w 
 
COLLEGE 
 
 HISTORIES 
 
 CAMBRIDGE 
 
 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
We know what Master laid thy keel, 
 
 What Workman wrought thy ribs of steel, 
 
 Who made each mast, and sail, and rope, 
 
 What anvils rang, what hammers beat. 
 
 In what a forge and what a heat 
 
 Were shaped the anchors of thy hope. 
 
 Fear not each sudden sound and shock, 
 
 'Tis of the wave, and not the rock ; 
 
 'Tis but the flapping of the sail, 
 
 And not a rent made by the gale. 
 
 In spite of rock and tempest's roar, 
 
 In spite of false lights on the shore, 
 
 Sail on, nor fear to breast the sea ! 
 
 Our hearts, our hopes, are all with thee ; 
 
 Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears, 
 
 Our faith triumphant o'er our fears, 
 
 Are all with thee — are all with thee. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/emmanuelcollegeOOshucrich 
 

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 COLLEGE HISTORIES 
 
 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 BY 
 
 E. S. SHUCKBURGH, Litt.D 
 
 LIBRARIAN AND LATE FELLOW OF EMMANUEL 
 
 LONDON 
 
 F. E. ROBINSON & CO. 
 
 20 GREAT RUSSELL STREET, BLOOMSBURY 
 
 1904 
 
LFI8S 
 .^6 
 
TO 
 
 WILLIAM CHAWNER 
 
 Master of Emmanuel College 
 
 FROM 
 A FRIEND OF MANY YEARS 
 
 336516 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The name of Emmanuel College is in itself an indication 
 of the origin and purpose of the foundation. In a 
 discussion as to the use of the word in Notes and 
 Queries (8th Series, vii. 268, 351, 396), it is shown 
 that it had long been the custom in the seventeenth 
 century, and perhaps earlier, especially among men of 
 a Puritan cast, to use the word as the heading of 
 letters or books and records. One correspondent quotes 
 2 Henry VI. (IV. ii), when the clerk of Chatham is 
 brought before Jack Cade : 
 
 Cade. Come hither, sirrah, I must examine thee : What 
 is thy name ? 
 
 Clerk. Emmanuel. 
 
 Dick. They use to write it on the top of letters : 'twill 
 go hard with you. 
 
 The use of the word as a kind of badge is in 
 accordance with the Scripture phraseology so common 
 among the Puritans at all times, and has survived in 
 the name of many Nonconformist chapels and some 
 churches to this day. At the time of the foundation 
 of the College it had not become vulgarized, and was 
 
 vii 
 
viii PREFACE 
 
 regarded with serious reverence as indicating a profound 
 sense of the Divine presence. The ' Memorial for a 
 Son' drawn up by Sir Walter Mildmay, and lately 
 published by the Rev. Arundell St. John Mildmay,"'^ 
 begins and ends with the exhortation to ' fear God and 
 love Him,' to 'read the Scriptures daily and hear 
 sermons diligently.' The whole of these admonitions, 
 with their worldly prudence and religious earnestness, 
 give the clue to the purpose of Sir Walter in his 
 foundation, as I have endeavoured to show in this book. 
 Details of College management, of changing methods 
 and ideals, of pecuniary difficulties or increasing wealth, 
 may have their charm ; but the real interest of the 
 history of Emmanuel is that it coincides with, and 
 reflects, a great national movement. The College rose 
 with the rising tide of Puritanism, declined with its 
 decline; contributed even more than its just proportion 
 to the seed-plot of the New England in the West ; 
 shared to the full in the dawn of a more liberal 
 theology ; and through the days of decadence and 
 deadness, though it did not escape their numbing 
 influence, never wholly lost the love of learning or the 
 sense of duty to its trust. Throughout the eighteenth 
 century, with decreasing numbers, and for the greater 
 part of the time with straitened means, the College 
 never ceased to produce men who gained distinction in 
 letters' or science or politics. In these later days it has 
 always kept up with, and sometimes led, the movements 
 in favour of larger and more liberal views of education, 
 of raising the standard and multiplying the subjects of 
 learning and research. 
 
 * College Magazine, vol. v., p. 5. 
 
PREFACE ix 
 
 Still, it is the earlier chapters in its history that 
 must always have the more vivid interest, because it 
 was then that it most obviously reflects the spirit of the 
 time. For the first fifty years of its existence it was 
 marked by extreme Puritanism, though perhaps with a 
 diminishing vehemence ; but the beginning of the Civil 
 War found it with a strongly Royalist Master (Holds- 
 worth), who committed the College by paying ^100 
 in its name at the King's demand. And when the 
 Restoration came it was clear that the extraordinary 
 change which had come over the nation at large had 
 had its full effect in the College. With hardly any excep- 
 tion the Society were ready to acquiesce in the change 
 and all it involved. The Master (Dillingham) refused, 
 indeed, to conform in 1662, but his objection was 
 neither to Royalty nor to Church authority, properly 
 speaking, and his example found few followers. The 
 movement had spent itself in the College, as it had 
 in the country. It may, I fear, be thought that the 
 interest of this subject has led to a disproportionate 
 space being assigned in this book to the earlier period, 
 to the neglect of later stages in the development of the 
 College. I can only plead that as we get nearer our 
 own time what has to be said seems more fitted for a 
 hand-book than a history, and that what is needed to 
 supplement this book is not so much a larger history of 
 changes of statutes and expansions of estates, but a 
 biographical catalogue of men educated within the 
 College walls. They, after all, represent the success or 
 failure of the foundation, the merits of which are best 
 ascertained by its fruits. But this is an undertaking 
 for which I have neither the capability nor the time. 
 
X PREFACE 
 
 I hope that some younger man may be found to do for 
 Emmanuel what has been done for Caius, and is being 
 done for King's and Christ's. 
 
 Previous accounts of the College of any considerable 
 length have been — 
 
 1. By Thomas Fuller, in his History of the University 
 of Cambridge (1655). His quaint humour must always 
 give delight, and he has the advantage of writing at 
 a very interesting point of the College history. But 
 his desire to be epigrammatic sometimes makes him 
 oblivious of duller but necessary details. 
 
 2. By George Dyer, in History of the University and 
 Colleges of Cambridge (1814). Dyer entered Emmanuel 
 in 1774 from Christ's Hospital, the last year of Far- 
 mer's tutorship, to whom his literary abilities much 
 commended him. After his degree in 1778 he held a 
 number of minor educational posts, and eventually 
 settled in Clifford's Inn, where he died in 1841. He 
 was a friend (and butt) of Charles Lamb. His numerous 
 works in prose and verse are of no great value, but his 
 account of Emmanuel in the book above mentioned is 
 interesting from his personal enthusiasm, and for the 
 account of many of its worthies, some of whom he 
 personally knew. 
 
 3. By C. H. Cooper, in the third volume of his 
 Memorials of Cambridge (1 858-1 866) . Every Cambridge 
 man owes a debt of gratitude to the extraordinary in- 
 dustry and accuracy of this great antiquary. His A thenar 
 Cantabrigienses (1853) has also been of great help in the 
 early part of the work, as also his Annals of Cambridge 
 (1842). 
 
 4. By Willis and Clark, in the Architectural History 
 
PREFACE xi 
 
 of the University of Cambridge (1886), which contains 
 the best account of the College buildings. 
 
 5. By Atkinson and Clark, in Cambridge Described 
 and Illustrated (1897). 
 
 6. The Emmanuel College Magazine was started in 
 May, 1889, under the editorship of Dr. Adam, now Senior 
 Tutor, and continued under that of Mr. J. B. Peace, 
 the Bursar. It appears once a term, and contributions 
 have been made to it by many members of the College, 
 past and present, on points of interest in the history 
 of the College, as, for instance, by Dr. J. J. Raven, 
 Vicar of Fressingfield (Bancroft's old home), who is the 
 author of a History of Siiffblk, and an enthusiast as to 
 all that concerns the College and the Archbishop. By 
 no one have more numerous and valuable contributions 
 been made than by the editor, Mr. Peace, himself. The 
 result is an accumulation of facts forming a fairly 
 complete account of the College, which, if collected, 
 would make a much better book than mine. I have 
 been largely indebted to this storehouse of information. 
 The account of Hubbard's tutorship (pp. 139-151), and 
 of the early endowments of the College in the Appendix, 
 are, the former mainly, and the latter wholly, contribu- 
 tions by Mr. Peace to this Magazine. For leave to use 
 them, and for much other help in correcting proofs 
 and pointing out sources of information in the College 
 Treasury, I owe him incalculable gratitude. The Index 
 I owe to my wife. 
 
 E. S. SHUCKBURGH. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 I. THE SITE OF THE COLLEGE AND THE DEVELOP- 
 MENT OF ITS BUILDINGS - - - I 
 II. THE FOUNDER AND THE OBJECT OF HIS FOUNDA- 
 TION - - - - - - 17 
 
 III. THE MASTERSHIP OF LAURENCE CHADERTON 
 
 (1584-1622) - - - - - 27 
 
 IV. THE MASTERSHIPS OF JOHN PRESTON (1622- 
 
 1628) AND WILLIAM SANDCROFT (1628-1637) 58 
 V. PERIOD OF THE CIVIL WAR : MASTERSHIPS OF 
 RICHARD HOLDSWORTH (1637-1644), ANTHONY 
 TUCKNEY (1644- 1 65 3), AND WILLIAM DILLING- 
 HAM (1653-1662) - - - - 87 
 VI. THE RESTORATION CHANGES : MASTERSHIPS OF 
 WILLIAM SANCROFT (1662-1665), JOHN BRETON 
 (1665-1675), THOMAS HOLBECH (1675-1680), 
 AND JOHN BALDERSTON (1680-1719) - 107 
 VII. MASTERSHIPS OF WILLIAM SAVAGE (1719-1736) 
 
 AND WILLIAM RICHARDSON ( 1 736- 1 7 75) - 127 
 
 VIII. MASTERSHIP OF RICHARD FARMER (1775-I797) 152 
 
 xiii 
 
xiv CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 IX. MASTERSHIPS OF R. T. CORY ( 1 797-1 835), 
 G. ARCHDALL-GRATWICKE (1835-1871), S. G. 
 PHEAR (187 1- 1 895), AND WILLIAM CHAWNER, 
 
 THE PRESENT MASTER - - - 1 69 
 
 X. THE LIBRARY - - - - - 1 87 
 
 APPENDICES 
 
 I. EARLIEST ENDOWMENTS OF THE COLLEGE - 202 
 II. THE COLLEGE BENEFACTORS - - - 214 
 in. THE PICTURES ----- 223 
 IV. THE COLLEGE PATRONAGE - - - 227 
 V. THE CHAPEL - - - - " 231 
 VI. EMMANUEL MEN WHO HAVE TAKEN A FIRST 
 CLASS IN HONOURS SINCE THE FIRST ESTAB- 
 LISHMENT OF A TRIPOS, OR GAINED UNI- 
 VERSITY SCHOLARSHIPS OR PRIZES - - 238 
 VII. ATHLETICS - - . . - 248 
 
 INDEX ------ 251 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 PLATE 
 
 VIEW BY LOGGAN {c. 1 688) - - FronUspiece 
 
 I. THE PICTURE GALLERY - - - facttlg p. 12 
 n. THE OLD COURT, LOOKING WEST UPON 
 
 THE SOUTH GARDEN - - - ,,74 
 
 III. CHAPEL AND CLOISTER ON EAST OF THE 
 
 GREAT COURT - - - „ Il6 
 
 IV. THE HALL - - - „ 162 
 V. THE NEW COURT - - - „ ^74 
 
 VI. THE OLD COURT, LOOKING EAST UPON 
 
 THE PADDOCK - - - „ 182 
 
 Vn. THE LIBRARY - - - - „ 188 
 
 XV 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 THE SITE OF THE COLLEGE AND THE DEVELOP- 
 MENT OF ITS BUILDINGS 
 
 The continuity of English life is, perhaps, by nothing 
 more vividly illustrated than by the antiquity of the 
 occupation of certain portions of the soil for definite 
 public objects, especially in connexion with religion or 
 education. 
 
 Emmanuel College, Cambridge, has been founded 
 about 320 years, but it stands on ground held for eccle- 
 siastical and quasi-educational purposes (with a brief 
 interval) for more than 650 years. The Dominicans or 
 Black (Preaching) Friars came into England first in 
 1221, and some time between that date and 1240 they 
 had possession of a house and church standing about 
 200 yards south of Barnwell Gate, at the point 
 where the King's Ditch turned to the north in the 
 direction of the river, down what is now Hobson's 
 Street. The west end of the church looked upon the 
 highroad, which came to be called Preachers'* Street, 
 after the friars, and is now St. Andrew*'s Street, while 
 on the south side of it ran a road passing through the 
 present site of the principal court of the College in 
 the direction of Newmarket. In 1240, by a writ of 
 
 1 
 
2 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 Henry IIL, an inquisition was held, in consequence of 
 which the friars were allowed to acquire from the town 
 this road and some land beyond it, giving up in return 
 some land on the north side of the church, which is 
 now Emmanuel Street.* The friars thus possessed 
 grounds of about eight acres, to which two were subse- 
 quently added. The Dominican church stood on the 
 site of the present hall and combination-room, and the 
 buildings for the accommodation of the friars were 
 apparently between the church and Emmanuel Street, 
 the present library (at right angles to the church) 
 occupying the site of some considerable building, 
 perhaps the refectory. 
 
 The friars appear to have taken part in the Uni- 
 versity life of the time, and to have proceeded to 
 degrees in divinity. The names of a good many 
 members of the house are preserved who played a more 
 or less conspicuous part in the various controversies 
 which agitated the ecclesiastical world up to the time 
 of the Dissolution. Their chief benefactor was Alice, 
 widow of Robert de Vere, fifth Earl of Oxford (ob. 1295), 
 whom, indeed, they are said to have regarded as their 
 foundress. They were not one of the wealthy founda- 
 tions, though they enjoyed a pension from the Crown, 
 for their house was dissolved under the Act of 1536, 
 which only affected those corporations whose income 
 was under c£200. The last Prior, Gregory Dodds, B.D., 
 escaped any ill consequences by joining with fourteen 
 of his friars in surrendering the house to the King on 
 
 ♦ It may be remarked that by a fresh agreement with the town 
 the College will probably reabsorb this ground, the road being 
 removed some 50 yards to the north. 
 
THE SITE OF THE COLLEGE 3 
 
 April 16, 1538. He was rewarded with the living of 
 Smarden in Kent, and though during the dangerous 
 period following the Act of the Six Articles he seems 
 to have been in some peril, he survived it and the two 
 next reigns, dying Dean of Exeter in 1570. Another 
 of the surrendering friars, John Scory, had still more 
 liberal compensation, for he was successively Preacher 
 at Canterbury, Bishop of Rochester and of Chichester ; 
 and, though he was deprived of Chichester by Mary in 
 1553, he was sent to Hereford by Elizabeth in 1559, 
 and died Bishop of that see in 1585. He seems to have 
 been very vehement on the side of his new opinions, and 
 during the Catholic reaction he saved his own life by a 
 flight to the Continent, while he signed a letter urging 
 those in prison for their faith to stay and suffer martyr- 
 dom. He must have been almost the only one of the 
 friars who lived to see or hear of the site of his old 
 monastery being occupied by the Protestant foundation 
 of Emmanuel. 
 
 After the surrender of 1538, the site with the build- 
 ings on it — no doubt the usual stripping of lead from 
 the church and other spoliation having meanwhile taken 
 place — passed into private ownership, in spite of a 
 petition from the Vice- Chancellor that, as well as other 
 religious houses, it should be converted into a College. 
 In 1544 the ground and buildings were granted to 
 Edward Elrington and Humphry Metcalfe, with re- 
 mainder to the heirs of Elrington (April 16). It was, 
 however, sold on March 2 in the next year to William 
 Sherwood, and in 1581 to Robert Taylor (April 1). 
 
 To what uses the grounds or buildings had been put 
 between 1544 and 1583 we have no information. But on 
 
 1—2 
 
y 
 
 4 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 June 12 in the latter year they were conveyed by Taylor 
 to Laurence Chaderton (already selected as the Master 
 of the new College) and his brother-in-law, Richard 
 Culverwell, citizen of London, and by them conveyed 
 1 on November 23 of the same year for £550 to Sir 
 Walter Mildmay, the founder of Emmanuel College.* 
 The charter of Queen Elizabeth empowering Sir Walter 
 to found a College is dated January 11, 1583-84; his 
 deed of foundation, still preserved, is dated May 25, 
 1584 ; and on the 29th Francis Chamberlain, of Great 
 Melton in Norfolk, conveyed to the Master, Fellows, and 
 Scholars the rectory and tithes of Little Melton and 
 land in Little and Great Melton, thus attesting their 
 existence as a corporate body. It consisted of a Master, 
 Laurence Chaderton, B.D., late Fellow of Christ's 
 College ; three Fellows, Charles Chad wick, of Christ's 
 College, William Jones and Laurence Pickering, both 
 of Clare Hall ; and four scholars, John Duke, Richard 
 RolfFe, John Starkye, and Robert Houghton. Four 
 other Fellows were admitted in the course of the year.t 
 Though the statutes given by the founder are dated 
 October 1, 1585, entrances of Fellow-commoners, pen- 
 
 * • All that scite, circuit, ambulance and procinct of the late 
 Priory of Fryers commonly called the blackfryers within the Towne 
 of Cambrige . . . and all messuages, houses, buildynges, barnes, 
 stables, dovehouses, orchards, gardens, pondes, stewes, waters, 
 lande and soyle within the said scite. . . . And all walles of stone, 
 brick, or other thinge compassinge and enclosing the said scite.' 
 
 t John Cock from Christ's, John Richardson from Clare Hall 
 (afterwards Master of Peterhouse), Nathaniel Gilbie from Christ's, 
 William Branthwaite from Clare (afterwards Master of Caius). 
 William Bright from Christ's, John Grey from Queens', were 
 admitted in 1588, or at any rate only began to receive payments in 
 that year. 
 
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUILDINGS 5 
 
 sioners, and sizars are recorded from November 1 , 1 584, 
 as many as eighty names being entered in the College 
 register between that date and July 1, 1585.* It 
 therefore appears that there must have been some 
 structure early in this year capable of accommodating 
 a considerable number of men. The history of the 
 development of these buildings seems to begin with a 
 rapid adaptation of some of those already existing. 
 The church was sufficiently preserved — at any rate, as 
 far as the walls and roof were concerned — to be at once 
 converted into a dining-hall ; for in 1586 we learn from 
 the Bursar's accounts that the parlour at the east end 
 of it, with chambers above, was being fitted up, the 
 hall being referred to as already in use. The building 
 already noticed as having possibly been the refectory 
 of the friary (now the library) was, it seems, in the 
 same space of time repaired and fitted up as a chapel 
 with chambers above. This formed the east side of the 
 smaller court, the west being a range of buildings stand- 
 ing somewhat like the western side of the present New 
 Court, and with the kitchens and buttery facing on 
 Preachers' Street, also with chambers above. The 
 
 * The first recorded list of stipends is dated 1585, and probably 
 refers to the Lady Day audit : 
 
 i s. d. 
 
 The Master for half a year ... 15 o o / s. d. 
 
 Chadwick, Fellow and Lecturer 404 and 168 
 
 Jones, Fellow and Catechist ... 4 o 4 and 168 
 
 Pickering 404 
 
 Cock ... ... ... ... ... 400 
 
 Richardson 404 
 
 Gilbie ... ... ... ... 400 
 
 Branthwaite 404 
 
 Eighteen scholars, each i 13 4 
 
6 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 entrance was in the middle of a wall facing Emmanuel 
 Street,* and from it a path passed between the parlour 
 and the entrance to the chapel and Master's Lodge into 
 the greater court beyond. The west side of this greater 
 court was the first built. It was a range facinor 
 Preachers' Street, standing much farther back than the 
 present frontage, at both ends of which were projecting 
 wings. That on the north seems to have consisted of 
 chambers, but that on the south was the first library. 
 This was at one time doubtful.f But an entry in the 
 Bursar's accounts for the year 1657 speaks of iron SS 
 for the library, and Loggan's plan shows them on the 
 south wing of the range at right angles to the hall. 
 
 The next step taken, almost at once, was the com- 
 mencement of the ' Founder's Range ' on the south side 
 of the greater court, opposite the dining-hall, on the 
 same site on which the restored buildings still stand. 
 This was, at any rate, approaching completion by the 
 end of 1587, for in December of that year the founder 
 sends a supplementary statute, in which he desires that 
 ' a single chamber of those recently erected — namely, 
 that which is at the end of the range towards the east, 
 between the lowest chamber and the upper chamber 
 next the roof — may be appropriated to such of our 
 descendants as may be studying in the College.' The 
 set of rooms still spoken of as ' Founder's Chamber,' and 
 
 * An ornamental doorway is shown on Loggan's plan, on which 
 were the words : ' Sacrae Theologiae Studiosis Gualterus Mildmaius 
 Ano Domini 1584.' The architect of these earliest buildings was 
 Ralf Symons, whose portrait is in the gallery, and who had done 
 much work in the construction of Trinity. 
 
 t Willis and Clark (vol. ii., p. 702) thought that it was probably 
 in the range north of the hall, ' which extended from the north end 
 of the kitchen-range to the street.' 
 
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUILDINGS 7 
 
 recently occupied as such, is in the same situation, 
 though the building has been renewed. Entries in the 
 Bursar's accounts show that building operations were 
 going on through 1588, stone being carted from Cam- 
 bridge Castle, and timber being sent by various bene- 
 factors. In the same year the hall was whitewashed, 
 the larger court paved, the Master's Lodge in course of 
 building, the great gate completed, and the parlour 
 furnished. The College was now sufficiently advanced 
 for a ' dedication ' festival, which was accordingly cele- 
 brated in the presence of the founder in 1588. The 
 Bursar's accounts show that a great banquet was given. 
 Two does are brought by the keepers (probably Sir 
 Walter's), a 'crag of sturgeon' is purchased, the 
 chambers are all ' dressed,' and the street ' cleansed.' 
 
 The buildings of the College remained in the state 
 here indicated, with some unimportant addition to the 
 kitchen range, until 1632. Meanwhile, the arrange- 
 ment of the gardens and paddock, with some modifica- 
 tions afterwards to be noted, was not widely different 
 from what it is now. But there was one building which 
 has totally disappeared. That was a tennis-court. It 
 seems to have existed from the earliest times of the 
 College, perhaps even before the College itself was 
 founded. It stood along the wall of the Fellows' 
 Garden, parallel with the pond. It was originally 
 roofed, but the roof was removed in 1632. It con- 
 tinued, however, to be much used. A College order 
 of October 29, 1651, runs : 
 
 'For the better regulating of the Tenniz-court it is 
 ordered by the Master and Fellows tmanimi consensu that 
 the key of it shalbe in the keeping of the Deane, who is 
 
8 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 to take care that the door be kept lockt, and never 
 suffered to play dureing the howers hereafter mentioned, 
 viz*^ from one of the clock till three in the afternoone and 
 from eight of the clock at night till tenn the next morn- 
 ing ; unless any of the fellows shall desire to play there in 
 any of these howers, who may take any fellow commoner 
 with them ; yet soe as they cleare the Court, shutt the 
 doore, and returne the key to the Deane at their comeing 
 away.' 
 
