MORTON' 
 
 
 GEO GRAPH Y 
 
 I 
 
 AMERICAN -BOOK- COMPANY 
 
 NEW YORK • CINCINNATI • CHICAGO 
 
M 
 
 IIMUrDCITV nr ^«ii>-*» 
 
 DE 
 
 No. Jf * 
 
MORTON'S 
 
 i > 
 
 , , 
 
 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 
 
 BY 
 
 ELIZA H. MORTON 
 
 MEMBER OF NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY 
 
 NEW YORK •.• CINCINNATI •.• CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
tUUCATlON DEPT. 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 MS 
 
 PRONOUNCING INDEX 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS: 
 The Story of the Earth 
 
 Land and Sea 
 
 Shape and Size op the Earth 
 How to Find Directions 
 
 Light and Heat 
 
 Views of the Earth . . . . 
 
 What Globes Tell Us . 
 What Maps Tell Us . . . . 
 
 Surface of the Land . . . 
 . Highlands and Lowlands 
 
 The Sea of Air 
 
 How the Land is Watered 
 
 How the Water Goes back to the Sea 
 
 More about Rivers 
 
 How the Land has Changed its Form 
 
 The Ocean 
 
 Seore Forms of Land and Sea . 
 
 page 
 . 4 
 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 
 Climate, Zones, and Seasons 25 
 
 Living Things — Plants 26 
 
 Living Things — Animals 27 
 
 Man 27 
 
 Races of Men 28 
 
 Conditions of Men '28 
 
 Government 29 
 
 The Earth a Farm 30 
 
 The Earth a Treasure-house 32 
 
 The Earth a Workshop 32 
 
 Means of Communication 33 
 
 Transportation 34 
 
 Trade or Commerce 35 
 
 Map of the World 3P 
 
 NORTH AMERICA: 
 
 Position — Extent — Coast Line 
 Surface and Drainage . 
 Resources and Products . 
 People and Countries . 
 
 38 
 38 
 41 
 43 
 
 UNITED STATES: 
 
 Position — Extent — Coast Line . 
 Surface, Rainfall, and Drainage 
 People and Resources . 
 Historical and Political 
 Sei'tions of the United States 
 The New England States 
 States of the Atlantic Slope 
 
 46 
 
 . . .46 
 
 50 
 
 . 51 
 
 53 
 
 . 53 
 
 55 
 
 States- of the Mississippi Valley — Northern Sec. 59 
 States of the Mississippi Valley — Southern Sec. 63 
 
 The Plateau States 65 
 
 States of the Pacific Slope .... 66 
 Detached Possessions and Cuba . . .69 
 
 OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA: 
 
 Dominion of Canada, and Newfoundland . . 72 
 
 Danish America 73 
 
 Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies 74 
 
 PAGE 
 SOUTH AMERICA: 
 
 Position — Extent — Coast Line .... 76 
 
 Surface and Drainage 77 
 
 Resources and Products 79 
 
 People and Countries 81 
 
 Brazil 81 
 
 Argentina 82 
 
 Paraguay and Uruguay . ' . . . . 83 
 
 Chile 83 
 
 Peru and Bolivia 84 
 
 Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela . . .84 
 
 Guiana 85 
 
 EUROPE : 
 
 Position — Extent — Coast Line . 
 Surface and Drainage 
 Resources and Products 
 People and Countries 
 How We Reach Europe 
 British Isles .... 
 The Empire of Germany 
 
 France 
 
 Russia 
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 Italy 
 
 Switzerland .... 
 
 Spain and Portugal 
 
 The Netherlands and Belgium 
 
 The Norse Countries .... 
 The States of the Balkan Peninsula . 
 
 87 
 88 
 89 
 91 
 92 
 93 
 94 
 95 
 96 
 97 
 98 
 99 
 99 
 100 
 101 
 102 
 
 ASIA: 
 
 Position— Extent — Coast Line . . . .105 
 
 Surface And Drainage 105 
 
 Resources and Products . . . . . 107 
 
 People and Countries 108 
 
 India . . .108 
 
 Southeastern Asia 109 
 
 Chinese Empire ........ 110 
 
 Japan Ill 
 
 Siberia 112 
 
 Southwestern Asia 112 
 
 AFRICA: 
 
 Position — Extent — Coast Line 
 Surface and Drainage . 
 Resources and Products 
 People and Countries . 
 
 . 114 
 
 . 114 
 
 . 116 
 
 117 
 
 Egypt 119 
 
 The Barbary States .... 120 
 
 The Sahara 120 
 
 The Sudan and Abyssinia 120 
 
 The Kongo State • . .121 
 
 Cape Colony and the Boer Countries . . 121 
 Other Coast Countries 122 
 
 AUSTRALIA AND ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC : 
 
 Australia 123 
 
 Islands of the Pacific 126 
 
 TABLES 
 
 127 
 
 Copyright, 1900, by Butler, Sheldon a Company. 
 14 
 
to 
 
 THE NEW GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Geogbaphy naturally resolves itself into a description of that part of the earth's surface 
 which is within one's field of observation and of that part which is beyond the home surroundings. 
 The child should begin to study geography as soon as he is old enough to notice to any extent 
 the objects about him. The instruction at first must of necessity be entirely oral. It should 
 gradually enlarge the pupil's mental horizon and lead to conceptions of things far away. The 
 oral work should be continued until the child is prepared to consider the earth as a unit. At 
 this stage of progress a primary book may be placed in his hands. Each lesson, however, 
 should be preceded by oral explanations. 
 
 The language of the book should be simple, concise, and accurate. It should begin with and 
 constantly refer to the child's experience and environment. It should introduce, naturally and 
 in logical order, the various topics pertaining to the earth as a whole. It should recognize the 
 fact that the relation of the part to the whole is an elementary principle. When the earth is 
 first considered part by part, the parts are with great difficulty, if ever, put into a harmonious 
 whole. While it is true that the immense size of the earth, its movements, and their relation to 
 other phenomena, are facts pertaining to a phase of geography which cannot be fully grasped by 
 immature minds, yet distinct ideas of the elements which together form the world may be early 
 imparted. It is impossible for children to study their own country intelligently as a whole, or in 
 sections, without this preparatory world study. 
 
 The primary book should give the leading principles of the structural phase of geography as 
 a basis for future work. It should clearly show also the relation of relief, drainage, and 
 other physical features to the life of man. It should constantly use the power of comparison, 
 of contrast, and of correlation to make the children see and think, and to aid the memory. It is 
 allowable to present some attractive non-essentials to promote interest. 
 
 The primary book should aim to furnish those who may never be able to enter the grammar 
 school with a knowledge and an inspiration that shall lead them to study geography with profit 
 and pleasure all their lives. The new geography of to-day is embodied in these principles. 
 
 Grateful acknowledgments are due to Mr. George M. Say re, author and teacher, for editorial 
 
 supervision, valuable suggestions, and helpful criticisms in connection with the preparation of this 
 
 book. 
 
 E. H. MORTON. 
 
 May, 1900 
 
 5<mt)9 
 
PRONOUNCING INDEX. 
 
 KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 
 VOWELS 
 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 as 
 
 a 
 
 in 
 
 41 
 
 ate 
 
 arm 
 
 •>■ 
 
 14 
 
 It 
 
 all 
 
 a 
 
 It 
 
 II 
 
 at 
 
 a 
 
 It 
 
 II 
 
 air 
 
 a 
 
 II 
 
 " 
 
 ask 
 
 a 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 what 
 
 a 
 
 II 
 
 11 
 
 final 
 
 e 
 
 11 
 
 it 
 
 Sat 
 
 Ab-Js-sIn'I-a 118, 121 
 A-eon-ea'gua 77, 80 
 Ad'e-laide 124 
 A'den 106, 118 
 Ad-i-ron'dack 52, 54 
 Ad-ri-at'ic 86, 87, 90 
 M-go'&u (e-) 86, 87, 90 
 Af-gAan-is-tan' 106, 113 
 Af 'ri-ca 11, 12, 37, 114-122 
 A-gul'has (-yas) 118 
 Al-a-ba'ma 49, 62, 63 
 A-lSs'ka 36, 39, 44, 69 
 Al'ba-ny (al'-) 49, 52, 54 
 Al-ej-an'drl-a 37, 118, 119 
 Al-gS'rf-a 118, 120 
 Al-gierg' 37, 118, 120 
 Al'te-gAe-ny City 54, 58, 59 
 Allegheny Mts. 54, 58 
 Alps 86, 88, 90, 99 
 Al-tal' 104, 106 
 altitude 15 
 
 Am'a-zon 37, 76-78, 80 
 Am'ster-dam 90, 101 
 A-mur' 36, 104, 106, 112 
 An'deg Highland 77-82 
 Andes Mts. 77-80 
 animals 27, 30, 31, 41, 
 
 42, 43, 73, 74, 79, 89, 
 
 107, 116, 117, 125 
 An-nap'o-lis 49, 54 
 Ant-arc'tic Circle 25 
 Antarctic Ocean 11, 25 
 Ant'werp 90, 101 
 Ap'en-nlneg 86, 88, 90 
 Ap-pa-la'chi-an 39, 40, 44, 
 
 49, 54 
 A-ra'bl-a 104, 106, 112 
 A-ra'bl-an Sea 37, 104, 106 
 Ar'abg 112, 119, 120 
 Ar'al 104, 106, 107 
 ar-e/ii-pel'a-go 38 
 Arc'tic Circle 25 
 Arctic Ocean 11, 25, 36, 
 
 37, 44, 69, 90, 106 
 Ar-gen-ti'na 80, 82 
 Ar-J-zo'na 48, 64, 65 
 Ar'kan-sas 48, 62, 63 
 Asia (a'shi-a) 11, 12, 36, 
 
 37, 104-113 
 Asiatic (a-shi-at'ic) 107 
 Asiatic Turkey 113 
 A-sun-ci-on' 80 
 Ath'-a-bas'«a 39, 44 
 Ath'eng 90, 102 
 At-lan'ta 49, 54, 59 
 At-lan'tic Coast Plain 40, 
 
 46,47 
 Atlantic Ocean 11, 12, 25, 
 
 37. 39, 44, 46, 49, 52. 54, 
 
 e as in find 
 
 e " " earn 
 
 e " " -where 
 
 e " " they 
 
 e " " novel 
 
 I " " Ice 
 
 I " " It 
 
 I " " vali'se 
 
 I a .< &irl 
 
 O " " Old 
 
 6 as in on 
 
 6 " " son 
 
 6 *' " 6r 
 
 o " " do 
 
 o " " wolf 
 
 Q " " sailor 
 
 a " " flse 
 
 tt " " up 
 
 a " " rule 
 
 a " " full 
 
 tt as in urge 
 y " " my 
 
 y " " sadly 
 ua = wa 
 
 ue = we 
 
 CONSONANTS 
 
 nice 
 eat 
 
 70, 77, 80, 86, 90, 93, 
 
 115, 118 
 Atlantic Slope 46. 47 
 At'las 114, 115, 118, 120 
 atmosphere 16-18 
 Auck'land 124, 126 
 Aus'tln 49, 62 
 Aus-tra'li-a 11, 12, 25, 36, 
 
 123-125 
 Aus'tri-a-Hun'ga-rJ-90,97 
 aV'a-lanche 88 
 A-zoreg' 37, 115, 118 
 
 Bab el Man 'deb 37, 104, 
 
 106, 115, 118 
 Baffin Bay 37, 39, 44 
 Ba-ha'ma 44, 49, 70 
 Ba-M'a 37, 80, 82 
 Bal'kal 104, 106, 107 
 Bal-kan' Mts. 86, 88, 90, 
 
 102; Pen. 86,'102 
 Bal-kash' 104, 106, 107 
 Bal'tic 37, 86, 90 
 Bal'ti-more 37, 49, 54, 59 
 BS-lu-chis-tan' 106, 113 
 Bangkok' 106 
 Ban'gdr 52 
 Banks of Newfoundland 
 
 44, 92 
 barbarous people 29 
 Biir-ce-16'na 90, 100 
 Ba-ta'vl-a 36, 124, 126 
 Bat'on Rouge (rozh) 49, 
 
 62 
 bays 24 
 
 Bed'ou-ing 112, 113 
 Bel-fast' 90, 93, 94 
 Bel'gi-um 90, 101 
 Bel-grade' 90 
 Ben-gal' 36, 104, 106 
 Ber'berg 120 
 Be'ring Sea 36, 39, 44, 
 
 69, 104, 106 
 Bering Strait 36, 39, 44, 69 
 Ber'lin 90, 95 
 Ber-mu'da 37, 39, 44 
 Bern 90, 99 
 Bir'ming-ham (-um),Eng. 
 
 90, 93, 94; Ala. 49, 62 
 Bis'cay 86, 90 
 Big'marck 49, 58 
 Black Hills 58, 60 
 Black Race 28, 45, 70, 75, 
 
 81, 117, 119, 120, 121, 
 
 122, 125 
 Black Sea 37, 86, 87, 88, 90 
 Bloem-fSn'tein 118, 122 
 Boerg 121, 122 
 Bo-go-ta' 80, 85 
 
 Boi'ge 48, 64 
 BokA-a'ra 106 
 Bo-liv'I-a 80, 84 
 Bo'mii 118 
 
 Bom-bay' 37, 106, 109 
 B6r-deaux' (-do') 90 
 B6r'ne-6 36, 123, 124, 126 
 Bos'po-rus 90 
 Bos'ton 37, 44, 49, 52, 55 
 Both'ni-a 86, 90 
 bdicl'derg 22 
 Brii/t'ma 108 
 Braft-ma-pu'tra 104, 106 
 Bra-zil' 80^82" 
 Bra'zos 49, 62 
 Brit'ish GMi-a'nii 80, 85 
 British Lsleg 37, 93, 94 
 British possessions 72, 80, 
 
 85, 93, 108, 118, 119, 121, 
 
 122, 125, 126 
 Brook'lyn 57 
 brooks 19 
 
 Brown Race 28, 109, 126 
 Brfls'selg 90, 101 
 Bu'da-pest 90, 97 
 Bud'dfca 108 
 Buenos Ayres (bo'nus 
 
 a'riz) 37, 80, 82 
 Buf'fa-lo 49, 54, 57 
 buffalo or bison 42 
 building stone 32, 53 
 Bu-kAa-rest' 90 
 Bul-ga'ri-a 90, 102 
 Bur'ling-ton, Vt. 52, 55 
 Bur'ma 106 
 Butte 48, 64, 66 
 
 Cai'ro 37, 118, 119 
 Cal-ciit'ta 37, 106, 109 
 Cal-i-f6r'nl-a 48, 67, 68 
 Ciil-la'6 80, 84 
 Cam'brMge 52 
 Cam'den 54 
 Can'a-da 44, 45, 72, 73 
 canals 34 
 
 Ca-nav'er-al 49, 54 
 Can-t5n' 106, 111 
 can'yong 47 
 Cape Colony 118, 121 
 capes 24 
 
 Cape Town 37, 118, 121 
 capital 29 
 Ca-ra'cas 37, 80, 85 
 caravans 34, 112, 117, 120 
 Car-ib-be'an 37, 39, 44, 
 
 77, 80 
 Car-pa'tbl-an 86, 88, 90 
 Car'son ( ity 64 
 cascades 20 
 
 Cey- 
 Cha( 
 
 Cascade Range 39, 44, 48, 
 
 66, 67 
 Cas'pi-an 37, 86, 88, 90, 
 
 104, 106 
 cataract 20 
 Cats'kill 52, 54 
 cattle 31, 42, 60, 63, 66, 74, 
 
 79, 82, 83, 84, 96, 112, 125 
 Cau-ca'sian (-shan) 28 
 Cau'ca-sus 86, 90, 106 
 Ca-y6n««' (or ki-eu') 80 
 Cel'S-bSg 36, 104, 106, 123, 
 
 124, 126 
 Central America 44, 45, 
 
 75 
 
 ey-16n' 37, 104-106, 109 
 had 115, 116, 118 
 channel 24 
 
 Charleg'ton, S. C. 49, 55, 59 
 Charleston, W. Va. 49, 58 
 Chat-ta-noo'ga 62 
 ChSs'a-peake 46, 49, 54, 
 
 59 
 Chey-enw«' 64 
 Chi-ca'go 37, 49, 58, 61 
 Chi'le 80, 83 
 Chi'na 28, 106, 107, 110 
 Chi-nege' 110 
 CArls-ti-a'ni-a 90 
 Qin-cin-na'tl 49, 58, 61 
 circumference 9 
 civilized people 29 
 Cleveland 49, 58, 61 
 climate 25 
 clouds 17, 18 
 Clyde 94 
 coal 32, 42, 50, 57, 60, 63, 
 
 68, 73, 89, 93, 95, 111, 
 
 121, 125 
 coast line 15 
 
 Coast Range 39, 44, 48, 67 
 coffee 30, 70, 74, 75, 79, 
 
 82, 107, 112, 122 
 cold belts 25, 26 
 Co-lofirne' 90, 95 
 Co-16m'bi-a 80, 84, 85 
 colonies 51 
 C51-o-ra'do 48, 64-66 
 Colorado R. 37, 39, 41, 44, 
 
 46, 47, 48, 64, 65 
 Co-liim'bl-a R. 39, 41, 44, 
 
 46-48, 64, 67, 68 
 Co-lum'bus 58 
 commerce 35 
 compass 9 
 Conc'ord 49, 52 
 conditions of men 28 
 Con-nect'i-cut 49, 52, 53 
 Connecticut R. 52 
 Con-stan-tl-no'ple 37, 90, 
 
 102, 106 
 
 & as In age 
 f go 
 
 § " hag 
 
 th " " thin 
 
 th " " the 
 
 N similar to ng 
 n = ng 
 
 $ = gz 
 
 qu = kw 
 
 Italic letters are silent. 
 
 continents 11, 12 
 cool belts 25, 26 
 C6-pen-ha'gen 37, 90, 101 
 copper 32, 42, 60, 66, 80 
 coral 89, 124, 125 
 corn 30, 42, 60, 63 
 C6r'sl-ca 86, 90 
 cotton 30, 41, 50, 63, 79, 
 
 107, 109, 120 
 crater 16 
 Cu'ba 37, 39, 44, 46, 49, 
 
 70, 75 
 currents 23 
 Cuz'co (cus'-) 80 
 czar 96, 97 
 
 daily motion 10, 26 
 Dallas 49, 62, 63 
 Da-mas'cus 106 
 Dan'ish America 73, 74 
 Dan'ube 37, 86, 88, 90, 97 
 Dar-da-nel/eg' 90 
 Dav' en-port 58 
 Daic'son 44, 69 
 day 10 
 
 Dead Sea 106, 113 
 Del'a-ware 49, 54, 56, 59 
 Delaware B. 46, 49, 52, 54 
 Delaware R. 46, 49, 52, 54 
 delta 21, 107 
 Den'mark 90, 101 
 Den'ver48, 64, 66 
 deserts 30 
 
 Des Moines' 49, 58, 61 
 De-troit' 49, 58, 61 
 dew 18 
 di-am'e-ter 9 
 di'a-mondg 32,80,107,117, 
 
 121 
 dikes 100 
 directions 9, 10 
 divides 20 
 Dnie'per 86, 90 
 Dover Str. 86, 90, 91, 93 
 drainage 38, 77, 88, 105, 
 
 114, 125 
 Dub'lin 90, 93, 94 
 Du-buque' (-buk') 49, 58 
 Du-luth' 49, 58 
 Dutch 100 
 
 Dutch East Indies 126 
 Dutch Guiana 80, 81, 85 
 
 E 
 
 earthquakes 78 
 earth, story of 7 
 earthy matter 8 
 east 9 
 
PRONOUNCING INDEX. 
 
 Eastern Continent 12 
 Eastern Hemisphere 25 
 Eastern Highland 40 
 East In'dieg 36, 123, 124 
 Ec-ua-dor' 80, 84 
 Ed'in-burgh (-bur-ro) 90, 
 
 93 94 
 E'gypt 118, 119 
 El-burz' 106 
 emperor 29 
 empires 29 
 empress 29 
 
 En'gland (in') 90, 93, 94 
 English Channel 86, 90, 93 
 equator 13, 25 
 E'rie Canal 55, 57 
 Erie L. 44, 49, 54, 58 
 Es'ki-mog 45, 69, 73 
 Et'na 90 
 
 ifu-ra'sia (-shi-a) 87 
 Eu'rope 12, 37, 86-103 
 Ev'er-est 104-106 
 exports 35 
 
 FaTk'land 37, 77, 80 
 Fall River 53, 55 
 Far'go 49, 58, 61 
 farming 31 
 fertile 26 
 Fez 118, 120 
 Fi'ji 36, 123, 124, 126 
 Fin-Is-terre' 37, 90 
 #shing 30, 42, 53, 68, 89, 
 
 101, 102, 110 
 Flor'i-da 39, 44, 49, 54, 56, 
 
 59 
 fog 18 
 forests 30, 41, 43, 50, 53, 
 
 56, 60, 63, 67, 73, 74, 78, 
 
 79, 83, 84, 89, 95, 96, 107, 
 
 116, 121, 125 
 For-mo'sa 104-106 
 France 90, 95, 96 
 French possessions 80, 
 
 81, 85, 109, 118, 124 
 frost 18 
 Fu-ji-^a'ma 111 
 
 G5-lSp'a-g6s 37, 76, 77, 80 
 Gal'ves-ton 49, 62, 63 
 Gan'geg 104, 106, 107 
 Ge-ne'va 90, 99 
 Gen'o-a90, 98 
 Geor'gi-a 49, 54, 56, 59 
 Ger'man Empire 90, 94, 95 
 German possessions 117, 
 
 118, 124, 126 
 gey'ser 65, 74, 126 
 Gi-bral'tar Str. 37, 86, 90, 
 
 100" 
 Gi'la (he'-) 48, 64 
 gla'ciers (-shers) 69, 73, 
 
 88, 99, 126' 
 Gl&s'goio 90, 93, 94 
 globes 13, 123 
 Go'bi 104, 106 
 gold 32, 43, 60, 66, 68, 80, 
 
 81, 89, 117, 125 
 Golden Gate 68 
 Good Hope 37, 115, 118 
 government 29 
 Grand Banks 42 
 grand divisions 11, 12 
 Grand Rapids 49, 58 
 Great Basin 47, 64, 65 
 Great Brit'ain 93 
 Great Central Plain 40, 42 
 
 Great Lakes 39, 40, 44, 
 
 47, 61 
 Great Powers 91 
 Great Salt Lake 39, 44, 
 
 64, 65 
 Greece 90, 102 
 Greenland 37, 39, 44, 73, 
 
 74 
 Green Mts. 52, 55 
 Guay-a-quil' (-keV) 77, 80 
 Gid-a'na 80, 81, 85 
 Guin'ea 115, 117, 118 
 gulfs 25 
 Gulf Stream 87 
 Guth'rie 49, 62, 63 
 
 Hag«e 90 
 hail 18 
 
 Hai'ti 39, 44, 70, 75 
 half civilized people 29 
 Hal'i-fax 44, 73 
 Ham'burg 37, 90, 95 
 harbor 24 
 
 Har'ris-burg 49, 54 
 Hart'ford 49, 52 
 Hat'ter-as 44, 46, 49, 54 
 Ha-vfin'a 37, 44, 70 
 Ha-wai'ian I. (-yan) 36, 
 
 71, 126 
 heat 10 
 
 Hgb'ri-des 90, 93 
 Height of Land 40 
 Hel'e-na 48, 64 
 hem'I-sphereg 13, 25 
 herding 31 
 highlands 16 
 hills 15 
 
 Him-a'la-ya 104-106 
 Hin'du Kush 104, 106 
 Hin'dug 108, 109 
 Hin-du-stan' 106 
 Ho-ang' 36, 104, 106, 107 
 Ho'bart 124 
 Ho 'bo-ken 57 
 hogs 31, "42, 60, 102, 110 
 Hol'land 100 
 Hon'do 104, 106 
 Hong-kong' 36, 106, 111 
 H6-no-lu'lu 36, 71 
 Horn 36',' 37, 77, 80 
 horses, 31, 79, 83, 96 
 hot belts 25, 26 
 Hot Springs 62 
 hot springs 63, 65, 126 
 Hud'son Bay 37, 39, 44 
 Hudson R. 49, 52, 55, 57 
 Hun'ga-ry 90, 97 
 Hu'~ron 44, 46, 49, 54, 58 
 hur'ri-eane 16 
 
 icebergs 69, 73, 92 
 Ice'land 37, 39, 44, 74 
 I'da-ho 48, 64, 65 
 Il-li-nois' {or -noig') 49, 
 
 58, 60 
 imports 35 
 
 In'dl-a 43, 106, 108, 109 
 In-di-an'a 49, 58, 60, 61 
 In-di-Sn-ap'o-lis 49, 58 
 In'di-an Ocean 12, 104, 
 
 106, 115, 118, 123, 124 
 In'di-ang 43, 69, 75, 81, 
 
 84, 85 
 Indian Ter. 49, 62, 63 
 In'do-Chi'na 106, 109 
 In'diis 37, 104, 106 
 I'6-wa 49, 58, 60 
 
 I-ran' 104 
 Ire'land 90, 93, 94 
 I'rish Sea 90, 93, 94 
 Ir-kutsk' 36, 106, 112 
 iron 32, 33, 42, 56, 57, 60, 
 63, 83, 89, 93, 95, 111, 125 
 irrigation 48, 68, 83 
 is'lands 11 
 istfj'mus 24 
 It'a-ly 90, 98 
 
 Jack'son 49, 62 
 Jack'son-vilte 49, 54 
 Ja-mai'ca 39, 44, 70, 75 
 JfH>an' 36, 106, 111, 112 
 Jap-a-nese' 112 
 Japan Sea 36, 104, 106 
 Ja'va 36, 123, 124, 126 
 Jef 'fer-son City 49, 58 
 Jer'gey City 52, 54, 57 
 Je-ru'sa-lem 106, 113 
 Jo-han'nes-burg(yo-) 118, 
 
 122 
 Ju-an' Fer-nan'dez (hoo-) 
 
 (-deth) 76, 77, 80 
 Ju-neau' (-no) 69 
 jungles 107 
 
 Ka'bul 106 
 kai'ger 95 
 Ka-la-hii'ri 115, 118 
 K&m-chat'ka 106 
 Ka-me-run' 115, 118 
 Kan'sas49, 58, 60, 61 
 Kansas City 49, 58, 61 
 Ka-ta/j'din 52 
 Ke'ni-a 115, 118 
 Ken-tuck'y 49, 58, 60 
 Key West 49, 54, 59 
 KAar-tum' 118 
 K*el-at' 106 
 KWvii 106 
 
 Kll-i-man-ja-ro' 115, 118 
 Kim'ber-ley 118, 121 
 kingdoms 29 
 kings 29 
 Kldn'dlke 69, 73 
 JTnox'vIHe 62 
 Kon'go R. 37, 115, 116, 
 118, 121 ; State 118, 121 
 K6-re'a 104, 106, 111 
 Kuen-lun' 104, 106 
 
 LSb-ra-dor' 39, 44, 72 
 Lad'6-ga 86, 90 
 lake 19 
 
 land and sea 8 
 Lan'sing 49, 58 
 Lii Paz' (path') 80, 84 
 Lap'land 90, 101 
 latitude 13, 37 
 la'va 16 
 Lawr'ence 52 
 laws 29 
 
 LSad'viUe 64, 66 
 Le'na 36, 104, 106 
 level of the sea, 15, 38 
 Li-be'ri-a 118, 122 
 light 10 
 lighthouse 23 
 Li'mii 80, 84 
 Lin«'6m 49, 58 
 Lig'bon 90, 100 
 Little Rock 49, 62, 63 
 
 Liv'er-pool 37, 90, 93, 94 
 living things 26, 27 
 Ma'mag 79 
 Ua'nog 77, 79 
 L6'gan,Mt. 39, 44 
 Ldn'ddn 37, 90, 93, 94 
 Long Island 52, 54, 57 
 16n'gi-tude 13 
 Los An'gel-es (-hel-) 48, 
 
 67,68 
 Lou-i-gi-a'na 48, 62, 63 
 LoVls-vilfe (or -is-) 49, 58, 
 
 61 
 Low'ell 52, 55 
 Lower California 39, 44 
 lowlands, 16 
 Lynch'burg 54 
 Lynn 52 
 
 Mac-ken'zte 37, 39, 40, 44 
 Mad-a-gas'car 37, 115, 
 
 118 122 ~ 
 Ma-d§i'ra 37, 115, 118 
 Mad'i-son 49, 58 
 Ma-dras' 106, 109 
 Ma-drid' 90, 100 
 Ma-gel7an 76, 77, 80 
 Maine 49, 52, 53 
 Ma-lac'ca 104, 106, 123, 
 
 124 
 Ma-lay' Pen. 104, 106, 123, 
 
 124 
 Ma-lay§' 28, 109, 126 
 man 27 
 Man'ches-ter, Eng. 90, 93, 
 
 94; N. H. 49, 52, 55 
 Man-chu'ri-a 106 
 Man'da-lay 106 
 Man-hat' <an 57 
 Ma-ni'la 36, 71, 124 
 manufactures 33 
 maps 14 
 Ma-ra-eoi'bo 80 
 Mar'mo-ra 90 
 Mar-seilte' 37, 90, 96 
 Ma'ry-land (mer'-) 49, 54, 
 
 56 
 Mas-sa-chu'setts 49, 52, 53 
 ma'te83 
 means of communication 
 
 33, 34 
 Mec'ca 106 
 Med-i-ter-ra'ne-an 37, 86, 
 
 87, 90, 104, 106, 115, 118 
 Me-kong' 36, 104, 106 
 Melbourne 36, 124, 125 
 Mem'phis 49, 62, 63 
 Men-do-ci'no 37, 44, 48, 67 
 Mer-ca'tor map 36, 37 
 merchandise 35 
 Me-rid'i-an 62 
 meridians 13 
 Mer'ri-mac 52, 53 
 metals 32 
 Mex'I-co 44, 45, 46, 48, 62, 
 
 65, 67, 74, 75 ; City 44, 
 
 75; Gulf 37, 39, 44, 46, 
 
 49 54 62 
 Mich'I-gan 49, 58, 60 
 Michigan, L. 44, 46, 49, 
 
 54, 58 
 Mil'an 90 
 
 Mil-wau'kee 49, 58, 61 
 minerals 32 
 mines 32 
 
 MIn-»e-&p'o-lis 49, 58, 61 
 Min-ne-so'ta », 58, 60 
 Mis-sis-slp'pl Basin 47, 79 
 Mississippi R. 37, 39, 40, 
 
 44, 46, 47, 49, 58, 62; 
 
 State 49, 62, 63 
 Mis-soa'rl R. 37, 39, 40, 
 
 44, 46, 49, 58, 64 
 Missouri, State 49, 58, 60 
 Mitch' ells Peak 54 
 M6-bile' 49, 62, 63 
 Mo'cha (-ka) 37, 106, 112 
 Mo-ham'med 108 
 Mon-go'li-a 106 
 M8n-ta'na 48, 64, 65 
 Mon* BlaNc 88, 90 
 Mon-te-vi'de-d 37, 80, 83 
 MSnt-gdm'er-y 49, 62 
 Mont-pe'U-er 49, 52 
 Mont-re-al' 37, 44, 49, 73 
 moon 8 
 Mor'mong 66 
 M6-roc' cb 37, 118, 120 
 MSs'cow, 90, 97 
 moun't«ing 15, 16 
 Mount McKin'le? 39, 128 
 mouth of a river 19 
 M6-zam-bique'(-bek')118 
 Mu'nich (-nik) 90 
 Mur'ray 36, 123-125 
 
 N 
 
 Na'pleg 37, 90, 98 
 
 Nfish'vilte 49, 62, 63 
 
 Natch'ez 62 
 
 nation 29 
 
 natural gas 42, 59, 60 
 
 Ne-bras'ka 49, 58, 60 
 
 negroes 28, 45, 70, 75, 81, 
 
 117, 120, 121 
 Nel'son 37, 39, 44 
 Neth'er-landg 90, 100 
 Ne-va'da 48, 64, 65 
 New 'ark 49, 54, 57 
 New Bed'ford 52 
 New England 46, 52, 53, 
 
 54 
 New'f ound-land 37, 39, 44, 
 
 73 _ 
 New Gwin'ea 36, 123, 124, 
 
 126 
 New Hamp' shire 49, 52, 
 
 New Ha'ven 49, 52, 55 
 New Jer'gey 49, 52, 54, 56 
 New Mex'i-co 48, 64, 66 
 New Or'le-ang 37, 44, 49, 
 
 62, 63 
 New'port 49, 52 
 New South Waleg 124 
 New York Bay 49, 54, 57 ; 
 
 City 24, 37, 44, 49,52,54, 
 
 57 ; State 49, 52, 54, 56 
 New World 43 
 NewZea'land 36, 123, 124, 
 
 126 
 Ni-ftg'a-ra Falls 54 
 Ni-ea-ra'gua Canal 37 
 Nicaragua L. 39, 44 
 Ni'ger37, 115, 116, 118 
 night 10 
 
 Nij'ni NSv-go'rSd 90, 97 
 Nile 37, 115, 116, 118 
 north 9 
 North America 11, 12, 37 
 
 38-76 
 North Car-o-li'na 49, 54, 
 
 56 
 North Da-ko'ta 49, 58, 60 
 North Frigid Zone 25, 26 
 North Sea 37, 86, 89, 90, 93 
 North Star 9, 16 
 North Temperate Zone 25, 
 
 26 
 
6 
 
 PRONOUNCING INDEX. 
 
 northern hemisphere 13 
 
 Nor'way 90, 101 
 
 No'va Sco'tia (-shl-a) 39 
 
 44 
 Nii'M-a 114, 118 
 Ny-as'sa (ne-) 115, 118 
 
 d'a-sis 112, 120 
 5b 37, 104, 106 
 ocean 11, 22, 23 
 O-ce-a'nI-a (-she-) 11 
 O-dSs'sa 37, 90, 96, 97 
 O-hi'o R. 39, 44, 46, 49, 
 
 54.58 
 Ohio, State 49, 58, 60, 61 
 O-khotsk' 36, 104, 106 
 Ok-la-ho'ma 49, 62, 63 
 O-lym'pi-a 48, 67 
 O'ma-ha 49, 58, 61 
 O-man'"l06 
 O-ne'ga 86, 90 
 On-ta^ri-o 44, 46, 49, 52, 
 
 54, 58, 107 
 Orange R. 115, 118 
 Orange R. Colony 118, 
 
 121, 122 
 ore 32 
 
 Or'e-gon 48, 67 
 O-iCno'co 37, 77, 79, 80 
 O-ri-za'ba (-tha'-) 39, 44 
 ostriches 116, 117, 121 
 Ot'ta-wa 37, 44, 49, 52, 73 
 oysters 56, 59 
 
 Pa-cif 'ic Ocean 11, 12, 25, 
 
 36, 39, 44, 46, 48, 64, 67, 
 
 71, 77, 80, 104, 106, 123, 
 
 124 
 Pacific Slope 43, 47 
 Pii-mir' 104, 105 
 pam'pas 77, 79 
 Pan-a-ma' 37, 77, 80, 84 
 Pii-ra' 37, 80, 82 
 Pa-rii-gurty' 80, 83 
 parallels 13, 14, 89 
 Pftr-a-mar'i-bd 80 
 Pii-ra-na' 77, 80 
 Par'is 37, 90, 96 
 Pat'er-son 54, 57 
 Paw-tiick'et 52 
 peaks 16 
 
 Pe-king' 36, 106, 111 
 pen-in'su-lag 24 
 Penn-syl-va'ni-a 49, 54, 
 
 56, 57 
 Pe-6'rl-a 49, 58 
 PSr-nam-bu'co 80, 82 
 Per'sia f -shi-a) 106, 113 
 Persian 'Quit 104, 106 
 Pe-ru' 80, 84 
 pf-tro'le-um 32, 42, 56, 
 
 60, 84, 89, 96 
 Phil-a-del'phi-a 37, 44, 49, 
 
 54,57 
 Phll'ip-plne 36, 70, 71, 123, 
 
 124, 126 
 Pierre 49, 58 
 Pikes Peak 64, 65 
 Pitts'burg49, 54, 58,59 
 plains 15 
 plans 14 
 plants 26, 30 
 
 §la-teau' (-to') 16 
 'lateau States 65, 66 
 poles 13 
 
 Pom-pe'ii (-ye) 98 
 ponds 19 
 
 Port'land, Me. 49, 52, 55 
 Portland, Ore. 48, 67, 68 
 Por'to Ri'co 37, 39, 44, 70, 
 
 71 
 Port Sa-Id' 118 
 Ports'mouth, N. H. 52 
 Por'tu-gal 81, 90, 99 
 Por'tu-gnege 1 18 
 P6-to'mac 46, 49, 54 
 Pre-tor'I-a 118, 122 
 Pri-bi-lof (-16V) 39, 44 
 promontories 24 
 Prov'i-dence 49, 52, 55 
 Prussia (prush'a) 95 
 Pneb'16 (pweb-) 64 
 pueblo 66 
 Pu'get 67 
 pyramids 119 
 Pyr'e-nees 86, 88, 90 
 
 a 
 
 quarries 32 
 
 Que-bec' 44, 49, 52, 73 
 queen 29 
 Queeng'land 124 
 quicksilver 99 
 Quin'cy (-zi) 58 
 Qui'to (ke'-) 80, 85 
 
 races of men 28 
 
 Ra-cine' 58 
 
 railroads 27, 34 
 
 rain 18 
 
 Rai'nier 67 
 
 Ra'leigh (-la) 49, 54 
 
 rapids 20 
 
 Red Race 28 
 
 Red Sea 37, 104, 106, 115, 
 
 118 
 reindeer 31, 72, 73, 74, 89, 
 
 107 
 relief maps 39, 46, 77, 86, 
 
 104, 115, 123 
 republic 29 
 revolution 26 
 RMne 86-88, 90, 95 
 Rfcode Island 49, 52, 53 
 rice 30, 41, 56, 63, 107, 
 
 110, 113, 126 
 Rich'mond 49, 54, 59 
 ridge 15 
 rills 18 
 Ri'o de Ja-ne'i-ro (zha-) 
 
 37, 80, 82 
 Ri'o de la Pla'ta 37, 76, 
 
 77, 79, 80, 83 
 Ri'o Gran'de 37, 39, 44, 
 
 49,62 
 river basin 20 
 rivers 19, 20 
 river system 20 
 R<5ch'es-ter 49, 54, 57 
 rock 8 
 Rocky Mountains 39, 40, 
 
 44, 47, 48, 64 
 Rome 90, 98 
 rotation 26 
 RdVter-dam 101 
 RoM-ma'ni-a 90, 102 
 rubber 30, 79, 82, 84, 116, 
 
 121, 122 
 Russia (riish'a) 90, 96, 97 
 
 S 
 
 Sae-ra-men'to 48, 67 
 8ag'I-naw 58 
 
 Sa-ha'ra 114, 115,117,118, 
 
 120 
 St. Au'gus-tlne 54, 59 
 St. Ber'nard 99 
 St. He-le r na 115, 117 
 St. Law'rence 37, 39, 40, 
 
 44, 46, 49, 52, 54 
 St. Lom'is 37, 44, 49, 58, 
 
 61 " 
 St. Paul 49, 58, 61 
 St. Pe'ters-burg 37, 90, 97 
 Sa-kha-lin' 104, 106 
 salt 32, 60, 97 
 Salt Lake City 48, 64, 66 
 Sa-mo'a 36, 126 
 San FrSn-cis'-eo 36, 44, 48, 
 
 67, 68 
 San'ta Fe' 48, 64, 66 
 San-ti-a'go 80, 83 
 Santiago de Cuba 70 
 San'tos 80, 82 
 Sao (sown) Francisco 77, 
 
 80 
 Sar-din'i-a 86, 90, 98 
 Sas-katch'e-wan 37, 39, 
 
 41, 44 ~ 
 savage people 28 
 Sa-van'naA 49, 54, 59 
 scale 14 
 
 S«an-di-na'vl-an 86 
 S«6t'land 90, 93, 94 
 Seran'ton 54 
 seasons 25, 26 
 Se-at'fle37, 48, 67,68 
 Seme 90, 96 
 SSn-e-gal' 118 
 S$-ouV 106 
 Ser v vi-a 90, 102 
 shape of the eartli 8 
 sheep 31, 42, 60, 66, 68, 
 
 79, 82, 83, 100, 107, 112, 
 
 121, 125 
 shore forms 23, 24 
 Si-am' 106, 109 
 Si-be'ri-a 106, 112 
 SIc'I-ly 86, 90, 98 
 Si-er'ra Le-6'ne 118, 122 
 S'i-erra Ne-va'da 39, 44, 
 
 48, 67 
 silk 57, 89, 95, 98, 110, 111 
 silvas 77, 78, 79 
 silver 32, 43, 66, 74, 80, 84 
 Sin-ga-pore' 106, 109 
 Sioux (soo) City 49, 58 
 Sit'ka 44, 69 
 Skag'er Rack 90 
 slopes 15 
 
 Smyr'na (smer'-) 106, 113 
 snow 18 
 So-fi'a 90 
 soil 8 
 sound 24 
 source 19 
 south 9 
 South African Republic 
 
 121 
 South America 11, 12, 37, 
 
 76-85, 114 
 South Australia 124 
 South Car-6-li'na 49, 54, 
 
 56 
 South Da-ko'ta 49, 58, 61 
 southern hemisphere 13 
 South Frigid Zone 25, 26 
 South Pole 11, 12, 13 
 South Temperate Zone 25, 
 
 26 
 Spam 90, 99, 100 
 Sphinx 119 
 sponge 59, 89 
 springs 19 
 
 Star-Spangled Banner 51 
 state 51 
 steppes 96, 107 
 Stdck'holm 90, 101 
 strait 24 
 Su'-ere 80, 84 
 Su-dan' 115, 118, 120, 121 
 Su-ez' Canal 37, 106, 118 
 sugar 30, 41, 63, 70, 71, 74, 
 
 75, 79, 82, 95, 107, 109, 
 
 119 
 Su-ma'tra 106, 123, 124, 
 
 "126 
 sun 10 
 
 Su-pe'ri-or 44, 46, 49, 58 
 surface of the land 15 
 Sus-que-han'na 52, 54 
 Swe'den 90, 101 
 Swit'zer-land 90, 99 
 Syd'ney 36, 124, 125 
 Syr'a-euse 54 
 
 Ta-co'ma 48, 67, 68 
 T&l-ta-h&s'see 49, 54 
 Ta-na'na-ri-vo' 118 
 Tan-gan-yi'ka 115, 118 
 Tash-kend' 106 
 TSs-ma'ni-a 36, 123, 124, 
 
 126 
 tea 30, 83, 107, 109, 110, 
 
 111 
 Te-heran' 106, 113 
 telegraph 34 
 telephone 27, 34 
 telescope 27 
 Ten-nes-see' 49, 62, 63 
 territory 51 
 Tex'as 49, 62, 63 
 Thames (t8mz) 37, 93 
 Tfei-an' Shan 104, 106 
 Ti-bet' 104-106 
 tides 23 
 Ti-en'tsin 106 
 Ti-er'i-a del Fue'go 77, 80 
 Tim-buk'tu 118, 121 
 tin 32,"89, 109, 126 
 Tit-i-ea'-ea 77, 80, 84 
 To-can-tins' 77, 80 
 T6'ki-o 36, 106, 112 
 T6-le'do 49, 58 
 To-pe'ka 49, 58 
 Torrid Zone 25, 26 
 trade 35 
 
 transportation 34, 35 
 Trfins-vaol' 121 
 travel 34 
 Tren'ton 49, 54 
 Tri-este' 90, 97 
 Trip'o-H 118, 120 
 Tropic of Can'cer 25 
 Tropic of Cap'ri-corn 25 
 Troy 54 
 tundras 97, 107 
 Tu'nis 118, 120 
 Tur-kes-tan' 106 
 Tur'key 90, 102 
 
 United Kingdom 93 
 United States 36, 37, 44, 
 
 45, 46-71 
 U'ral Mts. 86, 88, 90, 104, 
 
 106 
 Ural R. 86, 90, 104, 106 
 TJ-ru-guay' 80, 83 
 U'tah (or -ta) 48, 64, 65 
 
 Vaal R. Col. 118, 121, 122 
 valley 15 
 
 Val-pa-rai'so 80, 83 
 Van-cou'ver I. 39, 44 
 vapor 17 
 
 Ven-e-zue'la 80, 84, 85 
 Ven'fce 90, 98 
 Ve'ra Cruz (crus) 37, 44, 
 
 75 
 Ver-mont' 49, 52, 55 
 Ve-su'vi-us 90, 98 
 Vicks'burg 49, 62, 63 
 Vic-to'rI-a Ny-an'za 115, 
 
 116, 118 
 Vi-en'Ha 37, 90, 97 
 Vir-iin'I-a 49, 54, 56 
 Vla3i-v6s-t6k' 106 
 volcanoes 16 
 Vol'ga 86, 88, 90 
 
 W 
 
 Wales 90, 93, 94 
 warm belts 25 
 War'saw 90 
 Wii'sateh 64 
 
 Wash'ing-ton, City 37, 44, 
 49, 51, 52, 54, 59 ; State 
 
 48, 67, 68 
 water 17-20 
 waterfalls 20 
 water power 33, 53 
 waves 22, 23 
 weather 25 
 
 wells 19, 32 
 Western Australia 124 
 Western Continent 11 
 Western Hemisphere 13, 
 
 25 
 Western Highland 39, 40, 
 
 43 
 West In'dies 37, 39, 44, 
 
 49, 70, 74 
 WestVir-gin'i-a49, 58, 60 
 wheat 30, 42, 50, 60, 68, 
 
 82, 83, 89, 96, 97, 119 
 Wheel'ing 49, 58 
 White Mts. 52, 55 
 White Race 28, 43. 81, 91, 
 
 108, 117, 125 
 White Sea 86, 90 
 Wil-fii'mette 67 
 Wil'ming-ton, Del. 49, 52, 
 
 54,59; N. C. 49, 54, 59 
 winds 17 
 
 Win'wi-peg 39, 44 
 Wis-con'sin 49, 58, 60 
 Worces'ter 52, 55 
 Wy-6'ming 48, 64, 66 
 
 Yang'tze 37, 104, 106, 107 
 year 26 
 
 yearly motion 26 
 Yellow Race 28, 45, 91, 
 
 108 
 Yellowstone Park 64, 65 
 Yen-i-se'i 104, 106 
 Y6-k6-ha'ma 36, 106, 112 
 Y6-sem'i-te 68 
 Yu-ca-tan" 39, 44 
 Yii'kon 36, 39, 41, 44, 69 
 
 Zam-be'zi 115, 116, 118 
 Zan'zf-bar 118 
 zones 25 s 26 
 
ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 1. THE STORY OF THE EARTH. 
 
