — the Science of the Beautiful with its allied conceptions and emotions. The province of the science is not, however, very definitely fixed, and there is still some ambiguity about the term, arising from its etymology and various use. The word assthetic, in its original Greek form {aisthesis) means anything that has to do with perception by the senses, and this wider connotation was retained by Kant, who, under the title Transcendental .Esthetic, treats of the a priori principles of all sensuous knowledge. The limitations of the term to the comparatively narrow class of sensations and perceptions occupied with the Beautiful and its allied properties is due to the Germans, and primarily to Baumgarten, who started from the supposition that just as truth is the end and perfection of pure knowledge or the understanding, and good that of the will, so beauty must be the supreme aim of all sensuous knowledge." — Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th Edition, v. " j^sthetics." 64 Plate III. Lower SeEiion. (Z). 7.) Baumgarten's mistaken limitation of the term has to be ascribed to his having in the absence of the Diagrammatic, confounded the ^sthetical-Spirit's Co-ordinate Mind-Exaltation, with the i^sthetical-Spirit itself. 2. Talent -of -'Touch, or Handicraft-Ingenuity and Skilfulness. " Touch being concerned in innumerable handicraft operations, the improvement of it as a sense enters largely into our useful acquisitions. The graduated application of the force of the hand has to be ruled by touch ; as in the potter with his clay, the turner at his lathe, the polisher of stone, wood, or metal, the drawing of the stitch in sewing, baking, taking up measured quantities of material in the hand. In playing on finger-instruments, the piano, guitar, organ, &c., the touch must measure the stroke or pressure that will yield a given effeEl on the ear." — Bain's Senses and the IntelleSfy book i. chap. ii. p. 194. N. p. Discipline-of-Culture, Concomitant of the Tai5t-of-FeeHng. " The soul of music slumbers in the shell, Till waked and kindled by the master s spell ; And feeling hearts — touch them but rightly — pour A thousand melodies unheard before ! " — Rogers. p. p. Sentiment-of- Worship, Concomitant of the Ingenuousness-of-Emotion. " We stand, Adore and worship when we know it not ; Pious beyond the intention of our thought, Devout beyond the meaning of our will." Swinton's Rambles. " The English word worship did not originally bear that meaning which it bears almost exclusively in modern language. Its original form was worth-ship, and when it was in that form, it was not applied to religious ads. "A 'place of worship,' was any house of a better sort, as when an old Easter sermon says : ' Good friends, ye shall know well that this day is called in many places God's Sunday. Know well that it is the manner in every place of worship at this day, to do the fire out of the hall, and the black winter brand, and all that is foul with smoke shall be done away, and where the fire was shall be arrayed with fair flowers.' " — J. H. Blunt. " Another social custom of the Saxons has left us several legacies. Among them every individual was valued at a certain amount of money, to which amount he was continually Plate III. Lower Se&ioft. (Z). /.) 65 under bail for his good behaviour. This sum, of course, varied : the thane so much — the churl so much — the thrall so much : in fad, it varied according to his worth-ship — what we now call Worship." — Swinton's Rambles. ". . . . those feelings — love, awe, admiration, which together make up worship — are felt in various combinations for human beings, and even for inanimate objeds." — Professor Seeley's Natural Religion, p. 73. " Natural Religion is simply worship of whatever in the known Universe appears worthy- of-worship." — Ibid. p. 161, Plate Ill.f Lower SeEiion. {D.) D. in. Developed from the ailmc6cninc«of.-«)nieIl (PI. II.). D. Plate III., Lower Section, AS DEVELOPED FROM THE Lower Diagram, Plate II. (B. II.) D. IV. Developed from the acumcn^of-l^carins (PI- IL) D. I. Developed from the Touch-Modes of fecnsititocncss atiD ftensibilitj (PI. II.). D. V. Developed from the 513et0picacit!;=of=&i6|)t (PI- H.). D. II. Developed from the &u0cmibilitr;'OUZtist<: (PI. II.). Plate III. Lower Se&ion. (D. II.) 67 READING OF D. II. Man's Spirit-Sub-sistence of Nourishment and Nurture, and Co-ordinate Mind-Dietetics of Good-Cheer, and Good-Taste, are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Axes of his Touch- Sensitivity's Sus-ceptibiUty-of-Taste (B. II.); and Centre-Conjointly on the Will-Ends of a Refinement, of a Major and Minor Diagonal-Mode, of Good-Breeding and Right-Living ; as Concomitant of his Ingenuity's Tadl-of-Feeling (D. J.). And Good-Breeding as the Major Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Spirit-Sub-sis- tence of Nourish-ment and Nurture; has as Negative Pole or Basis, its Cus toms-of- Nourish- ment ; and as Positive Pole, its Manners-of-Nurture ; — whilst Right-Living as the Minor Diagonal- Mode, or Correlative of his Mind-Dietetics of Good-Cheer, and Good-Taste ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, a Meals-of-Good-Cheer, Concomitant of the Customs-of- Nourishment ; and as Positive Pole, a Fare-of-Good-'Taste, Concomitant of the Manners-of-Nurture. I . Spirit-Subsistence and Mind-Dietetics. " We contend that, as appetite is a good guide to all the lower creation — to the infant — to the invalid, to the differently placed races of men, — and for every adult who leads a healthful life, — it may safely be inferred that it is a good guide for childhood. It would be strange indeed were it here alone untrustworthy." Mr. Spencer {Education, p. 226), then goes on to show how children's love of sweets and fruits should be attended to, since there is great reason to believe that they express needs of the juvenile constitution, and throws the blame of their excesses when the opportunity is afforded them, upon the negledt of a regular routine of supply. But which calls for the remark, that if tastes are to be provided as the rule, with the cheer they deem good — numbers will have to be brought together — in some such manner as treated of under the head of Social Community (E. IV.), or as in the case of W. H. France's penny dinners. {Times, 19 Dec. 1885.) " Reasoning that as we wished to cater only for a very poor class it was necessary to provide what that class required, and at a price within their means, I came to the conclusion that a meal of better quality and greater variety than was offered at a penny was desirable. Even in small families it often happens that some cannot eat this or that without inconvenience and probable injury. IVith children at any rate, and until trained to bad habits, the palate gives the keynote of what the stomach requires to nourish the body. By selling or giving that which 68 Plate III. Lower SeSiio?t. {D. II.) does not afford a welcome response to the call of the stomach, as interpreted by the palate, food and time are wasted, and digestive organs are more or less worked in vain." " Oft find we, too, that various frames demand As various viands ; and that what to some Seems harsh and hateful, some perpetual deem Delicious most ; while e'en so vast, at times. The strange discordance, that what poisons this To that proves healthful, and prolongates life." Lucretius, book iv., 94 b.c. 2. Refinement. " But Nature's self th' untutor'd race first taught To sow, to graft ; for acorns ripe they saw. And purple berries, shatter'd from the trees. Soon yield a lineage like the trees themselves. Whence learn d they, curious, through the stem mature To thrust the tender slip, and o'er the soil Plant the fresh shoots that first disorder'd sprang. Then, too, new cultures tried they, and, with joy, Mark'd the boon earth, by ceaseless care caress'd. Each barbarous fruitage sweeten and subdued Lucretius, book v. 3. Good-Breedings Custotns-of Nourishment and Manners-of-Nurture. " The real starting-point of Humanity is, in fad, much humbler than is commonly supposed, Man having everywhere begun by being a fetich-worshipper and a cannibal. In- stead of indulging our horror and disgust of such a state of things by denying it, we should admit a colledive pride in that human progressiveness which has brought us into our present state of comparative exaltation, while a being less nobly endowed than Man would have vegetated to this hour in his original wretched condition." — Comte's Positive Philosophy, by Miss Martineau, book vi. chap. vii. 4. Right-Living s Meals-of-Good-Cheer and Fare-of-Good-Taste. " We cannot but observe that men take less food as they advance in civilisation. If we compare savage with more civilised peoples, in the Homeric poems or in the narratives of Plate III. Lower SeSiio7i. {D. 11.^ 69 travellers, or compare country with town life, or any generation with the one that went before, we shall find this curious result, — the sociological law of which we shall examine hereafter. The laws of individual human nature aid in the result by making intelleftual and moral adiion more preponderant as Man becomes more civilised." — Comte's Philosophy, by Miss Mar- TiNEAu, book vi. chap. iii. p. 109. " The application of science to the regulation of the continuous demands of the body for nutriment aims mainly at three objed:s : Health, Pleasure, and Economy. They are rarely inconsistent with one another, but yet require separate consideration, as under varying circumstances each may claim the most prominent place in our thoughts. . . . "Health. — The influence of Diet upon the health of man begins at the earliest stage of his life, and indeed is then greater than at any other period. It is varied by the several phases of internal growth and of external relations, and in old age is still important in prolonging existence, and rendering it agreeable and useful. . . . " Pleasure. — The social importance of gratifying the palate has certainly never been denied in praftice by any of the human race. Feasting has been adopted from the earliest times as the most natural expression of joy, and the readiest means of creating joy. If ascetics have put the pleasure away from them, they have done so in the hope of purchasing by their sacrifice something greater and nobler, and have thus tacitly conceded, if not exaggerated, its real value. Experience shows that its indulgence, unregulated by the natural laws which govern our progress in civilization, leads to unutterable degradation and meanness, brutalizes the mind, and deadens its perception of the repulsiveness of vice and crime. But that is no cause why this powerful motive power, governed by right reason, should not be made sub- servient to the highest purposes. "Economy . Due proportion of Animal and Vegetable Food. — It has been taken for granted thus far, that the mixed fare, which has met the approval of so many generations of men, is that which is most in accordance with reason. But there are physiologists who argue that our teeth resemble those of the vegetable-feeding apes more than those of any other class of animal, and that therefore our most appropriate food must be the fruits of the earth. And if we were devoid of the intelligence which enables us to fit food for digestion by cookery, it is probable no diet would suit us better. But our reason must not be left out of account, and it is surely quite as natural for a man to cook and eat everything that contains in a convenient form starch, fat, albumen, fibre and phosphorous, as it is for a monkey to eat nuts, or an ox grass. The human race is naturally omnivorous." — Encyc. Britannica, 9th Ed., " Dietetics." It Plate III., Lower SeEiion. (D.) D. III. Developed from the aDuic6cninBjof«&meII (PI. II.). D. Plate III., Lower Section, AS DEVELOPED FROM THE Lower Diagram, Plate II. (B. II.) D. IV. Developed from the 9cumfn=oM^c.itini3 (PL II.) D. I. Developed from the Touch-Modes of SenoitiuencBs anD ftenaibilitg (PL II.). D. V. Developed from the IPetspitacitE=of=*>i0?)t (PL II.). D. II. Developed from the giusccptibiIitt'=of=3tafitc (PL II.). )% Plate III. Lower SeSiion, (Z). ///.) 71 READING OF D. III. Man's Spirit-Organism of Heart and Head, and Co-ordinate Mind-Temperament of Good- Temper and Good-Sense; are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Axes of his Touch-Sensi- tivity's Quickening-of-Smell (B. II.) ; and Centre-Conjointly on a Will-Ends of Purity, of the Major and Minor Diagonal-Modes of Health and 'Temperance ; as Concomitant of his In- genuity's Ingenuous-ness-of-Emotion (D. I.). And Health as the Major Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Spirit-Organism of Heart and Head ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, his Soimd-ness-of -Heart ^ and as Positive Pole, his Clear-ness-of-Head ; — whilst Temperance as the Minor Diagonal- Mode, or Correlative of his Mind-Temperament of Good-Temper and Good-Sense; has as Negative Pole or Basis, a Self-Control-of-Good-Temper, Concomitant of the Sound-ness-of-Heart ; and as Positive Pole, a Sobriety-of-Good-Sense, Concomitant of the Clear-ness-of-Head. I. Spirit-Organism and Mind-Temperament. " The head is not more native to the heart." — Shakespeare. ■ •••••• " Good-Sense .... the gift of Heaven, And though no Science, fairly worth the seven." 1. Purity. Better Homes for the Masses^ the only sufficient Watch-word of Purity, Health, and Temperance. But such Homes will only become the rule, when the idea of the World-of-the- Future, and its appropriate Architedure, as already spoken of (C. III.), shall have thoroughly ingrained itself in the minds of men. " Here is the startling fad staring us in the face at every turn, that to our over-crowded and negleded dwellings we owe to a great extent the horrors of intemperance, typhus, diphtheria, scarlatina, small-pox, and cholera. These diseases might be almost stamped out if we so willed it. There is no law of nature more stern in its operation, more exadling in its demands, and dealing swifter and more uncompromising retribution than this, viz. — if people are permitted to drivel out a wretched existence in dwellings alike deficient of light, drainage, ventilation, water, and proper conveniences for natural wants — temperance, health, morality. 72 Plate III. Lower SeSiion. (D. III.) and religion are rendered impossible. If families have not the chance of observing the decencies of life, how are they to be expefted to cultivate purity of life and morals ? To preach, to lecture, to distribute trails and send among them missionaries is simply to mock their misery. ... If half the money given to Hospitals, Infirmaries, Asylums, &c., were invested in improving the dwellings of our working population, the results would be a hundred fold for good : Hospitals, Asylums, Workhouses, and Prisons would soon lose half their inmates. . . . Whence come the most numerous and exafting applicants for charity — the clamorous paupers, the confirmed drunkards, and the worst criminals? The answer is simple; they are the outcome of the wretched dwellings provided in narrow streets, courts, and alleys, ill-paved, ill-lighted, ill-drained, and destitute of sanitary arrangements. Well may it be asked " ' What tree can thrive in such a soil. What flower so scathed can bloom ? ' " Letter to the Earl of Derby. Plate 1 11.^ Lower SeEiion. (D.) D. III. Developed from the aUuiclcninO'Of^Siinell (PI. II.). D. Plate III., Lower Section, AS DEVELOPED FROM THE Lower Diagram, Plate II. (B. II.) D. IV. Developed from the 'atumen=of»l^eannfl (PL II.) D. I. Developed from the Touch-Modes of SenBitibencflB aim Senaibilitg (PL II.). D. V. Developed from the )Per0picacitr=of>«)i8i)t (PL II.). D. IT. Developed from the Suflceptibilitr'Of^tlaBte (PL II.). Plate III. Lower SeSiion. {D. ^^O IS READING OF D. IV. Man's Spirit-Utterances of Voice and Tone, and Co-ordinate Mind-Music of Pitch and Rhythm ; are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Axes of his Touch-Sensibility's Acumen- of-Hearing (B. II.) ; and Centre-Conjointly on the Will-Ends of a Harmony, of the Major and Minor Diagonal-Mode, Vocal and Instrumental ; as Concomitant of his Skilfulness's Discipline-of-Culture (D. I.). And Vocal-Harmony, as the Major Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Spirit- Utterances of Voice and Tone ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, the Melody-of-Voice ; and as Positive Pole, the Fascination-of-'Tom ; — whilst Instrumental- Harmony, as the Minor Diagonal- Mode, or Correlative of his Mind-Music of Pitch and Rhythm ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, an Accord-of-Vitch, Concomitant of the Melody-of-Voice; and as Positive Pole, a Concord-of-Rhythm, Concomitant of the Fascination-of-Tone. I . .S"^ irit- Utterances. " Language . . . signifies certain instrumentalities whereby men consciously and with intention represent their thought, to the end, chiefly, of making it known to other men : it is expression for the sake of communication. " The instrumentalities capable of being used for this purpose, and acftually more or less used, are various : gesture and grimace, pictorial or written signs, and uttered or spoken signs : the first two addressed to the eye, the last to the ear. . . . The third is, as things actually are in the world, infinitely the most important, insomuch that, in ordinary use ' language ' means utterance and utterance only. And so we shall understand it here : language for the purposes of this discussion, is the body of uttered and audible signs by which in human society thought is principally expressed. . . ." — Whitney's Life and Growth of Language, p. 2. 1. Co-ordinate Mind-Music. " Music goes on certain laws and rules. Man did not make these laws of music ; he has only found them out : and if he be self-willed and break them, there is an end of his Music instantly; all he brings out is discord and ugly sounds. The greatest musician in the world is as much bound by those laws, as the learner in the school, and the greatest musician is the one who, instead of fancying that because he is clever, he may throw aside the laws of music. 76 Plate III. Lower SeSiion. (D. IF.) knows the laws of music best, and observes them most reverently. And therefore it was that the old Greeks, the wisest of all the heathens, made a point of teaching their children music, because they said it taught them, ml to be self-willed and fanciful, but to see the beauty of order, the usefulness of rule, the divineness of law," — Canon Kingsley. Pitch. The most obvious distindion among musical sounds is in respeft of their height. The relative height of a sound is called its pitch, and a great step towards determining a question which for many years past has troubled the world of harmony in England has just been taken by the highest authority in the realm. The Queen has ordered that the pitch to be adopted by her private band shall be henceforth the so-called diapason normal of France. Rhythm. " Let any series of notes be sounded successively with exaftly the same stress upon each, so that the ear shall not observe one sound to be more prominent than another ; the efFecft is vague and unsatisfaftory. Let the series of notes thus sounded be increased, and still more increased, and the effedt is a sense of monotony and bewilderment. The mind loses itself in the very ad of listening, in^.^d of being stirred up to a consciousness of pleasure. But suppose that the series of notes is sounded so that the first of every two is made prominent by a stress upon it — or the first of every four — or the first of every three — or the first of every six — the mind becomes conscious of a decided and pleasant effeft. This arises from the regular recurrence of stress ; which throws the sounds into groups of equal duration. The order of recurrence may be varied, and each order will produce a different effecl: ; but some order there must be, before we are conscious of musical efFed. The recurrence of stress at regular intervals of duration is called rhythm, and the stress itself is termed accent." — James Currie's Elements of Musical Analysis. 3. Harmony. " There is in souls a sympathy with sounds. And as the mind is pitched the ear is pleased With melting air or martial, brisk or grave : Some chord in unison with what we hear Is touched within us, and the heart replies." 4. Vocal-Harmony. " With wanton heed and giddy cunning The melting voice through mazes running Untwisting all the charms that tie The hidden sou! of harmony." — Milton. Plate III. Lower SeBion, (.D. IF.