 The tennis-court seems to have fallen into disuse 
 early in the eighteenth century,* when the boundary 
 of the Fellows' Garden was extended so as to include it, 
 its south wall forming part of the new garden wall. 
 This south wall was partly demolished by a fall of two 
 lofty elms in a violent storm of March 24, 1895. When 
 the damaged portion of this wall was being removed, a 
 small teapot was found carefully bricked up, containing 
 a halfpenny of 1773 and the following paper : 
 
 ' This wall was New Cacet Next the Master's Close in 
 
 Feburey 1810. 
 
 By Wm. Overland, Bricklare. 
 
 Jno. Farran, Labourer. 
 
 s. d. 
 Bricklar P^ Day 2 8 
 
 Labourer do. do. ... 1 9 
 
 A Quarten Loaf ... ... ... 1 2j 
 
 A Quart of Ale 5 
 
 Meat P"" Pound 8 
 
 Wm. Overland, 
 
 Late Serjant in 46 Regiment.' 
 
 * A memorandum in the treasury records : • 8 March 1734-5 I 
 began to pull down the fellows' orchard wall and the tenis cort 
 wall.' 
 
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUILDINGS 9 
 
 To return to the buildings. The first great change 
 was started in 1632 by the erection of the 'Brick 
 Building,' or, as we sometimes now call it, the ' Old 
 Court,' extending southward from the eastern end of 
 the 'Founder's Range' to what was then called Pits 
 Garden, which seems to be the piece of land acquired 
 by the College only in 1899. The contract for this 
 building is dated February 9, 1632-33, between John 
 Westley, bricklayer, and the Master, Dr. William Sand- 
 croft, and the Fellows. The amount of the bricklayer's 
 contract was £665, that of the carpenter (Henry Man) 
 c£^285. Both were to have the use of materials from 
 the tennis-court — the bricklayer the ' tyles and lathes,' 
 and the carpenter ' the timber and cover.' The brick- 
 layer was also to have the materials of the old wall, 
 which ran along the site of the new building. Bishop 
 Bennet, in 1788, says that £500 had been spent on it 
 since, and that even so it was in a ' tottering state, and 
 only kept together by the strength of the chimneys.' 
 He attributes this to the original ' execution ' having 
 been ' shamefully negligent.' Certainly, some external 
 features, such as the dormers of the garret windows, 
 have had to be removed, perhaps because they were 
 badly constructed; but either the Bishop took an 
 unnecessarily pessimistic view, or the subsequent repairs 
 were very effective, for the building is still substantially 
 sound as well as picturesque. At any rate, bricklayer 
 and carpenter were punctual, the last payment being 
 made on April 22, 1634, nor can <^20 for extras to the 
 bricklayer be thought excessive. 
 
 The next great change in building and arrangement 
 of the College was started soon after the restoration of 
 
10 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 1660 by Dr. Sancroft, the future nonjuring Archbishop 
 of Canterbury, who was Master from August, 1662, to 
 May, 1665. His immediate motives were two. A con- 
 siderable legacy of books from Dr. Holdsworth (which, 
 however, did not reach the College) made it necessary 
 to have a larger library, and the chapel was in many 
 ways distasteful to the Church party, now in the ascen- 
 dant, particularly in the fact that it stood north and 
 south, instead of east and west. He therefore designed 
 to build a new chapel and library, though the old chapel 
 was afterwards used for the latter. This plan had been 
 constantly in his thoughts during his mastership. In a 
 letter to his old tutor, Ezechiel Wright, dated from the 
 College on January 17, 1663, he says (speaking of his 
 hope to secure Holdsworth's library) : 
 
 ' For the performance whereof, and also for the removing 
 that great mark of singularity, which all the world so talks 
 of, in the unusual prospect and dress of the Chapel (different 
 from that of other Colleges), I have it in design to make 
 both a new Library and Chapel too.'* 
 
 Though his rapid promotions — first to the deanery 
 of York and then to that of St. Paul's — prevented him 
 from carrying out this work as Master (he resigned on 
 succeeding to St. Paul's, May, 1665), he did not lose 
 interest in it. In one way his connexion with St. 
 Paul's probably influenced the final result; for both 
 before and after the Great Fire he was in constant 
 intercourse with Christopher Wren, in surveying the 
 old Cathedral, which was becoming ruinous, and in 
 
 * D'Oyly's Life of Sancroft, vol. i., p. 130. The original letter 
 is in the College treasury, and will be given at length hereafter. 
 
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUILDINGS 11 
 
 making plans for the new one after the fire. It was no 
 doubt in part owing to this intimacy that Wren was 
 asked to make a plan for the new chapel, and for the 
 cloister and noble gallery above it, which is now such a 
 notable feature in the College. Sancroft's successor in 
 the mastership (1666), Dr. Breton, was eager to cany 
 out the project, and, writing in January, 1667, to San- 
 croft, he mentions the receipt of ' the modell of our 
 Chapell," for which he conveys the warm thanks of the 
 whole society. In another letter (September 24, 1667) 
 he mentions two criticisms on the model : first, that it 
 did not seem lofty enough, and, secondly, that if there 
 was to be no east window the side-windows should be 
 larger. Sancroft started the subscription list for the 
 chapel, and subscribed munificently himself. 
 
 The work was begun early in 1668. In January Breton 
 writes to Sancroft : ' We prepare for the foundation of 
 our Chapell, and much desire Dr. Wren''s advice upon 
 the place." In February he went into Northampton- 
 shire, and signed a contract with Simon Wise, of Dean, 
 and Nicholas Ashby, of Ketton, for the supply of 
 stone. And in March money is recorded as paid to 
 labourers for pulling down the old wall on the east side 
 of the court ; in May more is paid for pumps and 
 buckets to remove the water from the foundations. 
 Forty large trees were given by the Earl of Westmor- 
 land (descendant of the founder) from Apethorpe, which 
 were brought by water to Barnwell. Much other 
 timber was bought elsewhere. Dr. Breton, however, 
 did not live to see the building completed. He died in 
 1676, and was succeeded by Dr. Thomas Holbech (who 
 heads the list of original subscribers), but it was not 
 
12 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 till September 29, 1677, that the consecration was per- 
 formed by Bishop Gunning of Ely. The gradual im- 
 provement of the internal fittings went on for some ten 
 years more,* and the organ was not erected till 1682. 
 The painting by Giacomo Amiconi, a Venetian, now 
 on the altar-piece was presented in 1734 by Chris- 
 topher Nevile, Fellow-commoner. As a final act in the 
 removal of the place of worship of the College, the 
 bodies of Chaderton and Breton were removed from the 
 old to the new chapel in December, 1677. Along with 
 the chapel was constructed the present cloister and 
 gallery above it, also from a design by Wren, who 
 proposed building it of red brick. It was, however, 
 for some unknown reason ashlared from the first. The 
 only other variation in this cloister from Wren's design 
 was the widening of the central arch. 
 
 This erection made the general configuration of the 
 large court what it is now. But its aspect has under- 
 gone two changes. First in the Founder's Range. In 
 1714-15, on March 10, there was a College order for the 
 suspension of two Fellowships because ' a good sum of 
 money' was required for the repair of the buildings, 
 which ' in the walls, roofs, and tilings are much decayed 
 and out of repair.' Four years afterwards (August 7, 
 1719) another College order directed that the Founder's 
 Range should be pulled down and a new range of 
 buildings erected. Subscriptions were invited, and a 
 total of ^2,400 was raised, Thomas, Earl of Westmor- 
 
 * The woodwork was designed by a Mr. Pierce and Mr. Oliver 
 of London, executed by Cornelius Austin, and completed in 1678. 
 But the east end was at first adorned with purple satin hangings, 
 which were replaced (by Bancroft's liberality) in 1687 by an altar- 
 piece of carved oak, along with more elaborate altar-rails. 
 
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUILDINGS 13 
 
 land, heading the list with <£*500, and his brother and 
 successor in the earldom, John, giving <i?100. Besides 
 this, the College borrowed .^1,100, and a College order 
 of January 8, 1725, shows that this had not been paid, 
 and that about c^SOO still remained owing to the con- 
 tractors. In consequence, therefore, ' of an insigne 
 detrimentum, by reason of the great debts the College 
 has contracted in rebuilding that part of it commonly 
 called the Founder's Range,*' it was agreed not to fill up 
 Fellowships till such time as the Master and Fellows 
 shall think proper. The debt was slowly reduced, but 
 it was not till December, 1742, that it was thought 
 possible to add to the number of the Fellows, and not 
 till October, 1745, that the College was declared free of 
 debt. The building itself seems to have been practically 
 completed in the summer of 1724, when Lord and Lady 
 Westmorland were entertained in the College, but 
 payments for work of various sorts in it go on till 
 October, 1728.* The building was on October 15, 
 1811, gutted by an accidental fire, none of it escaping 
 except the stone front next the court and part of the 
 inside walls. Another collection was made of d^4,484, 
 and it was rebuilt in the same style and with the same 
 internal arrangements, except that the panelling of the 
 rooms was not restored. It has not been altered since, 
 except that the candles which thirty years ago dimly 
 flickered on the staircases have been supplanted first by 
 gas, and lastly by the electric light supplied by the 
 engine in the paddock. 
 
 * The range was henceforth called the Westmorland Building, 
 and the arms of the Earl of Westmorland were placed over the 
 central staircase at a cost of ;^ 150. 
 
14 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 The next alteration, which finally brought the front 
 court to its present aspect, was not consummated till 
 1769. This was the demolition of the old range facing 
 Preachers'* Street, on the west of the great court, and 
 the erection of the present frontage. This had been 
 contemplated as early as 1752, and a plan was prepared 
 by Mr. Burrough (afterwards Sir James) ; but it 
 appears not to have been approved, and a considerable 
 sum of money which had been subscribed was returned 
 to the donors. One at least of the objections to the 
 scheme came from the Master (Richardson), who wished 
 to have the combination-room added to the Lodge. In 
 1769 the scheme was revived, and in March it was 
 resolved to adopt the plan of Sir James Burrough. In 
 July, however, of the same year a new plan was substi- 
 tuted, made by Burroughs pupil, James Essex, who 
 had already done much work in Cambridge at Queens', 
 the University Library, St. Catherine's, Trinity, and 
 Great St. Mary's. He had also been employed by the 
 College, as far back as 1764, in the alteration and repair 
 of the hall,"*^ and he now designed the west front as it 
 stands at present. Subscriptions to about <£'3,000 were 
 collected, and the work was completed in 1775. Besides 
 the great change in the appearance of the College 
 thus brought about, the plan involved the closing of 
 the great gate in Emmanuel Street, which had been 
 the principal entrance since the foundation of the 
 
 * The order for the alteration of the hall is dated June 24, 1760. 
 The decayed walls were cased in stone, the eaves were replaced by 
 a stone parapet, the large outside lantern was removed, and inside 
 the original open roof was closed by the present ceiling, and the 
 floor relaid with Ketton stone. The work cost ;^i,8oo. The 
 present oak floor was substituted in 1876. 
 
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUILDINGS 15 
 
 College.* But it was not until 1824 that the gateway 
 itself disappeared. The court towards Emmanuel Street 
 had remained open (except for a wall) all through these 
 changes, but in this year the present range of buildings, 
 called the 'New Court,' was erected, and in 1829 the 
 kitchen range was extended as far as the back line of 
 the 1824 building. At the same time the old Bungay 
 Building of 1613 was pulled down, and the present front 
 to St. Andrew's Street cased and embattled. 
 
 Since that time the alterations have been mostly on 
 the east side of the College. In 1873-74 the new Lodge 
 was built, involving a slight change in the division be- 
 tween the Master's and Fellows' Garden. Such portions 
 of the old Lodge as remained standing were converted 
 into lecture-rooms and chambers, the old lecture-room 
 to the west of the hall being at the same time added to 
 the buttery. In 1886 the range of stable building at 
 the east of the paddock was demolished, and a hostel 
 for students built, which was doubled by two new wings 
 in 1893-94, at which time also the house which stood 
 immediately east of the pond (Emmanuel House) was 
 pulled down, and the present Tutor's house erected. 
 
 The object of this sketch has been to point out the 
 chief organic changes by which, step by step, the 
 buildings as they stood on the site purchased by the 
 founder have assumed their present shape and arrange- 
 ment. Elaborate details are given with great accuracy 
 
 * The alterations in the western range along St. Andrew's Street 
 had, however, been gradual, the south wing being pulled down 
 along with the Founders' Range in 1719; the middle wing, with the 
 butteries, in 1769. The third wing— the Bungay building— as 
 stated in the text, remained till 1829 {Emmanuel College Magazine, 
 vol. ix., p. 90). 
 
16 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 in Willis and Clark's Architectural History of the 
 University of Cambridge (vol. ii.), and much light has 
 been thrown upon this part of the College history by 
 the present Bursar, Mr. J. B. Peace, in his articles in 
 the College magazine, in which he has printed large 
 extracts from the College accounts and other documents 
 in the treasury. It is clear that the College owes much 
 to the zeal and self-denial of its former Masters and 
 Fellows, while the large subscriptions which were from 
 time to time raised show that it won and preserved the 
 affection and loyalty of its members. The amenity of 
 its grounds also is greatly owing to the care and fore- 
 sight of the authorities from the earliest times. Chader- 
 ton, the first Master, was a great planter of trees, and 
 rejoiced to think that he was thus serving future ages. 
 His example was followed by others, and though, of 
 course, many of the best trees have disappeared from 
 time to time, especially a famous cedar once in the 
 Fellows' Garden, the ultimate result is that the Em- 
 manuel grounds, for beauty, variety, and shade, need 
 fear comparison with hardly any College in Cambridge. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 THE FOUNDEK AND THE OBJECT OF HIS 
 FOUNDATION 
 
 The recoil from the reactionary policy of Mary's reign 
 had been quickened by the horror caused by the 
 St. Bartholomew massacre and the cruelties of Alva in 
 the Netherlands. The religious question in England 
 was also inextricably mixed with politics by the action 
 of Pius V. in issuing a Bull deposing Elizabeth (1570) 
 and by the presence of Mary of Scotland (1567-1587), 
 round whom frequent conspiracies against the Queen 
 centred. All that there was of energy and earnestness 
 among Englishmen was drawn into the quarrel, and in 
 an ever-increasing degree was found on the side of the 
 reformed faith. But quickened life and roused energies 
 are certain to entail diversity of opinion. The Queen 
 would have said ' thus far and no farther,' and would 
 have confined the revolt from the ecclesiastical govern- 
 ment of the past, if not to the limits prescribed by her 
 father, at least to those set by the legislation of her 
 own time. But such limitation is beyond the power of 
 Sovereigns or Parliaments. Awakened intellects and 
 consciences will find divergent outlets, all the more 
 
 17 2 
 
18 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 surely when the influence is not confined to extremists 
 and emotional natures, but reaches the most sober and 
 reasonable of mankind. Thus, putting aside a return 
 to ' Papistry,' which to a large majority of Englishmen 
 soon came to be beyond argument, there was a growing 
 belief that the salvation of the country depended on 
 the ' godliness ' of the people, and that this godliness 
 could only be secured by a nearer approach to primitive 
 Christianity than the Church as then constituted offered 
 to her members. The more uncompromising were for 
 leaving the Church, but the soberer or more cautious 
 were for internal reformation and for bringing the 
 Church nearer to their ideal. P'or this purpose it was 
 necessary before all to train a body of preachers, not 
 ignorant and violent, but at once learned and zealous, 
 instructed in all that scholars should know, but trained 
 also to use their learning in the service of the reformed 
 faith. This last is the spirit in which Walter Mild may 
 resolved to found Emmanuel. He had always shown 
 interest in education : 
 
 'He was one of the original governors of the free 
 grammar-school established at Chelmsford in March, 
 1550-51, and gave an annuity of 52s. to Christ's Hospital 
 in London by deed dated April 10, 1556. To Christ's 
 College he, by deed dated March 10, 1568-69, gave £20 a 
 year, payable out of the Manor of Farcet, co. Huntingdon, 
 for the foundation of a Greek lectureship and six scholar- 
 ships, and for the annual stipend to a preacher being a 
 Fellow of the College, B.D. or M.A., and student in 
 divinity. In 1575 he gave stone for completing the tower 
 of Great St. Mary's Church in Cambridge, and he warmly 
 encouraged the foundation of the free school at Middleton 
 in Lancashire ' (Cooper, Athence, ii. 55). 
 
THE FOUNDER AND HIS PURPOSE 19 
 
 His belief also in the importance of preaching may 
 be traced in the records of the Privy Council, where 
 he frequently appears as using his influence to protect 
 the * prophesyings ■" now cropping up in every direc- 
 tion, often to the alarm of the Government — which, 
 perhaps not without reason, suspected them of political 
 tendencies — and under the frown of most of the Bishops, 
 but, as Mildmay believed, from the natural and meri- 
 torious desire of the people to hear the Word of God, 
 which they could not do from the ignorant and incom- 
 petent clergy.* He determined that he could not do 
 better than help to guide this inevitable tendency by 
 providing that, as the people would have preachers, they 
 might not have ignorant and intemperate preachers. 
 
 The first question that arises is — Why could he not 
 have secured this by endowments in existing Colleges, 
 particularly in his own College of Christ's ? The answer, 
 in the first place, is furnished by what we know of the 
 state of the University in the early part of the reign 
 of Elizabeth. A royal letter of March, 1560, refers 
 to the fact that ' the study of divinity and the Scrip- 
 tures are at this present much decayed within the Uni- 
 versity of Cambridge ' (Cooper, Annals, ii. 159). This 
 was the natural result of the frequent and arbitrary 
 changes as to ecclesiastical supremacy, religious cere- 
 
 * See note in Mullinger, University of Cavibridge, p. 183. From 
 the report of the archdeaconry of London (1562) ' it appears that 
 some of the beneficed clergy held three or four, and one five, livings 
 together ; that few or none of the curates were graduates ; that 
 many of the Vicars — nay, and parsons — were non-graduates ; that 
 not above a third part of them were preachers ; that as for their 
 learning, it was commonly set down Latine aliquot verba intelligit, 
 Latine ut cum que intelligit, Latine pauca intelligit. . . . Scarcely one 
 in a hundred is able and willing to preach the Word of God.' 
 
 2—2 
 
20 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 monies and dogma, during the three previous reigns. 
 The ablest and most conscientious men sought refuge 
 abroad, and either never returned, or, if they did, 
 returned with feelings embittered against the opposite 
 party. Now that the tide had turned in favour of 
 Protestantism, the Catholics found Cambridge impos- 
 sible, and English colleges and seminaries were formed 
 abroad — at Douay, Rome, and elsewhere. 
 
 The predominant party left in possession, however, 
 was by no means at peace in itself. Intemperate and 
 aggressive Puritanism made itself more and more con- 
 spicuous. In 1565 George Wythers, M.A., of Corpus, 
 preached a sermon ' in which he urged the destruction 
 of all such painted windows in the University as were of 
 a superstitious character. Whereupon followed a great 
 destruction of them and the danger of a greater by 
 some zealots there ' {ibid., p. 215). But the most 
 intense feeling was caused, by the question as to 
 wearing the square cap and surplice, ' which many 
 scrupled, and chose rather to leave their colleges and 
 studies ' (ibid., p. 217) ;* and in the same year nearly 
 
 * In the poem called the Mad Puritan in Pierce's collection of 
 English ballads these particular points are recalled : 
 
 • In the pure house of Immanuel 
 I had my education, 
 Where my friends surmise 
 I dazzled my eyes 
 With the light of revelation : 
 Boldly I preach, 
 Hate a cross, hate a surplice, 
 Mitres, copes, and rochets : 
 Come, hear me pray 
 Nine times a day, 
 And fill your head with crochets, ' 
 
THE FOUNDER AND HIS PURPOSE 21 
 
 the whole of the Fellows and scholars of St. John's 
 came into chapel without their surplices and hoods, and 
 'withal made some diversity in the manner of the 
 administration of the communion, and so continued to 
 do' (ibid., p. 219). The movement against the surplice 
 spread to Trinity and other Colleges. It was, of course, 
 only the outward expression of an anti-conformist 
 revolt, which now found its most eminent champion in 
 Thomas Cartwright, who was so popular a preacher that 
 when he preached at St. Mary's 'the windows were 
 taken out to enable those to hear him who could not 
 get into the church,' and who, as Lady Margaret Pro- 
 fessor, 'strongly attacked the Church establishment, 
 contrasting existing institutions and practices with 
 Apostolic times.' His rapid deprivation and subsequent 
 collision with the authorities brought out the fact that 
 his opinions were shared by many of the influential 
 statesmen of the day, such as Leicester and Walsing- 
 ham. 
 
 Mildmay had long left the University when these 
 events occurred. There is little doubt, however, as to 
 the side on which his sympathies were likely to be. 
 But though deeply religious, he was first of all a man 
 of affairs, who all his life had been a Government 
 official, and had served under such different Sovereigns 
 as Henry VIII., Edward VI., and Mary I. without 
 incurring danger or disgrace from his religious opinions. 
 Born about 1522, son of Thomas Mildmay, auditor of 
 the Court of Augmentations, he had, after a short 
 career at Christ's, followed his father's footsteps, and 
 before the death of Henry VIII. had obtained some 
 subordinate position in the same court, and before 1546 
 
22 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 had been appointed one of its two Surveyors-General. 
 The various offices which he held thenceforth, the com- 
 missions on which he served, and the grants and manors 
 which he received in payment, are all set forth by 
 Cooper {A thence, ii. 51 sq,), and copied thence into 
 the Dictionary of National Biography. It is enough 
 for our purpose to note that he does not appear to 
 have been for a single day unconnected with some 
 position of trust. He generally held several at the same 
 time, and in 1566 succeeded Sir Richard Sackville as 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer, an office which he retained 
 till his death (May 31, 1589). Such a man, however 
 much he may have sympathized with the religious views 
 of the advanced Puritans, is not likely to have approved 
 the breaches of the law which brought upon Cartwright 
 and others so much trouble and persecution; he was 
 more likely to have agreed with Bartholomew Clark, of 
 King''s, who 
 
 ' complained what an impediment these contentions had 
 laid in the way to all useful and learned studies. That 
 these men had by their counsels so disturbed all things, 
 that the time which was wont heretofore to be employed 
 in good arts and sciences was now spent and consumed in 
 trivial janglings de lana caprina ' (Cooper, Afui., ii. 224). 
 
 He was, indeed, careful to disclaim any breach of the 
 law, as in the often-repeated story of his reply to 
 Elizabeth, who said that she had heard that ' he had 
 erected a Puritan foundation :** 
 
 ' No, madam, far be it from me to countenance any- 
 thing contrary to your established laws ; but I have set an 
 acorn which, when it becomes an oak, God alone knows 
 what will be the fruit thereof.' 
 
THE FOUNDER AND HIS PURPOSE 26 
 
 Still, he had in his mind to secure by his foundation 
 something that he did not think could be got at Christ's 
 or elsewhere. His College was to be for divinity 
 students — at any rate, as far as scholars and Fellows 
 were concerned, as was indicated by the inscription over 
 the gateway already quoted (p. 6). 
 
 'I wish all/ he says in his nineteenth statute, 'to under- 
 stand, whether Fellows, scholars, or even pensioners, who 
 are to be admitted into the College, that the one object 
 which I set before me in erecting this College was to 
 render as many as possible fit for the administration of the 
 Divine Word and Sacraments; and that from this seed- 
 ground the English Church might have those that she can 
 summon to instruct the people and undertake the office of 
 pastors, which is a thing necessary above all others. There- 
 fore let Fellows and scholars who obtrude into the College 
 with any other design than to devote themselves to sacred 
 theology, and eventually to labour in preaching the Word, 
 know that they are frustrating my hope and occupying the 
 place of Fellow or scholar contrary to my ordinance.* 
 
 The ultimate aim of the founder, therefore, was that I 
 his scholars and Fellows, after devoting their time at 
 Cambridge to the study of theology, should become 
 preachers in various parts of the country. The former 
 of these objects he endeavoured to secure by enforcing 
 residence with great strictness, and suspending all 
 payment of stipend during absence (except for causes 
 to be approved by the Master and a majority of the 
 society), thus preventing them from occupying the time 
 which he intended to be devoted to theological study in 
 acting as private chaplains or tutors or in similar outside 
 work. The second object — that they should eventually 
 
24 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 become preachers — he tried more effectually to promote 
 by a supplementary statute or injunction given in 1587 
 {de mora sociorum), which enacted that a Fellow should 
 vacate his Fellowship when of the standing of D.D. 
 (ten years from M.A.), or, if he actually took that 
 degree, at the end of a year after doing so. He stated 
 the object of this statute thus : 
 
 'We have founded the College with a design that it 
 should be seed-plot of learned men for the supply of the 
 Church, and for the sending forth of as large a number as 
 possible of those who shall instruct the people in the 
 Christian faith. We would not have any Fellow suppose 
 that we have given him in this College a perpetual abode 
 — a warning which we deem the more necessary in that we 
 have ofttimes been present when many experienced and 
 wise men have taken occasion to lament, and have sup- 
 ported their complaints by past and present instances, 
 that in other Colleges a too protracted stay of Fellows has 
 been no slight bane to the common weal and to the 
 interests of the Church ' (Mullinger, i. 314). 
 
 This object of the founder had the full sympathy of 
 the first Master, Chaderton. In a sermon preached at 
 St. Paul's Cross in October, 1578 (the only work of 
 Chaderton's that I have come across in print), he had 
 denounced in scathing terms the idle and unpreaching 
 clergy : 
 
 ' Where are the lippes of those ministers which doe pre- 
 serve knowledge, or those messengers of God, at whose 
 mouthes his poore people shoulde seeke his lawe ? Naye 
 rather, where be not whole swarmes of idle, ignorant, and 
 ungodly Curates and Readers, who neither can nor will 
 goe before the deare flocke of Christ in soundnes of 
 
THE FOUNDER AND HIS PURPOSE 25 
 
 doctrine and integritie of life ? . . . What shall I saye 
 of our domme dogges,* non-residents, and all those who 
 serve raortall and sinfull men, with symonie, flattering 
 wordes, and servile obedience, not lawfully to obtaine one 
 roome in the vineyard of the Lorde, but two, three, foure 
 or moe places (which is unlawful), the which though they 
 miscall preferments, yet in deede they be so weighty 
 charges, that the wysest and strongest of all is altogether 
 insufficient for an acceptable discharge thereof.' 
 
 And this sympathy with the founder's object con- 
 tinued to the end. When, in 1627, the Fellows peti- 
 tioned the King to abrogate the statute (Sidney, the 
 only other College which had had a similar statute, 
 having already obtained its abolition), Chaderton, who 
 had ceased for five years to be Master, and was residing 
 in the town, drew up a paper addressed to the Vice- 
 Chancellor and Heads, arguing strongly against setting 
 aside the express design of the founder : 
 
 ' I am fully persuaded,' he says, ' upon divers speeches 
 which I have heard at severall tymes from him, that he 
 would rather not have founded the College, than have 
 omitted this statute. Other statutes were suggested to 
 him by friends, but this proceeded soly from himself, and 
 he took more time of deliberation to compose and sett 
 downe this statute than any other.' 
 
 What has been said will sufficiently explain why 
 Mildmay preferred erecting a new foundation to bestow- 
 
 * A sermon once a month seems to have been the rule in parishes 
 where the new • prophesyings ' had not found their way. Hall's 
 Satires, ii. 5 : 
 
 • Who wants a Churchman that can service say, 
 Read fast and fair his monthly homily ?' 
 
26 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 ing more money on any existing one, especially as his 
 own College of Christ's (of which he had already been 
 a benefactor) was at that time under a Master who 
 had been elected contrary to his advice, and whose 
 soundness in Calvinistic theology, or at any rate whose 
 energy in promoting it, was thought doubtful. He 
 had, too, in Chaderton, as he thought, ready to hand 
 exactly the man who could be trusted to build up 
 a new College by his prudence and learning, and to 
 give it the right direction in theology. This purpose 
 of the founder is the key to the early history of the 
 College, which cannot be understood unless we in some 
 degree seize his point of view, and, whether agreeing or 
 disagreeing with his opinions, are prepared to believe in 
 their absolute sincerity. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 THE MASTEKSHIP OF LAUEENCE CHADEKTON 
 (1584-1622) 
 
 Laurence Chaderton was born (about 1539) at 
 Oldham in Lancashire. His father, Edmund Chader- 
 ton, was in a good position, and an ardent supporter of 
 the old faith. After a youth much addicted to country 
 pursuits and field sports, Laurence conceived a taste for 
 learning under the tuition of Laurence Vaux, then or 
 afterwards incumbent of the Collegiate Church of 
 Manchester, a strong Papist, who suffered considerable 
 hardships as a ' recusant ' in the reign of Elizabeth. At 
 Chrisfs, however, which he entered in 1562, he acquired 
 a decided bent in favour of Calvinism, much to the 
 disgust of his father, who wrote to him : 
 
 ' If you will renounce the new sect which you have 
 joined, you may expect all the happiness which an indul- 
 gent father can secure you : otherwise I enclose a shilling 
 in this letter to buy a wallet. Go and beg for your 
 living.' 
 
 He appears to have been thus left with little or no 
 support from home, though the threat of complete 
 
 27 
 
28 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 disinheritance does not appear to have been carried out. 
 He supported himself meanwhile by teaching, and at 
 any rate he was able to take his B.A. degree in 1567. 
 Next year he was elected a Fellow, and was ordained 
 deacon by the Bishop of Lincoln. In 1571 he took 
 the M.A. degree, and in 1578 the B.D. ; but he vacated 
 his Fellowship in 1576, apparently by marriage with 
 Cecilia, daughter of Nicholas Culverwell, Queen Eliza- 
 beth's merchant of wines. He was a good scholar 
 in theology, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and had 
 some knowledge of French, Spanish, and Italian. He 
 also lectured in logic. But he was best known as a 
 divine and preacher. His sermons at St. Clemenfs 
 were much admired for 'a style of singular purity, 
 lucidity, and manliness ; a voice very clear and pleasing 
 and of wonderful flexibility, accompanied by a great 
 dignity of manner and propriety of action.' He appears 
 usually to have preached ex tempoi'e, and in the preface 
 to the sermon delivered at St. Paul's Cross, already 
 quoted, he explains that in writing it down afterwards 
 he could not be sure of giving the exact words ; besides, 
 he warns his readers that reading cannot be so profit- 
 able as hearing : 
 
 ' For it was both the zeale of the speaker, the attention 
 of the hearer, the promise of God to the ordinary preaching 
 of his word, the mighty and inward working of his holy 
 Spirit, and many other things which the Lord worketh 
 most mercifully by the preaching of his glorious Gospel, 
 which are not to be hoped for by reading the written 
 sermons of his ministers.' 
 
 He sometimes, however, wrote his sermons, and his 
 biographer, Dillingham, says that he had a goodly 
 
CHADERTON'S MASTERSHIP 29 
 
 volume of the MSS. They have not been preserved. 
 The astonishing appetite for sermons at this time is 
 illustrated by another anecdote preserved by Dilling- 
 ham : 
 
 ' Having once preached for two hours, he said that he 
 had tired his hearers' patience and would leave off ; upon 
 which the whole congregation cried out : " For God's sake, 
 sir, go on ! we beg you, go on !" He accordingly con- 
 tinued the thread of his discourse for another hour, to the 
 great pleasure and delight of his hearers.* 
 
 The only anecdote of his undergraduate days is that 
 in one of the Town and Gown disturbances (in which he 
 engaged with some vigour) he saved the life of Ban- 
 croft, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury and a great 
 opponent of Puritanism, at the risk of losing his own 
 right hand. He thereby laid the foundation of a lifelong 
 friendship, which is said to account for the fact that 
 Bancroft, though he harassed Puritans and Calvinists 
 generally, was never harsh to Chaderton or to Emmanuel. 
 As a Fellow of Chrisfs he was an active tutor, and had 
 several eminent pupils, especially the celebrated divine 
 William Perkins, author of at least forty treatises and 
 controversial tracts. His position as a theologian, 
 though distinctly Calvinistic, was moderate and tolerant. 
 He felt great sympathy with the extreme party, who 
 were aggrieved by certain ceremonies and doctrines of the 
 Church, particularly in the matter of the surplice and 
 cross in baptism, but he does not seem to have had 
 scruples in these things himself; rather, he regarded 
 them as matters indifferent, while he never separated 
 himself from the discipline of the Church or the 
 
80 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 authority of the law. The only controversy of a theo- 
 logical nature in which we know him to have been 
 engaged was with the French divine Peter Baro, Lady 
 Margaret Professor, in 1581, on the question which so 
 much agitated the two parties — Arminian and Calvinist 
 — that of justifying grace (Fuller, Hist, of Cambridge, 
 p. 204). But in this he set a good example to the contro- 
 versalists of the day by the gentleness of his manner and 
 the moderation of his language. 
 
 Chaderton, therefore, was exactly the man whom Sir 
 Walter would naturally select — a Calvinist, a preacher, 
 accomplished in the three languages Latin, Greek, and 
 Hebrew, a fairly learned theologian, in sympathy with 
 the advanced school of Puritanism and yet content to 
 stay in the Church and abide by the law, and, above all, 
 a man of great firmness of character, and capable of 
 impressing all that came in contact with him. That he 
 commanded a wide confidence is shown by the rapidity 
 with which the College filled, and the way it maintained 
 its numbei-s throughout his mastership. 
 
 The College order book enables us to get some view 
 of the manner in which the earlier society was employed, 
 and the principles on which they endeavoured under his 
 direction to form the corporate life. We must observe 
 that the system of a single College Tutor had not then 
 begun. Each undergraduate had a Tutor, but it might 
 be any one of the Fellows, apparently at his choice. The 
 disciplinary authorities were the Master and Dean, the 
 latter being appointed year by year. The education 
 was in the hands of Lecturers — a Head Lecturer, a 
 Greek Lecturer, and a Lecturer in Logic — each of whom 
 examined his own class, and could punish the youths 
 
CHADERTON'S MASTERSHIP 31 
 
 * when they offend.' For religious instruction there was 
 a Catechist, who not only lectured in the chapel, but 
 questioned the students publicly. Even then the 
 question of compulsory Greek seems to have been 
 started, for a special order (1598-1600) was needed to 
 ordain that * every Scholler under the degree of a 
 Bachelour of Arte shall be bounde to be an audi tour of 
 the Greeke Lecturer, except it shall seem goode unto 
 the Lecturer with the assent of the Master and his 
 tutor to exempt any one particularly.' It also required 
 a special order at the same time to give the Greek 
 Lecturer the same authority in examining them, seeing 
 exercises, and punishing defaults, as the Head Lecturer 
 had 'concerning the morning lectures.' Questionists are 
 to sit 'to be opposed' on January 13 and 14 in the 
 parlour from 1 to 3 p.m. The books necessary for them 
 to have read are ' Ramus' Logick, Aristotle's Organoji, 
 Ethics, Politiques and Physiques, and if they can or 
 will they may read Phrigius his Natural Philosophia.'' 
 
 No scholar for any cause, 'the stuards only ex- 
 cepted,' is to go into the kitchen, and everybody is 
 to pay the steward for his commons in advance. 
 Dinner was at 11 a.m., supper at 6. But the butler 
 was to have the buttery open from 8 to 8.30 a.m. — 
 to give, I suppose, the morning draught — again for a 
 few minutes before 3 p.m., and lastly from 7 to 8 p.m. 
 The College gates were shut at ten, and a bell was 
 rung, after which it was an offence to be out. Not 
 only was attendance at chapel required, but every 
 undergraduate and Bachelor had to attend the prayers 
 of his Tutor ' everie night at eight of the clock, so 
 as everie Tutor may see him at that time and be 
 
32 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 answerable for their good behaviour at that hower, 
 agreeably to the peace and good name of the said 
 Colledge.'' Nor was this the only safeguard of discipline. 
 The undergraduates were expected to be at work ' in the 
 calling ' at all times in the day except certain hours of 
 recreation, viz., one hour after dinner and after supper — 
 i.e., 12 to 1 and 7 to 8 o'clock — ' unless some publique 
 exercise of learning or religion doe require their 
 presence.' The superintendence of the several stair- 
 cases also was divided among the Fellows ' to looke to all 
 that goe up and downe his stairs to their lodging and 
 to the latrine ' ; while two Fellows had the special duty of 
 looking ' to disorders and all indecencies committed in 
 the Chappel and in the hall at all tymes,' two more ' to 
 disorders and ill-behaviour in the court and back sides,' 
 and, lastly, two more ' to inquire of such as goe often out 
 of the Colledge or tarry long forth or frequent houses in 
 the town'; while Mr. Chadwick, Mr. Pickering and 
 Mr. Cock were especially * to endeavour to teach sound 
 doctrine and confute error, at other times than only 
 when they are bound by statutes of the University and 
 of the College so to doe.' 
 
 A meeting of the society was to be held on the first 
 Tuesday of every month to consider cases of discipline 
 connected with the office of Dean or Lecturer. To secure 
 that the doctrines taught in chapel were sound, the 
 Fellows also agreed to meet at seven in the evening of any 
 day in which there had been an ' exercise.' At this meet- 
 ing anyone might express his dissent from anything that 
 had been said, and the person whose doctrine was pro- 
 nounced faulty was to be informed of it, but he was not 
 to be informed of any individual's censure : the decision 
 
CHADERTON^S MASTERSHIP SS 
 
 was to be that of the whole body. That there was a 
 danger of personal collision is shown by a later order 
 (October 2, 1595) 
 
 ' that no fellow nor Pensioner, upon anie cause or private 
 occasion, shall either in sermon, commonplace, or probleme 
 in the Chappell, use any speech or speeches which tend to 
 the disgraceinge of any particular person, or noting private 
 faults disgracefullie, which can have no sound spirituall 
 use of edification, or at least not any good use without 
 that ill. And besides our agreement we doe promise 
 before God that we will never use [nor] intend to use any 
 such in our exercises hereafter. ''' 
 
 In spite of all these precautions for the good order 
 and moral benefit of the undergraduates, there is not 
 wanting evidence that youthful human nature was not 
 crushed out by Puritan theology. Minor offences were 
 no doubt punished by the Tutors. Graver ones sub- 
 jected the culprit to being ' admonished ** by the Master 
 in the presence of the Dean, sometimes assisted by the 
 Senior Fellow. Of these admonitions forty-four are 
 recorded in the long mastership of Chaderton, an 
 average of little more than one a year. A certain 
 John Cook heads the black list, being * admonished ' on 
 October 25, 1586, 
 
 'partly for disobedience to the Master and unreverent 
 abusing of the Fellows by his stout and stubborne be- 
 
 * At first the public prayers seem to have been in the hall. 
 There is a record of the first celebration of the Communion on 
 May 26, 1588, when the attendants and absentees were : 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 Absent. 
 
 
 Master and Fellows 
 Fellow Commoners 
 
 B.A 
 
 Pensioners and sizars 
 
 ... II 
 ... 6 
 ... 4 
 ••• 57 
 
 For lack of knowledge 
 
 For age 
 
 For health 
 
 No reason 
 
 .. 16 
 .. 9 
 •• 3 
 .. 12 
 
34 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 haviour, and partly for bending a stone bowe and charging 
 it with a pellet with intent as he saith only to feare Henry 
 Deane, whom also he abused with uncharitable words, and 
 for other unsemely and unchristian behaviour.' 
 
 Next year a student is ' admonished ** for ' abusing of 
 his tongue in calling his fellow rakell and also for 
 abusing of his hands in striking of him divers blowes, 
 openly provoking him also to strike again by offering 
 the first blow/ In the next year (1589) there are two 
 admonitions for ' railing, striking, and fighting."* A 
 Fellow-commoner in 1590 is admonished for * slandering 
 Mr. Richardson, Fellow and Lecturer of the College.' 
 In the next year an undergraduate is admonished for 
 ' disorderly conduct in Chapel, but specially for talking, 
 and in the time of prayers, to the great disturbance of 
 the whole company.' Others seem to have been given 
 to field sports on ' Hogmagog hills contrary to the 
 Master's commandment,' and apparently in spite of the 
 owner's wish, one undergraduate being admonished for 
 
 ' miscalling and ray ling upon my Lord Rutland's man, as 
 also for saying that my lord himself was but a chite and 
 that he was maintained by Potthunters, and further for 
 challenging my lord's man to meet him in what place he 
 would apoynt.' 
 
 The offences get rather woi-se as time goes on. ' Strik- 
 ing with a knife,' ' drinking in a suspicious house in 
 Barnwell,' ' being out after ten and coming over the 
 wall,' 'lying out of College, being in an alehouse, and 
 being in company with others who brake downe glasse 
 windows,' * drunkenness and spending 18^ in ale and 
 other liquors,' ' being out of College after the gates were 
 
CHADERTON'S MASTERSHIP 35 
 
 locked and going about the streets, and for riding the 
 horses in Mr. Wolfe's close and making them break out 
 into the course,' ' being taken by the Proctor in a 
 scandalous house,' 'drinking excessively after nine or 
 ten in a chamber next to the street ' : these offences 
 alternate with insigms negUgentia in divinis or in 
 matutinis precibus, and neglecting * exercises ' in the hall, 
 or prayers, lectures, and ' acts' in the hall, in the years 
 between 1600 and the end of Chader ton's mastership. 
 They rather give the impression that discipline was 
 getting somewhat relaxed, or perhaps that the under- 
 graduates were being drawn from wider and more various 
 strata of society. At any rate, they have a familiar 
 ring, and link the generations together, if not with 
 ' natural piety,' yet at least with natural sympathy. 
 
 In the internal management of the College on the 
 ecclesiastical side there was from the first considerable 
 variation from the customs of other Colleges, which 
 must, at any rate, have been permitted by Chaderton. 
 
 ' All other CoUedges in Cambridge do strictly observe, 
 according to the laws and ordinances of the Church of 
 Englande, the form of public prayer prescribed in the 
 Communion Booke. In Emm. Colledge they do follow a 
 private course of public prayer, after their own fashion, 
 both Sondaies, Holy daies, and workie daies ' (Mullinger, 
 p. 313, from Baker MSS., vi. 85, 86). 
 
 Again, at the Hampton Court Conference in 1604, 
 
 ' Mr. Chaderton was told of sitting Communions in 
 Emmanuel College ; which hee said was so by reason of 
 the seats so placed as they be ; yet that they had some 
 kneeling also' (Barlow, p. 105). 
 
 3—2 
 
36 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 This state of things continued in the College, and in 
 1636 a strong report was sent to Laud : 
 
 'Their chapel is not consecrate. At surplice prayers 
 they sing nothing but riming Psalms of their own appoint- 
 ment instead of y^ Hymnes between the Lessons. And 
 Lessons they read not after y^ order appointed in y^ 
 Callendar, but after another continued course of their 
 owne. All service is there done and performed (psalmes 
 and hymnes and all if they read any) by the minister 
 alone. The students are not brought up, nor accustomed 
 to answere any verse at all. Before prayers begin the 
 Boyes come in and sitt downe and put on and talke aloude 
 of what they list. Their seates are placed round about 
 and above the Communion Table. When they preach or 
 commonplace they omit all service after y^ first or second 
 lesson at the furthest.' 
 
 How far these irregularities were from being contrary 
 to the opinions of a large part of the country is shown 
 by the steadiness with which the numbers kept up 
 throughout Chaderton's mastership. As all students 
 had to live within the College walls, there was naturally 
 some variation. In the first two years, or rather year 
 and a half, there were seventy-six admissions ; in the 
 next (1586), twenty ; after that they vary from twenty- 
 seven to forty-two till 1611, when they suddenly go up 
 to fifty-eight, and from that year to the last of Chader- 
 ton's mastership there is a very high average, cul- 
 minating in his last year (1622) in the largest entry of 
 all — seventy-nine. 
 
 The personal influence of Chaderton seems to have 
 defended the College from the frowns of royalty, so 
 long, at any rate, as James I. was King. He came 
 
CHADERTONS MASTERSHIP 37 
 
 to Cambridge in 1615 (March 7-10), accompanied by 
 Prince Charles, and, among other things, visited Em- 
 manuel. 
 
 ' Someone/ says Dillingham, ' pointed out to him that 
 the chapel was far out of the eastward position ; where- 
 upon Chaderton remarked to the King that he had been 
 told that the same was true of the royal chapel at White- 
 hall. The King answered ; " God will not turn away his 
 face from the prayers of any holy and pious man, to what- 
 ever region of heaven he directs his eyes. So, doctor, I 
 beg you to pray for me." * 
 
 If we may trust a verse of Corbet's poem on King 
 James's visit, he was not spared a service in the chapel. 
 After describing how the other Colleges were painted 
 and adorned for the visit, he goes on : 
 
 ' But the pure house of Emmanuel 
 Would not be like proud Jezebel, 
 Nor show herself before the King 
 An hypocrite, or painted thing ; 
 But, that the ways might all prove fair, 
 Conceiv'd a tedious mile of prayer.* 
 
 The title of ' Doctor ' which the King gives Chader- 
 ton he had abstained from acquiring till two years 
 before, though the founder had ordered that the 
 Master should be a Doctor of Divinity. But on the 
 visit of Prince Charles and his brother-in-law, Frederic, 
 Count Palatine (the 'winter King'), on March 3-4, 1612, 
 he consented to take the degree at the special com- 
 mencement held in honour of the Princes, according to 
 Dillingham, on the express wish of the King, conveyed 
 by Prince Charles. On which occasion he is said to have 
 
38 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 so charmed the august visitors by his conversation that 
 Frederic could not refrain from taking his hand and 
 leading him publicly through the University with every 
 mark of respect. King James had also nominated him 
 on the first Cambridge Committee for Revising the 
 English Version of the Bible. 
 
 The men who formed the earliest society, no less 
 than the first Master, seem to have answered the 
 intention of the founder, both as to their pursuits in 
 the University and in their subsequent careers as 
 preachers. Of the three original Fellows — Charles 
 Chadwick (from Christ's), William Jones and Laurence 
 Pickering (from Clare) — the last-named seems to have 
 taken the chief part in the government of the College, 
 his name occurring as Dean at the foot of 'admonitions' 
 at intervals up to 1589. His place was then taken by 
 John Cock and John Richardson successively, who were 
 two of the six Fellows elected within a year of the founda- 
 tion. Charles Chadwick, one of the original three, was 
 Dean in 1587. He was a member of an old Lancashire 
 family (which may have caused him to be recommended 
 by Chaderton), and he, with the other two, seems before 
 long to have accepted Church preferment. Chadwick 
 was Rector of Woodham Ferrers in Essex ; Jones, of East 
 Bergholt* (1591-1636) ; and Pickering — probably one of 
 the Northamptonshire Pickerings, the head of which. Sir 
 Gilbert Pickering, was afterwards a great Parliamentary 
 leader — is vaguely said to have had a benefice ' in the 
 West.' Of the six Fellows elected next after the three 
 original members of the society, Nathaniel Gilbie was 
 the son of one of the most violent of the early Puritans, 
 
 * The advowson of this living was acquired by the College in 
 X840. 
 