 As we walk through the fields or along the 
 country roads or in the city parks we see the 
 grass, the flowers, the trees, and the land from 
 which they grow. "We may see also people 
 and animals moving from place to place. 
 
 When we look up we see the sky and the 
 clouds. Sometimes rain or snow is falling. 
 In the evening we may see the moon and the 
 stars. There are many useful and beautiful 
 things about us, which supply our wants and 
 give us pleasure. 
 
 What we see of the land at one time is but 
 a very small part of the earth. Our own 
 country stretches away for a great distance, 
 and beyond it are other lands with strange 
 animals and strange people, where the flowers, 
 
 fruits, and trees are different from those which 
 grow where we live. 
 
 If we wish to know about things of the earth 
 which we have not seen, we may learn of them 
 from books and pictures made by people who 
 have seen them. 
 
 Tell what you can see in the picture at the begin- 
 ning of this lesson. Name a kind of tree which you 
 have never seen except in a picture. Name an 
 animal which you have read about, but have never 
 seen. Is there anythiug shown in the picture that 
 you have never seen? 
 
 The things that we see around us, such as 
 hills, brooks, fields, flowers, trees, and animals, 
 and what we may learn about them from 
 books and pictures, tell us the story of the 
 earth. 
 
 The story of the earth is Geography. 
 
8 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 2. LAND AND SEA. 
 
 We have seen a picture of land ; here is one 
 of land and sea. The sea covers about three 
 fourths of the earth's surface. 
 
 In traveling over the land we may see, here 
 and there, large beds of rock. Such beds are 
 found in all parts of the earth, but most of 
 them are covered by water, or by earthy matter 
 such as loose rock, sand, 
 and soil, from which 
 trees, grass, and other 
 plants are growing. 
 
 Much of this earthy 
 matter was once rock, 
 which has been broken 
 and ground in many 
 ways. How this has 
 been done we shall 
 learn later. Find some 
 coarse sand and some 
 fine sand. Sand is 
 loose grains of rock. 
 We can grind up rock 
 so as to form sand. 
 
 Wherever we may go, 
 either on land or on the sea, there is solid rock 
 beneath us. Sometimes, as we have seen, it rises 
 above the surface of the soil, and sometimes 
 it lies far below us at the bottom of the sea. 
 
 The moon as seen through a spyglass. 
 
 In looking over the land you will see that it 
 is uneven, while the sea stretches away smooth 
 and level. All land is more or less uneven, 
 while water, when still, is always level. 
 
 3. SHAPE AND SIZE OF THE EARTH. 
 
 You have all seen the moon. What is its 
 shape! Is it round like a coin, or round like 
 
 a ball! If we look at 
 it through a spyglass, 
 we can see its shape 
 very plainly. It looks 
 like the picture. 
 
 So we can see that 
 the moon is round like 
 a ball, and that it floats 
 in the sky like a great 
 balloon. If we could 
 look at the earth from 
 the moon, we should see 
 that the earth, too, is a 
 great ball floating in the 
 sky. 
 
 You have traveled on 
 a railroad train, and 
 perhaps have been far enough from home to 
 learn for yourself that the earth is very large. 
 If you could ride day and night in a train 
 running thirty-five miles an hour, it would 
 
HOW TO FIND DIRECTIONS. 
 
 take about a month for you to travel 25,000 
 miles, which is the distance around the middle 
 of the earth. 
 
 Get some one to show you a tree or building that 
 is just a mile from your schoolhouse. If you live in 
 a city, find out how many blocks make a mile. A 
 man can walk about three miles in an hour. 
 
 The greatest distance through any ball is 
 about one third as much as the greatest dis- 
 tance around it. As the greatest distance 
 around the earth is about 25,000 miles, what is 
 
 the greatest distance 
 through it! How do 
 you find this? 
 
 Perhaps you may 
 have learned the 
 meaning of circum- 
 ference and diame- 
 ter. If you have 
 not, remember that 
 the circumference 
 of a ball is the greatest distance around it, and 
 the diameter is the greatest distance through it. 
 
 4. HOW TO FIND DIRECTIONS. 
 
 Direction means toward something. " In the 
 direction of the schoolhouse " means toward 
 the schoolhouse; "in the direction of home" 
 means toward home. 
 
 In our own neighborhood we may think of 
 any well-known point as a direction point ; thus, 
 the Town Hall. In the great world, however, 
 some direction points must be chosen on which 
 all people agree. 
 
 There is a certain point upon the earth 
 called the North Pole, and directly opposite, 
 on the other side of the earth, is another point 
 called the South Pole. These two points are 
 taken as direction points by the people of all 
 countries. 
 
 From any point on the earth, toward the 
 North Pole the direction is north, and toward 
 
 the South Pole it is south. The directions east 
 and west, anywhere upon the earth, are squarely 
 crosswise to those of north and south. In our 
 country the sun rises nearly east of us, and sets 
 nearly west of us, and the sun 
 at noon casts all shadows di- 
 rectly toward the north. 
 
 Point with your right arm 
 
 to the place where the sun 
 
 and at the same time 
 
 The shadows at noon point north. 
 
 point with your left arm to the place where it 
 sets; you will then be facing the north. 
 
 Directly over the North Pole is the North Star. 
 To find the North Star, look for a group of stars 
 shaped like a dipper. A line through the two 
 outside stars of the Dipper 
 would pass near a single 
 bright star ; look for this in 
 the sky ; it is the North Star. 
 
 The Dipper and the North Star. 
 
 Directions may be found also by means of 
 the compass, the needle of which always 
 points north or nearly so. 
 
10 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 Remembering that east and 
 west are crosswise to north and 
 south, we know that when we 
 face the north our right side is 
 toward the east and our left 
 side is toward the west. Half- 
 way between north and east is 
 northeast. • Where is southeast ? 
 Southwest? Northwest? 
 
 Point north from your schoolhouse. 
 How do you know that that direction 
 is north? What direction is opposite 
 north? Find east. West. Let each pupil tell in what 
 direction from the schoolhouse he lives. 
 
 5. LIGHT AND HEAT. 
 
 The earth's light comes from the sun. It 
 shines upon the half of the earth that is toward 
 the sun. On the side where the sun's light shines 
 it is day. On the side where the sun's light does 
 not shine it is night. 
 
 If the earth did not turn, one side would 
 always have day, and the other night ; but the 
 earth turns, so that the part that is now toward 
 the sun and in the light will in a few hours be 
 in darkness, and the part that is now in dark- 
 ness will then be in the light. 
 
 It looks to us as if the sun moves, and we say 
 that it rises and sets, when, really, it keeps in 
 one place. When we went to bed last night, our 
 part of the earth bad moved around out of the 
 sunlight, and all through the night the earth 
 was steadily turning, bringing us again to the 
 light of the sun and the morning of a new day. 
 
 At home, this evening, place a lighted lamp on a 
 table. The lamp sends its rays of light throughout the 
 room, just as the sun sends out its rays. Hang an ap- 
 ple in the room by a piece of twine. Now observe that 
 half the apple is lighted by the rays from the lamp, 
 while the other half is not. Just so the earth is lighted 
 by the sun. Now cause the apple to spin slowly on the 
 string. The parts that were in darkness come around 
 into the light, and the parts in the light go around 
 into the shadow. In the same way the turning of the 
 earth brings day and night. 
 
 So the earth is lighted by the sun. 
 
 The time in which the earth turns, or rotates, 
 once is called a day, and this day is divided into 
 twenty-four hours. That part of the twenty- 
 four hours during which we are in the light is 
 called day, and that part in which we are in 
 darkness is called night. 
 
 The sun sends out heat as well as light. The 
 rays of heat, like the rays of light, come 
 straight from the sun, and fall upon that- 
 part of the earth that is turned toward the 
 sun. 
 
 The rays of the sun strike some parts of the 
 earth more directly than they do others ; hence 
 there is greater heat in some places than in 
 others. The heat rays from the sun come 
 through the air without warming it much. 
 They warm the land and the water, however, 
 and these in turn give out heat to the air. 
 
 TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What is Geography? 
 
 2. Of what is the earth made up? How much more water 
 than land is there? Where do we find rock? With what 
 is most of the rock covered? Compare the surface of the 
 land with the surface of the sea. 
 
 3. What is the shape of the moon? How can you tell? 
 What is the shape of the earth? How many miles is it 
 around the middle of the earth? Through its center? 
 Draw a circle and its diameter. 
 
 4. What is direction? In what different ways can you 
 find north? How can you find south ? East ? West ? 
 
 5. From what does the earth get its light? Its heat? 
 What causes day and night ? The earth rotates once in how 
 many hours? What is this period of time called? 
 
VIEWS OF THE EARTH. 
 
 11 
 
 6. VIEWS OF THE EARTH. 
 
 You have been told that the earth is made of 
 rock, and that three fourths of the outside, or 
 surface, of this rocky ball is covered with salt 
 water. This great body of salt water is called 
 the sea or the ocean. 
 
 The rest of the surface rises above the water, 
 and is called land. Most of the land is in three 
 large masses called continents. There are also 
 thousands of smaller bodies of land which rise 
 above the water as islands. 
 
 If three fourths of the earth's surface is covered 
 with water, what part of the surface is land ? Have 
 you ever seen an island ? A continent ? The ocean 1 
 
 ItyWH POLr 
 
 *OUTH POl-E 
 
 1. North America and South America. 
 
 Here is a picture of the earth. Notice that it 
 shows a great mass of land. This land is a 
 continent, and is called the Western Continent. 
 Point to some islands. 
 
 Notice also that this great mass of land is in 
 two parts or divisions. These are the grand 
 divisions of North America and South America. 
 Our country is part of North America. What 
 is the name of our country ? 
 
 Ask your teacher to make a dot on North America to 
 show where you live. 
 
 The ocean, as you see, surrounds the conti- 
 nent and the islands. As the continents are 
 divided into parts, so the great sea or ocean is 
 divided into parts. Each of these parts also is 
 called an ocean. 
 
 The dot upon the upper part of the picture 
 shows where the North Pole is. You have 
 learned something about directions; in what 
 direction from North America is South Amer- 
 ica? What ocean is east of the Western Con- 
 tinent? What ocean west? 
 
 In the second picture the earth has turned 
 somewhat toward the east. Notice that there 
 
 ll TH^t'OL B 
 
 ~/trrtc oca. 
 
 % 
 
 C ' I F I C, OCEAN 
 
 2. Pacific Ocean 
 
 is but very little land in this picture. What 
 great ocean does it show? Nearly half the 
 earth is covered by the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 East of this ocean you may see the edge of the 
 Western Continent, and west of it is a part of 
 Australia, the smallest of the continents. Aus- 
 tralia and the islands that you see in the Pacific 
 Ocean are sometimes considered as forming a 
 grand division which is called Oceania. 
 
12 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 
 if *■ 
 
 V>1 
 
 « 
 
 
 South poi-E 
 
 3. Asia and Australia. 
 
 The third picture shows the earth turned still 
 farther toward the east. Here you may see the 
 whole of Australia, and that part of the Eastern 
 Continent which forms the grand division of 
 Asia. 
 
 West of Australia lies the Indian Ocean, and 
 beyond that appears the edge of another grand 
 division of the Eastern Continent, called Africa. 
 What grand division is north of the Indian 
 Ocean? What small continent east? What 
 grand division west? 
 
 Turning still farther, the earth appears like 
 the fourth picture. The whole of Africa is now 
 in view, and north of it is Europe, which is the 
 smallest grand division of the Eastern Conti 
 nent. Name all the grand divisions of the East- 
 ern Continent. Name the two grand divisions 
 that form the Western Continent. 
 
 The last picture shows the earth as having 
 turned so far around as to bring the Western 
 Continent again in sight. This picture gives 
 us a view of the Atlantic Ocean, which is next 
 in size to the Pacific. Name the three conti- 
 nents that we have seen. The six grand 
 divisions. 
 
 ■ Sl " I'll* l-Oli 
 
 4. Europe and Africa. 
 
 That part of the great sea or ocean which 
 lies around the North Pole is called the Arctic 
 Ocean. Arctic means northern. Around the 
 South Pole is the Antarctic Ocean. Antarctic 
 means opposite to Arctic. Name the five 
 oceans shown in these pictures of the world. 
 
 *fmTM_POLP 
 
 ■JOUTH pOtB 
 
 5. Atlantic Ocean. 
 
WHAT GLOBES TELL US. 
 
 13 
 
 7. WHAT GLOBES TELL US. 
 
 As the earth is a great ball, or sphere, it may 
 be represented by a small sphere, called a globe, 
 which is useful in the study of geography. 
 
 A globe is made so as to 
 turn upon a spindle. The 
 earth turns in the same 
 manner, but not upon a 
 real spindle like that of a 
 globe. It has an imaginary 
 spindle which is called the 
 axis. 
 
 The ends of the earth's 
 axis are called the poles. 
 The pole that lies under the 
 North Star, about which we 
 have learned, is called the 
 North Pole. At the oppo- 
 site end of the axis is the 
 South Pole. These poles are 
 both shown on a globe. 
 
 On all globes made to represent the earth we 
 find also a number of lines drawn from side to 
 side, and because throughout their whole length 
 these lines keep the same distance apart, they 
 are called parallels. The parallels run exactly 
 
 equator to find it. Where do we look for a place 
 
 in south latitude ? 
 
 The lines drawn from one pole to another are 
 
 called meridians. They run exactly north and 
 
 south, and thus point out these directions on a 
 globe. The distance east or 
 west from a certain meridian 
 is called longitude. Hence, 
 if we know that a place is in 
 east longitude, we must look 
 east of this meridian to find 
 it. The parallels and me- 
 ridians are all numbered. 
 
 Upon a globe are shown 
 also the outlines of the dif- 
 ferent bodies of land and 
 water into which the surface 
 of the earth is divided, and 
 also the principal cities and 
 countries of the woi"ld. 
 
 Picture of a globe. 
 
 Parallels. 
 
 Meridians. 
 
 east and west, and therefore show us these 
 directions correctly. 
 
 The parallel that goes around a globe midway 
 between the poles is called the equator, and the 
 distance north or south from the equator is 
 called latitude. Hence, if we know that a place 
 is in north latitude, we must look north of the 
 
 The city of Philadelphia is 
 near the place where the par- 
 allel of north latitude marked 40° crosses the me- 
 ridian of west longitude marked 75°. If you have 
 a globe in your schoolroom, see if you can find on it 
 the name of this city. Notice the latitude and longi- 
 tude of some other place, and from these ask one of 
 your classmates to find that place on the globe. 
 
 HEMISPHERES 
 
 Northern and southern. 
 
 Eastern and western. 
 
 If we divide a globe into halves, each half is 
 called a hemisphere. Hemi- means half. If the 
 division is made along the line of the equator it 
 gives us a northern hemisphere and a southern 
 hemisphere. If it is made along the line of a 
 meridian it gives us an eastern hemisphere 
 and a western hemisphere. 
 
14 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 N 
 N 
 < 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 
 HOUSE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 ft 
 
 * ^ ? J " ?s\ 
 
 FLOWER GARDEN 
 
 Map or plan of house and flower garden. 
 
 8. WHAT MAPS TELL US. 
 
 If we draw upon a flat surface, as a sheet of 
 paper, the outlines of the bodies of land and of 
 water, and the direction lines that we find on a 
 globe, we shall make a map. A map of a place 
 may be large or small, just as a photograph of 
 a person may be large or small. Maps may be 
 made of the whole earth's surface or of any part 
 of it. A map of half the earth's surface is called 
 a map of a hemisphere. 
 
 A map of a very small part of the earth's sur- 
 face is often called a plan. At the left side of 
 this page is a map, or plan, of a house and 
 grounds with a flower garden. One inch on 
 this plan represents twelve feet. At the right 
 is a plan of the same flower garden, but on a 
 larger scale. On this plan one inch represents 
 six feet. 
 
 How wide are the paths of the flower garden? 
 (Measure from either map.) How long and wide is the 
 garden ? How large is the middle bed ? How long 
 and wide is the house ? 
 
 Every map is drawn to a scale; that is, an 
 inch on the map stands for some given number 
 of feet or miles on the earth's surface. On the 
 map of the United States (page 49) an inch 
 stands for 250 miles. Maps are more conven- 
 ient than globes because they can be printed in 
 
 £J- <g l> v- wn <Sp dp 1*1 »< 
 
 
 
 
 fit 
 
 
 
 
 S^S^v 
 
 
 Flower garden on larger scale. 
 
 books. They may also be made to show places 
 on a larger scale than that of a common globe. 
 
 When you look at a map you must not think 
 of it simply as colored paper covered with lines 
 and dots. When you know the meaning of 
 these lines and dots you can read a map as 
 easily as you can read a story in a book. 
 
 With a map or globe before you in proper 
 position to study, remember that north and 
 south are along the meridians, and east and 
 west along the equator and the other parallels. 
 When these lines are not shown, north is 
 usually toward the top of the map. 
 
 Draw a map of the flower garden above on a scale 
 of three feet to one inch. Which is the larger map 
 —one on a scale of three feet to an inch, or one on a 
 scale of six feet to an inch ? 
 
 At the middle of a sheet of paper draw a little 
 square to stand for the schoolhouse. Now above the 
 square, near the top of the sheet, make a dot to stand 
 for the North Pole. Draw a line from the school- 
 house to the North Pole. What is the direction of 
 that line! Draw a line to the east. West. South. 
 Northeast. Northwest. Southwest. Southeast. 
 
 On another sheet draw a square for your home. 
 North of it draw a tree. West of it draw a pond. 
 East of it draw a hill. South of it draw a church. 
 In what direction is your home from the church? 
 From the tree ? Draw a brook from the tree to the 
 pond ; in what direction does the brook flow ? In 
 what direction is the church from the pond? The 
 hill from the church ? 
 
SURFACE OF THE LAND. 
 
 15 
 
 p- ; ' , , — ■ i i j 
 
 the valley to the top of the mountain. We are 
 much farther above the level of the sea than we 
 are above the bottom of the valley. The height 
 of all land is measured from the level of the sea. 
 
 The highest land of the earth reaches more than 
 five miles above the level of the sea. Distance above 
 the level of the sea is called altitude. 
 
 ground 
 
 Hill, valley, and mountains. 
 
 A slope. 
 
 9. SURFACE OF 
 THE LAND. 
 
 Here is a picture 
 showing a slope of 
 land. It shows also 
 the edge of the land, 
 or coast line. Does 
 the slope continue un- 
 der the water? How 
 do you know this ? 
 
 Let us go inland from the coast line to the top 
 of the hill. What is a hill? Here we are at 
 the top ; what do we see before us ? 
 
 Notice that the ground before us slopes to the 
 stream below, and beyond that it rises toward 
 the distant ridge, which is very much higher 
 than the hill. This distant ridge, because of its 
 great height, is called a mountain. What is the 
 difference between a mountain and a hill? 
 
 We go forward to the bottom of the hill and 
 are then at the meeting point of two down- 
 ward slopes. We are in a valley. 
 
 We now climb the slope from the bottom of 
 
 Beyond the mountain top, or summit, the 
 again slopes downward to a broad 
 and nearly level surface 
 which stretches away as 
 far as the eye can reach. 
 A broad extent of land 
 that is level or nearly so 
 is called a plain. 
 
 Does your schoolhouse stand 
 on a plain? Do you live in a 
 valley, on a slope, or on a 
 plain? Are there any moun- 
 tains near where you live ? 
 
 Level of the sea. 
 
 A plain. 
 
 TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 6. What is a continent ? An island ? A grand division? 
 What grand division is composed of a continent and islands? 
 Name the largest ocean. How much of the earth's surface 
 does it cover? 
 
 7. What is the earth's axis? What are the poles? What 
 are parallels? Meridians? What is the equator? Latitude? 
 Longitude? What is a hemisphere? 
 
 8. Explain the meaning of " scale " as applied to maps and 
 plans. How are directions found on a map? 
 
 9. What is a slope ? A mountain? A valley? A plain? 
 What is meant by altitude ? Which has the greater altitude, 
 a hill or a mountain? What is meant by "level " ? 
 
Lava flow — cooled. 
 
 16 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS 
 
 10. HIGHLANDS AND LOWLANDS. 
 
 In some parts of the world there are plains 
 that lie far above the level of the sea. Such 
 plains are called plateaus. From these plateaus 
 mountains sometimes rise still higher. These 
 elevated regions, whether mountains 
 or plateaus, are called highlands 
 
 In other parts of the world 
 there are plains that lie but a 
 short distance above the level 
 of the sea. Such regions are 
 called lowlands. More peo- 
 ple live in the lowlands than 
 in the highlands. "Why? 
 
 You have seen mountains, 
 or pictures of them, and have 
 noticed the lofty ridge that runs 
 along for a great distance. This 
 is a mountain range. If we could 
 stand at the summit of this range 
 we might see beyond us ridge after ridge, as 
 far as the eye could reach. A number of moun- 
 tain ranges form a mountain system. Some 
 mountain systems are thousands of miles long 
 and hundreds of miles wide. 
 
 If you place on a table a number of handkerchiefs 
 one upon another, and push gently from opposite 
 sides, what will be the result ? The folds, or ridges, 
 of the handkerchiefs will represent a mountain system. 
 
 In looking along a mountain range you will 
 see here and there a portion of the ridge that 
 rises boldly above the level of the summit. 
 This is called a peak. Sometimes mountain 
 peaks rise almost by themselves from the level 
 of a plain. There are mountain peaks whose 
 altitude is more than five miles. 
 
 Here is a picture of a mountain peak. Great 
 clouds of steam are pouring like smoke from its 
 summit, and streams of melted rock, called lava, 
 are running down its slopes. The melted rock 
 inside of the earth often breaks through the 
 outer crust, and forms a volcano. The opening 
 from which the lava comes is called a crater. 
 
 The flames that appear to come 
 
 from the crater of a volcano are only 
 
 the glare of the white-hot lava upon 
 
 the clouds of steam and gas that come 
 
 from the same opening. Have you ever 
 
 seen pumice-stone ? It is lava that has 
 
 been blown full of small holes by the action 
 
 of steam. For what is it used ? 
 
 11. THE SEA OF AIR. 
 
 "What is breathing? If the air were taken 
 away, or for some reason could not get into our 
 lungs, what would happen? Can we see the 
 air? How, then, do we know there is such a 
 thing as air ? 
 
 Much of the earth's surface is covered with a 
 sea of water, called the ocean. In the same way 
 the whole earth — land and water — is covered 
 with a sea of air, called the atmosphere. It ex- 
 tends for a great distance above the earth, but 
 beyond five or six miles it is so thin that one 
 could not live in it. 
 
 You have seen water in motion. The air 
 moves in the same way as the water does. You 
 know it moves by feeling its force, or by seeing 
 what it does. Have you ever seen a windmill ? 
 "What makes it turn ? What makes a sailboat 
 move ? What is it that tears down houses and 
 trees in the path of a cyclone or hurricane? 
 What do you call air in motion? 
 
HOW THE LAND IS WATERED. 17 
 
 12. HOW THE LAND IS WATERED. 
 
 Have you noticed the water of a brook flow- 
 ing steadily, day after day and month, after 
 month, and wondered where it all came from? 
 It came from the ocean to the land, and we will 
 tell you about its wonderful journey. 
 
 When water lies open to the air it slowly 
 passes away. We cannot see it go, but after 
 a while we can see that it has gone. You have 
 noticed water in a basin or puddles in a road dis- 
 appear in this way. Where does the water go I 
 
 It passes into the air in particles so fine that 
 we cannot see them. Water in this form is 
 called vapor. When water passes away in 
 
 The sparks fly upward. 
 
 What starts the air in motion? 
 Have you ever built a bonfire and 
 watched the sparks carried upward 
 by the warm air ? If you fill a paper 
 balloon with hot air it will go up to 
 a great height. When air is heated, 
 then, it rises. As the heated air rises, 
 the colder air around it rushes in to 
 take its place. In this way winds 
 arise. 
 
 We have learned that the air gets 
 most of its heat from the land and 
 water which are warmed by the sun. 
 In those parts of the eai - th that get the most 
 heat the warm air is constantly rising, and the 
 cooler air on either side is moving in to take 
 its place. In some parts of the earth the wind 
 blows gently and steadily in the same direction 
 for many days at a time. 
 
 Winds blowing from the north are called 
 north winds. Those blowing from the south 
 are called south winds. From what direction 
 do the east winds blow ? The west winds ? 
 From what ocean do the east winds come, 
 in our country? The west winds? (See map, 
 page 37.) From what direction is the wind 
 blowing to-day? How do you know this? 
 
 Sumr 
 
 slouds 
 
 -a coming thunder-storm. 
 
 vapor we say that it evaporates. From every 
 wet surface on the earth these little particles 
 are all the time going out into the air. 
 
 The warmer air is, the more vapor it can hold. 
 In some parts of the earth, where the air is al- 
 ways warm, it loads up heavily with vapor from 
 the ocean. This warm air, laden with water, 
 blows over the land sometimes for many days 
 till from some cause it becomes cooled, and can 
 no longer carry all its load. 
 
 When this happens, the little particles of 
 water that can no longer be carried join one 
 another, making larger particles, which we can 
 see, and which form clouds. When it becomes 
 
18 
 
 INTEODUCTOEY LESSONS. 
 
 Go out, when it snows, and catch some snowflakes 
 on a cold, soft, dark cloth, and examine them. Use a 
 magnifying glass, if you can get one. You will see 
 forms like those in the picture, and many others quite 
 as beautiful. Each one will have six points. 
 
 When the raindrops as they fall pass through 
 
 a layer of very cold air, they are frozen ; other 
 
 drops freeze to them, making them larger, and 
 
 they come to the earth as hail. 
 
 Sometimes hailstones are so 
 
 large that they break 
 
 still colder up where 
 the clouds are, these 
 larger particles join 
 one another, making 
 drops that fall on both 
 sea and land as rain. 
 
 Have you ever seen 
 water collect in drops on 
 the outside of a pitcher of 
 
 ice water, or on the inside A snowstorm, 
 
 of a cold window pane at 
 
 your home? It comes from the air in the room, in 
 the same way that raindrops are formed outdoors. 
 
 The air will take up only pure water, leaving 
 behind whatever may be mixed with it. Thus 
 when the air takes water from the ocean, it 
 leaves behind the salt. 
 
 Clouds are always changing form. Often 
 they disappear as you watch them. When this 
 occurs you may know that the air up where 
 they are has become warmer, and the cloud 
 particles have changed back into vapor. 
 
 A fog is only a cloud near the ground. If you were 
 ever in a fog you were in a cloud. Most of the clouds 
 that we see are from one to three miles above the earth. 
 
 Sometimes the air up where the clouds are 
 becomes veiy cold. When this happens the 
 particles of water freeze as they join one an- 
 other, and thus build up beautiful little crystals 
 of many shapes, which fall to the earth as flakes 
 of snow. Snow, then, is water in another form. 
 
 panes of glass and 
 beat down growing 
 crops. Animals have 
 been killed by falling 
 hailstones. 
 
 In warm, dry weath- 
 er we often see, in the 
 morning, drops of 
 water hanging upon 
 the grass, leaves, and 
 flowers. During the 
 night these plants, 
 becoming cold, have chilled the air which 
 touched them, so that it left upon them a part 
 of its moisture. These drops are called dew. 
 
 In cool, dry weather we find frost instead of dew. 
 The frost is formed by the freezing of the water 
 particles on the plants, much as snowflakes are 
 formed up in the air. Frost has beautiful shapes like 
 those of snow. 
 
 Thus we see that the water of the ocean car- 
 ried through the air reaches the land as rain, 
 hail, snow, dew, and frost. Let us see how 
 this water finds its way back to the ocean. 
 
 13. HOW THE WATEE GOES BACK 
 TO THE SEA. 
 
 As soon as the water from the clouds reaches 
 the ground it seeks to go lower. Most of it 
 sinks into the ground ; but if it rains hard, much 
 of the water flows in little rills along the surface 
 and down the slopes of the land. 
 
HOW THE WATER GOES BACK TO THE SEA. 
 
 19 
 
 The water that sinks into the ground works 
 its way downward between the loose bits of 
 sand and gravel until it reaches a bed of rock 
 or clay through which it cannot pass. It then 
 trickles along over these underground beds of 
 rock or clay, which slope in much the same 
 way that the surface does. 
 
 Whenever you see a long slope of land, think that 
 even in the dryest weather water is working its way 
 along not many feet below the parched surface. 
 
 A spring — the source of a stream. 
 
 Did you ever see a spring and 
 drink of its clear, cool, sparkling 
 water? A spring is the place 
 where some of the underground 
 water finds its way to the sur 
 face. Most rills and brooks have 
 their beginnings, or sources, in 
 springs. There are springs at the bot 
 toms of brooks and rivers, and they have 
 been found even at the bottom of the sea. 
 
 Do you know what a well is ? It is a hole dug or 
 bored into the ground to reach the underground flow 
 of water. 
 
 Wherever water runs along the ground there 
 must be a slope. Sometimes we cannot see that 
 there is a slope, but the water is sure to find it. 
 So, when we see a stream flowing along in a 
 valley we know that the bottom of the valley 
 slopes as well as the sides. We know also that 
 the stream leads to the lower end of the valley. 
 
 As rills unite and form larger streams, called 
 brooks, so brooks unite and form still larger 
 streams, called rivers. Rivers often unite and 
 form still larger rivers, which pour their waters 
 into the sea. The place where a river flows into 
 some other body of water is called its mouth. 
 
 When a stream comes to a basinlike hollow 
 in the land, the water spreads out and fills up 
 the hollow, running over the lowest place at the 
 edge. A small body of water thus formed is 
 called a pond. A large body is called a lake. 
 
 Thus we see that rills, brooks, and rivers carry 
 back to the sea the water which was brought 
 from it by the air. 
 
 Write what you think would happen if the ocean 
 
 should cease to give up its water to the air. What 
 
 would become of the plants? The 
 
 animals? Man? Would there 
 
 be any brooks and rivers? 
 
 Would there be any fresh 
 
 water on the earth ? 
 
 Suppose the wind should 
 
 cease to blow, could 
 
 the clouds come over 
 
 the land ? Could 
 
 any rain, hail, or snow 
 
 fall upon the earth ? 
 
 TEST AND REVIEW 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 10. Tell what a plateau is. 
 What are highlands ? Low- 
 lands ? What is a mountain 
 range ? A mountain system ? A 
 A lake. peak? What is said of the extent of 
 
 some mountain systems? Tell what a vol- 
 cano is and make a sketch of one. Name some noted vol- 
 canoes about which you have heard or read. 
 
 11. What is the atmosphere? What would happen if we 
 were deprived of air? Tell how winds arise. What is a 
 north wind? An east wind? How can you tell in what 
 direction the wind is blowing? 
 
 12. Write or tell the story of a drop of rain. How is snow 
 formed? Hail? Dew? Frost? What is fog? Draw a 
 picture of a snow crystal. 
 
 13. Tell how the raindrops get back to the sea. What are 
 the sources of most streams? Where does the water of a 
 spring come from? Of a well? What is a brook? A lake? 
 A pond? A river? Where is the mouth of a river? 
 
20 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 River basins and divides. 
 
 14. MORE ABOUT RIVERS. 
 
 You have learned that rivers receive the water 
 of many smaller streams, called branches. The 
 land that is drained by a river and its branches 
 is called a river basin, and the river and its 
 branches draining a river basin are called a 
 river system. A number of small river systems 
 sometimes unite and form a great river system, 
 thousands of miles in extent. 
 
 A river basin is so called because the land slopes in- 
 ward from the sources of the streams in the same man- 
 ner as a dish or basin slopes from the rim to the bottom. 
 
 You have seen the rain falling on the roof of 
 a house and running down on either side. In 
 the same way the water falling on a rise of land 
 drains off in different directions. Any rise of 
 land that sends the wa- 
 ter into different river 
 basins is called a divide. 
 
 In some places a divide 
 is a high mountain range, 
 and in others a very slight 
 rise of land. In our own 
 country there are divides 
 from which the water runs 
 off in opposite directions, 
 and reaches the sea at 
 points more than two 
 thousand miles apart. 
 
 Let us take a trip in 
 canoes on a river and 
 its branches. What is 
 
 The water plunges suddenly over a ledge of rocks. 
 
 a canoe? The water near the source of the 
 sti'eam will not float our canoes, so we must 
 begin our trip a few miles from the source. 
 We soon come to a place where the water runs 
 very swiftly. What causes this? There are 
 many dangerous rocks ahead of us, and so we 
 land and carry our canoes down the stream to a 
 place where the water flows more gently. A 
 swift place in a stream is called rapids. 
 
 At the foot of the rapids the water plunges 
 suddenly over a ledge of rocks. Such a fall of 
 water is called a waterfall, or cascade. When 
 the water of a large river falls over a high, 
 steep, rocky ledge it fonns a cataract. 
 
 Below the rapids and the waterfall the stream 
 run's smoothly, and we sail past farms and 
 villages until we reach the river. As we go 
 
 down the river toward 
 its mouth we have the 
 right bank at our right 
 hand and the left bank 
 at our left hand. 
 
 In a day or two we 
 reach a lai'ge city. Here 
 we take a steamboat 
 and sail down the river 
 and out to sea. Our 
 journey ends at a fa- 
 mous city by the sea, 
 where many people 
 spend their summers. 
 Name such a city. 
 
HOW THE LAND HAS CHANGED ITS FORM. 
 
 21 
 
 15. HOW THE LAND HAS CHANGED 
 ITS FORM. 
 
 A study of the earth shows that great changes 
 were made on its surface before it became fit 
 for man to dwell upon. Since then men have 
 seen that changes are still going on. Most 
 hills and mountains are not so high as they 
 once were, many valleys are not so deep, and 
 new plains have been formed where once the 
 sea was. 
 
 Let us see how changes are being made by 
 water. Stand by the roadside, after a hard rain 
 and notice the water running along in the 
 gutter. Is it clear or muddy? What 
 is mud ? Where does the mud come 
 from that colors the water in 
 the gutter? If you were to 
 fill a large bottle with 
 this muddy water 
 and let it stand for 
 an hour or two, 
 what would hap- 
 pen? Try this. 
 
 Let us go to the 
 nearest brook. It 
 is brimful of rush- 
 ing, muddy water 
 which has poured 
 into it from thou- 
 sands of little rills. 
 In places the 
 brook is over its 
 banks, and when it drains off, we shall find 
 mud, sand, and small stones that have been 
 spread over the ground by the action of the 
 water. 
 
 The river on its way to the ocean receives the 
 water of many brooks. Some of the mud that 
 is in the water of a river settles like that in 
 the bottle, but much of it is carried on till it 
 reaches the sea. 
 
 When the mud that reaches the sea is not 
 carried away by the ocean waters it settles to 
 
 A 
 
 flooded 
 brook. 
 
 the bottom beyond the mouth of the river, and 
 in time builds up new land. There are many 
 rivers where the land has thus grown for miles. 
 Sometimes the mud chokes the mouth of a river, 
 and the water forcing its way to the sea makes 
 a number of mouths. The land between these 
 river mouths is called a delta. Why ? 
 
 The ocean also is at work changing the form 
 of the land. Let us walk along the seashore. 
 The huge waves are dashing with 
 
 great force against the land, 
 
 wash- mii'iiidll ing up sand and 
 
 pebbles. In some 
 places wide, sandy 
 beaches are built 
 up, and in others 
 they are carried 
 away. 
 
