MAP LIB. 
 
 GA 
 
 lei! ed to the Maps in Mitchell's Hew Series of Geographies, 
 
 1869 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 * 
 
 JP.
 
 UCLA MAP LIBRARY 
 Rec 'djAN 181990 
 
 IMO.:
 
 /5/6 
 

 
 HAND-BOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 MAP D 
 
 ADAPTED ESPECIALLY TO THE MAPS IN 
 
 '$ |E*to Juries of J|clja0l 
 
 BY 
 
 PETER KEAM A JOHN MICKLEBOROUGH. 
 
 TEACHERS IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF CINCINNATI. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & CO.
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by 
 
 PETER KEAM AND JOHN MICKLEBOROUGH, 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of Ohio.
 
 MAP LIBRARY 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 IN presenting to the public a new work on the subject of Geography, the authors 
 claim for it nothing more than its name implies, viz. : that it is a Hand-Book of Map- 
 Drawing. 
 
 It is not intended to supersede the text-books of political and descriptive Geography 
 now in use, but to accompany them, as a means of fixing more indelibly in the memory 
 the facts therein contained. 
 
 The most effective mode of presenting a subject is through the sense of sight ; and 
 when a child has once sketched for himself the outlines of a country, drawn in the 
 mountain-chains, traced the water-systems, and located the principal cities, he will have 
 received more lasting impressions of its geographical features than could be obtained in 
 any other way. 
 
 The necessities of the school-room demand a method of presenting the subject of Geo- 
 graphy in a manner more natural and philosophical than has heretofore been adopted, 
 yet so simple as to be within the comprehension of any pupil of ordinary capacity. 
 We have endeavored in the present work to unite system with simplicity; and after two 
 years' experience in teaching Geography upon the principle herein laid down, we have 
 no hesitation in recommending it to instructors as a work tending materially to lessen 
 their labors, and greatly to facilitate the progress of their pupils in the study of Geography. 
 
 One advantage claimed for the work is that the grouping of the States and countries 
 has been based upon the principle of climate and productions, so that when a scholar 
 has learned what is true of one State or country, he may readily infer what is true in a 
 great many respects of all the other States or countries contained in that group. 
 
 The work is specially adapted to be used in connection with Mitchell's New Series of 
 Geographies, the figures having been constructed in accordance with his scale of maps. 
 
 If the work should tend in any degree to promote a more general interest in the sub- 
 ject of Geography, by making it more attractive to the scholar and more satisfactory to 
 the teacher, our object will have been attained. 
 CINCINNATI, June, 1869.
 
 6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 After the pupils can draw a correct outline, either on paper or slate, the map may be 
 completed ; and, in doing so, the natural order should be followed : first the moun- 
 tains, then the water-systems (lakes and rivers), then the cities and towns, &c. &c. 
 
 By this means an indelible image of the map will be formed in the minds of the 
 scholars, with an exactness of knowledge as to boundaries, mountain-chains, the rise 
 and directions of rivers, location of cities, &c., which could be acquired in no other way. 
 
 When the pupils have become familiar with the outline of the map, it is better to dis- 
 pense with the lines of the figure, indicating it merely by points, inasmuch as heavy 
 lines to a certain extent mar the beauty of the drawing. Thus, instead of actually 
 drawing the lines of a square, it answers equally well to indicate it by four points, allow- 
 ing the pupil to imagine that the lines extend from point to point. 
 
 The letters employed in the construction of the figures serve to simplify the explana- 
 tion, but are not intended to be used before a class, where the verbal explanation of the 
 teacher will supersede the necessity of lettering. 
 
 While the map thus drawn is before the class, the teacher should endeavor to awaken 
 an interest in the subject, and call forth the reasoning faculties of the scholars, by 
 directing their attention to certain results which naturally follow certain physical con- 
 ditions; such, for example, as the course of rivers following the general slope of the 
 country; the influence of navigable rivers upon internal commerce; the effect of high 
 mountain-chains, and of distance inland, together with that of distance from the equator, 
 upon climate. 
 
 In a similar manner the judicious teacher will be able to draw out from the class 
 certain facts concerning the nature of the soil and the kind of productions, as well 
 as the general character of the cities, from their location. 
 