EARLY MEMBERS OF THE COLLEGE 39 
 
 Anthony Gilbie, who, after an exile at Frankfort and 
 Geneva during Mary's reign, returned to England in 
 that of Elizabeth, and became Vicar of Ashby-de-la- 
 Zouch. Gilbie was Dean in 1592, and afterwards a 
 preacher at Bedford. His most celebrated pupil was 
 Joseph Hall. Of the other six, William Bright (from 
 Christ's) became a preacher at Shrewsbury, John Grey 
 (from Queens') in London. Of John Cock's career — 
 Dean in 1590 — we have no information ; but two others, 
 Branthwaite and Richardson, remained in Cambridge. 
 Having been elected before the supplementary statute 
 of 1587, they obtained dispensation from the necessity 
 of vacating their Fellowships at the standing of D.D.* 
 William Branthwaite (from Clare) proceeded Doctor of 
 Divinity in 1598, was one of the Revisers of the Bible 
 in 1607-1611, his special part being the Apocrypha. 
 He was elected Master of Caius in 1607, and died as 
 Vice-Chancel lor in 1619. He founded two exhibitions 
 at Emmanuel, and left £^0 to the library and some 
 plate to the College. John Richardson (also from 
 Clare) graduated in 1581, and took his M.A. degree 
 the year after his election at Emmanuel. In 1607 he 
 was appointed Regius Professor of Divinity, in 1609 
 Master of Peterhouse, and in 1615 Master of Trinity, 
 though, according to Fuller, he only two months before 
 had a somewhat curious encounter with James I. The 
 King, among other things in his visit to Cambridge, 
 was present at a special Act of Divinity in which 
 Richardson as opposer argued in favour of the excom- 
 
 * Thus, the petitioners against the statute in 1627 allege that it 
 had not ' taken any effect by forcing any to forsake their places at 
 that time.' But see the case of Chadwick in the next chapter. 
 
40 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 munication of Kings, instancing St. Ambrose and the 
 Emperor Theodosius. 
 
 ' Upon which the King with some passion returned : 
 " Profecto fuit hoc Ambrosio insolentissime factum !" To 
 which Richardson rejoined : " Responsum ver6 regium et 
 Alexandro dignum ! hoc non est argumenta dissolvere sed 
 dissecare." And so, sitting down, desisted from further 
 dispute/ 
 
 On his death (April 20, 1625) he left all his folio and 
 quarto books to Emmanuel. He was one of the earliest 
 divines at Cambridge to support the Arminian doc- 
 trines as to predestination against those of Calvin, in 
 which, probably, he was opposed to most of the members 
 of his College. 
 
 Three other early members of the foundation may 
 here be mentioned who were the immediate products of 
 the life of the place as formed by these men. William 
 Bedell was entered in the first year of the College 
 (1584), was elected scholar in the same year, and 
 a Fellow in 1593, having come from Essex, one of the 
 two counties (the other being Northamptonshire) to 
 which a preference was given by the founder. At the 
 same election James Waddesworth was elected scholar, 
 but, apparently from want of means, did not come into 
 residence till the next year, when he obtained a sizar- 
 ship. In the year of Waddesworth^s B.A. degree (1589) 
 Joseph Hall entered, and was elected a scholar in 1591, 
 and Fellow in 1595. These three men (all remarkable 
 in their way) had careers which thus began alike, but 
 ended very differently. They must have been well 
 acquainted. Bedell says, in his dedication of Copies of 
 
EARLY MEMBERS OF THE COLLEGE 41 
 
 Certain Letters, that he and Waddesworth were ' chosen 
 scholars in the same election, lodged in the same 
 chamber, and after ministers in the same Diocese/ 
 Though they were friends, they had not all the same 
 tastes in early life. Bedell stayed in the College till near 
 the time of his Doctor's standing, acting as Catechetical 
 Lecturer and Bursar. He was a hard student, and 
 made himself well known for his mastery of Latin, 
 Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic ; and, though a firm Church- 
 man and not averse to decent forms and ceremonies — 
 for instance, in none of his churches did he ever allow 
 the Communion-table to be brought down into the body 
 of the church — was yet in general sympathy with the 
 Calvinistic teaching of the majority of his contem- 
 poraries at Cambridge, and was much influenced by 
 Chaderton, of whom he always speaks in his letters 
 with reverence and affection. 
 
 Waddesworth, who remained a much shorter time in 
 the College, and was instituted to the rectory of Pake- 
 field in Suffolk in 1598, having doubtless been engaged 
 in clerical work before, seems to have taken quite a 
 different turn in theology. According to his son, he 
 really became a Roman Catholic in 1604 ; but at any 
 rate in the next year, on going to Spain as chaplain 
 to Sir Charles Corn wal lis, the Ambassador, he openly 
 abjured the English Church, and became an officer in 
 the Inquisition and English tutor to the Infanta, and 
 died in Madrid in November, 1623. In a correspondence 
 between him. Bedell, and Hall on this subject, whilst 
 expressing warm affection for Bedell and gratitude for 
 the charitable nature of his letters, he complains of the 
 bitterness of Hall, ' whom I esteemed either my friend 
 
42 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 or a modester man ; whose flaunting epistle I have not 
 answered, because I could not soil my hands with a 
 poetical railer.' Hall, in fact, while he stayed in 
 College, as he did till 1600, does not appear to have 
 given his chief attention to theology. He was rather 
 devoted to literature, especially to poetry, and above 
 all to satire. The three books of Toothless Satires 
 were published in 1597, and the three of Biting' Satires 
 in 1598. Other poems of his were produced about the 
 same time. He indeed ' passed all his degrees with 
 great applause "* (Fuller), and gained credit also for the 
 way in which he read the ' public rhetoric lecture ' ; but 
 he did not take Orders till just before he left College, 
 and it was not till a later period in his life that he 
 began writing the controversial and devotional works 
 for which he is best known. His last book of verse was 
 a congratulatory volume on James I.'s accession — The 
 King's Prophecy, or Weeping Joy (1603). He became 
 Vicar of Halstead in Essex in 1601 ; Incumbent of 
 Waltham, Essex, in 1608 ; was sent by James to the 
 Synod of Dort (1619) ; and was offered various Church 
 preferments by the King, ultimately becoming Bishop 
 of Exeter (1627), and of Norwich (1641). From this 
 last he was ejected in 1643, and died at Higham, 
 September 8, 1656. 
 
 Bedell left the College in 1602 for St. MaryX Bury 
 St. Edmunds. In 1607 he went to Venice as chaplain 
 to Sir Henry Wooton, returned to Bury in 1610, and 
 in 1616 removed to the parish of Horningsheath. In 
 1626 he was appointed Provost of Trinity College, 
 Dublin, and in 1629 Bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh. 
 The latter he resigned, and remained Bishop of Kilmore 
 
JOSEPH HALL AND BEDELL 43 
 
 till his death, February 7, 1642, having suffered con- 
 siderable hardship and a short imprisonment in the Irish 
 Rebellion. In all these positions Bedell showed a 
 sturdy honesty and a determination to resist oppression 
 and correct abuses, which brought him into many con- 
 troversies and even legal proceedings, as a country 
 clergyman no less than as Provost of Trinity and 
 Bishop. But his gentleness and purity of motive pre- 
 vented these controversies, especially when they were 
 on points of theology, from making him personal 
 enemies, and a Roman Catholic priest was heard to 
 exclaim over his grave, *0h sit anima mea cum Be- 
 dello l' He was not a prolific author. A poem on the 
 Powder Plot, an Examination of Certain Motives of 
 ReciLsancy, several Latin translations of the Italian 
 works of Paolo Sarpi, A Copie of Certain Letters that 
 have passed hetxveen Spain and England, with coiTe- 
 spondence with Ward, Laud, and others, and a treatise 
 On the Efficiency of Grace (both printed for the first time 
 in 1903), make up almost all that has survived ; though 
 when he was in Venice he is said to have written an 
 English Grammar, and to have promoted the translation 
 of the English Prayer-Book into Italian, as in Ireland 
 he pushed forward the translation of the Bible and 
 Prayer-Book into Irish. 
 
 On the other hand. Hall was a voluminous writer. 
 Controversial tracts (as those which brought on and con- 
 tinued the Smectymnuus quarrel),sermons, epistles, con- 
 templations, paraphrases, every kind of devotional and 
 expository work, fill up twelve goodly octavo volumes ; 
 and he had the distinction in the course of the Smec- 
 tymnuus controversy of drawing upon himself a ferocious 
 
44 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 attack by Milton in his An Apology for Smectymnuns. 
 His own tone in controversy is moderate, except in the 
 case of Roman Catholics. 
 
 Another Fellow of Emmanuel in these early days 
 who was intimate with Bedell, and must also have 
 known Hall well, was Samuel Ward, elected from 
 Christ's in 1595. He remained in the College till 1599, 
 when he became Fellow of Sidney, of which College he 
 was afterwards Master from 1609 to 1643, having also 
 been Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity (1622), and, 
 like Hall, one of the delegates at Dort, while, like 
 Chaderton, Richardson, and Branthwaite, he was one of 
 the Revisers of the Bible of 1611. Bedell kept up an 
 affectionate correspondence with him till the last year 
 of his life, though he appears to have differed from him 
 to some degree in the points of controversy between the 
 Calvinists and Arminians. Although a strong and rather 
 narrow Calvinist, he yet was a firm Churchman, and 
 refusing to take the Covenant in 1643, was for a time im- 
 prisoned in St. John's, but presently returned to Sidney, 
 where he died in September of that year. He had long 
 been a leading man in University business. 
 
 This little group of men must have given a high 
 intellectual tone to the new College, and have raised its 
 reputation in the University. Yet for some reason the 
 grace of the Senate (July 8, 1586) appointing what we 
 should now call a syndicate to arrange the admission 
 of Emmanuel College into the rota for appointing 
 ' proctors, taxors, and scrutators,' did not have the 
 proposed effect, and this privilege was only granted in 
 1650, by ' the Committee for the Reformation of the 
 University ' (Cooper, Ann.^ ii. 424, iii. 434). The 
 
NEW ENGLAND SETTLERS 4^ 
 
 reason of this delay is not known for certain, but it has 
 generally been supposed to be in some way connected 
 with the peculiarity in the ecclesiastical practices of the 
 College. An equally probable reason may be the 
 small ness of its endowment, which for some years may 
 well have made its ultimate success appear doubtful. 
 Its numbers indeed were large and constantly growing, 
 but they were predominately of one party, not by any 
 means pleasing to a large section of the University or 
 the hierarchy. One striking proof of this is the number 
 of Emmanuel men (some of them Fellows) who found 
 their way eventually to New England, either to avoid 
 prosecution for nonconformity or in search of more 
 congenial surroundings. This forms one of the most 
 striking features in the early history of the College, and 
 deserves to be treated in some detail. 
 
 Among the first was John Cotton, elected Fellow 
 about 1608, having been previously elected to a Fellow- 
 ship at Trinity. He stayed long enough to be Catechist, 
 Head Lecturer, and Dean. Becoming ' converted ,'' he 
 disappointed his hearers at St. Mary's in the expectation 
 which they had entertained of a brilliant and learned 
 discourse, who 
 
 ' discovered their vexation by their not Humming, as 
 according to their sinful and absurd custom they had for- 
 merly done, and the Vice-Chancellor for the very same 
 reason graced him not as he did others that pleased 
 him.' 
 
 This plain sermon was the signal of a change of life, 
 which brought much trouble upon him in his ministry 
 at Boston, where he long had a kind of informal 
 
46 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 divinity school, much frequented by intending ministers. 
 Eventually, to avoid the tender mercies of the High 
 Commission Court, he set sail for New England, which 
 he reached after a seven weeks' voyage, landing at 
 New Boston, September 3-4, 1633. There he remained 
 till his death (December 23, 1652), having been long 
 the leading divine in the colony and the founder of 
 the Free Church, 
 
 Thomas Hooker, a Dixie Fellow (1607), also passed 
 through a ' storm of soul "* while Fellow and Catechist. 
 He afterwards ministered at Chelmsford, where his non- 
 conformity brought him into trouble similar to that of 
 Cotton, being summoned before the Court of High 
 Commission in 1630. Accordingly, after two years 
 spent as a minister at Rotterdam and a brief return to 
 England, he accompanied Cotton and Stone to New 
 England in 1633. He was the Luther, says Mather, as 
 Cotton was the Melancthon, of New England. He died 
 July 7, 1647. 
 
 Another emigrant was Francis Higginson, who entered 
 at Emmanuel in 1622, and afterwards had a church in 
 Leicester, where, after some years of ' conformity,' he 
 eventually lost his benefice by becoming a conscientious 
 nonconformist. He continued, however, to preach for 
 other beneficed clergy. Bishop Williams of Lincoln 
 (1621-1641) apparently conniving at his so doing. But 
 ' when the hour and power of darkness was come from 
 Lambeth,' he joined a number of Puritan emigrants in 
 1629, invited by the Governor and Company of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay. He arrived at Salem Harbour June 24 
 in that year, and with others set up a Reformed Church 
 there, but died in August of the next year. 
 
NEW ENGLAND SETTLERS 47 
 
 Thomas Shepherd (born November 5, 1605) was two 
 years a pupil of Cockerel (who went to North Cadbury 
 in 1622). At Emmanuel 'the ministry of Mr. Chader- 
 ton and Mr. Dickinson struck his heart.** He became a 
 minister or ' lecturer ' at Earls Coin in Essex. Being 
 silenced by Laud, he became chaplain to Sir R. Darling 
 in Yorkshire. But he had taken up the role of exorcist 
 both in Essex and Yorkshire, and was quickly silenced 
 by the Bishop of Durham (Moreton). He accordingly 
 escaped, and in the autumn of 1634 took ship — on a 
 leaky vessel called the Defence — and with some difficulty 
 landed in New England on October 3, and was ' ordained ' 
 to the church at Cambridge. He was the author of 
 many sermons, letters, and tracts, the title of one of 
 which will show his point of view. It was printed in 
 London in 1645, and is called New England's Lamenta- 
 ti07is for Old England's Errors, Another, called The 
 Sincere Convert^ 'caus'd much Trouble in Gracious 
 Christians.' He died August 25, 1649. 
 
 Nathaniel Rogers, son of a famous Puritan minister 
 of Dedham (1605-1630), entered Emmanuel as a sizar, 
 May 9, 1614, and afterwards held several preferments 
 in England. In 1636 (June 1) he sailed for New 
 England, in order to avoid the ecclesiastical censures 
 which he foresaw, and was ' ordained ' pastor of Ipswich, 
 Massachusetts (1638), where he died July 3, 1655. 
 
 Samuel Stone entered Emmanuel in 1620, and took 
 his M.A. degree in 1630 ; he therefore was only two 
 years under Chaderton. In the latter year he went as a 
 ' lecturer ' to Towchester, but, finding his nonconformity 
 likely to bring trouble, he went to New England with 
 Cotton and Hooker, where he arrived September 4, 
 
48 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 1633. He preached first at Cambridge, and afterwards 
 at a new settlement called Hartford, after his English 
 birthplace, where he died July 20, 1663. He did not 
 find complete peace in America, either, for a difference 
 with a church elder led to a serious schism. By A 
 Discourse about the Logical Notion of a Congregational 
 Church it was ' thought by some that, as a Stone from 
 the sling of David, he has mortally wounded that 
 Goliath — a national political Church,'' 
 
 Samuel Whiting, born November 20, 1597, was an 
 intimate friend and ' chamber -mate ' of Anthony 
 Tuckney (Fellow 1619, Master 1645-1653). At 
 College he was influenced by the teaching of his Tutor, 
 Yates (Fellow 1607). He entered in 1613, and re- 
 mained till his M.A. degree in 1620. He ministered 
 first at Lynn, Norfolk ; but being cited before the High 
 Commission Court for nonconformity, at the instance 
 of the Bishop of Norwich (Harsnett), in the year of the 
 death of James I. (1624), he removed to Skirbich in 
 Lincolnshire. After some years there, being again 
 brought into trouble for nonconformity, he sold his 
 property, and took ship in April, 1636, for Boston in 
 New England, from which he went to Lynn, where he 
 acted as minister till his death in 1659.* 
 
 Not only did Chaderton encourage the sort of men 
 above described, and when possible secure them as 
 Fellows : he took pains also to promote them elsewhere, 
 when election was rendered impossible by the rule against 
 having more than one Fellow from a single county. 
 For instance, William Bradshaw, who remained in 
 
 * See list of Emmanuel men in New England at the end of the 
 chapter. 
 
THE BOOK OF DISCIPLINE 49 
 
 College till his M.A. degree (1595), but, being of the 
 same county as his contemporary, Joseph Hall — who 
 was preferred to him — could not be a Fellow, was not 
 only recommended by Chaderton to a tutorship in 
 Guernsey and a lectureship at Chatham, but was by the 
 same influence elected one of the first Fellows at Sidney. 
 This, however, was nearly proving fatal to him, for he 
 was all but drowned in Harston Millpool on his way 
 from London to Cambridge. He experienced the usual 
 difficulties of nonconforming divines, but he survived them 
 all, and managed to write nearly thirty treatises or 
 pamphlets in support of the Puritan position before his 
 death at Chelsea in 1618. He was principally known 
 as the supporter of the 'congregational' theory — the 
 liberty of each congregation to regulate church-mem- 
 bership and ceremonies. Personally he was very 
 attractive, and is described by his contemporary. Hall, 
 as ' very strong and eager in argument, hearty in friend- 
 ship, regardless of the world, a despiser of compliment, 
 a lover of reality."* 
 
 That Chaderton, in spite of general conformity, was 
 in hearty sympathy with the most advanced Puritans is 
 also shown by the fact that his name is found among 
 those who in 1586 declared their approbation of the 
 Book of Discipline^ originally printed in Latin at 
 Geneva in 1574. It had since been revised and trans- 
 lated into English. This translation was printed by 
 the Cambridge Press in 1584, with a preface by Cart- 
 wright, but was seized by order of Archbishop Whitgiffc, 
 and the whole impression was burnt. It was not printed 
 again till 1644, from a single copy found among Cart- 
 wright's books at his death (1603). But in spite of 
 
 4 
 
50 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 these precautions its substance was still well known, and 
 a declaration in its favour was signed in 158() by more 
 that 500 beneficed clergymen (NeaPs Puritans^ vol. i., 
 pp. 301, 324, 816). In 1591 again Chaderton joined 
 Good, Whitaker, and Barwell in petitioning the Lord 
 Treasurer ' to be favourable to the true and peaceable 
 preachers of the Gospel,"* and in 1595 signed a letter to 
 Cecil denouncing the doctrines of Baro as ' ropish,' 
 though they were merely opposed to the extreme 
 Calvinistic doctrines as to predestination (Neal, Puritans, 
 vol. i., p. 389). In January, 1604, with Reynolds, 
 Sparks, and Knewstubs, he was selected to represent 
 the Puritans at the Hampton Court Conference. The 
 Puritan deputies wei*e not thought to have shown much 
 courage or address in that business. But Chaderton 
 does not seem to have lost the confidence of his party. 
 The College continued to increase, and to be filled as a 
 rule with the sort of men for whom the founder had 
 designed it. Sir Walter seems to have had special sym- 
 pathy with the feelings which two yeare after the founda- 
 tion of the College found expression in the Puritan 
 petition to Parliament, complaining of the absence of 
 learned ministers and such as were able to preach : 
 
 ' Whereas the Scriptures say that ministers of the Gospel 
 should be such as are able to teach sound doctrine and 
 convince gainsayers, yet the bishops have made priests of 
 the basest of the people, not only for their occupations and 
 trades whence they have taken them, as shoemakers, barbers, 
 taylors, water-bearers, shepherds, and horse-keepers, but also 
 for their want of good learning and honesty.' 
 
 He had been the member of the Privy Council to whom 
 complaints were naturally addressed by prosecuted 
 
ST. NICHOLAS^ HOSTEL 51 
 
 ministers, and there are several instances of his joining 
 other members of the Council in attempting to shield 
 them from episcopal severities. Chaderton, therefore, 
 had so administered the new foundation as to train up 
 the kind of ministers whose learning Sir Walter 
 believed would prevent the difficulties produced by 
 intemperate and uninstructed zeal, while it would 
 spread and defend the more rational and fundamental 
 truths of Calvinism. 
 
 It was not only ministers, however, or men of one 
 view in politics and religion, that were produced by 
 Chaderton. He seems not long after moving into 
 College to have found the 'Master's lodgings'* incon- 
 venient, and he therefore purchased a house on the site 
 of what had once been the Hostel of St. Nicolas, on the 
 east side of Preachers'* Street, between Emmanuel and 
 Christ's. It was one of the many hostels which either 
 disappeared on the rise of Colleges or were absorbed by 
 them, and Fuller tells us that in its hall were given the 
 first Greek lectures delivered in Cambridge. The 
 College had acquired it in 1585, but in 1595 conveyed 
 it to two persons who immediately afterwards conveyed 
 it to Chaderton, who would not have been legally able 
 to purchase it direct from the College.* He reconveyed 
 
 * This house was sold by Queens' College to Jo. Mere for /40, 
 May I, 1568; by him to R. Standish, LL.D., for ^43, July 31, 
 1549 ; by him to Adrian Scroop and Simon Watson for /70, 
 November 6, 1558, who alienated it again to Emmanuel College for 
 /150, March 27, 1585 (of which sum Sir T. Kellegrew gave /140). 
 The College again sold it to Nicole and Bradshawe for /200, 
 December 2, 1595, who conveyed it to Dr. Chaderton on the nth 
 of the same month, and he gave it back to the College by deed 
 March 31, 1603. 
 
 4—2 
 
52 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 it to the College in 1603, but seems to have treated it 
 all along as a kind of dependeiwe of Emmanuel, in 
 which there were chambers for students. His biographer 
 says that the two brothers Rich were there. The elder, 
 Robert, was afterwards the Earl of Warwick who took 
 a prominent part in the Civil War on the Parliamentary 
 side. He seems to have been consistent throughout.* 
 But the younger brother was the splendid but unfortu- 
 nate Earl of Holland, whose tortuous policy lost him 
 the favour of the King, and brought him to the block 
 at the hands of the Parliament. Both brothers entered 
 in 1603, and both took an active part in American 
 colonization, while Holland was also for some years 
 Chancellor of the University. In the same house was 
 also John Finch, afterwards Lord Finch of Fordwich 
 and Lord Keeper, who entered in 1596. He was the 
 Speaker forcibly held down in his chair on a memorable 
 occasion, who as a judge also took a leading part in 
 the trial of Hampden and in declaring the legality of 
 ship-money, and only escaped impeachment by the 
 Long Parliament by flight to Holland. He died in 
 1660 without an heir. Thus the College could count 
 among its sons men who took part on both sides of the 
 great political controversy of the seventeenth century. 
 
 Nevertheless, the prevailing tone of the place was 
 throughout Chaderton's mastership distinctly that of 
 advanced Puritanism. It was, in fact, too much so for 
 the Fellows existing in 1622, who thought that they 
 were thereby under the frown of the Court. This was 
 particularly distasteful to them, because their object at 
 this time was to be relieved from two disadvantages 
 * His son, Lord Rich, entered the College in 1626. 
 