^ 77 5. Instrumental-Harmony. " It has been ingeniously suggested and well sustained by Mr. J. T. Rowbotham that in pre-historic times music passed through three stages of development, each charafterised by a separate class of instrument, and the analogy of existing uses in barbarous nations tends to confirm the assumption. Instruments of percussion are supposed to be the oldest, wind- instruments the next in order of time and of civilisation, and string-instruments the latest invention of every separate race. The clapping of hands and stamping of feet, let us say, in marking rhythm, exemplify the first element of music, and the large family of drums and cymbals and bells is a development of the same principle. . . . The sighing of wind, eminently when passing over a bed of reeds, is Nature's suggestion of instruments of breath ; hence have been reached the four methods of producing sound through pipes . . . as in the case of the English flute and flageolet ... the hautboy or oboe and bassoon . . . and clarionet — all of which date from oldest existing records — and also upon the colleftion of multitudinous pipes in that colossal wind-instrument the organ. "An Egyptian fable ascribes the invention of the lyre to the god Thoth; a different Greek fable ... to the god Hermes, and both refer it ... to the straining of the sinews of a tortoise across its shell — whence can only be inferred that the origin of the highest advanced class of musical instruments is unknown. This class includes the lyre and the harp ... the lute .. . the viol . . . and the dulcimer, finally matured into the piano- forte, wherein the extremes of fabrication meet, since this is at once a string-instrument and an instrument of percussion, having the hammer of the drum to strike the string of the lyre." — Encyc. Britannica, 9th ed., " Music," p. 77. Plate III., Lower Se&ion. (D.) D. III. Developed from the aiiuic6cninc«of=&meII (PI. II.). D. Plate III., Lower Section, AS DEVELOPED FROM THE Lower Diagram, Plate II. (B. II.) D. IV. Developed from the acumfn^oM&earine (PI. II.) D. I. Developed from the Touch-Modes of Senaititencga anB ©ensibilite (PI. II.). D. V. Developed from the JPetapicacitEso^&iBlJt (PI. II.). D. II. Developed from the «iuK!ceptibilit2--of=iIaate (PI. 11.). Plate HI. Lower SeSiion. (D. F.) 79 READING OF D. V. Man's Spirit-Hopes of Light and Vision, and Co-ordinate Mind-Painting of Fancy and View ; are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Axes of his Touch-Sensibility's Perspicacity- of-Sight (B. II.) ; and Centre-Conjointly on the Will-Ends of a Beauty, of the Major and Minor Diagonal-Modes of Sublimity and Picturesque-ness ; as Concomitant of his Skilful- ness's Sentiment-of-Worth-ship, or Worship (D. I.). And Sublimity, as the Major Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Spirit-Hopes of Light and Vision ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, the Glory -of -Light, and as Positive Pole, the Heaven or Heaved-wp-of-Vision ; — whilst Picturesque-ness, as the Minor Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of his Mind-Painting of Fancy and View ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, a Pi5lures-of-Fancy, Concomitant of the Glory-of- Light ; and as Positive Pole, a Paradise-of- View, Concomitant of the Heaven or Heaved-up-of-Vision. I . Spirit-Hopes and Mind-Painting. " Hope'^ springs eternal in the human breast; Man never is, but always to be blest. The soul uneasy, and confined from home. Rests and expatiates in a life to come." — Pope. 2. Beauty? " A thing of beauty is a joy for ever." — Keats. Remark the connexion of this Diagram's Hopes, Beauty, Heaven and Paradise, with the Sentiment of Worth-ship or Worship (D, I.). ' Hope, to "look out for." Gr. "■ opeuo" = " opipheuo." ■ Beauty (Lat. beo, av'i, atum, akin to Gr. eu, the primitive of benui, bonus), to make happy, bleu, gladden, rejoice, refresh. Plate III.^ Upper SeEiion (£.). E. III. Developed from Philanthropy's «rare00--oMLot)c (PL II.)- Plate III., Upper Section, AS DEVELOPED FROM THE Upper Diagram, Plate II. (B. III.) E. IV. Developed from Patriotism's ftpmpatfjt-of'JFticnDaJjip (PI, II.) E. I. Developed from Humanity's ipijilantljropp anB IPatriotism (PI. II.). E. V. Developed from Patriotism's lPubIic=Sipitit=of.amfaition (PI. II.). E. II. Developed from Philanthropy's a^aritj^oWRinUntSfl (PI. II.). Plate III. Upper SeSiion. {E. I.) 8i READING OF E. I. Man's Incarnating-Spirit of One Blood and One Flesh, and Co-ordinate Incorporating- Mind of Common- Wealth and Common-Weal ; are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Correlative Axes of his Humanity's Philanthropy and Patriotism (B. III.) ; and Centre- Conjointly on the Will-Ends of a CoDE-of-HuMANiTY, of a Major and Minor Diagonal- Mode, Social and Industrial ; as Concomitant of his Will-Ends of Unity (C. III.). And the Social-Code, as the Major Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Incarnating- Spirit of One Blood and One Flesh ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, the Kin-ship-Spirit-of-the One Blood; and as Positive Pole, the Solidarity-Spirit -of -the One Flesh; — whilst the Industrial-Code, as the Minor Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of his Incorporating-Mind of Common- Wealth and Common- Weal, has as Negative Pole or Basis, a Justice-ship-Mind-of- Common- Wealth, Concomitant of the Kin-ship-Spirit-of-the One Blood ; and as Positive Pole, an Equity-ship- Mind-of -Common-lVeal , Concomitant of the Solidarity-Spirit-of-the One Flesh. 1. Philanthropy's Incarnating-Spirit . Are not the Kind-ness and Love of the Kind and Loving, incarnate in their Hearts and Heads, and therefore also in their Blood and Flesh — the One Blood and One Flesh of a Common Humanity ? " As the wild rose bloweth, As runs the happy river. Kindness freely floweth In the heart for ever. But if men will hanker Ever for golden dust. Best of hearts will canker. Brightest spirits rust." — Massey. "Some people carry their hearts in their heads, very many carry their heads in their hearts. The difficulty is to keep them apart, yet both aftively working together." — Hare. 2. Patriotism's Incorporating-Mind. " Man, like the generous Vine, supported lives ; The strength he gains is from th' embrace he gives ; M 82 Plate III. Upper SeBion. {E. I.) On their own axes as the planets run, Yet make at once their circle round the Sun ; So two consistent motions ad: the Soul, And one regards itself, and one the whole. Thus God and Nature linlc'd the general frame. And bade Self-love and Social be the same." — Pope. 3. Code-of -Humanity. Justice-ship's-Mind of Common-Wealth, Concomitant of the Kin-ship-Spirit-of-the One Blood ; and Equity -ship's Mind-of-Common-Weal, Concomitant of the Solidarity-Spirit of the One Flesh. What are our Common Streets, Bridges, Public Parks, Schools, Hospitals, and much else of like kind, if not testimonials in favour of the Justice of some degree of Common- Wealth ; and if the fullest Equity-of-Common-Weal, has not yet been attained, if Pauperism with all its evils be still rampant amongst us, may it not be, because the Justice inherent in the Common-Wealth Ideal, has not as yet been fully grasped, and adled upon ^ " For Pauperism, though it now absorbs its high figure of millions annually, is by no means a question of money only, but of infinitely higher, and greater than all conceivable money. If our Chancellor of the Exchequer had a Fortunatus' purse, and miraculous sacks of Indian meal that would stand scooping from for ever, — I say, even on these terms Pauperism could not be endured ; and it would vitally concern all British citizens to abate Pauperism, and never rest till they had ended it again. Pauperism is the general leakage through every joint of the ship that is rotten. Were all men doing their duty, or even seriously trying to do it, there would be no pauper. Were the pretended Captains of the world at all in the habit of commanding ; were the pretended Teachers of the world at all in the habit of teaching, — of admonishing said Captains among others, and with sacred zeal apprising them to what place such negleft was leading, — how could Pauperism exist ? Pauperism would lie far over the horizon ; we should be lamenting and denouncing quite inferior sins of men, which were only heading off afar towards Pauperism. A true Captaincy, a true Teachership, either making all men and Captains know and devoutly recognise the eternal law of things, or else breaking its own heart, and going about with sackcloth round its loins, in testimony of continual sorrow and protest, and prophecy of God's vengeance upon such a course of things: either of these divine equipments would have saved us; and it is because we have neither of them that we are come to such a pass ! " We may depend upon it, where there is a pauper there is a sin ; to make one Pauper, Plate III. Upper SeBion. (E. I.) 83 there go many sins. Pauperism is our Social Sin grown manifest ; developed from the state of a spiritual ignobleness, a pradical impropriety, and base oblivion of duty, to an affair of the ledger. . . . "... Pauperism Is the poisonous dripping from all the sins and putrid unveracltles and God-forgetting greedinesses, and Devil-serving cants and Jesuitisms that exist among us. Not one idle Sham lounging about Creation upon false pretences, upon means which he has not earned, upon theories which he does not pradlise, but yields his share of Pauperism somewhere or other. His sham-work oozes down ; finds at last its issue as human Pauperism, — in a human being that by those false pretences cannot live. The Idle Workhouse, now about to burst of overfilling, what is it but the scandalous poison-tank of drainage from the universal Stygian quagmire of our affairs ? Workhouse Paupers ; immortal sons of Adam rotted into that scandalous condition, subter-slavish, demanding that you would make slaves of them as an unattainable blessing ! My friends, I perceive the quagmire must be drained, or we cannot live. And farther, I perceive, this of Pauperism is the corner where we must i>egin — the levels all pointing thitherward, the possibilities all lying clearly there. On that Problem we shall find that Innumerable things — that all things whatsoever hang. By courageous, steadfast persistence In that, I can foresee Society itself regenerated. In the course of long, strenuous centuries, I can see the state become what It Is actually bound to be — the keystone of a most real ' Organisation of Labour,' and on this earth a world of some veracity and some heroism, once more worth living in!" — Carlyle's Latter Day Pamphlets, "The New" Downing Street." Plate III., Upper Se&ion (£.). E. III. Deve'.oped from Philanthropy's €arcflfl»oMLot)e (PI. 11.). E. Plate III., Upper Section, AS DEVELOPED FROM THE Upper Diagram. Plate II. (B. III.) E. IV. Developed from Patriotism's «)Empatl)!;=of=JFtiEnB0l)ip (PI. II.) E. I. Developed from Humanity's IP|)iIantl)rop!! anB ipatttotiam (PI. 11.). E. V. Developed from Patriotism's ©ubIic=«)pitit=of=ambitioit (Pl. II.). E. II. Developed from Philanthropy's «r|)atitE=of--llUi«mEBa (PI. II.). Plate in. Upper SeEimt. {E. II.) 85 READING OF E. II. Man's Spirit-Ethics of Habit and Duty, and Co-ordinate Mind-Deontology of Praftice and Precept; are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Axes of his Philanthropy's Charity-of- Kind-ness (B. III.) ; and Centre-Conjointly on the Will-Ends of an Education, of the Major and Minor Diagonal-Mode, Social and Industrial ; as Concomitant of the Kin-ship-Spirit-of his One Blood (E. I.). And Social-Education, as the Major Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Spirit- Ethics of Habit and Duty ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, the Training-of-Habit, and as Positive Pole, the "Teaching-of-Duty ; — whilst Industrial-Education, as the Minor Diagonal- Mode, or Correlative of his Mind-Deontology of Practice and Precept; has as Negative Pole or Basis, a Good-Works-of -Practice, Concomitant of the Training-of-Habit ; and as Positive Pole, a Good-Words-of -Precept , Concomitant of the Teaching-of-Duty. I. Spirit-Ethics and Mind-Deontology . " The primal duties shine aloft like stars ; The charities that soothe and heal and bless, Lie scattered at the feet of men like flowers." Wordsworth. " The ancient Pythagoreans defined virtue to be "E£tc tov Seovtoc (that is, the habit of duty, or of doing what is binding), the oldest definition of virtue of which we have any account, and one of the most unexceptionable which is yet to be found in any system of philosophy." — Stewart, A£l. and Mor. Powers, vol. ii. p. 446; and Sir W. Hamilton (Reid's (Vorks, p. 510, note) has observed that ethics are well denominated deontology. 1. Education s Training-of-Habit and Teaching-of-Duty , Good-lVorks-of -Practice and Good-Words-of -Precept. " Or meditate on the use of ' humanitas,' and (in Scotland at least) of the ' humanities ' to designate those studies which are deemed the fittest for training the true humanity in every man. We have happily overlived in England the time when it was still in debate among us, whether education were a good thing for every living soul or not ; the only question which now seriously divides Englishmen being, in what manner that mental and moral training, which is society's debt to each one of its members, may be most effedlually imparted to him. Were it not so, did any affirm still that it was good for any man to be left with powers not called out, and faculties untrained, we might appeal to this word * humanitas,' and the use to which the Roman put it, in proof that he at least was not of this mind, even as now we may not slight the striking witness to the truth herein contained. By ' humanitas,' he intended the fullest and most harmonious culture of all the human faculties and powers. Then, and then only, man was truly man, when he received this, in so far as he did not receive this, his ' humanity ' was maimed and imperfeft ; he fell short of his ideal, of that which he was created to be." — Archbishop Trench, On the Study of Words, Third Ledure. Plate IIL, Upper SeSiion (£.). E. III. Developed from Philanthropy's CareaB^oMLotjc (PI. II.). Plate III., Upper Section, AS DEVELOPED FROM THE Upper Diagram, Plate II. (^B. III.) E. IV. Developed from Patriotism's €)gmpat!)E=of=JFrienli0!)ip (PI. II.) E. I. Developed from Humanity's !13!jilantI)ropp anH IPattiotiem (PI. 11.). E. V. Developed from Patriotism's lPubIic=«>pitit=of»ambition (PI. II.). E. II. Developed from Philanthropy's C!)atitE=of=ll^intine0B (PI, II.). Plate III. Upper Se&ion. (E. III.) 87 READING OF E. III. Man's Sex-Spirit of Tender-ness and Attachment, and Co-ordinate Mind-Conjugality of Pairing and Yoke ; are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Axes of Philanthropy's Caress-of- Love (B. III.); and Centre-Conjointly on the Will-Ends of a Marriage of the Major and Minor Diagonal-Mode, Social and Industrial, as Concomitant of the Solidarity-Spirit of his One Flesh (E. I.). And Social- Marriage, as the Major Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Sex-Spirit of Tender-ness and Attachment ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, the Embrace-of-Tender-ness ; and as Positive Pole the Constamy-of- Attachment ; — whilst Industrial-Marriage, as the Minor Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of his Mind-Conjugality of Pairing and Yoke, has as Negative Pole or Basis, a Mate-ship-of-P airing. Concomitant of the Embrace-of-Tender-ness ; and as Positive Pole, a Part-ner-ship-of-Toke, Concomitant of the Constancy-of- Attachment. I. Sex-Spirit and Mind-Conjugality . " With every morn their love grew tenderer, With every eve deeper and tenderer still." — Keats. Conjugaliszzono. united to another, husband or w\{Q^ugum a yoke. " The relations of the sexes among animals seem to be determined chiefly by the requirements of their offspring. Where a nest is to be built, and a young family fed for a considerable period, the male and female mate, work, watch, and care for them together. . . . Children are the most helpless of all young creatures, and require the care of parents for the longest period .... and it will thence be readily understood, how the ' Yoke '-of-Conjugality may be made to weigh more or less heavily on the Primary Sex-Spirit according as the Conditions in which it is borne, are those of the * fradional ' or those of the ' integral ' family." 1. Marriage. " There are subjedls upon which but few persons venture frankly to express their minds, and among them, all that concerns marriage holds a place; it being conneSledwith religion and conventional morality, where dissimulation or reserve merges easily into hypocrisy. So much the 88 Plate III. Upper Se&ion. (E. III.) worse for the progress and triumph of truth. Fortunately, however, truth, in the way of progress, is Hke the star of a certain constellation, towards which our planetary system is gliding without our being aware of it, and whither it will continue to glide, even against our will, if we could form any will upon such a subjeft." — 'The Institution of Marriage, by " Philanthropus," p. 3. " Tender-handed stroke a nettle, It will sting you for your pains; Grasp it like a man of mettle, And it soft as silk remains." Now whilst Mono-gamy is the indisputable fulcrum of all marriage — a world-wide and time-hardened experience teaches, that it slides readily, and indeed irrepressibly into Poly- gamy's twin-arms of poly-gyny znd poly-andry, and that when this its natural mode of develop- ment is unduly interfered with, and the forces which lie at its roots, are driven back from their overt seeking of the conditions of their only possible equilibrium, to burrow more or less secretly within the Body-Politic ; the evil of such repression evidences itself throughout such body, by the breaking out of virulent Social sores of varied description. Wherefore also it behoves all good and wise men not to shut, but to open their eyes to the real fa6ts of the case ; and having duly studied them, to suggest the institutions which such study must teach, as most calculated to promote the truly-balanced play of the forces with their good, and obviate their out-of-balance play and evils. But whoever does so must be prepared for all the abuse and vituperation with which Fourier has been assailed by the true sons of those who for ever stone the prophets : as witness the following — the italicized words within parentheses being the appropriate running commentary called for by the text. " There can be no doubt that Fourier sincerely loved humanity, and laboured earnestly in its service. He sought to lead men to a terrestrial paradise, where there would be much eating of sugar plums " [that is, no starvation of the poor, together with reckless wastefulness on the part of the rich], " many courtships and few marriages " [many courtships and many marriages of the kind most conducive to the general order and welfare, as well as to individual happiness'], "where a complete surrender to every passion of our nature " [since so conditioned and reciprocally guided as to cause each and all, in accordance with diversity of nature and degree, to contribute to the general sum of good] " would constitute the happiest and noblest life, and where the animating and controlling principle of duty will be almost unknown " \such principle of duty, viz. , as shall no longer be needed or called for, the vices with which it even now so ineffe^ually struggles having passed away — but known better than ever, when, freed from the necessity of pulling down its rookeries, of hunting up its infanticidal fathers and mothers, of attending to its divorce courts, of clamouring for one good meal a year on behalf of its starvelings, and of dragging its children from its gutters — // shall be occupied in incorporating these same Plate III, Upper SeBion. {E. III.) 89 children under the banners of a Faith, Hope, and Charity hitherto undreamed of'\. " For all this, he (Fourier) has incurred much obloquy, and his name has passed into a by-word of reproach amongst men " \who, fed from their infancy upwards on prejudices and superstitions, have lost all power of distinguishing good from evil, and call evil their good, and good evil !'\. — Fortnightly Review, December, 1872, Article " Fourier." N Plate Ill.y Upper Se&ion (£.). E. III. Developed from Philanthropy's €atCj3B=of.-ILot)C (PI. II.). Plate III., Upper Section, AS DEVELOPED FROM THE Upper Diagram, Plate II. fB. III.) E. IV. Developed from Patriotism's ©Bmpatf)j.-of=jFricnB0l)tp (Pl. II.) E. I. Developed from Humanity's lP?)ilant!)ropp anti patriotism (Pi. II.). E. V. Developed from Patriotism's IPubIit=«)puit=of--ambitioit (PI. II.). E. II. Developed from Philanthropy's «IJ)arit2=of=Kint)ncB0 (PI. 11.). Plate III. Upper SeBion. (E. IF.) 91 READING OF E. IV. Man's Companion-ship-Spirit of Fellow-ship and Brother-hood, and Co-ordinate Mind- CEconomics of Co-operation and Edification; are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Axes of his Patriotism's Sympathy-of-Friend-ship (B. III.) ; and Centre-Conjointly on the Will- Ends of a Community, of the Major and Minor Diagonal-Mode, 6'ot/fl/ and Industrial; as Concomitant of the Justice-ship-Mind-of-Common-Wealth (E. I.). And Social-Community, as the Major Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Com- panion-ship-Spirit of Fellow-ship and Brother-hood; has as Negative Pole or Basis, the Conviviality-of-Fellow-s/iip ; and as Positive Pole, the Congeniality-of-Brother-hood ; — whilst Industrial- Community , as the Minor Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of his Mind-CEconomics of Co-operation and Edification ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, a Joint-Stock-of-Co-operation, Concomitant of the Conviviality-of- Fellow-ship ; and as Positive Pole, a Joint-Interests-of- Edification, Concomitant of the Congeniality-of-Brother-hood. I. Spirit-Companion-ship. We say such and such, are great companions, or grtzt friends , indifferently. Also, if boys, that they are ^Idij-fellows, and finally perhaps, quite like brothers. Companionship signifies moreover literally " a breaking and eating of bread together," and the breaking and eating of bread together, may indeed be considered as the especial charafteristic of fellowship and brotherhood, and although Webster derives the word from con and pannus, a cloth or flag, and makes a ' companion ' one who is under the same standard, the difference is of no moment, for soldiers and sailors constantly break and eat bread together. 