 Wherever the 
 
 shores of the 
 
 ocean are bold 
 
 and rocky, it 
 
 would seem that 
 
 the water could not 
 
 make much change ; but 
 
 year after year, the waves 
 
 beat against them with great 
 
 force, and from time to time 
 
 pieces of rock are loosened and fall 
 
 into the water. These are dashed 
 
 and rolled against one another until they are 
 
 rounded into pebbles or ground into sand. 
 
 Find a small pebble. Find a larger smooth rounded 
 piece of rock. There are plenty of these along the sea- 
 shore, and in the beds of rivers and brooks. Sometimes 
 the farmer plows them up in fields that are far away 
 from a river or from the sea. Wherever they are thus 
 found you may be sure that water has once been. 
 
 You have all seen clouds of dust driven by 
 the wind. Have you ever seen sand piled up 
 in heaps by the wind? In many places near 
 the sea, tall buildings and even large forests 
 have been covered by the drifting sand. A 
 great deal of loose earthy matter is thus shifted. 
 
22 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 Ice also has done much to change the surface 
 of the land. Did you ever see a rain spout 
 split or a pitcher broken by the freezing of the 
 water in it ? When water freezes it swells out 
 with great force, and even the little that finds 
 its way into the cracks and seams of the rocks, 
 when it freezes there, splits off pieces of greater 
 or less size. 
 
 In the very cold countries near the poles 
 there are great ice fields covering much of the 
 land. From a study of the rocks of our own 
 and other countries, it is thought that thou- 
 sands of years ago thick fields of ice covered 
 large portions of land that are now the homes 
 of men. 
 
 These vast ice fields, it is believed, moved 
 slowly across the land, and as they moved they 
 tore off masses of rock from the hilltops and 
 mountain sides. These pieces of rock were 
 carried by the ice miles away from their na- 
 tive beds. Some of the stones were rounded 
 
 Bowlders. 
 
 off like pebbles. When the ice melted they 
 were dropped here and there over the surface 
 of the land as we find them to-day. Such rocks 
 are called bowlders. 
 
 On some mountain tops seashells are found 
 in great numbers. This proves that in past 
 ages the sea covered this part of the land, and 
 that, through some force inside of the earth, the 
 bottom of the ocean was raised high above the 
 
 surface of the water. This force is still at work, 
 for in some places along the seacoast the water- 
 marks show that the land is rising year by year, 
 while in others it is sinking. 
 
 In this way water, ice, wind, and other causes 
 have been steadily at work ever since the world 
 was made. In some places they have built up, 
 in others torn away. They are still at work, 
 but, in most cases, so slowly that it takes years 
 before any great change can be noticed. 
 
 Waves dashing against a rocky bluff. 
 
 16. THE OCEAN. 
 
 If we travel in any direction — north, south, 
 east, or west — we will in time reach the ocean, 
 as all the land of the earth is surrounded by its 
 waters. Standing upon its shore and looking 
 out over the water, we will see that it stretches 
 away until it seems to reach the sky. We may 
 sail for weeks on the ocean without seeing land. 
 
 The water of the ocean looks pure and clear 
 like that which flows from a spring, but it is 
 salt and bitter to the taste. It is never at rest. 
 Even in calm weather it heaves and tosses, and 
 its waves break in long lines upon the sandy 
 beach, or dash against the rocky bluffs. In 
 great storms the ocean waves are thirty or forty 
 feet high. 
 
 Have you ever seen a field of wheat when the wind 
 was blowing over it ? It rises and falls in waves. In 
 much the same way the water of the sea, when dis- 
 
SHORE FORMS OF LAND AND SEA. 
 
 23 
 
 turbed by the wind, rises and falls in waves, but does 
 not have much forward movement, except near the 
 shore, where the crests of the waves topple over and 
 rush upon the beach. 
 
 The bed of the ocean has its high and low 
 places, like the land, although its slopes are not 
 so steep. In some few places the water is more 
 than five miles deep, and the bottom is covered 
 with a slimy mud made up of shells so small 
 that thousands of them taken together would 
 be no larger than a small grain of sand. What 
 do we use to examine such small objects ? 
 
 You have seen a piece of chalk. Chalk is made 
 up of these shells, which have become a sohd mass 
 through great pressure. Layers of chalk are found 
 by digging in the earth, but wherever we find them 
 we know that the ocean 
 once covered the place. 
 
 If you were ever at 
 the seashore you must 
 have noticed that twice 
 every day the water 
 came up and covered 
 the beach, and twice a 
 day it went down, leav- 
 ing a wide stretch of 
 sand, or of mud and 
 rocks, where the water 
 had been. This move- 
 ment of the water is 
 called the tide. When 
 the water rises we call 
 it the floiv of the tide, 
 and when it falls, the 
 ebb. When it has 
 reached its highest 
 point we say it is high 
 tide. When is it low tide f 
 
 A lighthouse. 
 
 In many parts of the ocean there are currents 
 that move through the water as rivers move 
 on the land. Some of these are cold currents, 
 coming from the frozen polar regions, and 
 others are currents whose waters have been 
 warmed where the sun's rays are hottest. 
 
 These currents warm or cool the winds that 
 blow over them, and these winds, in turn, warm 
 or cool the land when they reach it. 
 
 During the summer months, thousands of 
 people go to the seashore to enjoy the cool 
 ocean winds and the sea bathing. Here is a 
 picture of a seaside bathing place. It is low 
 tide, and the beach is covered with people. 
 Some are in the water, and others are walking 
 or driving on the sand. 
 
 Let us take a walk on the beach. The sand is wet 
 and shining and as smooth as a floor. Here is a 
 pretty shell. Inside of it is a tiny living creature. 
 Here, also, are many empty shells and bunches of 
 seaweed. Here is something that is shaped like a 
 star. It is a starfish. It seems to be without life, 
 
 but when we 
 place it in the 
 water it puffs 
 up its back 
 and moves off 
 quietly. Here 
 is a dried-up 
 starfish. We 
 will take this 
 for our cabi- 
 net, along with 
 a few shells 
 and pebbles. 
 
 Notice the 
 high tower in 
 the picture. 
 This is a lighthouse. Along many coasts there 
 are hidden rocks, or banks of sand that rise 
 nearly to the top of the sea. Such coasts are 
 dangerous to vessels, and so tall buildings are 
 put up, with strong lights at the top, which at 
 night shine far out over the water. These tell 
 the sailor of his danger and guide him safely. 
 
 17. SHORE FORMS OF LAND AND SEA. 
 
 Let us make a journey on the ocean along 
 the shores of our own country. We will take 
 a steamer from its largest city. What is the 
 largest city of our country I 
 
 Sea bathing. 
 
24 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 We sail at first on a small body of water, from 
 which we can see the land on either side. Here are 
 many vessels. The land around us protects them 
 from the heavy waves of the ocean beyond. A 
 body of water in which vessels may lie safe from 
 ocean storms is called a harbor. (Look at 
 map of New York City and harbor, page 57.) 
 
 From the harbor we sail out through 
 a narrow passage into 
 a larger body of wa- 
 ter. A narrow passage 
 which thus connects 
 two larger bodies of 
 water is called a strait. 
 Some long and wide 
 straits are called chan- 
 nels. A strait or inlet 
 of the sea whose wa- 
 ter is not very deep 
 is often called a sound. 
 
 We are now on an arm of 
 the ocean, with the land still in 
 sight. A part of the ocean that ex- 
 tends into the land is called a gulf, or bay 
 
 Some gulfs, or bays, run far inland and have narrow 
 entrances from the sea. Others are wide bends in 
 the shores of the ocean. Some of the larger bays are 
 called seas. 
 
 As we sail farther southward along the coast 
 we pass two large bays. In a day or two we 
 see some land which, we are told, is a large 
 peninsula. The word peninsula means "almost 
 an island." Why is this land called a peninsula ! 
 West of this peninsula is a very large gulf or 
 bay ; can you give its name ? What is the dif- 
 ference between a peninsula and a bay ? Find 
 other peninsulas on the map. 
 
 This peninsula ends in a point of land 
 called a cape. Some capes are low and sandy. 
 They have been formed by the sand which has 
 been carried by the waters of the ocean from 
 other parts of the shore. On some rock-bound 
 coasts there are high, bold, rocky capes. Capes 
 of this kind are called promontories. 
 
 Beyond this peninsula is 
 a group of islands. We 
 pass through a strait be- 
 tween the largest two is- 
 lands, and enter a wide sea. 
 We sail over this sea and 
 reach the place to which 
 the vessel is bound. We 
 are told that this city is on 
 a strip of land which we 
 can cross by rail in a few 
 hours and reach the great 
 Pacific Ocean on the other 
 side. In crossing this strip 
 of land we would cross an 
 isthmus. An 
 isthmus is a 
 neck of land 
 connecting 
 two larger 
 portions of 
 land. What 
 difference 
 is there be- 
 tween an isthmus and a strait? Name the 
 shore forms of the land. Of the sea. 
 
 Draw this map on your slate, and write on it the 
 names of the different capes, straits, islands, etc. 
 Your teacher will show you where to find these names. 
 
 TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 14. What is the branch of a river ? A river basin 1 Why 
 called basin ? What is a river system ? What separates 
 river basins ? What are rapids ? What is the difference 
 between a cascade and a cataract ? 
 
 15. How has the form of the land been changed by run- 
 ning water 1 By the ocean ? By winds ? By other forces ? 
 
 16. What causes ocean waves ? How is chalk formed 1 
 What is the tide, and what is meant by its ebb and flow ? 
 What are ocean currents ? Where do the warm ocean cur- 
 rents come from ? The cold currents ? How does the bed 
 of the ocean compare with the land ? If you have been at 
 the seaside, write a story of what you saw there. 
 
 17. Of what use is a harbor ? What is a gulf or bay t 
 How do bays differ in size and shape ? What is a strait ? 
 A sound ? A channel ? An isthmus 1 A peninsula ? A 
 cape ? A promontory t Which of these have you seen ? 
 
CLIMATE, ZONES, AND SEASONS. 
 
 25 
 
 
 S 0«l!L-EI«<U»_Z0i» e 
 
 *°CTI| FBIOID *OS* 
 
 THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. 
 
 18. CLIMATE, ZONES, AND SEASONS. 
 
 What kind of weather are we having to-day? 
 What kind do the weather reports or the news- 
 papers say we shall have to-morrow ? In speak- 
 ing of the kind of weather that we have generally, 
 we call it climate. Thus we say that a coun- 
 try has a hot climate, a cold climate, 
 a temperate climate, a moist 
 climate, or a dry climate. 
 
 Upon that part of 
 the earth around which 
 the equator passes, the 
 sun's rays fall most di- 
 rectly, and there is the 
 hottest climate. Find 
 the equator on the map 
 above. Name the coun- 
 tries through which it 
 passes. This hot region 
 extends east and west 
 around the earth like a 
 belt. It is called the hot belt 
 
 Climate and products vary with the altitude 
 
 It is also called 
 
 Antarctic _ Circle 
 ANTARCTIC OCEAN 
 
 S °VT1, fhigid zo*» 
 
 THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE. 
 
 From either side of the hot belt the earth 
 grows colder toward the poles. Next to the 
 hot belt and on each side of it is a warm belt, 
 beyond each warm belt is a cool belt, and be- 
 yond the cool belts are the cold polar regions. 
 The climate of a country, therefore, depends 
 very much on its distance from 
 the equator. 
 
 High up in the air over 
 every part of the world 
 it is cold at all times. 
 The tops of very high 
 mountains are always 
 covered with snow, and 
 in plateau regions the 
 climate is much cooler 
 than in the low plains 
 in the same belt. 
 
 Even in the hottest 
 parts of the earth, 
 when we go from the 
 lowlands up to the 
 
 the Torrid Zone, which means the same thing. 
 
 highlands, we pass from a hot to a warm cli- 
 mate, then to a cool climate, and then to a cold 
 
26 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 region, just as we would pass through the hot, 
 warm, cool, and cold belts in going from the 
 equator toward either pole. 
 
 The warm and the cool belts together form the 
 temperate zones. North of the equator is the North 
 Temperate Zone, and south of the equator is the South 
 Temperate Zone. The region around the North Pole 
 is called the Worth Frigid Zone, and that around the 
 South Pole is called the South Frigid Zone. Frigid 
 means " cold." 
 
 Our country is in the North Temperate Zone ; 
 that is, it lies across the warm and the cool 
 belts north of the equator. Countries in these 
 belts sometimes have very hot weather, but 
 not so hot as it is in the Torrid Zone. Some- 
 times they have very cold weather, but not so 
 cold as it is in the frigid zones. Taking the 
 weather as it is throughout the year, we may 
 say that our climate is temperate. 
 
 Write the name of the season of the year 
 that we are now having. The name of the 
 season that comes next. What season comes 
 after that? After that? Why do our seasons 
 change in this way ? The change is caused by 
 the earth's long journey around the sun. 
 
 You have learned that the earth makes a rotation on 
 its axis once in twenty-four hours. It takes a whole 
 year to make one revolution around the sun. Later 
 you may learn how this causes a change of seasons. 
 
 19. LIVING- THINGS-PLANTS. 
 
 The most wonderful thing of all the earth is 
 the life that is on it. Here is a grain of corn. 
 Let us plant it. What 
 does it need to make it 
 grow ? It needs moisture 
 in the ground. How is 
 the ground made moist so 
 that corn and other plants 
 may grow? 
 
 After a time, if the 
 ground is warm enough, a 
 little shoot or sprout may a growing plant. 
 
 and flowers. 
 
 Trees, ferns, 
 
 be seen growing 
 up from the seed. 
 How is the ground 
 made warm so that 
 the sprout may grow 
 and become a living plant ? 
 
 While the sprout is growing up, little roots 
 are growing down from the seed in the ground. 
 Now we have something that is alive. Plants 
 are living things. 
 
 To live and grow, all plants must have food. 
 This they get partly through their roots. They 
 draw in water, which contains some food that 
 they need. The water gets this food from the 
 ground. Soil that is rich in plant food is said 
 to be fertile. 
 
 As plants grow, they put forth leaves; 
 through these leaves they take most of their 
 food from the air. Could plants live if there 
 were no air? Why? 
 
 Plants do not grow well without the light 
 of the sun. How does a plant look that has 
 been kept for some time in a dark cellar? 
 Grass will not grow well in thick woods ; what 
 is the reason ? 
 
 We see, then, that plant life needs soil, 
 warmth, water, air, and light. Why are valleys 
 better fitted for the growth of plants than are 
 hilltops and mountains? 
 
LIVING THINGS— ANIMALS— MAN. 
 
 27 
 
 20. LIVING THINGS-ANIMALS. 
 
 What other living things has the earth be- 
 sides plants! Name an animal. What do 
 animals need that plants also need? 
 
 What use do animals make of air? Of 
 •water? Could they live without warmth? 
 How is light useful to them? How do they 
 take their food? Name some things that ani- 
 mals eat. Can you think of anything which 
 animals eat that has never been alive ? 
 
 Could there be animals if there were no 
 plants? Why? What can animals do that 
 plants cannot? Name the different ways in 
 which animals move from place to place. 
 
 With what do animals see? Hear? Smell? 
 Taste? Feel? Have plants any of these 
 things? Tell us, then, how animals differ from 
 plants. Which is the higher form of life — 
 plant or animal? 
 
 All living things that are not plants are ani- 
 mals. Name animals that walk. That fly. 
 That swim. That do all three. Name ani- 
 mals that crawl. What is the largest animal 
 that you ever saw ? The smallest ? 
 
 Name an animal that eats plants only. One 
 that eats flesh only. One that eats both plants 
 and flesh. Name an animal with feathers. 
 One with hair. One with scales. One covered 
 with a shell. One that has no bones. 
 
 21. MAN. 
 
 We study geography that we may learn about 
 the earth as the home of man. By man we 
 mean the human race. 
 
 Of all life upon the earth man has the highest 
 intelligence. All things can be adapted to his 
 use, and by thinking he is able to use them. 
 
 Only man can dig iron, copper, and gold 
 from the earth, and make things of them. Man 
 alone plants seeds and raises crops; he alone 
 makes and uses tools, and fashions and wears 
 clothes; and he alone uses fire. 
 
 Many animals are stronger than man, but 
 he makes them obey him and work for him. 
 Many are swifter, but by railroads he can move 
 faster than they. The weapons that he makes 
 are more deadly than the teeth and claws of 
 the fiercest beasts. 
 
 With the telescope man can see things that 
 are far away. With the telephone he can talk 
 with people at great distances. In many other 
 ways the superior intelligence of man places 
 him above the lower animals. 
 
28 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 22. 
 
 RACES OF 
 
 MEN. 
 
 A black man. 
 
 As we walk along 
 a city street we see 
 that people are not 
 alike in color. Most 
 of those we meet are 
 white. They are tall 
 and well shaped, and 
 have fine features 
 and straight or wavy 
 hair and beard. They are of the leading race 
 in the world— the white race. The white race 
 is known also as the Caucasian race. 
 
 Nearly all the people of Europe, 
 America, Australia, southern Asia, 
 and the northern and southern parts 
 of Africa are of this race. 
 
 Here comes a man who is black. 
 Notice his close, curling hair, his flat 
 nose, and his thick lips. He is a 
 Negro, and is of the black race. There 
 are many Negroes in our country, 
 but the home of the race is in Africa. 
 Let us look through this window 
 with its queer signs. Here are 
 some odd-looking men at work 
 ironing clothes. The color of 
 these men is a sort of yellow, their eyes are 
 set slantwise, and they have long, straight, 
 black hair, and but little beard. They are 
 
 of the yellow race, 
 and come from a 
 country in Asia called 
 China, where there are 
 many millions more 
 like them. 
 
 Here comes a band 
 of tall, well-formed 
 men, wrapped in 
 blankets. They have 
 coarse features and 
 A yellow man. high cheek bones. 
 
 A red man. 
 
 A white man 
 
 Their long, black hair, 
 
 like a horse's mane, 
 
 hangs from their bare 
 
 heads. Their skins 
 
 are of a dark reddish 
 
 color like copper. 
 
 They are Indians on 
 
 their way to visit the 
 
 President. They are 
 
 of the red race, which 
 
 was once the only 
 
 people in America. 
 
 We will go down to where the ships are. 
 
 Here are sailors from many distant lands. 
 
 Some are white, some black, and some yellow. 
 There are others somewhat like the 
 yellow people, but their color is a 
 light brown, and their eyes are not 
 slanting. They are Malays from 
 the islands southeast of Asia, and 
 are of the brown race. 
 
 23. CONDITIONS OF MEN. 
 
 The first wants of man are food, 
 clothing, and shelter, and he must 
 work to get them. The lower 
 animals also must hunt for food 
 and shelter. 
 There are people who want but little 
 
 more than beasts do. They dwell in caves, 
 
 or in rude huts. Sometimes they raise a few 
 
 vegetables, and own a 
 
 few horses and cat- 
 tle, but for the most 
 
 part they eat such 
 
 food, either plant or 
 
 animal, as they find 
 
 growing wild. Such 
 
 people are called 
 
 savage. Most of the 
 
 people belonging to 
 
 the black and the red 
 
 races are savages. a brown man. 
 
CONDITIONS OF MEN— GOVERNMENT. 
 
 29 
 
 There are other people who work for better 
 shelter and better food than the savages do. 
 These people wander abont with their droves of 
 horses, cattle, and sheep. They live in a rude 
 manner, and have little or no learning. Such 
 people are called barbarous. 
 
 As man improves, however, he wants more 
 than mere food, clothing, and shelter. He wants 
 
 Civilization. 
 
 to own land for his flocks and 
 herds, his crops and his houses. 
 He learns to read and write. He 
 dwells with his fellow-men in 
 towns and cities. He has a rude 
 love of splendor, yet some of his 
 ways are low. People of this 
 kind are called half civilized. 
 
 In some countries the people 
 have higher wants. They de- 
 light in learning, and in' all that 
 can improve the mind. They 
 have churches, schools, news- 
 papers, books, pictures, and music 
 fine cities. They build railroads, steamboats, 
 and telegraph lines. Such people are called 
 civilized. 
 
 In the hot belt the heat makes man dislike 
 work. He has but little need of clothing and 
 shelter, and food is plentiful, so he need work 
 but little. Most of the savage and barbarous 
 tribes live in the hot belt. 
 
 Savagery 
 
 They have 
 
 In the cool belts the weather makes man 
 active. He must work to provide food, warm 
 clothing, and shelter. The people of the cool 
 belts are more highly civilized than those of 
 other parts of the earth. 
 
 24. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Making rules or laws, and seeing that they are 
 obeyed, is called government. The more that 
 people live together in cities, towns, or coun- 
 tries, the more need they have of laws. 
 
 Savages, whose wants are few and who do 
 but little work, have but little government. 
 They obey the will of their strongest and bravest 
 men, who are called chiefs. 
 
 In countries where people have made more 
 progress there are rude forms of government. 
 The laws are few and weak, but 
 the rulers have great power. 
 There are many such govern- 
 ments among the yellow and the 
 brown races. 
 
 In civilized countries there are 
 better governments. The laws 
 are written, and are obeyed by 
 the rulers as well as by the peo- 
 ple. Most of these rulers hold 
 office because they are the sons 
 or the daughters of former 
 rulers. Such governments are 
 called empires, or kingdoms. The 
 chief ruler of an empire is an 
 emperor or an empress ; of a 
 kingdom, a king or a queen. 
 The form of government under which the 
 people choose the persons who are to make 
 and enforce their laws is called a republic. 
 What form of government has our country! 
 What is the chief officer called? 
 
 A people living underone government is called 
 a nation. What is the name of our nation ! The 
 city in which a nation's laws are made is called a 
 capital. What is the capital of our country! 
 
30 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 25. THE EARTH A FARM. 
 
 The earth is the home of man. He also 
 gets his living from it, and thus it is at the 
 same time his home and his farm. 
 
 What does man raise on this great farm? 
 He raises plants for food and plants for cloth- 
 ing. He raises animals also 
 for food and for clothing. 
 From the waters of the 
 earth he gets fish for food, 
 and from the forests wood 
 for his houses. In this way 
 his three great wants for 
 food, clothing, and shelter 
 are supplied. 
 
 Write the names of all the 
 food plants that you can think 
 of. Is flax a food plant ? Cot- 
 ton? Name a plant which is 
 used only as food for animals. 
 Write a list of fishes that are 
 Write a list of trees from which 
 A list of trees that yield food. 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 good for food, 
 boards are made. 
 
 There are regions in which plants will not 
 grow. They will not grow in the cold regions 
 around the poles, or on the high plateaus and 
 mountain tops, where it is very cold. Neither 
 
 will they grow in rough, rocky places where 
 there is no soil, nor upon lands where no rain 
 falls. These rainless regions are called deserts. 
 
 Where there is the most heat and moisture, 
 there is the greatest growth of plants. Some 
 plants will grow only in hot regions, and others 
 only where it is not very warm. Where are the 
 hot parts of the earth? Where are the belts 
 that are neither very cold nor very hot? 
 
 Man, the farmer, knows that wheat, corn, 
 oats, rye, barley, potatoes, garden vegetables, 
 apples, peaches, grapes, and other food plants, 
 and grass with which he feeds his animals, and 
 flax for clothing, grow best where it is not too 
 warm — that is in the cool belt. 
 
 He knows also that rice, yams, bananas, 
 breadfruit, cocoanuts, sugar cane, coffee, tea, 
 oranges, lemons, pineapples, dates, figs, spices, 
 and other food plants, and cotton for clothing, 
 grow best in the warm and the hot belts. Write 
 a list of all the spices that you know. 
 
 There are many plants useful to man which 
 grow wild in the forests and fields. Among 
 these are the rubber tree, the sugar maple tree, 
 and other plants that yield gums and medicines. 
 Plants that are raised by man are said to be 
 cultivated. 
 
 Man raises animals 
 as well as plants on 
 the great earth 
 farm. He raises 
 
 Cutting 
 sugar cane. 
 
THE EARTH A FARM. 
 
 31 
 
 them not only for food and clothing, but also 
 for the work they can do. Animals that are 
 raised by man are called domestic animals. 
 
 Make a list of domestic animals. Which of them 
 are for food? Which for clothing? Which for both 
 food and clothing? Which for work only? Which 
 for all three ? 
 
 There are wild animals also in most parts 
 of the earth. Some of these are fierce and 
 dangerous, and prey upon weaker animals. 
 Only a few of the wild animals of the earth 
 have been domesticated. Many of them are 
 useful to man for food and clothing. 
 
 Make a list of all the wild animals that you have 
 seen ; of all that you have read about. Which are 
 useful for food? For clothing? Which are fierce 
 and dangerous? 
 
 Many of the largest and most dangerous wild 
 animals live in the hot regions. Among them 
 are the lion, tiger, leopard, rhinoceros, hippo- 
 potamus, gorilla, alligator, and anaconda. The 
 elephant, buffalo, and camel are the largest 
 domestic animals of the hot belt. Elephants 
 and buffaloes are also found wild. 
 
 The common domestic animals, such as dogs, 
 horses, oxen, sheep, hogs, and fowls, are found 
 wherever man has made his home. They thrive 
 best, however, in the cool belts. The principal 
 wild animals of these belts are the deer, panther, 
 bear, and wolf. 
 
 In the cold regions the reindeer and the dog 
 are the principal domestic animals. These re- 
 gions are the home also of the white bear and 
 the musk ox, and many small fur-bearing ani- 
 mals, and here millions of wild waterfowl come 
 from warmer regions to rear their young. In 
 the ocean waters of these regions are found the 
 great whale, the seal, and the walrus. 
 
 From what animals do we get milk? Butter? 
 Cheese? Eggs? Honey? Leather? Oil? Furs? 
 Feathers? Beef? Pork? Lard? Hams? Mutton? 
 Veal? Venison? Tallow? Ivory? These things 
 are called animal products. 
 
 Herding cattle on the plains. 
 
 The raising of plants and animals on a farm 
 is called farming. More than half the people of 
 the earth are employed in farming. In some 
 places vast herds of horses, cattle, and great 
 droves of sheep are fed on the natural grass 
 of the plains. The occupation arising from 
 this is called herding. 
 
 TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 18. Name some different kinds of climate. Where is the 
 hottest climate ? The coldest 1 What belts are between 
 these? Name all the zones. In what zone is the United 
 States? How does the altitude of a place affect its climate? 
 Name in order the seasons of the year. How long does it 
 take the earth to make one revolution around the sun? 
 
 19. What does plant life need? How do plants get their 
 food ? When is soil said to be fertile ? Of what use to a 
 plant are its leaves? 
 
 21. What is the chief reason for studying geography? 
 What things can man do which the lower animals cannot? 
 
 22. Where do we find most of the white race? What 
 country is the home of the black race ? Where do most of 
 the yellow race live? The red race? The brown race? 
 
 23. What are the first needs of man? What kind of peo- 
 ple are called savage? Barbarous? Half -civilized? Civi- 
 lized? Why are the people of the cool belts the most 
 highly civilized? 
 
 24. How are savage tribes generally governed? What 
 are the principal forms of civilized governments? What 
 are their rulers called? What is a republic? What is 
 meant by a nation? A capital? 
 
 25. What three great needs of man does the earth sup- 
 ply? What are deserts? Name the chief plants of the cool 
 belt. Of the warm and hot belts. What are cultivated 
 plants? Domestic animals? What large wild animals are 
 found in the hot belt? In the cool belt? In the cold 
 belt? Name the principal domestic animals of each belt 
 
32 
 
 INTRODUCTOKY LESSONS. 
 
 A coal mine. 
 
 26. THE EARTH A TREASURE-HOUSE. 
 
 Besides taking for his use such plants and 
 animals as he wants, man goes down into the 
 earth for treasures hidden away in the rocks. 
 
 There he finds iron, lead, zinc, copper, tin, 
 silver, gold, and other metals. He finds also coal 
 and salt, and many other use- 
 ful things. The deep holes 
 that he digs in search of the 
 earth's treasures are called 
 mines, and the products of 
 mines are called minerals. 
 
 Most metals are found 
 mixed with rock. Rock 
 which contains metal is 
 called ore. To separate the 
 metal from the rock the 
 ore in most cases must be 
 melted. 
 
 Man has need of the rock 
 itself with which to build 
 his houses. He uses gran- 
 ite, marble, sandstone, slate, 
 and limestone. The places 
 where he takes out the rock 
 are called quarries. 
 
 He bores down hundreds of feet through the 
 solid rock in search of another treasure — a min- 
 eral oil called petroleum. In the same way he 
 bores for natural gas. Salt water from which 
 salt is made is often found by boring. These 
 deep bored holes are called wells. 
 
 Diamonds, rubies, emei'alds, and other pre- 
 cious stones are also found in the great earth 
 treasure-house. What use do people make of 
 them! 
 
 In all the grand divisions of the earth metals 
 and minerals abound. Sometimes they are 
 found in wide, thick beds, and sometimes in 
 thin layers, or veins. Far down in the ground, 
 and even out under the bottom of the sea, men 
 are as busy in the mines as they are in the 
 fields and forests on the surface. 
 
 27. THE EARTH A WORKSHOP. 
 
 To raise plants and animals, and to dig min- 
 erals from the earth, work must be done; and 
 still more work is needed to fit these things for 
 man's use. Hence the earth is a great workshop. 
 
 On land and sea, and far underground, men are always at work. 
 
MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 
 
 33 
 
 Take some wheat that has been raised by 
 the farmer. What must be done to it before 
 it can be eaten as food? What must be done 
 to fit the ox for food? What work must be 
 done on a log before it can be used in building 
 a house? On a piece of iron ore before it can 
 be used for a horseshoe ? On cotton before it 
 can be used as clothing ? 
 
 The people who do the work are called work- 
 men, and the places where they labor are called 
 workshops. There are so many of these that 
 we may think of the earth as a great workshop 
 in the same way in which we thought of it as 
 a great farm and as a great treasure-house. 
 
 What is the workman called who raises crops? 
 Who cuts down trees? Who catches fish? Who 
 digs ore? Who makes flour? Bread? Cloth? 
 Clothing? Leather? Houses of wood? Houses of 
 brick or stone ? Who kills animals for food? 
 
 Much of the work that is done in the shops 
 of the world is done by machines. These grind 
 grain, spin thread, weave cloth, saw logs, and 
 do many other kinds of work. Write a list of 
 the things you have seen done by machines. 
 
 Water power. 
 
 You have no doubt seen a waterfall and no- 
 ticed with what force the stream poured down 
 over the rocks. Men use water power to give 
 motion to thousands of machines. Steam 
 also works for man. Name some machines 
 •that you have seen worked by steam. 
 
 One of the most won- 
 derful forces used by 
 
 An electrical carriage — automobile. 
 
 man to move the machines that help do the 
 work of the world is electricity. Name some- 
 thing that moves by means of this force. 
 
 Some of the great waterfalls of the world are now 
 used to produce electricity. This force can be sent 
 along wires to move machines that are miles distant. It 
 can also be stored for use in moving cars and carriages. 
 
 All the things that are made in the great 
 earth workshop are called manufactures, and 
 the making of them is called manufacturing. 
 
 28. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 
 
 When we make our thoughts known to other 
 people we communicate with them. This can 
 be done by talking or by signs when people 
 are near each other, but when they are far 
 apart some other way must be used. 
 
 Have you ever written a letter? How far 
 did it go ? How much did it cost you to send 
 it? How long was it before you received an 
 answer? A letter is one way of communicat- 
 ing with people at a distance. 
 
 Sometimes you may want to communicate 
 very quickly with a person hundreds, or, it may 
 be, thousands of miles away, and to get his reply 
 at once. This you can do by means of the tele- 
 graph. Most of you have seen telegraph wires, 
 and perhaps have seen messages sent. 
 
34 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 Means of communication. 
 
 Wires have been laid on the bottom of the 
 sea, and we can even send a message by tele- 
 graph from one continent to another. When 
 we take up our newspaper at breakfast time 
 we can read about things that happened the 
 day before in nearly all parts of the world. 
 The news comes to us by ocean telegraph. 
 
 A still more wonderful way of communicat- 
 ing with people is by telephone. Have you 
 ever talked over a telephone? Persons hun- 
 dreds of miles apart can talk with each other 
 over the telephone as easily and as clearly as 
 if they were face to face. These ways of com- 
 munication are now so common that we are 
 apt to forget how wonderful they really are. 
 
 29. TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 How are the goods which the merchant sells 
 in our town carried from his store to the homes 
 of the people who buy? What animals are 
 used in this work? Name other animals used 
 in transporting or carrying goods. 
 
 How are goods brought to our town from 
 other parts of our country? What is a rail- 
 road? Some of the cities of our country are 
 more than twenty-five hundred miles apart. 
 They are all connected by railroads. 
 
 On these roads millions of people travel, and 
 millions of tons of the products of farms, for- 
 
 ests, mines, workshops, and fisheries are trans- 
 ported from one place to another. 
 
 Is your town on a lake or a river, or on tho 
 seacoast ? What is a steamboat ? How does it 
 differ from a sailing vessel? On the rivers, 
 lakes, and coast waters of our country thou- 
 sands of steamboats and sailing vessels carry 
 passengers and goods from one town to another. 
 
 A lake or a river on which vessels can sail is said . 
 to be navigable. Why are some rivers not navigable ? 
 
 In some countries, where there are but few 
 navigable rivers, long ditches have been dug, 
 wide enough and deep enough, when filled with 
 water, to float vessels. Such ditches are called 
 canals. Some of them are hundreds of miles 
 long. Canal boats are drawn by horses and 
 mules. 
 
 In some parts of Asia and Africa goods 
 and people are carried many hundreds of miles 
 on the backs of horses and camels. A train 
 of animals carrying burdens in this manner is 
 called a caravan. In mountain regions mules 
 are often used for carrying packs of goods. 
 In South America a small animal called the 
 llama is thus used. 
 
 In the cold regions that lie around the Arctic 
 Ocean men travel over the snow fields on 
 sledges. In some countries these sledges are 
 drawn by reindeer. In other countries the 
 sledges are drawn by dogs. 
 
TRADE OR COMMERCE. 
 
 35 
 
 Commerce and transportation. 
 
 30. TRADE OR COMMERCE. 
 
 The farmer raises more grain than he can 
 use. He sells what he does not need, and with 
 the money buys things that he wants. It 
 is the same with the miner, the weaver, the 
 shoemaker, and all men who raise or make 
 things. This selling and buying is called trade, 
 or commerce. 
 
 Many men work at buying and selling goods. 
 It is their business. These men are called 
 traders, storekeepers, and merchants. Goods 
 that are bought and sold are called merchandise. 
 
 Much trade or commerce is carried on in our 
 country. How many kinds of stores or shops 
 have you seen ? Where does the flour come 
 from that the grocer sells? The calico at the 
 dry-goods store? The nails at the hardware 
 store? The shoes at the shoe store? Most of 
 the goods that are bought and sold in our coun- 
 try are produced by our own people. 
 
 There are many things, however,- used by 
 our people, that come from beyond the sea. 
 Name some of them. What did you have for 
 breakfast that was not raised in this country? 
 You see that we have two kinds of commerce 
 — one among our own people, called domestic 
 commerce; the other with foreign countries, 
 called foreign commerce. 
 
 The goods brought into our country are 
 called imports. The goods that we send to 
 other countries are called exports. 
 
 As trade or commerce employs many people 
 in buying and selling goods, so it employs 
 many others in their transportation. 
 
 TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 26. What are "treasures" ? Why may the earth be 
 called a " treasure-nouse " ? What metals do we find in 
 the earth? What other valuable things that are not metals? 
 What is ore? What are mines? Quarries? What does 
 man bore for in the earth? What are precious stones? 
 
 27. What is a " workshop " ? Why may the earth be 
 called a " workshop " ? Why are men compelled to work? 
 What race of men does the least work? Why? What 
 helps man in his work? What forces does man use to 
 make a machine work? What are manufactures? What 
 is manufacturing? 
 
 28. How do people communicate with one another ? Write 
 or tell what is done with a letter from the time it is written 
 until it reaches the person to whom it is sent. In what two 
 ways may we communicate most quickly with persons at a 
 long distance? How do these ways differ? How do we 
 get news quickly from across the sea? 
 
 29. How are goods carried or transported from the store 
 to our homes? How are they sent long distances in our 
 own country? How are goods sent across the sea? What 
 is a canal? A navigable lake or river? Name other ways 
 by which men travel and transport goods. 
 
 30. Tell how trade or commerce first began. What do 
 we call the men who follow this occupation? What is the 
 difference between exports and imports? Between foreign 
 and domestic commerce? 
 
31. MAP OF THE WORLD. 
 
 As the earth is a globe, it is 
 impossible to show accurately 
 on a flat surface the whole out- 
 side of it in one view. 
 
 It is important, however, to 
 have a general view of the 
 earth's surface at one time, in 
 order to show the relative posi- 
 tions of places, their true direc- 
 tion from one another, the belts 
 of heat or cold in which they 
 lie, and many other things. The 
 most convenient arrangement 
 for this purpose is that of the 
 map of the world here given. 
 
 This map is drawn on what is 
 called the Mercator Projection, 
 from the name of its inventor. 
 If the earth were a cylinder and 
 the surface could be unrolled, it 
 would spread out as here shown. 
 What is a cylinder? Give a 
 well-known example. 
 
 Take an orange to represent the 
 earth. Consider the stem and the 
 blossom ends as the two poles, and 
 draw a line to represent the equator. 
 Cut through the skin from pole to 
 pole and remove it carefully in two 
 sections. If you take one of these 
 sections and cut through the skin in 
 several places from the poles toward 
 the equator, you can then flatten it 
 out, and you will see that the parts 
 near the poles take up much more 
 space than they did before. The 
 Mercator map does not give the true proportions as 
 to size. This is to be noticed especially in the great 
 land masses in the north, and the experiment just 
 made will help you to see the reason. Try it. In 
 many other ways, however, the advantages of the 
 Mercator map more than make up for this defect. 
 
 Map Studies. — What continent is shown in the cen- 
 ter of this map? (See page 11.) What are its two 
 grand divisions ? In which of these is our own coun- 
 try? What ocean is east of North America? What 
 continent is beyond this ocean? Name its grand 
 
 divisions. What ocean is west of our continent? 
 What continents lie beyond this ocean? What ocean 
 is west of Australia ? 
 
 What grand division extends farthest south? In 
 what cape does it end ? Which extends farther south, 
 Australia or Africa ? What noted cape is at the south- 
 ern end of Africa? Find Bering Strait. What con- 
 tinents does it separate ? What strait is between Eu- 
 rope and Africa ? Asia and Africa ? Find the Suez 
 Canal, and the proposed Nicaragua Canal. How can 
 these benefit commerce ? 
 
 On this map the United States and its possessions are 
 
 36 
 
120° from Greenwich 90 
 
 90° Longitude West 60° from Greenwich 30' 
 
 0° Longitude East 30° 
 
 colored red or marked tvifh a red line. What other 
 country of North America belongs to the United 
 States? Write a list of our island possessions. In 
 what oceans are they ? In what belt or zone are they ? 
 (See page 25.) 
 
 Find the great seaport of London. A seaport is a 
 city or town to and from which seagoing vessels sail. 
 Find New York. These two cities are the world's 
 greatest centers of commerce. Tell on what waters 
 and in what directions a steamer would sail on the 
 following voyages : From London to New York for 
 a cargo of flour and meat. From New York to 
 
 Havana for sugar. To Para for rubber. To Manila 
 by way of Cape Town for hemp. To Manila by way 
 of Cape Horn. From San Francisco to Manila. 
 From Liverpool to New Orleans for a cargo of cotton. 
 Other voyages may be suggested by the teacher. 
 
 Find the equator. In what latitude are all places 
 north of the equator? South? Between what de- 
 grees of latitude are most of the large cities of the 
 world ? What city of Asia has about the same lati- 
 tude as New Orleans ? What cities of Africa ? What 
 cities are soiith of the 30th degree of south latitude ? In 
 what latitude are the East Indies 1 The West Indies ? 
 
 37 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 32. POSITION-EXTENT-COAST LINE. 
 
 Look at the map of the world on pages 36 and 
 37, and notice the position of North America 
 upon the earth's surface. What grand division 
 can be reached by sailing east from North 
 America? By sailing west? What oceans 
 would be crossed? In what direction would 
 we sail to reach Australia ? On what ocean ? 
 
 Is North Amer- 
 
 ica north or south 
 of the equator ? It 
 extends from the 
 hot belt across the 
 warm and the cool 
 belts into the cold 
 region around the 
 North Pole. In 
 what zones does 
 it lie? (See zone 
 map, page 25.) It 
 is the third of the 
 grand divisions in 
 size, Asia and Af- 
 rica being larger. 
 
 The landing of 
 
 Our country is the most important part of North 
 America. In what part of North America is it ? 
 
 What is the general shape of North America? 
 Has it an even or a broken coast line? Com- 
 pare its coast line with that of South America, 
 and tell how they differ. Do you think a broken 
 coast line is an advantage to a country ? 
 
 What ocean north of North America ? Along 
 the Arctic coast there are many islands. A sea 
 filled with islands is called an archipelago. Find 
 Greenland. What arm of the sea parts it from 
 the mainland? In what cape does it end at 
 the south? What strait joins Baffin Bay with 
 the Atlantic Ocean ? Find Iceland. 
 
 Find Newfoundland. What do you know 
 about this island? What gulf lies west of it? 
 
 What great bay lies farther inland? What 
 strait joins Hudson Bay to the Atlantic 
 Ocean? What peninsula do these waters in- 
 close ? 
 
 What group of islands southeast of the main- 
 land of North America? What sea do they 
 partly inclose? Between this sea and the 
 Pacific Ocean is a noted isthmus. Name it. 
 Find the Gulf of Mexico. What two penin- 
 sulas at the mouth 
 of this gulf ? What 
 large island ? 
 
 Cross the Isth. 
 mus of Panama 
 and follow the Pa- 
 cific coast toward 
 the northwest : 
 what long, narrow 
 peninsula do you 
 find? What gulf 
 does it partly in- 
 close? The north- 
 western part of 
 North America is 
 Columbus, 1492. nearly surrounded 
 
 by water. What body of land does it form? 
 What is its name? What sea lies west of 
 Alaska? What joins Bering Sea and the 
 Arctic Ocean? What cape of North America 
 extends into the narrowest part of Bering 
 Strait? 
 
 33. SURFACE AND DRAINAGE. 
 
 What is a relief map? Look at the relief 
 map of North America. Notice that some 
 parts are darker in shade than others. This 
 difference in shade is to show the difference in 
 the altitude of the land, or its height above 
 the sea level (see page 15). The darker in 
 shade, the greater the altitude of the land 
 
SURFACE AND DRAINAGE. 
 
 39 
 
 cnland 
 
 -, PrMot Is. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA 
 
 a too 2O0 100 WO 6OO 8CO 1000 
 
 800 MIIES 10 one INC 
 
 Relief Map of NOETH AMERICA. — Same Scale as South America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. 
 
 What part of North America has the greatest 
 altitude? This region is called the Western 
 Highland. In what direction does this high- 
 land region extend? Where is the widest part 
 of this highland ! Its highest mountain ranges 
 
 are called the Rocky Mountains. Find Mount 
 McKinley. It is the highest mountain peak in 
 North America. 
 
 Where is there another highland region in 
 North America? Is its altitude as great as 
 
40 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 The Rocky Mountains. 
 
 that of the Western Highland? How do you 
 know? In what direction does this highland 
 region extend? It is called the Eastern High- 
 land. The mountain ranges that rise from this 
 highland are called the Appalachian Moun- 
 tains. What is the difference as shown in the 
 pictures between the mountains of the East- 
 ern Highland and of the Western Highland? 
 
 What kind of surface 
 does the map show be- 
 tween the Eastern and 
 the Western highlands? 
 This broad extent of 
 lowland reaching from 
 the Arctic Ocean to the 
 Gulf of Mexico is called 
 the Great Central Plain. 
 Notice that from about 
 the middle of this plain 
 the rivers flow in oppo- 
 site directions, north and 
 south. What does this prove? 
 divide ? The divide between the sources of the 
 rivers that flow northward, and those that flow 
 southward, is a low swell of land called the 
 Height of Land that crosses the Great Central 
 Plain from east to west. Trace it on the map. 
 
 The Appalachian Mountains. 
 
 What is a 
 
 Between the Eastern Highland and the At- 
 lantic Ocean notice another plain, narrow at 
 the north and widening toward the south, 
 where it joins the Great Central Plain. This 
 is the Atlantic Coast Plain. On this plain are 
 many large cities. 
 
 Read about river basins (page 20). Where 
 do you find the largest river basin in North 
 
 America ? What river 
 drains this basin? Into 
 what does it flow ? Name 
 its largest branch. Trace 
 the Mississippi River to 
 the mouth of the Mis- 
 souri River, and from 
 there to the source of the 
 Missouri. This is the 
 longest river in the world. 
 Find the Mackenzie 
 River. Into what does it 
 flow ? Is the Mississippi 
 River useful to commerce ? Why ? The Mac- 
 kenzie? Why? 
 
 Find the Great Lakes. Give the name of 
 each. What large river flows from these lakes ? 
 Into what body of water? Where do we find 
 many other large lakes ? What ocean do their 
 
RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS. 
 
 41 
 
 waters reach ? What large river flows into Be- 
 ring Sea ? What do you know about this river ! 
 Find the Columbia River. The Colorado. The 
 Saskatchewan. Into what does each flow? 
 
 34. RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS. 
 
 Ask your teacher to put a dot on the map of 
 North America to show where you live. Do you 
 live in the northern or the southern part ? In 
 the eastern or western part! In what direc- 
 tion from you is the nearest ocean ? Think of a 
 journey over your grand division, starting from 
 your home. The map will aid you in this. 
 
 We will suppose it is summer time. Your 
 journey will be to the north. North is toward 
 what ? As we go north, does the weather grow 
 colder or warmer? 
 
 On your way north, you see at first many 
 farms with orchards and grainfields. You pass 
 through forests of maple, oak, chestnut, wal- 
 nut, and pine. As you go on, the weather 
 grows colder and colder, and after a while you 
 come to snow and ice. Still farther north, you 
 reach a region where there are no trees, but 
 only a few bushes, mosses, and lichens. 
 
 Musk ox attacked bv wolves. 
 
 In your journey through the cold regions, 
 you may find the wolf, the fox, the white bear, 
 the musk ox, the otter, the beaver, and other 
 fur-bearing animals. In the ocean waters you 
 
 A seal rookery. 
 
 may see the seal, the walrus, and the whale. 
 You may see many waterfowl. Why do peo- 
 ple wear thick underclothes and overcoats 
 when they go to the far north ? For the same 
 reason these animals of the north wear a thick 
 covering of fur or feathers. 
 
 The whale and the walrus are kept warm by a thick 
 layer of fat just inside the skin. 
 
 Can you think of any people who want fine 
 furs ? In our own country it is not cold enough 
 for animals to wear such thick, soft, warm furs 
 as they do in colder regions. We get our furs 
 by commerce. A few people live in the cold 
 regions, and catch animals for their fur. They 
 send us the skins, and get from us, in exchange, 
 food, clothes, guns, and other things which 
 they want. 
 
 Now journey south from your home. You 
 follow the same meridian, but in a direction 
 opposite to north. In your journey south, do 
 you go toward a warmer or a colder part of 
 North America? You find more plant life as 
 you go toward the warmer part of the earth. 
 Why? 
 
 You pass many forests, and fields of tobacco, 
 cotton, and sugar cane. In the lowlands, you 
 see rice growing. You see oranges, figs, cocoa- 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 nuts, bananas, and other fruits and plants of 
 the warm belt. There are alligators in the 
 streams. "What great arm of the sea do you 
 find at the south 1 Of what ocean is it a part ? 
 If you cross the Gulf of Mexico you will come 
 to a country where there are many thick forests. 
 In these forests the mahogany tree grows, and 
 here are found the fierce beast of prey called the 
 jaguar, and thousands of monkeys and parrots. 
 
 Millions of people live in the cool belt of 
 North America. They want the things that 
 grow in the south. Other millions live in the 
 south, who want the things that grow in the 
 north or are made there. Think of all the 
 goods that must be carried north and south. 
 How is the carrying done on the land? On 
 the rivers and along the coast ? 
 
 Where on the map of North America do you 
 look for the North Pole? You have learned 
 that when you face the north, the east is at 
 your right, and the west is at your left. 
 
 Journey eastward by the map from your 
 home until you reach the ocean. What ocean 
 is this? It is the great highway of commerce 
 between America and Europe. Many of the 
 largest manufacturing and commercial cities 
 are in the east. There are important fisheries 
 in the river and ocean waters. Near the island 
 of Newfoundland are the banks or shallow 
 places in the sea where great numbers of 
 
 codfish are caught. Find the Grand 
 Banks. 
 
 Now face to the west, and travel 
 across the continent. In what way 
 could you best make the real journey? 
 Could you go from the far north to 
 the far south as easily ? Why ? What 
 highland region would you first cross 
 in your journey west ? 
 
 In many parts of this region 
 
 are mines of coal and iron 
 
 which supply thousands 
 
 of factories. Here, too, 
 
 are petroleum, natural 
 
 The bison or buffalo. 
 
 The 
 
 American 
 eagle. 
 
 gas, and salt 
 wells. A few 
 wild ani- 
 mals, such 
 as the deer, 
 the black 
 
 bear, the eagle, and the wild turkey, are still to 
 be found among the mountains. As the coun- 
 try has become thickly settled the wild animals 
 have become fewer in number. 
 
 Beyond the Eastern Highland we come to the 
 great food-producing region of North America. 
 What is it called? Here are great fields of 
 wheat, corn, oats, rye, and barley, and here, too, 
 flax is grown. In the region around the Great 
 Lakes are mines of iron, copper, and lead. 
 
 As you go westward over the Central Plain 
 you may see many manufacturing cities, but 
 not so many as in the east. Farther west you 
 may see vast numbers of cattle, sheep, and 
 hogs. Not many years ago there were millions 
 of bisons, or buffaloes, throughout this region, 
 but they are all gone, and their place has been 
 taken by the animals raised by man. 
 
PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES. 
 
 43 
 
 At length you reach the 
 Western Highland. Here 
 are the richest mines of ^^^^" 
 
 gold and silver in the 
 world. There are also much copper and lead. 
 Here, too, are found some of the largest and 
 fiercest wild animals of North America. The 
 grizzly bear,- the cougar, or mountain lion, and 
 the wolf are native to this region, and in its 
 wildest parts are found also the elk, the deer, 
 and the beaver. 
 
 You descend the western slope of this high- 
 land region, and reach another ocean. What 
 is this ocean called? On the Pacific slope of 
 the Western Highland are many dense for- 
 ests in which grow some of the largest trees in 
 the world. You do not find so much com- 
 merce here as on the eastern coast. This is 
 because there are but few good harbors and 
 not so many people on the western cuas^ . 
 
 One of the largest, trees in the world- 
 
 In the northwestern rivers great numbers of 
 salmon are caught. Near Alaska are the islands 
 from which we get most of the seal fur that is 
 used for clothing. 
 
 35. PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES. 
 
 The first white people who visited America 
 came from Europe. They found here a strange 
 people whose skins were of a reddish color. 
 Thinking at first that this new country was 
 India, they called the natives Indians. This 
 name was afterwards given to all the natives 
 of the New World, as it was called. 
 
 In time, North America, as far as it had 
 become known, was divided among the Eng- 
 lish, the French, and the Spanish. The Eng- 
 lish took the middle part, the French took the 
 northern part, and the Spanish the south. 
 
 Some of the Indians have become civilized. 
 
 The Indians who once owned the whole 
 country were slowly driven by the white race 
 to the far west. They are few in number as 
 compared with the white people. Some of them 
 have been civilized and own houses and farms. 
 Others lead a savage life. 
 
 Nearly one hundred and fifty years ago, the 
 English took from the French their possessions 
 in North America. Later, the English lost 
 the best part of their possessions. How I The 
 Spanish, too, from time to time lost portions 
 of what they owned, until it was all gone- 
 
44 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 bODT 
 AMERICA 
 
 100 Longitude West from Greenwich 80 
 
 Map Studies.— What country occupies the central 
 part of North America? What country joins the 
 United States on the north? On the southwest? 
 What country northwest of Canada ? To whom does 
 it belong? What country southeast of Mexico? 
 What island group southeast of the United States ? 
 
 What zone lies between the Tropic of Cancer and 
 the Arctic Circle ? What countries of North Amer- 
 ica are wholly or partly in this zone? What zone 
 north? What countries are partly in this zone? 
 What zone south? What countries are wholly or 
 partly in this zone? 
 
PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES. 
 
 45 
 
 Of the many millions of people who now live 
 in North America, by far the greater part are 
 of the white race. For hundreds of years peo- 
 ple of this race have been coming here from all 
 parts of Europe. "We find 
 men of the white race in 
 the workshops, the mines, 
 the forests, the fisheries, 
 and on the farms, and they 
 have carried our trade to 
 nearly every part of the 
 earth. 
 
 There are also several 
 millions of black people 
 in North America. They 
 live chiefly in the warm 
 belt of our country, among 
 the whites. Most of them work at farming. 
 Nearly three hundred years ago the first negroes 
 were brought here from their homes in Africa. 
 
 In the far, frozen north are found people of the 
 yellow race, called Eskimos. They wear thick furs, 
 and the men and women dress much alike. They 
 live in rude huts, sometimes built of snow and ice, 
 and eat wild animals, fish, and the fat, or blubber, of 
 the whale, seal, and walrus. They train teams of 
 dogs to draw their sledges. These people seem to be 
 happy and contented in a country where few would 
 wish to live. There are some other people of the 
 yellow race in North America. They are visitors 
 from Asia, who intend to return to that country. 
 What are they called ? 
 
 Look again at Greenland and Iceland on the 
 map. They belong to a kingdom in Europe 
 called Denmark, and are known as Danish 
 America. Find the Dominion of Canada. It 
 belongs to the English. In what part of North 
 America is the United States ? Find Alaska. 
 It belongs to the United States. 
 
 Find Mexico and Central America. These 
 countries form the southern part of the main- 
 land of North America. East of these is the 
 island division of the West Indies. These 
 countries and islands once belonged to Spain, 
 and the people still speak the Spanish language. 
 
 Eskimo turf huts. 
 
 TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 32. Is North America in the Eastern or the "Western 
 Hemisphere ? Is it in north or in south latitude ? How do 
 you know? By what oceans is it surrounded ? On which 
 of these oceans does the greatest 
 number of vessels sail ? Why ? 
 On which the least? Why? 
 Compare North America in size 
 with other grand divisions. Has 
 it an even or a broken coast 
 line ? What two large arms of 
 the sea extend into the main- 
 land ? What are the principal 
 islands and groups near the main- 
 land ? What is an archipelago ? 
 Where is the hottest part of 
 North America ? The coldest ? 
 What is the climate between these 
 extremes ? 
 
 33. What is meant by altitude? 
 How does a relief map show 
 difference in altitude? In what part of Jtforth America 
 do we find the greatest altitude? What is this region 
 called ? What are its principal mountain systems ? What 
 lower elevation in the east ? What mountain system ? 
 What section lies between these highland regions ? What 
 large river drains a part of the Great Central Plain into the 
 Gulf of Mexico ? Into the Arctic Ocean ? Into the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence from the Great Lakes ? What rivers drain 
 the Western Highland into the Pacific Ocean ? Which is 
 the most important of all the rivers of North America ? 
 Why? 
 
 34. What kinds of trees do you find near your home? 
 What grains do the farmers raise ? What fruits ? What 
 wild animals are there ? What domestic animals ? What 
 have you learned about the plants of the far north ? Of 
 the animals ? For what are these animals chiefly valuable ? 
 What plants and fruits grow best in the south ? What 
 metals and minerals are abundant in the Eastern High- 
 land ? In the Western Highland ? Where is the most 
 manufacturing done ? Where are the most important fish- 
 eries ? Where is the most herding done ? In what part of 
 North America are the largest and most ferocious wild beasts 
 found ? 
 
 35. What three nations once owned the greater part of 
 North America ? What part does England now own ? 
 What became of the French possessions ? Of the Spanish 
 possessions ? Of what race are most of the people of North 
 America ? Where do we find most of the negroes ? Of the 
 Indians ? What is the condition of the Indians of North 
 America ? What people of the yellow race live in North 
 America ? Name all the countries of North America. 
 Which is the most important ? Along what ocean are the 
 most seaports ? What ocean has none ? Why ? Where 
 are the most people ? 
 
46 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 A N A D A 
 
 
 fJfC 
 
 5 
 
 ! *. T 
 
 
 3 1 
 
 rfr/t/Yorft &<i/fi 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 36. POSITION— EXTENT- 
 COAST LINE. 
 
 The United States occupies the central part 
 of North America. It lies across the warm and 
 the cool belts north of the equator. In what 
 zone, then, is it? What part of it is in the 
 warm belt? In the cool belt? 
 
 Tell by the map which of the coast lines is 
 the most broken. Where, then, are the most 
 good harbors ? Find Massachusetts Bay, New 
 York Bay, Delaware Bay, and Chesapeake Bay. 
 Of what ocean are they arms ? Find San Fran- 
 cisco Bay. Of what ocean is it an arm ? What 
 lakes between the United States and Canada? 
 
 Find Cape Cod. Cape May. Cape Hatteras. 
 What cape at the southern end of Florida? 
 What natural division of land is Florida? 
 What large island south of it? Find Cape 
 Mendocino. Into what ocean does it extend? 
 
 Relief map of the United States. 
 
 37. SURFACE, EAINFALL, AND 
 DRAINAGE. 
 
 In what part of the United States is the main 
 highland region! What is it called? Where is 
 the lower highland region? What is it called? 
 
 The slope from the Eastern Highland to the 
 ocean is not very steep. In the north, the edge 
 of this highland reaches the coast, which is 
 therefore bold and rocky. South of Long 
 Island, the slope widens out into the Atlantic 
 Coast Plain. The shores of this plain are low 
 and sandy. 
 
 The Atlantic slope and plain are crossed by 
 many small, navigable rivers. Find the Hud- 
 son River. The Delaware. The Potomac. The 
 James. In the steeper parts of the slope, the 
 rivers supply much water power. 
 
SURFACE, RAINFALL, AND DRAINAGE. 
 
 4? 
 
 Between the two great highlands lies a wide 
 valley, called the Mississippi Basin. Why! 
 Find where the Atlantic Plain joins the Missis- 
 sippi Basin. Name the largest eastern branch 
 of the Mississippi River. The largest three 
 western branches. What large boundary river 
 drains the southwestern part of the Mississippi 
 Valley? Through what river do the waters of 
 the Great Lakes reach the ocean ! 
 
 For hundreds of miles east and west of the 
 Mississippi River, there are wide prairies. 
 Beyond the Mississippi, the ground rises in 
 a long gentle slope to the Rocky Mountains. 
 A broad strip of flat country east of these 
 mountains, in some places a mile above the 
 level of the sea, is called " The Plains." 
 
 The Pacific slope of the Western High- 
 land is much steeper than the Atlantic 
 slope of the Eastern Highland. The 
 ranges of mountains near the Pacific are 
 sometimes called the Pacific System. Find 
 the valley of the Columbia River. 
 
 There is a large inland basin in the Western 
 Highland that does not drain into any ocean. 
 Its rivers empty into lakes which have no out- 
 let to the sea. The water of these lakes, and 
 of all others that have no outlets, evaporates 
 rapidly, leaving behind the salt that is washed 
 from the soil and carried into them by the 
 streams. Hence such lakes become very salt. 
 
 Find the Colorado River. On its way from 
 the highland to the sea, this river flows in 
 places through long, deep channels called can- 
 
 yons, 
 
 whose sides are sometimes a mile in 
 
 height. The Columbia River is a very large 
 river which has also cut its way through the 
 mountains. The scenery along both of these 
 rivers is wonderfully grand and beautiful. 
 
 ^ 
 
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 W % Q 
 
 RAIN 
 
 III THE 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 The darker the shading 
 the heavier the rainfall. 
 
 Grand Canyon — Colorado River. 
 
 Here is a map which shows the rainfall of 
 our country. The darker the shading, the 
 heavier is the rainfall. Notice that the east- 
 ern half of the United States has much more 
 rain than the western half. The warm, moist 
 winds from the Gulf of Mexico and the Carib- 
 bean Sea sweep northward and bring this rain. 
 You know that plants thrive best where they 
 can have warmth, moisture, and good soil. All 
 these are found in the eastern half of our 
 country. 
 
 The rainfall map shows also that the high 
 plains east of the Rocky Mountains are very dry. 
 Their soil is rich in plant food, and the climate 
 is good, although cooler than that of the low- 
 
lands in the same belt, yet 
 there is very little plant life. 
 There are a thin growth of 
 grass, some sagebrush, and 
 a few trees along the banks 
 of the streams. 
 
 Let us find the reason for 
 this lack of rain. The winds 
 that blow over the Western 
 Highland from the Pacific 
 Ocean reach the land with 
 plenty of moisture, but when 
 they strike the steep slopes, 
 a few miles inland, they are 
 forced up into cooler air and 
 become chilled. The rain 
 falls on the western slope, 
 but the winds that pass 
 over the mountains have 
 little moisture left. 
 
 If there were no high 
 mountains in the way of the 
 moisture from the Pacific, 
 the heavy rainfall on the 
 western slopes would be 
 spread over what is now 
 the gi/eat dry region of our 
 country. Then our farming 
 land would be nearly twice 
 as extensive as it is now. 
 
 The streams that cross the 
 dry plains east of the Rocky 
 Mountains are fed by the 
 melting snow on the high 
 mountain ranges. People 
 dig ditches, sometimes many 
 miles in length, and turn the 
 water of these streams into 
 them. At the proper times 
 this water is allowed to run 
 out of the ditches over the 
 land, taking the place of rain- 
 fall. Watering the soil in 
 this way is called irrigation. 
 (See picture of irrigation on 
 page 68.) 
 
 Map Studies.— Which is the largest state in the Union? Which has 
 the greatest extent of seacoast ? Of lake coast ? What states are wholly 
 or partly peninsular? Which state is bordered by the greatest number of 
 other states ? What states border on the Atlantic Ocean ? On the Pacific ? 
 On the Great Lakes ? On the Gulf of Mexico ? What states and territories 
 border on Mexico ? Name the states along the northern frontier. Which 
 is the most eastern state? Western? Northern? Southern? What 
 states border on the Mississippi River? On the Missouri River? 
 
100° Longitude West 95° from Greenwich 90 
 
 B' 
 
 N 
 
 \Lake\ 
 
 y I 
 
 hlFuutuMf 
 
 °y 
 
 &\viiini'|ifs 
 
 DJA K jO T A 
 
 Fargo «] 
 
 9 
 
 Lake of 
 
 Hhe Woods 
 
 a n^aJM^-UNITED STATES. 
 
 Capitals of Countries thus :@ Capitals of States thus : * 
 Scale of Miles. 
 
 250 MILES TO ONE INCH. 
 
 400 BOO Qi* 
 
 t **per t \ 
 
 
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 Jl.V» ul 
 
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50 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 38. PEOPLE AND RESOURCES. 
 
 The position of our country, its soil and cli- 
 mate, and the character of its people, have all 
 
 helped to make it 
 one of the foremost 
 nations of the world. 
 
 There are in the 
 United States and 
 its possessions about 
 eighty-five millions 
 of people. Most of 
 these are of the 
 white race. The ne- 
 groes number more 
 than ten millions, 
 
 and there are several millions of Malays 
 and mixed races, together with a number 
 of Indians and a few Chinese. 
 
 So much is offered by the earth to man in 
 our country that people from all parts of 
 Europe have come here to live. No doubt 
 some of the pupils of your school have par- 
 ents who came from beyond the sea. 
 
 The United States is a great food-produc- 
 ing country. Its grainfields, cattle ranges, 
 and fisheries feed not only our own people, 
 but also a great part of the people of Europe. 
 
 The United States is a great mining country. 
 The rich gold, silver, copper, lead, and coal 
 mines of the Western Highland, the coal and 
 
 iron of the Eastern Highland, and the copper 
 and iron of the Great Lake region, have added 
 largely to its wealth. 
 
 The United States is a great manufactur- 
 ing country. With its abundance of coal, 
 iron, cotton, wool, lumber, and other mate- 
 rials, and the immense water power fur- 
 nished by its streams, it is well fitted for 
 making goods, and the products of its work- 
 shops and factories are sent to all parts 
 of the world. 
 
 The United States is a great lumber 
 country. When the white man first came 
 here the greater part of the land was cov- 
 ered with forests. Many of these have been 
 cleared away, but vast tracts remain that 
 
 will supply lumber 
 for years to come. 
 
 The United States 
 is a great commercial 
 country. With its 
 navigable rivers and 
 lakes, its railroads, 
 its canals, and its 
 good harbors on two 
 oceans, it can easily 
 and cheaply send to 
 
 the markets of the world the products of its 
 farms, its herds, its mines, its factories, its for- 
 ests, and its fisheries. 
 
HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL. 
 
 51 
 
 39. HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL. 
 
 You have learned that the eastern part of our 
 country was settled hy the English. There 
 were in all thirteen colonies, which were ruled 
 by England for more than one hundred and 
 fifty years. But at length they became strong 
 enough to manage their own affairs, and would 
 no longer obey the unjust commands of the 
 mother country. 
 
 On the fourth day of July, in the year 1776, 
 the thirteen colonies declared themselves free 
 from England. They afterwards united to make 
 a nation, and that 
 nation has ever 
 since been called 
 the United States. 
 The English sent 
 soldiers here and 
 made war for sev- 
 eral years against 
 these colonies, but 
 were at last de- 
 feated. Our na- 
 tion has always 
 been victorious in 
 its wars. 
 
 The thirteen orig- 
 inal states as they 
 are called are New 
 
 Washington taking command of the American army. 
 
 Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connec- 
 ticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- 
 ware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South 
 Carolina, and Georgia. 
 
 From time to time new tracts of country 
 have been acquired by the United States, until 
 it now extends from the Atlantic Ocean to the 
 Pacific. New states have been formed, until 
 now there are forty-five. There are also several 
 territories which in time may become states. 
 
 The United States has other land in different parts 
 of the world. Alaska was bought from Russia in 
 1867. After the Spanish-American War of 1898, 
 Spain gave up to us the Philippine Islands and 
 
 Porto Rico. What other island did Spain lose at 
 the same time? The Hawaiian Islands were added 
 to the United States in 1898. 
 
 The United States is governed by officers 
 elected by the people, and is, therefore, a re- 
 public. Were you ever at an election? At 
 what age are young men allowed to vote ? The 
 laws that are made by the states and by the 
 nation must agree with the Constitution of 
 the United States. Ask your teacher to tell 
 you about the Constitution. 
 
 The United States makes laws to govern the 
 nation, but each state makes the laws needed 
 
 in its own affairs. 
 What is the chief 
 officer of a state 
 called! Who is 
 the governor of 
 your own state, 
 and when was he 
 elected ? The prin- 
 cipal officers of 
 the territories are 
 appointed by the 
 President of the 
 United States. 
 A territory may 
 become a state 
 when there are 
 enough people. 
 
 Find the city of Washington, the capital of the 
 United States. It is in a very small section 
 called the District of Columbia. After whom 
 was this city named? Write what you know 
 about this great man. What city is the capital 
 of your own state ? 
 
 What is meant by the " Star-Spangled Ban- 
 ner"? The flag of our country has thirteen 
 stripes, seven red and six white. These stand 
 for the thirteen original states. In the blue 
 field is one star for each state. How many 
 stars are now on our flag ? How many were on 
 the first flag? A new star is added whenever 
 a new state is made. 
 
Longitude West from Greenwich 
 
 NEW ENGLAND STATES. 
 
 Scale : Twice (hat of the other Sectional Maps of the United States. 
 Capitals of Countries thus : © Capitals of States thus 1 ; $ 
 
 Scale of Miles, 
 i 
 
 80 MILES TO ONE INCH. 
 
 Longitude West from. Greenwich 
 
SECTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 53 
 
 40. SECTIONS. 
 
 A study of the surface of the United States 
 from the relief map on page 46 shows that the 
 states may be naturally grouped together into 
 the following sections : 
 
 1. The New England States. 
 
 2. The States of the Atlantic Slope. 
 
 3. The States of the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 4. The Plateau States. 
 
 5. The States of the Pacific Slope. 
 
 A New England manufacturing town. 
 
 41. THE NEW ENGLAND STATES. 
 
 Maine (Me.) 
 
 New Hampshire (N. H.) 
 
 Vermont (Vt.) 
 
 Massachusetts (Mass.) 
 Rhode Island (R. I.) 
 Connecticut (Conn.) 
 
 Map Studies.— In what part of the United States is 
 New England? Name the New England States. 
 This section contains the smallest state in the Union. 
 Name it. What do you notice in regard to the coast 
 line of New England ? Which state has no seacoast ? 
 Which is the longest river in New England? The 
 largest lake ? What hays on the coast of Massachu- 
 setts ? What capes ? What islands along the south- 
 ern coast of New England? What arm of the sea? 
 What mountains in Vermont ? In New Hampshire ? 
 What noted peak in the White Mountains ? To what 
 system do these mountains belong ? Compare the scale 
 of this map with that of the other sectional maps. 
 
 Notice on the map on page 49 the other states 
 that are in the same belt as New England. 
 This is the cool belt of the United States. The 
 climate of New England, however, is gen- 
 erally colder than that of the states farther 
 inland. What do you think is the reason for 
 this! 
 
 New England is part of the Eastern Highland 
 region. Much of the surface is therefore too 
 rough for farming, but there are some smooth 
 and fertile valleys. The abundant rainfall 
 feeds many streams that furnish water power. 
 For these reasons, and because it was not a 
 good farming country, New England early be- 
 came a manufacturing section. Only two or 
 three states in the Union make more goods than 
 Massachusetts. Rhode Island and Connecticut 
 also are noted for their manufactures. 
 
 Find the Merrimac River. It is said that this river 
 moves more machinery than any other river in the 
 United States. 
 
 The factories of New England make many 
 kinds of goods. Among them are cotton and 
 woolen cloth, boots and shoes, hardware, cloth- 
 ing, paper, jewelry, watches and clocks, bicycles, 
 firearms, and hundreds of other useful things. 
 These manufactures are the chief exports. 
 Write a list of what New England must import 
 to run her factories and feed her people. 
 
 The great forest belt that extends westward 
 from the Atlantic crosses this section. Most of 
 the trees have been cut down, but in the north 
 there is still much lumber. Maine is the great 
 lumber state. Much of her timber is ground 
 into wood pulp, which is used in making paper. 
 In the ocean waters great quantities of codfish 
 and mackerel are caught by the fishermen of 
 Maine and Massachusetts. 
 
 New England is rich in building stones. 
 Massachusetts, Maine, and New Hampshire ex- 
 port much granite. The last is sometimes 
 called the " Granite State." Marble is so plen- 
 tiful in parts of Vermont and Massachusetts 
 that the walls between fields are built of it. 
 
80' Longitude West from Greenwich $1 
 
 Sllwaul,.,. 
 
 STATES OP THE 
 
 ATLANTIC SLOPE. 
 
 Same Scale as Maps of the States of the"Miaslssippi Valley, O TT T\ 
 
 the- Plateau States and the States of the Pacific Slope. 1 
 
 Capital of United States Urns:...® 
 Capitals of States thus : *> Canals:—™. 
 
 Scale of Miles. 
 
 , , . _ SO . _ ,100 200 
 
 C. Sable ^~g 
 
 Longitude M'e»t from Greenwich 
 
NEW ENGLAND STATES. 
 
 55 
 
 There is much beautiful scenery in New 
 England. Thousands of people from other 
 states spend their summers among the 
 mountains or along the seacoast 
 of this section. Find the White 
 Mountains. Mount Wash 
 ington. Ask your teacher 
 why New Hampshire is 
 called the " Switzerland 
 of America." Find 
 the Green Mountains. 
 How does Vermont 
 derive its name from 
 these mountains? 
 
 Find Boston ou the 
 map. It is the chief city 
 of New England, and be- 
 cause of its fine, deep harbor 
 has become one of the great 
 commercial cities of the United 
 States. It manufactures clothing, 
 machinery, books, and many other 
 things. It is the greatest boot and shoe 
 market in the world, and has a large trade 
 in fish. Boston is a noted literary center. 
 
 Boston is noted, too, for 
 events that happened before 
 and at the time of the Revo- 
 lutionary War. Bunker Hill 
 Monument was built in mem- 
 ory of one of the first battles 
 of that war. Ask your teacher 
 to tell you why the shiploads 
 of tea were thrown overboard 
 in Boston harbor. Faneuil 
 Hall in Boston is called the 
 "Cradle of Liberty." Why? 
 
 Find Providence. 
 It is the second 
 city of New Eng- 
 land. Its great 
 factories make cot- 
 ton, woolen, iron, 
 and steel goods, 
 
 Bunker Hill Monument. and much jewelry. 
 
 Worcester, the second city of Massachusetts, 
 
 and New Haven, the largest city of Connecticut, 
 
 are also important manufacturing centers. 
 
 It is said of New Haven that " it 
 
 makes everything from a pin 
 
 to a steam engine." 
 
 Lowell and Fall River, in 
 Massachusetts, and Man- 
 chester, in New Hamp- 
 shire, are the great 
 centers of cotton man- 
 ufactures in New Eng- 
 land. Manchester is 
 the largest city of New 
 Hampshire. 
 Portland, the chief city 
 of Maine, has one of the 
 finest harbors in the 
 United States. Ice and 
 fish are the chief exports. 
 Burlington, the largest 
 city of Vermont, is on 
 Lake Champlain, the great 
 water way of the forest belt. 
 It has a large trade in lumber. Locate on the 
 map all the cities named in the text. Find 
 the capital of each state. 
 
 42. STATES OF THE ATLANTIC SLOPE. 
 
 TE-MOUNTAIN 
 SCtNERT. 
 
 New York (N. Y.) 
 New Jersey (N. J.) 
 Pennsylvania (Pa.) 
 Delaware (Del.) 
 Maryland (Md.) 
 
 Virginia (Va.) 
 North Carolina (N. C.) 
 South Carolina (6. C.) 
 Georgia (Ga.) 
 Florida (Fla.) 
 
 Map Studies.— In what part of the United States is 
 this group ? Name the states composing it. Which 
 is the largest state ? The smallest ? The most north- 
 erly ? The most southerly ? Which has no seacoast If 
 What two border on the Great Lakes? What bays 
 indent the coast? What sounds? What rivers flow 
 into these arms of the sea ? Where is Long Island ? 
 Cape May? Cape Hatteras? Cape Sable? What 
 mountain system crosses these states ? Name its main 
 ranges. What mountain groups are in the state 
 of New York ? Where is Niagara Falls ? 
 
56 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 The States of the Atlantic Slope lie in the 
 cool and the warm belts of the United States. 
 As they extend for more than a thousand miles 
 north and south, we know that the climate of 
 one part must differ from that of the other. 
 Where is the warmest part of this group ? The 
 coolest? Why? 
 
 In the northern part of this section are vast 
 beds of coal and iron, and rich wells of petro- 
 leum and natural gas. There are many fine 
 farms also. Here, too, are great arms of the 
 sea running far inland, and many good harbors. 
 The chief railroads and canals of the United 
 States cross this section, bringing the products 
 
 of the West to 
 the Atlantic sea- 
 ports. 
 
 New York 
 leads all the 
 other states of 
 the Union in 
 wealth, popula- 
 tion, commerce, 
 and manufac- 
 tures. For this 
 
 A "gushing" petroleum well. 
 
 reason it is called the "Empire State." It is 
 also a great farming state. Pennsylvania, too, 
 has many fine farms, but the chief wealth of 
 the state is in its coal, iron, and petroleum, 
 
 and in its manufactures. More coal is mined 
 and more iron and steel are made in Pennsyl- 
 vania than in all the other states together. 
 
 How turpentine is 
 collected. 
 
 New Jersey has important 
 manufactures. A great part 
 of this state and of Delaware 
 is devoted to raising fruits 
 and vegetables for the large 
 Eastern cities. Maryland is 
 a farming and mining state. 
 Chesapeake Bay, the great in- 
 land water way of Maryland 
 and Virginia, is noted for its 
 oystei's and game. 
 Virginia is principally a farming state, and 
 raises large quantities of tobacco and peanuts. 
 South of Virginia is the cotton country. (See 
 map, page 50.) In the coast regions of North 
 Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia there are 
 extensive pine forests that yield rosin, tar, pitch, 
 and turpentine — commonly known as "naval 
 stores." Great fields of rice are found in the 
 low coast lands. 
 
 Georgia is a leading state in the production 
 of cotton, rice, and naval stores. It has 
 ample water power and growing manufac- 
 tures. Florida raises oranges, pineapples, and 
 early vegetables in abundance for the Northern 
 markets. Its mild climate makes this state a 
 favorite winter resort for invalids. 
 
STATES OF THE ATLANTIC SLOPE. 
 
 57 
 
 The city of New York is the largest city 
 and chief seaport of the United States, and is 
 the second city of the world in population, 
 
 
 ' Liberty Enlightening 
 the World." 
 
 wealth, and commerce. It is connected by rail 
 and by water with all parts of the Union. Ves- 
 sels of all nations are found at its wharves. It 
 is also a great manufacturing center. 
 
 The city of New York is at the mouth of the Hud- 
 son River. It comprises Manhattan Island, and 
 part of the mainland north, the whole of Staten 
 Island, and the western end of Long Island, in- 
 cluding Brooklyn. The 
 East River between 
 Manhattan and Long 
 islands is crossed by a 
 suspension bridge more 
 than a mile in length. 
 There are about three 
 and one half millions of 
 people in this great city. 
 Only four states have 
 a greater population. 
 
 If we sail up New 
 York harbor, one of the 
 first things to attract our 
 attention is the statue of 
 " Liberty Enlightening 
 the World." This is 
 
 Independence Hall, Philadelphia. 
 
 erected on a small island. 
 Some idea of the size of this 
 statue may be had when we 
 remember that its nose is 
 more than four feet in length, 
 and the rest of its body in 
 proportion. 
 
 Find the Erie Canal. 
 Where this water way en- 
 ters Lake Erie there has 
 grown up the flourishing 
 city of Buffalo, which has- 
 a large trade with the 
 West through the Great 
 Lakes and by rail. Roch- 
 ester, on the Erie Canal r 
 has extensive flour mills. 
 Opposite New York is Jersey City. In what 
 state and on what river is it? Many ocean 
 steamers sail from here. A few miles inland are 
 Newark and Paterson. The former is the largest 
 city of New Jersey, and is a manufacturing cen- 
 ter ; the latter is noted for its silk mills. 
 
 Philadelphia is a seaport, although it is nearly 
 a hundred miles from the ocean. How do you 
 explain this ? It is within easy reach of the 
 coal and iron mines of Pennsylvania ; hence 
 it has naturally become a great manufac- 
 turing city, with more than a million in- 
 habitants. Ask your teacher how the 
 names " Philadelphia" and " Pennsylvania n 
 were made up, and 
 also what each name 
 means. 
 
 Among the principal 
 manufactures of Phila- 
 delphia are locomotives, 
 iron and steel steam- 
 ships, heavy machinery, 
 carpets, clothing, and re- 
 fined sugar. The Dec- 
 laration of Independ- 
 ence was made at Inde- 
 pendence Hall in this 
 city, July 4, 1776. What 
 was this declaration 1 
 
STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 
 
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UNITED STATES. 
 
 Wheat harvestin: 
 
 Minnesota. 
 
 this section are rich in minerals, and much 
 manufacturing is done in the cities and towns. 
 
 The greatest wheat farms of the world are 
 found in the northwestern states of this section. 
 A single wheatfield in Minnesota or North 
 Dakota may cover hundreds of acres. Minne- 
 sota is the leading wheat state. 
 
 The corn belt lies farther south, Iowa being 
 the leading corn state. Much of this grain is 
 fed to cattle and to the vast droves of hogs, 
 whose products are among the leading exports 
 of our country. On the plains of Kansas and 
 Nebraska great herds of cattle are pastured. 
 Name the principal hog products. Cattle 
 products. 
 
 Millions of bushels of rye, oats, and barley are 
 raised in this section. Name some of the uses of 
 these grains. In the northwest hops and flax 
 are grown, and in Kentucky hemp and tobacco. 
 What are their uses ! Much wool is produced, 
 Ohio being the leading wool-growing state. 
 
 From the forests of Minnesota, Wisconsin, 
 and Michigan come great quantities of hard 
 wood and pine lumber for our houses and fur- 
 niture. In the states of the plains west of the 
 Missouri and the Red rivers there is but little 
 timber. Name these states. 
 
 Much soft coal is mined in West Virginia, 
 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, and Mis- 
 
 souri. Petroleum and natural gas abound in 
 the first three states. About one third of the 
 iron ore, copper, and salt produced in the United 
 States comes from Michigan. Wisconsin has 
 rich iron mines. The zinc mines of Missouri 
 are among the most important in the world, 
 and the state has valuable lead and iron mines. 
 
 Find the Black Hills. The discovery of gold in 
 these hills led to the settlement of this locality. The 
 wheat raised in the Dakotas, however, is of greater 
 value than the gold mined in this region. 
 
 The leading states of the northern Mississippi 
 Valley in wealth and population are Illinois, 
 
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STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 
 
 61 
 
 A busy street, Chicago. 
 
 Ohio, Missouri, and In- 
 diana. They are among 
 the best farming states, 
 and contain most of 
 the large and important 
 cities of this section. 
 
 Chicago is the chief 
 city of the Mississippi 
 Valley states, and is 
 next to New York in 
 population. In what 
 state and on what body 
 of water is it? Trace 
 on the map the water 
 
 route from Chicago to Buffalo. From Buffalo 
 to New York. (See map, page 54.) Is it 
 cheaper to send goods by water or by rail? 
 Chicago is the greatest railway center in the 
 world, and has extensive manufactures of iron 
 and steel. It is also the leading grain and 
 meat market of the world. 
 
 In 1837 Chicago was incorporated as a city, with a 
 population of about 4000. In 1900 its population was 
 about 1,700,000. Where can Chicago get its coal? 
 Its iron ? Its grain ? Its cattle ? How can it trans- 
 
 Great bridge 
 
 port these to the markets of the world ? How can you 
 account for the wonderful growth of this great city 1 
 
 St. Louis, on the Mississippi River, near the 
 mouth of the Missouri, is, from its position, a 
 natural trade center. What three cities in the 
 Union are larger than St. Louis ? 
 