CHADERTON'S RESIGNATION 53 
 
 under which they lay by the statutes — the obligation of 
 residence, and the necessity of vacating their Fellowships 
 when at the standing for D.D., whether they had 
 obtained preferment or not. Their only hope of 
 getting rid of these obligations was by royal injunction. 
 Chaderton, however, was always resolutely opposed to this 
 relief, asserting that it was of the very essence of the plan 
 and purpose of the founder that men should not reside 
 permanently in College, but should go into the service 
 of the Church through the country. But even if he had 
 thought otherwise, the Fellows believed that his ecclesi- 
 astical views would not help them with the Court, and 
 that he had outlived such influence as he once pos- 
 sessed. The need of more Court favour, and of some- 
 thing to counteract their character for * singularity ,"* is 
 believed to have been impressed on the minds of the 
 Fellows during the Kings's visit of 1615. They now 
 thought that in John Preston, of Queens', they had a 
 man who, while enjoying the confidence of the Puritans? 
 and having an orthodox belief in Calvinism, yet had 
 that influence in high quarters which they desired. 
 Distantly connected by marriage with Buckingham, who 
 desired to conciliate the Puritan party, he had by the 
 Duke's influence been named chaplain to Prince Charles 
 in 1620, and in February, 1622, had been appointed 
 Preacher at Lincoln's Inn. As Tutor of Queens' he had 
 filled the College, and whenever he preached there was 
 a crowded audience ; and though his sermons had on 
 more than one occasion brought him into some trouble, 
 his 'politic' character had saved him from any bad 
 eff*ects. The intrigue in his favour was conducted with 
 great secrecy, if, indeed, there was an intrigue. Dilling- 
 
54 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 ham, the biographer of Chaderton, represents his resig- 
 nation as spontaneous, and as prompted by his con- 
 sciousness of failing powers and health, as he was now 
 eighty-seven. But as he lived till November, 1640, and 
 almost the whole time in vigorous health, this does not 
 seem a sufficient cause. Nor was it expected. Bedell, 
 writing from Bury on November 25, 1622, says : 
 
 ' The news of Dr. Chaderton s resigning and the election 
 of Mr. Preston to the Mastership of Emmanuel was alto- 
 gether unexpected in these parts : whereof I doubt not 
 there were secret motives and perhaps conditions more 
 than the world knowes of.* 
 
 The whole affair, in fact, had been conducted with 
 unusual secrecy. Chaderton resigned on September 25, 
 and as all the existing Fellows (11) were in residence, it 
 was decided that it was unnecessary to put upon the 
 chapel door the statutory notice of the vacancy. On 
 October 2 Preston was elected, the College doors being 
 locked whilst the election took place.* One motive for 
 
 * Heywood and Wright [Transactions, vol. ii., p. 312) print a letter 
 from Mede to Sir M. Stutville : 
 
 • Christ's College, 
 
 • October 5, 1622. 
 
 ' On Wednesday last, in the forenoon, Mr. Preston was chosen 
 Master of Emmanuel, it being the seventh day after the vacatio 
 agnita, by the resignation of the old Doctor. Yet so secretly did 
 they carry their business that not any of the town — no, nor any 
 scholars of their own College — did so much as suspect any vacation 
 or election till all was done and finished. Dr. Travers himself, 
 whom some might suppose likely to hear of such a matter, heard 
 not the least jot till all was past, notwithstanding all the acquaint- 
 ances and relations he left behind him. . . . You will perhaps, as 
 some others, wonder how this business could be kept close, since 
 the vacatio was to be published by a schedule set up till the election ; 
 but this circumstance is requisite only if any of the Fellows be 
 
CHADERTON'S RESIGNATION 55 
 
 this secrecy was said to be the fear of a royal mandate 
 to elect Dr. Travers, who, since his Fellowship had 
 lapsed, had been living at Christ's College, and whom 
 for some reason the Fellows did not wish to have. But 
 in spite of Dillingham's assertion, there seems no doubt 
 that great pressure was put upon Chaderton to resign ; 
 that he did it with reluctance, against the wish of his 
 friends and wife (who lived till 1631) ; and without 
 having any large private resources to fall back upon. 
 This last difficulty was got over, according to Ball, by 
 a letter to Chaderton from the Duke of Buckingham 
 (September 20, 1622), in which, after assuring him that 
 the King approved of Preston as his successor, he adds : 
 ' And for that point of supply of maintenance I shall 
 (as I promised) take care for to procure it, when fit 
 occasion shall be offered.' It does not appear, however, 
 that Chaderton ever received a pension, though Cecil 
 offered him the bishopric of Chester, and perhaps other 
 preferments. But he preferred a retired life, devoted 
 to reading and study, varied by planting, grafting, and 
 other botanical experiments, in which he took much 
 delight. Indeed, Dillingham asserts that, though Pres- 
 ton may possibly have obtained Buckingham's letter, 
 Chaderton never received it, and that ' no promise was 
 made in it about any allowance being made for Chader- 
 ton's support, no assurance given, expected or gisked 
 for, nay, not so much as known of by the venerable 
 man.' - But, as Mr. Mullinger observes (p. 570), ' it 
 
 absent, thereby to signify the vacation to them, — to prevent which 
 they made choice of a time when all the Fellows were at home, to 
 call them together, and make known the resignation to all present 
 at once. ' 
 
56 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 seems difficult to suppose that either Preston or his 
 biographer could have concocted such a letter,** and it 
 appears likely that the offer of the bishopric and other 
 preferments, of which Dillingham speaks, was practically 
 a fulfilment of the promise. When they were declined, 
 the Court no doubt felt no farther obligation, and 
 Chaderton spent the remaining eighteen years of his 
 life in retirement, though he seems always to have taken 
 an active interest in the affairs of the College, especially 
 in the management of its estates. He died on No- 
 vember 18, 1640, and was buried in the old chapel, 
 from which his body was afterwards transferred to the 
 new chapel. 
 
 The end of his mastership is a natural close of the 
 first chapter in the College history. With his disap- 
 pearance a change in its atmosphere soon began to 
 make itself evident. 
 
 Professor Frank lyn B. Dexter, of Yale, in a paper 
 read before the Massachusetts Historical Society (Feb- 
 ruary, 1 880) on ' The influence of the English Universities 
 in the Development of New England,' enumerates those 
 who came from Oxford and Cambridge. The largest 
 contingent (21) is furnished by Emmanuel. 
 
 William Blaxton, M.A. 
 
 Year of Entry 
 in College. 
 1614 
 
 Zachariah Symmes, M.A. 
 
 1617 
 
 John Cotton, B.D., Fellow 
 
 1617 
 
 Daniel Maude, M.A.... 
 
 1603 
 
 William Leverish, M.A. 
 
 1622 
 
 Nathaniel Ward, M.A. 
 
 1596 
 
NEW ENGLAND SEITLERS 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 
 Year of Entry 
 in College. 
 
 Thomas Hooker, M. A., Fellow ... 1596 
 
 Simon Broadstreet, M.A. 
 
 
 .. 1617 
 
 Thomas James, M.A. 
 
 
 .. l6ll 
 
 William Walton, M.A. 
 
 
 .. 1617 
 
 Nathaniel Rogers, M.A. 
 
 
 .. 1614 
 
 Thomas Shepherd, M.A. 
 
 
 ... 1619 
 
 John Ward, M.A 
 
 
 .. 1596 
 
 R. Sultinstall 
 
 
 
 .. 1627 
 
 John Harvard, M.A. .. 
 
 
 
 .. 1628 
 
 E. Brown (?) 
 
 
 
 .. 1628 
 
 Samuel Stone, M.A. .. 
 
 
 
 .. 1620 
 
 T. Waterhouse, B.A. .. 
 
 
 
 .. 1622 
 
 J. Oxenbridge 
 
 
 
 ... 1626 
 
 Giles Firmin 
 
 
 
 ... 1629 
 
 John Sherman 
 
 
 
 .. 1639 
 
 On August 25, 1904, a brass tablet to be placed in 
 the chapel, which had been subscribed for at Harvard, 
 Cambridge, U.S.A., was presented by representatives 
 from that University. It bears the following inscription : 
 
 VERITAS I CHRISTO ET ECCLESIiE | IN MEMORY OF | JOHN 
 HARVARD A.M. | A MEMBER OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE | WHO 
 EMIGRATED TO | MASSACHUSETTS BAY | AND THERE DYING | 
 IN 1638 I BEQUEATHED TO A COLLEGE | NEWLY ESTABLISHED 
 I BY THE GENERAL COURT | HIS LIBRARY | AND ONE HALF 
 OF HIS ESTATE [ WHEREFORE | HIS NAME IS BORNE BY | 
 HARVARD COLLEGE | THAT ELDEST | OF THE SEMINARIES | 
 WHICH ADVANCE LEARNING | AND PERPETUATE IT | TO POS- 
 TERITY I THROUGHOUT AMERICA | THIS TABLET ERECTED BY 
 HARVARD I MEN RECORDS THEIR GRATITUDE TO | THEIR 
 FOUNDER IN THE COLLEGE WHICH | FOSTERED HIS BENEFICENT 
 SPIRIT I 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE MASTERSHIPS OF JOHN PRESTON (1622-1628) 
 AND WILLIAM SANDCROFT (1628-1637) 
 
 The mastership of John Preston does not appear to 
 have answered the expectation of the Fellows. The 
 obligation of continual residence, which prevented them 
 from making provision for their future by chaplaincies 
 or tutorships, was not relaxed ; nor was anything done 
 to relieve them from the effects of the de mora statute, 
 so as to allow them to keep their Fellowships until pre- 
 sented to a College living. Nor in other ways did he 
 make his mark in the College. Ball, who admires him 
 greatly, can find nothing to record of his administration 
 except that 
 
 'he observed that the Scholars kept Acts but seldome, 
 and accordingly when they came into it performed it but 
 meanly ; he therefore advised with the fellows in it, and 
 after many consultations it was resolved that the number 
 of Acts should in a manner be doubled, of those under 
 Masters of Arts, which was a great advancement to learn- 
 ing of all sorts in the Colledge/ 
 
 But, as a matter of fact, Preston seems to have been 
 much absent from the College under various pretexts — 
 duty at Court, as preacher at Lincoln's Inn, and on the 
 
 68 
 
PRESTON'S MASTERSHIP 59 
 
 plea of being wanted in London to watch over the 
 interests of the society, which was engaged in a lawsuit 
 with a Mr. Ewins for the advowson of a living. The 
 writer in the Dictionary of National Biografhy says that 
 this last employment was interpreted as being a violenta 
 detentio within the meaning of the statute De residentia 
 magistri (cap. 2). The interpretation as recorded in 
 the order-book, however, says nothing of this business, 
 but rests solely on ' the service of the King and Prince.' 
 It will be well to give this order as it appears in the 
 original with autograph signatures, especially as it is 
 one of the only two College orders signed by Preston : 
 
 'Anno Domini l623, Martii IP. 
 
 ' Whereas in the statute Cap. 2 de Residentia Magistri, 
 there is this clause — nisi violenta detentione impeditus 
 fuerit. Our Master before his admission Octob. S, l622, 
 and before he took his oath, desired an interpretation of 
 these words : all the fellows (being eleven in number) did 
 with one consent and assent make this interpretation, that 
 they were to be understood as well of a morall as a natural 
 violence, and that the service of the Kinge and Prince (to 
 whom he was then a sworne servant) was to be esteemed 
 as a morall violence. This eight of us (who are all that 
 are nowe left in the Colledge of those eleven) do witness 
 and testify under our hands. 
 
 John Stoughton. 
 
 Jo. DoD. 
 
 JoHEs Gamons. 
 
 Sa. Hildersham. 
 
 J. Yates. 
 
 Ric. Hunt. 
 
 Tho. Hanscombe. 
 
 Na. Fowle, 
 
60 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 'The same interpretation we all who are now actuall 
 master and fellowes doe renew and confirme under our 
 hands. 
 
 John Preston. 
 
 John Stoughton. 
 
 John Dod. 
 
 John Gamons. 
 
 Sa. Hildersham. 
 
 J. Yates. 
 
 Richard Hunt. 
 
 Tho. Hanscombe. 
 
 Na. Fowle. 
 
 Anth. Tuckney. 
 
 Walter Foster.* 
 
 Preston, being thus authorized to be absent beyond 
 the statutable time, seems to have taken full advantage 
 of the privilege. Only four * admonitions ' are signed 
 by him — one undated, and three on the same day 
 (May 24, 1627), all for the same offence : ' notorious 
 negligence at prayers in the Chapel.' Only one College 
 order, besides the above, is signed by him — namely, one 
 of August 15, 1625, for the breaking up of the College 
 till October 17, upon ' the contagion which is at this 
 time in the parish and the fear of the increase thereof.' 
 Business as to the College estates he seems often to 
 have committed to Chaderton, who was, it appears, 
 still living in his house at St. Nicolas' Hostel as 
 tenant of the College. He cared most for preaching, 
 and obtained, after a severe contest, a lectureship at 
 Trinity Church, worth £50 — collected, it seems, by six- 
 penny, contributions among the congregation — which, 
 as having no ' cure of souls,' he could hold with the 
 
PRESTON'S MASTERSHIP 61 
 
 mastership. But he was also much with the Court, 
 and his high favour with Buckingham gave the Puritan 
 party hopes of better treatment at the hands of the 
 King, while the ' prelatical ** party hoped to win him 
 by the offer of bishoprics or other preferment. His 
 importance was believed to be still greater as James 
 neared his end, because it was evident that under the 
 new reign Buckingham would be all-powerful. Preston 
 was at Theobalds when the King died (March 27, 1625), 
 and went to London with Charles for his proclamation. 
 There he maintained for some time his hold on Buck- 
 ingham, who is said to have even proposed him to the 
 King as Lord Keeper, of which office Bishop Williams 
 was now deprived. Sir Thomas Coventry, however, was 
 appointed, who had acted as counsel for the College in 
 their lawsuit, and now determined it in their favour. 
 This much good the College might in part attribute to 
 the influence of their Master. It soon became apparent, 
 however, that his power over Buckingham was melting 
 away. The Duke disappointed the hopes of the 
 Puritans, and began giving plain indications of sym- 
 pathy with the ' prelatists,' greatly, no doubt, under 
 the influence of King Charles. Preston accordingly 
 lost faith in him, and was incautious enough to express 
 this feeling in a letter 'to a gentleman of Northampton,' 
 which letter by some accident was dropped by its 
 bearer near Temple Bar, and its contents made known 
 to the Duke, who soon made it manifest that Preston 
 was no longer in his good graces. The Fellows there- 
 fore — or a majority of them — determined to act for 
 themselves, and petition the Crown directly for a dis- 
 pensation from the statute. 
 
62 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 An attempt had been already made in 1595, when 
 Charles Chad wick, the Senior Fellow, claimed to hold his 
 Fellowship on the ground that the supplementary statute 
 was not of equal validity with the rest. The question was 
 referred to the Vice-Chancellor (Dr. Goade), and was 
 formally tried by him, with John Cowel, LL.D., acting 
 as assessor, on November 21. His decision, drawn up by 
 John Smith, public notary, is extant. It was decisively 
 in favour of the statute. Chadwick appears at the time 
 to have retaliated upon Chaderton by asserting that he 
 had forfeited the mastership by not taking his Doctor's 
 degree. But that point, too, was given in Chaderton's 
 favour on the production of a written dispensation from 
 Mildmay. This decree of the Vice-Chancellor settled 
 the matter. Chadwick was obliged to vacate his Fellow- 
 ship and to seek Church preferment, which he obtained 
 at Woodham Ferrers in Essex, and, however discon- 
 tented, the Fellows made no more attempt to get the 
 statute altered or more favourably interpreted till 1627, 
 when the following petition was sent up to the King : 
 
 'To THE King's most excellent Majesty. 
 
 ' The Humble petition of the Fellowes of Emmanuel 
 College in Cambridge shewith 
 
 ' That whereas our last supposed statute of leaving 
 our places at Doctor's time, or within a yeare after, if we 
 take our degree, hath been and is a grievance to our 
 societie, the validitie of which Statute may justlie be 
 questioned, as being neither sealed, nor having witnesses, 
 nor being delivered as the rest of the statutes were, nor 
 yet having taken effect by forcing any to forsake their 
 places at that time : Or, in case it should be graunted to 
 
PRESTON^S MASTERSHIP 63 
 
 be a statute, being very hard, we being thereby exposed 
 to many and great inconveniences, as being destitute of 
 other meanes when we shall be soe cast out, and hindered 
 for the present approveing our service to any, by reason of 
 our continuance strictly required by statute, and whereas 
 no inconvenience is like to redound either to the govern- 
 ment or estate of the Colledge by libertye of continuance, 
 as appeareth by all other Colledges where they have the 
 like priviledge, and more particularlye in Sidney Sussex 
 Colledge, where the like statute hath been abrogated. 
 
 ' That your Majestye would bee pleased to graunte a 
 reference of this our grievance to the Heads of Colledges, 
 or to such of them as your Majesty should be pleased to 
 assign, to consider whether or noe it bee a statute of equal 
 validitie with the other ; and if soe, whether a qualification 
 bee not requisite for grauntinge libertie to us to enjoy our 
 places, till wee can bee competently provided for ; and 
 according as in duty bounde wee ever pray for your 
 Majestye's long, happy, and prosperous reign/ 
 
 A reference to the Vice-Chancellor and Heads was at 
 once granted. Opposition came from two quarters: 
 first from Sir Henry Mildmay, the founder's grandson, 
 and secondly from Chaderton. The former offered as 
 a compromise to secure to the College the advowson of 
 six livings of not less than ^^100 a year value, in order 
 to provide for such Fellows as were thus compelled to 
 vacate. Chaderton wrote a strong paper, dated April 14, 
 1627, of reasons against the charge to be submitted to 
 the Vice-Chancellor and Heads. His objections were 
 grounded on the violation proposed to be done to the 
 wishes of the dead ; on the discouragement thus offered 
 to future founders and benefactors ; on the fact that 
 
64 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 the College already had enough livings for the vacating 
 Fellows ; on the fact that succession to Fellowships was 
 thus more rapid and the number of learned ministers sent 
 out larger, while ' the unprofitable stay of men in College 
 was prevented**; on the fact that in other Colleges the 
 tenure of Fellowships was limited ; and, lastly, that the 
 founder had declared that ' he would rather not have 
 founded the College than have omitted this statute/ 
 
 The Vice-Chancellor and Heads at first drew up an 
 answer in the sense of Chaderton'^s protest, strongly 
 advising against the abrogation of the statute. But 
 on farther consideration — perhaps on a hint from 
 Buckingham — they sent up a more guarded answer, 
 affirming, indeed, the validity of the statute, but at the 
 same time suggesting that the change in the circum- 
 stances of the times might make its suspension advisable. 
 The whole business was rapidly concluded. Chaderton"*s 
 protest is dated April 14, and on May 5 a dispensation 
 was issued from the Court at Westminster. It is 
 grounded on the report of the V ice-Chancellor and 
 Heads : 
 
 ' You after due examination of the business have under 
 your hands and seals given us to understand that concern- 
 ing the validity of the statute you are fully persuaded 
 of the strength thereof, but as touching the convenience 
 of the said statute, however the same was providently 
 ordeyned at the time, when there was scarcity of sufficient 
 preachers to furnish the Church abroad, yet because that 
 reason now ceaseth and the Church is now replenished 
 with many able men, you conceive a qualification neither 
 prejudicial to the estate of the Church in generall nor the 
 government of this particular society.' 
 
PRESTON'S MASTERSHIP 65 
 
 The King then goes on to ordain that the statute be 
 wholly suspended, giving five reasons : (1) Because those 
 who have taken Holy Orders (which calling they may 
 never forsake or exchange) are compelled either, instead 
 of being labourers, to stand idle in the vineyard, or, as 
 ' lecturers,"' to seek their livelihood from the benevolence 
 and favour of the people ; (2) because to the great dis- 
 paragement of their persons and degrees they are com- 
 pelled to become curates and mercenaries under others ; 
 (3) because the statute enforcing residence prevents 
 them, like other clergymen, from securing their positions 
 by services abroad ; (4) because other Colleges allow 
 their clerical Fellows to remain till they get a living, 
 and a far less strict statute in Sidney Sussex (allowing 
 seven years' residence after Doctor's standing) had been 
 rescinded ; (5) because even in Emmanuel dispensations 
 had been already obtained, particularly by Dr. Bran- 
 thwaite. Towards the end of the royal injunction, 
 however, a proviso is made that, if Sir H. Mildmay 
 fulfilled his promise of giving the College five or six 
 advowsons worth a hundred a year within six years of 
 the date of the dispensation, the dispensation is to be 
 revoked. 
 
 On December 22, 1640, a committee was appointed 
 to investigate the abuses of the University, and in 
 virtue of their report the King's dispensation was 
 revoked on March 22, 1641. This declaration of the 
 Parliament was, however, either declared or regarded 
 as invalid at the Restoration. The dispensation of 
 1627, therefore, after 1660, again ruled the tenure of 
 Fellowships of those in Orders, while laymen vacated 
 theirs when they came to be one of the four seniors, 
 
 5 
 
66 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 according to the statute of the founder. Practically, 
 however, men henceforth held their Fellowships till they 
 got a College living. This state of things was recognised 
 by the Commissioners (1856-1861). In the statutes con- 
 firmed by the Queen in Council on June 26 of the latter 
 year, four Fellows had to be in Orders ; but if there were 
 no Fellows willing to take Orders elections were to be 
 made outside. Clergymen, if unmarried, could hold 
 their Fellowships without limit ; a layman vacated his 
 at the end of ten years, unless he held a professorship or 
 certain College offices. The farther alterations made by 
 the Commission of 1877-1882 will be noticed later on. 
 
 According to his biographer, Preston was vehemently 
 opposed to the relaxation of the statute in 1627, and he 
 certainly seems to have been on bad terms with some of 
 the Fellows. But he was now little more in the 
 College, for his health was rapidly failing. He moved 
 from place to place, hoping to be cured by country air. 
 The winter of 1627-28 seems to have been spent in a 
 house on high ground at Linton, from which he came to 
 preach at Cambridge on Sundays. In the spring he 
 went to London, after having vainly consulted Dr. 
 Despontine, the Italian doctor settled by Bedell at Bury. 
 By the advice of the London doctors he stayed awhile 
 at Newington, whence he removed to Hertfordshire, and 
 thence to his native county of Northamptonshire, to the 
 house of Mr. Dod, the clergyman of Preston. Here he 
 was, it appears, mistakenly treated by an Oxford doctor 
 (Ash worth), and succumbed on July 20, 1628, when not 
 quite forty years old. He had been a good deal away 
 from the College, especially in 1625, when there was an 
 alarm of plague. But at the beginning of his master- 
 
PRESTON^S WILL 67 
 
 ship he seemed likely to be much more away still, for he 
 was appointed to go as chaplain to Sir Arthur Chichester 
 into Germany; and a royal mandate was obtained, 
 dated July 15, 1623, for his Doctor'^s degree, that he 
 might have a dignity suitable for the office (Heywood 
 and Wright, ii. 316). The embassy, however, did not 
 take place, but in preparation for his journey he made 
 the will that was proved after his death. The executor 
 and residuary legatee was William, Lord Saye and 
 Seal, and though there is no mention in it of a legacy 
 to Emmanuel College, Preston appears from a letter of 
 Lord Saye and Seal, which has been preserved, to have 
 directed him to ' bestow the interest of ,^200 upon 
 Scolards that were bred upp in the Colledge (Em- 
 manuel).' Lord Saye and Seal appears after some 
 years to have suspended this payment when 'these 
 unhappy times of trouble came.' At the Restoration, 
 however, he proposed to renew the payment, and to add 
 to it c£40 in view of unpaid interest. In his will (he 
 died in 1662) he directed his heir to invest the money in 
 land 'of inheritance to the same, either to the said 
 James or to the Head, President and Fellows of the said 
 Colledge, their successors and assigns, at the discretion of 
 my said sonne James.' It was not till 1668 that the 
 instructions of the will were carried out. A letter on 
 this subject to Breton, Master of Emmanuel, is dated 
 May 8, 1668 : 
 
 'Dr. Brittaine, 
 
 ' Mr. Henry Lodge, who was formally recommended 
 to y"" Colledge, and to whom I gave that annual allowance 
 of twelve pounds given by Dr. Preston, is lately dead. I 
 
 5—2 
 
68 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 shall therefore desire you to receive a brother of his, 
 Mr. Sidney Lodge, into his place, and accordingly I shall 
 pay to him the same stipend for his maintenance. S^ I 
 have signed and sealed that deed for the use of y"^ Colledge, 
 and it is left either with Mr. Nelson or Mr. Finshaw, whom 
 you know ; both their chambers are in Grayes Inne. 
 