2. Mind-CEconomics. " Economics must be constantly regarded as forming only one department of the larger science of Sociology in vital connexion with its other departments and with the moral synthesis which is the crown of the whole intelledtual system. We have already sufficiently explained the philosophical grounds for the conclusion that the economic phenomena of society cannot be isolated, except provisionally from the rest, — that, in fa6t, all the primary social elements should be habitually regarded with respedl to their mutual dependence and reciprocal adtions. Especially must we keep in view the high moral issues to which the economic movement is 92 Plate III. Upper SeSiion. (E. IF.) subservient, and in the absence of which it could never in any great degree attraft the interest or fix the attention either of eminent thinkers or of right-minded men. The individual point of view will have to be subordinated to the social ; each agent will have to be regarded as an organ of the society to which he belongs and of the larger society of the race. The con- sideration of interests, as George Eliot has well said, must give place to that of funftions. The old dodtrine of right, which lay at the basis of the system of ' natural liberty,' has done its temporary work ; a docftrine of duty will have to be substituted, fixing on positive grounds the nature of the social co-operation of each class and each member of the com- munity, and the rules which must regulate its just and beneficial exercise. " Turning now from the question of the theoretic constitution of economics, and viewing the science with resped to its influence on public policy, we need not at the present day waste words in repudiating the idea that * non-government ' in the economic sphere is the normal order of things Social exigencies will force the hands of statesmen, whatever their attachment to abstrad: formulas ; and politicians have pradically turned their backs on laisser faire. The State has with excellent effeft proceeded a considerable way in the diredion of controlling, for ends of social equity, or public utility, the operations of individual interest. The economists themselves have been for the most part converted on the question ; amongst theorists Mr. Herbert Spencer finds himself almost a vox clamantis in deserto in protesting against what he calls the ' new slavery ' of government interference. He will protest in vain, so far as he seeks to rehabilitate the old dodlrine of the economic passivity of the State. But it is certainly possible that even by virtue of the force of the re-adion against that doftrine there may be an excessive or precipitate tendency in the opposite diredlion. With the course of produdlion or exchange considered in itself there will probably be in England little dis- position to meddle. But the dangers and inconveniences which arise from the unsettled condition of the world of labour will probably from time to time here, as elsewhere, prompt to premature attempts at regulation. Apart, however, from the removal of evils which threaten the public peace, and from temporary palliations to ease off social pressure, the right policy of the State in this sphere will for the present be one of abstention. It is indeed certain that industrial society will not permanently remain without a systematic organisation. The mere conflid: of private interests will never produce a well-ordered Commonwealth of Labour. Freedom is for society, as for the individual, the necessary condition precedent of the solution of pradtical problems, both as allowing natural forces to develop themselves and as exhibiting their spontaneous tendencies ; but it is not in itself the solution. Whilst, how- ever, an organisation of the industrial world may with certainty be expefted to arise in process of time, it would be a great error to attempt to improvise one. We are now in a period of transition. Our ruling powers have still an equivocal characfler ; they are not in real harmony with industrial life, and are in all respefts imperfeftly imbued with the modern spirit. Besides, the conditions of the new order are yet imperfeftly understood. The institutions of the future must be founded on sentiments and habits, and these must be the Plate III. Upper Se&ion. (E. IF.) 93 slow growth of thought and experience What is now most urgent is not legislative interference on a large scale with the industrial relations, but the formation, in both the higher and lower regions of the industrial world, of profound conviSlions as to social duties, and some more effective mode than at -present exists of diffusing, maintaining, and applying those conviElions. .... The industrial reformation for which western Europe groans and travails, and the advent of which is indicated by so many symptoms (though it will come only as the fruit of faithful and sustained efFort) will be no isolated fadt, but will form one part of an applied art of life, modifying our whole environment , affeEling our whole culture, and regulating our whole conduct — in a word, consciously dirediing all our resources to the conservation and evolution of humanity." — -Encyc. Britannica, 9th ed., p. 400, " Political Economy.'' 3. Community. " Friendship and the just ^ appear, as was said at first, to be conversant with the same things, and between the same persons ; for in every Community there seems to exist some kind of just and some kind of friendship. Thus soldiers and sailors call their comrades friends, and so likewise those who are associated in any other way. But as far as they have anything in common, so far there is friendship ; for so far also there is the just. And the proverb, that the property of friends is common, is coxr^Si; for friendship consists in community : and to brothers and companions all things are common, but to others, certain definite things, to some more, to others less ; for some friendships are stronger, and others weaker." — Aristotle's Ethics, p. 219. By A. W. Browne, M.A. Bohn's Classical Library. 4. Social-Community . The following extrad; from a paper on the advantages of Co-operative-House-holding (Conviviality-of- Fellow-ship) may be considered as the thin edge of a wedge, which is being daily driven more and more home in the direftion of the Social Community of the Diagram : — ■ " For some years past the growing expense and troubles of ordinary house-keeping have driven thoughtful people to consider whether the great principles of Association and Co- operation are not as applicable to domestic as to commercial undertakings. To-day the existence of several more or less successful attempts to carry the idea into praftice shows that the subjed: has outgrown its purely speculative phase, and is therefore entitled to te considered one of the pradtical problems of the age, " Notwithstanding, however, that there is a great and fast-growing interest taken in the ' " The political good is justice ; for this, in other words, is the interest of all." — Aristotle's Politics, b. iii. ch. xii. 94 Plate III. Upper SeEimi. {E. IF.) subjedt, more especially by harassed and weary housekeepers, there is still no little miscon- ception abroad as to the character and scope of Co-operative housekeeping, not only on the part of the public, but even on the part of some of those who have pradtically tried to solve the problem. •'* The misconceptions most prevalent with the public seem to have arisen partly through the fault of those who have advocated the scheme as primarily a social or even Socialist reform or revolution, which has been quite sufficient to excite the prejudices and antagonism of numbers ; and partly from the natural instindt on the part of those to whom the idea is newly presented to judge the new scheme by past experience of no inviting kind acquired in ordinary boarding-houses, hotels, or barracks. On the other hand, those who have made unsuccessful, or partially successful experiments have altogether overlooked, or insufficiently apprehended at least, some of those conditions which I hope in the present essay to show are absolutely essential to the successful working of the system. My object is to present the inception and gradual growth of the scheme merely as the application of well-known economical principles to domestic living, from which indeed, as from the introdudlion of steam, certain social advantages may or may not incidentally arise, but which are not necessary to its success. ^estions of general administration and other conne£ied matters having been discussed, Mr. Fisher concludes as follows : — ■ " I have now endeavoured to describe, as shortly and clearly as possible, the natural rise and growth of the idea of Co-operative Housekeeping, showing that it is no Socialist Utopia, but merely the application of modern economical principles and mechanical appliances in a somewhat new diredlion. I have sought to demonstrate that the conditions absolutely essential to success are, first, largeness of scale ; secondly, the retention of domestic privacy by separation of the board and dwelling departments ; and thirdly, its administration on at least modified co-opera- tive, and not on purely commercial principles. These conditions are, I believe, equally demanded by, and equally applicable to all stages of the system, from the establishment of Co-operative Kitchens up to the creation and administration of that ideal Co-operative Mansion of the, I trust, not very distant future, which, presenting to the world an imposing and even splendid exterior, shall offer to its one or two thousand members the individual enjoyment of a great variety of dwellings, differing in the number, size, and position of their rooms according to the wants, taste, and means of their tenants, together with the common enjoyment of spacious, well- warmed, well-ventilated halls, corridors, and staircases, of lifts, of the services of porters, commissionaires, and call-boys, of firemen and watchmen ; which shall offer the means of using a steam laundry, a special post and telegraph office, of Turkish and other baths and lavatories, of a kinder-gar ten, and of an hospital suite ; which shall offer the opportunity of enjoying large and small drawing and dining-rooms, of music, dancing, and card-rooms, of libraries and reading-rooms, of smoking and of billiard-rooms, in which the individual Plate III. Upper SeBion. {E. IV,) 95 members and families may either enjoy more completely than is now possible that amiable social isolation and exclusiveness which we are told is so dear to the true Briton ; or, on the other hand, may, without extra trouble or expense, enjoy as much as they wish of the society of their fellow-members — the whole, if conduced on true co-operative principles, to be obtained at a smaller cost than we now pay for our unsatisfactory dwellings and servants^ and with the further gain of an almost complete freedom from household cares. " It is asserted that English people are too conservative to adopt so fundamental a revolution in the ideas of dwellings and housekeeping. I answer, the fads show the contrary. Not only are great numbers of people, some from necessity, others from choice, more and more living in boarding-houses, hotels, and flats, but the continued success of the well-known mansions in Grosvenor Gardens for the past ten years, of the kindred ereftions in Vidioria Street and elsewhere, which are being repeated, with modern improvements on a considerable scale, as well as the great success of the vast pile at Queen Anne's Gate, is sufficient proof that the British public is ready largely to avail itself of such dwellings and style of living as more or less closely approach the idea of Co-operative Housekeeping, which it has been my obje(5i: rather to put on a practical basis than to argue its advantages at length. " Though I have discussed the question in this essay as if it were one purely affefting the upper middle and upper classes, with whom it must probably begin, yet the system is even more desirable for the lower middle and lower classes, who are, I believe, relatively more wastefully lodged and fed than their richer neighbours. It is true that the less educated are more prejudiced and less capable of clubbing together than the better educated classes : but, judging from the success which has attended the efforts to get the artisans to give up their little homes or hovels for homes in blocks, it will not, I venture to say, be very long before they will see the economic advantages of a common kitchen, and the social advantages of a club- room, which would probably prove a successful and healthy rival to the public-house. ... In conclusion I venture to say that I have the strongest reasons for believing that if the public can only once fairly grasp the idea that Co-operative Housekeeping is no social chimera, but is merely a recombination of the soundest and most successful fafts, it will not be long before Co-operative Mansions are not only very common, but will be regarded as among the very best investments in real property." — Nineteenth Century Review, Sept. 1877, "The Practical Side of Co-operative Housekeeping." 5. Industrial Community. " Seldom have popular interest and sympathy been more strongly stirred in regard to any great national evil than in the recent agitation concerning the habitations of our poorer classes in London and other large cities. The first point, no doubt, was to compel attention to the existing state of things It is something gained to have made it impossible any longer to 96 Plate III. Upper SeBion. (E. IF.) shut one's eyes to the fads. But the next point is to make equally evident the uselessness of such exposure, or of the sternest denunciations, and even of the most stringent benevolent and legal measures for reform, unless pradical steps are at once taken for remedying the evils by removing their causes " The remedy, unquestionably, seems to be to turn back the tide from town to country by finding employment for its seekers, profitable to themselves and the community, where they can be decently housed and fairly well remunerated. This can be done by two methods : First, by employment in cultivating Co-operative Farms, or by cottage farms and allotments, on the land which at present in many districts seems likely to go out of cultivation Secondly, by providing, indoors as well as out of doors, industrial occupation for those who desire to have it when thus settled on the land. It is in the combination of various trades and manufaElures (which can be carried on indoors by persons of various ages and both sexes) with outdoor occupations that the solution of our difficulties may be found ; for the two employ- ments, naturally, profitably, and healthfully supplement one another. There is no earthly reason why a large number of trades now carried on in close, reeking quarters, amid intolerable physical and moral evils, should not be followed in the pure air and wider space of ' Village- Communities,' except the utterly insufficient reason that various capitalists have at present got their establishments in London and its suburbs. The workers must be near their work, but their work may also be brought near to them. Are not chairs just as well made in High Wycombe as they could be in Old Street Road, Finsbury ? and are not the men and women, boys and girls, engaged in the manufafture there, far happier, healthier, and under incom- parably better moral conditions than in the back slums of Bermondsey ? Why should not a large amount of cabinet-making, wood-carving, watch-making, tailoring, shoe-making, envelope- making, papier-mache work, rope-making, canvas-bag and sack-making, book-binding, etc., be done in villages, where the workers could be decently housed, could supplement their wages, and promote their physical and moral well-being by occasional gardening, or by supplying the great demand for fowls and eggs, attending to a dairy, cultivating vegetables, fruit-trees, and even making 'jam ' ? Paper-making, straw-plaiting, and lace-making have long been country manufaftures, printing is frequently now relegated to country towns. It has never been found necessary that the glove manufadlure should be carried on in great cities ; and in the little Somerset town of Yeovil the glovers have found gardens and ' allotments ' both useful and pleasant. When owing to bad seasons, sickness and death among stock, falling markets, etc., the cottage farm or garden makes poor returns, the indoor manufacture may be specially remunerative, or at all events compensatory, and vice versa ; while in winter, when there need be very little to do on the, bit of land, the handicraft would be a great resource. In short, the alterations of the seasons, of the weather, of day and night, the value of out-door exercise for those much engaged in sedentary occupations, the general need, in fa6t, of a compensation-balance in our social arrangements as well as in a chronometer — all point to some such methods as are now suggested to bring our industrial arrangements into Plate III. Upper SeSimt. (E. IF.) 97 harmony with the designs of Providence — methods that would relieve at once the congestions in our large towns and the crying wants of those who, alike in the country and the towns, ask for work that they may live, and ask to live near their work. The tide of population must be turned back from the cities to the fields, and remunerative work secured in conjunction with healthy, decent dwellings " In a village community not only would one of the greatest hindrances in London to domestic happiness be obviated, viz., the great distances that must be travelled by workmen to their work if they escape from crowded neighbourhoods, but the same is true with regard to re-creation and instrudion. The lecture and concert-hall, public-library, technical and other classes, baths and wash-houses, cricket and football grounds, fives' courts, workmen's social clubs, meetings for business, places of worship, might all be within a short distance from the home. The clubs and concert-halls, moreover, would render public-houses and music-hall drinkeries unnecessary, and one of the greatest sources of temptation, of pauperism, insanity, and crime, would thus be cut off. .... " But how are we to begin realising all these pleasant visions ? What is the first immediate step to ' turn the tide ' ? Get the land of course whereon to build your village, and then build there instead of in London or in large towns. The waste ground in London can generally be much more profitably employed than for workmen's dwellings, and that is one great source of delay and expense in providing them. Then to afford shelter for the workmen engaged in building cottages, to relieve the immediate terrible state of things in London, and to give time for clearing away the rookeries, ered huts and pitch tents for all who are willing to come into the country during the summer months as fast as employment can be given them on the land, or otherwise. Take the hop-picking season as evidence of the willingness of the London poorer classes to ' rough it ' for a time in order to obtain a living ; and then look back to the admirable skill and fertility of resource with which outdoor employment was found for Lancashire cotton-spinners in the cotton famine, as well as to the rapidity with which 100,000 men were hutted in the Crimea, and no insignificant number at Aldershot. Have we lost all our Teutonic organising power .'' " But the basis of any movement for the obje6ts now advocated of course is Capital. Will that be forthcoming ? We do not think there need be the slightest doubt on the score. If the various societies, companies, and trusts now employed in ' improving or increasing ' the dwellings of the poor would begin devoting only a portion of their funds to build in rural instead of in metropolitan distridts, and eredling comfortable village homes in the midst of gardens and farms for those who want both work and homes, the tide of population now putrefying in foul and miserable ' slums,' under the unnatural accumulation there of labour, pauperism and crime, would be rolled back from town to country, and the root of the mischief would be cut " — Re-housing of the Industrial Classes ; or. Village Communities versus Town Rookeries, by Rev. Henry Solly. Plate III., Upper SeBion (£.). E. III. Developed from Philanthropy's eatca0»of=n.otie (PI. II.). Plate III., Upper Section, AS DEVELOPED FROM THE Upper Diagram, Plate II. (B. III.) E. IV. Developed from Patriotism's S)pinpatl)!;=of>JFrtcnDal)ip (Pi. II.) E. I. Developed from Humanity's 113f)tIant|)topp anu IpattioriBm (PI. II.). E. V. Developed from Patriotism's ©ulilic=«iptnt>of=9mbition (Pl. II.). E. II. Developed from Philanthropy's Ctjatitg^of'KinBncaa (PI. II.). Plate III. Upper SeElion. (£. V.) 99 READING OF E. V. Man's States-manship-Spirit of Grouping and Serial-Grouping, and Co-ordinate Mind- Polity of Village and Town ; are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Axes of his Patriotism's Public-Spirit-of-Ambition (B. III.); and Centre-Conjointly on the Will-Ends of a Govern- ment, of the Major and Minor Diagonal-Modes, lyoa'a/ and /W«j/n'«/ ; as Concomitant of the Equity-ship-Mind-of-Common-Weal. (E, I.). And Social-Government^ as the Major Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's States- manship-Spirit of Grouping and Serial-Grouping ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, the Domesticity-of-Grouping ; and as Positive Pole, the Federation-of-Serial-Grouping ; — whilst Industrial-Government, as the Minor Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of his Mind-Polity of Village and Town; has as Negative Pole or Basis, a Steward-ship-of- Village, Concomitant of the Domesticity-of-Grouping ; and as Positive Pole, an Administration-of-1'own, Concomitant of the Federation-of-Serial-Grouping. I . States-manship-Spirit and Mind-Polity. The States-manship-Spirit of Grouping and Serial-Grouping which, accompanied by a Mind-Polity of Village and Town, is continuously " steering " the vessel of Man's State in the way " it should go" here tells him, that it is important he should determine how families may be clustered together so as to constitute the most orderly Village, and Villages so as to constitute the most orderly Town. Whether, viz., by a quasi-mechanical hap-hazard tumbling down together of house and house, family and family, regardless of any true count of house- hold or family requirements ; or, by the plannings of an adequate Architefture, with its Creches, Nurseries, Kinder-garten, play and educational grounds for infancy and childhood, its public and private rooms for adults, and all the other accessories of a Home-stead-of-Associa- tion. For he will find that on a sufficient comparison of the alternatives, of the former or Fraftional-Family-System and the latter or Integral-Family-System, he will have to come to a conclusion which may be succindlly formulated as follows : — 1. That no state of General Welfare can ever be attained whilst the Basis or Unit of the Social System is the /rational Family, or the Family, viz., of Two, Three, Four, or a few more members, for that such a Basis is too narrow, too insecure, too wasteful, too shifting, and altogether too unsuited to the higher destinies of Man for any sufficient Social super- strudture. 