 Cincinnati, Columbus, Louisville, and Indianap- 
 olis are the most important cities in the Ohio 
 Valley. Cincinnati and Columbus are great 
 trade and manufacturing centers, Indianapolis 
 is an important railroad center, and Louisville 
 is one of the chief tobacco markets of the world. 
 Milwaukee, Detroit, and Cleveland are among 
 the largest shipping ports of the Great Lakes. 
 Name another large lake port, in New York. 
 These cities all have important manufactures. 
 
 The largest flour 
 mills in the world are 
 at Minneapolis, on the 
 Mississippi River. 
 
 Here the Falls of St. 
 Anthony furnish im- 
 mense water power. 
 Across the Mississippi 
 is the sister city of St. 
 Paul, the capital of 
 Minnesota. These two 
 cities form a great com- 
 mercial and manufac- 
 turing center. 
 
 Kansas City and St. 
 Joseph are the chief 
 cities of western Mis- 
 souri, and both are important trade centers. 
 Kansas City, Kansas, which adjoins the Mis- 
 souri city of the same name, ranks next to 
 Chicago in the meat-packing industry. Omaha 
 is the leading commercial city of Nebraska. 
 On what river are these cities ? 
 
 Des Moines is the capital and chief city of 
 Iowa. It is a railroad and trade center. Sioux 
 Falls is the chief city of South Dakota, and 
 Fargo of North Dakota. Locate the cities named 
 in the text. Find the capital of each state. 
 
 Mississippi at St. Louis. 
 
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STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 
 
 63 
 
 Cotton picking in the South. 
 
 44. STATES OF THE MISSISSIPPI 
 VALLEY, 
 
 SOUTHERN SECTION 
 
 Tennessee (Tenn.) 
 Alabama (Ala.) 
 Mississippi (Miss.) 
 Arkansas (Ark.) 
 
 Louisiana (La.) 
 
 Texas (Tex.) 
 
 Indian Territory (Ind. T.) 
 
 Oklahoma Territory (Okla. 
 
 The states that form the southern section of 
 the Mississippi Valley are also fanning states. 
 In all of them cotton is cultivated and corn is 
 the principal grain. The lowlands of Louisiana 
 yield about half the rice and most of the sugar 
 cane raised in the United States. 
 
 Much of this section is heavily wooded with 
 oak, ash, hickory, and other hard woods. In 
 Alabama and Mississippi are great forests of 
 yellow pine like that along the southern Atlan- 
 tic coast. Western Texas and Oklahoma Ter- 
 ritory are almost treeless, but afford pasturage 
 for vast herds of cattle. 
 
 The mineral wealth of this section is consid- 
 erable. Tennessee has mines of coal and iron, 
 and much fine marble. Northern Alabama has 
 an abundance of coal, iron, and limestone. 
 Arkansas is famous for its hot springs. In 
 some of the cities the manufactures are becom- 
 ing important. 
 
 Indian Territory, which is included in this 
 section, was set apart by the United States 
 Government as the home of those tribes that 
 
 had given up their lands elsewhere. It is a 
 beautiful, fertile country, and many of the In- 
 dians living there are civilized. Find Tah- 
 lequah. It is the chief town, and the capital of 
 the Cherokee nation. 
 
 Oklahoma Territory, formerly a part of Indian 
 Territory, was opened to settlement in 1889. It 
 is now occupied by a thrifty people who raise mil- 
 lions of bushels of wheat and corn, and many 
 bales of cotton, every year. Guthrie is the capital. 
 
 The coast of the states bordering on the Gulf 
 of Mexico is low and sandy. Many of the river 
 mouths are obstructed by sand bars. There are 
 but few good harbors. 
 
 Shipping cotton and sugar, New Orleans. 
 
 New Orleans is the largest city of the South. 
 It is built around a sharp bend of the Missis- 
 sippi River, and for that reason is often called 
 the Crescent City. It is the chief outlet of 
 trade in the South, and is one of the greatest 
 cotton markets in the world. 
 
 Nashville is an important inland center of 
 trade. Memphis and Vicksburg, on the Missis- 
 sippi River, are great cotton ports. Large- 
 quantities of cotton are shipped also from the 
 gulf ports of Mobile and Galveston. Dallas is the 
 chief commercial center of northern Texas. Little 
 Rock is the capital and chief city of Arkansas. 
 
 Locate all the cities named in the text. Find 
 the capital of each state. 
 
PLATEAU STATES. 
 
 65 
 
 Strange rock forms, Colorado. 
 
 45. THE PLATEAU STATES. 
 
 Montana (Mont.) 
 Idaho 
 
 Wyoming (Wyo.) 
 Nevada (Nev.) 
 
 Utah 
 
 Colorado (Colo.) 
 Arizona (Ariz.) 
 New Mexico (N. Mex.) 
 
 Arizona and New Mexico are territories. 
 
 Map Studies.— In what part of the United States 
 are the Plateau States? Which two border on 
 Canada ? Which two on Mexico ? How many inches 
 do these states extend on the map from north to 
 south? Tell by the scale how many miles this dis- 
 tance represents. What kind of surface have the 
 Plateau States? Find the head waters of the Mis- 
 souri River. Of the Snake branch of the Colum- 
 bia. Of the Green branch of the Colorado. In 
 what state do all these rise ? What oceans do their 
 waters finally reach? What states do the Rocky 
 Mountains cross? 
 
 The Plateau States occupy the highest and 
 most rugged part of our country. Most of the 
 surface is a mile or more above the sea level, 
 What difference does this elevation make in 
 the climate? 
 
 Think of a snowstorm in our country on the 
 Fourth of July ! Yet this often happens among the 
 mountains of these states. There is snow on Pikes 
 Peak all the year. Find this peak. 
 
 These states, however, have hot summer 
 days, but the nights are always cool. The 
 
 winters, except in the extreme south, are very 
 severe. Find Arizona Territory. The south- 
 western part of this territory is lowland, and 
 here is found the hottest and driest region 
 in the United States. 
 
 Find the Great Basin. Most of Nevada and 
 a part of Utah lie in this basin. Notice that its 
 streams have no outlet to the sea. What do 
 you know about its lakes? Find Great Salt 
 Lake. Much of the Great Basin is a desert. 
 
 Many years ago an immense inland sea covered 
 this basin. This is shown by the old shore lines 
 high up along the surrounding mountain sides. 
 
 Find the Yellowstone Park. It is the " Won- 
 derland of America." Here are great geysers, 
 shooting up columns of hot water high in the 
 air. Here also are boiling springs, mud pools, 
 fire holes, lakes, waterfalls, and rocks of many 
 colors and strange forms. Everywhere the 
 scenery is grand and beautiful. 
 
 The Plateau States abound in natural wonders. 
 In Colorado, the " Garden of the Gods " attracts thou- 
 sands of visitors. It is a narrow inclosed valley at 
 the foot of Pikes Peak, full of strange rock forms. 
 The region surrounding Pikes Peak, on account 
 
 of its dry, pure air, is a 
 noted health resort. 
 
 The Grand Canyon of 
 the Colorado River in Ari- 
 zona (see page 47) is a 
 long, deep chasm at the 
 bottom of which the river 
 flows, in some places a 
 mile below the surface 
 of the plateau. 
 
 Geyser and hot springs, 
 Yellowstone Park. 
 
66 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Would you think of the Plateau States as a 
 great agricultural section? "Why? Yet much 
 farming is done in the river valleys and near 
 the mountains, where the land can be irrigated. 
 What is irrigation ? East of the Eocky Moun- 
 tains these states stretch out into the Great 
 Plains, on which vast herds of cattle and im- 
 mense flocks of sheep are pastured. 
 
 The rainfall in this part of the section is slight, but 
 it is sufficient for the growth of a coarse grass called 
 bunch grass, which makes very good pasturage. 
 Some of the stock farms, or ranches, are as large as 
 the state of Rhode Island. 
 
 The most important industry of this section, 
 however, is mining. It is the greatest silver- 
 mining region in the world, and is rich, also, in 
 gold, copper, and lead. Colorado leads in the 
 
 Shipping silver bars, Colorado. 
 
 production of silver, gold, and lead, and Mon- 
 tana, in copper. Coal is mined in Wyoming. 
 
 The southern part of this section was settled 
 by the Spaniards, and their language is still 
 spoken to some extent. Santa Fe, the capital 
 of New Mexico, is a very old city. It was an 
 Indian village, or pueblo, long before the Span- 
 iards came to this country. There are more 
 Indians in New Mexico than in any other part 
 of the section. 
 
 Denver is the largest city and the most im- 
 portant commercial center of the Plateau States. 
 It is near a rich mining region, and smelting is 
 a leading industry. What is smelting? 
 
 Other important mining and smelting towns 
 are Leadville, Pueblo, and Cripple Creek in 
 Colorado, and Butte in Montana. The last is 
 near the largest copper mines in the world. 
 
 Find Salt Lake City. It was built by a people 
 called Mormons, who founded a state in the 
 wilderness. The Mormon temple and taber- 
 nacle attract much attention from visitors. 
 Find the capital of each state and territory, and 
 locate all the cities named in the text. 
 
 Sheep ranch, Wyoming. 
 
 46. STATES OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE. 
 
 Washington (Wash.) 
 Oregon (Ore.) 
 California (Cal.) 
 
 Map Studies.— In what part of the United States 
 is this section? What do you know of its surface? 
 What mountain ranges are in these states? Which 
 is the largest state? How does it compare in size 
 with your own state? What important harbor in 
 California ? What large arm of the sea extends into 
 Washington ? What large river in the north ? What 
 river borders southeastern California ? 
 
 The snow-capped ranges of the Sierra Nevada 
 and the Cascade Mountains traverse this section 
 from north to south. East of these ranges the 
 climate is much drier than on the western slope. 
 What reason can you give for this? 
 
125° Longitude West from Greenwich 120° 
 
 Same Scale as Maps of the States of the Atlantic 
 Slope, the States of the Mississippi Valley, and 
 the Plateau States. 
 
 120° Longitude West from Greenwich 
 
 Fertile valleys run through these 
 states, parallel to the coast. Here are 
 the extensive grainfields of the Pacific 
 Slope. Notice the great valley of Cali- 
 fornia. What rivers drain this valley? 
 In the south the land must be irrigated 
 in order to raise good crops. 
 
 The warm, moist winds from the Pa- 
 cific Ocean give the coast valleys of 
 these states a mild climate that is much 
 the same throughout the year except in 
 the matter of rainfall. Find the "Willa- 
 mette River. In the valley of this river 
 flowers bloom most of the winter in the 
 open air. What Atlantic state has the 
 same latitude ? 
 
 The richness of the soil and the fa- 
 vorable climate make this region one of 
 the greatest fruit-growing countries in 
 the world. Grapes, cherries, prunes, 
 and, in the southern section, oranges, 
 lemons, and apricots are raised in im- 
 mense quantities. Much of the fruit is 
 shipped East in refrigerator cars, but 
 more is canned for export. What are 
 made from grapes ? 
 
 The mountain slopes of this section 
 
 are covered with dense forests of pine, 
 
 fir, and redwood. Some of the largest 
 
 trees in the world are found in 
 
 central California. Find Pu- 
 
 get Sound. Some of the most 
 
 extensive lumber mills in the 
 
 country are on this body of 
 
 water. The lumber products 
 
 are shipped in large quantities 
 
 to all parts of the world. 
 
 The " big trees " of central Cal- 
 ifornia are among the wonders of 
 this section. Some of them are 
 more than 300 feet high and from 
 50 to 100 feet in circumference. 
 At the base of one of the largest 
 a tunnel has been cut, through 
 which a four-horse team has been 
 driven. (See picture, page 43.) 
 
 67 
 
68 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 The hilly lands of the Pacific States make 
 good pasture grounds, and many cattle and 
 sheep are raised. Much fine wool is produced, 
 and the dairy products are valuable. Of what 
 other wool-growing regions have you learned? 
 
 A salmon cannery. 
 
 In the northern rivers of this section, espe- 
 cially in the Columbia River, are the most noted 
 salmon fisheries in the world. Millions of pounds 
 of these fish are canned and exported every year. 
 
 The discovery of gold in California in 1848 
 led to the rapid settlement of that state. For 
 many years it produced more gold than any 
 other state in the Union, yet the products of 
 its soil are now of more value than those of its 
 mines. Much of the coal used on the Pacific 
 Slope is mined in "Washington. 
 
 There is much grand and beautiful scenery 
 among the mountains and valleys of this sec- 
 tion. The famous Yosemite Valley in California 
 attracts visitors from all parts of the country. 
 
 San Francisco is the chief city of this section. 
 It is one of the natural gateways of commerce 
 between the United States and the countries 
 bordering on the Pacific Ocean. What is its 
 harbor called ? The entrance to this fine har- 
 bor is known as the " Golden Gate." Why was 
 this name given to it? 
 
 People of all nations are found in San Francisco. 
 One part of this city is called "Chinatown." Here 
 are more Chinamen than in any other city in the 
 United States. They have their own shops, stores, 
 and places of worship and amusement. 
 
 Golden Gate, San Francisco. 
 
 Orange grove, southern California — irrigation. 
 
 Los Angeles, in southern California, is the 
 center of the fruit and wine trade. It is also a 
 noted health resort. 
 
 Portland, next to San Francisco, is the most 
 important city on the Pacific coast. It is at 
 the head of ship navigation on the Willamette 
 River, more than one hundred miles from the 
 ocean, and has a large foreign commerce. 
 
 Compare the location of this city with that of Port- 
 land, Maine. Tell by the scale of the map of the 
 United States how far apart the two cities are. How 
 far is New York from San Francisco ? 
 
 Find Seattle and Tacoma. On what body of 
 water are they ? Seattle is a commercial center, 
 and has a large trade with Alaska. Tacoma has 
 important manufactures, and a heavy trade in 
 lumber and wheat. 
 
 Locate all the cities named in the text. Find 
 the capital of each state. 
 
47. DETACHED POSSESSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH CUBA. 
 
 On the map of the world, pages 36 and 37, find 
 Alaska, Porto Rico, Hawaiian Islands, Philippine 
 Islands, Guam Island, Tutuila, and Wake Island. 
 These all belong to the United States. 
 
 Alaska was bought from Eussia in 1867. It 
 is more than twice as large as the state of 
 Texas. It consists of a great peninsula, to- 
 gether with a chain of islands stretching almost 
 to the coast of Asia. What sea is partly in- 
 closed by these islands ? 
 What strait connects 
 this sea with the Arctic 
 Ocean ? What capes ex- 
 tend into this strait? 
 
 The glaciers descend to the sea, 
 
 What do you learn of the 
 surface of Alaska from the 
 relief map (page 39J? 
 What large river flows 
 through this country! It 
 forms a water way to the 
 famous Klondike gold re- 
 gion in Canada, but is 
 closed by ice the greater 
 part of the year. Find 
 Mount St. Elias. It is one of the high peaks 
 of North America. Which is the highest peak ? 
 
 The climate of northern Alaska is one of ex- 
 
 and break off in huge masses, called icebergs 
 
 treme cold. In the south it is milder than that 
 of the same latitude on the Atlantic coast. 
 This is due to the warm, moist winds of the 
 Pacific which blow over its shores. In this 
 section, many glaciers form in the mountain 
 valleys, and descend to the sea, where they 
 break off in huge masses, called icebergs. 
 
 Glaciers are formed by snow that falls and drifts 
 into narrow valleys far up among the mountains. In 
 time this snow becomes compressed into solid ice, 
 which moves slowly down the 
 slopes a few inches or a few feet 
 daily. For this reason glaciers 
 have been called " rivers of ice." 
 
 The wealth of Alaska is in 
 its furs, its fish, and its rich 
 gold mines. Find the Pribilof 
 Islands. The seal fisheries of 
 these islands are the most- 
 noted in the world. Have you 
 ever seen seal furs ? What 
 use is made of them? 
 
 About half the people of 
 Alaska are whites. In the 
 southwest, most of the natives are Indians. In 
 the north are a few Eskimos. Sitka is the 
 capital, and Nome, the largest city. 
 
70 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 CUBA, HAITI, 
 
 PORTO RICO, JAMAICA 
 
 AND 
 
 BAHAMA ISLANDS. 
 
 Scale of Miles. 
 
 ISO MILES TC ONE INCH. 
 
 Saute scale as 
 ~y Map of the Uoited States. 
 
 Royal palms. 
 
 Cuba was under the 
 control of the United 
 States from 1898 to 1902, 
 when it became an independent republic. What 
 separates Cuba from Florida? 
 
 In 1898 war broke out between the United States 
 and Spain. The chief events of this war were the 
 destruction of the Spanish fleets at Manila, in the 
 Philippine Islands, and at Santiago in Cuba. By a 
 treaty made in December, 1898, Spain surrendered 
 the Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, and a number of 
 smaller islands to the United States. She also gave 
 up all claim to the island of Cuba. 
 
 vegetation. Sugar, tobacco, and tropical fruits 
 are the chief products, and are largely exported. 
 There are many negroes on this island. 
 Havana, the capital, has a fine harbor, and is a 
 great commercial city. 
 
 Porto Rico is about five hundred miles east 
 of Cuba, It is nearly half as large as New Jer- 
 sey. The surface is hilly, and the climate is 
 more healthful than that of the other islands of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 . .ty»-;.?,~;WBiHBES '— -- _ Kha 
 
 — 
 
 
 . MB 
 
 !lMj|^vfl 
 
 
 
 
 ■^^^ 
 
 
 ■'^"■»j» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3^^ 
 
 ^^^Me§*"^?P£5ct^^S^?=¥! 
 
 p^ 1 ' 
 
 A sugar estate, Cuba. 
 
 Cuba is nearly as large as Pennsylvania. 
 Part of it is mountainous. From its locality, 
 what kind of a climate should it have? The 
 fertile soil and abundant rainfall cause a rich 
 
 San Juan, Porto Rico. 
 
 this region. Coffee, sugar, and tobacco are the 
 chief products. The island is thickly settled, 
 and many of the people are negroes. San Juan 
 is the capital and largest city. Find Ponce. 
 
 The Philippine Islands lie in the same belt 
 as Cuba and Porto Rico. (See map, pages 36 
 
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS— HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 
 
 71 
 
 them are mountainous. Luzon, the largest, 
 is about the same size as Virginia. 
 
 The people belong mostly to the Malay or 
 brown race. They are called "Filipinos." Ma- 
 nila, the capital, is a large commercial city, and 
 exports great quantities of hemp and tobacco. 
 
 The Hawaiian Islands were annexed to the 
 United States in 1898. They form a moun- 
 tainous group far out in the Pacific Ocean, 
 about two thousand miles southwest of San 
 
 A native house, Philippine Islands 
 
 and 37.) Both groups have, therefore, 
 nearly the same climate and vegeta- 
 tion. There are two thousand islands 
 in the Philippine group. Many of 
 
 Gardiner I. 
 Brother* Reef 
 
 Shoal » ..... 
 
 French Frigafe 
 
 Shoal 
 
 Longitude Weat from Greenwich 
 
 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 
 
 Same scale as Map of the United States. 
 
 ** Frost Shoal 
 
 Scale of Miles. 
 
 Up 100 200 
 
 -'■... MILES TO ONE INCH. 
 
 Nlihaii t? 
 
 120° Bashi Channel | £ —— — - 
 
 Ballintang Channel 
 
 PHILIPPINE 
 ISLANDS. 
 
 Same scale as the Map 
 
 or the Uufted States. 
 
 Scale of Mil..-. 
 
 1,u A° 
 
 j no 
 
 ZSO MILES TO ONE INCH. 
 
 PA C I F I C 
 
 O t JE A N 
 
 ,^ j. ^1 a in la" ** 
 
 Manila] Sayfn^C'^\:. .^_ ■"' 
 
 \S^ 
 
 h 
 
 HpHiLippmflCr £^||^<w |[ 
 
 £ M t 
 
 
 i 
 
 Francisco. Where is San Francisco? This 
 group gets its name from Hawaii, the largest 
 island. There are eight principal islands and 
 a number of very small ones. 
 
 The climate is very pleasant. The natives 
 who belong to the brown race are fast dying out. 
 Much sugar is raised and exported. Honolulu, 
 the capital, is an important commercial city. 
 
 A native feast, Hawaiian Islands. 
 
72 
 
 OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 36. In what continent is the United States ? In what 
 part ? What is the climate ? What waters border our 
 country ? What other countries ? Which of the coast 
 lines are most broken ? Name the principal bays. Capes. 
 Draw an outline map of the United States. 
 
 37. Where is the great highland region? The smaller 
 highland region? What lies between them? Where is the 
 Atlantic Slope? The Pacific Slope ? What great river drains 
 the Mississippi Valley? Name its chief branches. Name 
 two rivers of the Pacific Slope. What river drains the Great 
 Lakes? Name four rivers of the Atlantic Slope. Where is 
 the greatest rainfall? Why? The least? Why? 
 
 38. In what respects is the United States a great country? 
 What helps to make it so? How many people live in the 
 United States? What kinds of people ? 
 
 39. To what country did the United States at first belong? 
 When did the colonies become free? Name the thirteen 
 original states. How many are there now? What other 
 land does the United States own? What form of govern- 
 ment do we have? What is the difference between a state 
 and a territory? Who is now President of the United 
 States? Make a picture of the " Star-Spangled Banner." 
 
 40. Name the sections into which the United States may 
 be naturally divided. Tell where each is located. Which 
 is the largest? The smallest? 
 
 41. What is the climate of New England? What is the 
 leading industry? Why? Name some of the manufactures. 
 What are some of the other important interests? Which is 
 the largest city? The next largest? 
 
 42. How does the climate of the States of the Atlantic 
 Slope vary? Why? What are the two great manufacturing 
 and commercial states of this section? Which state has the 
 greatest mineral wealth? Name the leading products of 
 the Southern Atlantic States. Which is the foremost state 
 of the Union? In what does it lead? The chief city of the 
 Union? What other very large city in this section? Name 
 the principal seaports. 
 
 43, 44. What is the leading occupation of the States of 
 the Mississippi Valley? Where is the most wheat raised? 
 Corn? Cotton? Cattle? Sugar? Where are the great 
 lumber regions? What is the chief city of this section? 
 Name three other large cities on the Great Lakes. One on 
 the Ohio River. One at the mouth of the Missouri River. 
 One near the mouth of the Mississippi. 
 
 45. Why are the Plateau States so called? What kind 
 of surface has this section? Climate? What is the most 
 important industry? Name some of the wonders of the 
 Plateau States. Which is the largest city? 
 
 46. What mountains traverse the States of the Pacific 
 Slope? What is the climate of this section? What are the 
 leading products? Name the largest and most important 
 city. 
 
 47. Name the detached possessions of the United States. 
 Where is Alaska? When and how did the country become 
 ours? What of its climate ? People? Products? Where 
 is Porto Rico ? Where are the Philippine Islands ? When 
 and how did we gain possession of these islands ? What of 
 their climate, people, and products? Chief city? When 
 were the Hawaiian Islands annexed? Describe their climate, 
 people, products, and chief city. 
 
 OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 (See map, page 44.) 
 
 48. DOMINION OF CANADA, AND 
 NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 Map Studies.— What waters border on Canada? 
 What countries? What large inland body of water 
 
 in Canada ? What connects it with 
 
 the Atlantic Ocean? What gulf in 
 the southeast? What large island 
 east of this gulf? What island 
 southwest of Canada ? Where is the 
 main highland region of Canada? 
 Where is Mount Logan ? What 
 river flows into the Arctic Ocean? 
 Of what lakes is this river the out- 
 let ? What river flows into Hudson 
 Bay ? From what lake ? What river 
 flows into the Gulf of St. Lawrence ? 
 From what lakes does it flow ? 
 
 Caribou or reindeei 
 
 You will notice from the maps that the 
 greater part of Canada lies in the Central 
 Plain of North America. What country oc- 
 cupies the southern part of this plain? Tell 
 by the rivers the difference in the general 
 
 slope of these two countries. 
 
 What have you learned about 
 
 the climate of the northern part 
 
 of North America? 
 
 While Canada is an English col- 
 ony, it mainly governs itself. The 
 chief ruler, however, is appointed by 
 the King of England. Newfound- 
 land, including Labrador, also is a 
 colony of England, but does not form 
 part of the Dominion of Canada. 
 
DANISH AMERICA. 
 
 73 
 
 The winters even in south- 
 ern Canada are long and cold, 
 but grains, fruits, and vege- 
 tables ripen there during the 
 summer months. West of 
 Lake Winnipeg are broad, 
 fertile prairies which reach 
 to the Rocky Mountains. 
 Here large crops of wheat are 
 raised, much of which is sent 
 to the United States and 
 Europe. 
 
 North of the grain-growing 
 section is a great forest belt 
 that stretches across the 
 continent. Besides yielding 
 much lumber, these forests 
 are the home of many fur- 
 bearing animals, that are 
 hunted chiefly by the Indians. Here and there 
 through the fur country are built trading posts, 
 
 The city of Quebec. 
 
 A Canadian trading post. 
 
 or houses where the furs are collected and 
 shipped to Europe and the United States. 
 
 Rivers and lakes are the main highways of the fur 
 country. When the ice melts in the rivers, canoes 
 are used to transport : goods. In winter, loads are car- 
 ried over the frozen streams and through the snowy 
 forests on sledges drawn by dogs. Men on foot use 
 snowshoes to help them travel. 
 
 Beyond the forest belt the icy plains of the 
 " Great Lone Land " stretch northward to the 
 
 frozen ocean. There are a 
 few scattered tribes of In- 
 dians and Eskimos in this 
 region. The latter live near 
 the coast in winter, but dur- 
 ing the short arctic summer 
 they move inland to hunt the 
 caribou, or reindeer, which 
 wander in herds over the 
 country. 
 
 The mineral wealth of Can- 
 ada is principally in the 
 mines of coal and gold in the 
 western highland region. 
 Find Dawson. It is the 
 center of the famous Klon- 
 dike gold region. 
 
 Find Ottawa. It is the 
 capital of the Dominion of 
 Canada. Find Quebec and Montreal. These are 
 important commercial cities on the St. Lawrence 
 River. They are connected with the Pacific 
 coast by the Canadian-Pacific Railroad, one of 
 the longest in the world. 
 
 Find Winnipeg. It is the center of the Ca- 
 nadian wheat-growing region. 
 
 On what peninsula is Halifax f Find St. 
 John's, the capital of Newfoundland. The 
 waters near by abound in codfish, mackerel, 
 and herring ; hence these cities are great fish- 
 ing centers. Salmon are caught in the eastern 
 streams, but in greater numbers on the Pacific 
 coast. 
 
 49. DANISH AMERICA. 
 
 Map Studies. — By what waters is Greenland sur- 
 rounded? In what cape does it end in the south? 
 Where is Iceland ? What noted volcano in Iceland ? 
 
 Greenland. Think of a country almost en- 
 tirely covered with snow and ice hundreds of 
 feet thick! Such is Greenland, the home of 
 glaciers and icebergs. Along the western coast 
 of the island are several Danish settlements 
 and a few scattered tribes of Eskimos. 
 
74 
 
 OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 A little grass and a few stunted trees grow 
 in sheltered places, also the moss upon which 
 the reindeer feeds. During the short arctic 
 summer a few flowers bloom. The polar bear 
 and the musk ox are found here, and the sur- 
 rounding seas abound with whales, seals, wal- 
 ruses, and many kinds of waterfowl. 
 
 Iceland. Because of warm ocean currents, 
 the climate of Iceland is milder than that of 
 Greenland, and grass and hardy vegetables 
 grow well. The people are intelligent, and set 
 great store by learning. They are employed in 
 fishing, and in raising horses, cattle, and sheep. 
 
 The extremes of heat and cold seem to meet 
 in Iceland. Numerous geysers spout up boil- 
 ing water, and active volcanoes send out floods 
 of fiery lava amid fields of snow and ice. 
 
 A street in the city of Mexico. 
 
 50. MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, AND 
 THE WEST INDIES. 
 
 Map Studies.— In what part of North America are 
 Mexico and Central America ? What mountain peak 
 in Mexico? What waters east of Mexico? West? 
 What river between the United States and Mexico? 
 What peninsula in the western part of Mexico? In 
 what cape does it end ? What peninsula in the south- 
 east ? What large lake in Central America ? Where 
 are the West Indies ? What sea do they partly inclose ? 
 Name the largest four islands. What group of 
 islands northeast of Cuba? 
 
 A Mexican kitchen. 
 
 Mexico. Let us cross Mexico from east to 
 west. Along the gulf coast is a broad, low 
 plain, which is hot, moist, and unhealthful. As 
 we go westward the land rises gradually. We 
 see plantations of cotton, sugar cane, coffee, and 
 tobacco. There are forests of palm, mahogany, 
 and other trees of the warm belt. Here are 
 found also the 'plants that produce vanilla and 
 sarsaparilla. Monkeys and many bright-col- 
 ored birds and insects abound. 
 
 We continue our journey, getting higher and 
 higher above the sea level as we near the moun- 
 tains. Does the weather get warmer or cooler 
 as we ascend? We notice trees of the same 
 kinds that grow in our own country. We see 
 also fields of wheat and corn, and herds of 
 cattle and sheep. 
 
 This journey can be made by rail in a few hours, 
 and these changes in climate and products noticed 
 during the trip. 
 
 We reach at last the central plateau which 
 forms a large part of Mexico. What is a pla- 
 teau? Lofty mountain chains rise from the 
 edge of this highland, and here and there are 
 snow-covered peaks, many of which are vol- 
 canoes. Find Mount Orizaba. It is one of the 
 highest mountains of North America. Are 
 there any large rivers in Mexico? 
 
 Many cattle and sheep are raised on this pla- 
 teau. There are also rich silver mines that 
 have been worked ever since the country was 
 
CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 75 
 
 conquered by the Spaniards, about four hun- 
 dred years ago. Indians and half-breeds form 
 a large part of the population. The latter are 
 the descendants of whites and Indians. 
 
 The city of Mexico is the capital and most 
 important city. Find Vera Cruz. Most of the 
 foreign commerce of the country passes through 
 this port. The chief exports are silver, cattle, 
 hides, coffee, tobacco, vanilla, and dye-woods. 
 
 Loading mahogany logs. 
 
 Central America consists of five small repub- 
 lics and a British colony. The sui'face, climate, 
 products, and people are similar to those of 
 southern Mexico. In the chief mountain range, 
 along the Pacific coast, there are many vol- 
 canoes. We get from this country mahogany, 
 logwood, coffee, and bananas. 
 
 Find Lake Nicaragua. It is proposed to make a 
 canal partly by way of this lake through which ocean 
 steamers and other large vessels can pass. What 
 waters will it connect ? How would this canal be of 
 great importance to the world's commerce ? 
 
 The West Indies is the name given to the 
 chain of islands that extends almost from 
 Florida to South America. The largest and 
 most important are Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, 
 and Porto Rico. Jamaica is a British colony, 
 and Haiti is divided into two negro republics. 
 What have you learned of Cuba and Porto 
 Rico? (See page 70.) 
 
 Loading bananas. 
 
 Some of these islands are mountainous, and 
 others, like the Bahamas, are low coral forma- 
 tions. Fierce storms called hurricanes sweep 
 over the West Indies, causing great loss of life 
 and property. In what zone are they ? What, 
 then, is their climate? 
 
 We get from the West Indies great quantities 
 of sugar, tobacco, bananas, and other products 
 of the hot and the warm belts. Many of the 
 people are negroes. Find Havana. It is the 
 chief center of commerce of the West Indies. 
 
 TEST AND REVIEW" QUESTIONS. 
 
 48. To whom do the Dominion of Canada and New- 
 foundland belong? Why do many of the people speak the 
 French language? What have you learned of the climate? 
 Where is the wheat region? The fur region? The gold 
 region? Where are the fisheries? What fish are caught? 
 What is the capital of Canada? Where are most of the 
 cities? 
 
 49. What islands form Danish America? Describe the 
 surface of Greenland. What plants are found there? What 
 animals? Who live there? Why is Iceland warmer than 
 Greenland? For what are the people noted? What are 
 raised on the island? What famous volcano is there? 
 
 50. In what zones are Mexico and the West Indies? In 
 what zone is Central America? What kind of climate 
 would these countries naturally have? Explain why the 
 products of both the warm and the cool belts are found in 
 Mexico. Name some of these products. What is the chief 
 mineral wealth of Mexico? Of what does Central America 
 consist? To whom do the four principal West India islands 
 belong? What do we get from the West Indies and Central 
 America? What city is the chief commercial center? 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 51. POSITION— EXTENT— COAST LINE. 
 
 In what direction is South America from 
 North America? What isthmus connects the 
 two grand divisions? What ocean east of 
 South America? West? South America is a 
 little more than two thirds as large as North 
 America. Notice that these two grand divi- 
 sions are somewhat alike in shape. Both of 
 them are widest at the north, and both taper to 
 a narrow strip at the south. 
 
 You will see by the map that the coast line 
 of South America is very regular, the chief 
 breaks being made by the mouths of the 
 Amazon and La Plata rivers. How may the 
 interior of the continent be reached by sailing 
 vessels and steamers? 
 
 Find the equator on the map. What part of 
 South America does it cross ? In what zone is 
 this part of the grand division ? What is the 
 climate? As you go south from the equator, 
 does the climate grow warmer or colder? 
 What zone lies south of the Torrid Zone ? (See 
 map, page 25.) What part of South America 
 is in this zone? Where is the coldest part of 
 South America ? Of North America ? 
 
 That portion of 
 South America 
 which lies in the 
 South Temperate 
 Zone has the same 
 seasons that we have 
 in our own country. 
 In what zone is our 
 country ? When it is 
 summer with us, how- 
 ever, it is winter there. 
 How strange it sounds 
 to us when we read of 
 very hot weather at Christ- 
 mas in those southern coun- 
 tries! Spring there begins in 
 the month of October. 
 
 You have learned that no large 
 
 arms of the ocean extend far into 
 
 the land in South America; name two 
 
 such bodies of water in North America. What 
 
 sea is north of South America? Name an arm 
 
 of this sea that is called a lake. 
 
 What are the most northern, eastern, south- 
 ern, and western capes of South America. (See 
 map, page 80.) What gulf is south of the 
 Isthmus of Panama ? What gulf on the Pacific 
 coast south of the equator? 
 
 What island on the eastern side of South Amer- 
 ica, at the mouth of the Amazon River ? What 
 island at the southern end of South America? 
 What strait between this island and the main- 
 land ? Ask your teacher to tell you the story of 
 Magellan. 
 
 What small island west of the southern coast 
 of South America? What famous story is 
 supposed to be connected with this island? 
 The equator crosses a group of islands farther 
 north ; what is this group called ? 
 
 Galapagos is a Spanish word ; it means " turtles." 
 These islands were so called because many giant tur- 
 tles were found there. Some of them were large 
 enough to carry a man upon their backs. 
 
 76 
 
SURFACE AND DRAINAGE. 
 
 77 
 
 Relief Map of SOUTH AMERICA.— Same Scale as North America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. 
 
 52. SURFACE AND DRAINAGE. 
 
 Find on the map the great highland region 
 of South America. In what direction does it 
 extend? This region is called the Andes High- 
 land. Its chief mountain ranges are the 
 Andes Mountains. They form an almost un- 
 broken wall from the Caribbean Sea to the 
 Strait of Magellan. What other grand division 
 has a wide highland region in the western part ? 
 
 The altitude of the Andes Highland is more 
 than twice that of the Western Highland of 
 North America. Find Mount Aconcagua. It 
 is the highest point of the Western Continent. 
 On the western side of the Andes Highland 
 the slope is short and steep. What kind of 
 streams would you expect to find there? On 
 the east is a long, gentle slope stretching to 
 the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeast this 
 slope is broken by the Guiana Highland. In 
 
78 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 the widest part of the grand division it is 
 broken by the Eastern or Brazilian Highland. 
 These two highland regions are much less in 
 altitude than the Andes Highland. 
 
 In the Andes Highland there are more than 
 thirty volcanoes that nearly always appear to 
 be crowned with smoke or flame. Such vol- 
 canoes are said to be active. In this region the 
 earth at times shakes fearfully. Buildings are 
 thrown down, whole cities are laid in ruins, and 
 thousands of people lose their lives. The earth 
 may be said to quake, hence these shakings are 
 called earthquakes. 
 
 wide. In the season of floods its waters spread 
 out over the lowland for hundreds of miles. 
 Let us see where all this water comes from. 
 
 
 St ,••-3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sr^fe^BaS^S 
 
 
 •i '\^^y 
 
 ■nfpl 
 
 PaPWB 
 
 
 §S25Gl 
 
 
 af i v mm 
 
 
 
 
 Rw^Zsfl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 An earthquake. 
 
 Sometimes we have earthquakes in our own coun- 
 try. Did you ever feel the earth tremble? Ask 
 about the earthquake that did great damage to the 
 city of Charleston in 1886. 
 
 South America, like North America, has a 
 central plain that runs nearly the whole length 
 of the grand division. Like the plain of North 
 America, it has also a low swell of land cross- 
 ing the middle part. Notice the streams flow- 
 ing north and south from this divide. Trace a 
 line between the river basins of the Amazon 
 and the Rio de la Plata. 
 
 The Amazon is the greatest river in the 
 world. It is so wide at its mouth that the 
 land cannot be seen on either side from a ves- 
 sel in the middle of the stream. Two thousand 
 miles from its mouth the river is more than a mile 
 
 A flood in the Amazon. 
 
 The winds in the northern half of South 
 America blow westward from the Atlantic 
 Ocean. As these moist winds glide up the 
 eastern slope of the Andes Highland they 
 reach an altitude where they become chilled,, 
 and the water falls in heavy rains on the slope, 
 and drains off into the large rivers which flow 
 into the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 By the time the winds get over the high Andes in 
 the northern part they have dropped all their mois- 
 ture, leaving none for the western slope. There are 
 parts of this coast where it has not rained within the 
 memory of man. Is the land fertile where no rain 
 falls? What name is given to such land? In the- 
 southern part of South America the winds blow to- 
 ward the east, hence in that section we find arid re- 
 gions east of the Andes. 
 
 Along the greater part of the Amazon on 
 both sides there are vast forests so thick with 
 trees, tall ferns, and climbing vines that men 
 can scarcely force their way through. These 
 forest-plains are called silvas. People who 
 live in some parts of these forests must dwell 
 in boats during the season of the floods, or live 
 in the tree tops like monkeys. Name the 
 largest northern branch of the Amazon River. 
 The largest southern branch. 
 
RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS. 
 
 79 
 
 Find the Orinoco River. Along its banks 
 are wide plains much like our prairies. They 
 are called llanos. This is the Spanish word 
 for plains. In the dry season the llanos are 
 sere and brown, but in the wet season they are 
 covered with grass, and great herds of horses 
 and cattle feed there. 
 
 The llanos and the silvas lie in the hot belt. In 
 this belt it is always summer, except in places where 
 the land rises high above the 
 sea level. The seasons in low- 
 lands of the hot belt are the 
 wet and the dry. 
 
 Find the Rio de la Plata. 
 Bio is Spanish for river. It 
 looks like an arm of the 
 sea, and is formed by sev- 
 eral large rivers. Name 
 them. Trace the basin of 
 the Rio de la Plata. It has 
 much the same climate as 
 the basin of the Missis- 
 sippi. On its great plains, 
 which the Spanish call 
 pampas, grow corn, wheat, 
 and other grains. Horses, 
 cattle, and sheep are raised in great numbers 
 and add much to the wealth of the country. 
 
 53. RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS. 
 
 Do you drink coffee or cocoa with your 
 breakfast"? In wet or snowy weather do you 
 wear overshoes made of rubber? Did you 
 ever take quinine when you were sick ? These 
 things probably came from some part of South 
 America. Are they animal products, or do they 
 come from plants ! 
 
 The cinchona tree, from the bark of which 
 quinine is obtained, and the rubber tree grow 
 wild in South America. Mahogany and other 
 hard-wood trees, palms, and plants that yield 
 medicines and dyestuffs also grow in South 
 America. Flowering vines and water plants, 
 
 and bright-colored birds and insects, make the 
 forests beautiful. 
 
 Coffee and cocoa grow best in the hilly 
 regions of the hot belt. In this belt also are 
 raised sugar, cotton, and tapioca. In the cool 
 belt farther south great quantities of wheat 
 and other grains are grown. Fi'om the herds 
 that pasture on the plains come hides, tallow, 
 and other cattle products. 
 
 There are many wild 
 
 animals in the highlands 
 
 and forest plains of South 
 
 America. The fiercest 
 
 beast of prey is the jaguar, 
 
 which belongs to the cat 
 
 family. Here are large 
 
 snakes, called boaconstrict- 
 
 ors, which crush out the 
 
 lives of animals by coiling 
 
 around them. Lively troops 
 
 of monkeys chatter in the tree 
 
 tops, alligators swarm in the 
 
 streams, and among the peaks of 
 
 A jaguar. 
 
 A train of llamas. 
 
 the Andes soars the condor, the largest bird of 
 flight known. The grassy lowland plains are 
 well fitted for the raising of horses, cattle, sheep, 
 and other domestic animals. 
 
 In the Andes Highland the llama, which is an 
 animal of the camel kind, is used to carry goods 
 across the mountains. It is a little larger than 
 a sheep. The alpaca also is found in the high- 
 
80 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 land region. It is valued on account of its fine, 
 glossy wool. 
 
 The Andes Highland has long been famous 
 for its silver mines. There are also rich mines 
 of gold and copper. Along the Pacific coast 
 there are beds of nitrates, which are exported 
 in large quantities, and used in making fertil- 
 izers and gunpowder. In the Eastern Highland 
 there are noted diamond mines. 
 
 Map Studies.— What countries of South America 
 border on the Caribbean Sea? On the Atlantic 
 Ocean? On the Pacific Ocean? Which two have no 
 seacoast? Which is the largest country of South 
 America ? Compare it in size with the United States. 
 (See tables, page 127.) Which is the smallest ? Com- 
 pare it with the State of Washington. 
 
 What countries are wholly or partly in the Torrid 
 Zone ? What countries are crossed by the Tropic of 
 Capricorn ? What zone south of this tropic ? What 
 countries are wholly or partly in this zone ? 
 
PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES. 
 
 81 
 
 54. PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES. 
 
 Soon after the Spaniards discovered the New 
 "World, they learned that there was much gold 
 in the great highland region of South America. 
 They sent soldiers, who overcame the Indian 
 tribes and treated them with great cruelty, kill- 
 ing or making slaves of most of them. Ask 
 your teacher to tell you of Pizarro. 
 
 Ruins of an ancient Inca building. 
 
 These Indians of the Andes Highland were 
 called Incas. They were a brave people, and, 
 like those of Mexico, were partly civilized. 
 They had wise laws. They laid out splendid 
 highways, and built fine bridges and temples of 
 cut stone. Most of the South American In- 
 dians of the present day are savages, living by 
 hunting and fishing. 
 
 The Spaniards settled near the northern and 
 western coasts of South America, where they 
 built large cities. These Spanish colonists 
 were so badly governed by their mother coun- 
 try that they rebelled and became independent. 
 
 The vast tract of country which we know as 
 Brazil was formerly owned by Portugal, a coun- 
 try of Europe, and the language of that country 
 is still spoken there. There are many negroes 
 in the eastern coast countries whose forefathers 
 were brought from Africa as slaves. Slavery, 
 however, no longer exists in America. 
 
 The Spaniards and Portuguese are of the 
 white, or Caucasian, race. Of late years many 
 other people of this race have come from 
 Europe and settled in the basin of La Plata 
 River. The commerce, farming, stock-raising, 
 and mining of South America are done by peo- 
 ple of the white race. There is but little manu- 
 facturing. Notice on the map that most of the 
 cities are near the seacoast. 
 
 There are many people of South America that are 
 of mixed races. They are the children of Spanish 
 and Indian parents, or of Indians and Negroes. 
 
 All the countries of South America except 
 Guiana are republics. Guiana is divided among 
 the British, the Dutch, and the French. 
 
 A coffee plantation. 
 
 55. BRAZIL. 
 
 Map Studies.— In what part of South America is 
 Brazil? What countries border on Brazil? Which 
 are the only two countries of South America that do 
 not ? What river with its branches drains the north- 
 ern part ? The eastern part ? The southern part ? 
 What and where is the capital? Name three other 
 important seaports. 
 
 Brazil is about as large as our own country. 
 It lies chiefly in the hot belt. Only a small 
 part of the country is cultivated. Notice that 
 Brazil is crossed by many large rivers. 
 
82 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 A large part of Brazil is a highland region, 
 but not of great altitude. On this upland are 
 the plantations that supply nearly half the 
 coffee that is used in the world. This is the 
 chief export. Rubber, hides, tobacco, cotton, 
 and sugar are also exported. 
 
 Coffee is the seed of the fruit of a small evergreen 
 tree that thrives best in warm, well-watered upland 
 regions. The blossoms which are very fragrant grow 
 in pure white clusters. The fruit looks something 
 like a small cherry. Each one contains two seeds 
 that are the raw coffee of commerce. 
 
 Find Rio de Janeiro. It is the capital and 
 largest city of Brazil, and has a fine harbor. 
 You have heard of Rio coffee. It takes its 
 name from this city, which is a great coffee- 
 shipping port. Much coffee is shipped also 
 from Santos. Find Santos. 
 
 Find Bahia and Pernambuco. These are the 
 seaports of the sugar and tobacco regions. 
 Find Para. From Para we get rubber and 
 other products of the Amazon river basin. 
 
 Rubber is the hardened 
 sap of the rubber tree. It 
 is gathered by the In- 
 dians, who cut gashes in 
 the bark, and fasten little 
 cups below. Into these 
 cups the sap slowly 
 trickles. When enough is gathered it is hardened in 
 the smoke from a fire of palm nuts, and is then ready 
 for export. In our country, what is made of the sap 
 of the pine tree ? Of the sugar maple tree ? 
 
 56. ARGENTINA. 
 
 Map Studies.— What ocean east of Argentina? 
 What country lies between Argentina and the Pacific 
 Ocean? What important river drains the northern 
 part ? By what two rivers is it formed ? 
 
 Argentina is in the southern warm and cool 
 belts. It is nearly one third as large as the 
 United States. Its surface slopes from the An- 
 des Highland to the Atlantic Ocean. Where 
 do we find the coldest parts of this country? 
 Of our own country ? The southwestern part 
 of Argentina is arid. Why? (See page 78.) 
 
 You have learned about the pampas with 
 their millions of cattle and sheep. What do 
 you think, therefore, should be a leading ex- 
 port of this country ? The river valleys in the 
 northern part of Argentina are fine grain-grow- 
 ing lands, and much wheat also is exported. 
 
 Traveling on the pampas. 
 
 Many white people have come from Europe, 
 and have settled here as farmers and herds- 
 men. Thousands of miles of railroad have 
 been built to transport their grain and cattle 
 products to the seaports. 
 
 Find Buenos Ayres. This is the capital and 
 chief commercial center of Argentina, and the 
 lai'gest city in South America. The harbor is 
 not naturally a very good one, but has been 
 much improved. The city is connected by rail- 
 road with Valparaiso on the Pacific coast. 
 
PARAGUAY, URUGUAY, AND CHILE. 
 
 83 
 
 57. PARAGUAY AND URUGUAY. 
 
 Map Studies. — In what river basin are Paraguay and 
 Uruguay ? What branch of the Rio de la Plata is south 
 of Paraguay ? What branch is west of Uruguay ? 
 
 Paraguay and Uruguay are sometimes called 
 La Plata countries. Why? They are thinly 
 settled and are but slowly increasing in popu- 
 lation. The raising of horses and cattle in 
 Paraguay and sheep in Uruguay is the chief 
 industry. 
 
 Much wheat is grown in Uruguay. Paraguay 
 has immense forests of valuable timber, and 
 rich beds of iron ore and marble, which, how- 
 ever, are not worked. In the latter country 
 mate, or Paraguay tea, is an important product, 
 and thousands of tons are exported. 
 
 Mate drinking — plant and utensils. 
 
 Paraguay tea is drunk by a great many South 
 American people. It is made by pouring hot water 
 upon the dried leaves of a kind of holly. The people 
 drink this tea through a tube about eight inches long, 
 on the end of which is a strainer. It is the custom to 
 pass the vessel containing the tea, together with the 
 tube, from mouth to mouth. The taste of the tea is 
 very different from that of the tea which we use. 
 Where does our tea come from ? 
 
 Find Montevideo. It is the capital and chief 
 commercial city of Uruguay. This country, 
 though the smallest of the South American re- 
 publics, is fourth in the value of its foreign 
 commerce. It is about the size of the state of 
 Wyoming. What is the capital of Paraguay? 
 
 58. CHILE. 
 
 Map Studies.— In what part of South America is 
 Chile ? What countries are east of it ? What moun- 
 tain range separates them from Chile? What high 
 peak near the center of its eastern boundary ? 
 
 Chile is a long, narrow strip of land lying 
 along the western slope of the Andes Highland. 
 It extends from Peru to Cape Horn, a distance 
 of more than 2500 miles. 
 
 Tell why there are desert regions in the 
 northern part of Chile, while the central and 
 southern parts have enough rain. (See page 78.) 
 The rivers of Chile are short, rapid streams. 
 The water of many of these streams is used 
 for irrigation, and much wheat is raised. 
 
 Nitrates are the most important product of 
 Chile, and great quantities are exported. What 
 use is made of nitrates ? In some parts of Chile 
 there are thousands of acres of nitrate or salt- 
 peter beds, eight or more feet in depth. 
 
 wssmastffrtk 
 
 
 -"As" .. ' **% 
 
 '"fcgfe 
 
 EMKiii 
 
 A street in Santiago. 
 
 Chile has made great progress. Its cities, 
 like ours, have telegraphs, telephones, and 
 street cars. Santiago, the capital, is the largest 
 city west of the Andes. Its seaport is Valpa- 
 raiso, which is the most important commercial 
 city on the Pacific coast of South America. 
 
84 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 The lowlands aiong much of the western coast of 
 South America are hot and unhealthful. For this 
 reason many of the large cities like Santiago, Lima, 
 Quito, and others, are built on the interior uplands, 
 and are connected by railroad with their seaports. 
 
 Native boats on Lake Titicaca. 
 
 59. PERU AND BOLIVIA. 
 
 Map Studies.— What countries border on Peru? 
 On Bolivia? Which of the two has no seacoast? 
 What lake lies between Peru and Bolivia? What 
 large river receives most of its water from the eastern 
 slopes of these countries? What name is given to 
 the plateau that forms a part of Bolivia' and Peru ? 
 
 Peru and Bolivia lie in the hot belt, but the 
 altitude of much of the surface is so great that 
 the climate is cool and pleasant. Like most 
 other Andean countries, the western slopes are 
 rainless, while on the eastern slopes the rainfall 
 is very heavy. 
 
 Peru has a number of good hai'bors, and next 
 to Chile is the most important Andean coun- 
 try. It exports sugar, silver, cotton, and alpaca 
 wool. There are rich petroleum wells in the 
 north. The commerce of Bolivia is chiefly 
 through Peruvian ports. The chief wealth of 
 this country is in its mines of silver and tin. 
 Cinchona and rubber are gathered in the vast 
 forests of the eastern slopes. 
 
 More than one half of the people of Peru and 
 Bolivia are Indians and mixed races. Many of 
 the Indians are still uncivilized. What have 
 you learned in this book about the Incas ? 
 
 Find Lima. It is the capital and chief city 
 of Peru. Its houses are low so as not to be 
 shaken down by earthquakes. They are built 
 chiefly of sun-dried bricks. Six miles west of 
 Lima is the seaport of Callao. The largest city 
 of Bolivia is La Paz. The capital, Sucre, is 
 near the rich silver mines of Potosi. 
 
 60. ECUADOR, COLOMBIA, AND 
 VENEZUELA. 
 
 Map Studies.— la what part of South America are 
 these countries situated? Which of them border on 
 the Caribbean Sea? On the Pacific Ocean? What 
 two are crossed by the equator ? What gulf south of 
 the Isthmus of Panama? What lake in Venezuela? 
 What group of islands west of Ecuador ? What two 
 large rivers drain these countries ? 
 
 In what belt do these three countries lie? 
 How do you know this? Is it very hot in all 
 parts of this region? Where is it coolest? 
 Ecuador is the Spanish word for equator. 
 
 River scenery in Kcuador. 
 
 In these countries there are few good roads, 
 hence there is much fertile land that is not 
 farmed because there is no way of getting the 
 products to market. Coffee, cocoa, and cattle 
 products from the llanos are the chief exports. 
 Venezuela has rich gold mines. 
 
 The Isthmus of Panama is part of Colombia. 
 A railroad fifty miles in length crosses the 
 isthmus, and the trade on this road is of great 
 
GUIANA. 
 
 85 
 
 profit to Colombia. "What is the capital of this 
 country? It has suffered from earthquakes. 
 
 Partly civilized Indians — Napos. 
 
 There are more than a million Indians in 
 Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. Most of 
 these are in Ecuador, and are still savage. 
 Many of the Indians of Venezuela are partly 
 civilized. What is the capital of Colombia ? Is 
 it in a highland or a lowland region? Where 
 is the city of Panama? Why is it important? 
 Find Quito, the capital and chief city of Ecua- 
 dor. You can see by the map that it is near 
 the equator, yet it is so high above the sea level 
 that the climate is as cool as ours is in spring. 
 
 Quito is about two miles above the level of the sea. 
 There are many snow-clad peaks to be seen from 
 the city. The houses are built low, like those of 
 Lima. An important business in Quito is water- 
 carrying. Much of it is brought a long distance. 
 
 61. GUIANA. 
 
 Map Studies.— What ocean north of Guiana? How 
 is the country divided? What does the relief map 
 show in regard to its surface? Name the capital of 
 each division. 
 
 Guiana is divided into three colonies that are 
 owned by the English, the French, and the 
 Dutch. There are rich gold mines in the high- 
 lands, and much sugar cane is raised on the 
 hot, low coast lands. Many French convicts 
 are sent to French Guiana. 
 
 TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 51. In what hemisphere is South America? In what 
 latitude? How do you know this? In what zones does it 
 lie? What have you learned about the climate? What 
 noted cape, strait, and island at the southern end? What 
 connects South America with North America? How do 
 they compare in size? How do their coast lines differ? 
 
 52. Where is the great highland region of South America? 
 What is it called ? How does it slope on the west ? On the 
 east? How is the eastern slope broken? In what general 
 way does the surface of South America resemble that of 
 North America? What is a volcano? Where are volca- 
 noes numerous in South America? What is an earthquake? 
 Where does the most rain fall in South America? Why? 
 What large rivers does it feed? What have you learned 
 about the Amazon? Where are the arid or dry regions? 
 Why are they arid? Locate the llanos. The silvas. The 
 pampas. How do these great plains differ? 
 
 53. What are the most important plant products of 
 South America? Name some of the wild animals. Domestic 
 animals. Where are the latter principally raised? What 
 are cattle products? What are the chief minerals? 
 
 54. What led to the conquest of a large part of South 
 America by the Spaniards? What portion was seized by 
 the Portuguese? From what countries of Europe did these 
 people come? Who were the Incas? What of the present 
 tribes of Indians? Of the Negroes? What are mixed 
 races? Where have many white people settled of late 
 years? What are such settlers called? Where do we find 
 most of the large cities? What government have the 
 South American countries? What languages are spoken? 
 
 55. Compare Brazil in size with the United States. 
 What is the leading product? What else is exported? 
 
 56. Compare Argentina in size with the United States. 
 What have you learned of its population? What does 
 Argentina raise and export most largely? What of its 
 railroads? 
 
 57. Why are Paraguay and Uruguay called La Plata 
 countries? What is the chief product of Uruguay? What 
 of its commerce? Its size? What is an important product 
 of Paraguay? What have you learned about this? 
 
 58. What is Chile's most important mineral product? 
 How is it obtained? For what used? What have you 
 learned of the progress of Chile? 
 
 59. What does Peru export? What is the chief wealth 
 of Bolivia? How is its commerce carried on? Why? 
 What of the people of these countries? 
 
 60. Name the leading exports of Ecuador, Colombia, and 
 Venezuela. Why is but little farming done in these coun- 
 tries? To which does the Isthmus of Panama belong? 
 Why is it important? In what zone are these countries? 
 What would their climate naturally be? What have you 
 learned of the climate of Quito? Why is this? 
 
 61. To what nations does Guiana belong? Name some 
 of its products. What is meant by " convicts " ? 
 
EUROPE. 
 
POSITION — EXTENT — COAST LINE. 
 
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88 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 63. SURFACE AND DRAINAGE. 
 
 On the relief map of Europe find the Caucasus 
 Mountains, the Balkan Mountains, the Carpa- 
 thian Mountains, the Alps, and the Pyrenees. 
 These rise from the highlands of southern 
 Europe and form a chain, more or less broken, 
 from the Caspian Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. 
 This region is known as High Europe. Find 
 Mont Blanc. It is the most noted peak of 
 Europe. 
 
 The three great southern peninsulas of Eu- 
 rope are parts of this highland region. "What 
 mountain range or spur forms the " backbone " 
 of Italy? What peninsula in the northwest is 
 a highland region? Name its chief mountain 
 range. What low range forms part of the 
 boundary between Europe and Asia? 
 
 Notice that the greater part of Europe is a 
 plain. It is known as Low Europe, and is 
 shaped somewhat like a vast basin with a 
 broken mountain rim. Trace this rim on the 
 map. Beyond the Ural Mountains this plain 
 stretches in an almost unbroken level across 
 northern Asia to the- Pacific Ocean. 
 
 There are many glaciers among the Alps. 
 What have you learned about glaciers? The 
 glaciers of the Alps do not reach the sea and 
 break off in icebergs, as in Alaska and Green- 
 land. They move slowly down the mountain 
 ravines into the green valleys and melt away 
 under the warm sun. Several rivers of Europe 
 have their sources in the melting glaciers of 
 the highland region. 
 
 The summits of the Alps and the Caucasus 
 Mountains are so high as to be covered with 
 snow. Sometimes far up on the mountain side 
 a patch of snow becomes loosened and starts to 
 slide down the steep slope. It gathers more 
 and more snow, and its speed becomes greater 
 and greater on its downward way. Huge rocks 
 are torn from their beds, and large trees are 
 broken off like twigs, until at last the whole 
 mass plunges with a crash into the valley below. 
 
 An avalanche. 
 
 Such a snowslide is called an avalanche. Some- 
 times an entire village is destroyed by an ava- 
 lanche. 
 
 The largest river of Europe is the Volga. 
 It is an important highway of trade, and is con- 
 nected by canal with the northwestern waters. 
 Into what sea does it flow? The Caspian 
 Sea has no outlet. Is the water of this sea fresh 
 or salt? (See page 47.) What becomes of the 
 large amount of water that is poured into the 
 Caspian Sea by the Volga and other rivers? 
 Name two large rivers that flow into the Black 
 Sea. Which of them cuts through mountain 
 ranges on its way ? 
 
 The most noted river of Europe is the Rhine. 
 Its source is among the glaciers of the Alps, 
 and it flows through some of the most beautiful 
 scenery in the world. In places its course is 
 between vine-clad hills and steep rocky heights 
 on which are many old and famous castles. 
 (See picture on page 87.) 
 
 In what part of the map of Europe are the 
 most lakes shown? Name the largest two. 
 There are many small clear lakes in the Alpine 
 region, which add greatly to the beauty of the 
 scenery. They are visited by people from all 
 parts of Europe, and from our own country. 
 
RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS. 
 
 8» 
 
 64. RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS. 
 
 Notice on the map of Europe where the par- 
 allel marked 40° crosses the Mediterranean Sea. 
 Look at the map of our own country and you 
 will see that the same parallel passes some dis- 
 tance south of New York and Chicago. We 
 know by this that these cities are about as 
 far north of the equator as the northern shore 
 of the Mediterranean Sea, and are, therefore, in 
 the same belt. 
 
 Do oranges, lemons, olives, figs, and almonds 
 grow well near New York and Chicago ? Why ? 
 Yet these grow freely along the Mediterranean 
 coast of Europe. We have learned that there 
 may be a great difference of climate in different 
 parts of the same belt. Sometimes, as we have 
 seen, this is caused by difference in altitude, 
 but in this case there are other reasons. 
 
 We have learned that warm winds from the 
 Atlantic Ocean and from Africa blow over 
 southern Europe. More than this, there are 
 high mountain chains inland which shelter the 
 coast lands from the cold winds of the north. 
 Hence these lands have plenty of warmth and 
 moisture, and for this reason the plants of the 
 warm belts thrive in this region. 
 
 Did you ever see a caterpillar spinning a 
 cocoon ? Here is a picture of silkworms and of 
 
 Silkworms and cocoons. 
 
 the cocoons which they make. The worms feed 
 on the leaves of the mulberry tree. These trees 
 in great numbers are grown in the south of 
 Europe, and much silk is produced. Find out 
 from what other countries we get silk. 
 
 The silkworm spins a fine thread of silk, something- 
 like that of a spider's web. This thread it winds 
 around itself, forming a cocoon. In time the worm 
 bursts the cocoon and comes out as a moth with 
 wings, just as you may have seen a butterfly come 
 out of a cocoon which it spun when it was a cater- 
 pillar. 
 
 Find on the map of Europe the parallel 
 marked 50°. South of this parallel is the 
 country of the grape. What are made of 
 grapes f The southern part of Europe, also, is 
 the great wheat belt in which more wheat is 
 raised than in the United States. 
 
 About one fourth of Europe is still covered 
 with forests. The people there are much more 
 careful of the trees than we are in our countiy. 
 In the coast waters are plenty of fish. The 
 best fishing grounds are in the North Sea. In 
 the Mediterranean fine sponges are found, and 
 also the red coral which is used in making 
 jewelry. 
 
 Europe has been so long settled, that most 
 of the wild animals have been replaced by the 
 usual domestic kinds. What are they ? In the 
 mountain regions the bear, deer, wolf, and wild 
 boar are still found. In the far North the use- 
 ful reindeer is the chief wealth of the Lap- 
 lander. Fur-bearing animals are found in this 
 region. What is the climate ! 
 
 The most important minerals are coal 
 
 and iron. These are mined in almost 
 
 every country in Europe. There are 
 
 also rich mines of quicksilver, salt, 
 
 sulphur, tin, and petroleum. Gold 
 
 and platinum are found in the Ural 
 
 Mountains. The manufactures and 
 
 commerce of Europe surpass those of 
 
 the United States. England, Germany, 
 
 and France lead in these industries. 
 
1 
 
 
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92 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 American and English steamers meeting in mid-ocean. 
 
 66. HOW WE REACH EUROPE. 
 
 Europe is the most important part of the 
 Old World with which we have to do. Let us 
 see how we can best reach this grand division 
 from our own country. We can go by steamer 
 from Portland, or Boston, or New York, or 
 Philadelphia, or Baltimore. As most of our 
 people start from New York when they go to 
 Europe, we will take a steamer from that city. 
 
 We go on board of the vessel as she lies at 
 the dock. Our friends who came to see us off 
 have said good-by and have gone ashore. A 
 little tugboat comes puffing up, and pulls the 
 great ship out into the harbor, and past other 
 vessels, toward the sea. Soon the tugboat 
 leaves us, our engines are started, and our 
 steamer has fairly begun her voyage of three 
 thousand miles. 
 
 In a few hours we are out of. sight of land 
 and can see nothing around us but the sea and 
 sky. We watch the sun as it seems to sink 
 slowly into the water west of us. In time we 
 are called to a meal, and when that is over the 
 darkness has come, and we go to our stateroom 
 to pass our first night at sea. 
 
 Next morning when we come on deck we are 
 far out on the ocean. On the following day we 
 catch sight of many small vessels. Their crews 
 are fishing for cod and halibut. We are told 
 that we have reached the "banks" of Newfound- 
 land. What have you learned about these 
 banks ? Thus far we have been sailing northeast. 
 Our ship is now headed more toward the east. 
 
 Before the day is over we see an iceberg. 
 What have you learned about icebergs ? It has 
 broken away from the icy shoi'es of Greenland, 
 and is drifting slowly southward, melting as it 
 goes. The one we see is many times larger 
 than our vessel. It looks like a great church 
 with towers and steeples, and in the bright sun- 
 light it flashes and gleams with all the colors 
 of the rainbow. Many a fine ship has been 
 sunk by running into an iceberg in the dark- 
 ness of night or in a fog. 
 
 Thus day by day for nearly a week we sail 
 eastward. We find much to interest and in- 
 struct us. Sometimes it is a large whale float- 
 ing lazily upon the surface of the water. What 
 do we get from whales? We see clearly on 
 every side the line where the sea and sky ap- 
 pear to meet. What is this line called? We 
 
BRITISH ISLES. 
 
 93 
 
 notice above the sky line the topmasts of 
 distant vessels and the smoke of steamers 
 that are still farther away, while their 
 hulls are hidden from us by the roundness 
 of the earth. 
 
 At last we see in the distance what 
 looks like a bank of clouds low in the sky. 
 We are told that this is land. As we get 
 nearer we see that it is beautiful green 
 country. It is Ireland. The steamer en- 
 ters a fine harbor and drops anchor. We 
 have reached Queenstown, a seaport of 
 Ireland. We are in Europe. After a 
 short stay the steamer goes on to Liver- 
 pool, in England, and here our voyage 
 ends. Find on the map all the places 
 named. 
 
 67. BRITISH ISLES. 
 
 Map Studies.— Where are the British Isles? 
 (See map of Europe, page 90.) The largest is- 
 land of the group is called Great Britain. What 
 are its three divisions ? What is the name of 
 the other large island? What three groups 
 of small islands are north of Scotland ? What 
 waters separate the British Isles from the main- 
 land of Europe ? What waters separate Eng- 
 land from Ireland? What name is given to 
 the southwestern point of England? Men- 
 tion a cape of Spain whose name has the 
 meaning. 
 
 BRITISH ISLES. 
 
 Same Bcale as Maps of the States of the Atlantic 
 
 Slope, the "Mississippi Yatley, the Plateau States, 
 
 and the States of the Pacific Slope. 
 
 Scale of Milts. 
 
 I 60 100 900 
 
 same 
 
 The British Isles are the home of one of the 
 greatest nations of the earth. About one fifth 
 of all the land on the globe is owned by this 
 nation, and one fourth of all the people in the 
 world are under its control. 
 
 The British Isles are known as the United 
 Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The 
 other British possessions are large parts of 
 North America, Africa, and Asia, a small part 
 of South America, the whole of Australia, and 
 many islands in both hemispheres. All these 
 together form the vast British Empire. 
 
 The people of the British Isles, like those 
 of our own country, choose certain persons 
 
 to make their laws. The chief ruler, how- 
 ever, is not elected like our President, but 
 holds this office as being the head of the royal 
 family. After his or her death usually the 
 oldest son becomes king. What is such a gov- 
 ernment called! 
 
 The present ruler of the British Empire is King 
 Edward VII. He is called "King of Great Britain 
 and Ireland, and Emperor of India." What ruler 
 did he succeed ? Where is India ? 
 
 England is the most important part of the 
 British Isles, and is the seat of government of 
 the Empire. It has a dense population and 
 many large cities. Its rich mines of coal and 
 iron have made it a great manufacturing coun- 
 try. It has more ships than any other nation. 
 
94 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 and these carry its manufactures to all parts of 
 the world, and bring back the products of all 
 other countries. 
 
 England is one of the countries of Europe that 
 cannot raise food enough for all its people, and has to 
 depend, therefore, upon other sources for a supply. 
 What food products does England get from us ? 
 
 The trade of the British Empire centers in 
 the great city of London, the largest in the 
 world. What is the second largest city in the 
 world? Find these two cities on the map 
 (pages 36 and 37), and tell on what waters you 
 sail from one to the other. 
 
 is the capital of Scotland, and Glasgow on the 
 Clyde is its chief city. Many iron and steel 
 vessels are built along the river. 
 
 Windsor Castle. 
 
 There are nearly as many people in London as 
 there are in the whole of New England. Its streets, 
 if placed end to end, would more than reach across 
 the United States from east to west. It is a very old 
 city, and is full of objects and places of interest. 
 
 Find Liverpool. It is a great commercial 
 city, and its docks, filled with shipping, extend 
 for miles along the river Mersey. It has a 
 large trade with the United States. Find 
 Manchester and Birmingham. They are large 
 manufacturing centers. The former is the 
 greatest cotton-spinning city in the world ; the 
 latter is noted for iron and steel goods. 
 
 The mountain regions of Great Britain are 
 found chiefly in Scotland and Wales. The 
 hills, glens, and lakes of these sections are 
 noted for their beautiful scenery. Edinburgh 
 
 Lakes of Killamey, Ireland. 
 
 Across the Irish Sea is Ireland. Much of its 
 surface is covered with rich, green grass, which 
 has given it the name of the " Emerald Isle." 
 Many of the people of Ireland have found 
 homes in America. Its chief cities are Dublin 
 and Belfast. The latter is the center of the 
 linen trade. From what is linen made ? 
 
 68. THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY. 
 
 Map Studies.— In what part of Europe is the Ger- 
 man Empire ? Locate it on the relief map of Europe, 
 and describe its surface. Tell by its rivers how most 
 of the surface slopes. What large river drains the 
 southern part? Into what water? Name the coun- 
 tries that border on the German Empire. What 
 waters north? 
 
 The Empire of Germany consists of a number 
 of states united under one government. It is 
 considerably smaller than the state of Texas, 
 yet it has about three fourths as many people 
 as the whole United States. Germany owns 
 large tracts of country in southern Africa. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 95 
 
 The most important division of Germany is the 
 Kingdom of Prussia. The King of Prussia is also 
 Emperor of Germany. He is sometimes called the 
 Kaiser. Who is the present Kaiser ? 
 
 Germany is a great farming country. Much 
 •wine is produced by the vineyards, and it sup- 
 plies most of Europe with sugar, made from 
 the sugar beet. What other plants yield sugar ? 
 How is it made ? 
 
 The southern highland region of Germany is 
 covered with forests, and in many parts of the 
 empire there are rich mines of coal, iron, and 
 zinc, which help to make it a great manufac- 
 turing country also. 
 
 The Germans are a saving and industrious 
 people. They are fond of music, and are well 
 educated, as every child is obliged by law to go 
 'to school. They are also a nation of soldiers. 
 Every able-bodied young man is made to serve 
 from one to three years in the army or navy. 
 
 A German military review. 
 
 There are towns in Germany where nearly all the 
 people work at making dolls for American children. 
 In many villages in the forest regions, almost every 
 man, woman, and child is busy carving, gluing, 
 and painting toys. Each family, as a rule, makes 
 but one kind of toy. 
 
 The Rhine is the most noted of the German 
 rivers. What have you learned of this river? 
 
 A street in Berlin — " Unter den Linden." 
 
 Find Berlin. It is the capital and largest 
 city of the German Empire, and is one of the 
 most beautiful cities in the world. It is a 
 great center of books and learning. Find 
 Hamburg. It is the chief commercial port of 
 Europe outside of the British Isles. What city 
 of Germany makes a celebrated perfumery? 
 
 69. FRANCE. 
 
 Map Studies.— In what part of Europe is France? 
 Describe its surface as shown on the relief map of 
 Europe. What is its general slope ? What waters 
 separate it from England"? What countries are on 
 its eastern border? What sea and country south? 
 What mountain range ? What bay west ? Name 
 the three principal rivers. 
 
 If we visit France, we shall see a rich and 
 beautiful country beneath a sunny sky. The 
 French are careful farmers and raise good 
 crops. In the northern part, wheat and the 
 sugar beet are largely grown. In the south, 
 the vine and the olive and the mulberry tree 
 flourish. France is the greatest wine-produc- 
 ing country in the world. Of what use are the 
 olive and the mulberry tree ? 
 
 The French are also skillful workmen, and 
 some of the finest goods in the world are made 
 in their country. They lead in the manufac- 
 ture of cloths, especially silks and velvets. 
 
96 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 France has large possessions in Africa and 
 Asia. Find Corsica. This island belongs also 
 to France. What country in South America is 
 a French colony ? What have you learned of 
 the government of France ? 
 
 Paris is generally thought to be the most 
 beautiful city in the world. It has broad, 
 clean, well-paved streets, splendid palaces and 
 churches, and gardens, trees, and statues on 
 every side. The people are gay and full of 
 life. Many persons from our own country go 
 to Paris to study music and art. 
 
 A street in Paris. 
 
 Paris lies on both sides of the river Seine, and is 
 the railroad center of France. It is the second city 
 of Europe in population. Which is the first ? 
 
 Find Lyon. Most of the French silk goods 
 are made here. Find Marseille. It is the chief 
 seaport. What do you think would be its lead- 
 ing exports? 
 
 70. RUSSIA. 
 
 Map Studies.— In what part of Europe is Russia? 
 How does it compare in size with the other countries 
 of Europe ? With the United States ? (See table, page 
 127.) Name all the countries that border on Russia. 
 All the bodies of water. Describe the surface of 
 Russia from the relief map. In what two directions 
 does it slope? Find the main watershed. Name 
 and locate the largest river. What mountains and 
 river separate Russia from Asia ? 
 
 Russia is a part of the great Russian Empire, 
 which includes the eastern half of Europe and 
 the northern half of Asia. Its ruler is called 
 the Czar. The great body of the people have 
 but little part in the government. 
 
 Find Odessa and St. Petersburg, and trace on 
 the map a voyage by sea from one city to the 
 other. Why has Russia but a small coasting 
 trade ? The railroads and rivers, however, pro- 
 vide ample ways for inland trade. The rivers 
 are so joined by canals that it is possible for 
 vessels to pass from the southern waters to 
 those of the north and east. 
 
 The chief industry of Russia is farming. In 
 the almost treeless plains of the south are great 
 wheatfields and immense herds of horses, cat- 
 tle, and sheep, which supply grain and meat for 
 other parts of Europe. Much rye is grown for 
 bread, and flax for linen and linseed oil. Gold 
 is mined in the Ural Mountains, and petroleum 
 is found in abundance on the shores of the 
 Caspian Sea. Where else is petroleum found? 
 
 Russian women harvesting. 
 
 North of the grain region is the great forest 
 belt of hard woods and evergreens. Beyond 
 these, stretching to the frozen ocean, are the 
 Arctic plains, the home of the reindeer and of 
 many animals that are hunted for their furs. 
 
 The wide plains of southern Russia are called 
 steppes. Here the summers are very hot and the 
 
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 
 
 97 
 
 winters very cold. Near the Arctic Ocean the ground 
 freezes to a great depth. When the surface thaws 
 during the short summers, the water cannot sink into 
 the frozen soil beneath ; hence great bogs, or swamps, 
 are formed, called tundras. 
 
 A palace in St. Petersburg. 
 
 St. Petersburg, the capital, is a splendid city, 
 and one of the largest in Europe. It is named 
 after its founder, Peter the Great. No other 
 large city in the world lies 
 so far north. For five 
 months of the year the 
 ground on which the city 
 stands is frozen. 
 
 Peter the Great was the most 
 famous of the Russian czars. He 
 decided to build a city at the 
 mouth of the Neva River, and 
 although the ground was low 
 and marshy, his plans were car- 
 ried out. The foundations of 
 the city rest on piles, or logs, 
 driven into the swampy ground. 
 St. Petersburg suffers greatly 
 from floods. 
 
 Odessa is the chief seaport 
 of southern Russia. What 
 do you think should be its 
 chief articles of export? 
 Find Moscow. It is the most important city of 
 central Russia. 
 
 Much of the trade of Russia is carried on by means 
 of fairs. Find Nijni Novgorod. The largest fair in 
 
 An Austrian salt mine. 
 
 the world is held here every summer. People flock 
 by thousands from nearly all the countries of Europe 
 and Asia, and millions of dollars' worth of goods are 
 bought and sold. 
 
 71. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 
 
 Map Studies. — 7n what part of Europe is Austria- 
 Hungary? What countries surround it ? What sea- 
 coast has it? What does the relief map show as to 
 its surface? What mountains in the east? In the 
 west ? Name its chief river. 
 
 The Empire of Austria-Hungary is larger 
 than any other country of Europe except Russia. 
 It consists of Austria and Hungary united under 
 one government; hence the name. Many of 
 the people speak the German language. In the 
 eastern part are numbers of the yellow race. 
 
 The treeless plain of Hungary is one of 
 
 the great wheat-growing countries of the world. 
 
 Of what others have you learned! Austria is 
 
 noted for its salt mines. 
 
 Grain and wine are exported 
 
 in great quantities. 
 
 The largest salt mines in the 
 world are in Austria. Deep in 
 the earth, one above another, are 
 rooms and passages hewn into 
 the salt rock. There are under- 
 ground chapels, with altars and 
 statues carved from solid rock 
 salt. 
 
 In Vienna, the capital of 
 the empire, we find a gay, 
 music-loving people, who are 
 proud of their beautiful city. 
 It is nearly circular in shape, 
 and is surrounded by gar- 
 dens. Budapest, the capital 
 of Hungary, is an important 
 grain and flour market. 
 Find Trieste. It is the chief seaport of 
 Austria-Hungary. This country has but little 
 foreign commerce. Why? The Danube River 
 is an important highway of trade with Germany. 
 
98 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 72. ITALY. 
 
 Map Studies.— In what part of Europe is Italy? 
 What natural division of land does it form? What 
 waters nearly surround it? What countries border 
 on the northern part? What do you learn of its 
 surface from the relief map? What mountains in 
 the north? Name the chief river. Find Sicily and 
 Sardinia. These islands form part of the Kingdom 
 of Italy. 
 
 The Kingdom of Italy is, for the most part, a 
 pleasant, sunny land like France — a land of 
 fruits and flowers, of music, painting, and 
 sculpture. Many of the people come to the 
 United States to better their fortunes. 
 
 Italy is one of the greatest wine and silk 
 producing countries in the world. From what 
 is wine made? How is silk produced? 
 Oranges, lemons, olives, and other fruits of 
 the warm belts, are raised in abundance. Much 
 wheat is grown in the valley of the Po. 
 
 Borne — St. Peter's church in the distance. 
 
 There are many famous old cities in Italy. 
 Find Rome. Nearly two thousand years ago 
 this city was the center of the great Roman 
 Empire, that ruled over most of the known 
 world. It is full of ancient ruins that show its 
 former glory and wealth. Rome is the resi- 
 dence of the Pope, the head of the Roman 
 Catholic Church. Here, too, is St. Peter's 
 Church— the largest in the world. 
 
 Fruit sellers, Naples. 
 
 Naples is the largest city. It is the chief 
 commercial city of Italy and has an impor- 
 tant trade in macaroni. What is macaroni? 
 Near Naples is Mount Vesuvius, a noted vol- 
 cano. Find Venice. This was once the great- 
 est commercial city of Europe. Find Genoa. 
 It is famed as the birthplace of Columbus. 
 
 Mount Vesuvius is a grand sight when in eruption. 
 What is an eruption ? Many people visit the summit 
 of this volcano when it is safe to do so. Ask your 
 teacher to tell you about the eruption that buried 
 Pompeii. Read also about Venice, whene the streets- 
 are mostly canals, and where the people go about in 
 boats called gondolas. 
 
 A scenein Venice. 
 
SWITZERLAND, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL. 99 
 
 74. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 
 
 Map Studies. — In what part of Europe are the king- 
 doms of Spain and Portugal ? What natural division 
 of land do they form? What waters surround this 
 peninsula? What mountains separate France from 
 Spain ? Name three rivers that flow into the Atlantic 
 Ocean. Compare Portugal in size with Maine. 
 
 You will remember that Spain furnished 
 Columbus with ships to sail to America, and 
 afterwards seized upon a great part of the 
 New World that he discovered. At that time 
 Spain a,nd Portugal were powerful nations, but 
 they are now of less importance than most of 
 the other countries of Europe. The people are 
 proud, indolent, and fond of dress. Bull-fight- 
 ing is a favorite sport with all classes. 
 
 An Alpine scene — the Matterhorn. 
 
 73. SWITZERLAND. 
 
 Map Studies. — In what part of Europe is Switzer- 
 land? What countries surround it? What is the 
 nature of the surface? What mountains between 
 Switzerland and Italy ? The longest railroad tunnel 
 in the world runs under these mountains. What two 
 rivers rise in Switzerland ? 
 
 The Republic of Switzerland lies in the heart 
 of the Alps. The scenery is so beautiful that 
 thousands of people from other countries spend 
 their holidays among its mountains, lakes, and 
 glaciers. 
 
 The people are called Swiss. They are a 
 busy, independent race. Their country is 
 better for pasturage than for farming, and 
 they make famous cheese. Many of the toys 
 sold in our country are carved by the Swiss. § 
 
 Have you ever seen St. Bernard dogs ? High among 
 the Alps, where the snow lies deep all the year, is a 
 building in which the monks of St. Bernard live. 
 They keep these faithful dogs to help travelers who 
 are lost in the snow. 
 
 Find Geneva. Many fine watches and clocks 
 are made here. Find Bern, the capital of 
 Switzerland. 
 
 If we visit Bern we shall see the figure of a bear 
 on the coins, signposts, fountains, and public build- 
 ings. The word Bern means "bear." 
 
 A Spanish bull-fight. 
 
 Most of the peninsula is a high table-land 
 from which rise a number of mountain ranges. 
 Only a small part is fit for fanning, and not 
 enough grain is grown to feed the people. 
 Fruit is abundant, and great quantities of 
 wine, raisins, and olive oil are exported. Spain 
 is rich in minerals, and has some of the most 
 productive mines of quicksilver in the world. 
 
100 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 Have you ever seen a merino sheep? For 
 what is it noted? This animal is a native of 
 Spain, and millions of merinos graze over its 
 slopes and uplands. Wool, therefore, is an 
 important product. Another important prod- 
 uct of Spain is cork. For what is it used? 
 
 Stripping cork from the trees. 
 
 Cork is the bark of a species of oak tree. When 
 the tree is from three to five years old the bark 
 becomes light and spongy, and is thrown off in 
 flakes. A year or two before the bark would natu- 
 rally fall off, it is stripped from the tree for market. 
 
 Madrid, the capital of Spain, is a walled city. 
 It is built on a barren table-land, but has con- 
 siderable commerce. The climate of this sec- 
 tion is very hot in summer and cold in winter. 
 