 'S^ I am, 
 
 'Y>^ friend, 
 
 *Say and Seal.' 
 
 The deed here mentioned is extant, and secures to the 
 Master, Fellows and Scholars of Emmanuel College 
 an * Annuity or Rent Charge of £12, issuing out of 
 three parcel Is of Meadow Ground in the Parish of 
 Drayton in Oxfordshire."* This rent-charge was paid 
 regularly for some time, but the land changed hands 
 several times, and it began to fall into arrear. In 17520 
 the College unsuccessfully sued the then Lord Saye and 
 Seal, and from that time it disappears from the College 
 accounts {Emmanuel College Magazine, vol. vi., No. 2, 
 pp. 90-95). 
 
 The College, therefore, did not permanently benefit 
 by Preston's liberality. In other respects, though not, 
 apparently, from much personal superintendence, it 
 continued to flourish under his rule. The numbers did 
 not decline. In two of the six years they were above 
 the average (S2 and 89), and among the entries are 
 some interesting names, four of them of men who were 
 afterwards Masters of other Colleges — W. Spurstowe, of 
 St. Catherine's; Lazarus Seaman, of St. Peter's; William 
 Dell, of Caius ; Benjamin Whichcote, of King's. 
 
 William Spurstowe took his degrees at Emmanuel 
 (B.A. 1626, M.A. 1630), but was elected a Fellow of 
 
PRESTON'S MASTERSHIP 69 
 
 Catharine Hall. He resigned that on becoming Rector 
 of Great Hampden in Buckinghamshire. He was one 
 of the five divines whose initials helped to make up the 
 name Smectymnuus (uu[ = w] + s). He was fully in sym- 
 pathy with the Parliament in its quarrel with the King, 
 and served as chaplain to Hampden\s Green Coats in 
 
 1642. He took the Solemn League and Covenant in 
 
 1643, and in 1645 was put into the mastership of 
 Catharine Hall, on the deprivation of Ralph Browning 
 by the University Commissioners of the Parliament. 
 But though his sermons and writings were all of the 
 strictly Puritan cast, his after-life is an example of 
 the revulsion against extremes in politics and Church 
 government which caused the anti-Puritan reaction. 
 
 In 1649 a subscription to 'the Engagement' was 
 required by the Parliamentary Committee — that is, a 
 declaration of allegiance to the existing government 
 * without King or House of Lords.' Spurstowe, who 
 had been employed in negotiations with Charles, and 
 strongly objected to his trial, was one of those Masters 
 who declined to make the declaration, and ipso facto 
 vacated their places on March 23, 1650 (Hey wood and 
 Wright, ii., 530). At the Restoration, again, he was 
 made a chaplain to Charles H., and preached once at 
 Court, yet he was not prepared to conform to the Act of 
 Uniformity, and accordingly vacated his vicarage of 
 Hackney on St. Bartholomew's Day (August 24, 1662). 
 
 Lazarus Seaman (B.A. 1627, M.A. 1631), after 
 teaching for a time in a school, was chosen lecturer at 
 St. Martin's, Ludgate, and was chaplain to the Earl of 
 Northumberland, and in 1642 was presented to All 
 Hallows', Broad Street. Like Spurstowe, he was one of 
 
70 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 the Westminster Assembly of Divines, and one of the 
 Presbyterians deputed to treat with Charles. In 1644 
 he was put into the mastership of Peterhouse, At 
 the Restoration he was turned out of the mastership, 
 but retained All Hallows'* till the Act of' Uniformity in 
 1662. He was a Presbyterian, strongly opposed to 
 ' separate congregations,** and had also been against the 
 King's trial. Yet Cromwell respected him, and ap- 
 pointed him a Visitor of the University in 1654. After 
 his resignation of All Hallows' he acted privately as 
 minister to a portion of his old congregation, and in 
 1672 built a chapel in Wood Street. He was a man of 
 much learning, and his collection of 5,000 books was 
 the first library sold by auction in England (1675). 
 That, and his prudence and caution, joined to consider- 
 able controversial ability, mark him out as a typical 
 product of the College. 
 
 William Dell (B.A. 1628, M.A. 1631) was secretary 
 to Archbishop Laud, but in 1645, having become an 
 Antinomian, he was with Fairfax as a ' preacher of the 
 army.' He seems to have tried to establish a kind of 
 unity by refusing to recognise all distinction of sects, 
 but did not succeed in pleasing any party, except, 
 perhaps, the leaders of the Independents. He is said 
 to have offered his religious services to Charles on the 
 morning of his execution. On May 5, 1650, he was 
 appointed Master of Caius in the place of the ejected 
 Dr. Batchcroft. He was very severe in this office in 
 displacing Royalist Fellows, and denouncing not only 
 official University dress and ornaments, but the value of 
 learning generally to the study of Scripture. He held 
 with the mastership the living of Yelden in Bedford- 
 
PRESTON'S MASTERSHIP 71 
 
 shire. From the former he was ejected in 1660 (Batch- 
 croft being reinstated), and from the latter in 1662 
 by the Bartholomew Act. His writing and doctrines, 
 though enjoying a certain notoriety, appear not to 
 have pleased any sect except the Quakers ; and he was 
 accused of inconsistency in preaching against infant 
 baptism, and yet having his own children baptized; 
 against tithes, and yet taking <^200 a year from 
 Yelden ; against Universities, and yet being Head of a 
 College. Yet he carried out one of his doctrines by 
 securing that his body should be buried in unconse- 
 crated ground. He probably would have justified 
 himself on all these heads, but his teaching would not 
 have been in harmony with the views current in his old 
 College. 
 
 Of Benjamin Whichcote, who entered in the later 
 years of Preston's mastership, I shall speak hereafter. 
 
 Besides these divines, there entered in 1624 Henry 
 PiERREPONT, first Marquis of Dorchester, and his brother 
 William. They were the sons of the Earl of Kingston, 
 and Henry (born 1606) was called up to the House of 
 Lords as Viscount Newark in 1641, and for services to 
 the King was created Marquis of Dorchester in 1645. 
 After the war was over, he compounded for delinquency 
 by a fine of one-tenth of his estate, and afterwards 
 devoted himself to science, especially to medicine and 
 law, being entered at Gray's Inn, and also becoming a 
 Fellow of the College of Physicians. At the Restoration 
 he returned to Court, and became a Privy Councillor 
 again. He seems to have been a quarrelsome person, 
 but really devoted to science. His brother William, 
 who entered Emmanuel with him, took the Parlia- 
 
72 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 mentarj side in the war, but was generally in favour of 
 peace and of making terms with the King. He, how- 
 ever, justified his title of ' Wise William "* by keeping 
 all through on good terms with Cromwell, by giving 
 Richard Cromwell excellent counsel, and yet on the 
 Restoration being able to secure, not only his own 
 safety, but that of many others also. He died in 
 1678. 
 
 In the last year of Preston's mastership John Harvard 
 entered the College (April 17, 1627) with Middlesex as 
 his county (p. 57). It is curious and touching that the 
 name of a man who won no distinction in life, and died 
 at thirty-one of consumption so far from us, should yet 
 constitute one of our most enduring and most valued 
 memorials : 
 
 ' That low man seeks a little thing to do. 
 Sees it and does it : 
 This high man, with a great thing to pursue. 
 Dies ere he knows it.* 
 
 John Harvard saw what he had to do and did it, and 
 it turned out to be a greater thing than he could have 
 dreamed. Leaving England, we do not know why — 
 perhaps in hope of escaping the deadly disease which 
 was in his blood (for his brother Thomas died the year 
 he sailed) — he, with his lately-married wife, reached 
 New England, and was admitted a townsman of Charles- 
 town on August 6 in 1637. On September 14 in 
 the next year (1638) he died of consumption, leaving 
 one half of his estate (^79 17s, 2d.), with a library of 
 320 volumes, for the College which at that time it was 
 proposed to found at New Town (Cambridge). Em- 
 
JOHN HARVARD 73 
 
 manuel has no record of him except his name in a 
 book of receipts, and his autograph in a small volume 
 of divinity in the College library — 
 
 ' Only the actions of the just 
 Smell sweet and blossom in the dust.* 
 
 Little as he ever thought it, his name endures for ever 
 in the great University of the West, the beginning of 
 which was made possible by his liberality and faith. 
 
 He had inherited a fair property from his mother, 
 Katherine Rogers, who married three times — her first 
 husband, Robert Harvard, a butcher of Southwark, 
 having died of the plague in 1625. She appears 
 to have died in 1635, the year in which Harvard 
 took his M.A. degree. In Charlestown he ministered 
 in the ' First Church,' where, it is said, he ' preached 
 and prayed with tears and evidence of strong afFection.' 
 He is described by another contemporary as ' a scholar 
 and a lover of learning,"* and by another as ' a scholar 
 and pious in his life, and enlarged toward the country 
 and the good of it in life and death."" There is no 
 record of his having been ordained, but, as he seems to 
 have been at once received as a clergyman on arriving 
 in New England, he had probably been authorized as a 
 preacher in some way before leaving home ; and as he 
 married the daughter of a beneficed clergyman, he had 
 very likely received episcopal Orders. 
 
 The next Master, William SANDCROFr (1628-1637), 
 entered the College in 1596, and was elected Fellow in 
 1605. He was of a Suffolk family, and at the end of 
 his life had some cure or house at Bury. His Fellow- 
 ship lapsed in 1614-15, and Chaderton wrote warmly in 
 
74 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 his favour to the patron of West Wickam in Kent 
 (Samuel Lennard). On his election to the mastership 
 in 1628, he was holding this or some other benefice, for 
 before he would accept the mastership he insisted on 
 the Fellows making an interpretation of the thirteenth 
 statute which would enable him to continue to hold it. 
 Accordingly, an order on the subject appears in the 
 order-book under date August 5, 1628. After reciting 
 the founder's statute, it goes on : 
 
 ' Notwithstanding wee are persuaded that it was neyther 
 his meaning to forbid the choyce of a beneficed man nor 
 his retayning of the said cure for a convenient time, which 
 we conceive to be about but not above that time which the 
 fellowes are allowed to enjoy their places after they have 
 induction into a liveing. This we all agreed upon before 
 the admission of the present Master. August 5, l628, 
 anno regni Regis Caroli quarto.* 
 
 This is signed by all twelve Fellows, of whom Anthony 
 Tuckney — himself afterwards Master — is one. It does 
 not appear, however, that Sandcroft, in compliance with 
 this interpretation, either resigned his benefice or refused 
 any new one. His nine years of mastership was a period 
 of continuous prosperity as far as numbers were con- 
 cerned ; it also witnessed a great increase in the buildings 
 by the commencement of what is now called the * old 
 court,"* the call for which is attributed, in the College 
 order of February 4, 1633, to the necessity 
 
 ' of enlarging our roome, which long time hathe been and 
 still is too scant to receive the number of students in the 
 Colledge, and for bringing of them all to keepe and lodge 
 within the walls (according to the express words of the 
 
SANDCROFT^S MASTERSHIP 75 
 
 statute, cap. 40, Nullum pro pensonario ad convictum 
 scholarium aut sociorum admitti vel in Collegio morari 
 volumus qui non cameram habeat uti in dicto Collegio 
 cubet). It was thought fitt by the Master and the 
 Society, and accordingly agreed and concluded by joynt 
 and unanimous consent of the major part, to have a new 
 range of building erected from the founder's chamber to 
 Pit's garden according to a plott drawne and covenants 
 made to that purpose.' 
 
 He also seems to have begun by reforming certain 
 irregularities in the entering of scholars'* names and 
 counties in the College register, and the habit of some 
 scholars getting their food and drink from the town 
 instead of the College butteries. Discipline would also 
 seem, from the admonition-book, to have been well 
 maintained. But, on the other hand, he seems to have 
 had somewhat violent quarrels with the Fellows. To 
 begin with, he headed a moiety of the Fellows (six) in 
 petitioning the Chancellor to obtain the revocation of 
 the royal dispensation from the de mora statute. The 
 Chancellor was now an Emmanuel man, Lord Holland, 
 who had by the King's injunction succeeded Buckingham 
 (murdered in 1628), and they may have thought him 
 likely — * as the noble ornament of our College ' — to 
 support the wishes of the majority. The petition, 
 however, was unsuccessful, but its last clause indicates 
 a considerable tension : ' Ninthly, the statute standing 
 in its former force would have prevented no small 
 disturbances of the peace of the College which have 
 lately happened.' That these ' disturbances of the 
 peace of the College ' continued, and sometimes in an 
 acute form, is shown by the admonition-book, in which 
 
76 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 for the first two occasions a peremptory admonition is 
 administered to one of the Fellows, Henry Salmon, 
 afterwards Rector of Standground, for countermanding 
 orders of the Master. The matter seems to have 
 gone before the Vice - Chancellor, whereupon Salmon 
 made some apology ; for the admonition is crossed 
 out, and Sandcroft adds a note that he is content 
 upon that to withdraw the admonition. The entry 
 in the admonition-book does not enlighten us as to 
 the exact nature of Salmon's offence, but it is eloquent 
 of the discord reigning in the College. 
 
 ' Mem"'" y' upon y^ 8 October, 1632, Mr. Salmon was 
 peremptorily admonished by the M"^ with y^ assistance of 
 y^ Deane and in y^ presence of Mr. Foster and Mr. Gierke, 
 y^ two senior fellowes, for affronting and resisting the M*" 
 openly in y« execution of his place by counter-manding 
 what he had commanded, to y^ infringing of his authority 
 and respect contrary to y^ statutes both of y^ Colledge and 
 University, and (which is most of all) to his Majesty e's 
 Royall injunction and ordinances sent to y« University to 
 be observed and executed. 
 
 'William Sandcroft.' 
 
 Sandcroffs note is as follows : 
 
 ' Upon satisfaction given to me by Mr. Salmon before 
 Mr. Vice-Chancellor, Dr. Ward, and Dr. Gwin, I was con- 
 tented at their request to remitt this censure.' 
 
 A letter from Tuckney in the same year (September 7, 
 1635) from Boston, addressed to ' the Right Worshipful 
 and Rev'i Dr. Sandcroft,** shows that this was not a 
 solitary case : 
 
SANDCROFl'S MASTERSHIP 77 
 
 'Worthy Sir, 
 
 ' I beseech you pardon my boldness, if out of zeal 
 for the Colledge good, and your honour, 1 become a humble 
 petitioner to you, and that you would study the College 
 peace, willingly maintain the Fellows' lawful priviledges as 
 your own, especially if in small matters, tho they be against 
 your judgment, in wisdome to chuse the fittest time and 
 fayrest means to reform them, and rather than to make a 
 breach, fayrly to pass them by, till you may effect what 
 you desire more conveniently. Former broyles and foyles 
 in the like kind have been dishonourable to the whole 
 body, if not in your time, yet I am sure in your Prede- 
 cessor's ; his clashing with the fellows, especially those who 
 were a means to bring him into his mastership, gayned 
 himself a greater fall than he could give them, though 
 then he was as potent as another. The sad event of those 
 jarrs which I then saw, the certain ruin of a divided house 
 which I read of, the greater advantage in this which some 
 great Visitor may gaine, by getting the finger into such a 
 hole to make the greater rent, and the earnest desire of 
 such of your fellowes (who truly honour you, and dearly 
 tender your health and life, which by such paroxysms they 
 fear may be endangered) that 1 would do what I could to 
 make up the breach, have made me as free with some of 
 the fellows of the one side, so bold also with you the 
 worthy Master on the other, to treat or rather intreat for 
 a full Pacification. Which should I be so happy as to be 
 the means of, I should ever have cause to bless God for it, 
 and none I hope would have cause to distaste this my 
 humble boldness, which yet I crave pardon for, and with 
 tender of my best service and heartiest desires of your 
 health and peace, and the Colleges continued flourish 
 under you, I humbly crave leave, and rest 
 
 ' Your worships in Christ to be commanded, 
 
 * Anth. Tuckney.' 
 
78 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 What these ' broyles ' were we have no means of 
 exactly ascertaining, but they were at any rate partly 
 on financial questions. For instance, on October 30, 
 1634, an appeal was made by the four senior Fellows 
 (Clerk, Wright, Hall, and Salmon) to the Vice- 
 Chancellor (Lowe) and the two senior Doctors of 
 Divinity (Ward of Sidney and Bainbrigg of Christ's) 
 as to £4! a year which they alleged was due to each 
 of them — as senior Fellows in Holy Orders — from 
 the Pinchbeck property, as well as certain shares of the 
 ' sealing ' money. The award went wholly in favour of 
 the Fellows; but it is significant that Salmon should 
 again be a party to a controversy with the Master as in 
 the quarrel already described, leading like the former 
 to a case before the Vice-Chancellor and visitors. 
 
 In the course of Sandcroff's mastership there was 
 another alarm of the plague. A College order of 
 April 20, 1630, records that ' through God's just hand 
 the infection of the plague is soe spread in many places 
 of y*' towne that scarce any Schollars are left in the 
 Colledge'; the Master and Fellows and scholars are 
 therefore allowed free leave to go anywhere that may 
 be safe, without loss of allowances, till next commence- 
 ment, or, if the plague continues, till September 29. 
 By another order of October 1 in the same year, the 
 leave is extended to November 1, ' because we cannot 
 safely return to the Colledge."* Another item in College 
 management, with which Sandcroft is connected in the 
 order-book, is a rearrangement of the rents of scholars' 
 chambers, which vary from 10s. in the garrets to 
 26s. 8d. (2 marks) in the ' new building next the fields,' 
 which is a considerable advance on the scale as settled 
 
SANDCROtT^S MASTERSHIP 79 
 
 in 1614, in which the highest is 10s. and the lowest 2s. 
 He seems to have been active in discipline, as twenty- 
 four admonitions are signed by him, the offences being 
 generally drunkenness, quarrelling and striking, being 
 out in prohibited hours, and negligence at chapel. 
 The end is briefly noted in Worthington's diary : 
 
 ' 16*37, April 6.— The Master of the College (Dr. Sand- 
 croft) returned from Bury. 
 
 'April 13. — The Master of the College went to Bury 
 again, where he died not long after. 
 
 'April 25. — On this day was the election of a new 
 Master, viz., Mr. Holdsworth. April 26 he was ad- 
 mitted.' 
 
 Under Sandcroffs rule a group of men were educated 
 at Emmanuel who headed a reaction against the extreme 
 school of Calvin. They were led in divergent ways to 
 moderate Puritanism combined with Church manship, 
 to Independency, to rational theology. Many of them 
 were pupils of Anthony Tuckney (Fellow 1619-1629), 
 and were much influenced by him, who, though doc- 
 trinally a strong Calvinist, was yet in practical matters 
 moderate and tolerant. The most distinguished repre- 
 sentative of Independency was Peter Sterry (Fellow 
 1636). He does not seem to have resided. He went 
 to London as a ' preacher,' and was nominated as one 
 of the Westminster Assembly in 1 642. In Cambridge 
 he had been looked upon as a mystic, and as one of the 
 'Platonists' noticed below. His views, however, re- 
 commended him to Cromwell, whose chaplain he 
 became, as well as ' Preacher to the Council of State.' 
 His thanksgiving sermon before Parliament on Novem- 
 
80 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 ber 5, 1650, shows that he was as bitterly opposed to 
 Presbyterian as to Episcopal Church government. It 
 is called EnglancTs Deliverance from the Northern 
 Presbytery compared with its Deliverance from the 
 Roman Papacy. It is written in vigorous English, and 
 its view of the Presbytery may be summed up in Milton's 
 phrase, ' New Presbyter is but old Priest writ large,** 
 and in the almost contemporary sonnet to Cromwell : 
 
 ' New foes arise 
 . Threatening to bind our souls with secular chains. 
 Help us to save free conscience from the paw 
 Of hireling wolves, whose Gospel is their maw.' 
 
 As chaplain of Parliament he exercised the function, 
 formerly belonging to the Archbishop, of Censor to the 
 Press, giving his imprimatur to such works as were 
 authorized. He was fitted for this by his literary tastes 
 and love of the arts, in which he differed from the 
 ordinary Puritans and Presbyterians, the latter of whom 
 he denounces in his sermon because, among other things, 
 ' they attack the sense and fancy as vain.' He printed 
 little in his lifetime, but after his death there were 
 published : (1) Discourse of the Freedom of the Will, 
 fol., 1675 ; (2) The Rise, Race, and Royalty of the 
 Kingdom of God in the Soul of Man, 4to., 1688 ; (3) 
 The Appearance of God to Man in the Gospel and 
 Gospel Change, 4to., 1710. In the last-named a second 
 volume is promised containing his letters, but it does 
 not seem to have appeared. His style, which is vigorous 
 and direct, has been compared with Milton's, with whom 
 (according to some) he was associated as Latin secretary. 
 His brother Nathaniel also graduated at Emmanuel in 
 
THE CAMBRIDGE PLATONISTS 81 
 
 1648, but in the following year became a Fellow of 
 Merton College, Oxford. 
 
 Of the other divines collectively spoken of as the 
 Cambridge Platonists, or sometimes as Latitudinarians, 
 who, starting from Puritanism, rebelled against its 
 narrowness and dogmatism, and, above all, against its 
 depreciation of learning and reason, most were Emmanuel 
 men. The leader was Benjamin Whichcote, who 
 entered the College in 1626, was elected Fellow in 1633, 
 and remained in College, taking many pupils, till 1643, 
 when he was presented to North Cadbury. He had 
 hardly settled there and married, when he was called back 
 to Cambridge and made Provost of King's College, on the 
 ejection of Collis by the Parliamentary Commissioners 
 headed by Manchester. He accepted the office with 
 hesitation (March 19), and insisted on Collis receiving 
 half the emolument. In 1649 he gave up North Cad- 
 bury, and was presented by King's to Milton. Ejected 
 from the provostship in 1660, he retained Milton, and, 
 accepting the Act of Uniformity, was elected and 
 licensed to the cure of St. Anne's, Blackfriars (No- 
 vember, 1662), and, on the destruction of that church 
 in the Fire of 1666, was presented by the Crown to 
 St. Laurence Jewry. He died in 1683 while on a visit 
 to Cudworth at Christ's College. While at King's, and 
 perhaps before, he ' lectured ' in the afternoon at 
 Trinity Church in Cambridge, a duty which he main- 
 tained for many years. Several of the Fellows of 
 Colleges — his friends and followers — did the same in 
 other churches. It was by preaching, and by his per- 
 sonal intercourse with his pupils and friends, that his 
 great work was done and his extraordinary influence at 
 
 6 
 
82 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 Cambridge, and thence on the Church in general, exer- 
 cised. He published nothing during his life, but after his 
 death there appeared some sermons or notes of sermons, 
 and certain apophthegms, taken down by a pupil or hearer, 
 under the title of Seo^opovjueva Boy/Mara (1685), and 
 in 1753 was published Moral ami Religions Aphoi'isms, 
 with the letters which passed between Whichcote and 
 Tuckney in 1651, on the unsoundness of Whichcote's 
 theology, which had alarmed Tuckney. But in spite 
 of Tuckney's opposition, and that of Arrowsmith of 
 St. John'*s, and Hill of Trinity, the younger Masters 
 of Arts in the University very largely embraced his 
 liberal opinions, and the movement thus inaugurated 
 was an important element in the reaction which at the 
 Restoration revived Episcopacy and the Church with 
 such apparent ease and popular approval. 
 
