UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES / A ITO B10GR APH1C AL NOTES A BIBLIOGRAPHY SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS JOEL ASAPH ALLEN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY ITBUSHKI) BY TI1K Ml'SKTM NEW YORK 19 Hi Ai DEDICATED TO HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORX, President of the American Museum of Natural History, and to the Memory of my revered Teacher, Louis AGASSIZ. FOREWORD. The life and writings of Joel Asaph Allen have exerted so great an in- fluence on the progress of ornithology and mammalogy in America that all who have the interests of these branches of science at heart, both in this country and abroad, will welcome this biographical and bibliographical volume. It is issued as an expression of the appreciation of Doctor Allen's life work by the Trustees of The American Museum of Natural History and his devoted colleagues on its Scientific Staff. The biographical sketch was especially desired in connection with the Bibliography because it sets forth so clearly the broad groundwork of travel, of field observation and of field record which has established a model for all modern American work on the birds and the mammals. At this time we are sure that naturalists in all parts of the world will unite with Dr. Allen's colleagues in felicitating him on the great work which he has accomplished and in wishing him many more years of strength and activity. HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. November 9, 1916. PREFACE. The present publication was prepared by request of HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, President of the American Museum of Natural History, to whom the author is indebted for courtesies extending over many years of the most pleasant official relationship. It is a pleasure, realized by few, to be able to supervise the publication of a list of one's own technical papers, extending over more than half a century, and the opportunity for it was duly welcomed. The biographical sketch, preceding the list of papers, however, was written with great reluctance and with many misgivings, as being, in the author's opinion, inopportune in the present connection. If such notes are worthy of record, it seems more fitting that their publication should be posthumous. Their present appearance is due to solicitations difficult to disregard. J. A. ALLEN. August 20, 1916. CONTENTS. PAGE Title-page f Dedication iii Foreword (by Henry Fairfield Osborn) v Preface vii Contents ix. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 1 Early surroundings and training (1838-1858) ..... 1 At Wilbraham Academy and home studies (1858-1862) ... 4 Special student under Louis Agassiz (1862-1871) .... 8 With the Agassiz Expedition in Brazil (1865) .... 11 Collecting trip to the Middle West (1867) . . 18 East Florida Expedition (1868-1869) 20 Assistant at Museum of Comparative Zoology (1871-1885) . . 20 Great Plains and Rocky Mountain Expedition (1871-1872) . . 20 Yellowstone Expedition (1873) 27 Special collaborator, U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (1876-1882) 32 Curator at American Museum of Natural History (since 1885) . . 33 Affiliations with the American Ornithologists' Union and other scientific societies (since 1883) 39 General considerations and home life (since 1874) ..... 42 Addenda 43 Expeditions 43 Positions held 44 Honors received (including memberships in home and foreign Societies and Academies of Science) ..... 45 BIBLIOGRAPHY 49 Mammals 50 List of titles .51 New higher groups 83 New genera and subgenera 83 New species and subspecies 84 Index to Mammals ... ...... 101 Birds 115 List of titles 115 New genera 192 New species and subspecies 192 Reptiles, list of titles 195 Zoogeography, list of titles 196 Evolution, list of titles 198 Nomenclature, list of titles 201 Biography, list of titles 205 Miscellaneous, list of titles 210 Editorial work 213. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. EARLY SURROUNDINGS AND TRAINING (1838-1858). I was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, July 19, 1838, the eldest son of Joel and Harriet (Trumbull) Allen, both of early New England stock. My father was a descendant, in the seventh generation, of Samuel Allen, who settled in Windsor, Connecticut, in 1640. The date of his birth is not positively known, nor has a definite record been found of when he emigrated from England. He is supposed to have come over with the Dorchester Company in 1630, in the ship ' Mary and John.' l The Windsor land records show that he received a grant of land.from the plantation at Windsor, Connecticut, January 27, 1640. He died at Windsor in 1648. The present public library building at Windsor marks the site of the Samuel Allen homestead. Joel Allen, my father, was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, December 11, 1810. On the maternal side the descent is from John Trumbull, great-grand- father of Governor Jonathan Trumbull (said to have been the original "Brother Jonathan" and familiar friend of Washington), who was bora in Newcastle-on-Tyne, England, and settled in Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1639. My immediate progenitors were farmers. My father, however, learned the carpenter's trade and was a house-builder in his earlier days, but later bought a farm on which he spent the greater part of his life. He was respected by his neighbors as a man of excellent judgment and sterling integrity, whose advice was often solicited in the affairs of the neighborhood. In politics he was a Free-soiler, and lajer a Republican. He died January 9, 1886, at the age of 75 years and one month, survived by my mother, three sons and a daughter. My mother died June 2, 1892, at the age of 80 years and six months. My mother taught school for several years before her marriage. She was a true helpmeet, practical, conscientious, and in every way lovable and inspiring. My father had little appreciation for my natural history tastes, but was kind and generous, offering to share his farm with me if I would remain with him on the old homestead. My mother, on the other hand, was much in sympathy with my yearnings, and often used her influence in mv favor. i The first leaves of the Dorchester records are stated to be missing. 1 2 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. Our family numbered five children, one girl and four boys, one of whom (a boy, Edwin) died in infancy. My sister, Harriet Emma, taught school for a number of years and later married a farmer. She died suddenly of pneumonia, contracted in attending a sick brother, April 2, 1900, in her 54th year. My two brothers, Edgar, a moulder by trade, and Irving, a farmer, are still (August, 1916), living, the latter at the old homestead in Springfield. My early training was rigidly puritanical. My parents were both members of the Congregational church, and strict in their religious ob- servances. Family prayers invariably followed breakfast, and also closed the routine of Sunday, all the religious requirements of the day being strictly observed. My earliest recollections are naturally associated with the surroundings of my birthplace on the old farm, situated on a hill about a mile and a half east of the then thickly settled part of Springfield, known as the Watershops, where the United States Government has for more than a century carried on the manufacture of fire-arms. The family home was a large two-story square-roofed house, at that time innocent of paint and unshaded by trees. One of the pleasantest remembrances of my younger days is of helping my father plant the row of maples and elms which long since became the promi- nent feature of the road frontage of the farm, and in recovering and painting the house. We were not crowded by neighbors, the nearest residence on the west being half a mile away, and there was only one house within half a mile to the eastward. Subsequently others much nearer were built in both directions, the lonely country road has become Allen Street, and a trolley car line has been projected to connect the rapidly extending suburbs with the business portion of the city. Dandelions and daisies and other wild flowers were early attractions, the profuse gathering of which at an early age led my elders, and particularly my mother, to predict that when the toddling youngster grew up he would favor the profession of medicine, and I was often facetiously dubbed " Dr. Sykes," in allusion to our then family physician, an herb-doctor of local reputation. In due time I was assigned a share in the household chores, and trained to perform the allotted tasks with promptness and care. The nearest schoolhouse was a mile distant, of the conventional red type, situated as usual on the crest of a hill. In summer the school was taught by a schoolmistress, while the winter session was conducted by a schoolmaster selected for his ability to keep the larger boys in order as well as to teach the "three Us." Some years later a schoolmistress was em- ployed for both the winter and summer sessions. In these days the services of boys of even six and seven years were considered too valuable for farm- AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 3 work to be sacrificed in summer for school purposes, so that to them only the winter session of the school year was available. Despite hard work and long hours, the farm proved attractive and satisfying for a time, but at about the age of fourteen the love inspired by this free contact with natural surroundings developed a desire to know more of the animal and plant life, the soil and the rocks, and the ever changing phenomena of sky and air, than could be gained merely by association. At the age of thirteen, after much pleading on my part, to my great delight, my father presented me with a gun. At first it merely afforded the pleasure all boys experience in being able to shoot something, either as game or on the pretext that certain birds and animals are destructive to crops, and that it is desirable to reduce their numbers. But very soon the destructive instinct gave place to a desire to possess specimens for study, particularly of birds, which I found were so numerous in kinds that com- paratively few of them were known by name to any of the people, either of town or country, whom I met. Warblers, vireos, kinglets, sparrows and many other kinds of birds were shot, measured, weighed, described and given provisional names in my notebooks, so that I might again recog- nize them when met with, long before I knew that books had been written about them and that they all had names, Latin as well as English. I even made attempts to dra\v and color them, but entire lack of instruction in the work led only to failure and disappointment. A little later, however, I made the acquaintance of Bradford Horsford, a teacher of drawing, who was also an amateur ornithologist and taxidermist, with a good knowledge of all the commoner birds. From him I borrowed a copy of the Brewer edition of Wilson's 'American Ornithology/ which, to my unspeakable delight, he later sold to me; Nuttall's and Audubon's works on North American birds were also found in the public library of Springfield, and a new world was opened to me! A little later I made the acquaintance of a man of broader education than I had ever before met, who taught our district school for several winter terms, and became a resident of the neighborhood. As he was a nature-lover himself he could appreciate my aspirations, and most gener- ously presented me with a copy of Blythe's ' Cuvier's Animal Kingdom/ a work of which I previously had never heard. Thus equipped, and with the resources of a public library now at my command, acquaintance with not only the local birds, mammals, reptiles and fishes, but with many of the insects, became a delightful experience. Interest in farm work as an occupation as rapidly declined, but a filial desire to share fully in the family burdens led to no neglect of duties but often to excessive effort in manual labor to demonstrate an interest otherwise unfelt. 4 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. In winter I usually attended the district school, but was so far in advance of all the other pupils that I was in a class by myself in most of the branches taught, and received little aid from the teacher. A large part of my last term in the district school was devoted to solving the "miscellaneous examples" at the end of Greenleaf's higher arithmetic, then commonly in use in the schools of the region, and in such other school arithmetics as I could borrow from friends who had long since finished their school days. One winter was spent entirely at home (I was then probably in my fifteenth year), in the study of such natural history books as I could command, and of a borrowed copy of Webster's unabridged dictionary, from which I copied a large part of the natural history definitions. AT WlLBRAHAM ACADEMY AND HOME STUDIES (1858^1862). Then followed several winter terms at the Wilbraham Academy where I selected my own studies, which included at first physiology, natural philosophy, astronomy, and chemistry, in addition to English grammar and arithmetic; later rhetoric, algebra, Latin, French and German were sub- stituted for the natural sciences. Humboldt's 'Cosmos' (in English), and works of similar character constituted my favorite reading outside of my school w r ork. My summers were still spent on the farm, where, equipped with ele- mentary works on meteorology, geology and mineralogy, I had ample food for thought. Lyell's 'Principles of Geology,' Dana's 'Mineralogy,' the ' Proceedings ' of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (the full series as far as then published), and various State geological and natural history reports were studied with avidity. During this period my ever present ambition was to write a history of the "Birds of New England" that should be as complete and exhaustive as possible, and based on original observation, including the necessary explorations in northern New England where so many of the migratory species were supposed to pass the breeding season. Next to this I looked upon editorial work as an enviable goal. Yet at the time these aspirations began to develop composition was a slow r and difficult task, and to acquire facility in WTiting I forced myself to keep a daily journal, in which I re- corded not only the current w r eather conditions in detail but every incident of my daily experiences that seemed to offer a subject for comment. In Professor Oliver Marcy, teacher of the natural sciences at Wilbraham Academy and later professor and finally dean of the faculty at Northwest- ern University, I found a most sympathetic friend and counsellor. It was AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 5 he who first secured my introduction to the public through the ' New Eng- land Farmer.' It was my custom at the Academy to offer, when composi- tion day came round, some of the results of my natural history observations as a composition. One of my first offerings of this sort was a summary of my weather journal for the previous seasonal period of three months. When the time came for the return of compositions mine was withheld with the request from Professor Marcy, who had charge of my division, that he might retain it for a short time. A few days later he handed me a copy of the 'New England Farmer' containing my article, printed in full and without change, with a very complimentary introduction by the editor. It was to me an exceedingly great surprise, and sufficient explanation of why my composition had not been returned to me at the usual time. I was at this time about eighteen or nineteen years of age. With this cordial welcome from the editor of the 'Farmer,' I mustered courage to offer, soon after, other contributions of a similar character, my weather reports thereafter appearing at regular intervals till circumstances prevented the continuation of the observations. These articles were followed (in 1859) by others on quite different subjects, including a series of twenty-five on New England birds; also a paper on the moon's alleged influence upon the weather, in reply to previous articles on the subject by other contributors. My article was based on meteorological observations kept at the United States Armory at Springfield, Mass., for a long period of years, latterly by Mr. Joseph Weatherhead, who kindly placed them at my disposal for study. It is needless to say that I found no evidence of lunar influence on the character of the weather, and no basis for sundry other assumptions regarding the moon's influence on mundane life, or for popular beliefs respecting the proper time in the moon for weaning pigs, colts and calves or planting crops. During these years I spent much time studying botany, adding a col- lection of dried plants to my other natural history gatherings, nearly all of which I was able to identify without other aid than Gray's well-known 'Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States,' my copy of which eventually became well annotated with my field notes. At this time I had not the acquaintance of any one who had any knowledge of the scientific names of plants, or who, so far as I knew, cared to know them. I still recall the exquisite pleasure it gave me to discover the name of some wild plant I had long admired in total ignorance of its affinities or name. During the years 1859-1861, 1 collected and mounted (as attested by my catalogue, still extant) some 300 birds, representing nearly 100 species, and also such native mammals as I could find near my home, and I pre- served in jars of alcohol specimens of all the reptiles, amphibians and fishes; 6 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. such mollusks as were available were also gathered and several hundred insects. Best of all, I knew the technical names of nearly all except the insects, of which, however, I knew many. The local minerals and rocks found place on the shelves of my little museum, for which a small room was kindly provided by my parents, and which I equipped with shelves and a flat table case for insects. In addition there were rows of bottles containing the products of my boyish experiments with such cheap chemicals as I could afford to purchase at the neighboring drug stores, each duly labeled with its proper chemical formula. The whole was amateurish in the extreme, and represented merely a superficial acquaintance with a wide range of subjects, but enough to add immensely to the pleasure of living, giving, as it did, the sense of being in touch with the plant and animal life and the geological features of my immediate environment. My notebooks contained pages of descriptions of unusual atmospheric phenomena, from the prismatic tints of fleecy clouds floating past the midday sun, haloes, unusual storm conditions, auroral displays, and the August and November shooting-star periods, to the varied forms of the snow crystals of a winter storm things for the most part unobserved by my friends and neighbors, and which hence gave them no added joy to living. It is needless to say that my interest in every day practical affairs was limited to a conscientious and cheerful discharge of the obligations natural to my position as a helper to my father in the routine of farm work. Every spare moment of the day when in the house was spent in my room poring over books or specimens or jotting down things seen out of doors in the corn or hay field. These constant disappearances when off duty were naturally an annoyance to my father, who could not appreciate my ab- sorption in such unpractical affairs. To the oft-made inquiry of my Father, "Where's Asaph?" was Mother's gentle response, "upstairs," and the contemptuous paternal rejoinder: "Upstairs; he's always 'upstairs.'" Although unappreciative of his son's "foolish notions," he was not harsh or unkind, as an agreement, lasting for several seasons, granting one day a week for the prosecution of my hobbies is ample evidence. For these foibles my mother had always a degree of sympathy, which increased as years passed to active influence in their behalf. To demonstrate my hearty interest in forwarding the farm work, I of i en as I afterwards found, exerted myself beyond my proper physical endurance, which with the absorption in my natural history work told heavily on my health. It was often necessary in the busy season for my father to employ day laborers and it was always my ambition to "lead the field," which I was always able to do except in the heavier work, even when a young boy just entering the teens. My evening task, before retiring, was AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 7 to write in my journal the notes of the day and to change the dryers in my extemporized botanical press, consisting of several pieces of thick board, cut the proper length, a lot of old newspapers, and a heavy, smoothly waterworn stone for the top of the pile to afford the requisite pressure. Many, many a time this bedtime task found me almost too exhausted by the day's labor to accomplish. These long periods of overwork undoubtedly laid the foundation for much of the semi-invalidism of many later years. There was, of course, respite in seasons when farm work was not pressing, when much spare time could be found for collecting trips and the prepara- tion of specimens. My excursions were generally limited to the radius of a few miles from the farm, adjoining which, in my early days, were a few small patches of virgin forest. But the ax had already begun to thin their ranks, and before my collecting days had fairly begun, these grand old remnants of former forest conditions were swept away and the land devoted to farm purposes or allowed to grow up in a shrubby second-growth. My excursions extended to the famous new-red sandstone quarries in East Longmeadow, my first visit to which is still vividly remembered. Other trips were made to Mount Tom, with boon companions sportsmen who had become amateur taxidermists and enthusiastic general collectors of birds, beasts, fishes, reptiles and insects, for the Springfield Museum of Natural History, under the auspices of the City Library Association. 1 One memorable trip of several weeks duration was made to visit relatives in Windsor County, Vermont. The physical character of the country was in strong contrast with that of my home surroundings, and the fauna and the flora were perceptibly different. Most interesting of all the many excursions in this new field was the ascent of Mount Ascutney, and many samples of the rocks of the general region visited were taken home for my cabinet. A second trip to this region, made in August of a later year, included a visit to the gold washings at Springfield (Vermont), where I spent a night in camp and gained much valued information respecting the methods there employed in securing the precious gold dust and diminutive nuggets that barely paid for the time and labor expended. My several terms at Wilbraham Academy prior to the winter of 1861-62 had been a serious draft upon my father's limited resources, with interest still to be met on farm mortgages and a considerable family to support, and, eager as I was for such advantages, I could not consent to accept his i These men were Caleb W. Bennett, a house and sign painter, who will receive later mention in this narrative; Solomon Stebbins, a paper hanger; and Charles Emery, a draughtsman at the U. S. Armory at Springfield. Their leisure time was holidays and Sundays, which they intelligently and enthusiastically devoted to natural history collecting, and their evenings to the study and preparation of specimens for exhibition in the Springfield Museum. 