 In this way there is a constant appeal to the highest power of the mind reason; and 
 the subsequent labor of memorizing the lessons from their regular text-books will be 
 rendered comparatively easy to the learners.
 
 MAP OF THE 
 
 CoJtral . 
 
 Archipelago Jinerica K 
 
 *\ '" Society?""*' "WuinotttK 
 
 Vji^k^F^ 
 
 HEMISFHERE.
 
 MAP OF THE 
 
 EASTTERN HEMISPHERE.
 
 10 
 
 FIGURE FOR NORTH AMERICA 
 
 Construct a rectangle in ths proportion of 3 to 4. lrise<i //// 
 base, and eastern side* . Join AE , E F and A G. ami iliviilt- ftich 
 four eqiuil parts . Jfistct G F find F D , and from, H dmw H N />////// /// H D . tun/ . ifiti \ N
 
 AR C T I C O C RA N 
 
 : s OTJTH 
 
 \MER TCA
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 NS'hat is the position of the I'nited States ' 
 NVheiv are its principal highlands .' 
 What is thru- <;eiieral direction .' 
 
 Deserihe tin- plateaus. 
 
 Describe tlif lowlands. 
 
 \Vlial lakes on the boi-der.or in the interior .' 
 
 Ki-oin the nature of the surtiire. what would 
 
 naturally he the eneral dirertJon of tlie rrvea-s .' 
 
 \Vhii4i rivei-s alliinl ool water power ' 
 
 \Vliirh ;nv navi'jil>le. so as to he ot'jiivjit value 
 
 tor domestic commerce ? 
 
 What is the climate of the southern pa it of the 
 
 i-uunti-v 
 
 tit' the central portion ' 
 
 lit' die northern part ' 
 
 Efaw does elevation affect 1*111113,16;' 
 
 How tlm-s |m>xiiuity to the sea affect clim;ite .' 
 
 \Vhat are the principal prudurtions of tKe 
 
 .southern poilion of tlie eonnti*\ T .' 
 
 DC the central portion ? 
 
 Of the northern poilion .' 
 
 Name and locate the principal coiiuiienual cities. 
 
 What natural causes have contributed to their 
 
 prosperity .' 
 
 Name ami loi-ale the U-adnii;' iuiiniil:ieturin>^' 
 
 ilies 
 
 Name and locate the ivai :i^nenltii<"il marts.
 
 OF THE ITNITED STATES. 
 
 20 Longitude 15 Wesf from. ID "Washington 5 
 
 H S\A M * jlj 
 
 .onitu<Je West 92 from Oiwnwirli 87 
 
 MUU :.,! 
 
 ill .'I in KerfuiMS. '_.. ! J'llVlllS
 
 DESCKIPTIVE LESSON 
 
 ON THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 United States is situated in the central part of the grand division of North 
 America, and forms the great southern slope to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 In the eastern part of the country is the Appalachian mountain-system, stretching from 
 the river St. Lawrence to within a few miles of the Gulf. From this system extend 
 two great slopes of land, the one towards the Atlantic Ocean and the other towards 
 the valley of the Mississippi. 
 
 On the western side of the country are two great m on n tain-systems, the Rooky and 
 the Pacific. Between these two ranges is the "Great Western Plateau," about 500 
 miles wide, and a little over 4000 feet above the level of the sea. The central part of 
 this plateau is called the " Great Interior Basin." This 'section contains a few fertile 
 tracts of land, but in general the whole plateau is sterile. 
 
 East of the Rocky Mountains lies a barren region parallel with the mountain-chain 
 from north to south, and having a width in some places of about 300 miles. It Is almost 
 totally devoid of moisture, and consequently of vegetation. Between this region and 
 the Alleghany Mountains lies the largest and most fertile valley in the world. It forms 
 the southern part of the " Great Central Plain" of North America. It has been estimated 
 that this valley is capable of sustaining 250 millions of people, or more than six times 
 a< innny as are now in the whole of the United States. 
 
 The mountain-ranges in the western part of the country are rich in gold, silver, and 
 quicksilver, while the Appalachian range is noted for its coal and iron. Copper, lead, 
 and iron are found in large quantities in the northern ridge between the Mississippi 
 and Saskatchawan valleys.
 