 Another of this school was Ralph Cud worth, son of 
 a former Fellow of the College and Rector of Aller, 
 who entered Emmanuel in 1632, and was elected Fellow 
 November 9, 1639. He had many pupils, among whom 
 was Sir W. Temple. In 1645 he was made Master of 
 Clare by the Parliamentary Visitors, and in the same 
 year was elected Professor of Hebrew. In 1651 he was 
 presented to North Cadbury by Emmanuel, and in 1654 
 was elected Master of Christ's, which place he held till 
 his death in 1688. His great work was The True 
 Intellectual System of the Universe (1678, fol.). It was 
 designed to show the impossibility of atheism, and to 
 establish the liberty of human action as against the 
 fatalists. It reviews the ancient systems of philosophy, 
 and broaches ' his own famous theory of a plastic nature 
 — a device to account for the operations of physical laws 
 
THE CAMBRIDGE PLATONISTS 83 
 
 without the continued agency of the Deity ' (Hallam, 
 Lit. Hist., iv. 65). The fourth and longest chapter of 
 the book seeks to establish by a wider review of ancient 
 literature and philosophy that the unity of God had 
 always been believed. The hall-mark of this book, as 
 of others by Cud worth, distinguishing it from the works 
 of the party from which the Platonists emerged, is 
 learning. Hebrew and Greek learning was decried 
 by many of the Puritans; Cudworth, like the others 
 of his school, pursued it in every shape and in every 
 place. 
 
 Another eminent member of this school was Na- 
 thaniel CuLVERWELL (a name familiar to us as that of 
 Chaderton^s wife), who was elected Fellow in 1642. 
 He was still a Fellow in June, 1646 (Worthington, 
 vol. i., p. 24), but beyond the fact that he was dead when 
 his College sermons and his treatise A Discourse of the 
 Light of Nature were edited by William Dillingham 
 in 1651-52 ; that he had suffered from ill-health ; and, 
 as his brother's letter prefixed to the Discourse infers, 
 that he was of a reserved and, some thought, haughty 
 nature, we know nothing of him. The sermon Mt. Ebal 
 seems to have been preached in 1642 or 1643, when the 
 country was shuddering at the news of the Irish Mas- 
 sacre, and his references to that event, and an approving 
 allusion to the Covenant, show that he was in sympathy 
 with the Puritan party at the beginning of the struggle 
 between King and Parliament. But the Discourse, 
 composed about 1645, plainly classes him rather with 
 Cudworth than with the fanatics. It is an eloquent 
 composition, and its chief purpose is to vindicate the 
 value of human reason and the supreme importance of 
 
 6—2 
 
.84 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 the light of knowledge : ' Reason and Faith may kiss 
 each other. There is a twin light springing from 
 both, and they both spring from the same fountain of 
 light/ That is the moral of the whole treatise, which 
 is full of learning and studded with quotations in 
 Hebrew, Greek, and Latin — a brilliant protest against 
 the narrow views that had so long prevailed in the 
 University. 
 
 Two years junior to Culverwell was John Smith 
 (M.A. 1644), who was made Fellow of Queens'* by the 
 Earl of Manchester. His Select Discourses (London, 
 1660) were edited by Worthington after his death, 
 which took place in 1652. His style is as good as that 
 of Culverwell, or even better. It is, indeed, surprisingly 
 clear and forcible, and with the true rhythm of musical 
 prose. It is saturated with learning and philosophy. 
 Lastly may be mentioned, as in general sympathy with 
 this school, John Worthington, who, besides editing 
 Smith'*s Select Discourses, has left a journal and corre- 
 spondence which has been edited for the Cheetham 
 Society. He entered Emmanuel as a sizar in 1632, and 
 was admitted Fellow in 1642 after some contest, of 
 which an account has to be given in the next 
 chapter. Though a constant preacher in chapel, his 
 interests were rather literary and philosophical than 
 theological. Yet several of his theological works went 
 through many editions, and were translated into German. 
 From 1650 to 1660 he was Master of Jesus, being dis- 
 placed at the latter date to make room for the return 
 of Sterne, who had been ejected in 1644. 
 
 Another of the undergraduates of Sandcroffs time 
 had a very different career. John Sadler (B.A. 1633, 
 
SADLER AND WALLIS 85 
 
 Fellow 1638) became a lawyer, and was offered the post 
 of Chief Justice of Munster by Cromwell. In 1650 he 
 was made Master of Magdalene. For some time he was 
 M.P. for Cambridge, and later on for Great Yarmouth, 
 and held many offices under the Protectorate, which he 
 lost at the Restoration. His works (including a 
 masque) were not important, but he gained some 
 notoriety by prophesying in 1662 the Great Plague 
 and Fire of London. His contemporaries thought him 
 somewhat of a lunatic. John Breton (1629) and 
 William Dillingham (1636), both successively Masters 
 of the College, will be noticed in due course. But the 
 most substantial fame was won by John Wallis (scholar 
 1632, B.A. 1636), who gained his first reputation by 
 the solution of ciphers, and was made a Fellow of 
 Queens'* in 1644 by order of Parliament, and in 1649 
 Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford by Oliver 
 Cromwell. His mathematical works were the most 
 original and suggestive ever published in England 
 before those of Newton. His Arithmetica Infinitorum 
 (1655) and its introduction 'contained germs of the 
 differential calculus, and gave in everything but form 
 advanced specimens of the integral calculus' {Dictionary 
 of National Biography). This was followed by the 
 Mechanica (1669), which contained 'a correct theory of 
 the impacts of inelastic bodies.' Between these two 
 works there were numerous other mathematical tractates 
 of value. He has the credit of first discovering how 
 to teach the deaf and dumb to speak, and he published 
 also sermons and works on theology, grammar, and 
 logic. His political conduct was so cautious or mode- 
 rate that he suffered no deprivations at the Restoration. 
 
86 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 He retained a high reputation for scholarship and 
 science till his death in 1703, at the age of eighty-six. 
 His having failed to be elected Fellow at Emmanuel is 
 probably to be explained by the fact that there was 
 already a Fellow of the county of Kent elected in 1635 
 (Richard Welles). Jeremiah Horrocks, sizar 1632, 
 was a most distinguished astronomer, who, with no 
 appliances, made many remarkable discoveries. When 
 Curate of Hook he predicted and observed a transit of 
 Venus, November 24, 1639. He died in 1641. As repre- 
 sentatives of learning may here be mentioned, though 
 they entered the College somewhat earlier, Edmund 
 Castell (1621), Professor of Arabic (1664), author of 
 the * Lexicon Heptaglotton,"* on which he worked eighteen 
 hours a day for seventeen years ; and Sir Roger Twysden 
 (1614), who was one of the editors of the English 
 chronicles {Historiw Anglicanoc Scriptores Decern^ 1652). 
 He was first on the side of the Parliament, but was 
 afterwards imprisoned by it. He survived till 1672. 
 
 Though the active influence of the men here described 
 belongs to the next generation, all, except the two 
 last-named, entered the College during Sandcroft's 
 mastership. At his death the College had existed just 
 fifty-three years. It must be acknowledged that for 
 that short period — short in the life of a permanent 
 institution — it had been fortunate both in the number 
 and varied eminence of its sons. It had, so to speak, 
 caught a movement on the rise, and had been able to 
 identify itself both with its ascent and decline. It had 
 already an individuality which attracted benefactions, 
 and induced men of high standing to select it for their 
 sons. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 PERIOD OF THE CIVIL WAR: MASTERSHIPS OF 
 RICHARD HOLDSWORTH (1637-1644), ANTHONY 
 TUCKNEY (1644-1653), AND WILLIAM DILLINGHAM 
 (1653-1662) 
 
 We have seen the steady rise of the College in numbers 
 and importance since its foundation, and its productive- 
 ness in men of earnest convictions — convictions which 
 brought them into conflict with the ecclesiastical 
 authorities, and in many cases led them to seek beyond 
 the ocean a new country, where their views might have 
 freer play. Lastly we have seen how the College had 
 begun to produce men destined to lead a reaction against 
 the narrowness and dogmatism of this party, without, 
 as yet, any wide divergence from their predecessors in 
 fundamentals. The period of the Civil War saw the 
 College rise to its zenith in point of numbers and 
 University importance, but prepared the way to a very 
 sudden and very marked fall. 
 
 On the death of Sandcroft the Fellows looked abroad 
 for a new Master. Perhaps their division of sentiment 
 made an election within their own walls difficult. They 
 fixed upon Richard Holdsworth, late Fellow of St. 
 
 87 
 
88 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 John's, Rector of St. Peter's, Broad Street, London, and 
 Gresham Professor of Divinity. In 1633 he had been 
 elected master by a majority of the Fellows of St. John's, 
 but the senior Fellows wished for a certain Dr. Lane, and 
 Charles I., on being appealed to, nominated Lane, but 
 on receiving remonstrance, and making further investi- 
 gation, annulled both elections, and William Beal was 
 appointed by royal mandate. Holdsworth, however, 
 became Archdeacon of Huntingdon and Prebend of 
 Buckden, two pieces of preferment held by the late 
 Master of St. John's. He had a great reputation in 
 London both as a preacher and lecturer at Gresham's 
 College, and belonged to the party of the moderate 
 Puritans. Though he objected to the continuance 
 of Convocation by royal writ in 1640, and signed his 
 assent to Usher's schemes for Synods to take the place 
 of Bishops, he seems quickly to have altered his opinion, 
 and to have remained a staunch Church of England 
 man, and from the outbreak of the war an enthusiastic 
 Loyalist. 
 
 He was elected on April 25, and admitted on the 
 26th, 1637. The first three years of his mastership 
 seem to have passed quietly, but two points of College 
 policy were settled almost immediately after his election. 
 The College order of July 28, 1637, made a fresh 
 interpretation of the thirteenth statute, declaring that 
 the Master was not bound to give up any ecclesiastical 
 preferment which he held before his election. This is 
 signed by six Fellows. Another order on the same day, 
 signed by the same six and the Master, declared that 
 among 'the violent detensions' justifying a Fellow's 
 absence from College was to be accounted ' the accept- 
 
HOLDSWORTH^S MASTERSHIP 89 
 
 ing of a living to which he shall be appointed," the 
 others being a necessary suit of law and ' the sickness 
 or death of very near friends."" The admonition-book 
 shows that Holdsworth was in residence in the early 
 part of 1638, but in June of that year, when it became 
 necessary once more to give leave of absence to every one 
 to October 2, because 'through God's just hand the 
 plague is soe spreade in many places of the towne, that 
 scarce any schollers are left,' the order is signed by 
 seven Fellows without the Master, who was probably at 
 his cure in London. His interest in education is shown 
 by his elaborate directions to students for their studies 
 and conduct, his MS. of which is in the Library. There 
 seems to have been the usual amount of disciplinary cases, 
 and no more — missing chapel and ' lying out ' in the 
 town, and most of all ' hunting with greyhounds.' But 
 the attention of the Master and Fellows was soon called to 
 graver matters. The Short Parliament met on April 13, 
 1640, and on the 29th of that month the Commons 
 desired a conference with the Lords as to Communion- 
 tables set altar- wise in parish churches and chapels in 
 the University, as well as crosses, images, and crucifixes. 
 On May 1 the House heard a complaint of a sermon 
 preached by Beale, of St. John's, and ordered his 
 attendance on the 7th. Though further proceedings 
 were prevented by the dissolution on May 5, it was 
 evident that Parliament, when it did sit, had resolved 
 on interfering in the University. 
 
 Of all the Colleges, it would have seemed that 
 Emmanuel had least to fear, but it was, strange to say, 
 nearly the first that drew upon itself the attention of 
 the Long Parliament, which met on November 3. 
 
90 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 Absolutely the first was Peterhouse, where a certain 
 Mr. Norton complained that some Fellows had tried to 
 seduce his son to Popery (November 24).* But on 
 December 17 a Committee consisting of Sir H. Mildmay 
 and thirty-three other members was appointed to con- 
 sider a petition of the family of the founder as to 
 Emmanuel College. It was the old question of the de 
 mora statute, and the result was a Bill read a second 
 time on July 2, 1641, confirming the statutes of the 
 College — i.^., abolishing the suspension of the statute 
 granted by the King in 1626. But while the Bill was 
 still in suspense a case arose in the College which gave 
 the House an opportunity of definite interference. On 
 October 16, 1641, there was an election to a Fellowship. 
 The Master and four Fellows voted for Worthington, 
 six Fellows for a Mr. T. Hodges. But three of the six, 
 Holbech, Harris, and Hall, were past the standing of 
 Doctor, and Worthington and his friends protested 
 against their votes. They appear to have justified their 
 vote on the ground that Hodges came from one of the 
 two counties, Essex and Northamptonshire, to which 
 the founder had given a preference. The four for 
 Worthington (Whichcote, Almond, Sadler, Cudworth) 
 replied that such preference was only cccteris paribus, 
 and was not intended to override merit. The matter 
 was at once reported to the House of Commons, and on 
 October 21 an order was passed forbidding the Master 
 to admit either till the Committee appointed to consider 
 
 * Peterhouse, whose Master was Cosin, seems to have been 
 notorious in this respect. In Worthington's Diary, under January i6, 
 1640, we find : ' There was one Mr. Nicols put in prison here for 
 speaking against the King's supremacy and seducing to Popery. 
 He was Fellow of Peterhouse.' 
 
HOLDSWORTH'S MASTERSHIP 91 
 
 the Bill above mentioned had investigated the case. 
 The Committee was to be revived for this purpose, and 
 to sit on January 3, 1642. In consequence of its report, 
 a resolution was passed on March 22 declaring that 
 Holbech, Harris, and Hall were no longer Fellows, and 
 ought not to have voted, and that Worthington had 
 been duly elected. Though the power of the House to 
 enforce such an order, or to interfere in the matter at all, 
 seems very questionable, it was obeyed, and on April 4 
 Worthington was admitted Fellow. 
 
 Holds worth, though he had voted for Worthington, 
 seems to have protested against the action of Parlia- 
 ment, but with no other result than to draw upon 
 himself the suspicions of the House. Other measures 
 affecting the University were adopted simultaneously or 
 soon afterwards. On January 20, 1641, a resolution 
 was passed against imposing on scholars a subscription 
 to the Articles, and on the 22nd another condemning 
 Cosin, Master of Perterhouse, for ' bringing superstitious 
 innovations into the Church leading to idolatry, and 
 speaking scandalous and malicious words against his 
 Majesty'^s supremacy and the established religion,' and 
 declaring him unfit to be Master. On July 23 in the 
 same year 
 
 ' the House of Commons receiving information concerning 
 an oration made in the University of Cambridge, touching 
 the decay of learning, by Dr. Holdsworth, the Vice-Chan- 
 cellor, wherein it was alleged were great reflections on the 
 proceedings of Parliament, referred the matter to the con- 
 sideration of a committee.' 
 
 We do not know what the report of this Committee 
 was, but Holdsworth was not disturbed for the present, 
 
92 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 and though he had been appointed one of the King's 
 chaplains, and had entertained the King and Prince in 
 March, 1642 (Cooper, Annals, iii. 322), he was in May 
 of the same year nominated upon the Westminster 
 Assembly of Divines by the House of Lords, and 
 approved by the Commons. His duties as Vice-Chan- 
 cellor, however, kept him at Cambridge, and he does 
 not appear to have attended the Assembly. He seems 
 not to have been officially concerned in the business of 
 sending College plate to the King in August, 1642 ; but 
 in February, 1643, an order was passed that ' Dr. 
 Holdsworth the Vice-Chancellor be forthwith sent for 
 in safe custody, at his own charges, and that Captain 
 Cromwell be desired to take care to send him up 
 accordingly."* His offence was having licensed the 
 printing of Feme's pamphlet, the title of which will 
 show the reason : The Resolving of Conscience upon 
 this Question: zvhether upon a Supposition or Case as 
 is tiow usually made (viz., the Xing' will not discharge 
 his Trust, hut is bent or seduced to unbend Religion), 
 Subjects may take up Arms and resist? and zahether 
 that case is now ? He had also paid ,^100 for the 
 College to the King, for which a receipt, August 11, 
 1642, is in the College treasury. 
 
 Though sent to London in accordance with this 
 order, he seems to have returned shortly, for on Good 
 Friday, March 30, 1643, he was with the Heads in con- 
 sistory to consider the demand of money for Parliament. 
 As they did not answer at once. Lord Grey and Crom- 
 well's soldiers surrounded the schools, and kept them 
 there till one o'clock the next morning. Yet next day 
 they told Lord Grey ' that it was against true religion 
 
HOLDSWORTH'S MASTERSHIP 93 
 
 and a good conscience to contribute to the Parliament in 
 this war."* The Parliament, however, was resolved to 
 be avenged on Holdsworth. In May he was arrested 
 for licensing the printing of the King's declaration from 
 York, and confined first in Ely House, and then in the 
 Tower, where he remained till October 31, when he was 
 released on bail on account of his health. While a 
 prisoner in Ely House he was elected to the Lady 
 Margaret Professorship of Divinity, and it was this 
 defiance that caused his removal to the Tower, in order 
 that no officer of the University should have access to 
 him to tender the oath of admittance to the office. The 
 University officials were, moreover, forbidden to admit 
 him 'till the house take further order' (October 2, 1643). 
 The condition of his release from the Tower was that 
 he should not go more than twenty miles from London. 
 Ralph Brownrigg, Bishop of Exeter, and Master of 
 St. Catherine's, acted as deputy Vice-Chancellor, and 
 Robert Sorsby, a senior Fellow, as deputy Master of 
 Emmanuel. Meanwhile practical steps had been taken 
 to bring the University into harmony with the ordin- 
 ances of Parliament. Under date December 20, 1643, 
 Worthington notes in his journal, 'This week pictures 
 began to be taken down in Cambridge by order of the 
 Earl of Manchester.' And in February of the next 
 year Manchester, accompanied by two chaplains, arrived 
 with full powers ' to endeavour the reformation of the 
 University,' and gave notice that all Fellows, scholars, 
 and officers of each College were to be in residence by 
 March 10 following. He had authority to eject 
 Masters and Fellows for ' scandalous lives or doctrines,' 
 or for 'opposing the proceedings of Parliament,' for 
 
94 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 non-residence, or, in fact, for any reason which seemed 
 good to him. He could also call upon them to take 
 the Covenant. But this does not seem to have always 
 been insisted upon. Whichcote, for instance, who was 
 made Provost of King''s by Manchester, always declined 
 it, as did Sancroft (afterwards Archbishop) and other 
 Fellows of Emmanuel, without being ejected on that 
 ground. But it was not to be expected that Holds- 
 worth, confined to a circle of twenty miles round 
 London for ' delinquency ' as having opposed the pro- 
 ceedings of Parliament, would escape ejection. The 
 mastership and the London living were already ' seques- 
 tered,' and early in 1644 Manchester seems to have sent 
 the regular formula to the Fellows announcing that 
 Holdsworth was ejected, and Thomas Hill, a former 
 Fellow, and one of the Westminster Assembly of 
 Divines, nominated to succeed him. The College, how- 
 ever, was treated with consideration, as is shown by the 
 following warrant of Manchester's : 
 
 'Whereas I am informed by some of the Fellows of 
 Emmanuel Colledge that Dr. Holdsworth hath given or 
 designed his library, or a great part thereof, to the said 
 Colledge : These are therefore to require all assessors and 
 sequestrators to forbear to seize or sequester the said 
 library, or anything in his lodgings (within the said 
 Colledge), till you receive further order from myself. 
 Which I require the rather because I am well assured that 
 all his goods there besides books are no way considerable. 
 
 ' Manchester. 
 
 'Given under my hand this third of April, 1644.* 
 
 We shall hear more of these books hereafter. Holds- 
 worth only survived the King a few months, dying in 
 
PARLIAMENTARY REFORMS 95 
 
 August, 1649, after having been often in attendance 
 upon him during his confinement and trial. He pub- 
 lished little in his lifetime, but shortly after his death 
 a volume containing twenty-one sermons, and called 
 The Valley of Vision (1651), was published, including 
 one sermon printed during his life, called ' The People's 
 Happiness,' and in 1661 his nephew (Richard Pearson) 
 edited his prcelectiones delivered in Gresham College. 
 
 Only one other ejection befell Emmanuel, that of 
 R. Sorsby, who had been acting as deputy Master 
 during the sequestration. For the determination of 
 the Fellowships of Hall, Holbech, and Wright in 1642 
 cannot count as ejection ; they were merely declared to 
 be superannuated according to the de mora statute. 
 Nicholas Hall, in fact, had refused to leave the College 
 or acknowledge his Fellowship to be void, and was 
 accordingly summoned before Parliament as a 'delin- 
 quent ' on June 10, 1643. Sorsby seems to have 
 brought his ejection upon himself. On October 12, 
 1643, as locum tenens of the Master, he declared the 
 Fellowships of John Almond and John Sadler to be 
 vacant, on the ground of their absence from College, 
 and protested against their votes for the presentation to 
 North Cadbury. Almond was a preacher at Lynne, and 
 Sadler was in the employ of Cromwell, as we have seen, 
 and though an appeal to the Visitors, Ralph Brownrigg, 
 Bishop of Exeter, Master of St. Catherine's, and deputy 
 Vice-Chancellor, Bainbrigg, Master of Christ's, and Col lis, 
 Regius Professor of Divinity, the declaration of Sorsby 
 was annulled (October 17, 1643). This or some other 
 display of Royalist proclivities attracted the attention 
 of the Committee, and on the following April 8 (1644) 
 
96 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 'his name was cut out of the butteries by command from 
 the Lord Manchester' (Worthington's Diary). At the 
 Restoration he became Precentor of York. 
 
 Though Hill was nominated Master of Emmanuel, 
 and speaks of himself in one of his books as *late 
 Master,' he does not appear ever to have been admitted 
 or to have performed any function as Master. Before 
 he could do either, he was transferred to the master- 
 ship of Trinity. On April 11, 1645, the Westminster 
 Divines approved of the appointment of Anthony 
 Tuckney to the mastership of Emmanuel, and in July 
 of that year we find him admitting scholars (Worthing- 
 ton, vol. i., p. 212). Apparently, however, there was 
 some doubt as to the legality of his position, for as 
 late as 1648 (May 18) 'the Commons sent to the 
 Lords an ordinance for making Mr. Anthony Tuckney 
 Master of Emmanuel ' (Cooper, Annals^ iii. 379). 
 