8 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. further aid. I had my little museum, so dear to me that it had seemed impossible to part with it under any circumstances. In this emergency it occurred to me to offer to sell the collection to Wilbraham Academy, and use the proceeds for my school expenses. To my surprise as well as delight, the offer of sale was accepted, and to this extent my way was clear. SPECIAL STUDENT UNDER Louis AGASSIZ (1862-1871). On again entering the Academy I found a congenial spirit, whose tastes and aspirations were similar to my own, but under better guidance, as my new friend l was a nephew of my loved teacher, Professor Marcy. He was planning to enter the Lawrence Scientific School at Cambridge, to become a pupil of the great Agassiz. Why should not I do the same? The balance still due me for my collection, if paid to me in cash would enable me to establish myself at Cambridge, on our proposed plan of hiring an inex- pensive room and boarding ourselves. The necessary preliminaries having been arranged, we arrived in Cambridge early in February, 1862. I well remember plodding through the knee-deep snow of Divinity Avenue to reach the Agassiz Museum, in exceedingly inclement weather, and our cordial greeting by the great scientist. Plans for laboratory work were at once arranged, and also for attending certain of the courses of lectures at the Lawrence Scientific School that were to form a part of our curriculum. Besides those of Agassiz himself we were to attend the course by Jeffries Wyman on comparative anatomy, a course on physics by Joseph Lovering, a course on chemistry by Josiah P. Cook, and the course on botany by Asa Gray, all eminent specialists of world-wide renown. I had naturally chosen as my specialty the study of birds, and was not a little disappointed at having assigned to me the same task as that set for Mr. Niles. We were both given collections of corals of several genera and requested to find out their methods of growth and laws of development. Not a hint was given us as to what details we were to look for, and no books of reference were suggested. The first lesson, we were told, was to learn to observe, to use our eyes. Equipped with hand lenses, we proceeded to our task. After a few hours of application we were asked "Well, what have you seen?" and the same query was daily repeated. We reported what we thought we had discovered, and if we had seen aright w- ucre encouraged with a few words of approval; if we were mistaken 1 William Harmon Niles, of Worthington, Mass., later for many years professor of Geology and Physical Geography at the Boston Institute of Technology. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. the reply was "You are wrong; you must look again; you must learn to see." "We were not left, however, without friendly words of intercourse about other matters. The great master was engaged with his own work in the same room, which was in the southeast corner of the first floor of the first section of the Museum, of which this was at that time the only part con- structed. Agassiz was then engaged in studying the great DeKonink and other large collections of fossil mollusks, at that time recently received and not fully unpacked. From time to time he gave expression to his delight over some new discovery, and to the trays containing the specimens and their labels were frequently added new labels of his own, on which the name of a new genus or a new species was written, as the case might be. His- workroom, or laboratory, was almost daily the resort of eminent scientists : Jules Marcou was almost a daily visitor, when the conversation was always in French; Jeffries Wyman was a frequent caller, as was also Benjamin Pierce, the eminent mathematician; on the days when Agassiz gave his lectures many distinguished notables from Boston were present, among whom was frequently Oliver "Wendell Holmes. Besides Agassiz and his French artist Bourkhart and ourselves, the room was occupied by the osteological preparator Guggenheim, with whom conversation was always in German. For many years this old German worked at preparing fish skeletons for the Museum, whose eccentricities of dress and habits will be long remembered by the Agassiz students of that early day. He was an inveterate smoker and snuff-taker, wore a wig, and made his midday coffee amid the debris of his work. Time at first passed slowly with the two new students. They had been given a difficult problem, and weeks passed with little progress in its solu- tion. It was a trial of persistence, of character, as w r ell as of keenness of observation, a test to show whether the interest of the student was real or imagined. While our efforts w r ere at times disheartening in their results, perseverance and continued application won the day. Gradually we saw the light and were able to show, each in his particular problem, the succes- sive stages of growth in the young coral, and discovered the law governing the multiplication of plates in the successive stages of growth. We were then given other subjects to study, Mr. Niles taking up crinoids, while I was given a large miscellaneous collection of fossil gastropods to assort and arrange according to their relationships. We were both happy, having- been assured by our great teacher that we were making good progress in " learning to observe." Soon, however, I contracted a bad case of measles, which ended in serious impairment of my eyes, from which I suffered for years after. For 10 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. some six months it was impossible for me to read ordinary print, and for several years I could not use my eyes for evening study. I returned to my Springfield home early in May, equipped with tanks of alcohol (the well known 'Agassiz tanks') for the preservation of speci- mens. Although in wretched health, suffering from chronic indigestion as well as from weak eyes, I collected over four hundred specimens of animals, chiefly vertebrates, and largely birds, besides taking a share in the farm work. On my return to the Museum in the autumn I ventured to express my strong desire to study birds. The condition of my eyes, however, was a great handicap. The mammals and birds were in charge of A. E. Verrill, then a student at the Museum (later professor of zoology for many years at Yale University), who was requested to assign me material for study. The collection of birds consisted at that time of several hundred skins (possibly a thousand or two, all North American), and several thousand in alcohol, nearly all uncatalogued and the alcoholics unidentified. I began with the identification and cataloguing of the alcoholics, which occupied most of my time for many months, and really extended over years, as new collections came in. I soon acquired facility in recognizing birds in obscure plumages after long storage in alcohol, their feathers wet and colors disguised. It was, therefore, good training in the art of "learning to see." My weak eyes, however, prevented study at night, and even the little writing required in entering specimens in the catalogue often entailed much suffering. I attended numerous courses of lectures, but my progress in acquiring further knowledge of languages, so essential to a scientific student, was for a considerable time at a standstill. At this time, by direction of Professor Agassiz, I took up the study of Pterylography, with the aid of C. L. Nitzsch's classic 'System der Ptery- lographie' (Halle, 1840), and made many preparations in illustration of the subject from both fresh and alcoholic material, with a view to the publica- tion of an extended illustrated monograph of the Pterylography of the Owls. Illness, however, retarded the work, and other interests and duties inter- vening, it was never completed. But the investigation proved of great use to me in subsequent work in ornithology. 1 Thus the time passed during the next two years and a half, my vacations being spent at home collecting specimens for the Agassiz Museum. For 1 Professor Agassiz thus refers to the subject in the Annual Report of the Museum of Comparative Zoology for the year 1863, p. 17: "111 health has also taken away Mr. Allen from his field of labors. I regret it the more since he has made excellent progress in Ornithology and promised to become a valuable assistant in the arrangement of the specimens of birds. He has left unfinished a very interest- ing investigation upon the structure and arrangement of the feathers of birds." AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 11 assistance rendered in cataloguing and in other routine work at the Mu- seum, a monthly allowance was received sufficient for my necessary living expenses, together with a furnished room in the Museum dormitory, known as ' Zoological Hall/ at that time the home of the student assistants of the Museum. During the summer of 1864 I made a trip to Sodus, Wayne County, X. Y., where several weeks were spent with relatives. The region, border- ing Lake Ontario, was originally heavily forested, and some of the virgin forest still remained. The type of country was new to me and intensely interesting. A large collection of the land and fresh-water mollusks was gathered and eagerly studied, and a few insects, mammals and birds were collected, including a few species of both mammals and birds I had not before seen in life. With the Agassiz Expedition in Brazil (1866}. During the winter of 1864-65, Professor Agassiz's usual vigorous health began to give way under the strain of years of incessant work and care, so that a change of scene and some degree of relaxation became imperative. A generous Boston friend of means (Nathaniel Thayer) suggested his mak- ing a journey to Brazil, and offered to provide the means not only for his own expenses but also for a small corps of assistants. This kind offer he accepted. It was then early in March, 1865, and the expedition was to start as soon as the necessary preparations could be made. On March 12 he asked me if I would like to join the expedition. Naturally I accepted the unexpected invitation, and was instructed to join three other Museum assistants who had also been invited to accompany the expedition, and meet him, with them, at a designated place in Boston to arrange for our passports. Thus suddenty opportunity opened to us for exploration in a distant land. \Ve left Boston for New York on the evening of March 26, and sailed for Rio de Janeiro on April 2, on the steamship ' Colorado,' of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. The 'Colorado' was a new vessel, of 2000 tons, then regarded as remarkably large and luxuriously furnished. This was her maiden voyage, and Professor Agassiz and his party of six- teen persons were the only passengers. As we passed down the coast of Virginia, on April 3, heavy masses of smoke were seen over the western horizon, which the Captain of the 'Colo- rado' believed to indicate a distant battlefield. But it was not till May 16 that, news of the fall of Richmond reached us in Brazil and confirmed the Captain's surmise that the smoke we saw on April 3 was from a great battle the closing contest of the civil war. 12 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. Early in the voyage Professor Agassiz began a series of lectures, which was continued almost daily till we reached Rio de Janeiro, dealing in turn with the Gulf Stream, the Sargosso Sea, embryology, and the classification of the animal kingdom. \Ve arrived at Rio April 22, after an exceptionally pleasant voyage. Save for a few excursions, by rail or boat, to near points, the whole party remained at Rio for several weeks, but work was organized imme- diately on our arrival and collections of specimens were gathered daily in the surrounding suburbs. At the same time preparations were under way for the various projected expeditions into the interior that were to oc- cupy us the rest of the year. Besides the six trained assistants from the Museum, as many other young men were attached to the expedition as volunteers; all were duly assigned positions on the different exploring parties. 1 Following several short excursions from Rio, including a two weeks' trip to Mendez and the Barra do Parahyba, on the Dom Pedro II railroad, some 60 miles from Rio, I was assigned to one of the parties that was to visit the northern Provinces of Brazil. \Ve left Rio de Janeiro June 9 for Petropolis, a beautiful mountain suburb of Rio, where w T e spent the night. 2 The following morning we resumed our journey by a mule-drawn stage for Juiz da Fora, over a perfect road, making the 100 miles in ten hours, with relays of mules every ten miles. The road traversed a highly picturesque section of country, parts of it clothed with verdure of almost Amazonian luxuriance, while flocks of toucans and large parrots frequently attracted attention. At this point we were to outfit for our long journey into the wilderness ; but instead of finding our equipment of mules and camarados awaiting us, as we had expected (it having been ordered in advance), our animals were still at distant ranches and nothing was in readiness. It required five days to assemble the mules and their drivers. It was June 15 when our little cavalcade of 14 mules, 4 horses, and 4 camarados left Juiz da Fora for the headwaters of the Rio das Velhas, some 300 miles distant. We reached Barbacena on the third day, where Mr. Ward with his share 1 The personnel of the Expedition, in addition to Professor Agassiz, was as follows: Assistants from the Museum staff: John G. Anthony, conchologist; Charles Frederick Hartt, geologist; Orestes H. St. John, geologist; George Sceva, osteologist; J. Burkhardt, artist. Volunteers: William James,, later the eminent psychologist of Harvard University; Edward Copeland, Newton Dexter, James. Hunnewell, S. V. R. Thayer, and Thomas W. Ward. D. Bourget, a French naturalist, joined the Ex- pedition at Rio de Janeiro. 1 Our party consisted of Orestes H. St. John (geologist and chief), George Sceva, Thomas W. Ward (mineralogist), and myself. We were to travel together, however, for only a short distance, as Mr. Ward was to leave the party at Barbacena and Mr. Sceva at Lagoa Santa. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 13 of the cavalcade left us for Diamantina. We were delayed here several days while Mr. Sceva made a fruitless side-trip to some limestone caves at San Jose to prospect for fossil bones. We resumed the journey on the 24th, reaching Morro Velho July 7 and Lagoa Santa July 13, much of the way by obscure and difficult roads. Here we spent several days, collecting specimens and visiting the famous bone caverns l made classic by the Danish naturalist, Dr. P. \V. Lund, who was still resident at Lagoa Santa and whom we had the pleasure of meeting. Six days later we reached Trahiras, on the Rio das Velhas, where we disposed of our animals and outfitted with a large canoe and boatmen for the voyage down the river. This involved another delay of eight days although our river equipment had been ordered in advance and was supposed to be awaiting our arrival. But the delay had its advantages, for it enabled us to repack the collections we had made en route for shipment to the United States and gave oppor- tunity for making a large collection of fishes, besides obtaining many birds and mammals. We received here also our first letters from home, letters that had taken three months to reach us. We were able to secure a boat well adapted to our needs, a canoe 50 feet in length and four in width, dug out of a single tree. This we rigged with outriders and covered with canvas to protect us from the sun by day and afford shelter at night. We named her the 'Gequitiba,' an Indian name borne not only by the tree from which it was made, but by the fazenda and village from which we outfitted. We also supplied ourselves w r ith a smaller canoe to serve as a tender. Our crew consisted of four boatmen, a cook, and an English boy we had previously secured at Morro Velha, with St. John and myself, making eight persons in all. Our journey from Juiz da Fora (distant about 120 miles from Rio) by pack train to Gequitiba (or Trahiras), on the upper Rio das Velhas, was made in twenty days of actual travel, the distance by our circuitous route being about 300 miles, but the time occupied in outfitting for the two jour- neys, and in various delays en route was much more, so that the time be- tween our arrival at Juiz da Fora and our departure down the river was about 50 days (June 9-July 31). On July 31 we left Trahiras to descend the river, reaching its junction (Barro do R\o das Velhas) with the Rio Sao Francisco August 28. Our pro- gress was greatly delayed by the low stage of water rendering the numer- ous rapids difficult, and in some instances dangerous, to pass. Nearly every day we lost several hours in exploring for channels that would permit the 1 Mr. Sceva was left here to make further exploration, but his search for fossils was poorly re- warded. 14 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. passage of our boat, and had several narrow escapes from shipwreck. These delays gave opportunity to explore the adjacent country and to make collections, particularly of birds, frogs, fishes and mollusks. The river is very tortuous, particularly in its upper course, where it occasionally returns on itself in great loops. The distance by land between Barro do Rio do Gequitiba, our point of departure, and Barro do Rio das Velhas is said to be 55 leagues or about 220 miles, and about 350 miles (estimated) by the river. Our journey down the river, we were told, was one of the quickest and most successful ever made at such a low stage of water, it being accom- plished in twenty-one days, without having to unload the boat or losing any baggage. We were fortunate in our choice of boat, as with an ajojo (two boats lashed together) we should certainly have been wrecked in passing rapids, and with a barca (house boat) have been repeatedly forced to un- load our freight. We had also an excellent crew of boatmen, who often took to the water and guided the boat by hand through dangerous passes. We remained three days at the Barra, where we were obliged to get a relay of boatmen, and left September 1 for Januaria, arriving there Septem- ber 9. The Rio Sao Francisco is about twice the size of the Rio das Velhas and unobstructed by rapids; we were hence able to make good progress, though at times delayed by strong head winds. While at the Barra we made very satisfactory collections, but spent much time in unsuccessful efforts to obtain barrels and spirits for our specimens, which we had in- tended to send from this point to Rio Janeiro for shipment to Cambridge. Consequently we were obliged to take them with us, in the hope of being able to send them to the coast for shipment home via Bahia or Pernambuco. During the three months since we left Rio de Janeiro it had become evident that my physical condition rendered it impracticable for me to attempt to carry out the journey as originally planned, namely, to descend the Rio Sao Francisco to the Barra do Rio Grande and then cross the divide to the headwaters of the Rio Parahyba do Norte and thence reach the coast in Ceara. After long consultation we decided to divide our party, Mr. St. John to attempt to complete the journey as originally planned, while I was to remain a short time at Januaria and then continue down the Sao Francisco to a point from which it would prove practicable to make an overland journey to Bahia. In accordance with this plan Mr. St. John left Januaria in our small canoe, with one man, September 14, with the alternative in mind that should it prove impracticable to make the Ceara portion of the journey he was to join me again at Barra do Rio Negro for the overland trip to Bahia. Pluck and perseverance enabled him to carry out the original schedule of the expedition, though short of funds and finally seriously ill with fever. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 15 I remained at Januaria till the 19th (ten days in all), having in the meantime sold our big canoe and hired a barca for the descent of the Sao Francisco, discharged our old boatmen and engaged others, repacked our collections for the journey to Bahia, and made several excursions into the neighboring country, which resulted in important accessions to our natural history collection and many pages to my field notes. The journey down the Rio Sao Francisco was made comfortably, save for excessive heat (maximum daily temperature 80-98 Fahr.), and without untoward incident beyond frequent delays by heavy head winds and by illness of the boatmen. I decided to terminate the river journey at the village of Chique-Chique, which point we reached in the afternoon of October 8, the descent from Januaria to this point having occupied 18 days. Chique-Chique is 530 miles below Januaria and about 580 miles from Bahia, by the overland route. The region about Chique-Chique is excessively arid and the heat intense. It was near the beginning of the rainy season, which had already set in further in the interior, as shown by the slight daily rise of the river during my descent from Januaria. In fact, nearly the whole journey from Lagoa Santa to this point was made just in advance of the rainy season, occasional showers at different points indicating its near approach. It was necessary for me to remain several weeks at Chique-Chique for an opportunity to join a pack-train bound for the coast, there being con- siderable traffic betAveen this point and Bahia. The caravans, however, depart infrequently and at uncertain intervals. The route was by way of Jacobina, Arraial do Riacho, Jacuhipe, Villa da Feira da Sta. Anna, and Cachoeira. The country between Chique-Chique and the coast at Bahia presents three natural regions, which are plateaus, differing widely from each other in their geological features. The first is excessively arid and extends from the Rio Sao Francisco to Jacobina, a distance of rather more than 200 miles. It is a vast limestone plain, practically without inhabitants, so that it was necessary to take with us not only food for the animals as well as the men, but also drinking water, which was carried in large leather water bags, as in parts of the Far East. This plain rises gradually toward the east, culminating in the Taboleira de Jacobina. To the eastward the descent to the Jacobina valley is abrupt, through a narrow precipitous defile known as the Tombador (the tumble-down). Almost vertical walls of rock, nearly a thousand feet in height, surround the head of the valley. The second or middle plateau likewise has a breadth of some 200 miles, extending from Jacobina eastward to the Sierra da Terra Dura, a point midway between Jacobina and Cachoeira, at the head of Bahia Bay. The 16 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. underlying rock is gneiss, with vast exposures of bare rock, and with nowhere more than a very thin covering of soil. Slight knolls and shallow basins alternate, with rarely a difference in altitude of more than twenty or thirty feet. Many of the hollows form shallow lakes in the rainy season, from which most of the water evaporates in the dry season. At frequent inter- vals there are circular holes in the rock, called by the natives caldeiraos, which I found on examination to be genuine pot-holes, some of them of great size (the largest one measured was 20 feet in diameter). A considerable descent is made in passing from the middle to the eastern or coast plateau, which is characterized at least along our route of travel by the general absence of rock exposures and heavy superficial deposits of sand, doubtless from the abraded plains to the westward. The whole region between the Sao Francisco and the sea is covered, generally speaking, with low open forest, or catinga, except for a narrow belt along the coast, where a moister atmosphere permits a more luxuriant growth. The whole area presents a barren aspect, the vegetation being dwarfed and scanty and the aridity excessive. The greatest aridity and the highest temperature occurs in the limestone district, where little or no moisture is precipitated for nine months in the year, and where all the herbaceous vegetation an- nually withers. Cacti occur in great variety, including arboreal forms of gigantic proportions. With the exception of a few species, the trees are leafless throughout the long dry season, and the streams become dry or merely form chains of brackish pools. 1 The convolvuli and other vines clinging to the arboreal vegetation, though dead at this season, indicated the presence of a wealth of flowers and foliage during the short rainy period. Our train comprised several score of pack mules and a considerable num- ber of riding horses. Eight animals were necessary for the transportation of my collections. The journey occupied several weeks of rather tedious travel, Bahia not being reached till about the end of November. I soon found storage in a warehouse for my collections until I could arrange for their shipment to Boston. They included several cases of bird and mammal skins, mollusks, and geological specimens, besides some six or eight barrels of fishes, reptiles and other vertebrates in alcohol. These required repack- ing for shipment, new casks being necessary for part of the alcoholics. Some days later, I found that my fine work in repacking was only temporary, for at the custom house an export duty of 85 per cent was levied on natural history specimens, which involved the opening of my cases for inspection! As I knew Professor Agassiz had an agent, who was also a warm personal 1 I found the water at midday in some of the trickling streams we crossed had a temperature of 102 F. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 17 friend of his, at Bahia, I had anticipated little trouble in arranging for my passage home and the forwarding of my collections. It unfortunately happened that he was absent at this time from the country, and also that no provision had been made for the arrival of any of the fi< Id parties at this point, and consequently that no arrangements had been made for sending home any members of the Expedition or their collections from Bahia. I was thus received as a stranger, arid as my funds had become exhausted, and I was also seriously ill, the outlook was not exhilarating. It was, however, my great good fortune to find at my hotel Captain Joseph Swift, of Gloucester, Mass., a retired shipmaster now acting as a super-cargo for a Boston firm engaged in the Brazil trade. I revealed to him my straits and he immediately took me under his care, even advancing money for my expenses. He also secured passage for me on his vessel soon to sail for Boston. I shipped the collections by the steamship 'North America' of the United States and Brazilian Steamship Company. On December 15 I left Bahia on the Hanoverian brigantine ' Gehardina,' of 300 tons, chartered here for Boston and loaded with sugar and hides by Captain Swift, who with myself were the only passengers, payment for my passage to be made on my arrival in Boston. The accommodations were primitive a berth in the Captain's cabin under the companion-way, the fare conforming in character to what would be expected in a small sailing vessel in the commercial trade. The officers and crew were Germans, but some of the former could speak a little English. During the three weeks spent in Bahia I made the acquaintance of a number of foreigners resident in the city, among them several who were much interested in scientific pursuits, notably Dr. O. Wucherer and Charles Williams. The ' Gerhadina' was favored for a month with fine weather and made a quick voyage as far as Cape Hatteras, with a fair prospect of reaching Boston in less than forty-five days from Bahia. But January 21, in passing the Cape, we were suddenly struck by a furious gale, which rapidly drove us off our course to the eastward. We were constantly under close-reefed sails for fourteen days, the wind shifting about every twelve hours from northwest to northeast, and back again, with tremendously heavy cross seas. At the end of this period the ship had become strained and was leaking, the food supply was getting short, and as a last resource Captain Swift and Captain Aalderks decided to try to make Bermuda, then not far away. But as we had not seen the sun for two weeks, it was dangerous to trust to dead reckoning in attempting to make so difficult a port in stormy weather. So the 'Gerhadina' was soon headed southward for St. Thomas, the harbor of last resort for North Atlantic seamen in distress. In a short time we passed into smoother water and in due time reached the harbor 18 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. of St. Thomas, which we found filled with shipping driven thither, like ourselves, by stress of weather, most of the vessels with broken masts or otherwise seriously disabled. Not a few, as we learned later, caught in this memorable storm were never again heard from, and our ship was among those reported as overdue and supposed to have been lost. A week at St. Thomas sufficed for repairs and the taking on of fresh supplies, and gave me time to gather a small general collection of natural history specimens, and we were again on our way north, with fine weather and full sails as far as the dreaded Cape, when we again encountered heavy gales and were driven from our course. It was overcast and stormy with high winds for the rest of the voyage; w r e hoped we still held enough westing to make our port, but were in doubt, as we were again dependent on dead reckoning. It was therefore a crucial time when at sunset of a boisterous March day the sailors were sent aloft to shorten sail, preparatory to laying- to for the night, presumably near the eastern end of Long Island, but with doubt as to whether we should not be so far off our course as to render necessary another long voyage to recover our lost westing. Shortly, how- ever, the sailors from the topmast announced a light, and soon after a second light, thus making us sure of the position of the ship and the course to lay. The next morning the 'Gerhadina' was anchored in the harbor of "\Voods Hole, and a few days later ended her ninety days' voyage from Bahia to Boston. "When I left Bahia I was rather glad that the fates had determined that I was to make the voyage home in a sailing vessel, and on completing it I was still glad I had had the opportunity of such a varied experience. I had seen the ocean for weeks in its most amiable moods, and I had seen it again for weeks in its most angry paroxysms. The trade-wind belts, the doldrums with their huge, slowly rolling swells, the North Atlantic in its February anger, were all precious memories. The Sargosso Sea had added specimens of the surface life of the sea to my collections minute mollusks and a varied assortment of crustaceans gathered from the gulf weed and many observa- tions on sea-birds, flying-fishes, and the atmospheric phenomena of mid- ocean. Collecting Trip to the Middle West (1867}. During the last two months of the voyage my health naturally improved, but I had suffered so long from chronic indigestion and intestinal troubles, and especially during my journey in Brazil, that I finally felt it best to try and abandon my ideal of a life devoted to natural history research, and accordingly resigned my position at the Museum of Comparative Zoology AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 19 and returned to the farm. Vith this change of occupation my health improved, and with it my old love strengthened. During the winter of 18661867, the point of non-resistance was reached, and I planned a natural history collecting trip to the Middle West, in parts of which several of my mother's brothers and sisters had settled as pioneers, thus affording me convenient bases from which to prosecute my work. I was successful in securing orders in advance for specimens of both animals and plants, and so successful in filling the orders that after thousands of miles of travel and the acquisition of a most valuable experience I returned home free of debt, and therefore perfectly satisfied with the results. This trip furnished material for several faunal papers, published in the 'Proceedings' and ' Memoirs ' of the Boston Society of Natural History. The month of May was spent near Sodus Bay, on Lake Ontario. Dur- ing June the Chicago Academy of Sciences was the point from which excursions were made into the adjoining country, including a trip to Rich- mond, Indiana, where as a guest of a fellow naturalist, I passed one of the most enjoyable weeks of my life, collecting fossils as well as birds, insects and shells. Several weeks were spent in north-central Illinois, and also in the vicinity of Des Moines, Iowa. During most of July and August I was a guest of the Iowa Geological Survey, through the kindness of the State Geologist, Dr. Charles A. White, and of his field assistant, my friend Orestes H. St. John, who had been a fellow-student with me at the Cambridge Museum and my companion on the Brazil expedition. I accompanied him during his reconnaissance of an area about sixty miles square in south- west-central Iowa (mainly the nine counties of Dallas, Guthrie, Boone, Greene, Carroll, Crawford, Sac, Calhoun and Audubon), the greater part of which region, and thence westward to the Missouri River, was still practically an unsettled wilderness. Our camp wagon was our sole shelter and our immediate source of supply, and our teamster-cook our only human associate for many days together. Here I made general collections, but for the most part found plants and insects the most profitable, securing during the trip several species of each that proved to be new to science. On my return I spent a few weeks in southern Michigan, and made another short stay at Sodus, N. Y. This out of door life proved of great benefit to my health, and while still in the West I wrote to Professor Agassiz that I felt again equal to resuming my duties at the Museum of Comparative Zoology. His response was a most cordial invitation to return, and in October I resumed my post, where I remained uninterruptedly for the next eighteen years, except when in the field on Museum expeditions, as noted in the following narrative. I had already been placed in charge of the departments of mammals and birds 20 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. when I accompanied the Agassiz Expedition to Brazil, in 1865, and in 1871 was promoted to the official status of " assistant in ornithology," and con- tinued as acting curator of mammals and birds till my resignation in 1885 to assume similar duties at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. East Florida Expedition (1868-1869}. In the winter of 1868-1869 I conducted a three month's exploration of the country bordering the St. John's River in eastern Florida, between Jacksonville and Enterprise, which furnished the basis of my paper 'On the Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida,' etc., published in the 'Bulletin' of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (April, 1871). This journey was made, with two volunteer assistants, in a ship's yawl fitted with a large sail. As the country was then only slightly settled above Pilatka, our boat was our home and base of supplies, but at times we occu- pied rude huts that had been deserted by their former occupants. Para- keets were still abundant, and alligators had almost undisputed possession of the bayous and river banks. At certain points of our journey no human beings were seen for many days together except the members of our own party. ASSISTANT AT MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY (1871-1885). Great Plains and Rocky Mountain Expedition (1871-1872}. In April, 1871, I started on a nine months' collecting trip to the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains, in the interest of the Museum of Com- parative Zoology, with two assistants, Richard Bliss, a fellow-student at the Agassiz Museum, and Caleb W. Bennett, of Springfield, Massachusetts. Mr. Bliss returned to Cambridge about the beginning of August, Mr. Bennett remaining with me, as hunter and taxidermist, till the end of the expedition in January, 1872. General collections were made at intervals from the Missouri River to Great Salt Lake, Utah. As western Kansas was then subject to raids by hostile Indians, we were provided with letters of introduction from Major-General Pope, Commander of the Department of the Missouri, to the commandants of the military posts near our proposed route in Kansas and Wyoming, requesting them to aid the expedition by providing escorts and transportation, should such assistance prove neces- sary. Accordingly Fort Hays was selected as the most convenient base from which to hunt buffalo, where a vacant suite of unoccupied officer's quarters was assigned us for use during the six weeks we spent at this point, making collections of the most varied and comprehensive character. We began work at Leavenworth, where we spent the first ten days of AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 21 May, and then went to Topeka, remaining there about two weeks collecting, chiefly birds, fishes, reptiles, and insects. We arrived at Fort Hays May 26, where we remained till July 3, becoming well acquainted with the sur- rounding country while waiting for the military escort we were assured was necessary for our safety in going out to the buffalo range, some thirty miles northwest of the post. The cavalry, however, was absent on escort duty with government supply trains and the date of their return was tantalizingly indefinite. While waiting for several weeks for this alleged essential to our buffalo work, we made the acquaintance of Charles Clark- son, a professional buffalo hunter who for several years had hunted buffalo in winter for shipment to the eastern cities. This intelligent, enterprising and level-headed New Englander, who lived in a dugout on the outskirts of the military reservation, who owned a good pair of mules and a wagon, and was familiar with the ways of the Sioux Indians, assured us it would be quite safe to go on a buffalo hunt without the encumbrance of a military escort. As he was willing to act as our scout and hunter and furnish us with the necessary transportation for a reasonable consideration, we deemed it safe to trust to his judgment regarding the risks entailed. W T e left Fort Hays on our buffalo hunt June 21, returning four days later with a wagon load of buffalo skeletons and skulls, besides leaving on the open prairie five skeletons we had prepared that we were unable to bring with us for lack of room. As we still needed an old cow, and had secured no calves, Clarkson and I returned to the buffalo range the next day, and at the end of another four days had completed our desiderata, having not only secured a fine old cow skeleton and a number of young calves, but had also retrieved the skeletons left on our former trip, which, however, we found had been somewhat damaged by coyotes. In all our spoils numbered .14 complete skeletons and several additional skulls, repre- senting both sexes and various ages, from yearlings to old bulls and cows; also the skins as well as skeletons of five young calves. The time thus occupied was eight days, involving about thirty-six hours of travel. We saved no skins, except those of the calves, as at this season the old coat had been shed (except of course on the shoulders and head) and the new coat was so short that it barely concealed the skin. The experience was one long to be remembered, as we took no camp out- fit but our blankets, a little flour and canned fruits, depending naturally upon buffalo meat for our main subsistence, buffalo chips supplying us with fuel. Our blankets were our only shelter at night, and our wagon was the only available screen from the hot midday sun, under the shade of which we crept to eat our dinner. 1 We saw no Indians, but the landscape was every- i Temperature 105 F. in the shade on one occasion, and usually over 100 at midday. 22 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. where dotted with small bands of buffalos; which were so numerous on one occasion that they darkened the plains to the west of us as far as the eye could reach. They were given no peace by the skin hunters, several parties of whom we met on the range. The skins then sold for two dollars each at the nearest railroad station. Once a small band of buffalo, stampeded by these hunters, sent us to our wagon for safety, the herd passing on both sides of us almost within arm's reach. On returning from the buffalo hunt we packed the collections we had accumulated at Fort Hays and shipped them East, part to Rochester for preparation and part direct to the museum at Cambridge. July 3 we took the train for Denver, and at daylight the next morning obtained our first view of the Rocky Mountains, the snowfields on the higher peaks coming clearly into view with the rising of the sun. We spent two days at Denver, outfitting for a wagon trip into the mountains, and left for South Park on the afternoon of July 6, camping the first night on Turkey Creek, just behind the first range of foothills. While in Denver we had noticed a band of about 300 Ute Indians, encamped on the outskirts of the city, who had come in to receive their annual supplies from the United States Government, and to barter their robes and other furs with the people of Denver. They swarmed through the town on horseback, men, women and children, clad in their native costumes, their faces painted, and their persons decorated with beads and brass and tin trinkets. They were nearly all bare-headed, their coarse jet black hair reaching usually to their shoulders. Some wore hats, or hats and coats, and a few full suits of w r hite man's clothes, but usually a deer skin or a woolen blanket wrapped about them w r as the princi- pal article of clothing. It was our first sight of the red man in his native splendor and naturally these Indians greatly interested us. But great was our disgust to find that they had left Denver for the mountains just ahead of us and were encamped only a few hundred yards beyond the place we had chosen for our own camp. While they might be 'honest Indians' our guide deemed it best for us to keep a sharp lookout for our horses and other belongings. We decided to stay in camp in the morning till they passed on. They broke camp early and we did not anticipate meeting them again. In this we were disappointed, for we found they had gone only a few miles and again encamped. Thus we passed and repassed each other's camps for several days, until we decided to remain for some time at a point that offered good collecting, in the hope that they would continue on their journey and we should be rid of their visits. But this plan failed, as we again overtook them and they later became once more a nuisance. They were friendly, indeed quite too familiar, and inveterate beggars, particu- larly for tobacco and matches. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 23 Our journey to South Park was of great interest, not only for its scenic features but for the transitions in the fauna and flora as we advanced to higher altitudes. We reached the base of Mount Lincoln, at the northern end of the Park, July 19, where we camped for a week, extending our collect- ing trip to above timber line. On the top of Mount Lincoln we found the pipit (Anthus rubescens} breeding, and collected specimens of a new species of rosy finch (Leucosticte australis), and at timber line, in the taluses ob- tained about thirty specimens of a new pica (Ochotona saxatilis Bangs, described in 1899 from the specimens we collected in 1871). We returned from South Park by way of Pike's Peak, Manitou Springs and the Garden of the Gods. 1 We remained here nearly a week collecting and thence pro- ceeded along the outer base of the foothills northward to Denver, where we arrived August 18, the trip having occupied a little more than six weeks. Our next collecting point was Cheyenne, where we spent ten days, and then Bennett and I (Mr. Bliss having returned to Cambridge) went direct to Ogden, Utah. This was our base for the next seven weeks, from which we made excursions to the northern end of Great Salt Lake. Here we found avocets, stilts, phalaropes and other marsh and shore birds plentiful, and an abundance of ducks, terns and gulls. We also obtained many fishes, mollusks and crayfishes. October 9 we took the tram east to Green River, where we remained till the 17th. Here we also secured many fishes from pools and streams, and made a considerable collection of fossil fishes from the famous Green River shales, but high winds, ice and snow rendered collecting difficult. From Green River w r e went to Fort Fred Steele, arriving at 3 A. M., October 18. This was the point we had selected from which to make our departure into the mountains for big game. We soon found, however, that this plan was impracticable, owing to the expense and the uncertainty of the results. Fortunately at this juncture I met Messrs. Ferris and Hunt, professional hunters, who were supplying game ^to the eastern markets as a business. I soon made an agreement with them to furnish a specified number of the various kinds of such big game as could be obtained in this region, for a certain price per head, to be delivered to us at Percy, a station on the Union Pacific Railroad about thirty miles east of Fort Steele. After packing and shipping the collections made at Fort Steele, which included among other things several boxes of fossils, we went to Percy, where we remained from October 20 till December 18. Percy consisted at this time of the railway station, a small hotel, and one or two occupied log-cabins and many vacant ones, all that was left of what a few years 1 There were only a few log-cabins and a post-office at the present site of Colorado Springs, and Manitou was merely a name. 24 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. before, while the Union Pacific Railroad was under construction at this point, was a booming railroad town. Some of the houses w T ere in decay and others had been removed, but the evidences of its former activities were shown by those remaining and the characteristic debris of tin-cans, empty bottles and other refuse. We hired for our workshop a log cabin that had previously seen service as a saloon, as it was large and fairly well lighted. It served our purpose admirably. Here for two months we worked six days a week in preparing the big game delivered to us at fre- quent intervals by Ferris and Hunt, as per contract. About one day in seven we devoted to hunting, and added thus to our spoils several ante- lopes and coyotes, jack-rabbits and cottontails, besides many birds, includ- ing a large series of sage grouse, then so abundant that Bennett and I, on one occasion, shot thirty in an hour all we could carry to camp, and could have killed as many more the next hour had we needed them. As no hay or similar material could be obtained at Percy, we had to substi- tute dry grass for filling the skins of the mammals, and to obtain this we had to tramp to a moist ravine a mile and a half away, cut it with our hunting knives and carry it home on our backs. A journey of a hun- dred miles by rail to Laramie was necessary to obtain material for pack- ing cases, namely, discarded dry-goods boxes, which we dismantled and shipped as freight to Percy and remade to suit our needs. Roughing out skeletons and preparing skins of deer, elk, mountain sheep and antelope occupied our time and kept us confined to our laboratory for the greater part of these eight weeks, but our enthusiasm was well sustained by the results, and now and then a day's tramp through the sage brush and snow relieved the monotony. Our shipment of 17 large cases from Percy included skins and skeletons of 8 elk, 12 black-tailed deer, 1 white-tailed deer, 25 prong-horned antelopes, and 11 bighorn sheep; also 35 skulls of antelope and a fine series of the skulls of elk and black-tailed deer, besides small game (coyotes, foxes, porcupines, beaver, rabbits, etc.) and birds. It nearly filled a freight car, and was shipped on December 17, but, as will be explained later, did not reach its destination for several months. On the 19th we took an east-bound train for Omaha, already twelve hours ]ate when it reached Percy. A mile and a half east of Percy we ran into a snowbank and the train was partly derailed and delayed for another two hours. Between Carbon and Medicine Bow we were again stalled in the snow for twenty -two hours, where we had to await the arrival of a wrecking train, and two engines to replace our disabled ones. \Ye got our first square meal in two days at Sidney. "We struck another heavy snow- storm at North Platte, and at Elkhorn, near Omaha, it was necessarv to AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 25 divide the train to overcome the heavy grade. When we reached Omaha at 9 A. M. of the 22nd, the train was nearly three days overdue. It was also the last train that made the run over the Union Pacific Railroad that winter, owing to a snow-blockade which lasted for several months. As I had already made an arrangement by letter with Clarkson of Hays City for a winter buffalo hunt, we left Omaha for Kansas City at 4 p. M. of the same day, reaching Kansas City at 4 A. M. of the 23rd. Here I ob- tained free passes to Ellis and return for Mr. Bennett and myself, and transportation for our specimens on the return trip to Kansas City at half rates, and thence east to Boston by the Merchant's Union Express Company on the same terms. At 10.45 P. M. we were again on a train bound west over the Kansas Pacific. At 11 A. M. the next day we were stalled in a snow drift near Bunkerhill. At Bunkerhill we found five freight trains, eleven engines and a snowplow stalled in the snow. At 3 P. M. orders were received for all trains to remain here till the storm abated. At 8.30 A. M. the next day (December 25) our train, equipped with a snowplow, started on its journey (temperature 12 F. below zero), but in an hour we were again stuck fast in the snow in a cut, but were finally pushed through by two freight engines attached to the rear end of the train. A delay of an hour at Fossil, for switching, gave the passengers, at 11 A. M., an opportunity to procure a luncheon of crackers and cheese, our Christmas dinner and the first food we had had since the previous evening. We reached Hays, thirty miles west of Fossil, that evening. Within sight of the station were five stalled trains, each with two locomotives. Behind us were two freight trains with ' double-headers,' and two snowplows, one propelled by three engines and the other by four. During the following night the wind refilled the cuts behind us between Walker and Bunkerhill, causing another blockade. On the 26th I went to Clarkson's ranch and found he was at Coyote, fifty miles further west; but there was no train west till the evening of the 28th, when we reached Coyote, at 9.30 P. M. Fortunately the weather had now moderated, and on the 29th we went to Clarkson's camp and made arrangements with him for another buffalo hunt. At this time we were in quest of skins for mounting; our summer hunt, as already stated, was primarily for skeletons. Two weeks earlier buffalo had been abundant as far east as Coyote, but they had been so relentlessly persecuted by hunters that they had moved west and were now massed chiefly between Sheridan and Wallace, about one hundred miles to the westward. Between one hundred and one hundred and fifty hunters were said to be in constant pursuit of them. It was roughly estimated that at least 15,000 buffalo had been killed along the Kansas Pacific Railroad during the year (1871). 26 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. We were prepared to start on our hunt on the morning of December 31, but the weather turned severely cold and delayed our departure till the following day, January 1, 1872, when we drove south with Clarkson's outfit for nine miles and then returned, finding no buffalo, and being assured by hunting parties we met that there were no buffalos in that direction. We lunched at Coyote and then drove north nearly to the Saline River, camping for the night six miles north of Coyote, and the following night on the South Fork of the Solomon, 30 miles from Coyote. The next morning we went northwest, along the divide between the Saline and the Solomon, to a point opposite Buffalo Station,* thence turning north and camping on the North Fork of the Solomon. We saw no buffalo, but were informed by returning hunters that there was a large herd six or eight miles to the northward, where a band of Omaha Indians were hunting them. The next night we camped on a tributary of the Solomon, ten miles northeast of Grinnell. During the day's drive we saw a few buffalo about 2 p. M., and were in sight of small bands for the rest of the day, but they were too wild to permit of a near approach. The next day, January 4, we came up with the first old bulls about five miles from camp, but they were wary, and the ground was unfavorable for stalking them. The weather became suddenly threatening and the wind keen and piercing from the north. Clarkson and his partner, Alden, deemed it imprudent to go further from the railroad, as if a storm should overtake us we would be far from shelter and without wood. They decided to return toward the Saline, from which point we could easily reach shelter should a storm render it necessary. We turned southward and in a few miles came upon a small herd of buffalo, from which Clarkson killed five, Alden three, and I got an old bull. The weather continuing cold and the sky overcast, with signs of a storm, we put up our large Sibley tent, which protected us from the wind and served as our base for the next three days, during which, although buffalo were scarce, our hunters secured their loads of meat, and we obtained nearly the desired number of skins. On the return journey we secured two more, reaching Buffalo Station on the even- ing of the 7th. The station consisted of the section house and two freight cars, one of them fitted up with sleeping bunks and the other serving as kitchen, and a water tank and two or three dugouts. The owner of one of the latter, a buffalo hunter, happened to be absent and Mr. Bennett and I slept in his dugout. Although the entrance was ankle deep with water, and the floor also covered with water, we passed a comfortable night, such shelter as this being far preferable to sleeping out of doors in the chilling south wind then prevailing. We learned here that the buffalo had left the whole line of the railroad, presumably driven off by the 600 or more Omaha Indians we had seen encamped on the Solomon. So we felt satis- fied that we had done as well as was possible under the conditions. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 27 We drove the next day to Coyote, where we finished preparing our specimens and boxed and shipped them. They included eight skins and three heads of buffalo, and skins and skeletons of two lynxes, several coyotes, wolves and jack-rabbits, and a few birds. We settled with Clarkson for $50, which sum covered our transportation and board for a week, and his promise to get for us three more skins of buffalo two cows and a yearling bull, which were still lacking to complete our series. We left Fort Hays for the East at 3 P. M. on January 12, and reached Cambridge on the 22d, stopping by the way at my old home in Springfield for a couple of days to visit the home folks, well satisfied with the results of our nine months' work in the field. We had collected and sent to Cam- bridge 200 skins, 60 skeletons and 240 additional skulls of mammals (mostly large species) ; 1500 bird skins, over 100 birds in alcohol, and a large num- ber of nests and eggs; a considerable number of fishes, both fossil and re- cent, and a few mollusks, and many insects and crustaceans. The following year I remained at the Cambridge Museum, cataloguing and labeling the rapidly increasing collections of birds and mammals. Yellowstone Expedition (1873). In May, 1873, Professor Baird, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, saw an opportunity to advance our knowledge of the natural history of a then lit tie known portion of the W r est through utilizing oppor- tunities afforded by the large military expedition the War Department was to provide as an escort for the railroad surveyors who were to locate the Northern Pacific Railroad westward from Bismark. A number of promi- nent specialists were invited to cooperate in the natural history work, some of whom accepted but later found it impracticable to join the expedition. I was invited to take charge of the work in vertebrate zoology, and the authorities of the Museum of Comparative Zoology kindly granted me leave of absence to accompany the expedition, the Museum to have a share of the duplicates obtained. The large scientific staff contemplated at the outset dwindled to a few persons, mostly with little or no experience in scientific field work, so that I was installed as chief of the party. I secured the services of Mr. C. W. Bennett, who accompanied me on my 1871 expedi- tion, as my personal assistant. The other members of the party were a geologist, a photographer, and an artist, the latter being Mr. Konopicky of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The photographer's wagon un- fortunately did not arrive until the expedition had reached the Yellowstone, and he was accordingly greatly handicapped in his work. 28 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. Mr. Bennett and I left Boston for Bismark, on the Upper Missouri, May 27, via New York, Chicago, St. Paul, Duluth and Fargo, the other members of our party joining us at Xe\v York. Passenger trains were then running over the Northern Pacific only as far as Fargo, North Dakota. Construction trains were in use beyond this point, running "on orders" at irregular and uncertain intervals. On reaching the 17th siding, some twelve miles or more east of Bismark, we had orders to wait over till the next day for a train, or return to the 16th siding, signifying at least a day's delay. The terrain here was a wet grassy prairie, the home of myriads of mosquitoes; the shelter for the night was a box car, without seats, blankets, food, or even potable water. It seemed better to complete the journey on foot, and with two of my party and a sergeant from Fort Lincoln, with the mail for Forts Lincoln, Rice and Buford, as guide, we reached Bismark at midnight. The distance from Fargo to Bismark is 200 miles, which re- quired nearly three days to make. Reported the next day at Fort Lincoln, opposite Bismark, and made arrangements for transportation to Fort Rice, some twenty miles south of Fort Lincoln, and the rendezvous of the Yellowstone Expedition, where we arrived on the 8th of June. Here our party was most cordially welcomed by Gen. D. S. Stanley, commander of the Expedition, who assured us of every assistance possible in our work. Captain H. M. Lazelle, Company H, 8th Infantry, U. S. A., an officer greatly interested in several lines of scien- tific research, was detailed to take charge of the Scientific Corps, which was assigned to the Headquarters Division of the Expedition. In due time we were provided with the necessary equipment, comprising two (later five) six-mule baggage wagons, five tents, five saddle horses, and a detail of a sergeant and three soldiers to look after our comfort and belongings, one of them serving as cook. The previous year the survey of the Northern Pacific Railroad route was seriously impeded in the Yellowstone region by hostile Indians. Hence a heavy military escort was this year provided for the protection of the engi- neer corps. The present escort comprised 1400 troops and 400 civilian employees, accompanied by a train of 300 wagons, each drawn by six mules, and 1200 beeves on the foot to furnish fresh beef en route. The escort comprised the famous Seventh Cavalry, with Gen. George A. Custer in command, and parts of the Eighth and Twenty -second Infantry, and a company of Indian scouts. The military escort broke camp at Fort Rice on June 20, following the engineers who had taken the field some ten days before. Our course was nearly due west, and the first objective point was the Great Bend of Heart River; a later landmark was the crossing of Big Muddy Creek, where we AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 29 were detained several days by heavy rains and high water. The Big Muddy was finally crossed on a pontoon bridge, constructed of wagon bodies filled with empty water casks. It required the greater part of two days to make the crossing after the construction of the bridge. We reached the Little Missouri July 11, via the Bad Lands and Davis Creek. The descent of the latter was a tedious day's march of twelve hours, to gain the same number of miles on our course. The stream was tortuous and the valley narrow, so that it was necessary to build ten corduroy bridges in a distance of eight miles. The infantry was deployed in single file in the bluffs on each side of the creek, to prevent a surprise attack by Indians. The ford of the Little Missouri was over a treacherous bottom, and before attempting it with the wagon train it was found necessary to consolidate the quicksands by treading with the cavalry and the herd of beeves. It was also necessary for the pioneers to construct a roadway up the gorge on the west side hi order to reach the plateau on the western side of the river. The Yellowstone River was reached July 15, and the crossing made a few days later by means of the steamboat 'Josephine/ which met us here for the purpose of ferrying the expedition across. We remained in camp near this point for two weeks, waiting for the engineers to connect their preliminary line with their work of the previous year. A stockade was built here and named Camp Thome, at which a large quantity of supplies was left, with a strong guard of troops, including two squadrons of cavalry and two companies of infantry. The site of Camp Thorne is now the town of Glendive. The distance from Fort Rice to Camp Thorne was 310 miles. On July 28 we began our march up the west side of the Yellowstone. Owing to the bad lands bordering the river our line of travel was some distance to the westward, and very devious, it being necessary at times to make long detours in order to get around deep ravines, a long, hard day's march of ten or twelve hours resulting in some instances in a gain of not more than two or three miles on our course. We passed the mouth of Powder River July 30, the mouth of Tongue River August 4, the mouth of the Rosebud August 7, the mouth of the Big Horn August 12, reaching Pompey's Pillar about 8 A. M. August 15, 190 miles above Camp Thorne. This was the end of our reconnaissance on the Yellowstone, the line above Pompey's Pillar having been surveyed the previous year. On the 17th of August we turned west toward the Musselshell River, which we struck at a point 50 miles northwest from Pompey's Pillar on the 19th. This point marked the end of the outward journey. The next day we crossed to the left bank of the Musselshell and followed down this river, to the Big Bend of the Musselshell, which we reached 30 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. August 27. We then struck across to the Yellowstone along the divide between Big Porcupine and Little Porcupine Creeks, reaching the Yellow- stone River at the mouth of the Little Porcupine, a little above the mouth of Tongue River. Here we struck our outward trail, which we retraced to Camp Thome, where we arrived September 7, and later, over the same trail proceeded to Fort Rice, our starting-point. The daily routine of the march was usually as follows: Reveille at 3 A. M.; breakfast at 3.30; tents struck at 5; marching at 5.30; with variations to earlier or later according to special exigencies. The head of the column usually made camp at from 12.30 to 3 P. M. ; when delayed by bridging streams or road-making, camping was delayed till 4.30 or later once till 6.40 and once till 7.30, after a day's march of ten, twelve, or even fourteen hours. The daily distance ranged from eight to twenty miles, according to the amount of delay incident to bad roads. Field observations and collecting were usually restricted to the line of march, and the preparation of specimens to the daylight hours in camp. The weeks spent in camp at Fort Rice and Camp Thome, and the delays at the crossing of the Big Muddy, the Little Missouri, and at a few other points, were utilized to the utmost by Mr. Bennett and myself for the increase of our collections. But parts of the journey were less favorable, owing to Indian trouble. Indians were first seen watching us from neighboring bluffs near the mouth of Powder River; they soon became bolder and were seen daily, when orders were given forbidding straying from the line of march, or the use of firearms without permission from the commanding officer. This compelled us to abandon bird collecting and side excursions for several weeks. The first attack upon the Expedition by the Indians was an attempt by them to ambush the advance guard of cavalry, while resting at midday some miles in advance of the main column, about twenty miles above Tongue River. Here General Custer, with seventy men, had a four hour battle with about 300 Indians on August 3, finally charging and dispersing them. But while the battle was in progress a part of the hostile band, hovering along the left flank of our main command, suc- ceeded in killing several of our stragglers, including the veterinary surgeon, the sutler, and a cavalryman. During the fight General Custer had one private wounded and several horses killed and others wounded. The extent of the casualties of the Indians was not ascertained, but at least two were killed and several wounded. Two days later an Indian alarm caused General Stanley to halt and park the train, in preparation for an attack, but the precaution proved to have been unnecessary. Indians were seen, however, in the bluffs on the east bank of the river, and a few shots were fired at them from our six-pounders, which effectively dispersed them. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 31 On the 8th General Custer received orders to advance and chastise the Indians, whose hastily abandoned camps we had been passing for several days, as village after village joined the main band. He set out at 8 P. M., with 450 cavalrymen and our Indian scouts, and by a forced march over- took them about daylight on the morning of the llth near Pompey's Pillar. The Indians were on the east bank of the river, but at once proceeded to cross and, 500 strong, opened an attack upon him from all sides. The fight- ing for a time was very sharp, but finally the cavalry were ordered to charge, and the Indians soon scattered in every direction. Custer had three men killed, including his orderly, and Lieut. Brayden was severely wounded in the thigh. For the next twelve hours our camp presented a decidedly warlike aspect, with our battery mounted for action and five companies of the 22d Infantry doing picket duty. An attack seemed probable, but our foes evidently decided we were too well prepared, and slowly retired. These incidents gave proof that our heavy military escort was not a needless demonstration. It was only three years later, and about sixty miles south of Pompey's Pillar, on the Little Big Horn, that General Custer and his whole command were massacred in a fight with this same band of Sioux Indians. The opportunities for natural history collecting and field research on this expedition were far from ideal, but we did not return empty handed nor without well-filled notebooks. Very little of the large area traversed had previously been visited by a naturalist, and was still unrepresented by specimens in the National Museum. Much valuable information was gathered respecting the general character of the country and its biology, a portion of which was promptly published. 1 Besides the birds, their nests and eggs, and mammals, small collections of reptiles, fishes, insects and plants were made, and also of invertebrate fossils, which were everywhere scarce. The badlands were searched at every opportunity for vertebrate remains, but always, to our great disappointment, in vain. Mr. Konopicky, the artist, made colored drawings from life of the few fishes obtained, and many excellent sketches of geological exposures and striking topographic features in the bad lands. The photographer also secured many char- acteristic views of the country traversed. To me it was an experience of great value from the naturalist's point of view, and one I have never ceased to recall with much pleasure for its personal associations and its dash of military flavor. i Cf. Notes on the Natural History of portions of Dakota and Montana Territories, being the substance of a report to the Secretary of War on the collections made by the North Pacific Railroad Expedition of 1873, Gen. D. S. Stanley, Commander. By J. A. Allen, Naturalist of the Expedition. Proc. Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. XVII, pp. 33-91, June, 1874. Also separately, repaged. 32 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. Special Collaborator, U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Terri- tories (1876-1882}. From 1874 to 1882 I gave much the larger part of my time to original research, the results of which appeared in numerous minor papers ard in several monographs. The first of the latter was 'The American Bisons, Living and Extinct,' published in 1876, under the joint auspices of the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the Geological Survey of Kentucky (N. S. Shaler, Geologist-in-Charge). In 1876, with the approval of the director of the Agassiz Museum, I divided my time between this institution and the United States Geological and Geographical Survey, of which for the following six years I was a " special collaborator." At the end of this period the United States Geological Survey was reorganized and the scope of its work greatly restricted. Also my health became so seriously impaired that I was obliged to suspend almost entirely my research work for a con- siderable period (as explained later in this narrative). My work for the Geological Survey comprised a number of minor papers published in the 'Bulletin' of the Survey and monographs of various families of North American rodents, in cooperation with the late Dr. Elliott Coues, published in 1877 as 'Monographs of North American Rodentia,' forming volume XI of the 'Memoirs' of the Survey. In 1880 was pub- lished my 'History of North American Pinnipeds, a Monograph of the Walruses, Sea-Lions, Sea-Bears and Seals of North America,' as No. 12 of the 'Miscellaneous Publications' of the Survey (8vo, pp. xvi + 785, 60 text figures). This was to have been followed by a volume of the 'Me- moir' series on the North American species of the mammalian orders Cete and Sirenia. To this undertaking I had devoted about three years of intense application, and when overtaken by illness had written a large part of the text, and most of the plates had been lithographed. The only parts ever published were a portion (about one-third) of the bibliography, 1 and the account (with reduced half-tone copies of the plates) of the Atlantic Right Whale, 2 more than a quarter of a century after it was written. The printing of the bibliography was left uncompleted in consequence of the inability of the author to revise the proofsheets. A serious attack of pleurisy interrupted my work in December, 1881. i Preliminary List of Works and Papers relating to the Mammalian Orders Cete and Sirenia. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surrey, VI, pp. 399-562, August 30, 1882 (1013 titles, carrying the sub- ject from the year 1495 to the end of the year 1840). 5 The North American Right Whale and its Allies. Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist., XXIV, pp. 277- 329, pll. xix-xxiv, April 8, 1908. As here published the article is changed only by the addition of new -matter to bring the subject down to the date of publication. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 33 In March, 1882, my physicians were so dissatisfied with my condition that they strongly urged a change of climate, and 1 was sent to Colorado Springs, ( 'olorado. I went with the fullest confidence that the change of scene and air would soon completely restore my strength, and accordingly took with me a collecting outfit for ornithological field work. My good friend William Brcwster, of Cambridge, joined me in a few weeks. I did not regain strength, however, and found myself quite exhausted by a half mile walk. During the six weeks Mr. Brewster remained with me, we made many collecting trips, by carriage, to the adjacent canons, forming a considerable collection of bird skins and acquiring much greatly valued information regarding the spring migration of birds at Colorado Springs. When he returned, two months later, to the East I was in worse condition than when I left home, and was compelled to spend the summer at a neighboring ranch in the foothills of the Rockies, thoroughly mystified at my lack of recuperative power, for the organic trouble that led to my being sent to Colorado had quite disappeared. On returning to Cambridge in September I learned that my invalidism was due to nervous breakdown. Recovery was exceedingly slow; after a few months I regained strength for part time work at the Museum, and for a small amount of literary work, slowly increasing it, month by month, but for years afterward my physical condition was a serious handicap. Early in 1885, the financial resources of the Cambridge Museum be- came much reduced, leading to the discharge of several of the assistants and the prospective dismissal of others, including myself. Through the kindness of Mr. Alexander Agassiz, three alternatives were open to me to remain at the Museum at the risk of its being soon closed; to accept a position open to me on the United States Geological Survey; or to accept a curatorship offered me by the American Museum of Natural History in New York. For family reasons (I had a motherless three-year-old boy whom it was necessary to leave with friends in Massachusetts), field work with the Geological Survey did not appeal to me, and led to my accept- ance of the New York curatorship, which I have ever since felt was a wise decision. CURATOR AT AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY (SINCE 1885). On May 1, 1885, I entered upon my duties as curator of the 'Depart- ment of Ornithology and Mammalogy' at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. The collection of mammals then consisted of about 1000 mounted skins and 300 mounted skeletons, all on exhibition in the 34 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. exhibition halls. There was not even a nucleus of a study collection. The collection of birds numbered about 10,000 mounted skins and several hundred mounted skeletons, all on exhibition, and about 3000 unmounted skins, forming the beginning of a study collection. The exhibition collections were rich and varied, the specimens having been selected with excellent discrimination, mainly by the late Dr. D. G. Elliot, and included the famous Maximilian collection of mammals and birds. The exhibition collections of this department thus compared favorably with the best in this country. The North American collection of birds was essentially complete, nearly every procurable species being represented, and the specimens were all correctly determined and neatly labeled. 1 But no part of either collection had been catalogued, except the European birds, which had recently been carefully registered by Dr. Edgar A. Mearns. In the case of the exotic species, of both mammals and birds, the labels bore the names under which they were originally purchased, and hence, w r hile in most cases correctly identified, the technical nomenclature was antiquated. The first task was therefore to catalogue the collections, thus securing a permanent record of their history. 2 Fortunately, the original labels had in most cases been preserved by pasting or tacking them to the bottom of the stands. The next step was to renew the labels, in a uniform style, giving the currently accepted technical names of the specimens, with their localities, in conspicuous type. At the end of the first year the mammals had been catalogued and relabeled. At the end of the third year most of the birds had been cata- logued and provided in large part with new labels. In the curator's first annual report, 3 on the condition and extent of the collections, the importance of fine exhibition collections was not only fully recognized, but the formation of adequate study collections, to serve as the basis for scientific research, was strenuously insisted upon in order to bring the department to a proper standard of efficiency. As often as oppor- tunity arose for securing such material, urgent appeals were made to the i The determination was made by Robert Ridgway of the U. S. National Museum shortly before the collection came under my care. 5 "The museum assistant in charge of a special department must naturally, if the purpose for which large collections are brought together is carried out, spend the greater part of his time in pre- paring them for the specialist who is at some future tune to avail himself of the treasures brought together for his benefit. There is, therefore, the same danger that an eminent specialist, after his appointment to the curatorship of a great museum, will find his museum duties so arduous as to prevent him, as his colleague in the professional chair has been prevented, by official work, from doing original work." A. Agassiz, in the Ann. Report of the Curator of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College for 1883-84, p. 7. ' Annual Report of the Trustees for the year 1885 (1886) , pp. 9-12. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 35 President for their purchase, for the first two years usually without avail, owing to the lack of funds. 1 The year 1887, however, proved to be epochal in the history of the department, not only through the addition of scientific material but in other lines of development. It was in this year that the Trustees pur- chased the George X. Lawrence collection of birds, a strictly research collection of immense historic importance, numbering some 12,000 speci- mens of (mainly) tropical American birds; and also the Herbert H. Smith collection of 4000 birds from southern Brazil. The D. G. Elliot collection of 2000 humming birds (including many types) was presented by Mr. Elliot, and a collection of about 2250 Arizona birds was presented by Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, U. S. A. Further accession, comprising some 500 North American birds, were also added, partly by purchase and partly through the Elliot-Richardson Expedition to Montana (noteworthy as the first Museum expedition from this department), making the grand total of 21,000 birds added in this notable year, besides a large number of nests and eggs and some osteological material. The previous year a taxidermist, Mr. Jenness Richardson, had been added to the personnel of the depart- ment, through which means 18 bird groups were added to the exhibition collection, these forming the beginning of the Museum's magnificent series of 'Habitat Groups.' During this year the efficiency of the department was further greatly enhanced by the purchase of the D. G. Elliot ornithological library, con- sisting of about 1000 carefully selected volumes, thus providing the Mu- seum with an ornithological library surpassed by few similar libraries in this country. A large number of moth-proof tin cans were also provided for the safe storage of the rapidly increasing research collections. The reception and care of these large accessions naturally checked progress in cataloging and labeling the exhibition collections, but the bird collection as a whole had suddenly been transformed from merely a show collection to one of impressive scientific importance. Thus far the curator had had to depend upon his own efforts in catalog- ing, labeling, and caring for the collections, except for a little aid now and then from interested volunteer assistants; but in 1888, Mr. Frank M. Chap- 1 From the Treasurer's Report for the year 1885, it appears that the contribution by the City toward maintenance was $15,000, and that the income from invested funds was $300. The rest of the $30,509 expended for running expenses was met by personal contributions of the Trustees. The addi- tional $6,054 expended for collections and for books for the library came also from private sources. It is of interest to compare, in this connection, the income and expenditures in 1915 with those of 1885, as indicative of the growth of the Museum in resources during the thirty-year interval. The financial statement for 1915, as given in the Forty-seventh Annual Report of the Trustees, shows the contribution from the City to have been $200,000, leaving a deficit of $38,500 to be met by personal contributions of the Trustees. The net receipts from endowment are given as $265,27.5.16. 36 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. man was secured as a permanent assistant, to whom twenty years later (in 1907) was assigned the curatorship of ornithology. He proved from the first an enthusiastic and efficient helper, at all times in fullest sympathy with the policies and work of the department. His various expeditions to Florida, Trinidad, Cuba, and Mexico in the earlier years of his connection with the Museum added important accessions to the research collections of mammals and birds, and later he took in hand the construction of the Habitat Groups of birds, which soon became an impressive feature of the Museum exhibits. This has been followed in recent years by his well known series of expeditions to South America, in the interests of this de- partment. In 1887, on the death of Dr. J. B. Holder, who for many years had been curator of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Fishes and Reptiles, this department was also placed in my charge, 1 and the collections of fishes and reptiles remained in my care till 1901. Following the bounteous year 1887, were a number of lean years, as regards accessions to the collections; there was, however, a slow but steady increase of material from both North and South America, and in later years also important additions from Asia and Africa. These accessions afforded not only material for exhibition but for scientific research, the results of which were published in the Museum 'Bulletin.' With the gradual increase of the collections the scientific staff of the Department also increased, from a single assistant in 1888 to six assistants in 1915, besides stenographic and other non-staff office assistants and four field assistants. As previously noted, Assistant Curator Chapman was placed in charge of the ornithological division of the department in 1907, with \V. De\V. Miller as assistant; Roy C. Andrews became assistant in the mammalogical division in 1908, and assistant curator in 1911; H. E. Anthony, became i In the list of Officers and Committees in the Annual Report for 1S88, the entry for my department reads: "Prof. J. A. Allen, Curator of the Department of Ornithology, Mammalogy. Fishes and Reptiles. Also temporarily in charge of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology." In 1890 the Department of Invertebrate Zoology was transferred to the Department of Geology, Mineralogy and Conchology (Prof. R. P. Whitfield, curator), and the name of my department changed to "Department of Mam- malogy, Ornithology, Herpetology, and Ichthyology." In 1898 it was renamed "Department of Vertebrate Zoology," and this was its official designation till 1901, when Fishes and Reptiles were assigned elsewhere and it became " Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology," the designation it has since retained. There having been, during these years, no available exhibition space for the fishes and reptiles, I was responsible merely for their safe storage. I catalogued, however, the accessions of reptiles and batrachians, in which classes I had formerly taken much interest, and of which for a time I was curator at the Boston Society of Natural History. A department of taxidermy was established, as stated above, early in 1886, and, with a chief taxidermist and a staff of several assistants, remained an adjunct of the Department of Mammals and Birds till 1903, when it was separated as a distinct department and broadened to cover a much wider lield than mammals and birds. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 37 assistant in the same division in 1914. In 1915 Herbert Lang and James P. Chapin, on their return from the American Museum Congo Expedition, were made, respectively, assistants in mammalogy and ornithology. Thus the curator was gradually relieved of much routine work and able to devote his time mainly to research and to the editorial supervision of the Museum 'Bulletin' and the zoological portion of the 'Memoirs.' "While these pages are not intended to comprise a detailed history of the department, it seems desirable to mention here some of the larger incre- ments of the collection, on account of their bearing upon my later scientific work. One of the primary duties of a curator and his scientific staff is the identification of accessions and the prompt publication of the results of their elaboration, in the interest not only of science but of the institution with which they are connected. This obligation gives direction to their scientific activities, forcing them from general to more special lines. In this way their researches are in a measure restricted within certain boundaries. As already noted, in 1885 there was not even the beginning of a research collection in mammalogy; in 1915 the unmounted mammals exceeded 40,000 specimens, and included a fair amount of osteological material and spirit specimens in addition to skins and skulls; while the old mounted specimens had been supplemented, and to a large extent superseded, by elaborate group exhibits, illustrating the life histories of many prominent types of North American and exotic mammals. During recent years this work and the installation of a synoptic mammal collection has been under the direct supervision of Director Lucas and Assistant Curator Andrews. The bird collection in 1885 included a small number of skins, mostly North American, in addition to the 10,000 mounted specimens on exhibition; in 1915 it comprised not only the most extensive and elaborate series of 'Habitat Groups' in any museum in the world, but more than 130,000 study skins. Further available as research material was the collection of Dr. Jonathan Dwight, of chiefly North American birds, numbering 45,000 specimens; Dr. L. C. Sanford's collection of North American water birds, numbering about 8000 specimens; and the Brewster-Sanford collection of about 6000 specimens, mostly seabirds in large series from the South Atlantic and South Pacific oceans and the southern coasts of South America. Thus the American Museum in 1915 contained a total of about 190,000 birds available for scientific research, exclusive of mounted birds and groups. Collectively they doubtless formed the largest and by far the most valuable collection of American birds yet assembled in any single museum. The first notable accessions of birds were received, as already related, in 1887, and comprised two important authoritative and historic collections, the Lawrence collection of American birds (largely from tropical America 20687O 38 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. and containing nearly all of Lawrence's types), and the Elliot collection of Hummingbirds, at that time one of the largest and most authoritative collections in the world of this numerous and most interesting suborder of birds. In the same year were also received a notable collection of birds from Arizona for the North American study series, and our first freshly collected and wholly unworked collection of exotic birds, the Herbert Smith collection of some 4000 specimens from the Province of Matto Grosso, Brazil. This became the basis of a series of papers by the curator published in the Museum 'Bulletin' in 1889-1892. In 1889 small collections of birds were received from Ecuador and Bolivia, aggregating about 600 specimens (200 species), which formed also the basis of papers in the 'Bulletin.' During the years 1890, 1891, 1892, important accessions of mammals and birds were received through purchases of small collections from Mexico and Central America, and collections obtained through Museum expedi- tions to Florida, Texas, Colorado, and Washington, upon which reports were published in the ' Bulletin,' by the curator and the assistant curator. In 1893, and again in 1894, Mr. Chapman made collecting trips to the Island of Trinidad, B. W. I., resulting in the addition of 550 mammals and about 690 birds, which formed the basis of extended papers on the mammal and bird faunas of the island. Among later collections may be mentioned the Streator collection of birds and mammals made in British Columbia in 1899; collections of birds and mammals made in Alaska and northern British Columbia by the A. J. Stone expeditions in 1897-1903; the H. H. Smith collections of birds and mammals from the Santa Marta region of Colombia, received in 1898-1901 ; the Peary collections of birds and mammals from Greenland and Ellsmere Land (1898-1909); the collections of Siberian birds and mammals made by N. G. Buxton on the Jesup North Pacific Expedition in 1901; the Batty collections of birds and mammals from Chiriqui and Mexico received in 1901-1906; the Nicaragua collections of birds and mammals made by W. B. Richardson in 1907-1908; the E. T. Seton collection of mammals from the Athabasca-Mackenzie region of Canada, 1908; the Tjader East African collection of mammals, 1907; the Rainsford collection of East African mammals in 1913; the Congo collections of birds and mammals, each numbering some 6000 specimens, made by Herbert Lang and James P. Chapin, received in 1915; and the constant inflow of birds and mammals from South America, from 1911 to date, through expeditions directed by Curator Chapman and collected mainly by Leo E. Miller, W. B. Richard- son, and George K. Cherrie; and the birds and mammals collected by Cherrie and Miller on the Roosevelt Brazilian Expedition; also birds and mammals collected by H. E. Anthony in Panama, and in Oregon and Washington. The Asiatic material received, in addition to the Buxton Siberian col- AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 39 lection already mentioned, has been mainly collections of mammals from the Island of Hainan, China, received by purchase, 1906-1908, and a few small lots of mammals received from western and northern China (by purchase); and small collections of birds and mammals collected in the Dutch East Indies by Roy C. Andrews in 1909 and in Korea in 1912. Especially should also be mentioned the important collection of cetacean material collected by Mr. Andrews in the North Pacific in 1910-1912. This material has all been carefully studied and reported upon .in the 'Bulletin' and ' Memoirs ' of the American Museum, except the recently received mammals and birds of the Congo Expedition, and some of the South American collections of birds, the Cetacean material having been the basis of monographs by Mr. Andrews, while Mr. Anthony has published on the mammals collected by him in Panama and Oregon. The other mammal collection have all been reported upon in numerous papers by the writer, including a memoir on Muskoxen, recent and extinct (1913), and a revision of the South American Sciuridse (1915). My last faunal papers on birds were reports on the Smith collection from Santa Marta, Colombia (1900-1904) and the Buxton collection from Siberia (1905). Two papers on the types of the North American genera of birds (1907) are also among my later papers on birds. The collections of birds received prior to 1905 have been the basis of several faunal papers by Curator Chapman and Assistant Curator W. DeW. Miller. Chapman has published important preliminary papers on the recently received South American collections of birds, describing many new forms, and has now in press a report on the birds of Colombia, which forms Volume XXXVI of the American Museum ' Bulletin.' It is thus a pleasure to record that the recent field activities of my department of the Museum, so extensive and so varied, have been adequately supplemented by labora- tory research and prompt publication of results. AFFILIATIONS WITH THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION AND OTHER SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES (SINCE 1883). As regards general activities, my interests have been confined within narrow limits, partly from an inborn shrinking from functions that necessi- tate appearance in public positions and partly through lack of the physical endurance to meet such demands. The exception has been my connection with the American Ornithologists' Union, the founding of which was due in part to my instigation, 1 and with whose activities I became from the first 1 The call for the meeting of ornithologists which led to its organization was issued by Elliott Coues, William Brewster and the writer, in 1883. 40 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. intimately associated. Although unable to attend the meeting of ornitholo- gists at which the Union was founded it happened that I was selected as its first president, and, contrary to my expressed wish, was annually reflected for the following six years. This embraced of course the formative period of the society's history, when its work was planned and carried forward with the energy and enthusiasm that so strongly marked its early activities. Committees were appointed at its first meeting to take in hand various important subjects, as the migration and geographic distribution of North American birds, which investigation was prosecuted so successfully that in a few years it outgrew the financial resources of the society and led to the establishing of a Division of the United States Department of Agriculture to carry on the work, which ultimately became the present Bureau of Biological Survey, for many years under the direction of C. Hart Merriam, the chair- man of this committee of the American Ornithologists' Union. Another important committee was at the same time established to prepare a standard Check-List of North American birds, to displace the discordant check-lists then in vogue, with of course undesirable results. To accomplish this it was found necessary at the outset to have as the basis of the list a consistent and carefully prepared code of rules of nomenclature in place of then existing inharmonious codes and go-as-you-please methods of nomenclature. This led to intense research on the part of several mem- bers of the committee, and eventually to the adoption and publication of a new code, departing widely in some important respects from any of its predecessors. This A. O. U. Code later became the basis of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, framed on essentially the same lines and departing from it in no essential respect, except in point of brevity, through omission of adequate illustrations of the rules, and thereby rendering necessary the issuance of official ' Opinions ' to clear up obscure points. A draft of the A. O. U. Code was made by two members of its Nomenclature Committee, to serve as a working basis for the Committee, which after long and careful consideration by the full Committee was adopted essen- tially as written, not only as to form and phraseology but also (with the exception of the addition of a single provision, since abandoned) as to its rulings. 1 The work of the A. O. U. Nomenclature Committee resulted not only in a new check-list of North American birds, standardizing their nomen- clature, but also a new and elaborate Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 1 It may Iw pardonable in this connection to state that the preliminary draft was written in part l>y Klliott Coues (mainly the part comprising the 'General Principles') and the rest, including the his- torical part of the 'Introduction' and most of the 'Canons" and I heir explanatory ' remarks ', by the author of these 'Notes.' AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 41 which has had vast influence in standardizing the rules of nomenclature the world over. 1 Still another important A. O. U. Committee had its inception at the first meeting of the Union in 1883, namely, a Committee on the Protection of North American Birds, which carried on the work of bird protection for many years with great energy and very important results. From it origi- nated later the so-called Audubon Societies movement, from which, through the special efforts of one of its enthusiastic members, William Dutcher, was developed the present powerful organization known as the National Association of Audubon Societies. From this committee also emanated the A. O. U. "Model Bird Law," which has been enacted by most of the States in this country and the Provinces of Canada, in the essential phrase- ology of the committee's draft. In this work I shared actively, furnishing in 1886 most of the matter for the ' Bulletins ' of the committee, issued first in 'Science' and afterwards separately reprinted in large editions. For many years my interest in the activities and welfare of the American Ornithologists ' Union was absorbing. For seven years I was its president, for twenty-seven years the editor of its journal 'The Auk' and its other publications; and a member of its Committee on the Classification and Nomenclature of North American Birds from 1883 to date. For twenty- eight years I maintained an unbroken record of attendance at its annual congresses and council meetings. Before leaving Cambridge I had begun to take a more or less active part in the work of the Boston Society of Natural History, having served as acting secretary and editor of its publications for a number of months, to fill an interim, and for a number of years had been a member of its Council. On my arrival in New York I was warmly welcomed by the New York Academy of Sciences, and almost immediately given a place on its Council, and later for several years was a Vice-President ; but I failed to identify myself heartily with its interests, due in part to limitations imposed by impaired health. My affiliation with the Linnaean Society of New York was more intimate, and the office of president for a number of years never proved very strenuous, as the attendance was usually small and the meetings more or less informal and semisocial. A r<> vised edition of the A. O. U. Code was published in 1910, in which the article adopted by the InirriKitional Congress in 1909, newly defining the method for the determination of types of genera, ua< substituted for the correspond ing matter in the original A. O. U. Code. The editing and carrying through the press of the three editions of the Check-List and of fifteen (if its sixteen supplements, and also the original and the revised editions of the Code, was a labor of love for the author of these 'Notes.' Elliott Coues was chairman of the Nomenclature Committee from its inception in 1883 till his death in 1S99. He was succeeded by C. Hart Merriam, who held this position till 1904, when he was suc- ceeded by the writer, who resigned in 1912. 42 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS AND HOME LIFE (SINCE 1874). As a fact of possibly some psychological interest I may here briefly revert to a handicap with which probably few called to public functions have had, at least in equal degree, to contend. From early boyhood I was painfully embarrassed in the presence of strangers. Later in life attempts to present papers verbally before scientific societies were always unsatisfactory and often failures, not from lack of familiarity with the details of the subject but from embarrassment. The same timidity prohibited my seriously considering teaching as a possible means of raising funds to aid in meeting the expenses of an education, or of giving public lectures for the same pur- pose, as many of my associates at the Agassiz Museum were doing, with both pleasure and profit. The ordeal of an examination for a degree at the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard was sufficient to banish all aspiration for such honors. This in part, perhaps, led to a feeling of disrespect for this sort of a label, and to the belief that any worthy accomplishment would, sooner or later, receive due recognition. My wants were simple and inexpensive; all I aspired to was opportunity for scientific research, believ- ing that diligence, singleness of purpose, and honest work would bring its own reward. I was content to follow my own lines of dominating interest to such limit as the circumstances of earning a living would permit. I never had any desire for money as such, nor any interest whatever in financial projects, nor any longing for honors beyond those my colleagues in science saw fit to impose. Therefore my election, in the course of time, to all of the leading academies of science in this country, and to honorary member- ship in foreign societies with which my lines of study were affiliated, have always come as exceedingly pleasant surprises. The greatest surprise of all, however, was the reception of a Ph.D. from Indiana University in 1886, the first intimation of which was the receipt from its president, David Starr Jordan, of the official notification that I had been thus honored. In looking back to the beginning, it is difficult not to contrast my early surroundings with those of the average youth of today smitten with the nature study 'craze.' As stated in the early part of these notes, I was wholly isolated from everyone having even the slightest biologic interest, with only the inspirations and opportunities afforded by the little red schoolhouse on the hill, in the fifties of the last century, in a neighborhood of small farmers to whom the raising of potatoes and grain was the chief aim of life. My studies were not only selfchosen, but were carried on in odd hours without either advice or encouragement, in contrast with the systematised training of today, from the primary school to the post graduate AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 43 course. My first systematic guidance was received at the Agassiz Museum in 1862; to the personality and influence of the 'Great Teacher,' Louis AGASSIZ, I can never adequately express my indebtedness. I cannot close these 'Notes' without reference to the most important of the influences that have most happily and most strongly affected my career. In 1874 it was my good fortune to have won the love of Mary Manning Cleveland, of Cambridge, Mass., daughter of the late Dr. Anthony Benezet Cleveland and Mary (Manning) Cleveland, sister of the late Professor William C. Cleveland of Cornell University and of Dr. Clement Cleveland, an eminent surgeon of New York. We were married October 6, 1874. She died April 17, 1879, leaving a son, . Cleveland Allen, ten months old, now in business in New York. Never could marital affection nor mutual interest and sympathy be stronger than was our lot to enjoy. When the end came there seemed little worth while in life. After seven years I had the equally good fortune to make the acquaint- ance of Susan Augusta Taft, daughter of the late Daniel and Emeline (Smith) Taft, of Cornwall-on-Hudson, N. Y. We were married April 27, 1886, and have enjoyed thirty-one years of happiness, unalloyed except by her several acute but temporary illnesses, when again the light of life seemed vanishing. My own health during this long period having been by no means strong, I owe to her deep love and sympathy, to her supreme optimism and constant watchfulness over my health, and to her inspiration, the greater part of the little I may have achieved in these last thirty years, and doubtless many years of activity beyond those I otherwise should have attained. ADDENDA. EXPEDITIONS. 1865. Zoological Assistant on the Thayer Expedition to Brazil, under Professor Louis Agassiz, April, 1865-March, 1866. 1867. Collecting Expedition to western New York, southeastern Indiana, northern Illinois, western Iowa, southern Michigan, May-October, 1867. (A private enterprise.) 1868-69. East Florida: Jacksonville, via St. Johns River, to the head of Lake George, December, 1868-April, 1869, with two volunteer assistants (Rev. Thomas Marcy and J. E. Brundage). Made under the auspices of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 1871-72. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, west to Northern Utah, May, 1871-February, 1872, with two assistants (Caleb W. Bennett and Richard Bliss, Jr., the latter 44 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. from May to August). Made in the interest of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 1873. Bismark, North Dakota, to the Yellowstone River, thence up the Yellow- stone to Pompeys Pillar, north to the Musselshell River, and east to the Yellow- stone and Bismark. Made under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, as chief of the party of Naturalists of the North Pacific Railroad Expedition of 1873, Gen. D. S. Stanley, Commander. POSITIONS HELD. Assistant in Ornithology and Curator of Birds and Mammals in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 1870-1875. Lecturer on Ornithology at Harvard College, 1871-1873. l Curator of Reptiles, Boston Society of Natural History, 1868-1871. Curator of Birds and Mammals, Boston Society of Natural History, 1870-1880. Acting Secretary, Boston Society of Natural History, October, 1874-May, 1875. Councilor, Boston Society of Natural History, 1881-1885. Corresponding Secretary, Nuttall Ornithological Club, and Editor of its 'Bulle- tin,' 1876-1883. President of the American Ornithologists' Union, August, 1883 - November, 1891. Editor of its journal 'The Auk,' and of its other publications, 1883-1912. Subcommittee (with E. Coues) to codify the rules of nomenclature for discussion by the full Committee on the Revision of the Nomenclature and Classification of North American Birds, 1883-1886. Chairman of the Committee on the Nomencla- ture and Classification of North American Birds, 1904-1912. Chairman of the Committee on Revision of the Code of Nomenclature, 1905-1908. Curator of Birds and Mammals at the American Museum of Natural History, New York, since 1885. Editor of the 'Bulletin' and the zoological series of the 'Memoirs,' since 1889. 1 A course of twelve lectures was planned but, if I remember rightly, only four or five were de- livered. As they were intended to treat the subject seriously they were naturally technical rather than popular,' and the audience soon dwindled to a few students actually interested in the subject. While read from manuscript, they were elaborately illustrated by specimens with extemporized explanations, particularly as respects the osteology and pterylography of the subject. In my inexperience in such matters, an average attendance of half-a-dozen auditors seemed farcical, and I counted myself a failure as a lecturer and did not complete the course. On looking over the manuscript and the schedule of the course in later years I have felt chagrin that it was not completed, as the attendance was as large as should have been expected at a course so specialized in character. The following is the schedule of the course: 1. The distinctive characteristics of birds in comparison with other vertebrates; birds as a modification of the vertebrate type for aerial locomotion; the osteology of birds. II. The muscular and nervous systems and the organs of sense. III. The digestive, circulatory and respiratory systems and vocal organs. IV. Reproductive organs and embryological development. V and VI. The tegumentary system, including the development of feathers, their arrangement, structure, modifications and functions. VII. Historical summary of the principal systems of classification. VIII, IX, and X. The classification of birds, with a general review of the leading groups. XI and XII. Geographical distribution of animals, with special reference to birds; geographical variation in birds. In short, the lectures were planned to form a compendium of bird-lore, and had they been com- pleted and published, with proper illustrations, they would have furnished in concise form a useful reference work for the bird student, the need for which was not supplied, even in part, till 1884, when Coues's 'General Ornithology* was added to the second edition of hi* invaluable ' Koy to North Ameri- can Birds.' AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 4f) One of the five incorporators of the (first) Audubon Society for the Protection of Birds, New York, 1886. A Founder and Director of the Audubon Society of the State of New York, 1897-1912. Yice-President New York Academy of Sciences, 1891-1894. Member of Coun- cil, 1886-1896. President of the Linnsan Society of New York, 1890-1897. A Founder, Director, and member of the Executive Committee of the National Association of Audubon Societies, since 1905. Second Vice-President, 1908-1912. Member of the Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of the International Congress of Zoology, since 1910. HONORS COXFERRED. Humboldt Scholarship, Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard College. 1871. Honorary Ph.D., Indiana University. 1886. Walker Grand Prize, Boston Society of Natural History. 1903. Medal of the Linnsean Societv of New York. 1916. Honorary and Corresponding Memberships. Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston. 1871. Corresponding Member of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York. 1874. Corresponding Member Sociedad Mexicana Historia Natural, Mexico. 1874. Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 1875. Member of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 1876. Corresponding Member of the Davenport Academy of Sciences, Iowa. 1877. Fellow of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. 1878. Fellow of the American Ornithologists' Union. 1883. (A Founder; President, 1883-1891.) Honorary Member of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, Cambridge. 1886. Life Member of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. (By kindness of Morris K. Jesup.) 1887. Fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1886. Honorary Member of the New York Zoological Society. 1887. Foreign Member of the British Ornithologists' Union. 1890. Honorary Member since 1907. Foreign Member of the Zoological Society of London. 1891. Honorary Fellow since 1901. Honorary Member of the California Academy of Sciences. 1892. Corresponding Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1893. Extraordinary and Foreign Member of the Deutsche Verein zum Sohultze der Vogelwelt. 1900. Honorary Member of the Australian Ornithologists' Union. 1904. Charter Member of the American Association of Museums. 1905. 46 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. Honorary Member of the Deutsche Ornithologische Gesellschaft. 1907. Honorary Member of the Hungarian Central Bureau of Ornithology. 1909. Honorary Member of the South African Ornithologists' Union. 1909. Life Member of the City Library Association, Springfield, Mass. 1910. Active or corresponding membership is or has been held in the following So- cieties, mostly additional to those mentioned above: Boston Society of Natural History, 1862-1887 (corresponding member since 1887); Essex Institute, Salem, Mass., 1874-1887 (corresponding member since 1887) ; Torrey Botanical Club, New York, 1893-1909; Linnsean Society of New York, since 1885 (President. 1890-1897); American Society of Naturalists, since 1891; Biological Society of Washington, since 1882; Washington Academy of Sciences, since 1900; American Society of Geographers, since 1905. BIBLIOGRAPHY. BIBLIOGRAPHY. THIS Bibliography does not include hundreds of minor reviews, particu- larly of ornithological papers published in the 'Bulletin' of the Nuttall Ornithological Club and ' The Auk/ * nor many of the unsigned editorial paragraphs in the 'Notes and News' department of the same journals, all of which, unless signed, are by the editor. It does, however, include the unsigned biographical notices, which, unless otherwise indicated, are by the editor. In the case of reviews, those omitted are usually brief an- nouncements of technical papers, noting little beyond the fact of their publication and general import, or works or papers of a more or less popular character, hardly entitled to consideration as serious contributions to science. The titles are arranged in nine sections: (1) Mammals, about 270 titles; (2) Birds, about 965 titles; (3) Reptiles, 5 titles; (4) Zoogeography, 9 titles; (5) Evolution, 22 titles; (6) Nomenclature, 27 titles; (7) Biography, 118 titles; (8) Miscellaneous, a few titles each on botanical, geological, and other subjects; (9) Editorial Work. In the case of papers of a mixed character, like that on 'Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida,' where four special subjects are formally treated under the same general title, or in the case of faunal papers which include mammals and birds, and in one case also reptiles and plants, titles are repeated under each section to which they in part formally relate; beyond these few special cases titles are not repeated under the different sectional headings, although subjects additional to that indicated by the title may be incidentally discussed, as in some reviews and faunal papers. i Volumes I-XXVIII. My editorial connection with 'The Auk' closed with the issue for January, 1912, Volume XXXIX. The general indexes to these two journals contain about 1400 entries under my name, of which about 1250 are indicated as reviews. Of this number less than 700 are included in this bibliography. 49 50 BIBLIOGRAPHY. I. MAMMALS. 1. Catalogue of the Mammals of Massachusetts, with a critical revision of the species. (Sykilagus.) Reithrodontomys australis, ibid., p. 328. Oryzomys cherriei, ibid., p. 329. (Zygodontomys.) Peromyscus attwateri, ibid., p. 330. Neotoma cinnamomea, ibid., p. 331. Sdurus (Microsdurus) alfari, ibid., p. 333. (Microsdurus.) Tamias pricei, ibid., p. 333. (Eutamias.) Tamias wortmani, ibid., p. 335. (CattospermophUus.) SpermophUus tridecemlineatus olivaceus, ibid., p. 337. (Ictidomys.) SpermophUus tridecemlineatus parvus, ibid., p. 337. (Ictidomys.) Blarina (Soridscus) nigrescens, ibid., p. 339. (Cryptotis.) Blarina (Soridscus) orophila, ibid., p. 340. (Cryptotis.) 1896. Ranffifer terroenovce, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, p. 233, Nov. 21, 1896. Reithrodontomys laceyi, ibid., p. 235. Perognathus mearnsi, ibid., p. 237. Peromyscus michiganensis pattescens, ibid., p. 238. Vespertilio incautus, ibid., p. 239. (Myotis.) Vespertilio chrysonotus, ibid., p. 340. (Myotis.) 1897. Peromyscus yucatanicus, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, p. 8, Feb. 23, 1897 (with F. M. Chapman). Reithrodontomys mexicanus gracilis, ibid., p. 9. Heteromys gaumeri, ibid., p. 9. Artibeus palmarum, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, p. 16, Feb. 26, 1897 (with F. M. Chapman). Oryzomys delicbtus, ibid., p. 19. Akodon urichi, ibid., p. 19. Akodonfrustrator, ibid., p. 20. Thylamys cam, ibid., p. 27. Artibeus intermedius, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, p. 33, March 11, 1897. Oryzomys chrysomelas, ibid., p. 37. (Melanomys.) Sigmodontomys alfari, ibid., p. 39. (Nectomys.) Sigmodon borucce, ibid., p. 40. Peromyscus spicilegus, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, p. 50, March 15, 1897. Peromyscus banderanus, ibid., p. 51. Oryzomys mexicanus, ibid., p. 52. Oryzomys bulleri, ibid., p 53. Sigmodon mascotensis, ibid., p. 54. Sigmodon colimce, ibid., p. 55. Heteromys hispidus, ibid., p. 56. (Liomys.) Ovis stonei, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, p. Ill, April 7, 1897. Stiurus (Microsdurus) peruanus, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, p. 115, April 26, 1897. (Microsdurus.) MAMMALS. 89 Oryzomys baroni, ibid., p. 118. Sigmodon peruanus, ibid., p. 118. Sigmodon bogotensis, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, p. 121, May 24, 1897. Mus musculus jalapce, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, p. 198, June 16, 1897 (with F. M. Chapman). Reithrodontomys rufescens, ibid., p. 199. Reithrodontomys saturaius, ibid., p. 201. Peromyscus furvus, ibid., p. 201. Peromyscus melanotis, ibid., p. 203. Peromyscus musculus brunneus, ibid., p. 203. Oryzomys jalapce, ibid., p. 206. Adelonycteris gaumeri, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, p. 231, Sept. 28, 1897. (Eptesi- cus.) 1898. Marmosa sinalooe, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, p. 143, April 12, 1898. Lepus peninsularis, ibid., p. 144. (Sylvilagus.) Lepus cerrosensis, ibid., p. 145. (Sylvilagus. ") Lepus arizonce confinis, ibid., p. 146. (Sylvilagus.) Thomomys fulvus anitce, ibid., p. 146. Thomomys fulvus martirensis, ibid., p. 147. Thomomys atrovarius, ibid., p. 148. Perognathus pernix, ibid., p. 149. Neotoma sinalooE, ibid., p. 149. Neotoma arenacea, ibid., p. 150. Neotoma anthonyi, ibid., p. 151. Peromyscus eremicus propinquus, ibid., p. 154. Peromyscus cedrocensis, ibid., p. 154. Peromyscu-s cineritius, ibid., p. 155. Peromyscus geronimensis, ibid., p. 156. Peromyscus exiguus, ibid , p. 157. Peromyscus dubius, ibid., p. 157. Sciurus hudsonicus baileyi, BuU. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, p. 261, August 31, 1898. Sciurus hudsoni^us ventorum, ibid., p. 263. Sciurus hudsonicus streatori, ibid., p. 267. Sciurus douglasii cascadensis, ibid., p. 277. Sciurus fremonti neomexicanus, ibid., p. 291. Sciurus wagneri, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, p. 453, Nov. 1898 (nom. nov., given in error to replace S. varius Wagner, preoccupied). Sciurus douglasii albolimbatus, ibid., p. 453 (to replace Sciurus hudsonius californicus Allen, 1890, preoccupied). 1899. Zapus saltator, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 3, March 4, 1899. Phenacomys constablei, ibid., p. 4. Microtus stonei, ibid., p. 5. (Microtus drummondii.) Microtus vellerosus, ibid., p. 7. (Microtus mordax.) Microtus cautus, ibid., p. 7. (Microtus mordax.) 90 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Lepus americanus phceonotus, ibid., p. 11. Lepus bishopi, ibid., p. 11. Lepus floridanus chapmani, ibid., p. 13. (Sylvilagus.) Thomomys fulvus alticolus, ibid., p. 13. Reithrodontomys tennis, ibid., p. 15. Peromyscus texanus subarcticus, ibid., p. 15. (Peromyscus maniculatus artemisice.) Sdurus chapmani, ibid., p. 16. (Mesosciurus.) Lepus (Sylvilagus) superdliaris, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 196, Dec. 20, 1899. Isothrix rufodorsalis, ibid., p. 197. Echimys mincce, ibid., p. 199. (Proechimys.) Echimys urichi, ibid., p. 199. (Proechimys.) Echimys canicottis, ibid., p. 200. (Proechimys.) Heteromys jesupi, ibid., p. 201. Akodon venezuelensis, ibid., p. 203. Akodon colombianus, ibid., p. 203. (Melanomys.) Oryzomys maculiventer, ibid., p. 204. Oryzomys trichurus, ibid., p. 206. (CEcomys.) Oryzomys sanctcemartce, ibid., p. 207. Oryzomys mottipilosus, ibid., p. 208. Oryzomys magdaknce, ibid., p. 209. Oryzomys vittosus, ibid., p. 210. Oryzomys palmarius, ibid., p. 210. Oryzomys tenuicauda, ibid., p. 211. Oryzomys modestus, ibid., p. 212. Oryzomys fulviventer, ibid., p. 212. Sdurus saltuensis bondce, ibid., p. 213. Sdurus (Guerlinguetus) quebradensis, p. 217. (= Mesosciurus chapmani.) 1900. Chiroderma jesupi, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, p. 88, May 12, 1900. Mycronycteris hypoleuca, ibid., p. 90. Promops affinis, ibid., p. 91. Promops mitteri, ibid., p. 92. Caluromys alstoni, BuU. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, p. 189, Oct. 12, 1900. (Phil- ander.) Diddphis pernigra, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, p. 191, Oct. 23, 1900. Didelphis karkinophaga caucoe, ibid., p. 192. Didelphis karkinophaga colombica, ibid., 193. Metachirus fuscogriseus, ibid., p. 194. Metachirus tschudii, ibid., p. 195. Metachirus nudicaudatus colombianus, ibid., p. 196. Marmosa chapmani, ibid., p. 197. Marmosa klagesi, ibid., p. 198. Thylamys keaysi, ibid., p. 198. Dactylomys peruanus, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, p. 220, Nov. 16, 1900. Oxymycterus juliacce, ibid., p. 223. MAMMALS. 91 Oxymycterus apicalis, ibid., p. 224. (Lenoxus.) Oryzomys keaysi, ibid., p. 225. Oryzomys obtusirostris, ibid., p. 226. 1901. Zygodontomys thomasi, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIV, p. 39, Jan. 31, 1901. Sigmodon simonsi, ibid., p. 40. Rhipidomys ochrogasler, ibid., p. 43. Phyttotis osilce, ibid., p. 44. Akodon lutescens, ibid., p. 46. Rangifer stonei, BuU. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIV, p. 143, May 28, 1901. Diddphis marsupialis texensis, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIV, p. 172, June 15, 1901. Didelphis marsupialis tabascensis, ibid., p. 173. Didelphis richmondi, ibid., p. 175. Didelphis yucatanensis, ibid., p. 178. Metachirusfuscogriseus pallidus, BuU. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIV, p. 215, July 3, 1901. Metachirus griscescens, ibid., p. 217. Orizomys bolivaris, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIV, p. 405, Nov. 30, 1901. Oryzomys castaneus, ibid., p. 406. Oryzomys perenensis, ibid., p. 406. Oryzomys rividaris, ibid., p. 407. Phyllotis chacoensis, ibid., p. 408. Phyllotis cachinus, ibid., p. 409. Eligmodontia morgani, ibid., p. 409. Akodon tucumanensis, ibid., p. 410. Metachirus nudicaudatus bolivianus, ibid., p. 411. 1902. Dama lichtensteini, BuU. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XVI, p. 20, Feb. 1, 1902 (nom. nov., to replace Cervus mexicanus Lichtenstein held to be preoccupied by Cervus mexicanus Gmelin, unidentifiable.) (Odocoileus.) Rangifer granli, BuU. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XVI, p. 119, April 7, 1902. Ursus merriami, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XVI, p. 141, April 12, 1902. Rangifer osborni, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XVI, p. 149, April 16, 1902. Ovis dalli kenaiensis, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XVI, p. 145, April 23, 1902. Didelphis marsupialis insularis, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XVI, p. 259, August 18, 1902. Diddphis marsupialis caucos, ibid., p. 261. Diddphis marsupialis etensis, ibid., p. 262. Diddphis paraguayensis andina, ibid., p. 272. Didelphis paraguayensis meridensis, ibid., p. 274. Rangifer pearyi, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XVI, p. 409, Oct. 31, 1902. Phoca hispida gichigensis, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XVI, p. 478, Dec. 12, 1902. Phoca ochotensis macrodens, ibid., p. 483. Phoca stejnegeri, ibid., p. 485. Phoca richardii pribilofensis, ibid., p. 495. Phoca richardii geronimensis, ibid., p. 495. 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1903. Sigmodon puna, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIX, p. 99, March 20, 1903. Citdlus buxtoni, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIX, p. 139, May 9, 1903. Citdlus stejnegeri, ibid., p. 142. Evotomys (Craseomys) latastei, ibid., p. 145. Evotomys jochelsoni, ibid., p. 148. Lemmus cibensis chrysogaster, ibid., p. 153. Ochotona kolymensis, ibid., p. 154. Lepus gichiganus, ibid., p. 155. Vulpes anadyrensis, ibid., p. 167. Putorius (Arctogale) pygmceus, ibid., p. 176. (Mustda.) Erinaceus orientalis, ibid., p. 179. Sorex buxtoni, ibid., p. 181. Ctenomys robustus, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIX, p. 185, May 9, 1903. (C. osgoodi.) Ctenomys sericeus, ibid., p. 187. Ctenomys colborni, ibid., p. 188. Oxymycterus microtis, ibid., p. 189. Reithrodon cuniculoides obsciirus, ibid., p. 190. Reithrodon hatcheri, ibid., p. 191. Euneomys petersoni, ibid., p. 192. Citellus stonei, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIX, p. 537, Oct. 10, 1903. Synaptomys (Mictomys) andersoni, ibid., p. 554. Synaptomys (Mictomys) chapmani, ibid., p. 555. Erethizon epizanthus nigrescens, ibid., p. 558. Putorius microtis, ibid., p. 563. (Mustela.) Odocoileus battyi, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIX, p. 591, Nov. 13, 1903. Eutamias durangce, ibid., p. 594. Citellus (OtospermophHus) grammurus rupestris, ibid., p. 595. Peromyscus paulus, ibid., p. 598. Peromyscus texanus flaccidus, ibid., p. 599. (Peromyscus leucopus tornillo.) Sigmodon baileyi, ibid., p. 601. Reithrodontomys megalotis sestinensis, ibid., p. 602. Neotoma intermedia durangce, ibid., p. 602. Perodipus obscurus, ibid., p. 603. Lepus (Macrotolagus) texianus micropus, ibid., p. 605. (Lepus californicus texianus.) Lepus (Macrotolagus') gaittardi battyi, ibid., p. 607. Lepus (Sylvilagus) durangce, ibid., p. 609. (Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri.) Canis impavidus, ibid., p. 609. Myotis californicus durangce, ibid., p. 612. Odocoileus sinaloce, ibid., p. 613. Lynx ruffus escuinapce, ibid., p. 614. 1904. Oreamnos montanus columbianus, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX, p. 20, Feb. 10. 1904. (0. americanus columbice.) Oreamnos montanus missoulce, ibid., p. 20. (0. americanus missoulce.) Lepus (Sylvilagus} russatus, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX, p. 31, Feb. 29, 1904. MAMMALS. 93 Lepus (Sylvttagus) parvulus, ibid., p. 34. Tayra Barbara irara, ibid., p. 36. Akodon irazu, ibid., p. 46. (Scoteomys.) Felis carrikeri, ibid., p. 47. Nasua naricd bullata, ibid., p. 48. Nasua narica panamensis, ibid., p. 51. Nasua narica yucatanica, ibid., p. 52. Nasua narica pallida, ibid., p. 53. Sigmodon borucce chiriquensis, ibid., p. 68. Felis mearnsi, ibid., p. 71 (nom. nov., to replace F. costaricensis, preoccupied). Felis panamensis, ibid., p. 71. Potos flavus chiriquensis, ibid., p. 74. Potos flavus caucensis, ibid., p. 75. Potos flavus chapadensis, ibid., p. 76. Myotis chiriquensis, ibid., p. 77. Sciurus aberti phceurus, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX, p. 205, May 28, 1904. Sciurus aberti barberi, ibid., p. 207. Eutamias canescens, ibid., p. 208. Molossus coibensis, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX, p. 227, June 29, 1904. Molossus bondoe, ibid., p. 228. Promops barbatus, ibid., p. 228. Dermonotus suarpurensis, ibid., p. 229. Lonchophylla thomasi, ibid., p. 230. Artibeus rusbyi, ibid., p. 230. Artibeus insularis, ibid., p. 231. Artibeus yucatanicus, ibid., p. 232. Phyllostoma hastalus panamensis, ibid., p. 233. Phyllostoma hastatus cauroe, ibid., p. 234. Cms storcki, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX, p. 293, Sept. 8, 1904. Peramys*brevicaudatus dorsalis, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX, p. 327, Oct. 8, 1904. Oryzomys tenuipes, ibid., p. 328. Akodon meridensis, ibid., p. 329. Holochilus venezuelensis, ibid., p. 330. Felis maripensis, ibid., p. 331. Felis sanctcema.rtce, ibid., p. 332. Procyon proteus, ibid., p. 333. Nasua ph&ocephala, ibid., p. 334. EretUzon godfreyi, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX, p. 383, Oct. 15, 1904. (Extinct.) Tamandua tetradactyla chapadensis, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX, p. 392, Oct. 29, 1904. Tamandua tetradactyla instabilis, ibid., p. 392. Tamandua tetradactyla tenuirostris (= mexicana Saussure, 1860), ibid., p. 394. Tamandua tetradactyla chiriquensis, ibid., p. 395. Coendou sanctcemartce, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX, p. 441, Nov. 28, 1904. Lutra colombiana, ibid., p. 452. Alouatta seniculus rubicunda, ibid., p. 458. Alouatta seniculus caucensis, ibid., p. 462. 94 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1905. Eutamias lectus, Science Bull. Brooklyn Inst. Arts and Sciences, I, No. 6, p. 117, March 31, 1905. Eutamias adsitus, ibid., p. 118. Cynomys parvidens, ibid., p. 119. Marmota engelhardti, ibid., p. 120. Ochotona cinnamomea, ibid., p. 121. Ctenomys osgoodi, Mamm. Patagonia, in Princeton Univ. Exped. to Patagonia, III, pt. i, p. 191 (nom. nov., to replace C. robustus Allen, preoccupied). Cants sclaterl, ibid., p. 153 (nom. nov., to replace C. microtis Sclater, preoccupied) 1906. Heteromys pictus escuinapce, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXII, p. 211, July 25, 1906 (Liomys.) Molossus sinaloce, ibid., p. 236. Sdurus poliopus tepicanus, ibid., p. 243. Sigmodon vulcani, ibid., p. 247. Heteromys jaliscensis, ibid., p. 251. Manis pusitta, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXII, p. 465, Dec. 17, 1906. Atherurus hainanus, ibid., p. 470. Ratufa gigantea hainana, ibid., p. 472. Funambidus riudonensis, ibid., p. 472. Sdurus erythrceus insularis, ibid., p. 473. Tamiops mdcdettandi hainanus, ibid., p. 476. Tamiops macdellandi riudoni, ibid., 477. Tupaia modesta, ibid., p. 481. Rhinolophus hainanus, ibid., p. 482. Hipposideros poutensis, ibid., p. 483. ScotophUus kuhlii insularis, ibid., p. 485. Scotophilus castaneus consobrinus, ibid., p. 485. Pipistrellus portensis, ibid., p". 487. 1907 (None). 1908. Ardops haitiensis, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXIV, p. 581, Sept. 11, 1908. Molossus verrilli, ibid., p. 581. Lepus gabbi tumacus, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXIV, p. 649, Oct. 13, 1908. (Sylvilagus.) Hoplomys truei, ibid., p. 650. Heteromys vulcani, ibid., p. 652. (Liomys.) Heteromys fuscatus, ibid., p. 652. Neotoma chrysomelas, ibid., p. 653. Oryzomys alfaroi incertus, ibid., p. 655. (0. alfaroi.) Oryzomys ochraceus, ibid., p. 655. Oryzomys carrikeri, ibid., p. 656. MAMMALS. 95 Sigmodon hispidus griseus, ibid., p. 657. Ototylomys fumeus, ibid., p. 658. Peromyscus nicaraguce, ibid., p. 658. (P. mexicanus saxatilis.) Sciuru'S deppei maiagalpce, ibid., p. 660. Lutra latidens, ibid., p. 660. Tayra barbara inserta, ibid., p. 662. Bassaricyon richardsoni, ibid., p. 662. Blarina olivaceus, ibid., p. 669. (Cryptotis.) Artibeus jamaicensis richardsoni, ibid., p. 669. Alouatta palliata matagalpce, ibid., p. 670. (= A, palliata palliata.') 1909. Tragelaphus tjaderi, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXVI, p. 148, March 19, 1909. Madoqua langi, ibid., p. 153. Arvicanthis nairobce, ibid., p. 168. Mus kijabius, ibid., p. 169. Crocidura kijabce, ibid., p. 173. Paradoxurus (Paguma) larvatus hainanus, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXVI, p. 240, April 17, 1909. Mungos rubrifrons, ibid., p. 240. Myotalpa rufescens, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXVI, p. 428, Oct. 21, 1909. Sdurotamias owstmi, ibid., p. 428. Eutamias albogularis, ibid., p. 429. 1910. Ursus americanus kenaiensis, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXVIII, p. 6, Jan. 5, 1910. (U. americanus pernigra.) Mus luteiventris, ibid., p. 14. Arctictis whitei, ibid., p. 17. Mungos palawanus, ibid., p. 17. Macrogeomys matagalpce, BuU. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXVIII, p. 97, April 30, 1910. Oryzomys richardsoni, ibid., p. 99. Oryzomys nicaraguoe, ibid., p. 100. Conepatus nicaraguce, ibid., p. 106. Ursus americanus perniger, ibid., p. 115 (nom. nov., to replace U. a. kenaiensis Allen, preoccupied) . Chrotoplerus carrikeri, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXVIII, p. 147, May 27, 1910. 1911. Cavia porcella Venezuela;, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXX, p. 250, Dec. 2, 1911. Loncheres carrikeri, ibid., p. 251. Urocyon cinereoargentea venezuelce, ibid., p. 259. Chilonycteris rubiginosa fusca, ibid., p. 262. Mus andrewsi, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXX, p. 336, Dec. 21, 1911. Mus buruensis, ibid., p. 336. Sciurus beebei, ibid., p. 338. Tamiops saulerei, ibid., p. 339. 96 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1912. Sylvilagus (Tapeti) fulvescens, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXI, p. 75, April 19, 1912. Heteromys lomitensis, ibid., p. 77. ( = H. australis Thomas.) Reithrodontomys milleri, ibid., p. 77. Rhipidomys mollissimus, ibid., p. 78. Rhipidomys similis, ibid., p. 79. Rhipidomys cocalensis, ibid., p. 79. Thomasomys dnereiventer, ibid., p. 80. Thomasomys popayanus, ibid., p. 81. Neacomys pusillus, ibid., p. 81. Oryzomys palmirce. ibid., p. 83. Oryzomys pectoralis, ibid., p. 83. Oryzomys (Oligoryzomys) munchiquensis, ibid., p. 85. Oryzomys (Oligoryzomys) fulvirostris, ibid., p. 86. Oryzomys (Melanomys) obscurior affinis, ibid., p. 88. (Melanomys affinis.) JEpeomys fuscatus, ibid., p. 89. Microxus affinis, ibid., p. 89. Spiurus milleri, ibid., p. 91. (Mesosdurus gerrardi milleri.) Blarina (Cryptotis) squamipes, ibid., p. 93. Ochotona figginsi, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXI, p. 103, May 28, 1912. 1913. Ochotona (Pika) coreanus, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXII, p. 429, Sept. 2, 1913. Meles melanogenys, ibid., p. 433. Cholcepusflorencice, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXII, p. 469, Sept. 25, 1913. Cholaepus agustinus, ibid., p. 470. Cholcepus andinus, ibid., p. 472. Chokepiis capitalis, ibid., p. 472. Tayassu niger, ibid., p. 476. Sylvilagus (Tapeti) salentus, ibid., p. 476. Myoprocta milleri, ibid., p. 477. Coendu quichua richardsoni, ibid., p. 478. Proechimys o'connelli, ibid., p. 479. Sigmodon chonensis, ibid., p. 479. Akodon tolimce, ibid., p. 480. Potosflavus tolimensis, ibid., p. 481. Nasua olivacea lagunetce, ibid., p. 483. Tayra barbara senilis, ibid., p. 484. Melanomys caliginosus oroensis, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXI, p. 538, Nov. 17, 1913. Melanomys affinis monticola, ibid., p. 540. Melanomys phceopus vallicola, ibid., p. 544. Melanomys phceopus tolimensis, ibid., p. 545. Melanomys lomitensis, ibid., p. 545. Melanomys buenavista, ibid., p. 547. MAMMALS. 97 Oryzomys hdvolus, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXII, p. 597, Dec. 3, 1913. Oryzomys o'connelli, ibid., p. 597. Oryzomys vicencianus, ibid., p. 598. Oryzomys incerlus, ibid., p. 598. (0. murelice.) Zygodontomys griseus, ibid., p. 599. Zygodontomys fraterculus, ibid., p. 599. Akodon chapmani, ibid., p. 600. Rhipidomys quindianus, ibid., p. 600. Rhipidomys caucensis, ibid., p. 601. Rhipidomys venezuelce yuruanus, ibid., p. 601. Rhipidomys milleri, ibid., p. 602. (Ecomys mincce, ibid., p. 603. (Ecomys caicarce, ibid., p. 603. 1914. Microsciurus rubrirostris, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, p. 163, Feb. 26, 1914. Microsciurus florencice, ibid., p. 164. Sylvilagus daulensis, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, p. 199, Feb. 28, 1914. Thomasomys aureus altorum, ibid., p. 200. Amorphochilus schnablii osgoodi, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, p. 381, July 9, 1914. Eptesicus andinus, ibid., p. 382. Dasypterus ega punensis, ibid., p. 382. Myotis ruber keaysi, ibid., p. 383. Myotis punensis, ibid., p. 383. Myotis bondce, ibid., p. 384. Myotis maripensis, ibid., p. 385. Myotis esmeraldce, ibid., p. 385. Myotis caucensis, ibid., p. 386. Nyctinomus aequatorialis, ibid., p. 386. Mormopterus peruanus, ibid,., p. 387. Thrinacodus apolinari, ibid., p. 387. Notosciurus rhoadsi, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, p. 585, Oct. 8, 1914. Guerlinguetus pucheranii salentensis, ibid., p. 587. (Leptosciurus.) Guerlinguetus hoffmanni quindianus, ibid., p. 587. (Mesosciurus.) Guerlinguetus hoffmanni manavi, ibid., p. 589. (Mesosciurus.) Guerlinguetus griseimembra, ibid., p. 589. (Mesosciurus.) Guerlinguetus candelensis, ibid., p. 590. (Mesosciurus.) Sciurus gerrardi salaquensis, ibid., p. 592. (Mesosciurus.) Sciurus gerrardi cucutce, ibid., p. 592. (Mesosciurus.) Sciurus saltuensis magdalence, ibid., p. 593. (Mesosciurus.) Sciurus duida, ibid., p. 594. (Urosciurus.) Sciurus ignivenlris zamorce, ibid., p. 594. (Urosciurus.) Sciurus langsdorffii urucumus, ibid., p. 595. (Urosciurus.) Sciurus langsdorffii steinbachi, ibid., p. 596. ( Urosciurus.) Sciurus stramineus zarunwe, ibid., p. 597. (Simosciurus.) Callicebus lugens duida, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, p. 647, Dec. 14, 1914. Alouotta seniculus bogotensis, ibid., p. 648. 98 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Alouatta seniculus caquetensis, ibid., p. 650. Pithecia milleri, ibid., p. 650. Cacajao roosevelti, ibid., p. 651. Ateles longimembris, ibid., p. 651. Atdes robustus, ibid., p. 652. Cebus apella brunneus, ibid., p. 653. Cebus cequatorialis, ibid., p. 654. 1915. Guerlinguetus cestuans venustus, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. .Hist., XXXIV, p. 260, May 17, 1915. Mesosciurus gerrardi baudensis, ibid., p. 308. Mesosdurus gerrardi valdivice, ibid., p. 309. Mazama trinitatis, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIV, p. 532, Nov. 2, 1915. Mazama americana tumatumari, ibid., p. 536. Mazama americana juruana, ibid., p. 537. Mazama gualea, ibid., p. 545. Mazama fuscata, ibid., p. 545. Mazama zamora, ibid., p. 546. Mazama murelia, ibid., p. 547. Mazama cita sanctosmartos, ibid., p. 550. Dasyprocta fuliginosa candelensis, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIV, p. 625, Dec. 30, 1915. Dasyprocta variegata zamorce, ibid., p. 627. Dasyprocta variegata chocoensis, ibid., p. 627. Dasyprocta variegata urucuma, ibid., p. 634. Proechimys kermiti, ibid., p. 629. Oryzomys murelice, ibid., p. 630 (to replace Oryzomys incertus Allen, 1913, preoccupied). Procyon (Euprocyon) cequatorialis, ibid., 630. Margay tigrina elence, ibid., p. 631.. Margay caucensis, ibid., p. 631. Oncoides pardalis tumatumari, ibid., p. 632. Eptesicus chapmani, ibid., p. 632. 1916. Isolobodon portoricensis, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., XXVII, pp. 17-22, pll. i-iv, Jan. 25, 1916. Metachirus nudicaudatus antioquice, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXV, p. 83, April 28, 1916. Tamandua tetradactyla punensis, ibid., p. 83. Sylvilagus boylei, ibid., p. 84. Cavia (Cavia) anolaimce, ibid., p. 85. Oryzomys barbacoas, ibid., p. 85. Glossophaga apolinari } ibid., p. 86. Saimiri caquetensis, ibid., p. 87. Mustela tropicalis nicaraguce, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXV, p. 100, April 28, 1916. Proechimys boimensis, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXV, p. 523, July 24, 1916. MAMMALS. 99 (Ecomys milleri, ibid., p. 523. (Ecomys florencice, ibid., p. 524. (Ecomys emilice, ibid., p. 525. Oryzomys (Oligoryzomys) microtis, ibid., p. 525. Oryzomys (Oligoryzomys) utiaritensis, ibid., p. 527. Oryzomys (Oligoryzomys) mattogrossoe, ibid., p. 528. Zygodontomys tapirapoanus, ibid., p. 528. Molossus cherriei, ibid., p. 529. Molossus daulensis, ibid., p. 530. Tapirus terrestris guianice, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXV, p. 566, Aug. 9, 1916. SUMMARY. Higher Groups 6 Genera and Subgenera 21 Species and Subspecies 563 Nomina nova (to replace preoccupied names) 10 MAMMALS. 101 INDEX TO MAMMALS. NOTE. The first reference is to the Bibliography (pp. 50-83), the second to the list of species, subspecies and higher groups (pp. 83-99). The original designation of the form (species of subspecies) is given in full except where a subgeneric name was included, which latter has been omitted in indexing. Under genera subspecies are alphabetized by the subspedfic name. Adelonycteris gaumeri, 66, 89. adsitus, Eutamias, 76, 94. -/Epeomys fuscatus, 79, 96. sequatorialis, Cebus, 81, 98. Nyctinomus, 81, 97. Procyon, 82, 98. affinis, Hesperomys, 60, 86. Microxus, 79, 96. Oryzomys obscurior, 79, 96. Promops, 68, 90. Tamias quadrivittatus, 59, 85. agustinus, Cholcepus, 80, 96. Akodon chapmani, 80, 97. columbianus, 68, 90. frustrator, 65, 88. irazu, 74, 93. lutescens, 70, 91. meridensis, 74, 93. tolimse, 80, 96. tucumanensis, 70, 91. urichi, 65, 68. venezuelensis, 68, 90. albogularis, Eutamias, 77, 95. albolimbatus, Sciurus hudsonicus, 66, 89. alfari, Sciurus, 64, 68. Sigmodontomys, 65, 88. alfaroi Hesperomys, 60, 86. Alouatta seniculus bogotensis, 81, 97. seniculus caquetensis, 81, 98. seniculus caucensis, 75, 93. palliata matagalpse, 77, 95. seniculus rubicunda, 75, 93. alstoni, Caluromys, 68, 90. Sciurus, 58, 85. alticolus, Thomomys fulvus, 66, 89. altorum, Thomasomys aureus, 81, 97. amrenus, Tamias, 59, 85. Amorphochilus schnablii osgoodi, 81, 97. anadyrensis, Vulpes, 73, 92. andersoni, Synaptomys, 73, 92. andina, Didelphis paraguayensis, 72, 91. andinus, Cholcepus, 80, 96. Eptesicus, 81, 97. andrewsi, Mus, 78, 95. anitse, Thomomys fulvus, 66, 89. anolaimse, Cavia, 82, 98. anthonyi, Neotoma, 66, 99. Scapanus, 61, 86. antioquiae, Metachirus nudicaudatus, 82, 98. apache, Sciurus, 61, 86. apicalis, Oxymycterus, 69, 91. apolinari, Glossophaga, 82, 98. Thrinacodus, 81, 97. aquaticus, Oryzomys, 60, 86. arenacea, Neotoma, 66, 89. Arctictis whitei, 78, 95. Ardops haitiensis, 77, 94. arizonae, Lepus sylvaticus, 55, 85. Sitomys americanus, 63, 87. arizonensis, Reithrodontomys, 63, 87. Artibeus coryi, 59, 85. insularis, 74, 93. palmarum, 65, 88. jamaicensis richardsoni, 77, 95. rusbyi, 74, 93. yucatanicus, 74, 93. Arvicanthis nairobae, 77, 95. Arvicola aztecus, 61, 86. insperatus, 63, 87. leucophaeus, 63, 87. Atalapha brachyotis, 60, 86. Ateles longimembris, 81, 98. robustus, 81, 98, 102 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Atherurus hainanus, 76, 94. atrovarius, Thomomys, 66, 89. attwateri, Lepus aquaticus, 64, 88. Peromyscus, 64, 88. aurantius, Reithrodontomys mexicanus, 63,87. aureus, Thomomys, 61, 86. auripectus, Sitomys, 61, 86. australis, Reithrodontomys, 64, 88. aztecus, Arvicola, 61, 86. Lepus sylvaticus, 59, 85. Reithrodontomys, 61, 86. baileyi, Sciurus hudsonicus, 66, 89. Sigmodon, 73, 92. banderanus, Peromyscus, 65, 88. barbacoas, Oryzomys, 82, 98. barbatus, Promops, 74, 93. barberi, Sciurus aberti, 74, 93. baroni, Oryzomys, 66, 89. Bassaricyon, 52, 83. gabbi, 52, 54, 84. richardsoni, 77, 95. battyi, Lepus gaillardi, 73, 92. Odocoileus, 73, 92. baudensis, Mesosciurus gerrardi, 82, 98. baueri, Oryzomys, 60, 86. beebei, Sciurus, 78, 95. bishopi, Lepus, 68, 90. Blarina costaricensis, 60, 86. nigrescens, 64, 88. olivacea, 77, 95. orophila, 64, 88. squamipes, 79, 96. bogotensis, Alouatta seniculus, 81, 97. Sigmodon, 66, 89. boimensis, Proechimys, 83, 98. bolivaris, Oryzomys, 70, 91. bolivianus, Metachirus nudicaudatus, 70, 91. bondse, Molossus, 74, 93. Myotis, 81, 97. Sciurus saltuensis, 68, 90. borealis, Tamias asiaticus, 55, 85. borucse, Sigmodon, 65, 88. boylei, Sylvilagus, 82, 98. brachyotis, Atalapha, 60, 86. brevicauda, Oryzomys, 62, 87. brunneus, Cebus apella, 81, 98. Peromyscus musculus, 66, 89. buenavistse, Melanomys, 80, 96. bullata, Nasua narica, 73, 92. bulleri, Oryzomys, 65, 88. Tamias asiaticus, 58, 85. buruensis, Mus, 78, 95. buxtoni, Citellus, 73, 92. Sorex, 73, 92. Cacajao roosevelti, 81, 98. cachinus, Phyllotis, 70, 91. caicara?, (Ecomys, 80, 97. californicus, Sciurus hudsonius, 59, 85. Callicebus lugens duida, 81, 97. Caluromys, 68, 84. alstoni, 68, 90. campestris, Neotoma, 63, 87. candelensis, Dasyprocta fuliginosa, 82, Guerlinguetus, 81, 97. canescens, Didelphys, 62, 87. Eutamias, 74, 93. Neotoma micropus, 60, 86. canicollis, Echimys, 68, 90. Canis impavidus, 73, 92. mississippiensis, 52, 84. sclateri, 75, 94. capitalis, Cholcepus, 80, 96. Capromys ingrahami, 60, 86. caquetensis, Alouatta seniculus, 81, 98. Saimiri, 82, 98. Carcinocyon, 75, 84. cam, Thylamys, 65, 88. carrikeri, Chrotopterus, 78, 95. Felis, 74, 93. Loncheres, 78, 95. Oryzomys, 77, 94. cascadensis, Sciurus douglasii, 66, 89. castaneus, Loncheres, 62, 87. Oryzomys, 70, 91. Castoroididae, 55, 83. caucse, Didelphis karkinophaga, 69, 90. caucensis, Alouatta seniculus, 75, 93. Margay, 82, 98. Myotis, 81, 97. Potos flavus, 74, 93. Rhipidomys, 80, 97. caurse, Phyllostoma hastatus, 74, 93. cautus, Microtus, 68, 89. Cavia anolaimae, 82, 98. porcella Venezuela?, 78, 95. MAMMALS. 103 Cebus aequatorialis, 81, 98. apella brunneus, 81, 98. cedrosensis, Peromyscus, 66, 89. cervicalis, Sciurus, 59, 85. cervinus, Thomomys, 64, 87. Cervus whitneyi, 52, 84. chacoensis, Phyllotis, 70, 91. Chseronycteris intermedia, 62, 86. chapadensis, Potos flavus, 74, 93. Tamandua tetradactyla, 75, 93. chapmani, Akodon, 80, 97. Eptesicus, 82, 98. Lepus floridanus, 68, 90. Marmosa, 69, 90. Sciurus, 68, 90. Synaptomys, 73, 92. cherriei, Geomys, 62, 87. Hesperomys, 60, 86. Molossus, 83, 99. Oryzomys, 64, 88. Chilonycteris rubiginosa fusca, 78, 95. chiriquensis, Myotis, 74, 93. Potos flavus, 74, 93. Sigmodon borucse, 74, 93. Tamandua tetradactyla, 75, 93. Chiroderma jesupi, 68, 90. chocoensis, Dasyprocta variegata, 82, 98. Choloepus agustinus, 80, 96. andinus, 80, 96. capitalis, 80, 96. florencia?, 80, 96. chonensis, Sigmodon, 80, 96. Chrotopterus carrikeri, 78, 95. chrysogaster, Lemmus obensis, 73, 92. chrysomelas, Oryzomys, 65, 88. Neotoma, 77, 94. chrysonotus, Vespertilio, 65, 88. cinerascens, Lepus, 59, 85. cinereicollis, Tamias, 59, 85. cinereiventer, Thomasomys, 79, 86. cineritius, Peromyscus, 66, 89. cinnamomea, Neotoma, 64, 88. Ochotona, 76, 94. Citellus, buxtoni, 73, 92. grammurus rupestris, 73, 92. stejnegeri, 73, 92. stonei, 73, 92. cocalensis, Rhipidomys, 79, 96. Coendou quichua richardsoni, 80, 96. Coendou sanctaemartae, 75, 93. coibensis, Molossus, 74, 93. colborni, Ctenomys, 73, 92. colimae, Sigmodon, 65, 88. colombiana, Lutra, 75, 93. colombianus, Akodon, 68, 90. Metachirus nudicaudatus, 69, 90. colombica, Didelphis karkinophaga, 69, 90. columbianus, Oreamnos montanus, 74, 92. conditi, Perognathus, 63, 87. Conepatus nicaraguae, 78, 95. confinis, Lepus arizonse, 66, 89. consobrinus, Tamias minimus, 59, 85. Scotophilus castaneus, 76, 94. constablei, Phenacomys, 68, 89. coreanus, Ochotona, 79, 96. costaricensis, Blarina, 60, 86. Oryzomys, 62, 87. Reithrodontomys, 63, 87. couesi, Tylomys, 62, 86. Crocidura kijabse, 77, 95. Ctenomys colborni, 73, 92. osgoodi, 75, 94. robustus, 73, 92. sericeus, 73, 92. cucutse, Sciurus gerrardi, 81, 97. Cynomys parvidens, 76, 94. dacotensis, Sciurus hudsonicus, 63, 87. Dactylomys peruanus, 69, 90. Dama lichtensteini, 71, 91. Dasyprocta fuliginosa candelensis, 82, 98. variegata chocoensis, 82, 98. variegata urucuma, 82, 98. variegata zamora, 82, 98. Dasypterus ega punensis, 81, 97. daulensis, Molossus, 83, 99. Sylvilagus, 81, 97. delicatus, Oryzomys, 65, 88. Dermonotus suarpurensis, 74, 93. deserti, Reithrodontomys megalotis, 63, 87. Didelphis paraguayensis andina, 72, 91. karkinophaga cauca;, 69, 90. karkinophaga colombica, 69, 90. marsupialis etensis, 72, 91. marsupialis insularis, 72, 91. 104 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Didelphis paraguayensis meridensis, 72, 91. richmondi, 70, 91. pernigra, 69, 90. marsupialis tabascensis, 70, 91. marsupialis texensis, 70, 91. yucatanensis, 70, 91. Didelphys canescens, 62, 87. difficilis, Vesperimus, 60, 86. Dipodops ordii palmeri, 60, 86. richardsoni, 60, 86. sennetti, 60, 86. dorsalis, Peramys brevicaudatus, 74, 93. dubius, Peromyscus, 66, 89. duida, Callicebus lugens, 81, 97. Sciurus, 81, 97. durangae, Eutamias, 73, 92. Lepus, 73, 92. Myotis californicus, 73, 92. Neotoma intermedia, 73, 92. dychei, Reithrodontomys, 63, 87. Echimys canicollis, 68, 90. mincae, 68, 90. trinitatis, 62, 84. urichi, 68, 90. elenae, Margay tigrina, 82, 98. Eligmodontia morgani, 70, 91. emiliae, (Ecomys, 83, 99. engelhardti, Marmota, 76, 94. Eptesicus andinus, 81, 97. chapmani, 82, 98. eremicus, Lepus texianus, 63, 87. Erethizon godfreyi, 75, 93. epixanthus nigrescens, 73, 92. Erinaceus orientalis, 73, 92. escuinapae, Heteromys pictus, 76, 94. Lynx ruff us, 73, 92. esmeraldae, Myotis, 81, 97. etensis, Didelphis marsupialis, 72, 91. Euneomys petersoni, 73, 92. Eunothocyon, 75, 84. Eutamias adsitus, 76, 94. albogularis, 77, 95. canescens, 74, 93. durangae, 73, 92. lectus, 75, 94. Evotomys fuscodorsalis, 62, 68, 84. jochelsoni, 73, 92. letastei, 73, 92. exiguus, Peromyscus, 66, 89. Felis carrikeri, 74, 93. maripensis, 74, 93. mearnsi, 74, 93. panamensis, 74, 93. sanctaemartae, 74, 93. femorah's, Perognathus, 60, 86. figginsi, Ochotona, 79, 96. flaccidus, Peromyscus texanus, 73, 92. florencise, Cholcepus, 80, 96. Microsciurus, 81, 97. (Ecomys, 83, 98. floridanus, Lepus sylvaticus, 59, 85. fossor, Thomomys, 61, 88. f rater, Tamias, 59, 85. fraterculus, Zygodontomys, 80, 97. frustrator, Akodon, 65, 88. fulvescens, Reithrodontomys mexicanus, 63, 87. Sylvilagus, 79, 96. fulvirostris, Oryzomys, 79, 96. fulviventer, Oryzomys, 68, 90. Sigmodon, 58, 85. fumeus, Ototylomys, 77, 95. Funambulus ruidonensis, 76, 94. furvus, Peromyscus, 66, 89. fusca, Chilonycteris rubiginosa, 78, 95. fuscata, Mazama, 82, 98. fuscatus, ^Epeomys, 79, 96. Heteromys, 77, 94. fuscodorsalis, Evotomys, 62, 87. fuscogriseus, Metachirus, 69, 90. gabbi, Bassaricyon, 52, 84. Lepus brasiliensis, 55, 85. gaumeri, Adelonycteris, 66, 89. Heteromys, 65, 88. Geomys cherriei, 62, 87. geronimensis, Peromyscus, 66, 89. Phoca richardii, 72, 91. gichiganus, Lepus, 73, 92. gichigensis, Phoca hispida, 72, 91. gilberti, Sitomys, 61, 86. Glossophaga apolinari, 82, 98. godfreyi, Erethizon, 75, 93. gracilis, Reithrodontomys mexicanus, 65, 88. Tamias quadrivittatus, 59. 85. grahamensis, Sciurus hudsonicus, 63, 87. grangeri, Lepus sylvaticus, 64, 87. MAMMALS. 105 granger!, Neotoma, 63, 87. granti, Rangifer, 71, 91. graysoni, Lepus, 55, 85. Gressigrada, 83. griscescens, Metachirus, 70, 91. griseimembra, Guerlinguetus, 81, 97. griseus, Sigmodon hispidus, 77, 95. Zygodontomys, 80, 97. gualea, Ma/ama, 82, 98. Guerlinguetus candalensis, 81, 97. griseimembra, 81, 97. hoffmanni manavi, 81, 97. hoffmanni quindianus, 81, 97. pucherani salentensis, 81, 97. aestuans venustus, 82, 98. guianae, Tapirus terrestris, 83, 99. Hadrosciurus, 82, 84. hainana, Ratufa gigantea, 76, 94. hainanus, Atherurus, 76, 94. Paradoxurus larvatus, 77, 95. Rhinolophus, 76, 94. Tamiops macclellandi, 76, 94. haitiensis, Ardops, 77, 94. hatched, Reithrodon, 73, 92. helvolus, Oryzomys, 80, 97. Hesperomys affinis, 60, 86. alfaroi, 60, 86. cherriei, 60, 86. nudipes, 60, 86. Heteromys pictus escuinapae, 76, 94. fuscatus, 77, 94. gaumeri, 65, 68. hispidus, 65, 68. jaliscensis, 76, 94. jesupi, 68, 90. lomitensis, 79, 96. vulcani, 77, 94. Hipposideros poutensis, 76, 94. hispidus, Heteromys, 65, 88. Histiotus maculatus, 59, 86. Histriosciurus, 82, 84. Holochilus venezuelensis, 74, 93. Hoplomys, 77, 84. truei, 77, 94. huachuca, Sciurus hudsonicus, 63, 87. hypoleuca, Mycronycteris, 68, 90. impavidus, Canis, 73, 92. incautus, Vespertilio, 65, 88. incertus, Oryzomys alfaroi, 77, 94. incertus, Oryzomys, 80, 97. ingrahami, Capromys, 60, 86. inserta, Tayra barbara, 77, 95. insolitus, Lepus, 59, 85. insperatus, Arvicola, 63, 87. instabilis, Tamandua tetradactyla, 75, 93. insularis, Artibeus, 74, 93. Didelphis marsupialis, 63, 87. Sciurus erythrseus, 76, 94. Scotophilus kuhlii, 76, 94. intermedia, Choeronycteris, 62, 86. intermedius, Artibeus, 65, 88. Reithrodontomys mexicanus, 63, 87. irrara, Tayra barbara, 74, 93. irazu, Akodon, 74, 93. Isolobodon, 84, 98. portoricensis, 82, 92. Isothrix rufodordalis, 68, 90. jalapse, Mus musculus, 66, 89. Oryzomys, 66, 89. jaliscensis, Heteromys, 76, 94. jesupi, Chiroderma, 68, 90. Heteromys, 68, 90. jochelsoni, Evotomys, 73, 92. juliacae, Oxymycteris, 69, 90. juruana, Mazama americana, 82, 98. keaysi, Myotis ruber, 81, 97. Oryzomys, 69, 91. Thylamys, 69, 90. kenaiensis, Ovis dalli, 72, 91. Ursus americanus, 78, 95. kermiti, Proechimys, 82, 98. kijabae, Crocidura, 77, 95. kijabeus, Mus, 77, 95. klagesi, Marmosa, 69, 90. kodiacensis, Spermophilus parryi, 51, 84. kolymensis, Ochotona, 73, 92. laceyi, Reithrodontomys, 65, 88. lagunet*, Nasua olivacea, 80, 96. langi, Madoqua, 77, 95. latastei, Evotomys, 73, 92. latidens, Lutra, 77, 95. lectus, Eutamias, 76, 94. Lemmus obensis chrysogaster, 73, 92. Leptosciurus, 82, 84. Lepus sylvaticus arizonse, 55, 85. aquaticus attwateri, 64, 88. 106 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Lepus sylvilagus aztecus, 59, 85. gaillardi battyi, 73, 92. bishopi, 68, 90. cerrosensis, 66, 89. floridanus chapmani, 68, 90. cinerascens, 59, 85. arizonse confinis, 66, 89. durangae, 73, 92. texianus eremicus, 63, 87. sylvaticus floridanus, 59, 85. brasiliensis gabbi, 55, 85. gichiganus, 73, 92. sylvaticus grangeri, 64, 87. graysoni, 55, 85. insolitus, 59, 85. sylvaticus mearnsi, 62, 87. texianus micropus, 73, 92. parvulus, 74, 93. peninsularis, 66, 89. americanus phaeonotus, 68, 90. sylvaticus pinetis, 63, 87. russatus, 74, 92. superciliaris, 68, 90. truei, 59, 85. gabbi tumacus, 77, 94. lichtensteini, Dama, 71, 91. lomitensis, Heteromys, 79, 96. Melanomys, 80, 96. Loncheres carrikeri, 78, 95. castaneus, 62, 87. Lonchophylla thomasi, 74, 93. longimembris,' Ateles, 82, 98. lucophaeus, Arvicola, 63, 87. luteiventris, Mus, 78, 95. Tamias quadrivittatus, 59, 85. lutescens, Akodon, 70, 91. Lutra colombiana, 75, 93. latidens, 77, 95. Lynx ruffus escuinapae, 73, 92. texensis, 64, 87. macrodens, Phoca ochotensis, 72, 91. Macrogeomys matagalpae, 78, 95. maculatus, Histiotus, 59, 86. maculiventer, Oryzomys, 68, 90. Madoqua langi, 77, 95. magdalenae, Oryzomys, 68, 90. Sciurus saltuensis, 81, 97. manavi, Guerlinguetus hoffmanni, 81, 97. Manis pusilla, 76, 94. Margay caucensis, 82, 98. tigrina elenae, 82, 98. maripensis, Felis, 74, 93. Myotis, 81, 97. Marmosa chapmani, 69, 90. klagesi, 69, 90. sinalose, 66, 89. Marmota engelhardti, 76, 94. martirensis, Sitomys, 61, 86. Thomomys fulvus, 66, 89. mascotensis, Sigmodon, 65, 88. matagalpae, Alouatta palliata, 77, 95. Sciurus deppei, 77, 95. Macrogeomys, 77, 95. mattogrossse, Oryzomys, 83, 99. Mazama fuscata, 82, 98. gualea, 82, 98. americana juruana, 82, 98. murelia, 82, 98. cita sanctaemartae, 82, 98. americana tumatumari, 82, 98. trinitatis, 82, 98. zamora, 82, 98. mearnsi, Felis, 74, 93. Lepus sylvaticus, 62, 87. Perognathus, 65, 88. Vesperimus, 60, 86. melanogenys, Meles, 79, 96. Melanomys beunavistae, 80, 96. lomitensis, 80, 96. affinis monticola, 80, 96. caliginosus oroensis, 80, 96. phseopus tolimensis, 80, 96. phaepus vallicola, 80, 96. melanotis, Peromyscus, 66, 89. Meles melanogenys, 79, 96. meridensis, Akodon, 74, 93. Didelphis paraguayensis, 72, 91. merriami, Perognathus, 60, 86. Reithrodontomys, 63, 87. Tamias asiaticus, 58, 85. Ursus, 72, 91. Mesosciurus, 82, 84. gerrardi baudensis, 82, 98. gerrardi valdivia, 82, 98. Metachirus nudicaudatus antioquise, 82, 98. nudicaudatus bolivianus, 70, 91. MAMMALS. 107 Metachirus nudicaudatus colombianus, 69, 90. fuscogriseus, 69, 90. griscesens, 70, 91. fuscogriseus pallidus, 70, 91. tschudii, 69, 90. mexicanus, Oryzomys, 65, 88. Micronycteris hypoleuca, 68, 90. micropus, Lepus texianus, 73, 92. Oryzomys, 83, 99. Microxus affinis, 79, 96. Microsciurus, 64, 83. florencise, 81, 97. rubrirostris, 81, 97. microtis, Oxymycteris, 73, 92. Putorius, 73, 92. Microtus cautus, 68, 89. stonei, 68, 89. vellerosus, 68, 89. milleri, Myoprocta, 80, 96. (Ecomys, 83, 99. Pithecia, 81, 98. Promops, 68, 90. Reithrodontomys, 79, 96. Rhipidomys, 80, 97. Sciurus, 79, 96. mincse, Echimys, 68, 90. (Ecomys, 80, 97. mississippiensis, Cam's, 52, 84. missoulae, Oreamnos montanus, 74, 92. modesta, Tupaia, 76, 94. modestus, Oryzomys, 68, 90. mollipilosus, Oryzomys, 68, 90. mollissimus, Rhipidomys, 79, 96. Molossus bondse, 74, 93. cherriei, 83, 99. coibensis, 74, 93. daulensis, 83, 99. sinaloae, 76, 94. verrilli, 77, 94. monticola, Melanomys affinis, 80, 96. monticolus, Thomomys, 61, 86. morgani, Eligmodontia, 70, 91. Mormopterus peruanus, 81, 97. munchiquensis, Oryzomys, 79, 96. Mungos palawanus, 78, 95. rubrifrons, 77, 95. murelia, Mazama, 82, 98. Oryzomys, 82, 98. Mus andrewsi, 78, 95. buruensis, 78, 95. musculus jalapae, 66, 99. kajabius, 77, 95. luteiventris, 78, 95. Mustela tropicalis nicaraguae, 82, 98. Myoprocta milleri, 80, 96. Myotalpa rufescens, 77, 95. Myotis bonds, 86, 97. caucensis, 86, 97. chiriquensis, 74, 93. calif ornicus duranga?, 73, 92. esmeralda?, 86, 97. ruber keaysi, 86, 97. maripensis, 86, 97. nairobse, Arvicanthis, 77, 95. Nasua narica bullata, 74, 93. olivacea lagunetae, 80, 96. narica pallida, 74, 93. narica panamensis, 74, 93. phaeocephala, 74, 93. narica yucatanica, 74, 93. nasutus, Vesperimus, 60, 96. Neacomys pusillus, 79, 96. nebrascensis, Reithrodontomys dychei, 63, 87. Nectomys palmipes, 60, 86. neglectus, Tamias quadrivittatus, 59, 85. neomexicanus, Sciurus fremonti, 66, 89. Neotoma anthonyi, 66, 89. arenacea, 66, 99. campestris, 63, 87. micropus canescens, 60, 86. chrysomelas, 77, 94. cinnamomea, 64, 88. intermedia durangae, 73, 92. grangeri, 63, 87. rupicola, 63, 87. sinalose, 66, 89. nicaraguae, Conepatus, 78, 95. Oryzomys, 78, 95. Peromyscus, 77, 95. Mustela tropicalis, 82, 98. niger, Tayassu, 80, 96. nigrescens, Blarina, 64, 88. Erethizon epizanthus, 73, 92. Notosciurus, 81, 84. rhoadsi, 81, 97. nudipes, Hesperomys, 60, 86. 108 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Nyctinomus aequatorialis, 81, 97. obscurus, Reithrodon cuniculoides, 73, 92. Perodipus, 73, 92. Tamias, 59, 85. obtusirostris, Oryzomys, 69, 91. Ochotona cinnamomea, 76, 94. coreanus, 79, 96. figginsi, 79, 96. kolymensis, 73, 92. ochraceus, Oryzomys, 77, 94. ochrogaster, Rhipidomys, 70, 91. o'connelli, Oryzomys, 80, 97. Proechimys, 80, 96. Odobsenidae, 50, 83. Odocoileus battyi, 73, 92. sinaloae, 73, 92. CEcomys caicarae, 81, 90. emiliae, 83, 99. florencise, 83, 99. milleri, 83, 99. minca, 81, 90. olivaceus, Blarina, 77, 95. Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, 64, 88. Oncoides pardalis tumatumari, 82, 98. Oreamnos montanus columbianus, 74, 92. montanus missoulae, 74, 92. orientalis, Erinaceus, 73, 92. oroensis, Melanomys caliginosus, 80, 96. orophila, Blarina, 64, 88. Oryzomys obscurior affinis, 79, 96. aquaticus, 60, 86. barbacoas, 82, 98. baroni, 66, 89. baueri, 60, 86. bolivaris, 70, 91. brevicauda, 62, 87. bulled, 65, 88. carrikeri, 77, 94. castaneus, 70, 91. cherriei, 64, 88. chrysomelas, 65, 88. costaricensis, 62, 87. delicatus, 65, 88. fulvirostris, 79, 96. fulviventer, 68, 90. helvolus, 81, 97. Oryzomys alfaroi incertus, 77, 94.- incertus, 86, 97. jalapae, 66, 89. keaysi, 69, 91. maculiventer, 68, 90. magdalena?, 68, 90. mattogrossae, 83, 99. mexicanus, 65, 88. microtis, 83, 98. modestus, 68, 90. mollipilosus, 68, 90. munchiquensis, 79, 96. mureliae, 82, 98. nicaraguae, 77, 95. obtusirostris, 69, 91. ochraceus, 77, 94. o'connelli, 81, 97. palmarius, 68, 90. palmirse, 79, 96. palustris texensis, 62, 87.- pectoralis, 79, 96. perenensis, 70, 91. richardsoni, 77, 95. rivularis, 70, 91. sanctaemartse, 68, 90. speciosus, 62, 87. talamancae, 60, 86. tenuicauda, 68, 90. tenuipes, 74, 93. trichurus, 68, 90. trinitatis, 62, 87. utiaritensis, 83, 99. velutinus, 62, 87. villosus, 68, 90. vincencianus, 86, 97. osborni, Rangifer, 72, 91. osgoodi, Ctenomys, 75, 94. Amorphochilus schnablii, 81, 97. osilae, Phyllotis, 70, 91. Ototylomys fumeus, 77, 95. Ouliphocinae, 50, 83. Ovis dalli kenaiensis, 72, 91. stonei, 65, 88. storchi, 74, 93. owstoni, Sciurotamias, 77, 95. Oxymycterus apicalis, 69, 91. juliaca, 69, 90. microtis, 73, 92. MAMMALS. 109 Pachycyon, 58, 83. robustus, 58, 83. palawanus, Mungos, 78, 95. pallescens, Peromyscus michiganensis, 65, 88. pallida, Nasua narica, 74, 93. pallidus, Metachirus fuscogriseus, 70, 91. Spennophilus tridecemlineatus, 51, 84 Tamias quadrivittatus, 51, 84. palmarius, Oryzomys, 68, 90. palmarum, Artibeus, 65, 88. palmeri, Dipodops ordii, 6C, 86. palmipes, Nectomys, 62, 87. palmira?, Oryzomys, 79, 96. panamensis, Felis, 74, 93. Phyllostoma hastatus, 74, 93. Nasua narica, 74, 93. Paradoxurus larvatus hainanus, 77, 95. Paralces, 72, 84. parvidens, Cynomys, 76, 94. parvulus, Lepus, 74, 93. parvus, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, 64, 88. paulus, Peromyscus, 73, 92. pearyi, Rangifer, 72, 91. pectoralis, Oryzomys, 79, 96. peninsula?, Tamias leucurus, 61,86. peninsularis, Lepus, 66, 89. Peramys brevicaudatus dorsalis, 74, 93. perenensis, Oryzomys, 70, 91. perriger, Ursus americanus, 78, 95. pernigra, Didelphia, 69, 90. pernix, Perognathus, 66, 89. Perodipus obscurus, 73, 92. Perognathus conditi, 63, 87. femoralis, 60, 86. mearnsi, 65, 88. merriami, 60, 86. pernix, 66, 89. pricei, 63, 87. .Peromyscus attwateri, 64, 68. banderanus, 65, 68. musculus brunneus, 66, 89. cedrosensis, 66, 89. cineritius, 66, 89. dubius, 66, 89. exiguus, 66, 89. texanus flaccidus, 73, 92. Peromyscus furvus, 66, 89. geronimensis, 66, 89. melanotis, 66, 89. nicaraguse, 77, 95. michiganensis pallescens, 65, 88. paulus, 73, 92. eremicus propinquus, 66, 89. spicilegus, 65, 68. texanus subarcticus, 68, 90. yucatanicus, 65, 68. peruanus, Dactylomys, 69, 90. Mormopterus, 81, 97. Sciurus, 66, 88. Sigmodon, 66, 89. petersoni, Euneomys, 73, 92. phaeocephala, Nasua, 74, 93. phseonotus, Lepus americanus, 68, 90. phseurus, Sciurus aberti, 74, 93. Phenacomys constablei, 68, 89. truei, 63, 87. Phoca richardii geronimensis, 72, 91. hispida gichigensis, 72, 91. ochotensis macrodens, 72, 91. richardii pribilofensis, 72, 91. stejnegeri, 72, 91. Phyllostoma hastatus caurae, 74, 93. hastatus panamensis, 74, 93. Phyllotis cachinus, 70, 91. chacoensis, 70, 91. osihe, 70, 91. pictus, Tamias minimus, 59, 85. pinetis, Lepus sylvaticus. 63, 87. Pipistrellus portensis, 76, 94. Pithecia milleri, 81, 98. popayanus, Thomasomys, 79, 96. portensis, Pipistrellus, 76, 94. portoricensis, Isolobodon, 83. Potos flavus cau'-ensis, 74, 93. flavus chapadensis, 74, 93. flavus chiriquensis, 74, 93. flavus toli'nensis, 80, 96. poutensis, Hipposideros, 76, 94. pribilofensis, I hoca richardii, 72, 91. pricei, Perognathus, 63, 87. Tamias, 64, 88. princeps, Zapus, 61, 86. Procyon asquatorialis, 82, 98. proteus, 74, 93. Proechimys, 68, 84. * 110 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Proechimys boimensis, 83, 98. kermiti, 82, 98. o'connelli, 80, 96. Promops affinis, 68, 90. barbatus, 74, 93. milleri, 68, 90. propinquus, Peromyscus eremicus, 66, 89. proteus, Procyon, 74, 93. puna, Sigmodon, 73, 92. punensis, Dasypterus ega, 81, 97. Myotis, 81, 97. Tamandua tetradactyla, 82, 98. pusilla, Manis, 76, 94. pusillus, Neacomys, 79, 96. Putorius microtus, 73, 92. pygmaeus, 73. 92. pygmseus, Putorius, 73, 92. quebradensis, Sciurus, 68, 90. quindianus, Guerlinguetus hoffmanni, 81, 97. Rhipidomys, 81, 97. Rangifer granti, 71, 91. osborni, 72, 91. pearyi, 72, 91. stonei, 70, 91. terranovse, 65, 88. Ratufa gigantea hainana, 76, 94. Reithrodon hatcheri, 73, 92. cuniculoides obscurus, 73, 92. Reithrodontomys arizonensis, 63, 87. mexicanus aurantius, 63, 87. australis, 64, 88. aztecus, 61, 86. megalotis deserti, 63, 87. dychei, 63, 87. costaricensis, 63, 87. mexicanus fulvescens, 61, 87. mexicanus gracilis, 65, 68. mexicanus intermedius, 63, 87. laceyi, 65, 88. merriami, 63, 87. milleri, 79, 96. dychei nebrascensis, 63, 87. rufescens, 66, 89. saturatus, 66, 89. megalotis sestinensis, 73, 92. tenuis, 68, 90. Reptigrada, 83. Rhinolophus hainanus, 76, 94. Rhipidomys caucensis, 80, 97. cocalensis, 79, 96. milleri, 80, 97. mollissimus, 79, 96. ochrogaster, 70, 91. quindianus, 80, 97. similis, 79, 96. Venezuela yuruanus, 80, 97. rhoadsi, Notosciurus, 81, 97. richardsoni, Artibeus jamaicensis, 77, 95. Bassaricyon, 77, 95. Coendou quichua, 80, 96. Dipidops, 60, 86. Oryzomys, 77, 95. richmondi, Didelphis, 70, 91. riudonensis, Funambulus, 76, 94. riudoni, Tamiops macclellandi, 76, 94. rivularis, Oryzomys, 70, 91. robustus, Ateles, 81, 98. Ctenomys, 73, 92. Pachycyon, 58, 85. Sitomys, 62, 87. roosevelti, Cacajao, 81, 98. rowleyi, Sitomys, 61, 86. rubicunda, Alouatta seniculus, 75, 93. rubrifrons, Mungos, 77, 95. rubrirostris, Microsciurus, 80, 97. rufescens, Myotalpa, 77, 95. Reithrodontomys, 66, 89. rufodorsalis, Isothrix, 68, 90. rupestris, Citellus grammurus, 73, 92. rupicola, Xeotoma, 63, 87. rusbyi, Artibeus, 74, 93. russatus, Lepus, 74, 92. Saimiri caquetensis, 82, 98. salaquensis, Sciurus gerrardi, 81, 97. salentensis, Guerlinguetus pucheranii, 81, 97. salentus, Sylvilagus, 80, 96. saltator, Zapus, 68, 89. sanctsemartse, Coendou, 74, 93. Felis, 74, 93. Mazama cita, 82, 98. Oryzomys, 68, 90. saturatus, Reithrodontomys, 66, 89. sauteri, Tamiops, 78, 95. Scalops argentatus texanus, 60, 86. MAMMALS. Ill Scapanus anthonyi, 61, 86. Sciurotamias owstoni, 77, 95. Sciurus douglasii albolimbatus, 66, 89. alfari, 64, 88. alstoni, 58, 85. apache, 61, 86. hudsonicus baileyi, 66, 89. aberti barberi, 74, 90. beebei, 78, 95. saltuensis bondse, 68, 90. hudsonius calif ornicus, 59, 85. campestris, 63, 87. douglasii cascadensis, 66, 89. cervicalis, 59, 85. chapmani, 68, 90. gerrardi cucutaj, 81, 97. duida, 81, 97. hudsonicus grahamensis, 63, 87. arizonensis huachuca, 63, 87. erythraeus insularis, 76, 94. saltuensis magdalense, 81, 97. deppei matagalpa?, 77, 95. milleri, 79, 96. fremonti neomexicanus, 66, 89. peruanus, 66, 88. aberti phaeurus, 74, 93. quebradensis, 68, 90. gerrardi salaquensis, 81, 97. langsdorffii steinbachi, 81, 97. hudsonicus streatori, 66, 88. poliopus tepicanus, 76, 94. langsdorffii urucumus, 81, 97. hudsonius vancouverensis, 59, 85. hudsonicus ventorum, 66, 88. wagneri, 67, 89. igniventris zamora, 81, 97. zarumse, 81, 97. sclateri, Canis, 75, 94. Scotophilus castaneus consobrinus, 76, 94. kuhlii, 76, 94. senex, Tamias, 59, 85. senilis, Tayra barbara, 80, 96. sennetti, Dipodops, 60, 86. sericeus, Ctenomys, 73, 92. sestinensis, Reithrodontomys megalotis, 73, 92. Sigmodon baileyi, 73, 92. Sigmodon baroni, 66, 89. bogotensis, 66, 88. boruca?, 65, 88. boruca? chiriquensis, 74, 93. chonensis, 80, 96. colimae, 65, 88. fulviventer, 58, 85. hispidus griseus, 77, 95. mascotensis, 65, 88. peruana, 66, 88. puna, 73, 92. simonsi, 69, 91. vulcani, 76, 94. Sigmodontomys, 65, 84, 88. alfari, 65, 84, 88. similis, Rhipidomys, 79, 96. simonsi, Sigmodon, 69, 91. Simosciurus, 82, 84. sinaloae, Marmosa, 66, 89. Molossus, 76, 94. Neotoma, 66, 89. Odocoileus, 73, 92. Sitomys americanus arizona?, 63, 87. auripectus, 61, 86. gilberti, 61, 86. robustus, 62, 87. rowleyi, 61, 86. americanus thurberi, 61, 86. Sorex buxtoni, 73, 92. speciosus, Oryzomys, 62, 87. Spermophilus parryi kodiacensis, 51, 84. tridecemlineatus olivaceus, 64, 88. tridecemlineatus pallidus, 51, 84. tridecemh'neatus parvus, 64, 88. spicilegus, Peromyscus, 65, 88. Squalodon tiedemani, 58, 85. squamipes, Blarina, 79, 96. steinbachi, Sciurus langsdorffii, 81, 97. stejnegeri, Citellus, 73, 92. Phoca, 72, 91. stonei, Citellus, 73, 92. Microtus, 68, 89. Ovis, 65, 88. Rangifer, 70, 91. storcki, Ovis, 74, 93. streatori, Sciurus hudsonicus, 66, 89. suarpurensis, Dermonotus, 74, 93. 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY. subarcticus, Peromyscus texanus, 68, 90. superciliaris, Lepus, 68, 90. Sylvilagus boyleyi, 82, 98. daulensis, 81, 97. fulvescens, 81, 97. salentus, 80, 96. Synaptomys andersoni, 73, 92. chapmani, 73, 92. tabascensis, Didelphis marsupialis, 70, 91. talamancae, Oryzomys, 60, 86. Tamandua tetradactyla chapadensis, 75, 93. tetradactyla chiriquensis, 75, 93. tetradactyla instabilis, 75, 93. tetradactyla punensis, 82, 98. tetradactyla tenuirostris, 75, 93. Tamias quadrivittatus affinis, 59, 85. amoenus, 59, 85. asiaticus borealis, 55, 85. asiaticus bulleri, 58, 85. cinereicollis, 59, 85. minimus consobrinus, 59, 85. frater, 59, 85. quadrivittatus gracilis, 59, 85. asiaticus merriami, 58, 85. quadrivittatus neglectus, 59, 85. obscurus, 59, 85. quadrivittatus pallidus, 51, 84. leucurus peninsulse, 61, 86. minimus pictus, 59, 85. pricei, 64, 88. wortmani, 64, 88. Tamiops, 76, 84. macclellandi hainanus, 76, 94. macclellandi ruidoni, 76, 94. sauteri, 78, 95. tapirapoanus, Zygodontomys, 83, 99. Tapirus terrestris guianae, 83, 99. Tayassu niger, 80, 96. Tayra barbara inserta, 77, 95. barbara irara, 74, 93. barbara senilis, 80, 96. tenuicauda, Oryzomys, 68, 90. tenuipes, Oryzomys, 74, 93. tenuirostris, Tamandua tetradactyla, 72, 93. tenuis, Reithrodontomys, 68, 90. tepicanus, Sciurus poliopus, 76, 94. terraenovse, Rangifer, 65, 88. texanus, Scalops argentatus, 60, 86. texensis, Didelphis marsupialis, 70, 91. Lynx, 64, 87. Oryzomys palustris, 62, 97. thomasi, Lonchophylla, 74, 93. Zygodontomys, 69, 91. Thomasomys fulvus alticolus, 68, 90. fulvus anitse, 66, 84. atrovarius, 66, 89. aureus altorum, 81, 97. aureus, 61, 86. cervinus, 64, 87. cinereiventer, 79, 96. fossor, 61, 86. fulvus martirensis, 66, 89. monticolus, 61, 86. popayanus, 79, 96. toltecus, 61, 86. Thrinacodus apolinari, 81, 97. thurberi, Sitomys americanus, 61, 86. Thylamys carri, 65, 88. keaysi, 69, 90. tiedemani, Squalodon, 58, 85. tjaderi, Tragelaphus, 77, 95. tolima3, Akodon, 80, 96. Melanomys phaeopus, 80, 96. tolimensis, Potos flavus, 80. 96. toltecus, Thomomys, 61, 86. Tragelaphus tjaderi, 77, 95. Trichophocinse, 83. trichurus, Oryzomys, 68, 90. trinitatis, Echimys, 62, 87. Mazama, 82, 98. Oryzomys, 62, 87. truei, Hoplomys, 77, 94. Lepus, 59, 85. Phenacomys, 61, 87. tschudii, Metachirus, 69, 90. tucumanensis, Akodon, 70, 91. tumacus, Lepus gabbi, 77, 94. tumatumari, Mazama, 82, 98. Oncoides pardalis, 82, 98. Tupaia modesta, 76, 94. Tylomys couesi, 62. 87. umbrinus, Tamias, 59, 85. urichi, Akodon, 65, 88. MAMMALS. 113 urichi, Echimys, 68, 90. Urocyon cinereoargentea Venezuela?, 78, 95. Urosciurus, 82, 84. Ursus americanus kenaiensis, 78, 95. merriami, 72, 91. americanus pernigra, 78, 95. utiaritensis, Oryzomys, 83, 99. urucuma, Dasyprocta variegata, 82, 98. urucumus, Sciurus langsdorffii, 81, 97. valdivia, Mesosciurus gerrardi, 82, 98. vallicola, Melanomys phseopus, 80, 96. vancouverensis, Sciurus hudsonius, 59, 85. velifer, Vespertilio, 59, 85. vellerosus, Microtus, 68, 89. velutinus, Oryzomys, 62, 87. venezuelse, Cavia porcella, 78, 95. Urocyon cinereoargentea, 78, 95. venezuelensis, Akodon, 68, 90. Holochilus, 74, 93. ventorum, Sciurus hudsonicus, 66, 89. venustus, Guerlinguetus sestuans, 82, 98. verrilli, Molossus, 76, 94. Vesperimus difficilis, 60, 86. mearnsi, 60, 86. Vespertilio chrysonotus, 65, 88. incautus, 65, 88. velifer, 59, 85. villosus, Oryzomys, 68, 90. vulcani, Heteromys, 77, 94. -Sigmodon, 76, 94. Vulpes anadyrensis, 73, 92. wagneri, Sciurus, 67, 89. whitei, Arctictis, 78, 95. whitneyi, Cervus, 52, 84. wortmani, Tamias, 64, 88. yucatanensis, Didelphis, 70, 91. yucatanica, Nasua narica, 74, 93. yucatanicus, Artibeus, 74, 93. Peromyscus, 65, 88. yuruanus, Rhipidomys, 80, 97. zamora, Mazama, 82, 98. zamora, Dasyprocta variegata, 82, 98. Sciurus igniventris, 81, 97. Zapus princeps, 61, 86. saltator, 68, 89. zarumae, Sciurus stramineus, 81, 97. Zygodontomys, 83. fraterculus, 86, 97. griseus, 86, 97. tapirapoanus, 83, 99. thomasi, 69, 91. BIRDS. 115 II. BIRDS. 1860-62. 1. Birds of New England. eavenworth and Topeka, Kansas, spring of 1871 (121 spp.); 2. At Fort Hays, Kansas, May-July, 1871 (61 spp.); 3. In Northwestern Kansas, Dec. 1871, Jan., 1872 (25 spp.); 4. At Cheyenne, Wyoming, Aug. 1871 (41 spp.); 5. In Colorado, July-August, 1871 (81 spp.); 6. In South Park, Colorado, July, 1871 (54 spp.); 7. On Mount Lincoln, Colorado, July, 1871 (36 spp.); 8. Ogden, Utah, Sept.-Oct., 1871 (137 spp.); 9. General Summary or Combination of all the Observations (228 spp.). Besides the extended field- notes, there is much critical annotation. The article is very complete, and highly interesting from its bearing on general questions." (Coues, I. c., pp. 689-690.) 34. Ornithological Notes from the West. , Special Bulletin, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1892). 150 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 406. Ridgway's 'The Hummingbirds.' - first annual issue. BIRDS. 175 738. Cooke's 'Some New Facts about Bird Migration.' 1886. 7. Eugen von Boeck.ecies. 4. Notes on the Geological Character of the Country between Chique-Chique, on the Rio de Sao Francisco, and Bahia, Brazil. ers entitle ' Minor Ornithological Papers,' giving the title, place of publication, and short notices or abstracts of the minor papers relating to North American birds, not otherwise noticed under ' Recent Literature,' subject however to certain stated restrictions as to their content. The record began "with the close of that given by Dr. Coues in his ' List of Faunal Publications relating to North American Ornithology ' published in his ' Birds of the Colorado Valley,' or about July, 1878," and closed in 1894, after having been a feature of 'The Auk' for fourteen years. The last title of the series was No. 2697. Nos. 1-1199 were by the editor, the others (Nos. 1200-2697) by C. F. Batchelder, who from 1888 to 1893 (both inclusive) was Associate Editor of The Auk and greatly lightened for this period the duties of the senior editor. The Associate Editors of The Auk for the first four volumes (1884-1887) were Elliott Coues, Robert Ridgway, William Brewster, and Montague Chamberlain. They were succeeded by Charles F. Batchelder (1888-1893) and Frank M. Chapman (1894-1915). "Beginning with the initial volume of the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, and continuing to the present year, Dr. Allen has, without intermission guided the course of this journal and its successor THE AUK; and the series of thirty-six volumes stands as a perpetual monument to his ability, and his painstaking devotion to the cause of ornithology and the interests of the American Ornithologists' Union. There have been few continuous editor- ships of equal length in the history of scientific periodicals." Editorial statement by WITMER STONE, Auk, XXIX, p. 136, Jan., 1912. 1886. The Code of Nomenclature | and | Check-List | of [ North American Birds | adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union | being the Report of the Committee of the | Union on Classification and | Nomenclature Zoologi- cal Nomenclature is a means, not an end, of Zoological Science | | New York | American Ornithologists' Union ^1886. 8vo, pp. i-viii, 1-392. Contains The Code of Nomenclature (pp. 1-69) and The Check-List of North American Birds, according to the Canons of Nomenclature of the American Ornithologists' Union (pp. 71-392). 1886-1916. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Vols. I, No. 6, to XXXV, excluding Vols. XV, XVII and XVIII, devoted to anthropology. (8vo, New York.) 1889-1895. Supplement to the Code of Nomenclature and Check-List of North American Birds, adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union. Prepared by a Committee of the Union. 8vo, pp. 23. New York, American Ornitholo- gists' Union, 1889. Check-List | of | North American Birds | prepared by a Committee | of the [ American Ornithologists' Union | Second and revised edition | | Zoological Nomenclature is a means, not an end, of Zoological Science | |. New York I American Ornithologists' Union | 1895. 8vo, pp. i-xi, 1-372. Supplements Nos. 2 to 15 to the Check-List were published at intervals in The Auk from 1890-1909, and also issued separately in an edition of 100 copies. EDITORIAL WORK. 215 1893-1916. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History. Vols. I and IX (Zoology and Palaeontology), and general supervision of Vols. II, III, IV, and VI (Anthropology). Also, New Series, Vol. 1, 1913-1916. 1908 The | Code of Nomenclature | adopted by the | American Ornithologists' Union | | Zoological Nomenclature is a means, not an end, of Zoological Science | | Revised edition | New York | American Ornithologists' Union | July, 1908. 8vo, pp. i-lxxxv. 1910. Check-List | of | North American Birds | prepared by a Committee | of the | American Ornithologists' Union | Third Edition (Revised) | | Zoological Nomenclature is a means, not an end, of Zoological Science | | New York | American Ornithologists' Union | 1910. 8vo, pp. 1-430, 2 maps of North America, one of them colored to show faunal areas. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below Form L-9-15m-7,'32 AA 000493178 UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA ANGELES 'BRAKY