MORTON'
GEO GRAPH Y
I
AMERICAN -BOOK- COMPANY
NEW YORK • CINCINNATI • CHICAGO
M
IIMUrDCITV nr ^«ii>-*»
DE
No. Jf *
MORTON'S
i >
, ,
ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY
BY
ELIZA H. MORTON
MEMBER OF NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY
NEW YORK •.• CINCINNATI •.• CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
tUUCATlON DEPT.
CONTENTS
MS
PRONOUNCING INDEX
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS:
The Story of the Earth
Land and Sea
Shape and Size op the Earth
How to Find Directions
Light and Heat
Views of the Earth . . . .
What Globes Tell Us .
What Maps Tell Us . . . .
Surface of the Land . . .
. Highlands and Lowlands
The Sea of Air
How the Land is Watered
How the Water Goes back to the Sea
More about Rivers
How the Land has Changed its Form
The Ocean
Seore Forms of Land and Sea .
page
. 4
7
8
8
9
10
11
13
14
15
16
16
17
18
20
21
22
23
Climate, Zones, and Seasons 25
Living Things — Plants 26
Living Things — Animals 27
Man 27
Races of Men 28
Conditions of Men '28
Government 29
The Earth a Farm 30
The Earth a Treasure-house 32
The Earth a Workshop 32
Means of Communication 33
Transportation 34
Trade or Commerce 35
Map of the World 3P
NORTH AMERICA:
Position — Extent — Coast Line
Surface and Drainage .
Resources and Products .
People and Countries .
38
38
41
43
UNITED STATES:
Position — Extent — Coast Line .
Surface, Rainfall, and Drainage
People and Resources .
Historical and Political
Sei'tions of the United States
The New England States
States of the Atlantic Slope
46
. . .46
50
. 51
53
. 53
55
States- of the Mississippi Valley — Northern Sec. 59
States of the Mississippi Valley — Southern Sec. 63
The Plateau States 65
States of the Pacific Slope .... 66
Detached Possessions and Cuba . . .69
OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA:
Dominion of Canada, and Newfoundland . . 72
Danish America 73
Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies 74
PAGE
SOUTH AMERICA:
Position — Extent — Coast Line .... 76
Surface and Drainage 77
Resources and Products 79
People and Countries 81
Brazil 81
Argentina 82
Paraguay and Uruguay . ' . . . . 83
Chile 83
Peru and Bolivia 84
Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela . . .84
Guiana 85
EUROPE :
Position — Extent — Coast Line .
Surface and Drainage
Resources and Products
People and Countries
How We Reach Europe
British Isles ....
The Empire of Germany
France
Russia
Austria-Hungary
Italy
Switzerland ....
Spain and Portugal
The Netherlands and Belgium
The Norse Countries ....
The States of the Balkan Peninsula .
87
88
89
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
99
100
101
102
ASIA:
Position— Extent — Coast Line . . . .105
Surface And Drainage 105
Resources and Products . . . . . 107
People and Countries 108
India . . .108
Southeastern Asia 109
Chinese Empire ........ 110
Japan Ill
Siberia 112
Southwestern Asia 112
AFRICA:
Position — Extent — Coast Line
Surface and Drainage .
Resources and Products
People and Countries .
. 114
. 114
. 116
117
Egypt 119
The Barbary States .... 120
The Sahara 120
The Sudan and Abyssinia 120
The Kongo State • . .121
Cape Colony and the Boer Countries . . 121
Other Coast Countries 122
AUSTRALIA AND ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC :
Australia 123
Islands of the Pacific 126
TABLES
127
Copyright, 1900, by Butler, Sheldon a Company.
14
to
THE NEW GEOGRAPHY.
Geogbaphy naturally resolves itself into a description of that part of the earth's surface
which is within one's field of observation and of that part which is beyond the home surroundings.
The child should begin to study geography as soon as he is old enough to notice to any extent
the objects about him. The instruction at first must of necessity be entirely oral. It should
gradually enlarge the pupil's mental horizon and lead to conceptions of things far away. The
oral work should be continued until the child is prepared to consider the earth as a unit. At
this stage of progress a primary book may be placed in his hands. Each lesson, however,
should be preceded by oral explanations.
The language of the book should be simple, concise, and accurate. It should begin with and
constantly refer to the child's experience and environment. It should introduce, naturally and
in logical order, the various topics pertaining to the earth as a whole. It should recognize the
fact that the relation of the part to the whole is an elementary principle. When the earth is
first considered part by part, the parts are with great difficulty, if ever, put into a harmonious
whole. While it is true that the immense size of the earth, its movements, and their relation to
other phenomena, are facts pertaining to a phase of geography which cannot be fully grasped by
immature minds, yet distinct ideas of the elements which together form the world may be early
imparted. It is impossible for children to study their own country intelligently as a whole, or in
sections, without this preparatory world study.
The primary book should give the leading principles of the structural phase of geography as
a basis for future work. It should clearly show also the relation of relief, drainage, and
other physical features to the life of man. It should constantly use the power of comparison,
of contrast, and of correlation to make the children see and think, and to aid the memory. It is
allowable to present some attractive non-essentials to promote interest.
The primary book should aim to furnish those who may never be able to enter the grammar
school with a knowledge and an inspiration that shall lead them to study geography with profit
and pleasure all their lives. The new geography of to-day is embodied in these principles.
Grateful acknowledgments are due to Mr. George M. Say re, author and teacher, for editorial
supervision, valuable suggestions, and helpful criticisms in connection with the preparation of this
book.
E. H. MORTON.
May, 1900
5<mt)9
PRONOUNCING INDEX.
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION.
VOWELS
a
a
as
a
in
41
ate
arm
•>■
14
It
all
a
It
II
at
a
It
II
air
a
II
"
ask
a
II
II
what
a
II
11
final
e
11
it
Sat
Ab-Js-sIn'I-a 118, 121
A-eon-ea'gua 77, 80
Ad'e-laide 124
A'den 106, 118
Ad-i-ron'dack 52, 54
Ad-ri-at'ic 86, 87, 90
M-go'&u (e-) 86, 87, 90
Af-gAan-is-tan' 106, 113
Af 'ri-ca 11, 12, 37, 114-122
A-gul'has (-yas) 118
Al-a-ba'ma 49, 62, 63
A-lSs'ka 36, 39, 44, 69
Al'ba-ny (al'-) 49, 52, 54
Al-ej-an'drl-a 37, 118, 119
Al-gS'rf-a 118, 120
Al-gierg' 37, 118, 120
Al'te-gAe-ny City 54, 58, 59
Allegheny Mts. 54, 58
Alps 86, 88, 90, 99
Al-tal' 104, 106
altitude 15
Am'a-zon 37, 76-78, 80
Am'ster-dam 90, 101
A-mur' 36, 104, 106, 112
An'deg Highland 77-82
Andes Mts. 77-80
animals 27, 30, 31, 41,
42, 43, 73, 74, 79, 89,
107, 116, 117, 125
An-nap'o-lis 49, 54
Ant-arc'tic Circle 25
Antarctic Ocean 11, 25
Ant'werp 90, 101
Ap'en-nlneg 86, 88, 90
Ap-pa-la'chi-an 39, 40, 44,
49, 54
A-ra'bl-a 104, 106, 112
A-ra'bl-an Sea 37, 104, 106
Ar'abg 112, 119, 120
Ar'al 104, 106, 107
ar-e/ii-pel'a-go 38
Arc'tic Circle 25
Arctic Ocean 11, 25, 36,
37, 44, 69, 90, 106
Ar-gen-ti'na 80, 82
Ar-J-zo'na 48, 64, 65
Ar'kan-sas 48, 62, 63
Asia (a'shi-a) 11, 12, 36,
37, 104-113
Asiatic (a-shi-at'ic) 107
Asiatic Turkey 113
A-sun-ci-on' 80
Ath'-a-bas'«a 39, 44
Ath'eng 90, 102
At-lan'ta 49, 54, 59
At-lan'tic Coast Plain 40,
46,47
Atlantic Ocean 11, 12, 25,
37. 39, 44, 46, 49, 52. 54,
e as in find
e " " earn
e " " -where
e " " they
e " " novel
I " " Ice
I " " It
I " " vali'se
I a .< &irl
O " " Old
6 as in on
6 " " son
6 *' " 6r
o " " do
o " " wolf
Q " " sailor
a " " flse
tt " " up
a " " rule
a " " full
tt as in urge
y " " my
y " " sadly
ua = wa
ue = we
CONSONANTS
nice
eat
70, 77, 80, 86, 90, 93,
115, 118
Atlantic Slope 46. 47
At'las 114, 115, 118, 120
atmosphere 16-18
Auck'land 124, 126
Aus'tln 49, 62
Aus-tra'li-a 11, 12, 25, 36,
123-125
Aus'tri-a-Hun'ga-rJ-90,97
aV'a-lanche 88
A-zoreg' 37, 115, 118
Bab el Man 'deb 37, 104,
106, 115, 118
Baffin Bay 37, 39, 44
Ba-ha'ma 44, 49, 70
Ba-M'a 37, 80, 82
Bal'kal 104, 106, 107
Bal-kan' Mts. 86, 88, 90,
102; Pen. 86,'102
Bal-kash' 104, 106, 107
Bal'tic 37, 86, 90
Bal'ti-more 37, 49, 54, 59
BS-lu-chis-tan' 106, 113
Bangkok' 106
Ban'gdr 52
Banks of Newfoundland
44, 92
barbarous people 29
Biir-ce-16'na 90, 100
Ba-ta'vl-a 36, 124, 126
Bat'on Rouge (rozh) 49,
62
bays 24
Bed'ou-ing 112, 113
Bel-fast' 90, 93, 94
Bel'gi-um 90, 101
Bel-grade' 90
Ben-gal' 36, 104, 106
Ber'berg 120
Be'ring Sea 36, 39, 44,
69, 104, 106
Bering Strait 36, 39, 44, 69
Ber'lin 90, 95
Ber-mu'da 37, 39, 44
Bern 90, 99
Bir'ming-ham (-um),Eng.
90, 93, 94; Ala. 49, 62
Bis'cay 86, 90
Big'marck 49, 58
Black Hills 58, 60
Black Race 28, 45, 70, 75,
81, 117, 119, 120, 121,
122, 125
Black Sea 37, 86, 87, 88, 90
Bloem-fSn'tein 118, 122
Boerg 121, 122
Bo-go-ta' 80, 85
Boi'ge 48, 64
BokA-a'ra 106
Bo-liv'I-a 80, 84
Bo'mii 118
Bom-bay' 37, 106, 109
B6r-deaux' (-do') 90
B6r'ne-6 36, 123, 124, 126
Bos'po-rus 90
Bos'ton 37, 44, 49, 52, 55
Both'ni-a 86, 90
bdicl'derg 22
Brii/t'ma 108
Braft-ma-pu'tra 104, 106
Bra-zil' 80^82"
Bra'zos 49, 62
Brit'ish GMi-a'nii 80, 85
British Lsleg 37, 93, 94
British possessions 72, 80,
85, 93, 108, 118, 119, 121,
122, 125, 126
Brook'lyn 57
brooks 19
Brown Race 28, 109, 126
Brfls'selg 90, 101
Bu'da-pest 90, 97
Bud'dfca 108
Buenos Ayres (bo'nus
a'riz) 37, 80, 82
Buf'fa-lo 49, 54, 57
buffalo or bison 42
building stone 32, 53
Bu-kAa-rest' 90
Bul-ga'ri-a 90, 102
Bur'ling-ton, Vt. 52, 55
Bur'ma 106
Butte 48, 64, 66
Cai'ro 37, 118, 119
Cal-ciit'ta 37, 106, 109
Cal-i-f6r'nl-a 48, 67, 68
Ciil-la'6 80, 84
Cam'brMge 52
Cam'den 54
Can'a-da 44, 45, 72, 73
canals 34
Ca-nav'er-al 49, 54
Can-t5n' 106, 111
can'yong 47
Cape Colony 118, 121
capes 24
Cape Town 37, 118, 121
capital 29
Ca-ra'cas 37, 80, 85
caravans 34, 112, 117, 120
Car-ib-be'an 37, 39, 44,
77, 80
Car-pa'tbl-an 86, 88, 90
Car'son ( ity 64
cascades 20
Cey-
Cha(
Cascade Range 39, 44, 48,
66, 67
Cas'pi-an 37, 86, 88, 90,
104, 106
cataract 20
Cats'kill 52, 54
cattle 31, 42, 60, 63, 66, 74,
79, 82, 83, 84, 96, 112, 125
Cau-ca'sian (-shan) 28
Cau'ca-sus 86, 90, 106
Ca-y6n««' (or ki-eu') 80
Cel'S-bSg 36, 104, 106, 123,
124, 126
Central America 44, 45,
75
ey-16n' 37, 104-106, 109
had 115, 116, 118
channel 24
Charleg'ton, S. C. 49, 55, 59
Charleston, W. Va. 49, 58
Chat-ta-noo'ga 62
ChSs'a-peake 46, 49, 54,
59
Chey-enw«' 64
Chi-ca'go 37, 49, 58, 61
Chi'le 80, 83
Chi'na 28, 106, 107, 110
Chi-nege' 110
CArls-ti-a'ni-a 90
Qin-cin-na'tl 49, 58, 61
circumference 9
civilized people 29
Cleveland 49, 58, 61
climate 25
clouds 17, 18
Clyde 94
coal 32, 42, 50, 57, 60, 63,
68, 73, 89, 93, 95, 111,
121, 125
coast line 15
Coast Range 39, 44, 48, 67
coffee 30, 70, 74, 75, 79,
82, 107, 112, 122
cold belts 25, 26
Co-lofirne' 90, 95
Co-16m'bi-a 80, 84, 85
colonies 51
C51-o-ra'do 48, 64-66
Colorado R. 37, 39, 41, 44,
46, 47, 48, 64, 65
Co-liim'bl-a R. 39, 41, 44,
46-48, 64, 67, 68
Co-lum'bus 58
commerce 35
compass 9
Conc'ord 49, 52
conditions of men 28
Con-nect'i-cut 49, 52, 53
Connecticut R. 52
Con-stan-tl-no'ple 37, 90,
102, 106
& as In age
f go
§ " hag
th " " thin
th " " the
N similar to ng
n = ng
$ = gz
qu = kw
Italic letters are silent.
continents 11, 12
cool belts 25, 26
C6-pen-ha'gen 37, 90, 101
copper 32, 42, 60, 66, 80
coral 89, 124, 125
corn 30, 42, 60, 63
C6r'sl-ca 86, 90
cotton 30, 41, 50, 63, 79,
107, 109, 120
crater 16
Cu'ba 37, 39, 44, 46, 49,
70, 75
currents 23
Cuz'co (cus'-) 80
czar 96, 97
daily motion 10, 26
Dallas 49, 62, 63
Da-mas'cus 106
Dan'ish America 73, 74
Dan'ube 37, 86, 88, 90, 97
Dar-da-nel/eg' 90
Dav' en-port 58
Daic'son 44, 69
day 10
Dead Sea 106, 113
Del'a-ware 49, 54, 56, 59
Delaware B. 46, 49, 52, 54
Delaware R. 46, 49, 52, 54
delta 21, 107
Den'mark 90, 101
Den'ver48, 64, 66
deserts 30
Des Moines' 49, 58, 61
De-troit' 49, 58, 61
dew 18
di-am'e-ter 9
di'a-mondg 32,80,107,117,
121
dikes 100
directions 9, 10
divides 20
Dnie'per 86, 90
Dover Str. 86, 90, 91, 93
drainage 38, 77, 88, 105,
114, 125
Dub'lin 90, 93, 94
Du-buque' (-buk') 49, 58
Du-luth' 49, 58
Dutch 100
Dutch East Indies 126
Dutch Guiana 80, 81, 85
E
earthquakes 78
earth, story of 7
earthy matter 8
east 9
PRONOUNCING INDEX.
Eastern Continent 12
Eastern Hemisphere 25
Eastern Highland 40
East In'dieg 36, 123, 124
Ec-ua-dor' 80, 84
Ed'in-burgh (-bur-ro) 90,
93 94
E'gypt 118, 119
El-burz' 106
emperor 29
empires 29
empress 29
En'gland (in') 90, 93, 94
English Channel 86, 90, 93
equator 13, 25
E'rie Canal 55, 57
Erie L. 44, 49, 54, 58
Es'ki-mog 45, 69, 73
Et'na 90
ifu-ra'sia (-shi-a) 87
Eu'rope 12, 37, 86-103
Ev'er-est 104-106
exports 35
FaTk'land 37, 77, 80
Fall River 53, 55
Far'go 49, 58, 61
farming 31
fertile 26
Fez 118, 120
Fi'ji 36, 123, 124, 126
Fin-Is-terre' 37, 90
#shing 30, 42, 53, 68, 89,
101, 102, 110
Flor'i-da 39, 44, 49, 54, 56,
59
fog 18
forests 30, 41, 43, 50, 53,
56, 60, 63, 67, 73, 74, 78,
79, 83, 84, 89, 95, 96, 107,
116, 121, 125
For-mo'sa 104-106
France 90, 95, 96
French possessions 80,
81, 85, 109, 118, 124
frost 18
Fu-ji-^a'ma 111
G5-lSp'a-g6s 37, 76, 77, 80
Gal'ves-ton 49, 62, 63
Gan'geg 104, 106, 107
Ge-ne'va 90, 99
Gen'o-a90, 98
Geor'gi-a 49, 54, 56, 59
Ger'man Empire 90, 94, 95
German possessions 117,
118, 124, 126
gey'ser 65, 74, 126
Gi-bral'tar Str. 37, 86, 90,
100"
Gi'la (he'-) 48, 64
gla'ciers (-shers) 69, 73,
88, 99, 126'
Gl&s'goio 90, 93, 94
globes 13, 123
Go'bi 104, 106
gold 32, 43, 60, 66, 68, 80,
81, 89, 117, 125
Golden Gate 68
Good Hope 37, 115, 118
government 29
Grand Banks 42
grand divisions 11, 12
Grand Rapids 49, 58
Great Basin 47, 64, 65
Great Brit'ain 93
Great Central Plain 40, 42
Great Lakes 39, 40, 44,
47, 61
Great Powers 91
Great Salt Lake 39, 44,
64, 65
Greece 90, 102
Greenland 37, 39, 44, 73,
74
Green Mts. 52, 55
Guay-a-quil' (-keV) 77, 80
Gid-a'na 80, 81, 85
Guin'ea 115, 117, 118
gulfs 25
Gulf Stream 87
Guth'rie 49, 62, 63
Hag«e 90
hail 18
Hai'ti 39, 44, 70, 75
half civilized people 29
Hal'i-fax 44, 73
Ham'burg 37, 90, 95
harbor 24
Har'ris-burg 49, 54
Hart'ford 49, 52
Hat'ter-as 44, 46, 49, 54
Ha-vfin'a 37, 44, 70
Ha-wai'ian I. (-yan) 36,
71, 126
heat 10
Hgb'ri-des 90, 93
Height of Land 40
Hel'e-na 48, 64
hem'I-sphereg 13, 25
herding 31
highlands 16
hills 15
Him-a'la-ya 104-106
Hin'du Kush 104, 106
Hin'dug 108, 109
Hin-du-stan' 106
Ho-ang' 36, 104, 106, 107
Ho'bart 124
Ho 'bo-ken 57
hogs 31, "42, 60, 102, 110
Hol'land 100
Hon'do 104, 106
Hong-kong' 36, 106, 111
H6-no-lu'lu 36, 71
Horn 36',' 37, 77, 80
horses, 31, 79, 83, 96
hot belts 25, 26
Hot Springs 62
hot springs 63, 65, 126
Hud'son Bay 37, 39, 44
Hudson R. 49, 52, 55, 57
Hun'ga-ry 90, 97
Hu'~ron 44, 46, 49, 54, 58
hur'ri-eane 16
icebergs 69, 73, 92
Ice'land 37, 39, 44, 74
I'da-ho 48, 64, 65
Il-li-nois' {or -noig') 49,
58, 60
imports 35
In'dl-a 43, 106, 108, 109
In-di-an'a 49, 58, 60, 61
In-di-Sn-ap'o-lis 49, 58
In'di-an Ocean 12, 104,
106, 115, 118, 123, 124
In'di-ang 43, 69, 75, 81,
84, 85
Indian Ter. 49, 62, 63
In'do-Chi'na 106, 109
In'diis 37, 104, 106
I'6-wa 49, 58, 60
I-ran' 104
Ire'land 90, 93, 94
I'rish Sea 90, 93, 94
Ir-kutsk' 36, 106, 112
iron 32, 33, 42, 56, 57, 60,
63, 83, 89, 93, 95, 111, 125
irrigation 48, 68, 83
is'lands 11
istfj'mus 24
It'a-ly 90, 98
Jack'son 49, 62
Jack'son-vilte 49, 54
Ja-mai'ca 39, 44, 70, 75
JfH>an' 36, 106, 111, 112
Jap-a-nese' 112
Japan Sea 36, 104, 106
Ja'va 36, 123, 124, 126
Jef 'fer-son City 49, 58
Jer'gey City 52, 54, 57
Je-ru'sa-lem 106, 113
Jo-han'nes-burg(yo-) 118,
122
Ju-an' Fer-nan'dez (hoo-)
(-deth) 76, 77, 80
Ju-neau' (-no) 69
jungles 107
Ka'bul 106
kai'ger 95
Ka-la-hii'ri 115, 118
K&m-chat'ka 106
Ka-me-run' 115, 118
Kan'sas49, 58, 60, 61
Kansas City 49, 58, 61
Ka-ta/j'din 52
Ke'ni-a 115, 118
Ken-tuck'y 49, 58, 60
Key West 49, 54, 59
KAar-tum' 118
K*el-at' 106
KWvii 106
Kll-i-man-ja-ro' 115, 118
Kim'ber-ley 118, 121
kingdoms 29
kings 29
Kldn'dlke 69, 73
JTnox'vIHe 62
Kon'go R. 37, 115, 116,
118, 121 ; State 118, 121
K6-re'a 104, 106, 111
Kuen-lun' 104, 106
LSb-ra-dor' 39, 44, 72
Lad'6-ga 86, 90
lake 19
land and sea 8
Lan'sing 49, 58
Lii Paz' (path') 80, 84
Lap'land 90, 101
latitude 13, 37
la'va 16
Lawr'ence 52
laws 29
LSad'viUe 64, 66
Le'na 36, 104, 106
level of the sea, 15, 38
Li-be'ri-a 118, 122
light 10
lighthouse 23
Li'mii 80, 84
Lin«'6m 49, 58
Lig'bon 90, 100
Little Rock 49, 62, 63
Liv'er-pool 37, 90, 93, 94
living things 26, 27
Ma'mag 79
Ua'nog 77, 79
L6'gan,Mt. 39, 44
Ldn'ddn 37, 90, 93, 94
Long Island 52, 54, 57
16n'gi-tude 13
Los An'gel-es (-hel-) 48,
67,68
Lou-i-gi-a'na 48, 62, 63
LoVls-vilfe (or -is-) 49, 58,
61
Low'ell 52, 55
Lower California 39, 44
lowlands, 16
Lynch'burg 54
Lynn 52
Mac-ken'zte 37, 39, 40, 44
Mad-a-gas'car 37, 115,
118 122 ~
Ma-d§i'ra 37, 115, 118
Mad'i-son 49, 58
Ma-dras' 106, 109
Ma-drid' 90, 100
Ma-gel7an 76, 77, 80
Maine 49, 52, 53
Ma-lac'ca 104, 106, 123,
124
Ma-lay' Pen. 104, 106, 123,
124
Ma-lay§' 28, 109, 126
man 27
Man'ches-ter, Eng. 90, 93,
94; N. H. 49, 52, 55
Man-chu'ri-a 106
Man'da-lay 106
Man-hat' <an 57
Ma-ni'la 36, 71, 124
manufactures 33
maps 14
Ma-ra-eoi'bo 80
Mar'mo-ra 90
Mar-seilte' 37, 90, 96
Ma'ry-land (mer'-) 49, 54,
56
Mas-sa-chu'setts 49, 52, 53
ma'te83
means of communication
33, 34
Mec'ca 106
Med-i-ter-ra'ne-an 37, 86,
87, 90, 104, 106, 115, 118
Me-kong' 36, 104, 106
Melbourne 36, 124, 125
Mem'phis 49, 62, 63
Men-do-ci'no 37, 44, 48, 67
Mer-ca'tor map 36, 37
merchandise 35
Me-rid'i-an 62
meridians 13
Mer'ri-mac 52, 53
metals 32
Mex'I-co 44, 45, 46, 48, 62,
65, 67, 74, 75 ; City 44,
75; Gulf 37, 39, 44, 46,
49 54 62
Mich'I-gan 49, 58, 60
Michigan, L. 44, 46, 49,
54, 58
Mil'an 90
Mil-wau'kee 49, 58, 61
minerals 32
mines 32
MIn-»e-&p'o-lis 49, 58, 61
Min-ne-so'ta », 58, 60
Mis-sis-slp'pl Basin 47, 79
Mississippi R. 37, 39, 40,
44, 46, 47, 49, 58, 62;
State 49, 62, 63
Mis-soa'rl R. 37, 39, 40,
44, 46, 49, 58, 64
Missouri, State 49, 58, 60
Mitch' ells Peak 54
M6-bile' 49, 62, 63
Mo'cha (-ka) 37, 106, 112
Mo-ham'med 108
Mon-go'li-a 106
M8n-ta'na 48, 64, 65
Mon* BlaNc 88, 90
Mon-te-vi'de-d 37, 80, 83
MSnt-gdm'er-y 49, 62
Mont-pe'U-er 49, 52
Mont-re-al' 37, 44, 49, 73
moon 8
Mor'mong 66
M6-roc' cb 37, 118, 120
MSs'cow, 90, 97
moun't«ing 15, 16
Mount McKin'le? 39, 128
mouth of a river 19
M6-zam-bique'(-bek')118
Mu'nich (-nik) 90
Mur'ray 36, 123-125
N
Na'pleg 37, 90, 98
Nfish'vilte 49, 62, 63
Natch'ez 62
nation 29
natural gas 42, 59, 60
Ne-bras'ka 49, 58, 60
negroes 28, 45, 70, 75, 81,
117, 120, 121
Nel'son 37, 39, 44
Neth'er-landg 90, 100
Ne-va'da 48, 64, 65
New 'ark 49, 54, 57
New Bed'ford 52
New England 46, 52, 53,
54
New'f ound-land 37, 39, 44,
73 _
New Gwin'ea 36, 123, 124,
126
New Hamp' shire 49, 52,
New Ha'ven 49, 52, 55
New Jer'gey 49, 52, 54, 56
New Mex'i-co 48, 64, 66
New Or'le-ang 37, 44, 49,
62, 63
New'port 49, 52
New South Waleg 124
New York Bay 49, 54, 57 ;
City 24, 37, 44, 49,52,54,
57 ; State 49, 52, 54, 56
New World 43
NewZea'land 36, 123, 124,
126
Ni-ftg'a-ra Falls 54
Ni-ea-ra'gua Canal 37
Nicaragua L. 39, 44
Ni'ger37, 115, 116, 118
night 10
Nij'ni NSv-go'rSd 90, 97
Nile 37, 115, 116, 118
north 9
North America 11, 12, 37
38-76
North Car-o-li'na 49, 54,
56
North Da-ko'ta 49, 58, 60
North Frigid Zone 25, 26
North Sea 37, 86, 89, 90, 93
North Star 9, 16
North Temperate Zone 25,
26
6
PRONOUNCING INDEX.
northern hemisphere 13
Nor'way 90, 101
No'va Sco'tia (-shl-a) 39
44
Nii'M-a 114, 118
Ny-as'sa (ne-) 115, 118
d'a-sis 112, 120
5b 37, 104, 106
ocean 11, 22, 23
O-ce-a'nI-a (-she-) 11
O-dSs'sa 37, 90, 96, 97
O-hi'o R. 39, 44, 46, 49,
54.58
Ohio, State 49, 58, 60, 61
O-khotsk' 36, 104, 106
Ok-la-ho'ma 49, 62, 63
O-lym'pi-a 48, 67
O'ma-ha 49, 58, 61
O-man'"l06
O-ne'ga 86, 90
On-ta^ri-o 44, 46, 49, 52,
54, 58, 107
Orange R. 115, 118
Orange R. Colony 118,
121, 122
ore 32
Or'e-gon 48, 67
O-iCno'co 37, 77, 79, 80
O-ri-za'ba (-tha'-) 39, 44
ostriches 116, 117, 121
Ot'ta-wa 37, 44, 49, 52, 73
oysters 56, 59
Pa-cif 'ic Ocean 11, 12, 25,
36, 39, 44, 46, 48, 64, 67,
71, 77, 80, 104, 106, 123,
124
Pacific Slope 43, 47
Pii-mir' 104, 105
pam'pas 77, 79
Pan-a-ma' 37, 77, 80, 84
Pii-ra' 37, 80, 82
Pa-rii-gurty' 80, 83
parallels 13, 14, 89
Pftr-a-mar'i-bd 80
Pii-ra-na' 77, 80
Par'is 37, 90, 96
Pat'er-son 54, 57
Paw-tiick'et 52
peaks 16
Pe-king' 36, 106, 111
pen-in'su-lag 24
Penn-syl-va'ni-a 49, 54,
56, 57
Pe-6'rl-a 49, 58
PSr-nam-bu'co 80, 82
Per'sia f -shi-a) 106, 113
Persian 'Quit 104, 106
Pe-ru' 80, 84
pf-tro'le-um 32, 42, 56,
60, 84, 89, 96
Phil-a-del'phi-a 37, 44, 49,
54,57
Phll'ip-plne 36, 70, 71, 123,
124, 126
Pierre 49, 58
Pikes Peak 64, 65
Pitts'burg49, 54, 58,59
plains 15
plans 14
plants 26, 30
§la-teau' (-to') 16
'lateau States 65, 66
poles 13
Pom-pe'ii (-ye) 98
ponds 19
Port'land, Me. 49, 52, 55
Portland, Ore. 48, 67, 68
Por'to Ri'co 37, 39, 44, 70,
71
Port Sa-Id' 118
Ports'mouth, N. H. 52
Por'tu-gal 81, 90, 99
Por'tu-gnege 1 18
P6-to'mac 46, 49, 54
Pre-tor'I-a 118, 122
Pri-bi-lof (-16V) 39, 44
promontories 24
Prov'i-dence 49, 52, 55
Prussia (prush'a) 95
Pneb'16 (pweb-) 64
pueblo 66
Pu'get 67
pyramids 119
Pyr'e-nees 86, 88, 90
a
quarries 32
Que-bec' 44, 49, 52, 73
queen 29
Queeng'land 124
quicksilver 99
Quin'cy (-zi) 58
Qui'to (ke'-) 80, 85
races of men 28
Ra-cine' 58
railroads 27, 34
rain 18
Rai'nier 67
Ra'leigh (-la) 49, 54
rapids 20
Red Race 28
Red Sea 37, 104, 106, 115,
118
reindeer 31, 72, 73, 74, 89,
107
relief maps 39, 46, 77, 86,
104, 115, 123
republic 29
revolution 26
RMne 86-88, 90, 95
Rfcode Island 49, 52, 53
rice 30, 41, 56, 63, 107,
110, 113, 126
Rich'mond 49, 54, 59
ridge 15
rills 18
Ri'o de Ja-ne'i-ro (zha-)
37, 80, 82
Ri'o de la Pla'ta 37, 76,
77, 79, 80, 83
Ri'o Gran'de 37, 39, 44,
49,62
river basin 20
rivers 19, 20
river system 20
R<5ch'es-ter 49, 54, 57
rock 8
Rocky Mountains 39, 40,
44, 47, 48, 64
Rome 90, 98
rotation 26
RdVter-dam 101
RoM-ma'ni-a 90, 102
rubber 30, 79, 82, 84, 116,
121, 122
Russia (riish'a) 90, 96, 97
S
Sae-ra-men'to 48, 67
8ag'I-naw 58
Sa-ha'ra 114, 115,117,118,
120
St. Au'gus-tlne 54, 59
St. Ber'nard 99
St. He-le r na 115, 117
St. Law'rence 37, 39, 40,
44, 46, 49, 52, 54
St. Lom'is 37, 44, 49, 58,
61 "
St. Paul 49, 58, 61
St. Pe'ters-burg 37, 90, 97
Sa-kha-lin' 104, 106
salt 32, 60, 97
Salt Lake City 48, 64, 66
Sa-mo'a 36, 126
San FrSn-cis'-eo 36, 44, 48,
67, 68
San'ta Fe' 48, 64, 66
San-ti-a'go 80, 83
Santiago de Cuba 70
San'tos 80, 82
Sao (sown) Francisco 77,
80
Sar-din'i-a 86, 90, 98
Sas-katch'e-wan 37, 39,
41, 44 ~
savage people 28
Sa-van'naA 49, 54, 59
scale 14
S«an-di-na'vl-an 86
S«6t'land 90, 93, 94
Seran'ton 54
seasons 25, 26
Se-at'fle37, 48, 67,68
Seme 90, 96
SSn-e-gal' 118
S$-ouV 106
Ser v vi-a 90, 102
shape of the eartli 8
sheep 31, 42, 60, 66, 68,
79, 82, 83, 100, 107, 112,
121, 125
shore forms 23, 24
Si-am' 106, 109
Si-be'ri-a 106, 112
SIc'I-ly 86, 90, 98
Si-er'ra Le-6'ne 118, 122
S'i-erra Ne-va'da 39, 44,
48, 67
silk 57, 89, 95, 98, 110, 111
silvas 77, 78, 79
silver 32, 43, 66, 74, 80, 84
Sin-ga-pore' 106, 109
Sioux (soo) City 49, 58
Sit'ka 44, 69
Skag'er Rack 90
slopes 15
Smyr'na (smer'-) 106, 113
snow 18
So-fi'a 90
soil 8
sound 24
source 19
south 9
South African Republic
121
South America 11, 12, 37,
76-85, 114
South Australia 124
South Car-6-li'na 49, 54,
56
South Da-ko'ta 49, 58, 61
southern hemisphere 13
South Frigid Zone 25, 26
South Pole 11, 12, 13
South Temperate Zone 25,
26
Spam 90, 99, 100
Sphinx 119
sponge 59, 89
springs 19
Star-Spangled Banner 51
state 51
steppes 96, 107
Stdck'holm 90, 101
strait 24
Su'-ere 80, 84
Su-dan' 115, 118, 120, 121
Su-ez' Canal 37, 106, 118
sugar 30, 41, 63, 70, 71, 74,
75, 79, 82, 95, 107, 109,
119
Su-ma'tra 106, 123, 124,
"126
sun 10
Su-pe'ri-or 44, 46, 49, 58
surface of the land 15
Sus-que-han'na 52, 54
Swe'den 90, 101
Swit'zer-land 90, 99
Syd'ney 36, 124, 125
Syr'a-euse 54
Ta-co'ma 48, 67, 68
T&l-ta-h&s'see 49, 54
Ta-na'na-ri-vo' 118
Tan-gan-yi'ka 115, 118
Tash-kend' 106
TSs-ma'ni-a 36, 123, 124,
126
tea 30, 83, 107, 109, 110,
111
Te-heran' 106, 113
telegraph 34
telephone 27, 34
telescope 27
Ten-nes-see' 49, 62, 63
territory 51
Tex'as 49, 62, 63
Thames (t8mz) 37, 93
Tfei-an' Shan 104, 106
Ti-bet' 104-106
tides 23
Ti-en'tsin 106
Ti-er'i-a del Fue'go 77, 80
Tim-buk'tu 118, 121
tin 32,"89, 109, 126
Tit-i-ea'-ea 77, 80, 84
To-can-tins' 77, 80
T6'ki-o 36, 106, 112
T6-le'do 49, 58
To-pe'ka 49, 58
Torrid Zone 25, 26
trade 35
transportation 34, 35
Trfins-vaol' 121
travel 34
Tren'ton 49, 54
Tri-este' 90, 97
Trip'o-H 118, 120
Tropic of Can'cer 25
Tropic of Cap'ri-corn 25
Troy 54
tundras 97, 107
Tu'nis 118, 120
Tur-kes-tan' 106
Tur'key 90, 102
United Kingdom 93
United States 36, 37, 44,
45, 46-71
U'ral Mts. 86, 88, 90, 104,
106
Ural R. 86, 90, 104, 106
TJ-ru-guay' 80, 83
U'tah (or -ta) 48, 64, 65
Vaal R. Col. 118, 121, 122
valley 15
Val-pa-rai'so 80, 83
Van-cou'ver I. 39, 44
vapor 17
Ven-e-zue'la 80, 84, 85
Ven'fce 90, 98
Ve'ra Cruz (crus) 37, 44,
75
Ver-mont' 49, 52, 55
Ve-su'vi-us 90, 98
Vicks'burg 49, 62, 63
Vic-to'rI-a Ny-an'za 115,
116, 118
Vi-en'Ha 37, 90, 97
Vir-iin'I-a 49, 54, 56
Vla3i-v6s-t6k' 106
volcanoes 16
Vol'ga 86, 88, 90
W
Wales 90, 93, 94
warm belts 25
War'saw 90
Wii'sateh 64
Wash'ing-ton, City 37, 44,
49, 51, 52, 54, 59 ; State
48, 67, 68
water 17-20
waterfalls 20
water power 33, 53
waves 22, 23
weather 25
wells 19, 32
Western Australia 124
Western Continent 11
Western Hemisphere 13,
25
Western Highland 39, 40,
43
West In'dies 37, 39, 44,
49, 70, 74
WestVir-gin'i-a49, 58, 60
wheat 30, 42, 50, 60, 68,
82, 83, 89, 96, 97, 119
Wheel'ing 49, 58
White Mts. 52, 55
White Race 28, 43. 81, 91,
108, 117, 125
White Sea 86, 90
Wil-fii'mette 67
Wil'ming-ton, Del. 49, 52,
54,59; N. C. 49, 54, 59
winds 17
Win'wi-peg 39, 44
Wis-con'sin 49, 58, 60
Worces'ter 52, 55
Wy-6'ming 48, 64, 66
Yang'tze 37, 104, 106, 107
year 26
yearly motion 26
Yellow Race 28, 45, 91,
108
Yellowstone Park 64, 65
Yen-i-se'i 104, 106
Y6-k6-ha'ma 36, 106, 112
Y6-sem'i-te 68
Yu-ca-tan" 39, 44
Yii'kon 36, 39, 41, 44, 69
Zam-be'zi 115, 116, 118
Zan'zf-bar 118
zones 25 s 26
ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY.
1. THE STORY OF THE EARTH.
As we walk through the fields or along the
country roads or in the city parks we see the
grass, the flowers, the trees, and the land from
which they grow. "We may see also people
and animals moving from place to place.
When we look up we see the sky and the
clouds. Sometimes rain or snow is falling.
In the evening we may see the moon and the
stars. There are many useful and beautiful
things about us, which supply our wants and
give us pleasure.
What we see of the land at one time is but
a very small part of the earth. Our own
country stretches away for a great distance,
and beyond it are other lands with strange
animals and strange people, where the flowers,
fruits, and trees are different from those which
grow where we live.
If we wish to know about things of the earth
which we have not seen, we may learn of them
from books and pictures made by people who
have seen them.
Tell what you can see in the picture at the begin-
ning of this lesson. Name a kind of tree which you
have never seen except in a picture. Name an
animal which you have read about, but have never
seen. Is there anythiug shown in the picture that
you have never seen?
The things that we see around us, such as
hills, brooks, fields, flowers, trees, and animals,
and what we may learn about them from
books and pictures, tell us the story of the
earth.
The story of the earth is Geography.
8
■
■
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
2. LAND AND SEA.
We have seen a picture of land ; here is one
of land and sea. The sea covers about three
fourths of the earth's surface.
In traveling over the land we may see, here
and there, large beds of rock. Such beds are
found in all parts of the earth, but most of
them are covered by water, or by earthy matter
such as loose rock, sand,
and soil, from which
trees, grass, and other
plants are growing.
Much of this earthy
matter was once rock,
which has been broken
and ground in many
ways. How this has
been done we shall
learn later. Find some
coarse sand and some
fine sand. Sand is
loose grains of rock.
We can grind up rock
so as to form sand.
Wherever we may go,
either on land or on the sea, there is solid rock
beneath us. Sometimes, as we have seen, it rises
above the surface of the soil, and sometimes
it lies far below us at the bottom of the sea.
The moon as seen through a spyglass.
In looking over the land you will see that it
is uneven, while the sea stretches away smooth
and level. All land is more or less uneven,
while water, when still, is always level.
3. SHAPE AND SIZE OF THE EARTH.
You have all seen the moon. What is its
shape! Is it round like a coin, or round like
a ball! If we look at
it through a spyglass,
we can see its shape
very plainly. It looks
like the picture.
So we can see that
the moon is round like
a ball, and that it floats
in the sky like a great
balloon. If we could
look at the earth from
the moon, we should see
that the earth, too, is a
great ball floating in the
sky.
You have traveled on
a railroad train, and
perhaps have been far enough from home to
learn for yourself that the earth is very large.
If you could ride day and night in a train
running thirty-five miles an hour, it would
HOW TO FIND DIRECTIONS.
take about a month for you to travel 25,000
miles, which is the distance around the middle
of the earth.
Get some one to show you a tree or building that
is just a mile from your schoolhouse. If you live in
a city, find out how many blocks make a mile. A
man can walk about three miles in an hour.
The greatest distance through any ball is
about one third as much as the greatest dis-
tance around it. As the greatest distance
around the earth is about 25,000 miles, what is
the greatest distance
through it! How do
you find this?
Perhaps you may
have learned the
meaning of circum-
ference and diame-
ter. If you have
not, remember that
the circumference
of a ball is the greatest distance around it, and
the diameter is the greatest distance through it.
4. HOW TO FIND DIRECTIONS.
Direction means toward something. " In the
direction of the schoolhouse " means toward
the schoolhouse; "in the direction of home"
means toward home.
In our own neighborhood we may think of
any well-known point as a direction point ; thus,
the Town Hall. In the great world, however,
some direction points must be chosen on which
all people agree.
There is a certain point upon the earth
called the North Pole, and directly opposite,
on the other side of the earth, is another point
called the South Pole. These two points are
taken as direction points by the people of all
countries.
From any point on the earth, toward the
North Pole the direction is north, and toward
the South Pole it is south. The directions east
and west, anywhere upon the earth, are squarely
crosswise to those of north and south. In our
country the sun rises nearly east of us, and sets
nearly west of us, and the sun
at noon casts all shadows di-
rectly toward the north.
Point with your right arm
to the place where the sun
and at the same time
The shadows at noon point north.
point with your left arm to the place where it
sets; you will then be facing the north.
Directly over the North Pole is the North Star.
To find the North Star, look for a group of stars
shaped like a dipper. A line through the two
outside stars of the Dipper
would pass near a single
bright star ; look for this in
the sky ; it is the North Star.
The Dipper and the North Star.
Directions may be found also by means of
the compass, the needle of which always
points north or nearly so.
10
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
Remembering that east and
west are crosswise to north and
south, we know that when we
face the north our right side is
toward the east and our left
side is toward the west. Half-
way between north and east is
northeast. • Where is southeast ?
Southwest? Northwest?
Point north from your schoolhouse.
How do you know that that direction
is north? What direction is opposite
north? Find east. West. Let each pupil tell in what
direction from the schoolhouse he lives.
5. LIGHT AND HEAT.
The earth's light comes from the sun. It
shines upon the half of the earth that is toward
the sun. On the side where the sun's light shines
it is day. On the side where the sun's light does
not shine it is night.
If the earth did not turn, one side would
always have day, and the other night ; but the
earth turns, so that the part that is now toward
the sun and in the light will in a few hours be
in darkness, and the part that is now in dark-
ness will then be in the light.
It looks to us as if the sun moves, and we say
that it rises and sets, when, really, it keeps in
one place. When we went to bed last night, our
part of the earth bad moved around out of the
sunlight, and all through the night the earth
was steadily turning, bringing us again to the
light of the sun and the morning of a new day.
At home, this evening, place a lighted lamp on a
table. The lamp sends its rays of light throughout the
room, just as the sun sends out its rays. Hang an ap-
ple in the room by a piece of twine. Now observe that
half the apple is lighted by the rays from the lamp,
while the other half is not. Just so the earth is lighted
by the sun. Now cause the apple to spin slowly on the
string. The parts that were in darkness come around
into the light, and the parts in the light go around
into the shadow. In the same way the turning of the
earth brings day and night.
So the earth is lighted by the sun.
The time in which the earth turns, or rotates,
once is called a day, and this day is divided into
twenty-four hours. That part of the twenty-
four hours during which we are in the light is
called day, and that part in which we are in
darkness is called night.
The sun sends out heat as well as light. The
rays of heat, like the rays of light, come
straight from the sun, and fall upon that-
part of the earth that is turned toward the
sun.
The rays of the sun strike some parts of the
earth more directly than they do others ; hence
there is greater heat in some places than in
others. The heat rays from the sun come
through the air without warming it much.
They warm the land and the water, however,
and these in turn give out heat to the air.
TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS.
1. What is Geography?
2. Of what is the earth made up? How much more water
than land is there? Where do we find rock? With what
is most of the rock covered? Compare the surface of the
land with the surface of the sea.
3. What is the shape of the moon? How can you tell?
What is the shape of the earth? How many miles is it
around the middle of the earth? Through its center?
Draw a circle and its diameter.
4. What is direction? In what different ways can you
find north? How can you find south ? East ? West ?
5. From what does the earth get its light? Its heat?
What causes day and night ? The earth rotates once in how
many hours? What is this period of time called?
VIEWS OF THE EARTH.
11
6. VIEWS OF THE EARTH.
You have been told that the earth is made of
rock, and that three fourths of the outside, or
surface, of this rocky ball is covered with salt
water. This great body of salt water is called
the sea or the ocean.
The rest of the surface rises above the water,
and is called land. Most of the land is in three
large masses called continents. There are also
thousands of smaller bodies of land which rise
above the water as islands.
If three fourths of the earth's surface is covered
with water, what part of the surface is land ? Have
you ever seen an island ? A continent ? The ocean 1
ItyWH POLr
*OUTH POl-E
1. North America and South America.
Here is a picture of the earth. Notice that it
shows a great mass of land. This land is a
continent, and is called the Western Continent.
Point to some islands.
Notice also that this great mass of land is in
two parts or divisions. These are the grand
divisions of North America and South America.
Our country is part of North America. What
is the name of our country ?
Ask your teacher to make a dot on North America to
show where you live.
The ocean, as you see, surrounds the conti-
nent and the islands. As the continents are
divided into parts, so the great sea or ocean is
divided into parts. Each of these parts also is
called an ocean.
The dot upon the upper part of the picture
shows where the North Pole is. You have
learned something about directions; in what
direction from North America is South Amer-
ica? What ocean is east of the Western Con-
tinent? What ocean west?
In the second picture the earth has turned
somewhat toward the east. Notice that there
ll TH^t'OL B
~/trrtc oca.
%
C ' I F I C, OCEAN
2. Pacific Ocean
is but very little land in this picture. What
great ocean does it show? Nearly half the
earth is covered by the Pacific Ocean.
East of this ocean you may see the edge of the
Western Continent, and west of it is a part of
Australia, the smallest of the continents. Aus-
tralia and the islands that you see in the Pacific
Ocean are sometimes considered as forming a
grand division which is called Oceania.
12
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
if *■
V>1
«
South poi-E
3. Asia and Australia.
The third picture shows the earth turned still
farther toward the east. Here you may see the
whole of Australia, and that part of the Eastern
Continent which forms the grand division of
Asia.
West of Australia lies the Indian Ocean, and
beyond that appears the edge of another grand
division of the Eastern Continent, called Africa.
What grand division is north of the Indian
Ocean? What small continent east? What
grand division west?
Turning still farther, the earth appears like
the fourth picture. The whole of Africa is now
in view, and north of it is Europe, which is the
smallest grand division of the Eastern Conti
nent. Name all the grand divisions of the East-
ern Continent. Name the two grand divisions
that form the Western Continent.
The last picture shows the earth as having
turned so far around as to bring the Western
Continent again in sight. This picture gives
us a view of the Atlantic Ocean, which is next
in size to the Pacific. Name the three conti-
nents that we have seen. The six grand
divisions.
■ Sl " I'll* l-Oli
4. Europe and Africa.
That part of the great sea or ocean which
lies around the North Pole is called the Arctic
Ocean. Arctic means northern. Around the
South Pole is the Antarctic Ocean. Antarctic
means opposite to Arctic. Name the five
oceans shown in these pictures of the world.
*fmTM_POLP
■JOUTH pOtB
5. Atlantic Ocean.
WHAT GLOBES TELL US.
13
7. WHAT GLOBES TELL US.
As the earth is a great ball, or sphere, it may
be represented by a small sphere, called a globe,
which is useful in the study of geography.
A globe is made so as to
turn upon a spindle. The
earth turns in the same
manner, but not upon a
real spindle like that of a
globe. It has an imaginary
spindle which is called the
axis.
The ends of the earth's
axis are called the poles.
The pole that lies under the
North Star, about which we
have learned, is called the
North Pole. At the oppo-
site end of the axis is the
South Pole. These poles are
both shown on a globe.
On all globes made to represent the earth we
find also a number of lines drawn from side to
side, and because throughout their whole length
these lines keep the same distance apart, they
are called parallels. The parallels run exactly
equator to find it. Where do we look for a place
in south latitude ?
The lines drawn from one pole to another are
called meridians. They run exactly north and
south, and thus point out these directions on a
globe. The distance east or
west from a certain meridian
is called longitude. Hence,
if we know that a place is in
east longitude, we must look
east of this meridian to find
it. The parallels and me-
ridians are all numbered.
Upon a globe are shown
also the outlines of the dif-
ferent bodies of land and
water into which the surface
of the earth is divided, and
also the principal cities and
countries of the woi"ld.
Picture of a globe.
Parallels.
Meridians.
east and west, and therefore show us these
directions correctly.
The parallel that goes around a globe midway
between the poles is called the equator, and the
distance north or south from the equator is
called latitude. Hence, if we know that a place
is in north latitude, we must look north of the
The city of Philadelphia is
near the place where the par-
allel of north latitude marked 40° crosses the me-
ridian of west longitude marked 75°. If you have
a globe in your schoolroom, see if you can find on it
the name of this city. Notice the latitude and longi-
tude of some other place, and from these ask one of
your classmates to find that place on the globe.
HEMISPHERES
Northern and southern.
Eastern and western.
If we divide a globe into halves, each half is
called a hemisphere. Hemi- means half. If the
division is made along the line of the equator it
gives us a northern hemisphere and a southern
hemisphere. If it is made along the line of a
meridian it gives us an eastern hemisphere
and a western hemisphere.
14
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
<
N
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0.
HOUSE
3 ft
* ^ ? J " ?s\
FLOWER GARDEN
Map or plan of house and flower garden.
8. WHAT MAPS TELL US.
If we draw upon a flat surface, as a sheet of
paper, the outlines of the bodies of land and of
water, and the direction lines that we find on a
globe, we shall make a map. A map of a place
may be large or small, just as a photograph of
a person may be large or small. Maps may be
made of the whole earth's surface or of any part
of it. A map of half the earth's surface is called
a map of a hemisphere.
A map of a very small part of the earth's sur-
face is often called a plan. At the left side of
this page is a map, or plan, of a house and
grounds with a flower garden. One inch on
this plan represents twelve feet. At the right
is a plan of the same flower garden, but on a
larger scale. On this plan one inch represents
six feet.
How wide are the paths of the flower garden?
(Measure from either map.) How long and wide is the
garden ? How large is the middle bed ? How long
and wide is the house ?
Every map is drawn to a scale; that is, an
inch on the map stands for some given number
of feet or miles on the earth's surface. On the
map of the United States (page 49) an inch
stands for 250 miles. Maps are more conven-
ient than globes because they can be printed in
£J- <g l> v- wn <Sp dp 1*1 »<
fit
S^S^v
Flower garden on larger scale.
books. They may also be made to show places
on a larger scale than that of a common globe.
When you look at a map you must not think
of it simply as colored paper covered with lines
and dots. When you know the meaning of
these lines and dots you can read a map as
easily as you can read a story in a book.
With a map or globe before you in proper
position to study, remember that north and
south are along the meridians, and east and
west along the equator and the other parallels.
When these lines are not shown, north is
usually toward the top of the map.
Draw a map of the flower garden above on a scale
of three feet to one inch. Which is the larger map
—one on a scale of three feet to an inch, or one on a
scale of six feet to an inch ?
At the middle of a sheet of paper draw a little
square to stand for the schoolhouse. Now above the
square, near the top of the sheet, make a dot to stand
for the North Pole. Draw a line from the school-
house to the North Pole. What is the direction of
that line! Draw a line to the east. West. South.
Northeast. Northwest. Southwest. Southeast.
On another sheet draw a square for your home.
North of it draw a tree. West of it draw a pond.
East of it draw a hill. South of it draw a church.
In what direction is your home from the church?
From the tree ? Draw a brook from the tree to the
pond ; in what direction does the brook flow ? In
what direction is the church from the pond? The
hill from the church ?
SURFACE OF THE LAND.
15
p- ; ' , , — ■ i i j
the valley to the top of the mountain. We are
much farther above the level of the sea than we
are above the bottom of the valley. The height
of all land is measured from the level of the sea.
The highest land of the earth reaches more than
five miles above the level of the sea. Distance above
the level of the sea is called altitude.
ground
Hill, valley, and mountains.
A slope.
9. SURFACE OF
THE LAND.
Here is a picture
showing a slope of
land. It shows also
the edge of the land,
or coast line. Does
the slope continue un-
der the water? How
do you know this ?
Let us go inland from the coast line to the top
of the hill. What is a hill? Here we are at
the top ; what do we see before us ?
Notice that the ground before us slopes to the
stream below, and beyond that it rises toward
the distant ridge, which is very much higher
than the hill. This distant ridge, because of its
great height, is called a mountain. What is the
difference between a mountain and a hill?
We go forward to the bottom of the hill and
are then at the meeting point of two down-
ward slopes. We are in a valley.
We now climb the slope from the bottom of
Beyond the mountain top, or summit, the
again slopes downward to a broad
and nearly level surface
which stretches away as
far as the eye can reach.
A broad extent of land
that is level or nearly so
is called a plain.
Does your schoolhouse stand
on a plain? Do you live in a
valley, on a slope, or on a
plain? Are there any moun-
tains near where you live ?
Level of the sea.
A plain.
TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS.
6. What is a continent ? An island ? A grand division?
What grand division is composed of a continent and islands?
Name the largest ocean. How much of the earth's surface
does it cover?
7. What is the earth's axis? What are the poles? What
are parallels? Meridians? What is the equator? Latitude?
Longitude? What is a hemisphere?
8. Explain the meaning of " scale " as applied to maps and
plans. How are directions found on a map?
9. What is a slope ? A mountain? A valley? A plain?
What is meant by altitude ? Which has the greater altitude,
a hill or a mountain? What is meant by "level " ?
Lava flow — cooled.
16 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS
10. HIGHLANDS AND LOWLANDS.
In some parts of the world there are plains
that lie far above the level of the sea. Such
plains are called plateaus. From these plateaus
mountains sometimes rise still higher. These
elevated regions, whether mountains
or plateaus, are called highlands
In other parts of the world
there are plains that lie but a
short distance above the level
of the sea. Such regions are
called lowlands. More peo-
ple live in the lowlands than
in the highlands. "Why?
You have seen mountains,
or pictures of them, and have
noticed the lofty ridge that runs
along for a great distance. This
is a mountain range. If we could
stand at the summit of this range
we might see beyond us ridge after ridge, as
far as the eye could reach. A number of moun-
tain ranges form a mountain system. Some
mountain systems are thousands of miles long
and hundreds of miles wide.
If you place on a table a number of handkerchiefs
one upon another, and push gently from opposite
sides, what will be the result ? The folds, or ridges,
of the handkerchiefs will represent a mountain system.
In looking along a mountain range you will
see here and there a portion of the ridge that
rises boldly above the level of the summit.
This is called a peak. Sometimes mountain
peaks rise almost by themselves from the level
of a plain. There are mountain peaks whose
altitude is more than five miles.
Here is a picture of a mountain peak. Great
clouds of steam are pouring like smoke from its
summit, and streams of melted rock, called lava,
are running down its slopes. The melted rock
inside of the earth often breaks through the
outer crust, and forms a volcano. The opening
from which the lava comes is called a crater.
The flames that appear to come
from the crater of a volcano are only
the glare of the white-hot lava upon
the clouds of steam and gas that come
from the same opening. Have you ever
seen pumice-stone ? It is lava that has
been blown full of small holes by the action
of steam. For what is it used ?
11. THE SEA OF AIR.
"What is breathing? If the air were taken
away, or for some reason could not get into our
lungs, what would happen? Can we see the
air? How, then, do we know there is such a
thing as air ?
Much of the earth's surface is covered with a
sea of water, called the ocean. In the same way
the whole earth — land and water — is covered
with a sea of air, called the atmosphere. It ex-
tends for a great distance above the earth, but
beyond five or six miles it is so thin that one
could not live in it.
You have seen water in motion. The air
moves in the same way as the water does. You
know it moves by feeling its force, or by seeing
what it does. Have you ever seen a windmill ?
"What makes it turn ? What makes a sailboat
move ? What is it that tears down houses and
trees in the path of a cyclone or hurricane?
What do you call air in motion?
HOW THE LAND IS WATERED. 17
12. HOW THE LAND IS WATERED.
Have you noticed the water of a brook flow-
ing steadily, day after day and month, after
month, and wondered where it all came from?
It came from the ocean to the land, and we will
tell you about its wonderful journey.
When water lies open to the air it slowly
passes away. We cannot see it go, but after
a while we can see that it has gone. You have
noticed water in a basin or puddles in a road dis-
appear in this way. Where does the water go I
It passes into the air in particles so fine that
we cannot see them. Water in this form is
called vapor. When water passes away in
The sparks fly upward.
What starts the air in motion?
Have you ever built a bonfire and
watched the sparks carried upward
by the warm air ? If you fill a paper
balloon with hot air it will go up to
a great height. When air is heated,
then, it rises. As the heated air rises,
the colder air around it rushes in to
take its place. In this way winds
arise.
We have learned that the air gets
most of its heat from the land and
water which are warmed by the sun.
In those parts of the eai - th that get the most
heat the warm air is constantly rising, and the
cooler air on either side is moving in to take
its place. In some parts of the earth the wind
blows gently and steadily in the same direction
for many days at a time.
Winds blowing from the north are called
north winds. Those blowing from the south
are called south winds. From what direction
do the east winds blow ? The west winds ?
From what ocean do the east winds come,
in our country? The west winds? (See map,
page 37.) From what direction is the wind
blowing to-day? How do you know this?
Sumr
slouds
-a coming thunder-storm.
vapor we say that it evaporates. From every
wet surface on the earth these little particles
are all the time going out into the air.
The warmer air is, the more vapor it can hold.
In some parts of the earth, where the air is al-
ways warm, it loads up heavily with vapor from
the ocean. This warm air, laden with water,
blows over the land sometimes for many days
till from some cause it becomes cooled, and can
no longer carry all its load.
When this happens, the little particles of
water that can no longer be carried join one
another, making larger particles, which we can
see, and which form clouds. When it becomes
18
INTEODUCTOEY LESSONS.
Go out, when it snows, and catch some snowflakes
on a cold, soft, dark cloth, and examine them. Use a
magnifying glass, if you can get one. You will see
forms like those in the picture, and many others quite
as beautiful. Each one will have six points.
When the raindrops as they fall pass through
a layer of very cold air, they are frozen ; other
drops freeze to them, making them larger, and
they come to the earth as hail.
Sometimes hailstones are so
large that they break
still colder up where
the clouds are, these
larger particles join
one another, making
drops that fall on both
sea and land as rain.
Have you ever seen
water collect in drops on
the outside of a pitcher of
ice water, or on the inside A snowstorm,
of a cold window pane at
your home? It comes from the air in the room, in
the same way that raindrops are formed outdoors.
The air will take up only pure water, leaving
behind whatever may be mixed with it. Thus
when the air takes water from the ocean, it
leaves behind the salt.
Clouds are always changing form. Often
they disappear as you watch them. When this
occurs you may know that the air up where
they are has become warmer, and the cloud
particles have changed back into vapor.
A fog is only a cloud near the ground. If you were
ever in a fog you were in a cloud. Most of the clouds
that we see are from one to three miles above the earth.
Sometimes the air up where the clouds are
becomes veiy cold. When this happens the
particles of water freeze as they join one an-
other, and thus build up beautiful little crystals
of many shapes, which fall to the earth as flakes
of snow. Snow, then, is water in another form.
panes of glass and
beat down growing
crops. Animals have
been killed by falling
hailstones.
In warm, dry weath-
er we often see, in the
morning, drops of
water hanging upon
the grass, leaves, and
flowers. During the
night these plants,
becoming cold, have chilled the air which
touched them, so that it left upon them a part
of its moisture. These drops are called dew.
In cool, dry weather we find frost instead of dew.
The frost is formed by the freezing of the water
particles on the plants, much as snowflakes are
formed up in the air. Frost has beautiful shapes like
those of snow.
Thus we see that the water of the ocean car-
ried through the air reaches the land as rain,
hail, snow, dew, and frost. Let us see how
this water finds its way back to the ocean.
13. HOW THE WATEE GOES BACK
TO THE SEA.
As soon as the water from the clouds reaches
the ground it seeks to go lower. Most of it
sinks into the ground ; but if it rains hard, much
of the water flows in little rills along the surface
and down the slopes of the land.
HOW THE WATER GOES BACK TO THE SEA.
19
The water that sinks into the ground works
its way downward between the loose bits of
sand and gravel until it reaches a bed of rock
or clay through which it cannot pass. It then
trickles along over these underground beds of
rock or clay, which slope in much the same
way that the surface does.
Whenever you see a long slope of land, think that
even in the dryest weather water is working its way
along not many feet below the parched surface.
A spring — the source of a stream.
Did you ever see a spring and
drink of its clear, cool, sparkling
water? A spring is the place
where some of the underground
water finds its way to the sur
face. Most rills and brooks have
their beginnings, or sources, in
springs. There are springs at the bot
toms of brooks and rivers, and they have
been found even at the bottom of the sea.
Do you know what a well is ? It is a hole dug or
bored into the ground to reach the underground flow
of water.
Wherever water runs along the ground there
must be a slope. Sometimes we cannot see that
there is a slope, but the water is sure to find it.
So, when we see a stream flowing along in a
valley we know that the bottom of the valley
slopes as well as the sides. We know also that
the stream leads to the lower end of the valley.
As rills unite and form larger streams, called
brooks, so brooks unite and form still larger
streams, called rivers. Rivers often unite and
form still larger rivers, which pour their waters
into the sea. The place where a river flows into
some other body of water is called its mouth.
When a stream comes to a basinlike hollow
in the land, the water spreads out and fills up
the hollow, running over the lowest place at the
edge. A small body of water thus formed is
called a pond. A large body is called a lake.
Thus we see that rills, brooks, and rivers carry
back to the sea the water which was brought
from it by the air.
Write what you think would happen if the ocean
should cease to give up its water to the air. What
would become of the plants? The
animals? Man? Would there
be any brooks and rivers?
Would there be any fresh
water on the earth ?
Suppose the wind should
cease to blow, could
the clouds come over
the land ? Could
any rain, hail, or snow
fall upon the earth ?
TEST AND REVIEW
QUESTIONS.
10. Tell what a plateau is.
What are highlands ? Low-
lands ? What is a mountain
range ? A mountain system ? A
A lake. peak? What is said of the extent of
some mountain systems? Tell what a vol-
cano is and make a sketch of one. Name some noted vol-
canoes about which you have heard or read.
11. What is the atmosphere? What would happen if we
were deprived of air? Tell how winds arise. What is a
north wind? An east wind? How can you tell in what
direction the wind is blowing?
12. Write or tell the story of a drop of rain. How is snow
formed? Hail? Dew? Frost? What is fog? Draw a
picture of a snow crystal.
13. Tell how the raindrops get back to the sea. What are
the sources of most streams? Where does the water of a
spring come from? Of a well? What is a brook? A lake?
A pond? A river? Where is the mouth of a river?
20
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
River basins and divides.
14. MORE ABOUT RIVERS.
You have learned that rivers receive the water
of many smaller streams, called branches. The
land that is drained by a river and its branches
is called a river basin, and the river and its
branches draining a river basin are called a
river system. A number of small river systems
sometimes unite and form a great river system,
thousands of miles in extent.
A river basin is so called because the land slopes in-
ward from the sources of the streams in the same man-
ner as a dish or basin slopes from the rim to the bottom.
You have seen the rain falling on the roof of
a house and running down on either side. In
the same way the water falling on a rise of land
drains off in different directions. Any rise of
land that sends the wa-
ter into different river
basins is called a divide.
In some places a divide
is a high mountain range,
and in others a very slight
rise of land. In our own
country there are divides
from which the water runs
off in opposite directions,
and reaches the sea at
points more than two
thousand miles apart.
Let us take a trip in
canoes on a river and
its branches. What is
The water plunges suddenly over a ledge of rocks.
a canoe? The water near the source of the
sti'eam will not float our canoes, so we must
begin our trip a few miles from the source.
We soon come to a place where the water runs
very swiftly. What causes this? There are
many dangerous rocks ahead of us, and so we
land and carry our canoes down the stream to a
place where the water flows more gently. A
swift place in a stream is called rapids.
At the foot of the rapids the water plunges
suddenly over a ledge of rocks. Such a fall of
water is called a waterfall, or cascade. When
the water of a large river falls over a high,
steep, rocky ledge it fonns a cataract.
Below the rapids and the waterfall the stream
run's smoothly, and we sail past farms and
villages until we reach the river. As we go
down the river toward
its mouth we have the
right bank at our right
hand and the left bank
at our left hand.
In a day or two we
reach a lai'ge city. Here
we take a steamboat
and sail down the river
and out to sea. Our
journey ends at a fa-
mous city by the sea,
where many people
spend their summers.
Name such a city.
HOW THE LAND HAS CHANGED ITS FORM.
21
15. HOW THE LAND HAS CHANGED
ITS FORM.
A study of the earth shows that great changes
were made on its surface before it became fit
for man to dwell upon. Since then men have
seen that changes are still going on. Most
hills and mountains are not so high as they
once were, many valleys are not so deep, and
new plains have been formed where once the
sea was.
Let us see how changes are being made by
water. Stand by the roadside, after a hard rain
and notice the water running along in the
gutter. Is it clear or muddy? What
is mud ? Where does the mud come
from that colors the water in
the gutter? If you were to
fill a large bottle with
this muddy water
and let it stand for
an hour or two,
what would hap-
pen? Try this.
Let us go to the
nearest brook. It
is brimful of rush-
ing, muddy water
which has poured
into it from thou-
sands of little rills.
In places the
brook is over its
banks, and when it drains off, we shall find
mud, sand, and small stones that have been
spread over the ground by the action of the
water.
The river on its way to the ocean receives the
water of many brooks. Some of the mud that
is in the water of a river settles like that in
the bottle, but much of it is carried on till it
reaches the sea.
When the mud that reaches the sea is not
carried away by the ocean waters it settles to
A
flooded
brook.
the bottom beyond the mouth of the river, and
in time builds up new land. There are many
rivers where the land has thus grown for miles.
Sometimes the mud chokes the mouth of a river,
and the water forcing its way to the sea makes
a number of mouths. The land between these
river mouths is called a delta. Why ?
The ocean also is at work changing the form
of the land. Let us walk along the seashore.
The huge waves are dashing with
great force against the land,
wash- mii'iiidll ing up sand and
pebbles. In some
places wide, sandy
beaches are built
up, and in others
they are carried
away.
Wherever the
shores of the
ocean are bold
and rocky, it
would seem that
the water could not
make much change ; but
year after year, the waves
beat against them with great
force, and from time to time
pieces of rock are loosened and fall
into the water. These are dashed
and rolled against one another until they are
rounded into pebbles or ground into sand.
Find a small pebble. Find a larger smooth rounded
piece of rock. There are plenty of these along the sea-
shore, and in the beds of rivers and brooks. Sometimes
the farmer plows them up in fields that are far away
from a river or from the sea. Wherever they are thus
found you may be sure that water has once been.
You have all seen clouds of dust driven by
the wind. Have you ever seen sand piled up
in heaps by the wind? In many places near
the sea, tall buildings and even large forests
have been covered by the drifting sand. A
great deal of loose earthy matter is thus shifted.
22
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
Ice also has done much to change the surface
of the land. Did you ever see a rain spout
split or a pitcher broken by the freezing of the
water in it ? When water freezes it swells out
with great force, and even the little that finds
its way into the cracks and seams of the rocks,
when it freezes there, splits off pieces of greater
or less size.
In the very cold countries near the poles
there are great ice fields covering much of the
land. From a study of the rocks of our own
and other countries, it is thought that thou-
sands of years ago thick fields of ice covered
large portions of land that are now the homes
of men.
These vast ice fields, it is believed, moved
slowly across the land, and as they moved they
tore off masses of rock from the hilltops and
mountain sides. These pieces of rock were
carried by the ice miles away from their na-
tive beds. Some of the stones were rounded
Bowlders.
off like pebbles. When the ice melted they
were dropped here and there over the surface
of the land as we find them to-day. Such rocks
are called bowlders.
On some mountain tops seashells are found
in great numbers. This proves that in past
ages the sea covered this part of the land, and
that, through some force inside of the earth, the
bottom of the ocean was raised high above the
surface of the water. This force is still at work,
for in some places along the seacoast the water-
marks show that the land is rising year by year,
while in others it is sinking.
In this way water, ice, wind, and other causes
have been steadily at work ever since the world
was made. In some places they have built up,
in others torn away. They are still at work,
but, in most cases, so slowly that it takes years
before any great change can be noticed.
Waves dashing against a rocky bluff.
16. THE OCEAN.
If we travel in any direction — north, south,
east, or west — we will in time reach the ocean,
as all the land of the earth is surrounded by its
waters. Standing upon its shore and looking
out over the water, we will see that it stretches
away until it seems to reach the sky. We may
sail for weeks on the ocean without seeing land.
The water of the ocean looks pure and clear
like that which flows from a spring, but it is
salt and bitter to the taste. It is never at rest.
Even in calm weather it heaves and tosses, and
its waves break in long lines upon the sandy
beach, or dash against the rocky bluffs. In
great storms the ocean waves are thirty or forty
feet high.
Have you ever seen a field of wheat when the wind
was blowing over it ? It rises and falls in waves. In
much the same way the water of the sea, when dis-
SHORE FORMS OF LAND AND SEA.
23
turbed by the wind, rises and falls in waves, but does
not have much forward movement, except near the
shore, where the crests of the waves topple over and
rush upon the beach.
The bed of the ocean has its high and low
places, like the land, although its slopes are not
so steep. In some few places the water is more
than five miles deep, and the bottom is covered
with a slimy mud made up of shells so small
that thousands of them taken together would
be no larger than a small grain of sand. What
do we use to examine such small objects ?
You have seen a piece of chalk. Chalk is made
up of these shells, which have become a sohd mass
through great pressure. Layers of chalk are found
by digging in the earth, but wherever we find them
we know that the ocean
once covered the place.
If you were ever at
the seashore you must
have noticed that twice
every day the water
came up and covered
the beach, and twice a
day it went down, leav-
ing a wide stretch of
sand, or of mud and
rocks, where the water
had been. This move-
ment of the water is
called the tide. When
the water rises we call
it the floiv of the tide,
and when it falls, the
ebb. When it has
reached its highest
point we say it is high
tide. When is it low tide f
A lighthouse.
In many parts of the ocean there are currents
that move through the water as rivers move
on the land. Some of these are cold currents,
coming from the frozen polar regions, and
others are currents whose waters have been
warmed where the sun's rays are hottest.
These currents warm or cool the winds that
blow over them, and these winds, in turn, warm
or cool the land when they reach it.
During the summer months, thousands of
people go to the seashore to enjoy the cool
ocean winds and the sea bathing. Here is a
picture of a seaside bathing place. It is low
tide, and the beach is covered with people.
Some are in the water, and others are walking
or driving on the sand.
Let us take a walk on the beach. The sand is wet
and shining and as smooth as a floor. Here is a
pretty shell. Inside of it is a tiny living creature.
Here, also, are many empty shells and bunches of
seaweed. Here is something that is shaped like a
star. It is a starfish. It seems to be without life,
but when we
place it in the
water it puffs
up its back
and moves off
quietly. Here
is a dried-up
starfish. We
will take this
for our cabi-
net, along with
a few shells
and pebbles.
Notice the
high tower in
the picture.
This is a lighthouse. Along many coasts there
are hidden rocks, or banks of sand that rise
nearly to the top of the sea. Such coasts are
dangerous to vessels, and so tall buildings are
put up, with strong lights at the top, which at
night shine far out over the water. These tell
the sailor of his danger and guide him safely.
17. SHORE FORMS OF LAND AND SEA.
Let us make a journey on the ocean along
the shores of our own country. We will take
a steamer from its largest city. What is the
largest city of our country I
Sea bathing.
24
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
We sail at first on a small body of water, from
which we can see the land on either side. Here are
many vessels. The land around us protects them
from the heavy waves of the ocean beyond. A
body of water in which vessels may lie safe from
ocean storms is called a harbor. (Look at
map of New York City and harbor, page 57.)
From the harbor we sail out through
a narrow passage into
a larger body of wa-
ter. A narrow passage
which thus connects
two larger bodies of
water is called a strait.
Some long and wide
straits are called chan-
nels. A strait or inlet
of the sea whose wa-
ter is not very deep
is often called a sound.
We are now on an arm of
the ocean, with the land still in
sight. A part of the ocean that ex-
tends into the land is called a gulf, or bay
Some gulfs, or bays, run far inland and have narrow
entrances from the sea. Others are wide bends in
the shores of the ocean. Some of the larger bays are
called seas.
As we sail farther southward along the coast
we pass two large bays. In a day or two we
see some land which, we are told, is a large
peninsula. The word peninsula means "almost
an island." Why is this land called a peninsula !
West of this peninsula is a very large gulf or
bay ; can you give its name ? What is the dif-
ference between a peninsula and a bay ? Find
other peninsulas on the map.
This peninsula ends in a point of land
called a cape. Some capes are low and sandy.
They have been formed by the sand which has
been carried by the waters of the ocean from
other parts of the shore. On some rock-bound
coasts there are high, bold, rocky capes. Capes
of this kind are called promontories.
Beyond this peninsula is
a group of islands. We
pass through a strait be-
tween the largest two is-
lands, and enter a wide sea.
We sail over this sea and
reach the place to which
the vessel is bound. We
are told that this city is on
a strip of land which we
can cross by rail in a few
hours and reach the great
Pacific Ocean on the other
side. In crossing this strip
of land we would cross an
isthmus. An
isthmus is a
neck of land
connecting
two larger
portions of
land. What
difference
is there be-
tween an isthmus and a strait? Name the
shore forms of the land. Of the sea.
Draw this map on your slate, and write on it the
names of the different capes, straits, islands, etc.
Your teacher will show you where to find these names.
TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS.
14. What is the branch of a river ? A river basin 1 Why
called basin ? What is a river system ? What separates
river basins ? What are rapids ? What is the difference
between a cascade and a cataract ?
15. How has the form of the land been changed by run-
ning water 1 By the ocean ? By winds ? By other forces ?
16. What causes ocean waves ? How is chalk formed 1
What is the tide, and what is meant by its ebb and flow ?
What are ocean currents ? Where do the warm ocean cur-
rents come from ? The cold currents ? How does the bed
of the ocean compare with the land ? If you have been at
the seaside, write a story of what you saw there.
17. Of what use is a harbor ? What is a gulf or bay t
How do bays differ in size and shape ? What is a strait ?
A sound ? A channel ? An isthmus 1 A peninsula ? A
cape ? A promontory t Which of these have you seen ?
CLIMATE, ZONES, AND SEASONS.
25
S 0«l!L-EI«<U»_Z0i» e
*°CTI| FBIOID *OS*
THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.
18. CLIMATE, ZONES, AND SEASONS.
What kind of weather are we having to-day?
What kind do the weather reports or the news-
papers say we shall have to-morrow ? In speak-
ing of the kind of weather that we have generally,
we call it climate. Thus we say that a coun-
try has a hot climate, a cold climate,
a temperate climate, a moist
climate, or a dry climate.
Upon that part of
the earth around which
the equator passes, the
sun's rays fall most di-
rectly, and there is the
hottest climate. Find
the equator on the map
above. Name the coun-
tries through which it
passes. This hot region
extends east and west
around the earth like a
belt. It is called the hot belt
Climate and products vary with the altitude
It is also called
Antarctic _ Circle
ANTARCTIC OCEAN
S °VT1, fhigid zo*»
THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE.
From either side of the hot belt the earth
grows colder toward the poles. Next to the
hot belt and on each side of it is a warm belt,
beyond each warm belt is a cool belt, and be-
yond the cool belts are the cold polar regions.
The climate of a country, therefore, depends
very much on its distance from
the equator.
High up in the air over
every part of the world
it is cold at all times.
The tops of very high
mountains are always
covered with snow, and
in plateau regions the
climate is much cooler
than in the low plains
in the same belt.
Even in the hottest
parts of the earth,
when we go from the
lowlands up to the
the Torrid Zone, which means the same thing.
highlands, we pass from a hot to a warm cli-
mate, then to a cool climate, and then to a cold
26
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
region, just as we would pass through the hot,
warm, cool, and cold belts in going from the
equator toward either pole.
The warm and the cool belts together form the
temperate zones. North of the equator is the North
Temperate Zone, and south of the equator is the South
Temperate Zone. The region around the North Pole
is called the Worth Frigid Zone, and that around the
South Pole is called the South Frigid Zone. Frigid
means " cold."
Our country is in the North Temperate Zone ;
that is, it lies across the warm and the cool
belts north of the equator. Countries in these
belts sometimes have very hot weather, but
not so hot as it is in the Torrid Zone. Some-
times they have very cold weather, but not so
cold as it is in the frigid zones. Taking the
weather as it is throughout the year, we may
say that our climate is temperate.
Write the name of the season of the year
that we are now having. The name of the
season that comes next. What season comes
after that? After that? Why do our seasons
change in this way ? The change is caused by
the earth's long journey around the sun.
You have learned that the earth makes a rotation on
its axis once in twenty-four hours. It takes a whole
year to make one revolution around the sun. Later
you may learn how this causes a change of seasons.
19. LIVING- THINGS-PLANTS.
The most wonderful thing of all the earth is
the life that is on it. Here is a grain of corn.
Let us plant it. What
does it need to make it
grow ? It needs moisture
in the ground. How is
the ground made moist so
that corn and other plants
may grow?
After a time, if the
ground is warm enough, a
little shoot or sprout may a growing plant.
and flowers.
Trees, ferns,
be seen growing
up from the seed.
How is the ground
made warm so that
the sprout may grow
and become a living plant ?
While the sprout is growing up, little roots
are growing down from the seed in the ground.
Now we have something that is alive. Plants
are living things.
To live and grow, all plants must have food.
This they get partly through their roots. They
draw in water, which contains some food that
they need. The water gets this food from the
ground. Soil that is rich in plant food is said
to be fertile.
As plants grow, they put forth leaves;
through these leaves they take most of their
food from the air. Could plants live if there
were no air? Why?
Plants do not grow well without the light
of the sun. How does a plant look that has
been kept for some time in a dark cellar?
Grass will not grow well in thick woods ; what
is the reason ?
We see, then, that plant life needs soil,
warmth, water, air, and light. Why are valleys
better fitted for the growth of plants than are
hilltops and mountains?
LIVING THINGS— ANIMALS— MAN.
27
20. LIVING THINGS-ANIMALS.
What other living things has the earth be-
sides plants! Name an animal. What do
animals need that plants also need?
What use do animals make of air? Of
•water? Could they live without warmth?
How is light useful to them? How do they
take their food? Name some things that ani-
mals eat. Can you think of anything which
animals eat that has never been alive ?
Could there be animals if there were no
plants? Why? What can animals do that
plants cannot? Name the different ways in
which animals move from place to place.
With what do animals see? Hear? Smell?
Taste? Feel? Have plants any of these
things? Tell us, then, how animals differ from
plants. Which is the higher form of life —
plant or animal?
All living things that are not plants are ani-
mals. Name animals that walk. That fly.
That swim. That do all three. Name ani-
mals that crawl. What is the largest animal
that you ever saw ? The smallest ?
Name an animal that eats plants only. One
that eats flesh only. One that eats both plants
and flesh. Name an animal with feathers.
One with hair. One with scales. One covered
with a shell. One that has no bones.
21. MAN.
We study geography that we may learn about
the earth as the home of man. By man we
mean the human race.
Of all life upon the earth man has the highest
intelligence. All things can be adapted to his
use, and by thinking he is able to use them.
Only man can dig iron, copper, and gold
from the earth, and make things of them. Man
alone plants seeds and raises crops; he alone
makes and uses tools, and fashions and wears
clothes; and he alone uses fire.
Many animals are stronger than man, but
he makes them obey him and work for him.
Many are swifter, but by railroads he can move
faster than they. The weapons that he makes
are more deadly than the teeth and claws of
the fiercest beasts.
With the telescope man can see things that
are far away. With the telephone he can talk
with people at great distances. In many other
ways the superior intelligence of man places
him above the lower animals.
28
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
22.
RACES OF
MEN.
A black man.
As we walk along
a city street we see
that people are not
alike in color. Most
of those we meet are
white. They are tall
and well shaped, and
have fine features
and straight or wavy
hair and beard. They are of the leading race
in the world— the white race. The white race
is known also as the Caucasian race.
Nearly all the people of Europe,
America, Australia, southern Asia,
and the northern and southern parts
of Africa are of this race.
Here comes a man who is black.
Notice his close, curling hair, his flat
nose, and his thick lips. He is a
Negro, and is of the black race. There
are many Negroes in our country,
but the home of the race is in Africa.
Let us look through this window
with its queer signs. Here are
some odd-looking men at work
ironing clothes. The color of
these men is a sort of yellow, their eyes are
set slantwise, and they have long, straight,
black hair, and but little beard. They are
of the yellow race,
and come from a
country in Asia called
China, where there are
many millions more
like them.
Here comes a band
of tall, well-formed
men, wrapped in
blankets. They have
coarse features and
A yellow man. high cheek bones.
A red man.
A white man
Their long, black hair,
like a horse's mane,
hangs from their bare
heads. Their skins
are of a dark reddish
color like copper.
They are Indians on
their way to visit the
President. They are
of the red race, which
was once the only
people in America.
We will go down to where the ships are.
Here are sailors from many distant lands.
Some are white, some black, and some yellow.
There are others somewhat like the
yellow people, but their color is a
light brown, and their eyes are not
slanting. They are Malays from
the islands southeast of Asia, and
are of the brown race.
23. CONDITIONS OF MEN.
The first wants of man are food,
clothing, and shelter, and he must
work to get them. The lower
animals also must hunt for food
and shelter.
There are people who want but little
more than beasts do. They dwell in caves,
or in rude huts. Sometimes they raise a few
vegetables, and own a
few horses and cat-
tle, but for the most
part they eat such
food, either plant or
animal, as they find
growing wild. Such
people are called
savage. Most of the
people belonging to
the black and the red
races are savages. a brown man.
CONDITIONS OF MEN— GOVERNMENT.
29
There are other people who work for better
shelter and better food than the savages do.
These people wander abont with their droves of
horses, cattle, and sheep. They live in a rude
manner, and have little or no learning. Such
people are called barbarous.
As man improves, however, he wants more
than mere food, clothing, and shelter. He wants
Civilization.
to own land for his flocks and
herds, his crops and his houses.
He learns to read and write. He
dwells with his fellow-men in
towns and cities. He has a rude
love of splendor, yet some of his
ways are low. People of this
kind are called half civilized.
In some countries the people
have higher wants. They de-
light in learning, and in' all that
can improve the mind. They
have churches, schools, news-
papers, books, pictures, and music
fine cities. They build railroads, steamboats,
and telegraph lines. Such people are called
civilized.
In the hot belt the heat makes man dislike
work. He has but little need of clothing and
shelter, and food is plentiful, so he need work
but little. Most of the savage and barbarous
tribes live in the hot belt.
Savagery
They have
In the cool belts the weather makes man
active. He must work to provide food, warm
clothing, and shelter. The people of the cool
belts are more highly civilized than those of
other parts of the earth.
24. GOVERNMENT.
Making rules or laws, and seeing that they are
obeyed, is called government. The more that
people live together in cities, towns, or coun-
tries, the more need they have of laws.
Savages, whose wants are few and who do
but little work, have but little government.
They obey the will of their strongest and bravest
men, who are called chiefs.
In countries where people have made more
progress there are rude forms of government.
The laws are few and weak, but
the rulers have great power.
There are many such govern-
ments among the yellow and the
brown races.
In civilized countries there are
better governments. The laws
are written, and are obeyed by
the rulers as well as by the peo-
ple. Most of these rulers hold
office because they are the sons
or the daughters of former
rulers. Such governments are
called empires, or kingdoms. The
chief ruler of an empire is an
emperor or an empress ; of a
kingdom, a king or a queen.
The form of government under which the
people choose the persons who are to make
and enforce their laws is called a republic.
What form of government has our country!
What is the chief officer called?
A people living underone government is called
a nation. What is the name of our nation ! The
city in which a nation's laws are made is called a
capital. What is the capital of our country!
30
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
25. THE EARTH A FARM.
The earth is the home of man. He also
gets his living from it, and thus it is at the
same time his home and his farm.
What does man raise on this great farm?
He raises plants for food and plants for cloth-
ing. He raises animals also
for food and for clothing.
From the waters of the
earth he gets fish for food,
and from the forests wood
for his houses. In this way
his three great wants for
food, clothing, and shelter
are supplied.
Write the names of all the
food plants that you can think
of. Is flax a food plant ? Cot-
ton? Name a plant which is
used only as food for animals.
Write a list of fishes that are
Write a list of trees from which
A list of trees that yield food.
Cotton.
good for food,
boards are made.
There are regions in which plants will not
grow. They will not grow in the cold regions
around the poles, or on the high plateaus and
mountain tops, where it is very cold. Neither
will they grow in rough, rocky places where
there is no soil, nor upon lands where no rain
falls. These rainless regions are called deserts.
Where there is the most heat and moisture,
there is the greatest growth of plants. Some
plants will grow only in hot regions, and others
only where it is not very warm. Where are the
hot parts of the earth? Where are the belts
that are neither very cold nor very hot?
Man, the farmer, knows that wheat, corn,
oats, rye, barley, potatoes, garden vegetables,
apples, peaches, grapes, and other food plants,
and grass with which he feeds his animals, and
flax for clothing, grow best where it is not too
warm — that is in the cool belt.
He knows also that rice, yams, bananas,
breadfruit, cocoanuts, sugar cane, coffee, tea,
oranges, lemons, pineapples, dates, figs, spices,
and other food plants, and cotton for clothing,
grow best in the warm and the hot belts. Write
a list of all the spices that you know.
There are many plants useful to man which
grow wild in the forests and fields. Among
these are the rubber tree, the sugar maple tree,
and other plants that yield gums and medicines.
Plants that are raised by man are said to be
cultivated.
Man raises animals
as well as plants on
the great earth
farm. He raises
Cutting
sugar cane.
THE EARTH A FARM.
31
them not only for food and clothing, but also
for the work they can do. Animals that are
raised by man are called domestic animals.
Make a list of domestic animals. Which of them
are for food? Which for clothing? Which for both
food and clothing? Which for work only? Which
for all three ?
There are wild animals also in most parts
of the earth. Some of these are fierce and
dangerous, and prey upon weaker animals.
Only a few of the wild animals of the earth
have been domesticated. Many of them are
useful to man for food and clothing.
Make a list of all the wild animals that you have
seen ; of all that you have read about. Which are
useful for food? For clothing? Which are fierce
and dangerous?
Many of the largest and most dangerous wild
animals live in the hot regions. Among them
are the lion, tiger, leopard, rhinoceros, hippo-
potamus, gorilla, alligator, and anaconda. The
elephant, buffalo, and camel are the largest
domestic animals of the hot belt. Elephants
and buffaloes are also found wild.
The common domestic animals, such as dogs,
horses, oxen, sheep, hogs, and fowls, are found
wherever man has made his home. They thrive
best, however, in the cool belts. The principal
wild animals of these belts are the deer, panther,
bear, and wolf.
In the cold regions the reindeer and the dog
are the principal domestic animals. These re-
gions are the home also of the white bear and
the musk ox, and many small fur-bearing ani-
mals, and here millions of wild waterfowl come
from warmer regions to rear their young. In
the ocean waters of these regions are found the
great whale, the seal, and the walrus.
From what animals do we get milk? Butter?
Cheese? Eggs? Honey? Leather? Oil? Furs?
Feathers? Beef? Pork? Lard? Hams? Mutton?
Veal? Venison? Tallow? Ivory? These things
are called animal products.
Herding cattle on the plains.
The raising of plants and animals on a farm
is called farming. More than half the people of
the earth are employed in farming. In some
places vast herds of horses, cattle, and great
droves of sheep are fed on the natural grass
of the plains. The occupation arising from
this is called herding.
TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS.
18. Name some different kinds of climate. Where is the
hottest climate ? The coldest 1 What belts are between
these? Name all the zones. In what zone is the United
States? How does the altitude of a place affect its climate?
Name in order the seasons of the year. How long does it
take the earth to make one revolution around the sun?
19. What does plant life need? How do plants get their
food ? When is soil said to be fertile ? Of what use to a
plant are its leaves?
21. What is the chief reason for studying geography?
What things can man do which the lower animals cannot?
22. Where do we find most of the white race? What
country is the home of the black race ? Where do most of
the yellow race live? The red race? The brown race?
23. What are the first needs of man? What kind of peo-
ple are called savage? Barbarous? Half -civilized? Civi-
lized? Why are the people of the cool belts the most
highly civilized?
24. How are savage tribes generally governed? What
are the principal forms of civilized governments? What
are their rulers called? What is a republic? What is
meant by a nation? A capital?
25. What three great needs of man does the earth sup-
ply? What are deserts? Name the chief plants of the cool
belt. Of the warm and hot belts. What are cultivated
plants? Domestic animals? What large wild animals are
found in the hot belt? In the cool belt? In the cold
belt? Name the principal domestic animals of each belt
32
INTRODUCTOKY LESSONS.
A coal mine.
26. THE EARTH A TREASURE-HOUSE.
Besides taking for his use such plants and
animals as he wants, man goes down into the
earth for treasures hidden away in the rocks.
There he finds iron, lead, zinc, copper, tin,
silver, gold, and other metals. He finds also coal
and salt, and many other use-
ful things. The deep holes
that he digs in search of the
earth's treasures are called
mines, and the products of
mines are called minerals.
Most metals are found
mixed with rock. Rock
which contains metal is
called ore. To separate the
metal from the rock the
ore in most cases must be
melted.
Man has need of the rock
itself with which to build
his houses. He uses gran-
ite, marble, sandstone, slate,
and limestone. The places
where he takes out the rock
are called quarries.
He bores down hundreds of feet through the
solid rock in search of another treasure — a min-
eral oil called petroleum. In the same way he
bores for natural gas. Salt water from which
salt is made is often found by boring. These
deep bored holes are called wells.
Diamonds, rubies, emei'alds, and other pre-
cious stones are also found in the great earth
treasure-house. What use do people make of
them!
In all the grand divisions of the earth metals
and minerals abound. Sometimes they are
found in wide, thick beds, and sometimes in
thin layers, or veins. Far down in the ground,
and even out under the bottom of the sea, men
are as busy in the mines as they are in the
fields and forests on the surface.
27. THE EARTH A WORKSHOP.
To raise plants and animals, and to dig min-
erals from the earth, work must be done; and
still more work is needed to fit these things for
man's use. Hence the earth is a great workshop.
On land and sea, and far underground, men are always at work.
MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.
33
Take some wheat that has been raised by
the farmer. What must be done to it before
it can be eaten as food? What must be done
to fit the ox for food? What work must be
done on a log before it can be used in building
a house? On a piece of iron ore before it can
be used for a horseshoe ? On cotton before it
can be used as clothing ?
The people who do the work are called work-
men, and the places where they labor are called
workshops. There are so many of these that
we may think of the earth as a great workshop
in the same way in which we thought of it as
a great farm and as a great treasure-house.
What is the workman called who raises crops?
Who cuts down trees? Who catches fish? Who
digs ore? Who makes flour? Bread? Cloth?
Clothing? Leather? Houses of wood? Houses of
brick or stone ? Who kills animals for food?
Much of the work that is done in the shops
of the world is done by machines. These grind
grain, spin thread, weave cloth, saw logs, and
do many other kinds of work. Write a list of
the things you have seen done by machines.
Water power.
You have no doubt seen a waterfall and no-
ticed with what force the stream poured down
over the rocks. Men use water power to give
motion to thousands of machines. Steam
also works for man. Name some machines
•that you have seen worked by steam.
One of the most won-
derful forces used by
An electrical carriage — automobile.
man to move the machines that help do the
work of the world is electricity. Name some-
thing that moves by means of this force.
Some of the great waterfalls of the world are now
used to produce electricity. This force can be sent
along wires to move machines that are miles distant. It
can also be stored for use in moving cars and carriages.
All the things that are made in the great
earth workshop are called manufactures, and
the making of them is called manufacturing.
28. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.
When we make our thoughts known to other
people we communicate with them. This can
be done by talking or by signs when people
are near each other, but when they are far
apart some other way must be used.
Have you ever written a letter? How far
did it go ? How much did it cost you to send
it? How long was it before you received an
answer? A letter is one way of communicat-
ing with people at a distance.
Sometimes you may want to communicate
very quickly with a person hundreds, or, it may
be, thousands of miles away, and to get his reply
at once. This you can do by means of the tele-
graph. Most of you have seen telegraph wires,
and perhaps have seen messages sent.
34
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
Means of communication.
Wires have been laid on the bottom of the
sea, and we can even send a message by tele-
graph from one continent to another. When
we take up our newspaper at breakfast time
we can read about things that happened the
day before in nearly all parts of the world.
The news comes to us by ocean telegraph.
A still more wonderful way of communicat-
ing with people is by telephone. Have you
ever talked over a telephone? Persons hun-
dreds of miles apart can talk with each other
over the telephone as easily and as clearly as
if they were face to face. These ways of com-
munication are now so common that we are
apt to forget how wonderful they really are.
29. TRANSPORTATION.
How are the goods which the merchant sells
in our town carried from his store to the homes
of the people who buy? What animals are
used in this work? Name other animals used
in transporting or carrying goods.
How are goods brought to our town from
other parts of our country? What is a rail-
road? Some of the cities of our country are
more than twenty-five hundred miles apart.
They are all connected by railroads.
On these roads millions of people travel, and
millions of tons of the products of farms, for-
ests, mines, workshops, and fisheries are trans-
ported from one place to another.
Is your town on a lake or a river, or on tho
seacoast ? What is a steamboat ? How does it
differ from a sailing vessel? On the rivers,
lakes, and coast waters of our country thou-
sands of steamboats and sailing vessels carry
passengers and goods from one town to another.
A lake or a river on which vessels can sail is said .
to be navigable. Why are some rivers not navigable ?
In some countries, where there are but few
navigable rivers, long ditches have been dug,
wide enough and deep enough, when filled with
water, to float vessels. Such ditches are called
canals. Some of them are hundreds of miles
long. Canal boats are drawn by horses and
mules.
In some parts of Asia and Africa goods
and people are carried many hundreds of miles
on the backs of horses and camels. A train
of animals carrying burdens in this manner is
called a caravan. In mountain regions mules
are often used for carrying packs of goods.
In South America a small animal called the
llama is thus used.
In the cold regions that lie around the Arctic
Ocean men travel over the snow fields on
sledges. In some countries these sledges are
drawn by reindeer. In other countries the
sledges are drawn by dogs.
TRADE OR COMMERCE.
35
Commerce and transportation.
30. TRADE OR COMMERCE.
The farmer raises more grain than he can
use. He sells what he does not need, and with
the money buys things that he wants. It
is the same with the miner, the weaver, the
shoemaker, and all men who raise or make
things. This selling and buying is called trade,
or commerce.
Many men work at buying and selling goods.
It is their business. These men are called
traders, storekeepers, and merchants. Goods
that are bought and sold are called merchandise.
Much trade or commerce is carried on in our
country. How many kinds of stores or shops
have you seen ? Where does the flour come
from that the grocer sells? The calico at the
dry-goods store? The nails at the hardware
store? The shoes at the shoe store? Most of
the goods that are bought and sold in our coun-
try are produced by our own people.
There are many things, however,- used by
our people, that come from beyond the sea.
Name some of them. What did you have for
breakfast that was not raised in this country?
You see that we have two kinds of commerce
— one among our own people, called domestic
commerce; the other with foreign countries,
called foreign commerce.
The goods brought into our country are
called imports. The goods that we send to
other countries are called exports.
As trade or commerce employs many people
in buying and selling goods, so it employs
many others in their transportation.
TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS.
26. What are "treasures" ? Why may the earth be
called a " treasure-nouse " ? What metals do we find in
the earth? What other valuable things that are not metals?
What is ore? What are mines? Quarries? What does
man bore for in the earth? What are precious stones?
27. What is a " workshop " ? Why may the earth be
called a " workshop " ? Why are men compelled to work?
What race of men does the least work? Why? What
helps man in his work? What forces does man use to
make a machine work? What are manufactures? What
is manufacturing?
28. How do people communicate with one another ? Write
or tell what is done with a letter from the time it is written
until it reaches the person to whom it is sent. In what two
ways may we communicate most quickly with persons at a
long distance? How do these ways differ? How do we
get news quickly from across the sea?
29. How are goods carried or transported from the store
to our homes? How are they sent long distances in our
own country? How are goods sent across the sea? What
is a canal? A navigable lake or river? Name other ways
by which men travel and transport goods.
30. Tell how trade or commerce first began. What do
we call the men who follow this occupation? What is the
difference between exports and imports? Between foreign
and domestic commerce?
31. MAP OF THE WORLD.
As the earth is a globe, it is
impossible to show accurately
on a flat surface the whole out-
side of it in one view.
It is important, however, to
have a general view of the
earth's surface at one time, in
order to show the relative posi-
tions of places, their true direc-
tion from one another, the belts
of heat or cold in which they
lie, and many other things. The
most convenient arrangement
for this purpose is that of the
map of the world here given.
This map is drawn on what is
called the Mercator Projection,
from the name of its inventor.
If the earth were a cylinder and
the surface could be unrolled, it
would spread out as here shown.
What is a cylinder? Give a
well-known example.
Take an orange to represent the
earth. Consider the stem and the
blossom ends as the two poles, and
draw a line to represent the equator.
Cut through the skin from pole to
pole and remove it carefully in two
sections. If you take one of these
sections and cut through the skin in
several places from the poles toward
the equator, you can then flatten it
out, and you will see that the parts
near the poles take up much more
space than they did before. The
Mercator map does not give the true proportions as
to size. This is to be noticed especially in the great
land masses in the north, and the experiment just
made will help you to see the reason. Try it. In
many other ways, however, the advantages of the
Mercator map more than make up for this defect.
Map Studies. — What continent is shown in the cen-
ter of this map? (See page 11.) What are its two
grand divisions ? In which of these is our own coun-
try? What ocean is east of North America? What
continent is beyond this ocean? Name its grand
divisions. What ocean is west of our continent?
What continents lie beyond this ocean? What ocean
is west of Australia ?
What grand division extends farthest south? In
what cape does it end ? Which extends farther south,
Australia or Africa ? What noted cape is at the south-
ern end of Africa? Find Bering Strait. What con-
tinents does it separate ? What strait is between Eu-
rope and Africa ? Asia and Africa ? Find the Suez
Canal, and the proposed Nicaragua Canal. How can
these benefit commerce ?
On this map the United States and its possessions are
36
120° from Greenwich 90
90° Longitude West 60° from Greenwich 30'
0° Longitude East 30°
colored red or marked tvifh a red line. What other
country of North America belongs to the United
States? Write a list of our island possessions. In
what oceans are they ? In what belt or zone are they ?
(See page 25.)
Find the great seaport of London. A seaport is a
city or town to and from which seagoing vessels sail.
Find New York. These two cities are the world's
greatest centers of commerce. Tell on what waters
and in what directions a steamer would sail on the
following voyages : From London to New York for
a cargo of flour and meat. From New York to
Havana for sugar. To Para for rubber. To Manila
by way of Cape Town for hemp. To Manila by way
of Cape Horn. From San Francisco to Manila.
From Liverpool to New Orleans for a cargo of cotton.
Other voyages may be suggested by the teacher.
Find the equator. In what latitude are all places
north of the equator? South? Between what de-
grees of latitude are most of the large cities of the
world ? What city of Asia has about the same lati-
tude as New Orleans ? What cities of Africa ? What
cities are soiith of the 30th degree of south latitude ? In
what latitude are the East Indies 1 The West Indies ?
37
NORTH AMERICA.
32. POSITION-EXTENT-COAST LINE.
Look at the map of the world on pages 36 and
37, and notice the position of North America
upon the earth's surface. What grand division
can be reached by sailing east from North
America? By sailing west? What oceans
would be crossed? In what direction would
we sail to reach Australia ? On what ocean ?
Is North Amer-
ica north or south
of the equator ? It
extends from the
hot belt across the
warm and the cool
belts into the cold
region around the
North Pole. In
what zones does
it lie? (See zone
map, page 25.) It
is the third of the
grand divisions in
size, Asia and Af-
rica being larger.
The landing of
Our country is the most important part of North
America. In what part of North America is it ?
What is the general shape of North America?
Has it an even or a broken coast line? Com-
pare its coast line with that of South America,
and tell how they differ. Do you think a broken
coast line is an advantage to a country ?
What ocean north of North America ? Along
the Arctic coast there are many islands. A sea
filled with islands is called an archipelago. Find
Greenland. What arm of the sea parts it from
the mainland? In what cape does it end at
the south? What strait joins Baffin Bay with
the Atlantic Ocean ? Find Iceland.
Find Newfoundland. What do you know
about this island? What gulf lies west of it?
What great bay lies farther inland? What
strait joins Hudson Bay to the Atlantic
Ocean? What peninsula do these waters in-
close ?
What group of islands southeast of the main-
land of North America? What sea do they
partly inclose? Between this sea and the
Pacific Ocean is a noted isthmus. Name it.
Find the Gulf of Mexico. What two penin-
sulas at the mouth
of this gulf ? What
large island ?
Cross the Isth.
mus of Panama
and follow the Pa-
cific coast toward
the northwest :
what long, narrow
peninsula do you
find? What gulf
does it partly in-
close? The north-
western part of
North America is
Columbus, 1492. nearly surrounded
by water. What body of land does it form?
What is its name? What sea lies west of
Alaska? What joins Bering Sea and the
Arctic Ocean? What cape of North America
extends into the narrowest part of Bering
Strait?
33. SURFACE AND DRAINAGE.
What is a relief map? Look at the relief
map of North America. Notice that some
parts are darker in shade than others. This
difference in shade is to show the difference in
the altitude of the land, or its height above
the sea level (see page 15). The darker in
shade, the greater the altitude of the land
SURFACE AND DRAINAGE.
39
cnland
-, PrMot Is.
NORTH AMERICA
a too 2O0 100 WO 6OO 8CO 1000
800 MIIES 10 one INC
Relief Map of NOETH AMERICA. — Same Scale as South America, Asia, Africa, and Australia.
What part of North America has the greatest
altitude? This region is called the Western
Highland. In what direction does this high-
land region extend? Where is the widest part
of this highland ! Its highest mountain ranges
are called the Rocky Mountains. Find Mount
McKinley. It is the highest mountain peak in
North America.
Where is there another highland region in
North America? Is its altitude as great as
40
NORTH AMERICA.
The Rocky Mountains.
that of the Western Highland? How do you
know? In what direction does this highland
region extend? It is called the Eastern High-
land. The mountain ranges that rise from this
highland are called the Appalachian Moun-
tains. What is the difference as shown in the
pictures between the mountains of the East-
ern Highland and of the Western Highland?
What kind of surface
does the map show be-
tween the Eastern and
the Western highlands?
This broad extent of
lowland reaching from
the Arctic Ocean to the
Gulf of Mexico is called
the Great Central Plain.
Notice that from about
the middle of this plain
the rivers flow in oppo-
site directions, north and
south. What does this prove?
divide ? The divide between the sources of the
rivers that flow northward, and those that flow
southward, is a low swell of land called the
Height of Land that crosses the Great Central
Plain from east to west. Trace it on the map.
The Appalachian Mountains.
What is a
Between the Eastern Highland and the At-
lantic Ocean notice another plain, narrow at
the north and widening toward the south,
where it joins the Great Central Plain. This
is the Atlantic Coast Plain. On this plain are
many large cities.
Read about river basins (page 20). Where
do you find the largest river basin in North
America ? What river
drains this basin? Into
what does it flow ? Name
its largest branch. Trace
the Mississippi River to
the mouth of the Mis-
souri River, and from
there to the source of the
Missouri. This is the
longest river in the world.
Find the Mackenzie
River. Into what does it
flow ? Is the Mississippi
River useful to commerce ? Why ? The Mac-
kenzie? Why?
Find the Great Lakes. Give the name of
each. What large river flows from these lakes ?
Into what body of water? Where do we find
many other large lakes ? What ocean do their
RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS.
41
waters reach ? What large river flows into Be-
ring Sea ? What do you know about this river !
Find the Columbia River. The Colorado. The
Saskatchewan. Into what does each flow?
34. RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS.
Ask your teacher to put a dot on the map of
North America to show where you live. Do you
live in the northern or the southern part ? In
the eastern or western part! In what direc-
tion from you is the nearest ocean ? Think of a
journey over your grand division, starting from
your home. The map will aid you in this.
We will suppose it is summer time. Your
journey will be to the north. North is toward
what ? As we go north, does the weather grow
colder or warmer?
On your way north, you see at first many
farms with orchards and grainfields. You pass
through forests of maple, oak, chestnut, wal-
nut, and pine. As you go on, the weather
grows colder and colder, and after a while you
come to snow and ice. Still farther north, you
reach a region where there are no trees, but
only a few bushes, mosses, and lichens.
Musk ox attacked bv wolves.
In your journey through the cold regions,
you may find the wolf, the fox, the white bear,
the musk ox, the otter, the beaver, and other
fur-bearing animals. In the ocean waters you
A seal rookery.
may see the seal, the walrus, and the whale.
You may see many waterfowl. Why do peo-
ple wear thick underclothes and overcoats
when they go to the far north ? For the same
reason these animals of the north wear a thick
covering of fur or feathers.
The whale and the walrus are kept warm by a thick
layer of fat just inside the skin.
Can you think of any people who want fine
furs ? In our own country it is not cold enough
for animals to wear such thick, soft, warm furs
as they do in colder regions. We get our furs
by commerce. A few people live in the cold
regions, and catch animals for their fur. They
send us the skins, and get from us, in exchange,
food, clothes, guns, and other things which
they want.
Now journey south from your home. You
follow the same meridian, but in a direction
opposite to north. In your journey south, do
you go toward a warmer or a colder part of
North America? You find more plant life as
you go toward the warmer part of the earth.
Why?
You pass many forests, and fields of tobacco,
cotton, and sugar cane. In the lowlands, you
see rice growing. You see oranges, figs, cocoa-
NORTH AMERICA.
nuts, bananas, and other fruits and plants of
the warm belt. There are alligators in the
streams. "What great arm of the sea do you
find at the south 1 Of what ocean is it a part ?
If you cross the Gulf of Mexico you will come
to a country where there are many thick forests.
In these forests the mahogany tree grows, and
here are found the fierce beast of prey called the
jaguar, and thousands of monkeys and parrots.
Millions of people live in the cool belt of
North America. They want the things that
grow in the south. Other millions live in the
south, who want the things that grow in the
north or are made there. Think of all the
goods that must be carried north and south.
How is the carrying done on the land? On
the rivers and along the coast ?
Where on the map of North America do you
look for the North Pole? You have learned
that when you face the north, the east is at
your right, and the west is at your left.
Journey eastward by the map from your
home until you reach the ocean. What ocean
is this? It is the great highway of commerce
between America and Europe. Many of the
largest manufacturing and commercial cities
are in the east. There are important fisheries
in the river and ocean waters. Near the island
of Newfoundland are the banks or shallow
places in the sea where great numbers of
codfish are caught. Find the Grand
Banks.
Now face to the west, and travel
across the continent. In what way
could you best make the real journey?
Could you go from the far north to
the far south as easily ? Why ? What
highland region would you first cross
in your journey west ?
In many parts of this region
are mines of coal and iron
which supply thousands
of factories. Here, too,
are petroleum, natural
The bison or buffalo.
The
American
eagle.
gas, and salt
wells. A few
wild ani-
mals, such
as the deer,
the black
bear, the eagle, and the wild turkey, are still to
be found among the mountains. As the coun-
try has become thickly settled the wild animals
have become fewer in number.
Beyond the Eastern Highland we come to the
great food-producing region of North America.
What is it called? Here are great fields of
wheat, corn, oats, rye, and barley, and here, too,
flax is grown. In the region around the Great
Lakes are mines of iron, copper, and lead.
As you go westward over the Central Plain
you may see many manufacturing cities, but
not so many as in the east. Farther west you
may see vast numbers of cattle, sheep, and
hogs. Not many years ago there were millions
of bisons, or buffaloes, throughout this region,
but they are all gone, and their place has been
taken by the animals raised by man.
PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES.
43
At length you reach the
Western Highland. Here
are the richest mines of ^^^^"
gold and silver in the
world. There are also much copper and lead.
Here, too, are found some of the largest and
fiercest wild animals of North America. The
grizzly bear,- the cougar, or mountain lion, and
the wolf are native to this region, and in its
wildest parts are found also the elk, the deer,
and the beaver.
You descend the western slope of this high-
land region, and reach another ocean. What
is this ocean called? On the Pacific slope of
the Western Highland are many dense for-
ests in which grow some of the largest trees in
the world. You do not find so much com-
merce here as on the eastern coast. This is
because there are but few good harbors and
not so many people on the western cuas^ .
One of the largest, trees in the world-
In the northwestern rivers great numbers of
salmon are caught. Near Alaska are the islands
from which we get most of the seal fur that is
used for clothing.
35. PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES.
The first white people who visited America
came from Europe. They found here a strange
people whose skins were of a reddish color.
Thinking at first that this new country was
India, they called the natives Indians. This
name was afterwards given to all the natives
of the New World, as it was called.
In time, North America, as far as it had
become known, was divided among the Eng-
lish, the French, and the Spanish. The Eng-
lish took the middle part, the French took the
northern part, and the Spanish the south.
Some of the Indians have become civilized.
The Indians who once owned the whole
country were slowly driven by the white race
to the far west. They are few in number as
compared with the white people. Some of them
have been civilized and own houses and farms.
Others lead a savage life.
Nearly one hundred and fifty years ago, the
English took from the French their possessions
in North America. Later, the English lost
the best part of their possessions. How I The
Spanish, too, from time to time lost portions
of what they owned, until it was all gone-
44
NORTH AMERICA.
bODT
AMERICA
100 Longitude West from Greenwich 80
Map Studies.— What country occupies the central
part of North America? What country joins the
United States on the north? On the southwest?
What country northwest of Canada ? To whom does
it belong? What country southeast of Mexico?
What island group southeast of the United States ?
What zone lies between the Tropic of Cancer and
the Arctic Circle ? What countries of North Amer-
ica are wholly or partly in this zone? What zone
north? What countries are partly in this zone?
What zone south? What countries are wholly or
partly in this zone?
PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES.
45
Of the many millions of people who now live
in North America, by far the greater part are
of the white race. For hundreds of years peo-
ple of this race have been coming here from all
parts of Europe. "We find
men of the white race in
the workshops, the mines,
the forests, the fisheries,
and on the farms, and they
have carried our trade to
nearly every part of the
earth.
There are also several
millions of black people
in North America. They
live chiefly in the warm
belt of our country, among
the whites. Most of them work at farming.
Nearly three hundred years ago the first negroes
were brought here from their homes in Africa.
In the far, frozen north are found people of the
yellow race, called Eskimos. They wear thick furs,
and the men and women dress much alike. They
live in rude huts, sometimes built of snow and ice,
and eat wild animals, fish, and the fat, or blubber, of
the whale, seal, and walrus. They train teams of
dogs to draw their sledges. These people seem to be
happy and contented in a country where few would
wish to live. There are some other people of the
yellow race in North America. They are visitors
from Asia, who intend to return to that country.
What are they called ?
Look again at Greenland and Iceland on the
map. They belong to a kingdom in Europe
called Denmark, and are known as Danish
America. Find the Dominion of Canada. It
belongs to the English. In what part of North
America is the United States ? Find Alaska.
It belongs to the United States.
Find Mexico and Central America. These
countries form the southern part of the main-
land of North America. East of these is the
island division of the West Indies. These
countries and islands once belonged to Spain,
and the people still speak the Spanish language.
Eskimo turf huts.
TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS.
32. Is North America in the Eastern or the "Western
Hemisphere ? Is it in north or in south latitude ? How do
you know? By what oceans is it surrounded ? On which
of these oceans does the greatest
number of vessels sail ? Why ?
On which the least? Why?
Compare North America in size
with other grand divisions. Has
it an even or a broken coast
line ? What two large arms of
the sea extend into the main-
land ? What are the principal
islands and groups near the main-
land ? What is an archipelago ?
Where is the hottest part of
North America ? The coldest ?
What is the climate between these
extremes ?
33. What is meant by altitude?
How does a relief map show
difference in altitude? In what part of Jtforth America
do we find the greatest altitude? What is this region
called ? What are its principal mountain systems ? What
lower elevation in the east ? What mountain system ?
What section lies between these highland regions ? What
large river drains a part of the Great Central Plain into the
Gulf of Mexico ? Into the Arctic Ocean ? Into the Gulf
of St. Lawrence from the Great Lakes ? What rivers drain
the Western Highland into the Pacific Ocean ? Which is
the most important of all the rivers of North America ?
Why?
34. What kinds of trees do you find near your home?
What grains do the farmers raise ? What fruits ? What
wild animals are there ? What domestic animals ? What
have you learned about the plants of the far north ? Of
the animals ? For what are these animals chiefly valuable ?
What plants and fruits grow best in the south ? What
metals and minerals are abundant in the Eastern High-
land ? In the Western Highland ? Where is the most
manufacturing done ? Where are the most important fish-
eries ? Where is the most herding done ? In what part of
North America are the largest and most ferocious wild beasts
found ?
35. What three nations once owned the greater part of
North America ? What part does England now own ?
What became of the French possessions ? Of the Spanish
possessions ? Of what race are most of the people of North
America ? Where do we find most of the negroes ? Of the
Indians ? What is the condition of the Indians of North
America ? What people of the yellow race live in North
America ? Name all the countries of North America.
Which is the most important ? Along what ocean are the
most seaports ? What ocean has none ? Why ? Where
are the most people ?
46
UNITED STATES.
A N A D A
fJfC
5
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3 1
rfr/t/Yorft &<i/fi
THE UNITED STATES.
36. POSITION— EXTENT-
COAST LINE.
The United States occupies the central part
of North America. It lies across the warm and
the cool belts north of the equator. In what
zone, then, is it? What part of it is in the
warm belt? In the cool belt?
Tell by the map which of the coast lines is
the most broken. Where, then, are the most
good harbors ? Find Massachusetts Bay, New
York Bay, Delaware Bay, and Chesapeake Bay.
Of what ocean are they arms ? Find San Fran-
cisco Bay. Of what ocean is it an arm ? What
lakes between the United States and Canada?
Find Cape Cod. Cape May. Cape Hatteras.
What cape at the southern end of Florida?
What natural division of land is Florida?
What large island south of it? Find Cape
Mendocino. Into what ocean does it extend?
Relief map of the United States.
37. SURFACE, EAINFALL, AND
DRAINAGE.
In what part of the United States is the main
highland region! What is it called? Where is
the lower highland region? What is it called?
The slope from the Eastern Highland to the
ocean is not very steep. In the north, the edge
of this highland reaches the coast, which is
therefore bold and rocky. South of Long
Island, the slope widens out into the Atlantic
Coast Plain. The shores of this plain are low
and sandy.
The Atlantic slope and plain are crossed by
many small, navigable rivers. Find the Hud-
son River. The Delaware. The Potomac. The
James. In the steeper parts of the slope, the
rivers supply much water power.
SURFACE, RAINFALL, AND DRAINAGE.
4?
Between the two great highlands lies a wide
valley, called the Mississippi Basin. Why!
Find where the Atlantic Plain joins the Missis-
sippi Basin. Name the largest eastern branch
of the Mississippi River. The largest three
western branches. What large boundary river
drains the southwestern part of the Mississippi
Valley? Through what river do the waters of
the Great Lakes reach the ocean !
For hundreds of miles east and west of the
Mississippi River, there are wide prairies.
Beyond the Mississippi, the ground rises in
a long gentle slope to the Rocky Mountains.
A broad strip of flat country east of these
mountains, in some places a mile above the
level of the sea, is called " The Plains."
The Pacific slope of the Western High-
land is much steeper than the Atlantic
slope of the Eastern Highland. The
ranges of mountains near the Pacific are
sometimes called the Pacific System. Find
the valley of the Columbia River.
There is a large inland basin in the Western
Highland that does not drain into any ocean.
Its rivers empty into lakes which have no out-
let to the sea. The water of these lakes, and
of all others that have no outlets, evaporates
rapidly, leaving behind the salt that is washed
from the soil and carried into them by the
streams. Hence such lakes become very salt.
Find the Colorado River. On its way from
the highland to the sea, this river flows in
places through long, deep channels called can-
yons,
whose sides are sometimes a mile in
height. The Columbia River is a very large
river which has also cut its way through the
mountains. The scenery along both of these
rivers is wonderfully grand and beautiful.
^
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RAIN
III THE
UNITED STATES.
The darker the shading
the heavier the rainfall.
Grand Canyon — Colorado River.
Here is a map which shows the rainfall of
our country. The darker the shading, the
heavier is the rainfall. Notice that the east-
ern half of the United States has much more
rain than the western half. The warm, moist
winds from the Gulf of Mexico and the Carib-
bean Sea sweep northward and bring this rain.
You know that plants thrive best where they
can have warmth, moisture, and good soil. All
these are found in the eastern half of our
country.
The rainfall map shows also that the high
plains east of the Rocky Mountains are very dry.
Their soil is rich in plant food, and the climate
is good, although cooler than that of the low-
lands in the same belt, yet
there is very little plant life.
There are a thin growth of
grass, some sagebrush, and
a few trees along the banks
of the streams.
Let us find the reason for
this lack of rain. The winds
that blow over the Western
Highland from the Pacific
Ocean reach the land with
plenty of moisture, but when
they strike the steep slopes,
a few miles inland, they are
forced up into cooler air and
become chilled. The rain
falls on the western slope,
but the winds that pass
over the mountains have
little moisture left.
If there were no high
mountains in the way of the
moisture from the Pacific,
the heavy rainfall on the
western slopes would be
spread over what is now
the gi/eat dry region of our
country. Then our farming
land would be nearly twice
as extensive as it is now.
The streams that cross the
dry plains east of the Rocky
Mountains are fed by the
melting snow on the high
mountain ranges. People
dig ditches, sometimes many
miles in length, and turn the
water of these streams into
them. At the proper times
this water is allowed to run
out of the ditches over the
land, taking the place of rain-
fall. Watering the soil in
this way is called irrigation.
(See picture of irrigation on
page 68.)
Map Studies.— Which is the largest state in the Union? Which has
the greatest extent of seacoast ? Of lake coast ? What states are wholly
or partly peninsular? Which state is bordered by the greatest number of
other states ? What states border on the Atlantic Ocean ? On the Pacific ?
On the Great Lakes ? On the Gulf of Mexico ? What states and territories
border on Mexico ? Name the states along the northern frontier. Which
is the most eastern state? Western? Northern? Southern? What
states border on the Mississippi River? On the Missouri River?
100° Longitude West 95° from Greenwich 90
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Capitals of Countries thus :@ Capitals of States thus : *
Scale of Miles.
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50
UNITED STATES.
38. PEOPLE AND RESOURCES.
The position of our country, its soil and cli-
mate, and the character of its people, have all
helped to make it
one of the foremost
nations of the world.
There are in the
United States and
its possessions about
eighty-five millions
of people. Most of
these are of the
white race. The ne-
groes number more
than ten millions,
and there are several millions of Malays
and mixed races, together with a number
of Indians and a few Chinese.
So much is offered by the earth to man in
our country that people from all parts of
Europe have come here to live. No doubt
some of the pupils of your school have par-
ents who came from beyond the sea.
The United States is a great food-produc-
ing country. Its grainfields, cattle ranges,
and fisheries feed not only our own people,
but also a great part of the people of Europe.
The United States is a great mining country.
The rich gold, silver, copper, lead, and coal
mines of the Western Highland, the coal and
iron of the Eastern Highland, and the copper
and iron of the Great Lake region, have added
largely to its wealth.
The United States is a great manufactur-
ing country. With its abundance of coal,
iron, cotton, wool, lumber, and other mate-
rials, and the immense water power fur-
nished by its streams, it is well fitted for
making goods, and the products of its work-
shops and factories are sent to all parts
of the world.
The United States is a great lumber
country. When the white man first came
here the greater part of the land was cov-
ered with forests. Many of these have been
cleared away, but vast tracts remain that
will supply lumber
for years to come.
The United States
is a great commercial
country. With its
navigable rivers and
lakes, its railroads,
its canals, and its
good harbors on two
oceans, it can easily
and cheaply send to
the markets of the world the products of its
farms, its herds, its mines, its factories, its for-
ests, and its fisheries.
HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL.
51
39. HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL.
You have learned that the eastern part of our
country was settled hy the English. There
were in all thirteen colonies, which were ruled
by England for more than one hundred and
fifty years. But at length they became strong
enough to manage their own affairs, and would
no longer obey the unjust commands of the
mother country.
On the fourth day of July, in the year 1776,
the thirteen colonies declared themselves free
from England. They afterwards united to make
a nation, and that
nation has ever
since been called
the United States.
The English sent
soldiers here and
made war for sev-
eral years against
these colonies, but
were at last de-
feated. Our na-
tion has always
been victorious in
its wars.
The thirteen orig-
inal states as they
are called are New
Washington taking command of the American army.
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connec-
ticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela-
ware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Georgia.
From time to time new tracts of country
have been acquired by the United States, until
it now extends from the Atlantic Ocean to the
Pacific. New states have been formed, until
now there are forty-five. There are also several
territories which in time may become states.
The United States has other land in different parts
of the world. Alaska was bought from Russia in
1867. After the Spanish-American War of 1898,
Spain gave up to us the Philippine Islands and
Porto Rico. What other island did Spain lose at
the same time? The Hawaiian Islands were added
to the United States in 1898.
The United States is governed by officers
elected by the people, and is, therefore, a re-
public. Were you ever at an election? At
what age are young men allowed to vote ? The
laws that are made by the states and by the
nation must agree with the Constitution of
the United States. Ask your teacher to tell
you about the Constitution.
The United States makes laws to govern the
nation, but each state makes the laws needed
in its own affairs.
What is the chief
officer of a state
called! Who is
the governor of
your own state,
and when was he
elected ? The prin-
cipal officers of
the territories are
appointed by the
President of the
United States.
A territory may
become a state
when there are
enough people.
Find the city of Washington, the capital of the
United States. It is in a very small section
called the District of Columbia. After whom
was this city named? Write what you know
about this great man. What city is the capital
of your own state ?
What is meant by the " Star-Spangled Ban-
ner"? The flag of our country has thirteen
stripes, seven red and six white. These stand
for the thirteen original states. In the blue
field is one star for each state. How many
stars are now on our flag ? How many were on
the first flag? A new star is added whenever
a new state is made.
Longitude West from Greenwich
NEW ENGLAND STATES.
Scale : Twice (hat of the other Sectional Maps of the United States.
Capitals of Countries thus : © Capitals of States thus 1 ; $
Scale of Miles,
i
80 MILES TO ONE INCH.
Longitude West from. Greenwich
SECTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES.
53
40. SECTIONS.
A study of the surface of the United States
from the relief map on page 46 shows that the
states may be naturally grouped together into
the following sections :
1. The New England States.
2. The States of the Atlantic Slope.
3. The States of the Mississippi Valley.
4. The Plateau States.
5. The States of the Pacific Slope.
A New England manufacturing town.
41. THE NEW ENGLAND STATES.
Maine (Me.)
New Hampshire (N. H.)
Vermont (Vt.)
Massachusetts (Mass.)
Rhode Island (R. I.)
Connecticut (Conn.)
Map Studies.— In what part of the United States is
New England? Name the New England States.
This section contains the smallest state in the Union.
Name it. What do you notice in regard to the coast
line of New England ? Which state has no seacoast ?
Which is the longest river in New England? The
largest lake ? What hays on the coast of Massachu-
setts ? What capes ? What islands along the south-
ern coast of New England? What arm of the sea?
What mountains in Vermont ? In New Hampshire ?
What noted peak in the White Mountains ? To what
system do these mountains belong ? Compare the scale
of this map with that of the other sectional maps.
Notice on the map on page 49 the other states
that are in the same belt as New England.
This is the cool belt of the United States. The
climate of New England, however, is gen-
erally colder than that of the states farther
inland. What do you think is the reason for
this!
New England is part of the Eastern Highland
region. Much of the surface is therefore too
rough for farming, but there are some smooth
and fertile valleys. The abundant rainfall
feeds many streams that furnish water power.
For these reasons, and because it was not a
good farming country, New England early be-
came a manufacturing section. Only two or
three states in the Union make more goods than
Massachusetts. Rhode Island and Connecticut
also are noted for their manufactures.
Find the Merrimac River. It is said that this river
moves more machinery than any other river in the
United States.
The factories of New England make many
kinds of goods. Among them are cotton and
woolen cloth, boots and shoes, hardware, cloth-
ing, paper, jewelry, watches and clocks, bicycles,
firearms, and hundreds of other useful things.
These manufactures are the chief exports.
Write a list of what New England must import
to run her factories and feed her people.
The great forest belt that extends westward
from the Atlantic crosses this section. Most of
the trees have been cut down, but in the north
there is still much lumber. Maine is the great
lumber state. Much of her timber is ground
into wood pulp, which is used in making paper.
In the ocean waters great quantities of codfish
and mackerel are caught by the fishermen of
Maine and Massachusetts.
New England is rich in building stones.
Massachusetts, Maine, and New Hampshire ex-
port much granite. The last is sometimes
called the " Granite State." Marble is so plen-
tiful in parts of Vermont and Massachusetts
that the walls between fields are built of it.
80' Longitude West from Greenwich $1
Sllwaul,.,.
STATES OP THE
ATLANTIC SLOPE.
Same Scale as Maps of the States of the"Miaslssippi Valley, O TT T\
the- Plateau States and the States of the Pacific Slope. 1
Capital of United States Urns:...®
Capitals of States thus : *> Canals:—™.
Scale of Miles.
, , . _ SO . _ ,100 200
C. Sable ^~g
Longitude M'e»t from Greenwich
NEW ENGLAND STATES.
55
There is much beautiful scenery in New
England. Thousands of people from other
states spend their summers among the
mountains or along the seacoast
of this section. Find the White
Mountains. Mount Wash
ington. Ask your teacher
why New Hampshire is
called the " Switzerland
of America." Find
the Green Mountains.
How does Vermont
derive its name from
these mountains?
Find Boston ou the
map. It is the chief city
of New England, and be-
cause of its fine, deep harbor
has become one of the great
commercial cities of the United
States. It manufactures clothing,
machinery, books, and many other
things. It is the greatest boot and shoe
market in the world, and has a large trade
in fish. Boston is a noted literary center.
Boston is noted, too, for
events that happened before
and at the time of the Revo-
lutionary War. Bunker Hill
Monument was built in mem-
ory of one of the first battles
of that war. Ask your teacher
to tell you why the shiploads
of tea were thrown overboard
in Boston harbor. Faneuil
Hall in Boston is called the
"Cradle of Liberty." Why?
Find Providence.
It is the second
city of New Eng-
land. Its great
factories make cot-
ton, woolen, iron,
and steel goods,
Bunker Hill Monument. and much jewelry.
Worcester, the second city of Massachusetts,
and New Haven, the largest city of Connecticut,
are also important manufacturing centers.
It is said of New Haven that " it
makes everything from a pin
to a steam engine."
Lowell and Fall River, in
Massachusetts, and Man-
chester, in New Hamp-
shire, are the great
centers of cotton man-
ufactures in New Eng-
land. Manchester is
the largest city of New
Hampshire.
Portland, the chief city
of Maine, has one of the
finest harbors in the
United States. Ice and
fish are the chief exports.
Burlington, the largest
city of Vermont, is on
Lake Champlain, the great
water way of the forest belt.
It has a large trade in lumber. Locate on the
map all the cities named in the text. Find
the capital of each state.
42. STATES OF THE ATLANTIC SLOPE.
TE-MOUNTAIN
SCtNERT.
New York (N. Y.)
New Jersey (N. J.)
Pennsylvania (Pa.)
Delaware (Del.)
Maryland (Md.)
Virginia (Va.)
North Carolina (N. C.)
South Carolina (6. C.)
Georgia (Ga.)
Florida (Fla.)
Map Studies.— In what part of the United States is
this group ? Name the states composing it. Which
is the largest state ? The smallest ? The most north-
erly ? The most southerly ? Which has no seacoast If
What two border on the Great Lakes? What bays
indent the coast? What sounds? What rivers flow
into these arms of the sea ? Where is Long Island ?
Cape May? Cape Hatteras? Cape Sable? What
mountain system crosses these states ? Name its main
ranges. What mountain groups are in the state
of New York ? Where is Niagara Falls ?
56
UNITED STATES.
The States of the Atlantic Slope lie in the
cool and the warm belts of the United States.
As they extend for more than a thousand miles
north and south, we know that the climate of
one part must differ from that of the other.
Where is the warmest part of this group ? The
coolest? Why?
In the northern part of this section are vast
beds of coal and iron, and rich wells of petro-
leum and natural gas. There are many fine
farms also. Here, too, are great arms of the
sea running far inland, and many good harbors.
The chief railroads and canals of the United
States cross this section, bringing the products
of the West to
the Atlantic sea-
ports.
New York
leads all the
other states of
the Union in
wealth, popula-
tion, commerce,
and manufac-
tures. For this
A "gushing" petroleum well.
reason it is called the "Empire State." It is
also a great farming state. Pennsylvania, too,
has many fine farms, but the chief wealth of
the state is in its coal, iron, and petroleum,
and in its manufactures. More coal is mined
and more iron and steel are made in Pennsyl-
vania than in all the other states together.
How turpentine is
collected.
New Jersey has important
manufactures. A great part
of this state and of Delaware
is devoted to raising fruits
and vegetables for the large
Eastern cities. Maryland is
a farming and mining state.
Chesapeake Bay, the great in-
land water way of Maryland
and Virginia, is noted for its
oystei's and game.
Virginia is principally a farming state, and
raises large quantities of tobacco and peanuts.
South of Virginia is the cotton country. (See
map, page 50.) In the coast regions of North
Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia there are
extensive pine forests that yield rosin, tar, pitch,
and turpentine — commonly known as "naval
stores." Great fields of rice are found in the
low coast lands.
Georgia is a leading state in the production
of cotton, rice, and naval stores. It has
ample water power and growing manufac-
tures. Florida raises oranges, pineapples, and
early vegetables in abundance for the Northern
markets. Its mild climate makes this state a
favorite winter resort for invalids.
STATES OF THE ATLANTIC SLOPE.
57
The city of New York is the largest city
and chief seaport of the United States, and is
the second city of the world in population,
' Liberty Enlightening
the World."
wealth, and commerce. It is connected by rail
and by water with all parts of the Union. Ves-
sels of all nations are found at its wharves. It
is also a great manufacturing center.
The city of New York is at the mouth of the Hud-
son River. It comprises Manhattan Island, and
part of the mainland north, the whole of Staten
Island, and the western end of Long Island, in-
cluding Brooklyn. The
East River between
Manhattan and Long
islands is crossed by a
suspension bridge more
than a mile in length.
There are about three
and one half millions of
people in this great city.
Only four states have
a greater population.
If we sail up New
York harbor, one of the
first things to attract our
attention is the statue of
" Liberty Enlightening
the World." This is
Independence Hall, Philadelphia.
erected on a small island.
Some idea of the size of this
statue may be had when we
remember that its nose is
more than four feet in length,
and the rest of its body in
proportion.
Find the Erie Canal.
Where this water way en-
ters Lake Erie there has
grown up the flourishing
city of Buffalo, which has-
a large trade with the
West through the Great
Lakes and by rail. Roch-
ester, on the Erie Canal r
has extensive flour mills.
Opposite New York is Jersey City. In what
state and on what river is it? Many ocean
steamers sail from here. A few miles inland are
Newark and Paterson. The former is the largest
city of New Jersey, and is a manufacturing cen-
ter ; the latter is noted for its silk mills.
Philadelphia is a seaport, although it is nearly
a hundred miles from the ocean. How do you
explain this ? It is within easy reach of the
coal and iron mines of Pennsylvania ; hence
it has naturally become a great manufac-
turing city, with more than a million in-
habitants. Ask your teacher how the
names " Philadelphia" and " Pennsylvania n
were made up, and
also what each name
means.
Among the principal
manufactures of Phila-
delphia are locomotives,
iron and steel steam-
ships, heavy machinery,
carpets, clothing, and re-
fined sugar. The Dec-
laration of Independ-
ence was made at Inde-
pendence Hall in this
city, July 4, 1776. What
was this declaration 1
STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY.
59
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UNITED STATES.
Wheat harvestin:
Minnesota.
this section are rich in minerals, and much
manufacturing is done in the cities and towns.
The greatest wheat farms of the world are
found in the northwestern states of this section.
A single wheatfield in Minnesota or North
Dakota may cover hundreds of acres. Minne-
sota is the leading wheat state.
The corn belt lies farther south, Iowa being
the leading corn state. Much of this grain is
fed to cattle and to the vast droves of hogs,
whose products are among the leading exports
of our country. On the plains of Kansas and
Nebraska great herds of cattle are pastured.
Name the principal hog products. Cattle
products.
Millions of bushels of rye, oats, and barley are
raised in this section. Name some of the uses of
these grains. In the northwest hops and flax
are grown, and in Kentucky hemp and tobacco.
What are their uses ! Much wool is produced,
Ohio being the leading wool-growing state.
From the forests of Minnesota, Wisconsin,
and Michigan come great quantities of hard
wood and pine lumber for our houses and fur-
niture. In the states of the plains west of the
Missouri and the Red rivers there is but little
timber. Name these states.
Much soft coal is mined in West Virginia,
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, and Mis-
souri. Petroleum and natural gas abound in
the first three states. About one third of the
iron ore, copper, and salt produced in the United
States comes from Michigan. Wisconsin has
rich iron mines. The zinc mines of Missouri
are among the most important in the world,
and the state has valuable lead and iron mines.
Find the Black Hills. The discovery of gold in
these hills led to the settlement of this locality. The
wheat raised in the Dakotas, however, is of greater
value than the gold mined in this region.
The leading states of the northern Mississippi
Valley in wealth and population are Illinois,
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Felling a great pine tree.
STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY.
61
A busy street, Chicago.
Ohio, Missouri, and In-
diana. They are among
the best farming states,
and contain most of
the large and important
cities of this section.
Chicago is the chief
city of the Mississippi
Valley states, and is
next to New York in
population. In what
state and on what body
of water is it? Trace
on the map the water
route from Chicago to Buffalo. From Buffalo
to New York. (See map, page 54.) Is it
cheaper to send goods by water or by rail?
Chicago is the greatest railway center in the
world, and has extensive manufactures of iron
and steel. It is also the leading grain and
meat market of the world.
In 1837 Chicago was incorporated as a city, with a
population of about 4000. In 1900 its population was
about 1,700,000. Where can Chicago get its coal?
Its iron ? Its grain ? Its cattle ? How can it trans-
Great bridge
port these to the markets of the world ? How can you
account for the wonderful growth of this great city 1
St. Louis, on the Mississippi River, near the
mouth of the Missouri, is, from its position, a
natural trade center. What three cities in the
Union are larger than St. Louis ?
Cincinnati, Columbus, Louisville, and Indianap-
olis are the most important cities in the Ohio
Valley. Cincinnati and Columbus are great
trade and manufacturing centers, Indianapolis
is an important railroad center, and Louisville
is one of the chief tobacco markets of the world.
Milwaukee, Detroit, and Cleveland are among
the largest shipping ports of the Great Lakes.
Name another large lake port, in New York.
These cities all have important manufactures.
The largest flour
mills in the world are
at Minneapolis, on the
Mississippi River.
Here the Falls of St.
Anthony furnish im-
mense water power.
Across the Mississippi
is the sister city of St.
Paul, the capital of
Minnesota. These two
cities form a great com-
mercial and manufac-
turing center.
Kansas City and St.
Joseph are the chief
cities of western Mis-
souri, and both are important trade centers.
Kansas City, Kansas, which adjoins the Mis-
souri city of the same name, ranks next to
Chicago in the meat-packing industry. Omaha
is the leading commercial city of Nebraska.
On what river are these cities ?
Des Moines is the capital and chief city of
Iowa. It is a railroad and trade center. Sioux
Falls is the chief city of South Dakota, and
Fargo of North Dakota. Locate the cities named
in the text. Find the capital of each state.
Mississippi at St. Louis.
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STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY.
63
Cotton picking in the South.
44. STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI
VALLEY,
SOUTHERN SECTION
Tennessee (Tenn.)
Alabama (Ala.)
Mississippi (Miss.)
Arkansas (Ark.)
Louisiana (La.)
Texas (Tex.)
Indian Territory (Ind. T.)
Oklahoma Territory (Okla.
The states that form the southern section of
the Mississippi Valley are also fanning states.
In all of them cotton is cultivated and corn is
the principal grain. The lowlands of Louisiana
yield about half the rice and most of the sugar
cane raised in the United States.
Much of this section is heavily wooded with
oak, ash, hickory, and other hard woods. In
Alabama and Mississippi are great forests of
yellow pine like that along the southern Atlan-
tic coast. Western Texas and Oklahoma Ter-
ritory are almost treeless, but afford pasturage
for vast herds of cattle.
The mineral wealth of this section is consid-
erable. Tennessee has mines of coal and iron,
and much fine marble. Northern Alabama has
an abundance of coal, iron, and limestone.
Arkansas is famous for its hot springs. In
some of the cities the manufactures are becom-
ing important.
Indian Territory, which is included in this
section, was set apart by the United States
Government as the home of those tribes that
had given up their lands elsewhere. It is a
beautiful, fertile country, and many of the In-
dians living there are civilized. Find Tah-
lequah. It is the chief town, and the capital of
the Cherokee nation.
Oklahoma Territory, formerly a part of Indian
Territory, was opened to settlement in 1889. It
is now occupied by a thrifty people who raise mil-
lions of bushels of wheat and corn, and many
bales of cotton, every year. Guthrie is the capital.
The coast of the states bordering on the Gulf
of Mexico is low and sandy. Many of the river
mouths are obstructed by sand bars. There are
but few good harbors.
Shipping cotton and sugar, New Orleans.
New Orleans is the largest city of the South.
It is built around a sharp bend of the Missis-
sippi River, and for that reason is often called
the Crescent City. It is the chief outlet of
trade in the South, and is one of the greatest
cotton markets in the world.
Nashville is an important inland center of
trade. Memphis and Vicksburg, on the Missis-
sippi River, are great cotton ports. Large-
quantities of cotton are shipped also from the
gulf ports of Mobile and Galveston. Dallas is the
chief commercial center of northern Texas. Little
Rock is the capital and chief city of Arkansas.
Locate all the cities named in the text. Find
the capital of each state.
PLATEAU STATES.
65
Strange rock forms, Colorado.
45. THE PLATEAU STATES.
Montana (Mont.)
Idaho
Wyoming (Wyo.)
Nevada (Nev.)
Utah
Colorado (Colo.)
Arizona (Ariz.)
New Mexico (N. Mex.)
Arizona and New Mexico are territories.
Map Studies.— In what part of the United States
are the Plateau States? Which two border on
Canada ? Which two on Mexico ? How many inches
do these states extend on the map from north to
south? Tell by the scale how many miles this dis-
tance represents. What kind of surface have the
Plateau States? Find the head waters of the Mis-
souri River. Of the Snake branch of the Colum-
bia. Of the Green branch of the Colorado. In
what state do all these rise ? What oceans do their
waters finally reach? What states do the Rocky
Mountains cross?
The Plateau States occupy the highest and
most rugged part of our country. Most of the
surface is a mile or more above the sea level,
What difference does this elevation make in
the climate?
Think of a snowstorm in our country on the
Fourth of July ! Yet this often happens among the
mountains of these states. There is snow on Pikes
Peak all the year. Find this peak.
These states, however, have hot summer
days, but the nights are always cool. The
winters, except in the extreme south, are very
severe. Find Arizona Territory. The south-
western part of this territory is lowland, and
here is found the hottest and driest region
in the United States.
Find the Great Basin. Most of Nevada and
a part of Utah lie in this basin. Notice that its
streams have no outlet to the sea. What do
you know about its lakes? Find Great Salt
Lake. Much of the Great Basin is a desert.
Many years ago an immense inland sea covered
this basin. This is shown by the old shore lines
high up along the surrounding mountain sides.
Find the Yellowstone Park. It is the " Won-
derland of America." Here are great geysers,
shooting up columns of hot water high in the
air. Here also are boiling springs, mud pools,
fire holes, lakes, waterfalls, and rocks of many
colors and strange forms. Everywhere the
scenery is grand and beautiful.
The Plateau States abound in natural wonders.
In Colorado, the " Garden of the Gods " attracts thou-
sands of visitors. It is a narrow inclosed valley at
the foot of Pikes Peak, full of strange rock forms.
The region surrounding Pikes Peak, on account
of its dry, pure air, is a
noted health resort.
The Grand Canyon of
the Colorado River in Ari-
zona (see page 47) is a
long, deep chasm at the
bottom of which the river
flows, in some places a
mile below the surface
of the plateau.
Geyser and hot springs,
Yellowstone Park.
66
UNITED STATES.
Would you think of the Plateau States as a
great agricultural section? "Why? Yet much
farming is done in the river valleys and near
the mountains, where the land can be irrigated.
What is irrigation ? East of the Eocky Moun-
tains these states stretch out into the Great
Plains, on which vast herds of cattle and im-
mense flocks of sheep are pastured.
The rainfall in this part of the section is slight, but
it is sufficient for the growth of a coarse grass called
bunch grass, which makes very good pasturage.
Some of the stock farms, or ranches, are as large as
the state of Rhode Island.
The most important industry of this section,
however, is mining. It is the greatest silver-
mining region in the world, and is rich, also, in
gold, copper, and lead. Colorado leads in the
Shipping silver bars, Colorado.
production of silver, gold, and lead, and Mon-
tana, in copper. Coal is mined in Wyoming.
The southern part of this section was settled
by the Spaniards, and their language is still
spoken to some extent. Santa Fe, the capital
of New Mexico, is a very old city. It was an
Indian village, or pueblo, long before the Span-
iards came to this country. There are more
Indians in New Mexico than in any other part
of the section.
Denver is the largest city and the most im-
portant commercial center of the Plateau States.
It is near a rich mining region, and smelting is
a leading industry. What is smelting?
Other important mining and smelting towns
are Leadville, Pueblo, and Cripple Creek in
Colorado, and Butte in Montana. The last is
near the largest copper mines in the world.
Find Salt Lake City. It was built by a people
called Mormons, who founded a state in the
wilderness. The Mormon temple and taber-
nacle attract much attention from visitors.
Find the capital of each state and territory, and
locate all the cities named in the text.
Sheep ranch, Wyoming.
46. STATES OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE.
Washington (Wash.)
Oregon (Ore.)
California (Cal.)
Map Studies.— In what part of the United States
is this section? What do you know of its surface?
What mountain ranges are in these states? Which
is the largest state? How does it compare in size
with your own state? What important harbor in
California ? What large arm of the sea extends into
Washington ? What large river in the north ? What
river borders southeastern California ?
The snow-capped ranges of the Sierra Nevada
and the Cascade Mountains traverse this section
from north to south. East of these ranges the
climate is much drier than on the western slope.
What reason can you give for this?
125° Longitude West from Greenwich 120°
Same Scale as Maps of the States of the Atlantic
Slope, the States of the Mississippi Valley, and
the Plateau States.
120° Longitude West from Greenwich
Fertile valleys run through these
states, parallel to the coast. Here are
the extensive grainfields of the Pacific
Slope. Notice the great valley of Cali-
fornia. What rivers drain this valley?
In the south the land must be irrigated
in order to raise good crops.
The warm, moist winds from the Pa-
cific Ocean give the coast valleys of
these states a mild climate that is much
the same throughout the year except in
the matter of rainfall. Find the "Willa-
mette River. In the valley of this river
flowers bloom most of the winter in the
open air. What Atlantic state has the
same latitude ?
The richness of the soil and the fa-
vorable climate make this region one of
the greatest fruit-growing countries in
the world. Grapes, cherries, prunes,
and, in the southern section, oranges,
lemons, and apricots are raised in im-
mense quantities. Much of the fruit is
shipped East in refrigerator cars, but
more is canned for export. What are
made from grapes ?
The mountain slopes of this section
are covered with dense forests of pine,
fir, and redwood. Some of the largest
trees in the world are found in
central California. Find Pu-
get Sound. Some of the most
extensive lumber mills in the
country are on this body of
water. The lumber products
are shipped in large quantities
to all parts of the world.
The " big trees " of central Cal-
ifornia are among the wonders of
this section. Some of them are
more than 300 feet high and from
50 to 100 feet in circumference.
At the base of one of the largest
a tunnel has been cut, through
which a four-horse team has been
driven. (See picture, page 43.)
67
68
UNITED STATES.
The hilly lands of the Pacific States make
good pasture grounds, and many cattle and
sheep are raised. Much fine wool is produced,
and the dairy products are valuable. Of what
other wool-growing regions have you learned?
A salmon cannery.
In the northern rivers of this section, espe-
cially in the Columbia River, are the most noted
salmon fisheries in the world. Millions of pounds
of these fish are canned and exported every year.
The discovery of gold in California in 1848
led to the rapid settlement of that state. For
many years it produced more gold than any
other state in the Union, yet the products of
its soil are now of more value than those of its
mines. Much of the coal used on the Pacific
Slope is mined in "Washington.
There is much grand and beautiful scenery
among the mountains and valleys of this sec-
tion. The famous Yosemite Valley in California
attracts visitors from all parts of the country.
San Francisco is the chief city of this section.
It is one of the natural gateways of commerce
between the United States and the countries
bordering on the Pacific Ocean. What is its
harbor called ? The entrance to this fine har-
bor is known as the " Golden Gate." Why was
this name given to it?
People of all nations are found in San Francisco.
One part of this city is called "Chinatown." Here
are more Chinamen than in any other city in the
United States. They have their own shops, stores,
and places of worship and amusement.
Golden Gate, San Francisco.
Orange grove, southern California — irrigation.
Los Angeles, in southern California, is the
center of the fruit and wine trade. It is also a
noted health resort.
Portland, next to San Francisco, is the most
important city on the Pacific coast. It is at
the head of ship navigation on the Willamette
River, more than one hundred miles from the
ocean, and has a large foreign commerce.
Compare the location of this city with that of Port-
land, Maine. Tell by the scale of the map of the
United States how far apart the two cities are. How
far is New York from San Francisco ?
Find Seattle and Tacoma. On what body of
water are they ? Seattle is a commercial center,
and has a large trade with Alaska. Tacoma has
important manufactures, and a heavy trade in
lumber and wheat.
Locate all the cities named in the text. Find
the capital of each state.
47. DETACHED POSSESSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH CUBA.
On the map of the world, pages 36 and 37, find
Alaska, Porto Rico, Hawaiian Islands, Philippine
Islands, Guam Island, Tutuila, and Wake Island.
These all belong to the United States.
Alaska was bought from Eussia in 1867. It
is more than twice as large as the state of
Texas. It consists of a great peninsula, to-
gether with a chain of islands stretching almost
to the coast of Asia. What sea is partly in-
closed by these islands ?
What strait connects
this sea with the Arctic
Ocean ? What capes ex-
tend into this strait?
The glaciers descend to the sea,
What do you learn of the
surface of Alaska from the
relief map (page 39J?
What large river flows
through this country! It
forms a water way to the
famous Klondike gold re-
gion in Canada, but is
closed by ice the greater
part of the year. Find
Mount St. Elias. It is one of the high peaks
of North America. Which is the highest peak ?
The climate of northern Alaska is one of ex-
and break off in huge masses, called icebergs
treme cold. In the south it is milder than that
of the same latitude on the Atlantic coast.
This is due to the warm, moist winds of the
Pacific which blow over its shores. In this
section, many glaciers form in the mountain
valleys, and descend to the sea, where they
break off in huge masses, called icebergs.
Glaciers are formed by snow that falls and drifts
into narrow valleys far up among the mountains. In
time this snow becomes compressed into solid ice,
which moves slowly down the
slopes a few inches or a few feet
daily. For this reason glaciers
have been called " rivers of ice."
The wealth of Alaska is in
its furs, its fish, and its rich
gold mines. Find the Pribilof
Islands. The seal fisheries of
these islands are the most-
noted in the world. Have you
ever seen seal furs ? What
use is made of them?
About half the people of
Alaska are whites. In the
southwest, most of the natives are Indians. In
the north are a few Eskimos. Sitka is the
capital, and Nome, the largest city.
70
UNITED STATES.
CUBA, HAITI,
PORTO RICO, JAMAICA
AND
BAHAMA ISLANDS.
Scale of Miles.
ISO MILES TC ONE INCH.
Saute scale as
~y Map of the Uoited States.
Royal palms.
Cuba was under the
control of the United
States from 1898 to 1902,
when it became an independent republic. What
separates Cuba from Florida?
In 1898 war broke out between the United States
and Spain. The chief events of this war were the
destruction of the Spanish fleets at Manila, in the
Philippine Islands, and at Santiago in Cuba. By a
treaty made in December, 1898, Spain surrendered
the Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, and a number of
smaller islands to the United States. She also gave
up all claim to the island of Cuba.
vegetation. Sugar, tobacco, and tropical fruits
are the chief products, and are largely exported.
There are many negroes on this island.
Havana, the capital, has a fine harbor, and is a
great commercial city.
Porto Rico is about five hundred miles east
of Cuba, It is nearly half as large as New Jer-
sey. The surface is hilly, and the climate is
more healthful than that of the other islands of
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Cuba is nearly as large as Pennsylvania.
Part of it is mountainous. From its locality,
what kind of a climate should it have? The
fertile soil and abundant rainfall cause a rich
San Juan, Porto Rico.
this region. Coffee, sugar, and tobacco are the
chief products. The island is thickly settled,
and many of the people are negroes. San Juan
is the capital and largest city. Find Ponce.
The Philippine Islands lie in the same belt
as Cuba and Porto Rico. (See map, pages 36
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS— HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
71
them are mountainous. Luzon, the largest,
is about the same size as Virginia.
The people belong mostly to the Malay or
brown race. They are called "Filipinos." Ma-
nila, the capital, is a large commercial city, and
exports great quantities of hemp and tobacco.
The Hawaiian Islands were annexed to the
United States in 1898. They form a moun-
tainous group far out in the Pacific Ocean,
about two thousand miles southwest of San
A native house, Philippine Islands
and 37.) Both groups have, therefore,
nearly the same climate and vegeta-
tion. There are two thousand islands
in the Philippine group. Many of
Gardiner I.
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Longitude Weat from Greenwich
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
Same scale as Map of the United States.
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Scale of Miles.
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PHILIPPINE
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Scale of Mil..-.
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Francisco. Where is San Francisco? This
group gets its name from Hawaii, the largest
island. There are eight principal islands and
a number of very small ones.
The climate is very pleasant. The natives
who belong to the brown race are fast dying out.
Much sugar is raised and exported. Honolulu,
the capital, is an important commercial city.
A native feast, Hawaiian Islands.
72
OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS.
36. In what continent is the United States ? In what
part ? What is the climate ? What waters border our
country ? What other countries ? Which of the coast
lines are most broken ? Name the principal bays. Capes.
Draw an outline map of the United States.
37. Where is the great highland region? The smaller
highland region? What lies between them? Where is the
Atlantic Slope? The Pacific Slope ? What great river drains
the Mississippi Valley? Name its chief branches. Name
two rivers of the Pacific Slope. What river drains the Great
Lakes? Name four rivers of the Atlantic Slope. Where is
the greatest rainfall? Why? The least? Why?
38. In what respects is the United States a great country?
What helps to make it so? How many people live in the
United States? What kinds of people ?
39. To what country did the United States at first belong?
When did the colonies become free? Name the thirteen
original states. How many are there now? What other
land does the United States own? What form of govern-
ment do we have? What is the difference between a state
and a territory? Who is now President of the United
States? Make a picture of the " Star-Spangled Banner."
40. Name the sections into which the United States may
be naturally divided. Tell where each is located. Which
is the largest? The smallest?
41. What is the climate of New England? What is the
leading industry? Why? Name some of the manufactures.
What are some of the other important interests? Which is
the largest city? The next largest?
42. How does the climate of the States of the Atlantic
Slope vary? Why? What are the two great manufacturing
and commercial states of this section? Which state has the
greatest mineral wealth? Name the leading products of
the Southern Atlantic States. Which is the foremost state
of the Union? In what does it lead? The chief city of the
Union? What other very large city in this section? Name
the principal seaports.
43, 44. What is the leading occupation of the States of
the Mississippi Valley? Where is the most wheat raised?
Corn? Cotton? Cattle? Sugar? Where are the great
lumber regions? What is the chief city of this section?
Name three other large cities on the Great Lakes. One on
the Ohio River. One at the mouth of the Missouri River.
One near the mouth of the Mississippi.
45. Why are the Plateau States so called? What kind
of surface has this section? Climate? What is the most
important industry? Name some of the wonders of the
Plateau States. Which is the largest city?
46. What mountains traverse the States of the Pacific
Slope? What is the climate of this section? What are the
leading products? Name the largest and most important
city.
47. Name the detached possessions of the United States.
Where is Alaska? When and how did the country become
ours? What of its climate ? People? Products? Where
is Porto Rico ? Where are the Philippine Islands ? When
and how did we gain possession of these islands ? What of
their climate, people, and products? Chief city? When
were the Hawaiian Islands annexed? Describe their climate,
people, products, and chief city.
OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
(See map, page 44.)
48. DOMINION OF CANADA, AND
NEWFOUNDLAND.
Map Studies.— What waters border on Canada?
What countries? What large inland body of water
in Canada ? What connects it with
the Atlantic Ocean? What gulf in
the southeast? What large island
east of this gulf? What island
southwest of Canada ? Where is the
main highland region of Canada?
Where is Mount Logan ? What
river flows into the Arctic Ocean?
Of what lakes is this river the out-
let ? What river flows into Hudson
Bay ? From what lake ? What river
flows into the Gulf of St. Lawrence ?
From what lakes does it flow ?
Caribou or reindeei
You will notice from the maps that the
greater part of Canada lies in the Central
Plain of North America. What country oc-
cupies the southern part of this plain? Tell
by the rivers the difference in the general
slope of these two countries.
What have you learned about
the climate of the northern part
of North America?
While Canada is an English col-
ony, it mainly governs itself. The
chief ruler, however, is appointed by
the King of England. Newfound-
land, including Labrador, also is a
colony of England, but does not form
part of the Dominion of Canada.
DANISH AMERICA.
73
The winters even in south-
ern Canada are long and cold,
but grains, fruits, and vege-
tables ripen there during the
summer months. West of
Lake Winnipeg are broad,
fertile prairies which reach
to the Rocky Mountains.
Here large crops of wheat are
raised, much of which is sent
to the United States and
Europe.
North of the grain-growing
section is a great forest belt
that stretches across the
continent. Besides yielding
much lumber, these forests
are the home of many fur-
bearing animals, that are
hunted chiefly by the Indians. Here and there
through the fur country are built trading posts,
The city of Quebec.
A Canadian trading post.
or houses where the furs are collected and
shipped to Europe and the United States.
Rivers and lakes are the main highways of the fur
country. When the ice melts in the rivers, canoes
are used to transport : goods. In winter, loads are car-
ried over the frozen streams and through the snowy
forests on sledges drawn by dogs. Men on foot use
snowshoes to help them travel.
Beyond the forest belt the icy plains of the
" Great Lone Land " stretch northward to the
frozen ocean. There are a
few scattered tribes of In-
dians and Eskimos in this
region. The latter live near
the coast in winter, but dur-
ing the short arctic summer
they move inland to hunt the
caribou, or reindeer, which
wander in herds over the
country.
The mineral wealth of Can-
ada is principally in the
mines of coal and gold in the
western highland region.
Find Dawson. It is the
center of the famous Klon-
dike gold region.
Find Ottawa. It is the
capital of the Dominion of
Canada. Find Quebec and Montreal. These are
important commercial cities on the St. Lawrence
River. They are connected with the Pacific
coast by the Canadian-Pacific Railroad, one of
the longest in the world.
Find Winnipeg. It is the center of the Ca-
nadian wheat-growing region.
On what peninsula is Halifax f Find St.
John's, the capital of Newfoundland. The
waters near by abound in codfish, mackerel,
and herring ; hence these cities are great fish-
ing centers. Salmon are caught in the eastern
streams, but in greater numbers on the Pacific
coast.
49. DANISH AMERICA.
Map Studies. — By what waters is Greenland sur-
rounded? In what cape does it end in the south?
Where is Iceland ? What noted volcano in Iceland ?
Greenland. Think of a country almost en-
tirely covered with snow and ice hundreds of
feet thick! Such is Greenland, the home of
glaciers and icebergs. Along the western coast
of the island are several Danish settlements
and a few scattered tribes of Eskimos.
74
OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
A little grass and a few stunted trees grow
in sheltered places, also the moss upon which
the reindeer feeds. During the short arctic
summer a few flowers bloom. The polar bear
and the musk ox are found here, and the sur-
rounding seas abound with whales, seals, wal-
ruses, and many kinds of waterfowl.
Iceland. Because of warm ocean currents,
the climate of Iceland is milder than that of
Greenland, and grass and hardy vegetables
grow well. The people are intelligent, and set
great store by learning. They are employed in
fishing, and in raising horses, cattle, and sheep.
The extremes of heat and cold seem to meet
in Iceland. Numerous geysers spout up boil-
ing water, and active volcanoes send out floods
of fiery lava amid fields of snow and ice.
A street in the city of Mexico.
50. MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, AND
THE WEST INDIES.
Map Studies.— In what part of North America are
Mexico and Central America ? What mountain peak
in Mexico? What waters east of Mexico? West?
What river between the United States and Mexico?
What peninsula in the western part of Mexico? In
what cape does it end ? What peninsula in the south-
east ? What large lake in Central America ? Where
are the West Indies ? What sea do they partly inclose ?
Name the largest four islands. What group of
islands northeast of Cuba?
A Mexican kitchen.
Mexico. Let us cross Mexico from east to
west. Along the gulf coast is a broad, low
plain, which is hot, moist, and unhealthful. As
we go westward the land rises gradually. We
see plantations of cotton, sugar cane, coffee, and
tobacco. There are forests of palm, mahogany,
and other trees of the warm belt. Here are
found also the 'plants that produce vanilla and
sarsaparilla. Monkeys and many bright-col-
ored birds and insects abound.
We continue our journey, getting higher and
higher above the sea level as we near the moun-
tains. Does the weather get warmer or cooler
as we ascend? We notice trees of the same
kinds that grow in our own country. We see
also fields of wheat and corn, and herds of
cattle and sheep.
This journey can be made by rail in a few hours,
and these changes in climate and products noticed
during the trip.
We reach at last the central plateau which
forms a large part of Mexico. What is a pla-
teau? Lofty mountain chains rise from the
edge of this highland, and here and there are
snow-covered peaks, many of which are vol-
canoes. Find Mount Orizaba. It is one of the
highest mountains of North America. Are
there any large rivers in Mexico?
Many cattle and sheep are raised on this pla-
teau. There are also rich silver mines that
have been worked ever since the country was
CENTRAL AMERICA.
75
conquered by the Spaniards, about four hun-
dred years ago. Indians and half-breeds form
a large part of the population. The latter are
the descendants of whites and Indians.
The city of Mexico is the capital and most
important city. Find Vera Cruz. Most of the
foreign commerce of the country passes through
this port. The chief exports are silver, cattle,
hides, coffee, tobacco, vanilla, and dye-woods.
Loading mahogany logs.
Central America consists of five small repub-
lics and a British colony. The sui'face, climate,
products, and people are similar to those of
southern Mexico. In the chief mountain range,
along the Pacific coast, there are many vol-
canoes. We get from this country mahogany,
logwood, coffee, and bananas.
Find Lake Nicaragua. It is proposed to make a
canal partly by way of this lake through which ocean
steamers and other large vessels can pass. What
waters will it connect ? How would this canal be of
great importance to the world's commerce ?
The West Indies is the name given to the
chain of islands that extends almost from
Florida to South America. The largest and
most important are Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica,
and Porto Rico. Jamaica is a British colony,
and Haiti is divided into two negro republics.
What have you learned of Cuba and Porto
Rico? (See page 70.)
Loading bananas.
Some of these islands are mountainous, and
others, like the Bahamas, are low coral forma-
tions. Fierce storms called hurricanes sweep
over the West Indies, causing great loss of life
and property. In what zone are they ? What,
then, is their climate?
We get from the West Indies great quantities
of sugar, tobacco, bananas, and other products
of the hot and the warm belts. Many of the
people are negroes. Find Havana. It is the
chief center of commerce of the West Indies.
TEST AND REVIEW" QUESTIONS.
48. To whom do the Dominion of Canada and New-
foundland belong? Why do many of the people speak the
French language? What have you learned of the climate?
Where is the wheat region? The fur region? The gold
region? Where are the fisheries? What fish are caught?
What is the capital of Canada? Where are most of the
cities?
49. What islands form Danish America? Describe the
surface of Greenland. What plants are found there? What
animals? Who live there? Why is Iceland warmer than
Greenland? For what are the people noted? What are
raised on the island? What famous volcano is there?
50. In what zones are Mexico and the West Indies? In
what zone is Central America? What kind of climate
would these countries naturally have? Explain why the
products of both the warm and the cool belts are found in
Mexico. Name some of these products. What is the chief
mineral wealth of Mexico? Of what does Central America
consist? To whom do the four principal West India islands
belong? What do we get from the West Indies and Central
America? What city is the chief commercial center?
SOUTH AMERICA.
51. POSITION— EXTENT— COAST LINE.
In what direction is South America from
North America? What isthmus connects the
two grand divisions? What ocean east of
South America? West? South America is a
little more than two thirds as large as North
America. Notice that these two grand divi-
sions are somewhat alike in shape. Both of
them are widest at the north, and both taper to
a narrow strip at the south.
You will see by the map that the coast line
of South America is very regular, the chief
breaks being made by the mouths of the
Amazon and La Plata rivers. How may the
interior of the continent be reached by sailing
vessels and steamers?
Find the equator on the map. What part of
South America does it cross ? In what zone is
this part of the grand division ? What is the
climate? As you go south from the equator,
does the climate grow warmer or colder?
What zone lies south of the Torrid Zone ? (See
map, page 25.) What part of South America
is in this zone? Where is the coldest part of
South America ? Of North America ?
That portion of
South America
which lies in the
South Temperate
Zone has the same
seasons that we have
in our own country.
In what zone is our
country ? When it is
summer with us, how-
ever, it is winter there.
How strange it sounds
to us when we read of
very hot weather at Christ-
mas in those southern coun-
tries! Spring there begins in
the month of October.
You have learned that no large
arms of the ocean extend far into
the land in South America; name two
such bodies of water in North America. What
sea is north of South America? Name an arm
of this sea that is called a lake.
What are the most northern, eastern, south-
ern, and western capes of South America. (See
map, page 80.) What gulf is south of the
Isthmus of Panama ? What gulf on the Pacific
coast south of the equator?
What island on the eastern side of South Amer-
ica, at the mouth of the Amazon River ? What
island at the southern end of South America?
What strait between this island and the main-
land ? Ask your teacher to tell you the story of
Magellan.
What small island west of the southern coast
of South America? What famous story is
supposed to be connected with this island?
The equator crosses a group of islands farther
north ; what is this group called ?
Galapagos is a Spanish word ; it means " turtles."
These islands were so called because many giant tur-
tles were found there. Some of them were large
enough to carry a man upon their backs.
76
SURFACE AND DRAINAGE.
77
Relief Map of SOUTH AMERICA.— Same Scale as North America, Asia, Africa, and Australia.
52. SURFACE AND DRAINAGE.
Find on the map the great highland region
of South America. In what direction does it
extend? This region is called the Andes High-
land. Its chief mountain ranges are the
Andes Mountains. They form an almost un-
broken wall from the Caribbean Sea to the
Strait of Magellan. What other grand division
has a wide highland region in the western part ?
The altitude of the Andes Highland is more
than twice that of the Western Highland of
North America. Find Mount Aconcagua. It
is the highest point of the Western Continent.
On the western side of the Andes Highland
the slope is short and steep. What kind of
streams would you expect to find there? On
the east is a long, gentle slope stretching to
the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeast this
slope is broken by the Guiana Highland. In
78
SOUTH AMERICA.
the widest part of the grand division it is
broken by the Eastern or Brazilian Highland.
These two highland regions are much less in
altitude than the Andes Highland.
In the Andes Highland there are more than
thirty volcanoes that nearly always appear to
be crowned with smoke or flame. Such vol-
canoes are said to be active. In this region the
earth at times shakes fearfully. Buildings are
thrown down, whole cities are laid in ruins, and
thousands of people lose their lives. The earth
may be said to quake, hence these shakings are
called earthquakes.
wide. In the season of floods its waters spread
out over the lowland for hundreds of miles.
Let us see where all this water comes from.
St ,••-3
Sr^fe^BaS^S
•i '\^^y
■nfpl
PaPWB
§S25Gl
af i v mm
Rw^Zsfl
An earthquake.
Sometimes we have earthquakes in our own coun-
try. Did you ever feel the earth tremble? Ask
about the earthquake that did great damage to the
city of Charleston in 1886.
South America, like North America, has a
central plain that runs nearly the whole length
of the grand division. Like the plain of North
America, it has also a low swell of land cross-
ing the middle part. Notice the streams flow-
ing north and south from this divide. Trace a
line between the river basins of the Amazon
and the Rio de la Plata.
The Amazon is the greatest river in the
world. It is so wide at its mouth that the
land cannot be seen on either side from a ves-
sel in the middle of the stream. Two thousand
miles from its mouth the river is more than a mile
A flood in the Amazon.
The winds in the northern half of South
America blow westward from the Atlantic
Ocean. As these moist winds glide up the
eastern slope of the Andes Highland they
reach an altitude where they become chilled,,
and the water falls in heavy rains on the slope,
and drains off into the large rivers which flow
into the Atlantic Ocean.
By the time the winds get over the high Andes in
the northern part they have dropped all their mois-
ture, leaving none for the western slope. There are
parts of this coast where it has not rained within the
memory of man. Is the land fertile where no rain
falls? What name is given to such land? In the-
southern part of South America the winds blow to-
ward the east, hence in that section we find arid re-
gions east of the Andes.
Along the greater part of the Amazon on
both sides there are vast forests so thick with
trees, tall ferns, and climbing vines that men
can scarcely force their way through. These
forest-plains are called silvas. People who
live in some parts of these forests must dwell
in boats during the season of the floods, or live
in the tree tops like monkeys. Name the
largest northern branch of the Amazon River.
The largest southern branch.
RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS.
79
Find the Orinoco River. Along its banks
are wide plains much like our prairies. They
are called llanos. This is the Spanish word
for plains. In the dry season the llanos are
sere and brown, but in the wet season they are
covered with grass, and great herds of horses
and cattle feed there.
The llanos and the silvas lie in the hot belt. In
this belt it is always summer, except in places where
the land rises high above the
sea level. The seasons in low-
lands of the hot belt are the
wet and the dry.
Find the Rio de la Plata.
Bio is Spanish for river. It
looks like an arm of the
sea, and is formed by sev-
eral large rivers. Name
them. Trace the basin of
the Rio de la Plata. It has
much the same climate as
the basin of the Missis-
sippi. On its great plains,
which the Spanish call
pampas, grow corn, wheat,
and other grains. Horses,
cattle, and sheep are raised in great numbers
and add much to the wealth of the country.
53. RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS.
Do you drink coffee or cocoa with your
breakfast"? In wet or snowy weather do you
wear overshoes made of rubber? Did you
ever take quinine when you were sick ? These
things probably came from some part of South
America. Are they animal products, or do they
come from plants !
The cinchona tree, from the bark of which
quinine is obtained, and the rubber tree grow
wild in South America. Mahogany and other
hard-wood trees, palms, and plants that yield
medicines and dyestuffs also grow in South
America. Flowering vines and water plants,
and bright-colored birds and insects, make the
forests beautiful.
Coffee and cocoa grow best in the hilly
regions of the hot belt. In this belt also are
raised sugar, cotton, and tapioca. In the cool
belt farther south great quantities of wheat
and other grains are grown. Fi'om the herds
that pasture on the plains come hides, tallow,
and other cattle products.
There are many wild
animals in the highlands
and forest plains of South
America. The fiercest
beast of prey is the jaguar,
which belongs to the cat
family. Here are large
snakes, called boaconstrict-
ors, which crush out the
lives of animals by coiling
around them. Lively troops
of monkeys chatter in the tree
tops, alligators swarm in the
streams, and among the peaks of
A jaguar.
A train of llamas.
the Andes soars the condor, the largest bird of
flight known. The grassy lowland plains are
well fitted for the raising of horses, cattle, sheep,
and other domestic animals.
In the Andes Highland the llama, which is an
animal of the camel kind, is used to carry goods
across the mountains. It is a little larger than
a sheep. The alpaca also is found in the high-
80
SOUTH AMERICA.
land region. It is valued on account of its fine,
glossy wool.
The Andes Highland has long been famous
for its silver mines. There are also rich mines
of gold and copper. Along the Pacific coast
there are beds of nitrates, which are exported
in large quantities, and used in making fertil-
izers and gunpowder. In the Eastern Highland
there are noted diamond mines.
Map Studies.— What countries of South America
border on the Caribbean Sea? On the Atlantic
Ocean? On the Pacific Ocean? Which two have no
seacoast? Which is the largest country of South
America ? Compare it in size with the United States.
(See tables, page 127.) Which is the smallest ? Com-
pare it with the State of Washington.
What countries are wholly or partly in the Torrid
Zone ? What countries are crossed by the Tropic of
Capricorn ? What zone south of this tropic ? What
countries are wholly or partly in this zone ?
PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES.
81
54. PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES.
Soon after the Spaniards discovered the New
"World, they learned that there was much gold
in the great highland region of South America.
They sent soldiers, who overcame the Indian
tribes and treated them with great cruelty, kill-
ing or making slaves of most of them. Ask
your teacher to tell you of Pizarro.
Ruins of an ancient Inca building.
These Indians of the Andes Highland were
called Incas. They were a brave people, and,
like those of Mexico, were partly civilized.
They had wise laws. They laid out splendid
highways, and built fine bridges and temples of
cut stone. Most of the South American In-
dians of the present day are savages, living by
hunting and fishing.
The Spaniards settled near the northern and
western coasts of South America, where they
built large cities. These Spanish colonists
were so badly governed by their mother coun-
try that they rebelled and became independent.
The vast tract of country which we know as
Brazil was formerly owned by Portugal, a coun-
try of Europe, and the language of that country
is still spoken there. There are many negroes
in the eastern coast countries whose forefathers
were brought from Africa as slaves. Slavery,
however, no longer exists in America.
The Spaniards and Portuguese are of the
white, or Caucasian, race. Of late years many
other people of this race have come from
Europe and settled in the basin of La Plata
River. The commerce, farming, stock-raising,
and mining of South America are done by peo-
ple of the white race. There is but little manu-
facturing. Notice on the map that most of the
cities are near the seacoast.
There are many people of South America that are
of mixed races. They are the children of Spanish
and Indian parents, or of Indians and Negroes.
All the countries of South America except
Guiana are republics. Guiana is divided among
the British, the Dutch, and the French.
A coffee plantation.
55. BRAZIL.
Map Studies.— In what part of South America is
Brazil? What countries border on Brazil? Which
are the only two countries of South America that do
not ? What river with its branches drains the north-
ern part ? The eastern part ? The southern part ?
What and where is the capital? Name three other
important seaports.
Brazil is about as large as our own country.
It lies chiefly in the hot belt. Only a small
part of the country is cultivated. Notice that
Brazil is crossed by many large rivers.
82
SOUTH AMERICA.
A large part of Brazil is a highland region,
but not of great altitude. On this upland are
the plantations that supply nearly half the
coffee that is used in the world. This is the
chief export. Rubber, hides, tobacco, cotton,
and sugar are also exported.
Coffee is the seed of the fruit of a small evergreen
tree that thrives best in warm, well-watered upland
regions. The blossoms which are very fragrant grow
in pure white clusters. The fruit looks something
like a small cherry. Each one contains two seeds
that are the raw coffee of commerce.
Find Rio de Janeiro. It is the capital and
largest city of Brazil, and has a fine harbor.
You have heard of Rio coffee. It takes its
name from this city, which is a great coffee-
shipping port. Much coffee is shipped also
from Santos. Find Santos.
Find Bahia and Pernambuco. These are the
seaports of the sugar and tobacco regions.
Find Para. From Para we get rubber and
other products of the Amazon river basin.
Rubber is the hardened
sap of the rubber tree. It
is gathered by the In-
dians, who cut gashes in
the bark, and fasten little
cups below. Into these
cups the sap slowly
trickles. When enough is gathered it is hardened in
the smoke from a fire of palm nuts, and is then ready
for export. In our country, what is made of the sap
of the pine tree ? Of the sugar maple tree ?
56. ARGENTINA.
Map Studies.— What ocean east of Argentina?
What country lies between Argentina and the Pacific
Ocean? What important river drains the northern
part ? By what two rivers is it formed ?
Argentina is in the southern warm and cool
belts. It is nearly one third as large as the
United States. Its surface slopes from the An-
des Highland to the Atlantic Ocean. Where
do we find the coldest parts of this country?
Of our own country ? The southwestern part
of Argentina is arid. Why? (See page 78.)
You have learned about the pampas with
their millions of cattle and sheep. What do
you think, therefore, should be a leading ex-
port of this country ? The river valleys in the
northern part of Argentina are fine grain-grow-
ing lands, and much wheat also is exported.
Traveling on the pampas.
Many white people have come from Europe,
and have settled here as farmers and herds-
men. Thousands of miles of railroad have
been built to transport their grain and cattle
products to the seaports.
Find Buenos Ayres. This is the capital and
chief commercial center of Argentina, and the
lai'gest city in South America. The harbor is
not naturally a very good one, but has been
much improved. The city is connected by rail-
road with Valparaiso on the Pacific coast.
PARAGUAY, URUGUAY, AND CHILE.
83
57. PARAGUAY AND URUGUAY.
Map Studies. — In what river basin are Paraguay and
Uruguay ? What branch of the Rio de la Plata is south
of Paraguay ? What branch is west of Uruguay ?
Paraguay and Uruguay are sometimes called
La Plata countries. Why? They are thinly
settled and are but slowly increasing in popu-
lation. The raising of horses and cattle in
Paraguay and sheep in Uruguay is the chief
industry.
Much wheat is grown in Uruguay. Paraguay
has immense forests of valuable timber, and
rich beds of iron ore and marble, which, how-
ever, are not worked. In the latter country
mate, or Paraguay tea, is an important product,
and thousands of tons are exported.
Mate drinking — plant and utensils.
Paraguay tea is drunk by a great many South
American people. It is made by pouring hot water
upon the dried leaves of a kind of holly. The people
drink this tea through a tube about eight inches long,
on the end of which is a strainer. It is the custom to
pass the vessel containing the tea, together with the
tube, from mouth to mouth. The taste of the tea is
very different from that of the tea which we use.
Where does our tea come from ?
Find Montevideo. It is the capital and chief
commercial city of Uruguay. This country,
though the smallest of the South American re-
publics, is fourth in the value of its foreign
commerce. It is about the size of the state of
Wyoming. What is the capital of Paraguay?
58. CHILE.
Map Studies.— In what part of South America is
Chile ? What countries are east of it ? What moun-
tain range separates them from Chile? What high
peak near the center of its eastern boundary ?
Chile is a long, narrow strip of land lying
along the western slope of the Andes Highland.
It extends from Peru to Cape Horn, a distance
of more than 2500 miles.
Tell why there are desert regions in the
northern part of Chile, while the central and
southern parts have enough rain. (See page 78.)
The rivers of Chile are short, rapid streams.
The water of many of these streams is used
for irrigation, and much wheat is raised.
Nitrates are the most important product of
Chile, and great quantities are exported. What
use is made of nitrates ? In some parts of Chile
there are thousands of acres of nitrate or salt-
peter beds, eight or more feet in depth.
wssmastffrtk
-"As" .. ' **%
'"fcgfe
EMKiii
A street in Santiago.
Chile has made great progress. Its cities,
like ours, have telegraphs, telephones, and
street cars. Santiago, the capital, is the largest
city west of the Andes. Its seaport is Valpa-
raiso, which is the most important commercial
city on the Pacific coast of South America.
84
SOUTH AMERICA.
The lowlands aiong much of the western coast of
South America are hot and unhealthful. For this
reason many of the large cities like Santiago, Lima,
Quito, and others, are built on the interior uplands,
and are connected by railroad with their seaports.
Native boats on Lake Titicaca.
59. PERU AND BOLIVIA.
Map Studies.— What countries border on Peru?
On Bolivia? Which of the two has no seacoast?
What lake lies between Peru and Bolivia? What
large river receives most of its water from the eastern
slopes of these countries? What name is given to
the plateau that forms a part of Bolivia' and Peru ?
Peru and Bolivia lie in the hot belt, but the
altitude of much of the surface is so great that
the climate is cool and pleasant. Like most
other Andean countries, the western slopes are
rainless, while on the eastern slopes the rainfall
is very heavy.
Peru has a number of good hai'bors, and next
to Chile is the most important Andean coun-
try. It exports sugar, silver, cotton, and alpaca
wool. There are rich petroleum wells in the
north. The commerce of Bolivia is chiefly
through Peruvian ports. The chief wealth of
this country is in its mines of silver and tin.
Cinchona and rubber are gathered in the vast
forests of the eastern slopes.
More than one half of the people of Peru and
Bolivia are Indians and mixed races. Many of
the Indians are still uncivilized. What have
you learned in this book about the Incas ?
Find Lima. It is the capital and chief city
of Peru. Its houses are low so as not to be
shaken down by earthquakes. They are built
chiefly of sun-dried bricks. Six miles west of
Lima is the seaport of Callao. The largest city
of Bolivia is La Paz. The capital, Sucre, is
near the rich silver mines of Potosi.
60. ECUADOR, COLOMBIA, AND
VENEZUELA.
Map Studies.— la what part of South America are
these countries situated? Which of them border on
the Caribbean Sea? On the Pacific Ocean? What
two are crossed by the equator ? What gulf south of
the Isthmus of Panama? What lake in Venezuela?
What group of islands west of Ecuador ? What two
large rivers drain these countries ?
In what belt do these three countries lie?
How do you know this? Is it very hot in all
parts of this region? Where is it coolest?
Ecuador is the Spanish word for equator.
River scenery in Kcuador.
In these countries there are few good roads,
hence there is much fertile land that is not
farmed because there is no way of getting the
products to market. Coffee, cocoa, and cattle
products from the llanos are the chief exports.
Venezuela has rich gold mines.
The Isthmus of Panama is part of Colombia.
A railroad fifty miles in length crosses the
isthmus, and the trade on this road is of great
GUIANA.
85
profit to Colombia. "What is the capital of this
country? It has suffered from earthquakes.
Partly civilized Indians — Napos.
There are more than a million Indians in
Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. Most of
these are in Ecuador, and are still savage.
Many of the Indians of Venezuela are partly
civilized. What is the capital of Colombia ? Is
it in a highland or a lowland region? Where
is the city of Panama? Why is it important?
Find Quito, the capital and chief city of Ecua-
dor. You can see by the map that it is near
the equator, yet it is so high above the sea level
that the climate is as cool as ours is in spring.
Quito is about two miles above the level of the sea.
There are many snow-clad peaks to be seen from
the city. The houses are built low, like those of
Lima. An important business in Quito is water-
carrying. Much of it is brought a long distance.
61. GUIANA.
Map Studies.— What ocean north of Guiana? How
is the country divided? What does the relief map
show in regard to its surface? Name the capital of
each division.
Guiana is divided into three colonies that are
owned by the English, the French, and the
Dutch. There are rich gold mines in the high-
lands, and much sugar cane is raised on the
hot, low coast lands. Many French convicts
are sent to French Guiana.
TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS.
51. In what hemisphere is South America? In what
latitude? How do you know this? In what zones does it
lie? What have you learned about the climate? What
noted cape, strait, and island at the southern end? What
connects South America with North America? How do
they compare in size? How do their coast lines differ?
52. Where is the great highland region of South America?
What is it called ? How does it slope on the west ? On the
east? How is the eastern slope broken? In what general
way does the surface of South America resemble that of
North America? What is a volcano? Where are volca-
noes numerous in South America? What is an earthquake?
Where does the most rain fall in South America? Why?
What large rivers does it feed? What have you learned
about the Amazon? Where are the arid or dry regions?
Why are they arid? Locate the llanos. The silvas. The
pampas. How do these great plains differ?
53. What are the most important plant products of
South America? Name some of the wild animals. Domestic
animals. Where are the latter principally raised? What
are cattle products? What are the chief minerals?
54. What led to the conquest of a large part of South
America by the Spaniards? What portion was seized by
the Portuguese? From what countries of Europe did these
people come? Who were the Incas? What of the present
tribes of Indians? Of the Negroes? What are mixed
races? Where have many white people settled of late
years? What are such settlers called? Where do we find
most of the large cities? What government have the
South American countries? What languages are spoken?
55. Compare Brazil in size with the United States.
What is the leading product? What else is exported?
56. Compare Argentina in size with the United States.
What have you learned of its population? What does
Argentina raise and export most largely? What of its
railroads?
57. Why are Paraguay and Uruguay called La Plata
countries? What is the chief product of Uruguay? What
of its commerce? Its size? What is an important product
of Paraguay? What have you learned about this?
58. What is Chile's most important mineral product?
How is it obtained? For what used? What have you
learned of the progress of Chile?
59. What does Peru export? What is the chief wealth
of Bolivia? How is its commerce carried on? Why?
What of the people of these countries?
60. Name the leading exports of Ecuador, Colombia, and
Venezuela. Why is but little farming done in these coun-
tries? To which does the Isthmus of Panama belong?
Why is it important? In what zone are these countries?
What would their climate naturally be? What have you
learned of the climate of Quito? Why is this?
61. To what nations does Guiana belong? Name some
of its products. What is meant by " convicts " ?
EUROPE.
POSITION — EXTENT — COAST LINE.
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88
EUROPE.
63. SURFACE AND DRAINAGE.
On the relief map of Europe find the Caucasus
Mountains, the Balkan Mountains, the Carpa-
thian Mountains, the Alps, and the Pyrenees.
These rise from the highlands of southern
Europe and form a chain, more or less broken,
from the Caspian Sea to the Atlantic Ocean.
This region is known as High Europe. Find
Mont Blanc. It is the most noted peak of
Europe.
The three great southern peninsulas of Eu-
rope are parts of this highland region. "What
mountain range or spur forms the " backbone "
of Italy? What peninsula in the northwest is
a highland region? Name its chief mountain
range. What low range forms part of the
boundary between Europe and Asia?
Notice that the greater part of Europe is a
plain. It is known as Low Europe, and is
shaped somewhat like a vast basin with a
broken mountain rim. Trace this rim on the
map. Beyond the Ural Mountains this plain
stretches in an almost unbroken level across
northern Asia to the- Pacific Ocean.
There are many glaciers among the Alps.
What have you learned about glaciers? The
glaciers of the Alps do not reach the sea and
break off in icebergs, as in Alaska and Green-
land. They move slowly down the mountain
ravines into the green valleys and melt away
under the warm sun. Several rivers of Europe
have their sources in the melting glaciers of
the highland region.
The summits of the Alps and the Caucasus
Mountains are so high as to be covered with
snow. Sometimes far up on the mountain side
a patch of snow becomes loosened and starts to
slide down the steep slope. It gathers more
and more snow, and its speed becomes greater
and greater on its downward way. Huge rocks
are torn from their beds, and large trees are
broken off like twigs, until at last the whole
mass plunges with a crash into the valley below.
An avalanche.
Such a snowslide is called an avalanche. Some-
times an entire village is destroyed by an ava-
lanche.
The largest river of Europe is the Volga.
It is an important highway of trade, and is con-
nected by canal with the northwestern waters.
Into what sea does it flow? The Caspian
Sea has no outlet. Is the water of this sea fresh
or salt? (See page 47.) What becomes of the
large amount of water that is poured into the
Caspian Sea by the Volga and other rivers?
Name two large rivers that flow into the Black
Sea. Which of them cuts through mountain
ranges on its way ?
The most noted river of Europe is the Rhine.
Its source is among the glaciers of the Alps,
and it flows through some of the most beautiful
scenery in the world. In places its course is
between vine-clad hills and steep rocky heights
on which are many old and famous castles.
(See picture on page 87.)
In what part of the map of Europe are the
most lakes shown? Name the largest two.
There are many small clear lakes in the Alpine
region, which add greatly to the beauty of the
scenery. They are visited by people from all
parts of Europe, and from our own country.
RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS.
8»
64. RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS.
Notice on the map of Europe where the par-
allel marked 40° crosses the Mediterranean Sea.
Look at the map of our own country and you
will see that the same parallel passes some dis-
tance south of New York and Chicago. We
know by this that these cities are about as
far north of the equator as the northern shore
of the Mediterranean Sea, and are, therefore, in
the same belt.
Do oranges, lemons, olives, figs, and almonds
grow well near New York and Chicago ? Why ?
Yet these grow freely along the Mediterranean
coast of Europe. We have learned that there
may be a great difference of climate in different
parts of the same belt. Sometimes, as we have
seen, this is caused by difference in altitude,
but in this case there are other reasons.
We have learned that warm winds from the
Atlantic Ocean and from Africa blow over
southern Europe. More than this, there are
high mountain chains inland which shelter the
coast lands from the cold winds of the north.
Hence these lands have plenty of warmth and
moisture, and for this reason the plants of the
warm belts thrive in this region.
Did you ever see a caterpillar spinning a
cocoon ? Here is a picture of silkworms and of
Silkworms and cocoons.
the cocoons which they make. The worms feed
on the leaves of the mulberry tree. These trees
in great numbers are grown in the south of
Europe, and much silk is produced. Find out
from what other countries we get silk.
The silkworm spins a fine thread of silk, something-
like that of a spider's web. This thread it winds
around itself, forming a cocoon. In time the worm
bursts the cocoon and comes out as a moth with
wings, just as you may have seen a butterfly come
out of a cocoon which it spun when it was a cater-
pillar.
Find on the map of Europe the parallel
marked 50°. South of this parallel is the
country of the grape. What are made of
grapes f The southern part of Europe, also, is
the great wheat belt in which more wheat is
raised than in the United States.
About one fourth of Europe is still covered
with forests. The people there are much more
careful of the trees than we are in our countiy.
In the coast waters are plenty of fish. The
best fishing grounds are in the North Sea. In
the Mediterranean fine sponges are found, and
also the red coral which is used in making
jewelry.
Europe has been so long settled, that most
of the wild animals have been replaced by the
usual domestic kinds. What are they ? In the
mountain regions the bear, deer, wolf, and wild
boar are still found. In the far North the use-
ful reindeer is the chief wealth of the Lap-
lander. Fur-bearing animals are found in this
region. What is the climate !
The most important minerals are coal
and iron. These are mined in almost
every country in Europe. There are
also rich mines of quicksilver, salt,
sulphur, tin, and petroleum. Gold
and platinum are found in the Ural
Mountains. The manufactures and
commerce of Europe surpass those of
the United States. England, Germany,
and France lead in these industries.
1
4
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7. CO
I
MS"
\
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PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES.
91
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92
EUROPE.
American and English steamers meeting in mid-ocean.
66. HOW WE REACH EUROPE.
Europe is the most important part of the
Old World with which we have to do. Let us
see how we can best reach this grand division
from our own country. We can go by steamer
from Portland, or Boston, or New York, or
Philadelphia, or Baltimore. As most of our
people start from New York when they go to
Europe, we will take a steamer from that city.
We go on board of the vessel as she lies at
the dock. Our friends who came to see us off
have said good-by and have gone ashore. A
little tugboat comes puffing up, and pulls the
great ship out into the harbor, and past other
vessels, toward the sea. Soon the tugboat
leaves us, our engines are started, and our
steamer has fairly begun her voyage of three
thousand miles.
In a few hours we are out of. sight of land
and can see nothing around us but the sea and
sky. We watch the sun as it seems to sink
slowly into the water west of us. In time we
are called to a meal, and when that is over the
darkness has come, and we go to our stateroom
to pass our first night at sea.
Next morning when we come on deck we are
far out on the ocean. On the following day we
catch sight of many small vessels. Their crews
are fishing for cod and halibut. We are told
that we have reached the "banks" of Newfound-
land. What have you learned about these
banks ? Thus far we have been sailing northeast.
Our ship is now headed more toward the east.
Before the day is over we see an iceberg.
What have you learned about icebergs ? It has
broken away from the icy shoi'es of Greenland,
and is drifting slowly southward, melting as it
goes. The one we see is many times larger
than our vessel. It looks like a great church
with towers and steeples, and in the bright sun-
light it flashes and gleams with all the colors
of the rainbow. Many a fine ship has been
sunk by running into an iceberg in the dark-
ness of night or in a fog.
Thus day by day for nearly a week we sail
eastward. We find much to interest and in-
struct us. Sometimes it is a large whale float-
ing lazily upon the surface of the water. What
do we get from whales? We see clearly on
every side the line where the sea and sky ap-
pear to meet. What is this line called? We
BRITISH ISLES.
93
notice above the sky line the topmasts of
distant vessels and the smoke of steamers
that are still farther away, while their
hulls are hidden from us by the roundness
of the earth.
At last we see in the distance what
looks like a bank of clouds low in the sky.
We are told that this is land. As we get
nearer we see that it is beautiful green
country. It is Ireland. The steamer en-
ters a fine harbor and drops anchor. We
have reached Queenstown, a seaport of
Ireland. We are in Europe. After a
short stay the steamer goes on to Liver-
pool, in England, and here our voyage
ends. Find on the map all the places
named.
67. BRITISH ISLES.
Map Studies.— Where are the British Isles?
(See map of Europe, page 90.) The largest is-
land of the group is called Great Britain. What
are its three divisions ? What is the name of
the other large island? What three groups
of small islands are north of Scotland ? What
waters separate the British Isles from the main-
land of Europe ? What waters separate Eng-
land from Ireland? What name is given to
the southwestern point of England? Men-
tion a cape of Spain whose name has the
meaning.
BRITISH ISLES.
Same Bcale as Maps of the States of the Atlantic
Slope, the "Mississippi Yatley, the Plateau States,
and the States of the Pacific Slope.
Scale of Milts.
I 60 100 900
same
The British Isles are the home of one of the
greatest nations of the earth. About one fifth
of all the land on the globe is owned by this
nation, and one fourth of all the people in the
world are under its control.
The British Isles are known as the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The
other British possessions are large parts of
North America, Africa, and Asia, a small part
of South America, the whole of Australia, and
many islands in both hemispheres. All these
together form the vast British Empire.
The people of the British Isles, like those
of our own country, choose certain persons
to make their laws. The chief ruler, how-
ever, is not elected like our President, but
holds this office as being the head of the royal
family. After his or her death usually the
oldest son becomes king. What is such a gov-
ernment called!
The present ruler of the British Empire is King
Edward VII. He is called "King of Great Britain
and Ireland, and Emperor of India." What ruler
did he succeed ? Where is India ?
England is the most important part of the
British Isles, and is the seat of government of
the Empire. It has a dense population and
many large cities. Its rich mines of coal and
iron have made it a great manufacturing coun-
try. It has more ships than any other nation.
94
EUROPE.
and these carry its manufactures to all parts of
the world, and bring back the products of all
other countries.
England is one of the countries of Europe that
cannot raise food enough for all its people, and has to
depend, therefore, upon other sources for a supply.
What food products does England get from us ?
The trade of the British Empire centers in
the great city of London, the largest in the
world. What is the second largest city in the
world? Find these two cities on the map
(pages 36 and 37), and tell on what waters you
sail from one to the other.
is the capital of Scotland, and Glasgow on the
Clyde is its chief city. Many iron and steel
vessels are built along the river.
Windsor Castle.
There are nearly as many people in London as
there are in the whole of New England. Its streets,
if placed end to end, would more than reach across
the United States from east to west. It is a very old
city, and is full of objects and places of interest.
Find Liverpool. It is a great commercial
city, and its docks, filled with shipping, extend
for miles along the river Mersey. It has a
large trade with the United States. Find
Manchester and Birmingham. They are large
manufacturing centers. The former is the
greatest cotton-spinning city in the world ; the
latter is noted for iron and steel goods.
The mountain regions of Great Britain are
found chiefly in Scotland and Wales. The
hills, glens, and lakes of these sections are
noted for their beautiful scenery. Edinburgh
Lakes of Killamey, Ireland.
Across the Irish Sea is Ireland. Much of its
surface is covered with rich, green grass, which
has given it the name of the " Emerald Isle."
Many of the people of Ireland have found
homes in America. Its chief cities are Dublin
and Belfast. The latter is the center of the
linen trade. From what is linen made ?
68. THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.
Map Studies.— In what part of Europe is the Ger-
man Empire ? Locate it on the relief map of Europe,
and describe its surface. Tell by its rivers how most
of the surface slopes. What large river drains the
southern part? Into what water? Name the coun-
tries that border on the German Empire. What
waters north?
The Empire of Germany consists of a number
of states united under one government. It is
considerably smaller than the state of Texas,
yet it has about three fourths as many people
as the whole United States. Germany owns
large tracts of country in southern Africa.
FRANCE.
95
The most important division of Germany is the
Kingdom of Prussia. The King of Prussia is also
Emperor of Germany. He is sometimes called the
Kaiser. Who is the present Kaiser ?
Germany is a great farming country. Much
•wine is produced by the vineyards, and it sup-
plies most of Europe with sugar, made from
the sugar beet. What other plants yield sugar ?
How is it made ?
The southern highland region of Germany is
covered with forests, and in many parts of the
empire there are rich mines of coal, iron, and
zinc, which help to make it a great manufac-
turing country also.
The Germans are a saving and industrious
people. They are fond of music, and are well
educated, as every child is obliged by law to go
'to school. They are also a nation of soldiers.
Every able-bodied young man is made to serve
from one to three years in the army or navy.
A German military review.
There are towns in Germany where nearly all the
people work at making dolls for American children.
In many villages in the forest regions, almost every
man, woman, and child is busy carving, gluing,
and painting toys. Each family, as a rule, makes
but one kind of toy.
The Rhine is the most noted of the German
rivers. What have you learned of this river?
A street in Berlin — " Unter den Linden."
Find Berlin. It is the capital and largest
city of the German Empire, and is one of the
most beautiful cities in the world. It is a
great center of books and learning. Find
Hamburg. It is the chief commercial port of
Europe outside of the British Isles. What city
of Germany makes a celebrated perfumery?
69. FRANCE.
Map Studies.— In what part of Europe is France?
Describe its surface as shown on the relief map of
Europe. What is its general slope ? What waters
separate it from England"? What countries are on
its eastern border? What sea and country south?
What mountain range ? What bay west ? Name
the three principal rivers.
If we visit France, we shall see a rich and
beautiful country beneath a sunny sky. The
French are careful farmers and raise good
crops. In the northern part, wheat and the
sugar beet are largely grown. In the south,
the vine and the olive and the mulberry tree
flourish. France is the greatest wine-produc-
ing country in the world. Of what use are the
olive and the mulberry tree ?
The French are also skillful workmen, and
some of the finest goods in the world are made
in their country. They lead in the manufac-
ture of cloths, especially silks and velvets.
96
EUROPE.
France has large possessions in Africa and
Asia. Find Corsica. This island belongs also
to France. What country in South America is
a French colony ? What have you learned of
the government of France ?
Paris is generally thought to be the most
beautiful city in the world. It has broad,
clean, well-paved streets, splendid palaces and
churches, and gardens, trees, and statues on
every side. The people are gay and full of
life. Many persons from our own country go
to Paris to study music and art.
A street in Paris.
Paris lies on both sides of the river Seine, and is
the railroad center of France. It is the second city
of Europe in population. Which is the first ?
Find Lyon. Most of the French silk goods
are made here. Find Marseille. It is the chief
seaport. What do you think would be its lead-
ing exports?
70. RUSSIA.
Map Studies.— In what part of Europe is Russia?
How does it compare in size with the other countries
of Europe ? With the United States ? (See table, page
127.) Name all the countries that border on Russia.
All the bodies of water. Describe the surface of
Russia from the relief map. In what two directions
does it slope? Find the main watershed. Name
and locate the largest river. What mountains and
river separate Russia from Asia ?
Russia is a part of the great Russian Empire,
which includes the eastern half of Europe and
the northern half of Asia. Its ruler is called
the Czar. The great body of the people have
but little part in the government.
Find Odessa and St. Petersburg, and trace on
the map a voyage by sea from one city to the
other. Why has Russia but a small coasting
trade ? The railroads and rivers, however, pro-
vide ample ways for inland trade. The rivers
are so joined by canals that it is possible for
vessels to pass from the southern waters to
those of the north and east.
The chief industry of Russia is farming. In
the almost treeless plains of the south are great
wheatfields and immense herds of horses, cat-
tle, and sheep, which supply grain and meat for
other parts of Europe. Much rye is grown for
bread, and flax for linen and linseed oil. Gold
is mined in the Ural Mountains, and petroleum
is found in abundance on the shores of the
Caspian Sea. Where else is petroleum found?
Russian women harvesting.
North of the grain region is the great forest
belt of hard woods and evergreens. Beyond
these, stretching to the frozen ocean, are the
Arctic plains, the home of the reindeer and of
many animals that are hunted for their furs.
The wide plains of southern Russia are called
steppes. Here the summers are very hot and the
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
97
winters very cold. Near the Arctic Ocean the ground
freezes to a great depth. When the surface thaws
during the short summers, the water cannot sink into
the frozen soil beneath ; hence great bogs, or swamps,
are formed, called tundras.
A palace in St. Petersburg.
St. Petersburg, the capital, is a splendid city,
and one of the largest in Europe. It is named
after its founder, Peter the Great. No other
large city in the world lies
so far north. For five
months of the year the
ground on which the city
stands is frozen.
Peter the Great was the most
famous of the Russian czars. He
decided to build a city at the
mouth of the Neva River, and
although the ground was low
and marshy, his plans were car-
ried out. The foundations of
the city rest on piles, or logs,
driven into the swampy ground.
St. Petersburg suffers greatly
from floods.
Odessa is the chief seaport
of southern Russia. What
do you think should be its
chief articles of export?
Find Moscow. It is the most important city of
central Russia.
Much of the trade of Russia is carried on by means
of fairs. Find Nijni Novgorod. The largest fair in
An Austrian salt mine.
the world is held here every summer. People flock
by thousands from nearly all the countries of Europe
and Asia, and millions of dollars' worth of goods are
bought and sold.
71. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
Map Studies. — 7n what part of Europe is Austria-
Hungary? What countries surround it ? What sea-
coast has it? What does the relief map show as to
its surface? What mountains in the east? In the
west ? Name its chief river.
The Empire of Austria-Hungary is larger
than any other country of Europe except Russia.
It consists of Austria and Hungary united under
one government; hence the name. Many of
the people speak the German language. In the
eastern part are numbers of the yellow race.
The treeless plain of Hungary is one of
the great wheat-growing countries of the world.
Of what others have you learned! Austria is
noted for its salt mines.
Grain and wine are exported
in great quantities.
The largest salt mines in the
world are in Austria. Deep in
the earth, one above another, are
rooms and passages hewn into
the salt rock. There are under-
ground chapels, with altars and
statues carved from solid rock
salt.
In Vienna, the capital of
the empire, we find a gay,
music-loving people, who are
proud of their beautiful city.
It is nearly circular in shape,
and is surrounded by gar-
dens. Budapest, the capital
of Hungary, is an important
grain and flour market.
Find Trieste. It is the chief seaport of
Austria-Hungary. This country has but little
foreign commerce. Why? The Danube River
is an important highway of trade with Germany.
98
EUROPE.
72. ITALY.
Map Studies.— In what part of Europe is Italy?
What natural division of land does it form? What
waters nearly surround it? What countries border
on the northern part? What do you learn of its
surface from the relief map? What mountains in
the north? Name the chief river. Find Sicily and
Sardinia. These islands form part of the Kingdom
of Italy.
The Kingdom of Italy is, for the most part, a
pleasant, sunny land like France — a land of
fruits and flowers, of music, painting, and
sculpture. Many of the people come to the
United States to better their fortunes.
Italy is one of the greatest wine and silk
producing countries in the world. From what
is wine made? How is silk produced?
Oranges, lemons, olives, and other fruits of
the warm belts, are raised in abundance. Much
wheat is grown in the valley of the Po.
Borne — St. Peter's church in the distance.
There are many famous old cities in Italy.
Find Rome. Nearly two thousand years ago
this city was the center of the great Roman
Empire, that ruled over most of the known
world. It is full of ancient ruins that show its
former glory and wealth. Rome is the resi-
dence of the Pope, the head of the Roman
Catholic Church. Here, too, is St. Peter's
Church— the largest in the world.
Fruit sellers, Naples.
Naples is the largest city. It is the chief
commercial city of Italy and has an impor-
tant trade in macaroni. What is macaroni?
Near Naples is Mount Vesuvius, a noted vol-
cano. Find Venice. This was once the great-
est commercial city of Europe. Find Genoa.
It is famed as the birthplace of Columbus.
Mount Vesuvius is a grand sight when in eruption.
What is an eruption ? Many people visit the summit
of this volcano when it is safe to do so. Ask your
teacher to tell you about the eruption that buried
Pompeii. Read also about Venice, whene the streets-
are mostly canals, and where the people go about in
boats called gondolas.
A scenein Venice.
SWITZERLAND, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL. 99
74. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
Map Studies. — In what part of Europe are the king-
doms of Spain and Portugal ? What natural division
of land do they form? What waters surround this
peninsula? What mountains separate France from
Spain ? Name three rivers that flow into the Atlantic
Ocean. Compare Portugal in size with Maine.
You will remember that Spain furnished
Columbus with ships to sail to America, and
afterwards seized upon a great part of the
New World that he discovered. At that time
Spain a,nd Portugal were powerful nations, but
they are now of less importance than most of
the other countries of Europe. The people are
proud, indolent, and fond of dress. Bull-fight-
ing is a favorite sport with all classes.
An Alpine scene — the Matterhorn.
73. SWITZERLAND.
Map Studies. — In what part of Europe is Switzer-
land? What countries surround it? What is the
nature of the surface? What mountains between
Switzerland and Italy ? The longest railroad tunnel
in the world runs under these mountains. What two
rivers rise in Switzerland ?
The Republic of Switzerland lies in the heart
of the Alps. The scenery is so beautiful that
thousands of people from other countries spend
their holidays among its mountains, lakes, and
glaciers.
The people are called Swiss. They are a
busy, independent race. Their country is
better for pasturage than for farming, and
they make famous cheese. Many of the toys
sold in our country are carved by the Swiss. §
Have you ever seen St. Bernard dogs ? High among
the Alps, where the snow lies deep all the year, is a
building in which the monks of St. Bernard live.
They keep these faithful dogs to help travelers who
are lost in the snow.
Find Geneva. Many fine watches and clocks
are made here. Find Bern, the capital of
Switzerland.
If we visit Bern we shall see the figure of a bear
on the coins, signposts, fountains, and public build-
ings. The word Bern means "bear."
A Spanish bull-fight.
Most of the peninsula is a high table-land
from which rise a number of mountain ranges.
Only a small part is fit for fanning, and not
enough grain is grown to feed the people.
Fruit is abundant, and great quantities of
wine, raisins, and olive oil are exported. Spain
is rich in minerals, and has some of the most
productive mines of quicksilver in the world.
100
EUROPE.
Have you ever seen a merino sheep? For
what is it noted? This animal is a native of
Spain, and millions of merinos graze over its
slopes and uplands. Wool, therefore, is an
important product. Another important prod-
uct of Spain is cork. For what is it used?
Stripping cork from the trees.
Cork is the bark of a species of oak tree. When
the tree is from three to five years old the bark
becomes light and spongy, and is thrown off in
flakes. A year or two before the bark would natu-
rally fall off, it is stripped from the tree for market.
Madrid, the capital of Spain, is a walled city.
It is built on a barren table-land, but has con-
siderable commerce. The climate of this sec-
tion is very hot in summer and cold in winter.
Find Barcelona. It is the chief seaport. Lis-
bon, the capital of Portugal, has a fine harbor.
Find the Strait of Gibraltar. On this part of the
Spanish coast is a promontory called the Rock of
Gibraltar. It is held by Great Britain, and is the
strongest fortress in the world.
75. THE NETHERLANDS AND BELGIUM.
Map Studies.— In what part of Europe are the
Netherlands and Belgium? What do you learn of
their surface from- the relief map? What countries
border the Netherlands? Belgium? What sea
washes their coasts? What river flows across the
Netherlands ? Where is its source 1
The word "Netherlands" means "lowlands."
The Kingdom of the Netherlands is also called
Holland. Most of the country lies in the delta
of the Rhine River. What is a delta? Much
of the surface is below the level of the sea, and
the water is kept back by great embankments,
called dikes. What kind of soil would you
expect to find in the Netherlands 1
In this country there is a perfect network of
canals. Most of the goods are carried in sum-
mer by boats, and thousands of people have no
other homes. When these canals are frozen
over they become convenient highways for
travel, and men, women, and children skate
from place to place over their smooth surface.
A Holland canal.
Huge windmills have been built to pump the water
%om the land into the canals. These mills are of
many sizes and shapes, and the whole country seems
alive with them. They are made also to grind corn, 1
saw wood, and do many other kinds of work.
The people of the Netherlands are called
Dutch. They are good farmers, and are noted
for their dairy products. They have had to
work hard to keep the sea back from the land,
and this constant struggle has helped to make
them a patient, industrious, and courageous
nation. Many rich islands in the East and the
West Indies are owned by the Dutch. From
THE NORSE COUNTRIES
these they get coffee and spices, in which they
have a large ti'ade. The fisheries of Holland
are very productive.
The Dutch are noted also for their cleanliness.
Let us pass through Rotterdam, which is one of their
cities, early in the morning. It is house-cleaning
day, and the maidservants, in cotton gowns, white
caps, and white aprons, are washing doorsj walls,
windows, and pavements. Water is dripping and
sparkling everywhere. We may well say the city is
taking a bath.
Amsterdam is the largest city in the Nether-
lands. It is an important seaport, and has an
extensive commerce. There are canals in many
of the streets.
The Kingdom of Belgium is a little larger
than the state of Maryland, and is the most
thickly settled country of Europe. The soil is
fertile, and farming is the chief occupation.
There are, however, so many people that much
of their food must be imported.
A Belgian milk cart.
Belgium is noted for its manufactures of iron
and steel, carpets, and laces. Most of the people
speak the French language. Find Brussels.
You have heard of Brussels carpets and Brus-
sels lace. Some of the latter is worth two or
three hundred dollars a yard. Find Antwerp.
It is one of the great seaports of Europe.
An ancient Norse vessel.
76. THE NORSE COUNTRIES.
Map Studies.— In what part of Europe are Norway,
Sweden, and Denmark? What natural division of
land is Denmark? Norway and Sweden together?
What waters border Norway? Sweden? Denmark?
Norway, Sweden, and Denmark are some-
times called the "Norse countries" because in
early times the people were known as Norsemen.
They were hardy sailors, and are believed to
have visited Greenland and Iceland long before
Columbus made his celebrated voyage.
The coast of Norway is much broken. Long
arms of the sea extend into the land, and along
the shores there are many islands. Find Lap-
land. What have you read about the Lapps?
The fisheries, forests, and mines of iron and
copper form the chief wealth of Norway and
Sweden. These two countries are under one
king. Denmark is a separate kingdom. Much
of it is a good farming country, and cattle and
dairy products are exported. What islands
near North America are owned by Denmark ?
In speaking generally of the people of these coun-
tries, we call them Scandinavians. Many of them
have settled in the United States.
• Find Copenhagen and Stockholm. These are
the principal cities of the Norse countries.
102
EUEOPE.
Turkish melon seller.
77.
THE STATES OF THE BALKAN
PENINSULA.
Map Studies.— Find the Balkan Peninsula on the
relief map of Europe. What of its surface? The
word Balkan means " mountains." The six countries
that occupy this portion of Europe are Turkey,
Roumania, Bulgaria, Servia, Montenegro, and Greece.
Find each. Name the five seas that border this pen-
insula. The two straits. What empires north?
What large river flows through this section ?
The countries of the Balkan Peninsula were
once part of Turkey. Greece, Roumania, Ser-
via, and Montenegro are now independent.
Bulgaria has its own ruler, but pays a tribute,
or sum of money, eveiy year to Turkey.
Turkey in Europe is a part of the once great
Turkish Empire. Other parts of this empire
are in Asia and Africa. The ruler is called the
Sultan.
The people of Turkey are very much mixed.
The greater part of them belong to the yellow
race. They farm in a rude way, and raise
cattle. We get from Turkey fine leather, car-
pets, and rugs, but the manufactures and com-
merce are not important.
There are many rose farms in Turkey. These
flowers yield a costly perfume, called attar of roses,
which is worth more than its weight in gold.
Orain and cattle are raised in Roumania and
Bulgaria. Servia and Montenegro are largely
covered with forests of oak and walnut, in
which vast droves of hogs are fattened. What
food do they find in the forest ? Find the cap-
ital of each of these countries.
Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish
Empire, is a large city. It has a splendid
harbor, called the Golden Horn, and contains
many fine buildings. The streets, however,
are narrow, unpaved, and filthy, and swarm
with dogs.
The Kingdom of Greece has, for its size, a
longer coast line than any other country in
Europe. The surface is rugged and there are
many small valleys. The Greeks are skillful
sailors, and carry on most of the commerce of
the Mediterranean and Black seas. Sponge
fishing is an important industry.
Have you ever bought "dried currants" of your
grocer? There are thousands of acres in Greece
covered with vines which bear small grapes. These,
when dried, are called currants. What are raisins?
Athens.
i
Greece was the home of art and learning in
Europe before Rome was built. Under Turk-
ish rule it lost its ancient glory. Find Athens,
the capital. In this city are many ruins which
tell of its former greatness.
TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS.
103
TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS.
62. In what hemisphere is Europe? In what latitude?
In what zones does it lie ? Why is the climate of the south-
ern part warmer than that of the United States in the same
belt i What kind of a coast line has Europe ? Is it favor-
able to commerce? Why? Name the principal peninsulas.
What are the principal islands and groups near the coast of
Europe?
63. Where is the main highland region of Europe ? What
ranges form this highland ? What does the remainder of
Europe resemble? Name the most noted peak of Europe.
What is an avalanche? How does it differ from a glacier?
What are the principal rivers of Europe? Which river is
noted for its fine scenery ?
64. Name the most important plants and plant products
of Europe. The animals. Where are the best fisheries?
What other sea products are found? Chief minerals?
Compare the manufactures and commerce of Europe with
those of the United States. Name the countries that lead in
these industries.
65. How does the population of Europe compare as to
numbers with that of the United States? Why are many
countries of Europe compelled to buy food and other prod-
ucts from the United States? What are the principal
things that we sell them? To what race do most of the
Europeans belong? What other race is there? How do
the people compare in civilization with those of other con-
tinents ? What is the difference between emigrants and im-
migrants? What languages are chiefly spoken in North
America? Name all the languages you can that are spoken
in Europe. What kind of government have nearly all the
countries of Europe? Name the "Great Powers" of Eu-
rope. The principal republics.
66. Read Lesson 66 carefully and then write a story of an
imaginary voyage to Europe, giving the name of the steamer,
the port from which it sailed, date of sailing, etc., together
with any other incidents that might have occurred on the
voyage.
67. What is the seat of government of the great British
Empire? Where are its main possessions? What portion
of the world and its people is under the control of this
empire? What part of the empire do the British Isles form?
What form of government have they? Which is the great-
est city in the world? Name other important cities of the
British Isles. Give some account of Ireland. What are
the people of England called? Of Ireland? Of Scotland?
Of Wales?
68. Of what does the Empire of Germany consist? Com-
pare it in size and population with our own country. What
foreign possessions has Germany? What is the chief ruler
called? What is the character of the people? What are
their leading occupations? Products? Why is Germany a
great military nation? What is said of Berlin? Name
some other important cities of Germany. What are the
people of Germany called?
69. What form of government has France? What are
its principal productions? In what does it lead? What
foreign possessions has France? Describe Paris. What
are the people of France called?
70. Compare Russia in size with the rest of Europe. With
the United States. What have you learned of its surface?
Its climate? What is the chief occupation of the people?
Where is the remainder of the Russian Empire? Why is
the domestic commerce of Russia greater than its foreign
commerce? Name the leading products. Describe the
capital and tell how and by whom it was budt. What are
the people of Russia called ?
71. In what part of Europe is Austria-Hungary ? Of what
does it consist? Where is the wheat-growing section?
Name the other leading products. Why has Austria-Hun-
gary but little foreign commerce? What are the people of
Austria called? Of Hungary?
72. What natural division is Italy? What does it some-
what resemble in shape? What have you learned of its
climate? Name its leading products. Why can the fruits
of the warm belt be raised in abundance in Italy, and not in
the same belt in the United States? What famous ancient
city is in Italy? What have you learned about this city?
What and where is Mount Vesuvius ? What are the people
of Italy called?
73. How is Switzerland situated? What is said of its
scenery? What is its form of government? Why is it not
a good farming country? What is the character of the peo-
ple? What is made in Switzerland? What are the people
of Switzerland called?
74. What was the former standing of Spain and Portu-
gal? From which of these countries did Columbus sail for
America? *What possessions did Spain acquire in America?
Portugal? What have they now? What are the leading
products of Spain? What are the people of Spain called?
Of Portugal?
75. What have you learned of the surface of Holland?
Of its canals? What natural difficulties do its people have
to overcome? What foreign possessions has Holland?
What trade do these possessions bring? For what are the
people noted? What are the people of Holland called?
What are the leading products of Belgium? What are the
people of Belgium called?
76. Name the Norse countries. Why are they so called?
Which two are ruled by one king? How does the coast of
Norway differ from that of Denmark? What is the chief
wealth of Norway and Sweden? What does Denmark pro-
duce ? What are the people of Norway called ? Of Sweden?
Of Denmark?
77. Name the states of the Balkan Peninsula. Which is
the most important? Where are the other portions of the
Turkish Empire? What have you learned of the people of
Turkey ? Of their farming? Of their commerce and manu-
factures? What do we get from Turkey? What are the
people called? What have you learned of Greece? What
are its people called?
POSITION— EXTENT— COAST LINE.
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RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS.
107
Pilgrims bathing in the Ganges River.
The Ganges River is subject to great floods every
year. Its waters reach the sea through a network
of channels that form the largest delta in the world.
The river is considered sacred by the natives, and
some parts of it are visited by thousands of people
who think that by bathing in its waters their sins
will be washed away.
East of Tibet is the plain of China, which
we may call the " Yellow Land," as it is the home
of the yellow people and much of its soil is
yellow. The Hoang Ho {Ho means "river")
carries so much of this soil that it is called
the Yellow River. It is sometimes also called
" China's Sorrow," because of the great losses of
life and property caused by its floods. What
other large river crosses the plain of China?
North of the highlands of Asia is the plain
of Siberia, which extends also across Europe,
forming the largest plain in the world. What
three large rivers cross this plain? Near the
Arctic Ocean it consists of desolate frozen bogs,
or tundras. South of these are great forest belts
and vast grassy plains, or steppes. Southwest-
ern Asia is a plateau region, much of which is
desert.
There are but few lakes in Asia. The
largest body of fresh water is Lake Baikal,
which is nearly twice the size of Lake Ontario.
Two of the very large salt lakes, Aral and
Caspian, are called seas. Lake Balkash also
is a large body of salt water.
80. RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS.
The peninsulas of southern Asia are in the
hot belt, and the low plains of this region have
a rank growth of trees, vines, and other plants.
In many places these form dense thickets, called
jungles.
Valuable timber trees, palms, bamboos, and
plants that furnish dyewoods and spices,
abound, and cotton, rice, sugar cane, coffee,
and tea are raised. Many of the people of
this hot region live almost entirely upon rice.
In this belt are found most of the large and
dangerous wild animals of Asia. It is the
home of the elephant, rhinoceros, lion, tiger,
buffalo, leopard, hyena, and wild boar. Troops
of monkeys, birds of gay plumage, and poison-
ous snakes live in the forests and jungles, and
crocodiles infest the streams.
A dry highland region lies north of the
hot belt, and beyond this are forests of pine
and fir. The bear and wolf are found in the
forest region, and farther north are the rein-
deer and many small fur-bearing animals. On
the grassy steppes of Central Asia are raised
great numbers of camels, sheep, and goats.
The south of Asia has long been noted for
its precious stones. Coal and other minerals
and metals are widely distributed, but are not
fully worked. The commerce of Asia is only
about one fourth as large as that of Europe.
Map Studies.— What country of Asia borders on
the Arctic Ocean? What countries border on the
Pacific Ocean ? On the Indian Ocean ? On Europe t
Name a country not reached by the ocean or one of
its arms. What United States possessions are near
the southeastern coast ? What is the nearest Asiatic
seaport to Manila ?
What part of Asia is crossed by the Tropic of
Cancer? In what zone are the countries south of
the tropic? What part is crossed by the Arctic
Circle ? What zone is north of this circle ? In what
zone are the countries between the Tropic of Cancer
and the Arctic Circle? In what latitude is Asia?
How do you know ?
108
ASIA.
81. PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES.
More than half of all the people on the globe
live in Asia. The larger part of these belong
to the yellow race. The white population is
found principally in the southern part of the
grand division, and the Malay or brown race
inhabits the islands southeast, and a small part
of the adjacent mainland.
The greater part of the people of India and of
southwestern Asia, although darker in color than
those of Europe, belong to the white or Caucasian
race. There are many millions of them.
None of the nations of Asia are as highly
civilized as those of Europe or of our own
country, although some of them have made
great progress in the last few years. In most
parts of Asia the common people are very poor,
and the women
are but little bet-
ter than slaves.
Various forms
of religious belief
exist among the
people of Asia. In
the southwestern
section there are
many Mohammed-
ans, who believe in
God, but follow the
teachings of their
prophet, Moham-
med. In southern
Asia are many mil-
lions who believe
in Brahmanism, so called from its chief god, Brahma.
In central and eastern Asia we find the followers of
Buddha, who number about one third of the human
race. What is their belief called f
The most important countries of Asia are
India, China, and Japan. While the great
bulk of the people live in these countries,
more than one third of all the land of Asia
belongs to the Empire of Eussia. What is
the capital of the Russian Empire?
A statue of Buddha.
82. INDIA.
Map Studies.— In what part of Asia is India?
What natural division of land is it? Name its
principal divisions. What waters border on India?
What mountain range north? What empire be-
yond? What countries east of India? West? By
what rivers is India drained? What cape at the
southern extremity? What large island?
India is about half as large as the United
States, but contains four times as many
people. It forms a part of the great British
Empire, and many English people live in India.
Where is the seat of government of the British
Empire? Who is its present ruler? Name
some other countries owned by Great Britain.
The greater part of the natives are Hindus.
What have you learned of their race and
color? They are a half-civilized people,
and are divided into classes, or castes. The
highest caste is that of the Brahmans, who
are the best educated. Next come the sol-
diers, then the farmers, then the laborers. If
the members of any class eat or trade with
those of a lower class, they are despised by their
own people and become outcasts.
Hindu child seized by a tiger.
The Hindu children in country places run about
unclothed. They play in the mud and water, and
drive the humped cows to pasture. Sometimes a
tiger from the jungle or a crocodile from the stream
carries off a child in its mouth.
SOUTHEASTERN ASIA.
109
The Hindus have strange manners and customs.
The men wear long robes and gay turbans. A
turban is a cloth wound many times around the
head. The women are fond of jewelry. They sel-
dom leave their homes, and when they do they wear
veils over their faces.
Fai'ming is the chief employment of the peo-
ple of India, and much grain, cotton, and opium
are produced. Some of the cotton is spun and
woven into cloth of exceeding fineness, and
many other beautiful articles of silk, gold, and
ivory are made by hand. The manufactures,
however, are not very important. Nearly half
of the commerce of Asia centers in India.
Opium is a drug made from the juice of the poppy.
It is much used in medicine, and a great deal is
smoked in pipes by the Chinese and other Eastern
nations. What is the effect of the use of opium ?
"What is made from this drug ?
Throughout India one sees splendid palaces,
temples, and tombs, adorned with gold, silver,
and jewels; yet amid this wealth the lower
■classes live iu rude hovels, and have but little
to eat. There are so many millions of them to
feed that when the crops fail from want of
rain the people suffer
terribly from famine
and disease.
Many thousands, too,
are killed each year by
wild beasts and poison-
ous snakes. Among the
latter the most deadly is
the cobra. It is said that
20,000 people die each
year from its fatal bite.
Calcutta is the capi-
tal and great commer-
cial port of India. It is the most important
commercial city of Asia. Find Madras and
Bombay. These are large cities and important
seaports. Find the island of Ceylon. Much
tea is exported from here. This island is a lit-
tle larger than the state of West Virginia.
83. SOUTHEASTERN ASIA.
Map Studies.— What two countries southeast of
India? What peninsula? A part of this peninsula
belongs to the British Empire. What large river
drains this section? What separates the Malay
Peninsula from the island of Sumatra ? What gulf
south of Siam? What sea between French Indo-
China and the Philippine Islands ?
The country southeast of British India has
about the same climate and products as that
section. In the south are many Malays, but
most of the people belong to the yellow race.
From this part of Asia we get spices, rice,
sugar, raw silk, lumber, and tin. The most
valuable wood is teak, which is much used in
shipbuilding. The commerce is next in im-
portance to that of India.
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A Malay village.
Siam is an independent kingdom. It is
sometimes called the "Land of the White
Elephant," because that animal is there con-
sidered sacred. Find the capital.
Fkench Indo-China is made up of a number
of native states. Some of them have native
rulers, but all are under French control. Most
of the trade is with France.
Find Singapore. It is in the British part of
the Malay Peninsula, and is a great market for
the spices, tin, and other products collected from
the neighboring regions.
110
ASIA.
84. CHINESE EMPIRE.
Map Studies.— In what part of Asia is the Chinese
Empire? "What does the map show as to its sur-
face ? What country north ? What seas east ? What
countries south? In what part of the empire is
China? What large rivers drain this country?
Where is the source of these rivers? What other
large rivers, flow from the same plateau? What
desert in the north ?
The Chinese Empire is the home of the yel-
low race. It is not much larger than the
United States, but has nearly five times as
many people. A large part of the empire lies
in the plateau and desert region of central
Asia.
The Chinese are one of the oldest nations of
the world. The interior of their country is
not well known, as they dislike to have stran-
gers travel through their land. For many
years they would not even trade with foreign
nations, but now most of their coast towns
are open to people of other countries.
A part of the Great Wall of China.
The Chinese knew how to print books and make
gunpowder before the white people had found out
these things, yet they are to-day very little in advance
of what they were a thousand years ago. Ask your
teacher about the " Great Wall."
What have you learned about the rich plains
of China! In this part of the empire live
nearly one fourth of all the people in the
world. Most of them are farmers, and the
smallest patch of soil is made to grow some-
thing that will help feed these millions. They
do not raise many cattle, but have great num-
bers of fowls and pigs. Fish and rice are much
used for food.
We know China best from its tea, its silk,
its fine carved work, and its china ware. Tea
is raised on the upland slopes, and is one of
the principal exports. Much of it is sent over-
land to Europe by caravan. What is a cara-
van! What nation of Europe is nearest Asia!
Its people are great tea drinkers. What is
china ware ! What other silk-raising countries
have you learned about ! (See pages 89, 95, 98.)
A tea plantation in China.
Notice a package of tea as it comes from the store.
You would hardly think that it consisted of dried,
rolled-up leaves, but when soaked in hot water the
leaves soften and unroll, and you can find many that
are unbroken and in their natural shape.
There are only a few miles of railroad in
China, and few roads of any kind. Steamers
ply to and fro on some of the rivers, but many
of the goods and passengers are carried on the
rivers and canals by clumsy vessels called junks.
On land merchandise is carried mostly on the
backs of men. When the crops fail in any part
of the empire, thousands of the people die of
starvation, as food from other places cannot be
got to them in time.
JAPAN.
Ill
There are many very large cities in China,
but the houses are generally small, and the
streets narrow and dirty. Find Peking. The
Emperor of China, who is called by his people
the " Son of Heaven," lives here in great
splendor, but is seldom seen by his subjects.
Find Canton. It is the chief city and sea-
port of China. Find Hongkong. This city
and the small island on which it is built
belong to Great Britain.
Find the peninsula of Korea. This king-
dom was for many years a part of China, but
is now independent. It is a mountainous
country, and but little is known of the in-
terior. What is the capital?
Fujiyama, the sacred mountain of Japan.
85. JAPAN.
Map Studies. — Of what does the Empire of Japan
consist? Name the largest island. The most south-
ern island. What seas sepax - ate Japan from the main-
land ? What do you learn from the map as to the
surface of Japan ?
Japan is a native empire ; that is, it is not,
like India, under the control of a foreign na-
tion. It lies in the same belts as the United
States, and has much the same climate.
Hondo, the largest island, is about the size of
Utah. There are a great many volcanoes in
Japan, and earthquakes are common.
Japan was for many centuries a nation to
itself, like China. Of late years it has made
rapid progress, and now has good schools,
newspapers, telegraphs, railroads, and steam-
ships. It has also a strong fleet of war vessels.
The people look somewhat like the Chinese, but
are more active in business matters.
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A Japanese dinner party.
Let us visit a Japanese family. We are taken to
the house in a two-wheeled carriage, which is called
a jinrikisha, and is drawn by a man. At the door
we take off our shoes before we enter. "We find our-
selves in a room the floor of which is covered with
clean mats. This room can be turned into a sitting
room, bedroom, or kitchen by means of sliding
screens. There are no chairs or tables. The lady
of the house does not shake hands with us, but bows
two or three times, and falls on her knees and touches
her face to the floor. To be polite we must also bow
and kneel.
Farming is the leading occupation, although
a great deal of land is too rough for this work.
Japan ranks next to China in the production
of raw silk. Much tea also is raised. The
bamboo, so useful to the people of Asia, is
abundant, and also the trees that yield cam-
phor. As in China, there are few sheep or
cattle, but many hogs and fowls are raised.
There is plenty of coal and iron, and good
water power; hence Japan is fast becoming a
manufacturing country.
112
ASIA.
Nearly every large city in our own country has one
or more Japanese stores in which are sold beautiful
and curious things made of porcelain, bronze, and
other materials. The Japanese are very skillful in
making these fine goods.
Tokio, the capital, is the largest- city, x»f
Japan. It has grown very rapidly, and now
has more than a million people. Find Yoko-
hama. It is the seaport of Tokio, and has a
large foreign commerce. Where else have you
learned of large inland cities with seaports on
the coast? What reason is there for this?
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A group of Siberian exiles.
86. SIBERIA.
Map Studies.- In what part of Asia is Siberia?
"What ocean north? Seas east? What is the gen-
eral slope of the country? How do you know this?
Name the four principal rivers. Locate Lake Baikal.
Lake Balkash. Aral Sea. Which of these are salt ?
Siberia is larger than the whole United
States, but is thinly settled. It is a part of the
Empire of Russia. Where is Russia? What
is the seat of government of this empire ?
What have you learned of the surface and
climate of the Arctic coast of Siberia?
Farther south, in the forest belts and on- the
grassy plains, the summers are short and hot,
and the winters long and cold. There is much
fertile land in southern Siberia. The rivers
are the chief highways of travel.
The native people of Siberia are of the yel-
low race. Most of the white inhabitants have
come from Russia. Many of them have
been sent to Siberia as a punishment for some
offense or crime. Such people are called exiles.
On the map of the world (pages 36 and 37) trace the
railroad from St. Petersburg eastward across central
Asia to the Pacific Ocean. This great road will open
up for settlement the fertile fields of southern Siberia.
Notice that the road passes through the valley of the
Amur River. This is a fine grain-growing section.
Vast herds of horses, cattle, and sheep are
raised in southern Siberia. Through this re-
gion many caravans pass on their way to and
from the Chinese Empire. Most of these go by
way of Irkutsk, which is a great trade center.
87. SOUTHWESTERN ASIA.
Map Studies. — Find on the map Afghanistan, Balu-
chistan, Persia, Arabia, part of the Turkish Empire,
and Trans-Caucasia. "What natural division of land is
Arabia? What two rivers flow into the Persian
Gulf? "What mountain range between Trans-Cau-
casia and Russia ?
The surface of this part of Asia is chiefly a
dry plateau broken by the low plains of the
Euphrates and Tigris rivers. Much of this
plateau region consists of sandy deserts.
In nearly all deserts there are places where,
the underground water comes near the surface,
so that trees, grass, and other plants will grow.
Such a place is called an oasis.
Arabia is largely desert, although near its
coasts are fertile lands which produce dates,
coffee, and grain. The people are called Arabs.
They belong to the white race, but have dark
skins. Find Mocha. What do we get from
this place?
The Arabs who live in the desert are called
Bedouins. They dwell in tents, and wander
from one oasis to another, with their camels, and
their herds of sheep and goats. Some of the
finest horses in the world are raised in Arabia.
SOUTHWESTERN ASIA.
113
A Bedouin encampment in an oasis.
We will visit the tent of a Bedouin. It is black in
color, and is made of goats'-hair cloth. The tent is
about twenty feet long and is divided into two rooms.
One is for the women and children, and the other
serves for a kitchen and general sitting room.
You have learned about Turkey in Europe.
Notice that part of the Turkish Empire ex-
tends into Asia. This is sometimes called
Asiatic Turkey. The land is rich but is not
•well cultivated, and the country does not
prosper under Turkish rule. Smyrna is the
chief seaport.
Afghanistan and Baluchistan are mountain-
ous countries lying between the Asiatic pos-
sessions of Russia and Great Britain. Through
the wild mountain passes of this region im-
portant caravan routes lead to India. Find
the capital of each country.
The desert plateaus of Persia are in many
places covered with salt, that looks like a light
fall of snow. Dates, melons, cotton, and rice
grow well in the lowlands, and horses, camels,
and sheep are raised. The people weave beau-
tiful shawls, carpets, and rugs by hand. The
capital of Persia is Teheran. The chief ruler
is called the Shah.
Find on the map Jerusalem, the Dead Sea,
and Mount Sinai. In what country are these
places? Where have you read about them!
Tell what you can of each.
TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS.
78. Trace on the map (pages 36 and 37) the most direct
eastern route of a voyage from New York to Hongkong.
From San Francisco westward to Hongkong. Name three
groups of islands that skirt the coast of Asia. Where are
the East Indies? How does the coast line of Asia resemble
that of Europe ? Where are the coldest parts of Asia? The
warmest? What other grand divisions are in the same
belts?
79. Which is the loftiest mountain range on the globe?
Name the highest peak of this range. Where is the high-
land region of Asia? Why is the Plateau of Tibet so dry?
What fertile plains are south of the highland region? What
great plain north? What are tundras? Steppes? Name
the chief rivers of Asia. The principal lakes. Which of
these are salt? Why? <
80. Where is the hot belt of Asia? What are the prin-
cipal plants of this belt? The principal animals? What
animals are found farther north? What plants? What
have you learned of the mineral products of Asia? Of its
commerce?
81. Of what race are most of the people of Asia? What
other races are there? How do the Caucasians of Asia
differ from those of Europe? What have you learned of
the civilization of Asia? What are the principal religious
beliefs of the people? Name the most important countries
of Asia.
82. How does India compare in size and population with
the United States? Under what government is it? What
have you learned about the Hindus? What is the principal
occupation of the people of India? The condition of the peo-
ple? What are the chief productions? The chief cities?
83. Find on the map Siam, French Indo-China, and the
Malay Peninsula. What do we get from this part of Asia?
What have you learned of Siam? Of French Indo-China?
What is tne chief trade center of tnis region?
84. What have you learned about the Chinese? What
of Chinese travel and transportation? Of Chinese cities?
Of Korea? What Chinese products have you seen?
Write the history of a cup of tea.
85. Of what is the Empire of Japan composed? It ex-
tends from the Kurile Islands to Formosa. Does the United
States extend as far north and south? (See map, page 44.)
What have you learned of the progress of Japan? Name
some of its products. Why will it become a manufacturing
country? What of its cities?
86. What have you learned of the surface of Siberia?
Of its climate? Of its size? Of its people? Of its great
railroad?
87. What is the general surface of southwestern Asia?
What do we get from Arabia? Tell what you know about
the Bedouins. What is a desert? An oasis? What are
some of the products of Persia? What is the chief ruler
called? Under what government is Jerusalem? Why do
we take so much interest in this city?
AFRICA.
Lions in the desert.
88. POSITION-EXTENT-COAST LINE.
What part of Africa is crossed by the
equator? In what zone, then, is the greater
part of the grand division? What kind of
climate would you naturally look for in this
zone ? In what zone are the countries border-
ing on the Mediterranean Sea? The countries
near the Cape of Good Hope? What other
grand division lies in nearly the same belts of
temperature ?
In what way does the coast line of Africa
resemble that of South America? How does
it differ from those of Europe and Asia?
What oceans border on Africa? What seas?
What large gulf ! What noted strait separates
Africa from Europe ? From Asia ? What isth-
mus connects Africa with Asia? What gulf
between Arabia and Somaliland?
Could a vessel sail entirely around Africa?
How would it pass the Isthmus of Suez?
Name all the waters on which it would sail.
What cape would it pass at the east? At the
south ? What cape at the west ? What group
of islands near this cape? What large island
near the southeast coast ? What channel sep-
arates it from the mainland? This island is
five times as large as Penn-
sylvania. What three groups
near the northwest coast?
To whom do they belong?
What do you know of the
Canary Islands?
As the greater part of Africa
lies in the Torrid Zone, it is natu-
rally a hot country. The region
of greatest heat is found possibly
in Lower Nubia. The Arabs have
a saying that "in Nubia the soil
is like fire and the wind like a
flame."
89. SURFACE AND DRAINAGE.
You will see from the relief map that the
high mountain ranges of Africa are near the
sea. From these mountain ranges there is a
steep slope to the narrow, unhealthful strip of
low plain bordering on the ocean.
On the inland side of the mountains the
slope is more gradual, and much of the surface
of the land is far above the sea level. South-
eastern Africa may be considered a vast
plateau.
Find the Atlas Mountains. These are the
greatest elevations in the north of Africa.
South of these mountains is the lowland desert
region of the Sahara, crossed near the center
by a strip of highland. South of the Sahara
are the fertile plains of the Sudan. Find the
highlands of Abyssinia. What peaks of the
southeastern plateau region are on or near the
equator ? These peaks are always covered with
snow. What is the climate at the equator?
Has Africa many or few rivers as compared
with other grand divisions? Which is the
longest river? Where does it rise? What
direction do you travel in going down the
Nile? Down the Mississippi?
114
SURFACE AND DRAINAGE.
115
«^ Cape Verde
lelandg
Cope Verc/G^ s
Relief Map of AFRICA. — Same Scale as North America, South America, Asia, and Australia.
The heavy rains near the source of the Nile swell
the river so that it overflows its banks as its waters
near the sea. What do plants require besides heat
in order to grow well ? The floods of the Nile cover
the narrow valley on each side of it with a coating of
rich mud which makes it one of the best farming
regions in the world. Several millions of people are
fed from the fertile soil brought from the heart of
Africa by this great river. The valley of the Nile,
covered with growing grain, has been compared to a
green ribbon laid upon a yellow cloth, the latter being
represented by the sand of the surrounding desert.
116
AFRICA.
Find the Kongo River. This river, though
not so long as the Nile, drains an extent of
country greater than that drained by the Mis-
sissippi River. Find the Niger River. The
Zambezi. The Orange. None of the African
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Cataracts of the Nile.
rivers are navigable very far inland for sea-
going vessels, as their channels are more or less
obstructed by waterfalls, rapids, and sand
bars.
Where is the lake region of Africa? Name
three of the largest lakes. Victoria Nyanza
(Nyanza means "lake") is about the size of
Lake Superior. Lake Chad, in Central Africa,
although it has no outlet to the sea, is a body
of fresh water. What other grand division
is well watered in the equatorial belt!
90. RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS.
More than one third of Africa is too dry for
vegetation. In the central belt, where the rain-
fall is abundant, there are dense forests. Both
north and south of the forest belt are wide
grassy plains which afford pasture for cattle
and wild game. Still farther north and south
are the deserts. Most of the farming is done in
Cape Colony and the Boer countries, along the
Mediterranean, and in the valley of the Nile.
Livingstone, the great African explorer, describes
the forests of Central Africa as so dense that the
sun's rays can scarcely penetrate them. The rain
water stands for months in pools made by the feet
of elephants. The climbing plants are so numerous
that when one of the great trees with its tangle of
vines falls across the path, it must be climbed, as
cutting a path around it is a work of time and labor
that travelers never undertake to perform.
A date palm.
The trees most useful to the people of Africa
are the palms, of which there are many kinds.
The date palm furnishes a large part of the
food of the natives of northern Africa, the
fruit of the oil palm yields a valuable oil, and
from another palm sago is obtained. Ebony,
india rubber, and trees that produce gum
arabic are also found in the forests.
Africa has long been known as the land
of ivory. What is ivory ? From what animal
is it principally obtained? This country is
the home also of the lion, rhinoceros, giraffe,
hyena, monkey, gorilla, antelope, zebra, jackal,
and many other land animals, while the hip-
popotamus and crocodile are found in its
streams.
The ox and the camel are the most useful
domestic animals. Without the latter it would
be almost impossible to cross the vast desert
tracts of Africa. Why is the camel often called
the " ship of the desert " ? The ostrich, which
PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES.
117
is too large a bird to fly, but which can run as
swiftly as a horse, is found wild on the plains,
and is also raised in great numbers on the
ostrich farms of southern Africa. For what
purpose is the ostrich raised?
Hippopotamus, giraffes, elephants, and gorilla.
There are many hurtful insects in Africa. In the
northern part great swarms of locusts sometimes
devour the vegetation, leaving the country bare and
blackened as if swept by fire. In the forest regions
armies of ants travel over the land, crossing hills and
streams, and destroying every living animal, large or
small, that comes in their way. In the south is the
dreaded tsetse fly, whose bite is fatal to horses and
some other domestic animals, though harmless to
man.
For many years gold has been obtained from
the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. What Eng-
lish coin gets its name from this gold? In
later years some of the richest gold fields in the
world have been found in South Africa, and
here, too, are the great diamond mines that
now supply the world.
The trade from the interior of Africa is
carried on mostly by caravans. What is a
caravan? Much of this trade is across the
Sahara to the ports of the Mediterranean Sea.
The caravans bring to these ports gold dust,
ivory, ostrich feathers, and gums, and take
back in return salt and trinkets to exchange
with the natives for these things.
91. PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES.
Africa was long known as the "Dark
Continent," both from the color of its people
and because so little could be found out about
its interior. Many brave travelers, while try-
ing to explore the country, lost their lives from
its deadly fevers, or were killed by the natives.
What does " explore " mean ? Ask your teacher
to tell you about Livingstone and Stanley.
Within the last few years, however, several
nations of Europe have taken possession of
different sections of the country, and now most
of Africa is owned by England, Germany,
France, Italy, and Portugal. Many people
from these countries live in their various
possessions, and most of the trade and com-
merce is in their hands.
A native African village.
Africa is best known, however, as the home
of the black race. It has many more people
than there are in North America, and most of
them are negroes. These negroes are divided
into various tribes which are often at war with
one another. Some of them do a little in the
way of raising vegetables and grain to feed
themselves and their cattle. A few tribes have
learned to make cloth, leather, and some rude
articles of iron and ornaments of gold. They
require but little clothing. Why ?
*-_ CAPE VERDE
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. INLANDS t^,
Longitude
Jfop Studies.— What countries of Africa are crossed
by the equator ? In what zone is the greater part of
the grand division ? In what zone are the countries
along the Mediterranean Sea? Those near the Cape
of Good Hope ?
Locate— British possessions : Cape Colony, Brit-
ish South Africa, British Central Africa, Niger Ter-
ritories, Sierra Leone, British Egyptian Sudan, Egypt.
German possessions: German East Africa, German
Southwest Africa, Kamerun. French possessions : Al-
geria, Tunis, Senegal, French Kongo, Madagascar.
Portuguese possessions : Portuguese East Africa, Por-
tuguese West Africa. Italian possessions: Eritrea,
Italian Somaliland. Turkish possessions: Tripoli.
Other countries : Morocco, Liberia, Vaal River Col-
ony, Orange River Colony, Kongo State, Abyssinia.
118
EGYPT.
119
The houses in many of the negro villages are round
huts made of poles, and covered with bark or thatched
with straw. The black children dance and play ball,
and have many other games. A favorite amusement
is catching rats and field-mice in long, tube-like bas-
kets which are hidden in the grass.
For centuries the slave trade has been the
curse of Africa. Millions of black people have
been taken to other lands and sold as slaves.
Most of the civilized nations of the earth are
now actively opposed to the slave trade, and
in time will put an end to it.
Slaves are still held in northern Africa, in parts of
Asia, and in European Turkey. Most of the present
slave trade is carried on by the Arabs.
Sphinx and pyramid, Egypt.
92. EGYPT.
Map Studies.— In what part of Africa is Egypt?
On what waters does it border ? What isthmus and
canal in the northeast? What noted river flows
through Egypt ?
Many centuries ago Egypt was a powerful
nation and had reached a high state of civiliza-
tion. Its people built immense pyramids and
splendid temples, the ruins of which are found
all over the land. Its ancient greatness, how-
ever, has long since departed.
What have you learned of the Suez Canal?
The British have the control of this great
water way, through which thousands of vessels
pass every year, and their rule really extends
over the whole country, although in name it
belongs to Turkey.
Except the narrow strip watered by the Nile,
Egypt is a desert. This flat, narrow Nile
valley is, however, one of the most fruitful
spots in the world, yielding two or three crops
each year. Wheat, corn, cotton, rice, sugar
cane, and dates are the chief products.
The country south of Egypt, known as British-
Egyptian Sudan, is also under British control. It
has some trade with Egypt in gold dust, ostrich
feathers, gums, and hides.
Most of the people of Egypt are Moham-
medans. What have you learned about the
Mohammedan religion? Cairo, the capital, is
an ancient and highly interesting city.
Alexandria is the £ principal seaport.
The sights and
very strange to the
and American trav-
sounds of Cairo appear
thousands of European
elers who visit Egypt.
Street scene in Cairo.
In the narrow streets there are turbaned Turks,
gayly dressed Greeks, closely veiled women, girls car-
rying water jars, overladen donkeys, and mournful-
looking camels. On every side are heard the cries
of those who have things to sell : " Oh, oranges to the
right !" " God's gift, limpid water ! " " Sugar cane ! "
120
AFRICA.
93. THE BARBARY STATES.
Map Studies.— -What four countries of Africa, west
of Egypt, border on the Mediterranean Sea? What
division lies south of these states ? What mountains
extend through Morocco, Algeria, and Tunis? Find
out why these mountains were so named.
The Barbary States were so called because a
people called Berbers first lived there. As in
Egypt, most of the native people are Moham-
medans.
The country near the Atlas Mountains is
very fertile but is poorly farmed. Many
horses, cattle, camels, sheep, and goats are
raised. Cork, olive oil, dates, skins, and es-
parto grass for making paper are exported.
barren wastes of drifting sand, although much
of the surface is of this nature. Parts of the
desert are covered with loose rocks and rocky
ridges, and there are low mountain ranges near
the center.
There is much land in the Sahara that would
be productive if it could be watered. In places
where springs exist, grass and trees spring up,
and oases are formed on which people can live
and raise food. These oases serve as halting
places for caravans.
The Sahara is about two thirds as large as the
United States, and it is estimated that more than two
million people live within its borders.
Arab uoys in market, Algiers.
Morocco is ruled by a sultan, who treats his
people with great cruelty. His capital is some-
times the city of Morocco, and sometimes Fez.
Algeria and Tunis belong to France. Name
their capitals. Tripoli is a Turkish province.
The city of Tripoli is the capital, and is the
center of the caravan trade across the Sahara.
94. THE SAHARA.
The Sahara, or Great Desert, is part of the
vast desert belt that extends across Africa and
Asia. It does not consist entirely of flat,
Loading camels to cross the dese
95. THE SUDAN AND ABYSSINIA.
If we travel south across the Sahara, we will
in time reach a belt of country where the rain-
fall begins, and where the sand of the desert
gives way to grass and trees. This fertile belt
is called the Sudan, and is the home of the
largest and most civilized part of the native
negro race. Sudan means " black."
The negroes are divided into many tribes,
each of which has its own king. They have
herds of cattle and do good farming with the
few rude tools they make. Some of them raise
cotton, and manufacture cloth and leather.
KONGO STATE.
121
There are a number of large native towns in
the Sudan. Here the traders collect to load
their caravans with the products of the coun-
try. Find Timbuktu. In what direction from
this town would caravans travel to reach
Tripoli? Most of the Sudan is claimed by
European nations.
East of the fertile plains of the Sudan is the
plateau region of Abyssinia. It is a rugged
country with deep, narrow valleys. Most of
the people are Christians. They are chiefly
occupied in pasturing large herds of cattle,
sheep, and goats. Gold, ivory, and coffee are
exported.
96. THE KONGO STATE.
South of the Sudan is the Kongo State,
which is under the control of Belgium. It
forms the greater part of the basin of the
Kongo River. It is a region of dense forests
and the home of millions of negroes. Find the
capital.
The Kongo River is the great highway of
the country. About one hundred "miles from
the sea it is obstructed by rapids, around which
a railroad has been built. Beyond these rapids
there are over a thousand miles of navigable
water, on which many river steamers ply to
and fro. The state exports rubber, ivory, and
palm nuts.
97. CAPE COLONY AND THE BOER
COUNTRIES.
Map Studies. — In what part of Africa is Cape
Colony? On what waters does it border? What
river on the north? Capes south? Where is the
Orange River Colony? The Vaal River Colony?
Cape Colony is the most important of the
British possessions in Africa. It was first
settled by the Dutch about two hundred and
fifty years ago, and was captured by the Eng-
lish one hundred and fifty years later.
The principal occupations of the people are
mining, farming, and stock raising, and gold,
diamonds, and wool are the chief exports.
Cape Toivn, the capital, is the chief seaport of
southern Africa. Find Kimberley. It is the
chief center of the diamond trade of the world.
Kimberley diamond mines.
The Orange River
Rough diamonds.
Colony, formerly
the Orange Free State, and the Vaal River
Colony, formerly the South African Republic,
were settled by Dutch emigrants from Cape
Colony. They were an honest, industrious farm-
ing people, and were the first to establish a re-
publican form of government in southern Africa.
These people are called Boers, which is a Dutch
word meaning " farmers." The Boers who settled the
South African Republic were obliged to cross the
Vaal River to reach that country. Hence this state
is sometimes called the Transvaal— trans meaning
" across." The two countries were annexed by Great
Britain in 1900.
These countries are well adapted to stock
raising and farming. Millions of sheep pasture
on the plains, and there are many ostrich
farms. The chief wealth of this region, how-
ever, is its rich mines of gold, diamonds,
and coal. In the last few years these have
brought thousands of people from Europe and
America into this part of Africa.
122
AFRICA.
Find Bloemfontein, the capital and chief city
of the Orange River Colony. Find Pretoria,
the capital of the Vaal River Colony. Find
Johannesburg. This is the largest city, and is
the center of the gold-mining region.
Boers
98. 6THER coast countries.
You will see by the map that most of the
eastern and western coast region of Africa is
owned by various European countries. From
these coast countries we get ivory, rubber, cat-
tle products, gums, ebony, and palm oil. The
last-named product comes from the western
coast. What other country produces rubber?
Name some of its uses.
Find Sierra Leone and Liberia. The former
is a British colony, established as a home for
freed slaves. The latter was founded for a
similar purpose by citizens of the United
States, but is now an independent republic.
Coffee raising is an important industry in
Liberia.
Find Madagascar. It is the largest island of
Africa. By what nation is it owned? It is
a well-wooded mountainous country, and is
rich in minerals. Its products are similar to
those of the neighboring coast countries, and it
exports large quantities of cattle, hides, and
rubber. What is the capital ?
TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS.
88. In what latitude is Africa? In what zones does it lie ?
Compare its coast line with those of the other grand divi-
sions that you have studied. What is an isthmus? What
isthmus connects Africa with Asia? What other isthmus
connects two grand divisions? What is a strait? What
strait separates Africa from Europe? What other strait
separates two grand divisions? In what part of Africa
would you prefer to live? Why?
89. Where do we find the high mountain ranges of
Africa? Name three of the highest peaks. What part of
Africa forms a vast plateau? Name five large rivers of
Africa. What have you learned about the Nile? The
Kongo ? Why are the African rivers only partly navigable?
Which is the largest African lake ? Compare it in size with
Lake Superior. Where is the best- watered region of Africa?
90. Where is the chief desert region of Africa? The
smaller desert region? The dense forest region? The
wide grassy plains? Name some of the most valuable
trees and their products. What are the principal wild ani-
mals? The most useful domestic animals? What does the
elephant yield? The ostrich? Where are the richest gold
mines? The great diamond mines? What have you
learned about caravans and their trade?
91. For what reason do you suppose people risk their
lives in exploring foreign countries? Name some great
African explorers. What European nations now own the
greater part of Africa? What have you learned about the
negroes ? About the slave trade? "
92. Where have you read about the "Land of Egypt"?
To whom does this country belong? What would Egypt
be without the Nile? What are the chief products of the
Nile valley? Of what religious belief are the most of the
people? Where do we find many other people of this be-
lief? Name the capital and the chief seaport.
93. Where are the Barbary States ? Why are they so
called? To whom do they belong? Name some of their
products. Capitals.
94. Where is the Sahara? Describe its surface. What
is an oasis and how is it formed?
95. Where is the Sudan? Who live there? Tell what
you can about the people. In what way is trade carried on ?
What of the surface of Abyssinia? Of the people? The
products?
96. Where is the Kongo State? Under whose control is
it? With what is this region covered? By whom inhabi-
ted? What of the chief river? The exports?
97. To whom does Cape Colony belong? What are its
chief products? What people settled the Orange Free
State, and the South African Republic? By whom were
these countries annexed? What are they now called? Name
their products. Describe the Boers.
98. Name some of the products of the other coast
countries of Africa. What use is made of palm oil ? What
have you learned about Sierra Leone? Madagascar?
AUSTRALIA AND ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.
Philippine
Mindor^f^&wk Islands
Samar
5 Ladrone or
•* Maria ita Islands
. ^Guam
C&r.oline' IsViinds
WakeL.
Marshall
"Islands '
^ Spice l: f
r Java •. „**
I N D I AN
O C E A N \
A r a fur a Sea TorresStraii
AUSTRALIA
•AND
ISLANDS of the PACIFIC OCEAN
O tOO ZOO SCO 400 50O IOOO
600 MILt* TO ONE INCI
Hebrides •
New Caledonia
\\ ", Fiji Islands ^ 9 «
Horth Island
CookSiraii
New Zealand
South Island
<4
Relief Map of AUSTRALIA. — Same Scale as North America, South America, Asia, and Africa.
99. AUSTRALIA.
Is Australia north or south of the equator?
"What other continent extends farther south?
(See map of the world, pages 36 and 37.) How-
does Australia compare in size with the other
continents? The Tropic of Capricorn crosses
the center of Australia. In what zone, there-
fore, is the northern half ? The southern half ?
In what direction from Australia is the United
States ? Across what ocean ?
If you have a globe in your school-room, place one
finger on the city of Washington, and another exactly
opposite on a line through the center ; the second finger
will come near Australia. From this you will see
that Australia is on the side of the globe opposite
to us. It is opposite, too, in its seasons. Its people
suffer from heat at Christmas, and have their coldest
weather when we are celebrating the Fourth of July.
123
124
AUSTRALIA.
120° Longitude East from Greenwich 140°
Map Studies. — Into what five eolonies is Australia
divided? What is the northern part of South Aus-
tralia called? What two island colonies southeast?
Name the largest two islands of New Zealand. To
what nations does New Guinea belong? What are
the principal islands and groups between New Guinea
and Asia? Which of these groups belongs to the
United States ? Name its largest two islands.
The coast line of Australia is somewhat like
that of Africa. Name the two chief indenta-
tions. What large islands are separated from
the continent by narrow straits? Name these
straits. What peninsula is in the north ? Find
the Great Barrier Reef. This reef, which is
the work of the coral animal, extends for over
a thousand miles along the northeast coast.
Where the waters of the ocean are warm and not
very deep, there live millions of small jellylike animals
called coral polyps. These build their homes together
on the rocks at the bottom of the sea, from the lime
that is dissolved in the water. They live only a short
time, but other millions go on with the work until
AUSTRALIA
125
there slowly grows up to the surface a
coral reef, which in time may become an
island. There are many coral islands and
reel's in the West Indies also.
The larger part of Australia is a
dry plateau, but not of great altitude,
the highest part being the mountain
ridge along the eastern coast. In the
southeast are extensive lowlands
drained by the Murray and Darling
rivers. These are navigable by small
steamers for a few months only.
There are many dry river beds ^^MM
which in the rainy season are filled
with rushing torrents, whose waters, however,
do not reach the ocean, but either dry up or are
lost in the sandy soil. There are also many
shallow, marshy lakes that have no outlet to
the sea. In the interior but little rain falls,
and much of the country is a desert.
The native animals and plants of Australia
are unlike those of the rest of the world.
Among the former is the kangaroo. This ani-
mal has large, powerful hind legs, and a thick,
heavy tail. It does not walk or run, but gets
over the ground in long leaps. Fine leather is
made from its hide.
The duckbill, or water mole, as it is sometimes
called, is another curious animal. It is not a bird,
although it has a bill like a duck, webbed feet, and
lays eggs. It is covered with soft fur.
Most of the forest trees are evergreens that
shed their bark instead of their leaves. There
are fernlike plants of great size, and other
plants of curious shape, like the bottle tree. In
the interior are vast tracts of porcupine grass
through which it is hard to force a way. The
forests abound in parrots and other bright-
colored birds.
Australia is an important part of the great
British Empire. The native people, a low race
of savage blacks, are fast dying out. Most of
the white race live in the southeastern part.
They are active and enterprising, and are among
An Australian forest scene.
the leading nations of the world in matters of
education and government.
The early settlers brought with them the
common domestic animals of Europe. These
throve well, and Australia to-day is the chief
wool-producing country of the world. Cattle
products, especially preserved meats, are ex-
ported in immense quantities.
Although one fourth of all the gold mined
in the world comes from Australia, it is only
one fifth as valuable as the products of the
farms and flocks of this continent. Copper,
iron, tin, and coal also are abundant.
Government buildings, Melbourne.
Find Melbourne and Sydney. These are the
largest cities of Australia and the chief com-
mercial centers. They each have a population
about as large as that of Boston or St. Louis.
126
ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC.
100. ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC.
Southeast of Asia are many islands and
groups, that were probably once part of the
mainland and are generally studied in connec-
tion with Asia. The most
important of these are the
Philippine Islands and the
Dutch East Indies. What
have you learned of the
Philippine Islands ?
The Dutch East Indies
comprise Sumatra, Java,
Celebes, the Molucca or
Spice Islands, and part of
Borneo. Most of them are
densely populated, the
greater part of the people
being Malays. These is-
lands supply the markets
of the world with coffee,
sugar, rice, spices, and tin.
Find Batavia. It is the
capital and chief center of
commerce of the Dutch
East India possessions.
North of Australia is the island of New
Guinea. It is a mountainous country, nearly
five times as large as the whole of New Eng-
land. New Guinea is owned by England, Ger-
many, and the Netherlands. Pearls, ebony,
sandalwood, and copra are the chief products.
Copra is the dried meat of the eocoanut. Great
quantities of this are exported to other countries to
be used in making eocoanut oil.
South of Australia is Tasmania. It is a
British colony, and is somewhat larger than
"West Virginia. Its surface, climate, and prod-
ucts are similar to those of southeastern Aus-
tralia. "Wool is the chief export.
Where is New Zealand ? Tell by the scale of
miles how far it is from Australia. The two
main islands of this group are about as large
as Colorado. They are famous for their vol-
canoes, glaciers, geysers, and hot springs.
New Zealand is a British colony. The people
are mostly engaged in farming and sheep rais-
ing. Wool and meat are the chief exports.
Auckland is the principal
seaport.
Find the Fiji Islands.
To whom do they belong?
The natives of these is-
lands are Malays, who
have been partially civil-
ized. Sugar, copra, and
bananas are produced.
Find the Samoa Is-
lands. What islands of
this group belong to the
United States! Find the
Hawaiian Islands. (Map,
pages 36 and 37.) What
have you learned about
this group ! (See page 71.)
A eocoanut grove.
On the map of the world
(pages 36 and 37) you will
see that there are many other
island groups in the Pacific
Ocean. Many of them are of coral formation, and
some are volcanic. Although they lie in the hot belt,
most of them have a delightful climate on account of
the ocean winds. Cocoanuts, breadfruit, sugar cane,
and bananas grow on these islands.
The breadfruit tree resembles our ash tree in form,
but the leaves are much larger. The fruit is round
or oval, and about six inches in diameter. When
cooked, it is much like wheaten bread.
TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS.
99. In what latitude is Australia? How do its seasons
differ from ours? What have you learned of its coast line?
Of its lakes? Its rivers? Of the coral polyp? Describe
the surface of the continent. Name some of its animals.
Its plants. Its chief products. Its principal cities.
100. Where are the Dutch East Indies? What do they
comprise? What of their people? Products? Capital?
What have you learned of New Guinea? Tasmania? New
Zealand? Fiji Islands? Samoa Islands? Philippine Is-
lands? Hawaiian Islands? Other Pacific islands?
AREAS AND POPULATIONS.
THE EARTH.
Area in
Sq. Miles.
The Land 52,361,000
North America 9,350,000
South America 6,888,000
Europe 3,943,000
Asia 16,956,000
Africa 11,515,000
Australia, etc.. 3,456,000
S. Polar Lands 253,000
The Sea 144,500,000
Atlantic Ocean 34,000,000
Pacific Ocean.. 71,000,000
Indian Ocean.. 28,000,000
Antarctic Oc. . . 7,500,000
Arctic Ocean.. 4,000,000
Total surface . . .196,900,000
Population.
1,522,407,000
101,283,000
33,566,000
385,000,000
828,315,000
168,497,000
5,746,000
United States*. . . .
British America . .
Danish America . .
Mexico
Central America . .
West Indies
NORTH AMERICA.
Area in
Sq. Miles.
3,616,000
3,778,000
878,000
752,000
180,000
94,000
SOUTH AMERICA.
Brazil 3,228,000
Argentina 1,077,000
Paraguay 98,000
Uruguay 69,000
Chile 300,000
Peru 439,000
Bolivia 515,000
Colombia 465,000
Venezuela 403,000
Guiana, British .... 89,000
Guiana, Dutch .... 50,000
Guiana, French .... 30,000
EUROPE.
British Isles 122,000
Empire of Germany 211,000
France 207,000
Russia 2,182,000
Austria-Hungary . . 261,000
Italy 111,000
Switzerland 16,000
Spain 192,000
Portugal 36,000
Netherlands 13,000
Belgium 11,000
Norway 126,000
Sweden 174,000
Denmark 15,000
Turkey 65,000
Roumania 51,000
Servia 19,000
Greece 25,000
* Including Alaska.
Population.
76,149,000
5,028,000
79,000
11,396,000
3,010,000
5,488,000
14,600,000
3,204,000
330,000
712,000
3,165,000
2,980,000
1,435,000
3,321,000
2,239,000
282,000
66,000
26,000
40,337,000
52,280,000
38,229,000
109,887,000
45,401,000
31,479,000
3,120,000
17,744,000
4,660,000
5,004,000
6,587,000
2,098,000
5,010,000
2,310,000
5,892,000
5,406,000
2,384,000
2,434,000
ASIA.
Area in
Sq. Miles,
British India 1,760,000
French Indo-China 278,000
Siam 220,000
Chinese Empire... 4,279,000
Japanese Empire. . 161,000
Asiatic Russia .... 6,593,000
Korea 84,000
Afghanistan 240,000
Baluchistan 167,000
Persia . 635,000
Asiatic Turkey .... 709,000
Arabia 959,000
East Indies 774,000
AFRICA.
Egypt 361,000
Br. Eg. Sudan... 759,000
Morocco 314,000
Algeria 258,000
Tunis 45,000
Tripoli 399,000
Sahara 2,386,000
Sudan 2,210,000
Abyssinia 196,000
Kongo State 865,000
Cape Colony 222,000
Other Br. S. Af. . . . 767,000
Orange R. Colony 50,000
Vaal R. Colony . . . 114,000
Portuguese S. Af. 827,000
Somaliland 813,000
German S. Africa 691,000
Madagascar 229,000
AUSTRALIA.
New South Wales 309,000
Victoria 88,000
Queensland 668,000
South Australia. . . 904,000
West Australia... 976,000
Population.
292,382,000
19,000,000
9,000,000
358,500,000
43,072,000
21,066,000
10,519,000
4,600,000
1,020,000
7,500,000
15,479,000
2,142,000
39,458,000
6,818,000
10,830,000
8,016,000
3,855,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
2,500,000
76,000,000
4,500,000
14,100,000
1,526,000
2,695,000
208,000
679,000
13,200,000
13,692,000
3,100,000
3,582,600
1,132,000
1,140,000
393,000
320,000
50,000
PRINCIPAL ISLANDS AND GROUPS.
Borneo group 284,000 1,740,000
Canary Islands .... 3,000 288,000
Celebes group 77,000 1,500,000
Ceylon 25,000 3,038,000
Cuba group 46,000 1,522,000
Greenland 838,000 10,000
Great Britain 88,600 33,034,000
Haiti 30,000 1,377,000
Hawaiian Islands.. 6,500 154,000
Iceland 40,000 69,000
Ireland 32,500 4,706,000
Jamaica 4,000 639,500
Japan Islands 161, 000 43,072, 000
Java group 51,000 22,818.000
Madagascar 229,000 3,582,600
Newfoundland .... 43,000 193,000
New Guinea group 312,000 837,000
New Zealand group 104,600 673,500
Philippine Islands.. 114,000 7,000,000
Porto Rico 3,600 953,243
Sumatra group 180,000 3,783,000
Tasmania 26,000 156,500
127
UNITED STATES, 1900.
S^Mttal r°Pil»tion.
Alabama 52,250 1,828,697
Arizona Territory 113,020 122,931
Arkansas 53,850 1,311,564
California 158,360 1,485,053
Colorado 103,925 539,700
Connecticut 4,990 908,420
Delaware 2,050 184,735
Dist. of Columbia 70 278,718
Florida 58,680 528,542
Georgia 59,475 2,216,331
Idaho 84,800 161,772
Illinois 56,650 4,821,550
Indiana 36,350 2,516,462
Indian Territory.. 31,400 392,060
Iowa 56,025 2,231,853
Kansas 82,080 1,470,495
Kentucky 40,400 2, 147, 1 74
Louisiana 48,720 1,381,625
Maine 33,040 694,466
Maryland 12,210 1,188,044
Massachusetts ... 8,315 2,805,346
Michigan 58,91 5 2,420,982
Minnesota 83,365 1,751,394
Mississippi 46,810 1,551,270
Missouri 69,415 3,106,665
Montana 146,080 243,329
Nebraska 77,510 1,066,300
Nevada 110,700 42,335
New Hampshire . . 9,305 411,588
New Jersey 7,815 1,883,669
New Mexico Ter. . 122,580 195,310
New York 49,170 7,268,894
North Carolina... 52,250 1,893,810
North Dakota .... 70.795 319,146
Ohio 4i;060 4,157,545
Oklahoma Ter. . . . 39,030 398,331
Oregon 96,030 413,536
Pennsylvania.... 45,215 6,302,115
Rhode Island 1,250 428,556
South Carolina . . . 30,570 1,340,316
South Dakota .... 77,650 401,570
Tennessee 42,050 2,020,616
Texas 265,780 3,048,710
Utah 84,970 276,749
Vermont 9,565 343,641
Virginia 42,450 1,854,184
Washington 69, 180 518, 103
West Virginia .... 24,780 958,800
Wisconsin 56,040 2,069,042
Wyoming 97,890 92,531
Delaware and
New York Bays 720
Detached Possessions.
Alaska 590,884 63,592
Hawaii 6,449 154,001
Philippine Islands 114,356 »7,000,000
Porto Rico 3,606 953,243
Other Detached
Possessions .... 260 12,700
Persons in the ser-
vice of the U. S.
stationed abroad 91,219
Grand total — U. S. >
and detached pos- [ 3,741,155 84,269,330'
sessions )
'Estimated.
128
AREAS AND POPULATIONS.
CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 100,000 OR UPWARDS.
UNITED STATES.
1900. 1890.
Allegheny, Pa 129,896 105,287
Baltimore, Md 508,957 434,439
Boston, Mass 560,892 448,477
Buffalo, N. Y 352,219 255,664
Chicago, 111 1,698,575 1,099,850
Cincinnati, Ohio ... 325,902 296,908
Cleveland, Ohio 381,768 261,353
Columbus, Ohio 125,560 88,150
Denver, Col 133,859 106,713
Detroit, Mich 285,704 205,876
Fall River, Mass. . . . 104,863 74,398
Indianapolis, Ind. .. . 169,164 105,436
Jersey City, N. J. . . . 206,433 163,003
Kansas City, Mo. ... 163,752 132,716
Los Angeles, Cal. . . . 102,479 50,395
Louisville, Ky 204,731 161,129
Memphis, Tenn. . . 102,320 64,495
Milwaukee, Wis 285,315 204,468
Minneapolis, Minn... 202,718 164,738
Newark, N. J 246,070 181,830
New Haven, Conn. . 108,027 81,298
New Orleans, La. . . . 287,104 242,039
New York, N. Y. ... 3,437,202 1,515,301
Omaha, Neb 102,555 140,452
Paterson, N. J 105,171 78,347
Philadelphia, Pa 1,293,697 1,046,964
Pittsburg, Pa. 321,616 238,617
Providence, R. I. .. . 175,597 132,146
Rochester, N. Y 162,435 133,896
St. Joseph, Mo 102,979 52,324
St. Louis, Mo. 575,238 451,770
St. Paul, Minn 163,632 133,156
San Francisco, Cal. . 342,782 298,997
Scranton, Pa 102,026 75,215
Syracuse, N. Y 108,374 88,143
Toledo, Ohio 131,822 81,434
Washington, D. C. . . 278,718 230,392
Worcester, Mass. . . . 118,421 84,655
MOUNTAINS.
Feet high.
Everest, Asia 29,002
Aconcagua, Chile 23,910
Sorata, vol., Bolivia 21,286
McKinley, Alaska 20,464
Kilimanjaro, Africa 20,000
Logan, Canada 19,500
Orizaba, vol., Mexico 18,314
Kenia, Africa 18,000
St. Elias, Alaska 18,010
Blanc, France 15,744
Whitney, California 14,898
Blanca.Peak, Colorado 14,464
Rainier, Washington 14,444
Shasta, California 14,350
Fujiyama, vol., Japan 14,177
Pikes Peak, Colorado 14,147
Fremont Peak, Wyoming 13,790
Hood, Oregon 11,225
Mitchells Peak, North Carolina. . . 6,711
Washington, New Hampshire 6,286
Katahdin, Maine 5,200
Hecla, vol., Iceland 5,110
Vesuvius, vol., Italy 4,205
LAKES.
Area, in
Sq. Miles.
Caspian, Asia 169,400
Victoria, Africa 32,200
FOREIGN.
Latest Census.
Alexandria, Egypt 319,767 ('97
Amsterdam, Netherlands. . 494,189 ('96
Antwerp, Belgium 267,902 ('96
Belfast, Ireland 255,950 ('91
Berlin, Germany 1,677,304 ('95
Birmingham, England 501,241 ('96
Bombay, India 821,764 ('91
Bordeaux, France 256,906 ('96
Bradford, England 228,809 ('96
Breslau, Germany 378,250 ('95
Bristol, England 230,623 ('96
Bucharest, Roumania 232,009 ('94
Budapest, Hungary 491,938 ('90
Buenos Ayres, Argentina. . 725,554 ('97
Cairo, Egypt 576,400 ('97
Calcutta, India 810,786 ('91
Canton, China 2,000,000 ('96
Cologne, Germany 321,564 ('95
Constantinople, Turkey . . . 873,565 ('85
Copenhagen, Denmark .... 312,859 ('90
Dresden, Germany 336,440 ('95
Dublin, Ireland 245,001 ('91
Edinburgh, Scotland 263,646 ('91
Frankfort, Germany 229,279 ('95
Fuchau, China 650,000 ('96
Genoa, Italy 225,135 ('96
Glasgow, Scotland 658,198 ('91
Hamburg, Germany 625,552 ('95
Hanover, Germany 209,535 ('95
Havana, Cuba 235,981 ('99
Kiev, Russia 248,750 ('97
Leeds, England 402,449 ('96
Leipsic, Germany 399,963 ('95
Lisbon, Portugal 301,200 ('90
Liverpool, England 632,512 ('96
London, England 4,433,018 ('96
Lyon, France 466,028 ('96
Madras, India 452,518 ('91
Madrid, Spain 499,270 ('90
Manchester, England 529,561 ('96
Area in
Milei
Superior, U. S 31,200
Aral, Asia 26,200
Huron, U. S 23,800
Michigan, U. S 22,500
Tanganyika, Africa 14,000
Baikal, Asia 13,200
Chad, Africa 10,400
Erie, U. S 10,000
Winnipeg, Canada 9,400
Balkash, Asia 8,600
Ontario, U. S 7,200
Ladoga, Russia 7,000
Titicaca, South America 3,300
Nicaragua, Central America 2,800
Great Salt, U. S 2,300
Dead Sea, Asia 350
RIVERS.
Miles
Long.
Mississippi-Missouri, U. S 4,200
Mississippi proper, U. S 2,600
Missouri, U. S 2,900
Nile, Africa 3,900
Amazon, South America 3,400
Yangtze, China 3,100
Ob, Siberia 3,000
Yenisei, Siberia 3,000
Niger, Africa 2,900
Latest Census.
Marseille, France 442,239 ('96)
Melbourne, Australia 447,565 ('95)
Mexico, Mexico 339,935 ('95)
Milan, Italy 456,698 ('96)
Montevideo, Uruguay 249,251 ('98)
Montreal, Canada 216,650 ('91)
Moscow, Russia 988,610 ('97)
Munich, Germany 407,307 ('95)
Naples, Italy 529,446 ('96)
Newcastle, England 212,223 ('96)
Nottingham, England. . . . 229,775 ('96)
Odessa, Russia 404,651 ('97)
Osaka, Japan 487,184 ('96)
Paris, France 2,536,834 ('96)
Peking, China 1,000,000
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 522,651 ('95)
Rome, Italv 474,018 ('96)
Rotterdam^ Netherlands ... 286, 105 ('96)
St. Petersburg, Russia .... 1,267,023 ('97)
Santiago, Chile 256,403 ('95)
Sheffield, England 347,278 ('96)
Stockholm, Sweden 279,680 ('96)
Sydney, Australia . . 408,500 ('95)
Tientsin, China 950,000 ('96)
Tokio, Japan 1,268,930 ('96)
Turin, Italy 348,001 ('96)
Vienna, Austria 1,364,548 ('90)
Warsaw, Russia 614,752 ('97)
LARGEST CITIES OF THE WORLD.
London 4,443,018
New York (1900) 3,437,202
Paris 2,536,834
Canton 2,000,006
Chicago (1900) 1,698,575
Berlin 1,677,304
Vienna 1,364,548
Philadelphia. . . . (1900) 1,293,697
Tokio 1,268,930
St. Petersburg 1,267,023
Peking 1,000,000
Miles
Long.
Hoang, China . 2,800
Kongo, Africa 2,800
Lena, Siberia 2,800
Amur, Siberia 2,700
Mekong, Asia 2,600
Plata, South America 2,500
Volga, Russia 2,300
St. Lawrence, North America . . . 2,100
Mackenzie, Canada 2,100
Yukon, North America 2,000
Euphrates, Asia 2,000
Arkansas, U. S 2,000
Nelson-Saskatchewan, Canada . . . 1,900
Indus, Asia 1,900
Ganges, India 1,800
Danube, Europe 1,800
Sao Francisco, Brazil 1,800
Rio Grande, North America 1,800
Tocantins, Brazil 1,700
Zambezi, Africa 1,600
Irtish, Siberia 1,600
Orinoco, South America 1,500
Columbia, U. S 1,400
Dnieper, Russia 1,300
Orange, Africa 1,200
Tennessee, U. S 1,100
Murray, Australia 1,100
Magdalena, Colombia 1,100
Colorado, U. S 1,000
Ural, Russia 1,000
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
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EC XfR 1981
JAN1
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DEC '302
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LD 21-95m-ll,'50(2877sl6)476
YE 0660^
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
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