2. That the True Basis, the True Unit of the Social Fabric, is the Integral Family, or lOO Plate III. Upper SeSiion. (£. /^.) that composed of Two or Three Hundred associated Fradional Families — adequately housed, and adequately provided in all Social-Industrial respeds. 3. That whilst the Transition from the former to the latter state is actually already in progress, as witness the increasing number of plans for the improvement of our Houses-of- Aggregation and their coincident accessories, an important fador of the impending Social- Industrial re-organisation is still insufficiently recognized; or that, viz., of Serial-Grouping, although the solution of the problems connected with the flexibility of such grouping, and those connedled with the assurance of individual independence in conjunction with the Good of the Colledive, or with the problems of a perfedted Unitary Organisation, may be considered as one and the same. 2. Government. " That Society, then, which Nature has established for daily support, is a family (or Domestic Group). But the Society of many families (Series of Domestic. Groups), which was instituted for lasting and mutual advantage, is called a Village . . . and when many Villages join themselves perfeftly together into One Society (Federation-of-Serial-Grouping), that Society is a State [polis), and contains in itself, if I may so speak, the perfection of inde- pendence ; and it is first founded that men may live, but continued that they may live happily. For which reason every State is the work of nature, since the first Social ties are such ; for to this (the complete State-of-Man-ship) they all tend as to an end, and the nature of a thing is judged by its tendency. For what every being is in its perfed: state, that certainly is the nature of that being, whether it be a man, a horse, or a house ; besides, its own final cause and its end must be the perfection of anything; but a Government complete in itself constitutes a final cause, and what is best. Hence it is evident that a State is one of the works of nature, and that man is naturally a political animal ; and that whosoever is naturally, and not accidentally, unfit for society, must be either inferior or superior to man. . . ." — Aristotle's Politics, Bohn's Classical Library, pp. 5-6. # The faCt of the natural tendency of men to distribute themselves into Groups and Series- of-Groups, being thus confirmed, the question remains, whether this newer knowledge, or, viz., that such Grouping and Serial-Grouping is not a mere accident of which no notice need be taken, but a tendency of the greatest import, may not, aided by our superiority over Aristotle's times as regard industrial instrumentalities, benefit us immensely ? " Two general laws appear to operate upon the location of families — one tending to their equable diffusion, the other to their condensation round certain centres ; thus Families cluster round a certain point, and Villages are formed. In conformity with the same law, these Villages form round other centres, and Towns are formed ; and these again, at wider intervals, round other centres, and Cities are formed. Plate III. Upper SeSiion. {E. V.) loi "'Conceive,' says the Report, '58,320 square miles, the area of England and Wales, divided into 583 squares, each containing twenty-five square figures of four square miles ; a Market Town in the central square containing 15,501 inhabitants, and the twenty-four similar squares arranged symmetrically around it in Villages, containing churches and chapels and houses, holding in the aggregate 16,000 inhabitants. Now imagine the figures to be of every variety of form as well as size, and a clear idea is obtained of the way that the ground of the Island has been taken up and is occupied by the population.'" — Cheshire's Results of the Census of Great Britain /« 1 8 5 1 . Plate 1 11.^ Left-hand SeEiion, (F.) F. III. Developed from Attention's (Siasp=of'ffionccption (PL 11.). F. Plate III., Left-hand Section, AS DEVELOPED FROM THE Left-hand Diagram, Plate II. (B. IV.) F. IV. Developed from Memory's IRctcntions=of=?[oramon--&cn0c (PL IL). F. I. Developed from Reason's attention anD iHcmotp (PL II.). F. V. Developed from Memory's iRECOlIeaiona=of»Sf)OUBl)t (PL II.). F. II. Developed from Attention's SucBeationB=of=lPcrccption (PL II.). Plate III. Left-hand SeBion. (^F. I.) 103 READING OF F. I. Man's Under-Standing-Spirit of Apprehension and Comprehension, and Co-ordinate Mind-Judgment of Evidence and Verdidt ; are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Correlative Axes of his Reason's Attention and Memory (B. IV.) ; and Centre-Conjointly on the Will- Ends of a Creed-of-Reason, of the Major and Minor Diagonal-Modes of Faith and Rationalism ; as Concomitant of his Will-Ends of Happiness (C. IV.). And Faith as the Major Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Under-standing-Spirit of Apprehension and Comprehension, has as Negative Pole or Basis, the Belief-of- Apprehension ; and as Positive Pole, the 'Trust-of-Comprehension ; — whilst Rationalism, as the Minor Diagonal- Mode, or Correlative of his Mind-Judgment of Evidence and Verdidt ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, a Testimony-Evidence, Concomitant of the Belief-of- Apprehension ; and as Positive Pole, an Argument -Verdi St, Concomitant of the Trust-of-Comprehension. I. Reason s Understanding-Spirit of Apprehension and Comprehension, and Co-ordinate Mind-Judgments. The advantages afforded by the Diagrammatic Method are here clearly seen, in its precise and definite fixing of the relationships of Reason and its Understanding-Spirit; and which, according to Whewell's " Elements of Morality " {IntroduSfion), have not, apart from such method, " been steadily distinguished by English writers." " We apprehend many truths which we do not comprehend." — Trench, Study of Words. 2. The Creed-of-Reason s Major Mode of Faith. " Faith, even when implicit and obscure, is essentially the result of Reason. ' It has for its foundation,' as Herberts says, ' the fad:s given in nature, and the consideration which these fads awaken in us. It is the necessary complement of observation.' ' The verities are conclusions from what is given by the senses to what lies beyond sense.' And the authority of such faith is therefore as strong as the authority of that capacity for reason, to which it owes its existence. If we cannot trust Reason, there is nothing we can trust. The senses are continually deceiving us. They constantly require the corredions which Reason supplies. Whence, while we say of the presentments of sense, simply ' Such things are,' we use I04 Plate III. Left-hand Se8iio7i. {F. I.) concerning the determinations of Reason, the formula of logical corredlion, ' Such things f>nist be.' As when Newton reasoned from what simply was before him — the falling apple — to what must be beyond his ken in the depths of the universe ; and Le Verrier was convinced by the perturbations visible among planets already observed, that there must be another planet, not yet observed, to account for such perturbations. So that Faith, in its proper sense, is equivalent to 'Demonstration. As this latter is defined by Cicero, ' the reasoning which leads onward from things seen to things unseen.' " — Griffiths' Behind the Veil, p. 9. 3. The Creed of Reason s Minor Mode of Rationalism. " By the Spirit of Rationalism I understand, not any class of definite docftrines or criticisms, but rather a certain cast of thought or bias of reasoning, which has during the last three centuries gained a marked ascendency in Europe It leads men on all occasions to subordinate dogmatic theology to the dictates of reason and of conscience, and as a necessary consequence, greatly to restrid: its influence upon life." — Lecky's Rise and Influence of Rationalism, Introd. " To love truth sincerely means to pursue it with an earnest, conscientious, unflagging zeal. It means to be prepared to follow the light of evidence even to the most unwelcome conclusions ; to labour earnestly to emancipate the mind from early prejudices ; to resist the current of the desires, and the refrading influence of the passions ; to proportion on all occasions convidion to evidence, and to be ready, if need be, to exchange the calm of assurance for all the suffering of a perplexed and disturbed mind. To do this is very difficult and very painful, but it is clearly involved in the notion of earnest love of truth. If, then, any system stigmatizes as criminal the state of doubt, denounces the examination of some one class of arguments or fadts, seeks to introduce the bias of the afl^eftions into the inquiries of the reason, or regards the honest conclusion of an upright investigation as involving moral guilt, that system is subversive of intelled:ual honesty." — Lecky's History of Morals, vol. ii. p. 200. " .... It is not safe to play with error, and dress it up to ourselves or others in the shape of truth. The mind by degrees loses its natural relish of solid truth We should keep a perfeft indifferency for all opinions, not wish any of them true, or try to make them appear so, but being indifi^erent, receive and embrace them according as evidence, and that alone, gives the attestation of truth. . . . The right use and conducft of the under- standing, whose business is purely truth and nothing else, is, that the mind should be kept in perfe6l indifferency, not inclinmg to either side any further than evidence settles it by knowledge Evidence, therefore, is that by which alone every man is (and should be) taught to regulate his assent, who is then, and then only, in the right way when he follows it." — Locke's Conduct of the Understandings %% 1 1, 24, 33, 34, 42. Plate III. Left-hand SeElion. (P- I.) 105 "Many men firmly embrace falsehood for truth; not only because they never thought otherwise, but also because, thus bhnded as they have been from the beginning, they never could think otherwise ; at least without a vigour of mind able to contest the empire of habits, and look into its own principles ; a freedom which few have the notion of; it being the great art and business of the teachers in most sedls, to suppress as much as they can this funda- mental duty which every man owes to himself." — Locke's ConduB of the Understanding, Sec. 41. Therefore also whilst we should contend earnestly for the truth, zue should first be sure that it is truth, for " . ... Faith, fanatic Faith, once wedded fast To some dear falsehood, hugs it to the last/' " We often find educated men burdened by prejudices which their reading instead of dissipating has rendered more inveterate. For literature being the depository of the thoughts of mankind, is full not only of wisdom, but also of absurdities. The benefit, therefore, which is derived from literature will depend not so much upon the literature itself, as upon the skill with which it is studied, and the judgment with which it is seled:ed Even in an advanced state of civilisation there is always a tendency to prefer those parts of literature which favour ancient prejudices rather than those which oppose them ; and in cases where this tendency is very strong the only effedl of great learning will be, to supply the materials which may corroborate old errors and confirm old superstitions. In our time such instances are not uncommon ; and we frequently meet with men whose erudition ministers to their ignorance, and who the more they read, the less they know." — Buckle, Hist, of Civilization, vol. i. pp. 246-7. " This I think I may be permitted to say, that there is no part wherein the understanding needs a more careful and wary condud than in the use of books." — Locke, Sec. 24. Flate 1 11.^ Left-hand SeEiion. (i^.) F. III. Developed from Attention's !;ntbeBi8 (PI. II.). G. II. Developed from Generalisation's Jm :IicationB=of=Jnl)uaion (PI. II.). Plate III. Right-hand SeSiion. (G. III.) 133 READING OF G. III. Man's Spirit-Life of Involution and Evolution, and Co-ordinate Mind-Meta-physics of Information and Speculation, are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Axes of Generalisation's Explications-of-Dedu(5tion (B. V.) ; and Centre-Conjointly on the Will-Ends of a Philosophy, of the Major and Minor Diagonal-Modes of Spiritualism and Mind-Intro-spe5iion ; as Concomitant of the Revelation-of-the- Absolute (G. I.). And Spiritualism as the Major Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Spirit-Life of Involution and Evolution, has as Negative Pole or Basis, the Physiology-of-Spirit-Life-Involu- tion ; and as Positive Pole, the Psychology-of-Spirit-Life-Evolution ; — whilst Mind-Intro-spe5tion, as the Minor Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of his Mind-Meta-physics of Information and Speculation ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, a Root-Ideas-of-Mind-Information, Concomitant of the Physiology-of-Spirit- Life-Involution ; and as Positive Pole, a Key-Words-of-Mind- Speculation, Concomitant of the Psychology-of-Spirit-Life-Evolution, I . Spirit-Life of Involution and Evolution. " No exception is at this time known to the general law, established upon an immense multitude of diredb observations, that every living thing is evolved from a particle of matter in which no trace of the distinftive characters of the adult form of that living thing is descernible. This particle is termed a germ. " The definition of a germ as * matter potentially alive, and having within itself [involution ?) the tendency to assume a definite living form,' appears to meet all the requirements of modern science. For, notwithstanding it might be justly questioned whether a germ is not merely potentially, but rather actually, alive, though its vital manifestations are reduced to a minimum, the term ' potential ' may fairly be used in a sense broad enough to escape the objeftion. And the qualification of ' potential ' has the advantage of reminding us that the great charafteristic of the germ is not so much what it is, but what it may, under suitable conditions, become." — Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ninth Edition, Article " Evolution," p. 746. # Now whether we consider the Germ, as such simply, or as ' potentially,' what it may become, we stumble in both cases against its description as a particle of matter, which we see, but which evolves by reason of a Some-thing involved with it, which we cannot see. What is this Some-thing ? To reply we must explicate it from the matter with which it is implicated, and therefore commence by some dedudtive-explication of the Nature of matter itself 1 34 Plate III. Right-ha7id SeBiofi. [G. III.^ " What, then, is ' matter ' ? " It is whatever \s perceptible to the human senses, which are construfted to perceive so much of aftual existence as is embodied in that we call ' matter,' and that only. " All of creation that is not strudlured of matter we are unable to perceive by our senses, and we can discover its existence only by its manifestations. " Matter is strucftured of molecules, which are not really the ultimate particles of matter, only the ultimate agglomerations perceptible to the human senses. But these are not the ultimate elements of creation. Molecules themselves are agglomerations of still smaller particles, altogether imperceptible by our senses until united into the masses we call molecules. To these lesser particles we have given the convenient name of atoms. But we are ignorant how these are brought into combination for the formation of molecules Matter is stru(5lured of molecules, which are structured of atoms. When matter is apparently destroyed, it is only resolved into the molecules of which it was formed. Molecules themselves are resolved into their original atoms. Recombinations of both are continually proceeding. Thus the great cycle of renovation by change is maintained " The molecules of which matter is construfted are not in actual contaft. If we could invent a microscope of sufficient power, we should see them distindlly separated from one another, and that which to the unassisted eye appears as a solid mass, would present itself as merely a group of distincflly separated bodies, held in near neighbourhood by some imperceptible force, and which would fly apart and disperse if that force were to be for an instant withdrawn. Under the motive force of light these molecules that make all matter are in perpetual motion within their several spheres. In organized bodies they certainly must be so, for only thus could the work of growth, repair, and removal be performed. In every process of life there must be the incessant passage of matter through matter, by permeation of molecules through a crowd of other molecules. This could not be unless the molecules of which we are constructed were not only distinct but separated. " If we could, with such a microscope, survey this molecular Mechanism of Man, what should we see ? " A strucfture which to our sense of sight would appear almost as a fluid. There would be nothing solid in our sense of the term. A mass of ever-moving particles separated, but held within a certain mutual range by some imperceptible rein This would admit of endless motions among themselves and ample space for the permeation of the whole structure by other molecules, or by strudtures made of smaller particles than by molecules. The entire of an atomic structure (by which I intend any composed of lesser particles than molecules) might thus be readily admitted into a bodv builded of molecules and occupy the spaces between them without any change in the form, or size, or external aspedb of the body so possessed In the pursuit of all science, indeed, and especially of Physiology and Psychology, it is necessary to dismiss from the mind the notion of solidity. No progress is possible while that conception clings to us. It is still, as it ever has been, the most formidable Plate III. Right-hand SeSiion. {G. III?) 135 obstacle to Knowledge Banish this fallacy of the senses and view all material things with the mind's eye, and they will then appear to the mental vision as being, what in faft they are, agglomerations of separated particles with interspaces Matter is, in fadt, what we shall here for want of a better name call non-matter, aggregated into the definite form we call molecular " We have some notion of matter. We know little or nothing of non-matter. But it exists, and its proportion to matter is as Mont Blanc to a grain of sand. Non-matter is not a nothing — an idea merely. It is as real as matter. It must be strudtured of something, and occupy a part of space, and have forms and qualities, and exist under conditions and in obedience to laws, precisely as matter does. We must remember that matter is only non-matter taking a shape in which it becomes perceptible to our material organs of sense " If a Being of atomic or other non-molecular structure desired to make itself perceptible to us, it could do so by combining atoms into molecules, and thus making matter. Matter so made would be at once perceptible to our senses. We could both see it, and feel it " If such a Being desired again to reduce matter to non-matter, the process by which it might be effedted would be, by resolving the molecules into atoms. Then that which the moment before had been seen, or felt, or otherwise become perceptible to our senses, would instantly become imperceptible to them. The thing so treated would still be existing. It might be in the same spot, occupying precisely the same portion of space, identically the same in shape, but we should have no knowledge of its presence. It would have vanished as we should call it— that is to say, it would no longer be perceptible to us. It would for all purposes to us have ceased to be. But there it is, nevertheless, in substance precisely as before, but by reason of the resolution of the molecules into their constituent atoms, it would have ceased to exist to our perceptions. It would in fadl have become what we call spirit." — E. W. Cox's Mechanism of Man, vol. i. pp. 39 and 44. " True, things are solid deemed : but know that those Deemed so the most are rare and unconjoined. From rocks and caves, translucent lymph distils. And, from the tough bark, drops the healing balm. The genial meal, with mystic power, pervades Each avenue of life ; and the grove swells, And yields its various fruit, sustained alone From the pure food propelled through root and branch. Sound pierces marble ; through reclusest walls The bosom-tale transmits : and the keen frost E'en to the marrow winds its sinuous way. — Destroy all vacuum, then, close every pore, And, if thou canst, for such events account." — Lucretius, bk. i. 391. 136 Plate III. Right-hand SeBion. (G. III.) 1. Mind-Metaphysics of In-formation and Speculation. " The ultimate differences among philosophers are to be sought in Metaphysics proper. It is in the views they take of certain metaphysical questions that philosophers, first of all, or most essentially of all, part company. But Metaphysics is a terrible bugbear of a word in these days We are all dearly in love with the Physics ; but we cannot abide the Meta prefixed to them. Perhaps it is a pity. There are some who would not obje6t to see the beautiful Greek word dancing out again in its clear pristine meaning, and naming thoughts and objeds of thought which must be eternal everywhere, whether there is a name for them or not, but which it is an obstrudion and beggarliness of spirit not to be able to name. We need not go farther than Shakspeare for our warrant : — " ' The golden round Which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem To have thee crowned withal.' " Surely a word that Shakespeare used, and used so exadlly and lightly, need not ever be un-English." — Masson's Recent British Philosophy^ p. 28. Information n. p. of Metaphysics. " Matter without form cannot exist ; and in like manner sensations cannot become perceptions, without some formative power of the mind. By the very ad: of being received as perceptions, they have a formative power exercised upon them, the operation of which might be expressed, by speaking of them, not as trans-formed, but simply as formed — as invested with form, instead of being the mere formless material of perception. The word inform, according to its Latin etymology, at first implied this process by which matter is invested with form. Thus Virgil speaks of the thunderbolt as informed by the hands of Brontes, and Steropes, and Pyraemon. And Dryden introduces the word in another place : — " ' Let others better mould the running mass Of metal, or inform the breathing brass.' Even in this use of the word, the form is something superior to the brute matter, and gives it a new significance and purpose. And hence the term is again used to denote the effedt produced by an intelligent principle of a still higher kind : — " * He informed This ill-shaped body with a daring soul.' And finally even the soul itself, in its original condition, is looked upon as matter, when Plate III. Right-hand Se8iio7t. {G.III.^ 137 viewed with reference to education and knowledge, by which it is afterwards moulded ; and hence these in our language are termed information." — Whewell's History of Scientific Ideas, vol. i. p. 40. Speculation p. p. of Metaphysics. Signifies literally, a speculating, or looking into, the in-formations of the Mind, whether derived from the Past, or the Present, or in pro-speEling the Future. " To speculate is — from premises {premised in-formation) given or assumed, but considered unquestionable, as the constituted point of observation — to look abroad upon the whole field of intelledlual vision, and thence to decide upon the true form and dimension of all which meets the view." — Marsh, Aids to Reflection, p. 13. " The speculative part of philosophy is meta-physicsJ' — Fleming's Vocabulary of Philosophy. " Philosophy, when used by itself, is to be taken as synonymous with speculative science or 'Metaphysics,' as they are usually termed." — Ferrier's Institutes of Metaphysic. ". . . . is not speculation a higher region for the range and exercise of man's intelleftual faculties than acftion ? It develops the more noble portions of his nature than can be done by the wear and tear of the world ; it holds up to his contemplation the purest and most serene objefts that the mind of man rivets itself upon. And, accordingly, the more speculative, in the higher sense of that word, a science is — and what can be more speculative than Metaphysics ? — the more entitled is it, as a science, to the resped: and approval and genuine admiration of the world." — Analysis 0/ Aristotle's Metaphysics, p. 13, Bohn's Classical Library. " The evidence of history and the evidence of human nature combine, by a most striking instance of consilience, to show that there is one social element which is ... . predominant, and almost paramount amongst the agents of social progression. This is the state of the speculative faculties of mankind, including the nature of the speculative belief which by any means they have arrived at, concerning themselves, and the world by which they are surrounded. " It would be a great error, and one very little likely to be committed, to assert that speculation, intelledtual adtivity, the pursuit of truth, is among the more powerful propensities of human nature, or fills a large place in the lives of any, save decidedly exceptional individuals. But notwithstanding the relative weakness of this principle among other sociological agents, its influence is the main determining cause of the social progress ; all the other dispositions of our nature which contribute to that progress being dependent upon it for the means of accomplishing their share of the work." — Mill's Logic, p. 585. T 138 Plate III. Right-hand SeBion. (G. III.) 3. Philosophy's Spiritualism and Mind-Intro-spe£iion. " Philosophy, even under its most discredited name of metaphysics, has no other subjecft- matter than the nature of the real world, as that world lies around us in every-day life, and lies open to observers on every side. But if this is so, it may be asked what funftion can remain for philosophy when every portion of the field is already lotted out and enclosed by specialists ? Philosophy claims to be the science of the whole ; but, if we get the knowledge of the parts from the different sciences, what is there left for science to tell us? To this it is sufficient to answer generally that the synthesis of the parts is something more than that detailed knowledge of the parts in separation which is got by the man of science. // is with the ultimate synthesis that philosophy concerns itself; it has to show that the subjeEl -matter which we are all dealing with in detail really is a whole, consisting of articulated members. Evidently, therefore, the relation existing between philosophy and the sciences will be, to some extent, one of reciprocal influence. The sciences may be said to furnish philosophy with its matter, but philosophical criticism re-a6ts upon the matter thus furnished, and transforms it. Such transformation is inevitable, for the parts only exist and can only be fully, i.e. truly known, in their relation to the whole. A pure specialist, if such a being were possible, would be merely an instrument whose results had to be co-ordinated and used by others. Now, though a pure specialist may be an abstraftion of the mind, the tendency of specialists in any department naturally is to lose sight of the whole in attention to the particular categories or modes of nature's working which happen to be exemplified, and fruitfully applied, in their own sphere of investigation ; and in proportion as this is the case it becomes necessary for their theories to be co-ordinated with the results of other inquirers, and set, as it were, in the light of the whole. 'This task of co- ordination in its broadest sense is undertaken by philosophy ; for the philosopher is essentially, what Plato, in a happy moment, styled him, synoptikos, the man who insists on seeing things together. The aim of philosophy (whether attainable or not) is to exhibit the universe as a rational system in the harmony of all its parts ; and accordingly the philosopher refuses to con- sider the parts out of their relation to the whole whose parts they are. Philosophy corredts in this way the abstraftions which are inevitably made by the scientific specialist, and may claim therefore, to be the only concrete science, that is to say, the only science which takes account of all the elements in the problem, and the only science whose results claim to be true in more than a provincial sense." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th Edition, "Philosophy," p. 792-3. " By recent British Philosophy I mean the Philosophy of this country during the last thirty years. But what do I mean by British Philosophy during that period ? You have all a general notion of what I mean. I mean the aggregate speculations during that period of some of our ablest British minds in what are vaguely called ' the moral sciences ' — their aggregate speculations on those questions of most deep and enduring interest to man which have occupied thoughtful minds in all ages of the world, which are handed on from age to age, Plate III. Right-hand SeEiio7t. (G. III.) 139 and which each generation, however much of precious thought concerning them it may inherit and preserve, has to resolve over again for itself It has been proclaimed among us, indeed, that Philosophy in this sense has at length happily ceased to exist — that great Pan is dead. I do not believe it ; and if I did, I should be sad. Whatever nation has given up Philosophy — - I will be bolder, and using a word very much out of favour at present, I will say whatever nation has given up Metaphysics — is in a state of intellectual insolvency. Though its granaries should be bursting, though its territories should be netted with railroads, though its mills and foundries should be the busiest in the world, the mark of the beast is on it, and it is going the way of all brutality." — Masson's Recent British Philosophy, p. i. " For every great mind has this for its task, to remove the barriers of Nature, and penetrating far within the surface, to go deep down into the secrets of the gods.^ And in full accordance with these noble sentiments, Mr. Spencer maintains that ' Positive Knowledge does not, and never can, fill the whole region of possible thought. At the uttermost reach of discovery there arises, and must ever arise, the question, what lies beyond? Regarding Science as a gradually increasing sphere, we may say that every addition to its surface does but bring it into a wider contadt with surrounding Nescience. Throughout all time the mind must occupy itself, not only with ascertained phenomena and their relations, but also with that unascertained something which phenomena and their relations imply.' And the method of such ' occupation ' with the unascertained is well stated by Herbert ; ' Observation of the world and of ourselves gives rise to many notions which perplex us ; and the problem is how to modify these notions so as to render them tenable. In the process of modification something new presents itself, by means of which the perplexities vanish. This something new we may call the complement (Erganzung) of the notion first obtained. And the science which occupies itself with the discovery of such complements is Metaphysics.' ... It follows upon Physics as their necessary complement (Explications-of-Deduftion). 'It takes the notions furnished to us {in-formation) by the various physical sciences, and it subjefts these notions to such investi- gations (^speculates in regard to them — looks into them) as discovers both their incompleteness in themselves, and the new thoughts needful to their integration.'" — Thomas Griffith, A.M., Behind the Veil, pp. 7, 8, Spiritualism's Physiology and Psychology. " What is this thing we call life that .... escapes the most searching examination of the Physiologist, whose presence he cannot deny, and yet of whose nature he is so profoundly ignorant ? Is it a definite something that has a concrete existence, either as a part of the corporeal substance, or as distindt from it ? Is it an ingredient of the strudure, or an appendage to it, or merely, as the Materialists assert, a condition of the organism ? These ' Seneca. 140 Plate III. Right-ha7id SeBion. {G. III.) are some of the Problems which Physiology has not solved, and never can solve, because its methods of investigation, admirable for the discovery of whatever the senses, aided by instruments, can detecft, are altogether incompetent to the exploration of that which is invisible, intangible, immeasurable, imponderable, and swayed by laws differing wholly from, and often antagonistic to, the physical laws which, alone, Physiology recognizes. At the very point where Physiology ends Psychology begins." — Edward Cox's Mechanism of Man, vol. i. p. 419. " Psychology is inseparably linked with Physiology, and the phases of Social-Life exhibited by animals other than Man, which sometimes curiously fore-shadow human policy, fall srriftly within the province of the Biologist." — Encyclopaedia Brilannica, 9th edition, " Biology," p. 679. Mind-Introspe5fions Root-Ideas. " First, there is always and everywhere an antecedency of the conception to the expression. In common phrase we first have our idea and then get a name for it (p. 137) Each aft of nomenclature is preceded by its own aft of conception ; the naming follows as soon as the call for it is felt; even, it may be, before the need is realised : the forward step in mental aftion may be so small in each particular case that only after many have been taken in the same direftion is the removal noticed, when refleftion chances to be applied to it. Every conceptual aft is so immediately followed as to seem accompanied by a nomenclatory one. Or an inkling of an Idea is won ; it floats obscurely in the mind of the community until some one grasps it clearly enough to give it a name ; and it at once takes shape (perhaps only a delusive shape) after his example in the minds of others" (p. 139). — Whitney's Life and Growth of Language. Mind-Introspe£fions Key- Words. " It is the customary office of a word to cover not a point but a territory that is irregular, heterogeneous and variable It is the duty of the competent lexicographer, in any language, to reduce the apparent confusion to order by discovering the nucleus, the natural etymological meaning from which all the rest have come by change and transfer, and by drawing out the others in proper relation to their original and to one another, so as to suggest the tie by which each was added to the rest " — Whitney's Life and Growth of Language, p. no Plate III., Right-hand SeBion. (G.) G. III. Developed from Generalisation's ([EjcpIicatton0jof=DeDuaion (PI. II.)- Plate III., Right-hand Section, AS DEVELOPED FROM THE Right-hand Diagram, Plate II. (B. V.)| G. IV. Developed from Classification's ?Eontta0te=of=anal!;flis (PI. II.). G. I. Developed from Analogy's (Senctalisations anB «riaa0ification8 (PI. II ). G. V. Developed from Classification's ?roinpatii3on0=of=€)!;ntl)e0ia (PI. II.). G. II. Developed from Generalisation's 31mplication0=of=Ilnliuaion (PI. II.). Plate III. Right-hand SeSiion. {G. IV ^ 143 READING OF G. IV. Man's Spirit-Laws of Co-ordination and Correlation, and Co-ordinate Mind-Arithmetic of Numeration and Calculation, are the Primary and Secondary Bi- Polar Axes of the Contrasts- of-Analysis (B. V.) ; and Centre-Conjointly on the Will-Ends of an Art, of the Major and Minor Diagonal- Modes of Symbolism and Symmetry ; as Concomitant of the Diagrams-of- Geometry (G. I.). And Symbolism as the Major Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Spirit-Laws of Co-ordination and Correlation, has as Negative Pole or Basis, its ^xes-of-Co-ordination ; and as positive Pole, its Diagonals-of-Correlation ; — whilst Symmetry as the Minor Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of his Mind- Arithmetic of Numeration and Calculation ; has as Negative Pole or Basis a Regularity-of-Numeration, Concomitant of Symbolism's Axes-of-Co-ordination ; and as Positive Pole, an Order-of-Calculation, Concomitant of Symbolism's Diagonals-of-Correlation. I . Man's Spirit-Laws — or the Spirit of Co-ordinating and Correlating laid-down in him, — hy his Intelle5}'s Will-Means of Analytical-Contrasting. " There can be no doubt Man's study of nature must furnish the only basis of his adion upon nature ; for it is only by knowing the Laws of Phenomena, and thus being able to fore- see, that we can, in adive life, set them to modify one another for our advantage. Our diredt natural power over everything about us is extremely weak, and altogether disproportioned to our needs. Whenever we effedl anything great it is through a knowledge of Natural Laws, by which we can set one agent to work upon another, — even very weak modifying elements producing a change in the results of a large aggregate of causes. The relation of science to art may be summed up in a brief expression : — From Science comes Prevision : from Prevision comes Aftion." — Comte's Positive Philosophy, by Miss Martineau, vol. i. p. 19. 1. Arithmetic, as the Co-ordinate-Minding, of Man s Spirit-Laws of Co-ordination and Correlation. " Rationally considered. Arithmetic ofFers from its nature, and at its outset, matter of deep interest to the true philosopher, who will never cease to see in it, whether in the individual or the colledtive, t\\& first source of the general sentiment of Real Laws, both subjedtive and objedlve. It cannot but arise spontaneously with the smallest numerical calculation, in which the science 144 Plate III. Right-hand SeEi ion. {G. IF.) shows itself already charadlerised by a prevision, the direli conformity of which with the event obliges us at once to perceive an immutable order, not solely outside of, but in us. •' It is thus that from its cradle, rational positivism, manifests the necessary harmony of the external and internal, on which the whole of our existence rests, as well aftive, and even affective, as speculative." — Translated from M. Comte's System of Positive Logic, ch. i. p. 105. " The place in intelledtual development held by the art of counting on one's fingers, is well marked in the description which Massieu, the Abbe Sicard's deaf and dumb pupil, gives of his notion of numbers in his comparatively untaught childhood : ' I knew the numbers before any m%K.rvLdi\o\\, my fingers had taught me them. I did not know the ciphers ; I counted on my fingers, and when the number passed ten, I made notches on a bit of wood.' It is thus that all savage tribes have been taught arithmetic by their fingers." — Tylor's Primitive Culture, vol. i. p. 221. 3. Art, and its Major and Minor Modes of Symbolism and Symmetry. " The abstraft word Art, whether used of all arts at once, or of one at a time, is a name not only for the power of doing something, but for the exercise of the power, and not only for the exercise of the power, but for the rules according to which it is exercised ; and not only for the rules, but for the result. ... If, then, we were called upon to frame a general definition of Art, leaving room for every accepted usage of the word, it would run thus : — Every regulated operation or dexterity by which organised beings pursue ends which they know beforehand, together with the rules and the result of every such operation or dexterity T — Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th edition, "Art," by Prof. Colvin, pp. 635-637. 4. Symbolisnis Axes-of-Co-ordination, and Diagonals-of-Correlation. " If we rest the end of one straight staff upon the middle of another straight staff, and move the first staff into various positions, we, by so doing, alter the angles which the first staff makes with the other to the right hand and to the left. But if we place the staff in that special position in which these two angles are equal, each of them is a right angle, according to Euclid; and this is the definition of a right angle, except that Euclid employs the abstrad: conception of straight lines (axes), instead of speaking, as we have done, of staves. But this seleftion of the case in which the two angles are equal is not a mere a6l of caprice ; as it might have been if he had selefted a case in which these angles are unequal in any proportion. For the consequences which can be drawn concerning the cases of unequal angles, do not lead to general truths, without some reference to that peculiar case in which the angles are equal : Plate III. Right-hand SeEiioii. {G. IV. ^ 145 and thus it becomes necessary to single out and define that special case, marking it by a special phrase. And this definition not only gives complete and distindt knowledge what a right angle is, to anyone who can form the conception of an angle in general ; but also supplies a principle from which all the properties of right angles may be deduced." — Whewell's History of Scientific Ideas ^ vol. i. p. 99. 5. Symmetry's Regularity-of-Numeration, and Order-of-Calculation, as Concomitant of Symbolism' s Ax es-of- Co -ordination, and Diagonals-of-Corr elation. " It will of course be understood that by the term Symmetry I here intend, not that more indefinite attribute of form which belongs to the domain of the fine arts, . . . but a certain definite relation or property, no less rigorous and precise than other relations of number and position, which is thus one of the sure guides of the scientific faculty, and one of the bases of our exad: science. ... In this sense, let the reader recolledt that the bodies of animals consist of two equal and similar sets of members, the right and the left side ; — that some flowers consist of three or five equal sets of organs, similarly and regularly disposed. . . . This orderly and exadtly similar distribution of two or three or five, or any other number of parts, is Symmetry . . . and the notion includes a peculiar Fundamental Idea of regularity, of completeness, of complex simplicity, which is not a mere modification of other ideas. " It is, however, not necessary, in this and in similar cases, to determine whether the idea we have before us be a peculiar and independent Fundamental Idea or a modification of other ideas, provided we clearly perceive the evidence of those Axioms by means of which the Idea is applied in scientific reasoning ... we must have it involved in some vital or produftive adlion. . . . We may state it in this manner. All the symmetrical members of a natural produ£i are, under like circumstances, alike affeEledby the natural formative -power. . . . Thus, the whole of crystallography rests upon this principle, that if one of the primary planes or axes be modified in any manner, all the symmetrical planes and axes must be modified in the same manner." — Whewell's History of Scientific Ideas, vol. ii. pp. 68, 73. Plate Ill.y Right-hand Se&ion. (G.) G. III. Developed from Generalisation's ffijcpIicationfl=of=iDeBuaion (PI II.). G. Plate III., Right-hand Section, AS DEVELOPED FROM THE RiGHT-H.AND Diagram, Plate II. (B. V.) G. IV. Developed from Classification's ?[onttast0--of=9naljaifl (PI. II.). G. I. Developed from Analogy's (Scnctalii3ation0 anu aiaosificationa (PL II.). G. V. Developed from Classification's SomparisottB^of^Spntftesia (PI. II.) G. II. Developed from Generalisation's 3IinpIicattona=of=Jm)uaion (PI. II.). Plate III. Right-ha?id SeBion. (G. /^.) 147 READING OF G. V. Man's Spirit-Creations of Strudure and System, and Co-ordinate Mind Author-ship of Writing and Reading, are the Primary and Secondary Bi-Polar Axes of the Comparisons-of- Synthesis (B. V.) ; and Centre-Conjointly on the Will-Ends of a Literature, of the Major and Minor Diagonal-Modes of Poetry and Prose ; as Concomitant of the Diale6lics-of- Algebra (G. I.). And Poetry, as the Major Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of Man's Spirit-Creations of Strudure and System; has as Negative Pole or Basis its Distribution-of-StriiBure ; and as Positive Pole, its Composition-of-System ; — whilst Prose, as the Minor Diagonal-Mode, or Correlative of his Mind- Authorship of Writing and Reading ; has as Negative Pole or Basis, a Syntax-of-lVriting, Concomitant of the Distribution-of-Strudure ; and as Positive Pole, a Sentence-of-Reading, Concomitant of the Composition-of-System. I. Spirit-Creations of Stru£lure and System. "There was a time when all existing human beings were as destitute of language as the dog ; and that time would come again for any number of human beings who should be cut off (if that were pradicable) from all instrudion by their fellows : only they would at once proceed to re-create language, society, and arts, by the same steps by which their own remote ancestors created those which we now possess Man's sociality, his disposition to band together with his fellows, for lower and higher purposes, for mutual help and sympathy, is one of his most fundamental charaderistics. To understand those about one and to be understood by them is now, and must have been from the very beginning, a prime necessity of human existence ; we cannot conceive of man, even in his most undeveloped state, as without the recognition of it. Communication is still the universally recognized office of speech, and to the immense majority of speakers the only one " To account for the great and striking differences of struSlure among human languages is beyond the power of the linguistic student, and will doubdess always continue so. We are not Ukely to be able even to demonstrate a correlation of capacities, saying that a race which has done this and that in other departments of human adivity might have been expeded to form such and such a language. Every tongue represents the general outcome of the capacity of a race as exerted in this particular diredion, under the influence of historical circumstances which we can have no hope of tracing. There are striking apparent anomalies to be noted. The Chinese and the Egyptians have shown themselves to be among the most gifted races the 148 Plate III. Right-ha7id SeBion. {G. /^.) earth has known ; but the Chinese tongue is of unsurpassed jejuneness, and the Egyptian, in point of strufture, little better, while among the wild tribes of Africa and America we find tongues of every grade, up to a high one, or to the highest. This shows clearly enough that mental power is not measured by language-struSiure. But any other linguistic test would prove equally insufficient. On the whole, the value and rank of a language are determined by what its users have made it to do." — -En cyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed.," Philology," pp. 766,775. "'We shall frequently have occasion,' says Dr. Reid in the beginning of the 'Essays,' ' to argue from the sense of mankind expressed in the struUure of language.' " Throughout the ' Essays ' the argument from ' Common-Sense ' is almost identified with this appeal to ' the strudture and grammar of all languages.' ' The strudture of all languages,' he says, ' is grounded upon common notions' (^Root Ideas f). The distinftion, for example, ' between sensible qualities and the substance to which they belong, and between thought and the mind that thinks, is not the invention of philosophers ; it is found in the struBure of all languages, and therefore must be common to all men who speak with understanding.' Here we have, at all events, an incorruptible witness, and one that will abide our questions. And if we refledt upon the closeness of the connedlion between grammar and the Aristotelian logic, the argument has manifest affinities with Kant's dedudion of the categories from the forms of judgment. In neither case have we, stridtly speaking, a proof of the principles. What we have is, in Kant's language, rather a clue to the discovery of principles, which require afterwards the transcendental proof." — Seth's Scottish Philosophy, p. 123. 2. Mind-Author-ship of Writing and Reading. " Taught as we are to read and write in early childhood, we hardly realise the place this wondrous art fills in civilised life, till we see how it strikes the barbarian who has not even a notion that such a thing can be Yet the art of writing, mysterious as it seems to such, was itself developed by a few steps of invention, which if not easy to make, are at any rate easy to understand when made. Even uncivilised races have made the first step that of piLlure-writing Beginning at this primitive stage, it will be possible to follow thence through its whole course the history of writing and printing." — E. B. Tylor's Anthro- pology, p. 167. " The same striving after outward expression which necessarily produced spoken language as its primary effedt, led in course of time to the invention of letters, or writing, as a more durable manifestation of the thoughts ; which was, however, stri6tly artificial, and must there- fore be carefully distinguished from the natural language which necessarily preceded it. The first writing was not alphabetical ; each symbol was an independent and significant term, and Plate III. Right-ha7id SeBion. [G. F.^ 149 the huge masses of stone which they set up for monuments, the walls and temples which they built, and the rude figures which they carved and painted upon them, were each and all of them distincft words. The pyramids, arches, and obelisks on which the traveller still gazes with wonder, the ruins of Egypt, Babylon, and India, are not merely .... the irregularities of vain-glory, the wild enormities of ancient magnanimity ; — they are the huge chronicles by which the men who built them tell to posterity the wonderful history of their industry and of their art — the writing of a race of giants^ traced with enduring characters on the great page of nature, which neither the rage of the elements nor the passions of men, nor even the slow, sure hands of time have been able as yet to convert into a palimpsest. The primary impulse to these rude writings was a hankering after durability, a desire to leave a lasting memorial of their history, which should at the same time serve as a rallying point to their descendants." — Donaldson, New Cratylus, p. 73. 3. Literature, with its Major and Minor Diagonal-Modes of Poetry [Distribution-of Structure, and Composition-of-System of the Diagrammatic) ; and Prose, or the Diagrammatic' s Concomitant Syntax-of-Writing and Sentence-of-Reading. " To be without language, spoken or written, is almost to be without thought ; and if, not an individual only, living among fellow men whose light may be refledted upon him, but our whole race has been so constituted, it is scarcely possible to conceive that beings, whose instindts are so much less various and powerful than those of the other animals, could have held over them that dominion which they now so easily exercise. Wherever two human beings, therefore, are to be found, there language is. We must not think, in a speculative comparison of this sort, of mere savage life ; for the rudest savages would be as such superior to a race of beings without speech, as the most civilised nations are, compared with the half brutal wan- derers of forests and deserts, whose ferocious ignorance seems to know little more than to destroy and be destroyed. Even these are still associated in tribes, that concert together verbally their schemes of havoc and defence ; and employ, in deliberating on the massacre of beings as little human as themselves, or the plunder of a {fw huts, that seem to contain nothing but misery and the miserable, the same glorious instrument with which Socrates brought wisdom down from heaven to earth, and Newton made the heavens themselves, and all the wonders they contain, descend, as it were, to be grasped and measured by the feeble arm of man. " Such are the benefits of language even its fugitive state ; but the noblest of all the benefits which it confers, is in that permanent transmission of thought, which gives to each individual the powers and wisdom of his species; or rather, — for the united powers and wisdom of his species, as they exist in myriads, at the same moment with himself, upon the globe, would be comparatively a trifling endowment, — it gives him the rich inheritance of the accumulated acquisitions of all the multitudes, who, like himself, in every preceding age, have 1 5© Plate III. Right-hmid SeEiio?i. (G. V.^ inquired, and meditated, and patiently discovered, or by the happy inspiration of genius, have found truths which they scarcely sought, and penetrated, with the rapidity of a single glance, those depths of nature which the weak steps and dim torchlight of generations after generations had vainly endeavoured to explore. By that happy invention, which we owe indireftly to the ear, the boundaries of time seem at once removed. Nothing is past ; for everything lives, as it were, before us. The thoughts of beings who had trod the most distant soil, in the most distant period, arise again in our mind, with the same warmth and freshness as when they first awoke to life in the bosom of their author. That system of perpetual transmigration, which was but a fable as believed by Pythagoras, becomes a reality when it is applied, not to the soul itself, but to its feelings. There is then a true metempsychosis, by which the poet and the sage, in spreading their conceptions and emotions from breast to breast, may be said to extend their existence through an ever-changing immortality. " 'There is without all doubt,' as has been justly observed, ' a chain of the thoughts of human kind, from the origin of the world down to the moment at which we exist, — a chain not less universal than that of the generation of everything that lives. Ages have exerted their influence on ages; nations on nations; truths on errors, errors on truths.' In con- formity with this idea of the generation of thought, I may remark, that we are in possession of opinions, which, perhaps, regulate our life in its most important moral concerns, or in all its intellectual pursuits, — with respedt to which, we are as ignorant of the original authors, by whom they have been silently and imperceptibly transmitted to us from mind to mind, as we are ignorant of those ancestors on whose existence in the thousands of years which preceded our entrance into the world, our life itself has depended, and without whom, therefore, we should not have been." — Brown's Philosophy of the Human Mind, vol. i. p. 200. END OF THE READINGS. INDEX OF THE DIAGRAMMATIC. A. I. G. I. Absolute (The.) 2. )» do. (Revelation-of.) 3- C. I. Aftion. 4- >> do. (Inter-course-of.) 5- C.4. Aftivity (Body.) 6. )» do. (Disports-of.) 7- D. I. -(Esthetics (Spirit.) 8. B. 3- Affinity-Means (Spirit.) 9- C. 3. Aggregation. 10. J) do. (House-holds-of.) 11. G. I. Algebra. 12. J> do. (Dialeftics-of.) 13- B. 3- Ambition. 14. )» do. (Public-Spirit-of.) •5- B. 5. Ana-logy (Will-Means-of.) 16. )) do. (Genius-of.) 17- B.s- Ana-lysis. 18. J) do. (Contrasts-of.) 19. F. I. Apprehension. 20. »J do. (Belief-of.) 21. C. 2. Aptitude. 22. 33 do. (Handi-ness-of.) 23. G.4. Arithmetic (Mind.) 24. G.4. Art (Will-Ends-of.) 25- B. I. Aspiration. 26. )J do. (Vocations-of.) 27- C. 3- Association. 28. )) do. (Home-steads-of.) 29. E. 3. Attachment. 30. ,, do. (Constancy-of.) 31- B. 4. Attention (Major-Diagonal.) 32. C. I. Attraflions (Spirit.) 33- G.s. Author-ship (Mind.) B. 34. D. 5. Beauty (Will-Ends-of.) 35. F. 2. Being. 36. „ do. (Doftrine-of-Spirit.) 37- E. I. Blood (One.) 38. JJ do. (Kinship-Spirit-of-the.) 39- C. 2. Body. 40. »> do. (Relaxation-of.) 41- D. 2. Breeding (Good.) 42. E.4. Brother-hood. 43- >) do. (Congeniality-of.) C. 44. G.4. Calculation. 45- )> do. (Order-of.) 46. F.4. Capacity (Spirit.) 47- )> do. (Axioms-of.) 48. C. 2. Charaflers (Mind.) 49. D. 2. Cheer (Good.) 50. >» do. (Meals-of.) 51- C.s. Civilisation. 52. >J do. (Utopias-of.) 53- B.s. Classification. 54- B. I. Colleftivity. 55- )> do. {Tnnhy.{Fatber.Mi!tiper-CMJ} of ) 56. B.4. Common-Sense. 57- J) do. (Retentions-of.) 58. E. I. Common-Weal. S9- )» do. (Equity-ship-Mind-of.) 60. E. I. Common- Wealth. 61. )J do. (Justice-ship-Mind-of.) 62. E.4. Community. 63. )» do. (Social.) 64. )J do. (Industrial.) 65. E.4. Companion-ship-Spirit. 66. F. I. Comprehension. 67. »J do. (Trust-of.) 68. B.4. Conception. 69. )) do. (Grasp-of.) 70. A. Condition (Mind.) 71- E.4. Conjugality (Mind.) 72- F. s. Connotation (Mind.) 73- B.4. Consciousness-Means (Spirit.) 74- F. 5. Consideration. 75- F. 5. Consiueration (Problems of.) 152 hidex of the Diagrammatic. 76. F.5. Contemplation. 120. C.4. 77- J) do. (Thcorcms-of.) 121. C. I. 78. C.4. Content. 122. »> 79- j; do. (Glee-of.) 123. F. 2. 80. E.4. Co-operation. 124. » 81. )» do. (Joint-Stock-of.) 125. C.4. 82. G.4. Co-ordination. 126. F. 3- 83- j> do. (Axes-of.) 127. A. 84. G.4. Correlation. 128. )) 85. )» do. (Diagonals-of.) 129. E. 2. 86. G. 2. Cosmo-gony (Major-Diagonal.) 130. F. I. 87. G. 2. Cosmo-logy (Minor-Diagonal.) I3I- >) 88. G. 5. Creations (Spirit.) 132. G. 3. 89. D. I. Culture. 133- )» 90. )) do. (Discipline-of.) 134- 135- D. I. F. 3. Energy (Spirit.) Enthusiasm. do. (Zeal-of.) Entity. do. (Postulate-of-Spirit.) Equanimity-ship (Mind.) Essence (Spirit.) Eternal (The.) do. (AfFeaion-Means-of.) Ethics (Spirit.) Evidence. do. (Testimony.) Evolution. do. (Psychology-of-Spirit-Life.) Exaltation (Mind.) Existence (Mind.) D. 91. B. 5. Deduftion. 92. ») do. (Explications-of.) 93- F.4. Definition. 94. >> do. (Fafts-of.) 95- E. 2. Deontology (Mind.) 96. F. 3- Design. 97- Ti do. (Conscientious-ness-of.) 98. B. I. Desire. 99. J» do. (Pursuits-of.) 100. B. I. Destiny (Will-Means-of.) lOI. D. 2. Dietetics (Mind.) 102. B. 2. Discernment-Means (Mind.) 103. B. 2. Discrimination-Means (Spirit.) 104. C. 2. Disposition. 105. » do. (Versatilities-of.) 106. E. 2. Duty. 107. )> do. (Teaching-of.) 108. G. 2. Dynamics. 109. )j do. (Measure-of.) 1 10. E. 4. Edification. 111. ,, do. (Joint-Interests-of.) 112. E. 2. Education. 113. ,, do. (Social.) 114. „ do. (Industrial.) 115. D. I. Emotion. 116. „ do. (Ingenuous-ness-of.) 117. F. 2. Empiricism (Minor-Diagonal. 118. C. I. Emulation. 119. C. I. Emulation (Competition-of.) 136 F. I. Faith (Major-Diagonal.) 137 C. 3. Family-Spirit. I3S D. 5. Fancy. 139 ,, do. (Piftures-of.) 140 D. I. Feeling. 141 >) do. (Taa-of.) 142 E.4. Fellow-ship. 143 5) do. (Conviviality-of.) 144 E. I. Flesh (One.) 145 JJ do. (Solidarity-of-the.) 146 F. 2. Form (Mind.) J 47 B. 3. Friend-ship. 148 )) do. (Sympathy-of.) 149 C. 3- Future (The.) 150 J) do. (World-of.) 151. B. 5. Generalisation (Major-Diagonal.) 152. G. I. Geometry. >53- )) do. (Diagrams-of.) 154. C. I. Good (Destiny-of.) 155- J) do. (Social.) 156. J> do. (Industrial.) JS7- E. 5. Government. 158. )) do. (Social.) 159. JJ do. (Industrial.) 160. E. 5. Grouping. 161. J) do. (Domesticity-of.) 162. )) do. (Serial.) .63. » do. do. (Federation-of.) Index of the Diagrajiunatic. 153 H. .64 E. 2. Habit. .65 »J do. (Training-of.) 166 C.4. Happiness. 167 J> do. (Industrial.) 168 >J do. (Social.) 169 D.4. Harmony. 170 J) do. (Instrumental.) 171 >J do. (Vocal.) 172 D. 3. Head. •73 J) do. (Clearness-of.) 174 D. 3. Health (Major-Diagonal.) ^I'i B. 2. Hearing. 176 J) do. (Acumen-of.) 177 D. 3. Heart. 178 J) do. (Sound-ness-of.) 179 c. 3. Heir-ship (Mind.) 180 B. 3. Homo-geneity-Means (Mind.) 181 D. 5. Hopes (Spirit.) 182 B. 3. Humanity. 183 E. I. do. (Code-of.) 184 >J do. do. (Social.) 185 >3 do. do. (Industrial 207. B. 3. Kind-ness. 208. „ do. (Charity-of.) 209. F. 2. Knowledge (Will-Ends-of.) 186. F.4. 187. F.4. 188. F. 5. 189. E. I. 190. E. I. 191. B. I. 192. J) •93- B. 5. 194. »> 195. B. I. 196. B. s. 197. G. 3 19S. J) 199. D. I 200. G. 3 201. G. I 202. F. 3- 203. J) 204. G. 3 205. J> I. Idea (Wiil-Ends-of.) Ideality (Major-Diagonal.) Imagery (Major-Diagonal.) Incarnating-Spirit. Incorporating-Mind. Individuality. do. (Duality-(Male-Female) of.) Induflion. do. (Implications-of.) Industry (Minor-Diagonal.) Inference (Spirit.) Information. do. (Root-Ideas-of.) Ingenuity (Major-Diagonal.) Intro-spe£lion (Mind.) Inspiration. Intention. do. (Conscience-of.) Involution. do. (Physiology-of-Spirit-Life.) J- . 206. F. 1. Judgment (Mind.) 210. G. 4. Laws (Spirit.) 21 I. G. 3. Life (Spirit.) 212. D.5. Light. 2'3- >) do. (Glory-of.) 214. G. 5. Literature (Will-Ends of.) 215. D. 2. Living (Right.) 216. G. I. Logic (Minor-Diagonal.) 217. B. 3- Love. 218. )> do. (Caress-of.) M. 219. C. 5. Magnanimity-ship (Mind.) 220. E. 3. Marriage. 221. j» do. (Social.) 222. „ do. (Industrial.) 223. G. I. Mathematics (Mind.) 224. G. 2. Matter. 225. )> do. (Chemistry-of.) 226. F. 5. Meaning (Minor-Diagonal.) 227. G. 2. Mechanics (Mind.) 228. F. ;. Meditation (Spirit.) 229. B. 4. Memory (Minor-Diagonal.) 230 G. 3. Meta-physics (Mind.) 231. B. 5. Methods (Mind.) 232. F. 3- Moral Sense (Minor-Diagonal.) 233 G. 2. Motion. 234- „ do. (Physics-of.) 235- B. I. Motive-Means (Mind.) 236 D.4. Music (Mind.) N. 237. G. 2. Nature (Spirit.) 238 F.4. Notions (Spirit.) 239 D. 2. Nourishment. 240. )) do. (Customs-of.) 241 G.4. Numeration. 242. )» do. (Regularity-of.) 243. D. 2. Nurture. 244 " do. (Manners-of.) 0. 245 F. 5. Objea. 246 3> do. (Impressions-of.) ^54 Index of the Diagrammatic. 247. E. 4. (Economics (Mind.) 248. C. 5. Organisation. 249. „ do. (Phalanx-Type-of.) 250. D. 3. Organism (Spirit.) 251. D. 5. Painting (IVIind.) 252. E. 3- Pairing. 253. )» do. (Mate-ship-of.) 254- C. I. Passion. 255- ■>■) do. (Inter-twinings-of.) 256. C. 3. Past (The.) 257- »J do. (Earth-of.) 258. C. 5. Patience. 259. »J do. (Endeavours-of.) 260. B. 3- Patriotism (Minor-Diagonal.) 261. B.4. Perception. 262. >» do. (Suggestions-of.) 263. C. 5. Perfeaion. 264. »J do. (Social.) 265. „ do. (Industrial.) 266. C. 5. Perseverance. 267. >J do. (Success-of.) 268. C. 2. Personalities (Spirit.) 269. B. 3- Philanthropy (Major-Diagonal.) 270. G. 3. Philosophy (Will-Ends-of.) 271. D. 5. Picturesqueness (Minor-Diagonal.) 272. D.4. Pitch. 273- J» do. (Accord-of.) 274. A. Place. 275- JJ do. (Instind-Means-of.) 276. G. 5. Poetry (Major-Diagonal.) 277- E. 5. Polity (Mind.) 278. F. 3- Power. 279. J) do. (Intuition-of-Spirit.) 280. E. 2. Praftice. 281. J» do. (Good-Works-of.) 282. E. 2. Precept. 283. )) do. (Good-Words-of.) 284. A. Principle (Spirit.) 285. C. 5. Progressive-ness (Spirit.) 286. F.4. Pro-positions (Mind.) 287. G. 5. Prose (Minor-Diagonal.) 288. D. 3. Purity (Will-Ends of.) 291. F. 2. Quantity. 292. „ do. (Hypothesis-of-Mind.) R. 293. F. I. Rationalism (Minor-Diagonal.) 294. G. 5. Reading. 295. )> do. (Sentence-of.) 296. F.4. Reality (Minor-Diagonal.) 297. B.4. Reason. 298. F. I. do. (Creed-of.) 299. D. 2. Refinement (Will-Ends of.) 300. B.4. Refleftion-Means (Mind.) 301. G. I. Relation-ship's. 302. )> do. (Discovery-of.) 303- F. 3- Religion (Major-Diagonal.) 304- D.4. Rhythm. 305- ») do. (Concord-of.) 306. F. 4. Q. 289. F. 2. Quality. do. (Observation-of-Mind.) 307- J> 308. G. 2. 309- E. 3- 310. >) 311. D. 3. 312. »> 313- B. 2. 3H- B. 2. 315- E. 3- 3.6. B. 2. 3I7- )> 318. D. I. 319- B. 2. 320. )> 321. B. I. 322. F. 2. 323- J> 324- C.4. 325- J> 326. A. 327- )» 328. G. 3. 329- >> 330- G. 3. 33'- B. I. 332- E. 5. 333- G. 2. 334- 3> Sagacity. do. (Maxims-of.) Science (Will-Ends-of.) Self-hood. do. (Conviftion-of-Spirit.) Sense (Good.) do. (Sobriety-of.) Sensibility (Minor-Diagonal.) Scnsitive-ness (Major-Diagonal.) Sex-Spirit. Sight. do. (Perspicacity-of.) Skilfulness (Minor Diagonal.) Smell. do. (Quickening-of.) Society (Major-Diagonal.) Soul. do. (Recreation-of.) Soul-Validity. do. (Well-doing-of.) Space. do. (Intelleft-Means-of.) Speculation. do. (Key-Words-of-Mind.) Spiritualism (Major-Diagonal.) Spontaneity-Means (Spirit.) States-manship-Spirit. Statics. do. (Weight-of.) Index of the Diagrammatic. ^SS 335- G. 5. Strufture. 336. JJ do. (Distribution-of.) 337- F.5. Sub-jeft. 338- )» do. (Expressions-of.) 339- D. 5. Sublimity (Major-Diagonal.) 34°- D. 2. Sub-sistence (Spirit.) 34'- F. 2. Sub-stance (Spirit.) 342. F.4. Supposition. 343- J) do. (Events-of.) 344- G.4. Symbolism (Major-Diagonal.) 345- G.4. Symmetry (Minor-Diagonal.) 346. B.4. Synthesis. 347- J> do. (Comparisons-of.) 348. G. 5. System. 349- »> do. (Composition-of.) u. 3S°- B. 2 351- )» 352. D. 2 353- )) 354- D-3 355- )» 356. D.3 357- D. 3 358. E. 3 359- J) 360. F.2. 361. B.+. 362. )» 363- A. 364- )» 365- D.4 366. >» 367- B. 2. 368. D. I 369- E.5. 370- J> Taste. do. (Susceptibility-of.) Taste (Good.) do. (Fare-of.) Temper (Good.) do. (Self-Control-of.) Temperament (Mind.) Temperance (Minor-Diagonal.) Tenderness. do. (Embrace-of.) Theory (Major-Diagonal.) Thought. do. (Recolleftions-of.) Time. do. (Sense-Means-of.) Tone. do. (Fascination-of.) Touch. do. (Talent-of.) Town. do. (Administration-of.) 371. C. I. Unanimity-ship (Mind.) 372- F. I. Under-Standing-Spirit. 373- C. 3. Unity. 374- >, do. (Social.) 375- )» do. (Industrial.) 376. G. 1. Uni-verse-ism-Spirit. 377- D.4. Utterance (Spirit.) 378. C. 2 Variety. 379- .. do. 380. „ do. 381. F. I. Verdia. 382. „ do. 383. D. 5. View. 384. „ do. 385. E. 5. Village. 386. „ do. 387. D. 5. Vision. 388. „ do. 389. D. 4. Voice. 390. „ do. V. (Social.) (Industrial.) (Argument.) (Paradise-of.) (Steward-ship.) (Heaven-of.) (Melody-of.) W. 391. C. 4 392. » 393- A. 394- A. 395- A. 396. F. 3- 397- F. 5. 398- D. I 399- )) 400. G. 5 401. J> 402. E. 3. 403- J> Well-being. do. (Vigour-of.) Will-Means (Pivotal.) Will-Freedom (Major-Diagonal.) Will-Necessity (Minor-Diagonal.) Wisdom (Will-Ends-of.) Word (Will-Ends-of.) Worthship or Worship. do. (Sentiment-of.) Writing. do. (Syntax-of.) Yoke. do. (Partner-ship-of.) End of the Index. INDEX-SUMMARY. 31 Central Key-Word-embodied-Root-Ideas, or i to each of the 31 Diagrams. 124 Axial Key-Word-embodied-Root-Ideas, or 4 to each of the 31 Diagrams. 248 Polar Key-Word-embodied-Root-Ideas, or 8 to each of the 31 Diagrams. 2 Fundamental, or, viz.. Spirit and Mind throughout. Grand Total 405 Numerical Coincidences. " All nature is full of Numerical and Symmetrical marvels yet to be discovered, and harmonies and analogies which, when found out, will astonish by their beauty and simplicity : and men hereafter will wonder at our blindness, as we wonder that the distindlion between endogens and exogens, between aqueous and igneous rocks, &c., should have lain hid so long from men's eyes and understandings. Therefore I say to observers .... measure, measure, calculate, calculate ; for the Great Mechanic of the Universe does not make mistakes in number, time, and space, but follows the laws of accurate mathematics." — Haig's Symbolism, p. 345. I . Fourier's Scale of Domestic CharaElers, or viz., of those required for the equilibrium of any single Community and as distinguished from each other by the dominance of one or more of the twelve Sensitive, AfFedive, and Distributive Passional tendencies of his Classification, but irrespeSlive of subordinate variations : — One Dominant, Sensitive, AffecSive, or Distributive. One AfFe6live or Distributive, and One Sensitive. Two AfFe£tives and Distributives. One AfFe£live or Distributive, and two Sensitives. Three Affeftives or Distributives. Four Affedives or Distributives. Two Affedives or Distributives, and three Sensitives. Five Affedives or Distributives. 810 = 405 Male and 405 Female Charaders. 2. A Musical and Numerical Scale Constru£iion elaborated prior to 1865, whilst the writer was still in the United States, and had not the least thought of the Diagrammatic, nor therefore of its 405 Key-Word-embodied-Root-Ideas. Ut. Solitones 576. Kb mixed ' 80. Re. Bi-tones (/? 96. «ft bi-mixed 16. Mi. Tritones 4-» 24. Fa. Tetratones 8. Jb tri-mixed CO 8. Sol Pentatones (S 2. 8 9- 10. . • ' • ■ 9 . 18 7- 6. 8 9- II. 10. 12 • 27 • 36 5- 7- 9- II. 13 • 45 4. 6. fc , 10. 12. 14. ... • 54 3- 5- 7- 9- II. 13. 15. . . • 63 Even = 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. • 72 Odd = I. 3- F 5- 7- E 9- Do 0. II. 13- 15- 11- . 81 Re. a. La. Re. Fa. La. Do. 405 ' This outer column by itself z: 117 Polytones x 2 for Male and Female ^ 234 288 Solitones „ „ „ zz 576 Total 810 APPENDICES. List of Appendices. A. The Domestic -Agricultural Association of Citeaux, or the Author's case of Phalansterian pioneering. B. Stridtures on certain of the Rev". Mr. Kaufmann's " Fourier Criticisms." APPENDIX A. Domestic-Agricultural Association of Citeaux, or the Author's Case of Phalansterian Pioneering. My attention was first called to Fourier's Theory of Social-Industrial Attradlion by the obituary notices in the French newspapers at the time of his death, and because of its apparent si?nilarity to some prior Social- Industrial Speculations of my own, in regard to Man's essential Colieftivity, and the duty of Co-operative Community arising from it ; — and which speculations had even led me to purchase a Special Survey of Four Thousand Acres in the Colony of South Australia then being founded ; the conditions of the purchase being that Govern- ment should give free passage to One Married Couple for every Eighty- Acre Section paid for at the rate of ;^8o, or to Fifty Couples in all, for j^4,ooo. But the Home Government failing in the fulfilment of its part of the contraiSl, because of over-expenditure by the Colonial Government on other accounts, and the colonization plan based on it being frustrated, I entered into correspondence with the Editors of the " Phalange " as representatives of a School, which taught that the inauguration of the conditions to which Social-Industrial- Attraction diredls, could alone be the panacea of our Social-Industrial troubles, and aided their funds to an amount which enabled the "Phalange" to appear tri-weekly, as acknowledged in the following terms in the Introdu6lion to the " Revue de la Science Sociale," Tome I", p. 30 : — ■" Grace a un grand secours apporte par le devouement de M. Arthur Young ... on put . . . faire paraitre la ' Phalange ' trois fois par semaine. Ce fut un pas immense. . . . Cette campagne de pres de trois annees (1840 a 1843), pendant laquelle la ' Phalange ' paraissait trois fois par semaine, est la plus brillante de toutes celles que I'Ecole ait encore fournies." And this first or rather second step was soon followed by another, or, viz., by the purchase of the Estate of Citeaux as presently to be described, quite independently of the " Phalange " group, but without estrangement. For when their Texas expedition took place, I crossed from Australia to New York in order to join it, but was prevented by a severe and prolonged attack of Panama fever until too late, for that undertaking also succumbed. i6o Appe?idix A. Reminiscences of the Domestic- Agricultural- Association of Citeaux, as given in Social Utopias, one of Chambers' Papers for the People. "In the preceding year (1842) the Fourierists had commenced an experiment in France, under the superintendence of Mr. A. Young, a warm advocate of their views, who purchased at an expense of ^^64,160 the estate of Citeaux, twelve miles from Dijon, on the main road from Paris to Geneva, and having a communication with numerous adjacent towns by means of the roads which intersedted it. The property consisted of a park, in the centre of which was a splendid mansion, four farms, brick-fields and kilns, extensive workshops, a large building used as a manufadlory for refining sugar, several cottages, two flour-mills, and a large saw-mill. The extent of the land was 1,300 acres, the soil was extremely fertile, and the situation favourable for the disposal of the produce. " Two hundred persons were located upon this estate, under a form of association permitted by the Laws of France, by which no member is liable for more than the amount of his own shares ; but notwith- standing the extent of the undertaking, the eligibility of the site, and other concurrent advantages, the scheme proved a complete failure, and in a few years was abandoned. The same fate has attended most of the numerous phalansteries established during the last ten years in the United States, and those which still remain are involved with debt, and struggling with difficulties. It seems, indeed, that the preference for Fourier's plan evinced by many rests on fallacious grounds, and that community of interests is the only basis on which association can be long or beneficially maintained." CorreSiions called for by the preceding. 1. The Fourierists as a body had nothing to do with the purchase of Citeaux. It was made entirely on my own responsibility, and the blame, therefore, if blame, rests with me and none other. 2. Although the " A(3e de Societe " of the Domestic Agricultural Association of Citeaux was aftually drawn up and executed as stated by the reviewer, not one single share was ever issued — for I had determined not to incur any such responsibility until success should have been fully assured, and the question should have therefore become only one of further development. 3. No change was made as regards the farming population. All such continued to receive the customary rate of wages and live as before. The Artisans alone, viz. : — Cabinet Makers, Cutlers, &c., chiefly from Paris, received a Minimum of advance in the shape of Lodging, Table, and Clothing, for themselves and families, to be reimbursed by each Group on the sale of its work, and the surplus or Maximum, if any, then to be divided as should seem most condu- cive to the general interests — the -^^, -^\, -^V formula of repartition. Appendix A. i6i as also the distindtive Classifications of Work, as Necessary, Useful, and Agreeable, to be held in view, but to be attempered to circum- stances. 4. The children had a common nursery with superintendents from amongst the mothers by night, and also teachers by day. 5. The intention in my case was, therefore, as in other cases of similar pioneering, simply that o( paving the way for a full trial of the Serial Mechanism — the immediate introduSiion of such Mechanism being impossible — apart from greater numbers, superior industrial appliances, and above all, a higher degree of handicraft versatility amongst the workers than as yet common. There was, therefore, no breakdown whatever in that respedt, and the reviewer's inference that the want of a " sufficient community of interests " or an undue preference of Fourier's plans had anything to do with it, must, in my case at least, be determined as completely erroneous. 6. The causes of failure were indeed altogether financial — the final collapse being in part due to difficulties arising from the general un- easiness which preceded throughout France the Revolution of 1848, in part due to other but likewise extraneous causes, and amongst which I may mention, that of expenditure on a chief preliminary of the Bessemer Steel success. For my late brother, James H. Young, having put the construftion of his Patented Type Composing Machine into Mr. Bessemer's hands, and becoming friendly with him, induced me to assist by pecuniary advances in the Bronze Powder Manu- factory, to which the " Standard " daily newspaper of the 7th Oftober (1880) or on occasion of the presentation of the freedom of the City to Sir Henry Bessemer, affefts the following lines : — " Bronze Powder he (Mr. Bessemer) discovers to be dear and bad, and in a few months he makes it cheap and good, and at the same time lays the foundation of his future fortune.^' And doubtlessly so as regards Mr. Bessemer, but quite otherwise as regards myself, for the expenditure incurred in the eredlion of the Baxter House Buildings ' faftory ' (swept away later by the Great Northern Railway improvements) and providing its accessories, as well as in connedion with my Brother's Patent, had greatly to do with the failure of the Citeaux undertaking. Nevertheless, although unfortunate in that respedl, it can only be subjedl of congratulation that the sacrifice thus incurred has not to be considered as altogether sacrifice, since it laid rails on the road to the in- dustrial advantages attendant upon the working out of both Steel and Printing processes — and I have therefore here only to protest against the injustice of attributing to defeats in the Phalansterian Theory a failure due to altogether different causes, and to remind the reader in Longfellow's words, even as regards such failure itself . . . H01U " The mills of God grind slowly, yet grind exceeding small," Anii honv " With patience He stands waiting, to grind exactly all." Y APPENDIX B. Strictures on certain of the Rev. Mr. Kaufmann's " Fourier Criticisms." Utopias, p. 70. '* Like Morelly, he (Fourier) accuses mental and moral philosophers of having systematically negle£ted the laws of nature, and, like him, he seeks to bring back mankind to a true recognition of these laws with a view to render them happy. The general drift of Fourier's code of nature may be expressed thus : " StriSiure. Yes, it may be expressed as Mr. Kaufmann has expressed it, if mis- leading be intended. But as Mr. Kaufmann cannot be supposed to wish to mislead, the more charitable view will be to think of him, and only as regards his " Fourier Criticisms," as we think of the apothecary- apprentice, who from inattention mis-reads a label, and disserves those who put their trust in him. General Drift. " Follow your inclinations unreservedly, and you will be sure to fulfil your mission in life." StriSfure. This recommendation is, according to Mr. Kaufmann, a specimen of the general drift of Fourier's Code of Nature, and Mr. Kaufmann evidently intends that his readers shall think of the many mischievous in- clinations of negleSled and thence perverted children — and that Fourier and his adherents, approve of such like inclinations, and tell such children to follow them. That their mission in life is to set fire to hay-ricks, upset trains, torture cats and dogs, and kick all weaker than themselves whenever a safe opportunity presents itself ! Mr. Kaufmann does not say barefacedly that-//;fl? is precisely the Code of Nature Fourier and his adherents intend should be followed, lest the monstro- sity should shake his readers' belief in himself, but insinuates that it is near about that ! Appendix B. 163 General Drift continued. " Your natural lnstin6ls will attrad you towards those callings for which you are destined" StriSiure. Nothing wrong in the mere wording of this, but in its connexions the passage is simply ironical. Fourier, viz., says that the natural instinifs of children, are instin£is of occupation — and that if provided with the occupation or occupations suited to their $ex, age and aptitudes — under instruSiors — each and all will be attracted towards those callings for which nature in giving the aptitudes has destined them ; and the possibility of following which, the Phalanx-Type of Social-Industrial Organization provides for. But Mr. Kaufmann says nothing of all this. He leaves his readers to infer that Fourier and his adherents are addressing the waifs and strays of this or that parish, whose naturally good instindts have gone astray into thieving and similar lines of attraction, and are re-commending them to persist in their evil ways. General Drift continued. " Your feelings will guide you in the pursuits of those objefls which are most desirable in your particular case."' StriSiure, Yes, Mr. Kaufmann, if amidst some Phalanx-Type of Social-Indus- trial surroundings, but the chances may be much against such guidance being of the right sort, if amidst ordinary parish surroundings. The feelings of the waifs and strays of such often guide them to appropriate that which is most desirable in their particular case, but does not right- fully belong to them. General Drift continued. "Variety of dispositions will thus call forth variety of pursuits and the general efFedl will be harmonious action and complete satis- fadion throughout the Universe." StriSiure. Quite so, Mr. Kaufmann, if you mean that the variety of dispositions which nature provides has been trained in Phalanx-Type Social-In- dustrial Organizations throughout the Universe — and the variety of pursuits called forth provided with an adequate correspondent field of exercise — but quite otherwise if no account taken of the variety of dispositions, and no field of exercise provided for any. General Drift continued. " Why should we suppress our natural inclinations .' This only produces pain, and must therefore be wrong. On the other hand what produces pleasure and satisfacStion must be right." 164 Appendix B. StriSiure, The crux here is, as to what our natural inclinations are? Whether, viz., the Child's natural inclinations are for its Mother's milk, or for the neighbouring publican's deleterious gin ? Fourier argues y»r the former. The Rev. Mr. Kaufmann for the latter. Not direftly indeed, but by insinuation. And confusing with the text of his last sermon, leaves his readers to suppose that of such children — of children with vicious natural inclinations for strong drink — is the kingdom of heaven ! General Drift continued. '* As there is a pre-established harmony in all things, we only mar the plan of nature and spoil our own happiness in repressing our natural instincts, which are all good, being divinely ordained." Stri£iure. Here we have again a specimen of Mr. Kaufmann's customary rnal- praSiice of confusing the natural with the perverted. Fourier, viz., has indisputably faith in a ' pre-established harmony ' or Providence in connection with the sending of children into the world. He holds, viz., that the " divinely ordained plan of nature " is, as the rule, to send well-disposed children into the world, children with dispositions or instindts which may be trained for good, but may also be perverted to evil. And in protesting against a training which leads to evil ways, he evidently condemns such evil ways, and would repress these together with the training responsible for the bad leading, the perversion of the originally good — whereas Mr. Kaufmann, as already said, con- tinually confuses the ' originally good ' and its ' perversion.' Socialism, p. 137. " Whilst acknowledging the positive proposals, but more especially the critical value, of Fourier's system, we are very far from thinking his organization of labour pra£lical. His proposal of having social communities, of from eighteen hundred to two thousand members, is anti-economic with regard to the proper distribution of labour. The communities are too small for the exercise of Great Talent, and all the talent required in a well constituted society is not likely to be found among so small a number of individuals. The dangers of waste, and the temptation to embezzlement, as well as the absence of the proper incitement to exertion, present the same drawbacks here which we observe to exist in communism. It is, moreover, too much to assume that ff// labour can be turned into enjoyment. It may be true of some few branches of industry and mental labour, but there are many others which require far stronger motives than a ' passion ' for work in order to find persons to perform them at all." Let us follow these objedlions one by one. Appendix B, 165 i". " Communities of i,8oo or 2,000 members are too small for the exercise of Great Talent." 2°. " All the talent required in a well constituted society, is not likely to be found among so small number of individuals." Striiiure. " These two objeftions have to be taken together, because they evidently both rest on one and the same grossly erroneous assumption of an altogether isolated Community, in which some difficulty of drainage, or such like, has to be overcome, and which may necessitate reference to higher scientific experience and direftion, than any to be found in such Community, whilst no other Community whether better provided with the required talent or not is within telegraphing and travelling distance. But such an assumption is altogether gratuitous and incorredt. The correal assumption is a Co-existence of more or less federated Com- munities even as in the present day, and in which the deficiencies of any one are sure to be supplied from the fulness of some other. Further, if by the "exercise of Great Talent" Mr. Kaufmann means Talent which requires wider scope than that of a Village Community, do not the Phalansterian plans suppose much greater possibilities of rising for every kind of Talent, whether technical, literary, or political, than any afforded as rule in the present day ? and of rising even to the holding of the Sceptre Championship of the Globe itself — for the Specific Talent which has given its possessor the faculty and the ambition of rising?" 3°. "The next objeftion or that of 'the danger of waste, and temptations to embezzlement' can be readily answered from Mr. Kauf- mann's own writings, and most pertinently perhaps from his Socialism and Communism, p. 233, as thus : — " Most persons have heard of Boucicault's enormous general store in Paris .... which carries on twenty-four different branches of trade on the same premises, having under its employ no less than 2,000 per- sons, of whom 1,400 or 1,500 reside on the premises, while all are provided with board. There are four dining saloons, in which 250 assistants can take their meals at the same time Saloons and billiard-tables are provided. . . . and instruction is given in music, Sec. . . . There is a ladies' saloon where similar opportunities for self- improvement in literature and art are offered " All more or less participate in the profits of the concern, and the shares rise in proportion to the position attained in the various grades of employment. As all are diredlly interested, there is a general desire to ... . increase and enhance the profits. . . . Every one of the twenty-four ' chefs,' or heads of departments, are trusted and ex- perienced men, and meet for consultation in exceptional cases. The complex organization of so extensive a business requires a whole regi- ment of trustworthy cashiers, book-keepers, secretaries, and others, 1 66 Appendix B. who perform their task conscientiously and to the best of their ability, as their own personal interest is more or less linked to the prosperity of the firm." Str'tSfure, Mr. Kaufmann thus shows how 2,000 persons "of whom 1,400 or 1,500 reside on the premises whilst all are provided with board " may be organized in a most satisfactory manner as regards self-improvement, trustworthiness, and conscientious performance of tasks, because personal interests more or less linked with the general ; and yet in the case of the Phalansterian plans of organization for the same num- ber, and which of course include " cashiers, book-keepers and secre- taries " he can only see " the danger of waste and temptations to embezzlement" ! Does Mr. Kaufmann then mean to convey that M. Boucicault's "Two-thousand" have to be considered as altogether exceptional as regards trustworthiness, that trustworthiness was born with them, and must if not yet dead, die with them .? — or is it not rather that he underlies some entirely faulty prepossession as to what the Phalansterian theory really is ? 4. " Absence of proper incitement to exertion." StriSiure. Mr. Kaufmann doesn't tell us what he considers the proper incite- ments to exertion, but leaves us to infer, from his apparently deeming the incitements mentioned underneath insufficient, that the fit, proper, and only sufficient incitements to exertion, are the Whip or the Spur of Want ! " All labour (amongst the Harmonians) is purely voluntary Labour has indeed become so attractive that it is pursued with far greater eagerness than any field sports, or than any game with us. It is carried on through the means of Series and Groups {Series-of-Groups or an Enchainment-of-Groups). A series is composed of a number of associates of similar tastes ; it undertakes only one particular form of labour. It is constituted of a number of groups, each group applying itself to one special branch or subdivision of the work of the series. There are generally seven or nine persons in each group, and not less than seven or nine groups to each series (Series-of-Groups). The number of series in a phalanx is, of course, very considerable, at least one hundred and thirty-five, for every employment is carried on by its own special series. Every Harmonian is a member of a great variety, making his seleSiion according to his tastes. " It is found that in this manner an eager rivalry is excited between the members of each group, between the various groups in each series, and between the corresponding series in neighbouring phalanxes. Labour, when stimulated in this manner, becomes a source of the keenest pleasure ; but even thus it cannot be continued for too long without fatigue. Appendix B. 167 Hence, every hour and a half or two hours, the Harmonian changes his employment," if he so chooses. " If he has been engaged in the work- shop, he proceeds into the fields, or to the gardens. If he is tired with out-of-door, or manual labour, he finds recreation in the library. He is rarely idle, yet he is never conscious that he is at work. However he is employed, it is a source of pleasure to him, and for that reason only does he undertake it. It follows from this that all labour engaged in is conduced by men who are passionately attrafled to it ; and it may easily be imagined how much more earnest and skilful it is than any to which we are usually accustomed." — Fortnightly Review, November, 1872, p. 540, Article "Fourier." 5. " Too much to assume that all labour can be turned into enjoyment." StriSfure. No ! not too much to assume, if indireSi enjoyment be taken into account as well as direH. But besides this, the Phalansterian plans classify labour as necessary, useful and agreeable — and even some services as of the nature of " religious duty, of devotion to God, of Charity to Mankind," and distribute to all proportionately. " It is a leading principle among the Harmonians that no labour, however humble or repulsive, can be degrading. It is clear, however, that if such services are performed only by one class, that class will be inevitably treated as inferior. When once a badge of inferiority is attached to one description of labour, it will have a tendency to extend to others, till, in the end, the Harmonians would find themselves as badly off as we are, where all labour is more or less despised, and the idle and useless classes alone held in esteem. To children between nine and fifteen is confided the honour of averting this danger from Harmony. They are called the Little Horde, or God's Militia. It is observed that children have a taste for the rough, and this merciful provision of nature is skilfully utilized. No compulsion is of course employed, and about one-third of the little boys, and two-thirds of the little girls, absolutely refuse to join the Little Horde, and are enrolled in another order, called the Little Band. The Little Horde is divided into two orders : the one undertakes the dangerous work, the other the dirty. . . . They rise at three o'clock in the morning, and proceed to clean the stables, to remove impurities, to slaughter the animals, to mend the roads. (Great care is taken of their health, disinfectants and other such like precautions are made use of in the case of the more noisome funftions, and all suitable ablutions in every case, after work has been done.) ^ " The inducements to enter this order are very numerous. Youth ^ I have here, as elsewhere, given the ^irit in preference to the letter of the text, Fourier's critics often preferring a seeming grotcsqueness of letter to showing forth the real goodness and fitness of the spirit. 1 68 Appendix B. is the age of self-sacrifice. The very existence of Harmony depends upon successfully breaking the neck of ancient servitude. Those who undertake to do so perform a service of the nature of religious duty, of devotion to God, of Charity to Mankind. Tiiey are rewarded by the respe£t of the entire Community, they are entitled to a seat within the sanctuary, they wear gorgeous uniforms, are mounted on ponies and become the best cavalry in the world. Besides this, they are charged with the execution of one fundtion of a judicial charafler. In Harmony animals are treated with great kindness and care ; they are much better fed and lodged than our peasants. Instead of being driven by blows, they are taught to obey the sound of musical calls, and one uniform system prevails through the whole of Harmony. Great care is taken to avoid inflifting any un- necessary pain upon them, and whenever any cruelty is practised, the culprit is brought for trial before the Little Horde." — Fortnightly Review, November 1872, "Fourier." Socialism, p. 125. " The two leading principles from which the theories of Fourier and his School start, i.e. destiny and harmony, im'p]y a contradiiSion. If irre- vocable laws govern all things, and man involuntarily follows his destiny, then all efforts on his part to establish harmony out of existing dis- harmonies must be fruitless and unnecessary. If harmony reigns on the other hand supreme, whence the necessity for reforms .? whence those dis-harmonies complained of by Fourier ? A social reformer, as has well been observed on this point, must be dis-harmonist and voluntist. Fourier professes to be neither in his philosophy ; and hence in his criticism, and his proposed reforms, he is in contradiction with his own premises." StriSlure. The terms destiny and harmony do not imply the slightest contradic- tion when corredfly collocated, or, viz., as collocated in the Phalan- sterian or Fourier formula, that Man's irrevocable destiny is to achieve /7(?r///»«jy out of dis-harmonies, by suitable mental and physical effort. . . . and the second clause of this paragraph of "ifs" is even more futile than the first. Socialism, p. 128. " But the chief objedlion against the whole system (Fourier's) is, that the Association principle, as here applied to the organization of labour, is perfectly Utopian. The Societary communities are supposed to aiit under authorities who have no power whatever. They group themselves, like atoms of water are crystallized when the freezing-point has been reached, of their own accord round a centre ; and the whole empire of the world under its ' uniarch ' is thus held together without force, a sort of ' comfortable anarchy ' reigning supreme. A system Appendix B. 169 which, in its contempt for pure politics, goes so far as to attempt founding a cosmopolitan harmony on universal anarchy is as impradi- cable as it is absurd." Strinure. But, Mr. Kaufmann, if the Societary Communities group them- selves of their own accord, round a centre, does not that imply that they mvest that centre with an authority and power for their good and against evil which they will back up or support with all the force they themselves possess ? Does their grouping of their own accord round a centre prevent them having courts of justice, constables, and even prisons, should it be deemed advisable.? Does not Fourier even designate every Series besides the Little Horde and Little Band as Courts of Justice, and the Community at large as a Court of Appeal, with the means of enforcing its decisions ?— and if no prisons are mentioned, they may at least be supposed possible. But further— What power have the Queen, Lords, and Commons of the Government of this country de jure, even at this very day, unless such as is intrusted to them by the Community at large, and backed by Its force ? Is the real state of the Constitutional Government of the British Empire, then, after all, only a « comfortable," or shall I say " uncomfortable anarchy ? " Lastly, has Mr. Kaufmann never yet been able to understand that Fourier and his school are not revolutionists of the tabula rasa type, who think nothing can be done in the way of the new, until the old is completely swept away ; but are of those who tend rather to engraft the new upon the old, and so to profit by the time-trled stability of the latter, until the new shall have been sufficiently matured. And should their elForts be rewarded, and the villages and towns of every nation be finally and federally grouped of their own accord, as fully Co-operative Communities around Republican or Monarchical Centres of delegated power— will it be so very inconsistent with pure politics if these Centres should institute a higher federal Court of Arbitration, with a President, to be styled Uni-arch ? Socialism and Communism, p. 262. "Fourier's dream that 2,000 or 3,000 discordant centrifugal in- dividuals in one great house would fall by natural gravitation into a balance of passions and realize harmony must prove eventually im- possible, and so it vi^as found when the experiment was tried even on a smaller scale." Striiiure. Admire the logic ! For supposing Fourier to have had such a dream, or the analogous one, that a solidly-built, fully-equipped, well- manned, thousand-ton ship, might in all security stand out to sea, is the 170 Appendix B. impossibility of its so doing demonstrated because vessels on a much smaller scale, cockle-shell skiffs in fine, have been swamped ? But Fourier, moreover, never had a dream of the kind depifted, — the only dream he or any of his followers ever had, was, continuing the simile, that the well-found vessel, they saw mentally so clearly in the offing, might possibly be paddled to, although the sole boat at hand, only poorly adapted for the purpose. Or, otherwise put — that enthusiasm would suffice to bridge the chasm betwixt the means at disposal, and the theoretically prescribed conditions of success — that a commencement might be made with confessedly insufficient tools, in the fond trust, that the sufficient might be worked up to. And if such hopes were frustrated — have not the earliest attempts of many and many ultimately successful, but over enthusiastic projedors, their tale to tell of similar disappointments ? But further and with reference to the expression "even on a smaller scale" Mr. Kaufmann has to be asked whether he has ever seen Fourier's " Scale of the Numbers and Fortunes '' required for every degree of passional harmony (p. 437, Tome 4""^ " CEuvres Completes" ), and which determines the lowest degree of the scale or that of 200 persons as insufficient to permit of the essential operation of the Sixteen Tribal Groupings of Age, and which essential operation only just becomes possible -with an assemblage of 400. Mr. Kaufmann's logic in this case runs indeed very much as thus — that it is folly to think of drawing a square with four lines since it cannot be drawn even with three! — and let it also be further noted that it is very questionable whether any one of the pioneering experiments which Mr. Kaufmann will be found hereafter to represent as fair tests of the practicability of Fourier's Theory, ever had even 200 members ! Socialism, p. 128. " Fourier . . . discards the existing mechanism of capitalistic com- petition, which regulates the movements of the social universe, and yet, as far as his own ideas are pra6i:ical at all, they are so by adaptation to the existing condition of the capitalistic world." Stri^ure. Quite mistaken, Mr. Kaufmann, quite mistaken, for if you will refer to p. 218, Tome 3™ of the " CEuvres Completes," you will find a Scale of from i to 8 different Commercial Methods in correspondence with a similar number of different Social Periods, and our present state of Civilization, or No. 5, as a period of " Competitive Individualism^^ whilst No. 8, or first step of Harmony, has as its charadferistic Com- mercial Method — Y Anterior Valuation, Y Arbitrated Compensation, or some general understanding as to mutual exchange of produce, but subject to compensatory revision at end of year or years, should the contradl appear to have worked unfairly for either party. Thus Appendix B. lyi the " existing condition of the capitalistic world," not to be carried in to the world of phalansterian idea, as Mr. Kaufmann so erroneously affirms. Socialism, p. 127. " Fourier's recommendation of frequent change and rest from labour would have no doubt the effedl of making work more agreeable. But, on the other hand, if the labourer is to flutter about like a butterfly, from one industrial branch to another, it will tell unfavourably on the economic results." StriSiure. The following extract from a former work will suffice in this case. " Whilst the economical advantages attendant on what is known as the Division of Labour are indisputable, its disadvantages as regards the physical and mental well-being of the labourer in its aiStual con- ditions are equally indisputable ; and it is one of the great merits of Fourier's Theory to have proposed that, whilst occupation shall con- tinue to be subdivided as far as economically convenient, the training of the young shall be at the same time dire(£ted to eliciting and exercising the vocational aptitudes of which every individual will be found to possess several, in such manner as to enable each member of a sufficiently numerical and otherwise well-conditioned Social-Industrial Organization to participate, by alternation from Group to Group, in the details of many difi^erent occupations, to the great advantage of the physical, mental, and moral development of the individual, the inter- lacing of interests, and the stimulation of Emulation and Enthusiasm. Indeed, the solution of the whole problem of Association as theoreti- cally understood, may be said to be one and the same with that of the practical solution of the problem of the JlexibiUty of Serial Grouping, but which problem is often misunderstood and misrepresented, as by Mr. Kaufmann, who writes {Socialism, page 127), "Fourier's recom- mendation of frequent change and rest from labour would have, no doubt, the efFcit of making work more agreeable. But, on the other hand, if the labourer is to flutter about like a butterfly, from one industrial branch to another, it will tell unfavourably on the economic results." Undoubtedly, but is it not altogether absurd in Mr. Kauf- mann to suppose a training directed to accomplishing labourers in the art of fluttering about like butterflies from one industrial branch to another without settling profitably to any ? Or does he indeed suppose that that must be the necessary consequence of the fullest possible development of individual faculty, and the providing it at the same time with the conditions of its exercise, which is Fourier's suggestion? Besides which, may we not suggest to Mr. Kaufmann that ' fluttering about ' agrees with the Butterflies, and also with Bees, and cannot therefore be corre£lly represented as the antithesis of profitable work." 172 Appendix B. Socialism, p. 127. " The faft that co-operative produftion is only of relative not uni- versal application seems to have escaped Fourier altogether. In the same way the assumption that all the income of the societary com- munities may be divided in given proportions among the contributors of capital, talent, and labour respe6lively, is altogether gratuitous and arbitrary. (How are labour and talent to be distinguished .?) " Striifure. The first clause in this case, or as to what " seems to have escaped Fourier altogether," is too uncertain and too vague, too gratuitous, too arbitrary in its seeming, to have time wasted upon it; but the clause which follows is of great importance, and tells quite as much, if not even more than any other clause in Mr. Kaufmann's " Fourier Criticisms " of thorough superficiality. Thus replying in the first place to the question between brackets, let us ask Mr. Kaufmann in return, whether he has never heard of A.B. seamen as distinguished from Ordinary; nor of stafF, commissioned and non-commissioned officers, and rank and file ; nor of gardeners, sub-gardeners and assistants, of apprentices, novices, experts ; in fine of gradation of every kind, in every kind of work, and wages in accordance ? The question seems indeed almost unintelligible as coming from Mr. Kaufmann's pen, but what seems even more unintelligible is how little he appears to know about so prime a feature of phalansterian organization as that of the question of partici- pation in its more general aspe£l, or as to how justice in the repartition of the general income is to be assured by — i". The voted Classification of Work, as Necessary, Useful, and Agreeable, and also as of several grades in these respedbs. 2". The voted attribution to each such grade of a definite dividend from the general income, so that those who take part in it know before doing so, what their share will be. 3". Though last not least, the development and training of the faculties, aptitudes, handicraft or touch-talent of all, from early child- hood, in such manner as to enable and incline to the taking part in many different kinds of work, as subordinates or leaders of different grade — and in order to the obviating the selfishness — which attends naturally on the doing of only one kind of work, when claims of com- parative merit, and rights of participation have to be put in. Socialism and Communism, p. 202. " It has been said that Fourier's system never had a fair chance in America, and that his apostles and followers did not understand fully, or carry out faithfully his principles, and that therefore he is not responsible for their failure. It seems to us that this is not so. We think that his theories did receive a fair trial, and that their failure is Appendix B. 173 unfavourable to Fourier's hypothesis as to the forces and capabilities of human nature, and the forms of life and society founded on it." Stri£?ure. Now the whole of this only goes to prove more and more, that although Mr. Kaufmann has written much, and even often sympatheti- cally in regard to Fourier's doftrines, he has never been able to master his Central Idea — the " Gold " which Mr. Kaufmann himself quotes Marlo to have assumed, is enwrapped in them, — and therefore also to be unwrapped some day or other. For what is this Gold, this Central Idea, that which Fourier claimed as his real discovery, and upon which all his critical and other dodlrines will be finally found to turn, if not that " The Series distributes Harmonies," not only in the case of Musical Instruments such as the Piano, each Odtave of which has its Series of Notes, and the Frame- work as a whole a Series of 06laves, or Odtaval-Groups, but also in the case of Society as an Organism, or, in the case of the Social- Industrial-Intercourse of Men, Women, and Children. For these also, whenever brought together in numbers, distribute themselves invariably into Groups and Series-of-Groups, although only har- moniously^ when the numbers and the frame-work or conditions within which they play are altogether adequate, as planned and pro- vided for, by head and hand. And will Mr. Kaufmann pretend that the Numbers and Conditions had been attained in any of the Phalans- terian attempts referred to, which from the point of view of the Theory could be declared adequate ? How could the Series distribute its Harmonies, in cases where the requisite Conditions of a sufficient diversity of occupations, and corre- sponding diversity of tastes and trained aptitudes were entirely absent ? How could the Series distribute its Harmonies, where no sufficient choice as to groupings and still less as to Serial-Grouping in accordance with charadlerial dispositions and sympathies ? How could the Series distribute the Harmonies of a just and generally acknowledged satisfadtory repartition of the Joint Produce — in cases where the Numbers and Organization insisted upon as necessary for such, were entirely wanting ? In fine, Mr. Kaufmann's assertion of the failure of the Phalansterian Theory on the field of practice, except in so far as the redu£lion of Theory to PracSlice must ever fail where the theoretically prescribed means of success have not been attained to, has to be met not only by the fullest denial, but by the counter-assertion, that its Spirit is even now to be seen at work in many ways and in many places, and that every day brings the further negative evidence in its favour of Social-Industrial difficulties only to be removed by obedience to its teachings. For wherever Co-operative House-holding, with its improved Architecture and consequent improved housing of the masses, is at work, wherever 1 74 Appendix B. Co-operative House-keeping, with its economies, and more healthful modes of subsistence of the same masses is at work, and wherever Co-operative Produdtion, with its possibilities of profiting by superior mechanical appliances, and more especially by a superior organization of its personalities is at work — there also Attradtion is spinning its Thread of Destiny, and the Spirit of Serial-Grouping is crying out discordantly where sinned against, but proclaiming its accords aloud when obeyed — and thus urging conjointly and continuously, by punish- ment as by reward to the more and more institution and perfecting of the Conditions of the Grouping — in which the Harmonies of the Justice-ship Mind of Common- Wealth Community, Concomitant of the Kin-ship Spirit of Man's One Blood, and the Equity-ship Mind of Common- Weal Government, Concomitant of the Solidarity Spirit of Man's One Flesh, shall be distributed in fullest accordance with the didtates of the Social-Industrial Code of Humanity. CHISWICK PRESS: — C. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE. 7-1 l^MVERSITV OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARV Los Angeles ™s boo. is DUE on .heiast date sta„,ped below. Form L9-Series 4939 vi- 'ir'i: '?\ I 4 f. > 1