 A DESCBIPTIVE LESSON ON THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 15 
 
 The general direction and slope of the mountains determine in a great measure the 
 ronrse of the rivers, which may be classified under three divisions, viz. : those that floAv 
 in a southeasterly direction, down the Atlantic slope; those that flow down from the 
 elopes of the Appalachians and the Rocky Mountains, uniting to form the Mississippi 
 River, which is one of the largest in the world; and the two great rivers west of the 
 Rocky Mountains, which flow in nearly opposite directions from the centre of the Great 
 Interior Basin to the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 From the central position of the United States on the continent, it is subject neither 
 to the intense heat of the Torrid Zone nor to the extreme cold of the Frigid Zone. It 
 may be said to have three distinct belts of climate, and consequently of productions. 
 South of the parallel of 35 the climate is warm and moist, and the general produc- 
 tions are cotton, sugar, rice, and tropical fruits. Between the parallels of 35 and 40 
 the climate is mild, healthy, and pleasant, and the production* are principally corn, 
 tobacco, and grapes; while the immense and well-watered plains atlord great facilities 
 for the raising of cattle. North of the parallel of 40 the climate is somewhat colder, 
 and is favorable to the production of the different kind* of grain, .such as wheat, barley, 
 oats, &c. But, in consequence of the great difference in the elevation of the country, 
 these grains will grow much farther south in somo States than in others. 
 
 The position of the great cities has been largely determined by certain natural causes. 
 These are the water-powers afforded by the numerous streams, ihc proximity of rich 
 agricultural districts and extensive mineral wealth, and the course of.the great highways 
 of commerce, either foreign or domestic. While some of the cities depend upon several 
 of these influences combined, New York, Now Orleans, and San Francisco depend par- 
 ticularly upon foreign and domestic commerce; Lowell, Manchester, Worcester,- Hart- 
 ford, Rochester, and other manufacturing towns, have grown up <n (he rivers affording 
 excellent water-power ; while Philadelphia and Pittsburg, in addition to their water- 
 power and facilities for commerce, have acquired great importance as manufacturing 
 cities from their proximity to the rich coal and iron regions. Cincinnati, Chicago, and 
 St. Louis are surrounded by great agricultural districts, and have become the principal 
 Western emporiums of domestic trade.
 
 \K\V KXr.LAXl) 
 
 //// 
 
 1 s . 1 /J/-I/H /(/< liin-x A B. (//"/ CD .ln'.v,rtin<i r-,ii-Ji 
 ullii-r <tf riti /it >iniitt\<f in t/i,- fx'int E . 
 
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 17 
 
 , <f Enumtett fy J.if.At
 
 FIGURE FOR NEW YORK, PENNSYLVANIA** NEW .IKKSEY. 
 
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 Ttratrn xEna
 
 FIGURE FOR DELAWARK,MARYIJVNI).VJRGIN1A,W.VI1\GINIA N X. S (\\KOLINA. 
 
 A G I 
 
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 ineetinii I/if line F N pn'ilncet/ . 
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 Kave tl e,ille ],. 7, 
 
 DELAWAK K,3iARYLAND. 
 
 N.&S.CARO11XA 
 
 -n *Engm.*
 
 
 
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 M E AX C O
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 7'n'wf C D . 
 
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 10 
 
 H<;i"KK FOK T11K ItKITISII IS1.KS. 
 
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 XVII 
 HKITISH ISLKS.
 
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 FH;UKK FOB FRANCE STAIN \ POKTI-CAL 
 
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 A G and E H ead-i w///> four equal parts.
 
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 1 1 . .li'ii i AG iiinf nisfcl it.. Join P ti/n/ M N ,///// bisect e>n // </' f/ir-tn .
 
