
 
 < EX LIDRIS >->-+* 
 
 HORACE A. SCOTT 
 2208 N. Ross Street 
 Santa Ana.Cal if.
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY; 
 
 BEING A 
 
 CLASSIFIED LIST 
 
 OF 
 
 Cermsf to <0pttl)et0 of most frequent Otourrence, 
 
 ENTERING, AS 
 
 POSTFIXES OK PREFIXES, 
 
 INTO THE 
 
 COMPOSITION OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 INTENDED FOR THE USB OF TEACHERS, AND ADVANCED STUDENTS OK GEOGRAPHIC, 
 AND AS A REFERENCE-BOOK IN GEOGRAPHICAL ETYMOLOGIES. 
 
 BY 
 
 T. A. GIBSON, 
 
 MASTER OF CAUVIN'S HOSPITAL, AND AUTHOR OF "A FRENCH, ENGLISH, 
 AND LATIN VOCABULARY," ETC. 
 
 G. M. GIBSON, 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON, AUTHOR OF " LE PETIT FABLIER." 
 SECOND EDITION, 
 
 Greatly Enlarged and Essentially Improved. 
 EDINBURGH: 
 
 ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK, AND FRASER AND CRAWFORD. 
 LONDON : LONGMAN AND CO. DUBLIN : WM. CURRY, JUN., AND CO. 
 
 MDCCCXL. J 9 3
 
 " Dandum est aliquid laudabili adolescentum quorundam curiositati, qui 
 paedagogos obtundere, omniumque vocum derivatarum et compositarum 
 'irvfi-a. scrupulosius indagare sclent." PASOK. 
 
 PRINTED BY H. & J. PILLANS, 7- JAMES'8 COCHT.
 
 $AP USRAK* 
 
 Gf 
 
 THE RIGHT HONOURABLE / ft Ufl 
 
 SIR JOHN SINCLAIR, OF ULBSTER, BART., 
 
 (WITH PERMISSION) 
 
 WHOSE GENIUS ORIGINATED, 
 
 AMD 
 
 TO THE CLERGY OF SCOTLAND, 
 
 BY WHOSE PATRIOTIC CO-OPERATION HE WAS 
 ENABLED TO COMPLETE 
 
 " THE STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF SCOTLAND," 
 
 A Work, which has raised the literary and scientific, as well as 
 the religious and moral, character of that Venerable Body, above 
 all professional competition ; and which, in a peculiar manner, 
 claims the gratitude of every lover of his species, from the com- 
 prehensive variety of its important practical suggestions, with a 
 view to improve the mental, moral, and physical condition of the 
 people ; 
 
 THIS ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY, 
 
 In consideration of the many useful Hints derived from that Work, 
 in the department of Scottish Etymologies, 
 
 IS, WITH DUE ESTIMATION, INSCRIBED 
 
 BY THE AUTHORS.
 
 PBEFACE. 
 
 THIS Manual is intended to supply what the Author has 
 long considered a desideratum in all compilations of 
 Geography ; it does not in the least supersede, but is 
 supplementary to, them. 
 
 All Geographical Names, however obscure, ambiguous, 
 and in many cases unattainable, the knowledge of their 
 component parts may now be, conveyed originally a mean- 
 ing, arising from some peculiarity of appearance, situation, 
 or other circumstance. Much has, of late years, been done 
 towards facilitating to the youthful mind the knowledge of 
 the etymologies of words, by which a spirit of enquiry into 
 their original import has been very successfully engendered. 
 This process, from which undoubted advantages have re- 
 sulted to other branches of knowledge, has been but par- 
 tially applied to Geography, though this seems to be the 
 department, upon which the light of Etymology can be 
 brought to shed its strongest rays. 
 
 Throughout the work, the Author has not failed to give 
 to Geographical Names in the British Islands that decided 
 prominence, which their relative importance to the Youth 
 of these Countries seems to claim. In investigating those 
 Names, many Continental ones, identically the same in 
 meaning, but differing slightly in orthography and pro- 
 nunciation, were brought under his notice. Though he 
 had a particular view to the classification of Terms of 
 British and Continental Etymology, yet, to impart a gene- 
 ral character to the Work, he has incorporated a few, not 
 ranking under this description, but recommended by their
 
 VI PREFACE. 
 
 frequent occurrence in Systems of Geography. To aid 
 the Student in remembering etymologies, historical, de- 
 scriptive, or other explanatory information, has been fre- 
 quently given in the form of notes. 
 
 In analyzing the component parts of Names of Towns, 
 the enquirer is forcibly struck by the similarity of circum- 
 stances, that have determined infant societies in the choice 
 of their situation. A variety of situations, as holding 
 out inducements to nascent communities for the formation 
 of a settlement, might be pointed out ; and not unfre- 
 quently the Name itself indicates the degree of advance- 
 ment in civilization, to which the original founders had 
 attained. A preference was given to an eminence, from 
 the facilities of defence it afforded ; to the confluence of 
 rivers ; or to the junction of one with the sea, where, 
 besides other advantages, fishing in both might be enjoyed. 
 A site was settled upon in favour of the fordable part of 
 a river, whose adjoining pastures might be available for 
 the herds, and whose waters might serve for culinary and 
 other purposes. Here, at first, the precarious footing of 
 stepping-stones, and afterwards a bridge, which, in a less 
 advanced age, was composed of wood, and, as the place rose 
 in importance, of stone, successively connected the opposite 
 banks.* The erection of a place of worship has often, in a 
 religious age, congregated to its neighbourhood, as a centre, 
 the scattered population of a district, and imparted its name 
 
 * Queen Matilda, niece of Edgar Atheling, and wife of Henry I., in 
 whose persons the Saxon and Norman interests were reconciled, was the first 
 who built stone-arched bridges in England. She built two at Stratford in 
 ttssex (thence called De Arcubus, or Le Bow), where she had narrowly 
 escaped drowning for want of such a convenience. 
 
 " Haud ignara mali, miseris succurrere disco. " Virgil.
 
 PREFACE. Vll 
 
 to the rising village. Places have frequently, too, derived 
 their Names from having been the theatre of signal events, 
 as, a great victory, the death or interment of a king, or 
 other illustrious individual, &c. 
 
 . Wherever the human species has been collected to any 
 considerable amount, there Names were attached to the 
 different physical objects of the surrounding country. For 
 obvious reasons, the Names of Cities, Towns, Villages, 
 Hamlets, &c., preponderate in all countries, where the 
 population bears a due proportion to their extent ; and the 
 most important generally gives its Name to the district, 
 province, county, &c., in which it lies. Such conventional 
 divisions are, therefore, to be considered of a date some- 
 what posterior to that of the Towns themselves. An 
 examination of the Shires of Great Britain will serve to 
 illustrate this remark; and from the Appendix, at page 150, 
 &c., it will be perceived, that their partition arose from 
 causes quite different from those advanced in the following 
 passage. 
 
 " The territorial divisions of England are not the con- 
 sequence of a legislative act of any single governing body; 
 they are the effect of the ancient partition of the country 
 among powerful chiefs. The counties were their shires or 
 shares (for it is the same word,) of territory. Thus Berk- 
 shire is a corruption of Berocs share, the share of Beroc, 
 a powerful chieftain. These shares, of course, varied ac- 
 cording to the accidents of warfare and aggrandisement."* 
 
 It is well known that Alfred the Great divided England 
 into 32 Counties. This number has since been augmented 
 
 * See Cousin's Report on Public Instruction in Prussia ; translated by 
 Sarah Austin. Explanatory Notes, page 26.
 
 Vlll PREFACE. 
 
 to 40, and, including Wales, to 52. Each County was 
 originally governed by a Count, who, on his dignity and 
 title becoming hereditary, appointed a deputy, called the 
 Shire-reeve, Shrieve, or Sheriff, that is, the manager of 
 the Shire or Share. 
 
 In using this Manual, it is recommended that the 
 Teacher, as the occurrence of one or more of the Terms 
 may occasionally suggest to him, prescribe a portion, upon 
 which the pupil may undergo examination in the following 
 manner. " Question, The town at the mouth of the Dee ? 
 Answer, Aberdeen. Of the Don ? Aberdon, now Old 
 Aberdeen. Of the Brothock ? Aberbrothock. Into what 
 is it corrupted? Arbroath. Do you know any other 
 Terms of similar import ? Inver, Month, Monde," &c. 
 
 During this cross examination, in addition to the infor- 
 mation afforded in the Notes, the Teacher can easily im- 
 part an interest to the subject, by directing the Pupil's 
 attention to the fact, that certain Terms are peculiar to 
 certain countries and districts of countries ; as, that Caster, 
 with its forms of Cester and Chester, Ford, Minster, &c,, 
 are almost exclusively confined to England ; Llan, to 
 Wales ; Bal, Inver, Kil, Inch, Ben, Glen, and Strath, &c., 
 to Scotland. The rare exemplification of a few Terms in 
 some countries might also be alluded to ; as, of Burgh, 
 though of frequent occurrence in England, being in Scot- 
 land chiefly confined to Edinburgh, Frasersiw/v?/*, Helens- 
 burgh, Jedburgh, Musselburgh, &c. ; Ham, to the County 
 of Roxburgh, &c. 
 
 CAUVIN'S HOSPITAL; March, 1835.
 
 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 NEXT to the favourably recorded opinion of an enlightened 
 and impartial Press, the rapid sale of a large first im- 
 pression, and the urgent demands for a second, are the 
 best arguments, that the " Etymological Geography" has 
 not been deemed devoid of merit, nor found unserviceable 
 to the Teacher and Student. 
 
 The praise of originality has been bestowed on our 
 labours. We affect not so high a title, such being the 
 meed of genius, that soars to proud poetic eminence; or of 
 ingenuity, that widens the horizon of science, and benefits, 
 by its useful inventions, universal man. We only lay 
 claim to the humble merit of being the Jirst to direct the 
 inquisitive and inductive bent of the age to a practical and 
 systematic process of enquiry into a most important depart- 
 ment of National Education, where, hitherto, it has been 
 either overlooked or contemned. 
 
 The more intimately the Compilers become conversant 
 with Geographical Analysis, the more thoroughly are they 
 convinced, that their original position is, in all points, 
 sound and tenable. That fundamental position was, 
 That every Proper Noun has a meaning. Consequently, 
 all Proper, as well as Common, Names, being only signs 
 of ideas, are, or ought to be, significant. Ideology, in 
 short, is as much the essence of Proper, as of Common, 
 Names. 
 
 In one sense, indeed, this doctrine holds more truly in 
 the case of Proper, than of Appellative, Signs ; inasmuch
 
 X PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 as the meaning of the former is unequivocal, and confined 
 to a single designated object ; which cannot, in strict truth, 
 be predicated of the latter, obnoxious as they are, from the 
 extreme paucity of terms, to the ambiguity of a literal or 
 figurative, a primary or secondary, sense and acceptation. 
 
 If these premises are valid, then is it the duty of every 
 Teacher of Geography, as certainly it is the aim of every 
 enterprizing and intelligent one, to acquaint his pupils 
 betimes, according to their capabilities and circumstances, 
 with the etymological import of Names of Places, particu- 
 larly when such knowledge associates in the mind their 
 exact position, a fact in history, &c.* 
 
 As example is proverbially better than precept, we may 
 illustrate the principle of our theory by a familiar, but 
 
 * It is well worthy of remark, that the Writers of the Old and New 
 Testaments very frequently account for the imposition of Names of Places, 
 as the few following extracts will sufficiently illustrate. 
 
 Genesis iv. 17 " Cain builded a city, and called the name of the city 
 after the name of his son, Enoch." 
 
 Gen. xi. 9.'' Therefore is the name of it called Babel ; because the 
 Lord did there confound the language of all the earth." 
 
 Gen. xxviii. 17? 19. " Jacob was afraid, and said, How dreadful is this 
 place ! this is none other than the house of God, and this is the gate of 
 heaven. And he called the name of that place Bethel." 
 
 Gen. xxxiii. 18 " And Jacob built him an house, and made booths for 
 
 his cattle : therefore the name of the place is called Succoth." 
 
 Exodus xv. 23. " They could not drink of the waters, for they were 
 bitter ; therefore the name of it was called Marah." 
 
 Exodus xviii. 7. '' And Moses called the name of the place Massah and 
 Meribah, because of the chiding of the children of Israel, and because they 
 tempted the Lord." 
 
 Matt, xxvii. 33. "And, when they were come unto a place called Gol- 
 gotha, that is to say, A place of a skull." 
 
 Mark xv. 22. " And they bring Jesus unto the place Golgotha, which 
 is, being interpreted, The place of a skull."
 
 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. XI 
 
 pertinent, instance. Suppose the Teacher has pointed 
 out to his Pupils the position of Middlesex, traced its 
 boundaries, and adverted to its diminutive size, as con- 
 trasted with other counties, while, in point of wealth and 
 population, it is vastly the largest in England, with a mass 
 of other circumstantial and collateral information, not 
 merely geographical, but withal very useful and proper to 
 be known, still, by the term Middlesex, no characteristic 
 idea whatever has been conveyed ; it is empty sound, and 
 nothing else. When, however, it is stated that Middlesex 
 is a contraction of Middle Saxons, and bears a reference to 
 Essex or East Saxons, Sussex or South Saxons, and the 
 now extinct Wessex or West Saxons, then, and not till 
 then, is a distinct idea impressed, and sense substituted for 
 sound ; the term conveying to the apprehension not only an, 
 but the, idea which its original imposition was intended to 
 impart. 
 
 With regard to an objection to the Etymological Geog- 
 raphy, which has not unfrequently been stated, that an 
 undue prominence has been given to Scotland, it may suf- 
 fice to say, that it is but natural to suppose, that the 
 Compilers should have been more conversant with, and 
 taken a livelier interest in, Scottish etymologies. This 
 difference, however, is often more apparent than real ; for, 
 on a closer inspection of the Tables, it will be found that 
 many Names in England, whose etyma are decidedly 
 Celtic, are ranged under Heads or Classes seemingly pe- 
 culiar to Scotland, thus affording another corroboration 
 to the many proofs, that the Celtic and Old British are 
 synonimous speeches, constituting the original, and, at one 
 time, the catholic language of these Islands. Could the 
 Compilers have anticipated the flattering reception, with 
 which their imperfect labours have been honoured from their
 
 Xll PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 Scholastic Brethren in South Britain, they would have 
 deemed it their duty to have devoted more space to the 
 department of Saxon Etymologies. They trust that the 
 additions, which deference to their opinion has dictated, 
 will be found to be on a scale that will give satisfaction. 
 
 The Compilers embrace this, the earliest, opportunity 
 of gratefully acknowledging several communications from 
 Teachers and other individuals, whether in an official or 
 private capacity, who take an interest in such researches 
 into local appellations. It will afford them much pleasure 
 to be honoured with similar favours, especially if these 
 should exhibit an exemplification of Terms, and the more 
 associated with the British Islands the better, of such im- 
 portance as to entitle to be introduced under a distinct 
 Class in a subsequent edition. 
 
 Professional avocations, and an anxious wish that this 
 Second Edition should appear with essential improvements, 
 must plead an apology for allowing nearly two years to 
 elapse since the former edition was sold off. 
 
 It seems right to advert to the price of the Work, as 
 being higher than is usually paid for one of an equal 
 number of pages. As is well known to those familiar with 
 compositors and typography, this difference arises from the 
 great additional labour and time requisite for arranging 
 such a variety of types under two distinct columns, with 
 corresponding foot-notes. 
 
 In conclusion, the Reader is recommended to peruse 
 carefully the explanatory list of Abbreviations adopted in 
 the Work ; and to notice, that Words within parentheses, 
 distinguished by such marks as F. for French, I. for 
 Italian, &c., are understood to be Gaelic, if they follow 
 Names of Places in the British Islands. 
 CAUVIN'S HOSPITAL, August 10, 1840.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 ace. for 
 
 according. 
 
 mod. 
 
 modern. 
 
 anc. 
 
 ancient, or anciently. 
 
 n. 
 
 name, &c. 
 
 cap. 
 
 capital. 
 
 p. 
 
 page. 
 
 chan. 
 
 channel. 
 
 pa. 
 
 parish. 
 
 CO. 
 
 county. 
 
 qu. 
 
 quasi, or as if. 
 
 confl. 
 
 conflux, or confluence. 
 
 ref. 
 
 refer, referable, &c. 
 
 contr. 
 
 contraction, or contracted. 
 
 riv. 
 
 river. 
 
 corr. 
 
 corruption, or corrupted. 
 
 sev. 
 
 several. 
 
 der. 
 
 derived, derivation, &c. 
 
 sh. 
 
 shire. 
 
 dist. 
 
 district. 
 
 sit. 
 
 situated, or situation. 
 
 div. 
 
 division. 
 
 supp. 
 
 supposed. 
 
 do. 
 
 ditto. 
 
 syn. 
 
 synonimous. 
 
 f. 
 
 falls, or flows. 
 
 te. 
 
 term. 
 
 i.q. 
 
 idem quod, or the same as. 
 
 to. 
 
 town. 
 
 lit. 
 
 literally. 
 
 tr. 
 
 tributary. 
 
 Ar. 
 
 for Arabic, &c. 
 
 It. 
 
 Italian. 
 
 A. S. 
 
 Anglo-Saxon. 
 
 L. 
 
 Latin. 
 
 B., or Br. 
 
 British, &c. 
 
 N. 
 
 North. 
 
 Dan. 
 
 Danish. 
 
 Ro. 
 
 Roman. 
 
 E. 
 
 East, &c. 
 
 S. 
 
 South. 
 
 Engl. 
 
 English, &c. 
 
 Sanscr. 
 
 Sanscrit. 
 
 F. 
 
 French. 
 
 Sax. 
 
 Saxon. 
 
 Ga. 
 
 Gaelic. 
 
 Sc. 
 
 Scotice, Scottish, .Sec. 
 
 Ge. 
 
 German. 
 
 S P . 
 
 Spanish. 
 
 Gr. 
 
 Greek. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 United States. 
 
 Heb. 
 
 Hebrew. 
 
 w. 
 
 West. 
 
 Ir. 
 
 Irish. 
 
 We. 
 
 Welsh.
 
 Lately Published, by the same Authors, 
 
 LE PETIT FABLIER; 
 
 ou, 
 
 ESOPE EN MINIATUEE ; 
 
 ENRICHED 
 
 WITH ETYMOLOGICAL NOTES, & A VOCABULARY, 
 
 In which each Word is translated into English, traced to its ety- 
 mological origin, and its Synonyme in Latin and Italian 
 pointed out. 
 
 " A very useful little book for Schools, which may be confidently recom- 
 mended." Devizes and Wiltshire Gazette. 
 
 " This appears to us to be a useful little work, and might be introduced 
 with advantage into Schools, where the elements of the French language are 
 taught." Edinburgh Advertiser* 
 
 " This little work is a decided improvement on the usual books of Fables, 
 inasmuch as it contains an ample Vocabulary, with the derivations, which 
 are nowhere to be met with in works of the same nature. We would recom- 
 mend the work as of great utility to the pupil." Edinburgh Observer. 
 
 " A little work, highly deserving of the attention of Teachers and others. 
 As an elementary work, it possesses great merit, and is admirably adapted 
 for pupils desirous of acquiring that acquaintance with the first principles of 
 the French language, so necessary to perfecting themselves in it afterwards. 
 The explanation of French words appended to this well-got-up Fabulist is 
 arranged on a novel and simple plan, excellently adapted to persons com- 
 mencing the study of the elegant and fascinating language of our Gaelic 
 neighbours. The Notes, too, will be found very useful and most complete." 
 John o' Groat Journal.
 
 " The plan is excellent ; and the Notes and Vocabulary, with the words 
 translated and reduced to their elementary principles, a valuable and in- 
 structive improvement." Literary Gazette. 
 
 " The plan appears to us a remarkably good one, and we have pleasure in 
 recommending this little work to the attention of the Instructors of Youth. 
 To those who follow out the excellent plan of studying simultaneously Latin 
 and French, or Latin, French, and Italian, Messrs. Gibsons' work will be 
 found a most useful auxiliary." Stirling Observer. 
 
 " It is upon a novel plan, and we perceive it is preliminary to a series that 
 will follow in proper order, and with a more ample and varied development. 
 We anticipate from this work and its successors a material help to the full 
 acquisition of a language which, from the close alliance between the two 
 countries, and their combined literary and scientific pursuits, is daily be- 
 coming more and more requisite." York Courant.
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 I. PREFIXES. 
 
 I CHIEFLY APPLICABLE TO TOWNS, &c. 
 
 ABER SI (B. ; havre, F. ; opertura, L. ?) = the Mouth, 
 or Embouchure, of a River ; a Roadstead ; as, 
 
 Avon (f. into the Bristol Chan.). 
 Brothwick (f. into the German 
 
 Ocean). 
 
 Comeay (f. into the Ir. Sea). 
 f Corn or Cornie Cf. into the 
 I Firth of Forth). 
 Dee(f. into the German Ocean). 
 Don (f. into Do.). 
 Dour (f.into the Firth of Forth). 
 Fraw (f. into the Ir. Sea). 
 Gavenny (confl. with the Usk). 
 Gwilly (confl. with the Towey). 
 Nethy (confl. with the Spey). 
 
 Teivy (f. into St George's Chan.). 
 
 , Glamorgan-sh. 
 Aberbrothwick, corr. into Ar- 
 
 broath, Angus-sh. 
 Aberconvfay, Carnarvon-sh. 
 
 Abercom, Linlithgow-sh* 
 
 Aberdeen, co. to. 
 Aberdon, or Old Aberdeen, - 
 AberdouY, Fife-sb. 
 Aberfravf, Anglesey, 3 
 Jforgavenny, Monmouth-sh. 
 Abergvfilly, Carmartben-sh. 
 Abernethy, Moray-sh. 4 
 Aberieivy (Welsh n. of Car-) 
 digan), co. to. J 
 
 1 A syn. te. in L. is oslium, whence Ostia, a sea-port at the Mouth of 
 the Tyber. 
 
 2 These were anc. written AbreAene, Abrenethy, &c. 
 
 3 Of old it was the residence of the Kings of N. Wales. 
 
 * Abernethy, Perth-sh. i. e. the Work of Nectan or Nelhan. It is a 
 corr. for Obair Neachtain (opus, oper-is, L.) a Pictish King, who consti- 
 tuted this to. the cap. of his dominions, A. C. 456. It was, also, the original 
 episcopal seat of the Picts, translated at a later period to St Andrew's. 
 
 A
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Aberystwlih, Cardigan-sh. Ystwith (f. into the Ir. Sea). 
 
 Arbirlot (for Abere\\iot\ An-\ 7^,,. . , c . . n ^ , 
 
 EUiot (f. into Germ. Oc.). 
 gus-sh. 
 
 TT c j T> i, i / near the Forrf (over the 
 
 I/fl0raord, Pembroke-co. -J -n i j \ 
 
 I Dongledye). 
 
 J/arre-de-Grace, France, ' of Mercy or Safety. 
 
 J5mnaw, or Bannouth (conr. 1 MaK , ( into the n , Sea) . 
 iorJ6mnaw), Menoneth-sh. } 
 
 Bervrick (for Je?-wick), Northumberland-sh. the to. (wic} at 
 the Mouth (of the Tweed). 
 
 Fochaiers, Moray-sh. 2 i. e. the Green-Plain at the Mouth. 
 
 Hummer (the Abers of Ptolemy), the Hummmg-Mouth, is so 
 named, ace. to Somner, from the great hum of its waters at the 
 flowing and ebbing. 3 
 
 Lochafor, a dist. of Inverness-sh, so called, ace. to some, from 
 being, as it were, the Moiith of the Lochs, that, by means of the 
 Caledonian Canal, now connect the Atlantic and Germ. Oceans.* 
 
 Aber is a pa. in Carnarvon-sh. To the same may be ref. the 
 Artabri and CantaiW, nations of anc. Spain. 
 
 ACQUA ; Agua ; Aigue, &c. (acqua, It. ; agua, Sp. 
 Port. ; aqua, L.) = Water ; a Mineral Spring ; as, 
 
 Jc^wapendente, Italy, Hanging-Waters 
 
 Acquaviva, Do. Living or Springing Do. 
 
 1 It is sit. at the mouth of the Seine, and believed to have been founded 
 by Louis XII. ; but, when Francis I. ascended the throne in 1515, it was a 
 mere creek, in which fishermen sought refuge in stormy weather, having only 
 a chapel dedicated to our Lady of Grace (which has disappeared), and a 
 tavern or house of refreshment (still existing), with a boat and boatman 
 rudely carved on stone, which was probably its sign. In like manner Crom- 
 arty has been designated ' Portus Salutifer v. Salutis.' 
 
 2 Foich properly means a plain for rendezvous or weapon-shaw, which 
 was frequently practised here ; and the two waters, the Spey and Fochabers, 
 unite here. In the vicinity it is generally called Fcchaier. 
 
 3 The estuary separating the shires of York and Lincoln, and formed by 
 the waters of the Yorksh. Ouse, Trent. &c. Hence the mod. co. of Nor- 
 t/jWTn&e-rland, which occupies but a small portion of the anc. division of that 
 n. under the Heptarchy, i. e. the land north of the Humber, which extended 
 to the Firth of Forth. Ace. to others, it is supp. to have der. the appella- 
 tion from a noted pirate of the n. of Humler, who was drowned between 
 Hull and Barton. 
 
 * Ace. to others, from a little loch lying in the midst of a large shaking 
 moss, called Loch-na-eabar, i. e. the Loch in the mire or bog. 
 
 s It- is seated on a mountain, and receives its n. from abounding with water.
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 Aguasbellas, Portugal, Fine-Waters. 
 
 Affuascaldes, Spain, 
 J^ascalientes, Mexico, 
 Azguesca\iaes, or Gnaudes- 
 
 aigues, 1 France, 
 
 Aiguebelle, Prance, Fine-Water. 
 
 Aigueperse, Do. Piercing or Bubbling '-Spring. 2 
 
 Aiguesmortes, Do. Dearf or Stagnant-Waters.* 
 
 Aiguesvives, Do. Living or Springing-Do. 
 
 To the same we ref. ^.t or >4e^s, and Dax (for I)' Ax, i. e. Z)es 
 Eaux, Waters), both in Fr. ; Acqua, and Acqui, in It. ; and sev. 
 to. of Aguiar, or Aguilar, in Sp. and Portugal. 
 
 ALCALA, (Ar.) = a Frontier Town or Castle ; as, 
 
 . , , , . /on the Henares or Nares (tr. 
 
 J/cfo-de-Henares, Spam, ( rfthe ZVyi). 
 
 f on the Guadaura (tr. of the 
 vi/rato-de-Guadayra, Do. n , , >. 
 
 J ( Guadalquivir). 
 
 Alcala-Ael-'Rio, Do. of the River (Guadalquivir). 
 
 yi/ca/a-de-los Gazules, Do. of the Valiant Men. 
 
 Alcala-Rea\, Do. jRoya/-Town. 
 
 There are sey. to. in Spain, of which Alcala forms the initial 
 component part*. Calata, or Kalat, (Ar.) means an eminence ;* 
 and there are sev. to. in Sicily, the n. of which begins with Ca- 
 lata, as, Ca/atomiselta ; Ca/atascibetta, &c., being the names 
 given by the Saracens during their sway over Sicily. Ca/togirone 
 is a corr. of Ca/atogirone. 
 
 AUCH, (achad.h t Gael.) = a Field ; as, 
 
 , Kincardine-sh. of Flowers or Blossoms (blatK). 
 
 , Kirkcudbright-sh. | Rock St Yl 
 , Ayr-sh. * 
 
 1 The .waters, which are of a healing character, are made to answer all the 
 domestic purposes of warm water ; and, being distributed by underground 
 channels, serve to warm the apartments on the ground floor in winter. 
 
 2 Near the to. is a cold spring, which bubbles up with a strong ebullition. 
 
 3 It formerly stood near the sea, and had a harbour, which is now choked 
 up. The sea has retired two Fr. leagues from the town, leaving it in a 
 morass. 
 
 4 Kelat, the cap. of Beloochistan, which has been recently stormed by our 
 troops, stands on a hill 8000 f. above the sea.
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Auchmchanter, Sutherland- sh. of the Chanter or Singer. 
 
 Auchindoir, Aberdeen-sh. of the Pursuit. l 
 
 Auck'mleck, Ayr-sh. of Rock or Stone (leac). * 
 
 Auchinleith, Aberdeen-sh. Gray-Field (liath). 
 
 Jwc&ntreasurich,Sutherland-sh. of the Treasurer. 3 
 
 AUCHTER, (uachdar, Gael.) == a Height, Summit ; as, 
 
 r, Perth-sh. the Summit of the Height. 4 
 
 , , . i . , I the House or Kirk on the 
 
 Aucnterhouse, Angus-sh. | u ' ht * 
 
 Aucktertovl (for Auchtertiel), f on the TeW (f. into Firth of 
 Fife-sh. I Forth). 
 
 BAAL ; BAALIM; (Heb. lit. Lord or Master) = a Temple 
 or Place, where the image of Baal was worshipped ; as, 
 
 Baalbec, or Balbec, Syria, of the Sun. 
 
 n *r f the part of Mount Herman 
 
 Baalhei-mon, Manasseh, < u T> i 
 
 ( where Baal was worshipped. 
 
 BaafyeoY, Reuben, at Peor. 
 
 .Baa/perazim, Benjamin, of Breaches. 6 
 
 Baaltamar, Do. amid Palm-trees. 
 
 Baalzephon, Arabia, at the North (of the Red Sea). 
 
 To the same are to be ref. the to. of Baal, Baalah or Balah, 
 Baalath, &c. 
 
 1 Ace. to Buchanan, Luthlac, son to the usurper Macbeth, was pursued 
 by Malcolm through the valley of this pa. and afterwards slain in the valley 
 of Bogie. 
 
 2 Rocks, chiefly of free-stone, appear in most places in the parish. 
 
 3 This, and ^wcAinchanter, are in the vicinity of the Cathedral of Dor- 
 noch. 
 
 * The Church is placed upon the summit of a considerable eminence. 
 
 & The village is built on the ridge of an eminence in the middle of Strath- 
 crn, and commands on the N. and E. an extensive prospect of the adjacent 
 country. 
 
 e David smote the Philistines there, and said, " The Lord hath broken 
 forth upon mine enemies before me as the breach of waters. Therefore he 
 called the name of that place Baalperazim."- 2 Sam. v. 20.
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 BAL ; BALL ; &c. (baile, Gael.) VILLA, Sp., It., L. ; 
 VILLE, F. ; VILLAR, Sp. ; WEILER, G. = a Village or 
 Township ; a Borough ; as, 
 
 -Bafchristie, Fife-sh. of the Christies (an anc. family). 
 
 .Ba/dhuich (anc. n. of Tain),\ 
 Ross-sh. / 
 
 5a/maclellan,Kirkcudbright-sh. 
 5a/maghie, Do. 
 
 Balmeiino, Fife-sh. 
 
 J3a/vaird, 
 
 jBa/nagown, Ross-sh. 
 Perth-sh. 
 
 Do. 
 
 , Isle of Man, 
 5a//antrae, Ayr-sh. \ 
 .Ba/Zantraid, Ross-sh. / 
 Balleg&vry, Angus-sh. 
 Ballingry, Fife-sh. 
 J5a//inacarrig, co. Cork, 
 -6a//inakelly, Cork co. and ) 
 JSa//inakill, Queen's co. / 
 
 .Ba//intobar, Roscommon co. 
 Balknaspeg, co. Cork, 
 Ballmrobe, co. Mayo, 
 -BaWyathcliath, Cap. of Ireland, 
 .Ba/fybegg, Cork co. 
 //ycastle, Antrim co. 
 .BaZ/ydonaghan, Cork co. 
 
 of Dolhesius, or Duischius. 1 
 
 of the Maclellans. 2 
 
 of the Maghies.* 
 
 on the Sea, or Firth (of Tay). 4 
 
 of the Smiths. 6 
 
 /at the Back of the Country 
 
 I (cul-lir}. 
 
 among the Heights or Hills. 
 in Mono, or Man. 
 
 on the Sea-shore (traigh}. 
 
 of King Edgar. 
 of the King (ri). 
 on a Craig or Rock. 
 
 Kirk-lovm. 
 
 of the Well. 
 
 Bishop's-Town (easloig). 
 
 on the Robe (f. into Lo. Mask). 
 
 of the Ford of Hurdles.* 
 
 Little-Town. 
 
 Castle-Town.. 
 
 of Duncan. 
 
 1 He was a saint, the walls of whose chapel in the neighbourhood of the 
 to. are still standing. His n. is modernized into Duthus. 
 
 2 Once a powerful family here, a considerable branch of which has till 
 lately, for several centuries, possessed the lands contiguous to the church 
 and village. N.B. In names of places, I and m are often silent; as, Ba/- 
 maclellan, Ba/maghie ; Cambuskermeth, Cambusnethan ; Co/vend, Cu/ross ; 
 Da^keith, Dafry, &c. 
 
 3 For about six centuries before 1786, the family of Maghie of Balmaghie 
 possessed extensive estates in this part of the country, and resided here. 
 
 The old abbey is called by Leslie Balmuraeum, and by Fordun, Ha- 
 bitaculum ad Mare. 
 
 s Such n. of places recal to mind the domestic economy of the feudal 
 Barons, who seem to have paid the wages of their menials and tradesmen in 
 land. Hence we find the Smiths", the Bow-makers', the Pipers' Croft, &c. 
 
 So Dublin is called to this day in the Ir. language, from the hurdles or 
 wears formerly placed by the natives in the harbour to catch fish. 
 
 A 2
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Bally mena, Antrim co. 
 Ballymore, W. Meath, 
 Ballymure, Antrim co. 
 Bella&rum, Inverness-sh. 
 Belfast (corr. for .Ba/afearsad), 
 
 Antrim co. 
 Prtwbride (corr. for Ball&n-^ 
 
 brid), Forfar-sh. j 
 
 Torboll, Sutherland-sh. 
 F7/acastin, Spain, 
 Fe7/#-de-reyna, Do. 
 Fillafranca, Spain and Italy, 
 Fillcmueva, Spain, &c. 
 Fillai-ea\, sev. in Spain, &c. 
 Fillarica, Brazil, 
 Villavieja, Spain, &c. 
 
 F*7/ardonpardo, Do. 
 
 Fillarmayor, Portugal, 
 Vtiledieu., France, 
 Fz7/efranche, Do. 
 Villenewe, Do. 
 Abbeville, Do. ' 
 Charleville, Do. 
 Louisville, N. America, 
 PentonwzV/e, Middlesex co. 
 PhilippetnV/e, Belgium, 
 Montiw7/z'ers, France, 
 Ahvweiler, Germany, 
 Baden7ez7er, Suabia, 
 Tlischweiler, Lower Rhine, 
 Maxwell, Roxburgh-sh. 
 
 on the Maine (f. into L.Neagh). 
 
 among Yew-trees. 
 on the Eminence (druim). 
 at the Mouth of the River Lagan 
 (f. into Belfast Lough). 
 
 of St Bride or Bridget.* 
 
 on the Eminence (torr).* 
 built by Castinus.* 
 Queen' 's-T 'own. 
 
 {i 
 
 New-Town. 
 Royal-Town. 
 Rick or Noble-Towa..* 
 Old-Town. 
 in honour of Don Fernando 
 
 de Torres y Portugal. 5 
 Larger-Town. 
 God's-Town (Theopolis). 
 Free-Town. 
 New-Town.* 
 
 Abbots-Town (Abbatis-m7/a). 
 founded by Charles. 7 
 in honour of Louis XIV. 
 on an Eminence. 
 in honour of Philip II. of Spain. 
 on a Mount. 
 
 on the Ahr (tr. of the Rhine). 
 of the Baths. 
 of the Bishop. 
 of Maccus (anc. MaccuseaT/). 8 
 
 To the same are to be ref. Bally, York-sh., and the diminutive 
 forms of Villaine, Villette, Vilotte, &c. 
 
 i Buchanan calls it Balbride. 
 
 : So Tony, Fite-sh. i. e. the King's height. 
 
 3 He was afterwards archbishop of Toledo. 
 
 4 Its actual state forms a striking contrast to its pompous name. The 
 principal street is about half a league in length ; the others are irregularly 
 built and ill paved. 
 
 & He was descended from Denis, son to King Peter of Portugal. 
 
 t It was founded by one of the Counts of Ponthion, who was an abbot. 
 
 ^ Charles de Gonzague, Duke of Nevers and Mantua. 
 
 8 Proprietor of the pa. of Maxwell in David I.'s time.
 
 PREFIXES. 7 
 
 BEER, (Heb.; <j)peap) = a Fountain, a Well; as, 
 
 Ueerlahairoi, S. of Judah, of Lahairoi.i 
 
 Beersheba, Simeon, of the Oath, or Seven.* 
 
 Amntsir, Hindostan, of Immortality. 3 
 
 Beer is mentioned as a stage in the marches of the Israelites in 
 the wilderness, and as a to. in the tribe of Simeon. The ancient 
 Michmash is now known by the n. of Beer.* To the same is ref. 
 Beirout, or Bairout, Syria, from its abundant supply of water, 
 ace. to Stephanus Byzantius. 
 
 BEIT, (Ar.) = a Tent, Hut, Dwelling ; BETH, (Heb.) 
 = a House, Temple, any Place ; as, 
 
 .Be#alharam, Arabia, the -Sacral-Edifice. 5 
 
 J?ezYalfakih, Do. of the Jurist. 8 
 
 Beitalmukadda, Palestine, the Sacred-Abode (Jerusalem). 
 
 Bethabara, or .Be^barah, Gad) 
 and Reuben, / 
 
 1 i. e. of him that lives and sees. "And Hagar called the name of the 
 Lord that spake unto her, Thou, God, seest vne ; for she said, Have I also 
 here looked after him that seeth me?" Gen. xvi. 13. "Isaac dwelt by 
 the well Lahairoi." Gen. xxv. 11. 
 
 2 " And Abraham said (to Abimelech, king of Ger'ar), Seven ewe-lambs 
 shalt thou take of my hand, that they may be a witness unto me that I have 
 digged this well. Wherefore he called that place Beersheba, because there 
 they sware both of them." Gen. xxi- 30, 31. 
 
 s " And from thence they went to Beer ; that is, the well whereof the 
 Lord spake unto Moses, Gather the people together, and I will give them 
 water," &c Nnmb. xxi. 16. " And Jotham ran away, and fled, and 
 went to Beer, and dwelt there, for fear of Abimelech his brother." Judges 
 ix. 21. 
 
 4 This holy cap. of the people, called Seiks, or Sikhs, was formerly called 
 Chak. It owes its present n. to a tank, 135 paces square, which was built 
 by Gooras Ramdas, who improved the to. to such a degree, that for a 
 time it bore the n. of Ramdaspoor. Ramdas died in 1581, and, in the 
 course of time, the n. was transferred from the tank to the whole town. 
 
 s This is a designation frequently given to the temple of Mecca. 
 
 e It is in the province of Yemen. 
 
 7 " And the men pursued after the spies the way to Jordan unto the 
 fords.'" Joshua ii. 7- " And they went down after Ehud, and took the 
 fords of Jordan towards Moab." Judges iii. 28. " And the Gileadites 
 took the passages of Jordan before the Ephraimites." Judges xii. 5. " And 
 Gideon sent messengers throughout all Mount Ephraim, saying, Come 
 down against the Midianites, and take before them the waters unto Beth- 
 barah and Jordan." Judges vii. 24. Abarim, the range of hills between 
 the Arnon and Jordan, seems to take its n. from the passages between the 
 particular hills of Pisgah, Nebo, &c.
 
 8 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Bethany, Benjamin, of Lowliness. 1 
 
 BetharaloBh, Do. of Aroboh, or the Plain. 
 
 Bethaven, Do. of Idolatry or Wickedness. 1 
 
 Bethdagon, Philistia, of Dagon. 
 
 Bethel, Benjamin, of God. 3 
 
 Bethesda, Do. of Mercy or Charity.* 
 
 .Be^hoglah, Do. of Hoglah. 
 
 Bethlehem, Judah, of Bread. 5 
 
 .Be^jesimoth, Reuben, of Jeshimon, or the Wilderness. 
 
 -Be^shemesh, Judah, of the Sun.* 
 
 .BeMtappuah, Ephraim, of Tappuah, or God of Apples. 
 
 Bithvon, or Bether, Gad, of Division. 
 To this is ref. Bajith, in Moah. 
 
 BLAIR,' (blar, Gael.)=a Plain clear of Woods, frequently 
 abounding in Muir ; as, 
 
 .B/ae'rathole, Perth-sh. of Athole, a dist. of Perth-sh. 
 
 Blairgovfrie, Perth-sh. of Gowrie, a dist. of Perth-sh. 8 
 
 1 From its low sit., which various travellers have remarked. 
 
 2 This n. was given to Bethel on account of the idol set up there by Jero- 
 boam. 
 
 3 " And Jacob was afraid, and said, How dreadful is this place ! this is 
 none other but the house of God, and this is the gate of heaven. And he 
 called the name of that place Bethel." Gen. xxviii. 17. El means God ; 
 thus Elijah means, ' God is my Lord ;' .E/ishebah, or /izabeth, ' the oath 
 of God ;' Ishmae/, ' God shall hear-' Gen. xvi. 11. Israel, prince who 
 prevails with God. Gen. xxxii. 28. PemW, 'the face of God.' Gen. 
 xxxii. 30, &c. &c. 
 
 * Because the erection of a public bath here was an act of kindness to the 
 people, who, in a hot climate, required frequent bathing ; or rather, because 
 God had graciously bestowed a healing virtue upon its waters ; for, at a cer- 
 tain season, probably at the passover, an angel went down into the pool, and 
 moved it in so sensible a manner, that whoever stepped first into it after the 
 troubling of the waters, was made whole of whatever disease he had. See 
 John v. 4. 
 
 s Beitlahm, or Beital-lahm, is the Ar. n. Probably it was so called from 
 the fertility of the soil. Belem, a corr. for Bethlehem, is a suburb of Lis- 
 bon, and derives its n. from the church which King Emanuel built here in 
 honour of the birth of Christ at Bethlehem. N. B. Hence flows Bedlam, 
 the n. of a religious house in London, which, subsequently to the dissolution 
 of monasteries, was converted into an hospital for lunatics, but still sustained 
 its former appellation. 
 
 e This is the Ar. mod. n. of On or Heliopolis in Egypt. 
 
 7 It corresponds exactly to the Saxon feld or field. 
 
 s A muir abounding with moss, is in the neighbourhood of the village.
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 BlaiAogie, Stirling-sh. of Logie-parish. 
 
 Ardblair, Perth-sh. the Height in the Plain. 1 
 
 Bali/azV, Ross-sh. the Township Do. 
 
 CAER, CAR; &c. (B. ; cathair, Gael. ; castrum or castro., 
 L.) = an Encampment ; a Fort, Fortress, Town ; as, 
 
 Caercaradock, Shrop-sh. of Caractacus.- 
 
 Caergai, Merioneth-sh. of Gains, the Roman. 
 
 Caergwrle, or Caergwyle, \ of the Great Legion = Caer- 
 
 Plint-sh. / gawr-lle. 
 
 Caerleon, or Carleon, Mon- ) r r , 
 
 mouth-sh. I ofLleon '* 
 
 Caermarthen, or Carmarthen, 1 en* i- m TT j N 
 t j of Merlin (Gfler-Merdynn).s 
 
 Caernarvon, or Carnarvon, co. to. at or over against Von or Mon.* 
 
 r' n -PT i T, f f Judicature (swt/s, a sum- 
 
 Caerwys, or Carwys, Flmt-sh. < , ^ y ' 
 
 ^ mons).' 
 
 Cardiff', Glamorgan-sh. on the Taaf, or Taafe. 
 
 Cardi'oss, Dumbarton-sh. on the Promontory. 
 
 r, v i n ,1 i , f having a Tower (lush) beside 
 
 Carlisle, Cumberland-sh. < ^ i / i \ 
 
 ( a Irench (gwall.)* 
 
 r i / r> fi i UN f n the Louqh or La/te f of the 
 
 Carlow(anc. Cammough),co. to. < % 
 
 Carluke, Lanavk-sh. of St Luke. 3 
 
 1 From the circumstance of the Celtic and Gaelic chiefs generally making 
 choice of such plains for their field of battle, the term frequently denotes a 
 battle, or the site of one (locus pugnae). 
 
 2 Here are the vestiges of the fortifications erected by that famous Br. 
 king, who defended them against Ostorius and the Ro. legions. 
 
 3 It is conjectured that the 20th Ro. legion, which was named ' Victrix,' 
 had an outpost here. A Ro. sudatory, or vapour -bath, hollowed out in the 
 rock, and roofed with polished tiles, on some of which was inscribed ' Legio 
 XX,' was found here. 
 
 An anc. Br. king. 
 
 s An enchanter, famous in Br. romances, reported to have been born 
 here. Baxter reads Margidunum, from Teut. Maerg, because marl abounds 
 in the neighbourhood. 
 
 Mona is the anc. n. of Anglesey. 
 
 7 First under the native princes, and again after the union of Wales to 
 England. The county assizes were held here till 1672, when they were re- 
 moved to Flint, and subsequently to Mord. 
 
 B Caerlyell, Sax. and Luguvallum, Lat. Here a Ro. trench may yet be seen. 
 
 Its anc. church was dedicated to that Evangelist.
 
 10 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Carri&en (corr. for Careden), 7 
 
 T v ,i i ' 5- on the Wmq or Out-work. i 
 
 Lmlitngow-sh. ^ y 
 
 Catkcart (anc. Catkercai't},\ .-, 
 
 -o c v , '' f on the Cart. 
 
 Renfrew-sh. J 
 
 Cramond (for CWamond). 1 ,, , tl 
 
 Linlithgow-sh. I on to* AnumdoT Almonds 
 
 Kirkbean (for Caerben). 1 ,, ^ . 
 
 v i JT, 1.4. i. r on the Eminence? 
 
 Kirkcudbright-sh. J 
 
 .KVr^intulloch (for Caerpen- ) ,, , ,-, , c u - n 
 
 * i u\ r i > on the Head or End of a Hill. 
 
 tulach), Dumbarton-sh. J 
 
 Sanguhar, Dumfries-sh. Old-Fort.* 
 
 Urquhart, Invemess-sh. on the Ord or Height.* 
 
 WastedhV/fe (anc. Wester- 1 T/r7 . ., , 
 r \ Tk V? i > Wester-Fort\Qt. e 
 
 Ker), Dumfnes-sh. j 
 
 Gaer is a township in Montgomery-shire. 
 To the same we ref. Cahir, Ireland ; Keir, &c. 
 We have thought it proper to arrange under this class the fol- 
 lowing Scr. term. ; viz. : 
 
 KIR ; KIRJATH, See. (Heb.) = a City ; as, 
 
 jfiurhareseth, &c. Moab, of the Sun. 
 
 Kirjathaim, Reuben & Naphtali, Double-Cily. 
 
 Kirjatksrba, Judah, built Toy Arba. 
 
 Kirjath\)aa\, Do. of Baal. 
 
 Kir/atk&epher, Do. of Letters. 
 
 To the same are ref. the to. of Kir, in anc. Media ; and Ke- 
 rioth, or Kirioth, in Moab. 
 
 C AMBUS, (cam, crooked, and nisge, water, Gael.) = the 
 Curve or Bend of a River ; as, 
 
 Cambuscarry, Ross-sh. of Carey.' 1 
 
 1 It is understood that the first of the chain of Ro. forts was sit. here. 
 
 2 This was an important Ro. station. 
 
 s About a mile and a half to the S. E. of the church, there is a high ris- 
 ing ground, called Borrow-hill, upon which has stood a castle or fort, still 
 known by the n. of the Castle-hill, or M'Culloch's Castle. 
 
 * In ref. to one which existed in anc. Br. times. In the charters of Ro- 
 bert I. and David II., it is spelt Scnechar and Sandier ; sean, (senex, L.) 
 old, and cathair, Gael. 
 
 s The Castle of Urquhart, which stands on a promontory of Loch Ness, 
 was anc. one of the chain of fortresses which stretched across the Great Glen 
 from Inverness to Inverlochy. 
 
 a In contradistinction from E aster n-Cacr, which is still visible. 
 
 7 A Dan. prince, who landed there, and was buried under an obelisk in 
 the pa. of Edderton. It stands on a bend of the Firth of Tain.
 
 PREFIXES. 1 1 
 
 , Stirling-sh. in honour of Kenneth. 1 
 Cambuslang, Lanark-sh. of St Lan or Launus. 2 
 
 Cambusmore, Sutherland-sh. the Great Curve of the Fleet. 
 Co w^wsnethan, Lanark-sh. of St Nethan (Nectanus, L.) 3 
 
 To the same we ref. Came, Dorset-sh. ; Cambus, in Northum- 
 berland co. ; and Games or Keames- Castle, sit. on the bend or 
 bay of Rothsay, in the island of Bute. Cam, latinized by Mil- 
 ton into Camus, has its n. from the same cause. 4 
 
 ClTTA, ClVITA, It. ; ClUDAD, Sp. J ClOTAT, F., &C. 
 
 (Civitas, L. ;) = a City, Borough ; as, 
 
 Citta Nuova, Italy. New-Ciiy. 
 
 Ciudad-Rea\, Spain. Royal or Chief-Citv. 
 
 CYwafoaf-Rodrigo, Do. of Roderic, King of the Goths. 
 
 Cz'?nWa<f-de-la- Trinidad, S. Ani. in honour of the Trinity. 
 CYw'ta-Vecchia, Italy, &c. Old-Town. 
 
 Civitella, little town, frequently occurs in I. names. 
 
 COL ; CUL ; &c. (CM/, Gael.) = the Back, or Hinder 
 Part ; as, 
 
 CWlessie, Fife-sh. of a Den or Hollow.* 
 
 Co/vend, Kirkcudbright-sh. of the Hill (beann) Criffel. 
 
 Cow/gask, or Co?egask, Perth-sh. of Cask parish. 
 
 CWross, Perth-sh. of Ross, the peninsula of Fife. 
 
 Caftex Kmcardine,Aberdeen, 7 of the Country (tir y 
 and Lanark-sh. 3 
 
 1 A king of Scotland. The Forth makes a bend round this Abbey. 
 
 2 The present kirk, which occupies the very spot where the old kirk stood, 
 is sit. on the bank of a remarkably rapid and winding rivulet, here called the 
 Kirk-burn. St Lan was the founder of many monasteries. 
 
 3 The old church was sit. near a fine bending of the Clyde. 
 
 4 " Camus, rivered sire, went footing slow." 
 
 Most rivers are said to run they are currents ; but Cam, owing to his 
 sinuous course, is said to foot it slow. The Camel in Cornwall is a diminu- 
 tive form, and has its n. from the same circumstance, 
 s The village is sit. at the bottom of one. 
 
 e This exactly describes the sit. of the pa. The first and second are dis- 
 tinguished from the third by the n. of Mary-culter, and Peter-culter, the 
 saints to whom chapels were dedicated in the respective pa. when Popery be- 
 came the established religion.
 
 12 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Culls or Cullis, Aberdeen-sh. the Ridge to the South (deas). 1 
 
 CRAIG; CARRICK; CRICK, &c. (creag, Gael.) = a Rock, 
 a Craggy or Rocky Hill or Mount ; as, 
 
 Crewgnethan, Lanark-sh. on the Netkan(tr. of the Clyde). 
 
 Crazgtown, Tyrone co. the Town on a Craig. 
 
 Cra/gfergus, or \ of fe , 
 
 Carnckfergus, co. Antrim, J 
 
 Carrickbeg, Waterfordco. Little-Craig. 
 
 Carnc&-on-ShannonjCO.Leitrim, on the Shannon (f. into At. Oc.) 
 
 n , * . rp- I on the Suir (f. intoWaterford 
 
 Garncc-on-buir, co. I ipperary, < "H v, A 
 
 Crjofchowell (anc. CVae-hy-) , .-,, , rr ,, 
 m T> s t built by Hytvel* 
 
 well), Brecon-sh. j J 
 
 Cn'd;lade, Wilts, at the Mouth.* 
 
 Cern'ff-y-Druidion (anc. Ce-) _ , _. ., 
 
 v. j\ r. f V i. of the Druids. 
 
 rzgvvhad), Denbigh-sh. J 
 
 DUN ; DUM ; &c. (Celt. ; dinas, B. ; dune, F. ; dzwum, L.) 
 = a Hill, a Town, Fort on a Hill ; as, 
 
 Durihar, Haddington-sh. in honour of Bar.* 
 
 Dumbarton, co. to. of the Britons (D?zbreatan). r 
 
 Dundee, Angus-sh. on the Tay (Taodunum, L.) 8 
 
 Dunedm, the Gael. n. of Ed-1 , .,, , rj . r ,, . 
 v i!r< rc?iij^ built by Lain or Lamn. 
 mburgh, Cap. oi Scotland, J 
 
 1 It has a warm exposure to the S. and is sheltered by a hill behind from 
 the N. and N. E. 
 
 2 This Ir. king was drowned here in the 25th year of his reign. 
 
 3 He was a prince of S. Wales. The to. is pleasantly sit. on a declivity, 
 and in the neighbourhood are the ruins of an anc. castle and encampment, 
 which Leland calls the Cragus Hoclinus of the Romans. 
 
 4 From its rocky sit., where the Churn discharges itself into the Thames, 
 s In Sax. the syn. t. is Burg, &c. 
 
 c Ace. to Buchanan and Hollinshed, it was conferred by Kenneth I. on. 
 an eminent warrior of that name. 
 
 r Because the adjoining district was the residence of a tribe of Britons 
 called Attacotti, till the reign of Malcolm IV. 
 
 s Boetius names it Donum Dei, the gift of God, and accordingly, in old 
 writings and charters, it is spelt Donde and Dondie. Buchanan remarks, 
 that he gave it this name to gratify the ambitious pietism of his countrymen.
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 13 
 
 DMfermline, Fife-sh. 
 Duwkeld, Perth-sh. 
 Dwnstaffnage, Argyle-sh. 
 Dunsyre, Lanark-sh, 
 Dwnwich, Suffolk, 
 .Dwmblane, Perth-sh. 
 Dumfries, co. to. 
 Downham, Norfolk, 
 DoKwpatrick, co. Down, 
 Dynevoi; or Dinasfawr. Car- \ 
 marthen-sh. J 
 
 Abing</on, Berks, &c. 
 Chateaudun, France, 
 Chaldon, Surrey, 
 Clarendon, Wilts, 
 
 Croydon, Surrey, 
 
 , Essex co. 
 Grendon, Bucks, 
 Haliaf<m,orHalli</offiW,North- ) 
 umberland co. J 
 
 by the Winding rivulet. 
 of Hazel-trees. 1 
 of Stephan (Mons Stephani).* 
 the Steep-Hill (Dunsyath). 3 
 the Town (wic) on a Hill, 
 of St Blaan or Blane.* 
 among Brushwood or Furze. 
 the Dwelling on the Hill, 
 of St Patrick (its founder).* 
 
 the Grea/-Castle. s 
 
 of the Abbey. 11 
 
 the Ca*//e on the Hill. 8 
 
 abounding in Chalk.* 
 
 the Clear-Hill, i. e. of wood. 
 
 {near the Downs of Chalk, 
 (croie, F.)' 
 covered with Elms. 11 
 the Green Hill. 12 
 
 /%-Hill." 
 
 1 These trees, growing densely thick in a soil yet unreclaimed, gave n. 
 both to the to. and to the natives, Caledons or Caledonians. They were one 
 of the most famous nations among the anc. Britons, occupying the central di- 
 vision of the Pictish kingdom, the Arcadia of Scotland. Ammianus Mar- 
 cellinus divides the Picts into two tribes, i. e. the Caledonians and the Vec- 
 turiones. Of the former, Dunkeld is to this day a memorial ; of the latter, 
 there remains not even a vestige " periere etiam ruinae." Mons Vimin- 
 alis, one of the seven hills in Rome, which was covered with osiers (vimina), 
 is a term nearly syn. to Dunkeld. 
 
 2 It occupies the site of an anc. palace and bury ing-place of the Sc. Kings. 
 
 3 There is a remarkable hill in the immediate vicinity of the village. 
 
 4 The superior of a convent of Culdees there. 
 
 s He was tutelar saint of Ireland, and interred here. 
 Celebrated as the residence of the anc. kings of South Wales. 
 ? The Abbey, which was founded in 675, was dedicated to St Nicholas, 
 and continued in great splendour until the dissolution. 
 It rises on a rock commanding the river Loire. 
 
 9 Great quantities of chalk are found in the neighbourhood. 
 
 10 The n. appears to be der. from its locality to the edge of the chalk of 
 the Bansted Downs. 
 
 M The church stands on a rising ground, on which a number of elms for- 
 merly grew. 
 
 "There is a verdant eminence in the pa. 
 
 13 King Oswald here achieved a signal victory over Cedwalla, the Briton, 
 
 B
 
 14 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Huntingdon, co. to. Hill for Hunting. 1 
 
 MaWon (anc. Malerfwwe), Essex, of Carnal (Camakw/wnum).* 
 
 Sandon, Kent co. Sandy-Will. 3 
 
 ~B\ackdown, or Eladen. Dor-1 TJ, T r ^ T\ 
 
 , v > Black or Heathy-Down. 
 
 Snowdon, Carnarvon-sh. covered with Snow.* 
 
 Vendome, France, covered with Vines. 6 
 
 Numerous castles, villages, hills, &c., admit dun as an ele- 
 mental part of their names. Thus, 
 
 Doune, a village of Perth-ah., near which are the ruins of 
 Doune Castle. 
 
 Downs, anc. hillocks of sand near Deal, on the Kentish coast, 
 now covered by the sea. 
 
 -Dwnz'-pacis, two artificial Hills or mounds of earth on the w. 
 side of the Carron, in Stirling-sh., made by the Ro. as monuments 
 of the peace concluded here between them and the Caledonians ; 
 whence the house of Dunipace der. its n. Sioihdhun is equiva- 
 lent to Duni-pace. 
 
 Dun or Down, a remarkable hill in the pa. of Fintry, Stirling- 
 sh. ; and Down, a co. in Ireland. 
 
 Dunse, Berwick-sh. The old to. formerly stood on the top of 
 the hill Dunse-Law, (see post. Law"). 
 
 To the same we ref. Dohna, Germany. 
 
 Canevfdon, Essex, is supposed to be der. from Canuli damns, 
 Canute, the Dane, having kept his court here. 
 
 The following respectively represent the affix dunum in the 
 L. n. ; viz. 
 
 Autun, Burgundy, Augustorfwum. 
 
 Leyden, Holland, Lugcx/wwum. 
 
 by assistance from heaven, as was supposed. It is, also, accordingly called 
 .//eavin-field. The cognate term in L. is Mons Sacer, three miles from 
 Rome, whither the plebeians, exasperated at the oppressions of the patricians, 
 seceded. 
 
 i Venantodunum, L. It was originally built on an eminence in a forest, 
 from its convenient sit. for hunting. On its public seal the n. is engraved 
 Huntersdune. 
 
 - The God of the Britons, the same as the Ro. Mars ; the Areopagus of 
 Athens is a directly parallel term. It was the first Ro. colony in Britain. 
 
 3 A castle built by Henry VIII. 1607. 
 
 Snow lies upon this mountain the greater part of the year. 
 
 * It stands below a hill covered with fruitful vineyards.
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 15 
 
 Loudun, or Lodun, Poitou, 
 
 Lyon, Lyonnais, 
 
 Melun, Isle of France, 
 
 Noyon, Do. of Do. 
 
 Sion (Fr.) & Sitten (G.), Valais, 
 
 Verdun, Lorrain, 
 
 Yverdun, Switzerland, 
 
 Juliodunum. 
 
 Lugrfwwum. 
 
 MeWwwum. 
 
 Novioofowum. 
 
 Sedunum. 
 
 Verodunum. 
 
 We have been induced to arrange under the class Dun, Dum, 
 &c., the following term ; viz. 
 
 TON ; 2 TOWN ; &c. (tun, Sax.) = a Walled or Fortified 
 Place ; any Collection of Houses ; a Town ; as, 
 
 Acton, Middlesex-co. 
 Adlingfcw, Addingfcw, Ed- 7 
 lingfcm, Edingfow, &c. 3 
 Alfretow, Derby-sh. 
 Benningfora, U. S. 
 Bol&w-le-Moor, Lanes. 
 
 abounding in Oaks (ac, Sax.). 3 
 of the Atheling.* 
 
 of Alfred, 
 
 in hon. of Benning Wentworth. 
 
 among the Moors. 
 
 1 It may be remarked, that this syllable, in the composition of foreign n ., 
 is generally used as an affix. 
 
 2 Grotius confirms our notion of the identity of Dun and Town, in the 
 following words ; " 7'Kwasis, Taurihais, i. e. collibus imperans ; Taun, 
 Tun, Dun, collis ; et inde Than, oppidum Anglo-Saxonibus, quod pleraque 
 in collibus sita erant." 
 
 3 The n. is der. from the quantity of oafc-timber produced in the pa. The 
 hedge-rows still abound with that tree. .^wetland-Bishops, Durham co., 
 der. its n. from the forest of oaks, formerly in its vicinity, and the second 
 from a palace here, which is the residence of the Bishops of Durham. Dry- 
 mae, a to. of Doris ; Drymea, or Drymus, a city of Phocis, &c. (from 'Sous, 
 an oak) ; Rovere, a city of Lombardy (from roboretum, an oak-grove) ; 
 and Chesney, a to. in France (from chine, an oak), are corr. terms. 
 
 Nothing is known of any peculiar privileges belonging to the Alhelings- 
 Those who in mod. times have had occasion to speak of the term, and the 
 circumstances under which it was used, such as Lingard and Turner, in their 
 histories of the Saxon period, speak of land having been usually given to the 
 Atheling, while still in his minority. Hence it is that Atheling has de- 
 scended to our times in the local nomenclature of England. 
 
 t He was governor of New Hampshire.
 
 16 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Boston, Lincoln-sh. 
 Boverfcw, Glamorgan-sh. 
 
 Brigh/ow, Sussex-co. 
 
 Brufcw, Somerset-sh. 
 
 Burfcw-Lazers, Leicester-sh. 
 Buxfcm, Derby-sh. 
 Clifton, Gloucester-sh. 
 Collump/ow, Cullump/ow, &c. 7 
 
 Devon-sh. 3 
 
 Colston, York-sh. 
 Creditor, Devon-sh. 
 Crocks/on, or Cruicksfon, Ren- "> 
 
 frew-sh. J 
 
 Dilston, Northumberland co. 
 Dirle/on, Haddington-sh. 
 Dolphinfow, Lanark-sh. 
 Eafcw, Bucks. 
 
 Eyfow, or A.yton, Bervvick-sh. 
 Fleming/on, Berwick-sh. 
 Flixtow, Suffolk, 
 Frampfcw, Dorset-sh. 
 Hadding/ow, co. to. 
 
 of St Botolp?i(for Botolph's-to.).' 
 of Oxen, or Cattle. 
 
 f of St Brighthelm (for Bright- 
 
 l helm's-toww). 
 
 {on the Brfce or ry (f. into 
 Bristol Channel). 
 of Lazars or Lepers.* 
 aboundingin.Z?m:Aes(bocce,Sax.) 
 on a Cliff or Hill. 
 
 on the Culm (tr. of the Exe). 
 
 King 's-T 'own. 
 
 on the Crede (tr. of the Exe). 
 
 of De Croc.' 
 
 of the 
 
 of Derili. 5 
 
 o^Dolfine." 
 
 on the Water Thames. 7 
 
 on the Eye (f. into Germ. Oc.). 
 
 of Flemish Merchants. 
 
 of Felix.* 
 
 on theFrome (anc. Frometoiew). 
 
 of Haden. 3 
 
 1 A Sax. who had a monastery dedicated to him here, and was held in 
 great repute among mariners, who regarded him as their tutelary saint ; 
 whence the na. from Hoat, and A. S. ulph, help, ace. to Camden. 
 
 2 Here was a tasar-house, or hospital for leprous patients. Libberton in 
 Sc. is a syn. te. 
 
 3 The anc. proprietors of the castle were a family of Norman origin, of 
 this name. 
 
 It is famous for the defeat and death of Cedwal, the Briton, who, for his 
 inhuman cruelty, was called " the Devil." Bede terms it " Devil's-burn." 
 
 s A king of the Picts about the end of the 7th century. 
 
 Brother of Coss Patrick, fiist Earl of Dunbar, who acquired this prop- 
 erty during the reign of Alexander I. 
 
 7 Eaton was the original name of Nuneaton, Warwick-sh. the addition 
 Nun being der. from the monastery for Benedictine nuns, which was founded 
 here in the reign of King Stephen. 
 
 The Burgundian, who reduced to obedience the East Angles, reyolting 
 from their allegiance. 
 
 * This A.S. chief resided here.
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 17 
 
 Hampftm, Middlesex co. 
 Hilton, Derby-sh. 
 Hutton, Berwick-sh. 
 Kenningfow, Surrey co. 
 Keston, Kent co. 
 Kinefcw, Warvvick-sh. 
 Kingston, Surrey co. 
 Lenfora, Notts. 
 Ley/on, Essex co. 
 L'mton, Peebles-sh. 
 Maxfo/z, Selkirk- sh. 
 
 Melfcm-Mowbray, Leicester-sh. 
 
 Merkow, Surrey, 
 Milton (sev. to. so called). 
 Wilton (for Middled), Kent co. 
 Minchinghampfrw, Gloucestersh. 
 
 Molftw, or Moultow, Devon-sh. 
 
 Nokfrw, Lincoln-sh. 
 Northampton, co. to. 
 Oakhampfcw, Devon-sh. 
 Ormiston, Edinburgh-sh. 
 Otterton, Devon-sh. 
 Patring/on, York-sh. 
 Paunfon, Lincoln-sh. 
 
 j Somerset-sh. 
 
 on the River or Waters 
 
 on a Hill (of gypsum). 
 
 in a How or Hollow. 
 
 of Canute. 2 
 
 of Caesar = Caesar's-Town. 3 
 
 for the sale of Kine or Cows.* 
 
 of the Kings? 
 
 on the Lene (tr. of the Trent). 
 
 on the Lee (tr, of the Thames). 
 
 on the Lyne (tr.ofthe Tweed). 
 
 of Maccus.* 
 
 ( the M7/-Town belonging to 
 \ the Mowbrays. 
 on the Meer or Marsh. 
 at the Mill. 
 qu. the Middle-Town. 7 
 of the Minchens. 6 
 
 f on the Mofe or Moule 
 
 < the Towridge.) 
 in the Nook or Comer. 9 
 on the North side of the;4w/bfl. 10 
 on iheOak orOke(tr. oftheTamar). 
 of the Orms. 11 
 
 on the Otter (f. into Br. Chan.). 
 of the Praetor. 
 of the Bridge. 
 on the Pedder (tr. of the Ivel). 
 
 (tr. of 
 
 1 The anc. n. is Avona. Avon, or Aven, which is just the L. amnis, is 
 a generic term for water or riser. 
 
 2 This king of the English expired here. 
 
 3 C'aesarea, Palestine, &c. is a corr. te. 
 
 4 It anc. had a famous cow-market. 
 
 6 Here Athelstane, Edwin, Ethelred, and other Sax. kings, were inaugu- 
 rated, when the Dan. wars had nearly depopulated England. 
 
 s A person of some note in the reign of David I. 
 
 7 From its sit. betwixt the Downs and Deptford. 
 
 s Its n. is supposed to have been der. from its having originally been the 
 property of the Minchens or nuns of Caen and Sion. 
 
 9 Ancona, a to. on the Hadriatic, in the States of the Church, has its n. 
 from a similar circumstance (a-yxuv, an elbow, corner, angle). 
 
 10 The mod. Nen, a tr. of the Great Ouse. 
 
 11 A family of Anglo-Norman extraction. 
 
 B2
 
 18 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Preston, Edinburgh-sh. 
 Pres/on, Lanes. 
 Roys/on, Herts, 
 Seaton, York-sh. &c. 
 Shipston-on-Stour,Worcestersh. 
 Skiptow, York-sh. 
 Southampton, Hants, 
 Stanton, name of sev. to. 
 Stevenstow, Ayr-sh. 
 Straiton, or Straton, n. ofsev. to. 
 Taunton, Somerset-sh. 
 Teddington, Middlesex co. 1 
 (Tydendton, Sax.) J 
 
 Tiverton, Devon-sh. 
 Walton, Norfolk co. 
 Walton, Surrey, 
 Watlington, Oxford-sh. 
 
 of the Prieslsof Newbattle Abbey . 
 
 Do. 
 
 in honour of Roisia or Raise. 1 
 on the Sea. 
 for the sale of Sheep.'' 
 among the Sheep- walks. 3 
 on thaSoutk w. sideof the Anton. 
 qu. Stony-Town-* 
 of Stephen Lockhart. 5 
 on the Street or Roman Road, 
 on the Tone (tr. of the Parret). 
 
 where the Tide ends. 6 
 
 with the Double Ford. 7 
 near the Wall or Embankment, 
 the Walled or Entrenched-Town." 
 of Wattles or Hurdles. 8 
 
 i This lady erected a cross on the highway here (which was held a pious 
 work, as it tended to put passengers in mind of Christ's passion), whereupon 
 the place was called ' Roise's-cross,' which was afterwards converted into 
 ' Roise's-town.' 
 
 3 This to. was formerly noted for being one of the greatest sheep-markets 
 in the kingdom. 
 
 3 It is supp. to have der. the n. from the vast tracts of s/jeep-walks which 
 anc. lay around it. 
 
 4 As Stan/o-Drew, Somerset-sh. i. e. of the Druids Here are remains 
 of a Druidicul temple. From its equi. distance from Pensford and Che'.v- 
 magna, arose the rhyme- 
 
 " Stanton-Drew, 
 
 A mile from Pensford, and another from Chew." 
 
 s He settled here in the 12th century. His father obtained a grant of the 
 whole pa. from Richard Morville, Lord of Cuninghame, and Constable of 
 Scotland. 
 
 The tide in the Thames does not flow above this village. 
 
 7 It was anc. called Twy-ford, from the two rivers, Exe and Leman, be- 
 ing fordable here. They are now passed by a bridge. 
 
 s In the pa. is a large camp, covering 12 acres. From the entrenchments 
 being single and oblong, we judge it to be Ro. ; and that from the vallum, 
 Walton has its n. What renders it still more probable is, that somewhat 
 further up, is a place called ' Coway-stakes,' the only place in the Thames 
 formerly fordable, which Cassivelan fortified against Cassar, by driving sharp 
 stakes into the bank and under water. 
 
 It is sit. at the foot of the Chiltern Hills, and seems to be of Br. anti- 
 quity, as intimating their manner of fencing their towns, which Caesar thus
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 19 
 
 Wellington, Somerset-sh. 
 Wiber/o/z, Lincoln -sh. 
 Wilton, Wilts. 
 Wimble/ora, Surrey, 
 Wincan/ow, Somerset-sh. 
 Wolverhamp/ow, Stafford-sh. 
 Maidstone (corr. for Med- \ 
 
 waystone}, Kent co. / 
 
 CampbehVo?n, Argyle-sh. 
 Charlesto?0rc, U. S. 
 Fredericks/o?0tt, Copenhagen, 
 Grantown, Moray-sh. 
 PhilipsfoKw, King's co. 
 Piddle/o?0w, or 
 
 Dorset-sh. 
 
 of. Wells. 
 
 founded by Wibert,an A.S. Knight, 
 on the Willy (tr. of the Avon). 1 
 founded by Wibba. 
 of Wine and Canute.* 
 of Wulfrun (corr. into Wolver}. 3 
 on the Medway (tr. of the 
 
 Thames). 4 
 
 in hon. of the Campbell family. 5 
 in hon. of Charles II. of Engl. 
 built by Frederick V. 
 in honour of the Grant family. 6 
 in hon. of Philip & Mary of En. 
 on the Piddle (f. into the Br. 
 
 Chan.). 
 
 ECCLES ; EGLIS, &c. (eaglais, Gael. ; eglwys, Br. ; eglise, 
 F. ; ecclesia, L. from Gr.) = a Church, or Place of 
 worship ; as, 
 
 .Eecfefechan, Dumfries-sh. of Fechan." 1 
 
 Ecclesgveig, and E'cc/escraig \ 
 
 (corr. for cc/escyrus), > of St Gregory or Cyrus. 
 
 Kincardine-sh. 
 Eccfeshall, Stafford-sh. the Churchman's Hall. 8 
 
 describes; "Oppidum autem Britanni vocant, quum silvas impeditas vallo 
 atque fossa munierunt." 
 
 1 So called from its abounding in willows. 
 
 2 Wine was formerly made here, and king Canute was defeated. 
 
 3 She was a Sax. lady, who erected St Peter's church here, about the end 
 of the 10th century. 
 
 4 raj/niacae of Antoninus. Medway, anc. Medwag, is a cor. te. from 
 Br. vaga, a winding stream, which is very characteristic of this river. The 
 Sax. afterwards prefixed Med, to denote that it runs through the middle of 
 the county. 
 
 & Campbell is from ' de Campo bello,' i. e. from the fine plain. The 
 novus homo of this family was an adventurer of I. extraction, who landed 
 in Scotland. 
 
 It was begun in 1771, under the patronage of that family. 
 
 ? An I- abbot, who is said to have lived in this quarter about the seventh 
 century. 
 
 Here the bishops of LichfielJ had formerly a palace.
 
 20 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 .Eccfesmachan, Linlithgow-sh. of St Machan. 
 
 Eccleston, Lanes. &c. Kirkton ; Kirfcby, &c. 
 
 Eglisbreck, Stirling-sh. the/Spee^/erf-Church. 1 
 
 .EgZzsmaol-Luach, Lanark-sh. of the Bald (St) Luke:- 
 
 Eglwysfair, Carmarthen-sh. of St Mary. 
 
 Eaglesham, Renfrew-sh. the Hamlet at the Church. 
 
 v i jv i_. i f Terre d'Eglise, Terra Eccle- 
 
 s, Kirkcudbnght-sh. 
 
 To the same source must be ref. Eccles, Berwick-sh., where 
 was once a nunnery of great magnitude and repute, but of which 
 few vestiges now remain ; Eglish, one of the Hebrides ; and a 
 few pa. of that n. in England. Beccles, in Suffolk, has an elegant 
 Gothic Church ; and the ruins of another, called Ingrate church, 
 are yet visible. 
 
 EN, (Heb,) = a Fountain, Well ; as, 
 
 Eneglaim, Moab, of Drops of the Sea. 3 
 
 hakkore, Judah, of Him that cried.* 
 
 -Ewmishpat, S. of Canaan, of Judgment.* 
 
 Ewrogel, Benjamin, of Rogel, or the Fuller. 6 
 
 Ewshemish, Do. of the Sun. 
 
 To the same are ref. Aenon, or Enon, a city of Galilee ; Ain, 
 
 a city of Simeon (and the n. of some mod. cities) ; Endor, in 
 
 1 The original n. of Falkirk, from the colour of the stones. 
 
 2 The anc. n. of the pa. of Carluke (see pr. Car). Maol, bald, from be- 
 ing applied to a monk with a shaved head, has been given in a general sense 
 to a Saint or St. It is very probable that a St Cyrus resided here, &s there 
 is a spring of salubrious water called St Cyrus's Well, &c. 
 
 3 It was a sea-port on the E. side of the Dead Sea, opp. to Engedi. 
 
 < " And Samson was sore athirst, and called on the Lord, and said, Thou 
 hast given this great deliverance into the hand of thy servant ; and now shall 
 I die for thirst, and fall into the hand of the uncircumcised ? But God 
 clave a hollow place that was in the jaw, and there came water thereout ; and 
 when he had drunk, his spirit came again, and he revived ; wherefore he 
 called the name thereof En-hakkore, which is in Lehi unto this day." 
 Judges xv. 18, 19. 
 
 s The anc. n. of Kadesh or Kedesh, which lay about 24 miles S. of He- 
 bron. It was so called, because the Canaanites had judged their people near 
 to a well there. 
 
 " Then said the Lord unto Isaiah, Go forth now to meet Ahaz, thou, 
 and Shearjashib thy son, at the end of the conduit of the upper pool, in the 
 highway of the Fuller's field." Isaiah vii. 3.
 
 PREFIXES. 21 
 
 Manasseh ; and Oon, Oonaee, &c. to. in India, having celebrated 
 wells in their vicinity. 
 
 FONT, &c. (fons, fontis, L. ; font, F. ; fonte, I. ; fuente, 
 Sp. ; fynnon, Br.) = a Fount, Fountain ; Spring ; 
 Stream; as, 
 
 Fontainebleau, France, of Bliaud. 1 
 
 Fontaine-YEvecpic, Do. Bishop' 's-Spring. 
 
 -Fossano, Italy, Healing-Fount (Fons Sanus). 
 
 Fuencaliente, Spain, Warm-Do. 
 
 Fuenfrifta, Do. Cold-Do. 
 
 Fuenterabia, or Fonlarahia, Do. Rapid- Stream (Fons Rapidus). 
 
 .Fwewferiberas, Do, of Tiberius (Fons Tiberii). 
 
 Pierrejww, or Yimpond, France, in the Rock (pierre, Fr.). 
 
 To this ref. the to. of Fuentes, in Spain. 
 
 FORT, &c. (L. bc.fuerte, Sp., Port.) = a Fortified Place, 
 Fortress, or Fortlet, Stronghold, &c. ; as, 
 
 Fort- Augustus, Inverness-sh. in honour of Augustus.* 
 
 Fort-George, Do. in honour of George II. 
 
 .Fort-Louis, Up. Rhine, founded by Louis XIV. 
 
 _F0r-William, Inverness-sh. in honour of William.* 
 
 .Forringall, Perth-sh. of Fingal. 4 
 
 Nonforte, Spain and Portugal, on a Mount. 
 
 Roche/brf, France, on a Rock. 
 
 FORUM, &c. (L.) = a Market-town ; as, 
 
 For^'mpopoli, Italy, of Popilius (Forum Popilii). 
 
 i The n. of Fons Bliaudi, or Blaudi, which occurs in anc. title-deeds, 
 seems to confirm the common opinion about the discovery of a spring. A 
 hound of this n., belonging to Louis VII. le Jeune, was missed in the chase, 
 and, after a long search, was found by the king quenching his thirst at a 
 stream previously unknown. The site was afterwards chosen as a hunting 
 residence. 
 
 2 Duke of Cumberland." s Duke of Clarence. 
 
 The many circular forts in the vicinity, the natives uniformly ascribe to 
 the Fingalians.
 
 22 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Ferr&ra. (corr. for Forum Al- \ c .,,. 
 v' % V i of Alhenus. 
 
 hem), Italy, 
 
 .Forli (anc. Forum Livii), Do. of M. Livy Salinator. 
 
 .Fossombrone (anc. Forum \ c c 
 
 "\ V\ i o* S&npfOtuiu. 
 
 Sempronii), Do. 
 
 Frejus, or Freju\es, France, of Julius Csesar (Forum Julii). 
 To the same Feur, in France, is to be referred. 
 
 INVER ;' INNER; (io?mar,Ga.) = the Mouth of a River; as, 
 
 Inverarity, Forfar-sh. ^4r%(con.withtheCorbie-bum). 
 
 Itinerary, co. to. of Argyle-sh. Ary (f. into Loch Fyne). 
 
 /nerbervie, Mearns, Bervie (f. into Germ. Oc.). 
 
 Inveresk, Edinburgh-sh. Esk (f. into Firth of Forth), 
 
 /nuerkeilor, Forfar-sh. Keilor (f. into Germ. Oc.). 
 
 /wtwkeithing (anc. Ender- \ the Meadow at the Mouth of 
 
 Keyden), Fife-sh. J the Keith(L into Firth of Forth), 
 
 /nuerleith (anc. n. of Leith), \ Lez/A-water (f. into Firth of 
 
 Mid-Lothian, I Forth). 
 
 Jnverlochy, Inverness-sh. Lochy (f. into Loch Linnhe). 
 
 Inverness, co. to. Ness (f. into Moray Firth), 
 
 /nweraochtie, Aberdeen-sh. Nochtie (confl. with the Don).* 
 
 Inverugie, Do. Ugie (f. into Germ. Oc.). 
 
 Inverurie, Do. Urie(neax confl. with the Don). 
 
 Innerkiy, Renfrewsh. Kip (f. into Firth of Clyde), 
 
 /wnerleithen, Peebles-sh. Leithen(cor\ft. with the Tweed). 
 
 7wvernaren(anc. n. of Nairn), "I Naren, or Nairn (f. into Mo- 
 
 co. to. J ray Firth). 
 
 Inneriig, Ayr-sh. Tig (tr. of the Stinchar). 
 
 Inver is then, of some villages; as in the pa. of Tain, Ross-sh. &c. 
 
 KIL; (cella, taken fora Church among the anc. Scots; zelle, 
 Germ.; till, Gael, a Church-yard; aBurying-ground,)=a 
 Chapel or Place of Worship ; also a Burying-ground; as, 
 
 Kz'Amgie, Clackmannan-sh. of St Bega.* 
 
 1 Inver, ace. to some, may be compounded of /on, fitness, and ar, plough- 
 ing, (idoneus, arare, Lat.). It is probable that agriculture was first attempted 
 on such fertile spots as the plats of ground, situated at the mouth of a river, 
 generally are. 
 
 3 The anc. n. of the pa. of Strathdon. It received the n. from the sit. of 
 the Church. 
 
 A female Sc. Saint of early times.
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 23 
 
 JfoTbrandon, Argyle-sh. 
 Kilbride, Bute-sh. 
 Kilbucho, Peebles-sh. 
 Kilchuiman, the Gael. n. of 
 Fort-Augustus, Inverness-sh. 
 
 KY/conquhar, Fife-sh. 
 
 KUin\er, Argyll-sh. 
 Kilkenny, co. to. 
 Killin, Perth-sh. 
 Killucan, co. W. Meath, 
 Kilmadoc, Perth-sh. 
 Kilmalie, Inverness-sh. 
 ^TzYmallock, Limerick-co. 
 Kilmamock, Ayr-sh. 
 Kilmory, Bute-sh. ^ 
 
 Kilmuir, Ross-sh. t 
 
 Kirriemuir (commonly pron. <~ 
 
 Kellamuir), Angus-sh. ) 
 Kilmwn, Ross-sh. 
 Kilpatrick, Dumbarton-sh. 
 Kilrenny, Fife-sh. 
 XY/spindy, E. Lothian, 
 -KV/winning, Ayr-sh. 
 X?7/allan (corr. for/fr#fillan), \ 
 
 Renfrew-sh. J 
 
 JftV/earnan, Ross-sh. 
 
 of St Brandon. 
 
 of St Bride or Bridget. 
 
 of St Bega. 
 
 ^ Burial-ground of the Cummins. 
 
 ( at the Head or Extremity of 
 ( the Lake of fresh water. 1 
 
 at the Inner or Mouth. 
 
 of St Kenny or Canice.- 
 
 on the Linn or Waterfall.* 
 
 of St Lucian. 
 
 of St Madoc (Madocus). 
 
 of St Malie.* 
 
 of St Maloch.* 
 
 of St Marnoch (Marnochus). 
 
 of St Mary (Mhuire). 
 
 of St Mun (Mundus, L.). 
 
 of St Patrick. 
 
 of St Irenceus.* 
 
 of the Black Hoods. 7 
 
 of St Winnin. 
 
 of St Fillan. 
 of Irenan. 3 
 
 1 Conquhar is a corr. of Ceann-iuchatT) the former component part signi- 
 fying a head or extremity, and the latter, a fresh-water lake. 
 
 2 This city consists of two parts, Kilkenny properly so called ; and the 
 borough of St Canice, or Irish-Town, a separate jurisdiction. 
 
 3 In the centre of the town the river forms a series of cascades. 
 
 * This Malie must have been a person eminent for piety, or for some other 
 extraordinary quality, as even the mod. Highlanders, when their veracity js 
 suspected, use the following phrase : " Air Malie tha," i. e. I swear by 
 Malie, that it is as I say. 
 
 5 He founded a monastery here in the 6th century. 
 
 A holy man who resided here. He was bishop of Lyon, in France. In 
 Scotland he was usually styled St Irnie, which has been corr. into St Kenny. 
 Rennie-\n\\, the n. of a contiguous estate, was once called /rnie-hill. 
 
 7 In allusion to the Blackfriax monks. 
 
 This Dan. prince fell in battle on the northern confines of this pa., where 
 Cairn- Irenan still exists.
 
 24 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 .KzV/ternan, Dublin co. of St Tiernan. 
 
 Killychrist, Invemess-sh. of Christ. 
 
 jKi'nloss (corr. for anc.Xie.loss, 7 ^ / .. 
 
 via \ \t r on the Water. 1 
 
 or Ktrnoss), Moray-sh. ^ 
 
 C/oseburn, Dumfries-sh. of Osburn (Cella Osburni). 
 
 f the Cell at the Foot or 
 
 Berwick-sh. ^ (foci,, Gael, a bottom).- 
 
 of the Abbot.* 
 of the Bishop. 
 of the Virgin Mary* 
 of the Wends. 
 
 The above were originally spelled thus : Ce/marnock ; Cel- 
 patrick ; &c. 
 
 Icolmkill, or lco\umbkill, Argyll-sh. = the Island with the 
 Cell of St Colm, or Columba 
 
 To the same may be ref. Kells, co. Meath ; 6 Kelton, Kill, Kil- 
 ton, &c. ; Zelle or Celle, in Hanover. 
 
 Swisserland, 
 Bischofsse//, Do. 
 Marian//, or Marienze//, Aust. 
 
 Brunswick, 
 
 KIRK (kirche, Teut. ; AerAe, or kerque, Fl. ; *' 
 
 Lord's House ; a Church or Temple ; a .KYr&-Town ; as, 
 
 JTzV^-aldy, Fife-sh. of the Culdees (Colentes Deum). 
 
 Kirkcolm, Wigton-sh. of St Columba. 
 
 Kirkcormel, Dumfries-sh. of St Connel, or Cor,gel. 
 
 Xz'r^cudbright, co. to. of St Cuthbert. 
 
 AVrArgunzeon (corr. for anc. 1 ro , ,*?. . /vi N 
 
 j^9 . . \r\ } of St Winmn (X/winning). 
 Az?-winnyn), Do. J 
 
 i The to. stands at the N. E. extremity of a considerable lake formed by 
 the Findhorn. 
 
 -' This etymology is quite descriptive of the locality. 
 
 3 It originated from a chapel built in 647, by the then Abbot of St Gall. 
 
 i The most considerable edifice is the church, in which is the famous 
 statue of the Virgin Mary, which was brought hither 700 years ago. The 
 pilgrims that resort thither from all parts of the Austrian monarchy, are esti- 
 mated at 100,000 every summer. 
 
 s A contr. for Columba, the L. n. of Colon. The more anc. n. is Jona, 
 K e. the Island of Waves (onde, Fr.). 
 
 It flourished for a long period with two monasteries ; one'of regular can- 
 ons, another of crouched friars, the latter of which was founded by Walter 
 de Lacy.
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 25 
 
 Kirkmner, Wigton-sh. 
 Kirkmahoe, Dumfries-sh. 
 
 JfoV^maiden, Wigton-sh. 
 Kirkmichael, or Kirkmichel, \ 
 
 Ayr-sh. and Dumfries-sh. J 
 .KYr&oswald, Cumberland co. 
 .K7rpatrick, or J&Vpatrick, 1 
 
 Dumfries-sh. J 
 
 Kirkuvd., Peebles-sh. 
 Kirkwall, Orkney, 
 AYr&by-Kendal, Westmoreland, 
 -KVnfcby-Lonsdale, Do. 
 
 .KVr&by-Moorside, York-sh. 
 
 Kirion, Lincoln-sh. 
 Ashkirk, Fife-sh. 
 Dunkirk, or Dunkerque, France, 
 Falkirk, Stirling-sh. 
 T?\mfkirchen, Hungary, 
 Hdbkirk, or Hoipekirk, Rox- 7 
 burgh-sh. j 
 
 of St Kenneir. 1 
 
 on the Plain- (magh) near 
 
 the River (Nith). 
 of St Medan. 3 
 
 of St Michael. 
 of St Oswald. 
 of St Patricks 
 
 on the Height (urd, ord, or arc/), 
 the Gra^-Kirk. 5 
 A7rton in theDaZe of the Ken. 
 Do. Do. Le. 
 
 f Do. on the Side or Edge of the 
 
 I Black Moor. e 
 Kirk-Town, or Church- Towns 
 among Ash-trees. 8 
 of, on, or near, the Downs.* 
 at, or near, the Wall (vallum). 1 " 
 .Fe0e-Churches. 
 
 of the Hope, 11 
 
 1 The anc. church was dedicated to that virgin and martyr, who suffered 
 death at Cologne, along with many others, in 450. 
 
 2 Hence co. Mayo in Ireland ; May, Inverness-sh. ; and A/ay-Island, in 
 the mouth of the Firth of Forth. 
 
 3 Hear, land o' cakes and brither Scots, 
 
 Frae Maidenkirk to John o' Groats." Burns. 
 
 * There are four pa. of this n. in this co. and Galloway. The one which 
 lies next the metropolis of Scotland, is distinguished from the rest by the ad- 
 dition of Juxta. 
 
 s When under the rule of the Danes, it was Kirkvaa or Kirkwaa, in al- 
 lusion to the Cathedral of St Magnus, or Great. 
 
 s An abbey of Cistercian nuns formerly stood at Keldholm, about a mile 
 from the town. 
 
 7 Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, built a magnificent church here. 
 
 s A considerable number of these still surround the church-yard. 
 
 9 So called from the dozens or sand-banks on the coast. 
 
 10 The wall of Antoninus passed very near the church. In the Gael, lan- 
 guage it is sometimes called Eglis&ris, i. e. .BroAren-ChuTch, which, some 
 think, is not improperly rendered .FaJkirk, i. e. Fallen-Kirk. " Near Fal- 
 kirk," says Lithgow, " remain the ruins and marks of a to. &c. swallowed 
 up into the earth by an earthquake." Britannia Baeonica, p. 179. (See 
 pr. Eccles, &c.) 
 
 u The term hope means a narrow vale, formed by the bases of hills or 
 mountains meeting each other, so as to leave little, or no, level. 
 
 C
 
 26 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Berwick-sh. 
 Lawrence/fa'r&, Meams, 
 NeuzVc/<, Swisserland, 
 Ormskirk, Lanes. 
 Peag&ir/f, Northampton-sh. 
 Selkirk, co. to. 
 Churchdown, Gloucester-sh. 
 Churchhill, Worcester-sh. 
 Bridc//MrcA,or Bride&zV&jCum 
 
 berland-sh. 
 Christckurck, Hants, 
 Dunchurch, Warwick-sh. 
 Offchurch, Do. 
 
 LIN, &c. (llyn or 
 
 a Lake ; 
 
 .Lmcluden-College, Kirkcud- 
 
 bright-sh. 
 Lincoln, co. to. 
 
 Lindnu, Baden, 
 
 Z,mdores, Fife-sh. 
 
 Lmliihgow, co. to. 
 Linton, Haddington-sh. 
 Lundie, Angus-sh v &c. 
 Lymington, Hants, 
 
 of our Lady (the Virgin Mary). 
 
 of St Lawrence. 
 
 New-Church. 
 
 in honour of the Ormes. 
 
 in honour of Pega. 1 
 
 the Great-Kirk. 
 
 on a Down or Height. 
 
 on a Hill. 
 
 "} of St Bridgets 
 
 of Christ. 
 
 on a Dun or flY//. 
 
 founded by Qffa.* 
 
 Br. ; \ifjLi]v], = a Deep Pool ; 
 any Water ; as, 
 
 on the Cluden (tr. of the Nith). 
 
 the Hill on the Linn. 4 
 
 ( the Meadow on the Lake 
 \ (Constance). 
 
 f the Abbey (of Monks of the 
 order) of Tours, on the 
 
 ^ Water (Tay).* 
 Lake of the Grey (hath) hound.* 
 iheTown on aLinn(of theTyne). 
 of God. 
 the Meadow-town on the Lynn." 
 
 1 A pious virgin, sister of St Guthlac, who founded it. 
 
 2 She was a famous Ir. saint. 
 
 King of the Mercians, whose son Fremond lies buried here. 
 
 It stands in a cold sit. on a high hill, by the side of the river Witham. 
 It is the Lindum of the Romans. 
 
 5 It was founded by David, Earl of Huntingdon, brother to King Wil- 
 liam, in memory of his taking of Ptolemais, in the Holy Land. 
 
 s Ace- to some, it is of British origin, and signifies the lake of the shel- 
 tered valley, which is sufficiently descriptive of the sit., as Glasgow is un- 
 derstood to mean a dark vale or glen, in allusion to the ravine, near which 
 the earliest settlement was made. 
 
 7 It is sit. on a creek of the E. Channel, called Boldre-water.
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 27 
 
 Chateau/m, France, 
 
 Dublin, Cap. of Ireland, 
 Dunfermline, Pife-sh. 
 /itt, Perth-sh. 
 
 Mauch&ne, Ayr-sh. 
 
 Ros/m, Edinburgh-sh. 
 
 Stirling, co. to. 
 Gulane, or Goofon, Hadding-1 
 ton-sh. J 
 
 f the Cosf/e on the River (Au- 
 { luc ; f. into Bay of Brest). 
 
 Black-Pool (Dubhlinn). 
 
 the H ill by the WindingSLiyvlet. 
 
 the Kirk on the Loch (Tay). 
 C the Plain (magh) by the 
 (_ Pool or Water (of the Ayr). 
 ( the Promontory over the 
 \ Pool (of the Esk). 
 
 the Three- Waters. (?> 
 
 Little-Lake (Golynn, Br.). 
 
 To the same we ref. Lyw-Regis, or King's-Lyww, Norfolk co. 
 which stands on the right bank of the Ouse, near its mouth. 2 
 
 Lis, &c. (lios> Gael. ; clausum, L. ; clos, F.) = an En- 
 c/ewure, Garden, Green ; a Habitation ; as, 
 
 Lzsmore, Waterford co. 
 Lzton, Edinburgh-sh. 
 
 Laswade, Edinburgh-sh 
 Lesmahago, Lanark-sh. 
 
 Greaf-Habitation. 3 
 
 the Town of the Enclosure. 
 J at the Ford of the Esk (ath, 
 | Gael.; vadum, L.). 
 
 of St Cronan Machude.* 
 
 LLAN, (Br. ; fanum, L.) = a Fane or Church ; a Kirk- 
 Town ; as, 
 
 L/anarmon, Denbigh-sh. of St Armon, 5 
 
 L/awasaph, Flint-sh. of St Asaph. 
 
 L/anbadarn, Cardigan-sh. of Paternus.* 
 
 Llanbedei; or L/a;peter, Do. of Do. 
 
 i In all the old records it is called Stryoelin or Striveling, because the 
 three waters, viz. the Forth, Teith, and Allan, unite not far from the town. 
 
 z Until the reign of Henry VIII. this town appears to have been called 
 Bishop 1 s-Lynn, when, falling into his hands in consequence of some ex- 
 change of property, it received the name of Lynn-Regis. 
 
 3 Translated ' Atrium Magnum,' in the anc. life of St Carthagh. 
 
 * He is said to have settled here in the 6th century. 
 
 s It was formerly noted for the pilgrimages to his shrine. 
 
 A king of Northumberland, who founded a monastery here, and in hon- 
 our of whom a church was afterwards erected.
 
 28 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Llariberis, Wales, of St Piers.i 
 
 Llandaff, Glamorgan-sh. on the Taafor Taafe. 
 
 Z,/awderfell, or jL/andeffel, ) c , T , / r. j 
 
 ,, . > of St Derfel Gadam. 4 
 
 Menoneth-sn. J 
 
 Llandew'i, Cardigan-sh. of St David. 
 
 L/awdilovawr, Carmarthen-sh. of St Teilo the Great. 
 
 Llanelian, Anglesey, of St Elian Gannaid. 3 
 
 Llanfair, Do. of the Virgin Mary. 
 
 L/angadogvawr, Carmarthen-sh. ofSt Cadog the Great. 
 
 .L/<mmethlin, Montgomery-sh. betwixt Linns or Rivers. 
 
 L/arerhaiadr, Denbigh-sh. on the Rhaiadr. 
 
 i/awstephan, Carmarthen-sh. of St Stephen. 
 
 Llanthony, Monmouth-sh. on the Hondey (tr. 
 
 L/awtrissant, Glamorgan-sh. of the Three Saints. 6 
 
 jL/arevilling, Montgomery-sh. of Llewellyn.' 1 
 
 Launceston (corr. for Llan- \ c c . c . , 
 
 r/"i n r ot ot Stephen. 
 styphan),co.to.of Cornwall, J 
 
 L/rabryd, Moray-sh. of St Bride or Bridget. 
 
 Ruth/aw, Flint-sh. the 
 
 MEDINA, (Ar.) = a Chief City, Metropolis ; as, 
 
 Medina-celi, Spain, near the Xalon (tr. of the Ebro). 
 
 Medz'wa-de-las-Torres, Spain, with the Towers. 
 
 1 He founded a church and blessed a well here. To this well miraculous 
 qualities were attributed; but the most singular circumstance connected with 
 its history in later times, is, that a large trout has continued in it for upwards 
 of 20 years, and become so familiar, that it will take a worm from the hand 
 of a poor woman, who seems to have adopted this privilege as her own. 
 
 2 It was remarkable for his wooden image, about which the Welsh had a 
 prophecy, that it would set a whole forest on fire ; to accomplish which, it 
 was brought to London in 1538, and used as part of the fuel which consumed 
 Forest, the friar, for denying the Pope's supremacy. 
 
 3 In the church are the portraits of the founder, as well as of several of 
 the Apostles. 
 
 4 It is called by Antoninus Mediolanum. The L. Interamna, a to. of 
 Umbria, and the mod. Terni (inter, amnis) ; the Gr. Mesopotamia (puro;, 
 fa<ra,ft,i>i) ; and the Celt. Edderachillis in Sutherland-sh. (eadar, be- 
 tween, da, two, chaolas, arms of the sea), are corr. terms. 
 
 s The chapel was erected by St David, who led the life of a recluse at this 
 village in the reign of Henry I. It is generally called lAandenny. 
 
 e Viz. St Ilhog, St Denny, and St Monow. 
 
 7 It was first incorporated by Llewellyn ap Gryffyd in the reign of Ed- 
 ward II. 
 
 w From the red banks of the Clwyd.
 
 * PREFIXES. 29 
 
 Medina-del-Campo, Spain, of the Plain. 1 
 
 Medina-del-Pomar, Do. with the Apple-orchard. 
 
 Medina-del-Rio-Seco, Do. along the Dry River or Bed." 
 
 MONT ; MONTE ; &c. (mont, F. ; monte, I. ; mons, tis, 
 
 L.) = a Hill, Mount ; a Castle, Fortress, or Town 
 on one ; as, 
 
 Afowfalbano, Italy. 3 1 
 
 Jfontauban, France, } 
 
 M<wteviot, Roxburgh-sh. near the Teviot.* 
 
 Montigny, France, Inflamed -Mount. 
 
 Montjuy, (corr. for Mons ,. T 
 
 Jovis), Spain, } ofjo^e or Juptter. 
 
 Mowtoartre, near Paris, of Mars ; or the Martyrs.* 
 
 Montmh-ail, France, JofrnzVaWe-Mount. 
 
 Mow/real, N. America, Royal or Great-Do." 
 
 Montevideo, S. Do. with a View or Prospects 
 
 Mowforte, Spain and Portugal, S7r0g-Mount. 
 
 Jfewwftorrd, Leicester-sh. of Sorrel-coloured Stone. 8 
 
 Charlemotit, France, built by the Emp. Charles V. 
 
 Chsiumont, Do. Bald -Mount* 
 
 Clermont, Do. Clear-Do. 10 
 
 , Belgium, of Falcons or Hawks. 
 
 1 It stands on the banks of the riv. Zapardiel, in New Castile, and was for- 
 merly the residence of some kings. From its sit. in a muddy soil, and lia- 
 bility to clouds and fogs, it is said of it, It has neither sky nor around. 
 
 2 It is seated in a large plain, through which a stream once flowed, hem- 
 med in with mountains. Its n., at a moreanc. period, was Methymna Sicca. 
 
 3 Is the n. of the citadel of Nice, and is sit. on a high and pointed rock. 
 
 4 It is the residence of the Marquis of Lothian. 
 
 s A village and height near Paris, deriving its n., ace. to some, from a 
 temple of Mars (Mons Martis), which formerly stood on its summit. At a 
 later period, it acquired the n. of Mons Martyrum, in consequence of the 
 death of St Denys and his disciples here. 
 
 s It rises to a great height in the centre of the island in the St Lawrence, 
 to which it gives n., and near it stands the mod. to. of Montreal, anc. called 
 Hochelaga by the natives. 
 
 7 The light-house on this mountain commands an extensive view. 
 
 * In the immediate vicinity is a high mount of dusky-red stone, of which 
 the to. is built. 
 
 9 In L. Calvus Mons, so called from having the summit without vegeta- 
 tion. 
 
 10 So called from the castle, by which the to. was defended, and which was 
 n. Clarus Mons. 
 
 C 2
 
 30 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Henrichemow^ France, in honour of Henry IV. 
 
 Remiremowf, Do. of Romaric.i 
 
 Jesmond, Northumberland co. Jesws-Mount. 8 
 
 Mold, Flint-sh. is a corr. for Montalto, i. e. High-Mount. 
 
 PIT, &c. (Sax.) = a Hole dug in the Ground, a Grave; as, 
 
 PeValpine, orPz'/alpy, Forfar-sh. of Alpine. 3 
 
 PzYcairn, Perth-sh. the Cairn of the Graves. 
 
 Pz'ftandruidh, PzYfendriech, or) c Al -^ ., 
 
 Petfendruch, Fife-sh. I of the Dnudi ' 
 
 Beddgelert, Camarvon-sh. of Gelert. 
 
 PONT, PONTE, &c. (pons, pontis, L. ; pont, F. and Br. ; 
 puente, Sp.) = a Bridge ; as, 
 
 Powfardylais, Carmarthen-sh. Dulas (tr. of the Towy). 
 
 P0M#-de-Vesle, France, Fesle. 
 
 Pontefract (corr. into Pom-} D , D . , , - 
 
 fret), York-sh. / Broken-BnAge (fractus, L.).* 
 
 Pora/eland, Northumberland co, of Aelius Hadrianus* 
 
 Pow^-1'Eveque, France, Bishop' 's-Bridge. 
 
 Powftieathvechan,Brecknock-sh. Little Neath. 
 
 Pontoise, France, Oise (confl. with the Viome), 
 
 Powi-sur-Seine, Do. Seine (f. into Engl. Chan.). 
 Pow?-sur-Yonne, Do. Yonne (tr. of the Seine). 
 
 Ponte-de-Dios, Mexico, of God, or Nature.* 
 
 Powfe-de-Lima, Portugal, Lima (f. into the Atlantic). 
 
 j It der. its n. from a mountain, on which Count Romaric built the Castle 
 of Romarimont. 
 
 z A suburb of Newcastle-upon.Tyne, which, before the conquest, went by 
 the n. of Monkchester, from the number of its monastic institutions. In 
 these times, numerous pilgrims visited the holy well of Jesus' 1 s Mount. 
 
 3 Acc. to Hollinshed, the head of this Sc. king, who had been taken pris- 
 oner by the Picts, was struck off at this place, and afterwards carried in 
 triumph to Abernethy, their capital. 
 
 * It was broken by the weight of the multitude that accompanied William, 
 Archbishop of York, on his return from Rome. 
 
 s This appears to have been the anc. Ro. station, called Pont Aelii, 
 having a bridge erected over the Pont by Aelius Hadrianus. 
 
 This natural bridge i which has been hollowed out by the waters of the 
 deep river Aquitoyac, is sit. about 100 miles to the S. E. of Mexico, and is 
 constantly crossed as a highway.
 
 PREFIXES. 31 
 
 Ponte-Siura, Italy, Stura (tr. of the Po). 
 
 Puente-de Don Gonzalo, Spain, of Don Gonzalo. 1 
 
 Puente-del-ArzobisTpo, Do. Archbishop' 's-Bridge.* 
 
 Pwenfc-de-la-R-eyna, Do. Queen's-Do. 3 
 
 Deuxponts, Bavaria, T^o-Bridges (Bipowtium, L.). 
 
 corr - intoE ^'} Dori-Bridge.' 
 
 -p. - . , f Pendent or Hanging, i. e. 
 
 Dumfnes-sh. j ^d 
 
 Cornwall co. Great or J 
 
 To the same is ref. Pons, in France. 
 
 PORT, (porto, Port, and I. ; puerto, Sp. ; portus, L.) = a 
 Harbour, Harbour-town, Sea-port ; as, 
 
 Porfaferry, Down co. at the Ferry.* 
 
 Porfchester, Hants, the Castle over the Port.* 
 
 Portglasgow, Renfrew-sh. of Glasgow. 
 
 Porf-Inis, Cornwall co. of the Island." 
 
 1 It is over the Genii, and is 8 leagues from Cordova. 
 
 2 It is over the Tagus, and received the n. from having been built by an 
 archbishop. 
 
 3 It is over the Arga, and four leagues from Pamplona. 
 Its old castle was sit. between two bridges. 
 
 s This bridge connects the island of the same n. with the continent. 
 
 s There is a bridge here of one semicircular arch, supported by two steep 
 rocks, over the Scarr. It is of very remote antiquity, nor is it known when 
 it was built. The singularity of the structure, when nothing of the kind 
 existed here, might have given occasion for the name. 
 
 : There is a good stone-bridge over the Fale here. 
 
 s It stands at the eastern side of the narrow entrance into Strangford Loch. 
 
 Its anc. castle was erected to command the harbour ; and being private 
 property, has been rented by the crown, and appropriated to the purpose of 
 confining prisoners of war. 
 
 10 Though it stands at the distance of 19 miles from Glasgow, the town- 
 clerk and one of the bailies are chosen by that city. The land, on which 
 the to. stands, was, in 1668, purchased from Sir Patrick Maxwell of Newark, 
 by the magistrates of Glasgow, with a view to provide a convenient harbour 
 for the vessels belonging to the merchants of that city. 
 
 n It is the mod. Mousehole. The harbour is sheltered by an island sit. 
 before it. 
 
 . . ' f insula portum 
 
 Efficit objcctu laterum, quibus omnis ab alto 
 Frangitur, inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos. 
 
 Virg. JEn. I. 159.
 
 32 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Por-L'0rient, France, of the East. 1 
 
 Por/-Mahon, Minorca, of Mago. 2 
 
 Portmoak, Kinross-sh. of St Moak.* 
 
 Porfpatrick, Wigton-sh. of St Patrick. 
 
 T /of the Kins (ri or riqh, Gael.; 
 
 Portree, Invemess-sh. i i p V* 
 
 Portobello, Colombia, Fine-H. arbour. 5 
 
 Porfoseguro, Brazil, Secure-Harbour. 6 
 
 Porto-Vecchio, Corsica, Old-Port. 
 
 Pwer/o-de-Cavallos, N. America, of the Horses. 7 
 
 Per<o-de-la-Mar, Bolivia, of the Sea. 
 
 Puerto-real, Spain, Jamaica, &c. Royal-Port. 
 
 , , . fin hon. of Venus (anc. Port us 
 
 Pwento-vendres, Spam, 1 V ' ^ 
 
 Pwerfo-viejo, S. America, 0/rf-Port. 
 
 /of the Brit (f. into English 
 EnAport, Dorset-sh. j Chan.)- 8 
 
 Davenport, Cheshire, of the Dane (tr. of the Wever) . 
 
 Devonport, Devon-sh. of Devon (county). 
 
 Nieu/wr/, Belgium, A 7 e?0-Harbour. 
 
 Stockjtwrl, Cheshire, qu. the Residence at the Port. 
 
 To this is ref. Porto, or Oporto, in Portugal. 
 
 1 It was built in 1720, by the French East India Company, who made 
 it the exclusive mart of their commerce. 
 
 2 It is said to have been founded by this distinguished Carthaginian con- 
 queror. 
 
 3 Fort-Moak itself lies on Loch Leven, and consists only of a farm-stead, 
 ing and burying-ground. There once stood a religious house, of very anc. 
 origin, according to Keith, taking its n. from St Moak, and having the ad- 
 junct of Port, from being the landing-place from the Isle of St Serf. 
 
 < So called after a visit of James V., who, when on a voyage round Scot- 
 land, lay at anchor here. 
 
 s This harbour was discovered by Columbus, and was so designated by 
 him on account of its excellence. The n. has since been applied to the 
 town. 
 
 It is sheltered on all sides by steep coral rocks, and was so called by 
 Alvaro Cabral, the first discoverer of Brazil, because he there found a safe 
 harbour after a dreadful storm. 
 
 7 So called from a number of horses cast into the sea out of some ships in 
 a great storm. 
 
 8 It had once a convenient harbour, which is now choked up with sand.
 
 PREFIXES. 33 
 
 RAMAH, &c. (Heb.) = an Elevated Situation, or 
 Eminence ; as, 
 
 Ramah } oYRamatkaim,Renjamin, the Eminence, or theTwoHills. 1 
 
 ., . , r, -. f of Mizpeh (i. e. a Beacon, or 
 
 Ramat/tmizTpeh, Gad, < TXT f 
 
 rw QJ\ 
 
 J^owioMgilead, Do. 
 
 There was a Ramah in Naphtali, a Ramath in Simeon, and a 
 Remeth or Jarmuth in Issachar. 
 
 ROCHE, RATH, &c. (roc, Gael.; roche, F. ; roca, Sp. ; 
 rocca, I.; rothe, Sax. ; rupes, L.) = a Rock, Fortress ; 
 as, 
 
 .Rochester, Kent co. the Fort on a Rock. 
 
 .Roc/iconnel, W. Meath, ofO'Connel. 
 
 Roche/or/, France, the Fort on a Rock. 4 
 .Roddngham, Northampton-sh. the Ham or Dwelling on aRock.* 
 
 .Romorantin, France, ontheMoraw^'(tr.oftheSandre) 
 
 .Roecabruna, Italy, Brown or Z)rA;-Rock. 
 
 .Roccavecchia, Naples, 0/rf-Rock. 
 
 -Ro^enburg, Bavaria, &c. the Burg on a Rock. 
 
 -Ra//<bride, Kildare, of St Bride. 
 
 Rat/iby, W. Meath, the By or Dwelling on a Rock. 
 
 Rathcormac, Cork co. of Cormac.* 
 
 Rathowen, W. Meath, of Owen. 
 
 1 It is said to have stood upon Mount Ephraivn, and is thought to have 
 been called Ramathaim, because it was built upon two hills, which made it 
 appear as a double city* From having a watch-tower built in it, it had the 
 name of Zophim added to it. 
 
 2 " And Mlzpah ; for Laban said, The Lord watch between me and 
 thee, when we are absent one from another." Gen. xxxi. 49. 
 
 3 " And Laban said, This heap isa witness between me and thee this day ; 
 therefore was the name of it called Galeed."Gen. xxxi. 48. 
 
 4 Founded by Louis XIV. in 1K64. 
 
 s The to. is said to have derived its n. from a castle built on the top of the 
 adjacent hill, by William I., for the defence of the extensive iron-works, 
 then carried on in Rockingham Forest, anc. one of the largest forests in the 
 kingdom. 
 
 King of Leinster.
 
 34 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 RtcAborough, Kent co. the Borough on a Rock. 1 
 
 Richmond, York-sh. the Rocky-Mount," 
 
 To the same are to be ref. sev. to. of Rocca, in Italy ; Roche, 
 in Prance, &c. ; and the diminutive forms of Rochelle, Rochette. 
 
 TOR, TORRE, (turns, L. ; torre, Port., Sp., It. ; tour, 
 F. ; torr and tur, Gael. ; tyr, Br.) = a Tower ; as, 
 
 Tordesillas, Spain, of Sylla. 
 Torresnovas(for TVmnove),) ^.. 
 
 Spain, J 
 
 Torresvedras, Do. Old-Do. 
 
 Torthorwald, Dumfries-sh. of Thor in the Wood. 
 
 jfyrescob, Carmarthen-sh. Bishops-Tower. 
 
 Inchture, Perth-sh. on the Inch. 
 
 II. CHIEFLY APPLICABLE TO MOUNTAINS. 
 
 BEN ; BE IN ; PEN ; &c. (beann, Gael.) = a Hill or 
 Mountain ; also, a Promontory, Headland, &c. ; as, 
 
 Itadeugh, or Ifendoch, Clack- 1 fl 0(% _ Mo untain (cloch).. 
 
 mannan-sh. J y 
 
 Uewcruachan, Argyll-sh. of Rising Ground. 
 
 .Bewdronag, Inverness-sh. on the Summit (dronach, Gael.) 
 
 jBewetterick, or Etterick-Pew, ) c r . . -7^-1, 
 
 Selkirk-sh. ) ofE^rz^-Parish. 
 
 Benfore, co. W. Meath, near Fowre (a village). 
 
 Bengorm, co. Mayo, JS/we-Mountain. 
 
 Sewledi, Perth-sh. of God (Dia, Gael. ; Dieu, F.).- 
 
 i There can be little doubt that, at the time of the Roman haven or Portus 
 Rutupensis, the eminence, on which the castle and city of Richborough were 
 sit., was a small island. 
 
 * The site of the castle is most precipitous, and inaccessible on all sides 
 except the north. 
 
 The summits of the central Ochils, particularly Bencleugh, the highest 
 of the ran^fe, are composed of granites. 
 
 4 Sulitelma, the highest glacier in Sweden, has the same meaning in the 
 I.apponean language ; the anc. inhabitants of both countries having been 
 accustomed annually to perform religious rites on their summits.
 
 PREFIXES. 35 
 
 J9eftlomond, Dumbarton-sh. of the Beacon. 1 
 
 Benmore, Perth-sh. . the Great or Big- Mountain. 
 
 Bennevis, Inverness-sh. Cloud-capt-Do. 2 
 
 Benvenue, Perth-sh. the Small-Do. 3 
 Benv?yv\s, or -Benuaish,Ross-sh. Wet or Snowy-Do.* 
 
 Beindeirg, Perth-sh. the Red-Do, (dearg). 
 
 Beinean, Do. of Birds. 
 
 T> i . . j f with the Fell or Covering, 
 
 Beinvlo, Aberdeen-sh. < . ~ , , , y 
 
 \ viz. of clouds and snow. 
 
 JSemvrackie, Perth-sh. Speckled-Mountain. 
 
 Pewa-de-las-Enamorados,Spain, the Lovers' -Mounts 
 Pemcuick, Edinburgh-sh. of the Cuckoo (cuach). 6 
 
 Pewmaenmaur, Wales, of the Great-Stone. 
 
 Perawigent (for Pen-y-gwynt), ^ Windy -Mountain (gieynt, C. B. 
 
 York-sh. / ventus, L.) 
 
 Pentlands, Edinburgh-sh. the Hilly or High-Lands. 
 
 1 Lummon signifies a beacon in B., and occurs elsewhere in Scotland, as 
 well as in Wales. Ace. to others, it is a contr. of Benlochlomin, i. e. the 
 hill of the lake full of islands. 
 
 2 Bennevis is a contr. of Beinn-neamh-bhathais (neamh, the heavens or 
 clouds, and bhathais, the part of the head between the forehead and the 
 crown). Around its so. base flows the streamlet of the Nevis, through the 
 glen of the same name Glen-nevis. 
 
 3 So called from being less than Benledi or Benlomond. 
 
 4 This mountain was never known to have been entirely free from snow 
 till the singularly hot summer of 1826. It is the property of Sir Hugh 
 Monro, of Foulis, who holds it from one of the kings of Scotland, upon the 
 singular condition that he shall furnish the reigning sovereign with a snow- 
 ball to cool his wine, any day of the year, if required. 
 
 s It rises in the vicinity of Anteguera, and has been celebrated by an act 
 of heroism not unexampled in the history of Spain during the middle ages, 
 or even in mod. times. A Christian knight, having been taken prisoner by 
 a Moorish prince, during his captivity, fell in love with the daughter of the 
 infidel. Resolved to celebrate their union in a Christian country, and at the 
 foot of the altar, they had proceeded to the frontiers, when, being overtaken 
 by the prince and his troops, they sought a hiding-place in the caves of the 
 mountain. The enraged father ordered the soldiers to seize the fugitives, 
 and though his daughter remonstrated that she was a Christian, that she had 
 married, and threatened to destroy herself if he approached, he yet remained 
 inexorable, and the two lovers rushed headlong from the summit of a precipice. 
 A cross indicates the place, and serves still to commemorate the event. 
 
 Several places in the neighbourhood are named from the cuckoo. There 
 is a Penkuke in Cornwall.
 
 36 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Ptfrc-y-Cader-Idris, Merioneth-sh. of Idris's Chair (cathedra, L.). 1 
 Goodhb/iein, Arran-island, of Winds, 2 
 
 Grampians, Scotland, the Huge or D<zr-Mountains. 
 
 Mavrovouno, Greece, P/ac/fc-Mountain. 
 
 Morven, Aberdeen-sh. and 1 ,, ,,. ,, , . 
 n .,, , > the Bis- Mountain. 
 
 Caithness-sh. J 
 
 Scarabines, Caithness-sh. the ^carry-Hills. 
 
 Cockpen, Edinburgh-sh. the Red (Brit.) Height. 3 
 
 Pen, &c. forms the prefix in several n. of towns ; as, 
 
 Pencaitland, E. Lothian, of the Narrow Enclosure." 
 
 T> i r> / the Castle on the Height (di- 
 
 Pendennis, Cornwall co. n T> \ 
 
 ^ nas, Cam. Br.)s 
 
 Penrhyn and Petnose, Do. {^ ^remity^Peninsida 
 
 I (see post. Ross).* 
 
 Pewshurst, Kent co. the Wood on the Eminence. 
 
 Pe<<wville, Middlesex co. theF7/eor7'o^nontheEminence. 
 
 Perctraeth, Anglesey, of the Firth or Estuary. 
 
 Pewzance, Cornwall, of the Saint. 
 
 Peraacerrada, Spain, Enclosed (with rocky Hills). 
 
 Pewaosendej Do. the Rocky-Ascent. 
 
 To the same source may be ref.CapePewas, in the N. coast of Sp.; 
 the Penine or Pennine Alps, i. e. the Highest Alps ; the Pmine- 
 chain of W. Durham ; the Apennines, forming the back-bone of 
 Italy ; the Pew/land Firth, i. e. the Firth at the Height or Ex- 
 tremity of the land ; the town of Penn, Bucks ; the Cevennes in 
 France (Cevenna, and Gebenna, L.) ; Pindus, the chain which 
 
 1 Idris is a mythological personage, whom the anc. Br. writers represent 
 as a poet, a prince, and a philosopher, and whom tradition has taken the lib- 
 erty of converting into a giant. Some suppose that the n. of the mountain 
 implies, that he had an observatory on its summit. 
 
 2 This is the Gael. n. of Goatfell. 
 
 .i From the church being placed on an elevated situation, and the soil 
 being of a reddish appearance. 
 
 * It is sit. near the end of the narrow valley through which the Tyne 
 flows. 
 
 5 Near Falmouth This castle, one of the largest in the kingdom, and 
 standing on a hill of the same n., was erected by Henry VIII. 
 
 6 It is sit. on an eminence. Rhyn, Br. or Rinn, Gael, means a cape or a 
 peninsula. The two insulated points of Wigton-sh. viz. Burrow-Head, and 
 Mull of Galloway, are frequently called the Rhyns or Rinns of Galloway.
 
 PREFIXES. 37 
 
 separates Thessaly from Albania ; the Bin, N. of Burntisland, 
 Fife-sh.; the Twelve Pins of Bunnabola, in Gal way ; the Mons 
 Fmdius of Ptolemy, which answers to the Mountains of Asturias ; 
 Parcgaeus in Thrace ; and the yann, or Brecknock-Beacon, reck- 
 oned the loftiest mountain in S. Wales. 
 
 BRAE, &c. (brugh, Gael.) = a Height, a Hill, a Slope, 
 a Declivity ; as, 
 
 Braemsx, Aberdeen-sh. the Hilly part of Mar. 1 
 
 Braes of Athol, Perth-sh. the Hilly dist. of Athole. 
 
 Braido\b'm, or Brearfalbane, ) the Hilly dist. of Albain or 
 
 a dist. of Perth-sh. J Albyn.* 
 
 BrazWhills, Edinburgh-sh. qu.theHills abounding in Braes. 3 
 
 .Brechin, Angus-sh. the Top of a Brae or Declivity* 
 
 Broughty, Angus-sh. of the Tay (Brughtaiha, Gael.) 
 
 Perth (anc. Bertha), co. to. Do. Do. 
 
 Erzegebirge, between Bohe-\ Ore or Metallic- Mountains 
 
 mia and Saxony, J (erz). 5 
 
 Eulevgebirge, Germany, of Owls (eule). 
 
 F'\cht,e\gebirge, Do. of Pines (fichte). 
 
 N.itto[gebirge, Prussia, Middle-Mountains. 
 
 1 It is one of the three subdivisions of Marr, which is one of the four 
 chief divisions of Aberdeen-sh. 
 
 2 Albany, &c. an anc. n. of Scotland, still used by the Highlanders as 
 the designation of their peculiar district. Breadalbane is supposed to be so 
 designated from its being the highest part of Albyn or Scotland ; and, where 
 it reaches its loftiest elevation, it is called Drum-albane, i. e. the ridge or 
 summit of Albane. This term has been referred by some to Albion, the first 
 n. by which the whole island of Great Britain was known, being so n. from 
 the white (albus) appearance of the cliffs near Dover ; and it seems probable 
 that it was carried by the aboriginal Celts into the N., as they latterly be- 
 came confined to that dist. As an evidence of the height of this county, it 
 may be observed, that at Carndrom, in the W. end of the pa. of Killin, the 
 waters divide and run partly into the German, and partly into the Atlan- 
 tic, Ocean. 
 
 3 They are a continuation of the Pentland range to the N. E. 
 
 < After entering the to. from the W. there is a gradual declivity to the S. 
 Esk, which bounds the suburbs on the S. 
 
 s Gebirge, the collective noun of Berg, mountain, signifies a chain or 
 family of mountains. 
 
 D
 
 38 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Nieuweldtogebirge, S. Africa, Snowy -Mountains.' 
 Riesengebirge, Prussia, Gigantic-Do., or of Giants. 
 
 Siebengebirge, Germany, Seven-Do. 
 
 Several anc. tribes were called Bnyantes ; as, of Galicia in 
 Spain, in Ireland, and particularly in York-sh. and the border 
 counties. Such always inhabited a mountainous dist. To the 
 same are ref. Braga, in Portugal ; Braganza, anc. Brigantes, in 
 Portugal ; Bregenz, in Bavaria ; and l?n'anon, 2 in Dauphiny, 
 both anc. .Bngantium ; Brie, in Lorraine ; Brixen, in Tyrol ; 
 Brescia and Umcella, in Piedmont ; and Brisach, in Alsace. 
 
 CAIRN, (earn, Gael., properly a Heap of Stones thrown 
 together in a conical form) = a Rocky Mountain ; as, 
 
 Cairngorm, Inverness-sh. 
 
 Co/mmonearn, Aberdeen-sh. Mossy and Heathy-Mount. 
 
 Cairniemount, Kincardine-sh. jRoc^/-Mount(anc.theMoM///). 
 
 Cairnsmuir, Kirkcudbright-sh. Heathy-Mount. 
 
 Cairnsaich, Ayr-sh. of Peace. 
 
 Carnsalloch, Dumfries-sh. of the Willows (salix, -icis, L.). 
 
 r fat the Wath or Ford (ath, 
 
 Caj-mvath, Lanark-sh. , , T . 
 
 I Gael., vadum, L.). 3 
 
 Caolcairn, Argyle-sh. Narrow-Ca\m.* 
 
 To this we ref. Kearn, Aberdeen-sh. 
 
 COL, COLLE, (I. ; collis, L.) = a Hill; generally applied 
 to Mountains over which there is a Pass or Road ; and 
 also, to the Mountain-pass itself; as, 
 
 Cfl/-de-Balaguer, Spain, near Balaguer. 
 
 Co/-de-bonhomme, Alps, of the Good Man. 
 
 j This is the highest range in S. Africa, and its summits are generally cov- 
 ered with snow. 
 
 2 It is the highest to. in Europe. 
 
 a There is a cairn immediately west of the house and village of Carnwath, 
 and near its bottom is a wath, the Sax. for a ford. The oldest people in the 
 place report that the waih at the cairn was almost the only pass across the 
 Burn of Camwath at all practicable, before it was confined by a cut being 
 made within a narrower space, and bridges thrown over it. 
 
 < The castle of this n. stands upon a narrow rock on the shore of Loch 
 Awe.
 
 PREFIXES. 39 
 
 CW-di-Tenda, Apennines, near Tenda. 
 
 CW-du-Geant, Alps, of the Giant.i 
 
 CRAIG, &c. (See. page 12.) = a Craggy or Rocky Hill or 
 Mountain ; as, 
 
 Cmz^ranphiach, Ross-sh. of the Raven. 
 
 CVmVjengower, Ayr-sh. of Goats. 
 
 Craigmoni, Inverness-sh. of Moni. 2 
 
 Oaz^rphadric, Do. of Patrick. 
 
 Craigruigh, Perth-sh. of the King (rigk). 3 
 
 Craig-y-deiin, Cardigan-sh. of Birds.* 
 
 Oa2<7-y-pistyll, Merioneth-sh. of the Waterfall. 
 
 Carrick}\\\\, co. Tipperary, Hill of the Rock.s 
 
 C arrigahoolj , co. Mayo, of Grana Uile, e 
 
 Croagkmoyle, Do. Bare-Mount. 
 
 Croaghipatiick, Do. of St Patrick.'' 
 
 To this may be ref. the anc. Cragus, a precipitous rock in Ci- 
 
 licia, on the margin of the sea ; and Carrock, a stupendous 
 mountain in Cumberland, 2409 feet high, and entirely composed 
 of a ridge of horrid precipices, abounding with unfathomable 
 chasms. 
 
 DJEBEL, JEBEI,, (Ar.) = a Mountain, or Mountain- 
 Range ; as, 
 
 Z)/e5e/-Hauran, Palestine, of Hauran (anc. Auranitis). 
 
 Djebel-Moosa, Arabia, of Moses (viz. Mount Horeb). 
 
 Z)/a5>e/-Nimrod, Armenia, of Nimrod. 
 
 Djebel-Tow: or Tor, Syria, of Tabor. 
 Jebel-Khal, W. Africa, 
 
 i This pass was first tried in the last century by a guide of Chamouny, 
 called Michael Cachat, who ever afterwards was called ' Le Ge'ant.' 
 ^ A Scandinavian prince, who established himself at its base. 
 
 3 Here Robert the Bruce concealed himself after his defeat at the battle of 
 Dairy, and before the battle of Bannockburn. 
 
 4 It is frequented by numberless sea-birds. 
 
 z. From this the Earl of Carrick takes his name. 
 
 s In this castle lived the famous Grace O'Maley, known among the Ir. by 
 the n. of Grana (file. 
 
 1 The tutelar saint of Ireland. 
 
 s The n. given by the Moors to the ridge, of which Cape Bojador forms 
 the western extremity.
 
 40 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Jebel-Kumrah or Kumri, Afr. of the Moon. 
 
 Gibraltar (corf, for Gibel-a\-\ the Mountain or Fortress of 
 
 Tarik), Spain, J Tarik.* 
 
 Jabal, i. e. the Hills, is the appellation, by which the mountain- 
 ous region in the interior of Arabia is distinguished. 
 
 To the same source is to be ref. the mod. n. of Aetna in Sicily, 
 viz. Monte- Gibello. 
 
 MONT, MONTE, &c. (monadh, Gael. ; mynydd, Br. See 
 page 29.) = a Mount, Mountain ; as, 
 
 Mont-Blanc, Switzerland, 
 
 Mont-Pilut, Do. Snow-cajtrt-Mount. 3 
 
 .Mowfserado-cape (corr. into) , j -n / j -n/r 
 
 T\* j \ TIT \f Serrated or Peaked-M.ovmta.rn. 
 Mtfsurado), W. Africa, J 
 
 Mont-Serrat, Catalonia, Do. Do. 4 
 
 Monte- Negro, or Monte- Nero,) T) , 7 ,, , . 
 
 Turkey, } ^^-Mountain.' 
 
 A/ow/e-Nuovo, Naples, New-Mount (novus, L.). 6 
 
 Mow/e-Santo, Macedonia, Holy-Do.? 
 
 Mount-Landscrone, Silesia, the Crown of the Country.* 
 
 MonadhYiadih, Inverness-sh. Gra^-Mountain. 
 
 Mynydd-Du, Carmarthen-sh. Black-Do. 
 
 Mynydd-Eryri, Carnarvon-sh. of Eagles." 
 
 J\*ynydd-'Mawr, Carmarthen-sh. Gratf-Mounta'm. 
 
 1 He was general of the Saracens, who settled in that part of Spain about 
 712. 
 
 2 From the perpetual snow with which it is covered. 
 
 3 When this Mons Pileatus puts on his cap (pileus, L.), it indicates a 
 storm. 
 
 It is called by the Catalonians Monte Serrado, qu. Sawed mountain. 
 Columbus gave the n. of Montserrat to one of the Little Antilles, from its 
 resemblance to this mountain near Barcelona. 
 
 i The n. given to that portion of the Alps at the head of the Gulf of Cat- 
 taro, from the dark colour of the forests. 
 
 s It is so called from its being thrown up in 1538 by a convulsion of na- 
 ture. 
 
 i It has received the n. from the numerous monasteries, in which nearly 
 (iOOO monks lead a life of seclusion and indolence. 
 
 * The view from this mountain, in clear weather, extends over a horizon 
 of seventy miles. 
 
 9 It is the Welsh n. of Snowdon.
 
 PREFIXES. 41 
 
 Mynydd-Moel, Merioneth-sh. J?&/-Mountain. 
 
 TV , f the district at the Foot of the 
 
 Piedmont, Italy, -i , , , . , . ,, A , , 
 
 J} (. Mountains (viz. the Alps). 
 
 Vermont, U. S. Greew-Mountains. 1 
 
 SIERRA, (Sp.) = a Chain or Ridge of Mountains, whose 
 
 continuous peaks present, from a distance, the indented 
 appearance of a Saw (serra, Port., L.) ; as, 
 
 6Yerra-Blanca, Spain, White or Snowy-Chain. 
 
 Szerra-Calderona, Do. the Caldron-Do. 2 
 
 Sierra-de-Gata, (con: for "1 c , 
 
 0- j \ i \ -n r ol Agates.* 
 ozemz-de-Agatas), Do. ^ 
 
 /SV0mi-de-las-Monas, Africa, of Apes. 4 
 
 tferra-de-Mar, Brazil, of or along the Sea. 5 
 
 Sierra-Leone, W. Africa, of the Lions. 6 
 
 S ierra-Merveja, Spain, the Vermilion-Chains 
 
 Sierra-Worena, Do. the Brown or Dark-Do. 6 
 
 Sierra-Nevada, Do. the Snowy-Do. 
 
 Sierra-Verde, N. America, the Green-Do. 
 
 1 The n. of this state is der. from the mountains, which divide it nearly 
 in the middle, and which, from being clothed with evergreens, are called 
 the Green Mountains. 
 
 2 Lava, and other substances of this sort, appear on this chain ; hence 
 the n. is not inapplicable to such volcanic products, for the craters still re- 
 tain their forms, and the characters, that mark their origin. 
 
 From the great number found there. 
 
 * Is the n. which some Sp. writers give to Cape Ceuta, on the Straits of 
 Gibraltar. 
 
 i It is seldom more than 20 miles from the coast. 
 
 s They are infested by lions, and near them is sit. the British settlement 
 of that name. It was called by the original Portuguese settlers ' Sierra 
 Leona,' or the ' Mountain of the Lioness.' 
 
 ^ Well known for their mines of plumbago, a mineral used for pencils, 
 &c. The Minho, or Mino, a river of Spain, is supp. to have its appellation 
 from the same cause. Its L. n. is Minius ; and minium, in that language, 
 means red lead, or vermilion. 
 
 s These mountains, which were inhabited and cultivated during the time 
 of the Moors, were, after their expulsion, covered with forests, which afforded 
 shelter to robbers and wild beasts. 
 
 D 2
 
 42 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 III. APPLICABLE TO VALLEYS. 
 
 GLEN, (gleann, Gael. ; glyn, Br.) = a Small Valley, or 
 Vale, generally taking its name from a river flowing 
 through it ; as, 
 
 Glenberv'ie, Mearns, 
 Glenbucket, Aberdeen-sh. 
 Glenbuckie, Perth-sh. 
 Glencaim, Dumfries-sh. 
 GlencoQ, Argyle-sh. 
 G/ewdochart, Perth-sh. 
 G/mdovan, Do. 
 Glennnwn, or Glennnnin, 
 
 Inverness-sh. 
 Glenfroon, Dumbarton-sh. 
 Glenisla, Forfar-sh. 
 Glenlivet, Banff-sh. 
 Glenluce, Wigton-sh. 
 Glenlyon, Perth-sh. 
 Glenmore, Invemess-sh, 
 G/emnoriston, Do. 
 Glenogle, Perth-sh. 
 
 G/enorchay, Argyle-sh. 
 
 Gleniili, Perth-sh. 
 G/m-nan-Albin, Do. 
 Dargle (corr. for Dargferc), 
 
 co. Wicklow, 
 Rutherglen, Lanark-sh. 
 
 Bervie (f. into German Oc.). 
 Bucket (tr. of the Don). 
 abounding in Roebucks. 
 Cairn (tr. of the Nith). 
 Cona (f. into Loch-Awe). 
 Dochart. 1 
 
 Devon (f. into the Firth of F orth ) . 
 Finan or Finnin (f. into Loch- 
 
 Shiel). 
 
 Froon (f. into Loch-Lomond). 2 
 Isla (tr. of the Tay). 
 Livet (tr. of the Aven). 
 Luce (f. into Glenluce Bay). 
 Lyon (tr. of the Tay). 
 Big-Glen. 
 
 of the Great- Water. 
 Terrific-Glen. 
 
 j Orchay or Urchay (f. into 
 \ Loch- A we). 
 Tilt (tr. of the Garry), 
 of Albin or Caledonia. 3 
 
 abounding in Oaks (darach). 
 in honour of King Reuther.* 
 
 1 This is the n. which the Tay bears before falling into Loch Tay. 
 
 2 Here a bloody conflict was fought in 1603, between the clans of Col- 
 quhoun and Macgregor. 
 
 3 It forms the basin of the Caledonian Canal. 
 
 He was the fifth from Fergus I., in the genealogy of the Scottish kings. 
 Ace. to history, he was the son of Dornadilla, whose history is preserved in 
 the n. of Dun- Dornadilla, a venerable ruin in Strathmore, Sutherland-sh.
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 43 
 
 STRATH, (ystrad, Br. ; srath, Gael.) = a Long and Broad 
 Valley, generally taking its name from a River flowing 
 through it ; as, 
 
 Strathaven, or Straven, Lan- \ 
 
 ark-sh. 
 StratKbogie, Aberdeen-sh. 
 Strathclyde, Lanark-sh. 
 Stratkdee, Aberdeen-sh. 
 Strathdon, Do. 
 Strat/tendry, Fife-sh. 
 Stratkerne, Perth-sh. 
 Strathen-ick, Invemess-sh. 
 
 , Hants, 
 
 ,, Kincardine-sh. 
 Strathglass, Inverness-sh. 
 Strathgryffe, Renfrew-sh. 
 e, Forfar-sh. 
 
 Stratkmiglo, Fife-sh. 
 
 Stratkmore, Scotland, 
 Strat/mavei; Sutherland-sh. 
 T, Ross-sh. 
 
 Aven, or Avon (tr. of the 
 / Clyde). 
 
 Bogie (tr. of the Deveron). 
 
 Clyde (f. into the Atlantic). 
 
 Dee (f. into the German Oc.). 
 
 Don, Do. Do. 
 
 of the King. 
 
 Erne (f. into the Firth of Tay). 
 
 Errick (f. into Loch Ness). 
 
 fthe Field or Park in the 
 -< Strath (of the Loddon) of 
 
 (_ the Say family. 1 
 otFineHa.' 
 
 Glass (f. into the Beauly). 
 Gryffe(i. into the Firth Clyde). 3 
 in honour of Martin.* 
 
 (Miglo (which, taking the 
 < name of Eden, f. into the 
 
 \ the German Oc.). 
 Great- Straths 
 
 Naver (f. into Northern Oc.). 
 Peffer (f. into Cromarty Firth). 
 
 1 This seat of the Duke of Wellington was originally possessed by a fami- 
 ly of the n. of ' Say.' 
 
 2 This individual, who was of the royal family, is said to have vowed 
 vengeance against Kenneth III. for having put to death her son, who had 
 taken part in an insurrection against him. She procured two assassins to 
 waylay and murder him, as he was hunting in the forest of Kincardine- 
 Castle, where he resided during his pilgrimage to the chapel of St Palladius, 
 in the pa. of Fordoun. She was overtaken and put to death in a place near 
 the coast, which was ever after called Denfinella. 
 
 3 Renfrew- sh. formerly went by the n. of Straihgryffe. 
 
 * There is a traditionary story, that an erect stone, on the north side of 
 this parish, called Martin's Stone, was erected in memory of a hero of this 
 n. for having killed a dragon that had devoured nine maidens. 
 
 5 It crosses Scotland from Stonehaven, in Mearns, to the dist. of Cowal, 
 in Argyle-sh. ; also, a romantic vale in Sutherland-sh,
 
 44 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Strathspey, Moray-sh. Spey (f. into German Oc.). 
 
 Strathyre, Perth-sh. JVarm-Strath. 
 
 Stricken, Aberdeen-sh. John's-Strath (Strath-ion.) 1 
 
 TYaquair (corr. for Strath-} ^ , . , c . . ,, m 
 quair), Peebles-sh. f Quhatr & mto the Tweed > 
 
 To this is ref. Yester, Haddington-sh. 2 
 
 IV. APPLICABLE TO HEIGHTS. 
 
 ARD, AIRD, &c. (Gael. ; arcfaus, L.) High, Lofty ; a 
 Height ; a Promontory ; a Peninsula ; as, 
 
 ., Invemess-sh. .B/ac&.Promontory (dubh). 
 
 Ardclach, Nairn- sh. Stony-Height (cloch). 
 
 ^rrfkeith, Banff-sh. & Ross-sh. High-Wind (Ardghaioth).' 
 
 Ardmore, Dumbarton-sh., &c. Grea/-Promontory. 
 
 ^4rofnamurchan, Argyle-sh. Point of the Great-Seas (cuan). 4 
 
 Ardpatrick, Limerick co. of St Patrick. 
 
 Ardross, Ross-sh. the Heights of Ross-sh. 
 
 ^rrfrossan, Ayr-sh. the High-Little- Promontory.* 
 
 ./4rlon, Holland, of the Moon (Luna, L.). 6 
 
 y/rmagh, co. to. qu. the Height in the Plains 
 
 Arrar\, Bute-sh. Heights or Mountains. 8 
 
 ^rroquhar, Dumbarton-sh. High or Hilly- Country. 9 
 
 1 The river Ugie nearly divides the pa. 
 
 2 The Gifford-water, a tr. of the Tyne, flows through it. 
 
 3 The high lands near these villages are exposed to violent gusts of wind. 
 * From its stretching cut into the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 s This is descriptive of the small hill on which the remains of the castle 
 of the anc. Barons of Ardrossan still stand. 
 
 s Anc. the Moon was adored here. 
 
 i Its vicinity is rendered beautiful and picturesque by a gentle undulation 
 of hill and dale. 
 
 s This island is distinguished by its mountainous features. 
 
 9 It is generally pron. Arrar, a corr. of Ardtii. The n. is very descrip- 
 tive of the place, which is high and mountainous, and contains very little 
 flat or arable ground.
 
 PREFIXES. 45 
 
 Dollar, Clackmannan-sh. the Dale among the Hills. 1 
 
 Dysart, Pife-sh. the Height of God (Dia). 2 
 Leuchars (anc.Loughyan/s), 1 the Heights amid the Lough, or 
 
 Pife-sh. 3 Lock.* 
 
 Muckar/, Perth-sh. of Wild-Boars. 
 
 Roga/^, Sutherland-sh. Fery-High (rogh). 4 
 
 Tullocharrf, Ross-sh. High-fft'/Z (tulach). 
 
 n -t -t r< c I the Height or Cape of the 
 
 Orfegal-Cape, Spam, ^ ^. 
 
 To the same are to be ref. Airdrie, Lanark-sh., 
 Stirling-sh., Ards, in Inverness-sh., the peninsula of Ards, in 
 Down co.j and anc. Ardea, a to. of Latium. 5 
 
 CABO, CAPE, &c. (cobo, Sp. and Port. ; capo, I. ; cap, 
 F. ; coput, L.) = a Headland ; Cape ; as, 
 
 CaSo-das-Agulhas, S. Africa, of the Needles (aiguille, P.). 6 
 
 Cafo-de-Corrientes, Do. of the Currents. 
 
 Cafo-Tormentoso, Do. Stormy-Caipe.7 
 
 Cape-Bianco, W. Africa, White-Do (blanc, P.). 8 
 
 Cope-Bojador, Do. Projecting in a rounded form. 9 
 
 Cajoe-Frio, S. America, Frigid or Co/f-Cape (frigido, I.) 
 
 Cajoe-Leuca, Italy, White-Do. 
 
 1 The principal part lies along the foot of the Ochils; and, from its low 
 sit., is not seen at any great distance. 
 
 2 In allusion to the church in an elevated sit. 
 
 3 The low and level grounds, extending for miles to the E. and W. of the 
 village, used to be under water for the greater part of the year, and might 
 well be considered a loch, before the waters were drained. 
 
 4 The n. seems to be taken from the peculiar sit. of the manse, which is 
 near the top of a high hill. 
 
 s "locus Ardua quondam 
 
 Dictus avis, et nunc magnum manet Ardea nomen." 
 
 Virg. JEn. VI. 413-4. 
 '' 'Twas Ardua once ; now ArdevCs name it bears." 
 
 Dryden. 
 s It is the most southern point of the continent of Africa. 
 
 7 The n. which Diaz, the Port, navigator, gave to the Cape, since called 
 the ' Cape of Good Hope.' 
 
 8 It is the western extremity of a rocky ridge, which extends eastward into 
 the Sahara to an unknown distance, and is called Jebel-el-Bied, or the White 
 Mountains, probably from their colour. There are about a dozen capes of 
 this name. 
 
 i> From the Port, verb bojar, to bend outwards, to make a convex projection.
 
 46 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Cape- Negro, S. Africa, Z?/ac-Cape. 
 
 Cajpg-Roxo, W. Do. Red-Do, (russus, L. ; roux, F.) 
 
 Cape-Verd, W. Do. Green-Do. 1 
 
 KIN, c. (ceann, Gael. ; cefn, Br.) = a Cape or Head- 
 Land ; as, 
 
 Kincraig, Fife-sh., &c. the Head of the Craig.- 
 
 Kinghorn, Do. Blue-Head (gorn or gorm). 
 
 jKmglassie, Do. of the Grey-Moor. 3 
 
 Kingussie, Inverness-sh. of the Fir-Wood.* 
 
 Kinross, co. to. of the Promontory. * 
 
 Kintail, Argyle-sh. of theTwo(dha,)Salt-i0ater lakes. 
 
 Kintyre, or Cantyre, Do. of the Land (of Argyle). 
 
 Kintore, Aberdeen-sh. of the Wood (doire). 6 
 
 Kinnaird, Do. the High- Headland. 7 
 
 Kinneil, Linlithgow-sh. of the WalL a 
 
 Ceannloch, Argyle-sh. of the Loch or Arm of the Sea.' j 
 
 Kenbaan, Antrim co. White-Read. 
 
 1 It forms the extreme western point of Africa, and is so called, ace. to 
 some, from a green plant, which grows in the sea near it. 
 
 2 It lies immediately east of Largo Bay. 
 
 3 The village of Kinglassie stands on the Lochty, and its n. points out 
 the former condition of the now arable vale through which it flows. 
 
 Ceawghinbhsaiche. It seems evident that a large tract of the land 
 adjacent to the church had been formerly covered with fir-trees. 
 
 a It stands on the extremity of a portion of land running into the west side 
 of Lochleven. The co. of Kinross originally formed part of the anc. division 
 of Ross, the n. by which Fife was called till 840, when it was given to Duff', 
 Lord Fife, by Kenneth II. in consideration of his services against the Picts. 
 It was disjoined from Fife-sh. in 1426. 
 
 Anc. this part of the country was covered with a, forest, a part of which, 
 with a castle, King Robert Bruce gave to Robert de Keith, Marischal of 
 Scotland, after the battle of Bannockburn. The district still remains in the 
 hands of his descendants, the family of Kintore. 
 
 7 Also a romantic seat in Perth-sh., where a stupendous rock almost over- 
 hangs the mansion-house. 
 
 s In allusion to the wall of Antoninus, which terminates in its vicinity. 
 Penval is supposed to be a various designation of the place, signifying the 
 same thing. 
 
 9 The anc. name of Campbeltown before 1701, in which year it was made 
 a borough.
 
 PREFIXES. 47 
 
 A r emore, Perth-sh. Great-Head. 1 
 
 Kennoway, Fife-sh. of the Den or Dale (uiagJi). 
 
 Shandw'ick, Ross-sh. of the Wick (of Cromarty Bay). 
 
 f over the Boi 
 Eoleshne, Inverness-sh. j (boile, eas).* 
 
 Brechin, co. to. of Angus-sh. of the Declivity. 
 
 Nordkyn, Norway, North-Head. 3 
 
 Drumshinnoch, Morton pa., 1 the Knoll (noch) at the Head 
 
 Dumfries-sh. J or End of the Ridge (drum). 
 
 To the same source is ref. Kent co. in the S. E. extremity of 
 England, the anc. n. of which was Cantium. 
 
 V. APPLICABLE TO ISLANDS. 
 
 ENNIS, INIS, in Ireland; INCH, INISH, in Scotland; 
 YNYS, in Wales; (isola, I.; insula, L. ; insel, Germ. ; 
 ilka, Port. ; eilean, Gael.) = an Island ; as, 
 
 Ennisk\\\ei\, co. Fermanagh, the Kirk-Town on the Island. 4 
 
 /c/*aber, Lochlomond, at the Mouth (of the Endrick). 
 
 Jnchcailleach, Do. of Old Women or Nuns. 
 
 Inc/icolm, Firth of Forth, of St Colm or Columba. 5 
 
 /c//eonachan, Lochlomond, of Colquhoun. 
 
 Iwchfman, Inverness-sh. of St Finun. 
 
 /wc^galbraith, Dumbarton-sh. of the Galbraith (family). 
 
 7c^keith, Firth of Forth, of the Keith (family). 6 
 
 Irtchmaiee, Ross-sh. of St Maree. 
 
 1 It is so called from a headland projecting into the east end of Loch 
 Tay, on which the village and church of Kenmore are built. 
 
 2 This picturesque cascade is well known by the n. of the ' Fall of Foyers.' 
 
 3 It is the most northern point of continental Europe. 
 
 4 It is pleasantly sit. on an island in the narrow strait that connects the 
 two expanses of Loch Earne. 
 
 s Here are ruins of a large monastery dedicated to him. It was founded 
 in 1123, by Alexander I., in gratitude for his escape, when driven on the 
 island in a violent tempest, where he was hospitably treated for three days, 
 by a hermit, who entertained him with the milk of his cow, and a few shell, 
 fish. 
 
 It was given by Malcolm II. to the first of the noble family of that n.
 
 48 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Inchmamoch, Ayr-sh. 
 Inchture, Perth-sh. 
 Jnisbeg, off co. Donegal, 
 /m'sbosine, off co. Mayo, 
 Iniscurcy, or Enniscorilny, \ 
 co. Wexford, J 
 
 Inistory, off co. Donegal, &c. 
 Iniswen, 
 
 Iniskail, Loch-Awe, 
 Iniskeraith, Do. 
 Inishfraoch, Do. 
 Ynysfor, Wales, 
 ywysycedeim, Do. 
 Ynysymoch, Anglesey, 
 /fta-do-Sal, off W. Africa, 
 7//za-Grande, Brazil, 
 Ilhas-Verdes, off W. Africa, 
 
 Isle of Beeves,Bay of Cam peachy, 
 
 Isle of Dogs, Middlesex co. 
 Belle-/fe, or Belle-Jfe, off \ 
 W. France, J 
 
 Lisle (for L'/s/e), France, 
 
 of St Marnoch.i 
 with the Toieer 
 L/tf/e-Island (beag). 
 of Bosine. 
 
 of Curcy.3 
 
 High -Island. 
 
 White-Do. 
 
 Beautiful-Do, (aille). 
 
 of Erailh.* 
 
 of Heath or Heather. 
 
 Farthermost-Island.* 
 
 of Heroes.' 
 
 Pigs' -Island (muc). 7 
 
 of 
 
 /abounding in Cattle (boeufs, 
 ( F. ; boves, L.). 
 of Dogs. ii 
 
 Fair-Island. 12 
 
 the Isle or Island. 
 
 1 There are the ruins of a chapel, dedicated to him, in the island. 
 
 2 The Carse of Gowrie, in which the pa. of Inchture lies, and which evi- 
 dently occupies the anc. bed of the Tay and Earn, formerly abounded with 
 such islands, which are now only rising grounds. Hence the n. of Inch- 
 martin, /ncAmichael, &c. in this dist. 
 
 3 A famous warrior who endowed a monastery here. 
 The anc. Br. poets so call Britain. 
 
 i It is supposed that this traitor beguiled Duara to this island. 
 
 e In early times, the island of Anglesey had these names, .the latter of 
 which arises from its relative position. 
 
 7 On this rocky point rests the Menai Bridge, which connects Anglesey 
 with Caernarvon-sh. 
 
 s A great quantity of salt is collected in the numerous lagunes, with which 
 the beach is covered, and is formed by solar evaporation. 
 
 9 It is the largest in the course of the Parana. 
 
 10 So called by the Portuguese, because the sea to the W. is covered with 
 gulf-weed, so as to present some resemblance to extensive meadows. 
 
 n A part of Poplar Marsh, so n. by the seamen in passing it, when the 
 kings had a palace at Greenwich, and the royal hounds were kennelled there. 
 
 12 There is a small island of this, name, 15m. N. of Newfoundland. 
 
 13 The origin of this town is ascribed to Julius Caesar, who is said to have 
 built a castle on the banks of the Deule, B. C. 50.
 
 PREFIXES. 49 
 
 Dominsel, Silesia, with the Cathedral. 1 
 
 Ssndinsel, Do. Sandy- Island. 
 
 Clones (con: for duanmntff). 1 c D . 
 
 ,, v , " ? of Retreat.i 
 
 Monaghan co. J 
 
 Ennis, the assize to. of Clare co., is sit. in the barony of 
 Islands on the west bank of the river Fergus. There are several 
 islands simply designated the ' Inch ;' as in Lough Swilly, Ire- 
 land, &c. &c. [nek-Cape, Angus-sh., is the n. of the dangerous 
 rock lying about 12 miles from Arbroath, which generally goes 
 by the n. of ' Bell-Rock.' It is said that the monks of Arbroath 
 caused a bell to be suspended upon it, so as to be rung by the 
 waves, and thus give warning to mariners. 
 
 VI.-APPLICABLE TO RIVERS. 
 
 BAHAR, BAHR, &c. (Ar.) = a River ; a Sea or Lake ; as, 
 
 J5^ar-belame, or Bahr-bela- 1 Tir , , T,. 
 maich, Egyr^t, | Waterkss.^^ 
 
 Bahar-Loth, or Bahr-Lut, ) c T . 
 r> i , f Sea of Lot. 4 
 
 Palestine, J 
 
 J3fl/$r-al-Abiad, Abyssinia, White-River.* 
 
 -BaAr-al-Azrek, Abyssinia, jB/we-River (tr. of the Nile). 
 
 J5a^r-al-Kolzum, of Kolzum, i. e. the Red Sea. 
 
 .Ba^r-Yusef, or Yousef, Egypt, Joseph' '^-River.s 
 
 Saraach, Hindostan, of Wealth. 
 
 Lower Egypt sometimes goes by the n. of Bahari, i. e. Mari- 
 
 1 The island forms part of Breslau, the cap., and lies in the Ohlau. 
 
 2 In anc. times, it was nearly surrounded by water, and an Abbey was 
 founded early in the 6th century. 
 
 s " It is a dry river, and has all the appearance of water having been in 
 it, the banks and bottom being quite full of stones and sand. The most 
 remarkable circumstance is, that, at a certain height upon the bank, there is 
 a mark, evidently as if the water had reached so high," &c Belzoni. 
 
 < The Arabs so denominate the Dead Sea. 
 
 & It is a canal about 120 miles in length, forming a communication be- 
 tween Lake Moeris and the Nile. 
 
 It is the principal branch of the Nile. 
 

 
 50 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 time. The diminutive is Bofieira/i. or Boheirat, a small lake, as 
 -Bo/^ira/.Tabariyah, Palestine, i. e. the Lake of Tiberias. It has 
 passed into the Port, language under the form Albufeira, a reser- 
 voir, tank, lagune ; and into Sp. under the two forms of Albufera 
 and Albuhera, in the same sense. The most remarkable of these 
 lagunes on the S. coast of Sp. and Port., is Albufera de Valencia, 
 which, from abounding in wild-fowl and fish, was a source of 
 considerable revenue to the Crown of Sp., to which it was attached 
 in 1808. v lt has since been given to the Duke of Wellington as 
 a reward for his services during the war with France. 
 
 GUADA, (Ar. ; aqua, L.) = a Running Water, a Brook, 
 a River; as, 
 
 Gauda\a\ara,, Mexico, Gra*-River. 
 
 Gaudalete, Spain, River-Le^e. 
 
 Gwarfalquiver, Do. Greaif-River. 1 
 
 Guadaluipe, Do. of the Wolf (lupus, L.). 2 
 
 Garfalvin (Ar. n. of the! 
 
 GWiara), Do. f 
 
 Gwarfarrama, Do. Sandy-River. 
 
 Gwarfaxenil, Do. Like the Nile. 
 
 Gwfloftana, Do. of the Ana (anc. Anas). 
 
 Gttadix, (con: forAr. Guadi-\ A . , ^. ,. .. N 
 
 x A i near Acci (an anc. Betic city). 
 
 acci), Spam, 
 
 Guadalette, the diminutive form, is the n. of the small river on 
 which the to. of Xeres, Spain, stands. 
 
 1 When the Arabians made themselves masters of the Peninsula, they 
 were struck with the great size of the Boetis, and gave it this n. Uad-el- 
 Kabir, i. e. the Great River, is the Ar. n. of the Hummel, which nearly en- 
 circles the city of Constantina in N. Africa. 
 
 2 ft rushes with precipitate violence, ' like a wolf on the fold,' from the 
 Sierra de Toledo, and loses its n., and its wrath, in the majestic flow of the 
 Tagus. It is so prominent and impressive a feature in the landscape, that 
 from it this range was, and still is, called Sierra de Guadalupe. There is a 
 cognominal river in Asia Minor, viz. Lycus, from Xz/xaj, whence Lycia. 
 The Tigris gets its n. from the strength and rapidity of its volume, resem- 
 bling the spring or sally of a tiger. 
 
 3 This river, or rather torrent, which falls into the sea between Gibraltar 
 and Estepona, divides the to. of Honda into two parts. A frightful precipice 
 reaches from the summit to the base of the height, on which the to. is built ; 
 and the chasm may be about 500 or COO feet in depth, below which the tor- 
 rent flows.
 
 PREFIXES. 51 
 
 Rio, (Sp. ; rivo, It. ; rivus, L.) = a River ; as, 
 
 Ji"t0-Azul, California, AzureoYBlue-R,iver(lazulus,li,) 
 
 ^?20-Colorado, Mexico, Coloured-Do. 1 
 
 Jfo'o-de-Cobre, Ashantee, Serpentine-Do. 
 
 Rio-da- Janeiro, S. America, of January. 2 
 
 7fo'0-de-la-Plata, Do. of Silver.a 
 
 -Rz'o-del-Norte, or Rio-Bvavo, \ of the North, or Braoe or 
 
 Mexico, J <S7ro/Z(7-River. 4 
 
 Re'o-Desaguadero, Peru, th% Canal or Drain. 5 
 
 jRto-Dolce, Dulce or Doce, 1 r , -n- 
 
 m ' V .FrejA -River. 8 
 
 1 ucuman, j 
 
 /fo'o-dos-Reis, E. Africa, of the Kings. 1 
 
 Jffo'o-Grande, Brazil, & W. Africa, Grmf-River. 
 
 jR/o- Negro, S. America, Black or Z)ar&-Do. s 
 
 -Rz'o-Salado, Tucuman, Saltish-Do. 9 
 
 VII. APPLICABLE TO LAKES. 
 LAKE, LOCH, LOUGH, (7ac, F. ; lago, Sp., I.; focus, L.) 
 = an Inland Sea, a Lake ; also, in Scotland and Ire- 
 land, an Arm of the Sea ; as, 
 
 .La&e-Champlain, N. America, inhon.ofSamueldeC/i?jo/m.'<. 
 
 1 From the ruddy colour of its waters. A syn. river in L. is Rubicon, 
 now Rag one, in Italy. 
 
 2 Because discovered in that month. This bay was so named by the dis- 
 coverer, who conceived it to be the mouth of a large river. 
 
 3 It was so called by Sebastian Cabot, from his having taken a consider- 
 able booty in gold and silver from a body of Indians, that he defeated on its 
 banks. Hence our word plate, or wrought silver. In the annals of our cir- 
 cumnavigators, this river is usually called ' The River of Plate.' 
 
 4 It flows from the N. W., after a course of 1767 miles, into the Gulf of 
 Mexico, and has a strong rapid current. 
 
 5 It is the only outlet of Lake Titicaca, connecting it with Lake Paria. 
 e In reference to Rio Salado, of which it is a tributary. 
 
 7 Vasco de Gama discovered it on Epiphany Day. 
 
 s This tr. of the Amazons is so n. on account of of the dark colour of its 
 waters, which are of an amber hue wherever it is shallow, and rfarfc-brown 
 wherever the depth is great. 
 
 9 The land in many places is impregnated with fossil salt., and the water 
 of every pool or river is brakish and disagreeable to the taste. The cattle 
 devour eagerly the salt on the herbage, which is indeed necessary to their 
 existence. 
 
 10 A Fr. naval officer, Governor-General of Canada in the 1 7th century.
 
 52 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Lflyo-Maggiore, Italy, 
 Lock-A.\\Q, Argyll-sh. 
 Zxjc^-Beannached, Sutherland-s. 
 Z/oc/j-Broom, Perth-sh. and ) 
 
 Ross-sh. J 
 
 Loch-Carron, Ross-sh. 
 Lock-Dome, Perth-sh. 
 Loch-Duich, Ross-sh. 
 Lock-Fine, Argyll-sh. * 
 
 Lock-Gave, Dumbarton-sh. 
 Z/oc^-Ketterin, Katrine, or ^ 
 
 Catherine, Perth-sh. j 
 
 Loch-Long, Argyll-sh. 
 Z/ocA-Lubnaig, Perth-sh. 
 Lock-Ness, Invemess-sh. 
 Z/oc/z-Vennachar, Perth-sh. 
 JLocA-Voil, Do. 
 Lougk-'Bawn, co. W. Meath, 
 Gair-lough, Ross-sh. 
 Glas-lotigk, Monaghan co. 
 
 Larger-Lake. 1 
 in hon. of Eva. 1 
 of Blessing. 3 
 
 of Showers (braon).* 
 
 into which the Carron flows. 
 
 Deep-Loch (doimhne). 
 
 in hon. of St Duthec. 
 
 into which the Fine flows. 
 
 Skort-Lod\. 
 
 of the Rocky Region of cold 
 
 and gloom. 
 
 into which the Long flows. 
 Winding -Loch. 
 of the Waterfall (eas). 5 
 of the Steeps of Benvenue* 
 Muddy-Loch. 
 White-Lake. 
 Skort-Loch.* 
 Grey-Lake. 
 
 VIII. APPLICABLE TO BAYS. 
 BAH i A, BAY, (bahia, Sp. and Port.) = a Bay ; as, 
 
 Brazil, 
 
 Senora, "J of Our Lady (the Virgin 
 j Mary). 
 
 1 In reference to that of Lugano, with which it is connected by the Tresa. 
 
 2 The daughter of Paul-an-Sporan, and the mother of the Campbells. The 
 lake, and a considerable domain upon its banks, were the inheritance of this 
 lady. Before her day, it was called Loch-Cruachan, from the magnificent 
 mountain of that n. at its eastern extremity. 
 
 3 So called on account of the maintenance derived from the great number 
 of its trouts. 
 
 It is surrounded by high hills, and much visited by the moisture of the 
 passing clouds. 
 
 i Of the Foyers, which falls into the loch. 
 
 This arm of the sea is very small, when compared with most on the W. 
 coast.
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 53 
 
 Bakia-de-Todos los Santos, 1 
 Brazil, J 
 
 Bahia-de-Torre, W. Africa, 
 Bayona,, Sp. ; & Bayoime, Fr. 
 Bombay, Hindostan, 
 Botany- Bay, New S. Wales, 
 
 of All Saints. 
 
 Tower-Bay. 1 
 Good-TSay or Port. 2 
 Do. Do. 
 
 Producing Flowers. 3 
 
 1 So called from a rock shaped like a tower. San Felipe de Benguela 
 stands at its head. 
 
 2 From two Basque words ' Baia,' and ' Ona,' = Bahia-buena. 
 
 3 It was so called by Captain Cook, on account of the great quantity of 
 plants found there by the naturalist who accompanied him in the first voyage. 
 
 E 2
 
 II.-POSTFIXES. 
 
 I.-CHIBFLY APPLICABLE TO TOWNS, & e . 
 
 ABAD, (Sanscr. ; oppidum, L.) = an Abode, House, 
 Residence ; a City, Town ; as, 
 
 Atibasabad, division of Ispahan, founded by ShahAbbas theGreat.' 
 Acbevabad, or Akberabad, \ , 
 
 Hindostan, / im P roved 
 
 Ahmedabad, or Amedabad, ? in honour 
 
 Do. $ 
 
 AMahabad, Do. of Allah or Alia.* 
 
 Asterabad, Do. Aster or Esler(f. into Casp. Sea). 
 
 Amengabad, or Auvungabad, Do. of Aurengzebe or Aurungzebe. 1 - 
 
 Dov/lakabad, Do. Fortunate-City.* 
 
 'Furruckabad, Do. Happy-Do. 
 
 i Formerly the cap. of Persia, and one of the most splendid cities of the 
 East. 
 
 The n. which this emperor gave to the city of Agra, and which is still 
 retained by the Mohammedans. Among the few remaining monuments of 
 its anc. splendour, is the palace of Akber, one of the finest buildings in Asia. 
 
 3 It is the cap. of the Province of Guzerat, of which Sultan Ahmed was 
 king. 
 
 It is the n. by which the Supreme Being is addressed by the followers 
 of Mahomet, and is der. from the Ar. verb alah, to adore. It is distin- 
 guished by the n. of ' the king of worshipped places,' and is the great resort 
 of pilgrims for about two months each summer. 
 
 s A most successful conqueror, and celebrated sovereign, of the Mogul 
 Empire. 
 
 It is the n. which Mohammed III. gave to Deoghire, the cap. of the 
 anc. kingdom of the Deccan, when he removed his court and residence for a 
 time thither from Delhi. It is in the province of Aurungabad.
 
 POSTFIXES. 00 
 
 Yyabad, Hindostan, Beautiful-C'iiy. 
 
 Islamabad, Do. of Faith. 
 
 Jehanabad, Do. built by Shah Jehan. 1 
 
 Moorshedabad, Do. inhon.ofMoors^eofKhoolyKhan.* 
 
 Nujibabad, Do. built by jYM/ei-ud-Dowlah. 
 
 Resoulaforf, Do. of the Prophet. 
 
 Skekoabad, Do. of Dara Skeko. 3 
 
 , Do., near Delhi, in hon. of Togleuh Badshah. 4 
 
 Au, (aue, Ge.) = a Green Pasture, Meadow ; as, 
 
 Aarau, or Arau, Switzerland, Aar (tr. of the Rhine). 
 
 c, v f the Church in the Meadow 
 
 bghsau, Do. 4 , ,, mi \ 
 
 \ (on the Thur). 
 
 Haguenaw, Lower Rhine, of the Forest (haag, Ge.).* 
 
 Iglau, Germany, Jgla (tr. of the Thaya). 
 
 Ilmenatt, Do. Ilm (tr. of the Saale). 
 
 Lichtenaw, W. Greenland, of Light (lichte, Germ.). 
 
 Mueraw, Gennany, Muehr (tr. of the Drave). 
 
 Ohlaw, Prussia, Ola (tr. of the Oder). 
 
 Rheinaw, Switzerland, Rhine (f. into Germ. Oc.). 
 
 Sprottaw, Silesia, Sprotta (confl. with the Bober). 
 
 Tymaz<, Hungary, Tyrna (tr. of the Waag). 
 
 Gouda, Holland, Gouw (tr. of the Yssel). 
 
 BAD, c. (Ge.)== a Bath, Mineral- Spring ; as, 
 
 Alexisbad, Hanover, in hon. of Alexis. 
 
 Carlsbad, Bohemia, in hon. of Charles IV. 
 
 i The n. by which the Moslems and Hindoos continue to call Delhi. 
 
 i With the view of attracting the commerce between Cashmere and Hin- 
 dostan, he transferred the seat of his government from Dacca to this city, 
 which was originally called Mucksoosabad. 
 
 3 Named after the eldest and most unfortunate son of the Emperor Shah- 
 Jehan, who was hunted to death by the parricide and fratricide Aurungzebe. 
 
 * A huge fortress, from 5 to 6 miles in circumference, now presenting a 
 mass of deserted ruins. Togleuh's tomb remains entire ; he died in 1323. 
 
 s It is sit. on the river Mosten, in the middle of a. forest, which bears its 
 name. To the same, Hague in Holland owes it origin. 
 
 It was founded by Moravian missionaries in 1722, and called from 
 Isaiah, Ix. 1, " Arise, shine; for thy light is come, and the glory of the 
 Lord is risen upon thee."
 
 56 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Marienbad, Bohemia, in hon. of Mary. 
 
 Wiesbaden, orWisa<fc,Nassau, Baths in theMeadow (n>iese,Ge.) 
 
 Baden\veilei; Suabia, Bath-7Ww. 
 
 To the same we ref. Baden, in the Grand Duchy of that n., 
 &c., and Bath, in Somerset-sh. 
 
 BERG, BOROUGH, BURG, BURGH, BURY, &c. (berg, Ge. ; 
 burg, Sax. ; bourg, F. ; borgo, I. ; 7^/970?, a Tower, a 
 Castle) = a Hill, Mount ; any Erection on such place ; 
 hence, a Corporate Town, a Burgh ; as, 
 
 Akensberg, Bavaria, 
 Amberff, Do. 
 Arberg, Switzerland, 
 Bobersim?, Prussia, 
 Copperierg 1 , Sweden, 
 Elsterfory, Saxony, 
 Enzberg, Wurtemberg, 
 Freiberg, Saxony, 
 Geertsforg, Belgium, 
 Havelierg-, Prussia, 
 Jaxiberg, Bavaria, 
 Kayserberg, Colmar, France, 
 Koenigsforg, Prussia; Kongs- |_ 
 berg, Norway, j 
 
 Leopoldsier^, Austria, 
 Nurem&ery, Bavaria, 
 Regensiery, Do. 
 Rheinierg, Do. 
 Spremiery, Prussia, 
 Walkenerg, Belgium, 
 Wenersier^,orWennersiery, S vv. 
 Wittemiery, Saxony, 
 
 Abens (tr. of the Danube). 
 On a Berg or Mount. 
 Aar (tr. of the Rhine). 
 Bober (tr. of the Oder). 
 abounding in Coppers 
 White Eister (tr. of the Saale). 
 Enz (tr. of the Neckar). 
 of the Free. 2 
 of Gertrude. 
 Havel (tr. of the Elbe). 
 Jaxt (tr. of the Neckar). 
 of the Emperor.* 
 
 Royal or 
 
 of St Leopold. 
 
 of the Norici( Noricorum Mons) .* 
 
 Regen (tr. of the Danube).* 
 
 Rhine (f. into Germ. Oc.). 
 
 Spree (tr. of the Oder). 
 
 of Falcons. 
 
 JVeneror Wenner(S. of that lake). 
 
 of Young Fines. 
 
 The copper-mines in the neighbourhood are very productive. 
 Otto, the Rich, Duke of Saxony, endowed it with many immunities. 
 This was formerly an imperial city (keyser, Caesar, Czar, &c.) 
 By the advice of Primilas I., king (koenig) of Bohemia, a strong caitle 
 was built here in 1255, by the Teutonic knights, then his allies. 
 The anc. Noricum comprehended great part of Bavaria, &c. 
 Known better by the n. of Ratisbon.
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 57 
 
 BergenctTpzoom, Holland, 
 Bark'mg, Essex co. 
 
 } 
 
 Zoom (confl. with the Scheldt). 
 in the Ing or Meadow. 1 
 
 the Hill-Town on the Way.' 
 
 To the same we ref. Bergen, in Norway, 3 as well as the cap. 4 
 of Rugen Island ; Bergamo, in Italy ; and Perga, as well as 
 Peryama, the citadel of anc. Troy, and Pe/yamus, all in Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 (Bebbanburgh, 
 
 \, Northumberland, 
 Conines0r0w<7^, York-sh. 
 
 k, Cumberland co. 
 
 Ylamborough, York-sh. 
 
 , Lincoln-sh. 
 York-sh. 
 , Notts, 
 
 Leicester-sh. 
 Marlborough, Wilts, 
 Maryborough, Queen's co. 
 Maryborough, or Nl&ryburgh, ~) 
 Inverness-sh. j 
 
 built by Conan (a Br. King). 
 f on the Elen, or Eln (f. into 
 | the Solway). 6 
 with the Flame or Lights 
 of the Ganii. 
 near the Ingle or Fire -pot.' 
 Little-Borough. 
 on the Lough or River Soar, 
 on a Marly or Chalky soil. 10 
 in hon. of Mary (of England). 
 
 in hon. of Mary. 
 
 1 In old records it is written Bereching, Bereking, Berkyng, which some 
 antiquarians der. from Burghing. 
 
 2 It stands on a hill, and on the principal road from London to the coun- 
 ties of Cambridge, Norfolk, and Suffolk. 
 
 3 Seven mountains rise in a semicircle behind the to., which is defended 
 in front by batteries facing the sea. 
 
 4 It is sit. on a height, and commands a view of nearly the whole island. 
 
 s A Sax. queen. This to. was once the court of the Northumbrian king. 
 
 The 0/enacum of the anc., being an old military station. 
 
 i From the flame or light set up for mariners, which was generally in the 
 form of a little cross, or cresset, as emblematic of safety. Most of the inhab- 
 itants of the parish are either fishermen, or employed in the sea-faring line. 
 
 s In early times, John of Gaunt, Earl of Lincoln, resided here. 
 
 9 Here are remains of a beacon (or fire-pot, igniculus, L., lit. a little fire), 
 ascended to by a flight of steps, and ruins of a watch-house. See note to 
 Beaconsfield, under the postfix Field. 
 
 10 It is sit. on the Kennet, at the foot of a hill of chalk, which our ances- 
 tors called marie, before they borrowed the former term the L. calx, through 
 the F. chaux. As we borrowed chalk from the Rom., so vice versa, we 
 learn, on the testimony of Pliny, that they formed their mollified term of 
 marga, from the Br. marie.
 
 58 
 
 ETYxMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Peterborough, Northampton-sh. 
 Queenborougk, or Quinfor- 
 
 ough, Kent co. 
 Richboroiegh, Do. 
 
 Scarborough, York-sh. 
 
 Tarborougk, U. S. 
 Wellingiom/^.Northarnpt.-sh. 
 Woo&nesborough, or Wodens- ) 
 bury, Kent co. J 
 
 Mlenburg, Prussia, 
 Aschaffenburg, Bavaria, 
 Augsburg, Do. 
 Branden^wr^, Prussia, 
 Cajanburg, Russia, 
 D \vinburg, Livonia, 
 Frauenburg, Prussia, 
 Gotteniwr^, Sweden, 
 Luneburg, Hanover, 
 Luxemwrg, Holland, 
 Magdeburg, Prussia, 
 Warburg, Hesse-Cassel, 
 Regensdwrgv, Bavaria, 
 Saltzburg, Austria, 
 Weinsburg, Suabia, 
 
 Williamsiwry, Virginia, 
 
 Wurtzburo, Bavaria, 
 Aldeburgh, or Aldboroitgh, Suff. 
 
 of St Peters 
 in hon. of Queen Philippa. 1 
 
 on a Rock. 
 
 f on a Scar or Steep Rock 
 
 \ (carre, Sax.) 3 
 Tar (f. into Pamlico Sound), 
 of Wells or Medicinal Spring*. 4 
 
 of Woden (a Saxon god). 5 
 
 Alle (confl. with the Pregel). 
 
 Aschaff ^(confl. with the Maine). 
 
 enlarged by Augustus. 
 
 of the Forest (anc. Brennaftor). 
 
 of Cajania (or E. Bothnia). 
 
 Dwina (f.into theGulf of Riga). 
 
 of the Women or Nuns. 
 
 Gotha (f. into the Cattegat). 
 
 of the Moon (Luna, L.). s 
 
 of Light, or the Sun.' 1 
 
 of the Maids orFirgins(magd). !> 
 
 of Mars. 9 
 
 Regen (tr. of the Danube). 
 
 Saltza (tr. of the Inn). 
 
 famous for Wine. 
 
 / in hon. of William(andi Mary) 
 
 1 of England, 
 famous for Herbs. 
 Aide (f. into Germ. Oc.). 
 
 1 From a monastery erected about G60, and dedicated to him. 
 
 2 Edward III. built a castle here, and called it after his queen, Philippa 
 of Hainault. 
 
 It is almost inaccessible, except towards the W. 
 
 One of them, called RedzoeW, was in great repute in the 17th century. 
 Charles I. and his queen resided here, in 1625, under tents, in order to have 
 the benefit of it. 
 
 & An image of him is supposed to have stood here. 
 
 An image of the Moon continued here till the days of Charles the Great. 
 
 " It was anc. called Lucis-Burgum, because the Sun was adored here. 
 Heliopolis, Sonnenburgh, &c. are syn. terms. 
 
 From the worship of Venus. From her statue, and those of the three 
 Graces, it was called Parthenopolis, i. e. the city of the 'Virgins. 
 
 From the worship of Mars there.
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 59 
 
 Cmnenburgh, Denmark, 
 Edinburgh, Cap. of Scotland, 
 Yr&serburgh, Aberdeen-sh. 
 Fribwgh, Switzerland, &c. 
 He\ensburgh, Dumbarton-sh. 
 Jedburgh, Roxburgh-sh. 
 Musselburg/i, Edinburgh-sh. 
 Petersiwr^, Cap. of Russia, 
 Yitisburgh, U. S. 
 Sonnenburgh, Germany, 
 Adder^wry, Oxford-sh. 
 Ailesbury, Bucks, 
 Almondsiwr?/, Gloucester-sh. 
 Ames^wry, (corr. for Ambres- 1 
 
 bury), Wilts, J 
 
 ~Badbury, Dorset-sh. 
 Banbury (anc. Beran^Mry), \ 
 
 Oxford-sh. J 
 
 Bensfoiiry (for Cnebens&wry), 1 
 
 Surrey co. J 
 
 Cadbury, Somerset-sh. 
 
 Canterbury, co. to. of Kent, 
 
 of the Crown. 
 
 built by Edin or Edwin. 1 
 
 of the Frasers (of Philorth). 
 
 Free-Town. 
 
 in hon.ofLady//e/rcSutherland. s 
 
 Jed (tr. of the Teviot). 
 
 near the Mussels. 3 
 
 founded by Peter the Great. 
 
 in hon. of Pitt* 
 
 of the Sun. 
 
 having Serpent-stones. 5 
 
 of Eagles. 
 
 of Alimond.' 
 
 of Ambrose. 
 
 of Hostages or Pledges. 1 * 
 
 of Beer or Ale. 8 
 
 of Cneben. 9 
 
 of the l?a#/e. 
 
 J of the Cantii (Cantwarafo'r?^, 
 
 \ Sax.)- 10 
 
 1 A Northumbrian king. 
 
 2 Wife of the first Sir James Colquhoun, by whom it was founded. 
 There was formerly an extensive wisse/-bank below the town. 
 
 * This was formerly a fort belonging to the French, called Du Quesne, 
 but was abandoned by their troops in 1758, on the approach of General 
 Forbes, and its n. changed to the present one, in honour of the illustrious 
 minister by whom the war was then directed. 
 
 5 Such stones, or petrified shells, having the form of a serpent or adder, 
 are found in several parts of Engl. ; as, Whitby, Adderton, York-sh. &c. 
 
 e A W. Sax. prince, Egbert's father, who was buried in the church. 
 
 7 The Sax. kings kept the hostages of the conquered nations in this city. 
 
 s There is a story connected with this town, which merits being perpetu- 
 ated. When Holland was engaged in his E. edition of the ' Britannia,' 
 Cambden accidentally visited the press, and, looking on the sheet that was 
 working off, he found that to his remark of Banbury being famous for cheese, 
 the translator added " cakes and ale." Cambden changed the word ale into 
 zeal ; and so it was printed, to the great indignation of the Puritans, who 
 abounded in this town. 
 
 9 A famous captain of Aethelbert's, King of Kent, who was slain here, 
 fighting against Ceanlin, King of the W. Saxons. 
 
 10 They Occupied the anc. kingdom of Cantium, of which the mod. Kent
 
 60 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Clsb^(ry, Sussex, 
 Congers&wrj/, Somerset-sh. 
 Edmunds6z<r^, Suffolk, 
 G\astonbury, Somerset-sh. 
 Kentbury, or Kmtbury, Berks, 
 yUngsbury, Herts, 
 Kings^wry, Warwick-sh. 
 Led&wr^, Hereford-sh. 
 Malmsbury, Wilts, 
 Newbury, Berks, 
 Oldbury, Gloucester-sh. 
 Sh&ftsbury, Dorset-sh. 
 
 Shrewsbury, Shrop-sh. 
 Su&bury (anc. Southfo/r^A), Suff. 
 
 lenbury, Worcester-sh. 
 Tewksiwn/, Gloucester-sh^ 
 
 Tilbury, Essex co. 
 
 of Cissa. 1 
 
 of St Conger.* 
 
 of St Edmund.' 
 
 in Glaslon (hundred).* 
 
 on the Kennet(ti:ofthe Thames). 
 
 of the Kings. 5 
 
 of the Kings.* 
 
 on the Leden (tr. of the Severn). 
 
 Steeple 
 
 OW-Town. 
 /with a -S^z're or 
 1 (sceaft, A.S.) 
 encompassed by Shrubs.* 
 
 /South-Town (in contradis- 
 . tinction to Norwich (anc. 
 ( Northfiwr^A). 
 on theTeme (tr. of the Severn).' 
 of St Tewk, or Theoc. 
 f which cost Great Labour (A. 
 \ S. tilian, to labour). 
 
 forms part. Br. Caer-Medway (Sax. Medwaege), i. e. on the river holding 
 the mid-way or middle of the country. During the Heptarchy, the Sax. 
 kings held their court here. 
 
 i A king of the Br., who was slain there. 
 
 2 An Irish saint, who here lived the life of a recluse. 
 
 s He suffered martyrdom there under the Danes. 
 
 The spot on which the to. stands was once called Ynyswytryn (Inis- 
 witrin), i. e. Glass (vitrum, L.) -island, from its being entirely surrounded 
 by marshes. It was also called Glastoney. 
 
 s Here the Sax. kings often kept their court. 
 
 s It is supp. to have been a seat of some of the Mercian Icings. 
 
 7 The son of an eastern emperor, who, retiring hither from the persecution 
 of his father's court, founded a cell for 12 canons. Afterwards making a 
 pilgrimage to Jerusalem, he died there ; but his body was brought back and 
 buried here. 
 
 s Many, particularly alders, grow in the neighbourhood. From this cir- 
 cumstance the Br. called it Penguerne, i. e- the hill of alders. So the riv. 
 Nairn, in the co. of the same n., is called in Gael. Uisge-nearne, i. the water 
 of Alders. 
 
 It is the Trajectus of Antoninus ; the mod. ferry-town is Aust, some- 
 what lower down the Severn. The hundred is still called Trajectus. 
 
 10 A Scottish monk, who erected a hermitage here.
 
 POSTFIXES. 61 
 
 Wednesfa/ry, Stafford-sh. of Woden.* 
 Pottenpury (for Potters^), ? 
 
 Northampton-sh. J 
 
 Portfo/ry, Kent co. Harbour-1o\vn. 
 
 Aa\borg, Denmark, abounding in Eels (aal, Ge.). 
 
 Nyborg, Do. JVieze-Town. 
 
 Skanderforg, Do. of Alexander. 
 
 Sonderiorg, Do. Southern-lown. 3 
 
 Uranienforg, Do. of the Heavens. 4 
 
 Aarbourg, Switzerland, Aar (tr. of the Rhine). 
 
 Cherbourg, France, founded by Ccesar.s 
 
 Lauenfowrg, Denmark, in hon. of Henry the Lion.t 
 
 Strasbourg, Lower Rhine, on the Street (strata, sc. via).' 
 
 -B0wr<7-St-Andeol, France, in hon. of St AndeoL* 
 
 Bowrg-sur-Mer, Do. on the Sea. 
 
 .Bowrg-theroude, Do. of Thurold.* 
 
 1 Thus we have Wednesday, instead of Wednesday, on which he was 
 chiefly honoured by our A. S. ancestors. Thus the old ballad, ' Sir Patrick 
 Spens,' 
 
 " They mounted sail on Mononday morn, 
 
 With all the haste they may ; 
 And they landed in Norroway 
 
 Upon the Wodensday.^ 
 
 Across the centre of Wiltshire, from E. to W., is a strange ditch of many 
 miles length, which the mod. natives call Wans&ike, for the Sax. Wodens- 
 dic. Historians are not agreed as to the author and object of this ditch ; 
 but the vulgar, who, when baffled in assigning a reason, have recourse to 
 supernatural agency, attribute it to the Devil, who, they say, threw it up on 
 a Wednesday, and hence the name. 
 
 2 There are several in the neighbourhood. 
 
 a It is sit. on the S. W. coast of the island of Alsen. 
 
 * This was formerly a magnificent castle, in the little island of Huen, in 
 the middle of the Sound. It was built for Tycho Brahe, the celebrated as- 
 tronomer, who here made his observations. It is now in ruins. 
 
 s This is the opinion of Froissart, while others deny that Caesar ever 
 visited this portion of Gaul. 
 
 It der. its n. from an old castle, of which the remains are still seen, built 
 by Henry the Lion, and n. in hon. of him LoewenbuTg. 
 
 7 When Julian defeated the Germans under the walls of this to., and took 
 their king (Chrodomaire) prisoner, it was much frequented as a station be- 
 tween Gaul and Germany ; thus it was called S^ruta-Burgus in the fifth 
 century, and hence the origin of its present name. 
 
 s He suffered martyrdom here in the reign of Septimus Severus. 
 
 One of the preceptors, and afterwards grand constable, of William the 
 Conqueror. 
 
 F
 
 62 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 .Borgo-San-Sepolcro, Italy, in hon. of the Holy Sepulchre. i 
 
 Sorgo-Two, Do. Taro (tr. of the Po). 
 Bridge^ (corr.forB^A-| ^^.de-Douay, Duke of 
 
 waiter and I Brigywalter), \ F i anders . a 
 
 bomerset-sh. 
 
 To the same may be ref. several to. in England, &c. having the 
 n. of Burgh, Bury, Burrough, or Burrow, Brough, Broughton, 
 &c. ; Bourg, in Burgun&y ; Bourges (Bituriges of the Ro.), in 
 Berri ; Burg, in Gelderland ; and Burgos, in Old Castile. Bor- 
 ghetto, the diminutive form of Borgo, is of frequent occurrence in 
 the Papal States, and so is Burguelta in Spain. 
 
 BIE, By, 3 (Dan.) = a Habitation, Station, Village, 
 &c. ; as, 
 
 Canonize, Dumfries-sh. of the Canons.* 
 
 Lockerbie, Do. on the Locks or Lakes.* 
 
 Middled, or Middle&y, Do. MM//<?-Station. 6 
 
 Al% Aul%, A%, &c.| ow _ Habitation>T 
 
 York-sh., &c. 
 
 Battlefey, Perth-sh. of the Battle (of Loncarty). 
 
 Derby (for Derwent^)> co. to. Derwent (tr. of the Trent). 
 
 Duncans^ or Dungsby, Caith-1 ~ ^ 
 
 ness-sh. / 
 
 Fenij/, Lincoln-sh. among the Fens. 
 
 1 It originated with two pilgrims, who brought from Palestine a piece of 
 the stone of the Holy Sepulchre, and built a hermitage here. 
 
 2 It was conferred on him by William I., or the Conqueror. 
 
 3 Hence the .fiilagines of the Dan., and the %laws of the E., signify such 
 laws as are peculiar to a place. 
 
 4 In the reign of David I., Turgot de Rossedale founded a canonry here. 
 
 & The mansion-house of the anc. family of the Johnstones of Lockerbie, 
 called the ' Mains,' stood on a ridge between two large lochs, which are now 
 drained and cultivated, or under pasture. 
 
 Between the Nether&ie or Nether6y (the nether or lower station), in 
 Cumberland, and Over&ie, Upperfo'e, or Oveiby (the upper station), in Esk- 
 dalemuir, Dumfries-sh. At all these places, there are plain vestiges of a 
 Roman work. 
 
 i Here are some monuments of antiquity. 
 
 s It is the n. of the anc. village, from which the N. E. point of Scotland 
 is called ' Duncansby-head.'
 
 POSTFIXES. 63 
 
 Fen% or Penaty, York-ah. j j. Town1 
 
 and Lincoln-sh. 
 
 KUle%, York-sh. &c. Kirk-Do. 
 
 Kirkiy, Lanes. &c. Do. 
 
 Nyby, Sweden, jVe^-Town. 
 
 Romaniy, York-sh. Roman-Do. 
 
 y, Warwick-sh. on a Rock (anc. Roche&y). 
 
 \, co. to. in a Den or Hollow. 2 
 tie, Sutherland-sh. 
 
 BOTTLE, BATTLE, &c. (corr. for botel, or botle, A. Sax.) 
 = a Dwelling- Place, Residence ; as, 
 
 l&lbottle, Haddington-sh. Ofof-Dwelling. 
 
 Rarbottle, Northumberland co. of the Army. 
 
 Maybole (anc. Maybotil), \ ,.. -D -j 
 
 A Vi f Miry or AZowj/-Residence.4 
 
 T^lorebattle (for Mere^o^e), 1 , ,, ,.- * / *.i_. w T \ 
 
 Roxburgh-sh. } at the ^^ ^ of the Kale > 
 
 Newbattle (for New^/e), 7 -\r -n -j 
 
 Edinburgh-sh. j ^-Beridence.- 
 
 Botk\vel\, Lanark-sh. beside the Water (of Clyde). 
 
 Bowden. (anc. Botheldene or") ,1 T^ . . 
 
 Bndfa*), Roxburgh-sh. I m the Dean or low Sltuatlon " 
 To the same we may ref. Buittle-Castle, Kirkcudbright-sh. 
 
 BOURN, BURN, BRUNN, &c. (Sax. ; burn, Ga. ; born, 
 brunn, Ge.) = Water ; a Well, a Fountain, a Spring, 
 a Brook, a Rivulet ; as, 
 
 Adderfowrw, Wilts, Serpentine-River. 5 
 
 1 They lie on opposite sides of the Humber, and the former is called North 
 Ferriby, to distinguish it from the other. 
 
 2 It stands at the foot of a craggy hill, near the middle of the beautiful 
 vale of Clwyd. 
 
 3 The anc. n. was Culmallie, i. e. the cell or chapel of St Matte. See 
 Kilmalie, at prefix Kil. 
 
 4 By the inhabitants of the dist. it is generally styled Minnibole, (Min- 
 nyz, Br. a miry place). 
 
 ' Minnibole 's a dirty hole, 
 
 It sits aboon a mire.' 
 
 a Elbottle and Newbattle are in contradistinction to each other. 
 From its adder-like windings.
 
 64 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Bannock&wrw, Stirling-sh. 
 Blackburn, Lanes. 
 Brad6wm, Kent co., &c. 
 
 Bannock (tr. of the Forth). 
 Black or Dark-Water. 1 
 Broad-Bum. 
 
 * e B * or Ed 9* ( of the 
 Coquet). 
 
 frequented by Cranes. 
 Poder (tr. of the Lippe). 
 frequented by Ravens. 
 
 , Northumberland-sh. 
 
 Cranbourn, Dorset-sh. 
 Pader&om, Prussia, 
 Ravensfiowrwe, Kent co. 
 Sherbourn, or Sherborne, ~} 
 Dorset-sh. &c. f 
 
 Shirburne, Oxford- sh. 
 Willybourne, Wilts, 
 
 M London, " ^ ^^^ } 
 Burnham, Essex, &c. 
 
 Do. Norfolk, 
 Franzensirwnw, Germany, 
 Heilira/m. or Heilbronn, \ 
 
 Suabia, / 
 
 Rohr&nmw, Bavaria, 
 Schonbrunn, Vienna, 
 Warmbrunn, Silesia, 
 
 To the same may be ref. Bourne, Lincoln-sh. ; Bourton, Bur- 
 ton, &c. &c. 
 
 Clear- Water (scir, Sax.) 
 
 amid Willows. 
 
 com for St Mary at the Bourn.* 
 
 Hamlet on the Burn (Crouch.) 
 Do. on the Burn(f. into Ger. Oc.) 
 of the Franks. 
 
 Rohr (tr. oftheMaeseorMeuse). 
 
 .Fazr-Spring. 
 
 Warm-Do. 3 
 
 BRIDGE, BRUCK, &c. (brigge, Sax. ; brucke, Ge.) = a 
 Passage of Wood or Stone made over a River, a 
 Bridge; as, 
 
 A\bridge, Somerset-sh. 
 , co. Cork, 
 
 Axe (f. into Bristol Channel). 
 _#a</on(f.intoKinsaleHarbour). 
 
 1 It is supp. to have received its n. from the blackness of the waters of the 
 Derwent here. 
 
 2 It was once a small village to the N. W. of London, and was anc. called 
 Tyftorn, from its sit. near a rivulet formerly called ' Ayebrook or Eyebrook,' 
 and now ' Tyburn brook.' It was the place of execution for London and 
 Middlesex till 1783. 
 
 * This mineral bath is much resorted to from the N. E. part of Germany.
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 65 
 
 e, Hants, 
 Cambridge, co. to. 
 Corbridge, Northumberland co. 
 Covfbridge, Glamorgan-sh. 
 Kilmanbridge, Surry, 
 Yiercobridge, or fersebridge, \ 
 
 Durham, / 
 
 Rodbridge, Hants, 
 Rotherir^e, Sussex co. 
 Siockbridge, Hants, York-sh.&c. 
 Stourbridge, or Sturbridge,~\ 
 
 Worcester-shire and Cam- ; 
 
 bridge-sh. J 
 
 Trowbridge, or Trolbridge, \ 
 
 Wilts, J 
 
 Tunbridge, Kent-sh. 
 
 Uxbridge, Middlesex co. 
 idge, Cornwall co. 
 
 of St Botolph (over the Test). 
 Cam (tr. of the Ouse). 1 
 at the Court (over the Tyne). 2 
 where the Cow took shelter. 3 
 where the Men were killed.* 
 
 Priests' -Bridge (over the Tees).* 
 
 of Reeds (over the Test).* 
 Bother (f. into Engl. Chan.). 
 Wooden- Bridge (stoce, Sax.) 7 
 
 Stour (tr. of the Severn & Cam). 
 
 of Trol (over the Were, tr. of 
 
 the N. Avon). 8 
 Tun (tr. of the Medway). 
 J over the Water (wise, Br.), 
 I Colne (tr. of the Thames). 
 T where once was a Ford or 
 < Ferry (vadum, L.), over 
 the tamar. 
 
 1 Formerly Grantsibridge, i. e. over the Granta. 
 
 2 It was formerly called Curia Ottodinorum, or the Court of the North- 
 umbrians. 
 
 Its n. in Welch is Pont-faen, which is only a corr. of Pont-y-fen or 
 Cow-brigge. The figures of a cow and a bridge are the arms of the to. ; 
 the people have a tradition, that, when the bridge was first built, a cow, be- 
 ing worried by the dogs, ran for shelter under one of the arches, where she 
 was so entangled by the horns, that she could not be extricated alive, and 
 that from this trivial circumstance, the to. received its n. It stands upon 
 the Agmore, a tr. of the Severn. 
 
 t Here was a great slaughter of the Dan. plunderers. 
 
 s Near it are the ruins of a chapel. 
 
 s The anc. n. was Reedeford, previous, of course, to the erection of a 
 bridge. Bede styles it ' Vadum Arundinis.' 
 
 7 It was built over the road, in a hollow way, forming a communication 
 between two parks. There is still a house at the foot of the hill, called Dry- 
 brigge, supposed to have been erected on the site of the anc. bridge. 
 
 s A Sax., who built it. Charles I. was confined here. 
 
 9 It consists of 17 arches, and was built by one Lovebone, vicar of the 
 place, to prevent the hazard to which passengers were exposed. Whatever 
 were the faults of the Romish priests in those days, they were seldom slack 
 in the cause of humanity. 
 
 F 2
 
 66 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Wentbridge, York-sh. Went (tr. of the Don). 
 
 Weybridge, co. Surrey, Wey (tr. of the Thames). 
 
 Wood6nVge, co. Suffolk, H r ooden-Bridge(overtheDeben). 
 
 Irmspriick, or Innsbruck, Tyrol, Inn (tr. of the Danube). 
 
 Osnabriick, Hanover, for Oxen (Ochsenbriicfc). 1 
 
 Rhinein'icAr, Lower Rhine, Rhine (f. into Ger. Oc.). 
 
 , or Saarfirwc^, Prussia, Sarre, or S<mr(tr. of the Blise).- 
 
 , Austria, Vokle (tr. of the Danube). 
 
 Zweybriicken, (Germ. n. of \ T^o-Bridges (over the Little 
 Deuxponts), Bavaria, / Erlbach). 
 
 To the same are to be ref. several places with Bridge or Brig ; 
 as .Bn'o^enorth, Brigg, Brigham, &c. &c., and Bruges (the Fr. 
 n. of Brugge), in W. Flanders. 
 
 BROOK, BROKE, &c. (broca, Sax.) = a Small Current of 
 Water, a Rivulet; as, 
 
 T the Store -House (binne, 
 Binbrook, Lincoln-sh. -c Sax.), on the Brook (Ank- 
 
 [ lam). 
 
 Bol\mgbroke, Do. Boiling (tr. of the Witham). 
 
 Coln^roo^, Middlesex & Bucks, Colne (tr. of the Thames). 
 Craxibrook, Kent co. frequented by Cranes. 
 
 Pembroke, co. to. the Hill (Ben) over the Brook. 3 
 
 Sayor0o&, U. S. in hon. of Lord Vise. Say& Seal. 
 
 Walbrook, London, of the Wall.* 
 
 To the same are to be ref. several places beginning with Brock 
 or Brocken, Brook, &c. &c. 
 
 1 Some maintain that it was derived from Qsenbruck, i. e. Bridge over 
 the Osen. The ffase, however, and not the Osen, as might be naturally 
 inferred from this der., is the small riv. which traverses the town. 
 
 2 It is supp. to be the site of a Roman town, the ' Pons Saravi ' men- 
 tioned in the Itinerary of Antonine. 
 
 3 It is built on a neck of land that bounds the small estuary of Downpool, 
 a branch of Milfordhaven. 
 
 * From a running water^ which entered the wall between Bishopsgate 
 and Moorgate.
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 67 
 
 CAMP, CHAMP, (campo, I., Sp. ; champ, Fr. ; campus, L.) 
 
 = a Field ; as, 
 
 (corr. for Elysius"! 
 Campus}, France, J 
 
 Fecamp, Do. of Tribute (Fisci Campus}. 2 
 
 Jt5GclU.C/rw/?/?y(? ^ IjSSGX C0^ CKC JLj(sC[t%ttTi&v~j? IGlCl* 
 
 Cawjoo-di-Fiori, Rome, of Flowers. 3 
 
 Campo-M.ajor, Spain, 1%-Field. 
 
 Carw/jo-Santo, Rome, Holy-Do.* 
 
 Campo-Vaccino, Do. of Cows or Cattle.* 
 
 CASTER, CESTER, CHESTER, &c. (ceaster, Sax. ; castro, 
 
 Sp. ; castrum, or castra, L.) = an Encampment -.or 
 
 Fort, or Fortified Town ; as, 
 
 Alcaster, York-sh. 
 Doncaster, Do. 
 Lancaster, co. to. of Lanes. 
 Alcester, or Aulcester, War- 
 
 wick-sh. 
 Bicker, Birces/er, &c. Ox- 
 
 ford-sh. 
 
 Cirences^r, Gloucester-sh. 
 
 Gloucester, co. to. 
 
 Leicester (anc. Leyrcester), co 
 
 Alne (tr. of the Ouse). 
 Don (tr. of the Aire). 
 Lan or Z-wwe (f. into Ir. Sea). 
 
 Alne (confl. with the Arrow), 
 built by Birinus (anc. Birin- 
 
 f Chern or Churn (Cirenus, L., 
 ( tr. of the Thames). 
 
 .Fa-zV-City (Gleauces^re, Br.). 
 .to. Leire (tr. of the Trent). 7 
 
 1 This is the 11. of the anc. cemetery at Aries. 
 
 2 It is said to have existed in the Roman times as a place for collecting 
 tribute. 
 
 3 So called, perhaps, from the anc. Floral games performed there. 
 
 4 There was once a cemetery on this spot, where St Helen is said to have 
 placed a quantity of earth, brought from the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. 
 
 s In anc. Rome, this was a field or market for cows and other animals. 
 It is no longer appropriated to that purpose, and the n. has given place to 
 that of Forum Romanum. 
 
 e He was Bishop of Dorchester. 
 
 j It stands on the right bank of the Soar, the anc. n. of which was Leire.
 
 68 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Monkc//ester,Northumberlandco. of the Monks. 1 
 
 Towcester, Northampton co. Tow (tr. of the Ouse). 
 
 Worcester, co. to. in a Forest, or among Trees. 1 
 
 Ackmanc/f ester, Somerset-sh. of Peking-Men. 3 
 
 Chichester, co. to. of Sussex, huilt by Cissa.* 
 
 Colchester, Essex, Colne (f. into the Ger. Oc.). 
 
 Dorchester, co. to. of Dorset-sh. on the Water or River (Frome). 5 
 Dorchester, Oxford-sh. Do. (Thames). 6 
 
 Ebchester, Durham co. of Ebba." 1 
 
 Godmanchester, Hunts, of the Good-Man. 8 
 
 \\chesler, Somerset-sh. Ivel (tr. of the Parret). 
 
 Manchester, Lanes. of -S&we-quarries (Maen, Br.) 9 
 
 Rochester, Do. Ribble (f. into the Ir. Sea). 
 
 "Rochester, co. Kent, on a Rock (Eoihceaster, Sax.). 10 
 
 Silchester Hants f Great-Ciiy (see Selkirk, at 
 
 ' " ' \ Pref. Kirk.)" 
 
 1 The n. which Newcastle bore till the time of the Norman invasion, 
 when it took its name from a castle erected here by Robert, eldest son of 
 William I., as a check upon the Scots- Newcastle-on-Tyne, and Newcastle- 
 under-Lyme, are so designated in contradistinction to each other. 
 
 2 Wireornaceaster, Sax. (wire, a forest) and Vigornia, L. The country 
 abounds in woods. 
 
 3 This is the anc. n. of Bath, which was so called from the concourse of 
 invalids, who frequented it in pursuit of health. By Ptolemy, it is called 
 'f^Kra. Gsgfut, i. e. Hot-Baths ; and by Antoninus, Aquae Soils, i. e.,, Wa- 
 ters of the Sun. 
 
 Cissaneeaster, Sax- He was second king of the South Saxons. 
 
 s Anc. -Dwmovaria, i. e. the passage of the river ; and by some Hydro- 
 polis, i. e. of the water. Hence Dover, Kent co. i. e. on the water, viz. 
 the Channel, the Dovre of the Br., and the Dubris of the Ro. 
 
 s Here the Thame and Isis, by their junction, form the Thames. 
 
 7 A monastery was founded here by Ebba, daughter of Ethelfred, King of 
 Northumberland. She was afterwards abbess of Coldingham. 
 
 s Gormon, or Gothrun, the first Dan. chief, who embraced Christianity, 
 King Alfred standing as his godfather. He constructed a palace here. It 
 is the Duroliponte, or rather Durosiponte, of Antoninus, i. e. the Bridge 
 over the water or river (Ouse). 
 
 There are several of good stone in the vicinity. 
 
 10 The castle is so lofty, that it may be seen at the distance of 30 miles. 
 
 u This is supposed to have been once a populous city, called by the Ro. 
 Segontium, and by the Br. Caer Segont. Leland records the walls to have 
 been two miles in compass. These still remain, and are formed of alternate 
 rows of stones and flints, about 18 feet high, and 15 thick ; and the remains 
 of the ditch are in some places 12 yards wide, with the appearance of having 
 had four principal gates.
 
 POSTFIXES. 69 
 
 , Tr . , f f White-City CW'mtanceaster, 
 
 Winchester, co. to. of Hants, < e -vi 
 
 EX DevonT *"" EMMtel>) '} Exe (f. into the Engl. Chan.)-' 
 
 Castledennot, Kildare co. in honour of the Dermots.* 
 
 Castlereagh, Down co. on a Rath. 6 
 
 Castlerising, Norfolk co. Rising (f. into Ger. Oc.). 
 
 Castletown, Isle of Man, the Town with the Castle.* 
 
 CasteJ-Fiorentino, Tuscany, of the Florentines. 
 
 Cewte/-Lamare, Naples, by the Sea (Bay of Naples). 
 
 Caste/-Lamonte, Do. on the Mount. 
 
 C#sfe/-Rodrigo, Portugal, of Roderic. 
 
 Castel-Rosso, Negropont, on the Ross or Promontory.'' 
 
 Cas/e/-San-Giovanni, Parma, of St John. 
 
 Castel-Sar&o, Sardinia, of Sardinia. 
 
 Cas/e//0-Bianco, Portugal, White-Castle (blanc, F.). 
 
 Castiglionce\\Q, Tuscany, Little-Do. 
 
 1 From the chalky cliffs which surround it (Caer-Gtwn, Br.) In the 
 vicinity of Paris, close to the village of Gentilly, stands an extensive build, 
 ing, called Bicttre, now answering the purposes of a prison, an hospital, and 
 a poor-house. In the beginning of the 13th century, the site was the property 
 of John, Bishop of Winchester, from which word, by corr., have been der. 
 the designations of Vichestre and Bicestre, now written Bicttre. 
 
 2 The Wise of the Br., from which they called this to. Caerwtse, i. e. the 
 to. on the water or river. They gave the same n. to the to. now called Usk, 
 in Monmouth-sh., which also stands upon a river that still retains the appel- 
 lation of the Usk, another corr. of the same original Br. term, from which 
 have been formed the mod. Ewes, Exe, and Esk, the last of which is the n. 
 of no less than five rivers in Scotland ; Ouse, the n. of four rivers in Eng- 
 land ; and Ouche, on which stands Dijon, the chief city of Burgundy. The 
 same word forms the first syllable of the Ir. nsquebauh, and the Sc. whisky, 
 both of which signify ' the water of life.' J-Fsbeach, Cambridge-sh., which 
 is a corr. for Owsebeach, means the mouth (bouche, F.) of the Ouse, at or 
 near which this riv. anc. had its outfall. To the same may be ref. the initial 
 syllable of Hexhtan, Northumberland-sh. and Wexford, Ireland ; the former 
 being situated on the Tyne, and the latter at the mouth of the Slaney. 
 Waterford, which gives n. to a co. conterminous to Wexford co., means 
 exactly the same thing, being sit. at the mouth of the Suir. Exeter consists 
 of four principal streets, which terminate in Carfax Place, so called from two 
 old Norman words, signifying 'Four-ways ,' (Car, for Quatre.) 
 
 4 These anc. kings of Leinster resided here, 
 s It stands on the summit of a Dan. rath. 
 
 e This strong and beautiful castle, which is still entire, was erected by 
 Guttred, King of Man, about 90'0, who lies interred in it. 
 7 It is sit. at the S. extremity of the island.
 
 70 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Castitteja-de-\a-Cu.esta, Spain, of the D<?c/zi/y(costa, L.). 1 
 
 Casr0-del-Rey, Do. of the King. 
 
 Castrogenz, Do. oWcesar(anc. CastrumCxsaris). 
 
 Costromaimo, Portugal, on the Sea-coast. 
 
 C^ate/herault, France, of Herault.* 
 
 Chateaudun, Do. on the Dun or Height.* 
 
 Chateauneuf, Do. New-Cast\e. 
 
 Chateauroux., Do. built by jRaow/(Rodolph)deDeols. 4 
 
 Ckateauthierry, Do. of Thierry IV. 
 
 Chatillon-swc-Seme, Do. Seine (f. into Engl. Channel). 
 
 Barnardcas^e, Durham co. built by Bernard Baliol.s 
 
 Bishopscas/e, Shropsh. of the Bishop. 
 
 Deelcastle, co. Mayo, Deel (f. into Lough Conn). 
 
 Hurstcastle, Hants, of the Hurst or Forest." 
 
 Tongca^/e,forThongcas^Kent, of the Thong or Hide.' 
 
 Neufckatel, Switzerland, New-Castle. 
 
 To the same are to be ref. a great variety of n. of places ; such 
 as Caislor, in Norfolk ; Casterton, Castor, Castleton ; Cashel, in 
 Ireland ; Cassel, Kassel, Kessel or Kaslel, in Germany ; Chester, 3 
 Chesterton, Chateau or Cateau, Chatelet or Chastelet, Chatillon, 
 &c. &c. ; and the various forms of Caslel, Caslello, Castiglione 
 or Castellone, &c. in I., Sp., and Port. 
 
 Horn-Castle, Lincoln-sh., i. e. Winter Camp, is supp. to have 
 been the Castra Hyberna of the Romans. The walls, which en- 
 compassed it, are in many places visible. 
 
 i It is 2 leagues from Seville, and takes its n. from its sit. on a hill. 
 
 i He was lord of the soil in the llth century, and built a castle here, 
 which is no longer in existence. 
 
 It is sit. on an eminence near the Loire. 
 
 < He was a Frankish noble. 
 
 s He was great-grandfather of John Baliol, King of Scotland. 
 
 It was built by Henry VIII., and in it was confined Charles I. before 
 his trial. 
 
 7 Vortigern, the Br. king, gave Hengist, the Sax. here as much land as 
 he could encompass with a bull's hide. Directly parallel, according to many, 
 is Byrsa, the castle or citadel of anc. Carthage. Thus Virgil, 
 
 ' ubi mine ingentia cernes 
 
 Moenia, surgentemque novae Carthaginis arcem : 
 Mercatique solum, facti de nomine, ByrsamS /. I. 365. 
 
 s It owes its n. to a castle, which was new about 1300 years ago, having 
 been erected in the fifth century. 
 
 9 Here the 20th legion was stationed. Its Welch n. has ref. to the same 
 fact, being, when rendered into Engl., ' the City of the Legion, on the waters 
 of the Dee,'
 
 POSTFIXES. 71 
 
 CLIFF, &c. (clifor cliof, Sax. ; dims, L.) = the Side of 
 a Hill ; as, 
 
 Egglesc^ or Eggrfjfl Dur- \ ^ ^ ^^ 
 
 ham co. J 
 
 Guysclffi Warwick-sh. of Guy, Earl of Warwick. 1 
 
 Radcli/e, or Ratcli/e, Notts. .Kerf-Cliff. 2 
 
 Stanc/^ Derby-sh. Stony-Do. 
 
 Clifton, Gloucester-sh. Town on a Cliff. 
 
 COMBE, in England ; CWM, in Wales ; &c. (cum, Br.) 
 = a Hollow between Hills, a Valley ; as, 
 
 Colcombe, Devon-sh. Coly (tr. of the Axe). 
 
 Stancombe, Gloucester-sh. Stony- Valley. 
 
 Wycombe, Bucks, Wyck (tr. of the Thames). 
 
 Yarcombe, Devon-sh. Yarty (tr. of the Exe). 
 
 C0mneath, Glamorgan-sh. Neath (f. into Bristol Channel)'. 
 
 Cwmrydol, Cardigan-sh. Rydol (f. into Cardigan Bay). 
 
 C^mystwith, Do. Ystwith (f. into the Ir. Sea). 
 
 C^wzdyli, Camarvon-sh. Dyli (Do. Do.). 
 
 There are various to. of the n. of Comb, Combs, and Campion, 
 in England. To the same is ref. Cwm, in Flint-sh. The hol- 
 lows in the Mendip Hills, and in the Chiltem Hills, are called 
 Combs or Coombs. 3 
 
 \ It is said to have been the hermitage to which this earl retired. 
 
 2 So named from a bank of red clay in the neighbourhood. 
 
 3 T. A. G. takes this opportunity of acknowledging the receipt of a number 
 of the Carlisle Patriot, in which appeared a communication to the Editor 
 on the derivation of the word Cumberland. He has, accordingly, been in- 
 duced to introduce into this edition the term Comb, &c., and begs to subjoin 
 an extract from the communication just alluded to : 
 
 ' The provincial pronunciation of Cumberland corresponds with the 
 southern spelling and pronunciation of Coomb. It is pronounced C'oom- 
 berland by the country people in many parts of the county. Cum, 
 meaning valley ; and er being the Saxon word for man, Cum-er, or as the 
 pronunciation would sound to the ear Cumber, which would be the term 
 applied by the Saxons to a man living in a valley. Cumberland, then, means
 
 72 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 COTE, &c. (cot, Sax. ; cwt, Welsh) = a Small Dwelling, 
 a Cot or Cottage, a Hut ; as, 
 
 Fencotes, Oxford-sh. &c. "} . 7-, r *,-,* A 
 -n ,. TT f j i / in fenny vjrrouna. 
 
 Fenced, Hereford-sh. j 
 
 Alecoats, Notts, Old- Dwelling. 
 
 Saltcoafe, Ayr-sh. for making Salt. 1 
 
 There are sev. to. in England of the n. of Cote and Cotes. 
 
 COTE, COTTA, &c. (cota, Sanscr.) = a Fort, Fortress ; as, 
 
 Jagareofe, Hindostan, Bamboo-Fort. 
 
 Chicacotta, Do. Little-Do. 
 
 Deircotta, Do. of the Goddess. 
 
 Gazgotta, Do. of the Elephant. 
 
 Amerkote, Do. of the Immortals. 
 
 Noakote, Do. New-Fort (novus, L. ; veos). 
 
 DAM, (damm, Ger.) = a Bank, Dike; also, a Sluice; as, 
 
 Amsterdam, Holland, Amstel (f. into the Zuyder-zee). 
 
 Edam, Do. Ey (f. into Do.). 
 
 Leerdam, Do. Leer (tr. of the Maese). 
 
 Rottere/ai, Do. Rotter (confl, of Do.). 
 
 Schiedam, Do. Schie (confl. of Do.). 
 
 Zaandam, or Saardam, Do. Zaaw or Saar (tr. of the Wye). 
 
 The Heilige</azm, or Holy (heilig)-dike (a n. that indicates, 
 perhaps, the veneration in which it was held hy the early inhab- 
 itants), consists of low flat stones, of different sizes and colours, in 
 
 the ' Land of the Men of the Vallies.' This is well illustrated by Ander- 
 on, the Cumberland bard, in his song of ' Sally Gray :' 
 
 There's Cumwhitton, Cumwhinton, Cumranton, 
 
 Cumrangen, Cumrew, and Cumcatch, 
 And mony mair Cums i' the county, 
 
 But nin wi' Cumdivock can match.' 
 
 I have no doubtJ if these Cums be examined, they will all be found in hol- 
 lows, hence their name. N. I. T." 
 
 i About 200 years ago, this to., which has now a population of about 
 3500, consisted of only 4- little cottages, inhabited by as many families, who 
 gained a livelihood by making salt in kettles.
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 73 
 
 the neighbourhood of Dobberan, in the Duchy of Mecklenburgb, 
 and serves as a barrier against the impetuous sea that breaks on 
 them. 
 
 DEN, (Sax.) = gen., a Deep Vale, a Ravine ; as, 
 
 Deepafew, or Vibden, Surrey, 
 Embden, Westphalia, 
 Walden, Essex, &c. 
 
 Denbigh, oo. to. 
 
 Deep- Den. 
 
 Embs (f. into German Ocean). 
 
 f Bie or Dwelling in the Vale 
 '( (of the Clwy'd). 
 
 DORF, DORP, TORP, THORP, TREF, &c. (dorf, Ge. ; 
 tre, Old B.) = a Dwelling, Village, Town ; as, 
 
 Abrahamsrfor/', Hungary, 
 Altdorf, or Altorf, Switzerland, 
 Dusseldorf, Prussia, 
 KesseWor/", Up. Saxony, 
 Meldorf, Denmark, 
 Neudorf, Hungary, 
 Traunsdorf, Prussia, 
 Ostratorp, Austria, 
 Althorp, or Oldthorp, Nor-1 
 thampton-sh. J 
 
 Co\)mentkorp, York-sh. 
 Kelthorp, Rutland-sh. 
 Oswin^orjo, York-sh. 
 7Vtf/clraeth, Anglesey, 
 Tre/ycoed, Cardigan-sh. 
 TVecoed, Radnor-sh. 
 Trecastle, Brecknock- sh. 
 Tremadoc, Carnarvon- sh. 
 Trenewydd, Montgomery-sh. 
 
 of Abraham. 
 
 OW-Town. 
 
 Dussel (confl. with the Rhine). 
 
 Caslle-Town. 
 
 Miele (f. into the Germ. Oc.). 
 
 JVezr-Town. 
 
 of Trajan. 3 
 
 Eastern-Town. 
 
 OZ^-Dwelling. 
 
 of Chapmen or Merchants. 
 
 Kirk-Town. 
 
 of Oswin.* 
 
 on the Frith or Estuary. 
 
 in the Wood. 
 
 Castle-Town. 
 
 of W. A. Madocks, Esq. 
 
 New-Town (novus, L., &c.). 
 
 1 It is a seat of the Duke of Norfolk. 
 
 2 Walden, in Essex, is sometimes distinguished as Saffron -Walden, from 
 the great quantity of that plant formerly cultivated in the neighbourhood. 
 
 3 The number of Ro. antiquities found here, and other reasons, render it 
 probable that it was the ' Castrum Trajani.' 
 
 * It was the seat of this Northumbrian king. 
 
 G
 
 74 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Treowen, Monmouth-sh. of Owen. 
 
 Tmlee, Kerry co. Lee (f. into Atlantic). 
 
 -r, , , - f on a Ravine or Hollow of a 
 
 Tnraent, E. Lothian, 
 
 /in the Meadow of the 
 Troppau, Austria, j ^ (tr> rf thg Qder)> 
 
 Ochiltree, Ayr-sh. .Hz^- Dwelling (uchdall). 2 
 
 Ciunmoftw (corr. for Cum- \ &t ^ Short _ Vall 
 
 bertre), Dumfries-sh. J 
 
 Sou?m (anc. Sokm), Had-1 with a 
 
 dmgton-sh. J 
 
 Coventry, Warwick-sh. at the Convent (ConventriajL.) 
 Daven^,orDam^(Dwy-| 
 
 avon^re, Old B.), North- V ^ Nen)> 
 
 ampton-sh. J 
 
 Oswestry, Shrop-sh. of Oswald (anc. Oswalds^).* 
 
 DROOG, (durga, Sanscr.) == a Castle, Fortress ; as, 
 
 Callienofroo^ Hindostan, Flourishing-Fortress. 
 
 ChitteWroo<7, Do. Spotted-Do. 
 
 Savenrfroo^r, or Severndroog, Do. Golden-Do. 
 
 FELD ; FIELD, &c. (feld, Sax. ; veld, Dutch) = lit., a 
 Piece of Land cleared of Trees, or from which the 
 Trees have been felled ; a Field, Plain ; as, 
 
 Donnersfeld, Prussia, of Thunder. 
 
 Friedricks/eW, Do. inhon.ofFra/m'c^II. of Prussia. 
 
 1 Immediately to the west of the oldest houses of the to., there is such a 
 ravine, through which a streamlet runs. 
 
 2 The old castle stands upon the brow of the high rocky banks of the 
 Lugar. 
 
 3 This is quite descriptive of the sit. of the village. 
 
 The village and church anc. occupied a commanding sight on the^sum- 
 mit of the hill of that name. 
 
 s> It was destroyed by the Danes in 1016, and rebuilt by Leofric, King of 
 Mercia. To the same (convent, F.) are to be ref. Couvins, Belgium, and 
 Coww/garden, London. This celebrated market was formerly the garden 
 attached to a religious house. 
 
 s A Northumbrian king, who was killed here in a battle with Penda, 
 King of Mercia.
 
 POSTFIXES. 75 
 
 Frauen/eZaf, Swisserland, of the Women or Nuns. 
 
 Lech / eld, Bavaria, Lech (tr. of the Danube). 
 
 Mansfeld, Prussia, of Mannus. 1 
 
 Rhin/efof, Suabia, Rhine (f. into Germ. Oc.). 
 
 Roemer/W, Westphalia, of the Romans. 
 
 Ss&lfeld, Germany, Saale (tr. of the Elbe). 
 
 Winfeld, Do. of Victory* 
 
 "Bassevelde, Belgium, Low-tying Field. 
 
 'Battlefield, Shrop-sh. of Battle. 3 
 
 Beaconsj6e/</, Bucks, with the Beacon. 4 
 
 Blith/ze/</, Stafford-sh. Blith (tr. of the Frome). 
 
 Chesterfield, Derby-sh. of the Camp.*- 
 
 Coilsfield, Ayr-sh. of Coil, or Coilus.e 
 Vnfield, or Driffield, York-sh. .Dry-Field.' 
 
 Dron/?e/rf, Derby-sh. among the Droms or Hills. 8 
 
 Dunfield, or D<ffield, Do. with the Dun or Hill. 
 
 Ecclesfield, York-sh. Church-Field. 
 
 Ruddersfield, Do. of Hudder or Oder. 3 
 
 1 The early king of the Germans, from whom they der., ace. to some, the 
 n. of Alemanni. 
 
 2 Here Arminius, or Herman, defeated the legions of Varus, A.D. 10. 
 
 3 Here Henry IV. gained a victory over the rebels under Henry Percy, 
 surnamed Hotspur. 
 
 4 It stands on a hill, and is supp. to have der. its n. from a beacon, which 
 was formerly erected here. Lord Coke thus remarks about beacons. >" Be- 
 fore the reign of Edward III., they were but stacks of wood, set up on high 
 places, which were fired when the coming of enemies was descried ; but, in 
 his reign, pitch-boxes, as now they be, were set up, instead of those stacks ; 
 and this properly is a beacon." These beacons had watches regularly kept 
 at them, and horsemen were stationed by most of them, to give notice in the 
 day-time of an enemy's approach, when the fire could not be seen. Beacon- 
 hills occur in some part or other of most counties of England, which have 
 elevated ground. An iron beacon, or fire-pot, may still be seen standing 
 upon the tower of Hadley Church, in Middlesex. 
 
 5 Here the Danes stationed a camp for a considerable time. 
 
 To the S. of Coilsfield-House is a large mound, on the centre and 
 highest part of which are 2 large stones of basalt, which, according to tradi- 
 tion, mark the spot where the mortal remains of Old King Coil were depo- 
 sited. Kyle, the n. of the central dist. of Ayr-sh., is supp. to be the same 
 word Coil. Ace. to Bellenden, in his translation of Hector Boece, " Kyle is 
 namit frae Coyll, king of the Britons, quhilk was slain in the same region." 
 
 i It is memorable as being the burying-place of Alfred, the famed king of 
 the Saxons. 
 
 e It is sit. among the mountains, at the edge of the Peak. 
 
 The first Saxon who settled on the river Colne.
 
 76 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Lich/eW.orLitctyze/^Stafford-sh. of Dead Bodies (lych, Sax.)' 
 
 Macclesfield, Cheshire, of St Michael. 2 
 
 Mansfield, Notts. Jtfaw,orMaHM(tr.oftheMedon). 
 
 Msrchfield, Gloucester-sh. of the Marches. 3 
 
 Rother/ze/</, Sussex co. Rother (f. into the Engl. Chan.) 
 
 Sheffield, York-sh. Sheaf (tr. of the Don). 
 
 Smitkfield, London, Smooth or Level-Field. 
 
 Stanfield, Lines., &c. Stony-Do. 
 
 Wednes -field, Stafford-sh. of Woden, or Odin.* 
 
 Moorfields, Do. of the Moor or Marsh. 6 
 
 Sipitelfields, Do. of the Spittal, i. e. Hospital.* 
 
 FERRY, &c. (falir. Sax. ; from ferre, L., to carry) = the 
 Part of a River, Arm of the Sea, &c., where Passen- 
 gers, Cattle, and Goods, are conveyed across ; as, 
 
 Porta/erry, Down co. Port at the Ferry. 7 
 
 Queens/er7 m y, Linlithgow-sh. in hon. of Queen Margaret. 8 
 
 Aude > r Anton < tr - f the 
 
 Hanower, Germany, i. e. Have over. 9 
 
 Souihover, Sussex, South-Ferry. 
 
 1 Many suffered martyrdom here in the time of Dioclesian. 
 
 2 There is a large church here, called St Michael's, supp. to have been 
 erected here by the family of Savage. 
 
 3 Near the to. are the three shire-stones, to mark the limits of the three 
 counties, which here meet in a point. The other two counties are Somerset- 
 sh. and Wilts. 
 
 * The god of battle among the Saxons. It is noted for a battle fought 
 here in 911, when the Br. under Edward the Elder, completely routed the 
 Danes ; two mounts are still shewn at the place, where the dead bodies of 
 the two nations were interred. 
 
 * This ground was formerly impassable, except by causeways made for 
 the purpose. 
 
 From the Priory of St Mary, where sermons were annually preached on 
 the Easter holidays, thence called ' Spital Sermons.' 
 
 -, It stands at the eastern side of the narrow entrance into Strangford loch. 
 
 H This Queen of Malcolm Canmore frequently used this ferry in her 
 passage to and from the palace at Dunfermline. 
 
 9 Hanover had no existence before 1163, and its original n. was Lawen- 
 rode ; but, about the time of Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, it received 
 the n. of Hanover, as it was then a ferry over the Leine.
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 77 
 
 Ferriby, Lincoln-sh. 
 Ferrybridge, York-sh. 
 -ferry-Port-on-Craig, Fife-sh. 
 
 FORD, (Sax. ; furt, Ge. ; TTO/JOS) = the Shallow part of a 
 River, where a Passage may be effected ; as, 
 
 Ferry-Town. 
 
 {Bridge at the Ferry or Ford 
 (over the Arc), 
 of the Port on a Craig. 1 
 
 Abbots/or</, Roxburgh-sh. 
 
 M\esford, or Aylesford (corr. 
 
 for Eagles/brrf), Kent co. 
 Aires/bra?, Hants, 
 
 Athelstane/b/Y/, Haddington-sh. 
 
 Bedford, co. to. of Beds. 
 
 Bide/brrf (Bedican/braf, Sax.)\ 
 Devon-sh. I 
 
 Brad/orrf, Wilts, &c. 
 Brent/bn/, Middlesex, 
 
 Eurford (Beerford, Sax.) Ox- 
 ford-sh. 
 
 Camel/on/, Cornwall, 
 Chard/brrf (anc. Cerde/brrf),) 
 Hants, J 
 
 {of the Abbots or Monks (of 
 Melrose) over the Tweed. 2 
 
 of Eagles (over the Medway). 3 
 
 (tr. of the Itchin). 
 fof Athelstan, over the Lug- 
 
 t down-burn (f. into the 
 Firth of Forth).* 
 / Fortress at the Ford (over 
 \ the Great Ouse). 5 
 By or near the Ford (over 
 the Torridge, tr. of the Taw). 
 J Broad-Ford over the N. Avon 
 \ (f. into Bristol Channel). 
 Brent (tr. of the Thames). 
 Tthe Ford-Town famous (for- 
 -< merly) for its Beer (over 
 (_ the Windruch). 
 Camel (f. into Bristol Chan.) 
 of Cerdic (over the Wey, tr. of 
 the Thames). 6 
 
 i Previous to the erection of a pier, the boats landed and took in passen- 
 gers at the point of a craiy, where, by the aid of a timber platform laid be- 
 tween the craig and the boat, horses and cattle were also shipped. 
 
 The seat of the late Sir Walter Scott, sit. a few miles above Melrose 
 Abbey. 
 
 s Aquileia, Italy, famous for the brave stand it made to Attila, king of 
 the Huns, is a parallel term. 
 
 * Here Athelstan, king of the East Sax., ferried over his army against 
 the Sc., and, in a battle with King Hungus, was violently pulled from his 
 horse, and slain. . 
 
 i It is said to have been the buryiny-place of Offa, king of the Mercians. 
 
 Here this Sax. prince obtained a signal victory over the Britons. 
 
 G a
 
 78 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Chelms/ora 7 , Essex, Chelmer (f. into German Oc.). 
 
 Craw/bra 7 (forCaei/oraf^Lan-l the Castle at the Ford (over the 
 
 ark-sh. J Clyde). 
 
 Crayford, Kent-sh. Cray (tr. of the Darent). 1 
 
 ^Sfnf sh (f r Darent>Y/) ' } Darent (tr. of the Thames). 
 Dept/bra 7 , Kent-sh. ; Dip/bra 7 , \ 
 
 Devon-sh. J 
 
 Eck/bra 7 , Roxburgh-sh. 
 
 Guild/bra 7 , Surrey, 
 Hej/bra 7 , Cornwall co. 
 Here/bra 7 , co. to. 
 
 Hert/bra 7 , co. to. of Herts, 
 
 Ken/bra 7 , Devon-sh. 
 Knuts/bro 7 , Cheshire, 
 Lid/bra 7 , Devon-sh. 
 Long/bra 7 , co. to.; Langford,&c. 
 
 Mud/on/, Somerset- sh. 
 
 Or/bra 7 , Suffolk co. 
 
 Oxford (anc. Oxen/bra 7 ), co. to. 
 
 f 
 
 < 
 
 (^ 
 
 Deep-Ford (over the Thames). 2 
 
 at the Aecs or Oaks (over the 
 
 Teviot). 3 
 
 of the Brethren or Fraternity 
 (over the Wey. tr. of the 
 ^ Thames). 
 
 Jfcfe (f. into Engl. Chan.). 
 Tof the Jrmj/ (^ere, Sax.) 
 -J over the Wye (tr. of the 
 (^ Severn). 
 
 ? 7fa/-Ford(flW-Ford,Sax.) 
 -J over the Lea (tr. of the 
 (_ Thames). 4 
 Ken (tr. of the Exe). 
 J of -K"w? or Canute (over the 
 I Birken, tr. of the Bollin). 6 
 Lid (tr. of the Tamar). 
 ( Lo^-Ford (over the Cam- 
 \ mon, tr. of the Shannon). 
 j of Mud or Slime (over the 
 \ Parret, f. into Bristol Chan.). 
 Ore (tr. of the Aide). 
 f of or for 0ew (over the Isis, 
 "\ tr. of the Thames). 7 
 
 i Here Hengist, the Sax., defeated the Britons with prodigious slaughter. 
 
 3 Or over the Kavensworth, near its confl. with the Thames. 
 
 3 In the bed of the river, near the ford, oaks of considerable size have oc- 
 casionally been seen. 
 
 From the colour of the gravel at the bottom of the river. 
 
 5 He passed over it with his army. 
 
 The bridge is thrown over a part of the river that is pent between two 
 rocks ; and the water is at such a depth below, that passengers can only 
 hear its noise, without seeing it. Near this is a fine cataract. 
 
 7 Ace. to other authorities, it is supp. to be a corr. of Ouseney/ord, the 
 ford at or near Ouseney, or the meadow of Ouse, a term denoting water.
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 79 
 
 Pitch/on/, Shrop-sh. 
 
 Eetford, and Rad/braf, Notts, 
 
 Rum/on/ (for Roding/o/W), ) 
 Essex co. / 
 
 Seaford, Sussex, 
 
 Slaughter/orrf, Wilts, 
 Slea/oro?, Lines. 
 Stafford, co. to. 
 
 Stam/brr/ (for Stan/orrf),Nor-\ 
 folk co., &c. J 
 
 Stort/brrf, Essex co. 
 
 Strang/orc?, or Stran([ford, \ 
 Down co. / 
 
 Strafford, York-sh. 
 
 Stratford, Suffolk co., and \ 
 Essex co. / 
 
 Swinford, Mayo, 
 
 Ihetford, Norfolk co. 
 Walling/on/, Berks. 
 Water/ore/, co. to. 
 
 Watford, Herts. 
 "Frankfurt, Germany, 
 
 f where a mineral Pitch exudes 
 \ (over the Severn). 
 y the Red-Ford, (over the Idle, 
 i tr. of the Trent). 1 
 
 Rodin (tr. of the Thames). 
 
 beside the Sea (English Chan.). 
 Cof Slaughter (over the Box- 
 t bourne, tr. of the N. Avon). 2 
 Ska (tr. of the Witham). 
 / with Staffs (staef, Sax.) (over 
 \ the Sow, tr. of the Trent). 3 
 Stony-Ford (over a tr. of the 
 
 Ouse). 
 
 Start (tr. of the Lee), 
 on the Strand or Bank (of the 
 
 Bay so called). 
 
 by the Street (over the Don). 4 
 the Strait or Narrow-Ford over 
 
 the Stour (f. into Ger. Oc.). 
 
 of the Swine (over the Moy, 
 
 f. into Killala Bay). 
 Thet (tr. of the Little Ouse). s 
 PFaWeof-Town(overtheThames) 
 over the Water or River (Suir). 7 
 
 {on the Ro. road called Wai- 
 ling Street (over the Colne). 8 
 J .Free-Town at the Ford (over 
 \ the Oder, f. into the Baltic). 
 
 i So n. from the striking colour of the red marl in the vicinity. 
 * The n. corroborates the tradition among die natives, that the Danes on 
 this spot were worsted in a bloody engagement. 
 
 3 Formerly a pair of such staffs or stilts was frequently left on either bank 
 of a ford for the convenience of passengers, as is the practice in some districts 
 at the present day. 
 
 4 It is a passage over the Don, by the Ro. Ikenild Street. 
 
 s The Sitomagus of Antoninus ; in Br., the City on the Sit or Thet. 
 
 e It was formerly surrounded by watts, and had a castle of great strength. 
 
 T The Suir (Severus, L-) is a broad, deep, and rapid river, and falls into 
 the arm of the sea called Waterford Harbour. 
 
 s It was one of the consular highways, made by the Ro. for the march of 
 their armies, and formed by stakes, and smaller pieces of wood between them, 
 called wattles, to keep up the earth and stones.
 
 80 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 v , f Klasen or Glan (tr. of the 
 
 Klagen/Mrt, Carmthia, <[ jf rave)> 
 
 Wipper/art, Prussia, Wipper (tr. of the Rhine). 
 
 There are several places of the n. of Ford in Engl., as well as 
 a small village in the southern part of E, Lothian. 
 
 GAR, GARD, GRAD, GOROD, &c. (Russ., &c. ; hortus,L.) 
 = an Enclosure ; a Fortified Place ; a Town ; as, 
 
 Cashgar or Kashgar, Chi-1 rf fa Mountain*. 
 
 nese lartary, J 
 
 Beligme/ Belgrade, or Biya- 1 mite _ Ch 
 
 grod, lurkey, J 
 
 Konstantinograrf, Germany, in hon. of Constantine. 
 
 Myklagrad, Scandinavian n. 1 /-, . T-V x 
 
 of Constantinople, J 
 
 Paulograrf, Russia, in hon. of the Emperor Paul. 
 
 TemesK>ar, Hungary, Temesck (tr. of the Danube). 
 
 Beloiffororf, a division of Mos- 1 T r 7 7 .. n ., 
 
 y -o > ry/Mte-(jity.* 
 
 cow, Russia, J J 
 
 Jamgorod, Do. Jama (f. into Gulf of Finland). 
 
 Kitaigoroaf, a division of Mos- 1 .-,, . m 
 
 5 T, > Chinese-Town, 
 
 cow, Russia, J 
 
 Novq^oroc/, or Novgorod, Do. 2VieK>-Do. (novus, L., &c.). 
 
 Samlianoigororf, Do. Earthen-Do.^ 
 
 Hartzgerode, Anhalt, near the Hartz Mountains. 
 
 Gororfarchangelskoi, Russia, of the Archangel.* 
 
 GATE, (Sax.) = an Entrance into a City, &c. ; as, 
 
 Alders^ate, London-City, reared by Aldric, the Sax. 
 
 e, Do. Oi 
 
 1 The Russians term it Zaregorod, and the Bulgarians Zaregrad, i. e. 
 Royal-City (Czar). 
 
 2 So called from a white wall which encircled it. 
 
 3 So called from earthen ramparts which surround it. 
 
 < It was built in 1584, near the convent of the saint and archangel Mi- 
 chael. 
 
 5 It was formerly the principal entrance to the city.
 
 POSTFIXES. 81 
 
 Billingsgate, London-City, in hon. of Belinus. 1 
 
 Bishopsgafe, Do. built by Bishop Erkenwald.* 
 
 Eradiate, Leicester-sh., &c. Broad or Wide-Gate. 
 
 Canongate, Edinburgh-City, of the Canons. 3 
 
 Crippleyate, London-City, of Cripples.* 
 
 Dowgate, Do. Water-Gate (anc. Dourgafe).* 
 
 High^ate, Do. on the Height. 6 
 
 Ludgate, Do. in hon. of Lud. 7 
 
 , , , M + \v- f for a Mere or Stream of 
 
 JM ur^atei anc. JMerefl'at^ j.ivent co. *\ -rrr . /p . T* i /-.- \ 
 y ' | Water (t. into Lngl. Chan.). 
 
 More^ate, London-City, of the Moor or Fen. 
 
 Portrafe,Northumberland co. the Port or Gate. 8 
 
 e, or Rye^ate, Surrey, ontheC<>w,ye(ofatr.oftheMole).' 
 
 GAUT, GHAUT, &c. (ghat, ghaut, Sanscr.) = a Pass or 
 Passage (betwixt Mountains, or across a River) ; a 
 Ford ; as, 
 
 Geragaut, Hindostan, Horse-Pass. 
 
 ^axnghaut, Do. in hon. of Rama or Ram. 
 
 Sheergofta, Do. Leon-Ford. 
 
 1 A Br. King, said to have assisted Brennus, king of the Gauls, at the 
 taking of Rome. 
 
 2 In 675. It was repaired by William 'the Conqueror, soon after the 
 Norman conquest, but was afterwards taken down, to make that part of the 
 city more airy and commodious. This gate, the German merchants of the 
 Society of the Hanse-towns were bound by article to keep in repair, and, in 
 case of a siege, to defend. 
 
 3 Viz. the monks of the Abbey of Holyrood, who were allowed by David 
 I. to build this to., which was sometimes called Canoresburgh. 
 
 An asylum for such formerly stood here. 
 
 s It was made in the original wall that ran along the north bank of the 
 Thames, for the security of the city against invasion by water. 
 
 The toll-gate, belonging to the Bishop of London, has stood for time 
 immemorial on the summit of the hill. It fronts Hamstead-Hill, hence 
 denominated its sister ; thus, 
 
 " now the raptur'd eye, 
 
 Exulting, swift to huge Augusta send : 
 Now to the sister hills, that skirt her plain." 
 
 Thomson's Summer, 1410. 
 7 Son of Belinus, the Br. king mentioned above. 
 
 s There was formerly a gate here through the Picts' wall, the ruins of 
 which are still observable. 
 9 A gate, and some small remains of Holmes Castle, are still to be seen.
 
 82 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 GEN, &c. (an abbreviated form of megen, Teut., for magus, 
 Celt., which, ace. to Wachter, denotes) = a Field ; a 
 Colony or Town ; as, 
 
 Gromngen, Holland, founded by Gruno. 1 
 Wimwegen, Nymegen, or "I 
 
 Nimegnen (Niewmegen, V New-Town. (Nov'iomagus, L.) 
 
 Teut,), Do. J 
 
 Nordlingera (anc. Nereling),) in hon. of Claud. Tib. Nero (on 
 
 Grisons, / the Lin or Water Eger). 
 
 ~, ,. f over or upon the Lin or Lake 
 
 Oberlin^n, Baden, { (of Constance). 
 
 Oehrin^en, Germany, Okr (tr. of the Elbe). 
 
 Dunmoa? (anc. Dunmase), \ M u-n, 
 
 ,-, '' > on a Dun or HilL* 
 
 Essex co. J 
 
 Hamelw, Germany, Hamel (tr. of the Weser). 
 
 Meissen, Saxony, Meise (confl. of the Elbe). 
 
 Rhenen, Holland, ) -DI- fc t. n f\ \ 
 
 T> > Rhine (f. into German Ocean). 
 
 Rnemmagen, Prussia, J 
 
 Rouen, France, QfRothoTcRotko(}{othomagus,L^* 
 
 Siegew, Prussia, iSze^ (tr. of the Rhine). 
 
 GHERRY, GHIR, &c. (ghari, ghiri, Sanscr.) = a Mount ; 
 
 as, 
 
 Houghir, Hindostan, Woody - 
 
 Chand^^, or Chandnyrt ri, | f h M 
 Hindostan, J 
 
 1 He was a Duke of Friesland. 
 
 2 In the reign of Henry III., the Lord Fitzwalter instituted a custom 
 here, which is still the tenure of the manor, that whatever husband did not 
 repent of his marriage, or quarrel with his wife within a year and a day after- 
 wards, should go to the priory, and receive from the lord a gammon or flitch 
 of bacon, provided he swore to the truth of it. Some old records mention 
 several that have claimed and received this reward ; and it was received as 
 late as 17^0, by a weaver and his wife of Coggeshall. It has been de- 
 manded more recently ; but the demand is now evaded, from the ceremony 
 being attended with considerable expense to the lord of the manor. 
 
 j An idol, worshipped by the Velocasses, the anc. inhabitants of the dist., 
 whose image was thrown down by Mello, first bishop of the to.
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 Ri&tnagkerry, Hindostan., 
 Ramagin, Do. 
 Rutna^'n', Do. 
 Shevagurry, Do. 
 
 in hon. of Krishna. 
 
 in hon. of Rama or 72am. 
 
 Diamond-Mowai. 
 
 in hon. of Siva. 
 
 GHUR, GUR, GORE, &c. (ghar, gara, Sanscr.) = a Fort, 
 Fortress; as, 
 
 Adjyghur, Hindostan, 
 Ahmednag/ir, or Ahmednu^- ) 
 gur, Do. / 
 
 Alligkur, Do. 
 Aseerghur, Do. 
 Bijavag/mr, or Bimaghur, Do. 
 Futteh^/mr, Do. 
 Rsmghur, Do. 
 Sou^Awr, Do. 
 Assodna^wr, Do. 
 Bissenywr. Do. 
 Chunar^wr, Do; 
 Daoudna^^r, Do. 
 Deagur, Do. 
 Gandagwr, Do. 
 Jyenagur, Do. 
 Kishena^wr, Do. 
 Neelgur, Do. 
 Nowagwr, Do. 
 Riopnag-Mr, Do. 
 Saran^wr, Do. 
 Selimgur, Do. 
 , Do. 
 
 Impregnable-^ 'ort. 
 
 founded by Ahmed Nizam Shah. 
 
 in hon. of Allah. 
 
 founded by Assa. 1 
 
 Triumphant- Fort. 
 
 of Victory. 
 
 in hon. of Rama or Ram. 
 
 Golden-Fort. 
 
 of Lions. 
 
 in hon. of Vishnu. 
 
 of Chunar (a district). 
 
 erected by Daoud Khan. 2 
 
 of the Gook (deus, L.j &c.) 
 
 HALL, (hat, Sax. ; 
 Basinghall, London, 
 
 founded by Rajah Jeysing-* 
 
 in hon. of Krishna. 
 
 Blue-Fort. 
 
 New-Do, (novus, L., &c.) 
 
 Handsome-Do. 
 
 of the Asylum. 
 
 built by Selim. 
 
 of Abundance. 
 
 , L. ; salle, F.) = a Manor- 
 house ; as, 
 
 of the Basings* 
 
 1 A wealthy Hindoo Zamindar. 
 
 2 The last king of Bengal. 
 
 3 He was a great encourager of learning, and the founder of several ob- 
 servatories for astronomical researches. 
 
 * So called from the mansion-house of that family.
 
 84 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Eccles/W/, Stafford-sh. at the Church (ecclesia, L., &c.). 
 
 Edenkall, or Edna//, Cumber- \ r , IC . , c , ^. ,,x 
 land c ^ / Eden (f. into Sol way Firth). 
 
 Kenning^a//, Norfolk, Kings-Hall or Palace. 1 
 
 Shelehall, Northumberland co. S/iele (tr. of the Tyne). 
 
 HILL, &c. (hit, Sax.) = an Elevation or Eminence less 
 than a Mountain ; as, 
 
 Birchill, Derby-sh. abounding in Birches. 
 
 Boar/7/s, Fife-sh. frequented by Boars.* 
 
 'RoyJiill, Surrey, abounding in .Boz-trees.s 
 
 Coleshill, Warwick-sh. Colne (f. into the Germ. Oc.). 
 
 Eccles/7/, Lanes., &c. Church-Hill (ecclesia, L., &c.) 
 
 Hunger^z7/(anc.Ingle/7/),York-sh.with an Ingle or Beacon. 
 
 HAM, HEIM, &c. (Sax.) = a Home, .Hamlet, Habitation, 
 or Dwelling-place ; a Village, or Town ; as, 
 
 sev. in England, of the Atheling. 
 
 Breton^aw, Suffolk co. Breton (f. into Germ. Oc.). 
 
 Bucken^aw, Norfolk co. stocked with Bucks.* 
 
 Buckingham, co. to. of Bucks, amongst Beeches (bocce, Sax.) 
 
 Cains/mm, Somerset-sh. of Keina. 6 
 
 Cheltenham, Gloucester-sh. Chelt (tr. of the Severn). 
 
 ChiMam, Kent co. of Julius (anc. JuMam). 
 
 Chippen^aw, Wilts, Cheapening or Market-Town. 7 
 
 Coleham, Middlesex co. Colne (tr. of the Thames). 
 
 CovQicham, York-sh. Cover (tr. of the Youre). 
 
 i It was once a residence of the princes of E. Anglia. 
 
 * This village lies near the eastern extremity of St Andrew's, which forms 
 a part of the anc. dist. of Mucross, i. e. the peninsula of swine. 
 
 So called from the <u'-trees planted here by the Earl of Arundel, in 
 the reign of Charles I. The riv. Mole runs under the foot of it for about a 
 quarter of a mile. 
 
 4 It is the Combretonium of Antoninus. 
 
 5 It is held on condition that its lord be butler to the sovereign on occa- 
 sion of a coronation. 
 
 A devout Br. virgin, from whom the Keins of this co. are thought to 
 have their name. 
 
 7 All the places which have the n. of Chippen prefixed to them, appear 
 to have been, in the time of the Sax., markets or places of trade.
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 85 
 
 Deben^am, Suffolk, 
 Dirham, Gloucester-sh. 
 Durham, co. to. 
 Edling^am, sev. in England, 
 Eg/mm, Surrey co. 
 Elm/m, Norfolk co. 
 Famham, Surrey co. 
 FlitcMam, Norfolk .co. 
 Frods^7H (for Fords/^aw), 
 Chesh. 
 
 FuUaw, Middlesex co. 
 
 Sussex co. 
 Lenkam, Kent co. 
 Movham, E. Lothian, 
 Norfowrc, or Northam, North-") 
 
 umberland co. / 
 
 Nottingham, co. to. of Notts. 
 Rother^am, York-sh. 
 Shreking^am (corr. for Trek-\ 
 
 ingAam), Lines. / 
 
 Shorefom, Sussex co. 
 Trent^awz, Stafford-sh. 
 
 Tynning^awz, Haddington-sh. 
 
 Walt/fta/w, Essex co. 
 Wevers^aw, Chesh. 
 Wickham, Bucks, 
 
 Deben (f. into German Oc.). 
 amidst WatersmSprings( dur, Br).> 
 on the Water or River (Wear). 1 
 of the Atheling. 
 Church-Town. 
 amid Elms. 3 
 abounding in Fern. 
 of Felix (corr. for Felix/<az). 4 
 at the Ford (over the Wever, 
 
 tr. of the Mersey). 
 _f for the Sale of Fowls (qu. 
 t Fowlton). 
 of Horsa. 5 
 
 Len (tr. of the Medway). 
 near the Moor. 
 
 JVor^-Town. 
 
 with Caves (snottenga, Sax.). s 
 Rother (tr. of the Don). 
 
 of the Three Kings.'' 
 
 on the Shore (of the Engl.Chan.) 
 
 Trent (f. into the Humber). 
 5 on Meadow of the Tyne (f. into 
 I the Firth of Forth). 
 
 amid Woods. 8 
 
 Wever (tr. of the Mersey). 
 
 on the Wick or Bend of a River. 
 
 1 There are sev. small springs, which united form the Boyle. 
 
 2 Sometimes Dunholme, i. e. a hill surrounded by water, viz. the Wear. 
 Dunelmum, L. 
 
 3 Anciently an episcopal see. 
 
 < A Burgundian, and first bishop of the East Angles. 
 
 5 Brother to Hengist, the Saxon. 
 
 6 The rock, on which the to. is built, is of a soft, sandy description, out 
 of which many vaults or cellars are dug ; in some places two or three under 
 each other. The stairs, that lead to these vaults, are also cut out of the 
 rock, and have frequently 80 steps. It is said that these anc. served the 
 inhabitants as a retreat from their enemies Dickenson's Nottingham. 
 
 7 Three Dan. kings full in battle here. 
 
 s Sylvanectum, mod. Senlis, France, is a parallel term. 
 
 H
 
 86 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Yet/zm (corr. into Yet^o/wi), \ on the Yet or Gate, i. e. Road 
 
 Roxburgh-sh. / or Passage. 1 
 
 Ednam, Roxburgh-sh. Eden (tr. of the Tweed). 
 
 Highaw, Northampton-sh., &c. High- Dwelling. 
 
 Hownajn, or Hounawz, Rox-\ c v ~ 
 
 t of Howen or Owen? 
 burgh-sh. 
 
 Edrow (corr. for AderAam), \ AJ ,. c .-, -, ,. 
 
 Berwick-sh. / Ader (tr ' f the Tweed >' 
 
 Whitsome (corr. for Whites-) r r r 7 ,.. 
 
 N T> i, u u of White.* 
 ham), Roxburgh-sh. 
 
 Bischofs^eiTw, Lower Rhine, of the Bishop. 
 BoierAmn, ~Bo]enheim, Ger. \ 
 
 / 
 
 n. 
 Dront^em, or Trond^eiwi, ) r ,, ,, _ 
 
 Norway, / the Throne or Courl - e 
 
 JaxtAem, Bavaria, Jaxt (tr. of the Neckar). 
 
 Kaisers/iem, Do, of Caesar, or the Emperor. 1 
 
 KircMem, Do. ^TeV^-Town. 
 
 MindeMeim, Do. Mindel (tr. of the Danube). 
 
 To the same we ref. several places of that n. in England, and 
 the to, of Hamm in Westphalia. 
 
 HAUS, HAUSEN, (Ge.) Huus, (Dan. and Norw.) =,a 
 House ; Houses ; Town ; as, 
 
 A]kaus, Prussia, &c. 0/rf-House. 
 
 Nevfhaus, Switzerland, New-Do. 
 
 Franken^awsew, Germany, of the Franks. 
 
 Lechhausen, Bavaria, Lech (tr. of the Danube). 
 
 1 It is separated from England by a valley one mile long, and about a 
 quarter of a mile broad, which, in former times, must have presented a very 
 easy access from the one country to the other. 
 
 2 Brother of Hengist, the Sax., who is supp. to have first built the to. 
 :i This was the original n. of the Whitadder. 
 
 4 This individual appears as one of the witnesses in Edgar's charter, 
 granting the adjoining Swinton to the monks of St Cuthbert. 
 
 5 Several tribes of this n. lived in different parts of anc. France and Ger- 
 many. 
 
 s It was formerly the residence of the Norwegian kings-, and their anc. 
 throne is still to be seen in the palace, now used as an arsenal. 
 7 It was formerly an imperial city.
 
 POSTFIXES. 87 
 
 , Prussia,France,&c. of the Mills.i 
 
 Saxenkausen, Germany, of the Saxons." 
 
 Schaffhausen, or Schiffkaiisen, \ f c/ ./r T> / / CT ^- > r 1 -\ 
 
 Switzerland, I ft* Mjfl * M (*M*Cto.)- 
 
 , Brunswick, of the Wends. 
 
 e, Angus-sh. on the Height (uachdar). 
 
 Badey/iouse, Devon-sh. Barley (tr. of the Exe). 
 
 T-,, , . , r\ c i ^ /in commemoration of the vie 
 
 BlenheimreoMse, Oxtord-sh. * / 7, 
 
 i. tory at Blenheim.* 
 
 Burdie^o&se, Mid-Lothian, corr. for Bourdeaux-H.o\i&e. & 
 
 Corekouse, Lanark-sh. near Corra-Lin.* 
 
 Sheilhouse, Ross-sh. -SAezY (f. into Loch Duich). 
 
 Goytkouses, Derby-sh. Goyte (tr. of the Mersey). 
 
 Agger^zms, Norway, Agger (f. into Christiania Bay). 
 
 Axelhuus (anc. n. of Copen- ) , -, , . , A , , 
 
 , Vk i t erected by Axel or Absalon. 7 
 
 hagen), Denmark, J 
 
 s, Norway, Guard- House. 8 
 
 HAUT, &c. (hata, hati, Sanscr.) = a Market or Mart ; as, 
 
 ?, Hindostan, 
 
 f, Do. Affluent-Do. 
 
 GosJiautee, Do. Coz0-Do. 
 
 Silket Do. .Rz'c^-Do. 
 
 , Do. Fish-Do. 
 
 1 The former to. contains numerous mills, that have been long famous for 
 their manufactures. The n. of the latter is der. from houses and a mill, 
 established on the 111 by the friars hermits of the order of St Augustin. 
 
 2 One of the two parts composing the city of Frankfort on the Maine. 
 
 3 It is the depot for goods sent down the Rhine in boats from the Grisons, 
 which must be landed here and carried below the fall, where the river be- 
 comes again navigable. 
 
 4 A village in Suabia, where the Duke of Marlborough gained a memor- 
 able victory over the French and Bavarians. This magnificent palace, 
 which stands near Woodstock, was built for him at the expense of the 
 nation. 
 
 i It is supposed to have been so called by some of Queen Mary's French 
 attendants in 1.561. 
 
 A black pool, formed by the waters of the Clyde, after falling over a 
 precipice 84 feet in height. 
 
 7 He was primate of Denmark. 
 
 s Alten<7aanJ, Norway (i. e. the Guard-house on the Alten), Farr~Head, 
 and Cape- Wrath, both in Sutherland-sh., &c., illustrate the anc. practice of 
 placing watches or guards at exposed situations.
 
 88 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 HAVEN,' &c. (hafen, Ge. ; hqfn, Ca. Br. ; havn, Dan. ; 
 hamn, or ham, Sw.) = a Haven, Harbour ; as, 
 
 ~Bevekaven, Ireland, sheltered by Bere Island. 2 
 
 Chiistianskaven, Denmark, founded by Christian IV- 3 
 
 Delftskaven, Holland, of Delfts 
 
 Hamblekaven, Hants, Hamble (f. into English Chan.) 
 
 Newkaven, Edinburgh-sh., &c. jVe 
 
 "Ryekaven, Sussex co. of Rye.* 
 
 Schoonhaven, Batavia, .Ffl 
 
 Stone^awen, Kincardine-sh. between Stones, i. e. Rocks.* 
 
 Towyhaven, Carmarthen-sh. Towy (f. into Bristol Channel). 
 
 Ihorskavn, cap. of the Faroe) , c rr , 
 T i j m hon. ot 1 nor. 
 
 Islands, 
 
 Caxlskamn, Sweden, Charles' 's-Haven. 
 
 Friedrichs^awra, Do. Frederick' 's-Do. 
 
 Soderhamn, Do. Southern-Do. 
 
 Ober/jo/ew, Swisserland, Upper-Do. 
 
 Osterhofen, Bavaria, Easter-Do* 
 
 Vilshofen, Germany, Vils (tr. of the Danube). 
 
 Avona, now Sanda, an islet off the Mull of Cantire, lit. means 
 ' full of havens,' being the n. which the Danes affixed to it, on 
 account of its being a naval station, for, during their possession 
 of the Hebrides, it was the general rendezvous for their fleets. 
 
 1 N.B. Haven seems to be natural, and opposed to harbour, artificial ; 
 as channel is to canal, and mount to mound, &c. 
 
 2 This island lies at its entrance. 
 
 3 It is sit. on the Isle of Amak, directly opposite to Copenhagen. 
 
 * There is a communication betwixt this town and Delft by means of a 
 canal. 
 
 s In the reign of James IV., who endowed it with certain privileges. 
 
 s The n. of this to. seems to be derived from the Fr. rive, a bank or 
 water-side ; and they, who bring fish from it, are called Ripiers. This der. 
 is confirmed by its L. n. Ripa. Ripon, York-sh., is latinized by Ad 
 Ripam, from its sit. on the Nid. 
 
 7 See Acts xxvii. 8 " We came unto a place, which is called ' The Fair 
 Havens ;' nigh whereunto was the city of Lasea." 
 
 s It is formed by a natural gap between the rocks.
 
 POSTFIXES. 89 
 
 HITHE, HYTHE, (hythe, Sax.) = a little Haven or 
 Port ; as, 
 
 Greenhithe, Kent, by the Green or Meadow, 
 
 Lambeth lane. Lomekith], \ T , 
 
 Middlesex, | Loamy or Cbyey^Pmt. 
 
 Maidenhead (con. for Maid- 7 i, c D */r j 
 
 i,-ti \ r> i f m hon. of a Br. Maiden. 
 
 enhithe}, Berks, j 
 
 Queen/tithe, Middlesex, in hon. of a Queen. 
 
 Rother/fo'/Ae, Surrey, of the Red Height. 1 
 
 There is Hythe or Hithe in Kent, one of the Cinque Ports. 
 
 HORN, (aern., Sax.) = a Dwelling, a Residence ; as, 
 
 Dreghorn, Ayr-sh. the Dwelling by the Swamp.' 2 
 
 Whithorn, or Whiikern, ) Jin .. -T. ir 
 
 TTT-- , f Wkite-T) welling. 3 
 
 Wigton-sh. 
 
 HURST, &c. (hyrst, Sax. ; foret, F.) = a Wood, 
 Forest ; as, 
 
 Bra&tturst, Kent, J5roa^-Forest. 
 
 , Tir -11 f on the Brook (Broca), tr. of 
 
 BrocMwr^, Warwick-sh. < ,, ,, 
 
 T, , , V o n the Brook (f. into the 
 
 BrockenAur^ Hants. BoWre 
 
 or Delmen/^rA7, \ Delme (confluence with the 
 Germany, / Weser). 
 
 Lyndkiirst, Hants. on the Lynn or Water.* 
 
 i It stands on the banks of the Thames. Its anc. n. was Red- Rose- 
 haven, but it is now generally called Redriff. 
 
 a The parish lies between the waters of Annock and Irvine, in the lower 
 part of their course, and is bounded by Fen-wick, on the N. E. 
 
 3 St Ninian built a church here in the 4th century, which Bede mentions 
 as the first in Scotland that was erected of stone and lime, and which, from 
 its appearance, was called, in the Ro. language, Candida Casa, or White- 
 House. Another anc. n., meaning the same thing, is Leucophibia, or 
 Leucopibia. The Sax. term is Hwitaern, now altered into Whithern. 
 
 * What is now called the New Forest is a tract of about 40 miles in 
 compass ; formerly it contained populous towns and villages, all of which 
 
 H2
 
 90 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Midkurst, Sussex co. Middle-Wood, 
 
 Penskurst, Kent co. the Wood on the Eminence, 1 
 
 Sisingherst, (anc. Saxen- \ c ., 
 
 j .\ is- f ot the saxons. 
 
 hurst), Kent, 
 
 Chesikurst, Herts, abounding in C/tcslnuts. 
 
 Deerhurst, Gloucester-sh. Do. Deer. 
 
 Elmhurst, Stafford-sh. Do. Elms, 
 
 Ewkurst, Surrey co. Do. Yeze>-trees. 
 
 Famkurst, Sussex co. Do. Ferns. 
 
 'H.avf'khurst, Kent co. Do. Hawks. 
 
 Hollyhurst, Warwick-sh. Do. Holly-trees. 
 There are sev. hamlets in England so n., as Herst in Sussex. 
 
 ING, &c. (Sax.) = a Meadow ; a Town in one ; as, 
 
 n , -P. f the Town in the Meadow of 
 
 Darttnjgrton, Devon-sh. < ., ^ . (c . . v , , . 
 
 \ theDart(i. into Engl.Chan). 
 
 Deeding, Lines. iheDeep or Low-lying Meadow. 
 
 Godalrm'rcy, Surrey co. with the ^4/TMS-house of Goda.- 
 
 T . tx7 i v, ( the Meadow- Town on the 
 
 Leamewoton, Warwick-sh. < T ,, ... , .-. 
 
 { Learn (tr. of the Ouse). 
 
 n ) . . AT . . (the Town in the /teaf-Mea- 
 
 Kudamoton, Notts. < , . c * ^ ,, 
 
 [ dow (of the Trent). 3 
 
 , 17 .,.,,. , T, T ,,. f the //am on the Meadow of the 
 
 Whittewaham, E. Lothian, < ,, ... , , /?*.** n, \ 
 
 ^ rrAtctedder (f. into Ge. Oc.). 
 
 Baturzn, Russia, founded by Stephen Bathory.* 
 
 "Berlin, Cap. of Pmssia, of uncultivated-Land. 8 
 
 Hitchm, orHitchzwg, Herts. Hiz(anc.Hitc/ie, tr. of the Ivel). 
 
 Hamelw, Lower Saxony, Hamel (confl. with the Weser). 
 
 /w^atestone, Essex co. at the Roman Wile-stone. 
 
 are said to have been destroyed, and laid out as a forest, by William the 
 Conqueror. Its sit. on the Southampton Water, and the British Channel, 
 renders it the most convenient and valuable district in the kingdom for the 
 ready supply, by water-carriage, of timber to her Majesty's dock-yards. 
 
 1 The seat of the anc. and classic family of the Sidneys. 
 
 2 A pious Sax. lady, who founded a religious house here. It is sit. on 
 the banks of the Wye, at a point where that river divides into sev. streams. 
 
 3 It is so n. from the striking colour of the red marl. 
 
 4 When he was king of Poland. 
 
 s It is sit. on a sandy plain, on both banks of the Spree, and der. the n. 
 from ' berle,' in the language of the Sclavonian Vends, who were the earliest 
 settlers in this quarter.
 
 POSTFIXES. 91 
 
 KIOBING, KIOPING, ROPING, &c. (Scand.) = a Market- 
 place, Market-town ; as, 
 
 Nykiobing, Denmark, New-Market. 
 
 Arroeskioping, Baltic, of Arro'e Island. 
 
 LlAkioping, Sweden, Lie/a (f. into Lake Wenner). 
 
 Linkopiitg, Do. Lin (f. into Lake Wetter). 
 
 Ron-hoping, Do. A T or^-Market. 
 
 TSy hoping. Do. New-Do. 
 
 Diocese. 
 
 Soder/coping, Sweden, Southern-Market. 1 
 
 Sodburychipping, Gloucester-sh. Market- Sod bury. 
 Chippenham, sev. in England, Market- Town. 
 Chipping -Garnet, Essex co. Barnet, the Market- Town. 2 
 
 Copenhagen, Cap. of Denmark, Merchants-Raven. 3 
 
 Cheap-ward., London, has its n. from the market (chape, Sax.) 
 kept in the div. now called Ckeapside, but then known by the 
 n. of W. Cheap, to distinguish it from the market then also kept 
 in E. Cheap. 
 
 LAYA, &c. (Sanscr.) = an Abode, Place ; as, 
 
 Hunio/ (coir, for ArayafavaVl . , c TT . ,, 
 
 u- A \ f in hon. of Han or Vislmu. 
 
 Hmdostan, J 
 
 Naga/ (for Naga/a^a), Do. abounding in Snaket. 
 
 Vattealah, Do. of the Chief. 
 
 Runa/aA (for Rana/o^aA), Do. of Battle. 
 
 Swally (for Sivalayah), Do. in hon. of Siva. 
 
 LEY, &c. (leag^ Sax. ; \eifiwv^) = a Fallow-ground, Pas- 
 ture, Meadow, Common, Lea or Ley ; as, 
 
 Alder/ey, Gloucester-sh. amid Alders.* 
 
 1 In contradistinction to Norrkoping. 
 
 2 To distinguish it from E. Barnet. 
 
 3 Its foundation is attributed to Bishop Axel, who, in 1168, obtained 
 from the reigning king of Denmark the concession of a small piece of ground 
 occupied by a hamlet of fishermen. In less than a century it obtained the 
 privileges of a city, and in the 14th century became the residence of the 
 court. 
 
 < Here the famous Sir Matthew Hale, Lord Chief Justice of England, was 
 born and buried.
 
 92 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Ark%, York-sh. Ark (tr. of the Swale). 
 
 Berkfey, Gloucester-sh. amid Beech-trees (beorce, Sax.). 
 
 B'mgley, York-sh. of Bingel or Bing.i 
 
 Bis/ey, Gloucester-sh. amid Wood (bois, F.). 
 
 Brackfey, or Brakfy, North- 1 aboundi in Brfl ^ 5 or Ferns , 
 
 ampton-sh. j 
 
 Chor/ey, Lanes. Chor (tr. of the Yarrow). 
 
 Dar/<?y(tbrDerwent/ey),Derby-sh. Derwent (tr. of the Trent). 
 
 Dud/<?y, Worcester-sh. of Dudo or Duddo. 3 
 
 Elms/ey, sev. in England, ' amid JE/ms. 
 
 Gowkfey, Edinburgh-sh. of the Cuckoo. 
 
 Henley, or Han%, Warwick-sh. Alne (tr. of the Yarrow). 
 
 Maiden-Brad/ey, Wilts, Broad-Leo..* 
 
 Ockley, or Oke/ey, Surrey co. amid Oaks.* 
 
 Pais/<?y, Renfrew-sh. Moist Pasture-Ground.* 
 
 Thorn/ey, Do. abounding in Thorns. 
 
 Hur%A Berks ; and 1 f reque nted by Hares. 
 
 tiunet, Kenfrew-sh. J 
 
 Leiton, Essex co. the Town on the Lea or Ley. 
 
 There are several townships, &c. in England called Leigh. 
 Lewes, in Sussex, seems referable to the same. 
 
 MINSTER, (inynster. Sax. ; monaistir, or mainnisdear> Ga.; 
 muenster, Ge. ; moutier, F. ; monasterium, L.) = Con- 
 ventual Church or Abbey ; a Monastery ; as, 
 
 Axminster, Devon-sh. Axe (f. into Engl. Channel). 7 
 
 i The original Saxon proprietor. 
 
 -> Roman story tells of a child that was born with its teeth full-grown 
 (and hence the surname of Dentatus") ; but the Brackley legends tell of a 
 child born there with the faculty of speech. After having spoken sundry 
 holy words, professed himself a Christian, and been baptized, he immediately 
 expired. A good specimen of monkish fabrication. 
 
 3 A Saxon prince, by whom it was founded in 700. 
 
 + It takes the prefix Maiden, from a noble lady, who, being afflicted with 
 leprosy, erected here an asylum for leprous patients. 
 
 " Haud ignara mali, miscris succurrere disco." 
 
 s South of it is a place called Okewood. 
 
 s It is sit. on the banks of the White Cart. 
 
 7 Erected by Athelstane for seven priests, to pray for the souls of those 
 killed in his army, when he defeated the Danes in the neighbouring field, 
 still called ' King's Field.'
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 93 
 
 TSeaminster, Dorset-sh. 
 I\minster, Somerset-sh. 
 Leamz'?z$ter(corr.into Lewwter), 
 
 Hereford-sh. 
 
 Stouvminster, Dorset-sh. 
 U^minster, Essex co. 
 Westminster, Middlesex co. 
 
 Yorkminster, York-sh. 
 
 A\tm\ih\munster, Bavaria, 
 Vimoutiers, France, 
 Montereau-Font-Yorme(corr. } 
 for Monasteriolum), France, / 
 
 in hon. of St Bega. 
 llle (tr. of the Parret). 
 
 of Nuns (Ihean, C. Br.). 
 
 Stour (f. into English Chan.). 
 
 Upon a Hill (from its lofty sit.). 
 
 West from St Paul's, London. 1 
 ( on the Water, viz. the Ouse 
 | (f. into the Humber). 
 
 Altmuhl (tr. of the Danube). 
 
 Vie (tr. of the Toucques). 
 
 the Small Monastery on the 
 SlreamYonne(ti',of the Seine). 
 
 There are some places of this n. in England ; and to the same 
 are ref. Monstiers, in Provence ; Monstier or Moutiers, in Sa- 
 voy ; Monstreul, in Picardy ; Munster,* Prussia ; and Noir- 
 Moutier, and St Pierre le Moutier, in France. 
 
 MONDE, &c. ; MUNDEN, or MUNDER ; MOUTH, (mund, 
 Ge. ; muth, Sax.) = the part where a River empties it- 
 self, its Mouth or Mouths ; as, 
 
 Dendeivnonrfe, or Termond, 
 
 Belgium, 
 
 Deulemonde, France, 
 Orlamunde, Upper Saxony, 
 Roermonde, Rnremonde, or 
 
 Ruermonde, Holland, 
 ~Rupe\monde, Belgium, 
 Schiermond, Holland, 
 Stolpemunde, Prussia, 
 Swinemunde, Do. 
 , Do. 
 
 Dender (confl.with the Scheld). 
 
 Deule (tr. of the Lys). 
 Orla (confl. with the Sala). 
 Roer (tr. of the Maese or 
 
 Meuse). 
 
 Rupel (tr. of the Schelde). 
 Schie (tr. of the Maese). 
 Stolpe (f. into Baltic Sea). 
 Swine, Do. 
 T anger (tr. of the Elbe). 3 
 
 1 On the site of Westminster Abbey there formerly stood a temple dedi- 
 cated to Apollo, which was thrown down by an earthquake in the reign of 
 Antoninus Pius. 
 
 2 Said to have been founded by Charlemagne, in order to bring about the 
 conversion of Saxons that chose rather to die than become Christians. 
 
 3 Here vessels pay a toll.
 
 94 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Travemunde, Germany, Trace (f. into Gulf of Lubeck). 1 
 
 Uckermunde, Prussia, Ucker (f. into the Grasshaff). 
 
 Wamemunde, Germany, Warnow (f. into the Baltic Sea). 
 
 , Tr . , , j TTT r> f Vistula, or Wesel (f. into 
 
 Weichselroamfe, W. Prussia, j ^ Ba]tic gea) 2 
 
 Ysselwzorcofe-Island, Holland, Yssel (confl. with the Maese). 
 
 Holzmunden, Germany, Holz andWeser(f. into Ge. Oc.). 
 
 Penemunder, Prussia, Pene &0der (f. into Baltic Sea). 
 
 Neckargemund, Germany, Neckar (tr. of the Ilhine). 
 
 Sarreguemines, France, Sarre (tr. of the Blise). 
 
 To the same are ref. several towns, as Munden, Gemund, and 
 Gemunder. 
 
 A\nemout/t, or Alemout/i, \ 41 , c . . ~ n >, 
 
 A-^ u.u u i j f Alne (f. into German Ocean). 
 Northumberland co. j 
 
 CockeTmouth, Cumberland co- C0cer(confl. with the Derwent). 
 
 Dartmouth, Devon-sh. Dart (f. into English Chan.). 
 
 Eyemotd&j Berwick-sh. Eye (f. into German Ocean). 3 
 
 Rxmoutk, Devon-sh. Exe (f. into English Chan.). 
 
 Yalmoutk, Cornwall, Fate, Do. 
 
 Grangemout/i, Stirling-sh. Grangeburn (confl. with Carron). 
 
 Lossiemoutk, Moray-sh. Lossie (f. into German Oc.). 
 
 TIC ,T f Munnow, or Monnow (confl. 
 
 MfmmoutA, co. to. . x , .{. -i I7 N 
 
 \ with the Wye). 
 
 Plymouth, Devon-sh. Plym (f. into Br. Chan.). 
 
 Sidmoutk, Do. A^zW, Do. 
 
 , Kent co. Stour (f. into Straits of Dover). 4 
 
 1 Lubeck stands on the same river, about 12 miles from its mouth. 
 
 2 The harbour of Dantzic, sit. about 5 miles from the mouth of the Vis- 
 tula, is protected by the ports of this to., which is sometimes called simply 
 Munde. 
 
 To ea, Sax. ; eau, F. ; aqua, L., &c., may be ref. the Ae in Dumfries- 
 sh., the Ay in the N. of France, which f. into the English Channel opposite 
 to Jersey, the Aye or Eye in Berwick-sh., two or three riv. of the n. of Vie 
 in France, the Wye in Wales, the Wey in Dorset-sh., and the Y, that arm 
 of the Zuyder-zee on which Amsterdam stands. These all simply denote 
 ' the water.' The Ee or Ea is the provincial n. of the water, which flows 
 out of Windermere and Coniston Lakes down the Cartmel sands. The Aa 
 or Au is a riv. which flows into the E. side of the Zuyder-zee. The Lay 
 and Luy, both in France, seem to be corruptions of L'eau, the water. 
 
 * At this point it divides itself into two channels, and takes the name of 
 M'antsume.
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 95 
 
 Teigtimouth, Do. 
 Tynemoutk, Northumberland co. 
 Weymouth, Dorset-sh. 
 Yarmouth, Devon. sh. 
 Yarmouth, Norfolk, 
 
 Teign (f. into Br. Channel). 
 Tyne (f. into German Oc.). 
 Wey (f. into Engl. Chan.). 
 Yalme, Do. 
 
 Yare (f. into Germ. Ocean). 
 
 PATAM, PATAN, PATNAM, &c. (patana, Sanscr.) = a 
 Town, City ; a^, 
 
 Negapatam, Hindostan, 
 Periapalam, Do. 
 Seringajoataw, Do. 
 Chimayapatan, Do. 
 Kistnapatnam, Do. 
 
 POLIS, POLI, POL, (lluss.) PLE, &c. (yroXts.) POOR, 
 
 POORA, POORAH, OF PlJRA, PoRE, &C. (SanSCF.) = a 
 
 Town, City; as, 
 
 of Snakes. 
 
 Chosen-City. 
 
 in hon. of Sriranga. 1 
 
 of the Little Prince. 
 
 in hon. of Krishna.* 
 
 Acropolis, div. of Athens, 
 AVoanopolis, Turkey, 
 Amphijoo/zs (corr. into Em- 1 
 
 boli), Romelia, Turkey, J 
 Annapolis, Maryland, U. S. 
 Arkopolis, Arkansas, Do. 
 Heliopolis, Egypt, &c. 
 U.S. 
 or 
 
 Turkey, &c. 
 Ouranopolis, Turkey, 
 fersepolis, anc. Cap. of Persia, 
 
 i. e. the Fortress of the City 
 the Metropolis of Albania. 
 the City Surrounded 
 
 about). 3 
 
 of Anna or Anne. 
 Chief or Cap.-Town 
 of the Sun ( e j/\tos). 
 the Metropolis of Indiana. 
 
 of Victory (VIK^* 
 
 of Heaven ('ovpavos^f 
 the Metropolis of Persia. 
 
 1 This is an epithet of Vishnu, the preserving power, among the Hindoos. 
 
 2 This term, which signifies black, or dark-blue, is the n. of the favourite 
 deity of the Hindoos, an incarnation of Vishnu, the preserving power. 
 
 3 The river Stryiuon nearly surrounded it. 
 
 It was built by the Emperor Trajan to commemorate his victory over 
 the Dacians ; whilst Nicopolis in Epirus was founded by Augustus, in hon. 
 of his victory over Antony and Cleopatra in a naval engagement. This is 
 the name of many anc. to. Vittoria, in Spain, owes its n. to a similar cir- 
 cumstance. 
 
 It was sit. on the top of Mount Athos, and so called from the salubrity
 
 96 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Philippe^' or Philip | founded by PW/ip. 
 
 (corr. into r elioz), 1 urkey, J 
 
 Stavropol, Russia, of the Cross (ff-ravpo^. 
 
 Gallipot, Turkey, built by Caligula (Ca\\ipolis). 
 
 Irajanopoli, Do. improved by Trajan. 
 Adiianople, Romelia, Do. Do. by Adrian. 
 
 Constantino;?^, Cap. of Turkey, rebuilt byConstantine theGreat. 1 
 
 Christiano/je/, Sweden, in hon. of Christian. 
 
 (anc. Hienyofe). 
 
 Greno&/e(corr. for anc. Grano- 1 enlarged by Gratian (Gratiano- 
 
 ple), France, J polis, L.). 
 
 Jambol, Turkey, in hon. of John. 
 Lisbon, (corr. for \J\ysippo, ~\ 
 
 or Olysijojoo; by the Moors, > in hon. of Ulysses. 
 
 01isi6ow),Cap. of Portugal, J 
 
 Pamp/ona, or Pampe/una, Spain, in hon. of Pompey(Pomipeiopoli$). 
 
 Nablotts (anc. Neapolis of 7 \T T f \ 
 u j * \ o r New- town (vea\ 
 
 Herod s time), Syria, 3 
 
 Naples (anc. Neajoo/z's), Italy, Do. Do. 
 Taraio/os, orTara6o/o (Turk.l 
 
 and Ar. for anc. Tri/wft), > City composed of T/^ree Towns. 
 
 Syria, J 
 
 The term Tripoli was respectively applied to a dist. of Arcadia, 
 as well as that between the two Syrtes in Africa ; the former 
 from having three to., and the latter from its three principal cities, 
 viz. Oea, Sabrata, and Leptis Magna. Decapolis, a dist. of Pales- 
 tine from comprising 10 (deko) cities. They were only at the dis- 
 tance of a furlong from each other. 
 
 Beejaoor, Beia/wor, or Visia- ) c rr - . fr -, 
 
 V of I ictory or Triumph.* 
 poor, &c., Hmdostan, J 
 
 Behawuljooor, Do. in hon. of Nabob Bhawul Khan. 3 
 
 of the air. The inhabitants were called Ufacrobii, from their longevity 
 (macros, long; bios, life, Gr.). 
 
 1 The Byzantium of the ancients. The corr. Islambol, or Stamboul, 
 stands for es tin polin, iu the Romaic language, i. e. to the city. So Setines, 
 the mod. n. of Athens, is formed from es Athinai, to Athens, and Stives for 
 es Thivai, to Thebes. 
 
 2 Once the cap. of an independent sovereignty of the same name. 
 
 3 He died in 1808.
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 Bissun/wor, Hindostan, 
 Callianjtwor, Do. 
 Chandpoor, Do. 
 Debaljooor, Do. 
 Perozejooor, Do. 
 Hurreepoor, Do. 
 Jionjpoor, Do. 
 Joud/?oor, Do. 
 Mahabalijooor, Do. 
 Mawbellypoor, Do. 
 Nagjtwor, Do. 
 Nautjooor, Do. 
 Omerpoor, Do. 
 Rahdun/wor, Do. 
 Ram/wor, Do. 
 Russool/>0or, Do. 
 Ruttunpoor, Do. 
 Sarangjooor, Do. 
 Serpoor, Do. 
 Shah-Jehanpoor, Do. 
 Ummerapoor, Do. 
 Ahmed/)ore, Do. 
 Caujapwra, Do. 
 CaveryjoorMTw, Do. 
 Daxmapooram, Do. 
 Munnijooro, Do. 
 Novfpoorah, Do. 
 Rajapore, Do. 
 
 in hon. of Vishnu. 
 
 Flourishing-Town. 
 
 of the Moon. 
 
 of the Temple. 
 
 of Victory. 
 
 in hon. of /fare or Vishnu. 
 
 in hon.of Fakerud Deen/ozewa. 1 
 
 of 
 
 in hon. of Bali the Great. 1 
 
 of Serpents. 
 
 of the Temple (Nat'hajowra). 
 
 jDfoffM-City (Amara/mra). 
 
 founded by Rahdun Khan.j 
 
 in hon. of Ram or Rama. 
 
 of the Prophet. 
 
 Diamond-Town. 
 
 of the Asylum. 
 
 of the Lake. 
 
 in hon. of Shah-Jehan.* 
 
 of the Immoilals. 
 
 in hon. of Ahmed. 
 
 of the Virgin. 
 
 Cavery (f. into Bay of Bengal). 
 
 of Justice. 
 
 of Jewels. 
 
 of *SAzjt?s or J50ata (wawis, L.). 
 
 Royal-Town (rex, regis, L.). 
 
 The termination jooor, in the above, and similar names, is fre- 
 quently spelt pour and pore. 
 
 1 Said to have been founded by Sultan Feroze of Delhi, who named it 
 after his cousin. 
 
 2 A character very famous in Hindoo romance. It is the n. of an anc. 
 temple, sit. about 35 miles S. of Madras. Near this site a great cap. once 
 stood, but at present it is inhabited only by a few Brahmins, living in huts, 
 who obtain a subsistence by exhibiting the ruins. 
 
 s A Baloochy chief. 
 
 * The n. which this sovereign gave New. Delhi, from making it his 
 residence. 
 
 I
 
 98 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 POOL, POLE, &c. (Ca. Br. ; pul. Sax.) = properly, a 
 Detached or Enclosed Piece of Water; hence a Haven, 
 a Harbour ; as, 
 
 'Blackpool, Lanes. DarAr-coloured-Pool. 1 
 
 ~Bra&pole, Dorset-sh. Broad-Pool. 
 
 Hartlepool, Durham co. of Hart. 2 
 
 f of the River Mersey; or where 
 Liverpool, Lanes. / goods are Livered or De~ 
 
 [ livered, i. e. Landed ? 3 
 
 Wtipole, Norfolk co. J ^ WaU or Embankment on 
 
 ( the Pool (of the Ger. Oc.). 
 Welshpoo/, Montgomery-sh. of Wales. 5 
 
 Pofton, or Powfton, Lanes., &c. \ T n ? n ? P o1 ( of the Wire > 
 
 | f. into Ir. Sea)." 
 
 Pulford, Cheshire, Ford at the Pool (of the Alen). 
 
 There are sev. hamlets, townships, &c., of this n. in Engl. ; 
 
 particularly Poole, in Dorset-sh., which stands upon Luxford Bay. 
 
 PRAAG, PRAYAGA, (Sanscr.) = a Holy Place or Point, 
 where two Rivers meet ; as, 
 
 Bissenpraag, Hindostan, in hon. of Vishnus 
 
 Carnaprayaga, Do. in hon. of Raja Carna.* 
 
 Devaprayaga, Do. of the Gods (divus, L., &c.). 9 
 
 1 The n. is der. from a dark peaty-coloured pool at the south end of the 
 village. 
 
 2 A small village, which is now united to Hartlepool. 
 
 3 " It would seem that the to. was originally n. from its sit., as being, 
 probably, the most remarkable collection of buildings belonging to this pool 
 or haven.' 1 '' Aiken's Manchester. " In the charter granted by King John, 
 it is called Lyrpul, meaning the harbour of the Mersey, derived from the 
 Gael. Lyr, the Sea." Conversations Lexicon. ? 
 
 < Walpole, Walsoken, and Walton, three villages in Norfolk, der. their n. 
 from their sit., adjacent to an old Ro. wall or dyke for securing the country 
 against the inundation of the sea. 
 
 5 To distinguish it from Poole, in Dorset-sh. The n. is der. from a deep 
 pool, called Lynn Du, near which the to. is sit., and from which it is called 
 in Welch Trellyn, i. e. Town on the Llyn. 
 
 It stands near the confl. of the Skippon with the Wyre. 
 
 7 At the junction of the Alacananda with the Daub. 
 
 s At the confl. of the Alacananda with the Pindar. His image is placed 
 in the shrine. He is one of the heroes of the Mahabharat. 
 
 At the confl. of the Alacananda and Bhagirathi, where these united 
 streams receive the n. of the Ganges.
 
 POSTFIXES. 99' 
 
 a, Hindostan, of the Nandacni & the Alaca- 
 
 Vishnuprayaga, Do. in hon. of Vishnu. Qianda. 
 
 There are five principal prayagas mentioned in the Shastras, 
 which are considered by the Hindoos as peculiarly sacred. 
 
 SHAW, SHAWS, (A. S.) = a Wood, Trees ; &c. 
 
 , Dumfries-sh. Dark-Wood. 
 
 'Pyotshaw, Haddington-sh. frequented by Pies or Magpies. 
 
 Pain^az0,orPen^dw,Durham co. at the Pen or Ben, i. e. Hill. 1 
 Yollockshaws, Renfrew-sh. in hon. of Maxwell of Pollock. 
 
 Tweedshaws, Peebles-sh. Tweed (f. into Germ. Oc.). 
 
 SHIEL, SHIELS, SHIELDS, (Sax.) = a temporary Erec- 
 tion of Wood, &c. ; House or Houses ; as, 
 
 GairdensfoW, Aberdeen-sh. Gairden (tr. of the Dee). 
 
 Biggarsfo'e/s, Lanark-sh. in Biggar parish. . 
 
 Rlackshiels, Mid-Lothian, Dar-Houses. 
 
 Galas^Ws, Selkirk-sh. Gala (tr. of the Tweed). 
 
 Ol&shields, Lanark-sh. 0/rf-Houses. 
 
 To this are ref. N. Shields, in Northumberland co., and S. 
 Shields, in Durham co. 2 
 
 STADT, STAD, STEAD, (statio, status, L. ; stadt, Ge. ; 
 steda. Sax.) = a Station., Settlement, Town, City ; as, 
 
 Altstadt, Dusseldorf, &c. 0/</-Town. 
 
 Brahestadt, Russia, of Brake." 
 
 Caxlstadl, Austria, of Charles, Archduke of Styria. 
 
 /founded by Christian IV. of 
 , Denmark, | Denmark.- 
 
 i It stands at the western foot of a conical hill. 
 
 j Virgil's graphic lines, descriptive of the fervid bustle and exhilarating 
 din of young Carthage, are finely applicable to these now thriving towns, 
 originally a collection of fishermen's sheds huddled promiscuously together: 
 " Miratur molem Aeneas, magalia quondam ; 
 Miratur portas, strepitumque, et strata viarum." 
 
 3 The Count of Brahe, the great benefactor of Finland. 
 
 4 In 1614, when the province of S. Gothland was under the dominion of 
 the Danes.
 
 100 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Cronsladt, Russia, 
 Darmstadt, Germany, 
 Frederickstaafr, Denmark, 
 Halberstaafr, Saxony, 
 Herman*/6#, Austria, 
 \\stadt, Bavaria, 
 Innstadt, Do. 
 Lippstaeft, Prussia, 
 Neustadt, Dusseldorf, 
 Nystad, Russia, 
 Rudolstoafr, Upper Saxony, 
 Sophiensteof/, Russia, 
 Wahlrfaeft, Silesia, 
 Williamstadt, or Willem^a 
 
 Holland, 
 Brighthelrnsfearf, Sussex, 
 
 Burs/eat/, Essex co. 
 
 Fairsted, Do. 
 Hamstead, Middlesex co. 
 Hoisted, Kent co. 
 Worslead, Norfolk co. 
 
 of the Crown (corona, L.).i 
 Darm (tr. of the Rhine), 
 in hon. of Frederick IV. 
 of Albert (a Duke of Austria). 
 of Herman (Arminius). 2 
 Us (confl. with the Danube). 
 Inn, Do. 
 
 Lippe (tr. of the Rhine). 
 
 New-Town. 
 
 of .Rwafo//'(Rodulphus, L.). 
 
 of St Sophia. 
 
 of the Battle. 3 
 
 built by William I. Prince of 
 
 Orange, 
 of St Brighthelm. 
 
 {qu. Burgk-Stead. or Borough- 
 Town. 
 
 qu. .FazV-Place. 
 qu. Home-Stead. 
 of Horsa, the Saxon.* 
 qu. FzV/,ge-Town(worth, Sax.)^ 
 
 1 Founded by Peter I., improved by his daughter Elizabeth, and com- 
 pleted by the Kmpress Catherine. 
 
 2 Hermann of Franconia, a chief of the Sax. or Germ, colony, is the re- 
 puted founder of the to. 
 
 3 Fought between Henry II., Duke of Silesia, and the Tartars. 
 
 < His body was burnt and interred here. He fell in the immediate vi- 
 cinity, in a battle against the Britons, whose general Catigerr. also fell. 
 
 s From this to. worsted, or spun-wcol, has its name. Many towns have 
 given names to the stuffs manufactured in them ; thus, cambric, from Cam- 
 bray in France ; cassimere, from Cashmere in India ; damask, from Damascus 
 in Syria ; parchment, from Pergamus in Asia Minor ; silk, from the Seres, 
 an anc. people of Eastern Asia ; &c. &c. In like manner, foreign animals 
 and exotics, that have been domesticated and naturalized, have often derived 
 their n. from the countries in which they are indigenous ; thus, auinea-hen 
 and guinea-pig, from Guinea in Africa ; pheasant, i. e. Phasiana (sc. 
 avis), from Phasis, a riv. of Armenia, which f. into the Black Sea, 
 
 " On Phasis' banks the graceful pheasant walks." Barbauld. 
 turkey, from Turkey, &c. ; cherry, from anc. Cerasus on the Black Sea ; 
 currant, anc. corinth, from Corinth in Greece ; damascene, or damson, 
 from Damascus in Syria ; peach, from Persia, &c. So numerous instru- 
 ments are named from the places of their invention, as bayonet, from 
 Bayonne in France, &c. &c.
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 101 
 
 STEIN, (Ge.) = lit., a Stone or Rock ; a Fortress or 
 Fort ; as, 
 
 Ehrenbreitstez'n, Nassau, 
 
 Frankenstein, Silesia, 
 Frauerufez'n, Saxony, 
 Isselstein, or Ysselstein, Holland, 
 Konigstem, Saxony, 
 Lahna/em, Germany, " 
 Lowensfem, Suabia, 
 Lutzelstem, Lower Rhine, 
 "Rhemstein, Baden, 
 Sonnensfem, Upper Saxony, 
 Trawnstein, Bavaria, 
 Wilhelrmfcm, Westphalia, 
 Few stone, York-sh. 
 Godstone, Surrey co. 
 Holystone, Northumberland, 
 
 Steinau, Silesia, 
 
 Stanton, or Staunton, Glou-\ 
 cester-sh. / 
 
 &mton-Drew, Somerset-sh. 
 
 (Broad Stone of Honour 
 
 \ (ehre, Ge.). 1 
 
 of the Franks. 
 
 of the Women or Nuns. 
 
 Issel, orYssel (tr. of the Maese). 
 
 King's or JfoyaZ-Fort. 2 
 
 Lahn (tr. of the Rhine). 
 
 Little-Do. 
 
 Rhine (f. into German Ocean). 
 
 of the Sun. 
 
 Traun (tr. of the Alz). 
 
 in hon. of William. 3 
 
 the -Fire-Stone.* 
 
 G0o</-Stone. s 
 
 ( on the Meadow (of a tr. of the 
 I Oder). 
 
 the Town near the Stone. 7 
 of the Druids. 8 
 
 To this are ref. Stein, on the Rhine ; Staines,* Middlesex, &c. ; 
 and sev. places of the n. of Stone, in England. 
 
 i A dismantled fortress, opposite to Coblentz. 
 
 * Begun by Elector Christian I., in 1589, and completed by degrees, 
 particularly since 1731. 
 
 3 Count of Schauenburg-Lippe, who erected it in 1765. 
 The n. is der. from a Druidical monument, or stone, called ^/ire-circle 
 (feu, F.). 
 
 s Anc. noted for the goodness of its stone quarries. 
 
 St Paulinus, the first Northern apostle, here baptized many thousand 
 converts. 
 
 7 Here is a stone of a prodigious size, standing, as it were, on a point, so 
 as to fill the beholder with apprehension of its being ready to fall. It is 
 supposed to have been a rocking-stone, placed here in times of Paganism ; 
 but it has now lost its motion. 
 
 s Here is a monument resembling Stonehenge, consisting of a circle of 
 stones, 5 or 6 feet high. The diameter of the circle is 90 paces. They are 
 supp. to have been placed by the Druids. 
 
 It was so called from being the anc. boundary to the jurisdiction of the 
 
 I 2
 
 102 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 STOCK, (stok, Sax.) = a Place ; as, 
 
 Bialys/oe, W. Russia, Bialy (tr. of the Niemen). 
 
 Culnstock or Columbia*, \ Culm (tf< of ^ E . 
 
 Devon-sh. J 
 
 PlynwfocA, Do. Pfyw* (f. into Br. Chan.). 
 
 r favistock, Do. T^y, orTay (tr. of the Tamer). 
 
 Tawj/oe/;, Do. Taw (f. into Barnstaple Bay). 
 
 Woodstock, Oxford-sh. in a Wood. 
 
 To the same may be ref. some hamlets, &c., of the n. of Stock' 
 and a great number of that of Stoke ; as, Stockton, &c. 
 
 STOW, (Sax.) = a Place, a Residence ; as, 
 
 Eiistorv, commonly Bristol, \ Bright or Pleasant-Place (Brih- 
 
 Gloucester-sh. J stow, Sax.) 1 
 
 Cheystoie, Monmouth-sh. Market-TovmJ 
 
 Edwardstotv, Hants, of St Edwards 
 
 Elstow, Wilts, of St Helen (anc. Helenstow}.* 
 
 Fe\\xstowe, Suffolk co. of St Felix. 5 
 
 Yreedstoll, orFrith*/o?0,York-) of Peace (friede, Ge. ; frith, 
 
 sh. I A. S.). 
 
 Godstow, Oxford-sh. of God. 
 
 Hubberstow, Devon-sh. of Hubba, the Dane." 
 
 City of London on the Thames. There is above the bridge at Colne-Ditch, 
 a stone set up for this purpose, called " London Mark-Stone," which bears 
 the date of 1280. 
 
 i " This river (Sevarne) runs to many a noble towne, 
 As Wyster one, and Bristowe of renowne." 
 
 Churchyard's fVorthines of Wales, Lond. 1587. 
 
 j This place is the port of all the towns situate on the rivers Wye and 
 Lug ; the merchants import their own wines from Oporto, as well as hemp, 
 flax, pitch, &c. from Russia, and ships of 700 tons' burthen come up to the 
 town. 
 
 3 The n. which Netley-Abbey bears in anc. charters. 
 
 * So called on account of a nunnery of Benedictines, which formerly stood 
 here, dedicated to St Helen and the Holy Trinity, and founded by a niece 
 of William the Conqueror. 
 
 A priory of Benedictine monks, belonging to the Abbey of Rochester, 
 s ood here in the reign of William Rufus. 
 
 s It was a sanctuary within which the debtor or other offender defied the 
 power of justice and the law. 
 
 7 He was cut off here by the W. Saxons.
 
 POSTFIXES. 103 
 
 Lidstow, Devon-sh. Lid (tr. of the Tamar). 
 
 Padstoip, Cornwall co. of St Petrock (for Petrocks/ote). 1 
 
 There are several parishes in England so named. 
 
 Vic, WY, (F. ; w'cus, L.) = a Row of continuous 
 Houses, a Street, a Village ; as, 
 
 Vieswtc, France, 0/rf-Viilage. 
 
 Long%>y, Do. Z,<m<7-Town. 
 
 Neuy, Do. New-Do. 
 
 F^c-de-Bigorre, Do. of Bigorre (a dist.). 
 
 WADE, WATH, &c. (vadum, L. ; ath, Ga.) = lit. a Shal- 
 low Part of a River, through which one can wade, a 
 Ford ; as, 
 
 j -MT-J T A u- f the Ford (over the Esk), at 
 
 Lasieade, Mid-Lothian, < ,, v , -\* j 
 
 ^ the Enclosure or meadow. 
 
 f the Cairn at the Ford. (See 
 Canivatft, Lanark-sh. -[ Not6j page 38>) 
 
 At/ibraim, Perth-sh. of St Bran (over the Lyon). 
 
 Athdare, or Jdair (anc. Ath. \ of Oajts (darach ; quercus, L.) 
 
 daar), Limerick co. J over a tr. of the Maig. 
 
 Ather&ee, or^frdee, Louth co. Dee (f. into Dundalk Bay). 
 
 Alky (J^elehae, anc. Ath- \ towards the West (over the 
 
 legan), Kildare co. / Barrow). 
 
 Mr j i. -3 n f Bridee-Tovm at the Ford 
 
 NWebridge, Cornwall co. 
 
 To the same is ref. Ath, in Belgium, over the Dender. 
 
 WALL, &c. (vail, Sax. ; vallum, L.) = a Series of Bricks, 
 Stones, or other Materials, placed in successive Layers; 
 a Dike ; an Embankment ; as, 
 
 (the Walled Meadow-Town 
 tf^/mgford, Berks, j atthe Ford(overtheT hames).* 
 
 1 Its church was dedicated to him. 
 
 2 A place of great antiquity, and once surrounded by a wall one mile and 
 a half in circumference.
 
 104 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Wall-Town, Northumberland co. the Town near the Picts' Wall.i 
 Walpo\e, Norfolk co. on a Pool (of the Ge. Ocean). 8 
 
 Wai-wick, Northumberland co. onaWick or UeW(ofthe Tyrie).' 
 Falkirk, Stirling-sh. the Kirk at or near the Wall.* 
 
 There are sev. places in England, into whose names Wall en- 
 ters, as, fFafcham, Walton, Walworih, &c. 
 
 WELL, (Sax.) = a Spring of Water ; as, 
 
 Ashwell, Herts, amidst Ash-frees. 6 
 
 n n r. -j i- f of the Barns or Beams, i. e. 
 
 Bamwell, Cambndge-sh. < rj>'ltf * 
 
 Rormewell, orBonewell, Here-) ,. , . 
 /. , , | discharging Boness 
 
 Broad^e//, Worcester-sh. Broad or 
 
 Dropping^//, Knaresborough, ) supplied by Drops (and not from 
 
 York-sh. j a Spring). 9 
 
 Hollya>e//, Hants, 10 7 tr i 
 
 Holyw^Flint-sh- j Hofy or 
 
 Mother^//, Lanark-sh. of our Mother or Lady. 1 * 
 
 1 It stands near Thirlwall-Castle. A little to the W., the w>a// is in the 
 greatest perfection ; it is three yards high, and has 1 6 regular courses, and 
 at one part 16 of the facing-stones are entire. 
 
 2 See the note to Walpole, at p. 98. 
 
 Here was a Ro. station, the vallum of which forms an oblong square in 
 length about 170 paces, and in width 130. 
 
 * See the note to Falkirk, at p. 25. 
 
 s It is supp. to have taken its n. from the several springs rising out of a 
 rock at the south end of the town, and overshadowed by several a*A-trees. 
 
 So named from & fountain, beside which the boys were yearly exercised 
 in wrestling on St. John's Day. 
 
 7 This well, near Richard's castle, when disturbed, discharges small 
 bones, resembling the vertebra and other bones of the frog. 
 
 sit takes its n. from a large spring that rises near the man si on -house. 
 
 This is the most celebrated petrifying spring in EngL, and is so called 
 from its dropping from the spongy rock that overhangs it. 
 
 10 It received its n. from a remarkable well, anc. supp. of great sanctity. 
 
 n The parish church is dedicated to St Winifred, whose wonderful well 
 lies at the bottom of 3 hills; hence the to. was called by the Welsh Tre- 
 fynnon. i. e. Town of the Well. 
 
 12 From this well, in hon. of the Virgin Mary, the inhabitants of the vil- 
 lage are in part supplied with water.
 
 POSTFIXES. 105 
 
 Tideswell, Derby-sh. qu. with a Tide. 1 
 
 WeUing\)oi'oug\\, Northamp- 7 Town of Wells or Medicinal 
 
 ton-sh. j Springs. 
 
 Wellington, Shrop-sh., &c. Do. Do. 
 
 The small city of Wells, Somerset-sh., der. its n. from a neigh- 
 bouring spring called " St Andrew's Well." The same enters 
 into the composition of several Ga. n. ; as, Tibbermuir, or Tipper- 
 muir, Perth-sh., i. e., the Large-Well (tobarmore) ;- Tobermoi-y 1 , 
 Mull, Argyle-sh.j i. e. the Well of Mary (Muire'). 3 
 
 Wic or WICK, WICH, &c. (Sax.) = the Bend of a River 
 or of the Sea Coast, a Bay ; a Town upon such ; as, 
 
 Alnwick, Northumberland co. Alne (f. into German Ocean). 
 
 Brunswick, Cap. of the Duchy, inhon.of-Bnmore(ontheOcker).* 
 
 enwick, Ayr-sh. in a Fen or Moss. 4 
 
 Hawick, Roxburgh-sh. the Hall or Ha' on a Bend.' 
 
 SlesM>z'c& (for Schleysz00)j 1 c i/ / r *i n u' -\ 
 
 ^ > J yj> V Schley (an arm ot the Baltic). 
 
 .., . 7 f the Garrison-City ( quarth, 
 
 Warmed, co. to. j Br.) on the Avon 
 
 Wesierwick, Sweden, Wester-Town. 
 
 Ankenvike, Surry co. favourable for Anchoring." 
 
 -P. ., . , TT , ( Dirty or P/asAy-Town (anc, 
 
 Droitwich, Worcester-sh. 
 
 I Dievtwtcfi ). 8 
 
 T>unieic/t, Sussex co. on a Dun or Hill. 
 
 , T , (by the Green or Meadow 
 
 Green***, Kent co. -[ \ GreneviC} Sgx j. 
 
 1 The n. is der. from its ebbing and flowing well, reckoned one of the 
 wonders of Derby-shire. 
 
 2 A plentiful spring adjoins the church-yard. 
 
 3 From a celebrated .spring there. 
 
 * Built in 80 1 by Brunon and Theodore, sons of Adolphus, Duke of 
 Saxony. 
 
 s From its fenny or wet sit. on a tributary of the Irvine. 
 
 Of the Slitterick, tr. of the Teviot. This hall was the first house erected 
 in the town. 
 
 i A village on the Thames. 
 
 s From its wet sit. and dirty appearance. It stands upon the Salwarp, a 
 tr. of the Severn. 
 
 9 From the noble park in its vicinity, along the banks of the Thames.
 
 106 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY 
 
 Harwich, Essex co. of the Army (Raxewic, Sax.) 1 
 
 Ipswich, Suffolk co. Gippen or Gipping? 
 
 Middle^zcA, Chesh. the Wick in the Middle. 5 
 t IT _* n f JVor/Awick or Harbour-Tovra 
 
 Normeft, Norfolk co. j (on the Yare)> 
 
 SandWcA, Kent co. on a Sandy-Bay.* 
 
 Dantezc (for Dansw^), Prussia, Danish-Port." 
 
 Wicklovi, co. to. the Wick on the Lough or Water. - 
 
 Wickviar, Gloucester-sh/ in hon. of De la Warred 
 
 ,,,.. . f the Town on the Bay ( Vic- 
 
 FPtjrtan, co. to. r \ a 
 
 \ tonia, L.). 9 
 
 Maynec, Bavaria, Mayne (tr. of the Rhine). 
 
 Rhinec&, Swisserland, Rhine (f. into Ge. Ocean). 
 
 VilsecA, Bavaria, Vila (tr. of the Danube). 
 
 Leipsze, or Leipzig, among Linden-Trees. 10 
 
 Mente, Mainz, or Mayence, ) ,. . / ,, .,, 4.^-01^^ 
 
 TT , j. ;* Maine (conn, with the Khme). 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt, j 
 
 Neckarefe, Baden, Neckar (tr. of the Rhine). 
 
 The adaptation of the name to the place is thus celebrated by Leland : 
 " Happy the man, whoe'er he was, 
 Whose lucky wit so named the place, 
 As all its beauties to express." 
 
 i When England was exposed to the sudden descents of the piratical 
 Danes, this was the great naval depot and military station, //arborough is 
 a syn. term. 
 
 * According to Camden, it was anc. called Gippeswich, and was gradu- 
 ally changed into Yppyswyche, and Ipswich. The word comes from the 
 A. S. geap, crooked, winding. 
 
 3 This place der. its n. from being the middlemost of the WicheS) or salt- 
 towns, in reference to Northwich, and Namptwich, or Nantwich, which 
 are nearly equidistant from it in the direction signified by the respective n. 
 
 So n. in reference to the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, by the original 
 inhabitants. 
 
 * The harbour is choked up with sand, so that only small vessels can sail 
 up the winding stream of the Stour. It is one of the Cinque Ports, and the 
 second in order. 
 
 f The invasion and conquest made by Waldemar II. of Denmark, seem 
 to have occasioned the settlement of a Danish colony in that favourable po- 
 sition. 
 
 ". It lies at the mouth of the Leitrim. 
 
 9 The manor originally belonged to this family. 
 
 Sit. near the N. side of the Bladenoch-toater, at its junction with the 
 Cree or Bay of Wigton. 
 
 10 From the numerous lindens in the neighbourhood.
 
 POSTFIXES. 107 
 
 Olonetz, Russia, Olonza (f. into Lake Ladoga), 
 
 Sutschawa'te, Austria, Sutschawa (tr. of the Siret). 
 
 Illims/fc, Siberia, Illim (tr. of the Angara). 
 
 IrkoutsA:, Do. Irkut, Do. 
 
 Okhotsk Do. Okhota (f. into Sea of Do.) 
 
 Olen*, Do. Olenek (f. into the Arctic Oc.). 1 
 
 Omsk, Do. Om (confl. with the Irtisch). 
 
 Selengin*, Do. Selenga (f. into Lake Baikal). 
 
 Solikamsk Do / abounding in Salt (soli) on the 
 
 1 Kama (to. oftheWolga). 
 
 Tobolsk, Do. Tobol (confl. with the Irtysh). 
 
 Tomsk, Do. Tom (tr. of the Obi). 
 
 Turins/fc, Do. Turn (tr. of the Irtysh). 
 
 UraM. Do. Ural (f. into the Caspian Sea). 
 
 Anadir&fcoz, Do. Anadir (f. into Arctic Ocean). 
 
 Wycfc-op-zee, Holland, on the Sea. 
 
 There are several Townships, &c. of this n., and Wyke, in 
 Engl. ; and to the same are ref. Wick in Caithness-sh., Vico on 
 the Bay of Naples, Vigo in Galicia, and Wyk, Belgium, on the 
 Maese, &c. Nigg, Ross-shire, &c. seems to be the Bend or Bay 
 (of the Cromarty Firth), as well as Uig in the Island of Lewis. 
 
 WORTH, WERTH, &c. (Sax.) == a Farm-Court; a Coun- 
 try Habitation ; a Village or Town ; as, 
 
 Ackworth, York-sh. amidst Oaks. 
 
 ~Bosi0orth, Leicester-sh. of St Botolph. 
 
 Glentworth, Lines. in the Glen. 
 
 Hightaortf, Wilts. on a Height. 2 
 
 Kenilworth, Warwick-sh. on the Canal or Ditch. 
 
 'K.\\.worthy, Cork co. jfiuir^-Town. 
 
 Knebteor^, Herts. on a Knap or Hill. 
 
 liangwortk, Lincoln-sh. Long-lown. 
 
 Minster?0or^, Gloucester-sh. Minster or Xtr/fc-Town. 
 
 , Germany, of Nuns.* 
 
 1 Olensk is the most northern place in the world, that bears the name of 
 a town. 
 
 2 Sit. on a pleasant hill near the vale of White-Horse. 
 
 Here was formerly a nunnery, which the present proprietor of the island 
 of that n. has converted into an hotel.
 
 108 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ReadawM, Northumberland co. Read (tr. of N. Tyne). 
 
 Rickmans?wM (anc. Kick- I n- i, n/r 
 
 .,v T v > on a Rich Mere. 1 
 
 mearswortn), Herts, J 
 
 lamworth, Stafford-sh. Tame (tr. of the Trent). 
 
 WandftHMfft, or Wandles-1 ^ att ^ (tr . of the Thames). 
 
 worth, Surrey, J 
 
 "Wentworth, York-sh. Went (tr. of the Don). 
 
 DonauKW^, or Donauwerth, 1 Donau, or Danube (f. into the 
 
 Bavaria, J Black Sea). 
 
 Rudolphs?eer/^, Austria, of Rudolph. 
 
 BischofsKwrfa, Upper Saxony, of the Bishop. 
 
 Elstertcen/a, Saxony, Black Elster (tr. of the Elbe). 
 
 Stevens*0aer, Holland, of St Stephen. 
 
 Kayserso-erf, Lower Rhine, Imperial-Town. 
 
 Bremenajoerrf, Lower Saxony, of Bremen (Duchy). 
 
 Sarverden, France, Sarre (tr. of Moselle"). 
 
 There are sev. Townships, &c. of this n. in England. 
 
 P. S. It is worthy of remark, that some Towns derive their 
 names from their situation on the confluence of two rivers ; as, 
 
 Benares, Hindostan, Benar&Assee(tr. of the Ganges). 
 
 Neckersulm, Germany, Necker&Sulm(tr.of the Rhine). 
 
 Neckersteinach, Do. Necker & Steinach, (Do.) 
 
 Sarrealbe, France, Sarre & Albe (tr. of the Blise). 
 
 To a similar position are ref. the names of Coblentz (of the 
 Moselle and Rhine), Prussia ; Cof rentes (Xucar and Gabriel), 
 Spain ; Confolens (of the Vienne and Goire), 2 France ; Constance, 
 upon the S. side of the Strait which forms the communication 
 between the Upper and Lower Lakes of Constance; and Cor. 
 rientes (of the Paraguay and Parana), Buenos Ayres. 
 
 i Sit. in a low moorish soil, on a riv. from Chesham, that runs into the 
 Colne here, together with the Gade, altogether forming an abundant pool of 
 water. 
 
 9 Coblentz, and Cofrentes, are each a corr. of the L. confluentes, plural, 
 and Confolens of confluens, i. e. the confluence of two or more streams.
 
 POSTFIXES. 109 
 
 II. APPLICABLE TO MOUNTAINS. 
 
 BERG, &c. (Ge.) = a Hill, Mount, Mountain ; (see 
 page 59.) as, 
 
 Ailberg, Tyrol, of Eagles (aquila, L., &c.). 
 
 Bleyberg, Austria, Lead- Mountain. 
 
 Donnersberg, Prussia, of Thunder (tonneire, F., &c.). 
 
 Dreisesselfor^, Bohemia, of Three Seats (drey, sessel). 1 
 
 Erzberg, Austria, Ore-Mountain. 
 
 Geyevsberg, Germany, Fulture's-Mouni. 
 
 Kohlenberg, Do. .BaW-Mountain(calvus,L.,&c.) 2 
 
 Muggelsberge, Prussia, near Lake Miiggel. 
 
 Oderberge, Do. Oder (f. into Baltic Sea). 
 
 Pearlier^, Cape Colony, qu. of Pearls^ 
 
 Queensberry, Dumfries-sh. qu. Queen of Hills. 4 
 
 Sckmeeberg, Arch-Duchy of Aust. *Swoz0^-Mountain. 5 
 
 Sieber\(/eberg,orS}.evengebirte, 7 Seven-Noun tains (septem, L., 
 
 Baden, j &c.). 
 
 Spitzforgwz-Island, of Rugged-Do.' 1 
 
 Vorailberg, Tyrol, in Front of Ailberg. 
 
 Wolkenierg, Baden, of Clouds. 
 
 1 In the immediate vicinity of Edinburgh, there is a hill, called < Arthur's 
 Seat.' 
 
 2 This metaphor is very frequent in geographical names, arising, no doubt, 
 from their bare or naked appearance. It has been suggested that the name 
 Caucasus may be taken from Khoh-Kasp, i. e. Bald-Mountain, having 
 the summit without any vegetation. 
 
 3 It takes its n. from a chain of large white stones, looking at a distance 
 like a string of pearls, which goes up the side of the mountain, and passes 
 over its summit. One of them is called, byway of distinction, u the Pearl," 
 on account of its size, being 400 feet high, and a full mile in circumference. 
 
 It is one of the highest in the S. of Scotland. 
 
 s Is almost always covered with snow near the summit, and is distinctly 
 seen from the ramparts of Vienna in a clear day. 
 
 6 Viz. Wolkenfier^, Stromier^, Lowen&er^r, Fieder6er<7, Qelberg, Hem- 
 merich, and Drachenfels ; of which Lowen&er^ (or Lion-Mountain) is the 
 highest. 
 
 So called from its sharp-pointed (spizzig) rocks. 
 
 JV.
 
 110 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 FELD or FIELD, FELL, FIALL, &c. (Sax.) = a 
 Mountain ; as, 
 
 Donners/eW, Prussia, of Thunder. 1 
 
 Dovvefeld, Dovvefield, or~l c ^ ~ - , .,, . 
 
 Dovra///, &c., Norway, | of Z> ,r, or Do/m (a vdlage),- 
 
 Goaifeld, Goatfteld, or Goat-1 , ,. . 
 s >i T i j e A f abounding in Goals, 
 
 jell., Island of Arran, J 
 
 Lange/%/rf,orLange/zrt//, Norway, of Lange (a lake). 
 Snafield, Isle of Man, of Snow. 
 
 Cni'fel, Crofell, or Craw/e//, ) 
 Kirkcudbright-sr, / 
 
 Culterfell, Lanark-sh. in C^fter-parish. 
 
 Hart/ e tf, Dumfries-sh. { ^' fi>e( l ue ted Wart, (Cer- 
 
 ( vorum mons). 
 
 Hownam/e//, Roxburgh-sh. in ffo^?zm-parish. 
 
 Kirkmichael/e//, Dumfries-sh. in Kirkmickael-pa.rish. 
 
 Derwentfells, Cumberland co. washed by the Derwent. 
 
 Drachen/e/5, Prussia, of the Dragon (drache). 3 
 
 Lichten/e/s, W. Greenland, of Light.* 
 
 Rhin/e/s, Up. Pihine, watered by the Rhine.* 
 
 Snaefials, Iceland, ^Ko^y-Mountain. 6 
 
 Xon-ska-Fiellen, Norway, Norwegian- Range. 7 
 
 HORN, (Ge.) = a Mountain-Peak ; as, 
 
 Finsteraar/w? 1 ^, Switzerland, Dark-Peak of the Aar. 
 
 JungfrauAorw, Do. of the Young-Frau or Maiden. 
 
 Shreck/wm, Do. of Terror. 
 
 Wetter/wrn, Do. of Storms. 
 
 > It is a ridge of the Vosges Mountains, and is frequently visited by storms 
 of thunder. 
 
 -' It is the loftiest part of the ridge separating Norway from Sweden. Ace. 
 to others, Dofrefiell, i. e. SW-Rocks. 
 
 3 There is a legend of a dragon, that has given n. to the mountain, and 
 whose cavern is shown in its sides. 
 
 A settlement founded by the Moravian missionaries, and so called in 
 allusion to the promise to the heathen, Isaiah Ix. 1, " Arise, shine, for thy 
 light is come," &c. 
 
 s It commands the whole breadth of the Rhine, and here vessels are obliged 
 to pay a considerable toll. 
 
 Its summits are covered with perpetualsnow (schnee). 
 
 ? This term has been lately introduced into geography, to indicate 
 the mountain-mass which occupies, with its branches, the greater portion of 
 the Scandinavian peninsula.
 
 POSTFIXES. Ill 
 
 KOPF, KOPPE, (Ge. ; ca/mt, L., Sic.) = a Head, 
 Summit, Peak, Cap ; as, 
 
 Catzen0jo/j Wirtemberg, Cto's-Head. 
 
 Ochsen&ojp/", Bavaria, O-c's-Do. 
 
 Schneakopf, Do. Snow-Do. 
 
 e, Silesia, Giant's-Do. 
 
 LAW,' (hleaw, A. S.) = a Detached Hill or Mount, 
 generally of a Conical Shape; as, 
 
 Broad/z0, Peebles-sh. _Z?r0a</-Mount. 
 
 Dollar/?0, Do. of Dolour orG 
 
 Duchal/aw, Renfrew-sh. having 
 
 Dundee/az0, Forfar-sh. near Dundee, or in that parish. 
 
 Dunse/aK>, Berwick-sh. near Dunse, or Do. 
 
 , Fife-sh. near Largo, or Do. 2 
 
 , Ayr-sh. qu. covered with Mist. 
 
 Normansto0, Fife-sh. of the Northmen. 
 
 N. Berwick/#K>, Haddington-sh. near 
 
 Sidlaw, or Sud/ze> Hills, the Soulh- Hills. 3 
 
 Todlaw, Northumberland, of the Dead.* 
 
 1 Perhaps the n. Law was given to such hills from the flame that once 
 issued from their tops. The Swedes call flame loa, and the Danes lue, which 
 resembles in sound our Scotch word low, a flame. In support of this con- 
 jecture, there are in the possession of Mr James Calderwood-Durham, of 
 Largo, several proclamations from the Privy Council of Scotland, ordering 
 
 fires to be kindled on Largo/aw, and N. Berwicktoto, as signals for the ap- 
 pearance of any ships of the enemy. Ace. to some, the n. has originated 
 from the laws having been administered upon such eminences at a very 
 early period. 
 
 2 The two following old distichs are in use among the people of this part 
 of Fife-shire : 
 
 " When Largolaw puts on his hat, 
 
 Let Kellielaw beware of that : 
 
 When Kellielaw gets on his cap, 
 
 Largolaw may laugh at that." 
 
 It may be noticed, that Largolaw lies to the W., and Kellielaw to the K., 
 and that the rains most frequently come from the west. 
 
 3 They form the southern boundary of Strathmore in Perth-shire. 
 
 It is supposed to have been the. sepulchral monument of some eminent 
 Danes. There are, on this mount, 3 stone columns, placed in a triangular
 
 112 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 , Dumfries-sh. Guard-Rill. 1 
 
 Broomie/a?^, which now forms part of Glasgow, was formerly 
 covered with broom, 
 
 Greenlaw, co. to. of Berwick-shire, formerly stood on the hill 
 of that n. 
 
 III. APPLICABLE TO VALLEYS. 
 
 DALE, &c. (dahl, Sax. ; tahl, L. S. ; thai, Ge. ; val, F. ; 
 vallis, L.) = a Meadow or Valley, generally deriving 
 its name from some River flowing through it ; as, 
 
 Aimandale, Dumfries-sh. 
 Arwndel, Sussex co. 
 Avendale, Lanark-sh. 
 Botesdale, Suffolk co. 
 Clydesdale, Lanark-sh. 
 Coquetofo/e, Northumberland co. 
 Dovodale, Derby-sh. 
 Drysdale (con: for Dryfes- 7 
 dale), Dumfries-sh. j 
 
 IZskdale, Dumfries-sh., &c. 
 Kem/a/(e), Westmoreland co. 
 
 Lauden/a/e, Berwick-sh. 
 Liddesofa/e, Roxburgh-sh. 
 
 Annan (f. into Sol way Firth). 
 Arun (f. into Engl. Chan.). 
 Aven (tr. of the Clyde), 
 of St Botolpk (anc. Botolphscfofe). 
 Clyde (f. into Firth of Clyde). 
 Coquet (f. into Germ. Ocean). 
 Dove (tr. of the Trent). 
 
 Dryfe (tr. of the Annan). 
 
 Esk (f. into Irish Sea). 
 Ken (f. into Irish Sea). 
 
 f Lander or Leader (tr. of the 
 
 i Tweed). 
 
 f Liddal or Liddel (tr. of the 
 
 i Esk). 
 
 form, 12 feet distant from each other. Each is near 12 feet in diameter. It 
 was the site of a great battle. 
 
 i The names of Cape- Wrath, and Farr-Head, both in Sutherland-shire, 
 Wart-HiU in the Island of Hoy, and the Wart-tt'Ms of York-sh., con- 
 sidered the highest land in the Orkneys, seem to have been derived from 
 the same circumstances as the above ; viz. the posting of individuals to 
 guard or watch the coast from elevated points, so as to give ready intelli- 
 gence of the approach of any hostile vessels. Faire in Gael, means watc/i- 
 inff, a sentinel.
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 113 
 
 Lonsdale, Westmoreland co, 
 
 Niderdale, York-sh. 
 Niihsdale, Dumfries-sh. 
 Oundale, or Oundle (con-, for "I 
 Avonefa/e),Northampton-sh. J 
 Reedsofo/e, or Redesofo/e 
 
 Northumberland co. 
 Rochdale, Lanes. 
 Ryrfa/e, York-sh. 
 Scardale, Derby-sh. 
 Swaledale, York-sh. 
 Teviotafo/e, Roxburgh-sh. 
 Tvreeddale, Peebles-sh. 
 Wardale, Cumberland co. 
 Ahvtkal, Germany, 
 BrixenfAa/, Tyrol, 
 Franken^a/, Lower Rhine, 
 
 Fredericks^/, W. Greenland, 
 
 FreudenMa/, Silesia, 
 Friedens/^/, Austria, 
 Innlkal, Tyrol, 
 Maury/Aa/, Baden, 
 Nunthal, Wirtemberg, 
 Rhein^a/, Switzerland, 
 Schonthal, Germany, 
 WipperMo/, Rhenish Prussia, 
 Z i\\erthal, Archduchy of A ustria, 
 Roncesvalles, Navarre, 
 .Da/ecarlia, Sweden, 
 
 J Loyne, Loune, or Lune (f. 
 I into Irish Sea). 
 Nid (tr. of the Ouse). 
 Nitk (f. into Solway Firth). 
 
 Avon (tr. of the Nen). 
 
 ''\ Reed (it. oftheTyne). 
 
 Roche (tr. of the Irwell). 
 Rye (tr. of the Derwent). 
 of Scars or Rocks. 
 Swale (tr. of the Ure). 
 TemW (tr. of the Tweed). 
 Tweed (f. into Germ. Ocean), 
 in which Ward was kept. 1 
 Ahr (tr. of the Rhine), 
 of Brixen. 1 
 of the Franks. 
 
 / in hon. of Frederick, King of 
 <- Sweden. 3 
 of Joy (freude, Ge.). 
 of Peace (friede, Ge.).* 
 Inn (tr. of the Danube). 
 Maury (tr. of the Neckar). 
 Murr (tr. of the Neckar). 
 Rhine (f. into Ge. Ocean). 
 Fair- Valley. 
 
 Wipper (tr. of the Rhine). 
 Ziller (tr. of the Salza).* 
 abounding in 2?r'ars(ronce, F.). 
 the Land of the Valleys. 
 
 1 Here watch and icard were kept in former times, to guard against the 
 inroads of the Scots. 
 
 2 This is an example of the n. of the head-town being prefixed, instead of 
 the river watering the dist. 
 
 3 A Moravian settlement, founded in 1823. 
 * Here is a colony of Quakers. 
 
 s Here the substance called zillerthite is found. 
 
 During the middle ages, the Pyrenean chain was called the Ronces- 
 va/fes-Mountains. As descriptive of the country, we would prefer it to Pyr- 
 enees, with its mythological derivation from Pyrene, daughter of Bebryx. 
 
 K 2
 
 114 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Da/garnock, Dumfries-sh. 
 JDa/keith, Mid-Lothian co. 
 Dallas, Moray- sh. 
 Da/moni, Inverness-sh. 
 Da/nacardoch, Perth-sh. 
 Dairy, Ayr-sh. 
 
 Z)a/rymple, Do. 
 
 Da/ton, Lanes. 
 Dalziel, Lanark-sh. 
 Dalveen, Dumfries-sh. 
 Dolgelly, Dolgellen, &c., Mer-\ 
 ioneth-sh. J 
 
 Dawlish, Devon-sh. 
 
 Val d'Amo, Italy, 
 Val di Demone, Sicily, 
 Val di Noto, Do. 
 Val di Taro, Italy, 
 Falladolid, Spain, 
 Vallambvosa, Italy, 
 Fa/paraiso, S. America, 
 Vaucluse, France, 
 
 abounding in Underwood. 
 the Confined-Dale (caeth). 1 
 Watered-Dale or Valley.* 
 of Mom'. 3 
 
 of the Smith's Shop orlron-work." 
 of the King (rz).* 
 
 {on which the King was slain 
 (Dal-ry-mole).* 
 near or among Dales. 
 the White-Dale (gheal)s 
 the Hilly-Dale. 
 
 of a Grove of Hazels. 
 
 /the Garden in the Dale. See 
 I Pref. Lis. at page 27- 
 
 y4rwo (f. into the Mediterranean ). 
 
 of Demons. 3 
 
 of the South (notus, L.). 
 
 Taro (tr. of the Po). 
 
 of Olives. 
 
 Shady-Valley. 9 
 
 of Paradise. 
 
 the Close or Narroic-V alley. 10 
 
 i By the waters of the S. and N. Esk. 
 
 - The pa. is almost equally divided from S. W. to E. by the Lossie, and 
 intersected by sev. rivulets falling into it. 
 
 3 A Scandinavian prince, who established himself here for some time. 
 
 The holes, in which the iron ore was melted, are still to be seen alon*,-- 
 the side of the hill. 
 
 s A part of this dist. was under the royal jurisdiction, and bore the des- 
 ignation of the King's District, and hence the n. of King's Valley was 
 derived. 
 
 It is supposed that Coilus, a king of the Br., was slain in battle here. 
 
 ' From the whitish scurf on the surface of the clay-soil, where the old pa. 
 church stood near the Clyde. 
 
 s From the popular notion that the fires of ./Etna issue from the region of 
 demons. 
 
 Umbria, a country of anc. Italy, was so n. from its shady trees (umbra, 
 L.) It was the staple of the wicker trade, as we learn from Virgil, Georg. 
 i. 265, 
 
 " Atque Amerina parant lentae retinacula vitis." 
 
 10 In this winding valley is situated the celebrated fountain of Vaucluse, 
 perhaps the finest spring in Europe.
 
 POSTFIXES. 115 
 
 Vautoit, Cornwall co. Crooked or Winding-Valley. 1 
 
 Wady-Mousa,, Arabia, of Moses. 
 
 To the same is ref. Valais (Wallis, Germ.), the Swiss canton, 
 which consists of 16 small valleys, and a large one, which is trav- 
 ersed by the Rhone. 
 
 Holmsdale, co. Surrey and Kent, so called from the number of 
 holm-oaks with which it abounds. 2 
 
 Knapdafe, or Cnapa//o/0, Argyle-sh., so called from the ine- 
 quality of its surface, signifying hill and dale. 
 
 Goldenm/e, Hereford-sh., so named from its fertility, and the 
 yellow livery of flowers which it wears in the spring. 
 
 Red-Horse- JWe, so called from the figure of a horse cut on the 
 side of a hill, near Tysoe, out of red-coloured, earth. The trenches 
 that form it, are cleansed and kept open by a neighbouring free- 
 holder, who enjoys lands by that service. 
 
 Vale of White-Horse, Berks, a fertile tract extending from 
 Farringdon to Abingdon, so called from the representation of a 
 horse, cut on the side of a hill, and occupying nearly an acre. 
 The chalky soil, which is hereby denuded, is a bright white, and 
 is so strong a contrast to the surrounding green turf, that the 
 figure may be sometimes seen at the distance of 1 2 miles. About 
 Midsummer, every year, the people go and weed it, in order to 
 keep the horse in shape and colour. 
 
 Valleys of Vaudois, Piedmont. The inhabitants are called 
 Vaudois, or Waldenses, from Peter Waldo, a merchant at Lyons, 
 who opposed the doctrines of the Church of Rome in 1160. Be- 
 ing banished from France, he came hither with his disciples. 
 They underwent the most dreadful persecutions in the 1 7th cen- 
 tury, particularly in 1 665-6 96. 
 
 GAU, Go vi A, &c. (Ge.) a Vale or Valley ; as, 
 
 Aargau, or Argovia, Swisserland, Aar (tr. of the Rhine). 
 f'mzgau, Austria, of Mountains (See Ben, p. 34).s 
 
 1 It gave n. to the Valtorts, a distinguished family in this and the neigh- 
 bouring county of Devon. Their seat was at Saltashe, on the Tamar. 
 
 2 It was formerly so inaccessible, that it gave occasion to the following 
 distich : 
 
 " This is Holmdale, 
 
 Never won nor ne shall." 
 -i It consists almost entirely of lofty mountains.
 
 116 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 , Rhenish Prussia, 
 w, or Thwcgovia, Swis-) 
 serland, J 
 
 Wetteravia, or Weiteraw, \ 
 Sweden, j 
 
 Wonnegau, Hesse Darmstadt, 
 Arkangels^oe, Russia, 
 
 Rhine (f. into Ger. Ocean). 
 Thur (tr. of the Rhine). 
 
 Welter (f. into the Nidda). 
 
 of Delight. 
 
 of the Archangel (St Michael). 
 
 GRUND, (Ge. ; grunnd, Ga.) = lit., a Ground; a 
 Bottom, Valley, or Glen ; as, 
 
 \\zgrund, Saxe-Coburg, 
 Riesenyrwwrf, Bohemia, 
 
 Itz (tr. of the Maine). 
 Giant's-Glen. 
 
 IV. APPLICABLE TO CAPES. 
 
 NESS, &c. (nese, Sax. ; nez, F. ; wasus, L.) = a Head- 
 land, a Promontory ; as, 
 
 Alness, Ross-sh. 
 Anderwm (for Ackmunder- ) 
 ness), Lanes. J 
 
 Blackwm, Linlithgow-sh. 
 Buchanness, Aberdeen-sh. 
 
 Bulwess, Cumberland co. 
 Caithness co. (Cathaea, L.). 
 
 Brook (alt) of the Head-land. 1 
 
 sheltered by Oaks (ac, oak ; 
 and mund, protection). 
 
 Black or Dar ^-Promontory. 2 
 
 of Buchan (district). 3 
 f of Separation (Ca. Br. bulch, 
 \ divorce, separation).* 
 
 of the Catini or Catti.* 
 
 i It is called the ' Water of Ness.' 
 
 * Upon it stands the very anc. Castle of Blackness, which was the prin- 
 cipal state-prison in Scotland during the reign of James VI. 
 
 3 One of the 4 districts into which Aberdeen-sh, is divided. 
 
 * It is on the border betwixt England and Scotland. 
 
 * The tribe that formerly migrated from Germany, and formerly inhabited 
 the mod. co. of Sutherland and Caithness ; the former of which takes its n. 
 from its southern position in reference to the latter. The latter, also, gave 
 n. to the celebrated family of the Keiths, Earls Marischal, whose possessions
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 117 
 
 Dungewess.orDengeweWjKentco. 
 Fifeness, Fife-sh. 
 Foulness, Essex co. 
 Saturnness, Kirkcudbright-sh. 
 Stromwess, Orkney. 
 Tarbetrcm, Ross-sh. 
 L'mdesnaes, Norway, 
 Ferneze, Venneeze, or Ferny- 1 
 neeze, Renfrew-sh. ( 
 
 Ardmeadhanm's, Argyle-sh. 
 Ardtur?m, Do. 
 
 of Danger (for Dengernm). 1 
 of Fife (county), 
 abounding in Sea-Fowls. 
 corr. for Southernrces*. 
 running into the Strom or Cur- 
 of Tarbet (parish). \rcnt. 
 
 Lime-Cape. 
 
 covered with Firs.? 
 
 at the Height in the Middle. 3 
 with the High-Tower. 
 To the same are ref. the ' Naze,' in Norway and Essex ; Nash 
 
 Point, in Glamorgan-sh. ; and Swiatoi-A^ss (i. e. the Holy-Point) 
 
 in Russia ; and JVo-sshead, in Caithness-sh. 
 
 ROSE, Ross, (Ga. ros or ross ; ras, Ar.) = a Promontory 
 or Peninsula ; a Height, a Summit ; as, 
 
 Fortr0se(anc.Fortross),Ross-sh. 
 Melrose (for Mulross), Rox- ) 
 burgh-sh. J 
 
 Nontrose, Angus-sh. 
 Gavdross, Dumbarton-sh. 
 
 Culross, Fife-sh. 
 
 "Kinross, co. to. 
 Muckross, Fife-sh. 
 
 the Fort on the Peninsula. 
 Bare or Naked- Promontory, 
 
 (mule).* 
 
 Fenny or Marshy-Do, (main'). 1 ' 
 the Castle on the Promontory. 
 ( the Neck or Back (cuil) of the 
 \ Peninsula (of Fife).e 
 the Head of the Promontory, 
 of the Swine or Boars. 11 
 
 at one time extended along a great part of the eastern, to the northern ex- 
 tremity of Scotland. ITms-Bay is a monument of them. 
 
 '- Infamous for wrecks. It is now accommodated with a light-house. 
 
 -> This is the n. of the eastern extremity of the ' Braes of Gleniffer.' 
 
 3 It is the n. of a place near the middle of the island of Gigha, where 
 there is a rising ground, opposite to which there is a Ness that runs about 
 a mile into the sea. 
 
 * The first abbey of Melrose stood about two miles E. from the present, 
 in a peninsula formed by a turn of the Tweed, and terminating in a rocky 
 precipice of some elevation. Mull of Cantire, i. e. Maol Ceann tir (terra, 
 L.) = the bald head of the land. 
 
 s To this day it is called by the vulgar Monross. 
 
 It lies on a headland running into the W. side of Lochleven. 
 
 7 This is the anc. n. of the ness or peninsula, on which St Andrew's
 
 118 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 .Roseneath, Dumbarton-sh. 
 Ros\in, Mid-Lothian co. 
 Rosskeen, Ross-sh. 
 
 Rosyth (anc. .Rosaith), Fife-sh. 
 
 jffoarburgh (for .Roxburgh), ) 
 Roxburgh-sh. / 
 
 of the Virgin.* 
 
 over a Deep Pool of the N. Esk. 
 the Head of the Peninsula, 
 running into the Water (of the 
 Forth). 
 
 the Castle on a Promontory. 
 
 To this are ref. the n. Ras, of sev. capes in E. parts ; Cape 
 Rosas, in Catalonia ; Ross, whether considered as the n. of the 
 mod. county so called, or as the anc. n. of Fife ; Ross, Hereford- 
 sh., on the* Wye; Ross, Cork co. ; .Romano, Italy; and .Ross- 
 berg, the lofty Swiss mountain, all of which answer the import of 
 the term. 
 
 V.-APPLICABLE TO ISLANDS. 
 
 DIVA, (dwtpdf Sanscr.) = an Island ; as, 
 
 , Indian Ocean, of Mali. 3 
 
 Nuddea (for Navft>),l A ^. Island ( L 
 
 Hindostan, J 
 
 S'mhaladwipa, Indian Ocean, of Lionss 
 
 Simdeep, Do. of the Moon. 
 
 Yavadwipa, Indian Archipelago, Barley-Island.' 
 
 stands. Around St Andrew's was a large dist. called the ' Boar's Chace,' 
 and three miles east from the town, there is a village still called Boarhills. 
 
 1 A corr. for Rosnachoich, supp. from a nunnery that once stood here. 
 
 2 These two counties strikingly resemble each other in those grand out- 
 lines of landscape, that suggested the common appellation of Ross ; viz. the 
 romantic Forth being represented by that noblest of estuaries the Bay of 
 Cromarty ; and the winding Tay by the sinuosities of the Firth of Dornoch. 
 
 a It is the largest of the group, commonly called the Maldives, to which 
 it gives name. 
 
 4 A to. of Bengal, sit. at the confl. of the Jellinghry and Cossimbazar 
 with the Ganges. 
 
 s The n. by which Ceylon is called in the Singhalese annals. 
 
 Java is eo called on account of its fertility.
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 119 
 
 EA, EY, AY, &c. (e, Sax.) = an Isle or Island ; as, 
 
 Anglesey off Carnarvon-sh. 
 Battersea, Surrey co. 
 Selsea, or Selsey, Sussex co. 
 Winchilsea, Sussex, 
 Athelney, Somerset-sh. 
 Bardsey, off Carnarvon-sh. 
 Chelsey (qu. Shelisey), Mid- "| 
 
 dlesex, J 
 
 Godney,or Gedney, Somerset-sh. 
 Jersey (anc. Gerzey), off Nor- ^ 
 
 mandy, j 
 
 Molesey ( for Moulsey), Surrey co. 
 
 Mucheln<?y, or Muckelney, | 
 Somerset-sh. J 
 
 Nordereys, Scotland, 
 Orkney, German Ocean, 
 
 Osne^, or Ousney, Oxford-sh. 
 
 Putney, Surrey co. 
 
 Raasey, Hebrides, 
 
 Ranwj/, Hunts, Essex co. &c. 
 
 i 
 
 of the Angles or English. 1 
 
 of St Patric (anc. Patricseo). 3 
 
 of Seals or Sea-Calves. 
 
 in a Corner. 3 
 
 of the Atheling or Nobles.* 
 
 of the Bards. & 
 
 of the Shelf? Sand-Bank. 
 
 Gorf's-Island. 
 
 of Caesar. 
 
 / formed by the Mo/e (tr. of the 
 I Thames). 
 
 Graz/-Island.6 
 
 A 7 orMe/-ra-Islands. 
 
 of Seals or Whales (oren ?). 7 
 
 of the [sis or Owse (tr. of the 
 
 Thames). 
 
 of Wells (puteus, L., &c.). 
 of Roes (rae). 
 qu. Ram's-ls[e. B 
 
 1 The n. given to it by the English, who took possession of it in the reign 
 of Edward I. 
 
 2 It belonged to the Abbey of St Peter, Westminster. 
 
 The n. answers exactly its sit. at the corner of Kent and Sussex. There 
 is, in Gloucester-sh-, JVinchcomb, i. e. the valley in the corner. 
 
 It is formed by the Tone and Parrot, and contains but a few acres of 
 firm ground in a morass. Hither King Alfred fled, with a few Sax. nobles, 
 when the Danes over-ran England, like Matins to the fens of Minturnae. 
 
 5 From having formed a refuge to the Bards. 
 
 It is a river island, formed by the confl. of the Ivell and Pedred. On 
 it are the remains of the walls of an old monastery erected by Athelstane. 
 
 7 Speaking of the term Orkney, Buchanan thus delivers himself : 
 " Concerning the name itself, writers, both anc. and mod., are well enough 
 agreed ; but none, that I know, has yet explained its meaning." 
 
 s The N. E. parts of Hunts abound in fens. Here, ace. to a traditionary 
 tale, related by the Ramsey historian, a solitary ram, " armed by Nature's 
 cunning with twisted and crooked horn," took up his abode, and left his n. 
 to the island. The island of this n. in Essex lies in Maiden-water. There 
 is another of this n. offPembroke-sh.
 
 120 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Romney, Kent co. in the Flat or Marsh. 1 
 
 Sheppe;/, Kent co. of Sheep (Sceapea, Sax.) 1 
 
 Sudereys, Scotland, Soutfiern-lslands.s 
 
 Thorney, Cambridge-sh. abounding in Thorns. 
 
 Tirey, or Tiree, Hebrides, of Bulls (tiur, Ga. ; tauTus, L.) 
 
 Whitney, Oxford-sh. White-Island.* 
 Barry, off Glamorgan -sh. 
 
 Ely, Cambridge-sh. | of ,^* r W ^ llows < e] > and 
 
 I helys, Sax.).' 
 
 Ailsa-Craig, off Ayr-sh. of Rocks (a corr. for Hellesa). 
 
 Barra, Hebrides, of St BarrS 
 
 Benbecula, Do. of Little Women.* 
 
 Colonsa, or Colonsoy, Do. of St Colon or Cohimba. 
 
 Fionia, Denmark, Fine or .Fer/z 
 
 Gia, or (j\gha, Hebrides, qu. Go^/'j-Island 
 
 Jura (anc. Dera), Do. of Deers. 
 
 Orsa, or Eorsa, Do. of Horses." 
 
 Rona, Do. of St Ronamts. 1 * 
 
 1 A spot, sufficiently elevated in a marshy soil to be dry, was termed an 
 eye or island by the Saxons. 
 
 2 Sit. at the mouths of the Thames and Medway, and separated from the 
 mainland by an arm of the sea, called the Swale. It formerly abounded in 
 numbers of sheep. 
 
 3 The islands to the W. of Scotland, when under the Norwegians, were 
 so divided by them, according as" they lay N. or S. of the Point of Ardna- 
 murchan, in Argyle-sh. 'Jhe latter division included, besides Arran, Bute, 
 &c., Man, and lona, whence the Bishop of Sodor took his title, because these 
 were reckoned the more important. See Nordereys, p. 119. 
 
 4 It is almost inaccessible, from the numerous standing pools and frequent 
 inundations. 
 
 s A hermit, who resided and was buried in it. 
 
 G It is surrounded by marshes, which abounds in eels ; and sallows are 
 the chief trees to be met with in the district. 
 
 7 He was a bishop of Caithness. 
 
 s So named, because it belonged to the nuns of Icolmkill. 
 
 The Norwegian n. is Gu&ey. 
 
 10 Buchanan says, that the maritime parts of this island are tolerably in- 
 habited, but that the interior is woody, and abounds with deers. Dera is 
 the Gothic for a stag. 
 
 u Some are of Scandinavian origin, and have corresponding Gaelic, as, 
 Eilan-an-each (equus, L.) i. e. Island of Horses; muck (muc), of Swine. 
 
 12 In a chapel, dedicated to their tutelary saint, is a spade, which, when 
 any one dies, marks out and excavates a place for his grave. This legend 
 vies with the " shadowy flail" of Robin Goodfellow ; 
 " Tells how the drudging goblin swet, 
 To earn his cream-bowl duly set,
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 121 
 
 Sanda, Hebrides, 
 Slata, Do. 
 Soa, Do. 
 Staffa, Do. 
 
 Stroma, off Caithness-sh. 
 
 Swino, or Swaney, Orkney's, 
 
 Ulva, Hebrides, 
 
 Cumbray, off Ayr-sh. 
 
 Eglis/jay, Egilsay, or Eagles- 1 
 hay, Orkneys, J 
 
 Ronalds/my, Do. 
 
 Rousay, Do. 
 
 Shapins^oy, Do. 
 
 Whalsay, Do. 
 
 Skye, or Sky (anc. Skia"), Do. 
 
 Faroe, or Foero'e Islands, al 
 group between Iceland and > 
 Shetland, J 
 
 Mageroe, Norway, 
 
 Sandy-Isle. 
 of Slates. 1 
 of Sows. 
 
 of Staffs, i. e. Pillars (staf ). 2 
 J in the Strom, Stream, or 
 "j Current (of the Pentland). 
 of Sieine. 
 of Wolves. 
 of the Cumbrians. 3 
 
 with the Church (ecclesia, L.). 4 
 
 of Ronald or Rognovald.* 
 
 of Rolf ov Roilo.* 
 
 of Sheep. 
 
 of Whales. 
 
 with Wings, or Winged- Island. 7 
 
 (faar, Scandin.). 8 
 
 f L#/z, Meagre, or .Bare-Island 
 X (mager ; macer, L.).' 
 
 When in one night, ere glimpse of morn, 
 His shadowy flail had threshed the com 
 That ten days' labour could not end." 
 
 IS Allegro. 
 
 1 The tiles, that go by this name, are hewn from quarries in this island. 
 
 2 This island, which is remarkable for its columnar stone formation, takes 
 its n. from the resemblance of the columns to staffs or staves, 
 
 a They once occupied this district. 
 
 In the W. part of this island there is a small Gothic church, dedicated 
 to St Magnus, the tutelar saint of Orkney, where he is reported to be buried. 
 
 5 He was set over the Orkney Islands by Harold, King of Norway. 
 
 s He successfully invaded Normandy, and was great grandfather to Wil- 
 liam the Conqueror. 
 
 7 It is the largest of the numerous islands that girdle the W. of Scotland. 
 Nearly in the centre, the tide penetrates so far into the interior, both in front 
 and behind, as to divide the island into two peninsulas. These stretch 
 themselves out like expanded wings, and hence the name, the appropriate- 
 ness of which may be seen from the inspection of a map. 
 
 s Discovered during the 9th century by the Norwegians, who formed a 
 settlement here, and gave them this n. because those animals were found in 
 sole possession of the island. 
 
 '' No part of the N. certainly conveys to the traveller so perfect an idea 
 
 L
 
 122 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 og, Norway, 
 Tromsoe, Do. 
 Anegada, West Indies, 
 Anguilla, Do. 
 
 Cabrera, off Balearic Islands, 
 Conejera, Do. 
 
 Dominica, West Indies, 
 
 Dragonera, off Balearic Islands, 
 Elephanta, off Bombay, 
 Formosa, Gulf of Guinea, 
 Fromentera, or Formentera, 1 
 off S. E. of Spain, / 
 
 Madeira, off W. coast of Africa, 
 
 Margarita, West Indies, 
 Marmora, or Marmara, Turkey, 
 Terceira, or Tercera, Azores, 
 Alicudi (anc. Ericodes), off (^ 
 N. Sicily, J 
 
 of .Rmz-Deers. 1 
 
 in theStrom^tream^r Current. 7 
 
 gu.DrownedorOverflowed(Sip.).* 
 
 Eel-Island (anguilla, L., &c.).-< 
 
 Goartierds'-Do. s 
 
 Conies' or Rabbits'-Do. 
 
 {discovered on Dimanche (i. e. 
 Lord's-Day or Sabbat fi). 
 F., for Dominicus, L. 
 Dra^ms'-Island. 
 with the Elephant.* 
 Beautiful-Do. 11 
 
 abounding in Corn. 8 
 
 f Do. Timber or Woods (mate-. 
 \ ries, L., &c.). 
 Do. Pearls (margarita, L.,&c.)"> 
 Do. Marble (marmor, L.,&c.).'i 
 
 abounding in Heath (erica,L.). IS 
 
 of desolation as this island. The n. is highly appropriate, as it is destitute 
 of everything hut rocks." Sir Arthur de Capell Brooke. 
 
 1 They are found here in great numbers. 
 
 2 Divided from the mainland by a narrow strait, through which the sea 
 rushes, causing a very violent current. 
 
 3 From its being for the most part a dead level. 
 
 < From its tortuous shape, suggesting a resemblance to a snake. 
 
 s From the goats, which form the wealth of the few herds by whom ic is 
 inhabited. 
 
 The Portuguese gave this n. to the island, from the colossal stone image 
 of an elephant, opposite to the landing-place. 
 
 7 The delightful aspect of the country suggested this n. to the Europeans 
 who first visited it. 
 
 It is believed that it was so called in mod. times from the great quantity 
 of grain (froment, F., &c.) which it produces in proportion to its surface. 
 
 From its being covered with forests, which, having been set on fire, are 
 said to have burned for seven years. 
 
 10 Its neighbourhood furnishes a great many pearls. 
 
 1 1 It was early celebrated for its quarries of marble. 
 
 is From its standing the third in the cluster, in point of sit., though first 
 in dignity. 
 
 i It is the most westerly of the Aeolian or Lipari Islands, and was so n. 
 from the quantity of heath growing upon it.
 
 POSTFIXES. 123 
 
 Makri, Greece, Lowg-Island 
 
 Azores, or Azores, W. of") of Falcons or Hawks (a^or, 
 
 Portugal, ^ Port. ; accipiter, L.). 1 
 
 Barbados, W. Indies, ofBarbadas } oYBeardea1?'n:-trees.* 
 
 Canan'ej, off W. Africa, of Dogs (canis, L.). 1 
 
 Cyclades, Archipelago, in a Cycle or Circle* 
 
 Floras, one of the Azores, of the form of Flowers. 
 
 Sporades, Archipelago, Scattered-Islands (<r7ro/m).* 
 
 Strophades, Do. of Turning (<TT/>o07/). 
 
 HOLM, (Sax.) = generally, an Island in a River or In- 
 land Sea ; also, Flat or Low Land lying along these, 
 and occasionally flooded by them ; as, 
 
 Alder^o/m, Sweden, abounding in Alders." 1 
 
 Ax/iolm, Lincoln-sh. Do. Oaks. 8 
 
 Dovnholm, Ayr-sh. Doon (f. into the Atlantic). 
 
 Glenholm, Peebles-sh. the Glen with Holms).3 
 
 1 This n. was given to the group by the Portuguese, on account of the 
 number of these birds found on them. 
 
 2 So. n. by the Portuguese from the number of Indian fir-trees found on 
 the island. 
 
 3 Juba, the learned Mauritanian prince, so calls it from the number of 
 large dogs that were found in the island Canaria, which imparted its n. to 
 the group. He imported two of them into his dominions. 
 
 4 This circular group contains above 50 islands. 
 
 s From being scattered, or lying at a considerable distance from each 
 other. This group, lying to the S. E. of the Cyclades, amounts to 12. 
 
 < Here Calais and Zethes are said to have turned from their pursuit of 
 the Harpies, which they had driven from the house of Fhineus, King of 
 Thrace. The mod. n. is Strivali. 
 
 7 It is formed by the 3 arms of a river. Here a considerable trade is 
 carried on in planks and deals. 
 
 s It is formed by the Trent, Dun, Idle, and other streams. The dead 
 roots of trees have often been found here, and one of its villages is called 
 Hyrst. See Hurst, p. 89. 
 
 > The principal part is a glen, through which a small river flows, having 
 some flat grounds along its sides.
 
 124 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ( Long-Town in (or along) the 
 Lzngholm, Dumfries-sh. -J the Holm (of the Esk, f. 
 
 (_ into the Sol way). 1 
 
 Lzholm, Sweden, Laga (f. into the Cattegat). 
 
 St Bennet's-in-the-Ho/w, 1 i- e the Church dedicated to St 
 
 Norfolk co. 3 Bennet in the Holm. 
 
 Stockholm, Cap. of Sweden, formed by Stocks or Posts. 1 
 
 To this are ref. several islets called ' Holms/ in the Orkneys, 
 &c. So .Hwme-Castle, in Benvick-sh., is named from a Holm 
 in the neighbourhood. 
 
 VI. APPLICABLE TO RIVERS. 
 
 AB, (aqua, L., &c.) = a Water, River ; as, 
 
 Doab, Hindostan, Two- Waters (duo, L., &c.). 
 
 Koshaft, Do. Sweet-Water. 
 
 Neelab, do. Blue-Do. 
 
 Penjai, or Punjafi, Do. { ^ft (QUinqUG ^^ 
 
 ALT, ALD, &c. (&, Ga.) = a Water, Brook, River ; as, 
 
 n v, u t\ u f Meeting of Streams (Cumar- 
 
 Lumbernaww, Dumbarton-sh. < f.% 
 
 ^ an-aitj. 
 
 1 It consists of one principal street. The farms on both sides of the river 
 generally take the n. of holm. 
 
 2 It stands upon seven rocky islels, at the junction of the streams of Lake 
 Maeler and the Baltic, and is built upon piles. 
 
 3 It is generally employed to denote any tract of country lying between 
 two rivers. There are several Doabs in Hindostan ; but the dist. to which 
 the n. is most generally applied, is sit. between the Ganges and the Jumna. 
 
 4 The lower part of the province of Lahore is so n. from the five rivers, 
 which, descending across it from the Himmalehs, enter the Indus by one 
 united Channel ; these are the Sutledge, the Beyah, the Ravee, the Che- 
 nab, and the Jelum or Behut.
 
 POSTFIXES. 125 
 
 r> u TJ jj- f jRowtfA-Rivulet (garbh, Ga. ; 
 
 Garva/</, Haddington-sh. 
 
 I gavvr, Br., &C.). 1 
 
 AUdovrran, Wigton-sh. of Otters (dobhran). 
 
 Altpatrick, Renfrew-sh. of St Patrick. 
 
 Aullguish, Inverness-sh. with Fir-trees (giumhas). 
 
 Alness, Ross-sh. of the Ness or Headland.* 
 
 ERMAK, IRMAK, (Turk.) = a River ; as, 
 
 , Asia Minor, { Gl (tr ' f the 
 
 KizUermot, or Kudlirwa*,J. ^.DO. (f . ^ the Black Sea). 
 
 GUNGA, &c. (Sanscr.) = a Stream ; as, 
 
 Kishengunga, Hindostan, Black or Sable-Stream. 
 
 Mootagunga, Do. Pear/-Stream. 
 
 Neelgunge, Do. Blue-Do. 
 
 Seetyunge, Do. of -S'z'ca. 
 
 Shevagunga, Do. of Do. 
 
 Ho, (Chinese; eau, F. ; aqua, L., &c.) = a River; as, 
 
 o, China, PreczoM*-Rivev(tr. ofthePeiho). 
 
 Hoang-^o, Do. Fe^oz0-Do.(f.intotheEast.Sea). 3 
 
 Pei/fo, Do. White-Do, (f. into Yellow Sea). 
 
 YuAo, Peking, Imperial-Do.* 
 
 i The yarrow, Selkirk-sh., is so n., either from its rocky bed or rapid 
 flow. 
 
 s It is commonly called the * Water of Ness.' 
 
 3 " All Chinese names have some meaning in them applicable to the ap- 
 pearance, quality, or situation of the place or thing mentioned ; and this riv. 
 has received its n. from the quantity of yellow earth along its banks, and of 
 mud of the same colour, of which its bed is principally formed." Travels 
 in South-Eastern Asia. 
 
 < A narrow canal, that runs through Peking, whose waters are only used 
 to feed the canals and ponds of the imperial palace. 
 
 L2
 
 126 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 VII. APPLICABLE TO LAKES, SEAS, &c. 
 
 HAI, &c. (Chinese) = a Sea ; as, 
 
 Hoang^at, China, Yellow-Sea. 
 
 Nan^oy, Do. Green-Do. 1 
 
 Tung^ai, Do. Eastern-Do.' 
 
 SEE, SOE, ZEE, &c. (sae, Sax. ; see or zee, Dutch) = an 
 Inland Sea, a Lake; as, 
 
 . /into which the Ammer, Amp- 
 
 Ammer**, Bavaria, ( fer, or Amber f. 
 
 Boden**, between Switzer- j of Bodmm (&n ^ ^ 
 
 land and Germany, 
 
 Poemund^oe, Norway, of Foemund. 
 
 Lawercee, Holland, into which the Lowers f. 3 
 
 Mondsee, Austria, of the Moon (mond, Ge.). 
 
 Plattensee, Do. of Belatons 
 
 Vierwaldstadtensee, Switzerland, of the Four Forest-Towns.* 
 Zuider^e, or Zuyder^, Hoi- j 
 
 land, J 
 
 VIII. APPLICABLE TO COUNTRIES, &c. 
 
 BOOM (bhuma, bhumi, Sanscr. ; humus, L. ?) = Land, 
 Country ; as, 
 
 Birioom (ViraM;m), India, of Heroes (Virorum humus ?) 
 
 1 It lies between the islands of Formosa and Hainan. 
 
 2 It lies between Corea and the island of Formosa. 
 
 :< The Lawers forms the boundary between Friesland and Groningen. 
 
 4 So called from its crescent-like shape. 
 
 :, From a Slavonian word, implying dirt or mud. 
 
 c, From its position amidst the cantons of Lucerne, Unterwalden, Uri, 
 and Schweitz. 
 
 7 This large gulf, which was formerly an inland lake, called by the anc. 
 Flevo, was formed by an irruption of the Germ. Ocean.
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 127 
 
 f of Lions (Leonum humus ?), 
 I See Sinhalad.\vipa, p. 118. 
 
 S'mgboom (Singhabhuma), Do. 
 
 LAND, (Goth. ; Sax. ; &c.) = a Country, Region ; as, 
 Caffreland t or Kanrland, S.) of the Caffres or Kafirs, i. e. 
 
 Africa, 
 Ynedland, Germany, 
 Friesland, Holland, 
 Goth/a nd, or Gottland, Sweden, 
 Heligoland, at the mouth of) 
 
 the Elbe, ) 
 
 Holland, W. Europe, 
 Guelder/anof, or Gelderland, \ 
 
 Holland, f 
 
 Maryland, U. S. 
 Newfound/awaf, N. America, 
 Poland, between Russia and 1 
 
 Germany, j 
 
 or Swisser/arcrf, |_ 
 
 Infidels, not Mussulmans. 
 of Peace (friede, Ge.). 
 of Frisia, or the Frisians. 1 
 Good-Land (gott, Ge.). 2 
 
 Holy-Do, or Island (heilig,Ge.). 
 Hollow-Do, (hohl, Ge.).* 
 of Gueldres (the Capital). 
 
 in hon. of Henrietta Maria.* 
 Land newly found. 
 Flat or Plain-Land, (from its 
 level surface). 
 
 of the Swiss or Switzers.* 
 
 Central Europe, 
 
 MARK, &c. (mark, Ge. ; marca, I.) = originally, a Fron- 
 tier District ; a Region, Province ; as, 
 
 Denmark (Daunmark, Ice- ] 
 
 landish, i. e. Low-Land), > or of the Danes. 
 
 N. W. Europe, 
 Finmark, Do. 
 Lapmark, Do. 
 Marca d'Ancona, Italy, 
 Marca Trevigiana, Do. 
 
 
 of the Finns. 
 of the Lapps. 
 of Ancona. 1 
 of Treviso.* 
 
 1 The n. has been der. from the low Ge. ' fresen,' to shake or tremble, in 
 allusion to the nature of the country, whose soil is an unstable or shaking 
 moor. 
 
 2 Ace. to others, it is for Gotland, i. e. the Land of the Goths. It is 
 the n. of a province of Sweden, as well as of an island in the Baltic. 
 
 3 From its low sit in respect of Germany. 
 
 4 She was the wife of Charles II. 
 
 s The n. given by the discoverer, Sebastian Cabot. 
 
 The canton of Schweitz was among the earliest to enrol itself in the 
 league that was entered into for the support of the national freedom in the 
 14th century. 
 
 7 A seaport on the Adriatic, in the States of the Church. 
 
 s A to. in the States of Venice.
 
 128 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 To this we ref. La Marche, France, from its sit. on the border 
 of Limousin ; and Merse, or Berwick-sh., Scotland, from its bor- 
 dering with England. Hence, also, the March or Marches, i. e. 
 the Country lying ahout the Marks, which indicated the limits of 
 two kingdoms, dukedoms, or other extensive jurisdiction. 
 
 STAN, (sthan, Pers.) = a Country or Region ; as, 
 
 Afghanistan, Asia, 
 Arabisfaw, Do. 
 Beloochistaw, Do. 
 Daghistan, in Government of) 
 
 Caucasus, J 
 
 Hindoostaw, or Indos/aw, Asia, 
 Koordistan, or Curdistan, 
 
 Turkey in Asia, 
 Palistan, corr. into Pales^aw, 
 
 or Palestine, Asia, 
 Turkesfcm, or Turkistow, Arabia, 
 Mauritania, N. Africa, 
 
 of the Afghans. 
 of the Arabians. 1 
 of the Belooches. 
 
 of Mountains (dagh). 
 
 of the Hindoos or Indians. 
 
 of the Koords or Curds. 
 
 Shepherd-Land, or Country of 
 
 Shepherds.* 
 of the Turks. 
 of the Mauri or Moors. 
 
 TERRA, (I.); TIERRA, (Sp.) ; TERRE, (F.) ; TIRE, 
 (tir, Ga.) &c. = Land, a Country, District, &c.; as, 
 
 Terra or Tz'erra-del-Fuego, 1 
 S. America, J 
 
 Terra or 7Yerra-de-Natal, 1 
 S. E. Africa, / 
 
 Terra-Firma, Italy, 
 
 Terre-en-bas, off Guadaloupe, 
 
 jfen-e-en-haute, Do. 
 
 of Fire (fuego, Sp. ; focus. L 
 from its volcanic fires). 
 hon. of the Natal day 
 
 in 
 
 Nativity (of our Saviour). 
 Firm or Continental-Land.* 
 Low-Land or Island. 
 High-Do. Do. 
 
 or 
 
 1 The Turks and Persians so call Arabia. 
 
 2 It is extremely probable that the warlike nation of the Philistines, that 
 so frequently disputed with the Israelites the possession of the Syrian border, 
 were the progeny of the royal herdsmen, who so long subjected to their thrall 
 the rich territory of Lower and Middle Egypt. The goddess of Shepherds 
 among the Latins was sometimes called Pales. 
 
 s In allusion to the season of Christmas, in which De Gama discovered it. 
 This n. is given to the continental provinces of Venice, in contradis- 
 tinction to the insular portions.
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 129 
 
 Terryglass (anc. TYrdoglass), 1 
 Tipperary co. / 
 
 Dar-el-hajar, Eg}'pt, 
 .Darfoor, or Darfui; Africa, 
 Vzrhud, Persia, 
 Argentiera, Archipelago, 
 
 Balquhiddier, Perth- sh. 
 
 Basseterre, W. Indies, 
 Blantyre, Lanark-sh. 
 Canty re, &c., Argyle-sh. 
 Cattytevzr, or Katty^ar, India, 
 Finisferre, Spain, 
 Finlry, Stirling-sh. 
 Gurmsir, Persia, 
 Mala6ar(Malaymr),Hindostan, 
 
 Nasatierra, Pacific Ocean, 
 Zangueiar, S. E. Africa, 
 
 of the Two Greens (da, two). 1 
 
 of Rocks** 
 of Poor or Fur. 
 CW</- Region. 
 
 of Silver (argentum, L., &c.). 3 
 / Town at the back of the 
 X Country. (Seep. 11.) 
 Loz0-Land (basse, F.). 
 Warm-Site (Blaanft'r). 
 End of the Country. (See. p. 4-6.) 
 of the Catties. 
 End of the Country." 
 Fine or Pleasant-Land. 
 ^Farm-Region. 
 Mountain-enclosed Land. 
 
 f More Landward (mas, Sp. ; 
 
 \ magis, L.). s 
 of the Zingues. 
 
 IX. APPLICABLETO WOODS, MOORS, &c.;as, 
 
 KIL, KILL, &c. (collie, Ga.) ; WALD, WEALD, &c. (walda 
 and wealt, Sax. ; coed, Br. ; sylva, L.) = a Wood, 
 Woody District, Forest ; as, 
 
 Kildare, co. to. 
 
 of Oaks (darach; quercws, L.). 6 
 
 i It was formerly famed for its monastery, founded by St Columba about 
 548. 
 
 a It is a wilderness of sterile rocks. 
 
 3 So called from its having been supposed to contain a vein of silver. Ar- 
 gentiere, in France, derives its n. from the mines of argentiferous lead, 
 (i. e. lead in combination with silver,) formerly worked in its neighbourhood. 
 
 < Thought formerly to be the most W. part of the W. of Europe. It is 
 also the n. of the most western department of France. 
 
 s This island, and Masafuera (i. e. more seaward), are the two largest 
 islands of the group, of which Juan Fernandez is the largest, by which the 
 former is frequently called. 
 
 To the same (daragh, lr.) is ref. Derry, co. to. " The names of places
 
 130 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Killiecr&nkie, Perth-sh. 
 Killynure, Dublin co. 
 Aikengall, E. Lothian, 
 
 Edenkeillie, Moray- sh. 
 Fasa%, Perth-sh. 
 LetterdzozV, Ross-sh. 
 
 Orchil, Perth-sh. 
 Ordiguhill, Aberdeen-sh. 
 Bangoriscoe*/, Carnarvon-sh. 
 Boheimen0a Id, or Bomerwa Id, \ 
 Bohemia, J 
 
 Franken^aW, Germany, 
 Hesserwald, Duchy of Cloves, 
 Leswalt, Wigton-sh. 
 MouszeaW, Dumfries-sh. 
 
 Sch-warztvald, Germany, 
 
 Thuringerz0a&/, Prussia, 
 Tinz>a/rf-hillj Dumfries-sh., &c. 
 
 Decayed-Brushwood. 1 
 of Few-trees (jur, Ir. ; iubhar).s 
 of Oaks. 
 
 V Wooded- Face or Surface 
 7 (aodan). 3 
 Young or Thriving-W ood. 
 f Wooded- Side (of Lochduich ; 
 1 leithtir ; latus, lateris, L.). 
 Young-Wood, (ur). 
 beside the Height (ard, &c.). 
 Bangor below the Wood. 
 
 Bohemian-Forest. 
 
 of Franconia.* 
 of Hesus.'- 
 
 Woody -Pasture (see p. 27-). 
 at the Moss. e 
 
 jB/acA or Dar-Forest (schwarz, 
 l_ Ge. ; hence swarthy, Engl.). 
 of Thuringia. 7 
 the Ting in the Wood. 6 
 
 (in Ireland) afford good evidence of the former wooded state of the country, 
 especially as this evidence is in harmony with what we know from other 
 sources to have been the case." Dublin University Magazine. 
 
 1 In contradistinction to Orchil, which is in the neighbourhood. 
 
 2 To the same is ref. Newry, Down-sh., i. e. Najur, the yew-trees. " The 
 forests of Ireland consisted chiefly of the Scotch fir, the oak, and the yew." 
 Dublin University Magazine. 
 
 3 The remains of natural wood, and the great quantities of oak and fir 
 found in the mosses of this pa., prove that the whole face of the country was 
 formerly covered with wood. 
 
 4 One of the anc. circles of Germany, now chiefly comprised in Bavaria. 
 & The n. of the chief divinity among the anc. Germans. 
 
 e Because this dist. was nearest to the great moss, called Locharmoss* 
 
 i A circle of anc. Saxony. 
 
 s " Ting, or Thing, signifies, in the anc. language of the N., to speak ; 
 and hence a popular assembly, court of justice, or assize. Al-thing is a 
 general meeting of that kind ; Alls-herjar-thing, the general convocation of 
 chiefs, nobles, or lords. The national diet of Norway still retains the n. of 
 Stor-thing, or great assembly ; its two divisions are, the Lass-thing, or 
 upper chamber ; and the Odels-thing, or lower. The anc. Scandinavian 
 courts were held in the open air, generally on natural hills or artificial tumuli. 
 Their colonies in England and Scotland adopted the same practice, and
 
 POSTFIXES. 131 
 
 Torthor?a/rf, Dumfries-sh. Tower of Thor in the Wood. 1 
 
 Z'mrvald, Bohemia, abounding in Tin (zinn, Ge.). 
 
 JValtham, Essex co. Hamlet in the Wood, 
 
 To this we ref. the ' Wealds' in Kent, Surrey, &c. 
 
 MOOR* (anc. MORE) ; Mum, &c. (mor or moor, Sax.) 
 = Heathy Ground ; as, 
 
 IBlackmore, Dorset-sh. 
 
 T. f watered by the Dart (f. into 
 
 Dartmoor, Devon-sh. < ., -,, J , ^ 1N v 
 
 \ the EngL Channel). 
 
 Elmore, Gloucester-sh. abounding in Eels.* 
 
 F f watered by the Exe (f. into 
 
 , or Lxmore, Devon-sh. < ,1 if r.u i\ 
 \ the Engl. Channel).' 
 
 Gladsmuir, Haddington-sh. abounding in Gledes.e 
 
 Lammenwoor, Haddington-sh. thatreachesfo theSea(d la mer\i 
 
 hence many eminences, erroneously supposed to be Ro. camps, still retain 
 the n. of Ting or Ding, such as the Tinwald-Hill, in the Isle of Man, 
 Dingwall in Ross-sh., Tingvall in Iceland," &c. &c. Crichtcn and 
 IVheatotSs Scandinavia. 
 
 j Here are the ruins of the anc. castle of Torthorwald, which is supposed 
 to have existed since the 13th century. Thor was the Jupiter of the Saxon 
 deities ; hence Thursday, i. e. the day set apart to the worship of Thor ; 
 and Thurso, Caithness, or more properly Thorsaa., is der. from the cognom-- 
 inal riv., which was called in honour of this great deity, from being the 
 principal one in the neighbourhood. 
 
 2 The tin found here is esteemed next to that of England. 
 
 3 It is sometimes called White Hart Forest, from the favourite while 
 stag of Henry I., which was accidentally killed by one T. de la Lynde. For 
 this injury a heavy impost was laid upon his estate, which to this day is 
 charged with an unusual fine to the treasury, called White-Hart-silver. 
 
 The moors in this parish abound with eels, from which the n. is supp. 
 to have been derived. 
 
 s It includes about 100,000 acres, abounding in mines. The inhabitants 
 are called Moormen, and are reckoned the most ignorant and rustic people 
 in the west of England. 
 
 The n. probably arose from the number of these birds (kites) which 
 frequented the pa. in its barren state, and are yet not unfrequent in the 
 neighbourhood. 
 
 1 In the Ro. province, that extended betwixt the walls of Hadrian and 
 Severus, there are scarcely found any moorish hills extending to the Germ. 
 Ocean, except the Lammermoors. They begin at Coldingham in the Merse, 
 and Dunglass in . Lothian (both which places stand close upon the sea), 
 and run westward with a broad surface from 30 to 40 miles, and at length 
 terminate at Soutra-Hill.
 
 132 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 wated b 
 
 T weedwiiwr, Peebles-sh. p , 
 
 { into Germ. Oc.). 
 
 Westmoreland co., England, Western-Heathy Land. 
 
 Moos, (Ge.) = a Flat containing several Morasses or 
 Swamps ; as, 
 
 -P. T> f of the Donau or Danube (f. 
 
 Donaumoos, Bavaria, -J . . N 
 
 ( into the Black Sea). 
 
 Isarmoos, Do. of the Isar (tr. of the Danube). 
 
 Rosenheimenwoos, Do. of or around Rosenheim. 
 
 X. MISCELLANEOUS EPITHETS. 
 
 AL, EL, (Ar.) = The ; as, 
 
 Alcantara, Spain, The Bridge. 9 
 
 Alcazar, Do. The Palace. 
 
 Algarve, Portugal, The West. 
 
 Algegiras, Spain, The Island. 
 
 Algiers (for Aljezirah), Africa, Do. s 
 J/hama, Spain, The Warm-Baths. 
 
 Alhambra, Do. The Red- House.* 
 
 /arisch, Egypt, The Cradle. 
 
 Elmina, Up. Guinea, The Mine.* 
 
 ^4/cala is a very common n. in the S. parts of Spain, where the 
 empire of the Arabians was of the longest duration, and denotes 
 ' The Castle.' See page 3. 
 
 i Moreland was an anc. district of England, in the West of York-sh. 
 
 i When the Arabians became masters of this part of Spain, they exchanged 
 its Ro. n. of Norba Caesarea into Alcantarat-el-seif, I. e. The Bridge of 
 the Sword, from its beautiful bridge of 6 arches, built in the reign of Trajan. 
 Hence the mod. name. 
 
 3 There was formerly an island opp. to the city, which has since been 
 united to it by a pier. 
 
 Expressive of the red colour of the stone of which it is built. 
 
 * It is the cap. of the Dutch possessions on the Gold Coast.
 
 EPITHETS. 133 
 
 J/gezira, or ^f/gezireh, i. e. The Island, is the n. by which the 
 Arabians call Mesopotamia, a word which in Gr. denotes ' The 
 Jand between the Rivers,' i. e. the Tigris and Euphrates. 
 
 Luxor (corr. for /aksor), Egypt, means ' The Ruins.' 
 
 ANTI, ( av T<) = in front of, opposite to ; as, 
 
 Antiipsara, Archipelago, Tpsara. 1 
 
 Anti-Lebanon, or Anti-Lib- ) T , 
 
 anus, Syria, } Lebamn > r 
 
 ^pachsu, or ^ntfpaxo, p h p 
 
 Archipelago, / 
 
 Antipai'os, Do. Paros.* 
 
 Anti-Taurus, Asia Minor, Taurus.' 
 
 AZURE, BLUE, = Azreh, &c. ; Azul, (Sp. ; lazulus, L.) 
 Gorm, &c. (Ga.) ; Nee], Nil; as, 
 
 Bahr-a\-Azrek, Abyssinia, The Blue-River. (See p. 49). 
 
 ~Rio-Azul, California, Do. Do. 
 
 Ben$w?, co. Mayo, Do. Mountain. 
 
 Cairngorm, Invemess-sh., &c. Do. Do. 
 
 Kingkom, Fife-sh. Do. Head or Point. 
 
 Neelab, Hindostan, Do. River. 
 
 Neelgur, Do. Do. Fort. 
 
 jVezYgherries, or Nilgerries, Do. Do. Mountains. 6 
 
 Bab.r-al-.ZVY/, Abyssinia, Do. River. (See p. 4-9). 
 
 BAD, UNSAFE, UNWHOLESOME, &c. = Mai, (Fr. ; 
 tnalus, L.) &c. ; as, 
 
 Malesherbes, France, Bad-Herbs or Pasture. 
 
 1 The Ipsariots made a noble struggle in the cause of independence. 
 
 2 The waters of Lebanon flow through the valley, which separates the two 
 ranges, into the Levant. 
 
 3 It lies three miles south of Corfu. 
 
 * It is celebrated for its grotto of crystallized marble. 
 5 A lofty chain of mountains. 
 
 s A range on the S. of Mysore, whose agreeable climate has made it the 
 resort of invalids as a sanitary station. 
 
 M
 
 134 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 JVfa/estroit, France, Bad-Strait or Channel. 
 
 Malpas, Cheshire, Do. Foot-path or Way. 1 
 
 For Ma/etable and Maleventwm, see p. 136. 
 
 BALD, BARE, NAKED, &c. = Chauve (F.) ; Kahl (Ge. ; 
 both from Calvws, L.) ; Maol, &c. (Ga.) ; as, 
 
 Chaumont, France, Bare-Mount. (See p. 29). 
 
 Kakleriberg, Germany, Do. Mountain. (See p. 109). 
 
 -Maw/fuarmhonie, Mealfuar- ^ -p. , , a/f , . ,. 
 
 Ttr-ie I Do. Cold - Mountain (fuar, 
 
 vonie, or Meallourvowny, > , ,, o 
 
 T J3 I mhonadh. See p. 40). 
 
 Inverness-sh. } 
 
 Mehose (anc. Muhos), Rox- 1 Do. 72ow or Promontory. (See 
 
 burgh-sh. j p. 117). 
 
 Craigmz//ar, Mid-Lothian, Do. High-Craig. 
 
 Croaghmoyle, co. Mayo, Do.Crazg or Mount. (See p. 39). 
 
 T Church of the Bald, Shaven, 
 -c 
 
 EglismaoZ-Luach, Lanark-sh. -c or Cropped StLwe(Lugas, 
 
 (^ Ga. ; see p. 20). 
 MynyddwzoeZ, Merioneth-sh. Bare- Mountain. 
 
 To the same Ga. word maol, which also means Uuff, Hunt, we 
 ref. the term Mull, applicable to ' a blunt promontory/ as ' the 
 Mull of Cantire, Galloway,' &c. 
 
 BEAUTIFUL, FAIR, FINE, PLEASANT, &c. = Beau, 2 Bel, 
 Belle, &c. (F., from bello, Sp., I. ; Ze/^us, L.) Bon, 
 Buen, &c. (bu-eno, Sp. ; buono, I. ; ftowus, L.) ; as, 
 
 .Beattcaire(anc. J5e/cadro),France, Handsome,&c.--S^Mre orSpace. 3 
 
 1 Ace. to Camden, it was so n. by the Normans from its narrow, steep, 
 intricate way. 
 
 2 The syn. t. in Greek is *aXoj ; as, 
 
 Ca/acte, a town of ancient Sicily, Beautiful, &c.-Shore. 
 
 Callicolone, near anc. Troy, Do. Hill. 
 
 Callirhoe, anc. Greece, &c. Do. Fountain. 
 
 In Germ, it is Schon ; as, 
 
 Sc/tonbrun, Germany, Do. Fountain. 
 
 Schonhoven, S. Holland, Do. Haven or Harbour. 
 
 tfc&omhal, Do. Do. Valley. 
 
 Cadre, or Caiie, in the language of Languedoc and Provence, signifies 
 a aquare or space. It comes from the L. quadra.
 
 EPITHETS. 
 
 135 
 
 BeauMeu, Hants. 
 
 Beauly, Inverness-sh. 
 
 Betedlej, Worcester-sh. 
 
 Beawdesert, or J5e/fedesert 1 
 (corr. into Bwzzard),War- > 
 wick-sh. j 
 
 Beaumaris, Anglesea, 
 
 JSeawminster, Dorset-sh. 
 
 JSeaMmont, France, 
 
 .Be/fort, or Befort, Dorset-sh. 
 .Be/haven, Haddington-sh. 
 .Be/vedere-Palace, Rome, and \ 
 .Be^voir-Castle, Leicester-sh. > 
 Bever (foranc. Be/voir), Lines. J 
 Bellevf, Do. 
 -Be//egarde, France, 
 Bellehle, Do. 
 Bellev\ie, Do. 
 
 FontaineiZeau, Do. 
 
 Porto6e//o, S. America, 
 Bombay, India, 
 Bonavista, or jBoavista, Cape \ 
 Verd Islands, j 
 
 Pleasant, &c.-Placeor Site(lieu, 
 F., locus, L.). 1 
 
 Pleasant, &c.-Retreal. 
 
 Do.Marsk (Bellus-Mariscus,L.). 
 Do. Minster or Monastery. 
 J Do. Mount (Bellus-Mons, or 
 \ Bellomontium, L.). 2 
 Do. Fort. 
 Do. Haven or Harbour. 3 
 
 Do. to behold (vedere. It. ; voir, 
 F.).* 
 
 Do. Water (eau, P.). 
 Do. Guard-Tower or Fort. 
 Do. Island. 
 Do. Fz'w. 
 
 f Fountain of Fine fFater (fo/fc 
 
 X eau). 5 
 
 Fine- Port or Harbour.* 
 Excellent, SicHarbour. 
 
 Fair, Si 
 
 1 Beaulieu is the n. of about 40 towns and villages of France. 
 
 2 Beaumont is the n. of above 60 towns and villages in France. 
 
 3 It is a suburb of Dunbar. 
 
 4 The former is one of the Pope's palaces, and the latter a seat of the 
 Duke of Rutland. .Be/vedere, Greece, is in a delightful sit. 
 
 s A palace of the kings of France. The n. of Fans Bliaudl seems to 
 confirm the common opinion concerning the discovery of a spring. A dog. 
 named Btiaud, belonging to Louis VII., was missed in the chase, and after 
 a long search, was found by the king, quenching his thirst at a stream be- 
 fore that time unknown. This place was afterwards chosen as the site of a 
 hunting residence. 
 
 e This appellation was bestowed on it by its founder Mendoza, for its 
 healthy climate. This is the n. of a well-frequented bathing station in Mid- 
 Lothian, which may be called the ' Brighton of Scotland.' The first house 
 in the town was at first commonly denominated the ' Shepherd's Ha' ;' but, 
 after the taking of Portobello, on the isthmus of Panama, by Admiral Vei- 
 non, in 1739, its possessor distinguished it by the n. of Portobello.' 
 
 7 So called by the Portuguese, from its beautiful appearance.
 
 136 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Bonnetable, or Bonnestable, } ~ , Oj ,,. 
 France, } Good-Stablmg.^ 
 
 BuenzynQ, W. Indies, Fine- Climate. 
 
 Buenosayres, S. America, Do. Gales. 
 
 Benevento, Italy, Do. Climate. 2 
 
 To the same we refer Bonn in Rhenish Prussia. 
 
 BIG, GRAND, GREAT, NOBLE, &c. = Grand (F. ; 
 grandly L.) ; Mawr, Fawr, Vawr, (Br. ; mayor , Port.; 
 major, L.) ; More, (mor, Ga.) ; Mickle, &c. (mikei, 
 Sax.); Stor, (Sw.) ; Ta, (Chin.); &c. &c. ; as, 
 
 Grawrf-Andely, France, Great-Andely (a town). 
 
 I\\K-Grande, Brazil, / Do - **** < ilha > Port >- See 
 
 Itio-Grande, S. America, &c. Do. River (rio, Sp.). 
 Grosse-Eigher, Switzerland, Do. Gz'a^ (a mountain). 
 
 \r i j /^ i t> ou *i j /Main or Chief Land or 
 .Mazraland, Orkney & Shetland, 1 r , , / T N 
 
 J <. Island (magnws, L.). 3 
 
 Bentley-M^7?, Essex co. GreatorMickle-Ben//e3i'(atown). 
 
 nton-Magna, Northum-1 -p. , . 
 
 i , j s V Do. Renton (a town). 
 
 berland co. f 
 
 1 It was formerly called JVfafcstable, as affording insufficient accommo- 
 dation for travellers ; but the former lords of the town, having made it more 
 populous and more secure, by surrounding it with walls, changed its desig- 
 nation to its present more favourable one. 
 
 2 The more anc. n., however, was Maleveniurri, from its unwholesome at- 
 mosphere, a designation which the inhabitants altered to JEteneventum, from 
 motives of policy. N.B. The Slack Sea is said to have received its pres- 
 ent n. from the Turks, who, being accustomed only to the navigation of the 
 Archipelago, where the numerous islands and their convenient ports offered 
 many places of refuge in case of danger, found the traversing of such an 
 open expanse of water, which is subject to heavy storms, very perilous, and 
 accordingly they expressed their fears by the epithet 'black.' Partly on 
 the same account, and partly because the shores of this sea were occupied by 
 very uncivilized nations, the anc. Greeks first called it 'A2;sva;, i. e. in- 
 hospitable ; but afterwards, when the art of navigation had been so far im- 
 proved that they no longer feared the dangers to be encountered in navigating 
 it, and had succeeded in establishing numerous colonies on its shores, they 
 changed the n. from 'Al-svo; to 'Ei/|sv;, i. e. Hospitable, Euxine. 
 
 i The n. by which the largest of the Orkney and Shetland Islands com- 
 monly goes.
 
 EPITHETS. 
 
 137 
 
 Mi/klagrad, Scandinavian n. \ 
 of Constantinople, / 
 
 MynyddwaK>r, Carmarthen-sh. 
 
 Venmaenmawr, Carnarvon-sh. 
 
 Dinas/az0r, or Dynecor, Car- 7 
 marthen-sh. $ 
 
 Taafefawr, or Tsfifawr, Breck- ) 
 nock-sh. / 
 
 Ahenlouryvawr, Denbigh-sh. 
 
 Gwendraeth0#n>r, Carmarthen-sh. 
 
 RonthaflKT, Glamorgan-sh. 
 Casalmac/giore, Lombardy, 
 Lago-Maggiore, Do. 
 Villarmayor, Portugal, 
 .Morecairn, Hebrides, 
 
 Morven, Caithness-sh. 
 
 Ananmore, W. of Ireland, 
 Bally more, W. Meath, 
 Benwore, Perth-sh. 
 Coillewore, Inveraess-sh. 
 Glenmore, Do. 
 
 Inchmore, or Inniswzore, W. \ 
 Meath, j" 
 
 Kenmore, Perth-sh. 
 
 Kilmore, Argyle-sh. 
 
 Lismore, Do. 
 Strathmore, Scotland, 
 
 Great- Town. 
 
 Do. Mountain. (See p. 4-0). 
 Do. Penmaen. (See p. 35). 
 
 Do. Castfe. (See p. 13). 
 
 Do. Taafe or Taf (f. into the 
 
 Bristol Chan.). 
 Do. Abenbury (a town). 
 
 {Do. Gwendraeth (f. into Car- 
 marthen Bay). 
 
 Do. Rontka (tr. of the Taafe). 
 Do. Village. 
 
 Do. Lake. (See p. 52). 1 
 Do. Town. (See p. 6). 
 Do. Cairn or Rock." 
 
 {Big-Ben or Mountain. (See 
 
 I Ben, p. 34). 
 Do. Arran. 3 
 Do. Town. (See p. 6). 
 Do. Mountain. 
 Do. Wood.* 
 Do. GZew. 
 Do. 7ncA or Island. (See Inch, 
 
 p. 47> 5 
 Do. Head. (See p. 46). 
 
 / Do. Burning-place. (See 
 
 I Kil, p. 22)." 
 
 I Do. Enclosure or Garden. 
 
 I (See Lis, p. 27). 7 
 Do. Strath. (See p. 43). 
 
 1 It is the largest of the numerous lakes at the base of the Alps here. 
 
 2 There are two islands of this n., the Greater and the Less, so fortified 
 by the natural defences of a rapid tide and precipitous rocks, that with small 
 aid from art they are impregnable. 
 
 3 It is the largest of the S. Arran Islands, at the mouth of Galway Bay. 
 * It is in the pa. of Laggan, and forms the remains of an anc. forest. 
 
 i It lies in the Shannon. 
 
 s The burying-ground around the church was formerly of greater extent 
 than any other in this part of the country. 
 
 7 An island so called from its fertility. The Bishop of Argyle's see was 
 formerly in it. The churchmen in those days were much devoted to horU- 
 cullural pursuits. 
 
 M2
 
 138 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Stora Lulea-Lake, Sweden, Great-Lulea-Lakes 
 
 S torsion, or Storsyon, Do. Do. Lake. 
 
 Stor Uman, Do. Do. Uman.* 
 
 Ta Chan, China, Do. Mountain. 
 
 Ta Gobi or Gobi, Central Asia, Do. Cobi or Gobi.* 
 
 Ta Kima, Siberia, Do. Kima (f. into Arctic Oc.).< 
 
 BLACK, DARK, CLOUDY, &c. = Black (blac, Sax.) ; Du, 
 &c. (dubh, Ga.); Kara (Tartar.) ; Negro (Sp., &c.) ; 
 Schwarz, &c. (Ge.) ; as, 
 
 Blackaddei; Berwick-sh. Black- Water (by corn). 5 
 
 Blackpool, Lanes. Do. Pool. (See p. 98). 
 
 Blackvrater, Benvick-sh. Do. Water. 6 
 
 Dhuisk, Ayr-sh. Do. Do. (uisge, Ga.). 
 
 Douglas, Lanark-sh., &c. Do. Gray (Water). 
 
 _Doz0eran, or Doveran, Banff-sh. Do. Water or River. 
 
 Dublin, Cap. of Ireland, Do. Linn or Pool. 
 
 Airddu, Inverness-sh. Do. Aird or Promontory. 
 
 Knockandb, Moray-sh. Do./f//ocorXw0//(cnocan,Ga.). 
 
 Mynydd-rfw, Carmarthen-sh. Do. Mountain. 
 
 .Kara-amid, Mesopotamia, Do. Amid. 1 
 
 Karobagld, Georgia, Do. Garden. 9 
 
 Karacoum, Tartary, Do. Sand. 9 
 
 .Karahissar, Asia Minor, Do. Castle. 10 
 
 Karamania, Do. / Co ^ 7 of the Black Men or 
 
 \ People. 11 
 
 1 The riv. Lit tea flows out of it. 
 
 2 The riv. Umea flows out of it. 
 
 3 This desert, whose surface is covered with sand, and abundant in salt, 
 is an elevated plain or table-land, from 3000 to 10,000 feet above the sea, 
 and exhibits traces and phenomena of having once been covered by the 
 ocean. 
 
 * The only n. of the Yenisei known in the Chinese empire. 
 
 s In contradistinction to the Whitadder or Whitewater. Both are tr. of 
 the Tweed. 
 
 There are 2 rivers of thisn. in Scotland, 1 in England, and 3 in Ireland. 
 
 - This to. is called Diarbekr by the Arabs. 
 
 s This country is so called from its extensive forests. 
 
 9 A great sandy desert on the N. E. of Lake Aral. 
 
 10 From the black hue of the stones of its fortress. 
 
 11 These are frequently found spelt Carahissar, Caramania, &c. In op- 
 position to another word of the same idiom, signifying white and free, Kara 
 has been used to signify tributary, e. g. Kara Kalpacks, i. e. Tributary 
 Kalpacks.
 
 EPITHETS. 
 
 139 
 
 Karasou, Thrace, 
 Kara-tagh, Bokhara, 
 
 Mavrovoimo, Greece, 
 
 Negropont, Do. 
 
 Cape-Negro, Lower Guinea, &c. 
 Drino-Negro. Turkey in Europe, 
 Monte- Negro, or Nero, Do. 
 Rio- Negro, S. America, 
 Sckwarza, Saxony, 
 Schwarzvfald, Do. 
 Zwarte- Water, Holland, 
 
 Black- Waters 
 Do.Mountains. 
 
 ( Do. Mountain(fiowo<i, a hill, 
 
 ( see Ben, p. 36). 
 Do. Bridge. (See p. 31). 
 Do. Cape. 
 Do. Drino. 
 
 Do. Mountain. (Seep. 40 )i 
 Do. River. (See p. 51). 
 Do. Water (eau, F., &c.). 
 Do.Wood OY Forest. (Seep.130). 
 Do. Water. 
 
 Medin (^eXawo?), i. e. the Dark, is the Armenian n. of the 
 chain of hills which separates Armenia from Georgia. Melas., i. e. 
 the Dark, is the n. of a river in Cappadocia. 
 
 COLD, COOL, &c. = Frido, Frio, &c. (Sp.); Fuar (Ga.; 
 3, L., &c.) ; as, 
 
 Cold-Cape. 
 
 Do.Font or Spring. (See p. 2 1 ). 
 
 Bare - Cold - Mountain. (See 
 p. 134). 
 
 Cape- Frio, Brazil, 
 Fuen/h'rfa, Spain, 
 Maul/warmhonie, Meal/war-" 
 
 vonie, or Meal/owrvouny, 
 
 Inverness-sh. 
 
 EAST, = Ost, Oster, &c. (Ge. ; oest. Sax.); as, 
 
 OsterMd., Saxony, 
 Osferhofen, Lower Bavaria, 
 Osterwich, Hanover, 
 O^heim, Lower Hesse, &c. 
 Ostratorp, Austria, 
 Austria (Oesterreich, Ge.),\ 
 Europe, / 
 
 Alost, E. Flanders, 
 
 Eastern- Field. 
 
 Do. Court or Palace (hof, Ge.). 
 
 Do. Wick or Bend (of the Ilse). 
 
 Do. Ham or Town. 
 