 Find Barcelona. It is the chief seaport. Lis- 
 bon, the capital of Portugal, has a fine harbor. 
 
 Find the Strait of Gibraltar. On this part of the 
 Spanish coast is a promontory called the Rock of 
 Gibraltar. It is held by Great Britain, and is the 
 strongest fortress in the world. 
 
 75. THE NETHERLANDS AND BELGIUM. 
 
 Map Studies.— In what part of Europe are the 
 Netherlands and Belgium? What do you learn of 
 their surface from- the relief map? What countries 
 border the Netherlands? Belgium? What sea 
 washes their coasts? What river flows across the 
 Netherlands ? Where is its source 1 
 
 The word "Netherlands" means "lowlands." 
 The Kingdom of the Netherlands is also called 
 Holland. Most of the country lies in the delta 
 of the Rhine River. What is a delta? Much 
 of the surface is below the level of the sea, and 
 the water is kept back by great embankments, 
 called dikes. What kind of soil would you 
 expect to find in the Netherlands 1 
 
 In this country there is a perfect network of 
 canals. Most of the goods are carried in sum- 
 mer by boats, and thousands of people have no 
 other homes. When these canals are frozen 
 over they become convenient highways for 
 travel, and men, women, and children skate 
 from place to place over their smooth surface. 
 
 A Holland canal. 
 
 Huge windmills have been built to pump the water 
 %om the land into the canals. These mills are of 
 many sizes and shapes, and the whole country seems 
 alive with them. They are made also to grind corn, 1 
 saw wood, and do many other kinds of work. 
 
 The people of the Netherlands are called 
 Dutch. They are good farmers, and are noted 
 for their dairy products. They have had to 
 work hard to keep the sea back from the land, 
 and this constant struggle has helped to make 
 them a patient, industrious, and courageous 
 nation. Many rich islands in the East and the 
 West Indies are owned by the Dutch. From 
 
THE NORSE COUNTRIES 
 
 these they get coffee and spices, in which they 
 have a large ti'ade. The fisheries of Holland 
 are very productive. 
 
 The Dutch are noted also for their cleanliness. 
 Let us pass through Rotterdam, which is one of their 
 cities, early in the morning. It is house-cleaning 
 day, and the maidservants, in cotton gowns, white 
 caps, and white aprons, are washing doorsj walls, 
 windows, and pavements. Water is dripping and 
 sparkling everywhere. We may well say the city is 
 taking a bath. 
 
 Amsterdam is the largest city in the Nether- 
 lands. It is an important seaport, and has an 
 extensive commerce. There are canals in many 
 of the streets. 
 
 The Kingdom of Belgium is a little larger 
 than the state of Maryland, and is the most 
 thickly settled country of Europe. The soil is 
 fertile, and farming is the chief occupation. 
 There are, however, so many people that much 
 of their food must be imported. 
 
 A Belgian milk cart. 
 
 Belgium is noted for its manufactures of iron 
 and steel, carpets, and laces. Most of the people 
 speak the French language. Find Brussels. 
 You have heard of Brussels carpets and Brus- 
 sels lace. Some of the latter is worth two or 
 three hundred dollars a yard. Find Antwerp. 
 It is one of the great seaports of Europe. 
 
 An ancient Norse vessel. 
 
 76. THE NORSE COUNTRIES. 
 
 Map Studies.— In what part of Europe are Norway, 
 Sweden, and Denmark? What natural division of 
 land is Denmark? Norway and Sweden together? 
 What waters border Norway? Sweden? Denmark? 
 
 Norway, Sweden, and Denmark are some- 
 times called the "Norse countries" because in 
 early times the people were known as Norsemen. 
 They were hardy sailors, and are believed to 
 have visited Greenland and Iceland long before 
 Columbus made his celebrated voyage. 
 
 The coast of Norway is much broken. Long 
 arms of the sea extend into the land, and along 
 the shores there are many islands. Find Lap- 
 land. What have you read about the Lapps? 
 
 The fisheries, forests, and mines of iron and 
 copper form the chief wealth of Norway and 
 Sweden. These two countries are under one 
 king. Denmark is a separate kingdom. Much 
 of it is a good farming country, and cattle and 
 dairy products are exported. What islands 
 near North America are owned by Denmark ? 
 
 In speaking generally of the people of these coun- 
 tries, we call them Scandinavians. Many of them 
 have settled in the United States. 
 
 • Find Copenhagen and Stockholm. These are 
 the principal cities of the Norse countries. 
 
102 
 
 EUEOPE. 
 
 Turkish melon seller. 
 
 77. 
 
 THE STATES OF THE BALKAN 
 PENINSULA. 
 
 Map Studies.— Find the Balkan Peninsula on the 
 relief map of Europe. What of its surface? The 
 word Balkan means " mountains." The six countries 
 that occupy this portion of Europe are Turkey, 
 Roumania, Bulgaria, Servia, Montenegro, and Greece. 
 Find each. Name the five seas that border this pen- 
 insula. The two straits. What empires north? 
 What large river flows through this section ? 
 
 The countries of the Balkan Peninsula were 
 once part of Turkey. Greece, Roumania, Ser- 
 via, and Montenegro are now independent. 
 Bulgaria has its own ruler, but pays a tribute, 
 or sum of money, eveiy year to Turkey. 
 
 Turkey in Europe is a part of the once great 
 Turkish Empire. Other parts of this empire 
 are in Asia and Africa. The ruler is called the 
 Sultan. 
 
 The people of Turkey are very much mixed. 
 The greater part of them belong to the yellow 
 race. They farm in a rude way, and raise 
 cattle. We get from Turkey fine leather, car- 
 pets, and rugs, but the manufactures and com- 
 merce are not important. 
 
 There are many rose farms in Turkey. These 
 flowers yield a costly perfume, called attar of roses, 
 which is worth more than its weight in gold. 
 
 Orain and cattle are raised in Roumania and 
 Bulgaria. Servia and Montenegro are largely 
 covered with forests of oak and walnut, in 
 which vast droves of hogs are fattened. What 
 food do they find in the forest ? Find the cap- 
 ital of each of these countries. 
 
 Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish 
 Empire, is a large city. It has a splendid 
 harbor, called the Golden Horn, and contains 
 many fine buildings. The streets, however, 
 are narrow, unpaved, and filthy, and swarm 
 with dogs. 
 
 The Kingdom of Greece has, for its size, a 
 longer coast line than any other country in 
 Europe. The surface is rugged and there are 
 many small valleys. The Greeks are skillful 
 sailors, and carry on most of the commerce of 
 the Mediterranean and Black seas. Sponge 
 fishing is an important industry. 
 
 Have you ever bought "dried currants" of your 
 grocer? There are thousands of acres in Greece 
 covered with vines which bear small grapes. These, 
 when dried, are called currants. What are raisins? 
 
 Athens. 
 i 
 
 Greece was the home of art and learning in 
 Europe before Rome was built. Under Turk- 
 ish rule it lost its ancient glory. Find Athens, 
 the capital. In this city are many ruins which 
 tell of its former greatness. 
 
TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 103 
 
 TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 62. In what hemisphere is Europe? In what latitude? 
 In what zones does it lie ? Why is the climate of the south- 
 ern part warmer than that of the United States in the same 
 belt i What kind of a coast line has Europe ? Is it favor- 
 able to commerce? Why? Name the principal peninsulas. 
 What are the principal islands and groups near the coast of 
 Europe? 
 
 63. Where is the main highland region of Europe ? What 
 ranges form this highland ? What does the remainder of 
 Europe resemble? Name the most noted peak of Europe. 
 What is an avalanche? How does it differ from a glacier? 
 What are the principal rivers of Europe? Which river is 
 noted for its fine scenery ? 
 
 64. Name the most important plants and plant products 
 of Europe. The animals. Where are the best fisheries? 
 What other sea products are found? Chief minerals? 
 Compare the manufactures and commerce of Europe with 
 those of the United States. Name the countries that lead in 
 these industries. 
 
 65. How does the population of Europe compare as to 
 numbers with that of the United States? Why are many 
 countries of Europe compelled to buy food and other prod- 
 ucts from the United States? What are the principal 
 things that we sell them? To what race do most of the 
 Europeans belong? What other race is there? How do 
 the people compare in civilization with those of other con- 
 tinents ? What is the difference between emigrants and im- 
 migrants? What languages are chiefly spoken in North 
 America? Name all the languages you can that are spoken 
 in Europe. What kind of government have nearly all the 
 countries of Europe? Name the "Great Powers" of Eu- 
 rope. The principal republics. 
 
 66. Read Lesson 66 carefully and then write a story of an 
 imaginary voyage to Europe, giving the name of the steamer, 
 the port from which it sailed, date of sailing, etc., together 
 with any other incidents that might have occurred on the 
 voyage. 
 
 67. What is the seat of government of the great British 
 Empire? Where are its main possessions? What portion 
 of the world and its people is under the control of this 
 empire? What part of the empire do the British Isles form? 
 What form of government have they? Which is the great- 
 est city in the world? Name other important cities of the 
 British Isles. Give some account of Ireland. What are 
 the people of England called? Of Ireland? Of Scotland? 
 Of Wales? 
 
 68. Of what does the Empire of Germany consist? Com- 
 pare it in size and population with our own country. What 
 foreign possessions has Germany? What is the chief ruler 
 called? What is the character of the people? What are 
 their leading occupations? Products? Why is Germany a 
 great military nation? What is said of Berlin? Name 
 some other important cities of Germany. What are the 
 people of Germany called? 
 
 69. What form of government has France? What are 
 its principal productions? In what does it lead? What 
 foreign possessions has France? Describe Paris. What 
 are the people of France called? 
 
 70. Compare Russia in size with the rest of Europe. With 
 the United States. What have you learned of its surface? 
 Its climate? What is the chief occupation of the people? 
 Where is the remainder of the Russian Empire? Why is 
 the domestic commerce of Russia greater than its foreign 
 commerce? Name the leading products. Describe the 
 capital and tell how and by whom it was budt. What are 
 the people of Russia called ? 
 
 71. In what part of Europe is Austria-Hungary ? Of what 
 does it consist? Where is the wheat-growing section? 
 Name the other leading products. Why has Austria-Hun- 
 gary but little foreign commerce? What are the people of 
 Austria called? Of Hungary? 
 
 72. What natural division is Italy? What does it some- 
 what resemble in shape? What have you learned of its 
 climate? Name its leading products. Why can the fruits 
 of the warm belt be raised in abundance in Italy, and not in 
 the same belt in the United States? What famous ancient 
 city is in Italy? What have you learned about this city? 
 What and where is Mount Vesuvius ? What are the people 
 of Italy called? 
 
 73. How is Switzerland situated? What is said of its 
 scenery? What is its form of government? Why is it not 
 a good farming country? What is the character of the peo- 
 ple? What is made in Switzerland? What are the people 
 of Switzerland called? 
 
 74. What was the former standing of Spain and Portu- 
 gal? From which of these countries did Columbus sail for 
 America? *What possessions did Spain acquire in America? 
 Portugal? What have they now? What are the leading 
 products of Spain? What are the people of Spain called? 
 Of Portugal? 
 
 75. What have you learned of the surface of Holland? 
 Of its canals? What natural difficulties do its people have 
 to overcome? What foreign possessions has Holland? 
 What trade do these possessions bring? For what are the 
 people noted? What are the people of Holland called? 
 What are the leading products of Belgium? What are the 
 people of Belgium called? 
 
 76. Name the Norse countries. Why are they so called? 
 Which two are ruled by one king? How does the coast of 
 Norway differ from that of Denmark? What is the chief 
 wealth of Norway and Sweden? What does Denmark pro- 
 duce ? What are the people of Norway called ? Of Sweden? 
 Of Denmark? 
 
 77. Name the states of the Balkan Peninsula. Which is 
 the most important? Where are the other portions of the 
 Turkish Empire? What have you learned of the people of 
 Turkey ? Of their farming? Of their commerce and manu- 
 factures? What do we get from Turkey? What are the 
 people called? What have you learned of Greece? What 
 are its people called? 
 
POSITION— EXTENT— COAST LINE. 
 
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RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS. 
 
 107 
 
 Pilgrims bathing in the Ganges River. 
 
 The Ganges River is subject to great floods every 
 year. Its waters reach the sea through a network 
 of channels that form the largest delta in the world. 
 The river is considered sacred by the natives, and 
 some parts of it are visited by thousands of people 
 who think that by bathing in its waters their sins 
 will be washed away. 
 
 East of Tibet is the plain of China, which 
 we may call the " Yellow Land," as it is the home 
 of the yellow people and much of its soil is 
 yellow. The Hoang Ho {Ho means "river") 
 carries so much of this soil that it is called 
 the Yellow River. It is sometimes also called 
 " China's Sorrow," because of the great losses of 
 life and property caused by its floods. What 
 other large river crosses the plain of China? 
 
 North of the highlands of Asia is the plain 
 of Siberia, which extends also across Europe, 
 forming the largest plain in the world. What 
 three large rivers cross this plain? Near the 
 Arctic Ocean it consists of desolate frozen bogs, 
 or tundras. South of these are great forest belts 
 and vast grassy plains, or steppes. Southwest- 
 ern Asia is a plateau region, much of which is 
 desert. 
 
 There are but few lakes in Asia. The 
 largest body of fresh water is Lake Baikal, 
 which is nearly twice the size of Lake Ontario. 
 Two of the very large salt lakes, Aral and 
 Caspian, are called seas. Lake Balkash also 
 is a large body of salt water. 
 
 80. RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS. 
 
 The peninsulas of southern Asia are in the 
 hot belt, and the low plains of this region have 
 a rank growth of trees, vines, and other plants. 
 In many places these form dense thickets, called 
 jungles. 
 
 Valuable timber trees, palms, bamboos, and 
 plants that furnish dyewoods and spices, 
 abound, and cotton, rice, sugar cane, coffee, 
 and tea are raised. Many of the people of 
 this hot region live almost entirely upon rice. 
 
 In this belt are found most of the large and 
 dangerous wild animals of Asia. It is the 
 home of the elephant, rhinoceros, lion, tiger, 
 buffalo, leopard, hyena, and wild boar. Troops 
 of monkeys, birds of gay plumage, and poison- 
 ous snakes live in the forests and jungles, and 
 crocodiles infest the streams. 
 
 A dry highland region lies north of the 
 hot belt, and beyond this are forests of pine 
 and fir. The bear and wolf are found in the 
 forest region, and farther north are the rein- 
 deer and many small fur-bearing animals. On 
 the grassy steppes of Central Asia are raised 
 great numbers of camels, sheep, and goats. 
 
 The south of Asia has long been noted for 
 its precious stones. Coal and other minerals 
 and metals are widely distributed, but are not 
 fully worked. The commerce of Asia is only 
 about one fourth as large as that of Europe. 
 
 Map Studies.— What country of Asia borders on 
 the Arctic Ocean? What countries border on the 
 Pacific Ocean ? On the Indian Ocean ? On Europe t 
 Name a country not reached by the ocean or one of 
 its arms. What United States possessions are near 
 the southeastern coast ? What is the nearest Asiatic 
 seaport to Manila ? 
 
 What part of Asia is crossed by the Tropic of 
 Cancer? In what zone are the countries south of 
 the tropic? What part is crossed by the Arctic 
 Circle ? What zone is north of this circle ? In what 
 zone are the countries between the Tropic of Cancer 
 and the Arctic Circle? In what latitude is Asia? 
 How do you know ? 
 
108 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 81. PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES. 
 
 More than half of all the people on the globe 
 live in Asia. The larger part of these belong 
 to the yellow race. The white population is 
 found principally in the southern part of the 
 grand division, and the Malay or brown race 
 inhabits the islands southeast, and a small part 
 of the adjacent mainland. 
 
 The greater part of the people of India and of 
 southwestern Asia, although darker in color than 
 those of Europe, belong to the white or Caucasian 
 race. There are many millions of them. 
 
 None of the nations of Asia are as highly 
 civilized as those of Europe or of our own 
 country, although some of them have made 
 great progress in the last few years. In most 
 parts of Asia the common people are very poor, 
 
 and the women 
 are but little bet- 
 ter than slaves. 
 
 Various forms 
 of religious belief 
 exist among the 
 people of Asia. In 
 the southwestern 
 section there are 
 many Mohammed- 
 ans, who believe in 
 God, but follow the 
 teachings of their 
 prophet, Moham- 
 med. In southern 
 Asia are many mil- 
 lions who believe 
 
 in Brahmanism, so called from its chief god, Brahma. 
 
 In central and eastern Asia we find the followers of 
 
 Buddha, who number about one third of the human 
 
 race. What is their belief called f 
 
 The most important countries of Asia are 
 India, China, and Japan. While the great 
 bulk of the people live in these countries, 
 more than one third of all the land of Asia 
 belongs to the Empire of Eussia. What is 
 the capital of the Russian Empire? 
 
 A statue of Buddha. 
 
 82. INDIA. 
 
 Map Studies.— In what part of Asia is India? 
 What natural division of land is it? Name its 
 principal divisions. What waters border on India? 
 What mountain range north? What empire be- 
 yond? What countries east of India? West? By 
 what rivers is India drained? What cape at the 
 southern extremity? What large island? 
 
 India is about half as large as the United 
 States, but contains four times as many 
 people. It forms a part of the great British 
 Empire, and many English people live in India. 
 Where is the seat of government of the British 
 Empire? Who is its present ruler? Name 
 some other countries owned by Great Britain. 
 
 The greater part of the natives are Hindus. 
 What have you learned of their race and 
 color? They are a half-civilized people, 
 and are divided into classes, or castes. The 
 highest caste is that of the Brahmans, who 
 are the best educated. Next come the sol- 
 diers, then the farmers, then the laborers. If 
 the members of any class eat or trade with 
 those of a lower class, they are despised by their 
 own people and become outcasts. 
 
 Hindu child seized by a tiger. 
 
 The Hindu children in country places run about 
 unclothed. They play in the mud and water, and 
 drive the humped cows to pasture. Sometimes a 
 tiger from the jungle or a crocodile from the stream 
 carries off a child in its mouth. 
 
SOUTHEASTERN ASIA. 
 
 109 
 
 The Hindus have strange manners and customs. 
 The men wear long robes and gay turbans. A 
 turban is a cloth wound many times around the 
 head. The women are fond of jewelry. They sel- 
 dom leave their homes, and when they do they wear 
 veils over their faces. 
 
 Fai'ming is the chief employment of the peo- 
 ple of India, and much grain, cotton, and opium 
 are produced. Some of the cotton is spun and 
 woven into cloth of exceeding fineness, and 
 many other beautiful articles of silk, gold, and 
 ivory are made by hand. The manufactures, 
 however, are not very important. Nearly half 
 of the commerce of Asia centers in India. 
 
 Opium is a drug made from the juice of the poppy. 
 It is much used in medicine, and a great deal is 
 smoked in pipes by the Chinese and other Eastern 
 nations. What is the effect of the use of opium ? 
 "What is made from this drug ? 
 
 Throughout India one sees splendid palaces, 
 temples, and tombs, adorned with gold, silver, 
 and jewels; yet amid this wealth the lower 
 ■classes live iu rude hovels, and have but little 
 to eat. There are so many millions of them to 
 feed that when the crops fail from want of 
 
 rain the people suffer 
 terribly from famine 
 and disease. 
 
 Many thousands, too, 
 are killed each year by 
 wild beasts and poison- 
 ous snakes. Among the 
 latter the most deadly is 
 the cobra. It is said that 
 20,000 people die each 
 year from its fatal bite. 
 
 Calcutta is the capi- 
 tal and great commer- 
 cial port of India. It is the most important 
 commercial city of Asia. Find Madras and 
 Bombay. These are large cities and important 
 seaports. Find the island of Ceylon. Much 
 tea is exported from here. This island is a lit- 
 tle larger than the state of West Virginia. 
 
 83. SOUTHEASTERN ASIA. 
 
 Map Studies.— What two countries southeast of 
 India? What peninsula? A part of this peninsula 
 belongs to the British Empire. What large river 
 drains this section? What separates the Malay 
 Peninsula from the island of Sumatra ? What gulf 
 south of Siam? What sea between French Indo- 
 China and the Philippine Islands ? 
 
 The country southeast of British India has 
 about the same climate and products as that 
 section. In the south are many Malays, but 
 most of the people belong to the yellow race. 
 
 From this part of Asia we get spices, rice, 
 sugar, raw silk, lumber, and tin. The most 
 valuable wood is teak, which is much used in 
 shipbuilding. The commerce is next in im- 
 portance to that of India. 
 
 
 
 
 
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 A Malay village. 
 
 Siam is an independent kingdom. It is 
 sometimes called the "Land of the White 
 Elephant," because that animal is there con- 
 sidered sacred. Find the capital. 
 
 Fkench Indo-China is made up of a number 
 of native states. Some of them have native 
 rulers, but all are under French control. Most 
 of the trade is with France. 
 
 Find Singapore. It is in the British part of 
 the Malay Peninsula, and is a great market for 
 the spices, tin, and other products collected from 
 the neighboring regions. 
 
110 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 84. CHINESE EMPIRE. 
 
 Map Studies.— In what part of Asia is the Chinese 
 Empire? "What does the map show as to its sur- 
 face ? What country north ? What seas east ? What 
 countries south? In what part of the empire is 
 China? What large rivers drain this country? 
 Where is the source of these rivers? What other 
 large rivers, flow from the same plateau? What 
 desert in the north ? 
 
 The Chinese Empire is the home of the yel- 
 low race. It is not much larger than the 
 United States, but has nearly five times as 
 many people. A large part of the empire lies 
 in the plateau and desert region of central 
 Asia. 
 
 The Chinese are one of the oldest nations of 
 the world. The interior of their country is 
 not well known, as they dislike to have stran- 
 gers travel through their land. For many 
 years they would not even trade with foreign 
 nations, but now most of their coast towns 
 are open to people of other countries. 
 
 A part of the Great Wall of China. 
 
 The Chinese knew how to print books and make 
 gunpowder before the white people had found out 
 these things, yet they are to-day very little in advance 
 of what they were a thousand years ago. Ask your 
 teacher about the " Great Wall." 
 
 What have you learned about the rich plains 
 of China! In this part of the empire live 
 
 nearly one fourth of all the people in the 
 world. Most of them are farmers, and the 
 smallest patch of soil is made to grow some- 
 thing that will help feed these millions. They 
 do not raise many cattle, but have great num- 
 bers of fowls and pigs. Fish and rice are much 
 used for food. 
 
 We know China best from its tea, its silk, 
 its fine carved work, and its china ware. Tea 
 is raised on the upland slopes, and is one of 
 the principal exports. Much of it is sent over- 
 land to Europe by caravan. What is a cara- 
 van! What nation of Europe is nearest Asia! 
 Its people are great tea drinkers. What is 
 china ware ! What other silk-raising countries 
 have you learned about ! (See pages 89, 95, 98.) 
 
 A tea plantation in China. 
 
 Notice a package of tea as it comes from the store. 
 You would hardly think that it consisted of dried, 
 rolled-up leaves, but when soaked in hot water the 
 leaves soften and unroll, and you can find many that 
 are unbroken and in their natural shape. 
 
 There are only a few miles of railroad in 
 China, and few roads of any kind. Steamers 
 ply to and fro on some of the rivers, but many 
 of the goods and passengers are carried on the 
 rivers and canals by clumsy vessels called junks. 
 On land merchandise is carried mostly on the 
 backs of men. When the crops fail in any part 
 of the empire, thousands of the people die of 
 starvation, as food from other places cannot be 
 got to them in time. 
 
JAPAN. 
 
 Ill 
 
 There are many very large cities in China, 
 but the houses are generally small, and the 
 streets narrow and dirty. Find Peking. The 
 Emperor of China, who is called by his people 
 the " Son of Heaven," lives here in great 
 splendor, but is seldom seen by his subjects. 
 
 Find Canton. It is the chief city and sea- 
 port of China. Find Hongkong. This city 
 and the small island on which it is built 
 belong to Great Britain. 
 
 Find the peninsula of Korea. This king- 
 dom was for many years a part of China, but 
 is now independent. It is a mountainous 
 country, and but little is known of the in- 
 terior. What is the capital? 
 
 Fujiyama, the sacred mountain of Japan. 
 
 85. JAPAN. 
 
 Map Studies. — Of what does the Empire of Japan 
 consist? Name the largest island. The most south- 
 ern island. What seas sepax - ate Japan from the main- 
 land ? What do you learn from the map as to the 
 surface of Japan ? 
 
 Japan is a native empire ; that is, it is not, 
 like India, under the control of a foreign na- 
 tion. It lies in the same belts as the United 
 States, and has much the same climate. 
 Hondo, the largest island, is about the size of 
 Utah. There are a great many volcanoes in 
 Japan, and earthquakes are common. 
 
 Japan was for many centuries a nation to 
 itself, like China. Of late years it has made 
 rapid progress, and now has good schools, 
 newspapers, telegraphs, railroads, and steam- 
 ships. It has also a strong fleet of war vessels. 
 The people look somewhat like the Chinese, but 
 are more active in business matters. 
 
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 A Japanese dinner party. 
 
 Let us visit a Japanese family. We are taken to 
 the house in a two-wheeled carriage, which is called 
 a jinrikisha, and is drawn by a man. At the door 
 we take off our shoes before we enter. "We find our- 
 selves in a room the floor of which is covered with 
 clean mats. This room can be turned into a sitting 
 room, bedroom, or kitchen by means of sliding 
 screens. There are no chairs or tables. The lady 
 of the house does not shake hands with us, but bows 
 two or three times, and falls on her knees and touches 
 her face to the floor. To be polite we must also bow 
 and kneel. 
 
 Farming is the leading occupation, although 
 a great deal of land is too rough for this work. 
 Japan ranks next to China in the production 
 of raw silk. Much tea also is raised. The 
 bamboo, so useful to the people of Asia, is 
 abundant, and also the trees that yield cam- 
 phor. As in China, there are few sheep or 
 cattle, but many hogs and fowls are raised. 
 There is plenty of coal and iron, and good 
 water power; hence Japan is fast becoming a 
 manufacturing country. 
 
112 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Nearly every large city in our own country has one 
 or more Japanese stores in which are sold beautiful 
 and curious things made of porcelain, bronze, and 
 other materials. The Japanese are very skillful in 
 making these fine goods. 
 
 Tokio, the capital, is the largest- city, x»f 
 Japan. It has grown very rapidly, and now 
 has more than a million people. Find Yoko- 
 hama. It is the seaport of Tokio, and has a 
 large foreign commerce. Where else have you 
 learned of large inland cities with seaports on 
 the coast? What reason is there for this? 
 
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 A group of Siberian exiles. 
 
 86. SIBERIA. 
 
 Map Studies.- In what part of Asia is Siberia? 
 "What ocean north? Seas east? What is the gen- 
 eral slope of the country? How do you know this? 
 Name the four principal rivers. Locate Lake Baikal. 
 Lake Balkash. Aral Sea. Which of these are salt ? 
 
 Siberia is larger than the whole United 
 States, but is thinly settled. It is a part of the 
 Empire of Russia. Where is Russia? What 
 is the seat of government of this empire ? 
 
 What have you learned of the surface and 
 climate of the Arctic coast of Siberia? 
 Farther south, in the forest belts and on- the 
 grassy plains, the summers are short and hot, 
 and the winters long and cold. There is much 
 fertile land in southern Siberia. The rivers 
 are the chief highways of travel. 
 
 The native people of Siberia are of the yel- 
 low race. Most of the white inhabitants have 
 come from Russia. Many of them have 
 been sent to Siberia as a punishment for some 
 offense or crime. Such people are called exiles. 
 
 On the map of the world (pages 36 and 37) trace the 
 railroad from St. Petersburg eastward across central 
 Asia to the Pacific Ocean. This great road will open 
 up for settlement the fertile fields of southern Siberia. 
 Notice that the road passes through the valley of the 
 Amur River. This is a fine grain-growing section. 
 
 Vast herds of horses, cattle, and sheep are 
 raised in southern Siberia. Through this re- 
 gion many caravans pass on their way to and 
 from the Chinese Empire. Most of these go by 
 way of Irkutsk, which is a great trade center. 
 
 87. SOUTHWESTERN ASIA. 
 
 Map Studies. — Find on the map Afghanistan, Balu- 
 chistan, Persia, Arabia, part of the Turkish Empire, 
 and Trans-Caucasia. "What natural division of land is 
 Arabia? What two rivers flow into the Persian 
 Gulf? "What mountain range between Trans-Cau- 
 casia and Russia ? 
 
 The surface of this part of Asia is chiefly a 
 dry plateau broken by the low plains of the 
 Euphrates and Tigris rivers. Much of this 
 plateau region consists of sandy deserts. 
 
 In nearly all deserts there are places where, 
 the underground water comes near the surface, 
 so that trees, grass, and other plants will grow. 
 Such a place is called an oasis. 
 
 Arabia is largely desert, although near its 
 coasts are fertile lands which produce dates, 
 coffee, and grain. The people are called Arabs. 
 They belong to the white race, but have dark 
 skins. Find Mocha. What do we get from 
 this place? 
 
 The Arabs who live in the desert are called 
 Bedouins. They dwell in tents, and wander 
 from one oasis to another, with their camels, and 
 their herds of sheep and goats. Some of the 
 finest horses in the world are raised in Arabia. 
 
SOUTHWESTERN ASIA. 
 
 113 
 
 A Bedouin encampment in an oasis. 
 
 We will visit the tent of a Bedouin. It is black in 
 color, and is made of goats'-hair cloth. The tent is 
 about twenty feet long and is divided into two rooms. 
 One is for the women and children, and the other 
 serves for a kitchen and general sitting room. 
 
 You have learned about Turkey in Europe. 
 Notice that part of the Turkish Empire ex- 
 tends into Asia. This is sometimes called 
 Asiatic Turkey. The land is rich but is not 
 •well cultivated, and the country does not 
 prosper under Turkish rule. Smyrna is the 
 chief seaport. 
 
 Afghanistan and Baluchistan are mountain- 
 ous countries lying between the Asiatic pos- 
 sessions of Russia and Great Britain. Through 
 the wild mountain passes of this region im- 
 portant caravan routes lead to India. Find 
 the capital of each country. 
 
 The desert plateaus of Persia are in many 
 places covered with salt, that looks like a light 
 fall of snow. Dates, melons, cotton, and rice 
 grow well in the lowlands, and horses, camels, 
 and sheep are raised. The people weave beau- 
 tiful shawls, carpets, and rugs by hand. The 
 capital of Persia is Teheran. The chief ruler 
 is called the Shah. 
 
 Find on the map Jerusalem, the Dead Sea, 
 and Mount Sinai. In what country are these 
 places? Where have you read about them! 
 Tell what you can of each. 
 
 TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 78. Trace on the map (pages 36 and 37) the most direct 
 eastern route of a voyage from New York to Hongkong. 
 From San Francisco westward to Hongkong. Name three 
 groups of islands that skirt the coast of Asia. Where are 
 the East Indies? How does the coast line of Asia resemble 
 that of Europe ? Where are the coldest parts of Asia? The 
 warmest? What other grand divisions are in the same 
 belts? 
 
 79. Which is the loftiest mountain range on the globe? 
 Name the highest peak of this range. Where is the high- 
 land region of Asia? Why is the Plateau of Tibet so dry? 
 What fertile plains are south of the highland region? What 
 great plain north? What are tundras? Steppes? Name 
 the chief rivers of Asia. The principal lakes. Which of 
 these are salt? Why? < 
 
 80. Where is the hot belt of Asia? What are the prin- 
 cipal plants of this belt? The principal animals? What 
 animals are found farther north? What plants? What 
 have you learned of the mineral products of Asia? Of its 
 commerce? 
 
 81. Of what race are most of the people of Asia? What 
 other races are there? How do the Caucasians of Asia 
 differ from those of Europe? What have you learned of 
 the civilization of Asia? What are the principal religious 
 beliefs of the people? Name the most important countries 
 of Asia. 
 
 82. How does India compare in size and population with 
 the United States? Under what government is it? What 
 have you learned about the Hindus? What is the principal 
 occupation of the people of India? The condition of the peo- 
 ple? What are the chief productions? The chief cities? 
 
 83. Find on the map Siam, French Indo-China, and the 
 Malay Peninsula. What do we get from this part of Asia? 
 What have you learned of Siam? Of French Indo-China? 
 What is tne chief trade center of tnis region? 
 
 84. What have you learned about the Chinese? What 
 of Chinese travel and transportation? Of Chinese cities? 
 Of Korea? What Chinese products have you seen? 
 Write the history of a cup of tea. 
 
 85. Of what is the Empire of Japan composed? It ex- 
 tends from the Kurile Islands to Formosa. Does the United 
 States extend as far north and south? (See map, page 44.) 
 What have you learned of the progress of Japan? Name 
 some of its products. Why will it become a manufacturing 
 country? What of its cities? 
 
 86. What have you learned of the surface of Siberia? 
 Of its climate? Of its size? Of its people? Of its great 
 railroad? 
 
 87. What is the general surface of southwestern Asia? 
 What do we get from Arabia? Tell what you know about 
 the Bedouins. What is a desert? An oasis? What are 
 some of the products of Persia? What is the chief ruler 
 called? Under what government is Jerusalem? Why do 
 we take so much interest in this city? 
 
AFRICA. 
 
 Lions in the desert. 
 
 88. POSITION-EXTENT-COAST LINE. 
 
 What part of Africa is crossed by the 
 equator? In what zone, then, is the greater 
 part of the grand division? What kind of 
 climate would you naturally look for in this 
 zone ? In what zone are the countries border- 
 ing on the Mediterranean Sea? The countries 
 near the Cape of Good Hope? What other 
 grand division lies in nearly the same belts of 
 temperature ? 
 
 In what way does the coast line of Africa 
 resemble that of South America? How does 
 it differ from those of Europe and Asia? 
 What oceans border on Africa? What seas? 
 What large gulf ! What noted strait separates 
 Africa from Europe ? From Asia ? What isth- 
 mus connects Africa with Asia? What gulf 
 between Arabia and Somaliland? 
 
 Could a vessel sail entirely around Africa? 
 How would it pass the Isthmus of Suez? 
 Name all the waters on which it would sail. 
 What cape would it pass at the east? At the 
 south ? What cape at the west ? What group 
 of islands near this cape? What large island 
 near the southeast coast ? What channel sep- 
 arates it from the mainland? This island is 
 
 five times as large as Penn- 
 sylvania. What three groups 
 near the northwest coast? 
 To whom do they belong? 
 What do you know of the 
 Canary Islands? 
 
 As the greater part of Africa 
 lies in the Torrid Zone, it is natu- 
 rally a hot country. The region 
 of greatest heat is found possibly 
 in Lower Nubia. The Arabs have 
 a saying that "in Nubia the soil 
 is like fire and the wind like a 
 flame." 
 
 89. SURFACE AND DRAINAGE. 
 
 You will see from the relief map that the 
 high mountain ranges of Africa are near the 
 sea. From these mountain ranges there is a 
 steep slope to the narrow, unhealthful strip of 
 low plain bordering on the ocean. 
 
 On the inland side of the mountains the 
 slope is more gradual, and much of the surface 
 of the land is far above the sea level. South- 
 eastern Africa may be considered a vast 
 plateau. 
 
 Find the Atlas Mountains. These are the 
 greatest elevations in the north of Africa. 
 South of these mountains is the lowland desert 
 region of the Sahara, crossed near the center 
 by a strip of highland. South of the Sahara 
 are the fertile plains of the Sudan. Find the 
 highlands of Abyssinia. What peaks of the 
 southeastern plateau region are on or near the 
 equator ? These peaks are always covered with 
 snow. What is the climate at the equator? 
 
 Has Africa many or few rivers as compared 
 with other grand divisions? Which is the 
 longest river? Where does it rise? What 
 direction do you travel in going down the 
 Nile? Down the Mississippi? 
 
 114 
 
SURFACE AND DRAINAGE. 
 
 115 
 
 «^ Cape Verde 
 lelandg 
 
 Cope Verc/G^ s 
 
 Relief Map of AFRICA. — Same Scale as North America, South America, Asia, and Australia. 
 
 The heavy rains near the source of the Nile swell 
 the river so that it overflows its banks as its waters 
 near the sea. What do plants require besides heat 
 in order to grow well ? The floods of the Nile cover 
 the narrow valley on each side of it with a coating of 
 rich mud which makes it one of the best farming 
 
 regions in the world. Several millions of people are 
 fed from the fertile soil brought from the heart of 
 Africa by this great river. The valley of the Nile, 
 covered with growing grain, has been compared to a 
 green ribbon laid upon a yellow cloth, the latter being 
 represented by the sand of the surrounding desert. 
 
116 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Find the Kongo River. This river, though 
 not so long as the Nile, drains an extent of 
 country greater than that drained by the Mis- 
 sissippi River. Find the Niger River. The 
 Zambezi. The Orange. None of the African 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ^jl^*. 
 
 ^«*^^^"* 
 
 
 jMH-^-^S^yrL >■ &?£&* 
 
 
 
 Cataracts of the Nile. 
 
 rivers are navigable very far inland for sea- 
 going vessels, as their channels are more or less 
 obstructed by waterfalls, rapids, and sand 
 bars. 
 
 Where is the lake region of Africa? Name 
 three of the largest lakes. Victoria Nyanza 
 (Nyanza means "lake") is about the size of 
 Lake Superior. Lake Chad, in Central Africa, 
 although it has no outlet to the sea, is a body 
 of fresh water. What other grand division 
 is well watered in the equatorial belt! 
 
 90. RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS. 
 
 More than one third of Africa is too dry for 
 vegetation. In the central belt, where the rain- 
 fall is abundant, there are dense forests. Both 
 north and south of the forest belt are wide 
 grassy plains which afford pasture for cattle 
 and wild game. Still farther north and south 
 are the deserts. Most of the farming is done in 
 Cape Colony and the Boer countries, along the 
 Mediterranean, and in the valley of the Nile. 
 
 Livingstone, the great African explorer, describes 
 the forests of Central Africa as so dense that the 
 sun's rays can scarcely penetrate them. The rain 
 water stands for months in pools made by the feet 
 of elephants. The climbing plants are so numerous 
 that when one of the great trees with its tangle of 
 vines falls across the path, it must be climbed, as 
 cutting a path around it is a work of time and labor 
 that travelers never undertake to perform. 
 
 A date palm. 
 
 The trees most useful to the people of Africa 
 are the palms, of which there are many kinds. 
 The date palm furnishes a large part of the 
 food of the natives of northern Africa, the 
 fruit of the oil palm yields a valuable oil, and 
 from another palm sago is obtained. Ebony, 
 india rubber, and trees that produce gum 
 arabic are also found in the forests. 
 
 Africa has long been known as the land 
 of ivory. What is ivory ? From what animal 
 is it principally obtained? This country is 
 the home also of the lion, rhinoceros, giraffe, 
 hyena, monkey, gorilla, antelope, zebra, jackal, 
 and many other land animals, while the hip- 
 popotamus and crocodile are found in its 
 streams. 
 
 The ox and the camel are the most useful 
 domestic animals. Without the latter it would 
 be almost impossible to cross the vast desert 
 tracts of Africa. Why is the camel often called 
 the " ship of the desert " ? The ostrich, which 
 
PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES. 
 
 117 
 
 is too large a bird to fly, but which can run as 
 swiftly as a horse, is found wild on the plains, 
 and is also raised in great numbers on the 
 ostrich farms of southern Africa. For what 
 purpose is the ostrich raised? 
 
 Hippopotamus, giraffes, elephants, and gorilla. 
 
 There are many hurtful insects in Africa. In the 
 northern part great swarms of locusts sometimes 
 devour the vegetation, leaving the country bare and 
 blackened as if swept by fire. In the forest regions 
 armies of ants travel over the land, crossing hills and 
 streams, and destroying every living animal, large or 
 small, that comes in their way. In the south is the 
 dreaded tsetse fly, whose bite is fatal to horses and 
 some other domestic animals, though harmless to 
 man. 
 
 For many years gold has been obtained from 
 the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. What Eng- 
 lish coin gets its name from this gold? In 
 later years some of the richest gold fields in the 
 world have been found in South Africa, and 
 here, too, are the great diamond mines that 
 now supply the world. 
 
 The trade from the interior of Africa is 
 carried on mostly by caravans. What is a 
 caravan? Much of this trade is across the 
 Sahara to the ports of the Mediterranean Sea. 
 The caravans bring to these ports gold dust, 
 ivory, ostrich feathers, and gums, and take 
 back in return salt and trinkets to exchange 
 with the natives for these things. 
 
 91. PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES. 
 
 Africa was long known as the "Dark 
 Continent," both from the color of its people 
 and because so little could be found out about 
 its interior. Many brave travelers, while try- 
 ing to explore the country, lost their lives from 
 its deadly fevers, or were killed by the natives. 
 What does " explore " mean ? Ask your teacher 
 to tell you about Livingstone and Stanley. 
 
 Within the last few years, however, several 
 nations of Europe have taken possession of 
 different sections of the country, and now most 
 of Africa is owned by England, Germany, 
 France, Italy, and Portugal. Many people 
 from these countries live in their various 
 possessions, and most of the trade and com- 
 merce is in their hands. 
 
 A native African village. 
 
 Africa is best known, however, as the home 
 of the black race. It has many more people 
 than there are in North America, and most of 
 them are negroes. These negroes are divided 
 into various tribes which are often at war with 
 one another. Some of them do a little in the 
 way of raising vegetables and grain to feed 
 themselves and their cattle. A few tribes have 
 learned to make cloth, leather, and some rude 
 articles of iron and ornaments of gold. They 
 require but little clothing. Why ? 
 
*-_ CAPE VERDE 
 
 ^ m < i ^MM.iiiiis 
 
 . INLANDS t^, 
 
 Longitude 
 
 Jfop Studies.— What countries of Africa are crossed 
 by the equator ? In what zone is the greater part of 
 the grand division ? In what zone are the countries 
 along the Mediterranean Sea? Those near the Cape 
 of Good Hope ? 
 
 Locate— British possessions : Cape Colony, Brit- 
 ish South Africa, British Central Africa, Niger Ter- 
 ritories, Sierra Leone, British Egyptian Sudan, Egypt. 
 
 German possessions: German East Africa, German 
 Southwest Africa, Kamerun. French possessions : Al- 
 geria, Tunis, Senegal, French Kongo, Madagascar. 
 Portuguese possessions : Portuguese East Africa, Por- 
 tuguese West Africa. Italian possessions: Eritrea, 
 Italian Somaliland. Turkish possessions: Tripoli. 
 Other countries : Morocco, Liberia, Vaal River Col- 
 ony, Orange River Colony, Kongo State, Abyssinia. 
 
 118 
 
EGYPT. 
 
 119 
 
 The houses in many of the negro villages are round 
 huts made of poles, and covered with bark or thatched 
 with straw. The black children dance and play ball, 
 and have many other games. A favorite amusement 
 is catching rats and field-mice in long, tube-like bas- 
 kets which are hidden in the grass. 
 
 For centuries the slave trade has been the 
 curse of Africa. Millions of black people have 
 been taken to other lands and sold as slaves. 
 Most of the civilized nations of the earth are 
 now actively opposed to the slave trade, and 
 in time will put an end to it. 
 
 Slaves are still held in northern Africa, in parts of 
 Asia, and in European Turkey. Most of the present 
 slave trade is carried on by the Arabs. 
 
 Sphinx and pyramid, Egypt. 
 
 92. EGYPT. 
 
 Map Studies.— In what part of Africa is Egypt? 
 On what waters does it border ? What isthmus and 
 canal in the northeast? What noted river flows 
 through Egypt ? 
 
 Many centuries ago Egypt was a powerful 
 nation and had reached a high state of civiliza- 
 tion. Its people built immense pyramids and 
 splendid temples, the ruins of which are found 
 all over the land. Its ancient greatness, how- 
 ever, has long since departed. 
 
 What have you learned of the Suez Canal? 
 The British have the control of this great 
 
 water way, through which thousands of vessels 
 pass every year, and their rule really extends 
 over the whole country, although in name it 
 belongs to Turkey. 
 
 Except the narrow strip watered by the Nile, 
 Egypt is a desert. This flat, narrow Nile 
 valley is, however, one of the most fruitful 
 spots in the world, yielding two or three crops 
 each year. Wheat, corn, cotton, rice, sugar 
 cane, and dates are the chief products. 
 
 The country south of Egypt, known as British- 
 Egyptian Sudan, is also under British control. It 
 has some trade with Egypt in gold dust, ostrich 
 feathers, gums, and hides. 
 
 Most of the people of Egypt are Moham- 
 medans. What have you learned about the 
 Mohammedan religion? Cairo, the capital, is 
 an ancient and highly interesting city. 
 
 Alexandria is the £ principal seaport. 
 
 The sights and 
 very strange to the 
 and American trav- 
 
 sounds of Cairo appear 
 thousands of European 
 elers who visit Egypt. 
 
 Street scene in Cairo. 
 
 In the narrow streets there are turbaned Turks, 
 gayly dressed Greeks, closely veiled women, girls car- 
 rying water jars, overladen donkeys, and mournful- 
 looking camels. On every side are heard the cries 
 of those who have things to sell : " Oh, oranges to the 
 right !" " God's gift, limpid water ! " " Sugar cane ! " 
 
120 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 93. THE BARBARY STATES. 
 
 Map Studies.— -What four countries of Africa, west 
 of Egypt, border on the Mediterranean Sea? What 
 division lies south of these states ? What mountains 
 extend through Morocco, Algeria, and Tunis? Find 
 out why these mountains were so named. 
 
 The Barbary States were so called because a 
 people called Berbers first lived there. As in 
 Egypt, most of the native people are Moham- 
 medans. 
 
 The country near the Atlas Mountains is 
 very fertile but is poorly farmed. Many 
 horses, cattle, camels, sheep, and goats are 
 raised. Cork, olive oil, dates, skins, and es- 
 parto grass for making paper are exported. 
 
 barren wastes of drifting sand, although much 
 of the surface is of this nature. Parts of the 
 desert are covered with loose rocks and rocky 
 ridges, and there are low mountain ranges near 
 the center. 
 
 There is much land in the Sahara that would 
 be productive if it could be watered. In places 
 where springs exist, grass and trees spring up, 
 and oases are formed on which people can live 
 and raise food. These oases serve as halting 
 places for caravans. 
 
 The Sahara is about two thirds as large as the 
 United States, and it is estimated that more than two 
 million people live within its borders. 
 
 Arab uoys in market, Algiers. 
 
 Morocco is ruled by a sultan, who treats his 
 people with great cruelty. His capital is some- 
 times the city of Morocco, and sometimes Fez. 
 Algeria and Tunis belong to France. Name 
 their capitals. Tripoli is a Turkish province. 
 The city of Tripoli is the capital, and is the 
 center of the caravan trade across the Sahara. 
 
 94. THE SAHARA. 
 
 The Sahara, or Great Desert, is part of the 
 vast desert belt that extends across Africa and 
 Asia. It does not consist entirely of flat, 
 
 Loading camels to cross the dese 
 
 95. THE SUDAN AND ABYSSINIA. 
 
 If we travel south across the Sahara, we will 
 in time reach a belt of country where the rain- 
 fall begins, and where the sand of the desert 
 gives way to grass and trees. This fertile belt 
 is called the Sudan, and is the home of the 
 largest and most civilized part of the native 
 negro race. Sudan means " black." 
 
 The negroes are divided into many tribes, 
 each of which has its own king. They have 
 herds of cattle and do good farming with the 
 few rude tools they make. Some of them raise 
 cotton, and manufacture cloth and leather. 
 
KONGO STATE. 
 
 121 
 
 There are a number of large native towns in 
 the Sudan. Here the traders collect to load 
 their caravans with the products of the coun- 
 try. Find Timbuktu. In what direction from 
 this town would caravans travel to reach 
 Tripoli? Most of the Sudan is claimed by 
 European nations. 
 
 East of the fertile plains of the Sudan is the 
 plateau region of Abyssinia. It is a rugged 
 country with deep, narrow valleys. Most of 
 the people are Christians. They are chiefly 
 occupied in pasturing large herds of cattle, 
 sheep, and goats. Gold, ivory, and coffee are 
 exported. 
 
 96. THE KONGO STATE. 
 
 South of the Sudan is the Kongo State, 
 which is under the control of Belgium. It 
 forms the greater part of the basin of the 
 Kongo River. It is a region of dense forests 
 and the home of millions of negroes. Find the 
 capital. 
 
 The Kongo River is the great highway of 
 the country. About one hundred "miles from 
 the sea it is obstructed by rapids, around which 
 a railroad has been built. Beyond these rapids 
 there are over a thousand miles of navigable 
 water, on which many river steamers ply to 
 and fro. The state exports rubber, ivory, and 
 palm nuts. 
 
 97. CAPE COLONY AND THE BOER 
 COUNTRIES. 
 
 Map Studies. — In what part of Africa is Cape 
 Colony? On what waters does it border? What 
 river on the north? Capes south? Where is the 
 Orange River Colony? The Vaal River Colony? 
 
 Cape Colony is the most important of the 
 British possessions in Africa. It was first 
 settled by the Dutch about two hundred and 
 fifty years ago, and was captured by the Eng- 
 lish one hundred and fifty years later. 
 
 The principal occupations of the people are 
 mining, farming, and stock raising, and gold, 
 diamonds, and wool are the chief exports. 
 Cape Toivn, the capital, is the chief seaport of 
 southern Africa. Find Kimberley. It is the 
 chief center of the diamond trade of the world. 
 
 Kimberley diamond mines. 
 
 The Orange River 
 
 Rough diamonds. 
 
 Colony, formerly 
 the Orange Free State, and the Vaal River 
 Colony, formerly the South African Republic, 
 were settled by Dutch emigrants from Cape 
 Colony. They were an honest, industrious farm- 
 ing people, and were the first to establish a re- 
 publican form of government in southern Africa. 
 
 These people are called Boers, which is a Dutch 
 word meaning " farmers." The Boers who settled the 
 South African Republic were obliged to cross the 
 Vaal River to reach that country. Hence this state 
 is sometimes called the Transvaal— trans meaning 
 " across." The two countries were annexed by Great 
 Britain in 1900. 
 
 These countries are well adapted to stock 
 raising and farming. Millions of sheep pasture 
 on the plains, and there are many ostrich 
 farms. The chief wealth of this region, how- 
 ever, is its rich mines of gold, diamonds, 
 and coal. In the last few years these have 
 brought thousands of people from Europe and 
 America into this part of Africa. 
 
122 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Find Bloemfontein, the capital and chief city 
 of the Orange River Colony. Find Pretoria, 
 the capital of the Vaal River Colony. Find 
 Johannesburg. This is the largest city, and is 
 the center of the gold-mining region. 
 
 Boers 
 
 98. 6THER coast countries. 
 
 You will see by the map that most of the 
 eastern and western coast region of Africa is 
 owned by various European countries. From 
 these coast countries we get ivory, rubber, cat- 
 tle products, gums, ebony, and palm oil. The 
 last-named product comes from the western 
 coast. What other country produces rubber? 
 Name some of its uses. 
 
 Find Sierra Leone and Liberia. The former 
 is a British colony, established as a home for 
 freed slaves. The latter was founded for a 
 similar purpose by citizens of the United 
 States, but is now an independent republic. 
 Coffee raising is an important industry in 
 Liberia. 
 
 Find Madagascar. It is the largest island of 
 Africa. By what nation is it owned? It is 
 a well-wooded mountainous country, and is 
 rich in minerals. Its products are similar to 
 those of the neighboring coast countries, and it 
 exports large quantities of cattle, hides, and 
 rubber. What is the capital ? 
 
 TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 88. In what latitude is Africa? In what zones does it lie ? 
 Compare its coast line with those of the other grand divi- 
 sions that you have studied. What is an isthmus? What 
 isthmus connects Africa with Asia? What other isthmus 
 connects two grand divisions? What is a strait? What 
 strait separates Africa from Europe? What other strait 
 separates two grand divisions? In what part of Africa 
 would you prefer to live? Why? 
 
 89. Where do we find the high mountain ranges of 
 Africa? Name three of the highest peaks. What part of 
 Africa forms a vast plateau? Name five large rivers of 
 Africa. What have you learned about the Nile? The 
 Kongo ? Why are the African rivers only partly navigable? 
 Which is the largest African lake ? Compare it in size with 
 Lake Superior. Where is the best- watered region of Africa? 
 
 90. Where is the chief desert region of Africa? The 
 smaller desert region? The dense forest region? The 
 wide grassy plains? Name some of the most valuable 
 trees and their products. What are the principal wild ani- 
 mals? The most useful domestic animals? What does the 
 elephant yield? The ostrich? Where are the richest gold 
 mines? The great diamond mines? What have you 
 learned about caravans and their trade? 
 
 91. For what reason do you suppose people risk their 
 lives in exploring foreign countries? Name some great 
 African explorers. What European nations now own the 
 greater part of Africa? What have you learned about the 
 negroes ? About the slave trade? " 
 
 92. Where have you read about the "Land of Egypt"? 
 To whom does this country belong? What would Egypt 
 be without the Nile? What are the chief products of the 
 Nile valley? Of what religious belief are the most of the 
 people? Where do we find many other people of this be- 
 lief? Name the capital and the chief seaport. 
 
 93. Where are the Barbary States ? Why are they so 
 called? To whom do they belong? Name some of their 
 products. Capitals. 
 
 94. Where is the Sahara? Describe its surface. What 
 is an oasis and how is it formed? 
 
 95. Where is the Sudan? Who live there? Tell what 
 you can about the people. In what way is trade carried on ? 
 What of the surface of Abyssinia? Of the people? The 
 products? 
 
 96. Where is the Kongo State? Under whose control is 
 it? With what is this region covered? By whom inhabi- 
 ted? What of the chief river? The exports? 
 
 97. To whom does Cape Colony belong? What are its 
 chief products? What people settled the Orange Free 
 State, and the South African Republic? By whom were 
 these countries annexed? What are they now called? Name 
 their products. Describe the Boers. 
 
 98. Name some of the products of the other coast 
 countries of Africa. What use is made of palm oil ? What 
 have you learned about Sierra Leone? Madagascar? 
 
AUSTRALIA AND ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 
 
 Philippine 
 
 Mindor^f^&wk Islands 
 
 Samar 
 
 5 Ladrone or 
 •* Maria ita Islands 
 . ^Guam 
 
 C&r.oline' IsViinds 
 
 WakeL. 
 
 Marshall 
 "Islands ' 
 
 ^ Spice l: f 
 
 r Java •. „** 
 
 I N D I AN 
 
 O C E A N \ 
 
 A r a fur a Sea TorresStraii 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 •AND 
 
 ISLANDS of the PACIFIC OCEAN 
 
 O tOO ZOO SCO 400 50O IOOO 
 
 600 MILt* TO ONE INCI 
 
 Hebrides • 
 New Caledonia 
 
 \\ ", Fiji Islands ^ 9 « 
 
 Horth Island 
 CookSiraii 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 South Island 
 
 <4 
 
 Relief Map of AUSTRALIA. — Same Scale as North America, South America, Asia, and Africa. 
 
 99. AUSTRALIA. 
 
 Is Australia north or south of the equator? 
 "What other continent extends farther south? 
 (See map of the world, pages 36 and 37.) How- 
 does Australia compare in size with the other 
 continents? The Tropic of Capricorn crosses 
 the center of Australia. In what zone, there- 
 fore, is the northern half ? The southern half ? 
 
 In what direction from Australia is the United 
 States ? Across what ocean ? 
 
 If you have a globe in your school-room, place one 
 finger on the city of Washington, and another exactly 
 opposite on a line through the center ; the second finger 
 will come near Australia. From this you will see 
 that Australia is on the side of the globe opposite 
 to us. It is opposite, too, in its seasons. Its people 
 suffer from heat at Christmas, and have their coldest 
 weather when we are celebrating the Fourth of July. 
 
 123 
 
124 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 120° Longitude East from Greenwich 140° 
 
 Map Studies. — Into what five eolonies is Australia 
 divided? What is the northern part of South Aus- 
 tralia called? What two island colonies southeast? 
 Name the largest two islands of New Zealand. To 
 what nations does New Guinea belong? What are 
 the principal islands and groups between New Guinea 
 and Asia? Which of these groups belongs to the 
 United States ? Name its largest two islands. 
 
 The coast line of Australia is somewhat like 
 that of Africa. Name the two chief indenta- 
 tions. What large islands are separated from 
 
 the continent by narrow straits? Name these 
 straits. What peninsula is in the north ? Find 
 the Great Barrier Reef. This reef, which is 
 the work of the coral animal, extends for over 
 a thousand miles along the northeast coast. 
 
 Where the waters of the ocean are warm and not 
 very deep, there live millions of small jellylike animals 
 called coral polyps. These build their homes together 
 on the rocks at the bottom of the sea, from the lime 
 that is dissolved in the water. They live only a short 
 time, but other millions go on with the work until 
 
AUSTRALIA 
 
 125 
 
 there slowly grows up to the surface a 
 coral reef, which in time may become an 
 island. There are many coral islands and 
 reel's in the West Indies also. 
 
 The larger part of Australia is a 
 dry plateau, but not of great altitude, 
 the highest part being the mountain 
 ridge along the eastern coast. In the 
 southeast are extensive lowlands 
 drained by the Murray and Darling 
 rivers. These are navigable by small 
 steamers for a few months only. 
 
 There are many dry river beds ^^MM 
 which in the rainy season are filled 
 with rushing torrents, whose waters, however, 
 do not reach the ocean, but either dry up or are 
 lost in the sandy soil. There are also many 
 shallow, marshy lakes that have no outlet to 
 the sea. In the interior but little rain falls, 
 and much of the country is a desert. 
 
 The native animals and plants of Australia 
 are unlike those of the rest of the world. 
 Among the former is the kangaroo. This ani- 
 mal has large, powerful hind legs, and a thick, 
 heavy tail. It does not walk or run, but gets 
 over the ground in long leaps. Fine leather is 
 made from its hide. 
 
 The duckbill, or water mole, as it is sometimes 
 called, is another curious animal. It is not a bird, 
 although it has a bill like a duck, webbed feet, and 
 lays eggs. It is covered with soft fur. 
 
 Most of the forest trees are evergreens that 
 shed their bark instead of their leaves. There 
 are fernlike plants of great size, and other 
 plants of curious shape, like the bottle tree. In 
 the interior are vast tracts of porcupine grass 
 through which it is hard to force a way. The 
 forests abound in parrots and other bright- 
 colored birds. 
 
 Australia is an important part of the great 
 British Empire. The native people, a low race 
 of savage blacks, are fast dying out. Most of 
 the white race live in the southeastern part. 
 They are active and enterprising, and are among 
 
 An Australian forest scene. 
 
 the leading nations of the world in matters of 
 education and government. 
 
 The early settlers brought with them the 
 common domestic animals of Europe. These 
 throve well, and Australia to-day is the chief 
 wool-producing country of the world. Cattle 
 products, especially preserved meats, are ex- 
 ported in immense quantities. 
 
 Although one fourth of all the gold mined 
 in the world comes from Australia, it is only 
 one fifth as valuable as the products of the 
 farms and flocks of this continent. Copper, 
 iron, tin, and coal also are abundant. 
 
 Government buildings, Melbourne. 
 
 Find Melbourne and Sydney. These are the 
 largest cities of Australia and the chief com- 
 mercial centers. They each have a population 
 about as large as that of Boston or St. Louis. 
 
126 
 
 ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC. 
 
 100. ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC. 
 
 Southeast of Asia are many islands and 
 groups, that were probably once part of the 
 mainland and are generally studied in connec- 
 tion with Asia. The most 
 important of these are the 
 Philippine Islands and the 
 Dutch East Indies. What 
 have you learned of the 
 Philippine Islands ? 
 
 The Dutch East Indies 
 comprise Sumatra, Java, 
 Celebes, the Molucca or 
 Spice Islands, and part of 
 Borneo. Most of them are 
 densely populated, the 
 greater part of the people 
 being Malays. These is- 
 lands supply the markets 
 of the world with coffee, 
 sugar, rice, spices, and tin. 
 Find Batavia. It is the 
 capital and chief center of 
 commerce of the Dutch 
 East India possessions. 
 
 North of Australia is the island of New 
 Guinea. It is a mountainous country, nearly 
 five times as large as the whole of New Eng- 
 land. New Guinea is owned by England, Ger- 
 many, and the Netherlands. Pearls, ebony, 
 sandalwood, and copra are the chief products. 
 
 Copra is the dried meat of the eocoanut. Great 
 quantities of this are exported to other countries to 
 be used in making eocoanut oil. 
 
 South of Australia is Tasmania. It is a 
 British colony, and is somewhat larger than 
 "West Virginia. Its surface, climate, and prod- 
 ucts are similar to those of southeastern Aus- 
 tralia. "Wool is the chief export. 
 
 Where is New Zealand ? Tell by the scale of 
 miles how far it is from Australia. The two 
 main islands of this group are about as large 
 
 as Colorado. They are famous for their vol- 
 canoes, glaciers, geysers, and hot springs. 
 
 New Zealand is a British colony. The people 
 are mostly engaged in farming and sheep rais- 
 ing. Wool and meat are the chief exports. 
 Auckland is the principal 
 seaport. 
 
 Find the Fiji Islands. 
 To whom do they belong? 
 The natives of these is- 
 lands are Malays, who 
 have been partially civil- 
 ized. Sugar, copra, and 
 bananas are produced. 
 
 Find the Samoa Is- 
 lands. What islands of 
 this group belong to the 
 United States! Find the 
 Hawaiian Islands. (Map, 
 pages 36 and 37.) What 
 have you learned about 
 this group ! (See page 71.) 
 
 A eocoanut grove. 
 
 On the map of the world 
 (pages 36 and 37) you will 
 see that there are many other 
 island groups in the Pacific 
 Ocean. Many of them are of coral formation, and 
 some are volcanic. Although they lie in the hot belt, 
 most of them have a delightful climate on account of 
 the ocean winds. Cocoanuts, breadfruit, sugar cane, 
 and bananas grow on these islands. 
 
 The breadfruit tree resembles our ash tree in form, 
 but the leaves are much larger. The fruit is round 
 or oval, and about six inches in diameter. When 
 cooked, it is much like wheaten bread. 
 
 TEST AND REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 99. In what latitude is Australia? How do its seasons 
 differ from ours? What have you learned of its coast line? 
 Of its lakes? Its rivers? Of the coral polyp? Describe 
 the surface of the continent. Name some of its animals. 
 Its plants. Its chief products. Its principal cities. 
 
 100. Where are the Dutch East Indies? What do they 
 comprise? What of their people? Products? Capital? 
 What have you learned of New Guinea? Tasmania? New 
 Zealand? Fiji Islands? Samoa Islands? Philippine Is- 
 lands? Hawaiian Islands? Other Pacific islands? 
 
AREAS AND POPULATIONS. 
 
 THE EARTH. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles. 
 
 The Land 52,361,000 
 
 North America 9,350,000 
 South America 6,888,000 
 
 Europe 3,943,000 
 
 Asia 16,956,000 
 
 Africa 11,515,000 
 
 Australia, etc.. 3,456,000 
 S. Polar Lands 253,000 
 
 The Sea 144,500,000 
 
 Atlantic Ocean 34,000,000 
 Pacific Ocean.. 71,000,000 
 Indian Ocean.. 28,000,000 
 Antarctic Oc. . . 7,500,000 
 Arctic Ocean.. 4,000,000 
 
 Total surface . . .196,900,000 
 
 Population. 
 1,522,407,000 
 
 101,283,000 
 33,566,000 
 385,000,000 
 828,315,000 
 168,497,000 
 5,746,000 
 
 United States*. . . . 
 British America . . 
 Danish America . . 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Central America . . 
 West Indies 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles. 
 
 3,616,000 
 
 3,778,000 
 
 878,000 
 
 752,000 
 
 180,000 
 
 94,000 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 Brazil 3,228,000 
 
 Argentina 1,077,000 
 
 Paraguay 98,000 
 
 Uruguay 69,000 
 
 Chile 300,000 
 
 Peru 439,000 
 
 Bolivia 515,000 
 
 Colombia 465,000 
 
 Venezuela 403,000 
 
 Guiana, British .... 89,000 
 
 Guiana, Dutch .... 50,000 
 
 Guiana, French .... 30,000 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 British Isles 122,000 
 
 Empire of Germany 211,000 
 
 France 207,000 
 
 Russia 2,182,000 
 
 Austria-Hungary . . 261,000 
 
 Italy 111,000 
 
 Switzerland 16,000 
 
 Spain 192,000 
 
 Portugal 36,000 
 
 Netherlands 13,000 
 
 Belgium 11,000 
 
 Norway 126,000 
 
 Sweden 174,000 
 
 Denmark 15,000 
 
 Turkey 65,000 
 
 Roumania 51,000 
 
 Servia 19,000 
 
 Greece 25,000 
 
 * Including Alaska. 
 
 Population. 
 
 76,149,000 
 
 5,028,000 
 
 79,000 
 
 11,396,000 
 3,010,000 
 5,488,000 
 
 14,600,000 
 
 3,204,000 
 
 330,000 
 
 712,000 
 
 3,165,000 
 
 2,980,000 
 
 1,435,000 
 
 3,321,000 
 
 2,239,000 
 
 282,000 
 
 66,000 
 
 26,000 
 
 40,337,000 
 
 52,280,000 
 
 38,229,000 
 
 109,887,000 
 
 45,401,000 
 
 31,479,000 
 
 3,120,000 
 
 17,744,000 
 
 4,660,000 
 
 5,004,000 
 
 6,587,000 
 
 2,098,000 
 
 5,010,000 
 
 2,310,000 
 
 5,892,000 
 
 5,406,000 
 
 2,384,000 
 
 2,434,000 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles, 
 
 British India 1,760,000 
 
 French Indo-China 278,000 
 
 Siam 220,000 
 
 Chinese Empire... 4,279,000 
 
 Japanese Empire. . 161,000 
 
 Asiatic Russia .... 6,593,000 
 
 Korea 84,000 
 
 Afghanistan 240,000 
 
 Baluchistan 167,000 
 
 Persia . 635,000 
 
 Asiatic Turkey .... 709,000 
 
 Arabia 959,000 
 
 East Indies 774,000 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Egypt 361,000 
 
 Br. Eg. Sudan... 759,000 
 
 Morocco 314,000 
 
 Algeria 258,000 
 
 Tunis 45,000 
 
 Tripoli 399,000 
 
 Sahara 2,386,000 
 
 Sudan 2,210,000 
 
 Abyssinia 196,000 
 
 Kongo State 865,000 
 
 Cape Colony 222,000 
 
 Other Br. S. Af. . . . 767,000 
 
 Orange R. Colony 50,000 
 
 Vaal R. Colony . . . 114,000 
 
 Portuguese S. Af. 827,000 
 
 Somaliland 813,000 
 
 German S. Africa 691,000 
 
 Madagascar 229,000 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 New South Wales 309,000 
 
 Victoria 88,000 
 
 Queensland 668,000 
 
 South Australia. . . 904,000 
 
 West Australia... 976,000 
 
 Population. 
 
 292,382,000 
 
 19,000,000 
 
 9,000,000 
 
 358,500,000 
 
 43,072,000 
 
 21,066,000 
 
 10,519,000 
 
 4,600,000 
 
 1,020,000 
 
 7,500,000 
 
 15,479,000 
 
 2,142,000 
 
 39,458,000 
 
 6,818,000 
 
 10,830,000 
 
 8,016,000 
 
 3,855,000 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 76,000,000 
 
 4,500,000 
 
 14,100,000 
 
 1,526,000 
 
 2,695,000 
 
 208,000 
 
 679,000 
 
 13,200,000 
 
 13,692,000 
 
 3,100,000 
 
 3,582,600 
 
 1,132,000 
 
 1,140,000 
 
 393,000 
 
 320,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 PRINCIPAL ISLANDS AND GROUPS. 
 
 Borneo group 284,000 1,740,000 
 
 Canary Islands .... 3,000 288,000 
 
 Celebes group 77,000 1,500,000 
 
 Ceylon 25,000 3,038,000 
 
 Cuba group 46,000 1,522,000 
 
 Greenland 838,000 10,000 
 
 Great Britain 88,600 33,034,000 
 
 Haiti 30,000 1,377,000 
 
 Hawaiian Islands.. 6,500 154,000 
 
 Iceland 40,000 69,000 
 
 Ireland 32,500 4,706,000 
 
 Jamaica 4,000 639,500 
 
 Japan Islands 161, 000 43,072, 000 
 
 Java group 51,000 22,818.000 
 
 Madagascar 229,000 3,582,600 
 
 Newfoundland .... 43,000 193,000 
 
 New Guinea group 312,000 837,000 
 
 New Zealand group 104,600 673,500 
 
 Philippine Islands.. 114,000 7,000,000 
 
 Porto Rico 3,600 953,243 
 
 Sumatra group 180,000 3,783,000 
 
 Tasmania 26,000 156,500 
 
 127 
 
 UNITED STATES, 1900. 
 
 S^Mttal r°Pil»tion. 
 
 Alabama 52,250 1,828,697 
 
 Arizona Territory 113,020 122,931 
 
 Arkansas 53,850 1,311,564 
 
 California 158,360 1,485,053 
 
 Colorado 103,925 539,700 
 
 Connecticut 4,990 908,420 
 
 Delaware 2,050 184,735 
 
 Dist. of Columbia 70 278,718 
 
 Florida 58,680 528,542 
 
 Georgia 59,475 2,216,331 
 
 Idaho 84,800 161,772 
 
 Illinois 56,650 4,821,550 
 
 Indiana 36,350 2,516,462 
 
 Indian Territory.. 31,400 392,060 
 
 Iowa 56,025 2,231,853 
 
 Kansas 82,080 1,470,495 
 
 Kentucky 40,400 2, 147, 1 74 
 
 Louisiana 48,720 1,381,625 
 
 Maine 33,040 694,466 
 
 Maryland 12,210 1,188,044 
 
 Massachusetts ... 8,315 2,805,346 
 
 Michigan 58,91 5 2,420,982 
 
 Minnesota 83,365 1,751,394 
 
 Mississippi 46,810 1,551,270 
 
 Missouri 69,415 3,106,665 
 
 Montana 146,080 243,329 
 
 Nebraska 77,510 1,066,300 
 
 Nevada 110,700 42,335 
 
 New Hampshire . . 9,305 411,588 
 
 New Jersey 7,815 1,883,669 
 
 New Mexico Ter. . 122,580 195,310 
 
 New York 49,170 7,268,894 
 
 North Carolina... 52,250 1,893,810 
 
 North Dakota .... 70.795 319,146 
 
 Ohio 4i;060 4,157,545 
 
 Oklahoma Ter. . . . 39,030 398,331 
 
 Oregon 96,030 413,536 
 
 Pennsylvania.... 45,215 6,302,115 
 
 Rhode Island 1,250 428,556 
 
 South Carolina . . . 30,570 1,340,316 
 
 South Dakota .... 77,650 401,570 
 
 Tennessee 42,050 2,020,616 
 
 Texas 265,780 3,048,710 
 
 Utah 84,970 276,749 
 
 Vermont 9,565 343,641 
 
 Virginia 42,450 1,854,184 
 
 Washington 69, 180 518, 103 
 
 West Virginia .... 24,780 958,800 
 
 Wisconsin 56,040 2,069,042 
 
 Wyoming 97,890 92,531 
 
 Delaware and 
 
 New York Bays 720 
 Detached Possessions. 
 
 Alaska 590,884 63,592 
 
 Hawaii 6,449 154,001 
 
 Philippine Islands 114,356 »7,000,000 
 
 Porto Rico 3,606 953,243 
 
 Other Detached 
 
 Possessions .... 260 12,700 
 Persons in the ser- 
 vice of the U. S. 
 
 stationed abroad 91,219 
 
 Grand total — U. S. > 
 
 and detached pos- [ 3,741,155 84,269,330' 
 
 sessions ) 
 
 'Estimated. 
 
128 
 
 AREAS AND POPULATIONS. 
 
 CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 100,000 OR UPWARDS. 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 1900. 1890. 
 
 Allegheny, Pa 129,896 105,287 
 
 Baltimore, Md 508,957 434,439 
 
 Boston, Mass 560,892 448,477 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y 352,219 255,664 
 
 Chicago, 111 1,698,575 1,099,850 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio ... 325,902 296,908 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio 381,768 261,353 
 
 Columbus, Ohio 125,560 88,150 
 
 Denver, Col 133,859 106,713 
 
 Detroit, Mich 285,704 205,876 
 
 Fall River, Mass. . . . 104,863 74,398 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. .. . 169,164 105,436 
 
 Jersey City, N. J. . . . 206,433 163,003 
 
 Kansas City, Mo. ... 163,752 132,716 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal. . . . 102,479 50,395 
 
 Louisville, Ky 204,731 161,129 
 
 Memphis, Tenn. . . 102,320 64,495 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis 285,315 204,468 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn... 202,718 164,738 
 
 Newark, N. J 246,070 181,830 
 
 New Haven, Conn. . 108,027 81,298 
 
 New Orleans, La. . . . 287,104 242,039 
 
 New York, N. Y. ... 3,437,202 1,515,301 
 
 Omaha, Neb 102,555 140,452 
 
 Paterson, N. J 105,171 78,347 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 1,293,697 1,046,964 
 
 Pittsburg, Pa. 321,616 238,617 
 
 Providence, R. I. .. . 175,597 132,146 
 
 Rochester, N. Y 162,435 133,896 
 
 St. Joseph, Mo 102,979 52,324 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. 575,238 451,770 
 
 St. Paul, Minn 163,632 133,156 
 
 San Francisco, Cal. . 342,782 298,997 
 
 Scranton, Pa 102,026 75,215 
 
 Syracuse, N. Y 108,374 88,143 
 
 Toledo, Ohio 131,822 81,434 
 
 Washington, D. C. . . 278,718 230,392 
 
 Worcester, Mass. . . . 118,421 84,655 
 
 MOUNTAINS. 
 
 Feet high. 
 
 Everest, Asia 29,002 
 
 Aconcagua, Chile 23,910 
 
 Sorata, vol., Bolivia 21,286 
 
 McKinley, Alaska 20,464 
 
 Kilimanjaro, Africa 20,000 
 
 Logan, Canada 19,500 
 
 Orizaba, vol., Mexico 18,314 
 
 Kenia, Africa 18,000 
 
 St. Elias, Alaska 18,010 
 
 Blanc, France 15,744 
 
 Whitney, California 14,898 
 
 Blanca.Peak, Colorado 14,464 
 
 Rainier, Washington 14,444 
 
 Shasta, California 14,350 
 
 Fujiyama, vol., Japan 14,177 
 
 Pikes Peak, Colorado 14,147 
 
 Fremont Peak, Wyoming 13,790 
 
 Hood, Oregon 11,225 
 
 Mitchells Peak, North Carolina. . . 6,711 
 
 Washington, New Hampshire 6,286 
 
 Katahdin, Maine 5,200 
 
 Hecla, vol., Iceland 5,110 
 
 Vesuvius, vol., Italy 4,205 
 
 LAKES. 
 
 Area, in 
 Sq. Miles. 
 
 Caspian, Asia 169,400 
 
 Victoria, Africa 32,200 
 
 FOREIGN. 
 
 Latest Census. 
 
 Alexandria, Egypt 319,767 ('97 
 
 Amsterdam, Netherlands. . 494,189 ('96 
 
 Antwerp, Belgium 267,902 ('96 
 
 Belfast, Ireland 255,950 ('91 
 
 Berlin, Germany 1,677,304 ('95 
 
 Birmingham, England 501,241 ('96 
 
 Bombay, India 821,764 ('91 
 
 Bordeaux, France 256,906 ('96 
 
 Bradford, England 228,809 ('96 
 
 Breslau, Germany 378,250 ('95 
 
 Bristol, England 230,623 ('96 
 
 Bucharest, Roumania 232,009 ('94 
 
 Budapest, Hungary 491,938 ('90 
 
 Buenos Ayres, Argentina. . 725,554 ('97 
 
 Cairo, Egypt 576,400 ('97 
 
 Calcutta, India 810,786 ('91 
 
 Canton, China 2,000,000 ('96 
 
 Cologne, Germany 321,564 ('95 
 
 Constantinople, Turkey . . . 873,565 ('85 
 
 Copenhagen, Denmark .... 312,859 ('90 
 
 Dresden, Germany 336,440 ('95 
 
 Dublin, Ireland 245,001 ('91 
 
 Edinburgh, Scotland 263,646 ('91 
 
 Frankfort, Germany 229,279 ('95 
 
 Fuchau, China 650,000 ('96 
 
 Genoa, Italy 225,135 ('96 
 
 Glasgow, Scotland 658,198 ('91 
 
 Hamburg, Germany 625,552 ('95 
 
 Hanover, Germany 209,535 ('95 
 
 Havana, Cuba 235,981 ('99 
 
 Kiev, Russia 248,750 ('97 
 
 Leeds, England 402,449 ('96 
 
 Leipsic, Germany 399,963 ('95 
 
 Lisbon, Portugal 301,200 ('90 
 
 Liverpool, England 632,512 ('96 
 
 London, England 4,433,018 ('96 
 
 Lyon, France 466,028 ('96 
 
 Madras, India 452,518 ('91 
 
 Madrid, Spain 499,270 ('90 
 
 Manchester, England 529,561 ('96 
 
 Area in 
 Milei 
 
 Superior, U. S 31,200 
 
 Aral, Asia 26,200 
 
 Huron, U. S 23,800 
 
 Michigan, U. S 22,500 
 
 Tanganyika, Africa 14,000 
 
 Baikal, Asia 13,200 
 
 Chad, Africa 10,400 
 
 Erie, U. S 10,000 
 
 Winnipeg, Canada 9,400 
 
 Balkash, Asia 8,600 
 
 Ontario, U. S 7,200 
 
 Ladoga, Russia 7,000 
 
 Titicaca, South America 3,300 
 
 Nicaragua, Central America 2,800 
 
 Great Salt, U. S 2,300 
 
 Dead Sea, Asia 350 
 
 RIVERS. 
 
 Miles 
 Long. 
 
 Mississippi-Missouri, U. S 4,200 
 
 Mississippi proper, U. S 2,600 
 
 Missouri, U. S 2,900 
 
 Nile, Africa 3,900 
 
 Amazon, South America 3,400 
 
 Yangtze, China 3,100 
 
 Ob, Siberia 3,000 
 
 Yenisei, Siberia 3,000 
 
 Niger, Africa 2,900 
 
 Latest Census. 
 
 Marseille, France 442,239 ('96) 
 
 Melbourne, Australia 447,565 ('95) 
 
 Mexico, Mexico 339,935 ('95) 
 
 Milan, Italy 456,698 ('96) 
 
 Montevideo, Uruguay 249,251 ('98) 
 
 Montreal, Canada 216,650 ('91) 
 
 Moscow, Russia 988,610 ('97) 
 
 Munich, Germany 407,307 ('95) 
 
 Naples, Italy 529,446 ('96) 
 
 Newcastle, England 212,223 ('96) 
 
 Nottingham, England. . . . 229,775 ('96) 
 
 Odessa, Russia 404,651 ('97) 
 
 Osaka, Japan 487,184 ('96) 
 
 Paris, France 2,536,834 ('96) 
 
 Peking, China 1,000,000 
 
 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 522,651 ('95) 
 
 Rome, Italv 474,018 ('96) 
 
 Rotterdam^ Netherlands ... 286, 105 ('96) 
 
 St. Petersburg, Russia .... 1,267,023 ('97) 
 
 Santiago, Chile 256,403 ('95) 
 
 Sheffield, England 347,278 ('96) 
 
 Stockholm, Sweden 279,680 ('96) 
 
 Sydney, Australia . . 408,500 ('95) 
 
 Tientsin, China 950,000 ('96) 
 
 Tokio, Japan 1,268,930 ('96) 
 
 Turin, Italy 348,001 ('96) 
 
 Vienna, Austria 1,364,548 ('90) 
 
 Warsaw, Russia 614,752 ('97) 
 
 LARGEST CITIES OF THE WORLD. 
 
 London 4,443,018 
 
 New York (1900) 3,437,202 
 
 Paris 2,536,834 
 
 Canton 2,000,006 
 
 Chicago (1900) 1,698,575 
 
 Berlin 1,677,304 
 
 Vienna 1,364,548 
 
 Philadelphia. . . . (1900) 1,293,697 
 
 Tokio 1,268,930 
 
 St. Petersburg 1,267,023 
 
 Peking 1,000,000 
 
 Miles 
 Long. 
 
 Hoang, China . 2,800 
 
 Kongo, Africa 2,800 
 
 Lena, Siberia 2,800 
 
 Amur, Siberia 2,700 
 
 Mekong, Asia 2,600 
 
 Plata, South America 2,500 
 
 Volga, Russia 2,300 
 
 St. Lawrence, North America . . . 2,100 
 
 Mackenzie, Canada 2,100 
 
 Yukon, North America 2,000 
 
 Euphrates, Asia 2,000 
 
 Arkansas, U. S 2,000 
 
 Nelson-Saskatchewan, Canada . . . 1,900 
 
 Indus, Asia 1,900 
 
 Ganges, India 1,800 
 
 Danube, Europe 1,800 
 
 Sao Francisco, Brazil 1,800 
 
 Rio Grande, North America 1,800 
 
 Tocantins, Brazil 1,700 
 
 Zambezi, Africa 1,600 
 
 Irtish, Siberia 1,600 
 
 Orinoco, South America 1,500 
 
 Columbia, U. S 1,400 
 
 Dnieper, Russia 1,300 
 
 Orange, Africa 1,200 
 
 Tennessee, U. S 1,100 
 
 Murray, Australia 1,100 
 
 Magdalena, Colombia 1,100 
 
 Colorado, U. S 1,000 
 
 Ural, Russia 1,000 
 
-■ y 
 
 ^mv^- 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 BERKELEY 
 
 Return to desk from which borrowed. 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
 EC XfR 1981 
 
 JAN1 
 JANS RtCD 
 
 DEC '302 
 
 JAN 2KECD 
 
 LD 21-95m-ll,'50(2877sl6)476 
 
YE 0660^ 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
m*