 
 XXII 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 .i it f '/' / f <> c /<; .1 \ 
 
 SrAMMXAVIA 
 
 & nK;v;V:L\KK, 
 
 n;; iFKnamvtaln J.tTJIt<rpi<a .rhaadiiph
 
 FIGITIK FOR TURKEY KrGttKK<'K. 
 
 f'fin.vtnuf a .iv7///v/r A BCD . Ki.wt CD nut/ t/m>H(/h E ttmw EF fHini/Irl /<> AC. Tn.vri"! AB 
 ii/i// EF. n/.w fnxft-t (fie mtfM/f .verti'mi of E F . Divide DB. E B ////</ E A ////// /'////> /r>tt/- 
 parts. (>n G B - twn.rl/i/rf /i .n/iiftrr . Risert H I tmdjtmi KB.
 
 A" I) I T K R R A X K A 
 
 ,f- Ttnffravrtl fy-
 
 I 
 
 CD 
 

 
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 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 A A 000015634 9
 
 GOODRICH'S HISTORIES, 
 
 : > PICTORIAL HISTORY OF 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 CHILD'S PICTORIAL 
 
 i'Kl) STATKS 
 
 < To RIAL HISTORY OF 
 KM I LAND - 
 
 GooDRIc!r,s PKTORIAL HISTORY OF 
 ROME ..... 
 
 t.ooDRicirs p] \~ OF 
 
 GREECE ...... 
 
 (RICH'S PARLEY'S COMMON SCHOOL 
 HISTORY iK T1IK WORLD 
 
 .RICH'S PICTORIAL NATURAL 
 
 V ----- - 
 
 MITCHELL'S (NEW) GEOGRAPHIES. 
 
 RST LESSONS IX GEO- 
 GRA^HY 
 M I T C HELL'S NEW PRIMARY 
 
 \rlJY ...... 
 
 MITCHELL'S NEW INTERMEDIATE 
 
 - .... 
 
 IIY 
 AND A': 
 
 . KW PIIYS1CAI I'lIY 
 
 MITCHELL'S XEW \E 
 
 MAI'S AN!) KEY 
 MIT< LW ANi "iRAPHY 
 
 K OK 
 
 f>RAwiN<; - 
 
 MITCHELL'S GEOGRAPHIES (OLD SERIES), 
 
 MITCHELL'S PRIMARY (;EoiRAPHY 
 
 iRAPHY 
 AND A 'I 
 
 . PHY 
 AM ..... 
 
 - 
 - 
 COPPEE'S ELEMENTS (>F RHETORIC - 
 
 SCHOLAR'S COMPANION ENGLISH 
 WORDS 
 
 SMITH'S PRODUCTIVE ENGLISH GRAM- 
 MAR 
 
 HOWS' PRIMARY LADIES' READER - 
 HOWS' JUNIOR J ADIES' READER 
 HOWS' LADIES' ,!KADER 
 HOWS' LADIES' BOOK OF READ: 
 
 AND REHTATIo- 
 
 "LOGY FOR 
 
 AND A M'KMIES 
 R iDt-KR'- MENSURATJoy 
 RAM! LATIN SYNONYME8 
 
 STOCK HARDT'S CHEMISTRY 
 FLEMING AND TIBBINS' FRENCH AND 
 
 ENGLISH DICTIONARY, 8vo. - 
 SAME WORK. ABRIDGED, 12mo. - 
 NHiENT'S FRKNclI DICTIONARY 
 HART'S CLASS BOOK OF POETRY 
 HART lidoK or 
 
 HART'S ENGLISH (iRA.'.rMAR 
 HART'S CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S. - 
 
 BINGHAM'S NEW ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 ' \M'S NEW LATP-. . \R - 
 
 ,-:W LATi. 
 BINGHAM'S 
 
 STEWART'S PHILOSOfH , <-K THE AC- 
 TIVE AND MORAL i'. 
 REID'S INTELLECTUAL 
 
 KUAN'S GREEK AND ENGLISH 
 LEXICON 
 
 LL'S SERIES OF READERS - 
 
 MARTINDALE'S PRIMARY BPEIJ 
 MARTINDALE'S :..)<jL 
 
 SPELLER 
 MART MTT.ETK SPELLER 
 
 KFR'S SYSTEM OF BOOK-K K 
 
 V HO ; K- KEEPING 
 FORNEY'S FRENCH SPELLER 
 
 
 PUBLISHED BY E. H. BTTTLER & CO., 
 No. 137 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia.