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 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 '/kQ-' 
 
 U.-^ 
 
 Ak/r^^
 
 POCKET EDITION. 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY; 
 
 OR 
 THOD OF WRITING ALL 
 
 A NATURAL METHOD OF WRITING ALL LANGUAGES BY 
 
 COMPOSED OP 
 
 Si^ns that Represent the Sounds of the 
 t Human Voice : 
 
 ADAPTED ALSO TO THE ENGLISH LANGLAGE AS A 
 
 COMPLETE SYSTEM 
 
 OF 
 
 SHORT HAND, 
 
 Briefer than aity other Sifstem, and by nhich 
 speaker can be Jhllotied verbatim, uithout 
 the use of arbitrary murks. 
 
 ISAAC PITMAN 
 
 FIFTH EDITION, IMPROVED. 
 SE VENTIETH THO UHAXO. 
 
 3:oni3on : 
 
 iAMl'EL «AGSTER ANO SONS, li, PATEiJXOSTER ROW.
 
 z 
 
 i V-\ 
 
 ENTERED AT STATIONERS HALL. 
 
 *•**. frirrtfii hy John and Jamtl A»>||., Jmrnal Oficf, 7, Kit'gtmtlU-ttrrtt.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Introduction o 
 
 Instructions on commencing the Study of 
 
 Phonography 17 
 
 Vowels 21 
 
 Method of Placing the Vowels 22 
 
 Single Consonants 23 
 
 Double Consonants 24 
 
 Alphabetical List of Arbitraries 26 
 
 Treble Consonants 28 
 
 Quadruple Consonants 31 
 
 Prefixes 32 
 
 Affixes 33 
 
 On the Joining of the Consonants .... 34 
 Rules for Writing. 
 
 Rule 1— Write by Soxmd 37 
 
 — 2— Consonants 40 
 
 — 3— Vowels 44 
 
 — 4 — Arbitrary Words 47 
 
 — 5— Prefixes and Affixes 52 
 
 — 6 — Allowable Abbreviations. ... 53 
 
 — 7 — Practise and Persevere .... 55 
 Exercises. 
 
 Psalm 23 (Addison's Version, inter- 
 lined with Long Hand) 67 
 
 Psalm 103 60 
 
 Psalm 133 (written without Contrac- 
 tion) 62 
 
 Appendix : Foreign and Provincial Sounds 63 
 
 a.: 

 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 1. The communication of tlie thoughts and j 
 affections from one person to another, may j 
 be accomplished either by changes of the i 
 countenance and by gestures in general, by ! 
 spoken sounds, or by written signs. On the j 
 firstof these modes of conveying thought, we, in j 
 an " Introduction to Phonoghaphy," (which is 
 professedly the writing of sounds,) have no- 
 thing to say, and shall therefore proceed at once 
 to the subject oi' spoken and uritten language. 
 
 2. Hitherto, among all nations, there has ex- 
 isted the greatest disparity, in point of facility 
 and dispatch, between these two methods of com- 
 munication: the former has always been com- 
 paratively rapid, easy, and delightful ; the latter.
 
 tedious, cumbrous, and wearisome. It is most 
 strange that we, who excel our progenitors so 
 far, in science, literature, and commerce, should 
 continue to use a mode of writing, which, by 
 its complexity, obliges the readiest hand to 
 spend at least six hours in writing what can be 
 spoken in one. Why do we use a long series of 
 arbitrary marks to represent what the voice 
 utters at a single effort? Why, in short, are 
 not our iiritten signs as simple as our spoken 
 sounds ? It cannot be said tliat this is im- 
 practicable; for, the System of Writing here 
 presented, is really and entirely practical, as 
 it may at once be written with fluency and ease, 
 and deciphered, after any length of time, with 
 rapidity and accuracy. To the surprise and de- 
 light of the Author, it has been gradually un- 
 folding its beauties to his research, ever since 
 he discovered its principles a few years ago ; 
 until he is now able to present it, apparently 
 perfect, and liarmonious in all its parts. The 
 System offers a method of really exhibiting 
 speech on paper, by signs as simple and intelli- 
 gible as the sounds they represent.* 
 
 • When the 8vo. Edition of Phonography was pot to press, in 
 1840, it was considered " Utopian, to hope to change the printed 
 medlam of intercoarse of the millions who speak the English lan- 
 gaage;" bnt this is far from being considered visionary now.
 
 3. The great and desirable object which the 
 author believes he has accomplished, is hriefly 
 this; the representatioa of every sound and ar- 
 ticulation that occurs in any language, by a simple 
 and easily formed sio^?i, which will readily enter 
 into every combination required, a?<d which is 
 never used to represent more than that one sound or 
 articulation : here, as not only every sound has 
 a sign, but as, also, every sign represents a sound, 
 all ambiguity ends, and all difficulty in reading 
 what has been written, vanishes. 
 
 4. These signs being of the briefest descrip- 
 tion (simple dots and strokes). Phonography is 
 necessarily a System of short hand; but, it 
 must be seen from what has been stated, that it 
 is radically distinct from every other that has ap- 
 peared. In Phonography , it may almost be said, 
 that the very sound of every word is made visible ; 
 whereas, in deciphering any former system of 
 Short Hand, the context, the memory, the judg- 
 ment, all must be called in to assist the eye. 
 This is the great obstacle which has hitherto 
 prevented Short Hand from coming into general 
 use. Its illeg^ibility when written has rendered 
 it unsafe to commit our thoughts to its faithless 
 keeping, and quite insufficient to supersede
 
 8 
 
 common writing as a means of communication. 
 It has, indeed, become proverbial, that it is 
 more difficult to read than to write Short Ihind. 
 The very opposite of this is the case with regard 
 to Phonography, it is easier to read than to 
 WRITE it : at tlie same time, it may be asserted 
 that it is as easy to write this as any other sys- 
 tem. It may be well here to remind the reader, 
 although the fact is obvious, that, swiftness in 
 performing writing of any kind, can be attained 
 only by practice. 
 
 5. To any person whose desire may be awa- 
 kened to learn the few marks or signs by which 
 the sounds and articulations are represented, 
 the following brief observations, illustrative of 
 PRINCIPLES, and entering a little into practice, 
 will prove an easy guide, either to read or write 
 the system, in a very short space of time. 
 
 6. It is a fact but little known, that there are 
 in the English language, not more than six es- 
 sentially different simple sounds, usually called 
 vowels, which are combined into words by not 
 more than thirteen * simple articulations, t or 
 consonants, and one aspirate, or breathing. This 
 
 * Since Uie publication of the last edition, k has been rejected 
 from the list of consonaDls. 
 
 i From "Articulus," Lat., a little joint ; because the consonants
 
 9 
 
 division of speech, into sounds and articula- 
 tions, it may be remarked, is a natural one, and 
 exists in all languages. 
 
 7. In the formation of the present system, the 
 organs of speech have been carefully and mi- 
 nutely studied, and it has been deemed expedi- 
 ent to arrange the vowels and articulations, not 
 alphabetically, hut according to their natural order. 
 Thus, the letter p stands first : it is the least 
 complicated of all articulations, being formed 
 by the very edges of the lips, and not requiring 
 the assistance, either of the teeth, the tongue, 
 or the palate in its production. Next in order 
 stands b, then t, d, ticc. The rest follow in a 
 perfectly natural arrangement, as will be per- 
 ceived upon making a few trials with the Pho- 
 nographic Alphabet. 
 
 8. It has been found that the Articulations or 
 Consonants do not consist of a long series of 
 different formations, but that only about half the 
 number are essentially varied, and that the re- 
 mainder are merely the flattened sounds of the 
 others ; thus, p and b; t and d ; f and v, &c., 
 are precisely the same articulations, modified by 
 
 are placed amon; tbe yokels as joints to connect them, and thas 
 form words.
 
 10 
 
 being sharpened or flattened in utterance. If we 
 folloH-ed nature, our signs to represent tliese 
 would equally correspond: in Phonography 
 they do ; \ is jj, \ is b, I is f, I is d, ^ is /, 
 Vk_ is V, &c. ; and thus not only is the memory 
 not burdened with a multitude of signs, but the 
 mind perceives that a thin stroke harmonizes 
 with a thin articulation, and a thick stroke with a 
 thick articulation ; and the hand feels the consis- 
 tency of writing N for pat, \ for pad, ^ for fat, 
 and '^ for vat, &c. After a few months' practice 
 in writing the system, every pupil finds that the 
 heavy strokes are made without any additional 
 effort ; they flow from the pen with as much 
 facility as their corresponding heavy sounds 
 do from the lips. 
 
 9. It has also been found that these simple 
 articulations which have been adverted to, such 
 as p, b ; t, d; &c.,"are, in a vast number of 
 words, indissolubly united with the two letters 
 I and r into a kind of double letter, pronounced, 
 however, by a single effort ; as, for instance, the 
 words place and praise are not pronounced " pe- 
 lace," "peraise," but the p and I, and p and r, 
 become actually one, by a trill of the tongue 
 against the palate, while the lips are producing
 
 11 
 
 the p. These two letters also coalesce into a 
 single utterance in the last syllable of the words 
 temple, people, paper, cooper, &c. 
 
 10. The natural way of expressing these com- 
 binations in writing would undoubtedly be, to 
 effect some marked and uniform modification of 
 the simple letters, which should yet leave their 
 characteristic forms untouched : this has been 
 accomplished in the Phonographic system ; and, 
 in consistent and beautiful simplicity, the letter 
 
 \p, when joined with /, becomes \p/; I t, 
 with /, becomes i tl ; I d. with /, is \ dl ; and 
 so on with all the rest. In like manner, when 
 combined with r, the hook added to the simple 
 letter, is put on its other side, and \/;, with 
 r, becomes "\ pr ; N. b, with r, is \ &r ; I t, with 
 r, is 'i tr ; I d, with r, is 1 dr ; &c. 
 
 11. It has been further ascertained, that not 
 only do the various articulations combine, as 
 just described, with I and r, but that these two 
 letters also coalesce with the others in the op- 
 posite direction; thus, / and p, in utterance, be- 
 come one in help, pulp, &cc. ; I and d are one in 
 field, bold, &c. ; r and p become one in sharp, 
 harp, &c. ; r and b in garb, barb, &c. ; and the 
 Phonographic signs for the simple articulations
 
 V2 
 
 are again used to represent these, as before, only 
 subject to an aniilogous modification; tl'us, ^-^ is 
 Ip, t is Id, \ is rh, J is rt, 6iC., &iC. In short, 
 these two letters, / and r, appropriately called 
 LIQUIDS, will combine, and do combine in 
 speech, with evenj other consonant, except the 
 tiasal ng (eiig), both before and after ; and each 
 double consonant, thus produced, is represented 
 in Phonography by a single mark, formed, by 
 the application of a simple principle, from the 
 letter with whicli tlie liquid enters into com- 
 bination. 
 
 12. A word as to t'ne Vouets, or Sounds of the 
 language. There are in the English language 
 about forty sounds, reckoning both the simple and 
 compound, but there is not any such amount of 
 signs to be learned ; a serious difficulty would 
 indeed exist if there were. By the discovery of 
 their real affinities, thvy admit of a most simple 
 arrangement. The vowels, like the articulations, 
 separate into two great classes ; those having a 
 full, and those having a sharpened pronuncia- 
 tion. If the word feet be distinctly pronounced, 
 and then immediately the word fit, it will be 
 perceived that the vowel in fit is actually no- 
 thing but the sharpened sound of that ia feet.
 
 4. 
 
 au 
 
 r>. 
 
 0. 
 
 6. 
 
 00 
 
 13 
 
 13. The following list exhibits all the pure 
 vowel sounds. The reader is requested to pro- 
 nounce them aloud in natural gradation, and to 
 mark them cnret'ully. 
 
 1. e. 
 
 2. a. 
 
 3. ah. 
 
 Eachof these vowels has also a sharp sound; thus 
 No. 1. the vouel in teet tthen shoit.iy heard in fit. 
 
 2 mate met. 
 
 3 p-uh pat. 
 
 4 law lot. 
 
 5 note nut. 
 
 6 fool full. 
 
 They are numbered for ease of reference. 
 
 14. A little attention to what follows, will 
 insure the right understanding of the principle 
 upon which the short hand si^iis for these vowels 
 are arranged. A line of writing necessarily 
 occupies a certain space upon the paper, and 
 this is taken advantage of in Phonography to 
 make a simple change in the position of the vowel- 
 
 * To these add, as a seventh pure vowel, the sonad uA, beard 
 in the French l', ne, &c., and the list incladesaU the single vowels 
 that are to be found in any language. This sonud is also beard 
 in many English words; as, " What's o' (at\) clock .'" "'fht (thuh) 
 price of trheat has risen to (tuh) Jat/." " Theatre," tthe uh tre), &c. For 
 the method of expressing it, and other vowels that are not fonnd 
 in the English language, see the Appendix.
 
 14 
 
 sign, answer all the purposes of a multitude of 
 ditferent characters. For instance, the sit;n for 
 the vowel sounds, 1, 2, 3, is nfult point, pUiced 
 before or after the articulating letter, as the case 
 may be. If we would write the name of our 
 common afternoon beverage, the articulation 
 t is used, with the vowel No. 1, thus l' It 
 will be perceived that the vowel sign is at the 
 upper part of the t : the same sign represents 
 No. 2, if placed against the middle of the t, 
 thus 1' Tinj, a river in Scotland : and it stands 
 for No. 3, if against the lower part of the t, thus 
 I. tah, a child's " thank you." The sharp- 
 ened sounds of these three vowels occupy the 
 same positions ; but, as in strict consistency 
 with their character they should be, they are 
 .made^ne points instead oi' full ones, thus, 1 I' I. 
 
 15. The vowel sounds, 4, 5, and 6, are repre- 
 sented by the simple sign '^ ; and the position of 
 each one is determined on the same principle. 
 No. 4, used after t, is T pronounced taw ; the 
 5th ;^ toe; and the 6th L too. Then come the 
 sharpened sounds of these three, which are ex- 
 actly similar, but thin, thus PhL 
 
 16. From these six pure or simple vowels, a 
 double series of compound ones is produced.
 
 15 
 
 They are expressed in long hand by prefixing 
 the letters?/ and w to the simple vowels, e, o, &c. ; 
 thus e becomes T/e and we ; o becomes yo and wo, 
 &.C., &c. The y Cwhich is in fact the vowel e) 
 and w (which is really oo) here coalesce with 
 the vowel that follows, and a single sign 
 should, therefore, represent them. Phonogra- 
 phy, from its own resources, and without the 
 least change of principle, meets the demand, and 
 points out a just and simple mode of writing 
 these compound yet perfectly united vowels. 
 It represents the y compounds by a small curve, 
 thus ^ for Xos. 1, 2, 3 ; and thus ^ for Nos. 4, 5, 
 6 : and the w compounds by the same signs, 
 but placed thus c :> The preceding explanation 
 of the position of the simple vowels applies 
 equally to these; and adapts them, small as is 
 their number, to every varied requirement. 
 
 17. The double vowels, i, oi, and on, form 
 part of another series, which includes also, se- 
 veral foreign and provincial sounds. They are 
 produced by the union of the intermediate 
 vowels, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, with Nos. 1 and 6. 
 
 18. As a system of Short Hand, Phonogra- 
 phy takes the first place ; its signs are simpler 
 and briefer than those of any other system, and
 
 16 
 
 shorter than Taylor's by at least two fifths. For 
 instance, in Taylor's system, the word "print" 
 is written /^ in Phonography ^ The word 
 " sprinkled" is, by Taylor, written "u-'^-'tS/ in 
 Phonography it is '*^"^,-<^ The word "screu;," by 
 Taylor's mode, is — ^^^ in Phonography o—^ 
 The comparison needs no comment ; but it may 
 be observed that there are no words written in 
 a longer manner in this system, than in theolher. 
 
 19. ■Many other points, of equal interest, 
 might be noticed ; but, let it suffice to say, the 
 system harmonizes in all its parts ; and, how- 
 ever viewed, presents simplicity as its beauty, 
 and commends itself to notice by its adaptation 
 to our wants. 
 
 20. Particular attention is called to the general 
 truths exhibited in this introduction ; for, beyond 
 them, there is scarcely any difficulty. Indeed, 
 so reduced is every portion of the system to 
 certain and easily understood principles, that the 
 perception of one part almost necessaiily leads 
 to the attainment of the rest. 
 
 Phonographic Institution, Bath. 
 May, 184'2.
 
 INSTRUCTIONS 
 
 On Commencinrj the Study of Phonograjjhy. 
 
 Tlie pupil should first learn the Phonographic Let- 
 ters, taking them in the natural order of pronuncia- 
 tion. He is recommended to learn the consonants 
 lirst, then the vowels, because the ton els are placed 
 TO the consonants.* 
 
 Tijere are only 13 consonants in the English lan- 
 guage ; namely, 
 
 4 .Mutes, "Vi— "- P, T, / CHe, _ Ke ; 
 
 with their diit sounds, \ B, I D, ^ Je, Ge : 
 
 4Senii-\ocals -Qy '-- F, , lTH -',S, -JeSH; 
 
 & their flat sounds, ^ V, ( THe, ) Ze, ^ ZHe: 
 
 2 Liquids, ^^ Ij,"\ R: 
 
 3 Nasals, ^^ M, v_x N, w eNG. 
 
 From these the double consonants are formed, by 
 adding a hook on the right-hand side for /, as 
 
 • A "PHONOGRAPHIC COPY-BOOR" is prepared for learners, 
 price 6d. By fillin; np its pages according to the printed copies.
 
 \ p, \ T^, \. Ip ; and on the left hand aide for 
 r; as, "^ pr, . rp. It will be seen, that, the 
 characters for Ip and rp, are the same as those for 
 pi and pr, reversed. PI and pr have the hook at 
 the beginning, because these letters generally com- 
 mence words ; and Ip and rp have the hook at the 
 end, because they always conclude words : these 
 observations apply to all the other hooked letters. 
 So, from 1 /, are formed ' tl, 1 tr, I It, J r^.and 
 ) ;« in the same upright posture. Pt -.is a stroke 
 halfaslnngas \ p. All the double consonants are 
 derived from the single ones in the same manner; 
 and, from the double consonants, the treble ones are 
 formed; thus, '^ pr,'^ spr, -^ prd, ^> rp,^ rps.&c. 
 Then learn the six single vowels, e, ' a, . ah ; 
 au, ^ 0, >. 00 ; from which all the double and 
 treble vowels are derived, both as to sound, and the 
 position which the Short Hand marks occupy. 
 
 the pupil will he led, in three lessons, from the formation of letters, 
 to the writing of words and sentences. Should lie require any fur- 
 ther instruction, the author will be happy to cnrreit his exercises 
 through the post, terms 1j" per lesson. After the correction of 
 fiom Ihree to six lessons in this way, according to the pupil's abi- 
 lity, he will be perfected in the science. Each lesson njay occupy 
 about two pages of letter paper, taken from the liible, the Spectator, 
 or any other well known book, written on lines, every other line 
 being left blank, for corrections and remarks. Payment may be 
 made in postage stamps. Address, .Mr. IS.^.\C PITMAN, 5, Nelson- 
 place, Batli. It is not absolutely necessary that Phonography should 
 be written on lines, ihey are merely an advantage to the learner, 
 equally as they are in arqniring a knowledge of long hand. Ruled 
 paper rati er than plain is, however, at any time to be ■prrf'.rrtd.
 
 THE SYSTEM. 
 
 B S
 
 P:;^ The Diagram in the gilt title, on the 
 cover, contains all the letters of the Al- 
 phabet, each stroke being considered to 
 be of two ■'engths, full length and half 
 length, and the central part which fur- 
 nishes the vowels, being reckoned both 
 heavy and hght.
 
 21 
 
 SINGLE VOWELS. } REMARKS. 
 
 Short. I 
 
 1, e 
 2! a 
 3jah! 
 ! 
 4'auj 
 
 5; a I 
 6 oO i 
 
 •! j the 
 *! j mate 
 .! i a,ah! 
 
 all 
 
 Oh! 
 
 to 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 e 
 
 •1 
 
 a 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 66 
 
 ■\ 
 
 in 
 met 
 
 aDd.ai 
 
 of 
 nut 
 
 ye 
 
 ya 
 
 yah 
 yau 
 
 y« 
 
 yoo 
 
 DOUBLE VOWELS. 
 
 Y. SERIES. 
 
 n ! 
 
 we 
 
 '1 1 
 
 wa 
 
 c[ 
 
 wah 
 
 t! 
 
 wau 
 
 jj 
 
 wo 
 
 'I 
 
 woO 
 
 J 
 
 year-s 
 yea 
 yahoo 
 yawn 
 yoke 
 your-s 
 w. i 
 we 
 
 where 
 
 water 
 
 woe 
 
 woo 
 
 yi 
 
 1 ; 
 
 ye 
 
 
 y^ 
 
 J 1 
 
 y6 
 
 
 
 
 y" 
 
 
 yoo 
 
 ^1 
 
 wl 
 
 'i 
 
 ; we 
 
 '1 
 
 ! wa 
 
 cl 
 
 w6 
 
 1 
 
 wu 
 
 >l 
 
 w66 
 
 J 
 
 yet 
 yam 
 
 beyond 
 
 yming 
 
 with 
 
 were 
 
 quack 
 
 was 
 
 one 
 
 would 
 
 ANGULAR SERIES. 
 
 I 1 I, 
 
 II 01 I voice II ou >\ ou 
 TREBLE VOWELS, | 
 
 I why i| wou -J wound \ 
 
 The Short Hand 
 marks fuj the Yov- 
 els, are, the tma/l 
 dots, strokes, curfes, 
 and migles. The 
 upright stroke is the 
 letter t , placed tcith 
 them to indicate 
 their exact position j 
 the t'lttrels bfitig 
 placed against the 
 beginning, or mid- 
 dle, or end, of the 
 consonants. See ths 
 •'Metho,l of Placing 
 the yovels" in the 
 next Page. Tkevordt 
 the, in, &c,, im 
 Koinan type are 
 Arbitrary Words, 
 that is, the vowels 
 ALONE, are icrit- 
 ten for such nrords. 
 " Mate," •• met," 
 ifc, in Italic, are 
 vterely examples 
 c.mtainingthesomids 
 ofthevoitelstoichich 
 they are placed. An 
 asterisk ♦ indicates 
 that, in English, the 
 sound is not used. 
 
 There e.rist other 
 voirels trhich be- 
 long to the Angular 
 Seties and to the 
 List of Treble Voic- 
 els, but they occur 
 only in Foreign 
 Languages aiuIPro- 
 nncialisms. They 
 may Ik seen in the 
 Appen,iix. 
 
 The Aspirate fh; 
 is represented by a 
 Comma turned back- 
 irards. See &ule1, 
 (h) 
 
 B 3
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 
 METHOD OF PLACING THE VOWELS. j 
 
 p 
 
 e 
 
 a 
 
 ah 
 
 au 
 
 o 
 
 oo 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 \- 
 
 \ 
 
 K 
 
 \' 
 
 T 
 
 r 
 
 i- 
 
 1. 
 
 r 
 
 h 
 
 L 
 
 CH 
 
 /' 
 
 X 
 
 / 
 
 /- 
 
 X 
 
 <^ 
 
 K 
 
 .— 
 
 -:- 
 
 — ; 
 
 j— 
 
 1 
 
 — i 
 
 F 
 
 'v__ 
 
 V:_ 
 
 v^ 
 
 c 
 
 Vl- 
 
 V_/ 
 
 TH 
 
 V," 
 
 ^ 
 
 C 
 
 c 
 
 (- 
 
 
 s 
 
 )• 
 
 )• 
 
 ). 
 
 )' 
 
 )- 
 
 I 
 
 SH 
 
 !• 
 
 J- 
 
 J 
 
 J- 
 
 a 
 
 J 
 
 L 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 .■^ 
 
 r- 
 
 (^ 
 
 C 
 
 R 
 
 _ 
 '^'' 
 
 ~\ 
 
 -\. 
 
 S 
 
 -\ 
 
 "^^ 
 
 M 
 
 ""^ 
 
 y^i% 
 
 y^-i 
 
 o 
 
 -T^ 
 
 ^~i' 
 
 N 
 
 .v_^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^. 
 
 i~ — ^ 
 
 1 
 
 w. 
 
 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 
 In 
 
 nant ; 
 te, ta 
 course 
 
 he above table, the votcel is in every instance placed after the cimeo- 
 thus, the first line is. pe, pa, pa, pau, po, poo ; the second line, 
 , tah, &C. // the vouel be required before ths cumotuiHt, it is, of 
 , written on the other side; thus, 
 
 ep ap ahp aup op oop 
 
 
 
 •\ -X 
 
 \ 
 
 '\ .^ 
 
 ■> 
 
 
 It u-i 
 
 poi«t 
 nearly 
 irbil 
 
 n be seen that ths strokes which represent the voire U Not. 4, 
 m any direction ; thry are generally most conspicuous v 
 at ri%ht angles with the cunsuimnts; bur, irhen they are 
 
 rary Worus, they iiiiist always slope as iu piige •2\. 
 
 5. 6, may 
 h^n placed 
 .written for 
 
 The 
 
 .ingle 
 
 to l/l« 
 
 Double and Treble Votrels are also written in the same trny 
 ones in the above table, except that tk^y must never be tu 
 different positions of ths consonants, tut preserve a uniforn 
 
 as are the 
 mrd about 
 a i reel ion.
 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 SINGLE CONSONANTS. 
 
 Sa*Hr4 
 
 Long 
 
 1 
 
 Short \ ff^ord rf ] 
 
 The borizontalletters, 
 
 oflkM 
 
 BaZl 
 
 1! 
 
 aand prtamtedby 
 
 and the loop s, when 
 
 M-ind 
 
 x^«. 
 
 Mark it- \ 
 
 standing (tOore the 
 /i/?^,repiesent another 
 
 
 
 
 i 1 
 
 ( 
 
 p 
 
 pe 
 
 \ ;upon 1 
 
 word ; thus. 
 
 
 B 
 
 be 
 
 \ been 
 
 K 
 
 
 king 
 
 
 T 
 
 te 
 
 I that ' 
 
 G 
 
 
 give-n 
 
 i) 
 
 D 
 
 de 
 
 1 do,done^ 
 
 S 
 
 O 
 
 society 
 
 ' 1 
 
 CH 
 
 Che 
 
 / which 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 is 
 
 
 J 
 
 je 
 
 / Jesus 
 
 M 
 
 y~^ 
 
 me, my 
 
 f 
 
 K 
 
 te 
 
 _ come 
 
 N 
 
 ^^-^ 
 
 any 
 
 I 
 
 G 
 
 ge 
 
 gave 
 
 NG 
 
 v-^ 
 
 thing 
 
 r 
 
 F 
 
 ef 
 
 ^ ;for.e 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 V 
 
 Ve 
 
 ^have 
 ^ thought 
 ^ them 
 
 Tif letter! s and z haia each 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 another form, namely, a loop 
 
 
 TH 
 
 eth 
 
 or small circle. TXe loop i« 
 to bt always tts'ii excepting 
 
 
 TH 
 
 the 
 
 ' tcieii it is necesiary to plac» a 
 vovel tu s. Such vords ai 
 
 %\ 
 
 S 
 
 cs 
 
 ) svstem 
 
 i 3 «>S*. '^y^, ^c, that cm- 
 
 * I 
 
 
 
 , tain no other comonant than S, 
 
 j 
 
 z 
 
 re, ) it is 
 
 must be tcritten irith the stroke ; 
 but thr loop thmld be used 
 
 
 SH 
 
 esh _^' shall 
 
 against whick to place thei-oicel ; 
 
 ^ 
 
 ZH 
 
 zhe ^ enthusiast 
 
 as, ^ soap. _s case. 
 
 27iM additional character for 
 
 
 
 el , ^ Lord 
 
 S and z represents the foBotring 
 
 i \ 
 
 L 
 
 vords; iO, aS. 
 
 
 "; -^ are 
 
 R may also be tcritten a* a 
 
 1 < 
 
 R 
 
 straight up-strole, thvs / uhen 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 it is more conrenient. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 Write Cband }, dovnuards 
 
 f 
 
 M 
 
 em 
 
 ,--N may 
 
 Sh. Zh. and \, Bujy U struck 
 
 •i f 
 
 , N 
 
 ' 
 
 
 either upurards or dotcntrards. 
 
 s s 
 
 len 
 
 ^^',no 
 
 All the other letters are to b* 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 NG 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 tcritten from the^ top to the bot- 
 
 1. 
 
 |eng s^ language 
 
 <o«. or from the Uft to tht right.
 
 PI 
 
 Bl 
 
 TI 
 
 Dl 
 
 Chi 
 
 Jl 
 
 Kl ^ 
 
 Gl ^ 
 
 Fl '^^ 
 
 VI ;^ 
 Thl C 
 Th\ ( 
 
 Shi r 
 zhi r 
 
 Lr r 
 
 Ml ^ 
 
 Nl <^ 
 
 Ngk ^ 
 
 24 
 DOUBLE CONSONANTS, 
 
 principle 
 
 ! public, 
 little 
 
 deliver-y 
 
 children 
 
 individnal 
 calculate 
 
 glor 
 
 ify 
 
 Pr 
 br 
 tr 
 dr 
 chr 
 jr 
 kr 
 
 gr 
 fr 
 
 particular 
 ro-n ember 
 truth 
 order 
 natur«, 
 
 Jerusalem 
 
 follow 
 
 evil 
 
 catholic 
 
 they will 
 essential 
 
 .usual 
 j aire ad 3-^ 
 
 innlMtude 
 
 external nr ' 
 : thank I ngc 
 
 vr 
 
 thr 
 
 thr 
 
 shr 
 
 zhr 
 
 Rl 
 
 mr 
 
 IP \: 
 lb V 
 
 ;lt I 
 I Id I 
 Ich / 
 
 Ik _= 
 
 Ig -- 
 If V. 
 
 |lv V. 
 
 1th C 
 
 c— great 
 
 '^^ from 
 
 '^ e-very 
 
 } through 
 
 ) they are!: 1/A ^ 
 
 J"' sure hlsh C 
 
 J) pleasure' Izh C 
 
 > rule 
 
 ercy 
 manner 
 
 aog"; 
 
 WITH 
 
 help 
 
 will be 
 
 diOicalt-y 
 
 world 
 leech 
 
 ac-know- 
 
 fkdge 
 
 look 
 
 Holy Ghost 
 
 alphabet 
 
 saIvati>}D 
 
 health 
 
 will (hey 
 establish 
 
 leisure 
 
 almost 
 alone 
 
 The Horizontal and Half sized Consonants, when 
 Tn 
 
 Kl 
 Gl 
 
 Ft 
 Ml 
 Nl 
 Ngk 
 
 :> 
 
 continual 
 
 dn > 
 
 Providence 
 
 chn -^ 
 
 
 call 
 
 kr ^ 
 
 Christ 
 
 ik 
 
 '^ 
 
 EngC' 
 
 gr 
 
 degree 
 
 '- r 
 
 
 lift 
 
 fn ^ 
 
 infinite 
 
 vd ^ 
 
 <r^ 
 
 multiply 
 
 mr^ 
 
 Mr. 
 
 Im 
 
 5:^ 
 
 internal 
 
 nr 
 
 nor 
 
 In 
 
 vy 
 
 think 
 
 ngg 
 
 single 
 
 
 Christian 
 
 like 
 
 league 
 believed 
 
 \lmigbty 
 
 line
 
 25 
 
 
 THEIR ARBITRARY WORDS 
 
 . 
 
 rp ^ 
 
 represent 
 
 pt \ 
 
 kept ■ i 
 
 
 
 rb \ 
 
 arbitrary 
 
 ibd - 
 
 robed X^ 
 
 
 
 
 rt J 
 
 art 
 
 1 
 
 
 tn 
 
 ) 
 
 town 
 
 rd J 
 
 rch y 
 
 rj y 
 
 rk -- 
 
 word 
 
 Cness 
 righteoos- 
 
 large 
 
 remark 
 
 cht / 
 jd / 
 'kt - 
 
 q 
 ttretched ) 
 
 engaged 
 subject 
 
 dn 
 chn 
 'jn 
 
 kn 
 
 J 
 J 
 
 rs 
 
 down 
 question 
 general 
 can 
 
 rg —. 
 rf -^v 
 rv "^i 
 
 regard 
 perfect 
 observe 
 
 gd - 
 ft ■. 
 vd L 
 
 good j^gn 
 after \.in 
 beloved vn 
 
 
 against 
 fancy 
 
 advantage 
 
 rth J 
 
 forth 
 
 
 |! 
 
 
 
 r</t ) 
 
 are they 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 rsh -' 
 
 worship 
 
 sht J 
 
 r«.A,rfT^ jshn 
 
 / 
 
 Station 5- 
 
 r^h -f 
 
 * 
 
 zhd J 
 
 ; 
 
 * Izhn 
 
 / 
 
 r/s/onO 
 
 
 
 
 •[mp 
 
 /'-S 
 
 improve-d 
 
 rm ^^ 
 
 firm 
 
 mt ! 
 
 met 1 md 
 
 1 
 
 made 
 
 rn ^^ 
 
 return 
 
 ; nt C 
 
 unto 1 nd 
 
 C 
 
 under 
 
 
 
 [nch r , 
 
 French nj 
 
 r 
 
 arrange 
 
 placed above the line, represent another word; thus, 1 
 
 jn ^ 
 
 religion 
 
 jd ' 
 
 obliged j 
 
 
 
 ik "^ 
 
 require 
 
 kt - 
 
 object 1 
 
 kn 
 
 consequent 
 
 vn 
 rm 
 rn 
 
 rigorous 
 
 even 
 form 
 morning 
 
 gd - 
 
 mt 
 
 jnt ^ 
 
 God 
 
 ineel,inight 
 
 not 
 
 gn 
 [mp 
 md 
 nd 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 begin 
 
 importance 
 immediate. 
 
 mind 
 
 
 
 '[nch ^ 
 
 inch 
 
 nj 
 
 r 
 
 ingenions
 
 
 26 
 
 
 LIST OF THE ARBITRARY WORDS 
 
 A 
 
 call ^ 
 
 external c^ 
 
 in 
 
 Acknowledge ^ 
 
 can rs. 
 
 F 
 
 inch ''' 
 
 advantage ^ 
 
 catholic C 
 
 Fancy "^ 
 
 individual /^ 
 
 after *^ 
 
 character ,- 
 
 tirra ,^ 
 
 infinite "^ 
 
 again'^t /-> 
 
 children Z' 
 
 follow v_ 
 
 ingenious ^ 
 
 all " 
 Almighty 
 
 Christ 
 Christian ~' 
 
 for-e 'v . 
 form 
 
 infernal "^"^ 
 is ° 
 
 almost /-^ 
 
 corae 
 
 forth 
 
 it is ) 
 
 alone -^^ 
 
 consequent 
 
 French r 
 
 J 
 
 alphabet ^ 
 
 consider 1 
 
 from "^ 
 
 Jerusalem ^ 
 
 already (^ 
 
 1 j 
 continnal-ly "^ 
 
 full 'v_ 
 
 Jesus / 
 
 an . 
 and . 
 
 D ^ 
 Degree 
 
 G 
 Gave «_ 
 
 K 
 King 
 
 anger \^ 
 
 delivery f 
 
 general j 
 
 knowledge / 
 
 angry n-/ 
 
 difficult-y L 
 
 give-n 
 
 L 
 
 any 
 
 arbitrary \ 
 are they J 
 
 do / 
 done 1 
 
 glorify c_ 
 glory_c^ 
 
 Language ^^ 
 large </ 
 
 down > 
 
 God 
 
 league 
 
 arrange r 
 
 E 
 
 good — 
 
 leech df 
 
 as o 
 B 
 
 Engaged x 
 England 
 
 great e— 
 H 
 
 leigure C 
 lift ^ 
 
 Been \ 
 begin ^^ 
 
 En^rlish ^~ 
 
 enthusiast -> 
 
 Have V^ 
 
 he^ 
 
 like ~^ 
 line ^ 
 
 believed*" 
 
 essential f^ 
 
 Holy Ghost _3 
 
 little f 
 
 beloved v^ 
 
 establish C 
 
 I 
 
 look ^ 
 
 beyond 
 C 
 
 even 
 every "^ 
 
 immediate-ly 
 important 
 
 Lord r' 
 M 
 
 Calculate c_ 
 
 evil ^ 
 
 improve-d /"^ 
 
 Made 1
 
 
 27 
 
 1 
 
 ARRAXGED ALPHABETICALLY. 
 
 manner ^.^ 
 
 P 1 
 
 o- 
 secret 
 
 truth 1 
 
 may ^^ 
 
 Particular "^ 
 
 separate os 
 
 U 
 
 me 
 
 perfect ""^i 
 
 >hall J 
 
 Upon \ 
 
 meet 
 
 pleasure J) 
 
 should ^ 
 
 unto c 
 
 member *\ 
 
 principle "v 
 
 single 
 
 under < 
 
 mercy <r^ 
 
 Providence 
 
 so 
 
 usual r 
 
 met ! 
 
 public N 
 
 o 
 society 
 
 V 
 
 might 
 
 publish N. 
 
 spirit 
 
 Very ^ 
 
 mind 
 
 morning 
 
 Mr. ^ 
 
 c — 
 multiply 
 
 Q 
 
 Question _; 
 
 R 
 Regard —> 
 
 spiritual ^ 
 street 
 strong ' 
 strength i 
 
 voice 
 
 W 
 Was ' 
 water * 
 
 moltilnde c—^ 
 
 religion 
 
 subject _ 
 
 were « 
 
 my 
 
 remark —a 
 
 sure J 
 system ) 
 
 where < 
 
 N 
 
 remeaber ^ 
 
 which / 
 
 nature / 
 
 represent ^ 
 
 T 
 
 who ? 
 
 natural /* 
 
 require 
 
 thank, v^ 
 
 will be \i 
 
 no ^_y 
 
 nor^ 
 
 not 
 
 
 
 return •>^ 
 righteous </ 
 
 that I 
 the * 
 
 will theyC 
 with ' 
 
 righteousDess i/ 
 rigorous 
 
 them C 
 they are / 
 
 word J 
 world I 
 
 •Object 
 
 rule^ 
 
 they will C 
 
 worship J 
 
 obliged ^ 
 
 S 
 
 thing ^^ 
 
 would ' 
 
 observe ^ 
 
 Sacred ^ 
 
 think 
 
 Y^ 
 
 of ^ 
 
 sacrifice c — 
 
 thought C 
 
 year-8 
 
 order 1 
 
 salvation ^ 
 
 through *) 
 
 yet . 
 
 our K or y 
 
 Saturday s 
 
 to V 
 
 yours ^ 
 
 ours K or y 
 
 scripture 
 
 town D 
 
 1
 
 28 
 
 TREBLE CONSONANTS. 
 
 A series of Treble Consonants is formed from 
 pr, tr, chr, kr; rp, rt, rch, rk ; 
 
 '\ 1 .^ c- \ i , -^ 
 
 and their flat sounds, br, dr, &c., by turning the 
 hook into a circle ; thus, 
 
 To h* used only at tht be- 
 winnings of uonU. 
 
 To be used only at th* 
 endings of tcords. 
 
 spr °^ 
 
 schr / 
 
 rps ^ 
 
 rclis y 
 
 sbr ^ 
 
 ^jr ^ 
 
 rbs ^ 
 
 rjs c/ 
 
 str 1 
 
 skr o- 
 
 rts 1 
 
 rks -^ 
 
 fdr 1 
 
 sgr 0— 
 
 rds J 
 
 rgs -» 
 
 The stem of the letter must here be supposed to be 
 the pr, br, rp, &c., and the circular part, as tlie.v; 
 consequently, a vowel may be placed to the pr, &c., 
 either before or after, whenever it is required ; thus, 
 
 supper, spree, sober, sweeter, straw, strange, cedar, 
 
 ^ ^ ?N *i T ;]• •] 
 
 Bojer (soldier), seeker,- screech, Segrave, swagger, 
 
 9 X? '^ T7 'cr-^ ^ 
 
 harpies, purpose, herbs, hurts, arches, works. 
 
 "b X^ \ -J b/- -^ 
 
 Some of these Treble Consona7its represent 
 
 ARBITRARY WORDS. 
 
 8 piritiial,stronp,8trength, consider ,scriptiire,8acrifice, 
 ^11 ^ ^ ^
 
 29 
 
 When s is added to the single consonants, p, t, &c., 
 it is placed on the other side of the stroke ; thus, 
 
 sp *^ sch /° , ps \j chs ^ 
 
 sb ^ sj /^ bs V J3 ^ 
 
 St f sk Q_!; ts L ks _o 
 
 sd f sg Q-'; ds t g3 — 3 
 
 Here, also, a vowel may be placed to any part of 
 the stroke, and it must be considered as belonging 
 to the stroke, and not to the circle ; thus, 
 
 sip, speak, sob, sif, city, set, sight, stay, sad, 
 
 •\ ^^•_ "^ r r -r t p ,f 
 
 such, siege, sage, seek, sake, sack, sky, 
 
 ^ y^ ;^ ^ c^ c^ '^ 
 heaps, propose, pass, toss, waits, twice, dues, 
 
 -No -^^^^ V i; <i, k' I- 
 
 cheese, choose, wages, kiss, axe, six, guess. 
 6 6^ 6' —o -r^ 
 
 HALF-LENGTH TREBLE CONSONANTS. 
 
 Another series of Treble Consonants is formed 
 from all the hooked letters. By making them half 
 their usual length the power of ^ or rf is added, in 
 the same manner as p shortened becomes pt, and b, 
 bd, &c. ; thus, 
 
 pit or pld, prt or prd, Ipt, rpt, bit or bid, &c-
 
 30 j 
 
 The following are examples of the most useful of i 
 these letters :— j 
 
 P. Trampled, prepared, report, scalped, carped. I 
 
 H V /^ c^ -^ 
 
 B. Fabled, bubbled, labored, Robert, absorbed. 
 
 H \- '^ <" >? 
 
 T. Titled, bettered, yesterday, pelted, carted. 
 
 f ^- ?■ ^ -, 
 
 D. Meddled, embroidered, boarded, scolded. 
 
 CH. Chilled, featured, charity, filched, scorched. 
 
 J. Endangered, wagered, bulged, forged, purged. 
 
 K. Trickled, sparkled, hankered, milked, marked. 
 
 1 ^„ >^ ^. 
 
 G. Struggled, wriggled,mingled, beggared, sugared. 
 
 F. Trifled, mufiled, differed, proffered, ingulfed. 
 
 V. Traveled, discovered, resolved, deserved. 
 
 TH, TH. Authority, fathered, gathered, withered. 
 
 -'■ v^ - •' 
 
 SH, ZH. Ushered, assured, treasured, measured. 
 M. Enameled, stammered, overwhelmed, charmed. 
 N. Tunneled, garnered, bannered, discerned.
 
 31 
 QUADRUPLE CONSONANTS. 
 
 In conformity with the principle which has been 
 laid down, that k and almost every other Phono- 
 graphic letter, when written half as long as usual, 
 acquires the additional power of t or d ; it follows 
 that a— skr, when shortened, must become c- skrt 
 or skrd. and 'N spr, ck sprt or sprd, &c. The fol- 
 lowing Quadruple Consonants are thus produced, in 
 strict analogy of formation : — 
 
 sprt or sprd -^ 
 sbrd ^ 
 
 strt or strd ^ 
 sdrd ^ 
 
 schrt or schrd 9 
 
 sjrd 9 
 
 skrc or skrd cr 
 
 sgrd <T- 
 
 A few of these will be found very serviceable in 
 writing ; first, as 
 
 ARBITRARY WORDS. 
 
 spirit, >s separate, street, <i Saturday, 
 "^ o~ 
 
 considered, secret, «- sacred. 
 
 Secondly, as letters having of themselves, an approxi- 
 mation to the sounds of some words. See Rule 4, (b). 
 A vowel may be added to the stroke part of these 
 letters, as in the words 
 support, sobered, sturdy, succoured, swaggered. 
 
 The half length of \ rps, J rts. Sic, would in 
 like manner make 'b rpts, J rtds, &c. ; but as 
 these are combinations which do not occur in speech, 
 the characters are not used.
 
 32 
 PREFIXES, 
 
 Tbe syllables wliicli most frequently occur as pre- 
 Jixes, audi as circuin, dlscom, tiic, are eacb repre- 
 si-nted by some prominent letter that is found iu its 
 sound ; thus, d in dlscom, s in cii'cum. In writing, 
 place tbis letter near to the follouiiig part of the 
 word, as in tbe examples below. Tbe forainonest 
 prefix in tbe language, com or con, is made by a 
 small dot, at tbe commencement of tbe consonant 
 which next follows it in tbe word : accom ia ei 
 pressed by a heavy dot. 
 
 ALPHA UETICAL LIST OK PREFIXES. 
 
 accommodate j' 
 circumscribed octt 
 conclude J 
 disconcert '^ 
 inconstant ^- V 
 
 accom . accompany V-' 
 
 circum o circumstance oS 
 
 co^ . common '^-^-^ 
 
 disco™ I discomfort \^ 
 
 inco^^ — ^ incomplete 
 
 indfg C independent <\ indispose 
 
 int" C interest ^ t 
 
 "\ 
 
 magn?.'^ magnanimity 1* 
 reco™ "^ recommend ^^ 
 
 introduction ^*^^ 
 magnify ^"VL 
 reconcile Y° 
 
 selfo 
 
 selfish oJ 
 
 self love o^ 
 
 ship _J 
 
 shipmaster J^^ 
 
 shipwreck _J/. — 
 
 signi o 
 
 signify o^ 
 
 signification oV__y 
 
 trans 1 
 
 transpose T\jj 
 
 transfer 1<^ 
 
 unco^^ 
 
 uncommon v^vj^ 
 
 unconcern ^-'q_?
 
 33 
 
 AFFIXES. 
 
 Various common affixes are also represented by 
 some single letter, written separate from the pre- 
 ceding part of the word. Next to the syllable tion, 
 sion, cion, See, pronounced slntn, and which is pro- 
 vided for by the double letter.v/iw, the most frequent 
 enriiwof in tbe English language is ing, which is 
 written by a small dot at the end of the preceding 
 consonant, as ^. sending. The plural, ings, is a 
 larger dot, r^s f sittings. 
 
 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF AFFIXES. 
 
 bility \ possibility "^cX solubility /'a\ 
 
 burg — s Hamburg 'T^ Oldenburg 'L^ 
 
 dom I wisdom ') | random ~^v^| 
 
 g'^^phy'^'~ Phonography "^ Geography /$— 
 
 ing . trying I marking ^^-^—o- 
 
 ings • meetings i offerings ■~\ 
 
 ly r' truly l/^ wisely /-^ 
 
 ment '-n commandment C'-^ condiment j--^ 
 
 scriptiou<'~ superscription ^ description '''"' 
 
 ship ^ lordship ^ sonship (lu^ 
 
 self 2 myself ° himself •'o~^ 
 
 selves o ourselves ^ o themselves (^ 
 
 ward j hithcrward } « homeward -'"^J 
 
 warded J forwarded ^_ j rewarded ^, j
 
 34 
 On the joining of the CONSONANTS. 
 
 The following remarks are oflTered to the reader's 
 attentiou, instead of a joining table of the Conso- 
 nants :— 
 
 All the Consonants in a word should be written 
 without taking off the pen ; the second letter com- 
 mencing where the first ends, and the third being 
 continued from the end of the second, &c.; thus, 
 p t (pat), d n (den), j m (gem), v n (vain), 
 
 1 k d (liquid), B r t (Beyrout), r m c (remain). 
 
 In joining the simple letters to each other, there 
 can be no difficulty experienced; but in attaching 
 the circle s, and in the use of the hooked double 
 consonants, the pupil might, without assistance, be 
 sometimes at a loss. The following instructions on 
 these points, will, it is believed, remove every diffi- 
 culty. 
 
 The manner in which the circle s is joined to a 
 straight letter, either at the commencement or end 
 of a word, has been shewn at page 29. It is to be 
 written in precisely the same way, if the other end 
 of the stroke has a hook ; thus, 
 Selby, salt, sort, sealed, sword, search, silk, 
 
 ^ t 7 't -J' ^ '^ 
 
 please, bless, trees, dress, cross, grease, glass.
 
 35 
 
 When s is joined to a curved letter, tlie circle 
 sboald follow the direction of the sweep of the curve; 
 ttius, sm^ ms, sn, ns, sth, ss, tbs, ss ; 
 (TN ^^-5 C"-^ \^ ^ 5 (0 ^ 
 
 not o--^ sm, -^^«o m?, ^ — • sn, ^ o ns, &c. 
 
 But when s comes between two other consonants, 
 the circle should be turned in the way that is found 
 most expeditious ; thus, 
 rust, cost, post, chest, must, nest, fast; 
 
 .-- --r _^> .f -1 -1 - 
 
 not ^'^, rust, "'i cost, £1 post, ^^ must, &c. 
 
 S between two straight lines running in the same 
 direction, should be joined like s at the end of a 
 straight letter; thus, 
 precept, taste, trust, deceit, desert. Cassock. 
 
 When s comes in contact with a //ooAerf character, 
 the circle must be turned so as to accommodate itself 
 to the formation of the hook; thus, 
 express, possible, Exeter, disciple, personal. 
 
 Sometimes the book will not be perfectly formed, 
 as in Gospel, explain, Bristol, Manchester, obscure ; 
 
 still, such words cannot easily be mistaken. 
 There are a few instances in which the hook does 
 
 not follow the circle ^ with facility ; in these cases 
 _ —
 
 36 
 
 it is better to write the two Utters of which the 
 hooked character is composed ; thus, the first way of 
 expressing the following words is the best, 
 
 visiter, minister, philosopher. 
 
 When it is requisite to join s to a right haiid side 
 hook, at the beginning or end of a word, it must he 
 made rather smaller than usual; thus, 
 Bupplication, sable, holds, settle, cycle, silks. 
 
 The following words contain hooked letters in va- 
 rious positions: 
 people, paper, table, trickle, draper, cooper. 
 
 \ •■•X < L K -•> 
 
 When the hook comes between two lines that make 
 a right angle, it will lose part of its length ; as. 
 Tucker, decree, dagger, chopper, cattle ; 
 
 t- i- <^ -f 
 
 this, however, will be sufiicieutly distinct. 
 
 In a few cases, when no hook at all can be pro- 
 duced, it is well to attach it after the other part of 
 the word is written ; thus, write the following words 
 as in the first pattern, then add the hook as in the 
 second method : 
 
 former, charmer. Redeemer, novel.
 
 RULES FOR WRITING, 
 
 Illustrated by Examples. 
 
 RULE 1. WRITE BY SOUND. 
 
 Notice accurately the sounds of which a word is 
 composed, and write the Short Hand letters which 
 represent them ; thus, the word " knew" consist! 
 of the two sounds n, u, which are written tbua, — y^ 
 See also the examples, U (tr,oO,) true ; I" (d,5,) day ; 
 1 (au, t,) ought ; U (d,e,ku,} deacon ; C (th, a.,) they ; 
 •^X (we, p) iveep; '^^ (n,T) 7iigh ; __ (k, ou) caw. 
 
 It is not always necessary to write every vowel ; 
 tlius, ■;_a_9 (T,ns,n8,) incense ; t (s,nt,) cent ; 
 
 ■ ^{n,m)name; H' {\in ,\.t ,^) country ; ~) cart; 
 
 ~7 (k,u,rj,) courage. As the safest rule, with re- 
 spect to the insertion or omission of vowels, the pupil 
 is recommended to put in as many as will enable 
 himself or any other Phonographer toread his writ- 
 ing with ease. 
 
 Whenever, in the common spelling, two conso-
 
 Rule L] 38 
 
 nanta of the same name come together, as otie only 
 is pronounced, more than one need not be written ; 
 thus, J (a,t,nd,) attend; and so of many other points, 
 too obvious to require notice: but, seeing that not 
 more than one word in a thousand is pronounced as 
 it is spelled, it is impossible here to enter into full 
 directions for the discovery of the sound of every 
 word from its spelling. The sounds contained in any 
 word, must be ascertained by the ear; l\n:ir p/io- 
 7iographs shoi\]d then be written. 
 
 Pronounce all the letters according to their real 
 POWER, and not according to their old names. This 
 is a point of great importance, and attention to it 
 will very much facilitate the pupil's progress. 
 
 The true sounds of the vowels are contained in 
 the words that are placed after them in page 21. 
 The short vowels should preserve the names of the 
 long ones with the addition of tlie word "short"; 
 thus, o is to be called " short au," wT " short ue," &c. . 
 
 H is to be called " the aspirate." 
 
 The phonetic names of the Single Consonants are 
 given in the Table, page 23. 
 
 The Double Consonants are to be pronounced thus : 
 
 p>, 
 
 pr> 
 
 IP. 
 
 rp. 
 
 pt; bl, 
 
 Lr, lb, rb, bd ; 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 \. 
 
 ^ 
 
 - \ 
 
 \ \» \ ^ 
 
 pil, 
 
 pir. 
 
 elp. 
 
 arp. 
 
 ept; Lil, 
 
 bir, elb, arb, ebd; 
 
 tJ, 
 
 tr. 
 
 It, 
 
 rt, 
 
 tn; dl, 
 
 dr. Id, rd, dn ; 
 
 1' 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 J 
 
 ^ f 
 
 1 I J > 
 
 til. 
 
 tir. 
 
 elt, 
 
 art. 
 
 (in; dil, 
 
 dir, eld, ard, din;
 
 /' 
 
 
 / 
 
 i/ 
 
 y 
 
 J 
 
 chil 
 
 chir. 
 
 elch. 
 
 arch. 
 
 echt. 
 
 chin 
 
 39 [Rui.E 1. 
 
 chl, cbr, Ich, rcb, cht, chn ; jl, jr, Ij,&c. ; 
 
 y / / 
 
 jil, jir, elj, &c., 
 
 and so od with all the others that are formed from 
 the Single Consonants in the same way : 
 
 Ir, rl, mt, md, mp, nt, nd, ncL, uj. 
 
 r ~^ \ I .^ c c r r 
 
 lir, arl, emt, emd, emp, eut, end, ench, enj. 
 Pronounce ngk like the word enk. 
 Pronounce ngg like engle, omitting the I. 
 
 The following are the names of the Treble Con- 
 sonants: 
 
 pid, prd, Ipt, rpt ; bid. brd, Ibd, rbd ; 
 
 pild, pird, elpt, arpt ; bild, bird, elbd, arbd ; 
 
 tld, trd, ltd, rtd ; did, drd, Idd, rdd ; 
 
 , - w J r 1 I J 
 
 tild, tUd, elted, arted; dild, dird, elded, arded; 
 
 cbld, chrd, Icht, rcht ; jld, jrd, Ijd, rjd. 
 
 child, chird, elchf, archt ; jild, jird, eljd, arjd. 
 
 The others of this class follow in a similar way : 
 spr, sbr, str, sdr, &c. ; rps, rbs, rts, rds, &c. 
 
 spir, sbir, stir, sdir; arps, arbz, arts, ardz. 
 
 The Quadruple Consonants should be similarly 
 pronounced, each as one syllable ; thus,
 
 Rule 2.] 40 
 
 sprt or sprd, strt ur sfrd, skrt or skrd &c. 
 
 si'irt or spird, stirt or stird, skirt or skird. 
 
 RULE 2. CONSONANTS. 
 
 (fl) Nearly all the consonants are written from 
 the top downwards ; as, \ j;, I t, / cli, K pld ; or, 
 from the left to the right ; as, — h , ^- 7//, &c. The 
 only exceptions to this rule will be found under the 
 subdivisions, ujarked I, r, and s/i7i. 
 
 (b) When n consonnnt is repeated, if it is a 
 straight line, make a stroke twice the usual length : 
 thus, N, \ b,b, in V bib; if it is a curve, as 
 v_^ v^-^ n,7i, in 7ioi7e, let the two curves be joined ; 
 thus,^-'^!^ none. 
 
 (c) Join the consonants of a word together, witiiout 
 
 taking oflT the pen ; thus, sense contains c *, - ■ n, 
 
 o s, which are connected thus, (i_p See also, 
 
 \r^ turmoil, ^e_ physical, and the examples 
 given in the chapter on the Joining of the Conso- 
 nants, page 34. 
 
 (d) " Whenever a short straight letter follows a 
 long one in the same direction, without an angle, 
 the pen should be taken off ; thus, 1 1 (d,^,}nd)deemed ; 
 or, as every short letter is a double consonant, it is 
 sometimes better to write the two single letters of 
 which it is composed; tlius, I (kr, e, k, t,) cor- 
 rect. It would not do, to put the half length letter, 
 (ktj, at the end of the other, fkrj, as they might be
 
 41 [Rule 2. 
 
 mistaken for one letter, (krj made a little too long, 
 or two letters (kr, k,) not made long enough. 
 
 (e) There are many words, which, containing dou- 
 ble and treble letters, may be written in more than 
 one way ; it will be worth the pupil's while to choose, 
 by a little attention, the neatest and best form ; 
 thus, ■'t evident, should be written with the letters 
 e, Td, nt, rather than, e, v, d , nt ; also, C (con, vn, 
 nt,) conieni€7it, is better than ^-v_^ (con, v, n, nt.) 
 Numerous examples, illustrative of this rule, will be 
 fonnd in the Phonographic Journal ; which is pub- 
 lished monthly, in the phonographic character. 
 
 (_/) If a word would reach too far below tlie line, 
 take off the pen ; as, 
 footstep, steadfast, substituted, constituted ; 
 
 ^v [^ \\ i\ 
 
 but, very few words of this kind will occur. 
 
 (g) It occasionally happens that a hooked letter 
 will not join with the preceding or" following letter ; 
 in such cases the pen must be taken off, or the word 
 be written in another way ; thus, 
 
 defensible, Georgium Sidus, partner. 
 
 ^i^"'^ U-^ yXC-or ^'g- ^^ or -^ 
 {h) The Greek aspirate is used in Phonography 
 
 for the letter h ; thus, 
 
 heat, inhabit, inherit, white, when, overwhelm.
 
 Rule 2.] 42 
 
 As tbe h is of little practical value, it may always be 
 omitted without causing any difficulty in reading ; as 
 bill, heap, hair, half, him, whom, haughty, cohere. 
 
 (' -x -^ ^ .^ ^' y -^^ 
 
 When a word consists ol h andoneor more vowels, 
 also when h comes in connection with two or three 
 vowels in any word, the aspirate may be increased 
 to the size of a consonant, and the vowels placed to 
 it ; thus, 
 hay, ahoy ! Ohio, Ahoah, Ehi, Ahalah, hieroglyphic. 
 
 {I) Except vh and rch, which are always made 
 downwards, and the upstrokes r and rl, every full- 
 sized right inclined letter, such as I, sh, &c., maybe 
 struck either upwards or downwards, at the discre- 
 tion of the writer* ; thus, 
 lecture, life, fresh, cash, Mitchell, Fisher. 
 
 f-^y r ^- _^ -r-v v^ 
 
 {Is) When either of these right-inclined sloping 
 letters is joined to the loop s only, strike it dotvn- 
 7<arrfj, that all who write the system may agree; thus, 
 sell, less, soul, sash, satchel, search, seller. 
 
 (r) II may be written two ways, either as a curve 
 doivnuards, thus, "A or as a straight upstroke, 
 
 * The heavy strokes j, zA, and /r, cannot be struck upwirds with 
 a fen ; with a j>«icj7 they may. The pupil must be careful not to 
 write upwards any letter that does not slope thus, / f/* 
 This caution is necessary, because it sometimes happens that a 
 learner will make the i erpendicnlar t ot d upwards I
 
 43 [Rule 2. 
 
 thus, / The proper alphabetical form of the letter 
 is the curve, which must always be used when r 
 stands alone ; thus, 
 ear, air, arrow, raw, roe, rue, war, wire ; 
 
 also, when a word contains no other consonant than 
 
 r s ; as, 
 
 hears, hers, oars, rose, sir, sorry, sore, sour. 
 
 =^ "^ ~d ~i ^\ r\ ^ "^ 
 
 In all other cases the pupil may use either of the j 
 forms, according as he finds it most convenient in 
 
 conjunction with the other letters; the upstroke ! 
 
 should be generally preferred. i 
 
 (rl) Rl has also two forms, the dounuard heavy 
 CURVE, as in the alphabet, and a hooked upstroke, 
 thus, c/^ The same rule must be observed here as 
 with r ; the upstroke should never be written when 
 standing alone, or joined to s only, that it may not 
 be confounded with rch. This hooked upstroke will 
 become the treble consonant rid, when made half 
 length; as in y curled, &.c. 
 
 (s) The stroke 5 is to be wiitteu in the following 
 cases only ; when a word begins with a vowel followed 
 by*; as, 
 ease, ask, asked, ways, ice, eyes, oyster, useful ; 
 
 ■) :^ I .) ') ■] I 
 
 or, ends with a vowel preceded by s ; as, 
 
 see, saw, rosy, noisy, greasy, heresy, busy;
 
 Rule 2.] 44 
 
 also, whenever it is necessary to put a vowel to s ; 
 38, ^9 or <-^ genius, 'f^ or Oy^ Eleazar. 
 
 S may be repeated either by writing both the stroke 
 and the circle, or by making a loop twice the usual 
 size* ; thus, 
 guesses, glasses, suppose:*, dresses. 
 
 ^•-^ ^^ "Kj^'o l^h 
 
 (shn) The small sized right-inclined letters 
 / shn, / zhn,jsht,2inA.j xhd, are vpxtrokes, znd. 
 y cht, / jd, J cAw.and -> jn, which are the same 
 
 marks, are written downuards ; thus, 
 
 caution, portion, session, vision, brushed, cashed, 
 
 ^ ^ \ <^ "Kj ^ 
 
 scratclied, touched, raged, mixtion, gudgeon. 
 
 • The repetition of t generally occurs with the vowel No. 1 between. 
 In reading, it may therefore be assamed, that the large circle re- 
 presents the syllable lia or tii or lii. 
 
 A word that contains no other consonant than a», must be written 
 with the stroke and the circle, or the circle and the stroke, as may 
 be convenient ; thus, 
 
 cease, seize, says, saucy, size, assizef, Swiss. 
 
 ^ D > ' '1 J ^ '^ 
 
 When the circle « is written by i/«// for an arbitrary word, it 
 
 shonld be struck round in the way that the hands of a clock move ; 
 
 thus, '^T^ ^O'^X^ "^ "•* learner wiU make half a dozen 
 circles in this way, and then the same number backward, as the let- 
 ter is written, he. will find the former to be the more expeditions 
 method. 
 
 When the circle disjoined to anotherletter, no pains need be taken 
 in common writing to makr the circle heavy; thus, ,(>_P hoim (which 
 is pronounced n,oi,z,) ^^ pny« (p,a,z,) k tea* (t,e,z.)
 
 45 [Rule 3. 
 
 When shn or zhn follows n, or comes into connec- 
 tion with the upstroke r, make it curie to the left, to 
 render it distinct ; thus, 
 nation, mention, coercion, dictionary, derision. 
 
 The letters r'«c-/t and rvj are written downwards. 
 
 RULE 3. VOWELS. 
 
 For the " method of placing the vowels" to 
 single consonants, see the table, page 22. 
 
 (a) But; when a vowel coraes beticeen tioo conso- 
 nants, if it is a first or top place vowel, (that is, 
 No. 1, or 4,) place it after the first consonant ; as 
 *~^ keep, not "^ ; 'H quoit, not "^ 
 
 {h) If it is a second or middle place vowel, (No. 
 2, or 5,) it may be written, either after the fir^t 
 consonant, as -;-^^ came ; or before the last, as 
 _^K ; 1 cut, or ~-] 
 
 (c) But, if it is a third or bottom place vowel (that 
 is. No. 3, or 6,) put it before the last consonant ; 
 as, ^^^ man, not ---: — - also, V-< doom, not ^-n • 
 
 * The non-observance of Knle (oi vroold in some words lead to 
 error. If pit were written with the vowel No. 1 brfare th* t, tbas ^ 
 it might be read as No. 3 beforethe p, proilaciu; apt. Bat when the 
 vowel cannot be misread, and its sound belongs more properly to (be 
 second consonant than to ih". first, it sbonld be written to the se- 
 cond i as in Corinth; '^'^tir inth being nearer to the soand of tba 
 
 word than '^^KLrinth: so with li^-S-.- iingiiine, &C. 
 
 In the second method of writing num, Kulc (c:, the vowel is within 
 ahair'sbreaLthof the place of « folio wing n, giving many. In \- <frj6,
 
 Rule 3.] 46 
 
 (cc) These three rules do not apply.if either of the 
 consonants is the loop s, which is not large enough 
 to have vowels placed to it; as, I sit, <r^ same, 
 vj>^ noose; in all such cases, the vowel is placed 
 with reference to the letter which is joined ivith S. 
 
 (rf) When two vowels come between two conso- 
 nants, give one to each ; as, w diary, " i quiet. 
 
 (e) If two vowels commence a word, put the first 
 at a little distance, and the second close to the con- 
 sonant; as, "(f ^olus. If two vowels e«d a word, 
 put the first close to the consonant, and the other at 
 a little distance ; as, L deny. 
 
 (f) In making use of a double consonant, it is 
 impossil)le to insert a vowel that is pronounced be- 
 tween the two letters of which the double consonant 
 is composed ; thus, if '^T? be written for fall, the 
 
 if the vowel were put after the first consonant, it would be D$rby. 
 Another reason for adhering to the rale is this : when two con- 
 sonants form by their junction an acute angle, there is not room to 
 put a third place vowel between them, after the first coruortant; as, 
 in </. Rajah, 7/ crouch. 
 
 Instances, however, will arista, in which the Roles (a) and(c) may 
 be neglected without danger; as in, .^ sheet, ^-^^^ ma'am; still 
 it is advisable that the vowels bhoald be written uniformly by 
 all Phonographers. This will be secured, by always placing a fint 
 place vowel after the yfrs< consonant, and a third place vowel before 
 the last consonant, except when there is an advantage in doing 
 otherwise. 
 
 In Rule (b) uniformity will be maintained, if a long vowel be al- 
 ways written after the /rs< consonant ; as, ^r- main ' I coat; 
 
 and a short vowel before the secmul consonant j as, ^-^-^-^ mm, 
 
 -\ cut. There will also arise this additional advantage :'tbe reader 
 will know by its «i/Ma*i<m whether the vowel is long or short, should 
 it not be indicated by its size.
 
 47 [Rule 4. 
 
 vowel au must be dropped, for if it were put aftcrWie 
 consonant, thus,v_ it would he flmc, and if written 
 befa7'ethe consonant, thus, '^ it would be mrfiil. The 
 only way to express the vowel in fall, is to write the 
 single consonants/ and I; thus, >- The same rule 
 must he observed in the use of the treble and quad- 
 ruple consonants: if ^ Jld be put (or Jled ot flood, 
 the vowel that is heard between the fl and the d 
 cannot be inserted ; and if the context will not 
 readily suggest the proper word, it should be written 
 with the separate letters y? and d, and the vowel be- 
 tween; thus, ^ fled, ~zy flood. 
 
 (I) When either of the consonants that have both 
 an upward and a downward direction, enteis into 
 combination with other consonants, the vowels' places 
 must be counted upwards if the stroke runs upwards, 
 and doivnivards if the stroke runs downwards ; as, 
 (1 or CL leek, \>' or ^'\ push; because the three 
 positions of the vowels are always reckoned from the 
 commencement of the consonant. 
 
 When either of these letters stands alone, reckon 
 the vowels' places from the top to the bottom; 
 as, (^ loo, uot C^ also ^' she, not _-' &c. 
 
 RULE 4. ARBITRARY WORDS. 
 
 (a) Almost every letter is used to represent a 
 WHOLE WORD ; thus, e stands for the,^^ n for no, 
 &c. ; a few letters stand (or short phrases ; thus, the 
 stroke ) ;s, stands for the phrase i^ m,&c. They are
 
 Rule 4.] 48 
 
 called arbitrary words, or arbitrarios, and sliould be 
 comraitted to memory.* 
 
 It is, however, allowabii*, at any time, to write an 
 arbitrary word with all its letters; thus, s_^ no, &c. 
 
 {!)) Any such word as be, bee, pea, tea. &c., will, 
 of course, require only the \ 6, or \ j^ or | (T ; 
 there are a great many words thus pronounced like 
 the names of letters. Any letter will necessarily re- 
 present a word of this sort, in addition to the arbi- 
 
 • Tlu-se words are placed to their respective letters in pages 21, 
 23, 24, and 25; aud an alpliabetical list of tliem is given in pages 
 2G, and 27. It has been considered unnecessary to burden these lis's 
 with those arbitrary words that are contained under the subdivisions 
 of this rule, marked b, c, and k. 
 
 There are a few of the vowcU that do not represent arbitraries, 
 filher because no common words contain the sounds, as yah ; or to 
 prevent the possibility of mistaking one word for another; thus, if 
 the single vow«l No. 2, represented a word, it might be supposed 
 to be the vowel No. 1, written a little too low, or No. 3, written a 
 little too high. 
 
 The only letters among the consonaHts that are not allowed to stand 
 by themselves as representatives of words, are 
 
 pt and bj, lest they should interfere with the vowels au, o, andoo; 
 
 chf and shn, that they may not be mistaken for the abbreviated i 
 and ou. See Rule 6 (i) ; 
 
 shf, that it may not interfere with dm ; 
 
 and zitn, that it may not beTead as jJ. 
 
 It will, therefore, be observed, that the words printed in italic, 
 and placed to the letters in pages 21, 21, 25, ii/ole, on*, stretched, f^-c.,') 
 are not ARBITRARIES, but merely EXAMPLES containing the letters 
 to wiiich they are placed. 
 
 The letters ckt, eht, and lAn, must never be written disjoined from 
 another consonant, lest they should be confounded with shn, elm, 
 and jJ, which are allon-ed to stand alone, the two latter as represen- 
 tatives of arbitrary tcords, and the former in such words as V ocean, 
 ~^^obtenalion, &c., where it cannot be mistaken for the abbreviated 
 i" or •«. Instead of writing the double letters, cht, skt, and :hn, in 
 word* that contain no other consonant, write the single letters of 
 which they are composed, thus, (^ watched, ^ Kished, &c.
 
 49 [Rule 4. 
 
 trary that is placed to it in the Alphabet ; thus, < wl 
 will stand for way, as well as uhere. 
 
 If the NAME OF ANT LETTER is Similar to the sound 
 OF A word, such letter may be written for the word ; 
 thus, i will stand for high, a ou for how, 
 
 •v— ft (pronounced Jil) for full, nir (named 
 
 mir) ABOVE the line for mere, and,«»sON the line for 
 more, nr for near, / thr for their and there, 
 I tl for it will, T trd for toward, T strt for start, 
 c- skrt for skirt, &c.* 
 
 (c) If any other word is pronounced like an arbi- 
 trary, the same letter will represent both ; thus, o 
 s, standing for^o, will also represent sow, and sew ; 
 -^^ n, no and know; } rth, forth &n A fourth : 
 . a, and and hand ; ^ au, all, hall, and haul, &c. 
 
 The practised Pbonographer may extend this rule to 
 embrace such words as are pronounced nearly like 
 arbitraries ; thus fellotv, as well us follow, may be 
 represented by '<— fl j important and importance \ 
 may come under '"^ 7np ; and so with other words. 
 
 (d) In a few instances, a letter represents tivo 
 words ; but, in all such cases, there is a great simi- 
 
 » As Ihe pnpil adTances, this rale may be extended even to the 
 writing of / (named tl) for vill and icell; r (named ar) for her and 
 here; b for by; f for if; >» for am; tr for cart; rl for rtal and rail; 
 tkr for square and score, anrt so wi(h other letters ; thas saving tha 
 time that it would tate to insert the voweL It is recommended, 
 however, that pupils do not use this privilege till they can write 
 with rapidity. In reading Phonography, the pupil will first 
 say the arbitrary word for a given letter, and if that dots not 
 agree with the words immediately preceding, he will say the nam* 
 of tit letter, and that is the word, or nearly so.
 
 Rule 4.] 50 
 
 larity in the sound ; thus, I d, do and done ; ^ bl, 
 public and publish ; ' J?it, meet and might. 
 
 (e) When the double vowels w5, and w6, are 
 used to represent words, place them on the line ; 
 thus, < where, < were ; to keep them more distinct 
 from No. 1, we and wl, and because No. 3, wah and 
 w5, are not used for arbitraries. 
 
 (/) When a word is printed thus," for-e," it sig- 
 nifies that the letter/ represents both /or and fore. 
 
 (g) The horizontal and half-sized consonants, are 
 
 placed ABOVE the line for words that contain ^first 
 
 or upper-p[ace vowels ; and on the line for words that 
 
 contain either middle or bott07n-p\ace vowels; as, 
 
 God,(^,yirst place vowel), — good,{o6, third place 
 
 vowel) ; me, (first place), ^—. may, {second place). 
 
 When a word that is represented by a horizontal or 
 
 small letter, consists of two or more syllables, it is 
 
 the vowel in the accented syllable that determines 
 
 o 
 its place; thus, s above the line for "society," 
 
 because the accented syllable contains a first-place 
 
 vowel ; ; gloa the line for " glorify," because o is 
 
 a second-place vowel: and — r> rg on the line for 
 
 " regard," because the vowel in the last, or accented 
 
 syllable, is a third place one.* 
 
 The only exception to this rule, is the word any, 
 
 which is placed to n above the line, although it cou- 
 
 • It is easy to distinguish TWO places, with regard to these let- 
 ters; but, THRKE positions, two ahort the line, and one on the line, 
 would not be distinguishable. It is on this account that words con-
 
 51 [RULE 4. j 
 
 I 
 
 tains a second place vowel in its accented syllable, j 
 
 It was necessary that it should be iu the list of arbi- | 
 traries, and it could not be placed on the line, because 
 it would interfere with a word of opposite meaning) 
 no, which it was also needful to have in the list. 
 
 {k) AVbeu a hooked letter represents a verb as an 
 arbitrary, thus, kl for call, the past-tense called 
 will be written by the same letter made half its 
 length; thus, '^ ( kid,) called; I deliver, delivered; 
 '^ observe, ^ observed; 'X remember, »» remembered; 
 "^ represent, \ represented ; &c. ; according to the 
 
 rule for the formation of treble consonants from all 
 
 hooked letters. 
 
 taining sfcond place vowels are written upon the line, together with 
 words containing third place vowels ; and as there is a REASON for 
 everything in Phonography, it may be observed, that the second and 
 third place vowels are put together in this instance, and not the^rrf 
 and stconJ, because there are more words containing/rs/ place voweb, 
 from which to select one to go * BOVE the line, than there are con- 
 taining iecmd or third place vowels, from which to select one to go 
 UPON the line. 
 
 The pupil is recommended to attend to the principle of this role, 
 with regard to the si'.uation of non-arbitrary words that do not fill 
 the whole breadth of the space occupied by the writing; thus, 
 
 mean, ' sky, ' caitse, irant, short, &c., should be 
 
 written above the line, and v^ ' many, ,__ grow, «^ part, &c., 
 
 should be placed upon the line. The advantage of writing the words 
 thus, will be found in deciphering a verbatim manuscript report ; 
 in which, most of the vowels having been omitted, they will be 
 partly indicated in these words by their situation. If the Fhonogra- 
 pher should neglect this rule in his common writing, he will not be 
 able to attend to it in reporting. Two exceptions must be made with 
 respect to this rule. Him and himself, should be written ON the 
 line, in order that they may not be mistaken for nwand m^tlf, when 
 the vowel happens to be omitted, ilea should be put ABOVE, and 
 man ON the line, in order to preserve a distinction between them, 
 under the same circumstance.
 
 Rule 5.] 52 
 
 (/) Compound words, made up of arbitraries, 
 may be reduced to tbeir primitives; thus, o also, 
 (all, so), ^^ caimot, (can, not), n into, (in, to), 
 ■ income, y always, J therein, ike. 
 
 (s) The plural of any arbitrary may be written 
 by adding s to the letter that represents the singu- 
 lar; thus, — object, objects, — = reinark, —ore- 
 marks, . heart, J hearts, J tiord, d uords, &c. 
 
 (t) Any other word derived from an arbitrary, 
 may be written by putting the additional letters se- 
 parately; as, -'I generality, )| systematic, &c. 
 
 RULE 5. PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 
 
 A prefix or an affix must not be joined to the other 
 part of the word ; thus, i- transact, ri-^ element. 
 
 When the single consonant ?ig follows the preced- 
 ing letter, without an angle, it is better to write it 
 than the tcrminational dot ; thus, 
 wrong, bring, being, spring, long, willing, feeling. 
 
 -^^ 'v^ ^^^\^ C C b 
 
 S may be added to. an affix or termination, in 
 the same manner as it may to an arbitrary ; 
 thus, xiion\iments,s\xbscriptions, u^uards, kingdoms. 
 
 ^^^ \^ Xj X 
 
 An arbitrary word may be used as a prefix or 
 affix ; thus, 
 f///rferstand, doun\v^.rds, /orward, unchristian. 
 
 '.r 'i ^j -^^ 
 
 It is allowable to use any prefix or affix that is si-
 
 53 [Rule 6. 
 
 milar in sound to one in the tables, pages 32, 33 ; as, 
 enterprise, t«rfivisible, ^?^«ature, recogmse. 
 
 RULE 6. ALLOWABLE ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 (a) Write ihe second person singular of verbs, like 
 the third ; thus, _J shall and shalt, a would and 
 u-ouldst, o has and hast. ^'^ C ^ " *^ ^ 
 Thou loves (for latest) righteousness, and hates 
 (hatest) tcickedness. 
 
 (b) Abbreviate long words, either by intersection, 
 writing any two prominently sounding letters across 
 each other ; or by contraction, \ea.\\ng out the latter 
 part of the word.* 
 
 INTERSECTED WORDS. 
 
 Beneficial, benerolent, everlasting, notwithstanding, 
 
 gratification, regeneration, nevertheless. 
 
 ^ ~> ^ 
 
 Let the beginning of the second letter cross the 
 
 middle of the first, or the middle of the second letter 
 
 cross the end of the first, as it may be convenient. 
 
 CONTRACTED WORDS. 
 
 Extraordinary, extravagant, manufacture. 
 
 ^ 
 
 » A list of all the words which it is expedient to abbreviate inUiis 
 manner, in order to take a verbatim report, will be given in a work 
 which the author has commenced, entitled " Hhonoji-aphy adapted 
 10 Reporting," and which will be pablished, with thu least possible 
 delay, for the use of Reporters. 
 
 _
 
 Rule 6.] 54 
 
 (c) Abbreviate the following phrasestbus,P_ asfar 
 as, 6" astvellas, C^ as much as, Q^ assoo?ias, 
 Q. as good as, q— as great as, /O as cheap as, S «■* 
 dear as, ^ as early as, Q^ as Ions as,&cc., making 
 the loop twice the usual size.* 
 
 (d) The hook of pr, tr, vhr, and hr, may be otnit- 
 ted, when these letters follow a straight stroke in 
 the same direction, terminated by s :, thus, 
 prosper, prosperity, taster, gesture, excruciate ; 
 
 V -v. \ / ^Y 
 
 because, in adding the single consonants yi, t, c/i, and 
 k, the circle would be placed on the other side. 
 
 (h) The aspirate in connection with the single 
 vowels, may be expressed in this manner, 
 he, ha, hah, haw, ho, hoo, 
 
 ' < . = ' , 
 
 as, in the words 
 
 beat, hit; hale, hell; halve, have; 
 
 'i ^1 Y' 'r ^ ^ 
 
 haul, holly ; home, hum ; hoof, hoop. 
 
 The pronouns he and whh should therefore be written 
 thus, he, r, who. 
 
 • When the pupil is so far advanced as to think of reporting, he 
 may, even in his private writing, adopt the reporting principle of 
 joining any arbitrary words that commonly occur together; such as, 
 -V / have, f^ you inff, ^i cannot, f it trill be, t it vntt not, 
 \. to be, ^^ may be, &c. Words and sentences may also fre- 
 quently be briefly expressed by their leading sounds ; thus, ''"'X 
 mmt be, ^ vhick it will be, ~fc Give tu thit day, &C. Numerous 
 abbreviations of this kind will be given in << Phonography adapted to 
 Reporting."
 
 55 [Rule 7. 
 
 (i) The double vowels i and ou, when written for 
 arbitrary words, may be abbreviated thus, /,• hotr ; 
 the pupil is recommended to strike them iiptvards. 
 
 (I) When a hooked letter follows the circle s, and 
 is of difficnlt formation, the hook may be dispensed 
 with, and the writing will remain almost as clear as 
 though it were inserted ; thus, 
 explore, explanation, disclaim, disclaimer, 
 
 manuscript, described, discourse, disagree. 
 — ^ <U ^ 4. 
 
 RILE 7. PRACTISE AND PERSEVERE. 
 
 Stops may be written thus : : comma, .. colon, 
 X- period. They should, however, generally be 
 omitted, and spaces be left instead. On]y three stops 
 are necessary to indicate the various divisions of a 
 sentence : the cotnma, to mark or cut off the smallest 
 part of a sentence; the c«/o«, to separate a pW/Kv^Jc/ 
 member ; and the period, to show the completion of 
 the idea. By using two intermediate stops between 
 the comma and the period, much confusion has arisen 
 in punctuation ; there being no absolute rule to de- 
 termine where the semicolon and where the colon 
 should be inserted. The pupil may write the notes 
 of interrogation t exclamation I brackets [ ] paren-
 
 Stops, &c.] 56 
 
 t/tescs ( ) and quotation marks " " as usual, but the 
 
 pareutheses must be twice the length of the letter //;. 
 
 o 
 The hyphen is ... The mark for irony is 1 
 
 The ACCENT is indicated by drawing a line across 
 the accented letter ; thus, \/^ below', "V^^ hil'lotv. 
 
 Mark emphatic words and sentences, as in long 
 hand manuscript, by drawing one, two, or more 
 lines underneath ; a single line below a single nord, 
 must be made ?rrtrre-^/Ae,to prevent its being mistaken 
 for the letter k. 
 
 Inflections. — The rising inflection may be marked 
 thus, ^ and ihe falling inflection thus, Q^ The cir' 
 cum flex, which is the union of the rising and falling, 
 or falling and rising, may be indicated by uniting 
 these two marks ; thus, Q^ rising cirvimiflex, 
 {J^ fulling circnni/icx. These sigus should be 
 placed over any word on which it may be required 
 to express the inflection. 
 
 FiGUKES, and the character for et cetera, (4;c.), 
 write as usual, or express the words iu Phonography : 
 
 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, &c.
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY 
 
 PSALM ^%-C Addison.) 
 The Lord my pasture shall prepare, 
 
 And feed me with a shepherd's care, 
 
 His presence shall my wants supply, 
 
 And guard me with a watchful eye ;
 
 58 
 My noon-day walks lie shall attend, 
 
 And all ray midnight hours defend. 
 When in the sultry glebe I faint, 
 
 .. - ■ n ^ ' \ 
 
 Or on the thirsty mountains pant ; 
 To fertile vales and dewy meads, 
 My weary, wandering steps he leads ; 
 Where peaceful rivers, soft and slow, 
 Amid the verdant landscape flow. 
 
 3 
 Though in the paths of death I tread, 
 
 ^- ' ' I ^ r \ 
 
 With gloomy horrors overspread ;
 
 59 
 My steadfast heart shall fear no ill, 
 
 It ^ -^ ^^^ 
 
 For thou, O Lord, art with me still ; 
 Thy friendly crook shall pive roe aid, 
 
 (' -j^ _' ^ - -- -I 
 
 And guide me through the dreadful shade. 
 
 . n -^ : • L -1 
 
 4 
 Though in a bare and rugged way, 
 
 (- " , >v/ . /cn c 
 
 Through devious lonely wilds I strav, 
 Thy bounty shall my pains beguile ; 
 The barren wilderness shull smile 
 
 With sudden greens and herbage crowned, 
 
 ' -^ ^^ • > -T 
 
 And streams shall murmur all around.
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 PSALM 103. 
 
 
 
 v.- 
 
 ^ X -^ 
 
 ^ ;m ° 
 
 t . ^^- 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 'r- 
 
 o 
 
 ^ • ^ -^ 
 
 " r" . 
 
 ei 
 
 \ 
 
 '^^% 
 
 5 , v-c ^ 
 
 c "-^ 
 
 , .a 
 
 ■^i- 
 
 4 , yl'-:^ 
 
 (• c 
 
 "^ 
 
 L 
 
 ? 
 
 ' .("'■^ 
 
 • ] 
 
 <r-B 
 
 s, 
 
 •|>/ V ., _ o 1 
 
 C »( 
 
 ' o 
 
 "v. 
 
 1 
 
 ■^ 6 • r 
 
 
 c/ 
 
 •/. 
 
 •^- ^ 1 
 
 -, ^o 7 ^ 
 
 1 ^^ 
 
 o 
 
 ') c 
 
 1^ or c;- J, C 
 
 /- ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 8 
 
 r -^^ 
 
 _ . ^^. ,^ 
 
 N W 
 
 
 H 
 
 •■> 
 
 ■^ 9 ^ /- 
 
 ^<) 
 
 c 
 
 -■) 
 
 I 
 
 V ^ . '. •^ 
 
 10 ^ 
 
 .( 
 
 ^l 
 
 ' -) V. . 
 
 'J 
 
 -) ^' 
 
 \ 
 
 ' ^ '' 
 
 ■v. o • ^ ^ 
 
 i 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 

 
 61 
 
 o o 
 
 
 y" 
 
 o * r \. ( ! <^ ._ 14 V. 
 
 ■ f / 
 
 : ^ ^( ! 
 
 > ^ '! . ) ^ 
 1 ^ ^ 17 N 
 
 > ^ > \ ( I s — • " 
 
 "^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 . ' % ^^ J ^ 
 
 *■ — ' J 
 
 " ZQ •^' r " ^ ^ 

 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 ° ('-* -V c ■ ^ - ° 
 
 J ei Vo 
 
 w . 
 
 r'-° 
 
 .-) - <^^^ ^ o , 
 
 1 ' 
 
 J ;> 2 " "So ■ r 
 
 ^ ^ -^ 
 
 s 
 
 ^^ => I:- 
 
 PSALM 133. 
 
 - s -^ y^ 
 
 
 Written without Arbitrary Words, or Contractions. 
 
 h- 
 
 c. 71 c 
 
 G ^= 1 •) 
 
 
 L \^ t^ '" 
 
 •^r ! 2 1 
 
 J) ri t 
 
 '^. 
 
 'c^ ^K^ 
 
 (. .1: ^ 
 
 --w U 
 
 ^ 
 
 -n^ 
 
 -.--- ^ ■ 
 
 ^ '^ ^= 
 
 L ' 
 
 ^ ^ V 
 
 ') ~H . 
 
 . 3 .) f 
 
 1, ~ 
 
 ^ -^v-^ 
 
 ■: C .) <• 
 
 L ( 1 
 
 
 s 
 
 (:/ (: 
 
 a -i 
 
 (• v.: 
 
 — ^ 
 
 c s 
 
 "'^T-^ - 

 
 63 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Foreign Sounds and Provincialisms. 
 
 SfNGLE Vowels.— The long: vowel No. 7, heard in 
 the first syllable of aside, Mamma, &c., (See Intro- 
 duction, note on paragraph No. 13,) is expressed by 
 a small circle, thus <> placed in the middle of u 
 
 consonant ; as, j^ aside, ^o-^-> Mammu. The single 
 vowels Nos. 2 and 5 are the nearest to this sound, 
 as to the conformation of the chamber of the mouth 
 by Avhich it is produced. To express it in long hand 
 we adopt the digraph uli. 
 
 The French u, which is a closer pronunciation of 
 00 than the English method, is represented by the 
 
 same mark, put in the place of oo ; thus, L tu. 
 
 Double Vowels. — F preceding uh is represented 
 thus, o W preceding «A is represented thus, o 
 
 The Angtilar set of double vowels, page 21, consists 
 of eight, three of which are spoken in pure English, 
 namely,i (composed of Nos. 3, \),oi (4, l;,ando«<(4,6;. 
 
 Long. 
 
 2,1. a g 
 2,6. a 55 
 3,1. ah e 
 3,6. ah 55 
 4,1. an & 
 4,6. au 55 
 5,1. 5 e 
 5,6. 5 00 
 
 pays, Fr. 
 few, Prov. 
 
 cow, prov. 
 boy 
 
 now, prov. 
 voi, Ital. + 
 no, prov. 
 
 Short. 
 
 e oo 
 a e 
 a 00 
 6 e 
 Co 
 u e 
 il Oo 
 
 say, prov. 
 vow, prov. 
 time* 
 cow, prov. 
 pint, prov. 
 pound 
 noise, prov. 
 bows, prov. 
 
 « Tbe double vowel i (3,1), heard in the polite pronunciation of 
 time, five, &c., is really compounded of the indistinct vowel No. 7 
 with No. 1. c> V 
 
 t This doable vow«l is hes^rd in the words l Stoic, /' Joei/, 
 
 (Joseph) C^' owing, &c. ; but as the sound is very rare in the Eng- 
 lish language, it has been deemed prudent to keep it out of the list 
 in page 21, lest it should confuse the learner.
 
 64 
 
 Treble Vowei^.— y and ?r (^hich are in fact 
 e and oo) will precede all the Double Vowels of 
 the Angular Series, equally as they will the single 
 vo\<el8. The treble vowels thus produced are re- 
 presented in the following manner : 
 
 
 Long. 
 
 
 
 Short. 
 
 
 yae 
 
 'I 
 
 wa e 
 
 n 
 
 yg. 
 
 ei 
 
 we e 
 
 •"I 
 
 ya oo 
 
 cl 
 
 wa 00 
 
 rl 
 ^1 
 
 ye 00 
 
 
 we 66 
 
 rl 
 
 yah e 
 
 ^1 
 
 wahe 
 
 ya 6 
 
 
 wa 
 
 ""1 
 
 yah oo 
 yau e 
 
 1 
 
 wahoo 
 wau e 
 
 lI 
 
 yaOO 
 yoe 
 
 
 wa 06 
 wo e 
 
 ^1 
 
 yau 06 
 yo e 
 
 nl 
 
 wau 60 
 wo e 
 
 -.1 
 1 
 
 yo 66 
 
 ! yu e 
 
 
 w6 66 
 wu 6 
 
 -,1 
 1 
 
 yoOo 
 
 J 
 
 wo 06 
 
 .1 
 
 ; yu 06 
 
 
 wil 66 
 
 J 
 
 CojNsonants.— The gtittural semivocal kh, (pro- 
 nounced ckit) and its flat sound ^/<, (called tj/tf^. 
 heard in German, Welsh, Hebrew, &c., is expressed 
 
 thusjv ^ V ^ or, when it may be more distinctly 
 
 joined to other letters, thus,,. s. ,.— — ^ This letter 
 
 must be made t^^ice the length of the curves for n 
 and m ; and to represent / and r added to it, it may 
 be /looked, according to the law observed with the 
 other semivocals. This guttural sound, like all 
 others, must be heard before it -will be understood. 
 
 The French nasal sound in -r—~-^ man ^^'-^^e?ij'unt, 
 &.C., is ^VTitten in the same manner as the English 
 nasal in O long, '^-^ sang, &c. ; but care must be 
 taken, in reading French, not to give this sound so 
 hard an utterance as it has in English. 
 
 The Welsh LI is represented by the heavy I C 
 The rough trilled R is -RTitten thus "^ 
 As these two sounds do not occur in English, the 
 signs are used as a convenient mode of expressing 
 the double consonants /;• and rl. 
 
 The Characters cut on Wood, by J. L, Whiting, Bristol. 
 John and James Keene, I'riuters, 7, Ringsmead-street, Bath.
 
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