 Do. Town. 
 
 Do. Kingdom. 2 
 To the East. 3 
 
 1 The n. by which the Mesto frequently goes. 
 
 2 The n. arose after Charlemagne had established the Western Empire, 
 being a remnant of the sovereignty of Eastern France, established by that 
 conqueror. 
 
 a It was the frontier town of Old Flanders in that direction.
 
 140 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 GRAY = Glas (Ga.) ; Leith, &c. (Hath, Ga. ; lluyd, 
 We,) ; as, 
 
 f ^ 1 TIT, / Gray- Vale or Glen. (See pp. 
 
 Gtogow, Lanark-sh. ( 26 and 115, at Gau). 
 
 G/aslough, Monaghan co. Do. Lake. 
 
 Auchinleitk, Aberdeen-sh. Do. Field. 
 
 T . ,._,, (Lin or Lake of the Gray- 
 
 Lin/ueow. co. to. , , 9 /r, ~/; N * 
 
 I hound* (See p. 26). 
 
 Monadh/zW/j, Inverness-sh. Gray-Mountain. 
 
 GREEN = Green (grun, Ge.) ; Verd, &c. (F. ; virid/?, 
 L.); as, 
 
 ,-1 i j A ,. rv (Land with the shore covered 
 
 Greenland, Arctic Ocean, ( 
 
 Grwnlaw, Berwick-sh. jGreen-L^ or Mount. (See 
 
 Grewdon, Bucks. Do. Dun or Hill. (Seep. 13). 
 
 GrwwbergjHesse Darmstadt,&c. Do. Berg, or Do. 
 
 Vermont, U. S. Do.M0zztam-range.(Seep.41). 
 
 Sierra- Verde, N. America, Do. Do. 
 
 I \has-Ferdes, off W. Africa, Do. Islands. (See p. 48). 
 
 HOT, WARM, &c. = Caldo, Caliente (Sp.) ; Chaud (F.), 
 from calidus, calens, L. ; as, 
 
 Chalfont, Bucks. 1 TTT r . 
 
 -r, ,: ' . . > AV ^arm-x* ount or bpnng, 
 
 F \iencahente, Spam, j 
 
 Aguasca/c/e*, Spain, ) -p. ,>. 
 
 A ? nr /* UO. UO. 
 
 Aguascae^, Mexico, J 
 
 Gwrmsir, Persia, Do. Region. (See p. 129). 
 
 JFarwibrunn, Silesia, Do. Spring. (See p. 64). 
 
 To the same is ref. Caldes in Spain. 
 
 LITTLE, SHORT, SMALL, &c. = Beg, Beggan, &c. (beay, 
 beagan, Ga,) ; Fechan, &c. (Br.) ; Klein, Lutzel (Ge.), 
 &c.; as, 
 
 7, Cork co. Little- Town.
 
 EPITHETS. 
 
 141 
 
 Canickbeg, Waterford co. 
 Corkbeg, Cork co. 
 Inisbeg, off co. Donegal, 
 Loughbeg, Armagh co. 
 Nephin&7, co. Mayo, 
 , W. Meath, 
 
 Morbihan, N. W. of France, 
 
 Abenburv/ec^aw, Flint-sh. 
 Taafefechan, or Taffechan, ~) 
 
 Brecknock-sh. _y 
 
 Gwendraethwec^fln, Carmar- \^ 
 
 then-sh. J 
 
 Pontneathuec^a/z, Brecknock-sh. 
 Ckicacoita, Hindostan, 
 Boca-CAzca, Mexico, 
 Bocas-C/fo'ow, S. America, 
 Ckuta-Nagpore, Hindostan, 
 Klein-Eigher, Switzerland, 
 Lz7/-Luleaelf, Sweden, 
 Lutzelstein, Lower Rhine, 
 Bentley-Parva, Essex co. 
 Renton-Parva, Northumber- 7 
 
 land co. 5 
 
 PeftV-Andely, France, 
 
 Little- Craig. 
 
 Do. Cork. 1 
 
 Do. Inch or Island. 
 
 Do. Lough or Lafce.- 
 
 Do. Nepkin. 3 
 
 very Do. Kilor Church. 
 
 {Do. 00 (mor, Celt.; mer, 
 F. ; mare, L.). 4 
 Do. Abenbury (a town). 
 Do. Taafe or Taf (tr. of the 
 
 Taafe or Taf). 
 Do. Gwendraetk (tr. of the 
 
 Gwendraethvawr). 
 Bridge over the Little Neath. 
 Little-Fort (chico, Sp.). 
 Do.Mow^(boca,Sp.; bouche,F.) 5 
 Do. Mouths.* 
 Do. Nagpore (a town). 
 Do. Giant (a mountain). 
 Do. Luleaelf, i. e. Lulea-River. 
 Do. .R0c& or .For?. 
 Do. Bentley (a town). 
 
 Do. Renton (a town). 
 Do. Andely (a town). 
 
 1 This to. stands near the mouth of Cork harbour. 
 
 2 So n. in centradistinction to Lough Neagh, which is about 2 2 miles 
 long, and 12 broad. 
 
 3 So n. in ref. to Nephin, which is 2630 feet above the sea. 
 
 A considerable gulf, land-locked on every side, extending 12 or 14 miles 
 from E. to W., and 6 or 7 from N. to S. In connexion with the Celtic 
 wor, it may be remarked, that the states along the coast of France, from 
 the Seine to the Loire, had the general epithet of Armorica, a n. which the 
 most probable etymology explains to be compounded of the old Celtic prep- 
 osition ar, signifying at or upon, and mor, i. e. ' near or upon the sea, 
 maritime.' The Sclavonic words, Po-mor, have a similar meaning ; whence 
 the German part of the Baltic coast has the n. of Pommern, in Engl. Pome- 
 r a nia. In like manner, a portion of the coast of the Black Sea had, among 
 the ancients, the n. of Pontus, abbreviated from Cappadocia ad Pontum^ 
 i. e. at the Sea. 
 
 s It is the entrance to the Bay of Acapulco. 
 
 The n. by which the small subtributaries of the Orinoco go.
 
 142 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 n , c, A i,- i ^Liti\e-Samos(7ravpos;pauios } 
 
 Paolo-Samo, Archipelago, -i d G "> 
 
 N. B. It is worthy of remark, that several names of places, 
 &c. assume, instead of an epithet, a termination implying dimi- 
 nution ; as, 
 
 Antiochetfa, Asia Minor, Lhtle-Antioch. 1 
 
 Harcelonnette, France, Do . Barcelona.* 
 
 Earnet (qu. Bergne^), Herts. Do. Berg or Hill. 
 
 n , n ( Do. Cam or Winding-Stream. 
 
 Came/, Cornwall co. < ,& , rtN , 
 
 I (See p. 10). 3 
 
 Hispanio/a, W. Indies, Do. Hispania, or Spain.* 
 
 ,.- T, /Do. Mosa or Meuse (tr. of 
 
 Mos^, France, { the Rhine). 
 
 Ouzel, Beds. Do. Ouse (tr. of the Ouse). 5 
 
 LOWER, NETHER, &c. = Nether (neother, Sax. ; neder, 
 Dutch); Nieder(Ge.); as, 
 
 Netkerby, Cumberland co. Lower-Station. (Seep. 62). 
 
 Netherlands, W. Europe, Do. Lands or Country.* 
 
 XT- j i u j. -DI, u -n f Fortress on the Nether Lakn, 
 ivzeamahnstein,Rhenish Prussia, < , r ,, -Q, . / 
 
 (tr. of the Rhine. (Seep. 101). 
 
 JV/erfer-Mendig, Do. Lower-Men^ (a town). 
 
 Milton-A^er, Somerset-sh. Do. Milton, Do. 
 
 ^4&0varos, div. of Essek, \ -^ rr 
 A , . , ' r Do. Town. 
 
 Austrian bclavoma, 
 
 Nischnei- Novgorod, Russia, Do. Novgorod, Do. 
 
 t, India, Below the Ghauts. 7 
 
 MIDDLE, = Middle, (Sax.); Mittel, (Ge.) ; as, 
 
 Middleby, Dumfries-sh. Middle- Station. (See p. 6'2). 
 
 Middleman, or Middletown, ) ,.. , 
 A fl 3 > Do. Toz^w. 
 
 Armagh co. &c. J 
 
 j In ref. to Antioch, in Syria. 
 
 2 So called by the founder, Raymond Berenger V., Count of Provence, 
 because his family had come from Barcelona in Spain. 
 
 3 It f. into the Bristol Channel. 
 
 4 This island was the first Spanish settlement in the New World. 
 
 5 It separates Beds, from Bucks. 
 
 . In contradistinction to Germany. 
 
 7 A dist. in the S. of Hindostan, so n. in ref. to these mountains.
 
 EPITHETS. 
 
 143 
 
 Ma7ton(for Middleton),Kentco. 
 Mittelgebirge, Prussia, 
 
 Do. Mountains. 
 
 (Seep. 17). 
 
 NEW, = Newydd, (Br.) ; Neu, (Ge.) ; Neuf, Neuve, 
 (F.); Nieu, (Dutch); Nuevo, (Sp.) ; Nuovo, (I.); 
 Novy, (Sclav.) ; Ny, (Scand.) ; &c., all from Novus, 
 (L.), and Neos ; as, 
 
 Newark (for Newerk), Notts, c. 
 Newbattle, Edinburgh-sh. 
 Newloiggmg, Fife-sh., &c. 
 Newbury, Berks. 
 
 , Mid-Lothian, &c. 
 
 jVe20-Hemhuth, W. Greenland, 
 jVete-Orleans, N. America, 
 JSettusnewydd, Monmouth-sh. 
 li&newydd, Montgomery-sh. 
 JVeuAorf, Hungary, 
 A^wkirch, Swisserland, 
 
 JVewmarkt, Bavaria, &c. 
 
 iVewstadt, Dusseldorf, 
 Neuweid, Rhen. Prussia, 
 JVewfchatel, Switzerland, 
 Chateauwe^ France, 
 Villeneuve, Do. 
 Neuvry, Do. 
 Nieuiport, Belgium, 
 Castella la Nueva, Spain, 
 Compostella Nueva, N. America, 
 
 New- Work. 1 
 
 Do. Residence. (See p. 63). 
 Do. Bigging or Building. 
 Do. Bury or Town. 
 f Do. Haven or Harbour. (See 
 1 p. 88). 
 
 Do.Hernhuth or Lord's Watch: 1 
 Do. Orleans. 3 
 Do. Bettus. 
 Do. Town (tre, Br.). 
 Do. (dorf, Ge.). 
 
 Do. Kirk or Church (kirch,Ge.). 
 /Do. Market-Town or Mart 
 \ (markt, Ge.). 
 Do. Town. (See p. 100). 
 Do. (town) in hon. of Weid* 
 Do. Castle. (See p. 71). 
 Do. (See p. 70). 
 Do. Town. (See p. 6). 
 Do. Do. (See p. 103). 
 Do.PortovHarbour. (Seep.32). 
 Do. Castle. 
 Do. Compostella. 5 
 
 1 In contradistinction to some to. or building of older date in the neigh- 
 bourhood. 
 
 2 It was founded in 1733 by the Moravians, and called in hon. of Hern- 
 huth, Upper Lusatia, which was founded by the same in 1722. 
 
 In contradistinction to Orleans, cap. of the Department of Loiret, in 
 France. 
 
 * One of the opulent family of that name. 
 
 s It is in the province of Xalisco, and was built by Nunno Guzman in 
 1531, in hon. of Compostella, the cap. of Galicia in Spain. This latter
 
 144 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Villawwewa, Spain, &c. 
 
 Casalnuovo, Calabria, 
 
 Cittawwowa, Italy, 
 
 A T ay-Biczow, Bohemia, 
 
 Nom-Zembla (corr. for A T o- 
 mm-Zemlia, Russ.), Arc- 
 tic Ocean, 
 
 Novgorod, or Novgorod, Russia, 
 
 Nowygrad, Austria, 
 
 Nj/borg, Denmark, 
 
 Nyby, Sweden, 
 
 Nykiobing, or Afykoping, Do. 
 
 Nyland, Russia, 
 
 Nj/stad, Do. 
 
 New-!To?. (See p. 6). 
 Do. (casale, L, a hamlet). 1 
 Do. City. (See p. 11). 
 Do. Biczow. 
 
 Do. Land or Island. 
 
 Do. Town. (See p, 80). 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. (Seep. 6l ). 
 
 Do. (See p. 63). 
 
 Do. Market-Town. (See p. 8 1 ), 
 
 Do. Land or Island. 
 
 Do. Town. 
 
 Nablous (anc. Nrapolis), Syria, f -p. 
 Italy, } D ' 
 
 Naples, Do. 
 
 .Veocastro, Greece, 
 Noakote, Hindoetan, 
 No?0agur, Do. 
 Nttddea, Do. 
 
 Do. Castle.* 
 
 Do. Fort. (See p. 72). 
 
 Do. (See p. 83). 
 
 Do. Island. (See p. 118). 
 
 NORTH, &c. = North, (Sax.) ; Nord, (Ge., &c.) ; as, 
 
 Nordereys, off W. of Scotland, 
 Aorrfhausen, Sweden, 
 Norakyn, Norway, 
 Norfolk, E. of England, 
 
 Normandy, France, 
 
 Norrkoping, Sweden, 
 Norway (Norwegen, Ge.), N.\ 
 
 Europe, 
 Norwich, Norfolk co. 
 
 Northern-/s/a72</$. (See p.l 19). 
 Do. Houses or Town. 
 Do. Head. (See p. 46). 
 Do. Folk or People. 3 
 
 / Country of the Normans or 
 
 X North?e?z.4 
 North-Mar^. (See p. 91). 
 
 Do. Way or Country. 
 Do. Town. (Seep. 106). 
 
 city is frequently called Santiago (i. e. Saint James) de Galicia, and is fa- 
 mous for the great resort of pilgrims to it from all parts, for the purpose of 
 paying their devotions at the shrine of St James, the Apostle and Patron of 
 r-'pain. Its cathedral is one of the finest in the world. 
 
 1 This I. term, which enters into sev. names of places, comes from the 
 L. cusa, a hut, cottage. 
 
 2 It is the n. of Navarino among the Greeks. 
 s In contradistinction to Suffolk. 
 
 4 They issued from the shores of the Baltic, and, after ravaging France 
 nearly 100 years, established themselves here under Rollo, their chief.
 
 EPITHETS. 
 
 145 
 
 OLD = Alt, &c. (Ge.) ; Eld (Sax.) ; Oude (Dutch) ; 
 Vecchio (L, from vetulus, L.); Vetere (I.), and Vedro 
 (Sp., from vetus, veteris, L.) ; Viejo (Sp.), &c, ; 
 
 JWborough, or OWborough, ) 
 York-sh. f 
 
 Aldby, Auldby, Alby, &c. Do. 
 J/thorpe, or Oldihorpe, Lines. 
 Altsta&t, Dusseldorf, &c. 
 Audlem, Stafford-sh. 
 Oudenaerde, or Oudenarde, 
 Elbottle, Haddington-sh. 
 Civitavecchia, Italy, &c. 
 ~Po\-tovecchio, Corsica, 
 Roccavecckia, Naples, 
 Cerveteri, Italy, 
 lorresvedras, Spain, 
 Mmviedro, Do. 
 Castella-la-t'<?;a, Do. 
 Puertom'e/o, S. America, 
 Villavieja, Spain, &c. 
 
 Old-Borough, i 
 
 Do. Dwelling. (See p. 6*2). 
 
 Do. Do. 
 
 Do. Town. 
 
 Do. on the Lyme or Lin. 
 
 Do. Earth or Land. 
 
 Do. Dwelling. (Seep. 6;)). 
 
 Do. City. 
 
 Do. Port. 
 
 Do. Rock. 
 
 Do. Caere.* 
 
 Do. Towers. (See p. 34). 
 
 Do. JFaZfo or Fortifications.* 
 
 Do. Castle. 
 
 Do. Port 
 
 Do. Village or Town. 
 
 RED, &c. = Roth, &c. (Ge. ; ruadh, Ga. ; 
 rutilus, L.) ; as, 
 
 Sw. ; 
 
 .Rarfcliffe, or .Rafcliffe, Notts. 
 Rotherhiihe, Surrey, 
 
 Ruddington, Notts. 
 
 Ruthlan, Flint-sh. 
 .Rz^land, England, 
 Caipe-Roxo, W. Africa, 
 A'/^z'/coum, Tartary, 
 Kizildaria., or Kizil&eria, \ 
 Asia Minor, 
 
 Hed-C/j^. (Seep. 71). 
 Do.Hithe or Haven. (Seep. 89). 
 f Town in the Red-.M<?flrf0?0. 
 1 (See p. 90). 
 Red- FM<? or Temple.(SQe p. 2 8 ). 
 Do. Lands 
 Do. Cape. 
 Do. Sand.s 
 
 Do. River. 
 
 1 It was the Isurium Brigantium of the Romans. 
 
 2 Its anc. n. was Agylla. 
 
 3 It is the mod. n. of Saguntum, and seems a con. of Muri-veteres. 
 
 < This small co. is supposed to have received the n. from the red colour 
 of the soil, being in many parts a sort of ruddle used in staining the fleeces 
 of the sheep. 
 
 5 A great sandy desert on the S. of Lake Aral. 
 
 N
 
 146 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Kizilemiak,QYKizilirmak, Asia Minor, Red-River. (See p. 125)* 
 JKizilozen, Persia, Do. (f. into the Caspian). 
 
 ROYAL, CHIEF, GREAT, NOBLE, &c. = Real (Sp. ; re- 
 galis, L., &c.); &c. ; as, 
 
 "Fort-Royal, Martinique, 
 Milton- Royal, Kent co. 
 fort-Royal, Jamaica, 
 A\ca\a-Real, Spain, 
 Ciudad-Real, Do. 
 Montreal, N. America, 
 Puertorea/, Spain, Jamaica, &c. 
 "Villareal, sev. in Spain, &c. 
 
 Kingston, Jamaica, 
 
 IfoV^ston-upon-Hull, York-sh. 
 Lynn-Regis, Norfolk co. 
 Rajapore, India, 
 
 "Royal-Fort. 
 Do. Milton. 
 Do. Per/. 2 
 Do. Town. 
 Do. Do. 
 Do. Mount. 
 
 (Seep. 21). 
 
 (See p. 3). 
 (See p. 1 1 ). 
 (See p. 29). 
 Do. Port. (See p. 32). 
 Do. Town. (See p. 6). 
 f Town, in hon. of King WiL 
 ~\ liam (and Mary). s 
 Do. Do. Edward I. 4 
 King's Lynn. (See p. 27). 
 Royal- Town. (See p. 97). 
 
 SOUTH, SOUTHERN, = South, Soder, c. (suth, Sax. ; 
 sud t Ge., F.) ; as, 
 
 Soutkover, Sussex, 
 Southwark, Surrey, 
 Soderhamn, Sweden, 
 <SWerkoping, Do. 
 Sonderborg, Denmark, 
 Sondershausen, Saxony, 
 SWbury, Suffolk co. 
 
 Sudbury chipping, Gloucester- sh. 
 
 South-Ferry. (See p. 76). 
 Do. Work or Town. 5 
 Do. Haven. (See p. 88). 
 Do. Market. (See p. 91). 
 Do. Burg or Town. (See p. 6 1 ) . 
 Do. Houses or Town. 
 Do. Bury or Town. 
 
 (Do. Do. with the Market. 
 
 \ (Seep. 91). 
 
 1 Formerly the residence of the kings of Kent, and of King Alfred. 
 
 2 Once a place of the greatest wealth and importance in the W. Indies. 
 It contains the royal navy-yard, the navy-hospital, &c. 
 
 3 It was founded in 1693, when repeated desolations by earthquake and 
 fire had driven the inhabitants from Port-Royal. 
 
 * The date of its foundation is usually ref. to 1296. It stands at the 
 junction of the riv. Hull with the H umber. 
 
 ' It lies on the south side of the Thames, and is considered a suburb of 
 London.
 
 EPITHETS. 
 
 147 
 
 Sudereys, off W. of Scotland, 
 Suffolk, E. of England, 
 Sidlaw, or SWlaw-Hills, ) 
 
 Scotland, J 
 
 Zuidersee, orZuyderzee, Hol-\ 
 
 land, / 
 
 Nanlciay, China, 
 JVowking, Do. 
 Nanling, Do. 
 
 South-Islands. (Seep. 120). 
 Do.Folk or People. (Seep. 156). 
 
 Do. Hills. (Seep. 111). 
 
 Do. Sea. (See p. 126). 
 
 Do. Do. (See p. 126). 
 
 Do. Court. 1 
 
 Do. Range of Mountains. 
 
 UPPER, &c. = Ober, &c. (Ge.) ; as, 
 
 Oberhofen, Swisserland, 
 
 O6erkirch, Suabia, Do. Kirk-Town. 
 
 {Fortress on the Upper-Lrt/m 
 (tr. of the Rhine). (See 
 p. 101). 
 
 Ofor-Mendig, Do. Upper- Mendig (a town). 
 
 Oforndorf, Bavaria, Do. Town. (See p. 73). 
 
 Ofemkirchen, Saxony, Do. Kirk-Town. 
 
 T C bie bumfri2lsh^ rbiej } Do ' Station ' (See P- 62 > 
 Milton- Upper, Somerset-sh. Do. Milton (a town). 
 
 /?/aghaut, India, Above the Ghauts. 2 
 
 .FWsovaros, a div. of Essek, 1 TT //, 
 . A , c, , . > Upper- Lown. 
 
 in Aust. Sclavoma, J 
 
 WEST, WESTER, = West, &c. (Sax., Ge. ; ouest, F.); as, 
 
 Wesibury, Wilts, 
 Westminster, Middlesex co. 
 
 Westmoreland, N. of England, 
 WeslerbuYg, Rhenish Prussia, 
 
 West-Bury or Town. 
 f Minster West from St Paul's, 
 I London. (See p. 93). 
 / Moorland to the West. (See 
 j 130} 
 
 Western-jEfary or Castle.* 
 
 1 In contradistinction to Peking, i. e. ' Northern Court.' 
 
 2 A dist. in the S. of Hindostan, so n. in ref. to these mountains. 
 
 3 The castle is the usual residence of the Counts of Leiningen, to whom 
 the lordship of Westerburg belongs.
 
 148 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Westerhofen, Lower Rhine, Westem-PalaceorCourt(hof,Ge.'). 
 Westerkirk (anc. Westerner}, \ ^ r ., . 
 
 Dumfries-sh. / Do " Fortlet ' < See P' 10 )' 
 
 JVesterwick, Sweden. Do. Town. 
 
 Uskant (a corr. for Ouessant, F.), is the n. of the most tceslerly 
 of the islands off the W. coast of Brittany in France. 
 
 WHITE, SNOWY, &c. = Blanco (Sp.) ; Bianco (Port.): 
 Ban, &c. (Ga.) ; Beloi (Russ.) ; Weiss, Weissen (weiss, 
 Ge.) ; Whit, &c. (hivit, Sax.), &c. ; as, 
 
 Cape- Blanco, W. Africa, 
 ~Mont-Blanc, Switzerland, 
 Sierra- Blanca, Spain, 
 Castello-.Bzaraco, Portugal, 
 Y>nr\o-Bianco, Eur. Turkey, 
 Kenbaan, Antrim co. 
 Loughbawn, W. Meath, 
 Im&wen, a n. of Britain, 
 JFmchester, co. to. of Hants. 
 Weissenfels, Saxony, 
 Weissensee, Do. 
 
 JVeissenihurm, Rhenish Prussia, 
 
 Weisskirch, Moravia, 
 WhifaMer, Berwick-sh. 
 Wii/by, York-sh. 
 Whiteom, Wigton-sh. 
 Whitney, Oxford-sh. 
 , Bokhara, 
 
 White-Gape.* 
 
 Do. Mountain. (See p. 40). 
 
 Do. Ridge. (See p. 41). 
 
 Do. Castle. 
 
 Do. Drino (f. into the Adriatic). 
 
 Do. Head. (See p. 46). 
 
 Do. Lough or Lake. 
 
 Do. Island. (See p. 47). 
 
 Do. City. (See p. 69). 
 
 Do. Rock. 3 
 
 Do. Sea or Lake.* 
 ( Do. Tower (thurm, Ge. ; tur- 
 X ris, L., &c. ; see p. 34). 
 
 Do. Kirk or Church, 
 
 Do. Adder, a corr. for Water.* 
 
 Do. Dwelling. (See p. 62). 
 
 Do. Do. (See p. 89). 
 
 Do. Island. (Seep. 120). 
 
 Do. Mountains. 
 
 1 It is the western extremity of a rocky ridge, which extends eastward 
 into the Sahara to an unknown distance, and is called Gebel-el-.B?erf, or ' the 
 7P/M/e-Mountains,' probably from their colour. There are about a dozen 
 capes of this name. 
 
 2 Upon a rock above the to. is the Castle of Augustusburg, formerly the 
 residence of the Dukes of the line of Saxe Weissenfels, which became ex- 
 tinct in 1746. 
 
 3 This lake, formerly in the neighbourhood of the town, was drained and 
 converted into arable and pasture land in 170. r i. 
 
 < So called in contradistinction to the Blackadder.
 
 EPITHETS. 149 
 
 Aspro-poiamo, Greece, White-J?ver(f.intoIonianSea). 1 
 
 Bahr-aL-Abiad, Abyssinia, Do. Do. (See p. 49). 
 
 J3e/oz'gorod,Div.ofMoscow,Russia, Do. Town. (See p. 80). 
 Beloimore, Do. Do. Sea. (See p. 141). 
 
 Beligmd, Belgrade, &c. Turkey, Do. Town. 
 Peiho, China, Do. River (f. into Yellow Sea). 
 
 Albion, the oldest n. by which Great Britain was known to the 
 Greeks and Romans, is supposed to signify ' White or Fair -Island,' 
 being compounded of alb (a/6us, L.), white, and inn or innis, 
 island. See pp. 37 and 47. The n. Alps is generally supposed 
 to be derived from the same word alb, or alp. 
 
 Its anc. n. was the Achelous. 
 
 N2
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Counties of England, taking their names from the 
 Countv-town. 
 
 County. 
 
 County-town. 
 
 Page 
 
 Bedford-sh., or Beds. 
 
 Do. 
 
 77 
 
 Buckingham-sh., or Bucks. 
 
 Do. 
 
 84 
 
 Cambridge, 
 
 Do. 
 
 65 
 
 Cheshire, 
 
 Chester, 
 
 70 
 
 Derby, 
 
 Do. 
 
 62 
 
 Dorset, 
 
 Dorchester, 
 
 68 
 
 Durham, 
 
 Do. 
 
 85 
 
 Gloucester, 
 
 Do. 
 
 67 
 
 Hereford, 
 
 Do. 
 
 78 
 
 Hertford-sh., or Herts. 
 
 Do. 
 
 78 
 
 Huntingdon-sh., or Hunts. 
 
 Do. 
 
 14 
 
 Lancashire, or Lanes. 
 
 Lancaster, 
 
 67 
 
 Leicester, 
 
 Do. 
 
 67 
 
 Lincoln-sh., or Lines. 
 
 Do. 
 
 26 
 
 Monmouth, 
 
 Do. 
 
 94 
 
 Northampton, 
 
 Do. 1 
 
 
 Nottingham-sh., or Notts. 
 
 Do. 
 
 85 
 
 Oxford, 
 
 Do. 
 
 78 
 
 Shropshire, 
 
 Shrewsbury, 
 
 60 
 
 Somerset, 
 
 Somerton. 2 
 
 
 Stafford, 
 
 Do. 
 
 79 
 
 1 Northampton, i. e. Town on the ' Northern Water.' The Nene is 
 formed at Northampton by the confl. of this stream with another which rises 
 obout two miles west from Daventry. Hampton is the n. of sev. towns in 
 Kngland, and means ' a Town on a Water or River,' the initial syllable be- 
 ing the Ga. amhainn or abhainn, L. annis. Hence we have sev. rivers in 
 .iJrigland, Wales, and Scotland, simply called the Avon or Aven, i. e. the 
 Water. 
 
 2 Formerly the co. to., which Bath now is.
 
 APPENDIX. 151 
 
 County. County-town. Page 
 
 Warwick, Do. 105 
 
 Wiltshire, or Wilts. Wilton, 1 19 
 
 Worcester, Do. 68 
 
 York, Do. 2 
 
 Counties of Wales, taking their names from the 
 County-town. 
 
 Brecon, or Brecknock, Do. 3 
 
 Cardigan, Do.* 
 
 Carmarthen, Do. 9 
 
 Carnarvon, Do. 9 
 
 Denbigh, Do. 63 
 
 Flint, Do. 
 
 Montgomery, Do. 5 
 
 Pembroke, Do. 66 
 
 Radnor, Do. 
 
 Counties of Scotland, taking their names from the 
 County-town. 
 
 Aberdeen, Do. I 
 
 1 Formerly the co. to., which Salisbury now is. 
 
 2 A colony of Spanish Gauls settled in this part of England, and called 
 their cap., after Ebora or Ebura, a to. of their parent country, Eborac(\. e. 
 Little- Ebora, or, as we would now say, New-Ebora), which has been latinized 
 into Eboracum, and corr. into York. See Buchanan's Scotland, lib. ii. 
 cap. 26. 
 
 a So called in hon. of Brychan, a Welsh prince, who lived in the 5th 
 century. 
 
 * For Caredigion, i. e. the territory cf Caredig. He was the first King of 
 this dist., and was succeeded by a long line of princes, of whom little is known, 
 until the reign of Rodri Mawr, or Roderick the Great, who, in 843, became, 
 by inheritance and marriage, the King of all Wales. 
 
 & Baldwin or Baldwyn, who had been appointed Lieutenant of the Marches 
 by William the Conqueror, built a castle or other military post here, and 
 laid the foundations of the to. in 1092. Both appear to have been almost 
 immediately captured by the Welsh, from whom they were taken again in 
 1093, by Roger de Montgomery, Earl of Arundel and Shrewsbury, who for- 
 tified the place, and called it after his own name.
 
 152 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 County. 
 
 County-town. 
 
 Page 
 
 Ayr, or Air, 
 
 Do.' 
 
 
 Banff, 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Berwick, 
 
 Do. 2 
 
 2 
 
 Clackmannan, 
 
 Do.' 
 
 
 Cromarty, 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Dumbarton, or Dumbarton,' 
 
 Do. 
 
 12 
 
 Dumfries, 
 
 Do. 
 
 13 
 
 Edinburgh/ 
 
 Do. 
 
 59 
 
 1 The to. is supp. to have der. its n. from that of the riv., on which it 
 stands, and which means, in the Celtic language, thin or shallow. 
 
 2 Camden deduces Berwick from Barwica, i. e. ' a village belonging to a 
 manor ;' but others bring it from bar and wick, i. e. ' a castle on the bend 
 of a river.' " After Berwick ceased to be the co. to., the affairs of the shire 
 were administered at Dunse or Lauder for about 120 years. On Greenlaw 
 becoming the property of Sir George Home of Spot, in 1596, by the approval 
 of James VI., it was declared the most fit to be the shire-town, and 
 this important arrangement was ratified by Parliament in November, 
 1600, On account of particular dissensions, it did not, however, become 
 the head to. of the co., in every particular, till 1696." Chambers' s Ga- 
 zetteer of Scotland. For Merse, the other n., by which the co. frequently 
 goes, see p. 128 ; and for Greenlaw, see p. 112. 
 
 s The origin of the name Clackmannan is thus accounted for in Cham- 
 bers' s Gazetteer of Scotland : "At the east end of the site of the quondam 
 prison of Clackmannan, there lies a huge shapeless blue stone, which, having 
 been broken into three pieces, is now bound with iron. This is a sort of 
 burgal palladium or charter-stone, like the Clachnacudden of Inverness, the 
 privileges of the town being supposed to depend, in some mysterious way, 
 upon its existence, on which account it is looked upon by the inhabitants 
 with a high degree of veneration. Its legendary history is curious. When 
 King Robert Bruce was residing in Clackmannan tower, and before there was 
 a to. attached to that regal mansion, he happened, in passing one day near 
 this way on a journey, to stop a while at the stone, and, on going away, left 
 his glove upon it. Not discovering his loss till he had proceeded about 
 half a mile towards the south, he desired his servant to go back to the clack , 
 (for King Robert seems to have usually spoken his native Carrick Gaelic), 
 and bring his mannan, or glove. The servant said, ' Jf ye'll just look about 
 ye here, I'll be back wi't directly,' and accordingly soon returned with the 
 missing article. From this trivial circumstance arose the n. of the town, 
 which was subsequently reared about the stone, as also that of a farm at the 
 place where the king stopped, about half a mile south, on the way to Kin- 
 cardine, which took its name from what the servant said, namely, Look about 
 ye, and is so called at this day." 
 
 4 Its more anc. n. is Lennox, a corr. of Levena.v or Levenach, i. e- the 
 country of the Leven, which f. into the Clyde near Dumbarton. 
 
 * Otherwise called Mid-Lothian, as lying between E. Lothian or Had-
 
 APPENDIX. 153 
 
 County. County-town. Page 
 
 Elgin, Do. 1 
 
 Forf'ar, Do." 
 
 Haddington, Do. 1 6 
 
 Inverness, Do. 22 
 
 Kincardine, Do. 3 
 
 dington-sh., and W. Lothian or Linlithgow-sh. Chambers, in their Ga- 
 zetteer, thus write as to the appellation Lothian- " The origin of this title 
 is exceedingly puzzling. Buchanan deduces the title from Lothus, a king 
 of the Picts, without certifying that there ever had been such a personage. 
 The Saxon Chronicle mentions that ' Malcolm came out of Scotland into 
 Lothene in England,' from which manner of considering Lothene as in 
 England, the English writers carried up the limits of England even to Stir- 
 ling. Nennius denominates the dist. Provincia Lodonesie, and Florence 
 of Worcester speaks of the same country as Provincia Loidis. From these 
 and other records, it is clear to the present writers, that the der. of the word 
 fromLothus is fabulous. In the Teutonic language, Lotting, Lathing, or Lod- 
 ding, signifies ' a special jurisdiction on the marches of two kingdoms,' and 
 such an etymon appears very apposite to the sit. of this tract of country. Till 
 the present day, the name given to the district, in common speech, is Lou- 
 don, and here, as in many cases which have fallen under our notice, the 
 popular phrase is more correct, as regards etymology, than that which is in 
 use among writers." As to Ting, &c., see p. 130. 
 
 i It is generally supposed that Elgin was originally a settlement of Helgy, 
 a general in the army of Sigurd, the Norwegian Earl of Orkney, who, about 
 927, conquered Caithness, Sutherland, Ross, and Moray ; and to him the n. 
 of the town is commonly attributed. As the seal of the to. still retains the 
 word Helgyn inscribed upon it, it is probable that this etymology is correct. 
 Moray, the other n. by which the county is frequently called, is understood 
 to mean ' a benty or marshy sea-ceast.' Such a description of the maritime 
 parts of this district seems to receive confirmation from its more modern con- 
 dition. 
 
 -' Forfar, which is considered a corr. of Forestia, or Horestia, i. e. the 
 country of the Horesti, anc. included the shire of Kincardine, as well as that 
 of Forfar, and formed a portion of the Pictish .kingdom. On the dissolution 
 of that kingdom by Kenneth II., about the end of the ninth century, it was 
 divided between his two brothers, Aeneas and Mearns ; so that one div., 
 in the anc. Scottish tongue, is still called Aeneas, which corresponds to 
 Angus in English, and the other Mearns. 
 
 3 The village of Kincardine, in the pa. of Fordoun, now diminished to a 
 few houses, once extended from Kincardine-Palace to near Fettercairn-House. 
 It was the co. to., and the residence of the sheriff, who held his court here 
 until the reign of James VI., when it was removed to Stonehaven. (See 
 p. 88.) Kincardine, a n. which is applied to sev. to. and parishes in Scot- 
 land, is said to signify, in Gaelic, ' the clan of friends or relations,' being 
 compounded of cine, a family, kindred, tribe, and caraid, a friend, relation.
 
 154 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 County. County-town. Page 
 
 Kinross, Do. 45 
 
 Kirkcudbright, 1 Do. 24 
 
 Lanark, Do. 2 
 
 Linlithgow, Do. 26 
 
 Nairn, Do. 3 
 
 Peebles, Do. 
 
 Perth, Do. 37 
 
 Renfrew, Do. 5 
 
 Roxburgh, Do. 5 1 1 8 
 
 Selkirk, Do. 26 
 
 Stirling, Do. 27 
 
 Wigton, Do. 106 
 
 Counties of Ireland, taking their Names from the 
 County-town. 
 
 Antrim, Do. 7 
 
 Armagh, Do. 44 
 
 1 Otherwise E. Galloway, in contradistinction to W. Galloway or Wig- 
 ton-sh. Galloway, which anc. comprehended a portion of Ayr-sh., as well 
 as the Stewartry of Kircudbright and the co. of Wigton, means ' the country 
 of the Gael,' a people which, emigrating from Ireland, gradually spread 
 over a large portion of the west of Scotland, as well as of England, as may 
 be inferred from the words Argyll, Wales, and Cornwall. 
 
 2 Lanark, which, in sev. charters, is spelt Lanerk, is probably derived 
 from Llanerch, or Lanerch, which signifies ' a green, a bare or open place ; 
 a glade, a paddock.' The word is attached to different names in Wales as 
 well as Scotland. 
 
 3 Nairn received its n. from the river, at the mouth of which it is sit. 
 See p. 60. 
 
 * The author of Caledonia deduces Peebles from Pebyll, Celt., corre- 
 sponding to the Sax. Shielings or Shiels, and signifying ' moveable dwell- 
 ings, or, a temporary encampment.' See p. 99. 
 
 s Renfrew is made up of R en or Rhyn, Br. (rinn, Ga.) a point of land, 
 a promontory, and Frew or Fraw, Br., a flow of water, i. e. the point o 
 land near the flow or conflux of the Clyde and Gryfe. See p. 36. 
 
 s The co. has der. its n. from the anc. to. and castle of Roxburgh, now 
 extinct, in the pa. of Kelso. The old to. was sit. over against Kelso, on a 
 rising ground at the west end of a fertile plain, which was formed into a 
 peninsula by the Tweed and Teviot. The new to. was built a little to the 
 eastward of the old, and hence in history is called Easter Roxburgh, Jed- 
 burgh is now the co. to. See p. 59. 
 
 7 Carrickfergus is now the county town. See p. 12.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 155 
 
 County. 
 
 County-town, 
 
 Page 
 
 Carlo w, 
 
 Do. 
 
 9 
 
 Cavan, 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Clare, 
 
 Do.' 
 
 
 Cork, 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Deny, or Londonderry, 
 
 Do.* 
 
 
 Donegal, 
 
 Do. 3 
 
 
 Down, 
 
 Downpatrick, 
 
 13 
 
 Dublin, 
 
 Do. 
 
 27 
 
 Galway, 
 
 Do.* 
 
 
 Kildare, 
 
 Do. s 
 
 129 
 
 Kilkenny, 
 
 Do. 
 
 23 
 
 King's County, 
 
 Philipstown,* 
 
 19 
 
 Leitrim, 
 
 Do.' 
 
 
 Limerick, 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Longford, 
 
 Do. 
 
 78 
 
 Louth, 
 
 Do. 8 
 
 
 Monaghan, 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Queen's County, 
 
 Mary borough, 9 
 
 57 
 
 Roscommon, 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Sligo, 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Tipperary, 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 Waterford, 
 
 Do. 
 
 79 
 
 Wexford, 
 
 Do. 
 
 69 
 
 Wicklow, 
 
 Do. 
 
 106 
 
 1 Ennis is now the county town. See p. 48. 
 
 2 In pagan times, the eminence, on which the city and cathedral of Derry 
 now stand, was known as Derry-calgaich, or, ' the oak-grove of Calgach.* 
 Towards the end of the sixth century, Columba founded a church here, from 
 which period, down to the plantation of Ulster, it was called Derrycolumb- 
 kill, and was famous for its abbey and religious foundations. In 1613, the 
 London companies obtained a grant of the town and fort, which had been 
 for the most part burnt down in the rebellion of Sir Cahir O'Dogherty in 
 1 608. Under them the city made rapid progress, and received the name of 
 Londonderry. 
 
 3 Donegal is considered a corr. of Tyrconnell, or Triconnell, i. e. Terra 
 Conellii or Territory of Connell. LifFord is now the county town. 
 
 4 It is supposed to have been a colony of Celts from Galicia in Spain, 
 See p. 154. 
 
 s Athy is now the county town. See p. 103. 
 
 e It was formed into a county in the reign of Philip and Mary. 
 
 7 Carrick-on-Shannon is the county town. Seep. 12. 
 
 8 Louth is so named from its sit. on the Ludd, a tr. of the Glyde. 
 
 9 It was erected into a county in the reign of Philip and Mary.
 
 156 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Counties of England, deriving their Names from 
 other Circumstances. 
 
 Berk-sh., or Berks, abounding in Wood (beroc, Sax.). 1 
 
 Cornwall, the Cornish Walli, Welsh, or Gauls. 2 
 
 Cumberland, the Land of the Cumbri. (See p. 71).* 
 
 Devon-sh., Den-sh., or Dens, anc. Damnonii, or Dumnonii." 
 
 Essex, East-Saxons. 8 
 
 Hamp-sh., or Hants, watered by the Anton (Hantescire, Sax.). 
 
 Kent, See p. 46." 
 
 Middlesex, Middle-Saxons-s 
 
 Norfolk, North-Folk or People (relatively to Suffolk)/' 
 
 Northumberland, See p. 2. 1(i 
 
 Rutland, See p. 145. 11 
 
 Suffolk, South-Folk or People (relatively to Norfolk ) . ' - 
 
 Surrey, South (sulk) ofthe river (rea) viz. Thames. 1 - 1 
 
 Sussex, South-Saxons. 1 * 
 
 Westmoreland, Seep. 132. 1S 
 
 1 The eastern part is chiefly occupied by Windsor Forest, which, being a 
 circuit of 56 miles, was originally formed for the exercise of the chase, by 
 our ancient sovereigns. See Preface to the first Edition. Reading is the 
 county town. 
 
 2 See Buchanan's Scotland, lib. ii. cap. 26, &c. Launceston is the county 
 town. See p. 28. 
 
 3 Carlisle is the county town. See p. 9. 
 
 4 The name has been, but apparently with little reason, deduced by some 
 from two Phoenician words, dan or dun, a hill, and moina, mines. The 
 Cornish Britons named the country Dunan, the Welsh, Deuffneynt, which 
 evidently contains the same elements as the Sax. Devenascyre, Devnascyre, 
 or Devenschire. The Welsh Deiiffneynt is defined by Camden to mean 
 Deep Valleys. Exeter is the county town. ?ee p. 69. 
 
 5 Chelmsford is the county town. See p. 78. 
 Winchester is the county town. See p. 69. 
 7 JVlaidstone is the county town. See p. 19. 
 
 s Middlesex received its name from having been inhabited by a party of 
 Saxons, who, being situated in the midst ofthe three petty kingdoms ofthe 
 East, West, and South Saxons, called themselves, or were called by their 
 neighbours, Middle Saxons, which, in common conversation, was abbreviated 
 into Middlesex. See Preface to this edition. 
 
 Norwich is the county town. See p. 106. 
 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne is the county town. 
 
 1 Oakham, or Okeham, is the county town. 
 
 2 Ipswich is the county town. See p. 100. 
 
 3 Guildford is the county town. See p. 78. 
 
 * Chichester is the county town. See p. 68. 
 
 * Appleby is the county town.
 
 APPENDIX. 157 
 
 Counties of Wales, deriving their Names from other 
 Circumstances. 
 
 Anglesea, Seep, lip. 1 
 
 Glamorgan, the Country of Morgan (Gwlad Morgan). 2 
 
 Merioneth, Do. of Merion. 3 
 
 Counties of Scotland, deriving their Names from other 
 Circumstances. 
 
 Argyle, or Argyll, the Land of the Gael or Strangers. 4 
 
 Bute and Arran, See p. 44. 5 
 
 Caithness, Seep. 11 6. 6 
 
 Fife, See p. 45.' 
 
 Orkney, See p. 1 1 Q. 8 
 
 Ross, See p. 118. 9 
 
 Sutherland, See p. Il6. 10 
 
 i Beaumaris is the county town. See p. 135. 
 - Cardiff is the county town. See p. 9. 
 
 3 A large territory in this part of Wales was assigned in the 5th century 
 to his grandfather. Dolgelly is the county town. See p. 114. 
 
 4 See Buchanan's Scotland, lib. ii. cap. 27. Inverary is the county town. 
 See p. 22. 
 
 s Rothesay, or Rothsay, is the county town, 
 e Wick is the county town. See p. 107. 
 ' Cupar is the county town, 
 s Kirkwall is the county town. See p. 25. 
 
 9 Tain is the county town. 
 
 10 Dornoch is the county town. With respect to the origin of the names 
 the Messrs. Chambers thus write "About 1259, the Danes and Norwegians, 
 having made a descent on this coast, were attacked by William, Thaue or 
 Earl of Sutherland, a quarter of a mile to the eastward of the town. Here, 
 fortunately, the Danish general was slain, and his army beaten and forced to 
 retire to their ships, which were not far distant. The Thane of Sutherland 
 greatly signalized himself on this occasion, and appears by his personal valour 
 to have contributed very much to determine the fate of the day. Whilst he 
 singled out the Danish general, and gallantly fought his way onward, being 
 by some accident disarmed, he seized the bone of a horse's leg, which hap- 
 pened to lie on the ground (being probably part of the skeleton of a dead 
 horse), and with that dispatched his adversary. In honour of this exploit, 
 and of the weapon with which it was achieved, this place received the name 
 of Dorneich, or Dornoch, as it is now called, a word signifying a horse- 
 hoof. In commemoration of the event, a stone pillar was erected on the 
 spot, supporting at the top a cross, which went by the name of ' the Earl's 
 
 O
 
 158 ETYMOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Shetland,orZet- 1 Hetland, the High or Lofty-land (according 
 land, / to Norwegian writers). 1 
 
 Counties of Ireland, deriving their Names from other 
 Circumstances. 
 
 Fermanagh, ? 2 
 
 Kerry, the Kingdom of Ciar. 1 
 
 Mayo, See p. 25.* 
 
 Meath, E. and W. ? 5 
 
 m fane. Tiroen, i. e. Terra Eugenii, the Land 
 
 \ of Eugenius or Owen. 6 
 
 or Great Man's Cross.' Many years since it was undermined by the winds, 
 and having tumbled down, the vestiges of it are not very distinguishable. 
 The burgh has, however, preserved the tradition of the circumstance, by 
 having a horse-shoe incorporated in the common arms of the borough. With 
 respect to the correctness of the tradition, there is no certainty, and, but for 
 the blazon of the burgh arms, we should be led to derive the name of the 
 place from Dornochd, signifying the bare or naked water.'''' 
 
 1 Lerwick is the county town. 
 
 2 Enniskillen is the county town. See p. 46. 
 
 3 He was the son of Fergus, King of Ulster. Tralee is the county town. 
 See p. 74. 
 
 4 Castlebar is the county town. 
 
 s Mullingar is the county town of E. Meath ; and Trim, of W. Meath. 
 s Omagh is the county town.
 
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 INDEX, 
 
 ACCORDING TO THE PAGES. 
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 I. TO TOWNS. 
 
 Pa S e 
 
 Aber, etc. 1 
 
 Acqua, etc. - 2 
 
 Alcala ... 3 
 
 Auch - - 3 
 
 Auchter - 4 
 
 Baal, etc. - 4 
 Bal, etc. ; Villa. Ville, Weiler, etc. 5 
 
 Beer ... 7 
 
 Beit, Beth, etc. 7 
 
 Blair - 8 
 
 Caer, Car, etc. ; Kir - 9 
 
 Cambus - 10 
 
 Citta, Civita, etc. - - 11 
 
 Col, Cul, etc. - 1 1 
 
 Craig, Carrick, etc. - 12 
 Dun, Dum, Don, Down, Ton, 
 
 Town, etc. - 12 
 
 Eccles, Eglis, etc. 19 
 
 En - - 20 
 
 Font, etc. 21 
 
 Fort, etc. - - 21 
 
 Forum, etc. - 21 
 
 Inver, Inner - 22 
 
 Kill, etc. ; Zell - 22 
 
 Kirk, Church - 24 
 
 Lin, etc. 26 
 
 Lis, etc. - - 27 
 
 Llan - - 27 
 
 Medina - - 28 
 
 Mont, Monte, etc. - 29 
 
 Pit - - 30 
 
 Pont, Ponte, etc. 30 
 
 Port, Porto, Puerto, etc. - 31 
 
 Ramah - 33 
 
 Roche, Rocca, etc. - 33 
 
 Tor, Torre, etc. - - 34 
 
 II TO MOUNTAINS. 
 
 Ben, Bein, Pen, etc. 
 Brae, Gebirge, etc. - 
 Cairn, Cam 
 Col, Colle - 
 Craig, etc. ; Croagh 
 Djebel, etc. 
 Mont, Monte, etc. 
 Sierra 
 
 III TO VALLEYS. 
 
 Glen 
 Strath 
 
 Page 
 
 34 
 37 
 38 
 38 
 39 
 39 
 40 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 IV TO HEADLANDS, &c. 
 
 Ard, Aird, etc. - 44 
 
 Kin, etc. - - 45 
 
 V. TO ISLANDS. 
 
 Ennis, etc. ; Inch, etc. ; Ynys, 
 Ilha, etc. 46 
 
 VI TO RIVERS. 
 
 Bahar, Bahr, etc. - - 48 
 
 Guada - - 50 
 
 Rio ... 51 
 
 VII TO LAKES. 
 
 Lake, Loch, Lough - 51 
 
 VIII TO BAYS. 
 
 Bahia, Bay 52
 
 162 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 POSTFIXES. 
 
 
 
 Pace 
 
 I TO TOWNS. 
 
 
 Pool, Pole, etc. 
 
 98 
 
 i 
 
 >aee 
 
 Praag, etc. r 
 
 98 
 
 Abad 
 
 54 
 
 Shaw, etc. 
 
 99 
 
 Au ... 
 
 55 
 (; 
 
 Shiel, Shiels, etc. 
 
 99 
 
 Bad 
 
 Berg, etc. ; Borough, Burg, 
 Burgh, Bury, Borg, Borgo, etc. 
 
 OD 
 
 56 
 
 Stadt, etc. ; Stead, etc. 
 Stein, etc. 
 Stock 
 
 99 
 101 
 102 
 
 Bie, By 
 
 62 
 
 Stow 
 
 102 
 
 Bottle, Battle, etc. - 
 Bourn, Burn, Brunn, etc. 
 Bridge, Bruck, etc. 
 Brook, Broke, etc. - 
 
 63 
 63 
 
 66 
 
 Vic, Wy - 
 Wade, Wath, etc. 
 "Wall, etc. 
 Well - 
 
 103 
 103 
 103 
 104 
 
 Camp, Champ, etc. 
 
 67 
 
 Wick, Wich, etc. 
 
 105 
 
 Caster, Cester, Chester, etc. ; 
 
 
 Worth, etc. 
 
 107 
 
 Castle, etc. ; Chateau, etc. 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 Cliff, etc. 
 
 71 
 
 II TO MOUNTAINS. 
 
 
 Comb, Cwm 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 Cote, etc. ; Cotta, etc- 
 
 72 
 
 Berg, etc. 
 
 1 .VI 
 
 Dam 
 
 72 
 
 Feld, Fell, etc. 
 
 LiU 
 
 Den 
 
 73 
 
 Horn 
 
 110 
 
 Dorf 
 
 73 
 
 Kopf, etc. 
 
 111 
 
 Feld 
 
 74 
 
 Law 
 
 111 
 
 Ferry 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 Ford 
 
 77 
 
 III TO VALLEYS. 
 
 
 Da* 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 ijrar * 
 Gate 
 Gaut 
 
 80 
 81 
 
 Dale, Thai, etc. - 
 Gau, Govia, etc. 
 
 Oruncl ~ ** 
 
 112 
 115 
 116 
 
 Gen 
 
 82 
 
 
 
 Gherry 
 Ghur 
 
 82 
 83 
 
 IV TO HEADLANDS, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Hall 
 
 83 
 
 Ness, etc. 
 
 116 
 
 Hill 
 
 84 
 
 Rose, Ross, etc. 
 
 117 
 
 Ham, Heim, etc. 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 Haus, House, Huus 
 
 86 
 
 V TO ISLANDS. 
 
 
 Haul, etc. - 
 Haven, Hamn, Hofen 
 
 87 
 88 
 
 Diva, Dwipa, etc. - 
 
 118 
 
 Hithe, Hythe, etc. - 
 Horn, etc. . 
 
 89 
 89 
 
 Ea, Ey, Ay, etc. - 
 Holm - 
 
 119 
 123 
 
 Hurst, etc. 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 Ing, etc. 
 
 90 
 
 VI. TO RIVERS. 
 
 
 Kiobing, etc. ; Chipping, etc. 
 
 91 
 
 Ab 
 
 124 
 
 Laya, etc. 
 
 91 
 
 Ermak 
 
 125 
 
 Ley, Leigh, etc. 
 
 91 
 
 Gunga - 
 
 125 
 
 Minster, etc. 
 
 92 
 
 Ho 
 
 125 
 
 Monde, etc. ; Munden, etc. ; 
 
 
 
 
 Mouth 
 
 93 
 
 VII. TO LAKES. 
 
 
 Patam, Patan, etc. 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 Polis, etc. ; Pie, etc. ; Poor, 
 
 
 Hai 
 
 126 
 
 Pore, etc. 
 
 95 
 
 See 
 
 126
 
 INDEX. 
 
 163 
 
 VIII. TO COUNTRIES 
 
 
 Black, etc. 
 
 Paec 
 
 138 
 
 Boom - 
 
 Paee 
 
 126 
 
 Cold, etc. 
 
 139 
 
 Land ... 
 
 127 
 
 East, etc. 
 
 139 
 
 Mark 
 
 Stan 
 
 127 
 128 
 
 Gray, etc. 
 Green, etc. 
 
 140 
 140 
 
 Terra, etc. 
 
 128 
 
 Hot, etc. 
 Little, etc. 
 
 140 
 140 
 
 IX. TO WOODS, MOORS, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Lover, etc. 
 Middle 
 
 142 
 142 
 
 Kil, Kill, etc. ; Wald. etc. 
 
 129 
 
 New, etc. - 
 
 143 
 
 Moor ... 
 
 131 
 
 North, etc. 
 
 144 
 
 Moos 
 
 132 
 
 Old, etc. - 
 
 145 
 
 
 
 Red, etc. 
 
 145 
 
 X. EPITHETS. 
 
 
 Royal, etc. 
 
 146 
 
 
 
 South, etc. 
 
 146 
 
 Al, El 
 Anti 
 
 132 
 133 
 
 Upper, etc. 
 West, etc. 
 
 1*7 
 147 
 
 Azure, etc. 
 Bad, etc. 
 
 133 
 133 
 
 White, etc. 
 
 148 
 
 Bald, etc. 
 
 134 
 
 APPENDIX - 
 
 150 
 
 Beautiful, etc. - 
 
 134 
 
 Table exhibiting a synonimous 
 
 
 Big, etc. - 
 
 136 Classification of Terms 
 
 159 
 
 FINIS. 
 
 II. & J. PILLAVS, Printers, Edinburgh.
 
 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
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