 Tuckney at the time of his election was in a con- 
 spicuous position, being a leading member of the 
 Westminster Assembly, and Rector of a London living, 
 St. Michael-le-Querne, in Cheapside. During his ten 
 years of Fellowship (1619-1630) he had been a success- 
 ful Tutor, and had then removed to Boston as ' town 
 preacher,' where his cousin, John Cotton, was Vicar. 
 On Cotton's emigration to America (1633), he succeeded 
 him as Vicar, and remained there till the appointment 
 to the Westminster Assembly (1643). On being 
 nominated Master of Emmanuel in 1645, he appears 
 to have remained in London, with occasional visits to 
 Cambridge, till 1648, as he was chairman of a com- 
 mittee of the Assembly for drawing up the Catechism 
 and other dogmatic decrees. He signs an admonition 
 
TUCKNEY'S MASTERSHIP 97 
 
 (' for fighting on a challenge') on October 22, 1646, but 
 on July 26, 1648, we find R. Cud worth signing one as 
 his locum tenens (though by this time Master of Clare).* 
 Later in this year, however, he removed to Cambridge 
 with his family, and resided at Emmanuel till his 
 election to St. John's (June, 1653). An ordinance 
 was also passed in the House of Lords, March 30, 
 1648, for appointing him Lady Margaret Professor of 
 Divinity. But the professorship was, in fact, not filled 
 up till Holdsworth's death in the next year, when 
 (September 3, 1649) Tuckney, as Vice-Chancellor, him- 
 self admitted Richard Love to that office. As Vice- 
 Chancellor also, Tuckney went to Kimbolton (March 15) 
 to address an oration to the Earl of Manchester on 
 his election as Chancellor in the place of the Earl of 
 Holland, beheaded on the 9th. 
 
 Of the rest of his vice-chancellorship we have no 
 record, but on September 13, 1649, Parliament ordered a 
 Commission to issue for the visitation of the Universities, 
 which was to have considerable effect upon the College, 
 especially in consequence of a subsequent order of 
 Parliament (October 12) directing the Commissioners to 
 cause all Heads of Houses, all graduates and officers 
 of the University and all Fellows to take the * Engage- 
 ment,' which was in these words : ' I do declare and 
 promise that I will be true and faithful to the Common- 
 wealth of England, as the same is now established, 
 without a King or House of Lords.' No one hence- 
 forth was to be admitted to a degree or office in the 
 
 * Cudworth, though appointed Master of Clare, could not get 
 the stipend paid, and remained Fellow of Emmanuel till presented 
 to North Cadbury in 1650. 
 
 7 
 
98 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 University before he had subscribed to this ' Engage- 
 ment.'' 
 
 This, as we shall see, was resisted by some of the 
 Emmanuel Fellows. But before it came into operation 
 the position of the College was improved by another 
 measure of the Committee — the formation of a new 
 cycle for the nomination of Proctors, Taxors, and 
 Scrutators, on the petition of the Fellows of Emmanuel 
 and Sidney, whereby these two Colleges for the first 
 time took their turn (five times in fifty-one years) of 
 making these nominations. The cycle was drawn up by 
 a syndicate nominated by the Senate on the suggestion 
 of the Committee, and was confirmed by an order of the 
 Committee on August 20, 1650 (Hey wood and Wright, 
 vol. ii., p. 528). Some opposition was made by Trinity 
 and St. John's, but was overruled. The privilege was 
 continued in 1663 upon a letter from the King dated 
 August 3, 1661. The mastership this year also received 
 an augmentation of d^^lOO a year as its share of the 
 <£^2,000 voted on April 5, 1650, for ' the increase and 
 maintenance of the Masters and Heads of Houses."* 
 
 The imposition of the ' Engagement '' does not seem 
 to have been pressed with much haste or regularity, 
 and some officers of the University managed to satisfy 
 the Commissioners in other ways. At the beginning of 
 1650 (January 2) an order of the House was made for 
 enforcing it with greater strictness. Still, there was 
 some natural hesitation in pressing too severely upon 
 men otherwise considered worthy of their places. Thus, 
 William Sancroft (afterwards Master and Archbishop 
 
 * These augmentations, though voted by Parliament, do not 
 appear to have been paid, or, at any rate, continued. 
 
THE ENGAGEMENT ENFORCED 99 
 
 of Canterbury) seemed for a time likely to escape. 
 There was so much delay in proceeding against him 
 that he himself felt that he must have 'some secret 
 friend who doth me good offices though I know it not ' 
 (D'Oyly, vol. i., p. 53). He appears to have been 
 absent from Cambridge from ill-health (after his father's 
 death) in the early part of 1650, and there seemed to 
 be some chance of his being left undisturbed. A friend 
 in St. John's, writing to him on March 15 in that year, 
 tells him : 
 
 ' The news from London says your business is treated, 
 and you are given to us now upon a surer foundation than 
 we could possibly hope to enjoy you ; for, when your 
 Fellowship was asked, the petitioners were answered that 
 they might as well think to remove a mountain as Mr. 
 Sancroft.' 
 
 As late as November 17 he is able to tell his brother 
 that he is ' not turned out yet, though many have been.' 
 On April 10, 1651, a peremptory notice from the 
 Committee was left at his chambers that, unless on that 
 day month he made it appear that he had subscribed the 
 ' Engagement,' the Committee would nominate another 
 to succeed him. Accordingly on April 22 he tells his 
 brother that he expects to be finally displaced on the 
 Thursday fortnight from that date. Still, the blow was 
 by some means averted for some weeks longer ; for on 
 May 24 he writes to Bishop Brownrigg that he 'was 
 still continued in his opportunities ' in Cambridge. 
 But a letter of August 13 shows that the expulsion 
 had then taken place ; and in the College orders 
 beginning October 29, 1651, his name is not among the 
 
 7—2 
 
100 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 attestors, while the names of three new Fellows elected 
 in 1651 appear for the first time — Carter, Illingworth, 
 and Mosley. The first of these had been brought in 
 from Queens', while the theological position of the 
 second is shown by the fact of his having been after- 
 wards ejected under the Bartholomew Act of 1662. 
 Being then pressed by a friend to continue in his 
 Fellowship, observing, ' But we must live,' Illingworth 
 answered, ' Ay, and we must die." 
 
 Thomas Bramford, on whose petition the peremptory 
 notice had been served on Sancroft by the Committee, 
 succeeded to the vacancy caused by his deprivation, and 
 died a Fellow of the College. Another Fellow elected 
 in the same year — William Crosse — became a distin- 
 guished physician and a F.R.S. in the next reign, and 
 founded an algebra lecture. 
 
 The other Fellows appear mostly to have conformed ; 
 but there were some waverers, as, for instance, John 
 Davenport, who at first refused and then consented, but 
 appears in some way to have avoided actually signing, 
 for in 1654 he was ejected for not having taken the 
 'Engagement.' The College does not seem to have 
 been otherwise troubled by the Committee or by the 
 Government. The numbers were fairly well maintained, 
 and the order-book, though very meagre, shows that 
 domestic affairs were following the usual course. We 
 have regulations as to leases, as to the use of the 
 tennis-court, as to dividends of corn and wood money, 
 the purchase of books for the library, and the fees 
 to be paid for degrees. 
 
 But its wave of prosperity was somewhat on the 
 decline. In 1653 Tuckiiey became Master of St. John's, 
 
DILLINGHAM'S MASTERSHIP 101 
 
 and, on the nomination of the Chancellor, Oliver St. 
 John,* William Dillingham was elected as his suc- 
 cessor. He was a man of wide literary interests, editor 
 of CulverwelPs Light of Nature^ and the author of 
 many other tracts and editions, as well as of Latin and 
 English poems. Towards the end of his life he pub- 
 lished biographies of Chaderton and Archbishop Usher 
 in Latin. In his ecclesiastical views he was a moderate 
 Puritan, and had no objection to liturgy or surplice. 
 But under his charge the College showed no sign of 
 recuperation. The number of entries averaged only 
 about twenty-five, and a College order regarding the 
 stipend of the Head Lecturer and the fees to be paid 
 by residents mentions that the proportion of sizars to 
 pensioners was increasing. This means that the social 
 status of the members of the College was on the decline, 
 as well as its numbers — a change which seems to answer 
 to that which was passing over the upper and middle 
 classes in the country generally, who were becoming 
 alienated from the extreme Puritanism and the political 
 views supposed to characterize the College. Another 
 cause of decline, also, was the dissension which reigned 
 in the society itself. Thomas Smith of Christ's, writing to 
 San croft on November 2, 1660, says : ' In your College 
 half the society are for the liturgy, and half against it, 
 so it is used one week, and the directory used another.' 
 Thus, of the Fellows elected between 1655 and the 
 Restoration, two, II ling worth and Hulse — the latter a 
 physician attached to the Orange family — resigned in 
 
 * Lord Manchester had been deprived of the chancellorship on 
 November 27, 1651, for refusing the ' Engagement.' The Committee 
 was dissolved on April 21, 1652. 
 
102 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 1662 on account of the St. Bartholomew Act ; but two 
 others, Kidder and Bright, obtained high Church prefer- 
 ment. The former, indeed, was ejected from Stand- 
 ground for refusing 'to subscribe to a prayer-book 
 which he had never seen ' ; but he always asserted that he 
 had ' never taken either Covenant or Engagement, and 
 was quite satisfied in Episcopacy and with a liturgy.' He 
 became Bishop of Bath and Wells in 1691, but retained 
 sufficient remains of his Puritanism to excite the dislike 
 of his Chapter and clergy, especially of those who were 
 High Church. He and his wife were killed in their 
 bed by a fall of a stack of chimneys in the palace at 
 Wells in the great storm of November 26, 1703. Bright 
 became Dean of St. Asaph. 
 
 Dillingham himself, though deprived in 1662 for 
 refusing to declare the Solemn League and Covenant an 
 unlawful oath, not binding on those who had voluntarily 
 taken it, was not extreme in his opinions nor specially 
 obnoxious to the opposite party. He was Vice-Chancel lor 
 in 1660, and though he was prevented by illness from 
 heading the deputation which, on June 3, offered their 
 congratulations to the King at Westminster, he contri- 
 buted a very loyal introduction to the collection of Latin 
 poems called aojoTpa, published by the University to 
 celebrate the Restoration. But he was said to be more 
 interested in his private studies and literary employ- 
 ments than in the government of the College. Cer- 
 tainly the entrances were low during his mastership, 
 and the number of ' admonitions ' (12) is rather above 
 the average, as though the men were somewhat out of 
 hand. They are mostly for 'drinking in alehouses," 
 Mhere the delinquents are sometimes 'taken by the 
 
DILLTNGHAM^S MASTERSHIP 103 
 
 Vice-Chancellor,"' or for neglecting their studies or their 
 Tutor's prayers. Two men are admonished ' for gross 
 misdemeanours tending to the dishonour of God and 
 the discredit of the College.** The Birdbolt tavern 
 then, as now,* faced the College, for in 1656 two men 
 are admonished 'for frequenting the bird-bolt, and 
 there drinking and singing/ Two others are also 
 admonished ' for disorderly carriage in sitting up drink- 
 ing till three in the morning, and causing disturbances 
 in the College,** and another for ' robbing the fellows' 
 orchard.' Neglect of studies is frequently mentioned 
 in conjunction with these offences, and a College order 
 in 1656 seems to imply that ' scholastic exercises ' — 
 holding the place somewhat of College examinations — 
 were apt to be omitted or avoided. 
 
 But if Dillingham was not a very energetic Master, 
 he was greatly attached to the College and to University 
 life, and it is much to the credit of his honesty that he 
 quitted it on conscientious grounds in 1662. He retired 
 first to Oundle, near his native village of Ban well All 
 Saints, where he lived in retirement for ten years. In 
 1673, however, he married a widow, Mary Toller, who had 
 good means and seven children ; and then being persuaded 
 to conform, he was presented to the living of Odell or 
 Woodhill in Bedfordshire, where he died in November, 
 1689. He spent these last years of his life in literary 
 employments, and kept up throughout a most affec- 
 tionate correspondence with Sancroft, who had been his 
 ' chamber-fellow ' as an undergraduate, and succeeded 
 him in the mastership. From time to time he visited 
 
 * As this book is passing through the press the old hostel is in 
 the process of demolition. 
 
104 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 the College, and took much interest in the conversion 
 of the old chapel into the library. His letter to San- 
 croft just after the latter^s election to mastership, which 
 he had been obliged to vacate himself, is worth reading. 
 It shows, not only his own amiability, but how these 
 frequent changes and confiscations were softened to the 
 sufferers by the personal kindness and respect which 
 were not impaired by wide differences in politics or 
 theology. It is dated ' Oundle, 22 Dec. 1662 ' : 
 
 ' Honoured Sir, 
 
 'Late the last night I received your kind letter 
 which within 24 howers over-tooke the first intimation I 
 received of your being in the South. I have sent my 
 servant to cleare the lower study for your present use^ 
 according as you desire, untill such time as I can waite on 
 you myselfe, which I intend (God willing) presently after 
 the twelve dayes are ended, by which time I hope you 
 may be more at leisure, the wayes more passable, and 
 myself better accommodated with health (than at present) 
 for the undertaking of such a journy. I have sent here- 
 with my cope, and scarlet gown, and scarlet hood, and my 
 surplice, about which I shall conferre with you when we 
 meet, and which you may please freely to make use of for 
 your present occasions. Give me leive to suggest one thing 
 onely at present, wherein I think the Colledge may be a 
 little concerned ; and it is in behalf of those who are 
 turned out of the College livings now to be disposed of. 
 Mr. Cradock his expense of <£lOO this last yeare in 
 settling the title of North Cadbury (which he effected 
 above the hopes of his friends) deserves that he should be 
 kindly treated by him that shall succeed him ; and poore 
 Mr. Chadwick, who came to Winsford Regis (left much 
 dilapidated by Mr. Ward and afterwards during Mr. Foster's 
 absence), whereon he hath expended neer ^60 as I under- 
 
THE RESTORATION 105 
 
 stand, deserves commiseration. Sir, I make bold only to 
 suggest these things to you as haveing had good reason 
 formerly to take notice of them, but leaving them to your 
 own consideration. Sir, my prayers are and shalbe for the 
 blessing of God upon yourselfe and the Colledge, ccetera 
 coram. 
 
 ' Your affectionate friend and servant, 
 
 ' William Dillingham.' 
 
 Dillingham'^s mastership came to an end on August 24, 
 and on the 31st William San croft was elected. It 
 would not be easy for a dispossessed man to write to 
 his successor with more magnanimous kindness or with 
 better temper. 
 
 In this period Emmanuel produced another man who 
 was destined to play a somewhat conspicuous part in the 
 Government of the Restoration. On August 21, 1644, 
 William Temple was entered on the College books as 
 a Fellow-commoner. He was then sixteen years old, 
 and does not appear to have taken a degree, though his 
 presentation in after years of some of his works to the 
 College library testifies to his kindly remembrance of 
 his residence within its walls. His scheme for a Cabinet 
 Government within the Privy Council was not imme- 
 diately successful, though it anticipated in a great 
 degree what afterwards came into existence. His 
 embassies in Holland and his services in forming the 
 Triple Alliance in 1668, his retirement to Sheen, his 
 friendship with William III. (whose marriage with the 
 Princess Mary he had been greatly instrumental in 
 securing), are matters of history. His literary essays 
 once enjoyed a great reputation, and he was regarded 
 as a man of considerable learning. But he lost reputa- 
 tion by engaging in the controversy as to the rival 
 
106 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 merits of ancient and modern learning, and in the 
 battle that raged between Bentley and Boyle as to the 
 genuineness of the letters of Phalaris. The facts of 
 most abiding interest in his career are his marriage with 
 Dorothy Osborae, whose charming letters to him have 
 been made public in recent years, and his entertainment 
 of Swift as his secretary and amanuensis. It is this circum- 
 stance, perhaps, which made Swift send his Gulliver to 
 Emmanuel. There is an interesting portrait of him in 
 the Master's Lodge. He died in 1699. 
 
 In the same year as Temple (1644) was entered 
 Francis Pemberton, who, acting quietly as a barrister 
 under the Commonwealth, rose to be Chief Justice in the 
 reign of Charles II. (1681), and, being deposed for lack 
 of zeal in the case of Lord W. Russell, acted as counsel 
 for the seven Bishops, and thus helped to bring on the 
 Revolution. His portrait also is in the gallery. 
 
 An instance of Dillingham's activity in the promo- 
 tion of learning is his action in regard to Gataker's 
 edition of Marcus Antoninus — Greek text and Latin 
 translation. Obtaining the MS. of the work from 
 Gataker, he induced the College to join with St. John's, 
 Clare, and Sidney in bearing the expense of its pro- 
 duction (1652), and he himself corrected the proofs. 
 
 'When the impression was finished/ says his son, 'he 
 layd all the books in quires in a little room on the right 
 hand in the entry, through which we go from the Quad- 
 rangle into Wolfenden's Court and sold them out to the 
 booksellers. ... I remember very well my father told 
 me that when he had sold them the College was not only 
 reimbursed their money, but had a dividend of 20 broad 
 pieces amongst their overplus' {Letter from Thomas Dilling- 
 ham, in the Treasury, dated February 11, 1694-5). 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 THE EESTORATION CHANGES: MASTERSHIPS OF 
 WILLIAM SANCROFT (1662-1665), JOHN BRETON 
 (1665-1675), THOMAS HOLBECH (1675-1680) AND 
 JOHN BALDERSTON (1680-1719) 
 
 The Restoration was a turning-point in the history of 
 the College. It ceased to draw any advantage from its 
 special position as the favoured nursing-ground for 
 ministers of a triumphant sect. What was once its 
 chief, claim to notice, and the chief cause of its success, 
 now became a source of weakness ; and it was the 
 principal object of those under whose management it 
 now fell to do away with the marks of singularity which 
 had distinguished it, and to make it the home of sound 
 loyalty and Churchmanship. The success of this policy 
 condemned it to a long period of comparative insignifi- 
 cance, for its endowments were not sufficient to attract 
 able men ; and though it did not lose its connexion in 
 the country entirely, it soon occupied a much more 
 humble position, both in numbers and prestige. The 
 eclipse was temporary, but it was for the time decided. 
 The royal dispensation from the statute which ended 
 Fellowships at the standing of D.D., revoked by the 
 
 107 
 
108 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 Long Parliament, was renewed by the restored monarchy, 
 and Emmanuel thus definitely abandoned the cherished 
 design of its founder — that its Fellows should not regard 
 it as a perpetual provision for life, but as a stepping- 
 stone to the active career of a minister of the Church. 
 It became just like other Colleges, and for a time had 
 neither the means nor the right sort of prestige to hold 
 its own. 
 
 William Sancroft was born at Fressingfield, Suffolk, 
 on January 3, 1617, entered Emmanuel in July, 1634, 
 and was elected a Fellow in 1642. The son of a 
 country gentleman of moderate means, but of staunch 
 loyalty, he had all along warmly embraced the side of 
 the King. His sentiments may be gathered from his 
 letters to his father. On January 11, 1648-49, he 
 writes : 
 
 ' Things grow worse and worse every day ; and there is 
 nothing left for the King and his party in this world but 
 the glory of suffering well and in a good cause, which 
 I hope nor devils nor men will be able to deprive 
 them of.' 
 
 And on February 10 in the same year : 
 
 ' What all men sadly presaged, when I wrote last, all 
 good men now inconsolably lament. The black act is 
 done, which all the world wonders at, and which an age 
 cannot expiate.' 
 
 After his ejection in 1651, he divided his time till 
 the Restoration between residence with his elder brother 
 at Fressingfield, visits to friends, and foreign travel. 
 He was at Rome when news reached him of the coming 
 change, and, hurrying home, he was immediately made 
 
SANCROFT^S MASTERSHIP 109 
 
 one of the Royal Chaplains and a Prebendary of 
 Durham. The College had meanwhile entirely changed, 
 and he supposed himself forgotten in it. He wais 
 therefore surprised at being elected, on August 30, 
 1662, to succeed Dillingham as Master. The suggestion 
 had probably come from Lord Manchester, who was 
 restored to the chancellorship on May 26, 1660. At any 
 rate, it was strongly approved by the advisers of the King, 
 and a royal warrant was obtained relieving him from 
 the amount of residence required by the statutes, thus 
 enabling him to fulfil his duties as one of the Royal 
 Chaplains, as well as Rector of Houghton-le-Spring and 
 Canon of Durham. It was only on this condition that 
 he had accepted the mastership; for his taste or his 
 ambition made him cling to the offices which brought 
 him to London and the centre of affairs. His view of 
 the state of things in the College is best seen in the 
 following letter to his 'ever-honoured tutor,"* Wright 
 (p. 10), at Thurcaston, the original of which is in the 
 College treasury : 
 
 * Beyond all my expectation I am come back to the 
 college, where I knew nobody at all, my acquaintance 
 being wholly worn out, or rather, I am come into a new 
 college, quite another thing from what I, and much more 
 what you, left it 'Tis true, in some regards the change 
 is such that I cannot but thank God for it : there being 
 neither faction amongst us, nor disaffection to the govern- 
 ment of Church or State, but a general outward conformity 
 to what is established by law, and, I hope, true principles of 
 duty and obedience deep laid within, and a cheerful readi- 
 ness to take off all the instances of that former singularity 
 which rendered us heretofore so unhappily remarkable. 
 
110 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 'Tis with regret and reluctancy that I turn my eye 
 upon our defects and our infeUcities ; and I had rather make 
 them the matter of a free conference, than bring them 
 upon paper ; yet into your bosom. Sir, I shall, I hope, have 
 leave to pour them, and assure myself that, as few will 
 apprehend them so well as you, none is able to advise more 
 apt and proper remedies. 
 
 ' I complain not that the throng is not so great about us 
 as it was (especially reflecting what it was that drew the 
 many hither). Blessed is the barren and miscarrying 
 womb, rather than she that is always teeming and drawing 
 forth her breasts to the children of disobedience. May we 
 be desert and wilderness all over, rather than send forth 
 such unhappy swarms and colonies, as we did in this age 
 of sorrow ; which were so many and so numerous that the 
 stock is decayed at home, and we have none in the college 
 capable of succeeding to our vacant fellowships. By the 
 end of this week I shall have elected, since I returned 
 hither, seven fellows, but most of them from abroad ; so 
 that half the society are foreigners ; and yet worse : the 
 eminent elsewhere will not be wooed to look towards us, 
 having fairer invitations at home : they come sooner by 
 two years (in standing, and many in age) to their fellow- 
 ships, than we ; and without rigid examen, which frights 
 some from us ; they keep them longer (being perpetuities) 
 than we ours, which are thought to be but for a term ; and 
 which is most considerable, ours, while they have them, 
 are not so well worth their owning ; the statutable allow- 
 ance being so miserably scant, that if the crowd fail us, (as 
 now it doth,) you know very well. Sir, they afford not a 
 competent subsistence : so that we are glad to accept of 
 such as tender themselves ; and forced to serve ourselves 
 of his Majesty's grace and favour, for the removing of some 
 esser incapacities (of age or country) in a person other- 
 
SANCROFT'S MASTERSHIP 111 
 
 wise fitly qualified for the main ; and glad to be so eased, 
 where our over-rigorous statutes pinch us. And then for 
 scholarships, they are so many, and so few to fill them, 
 that there is never any competition ; the golden spur of 
 emulation is lost, and few will study hard enough to obtain 
 that to which a little proportion of learning will bring 
 them. 
 
 ' It would grieve you to hear one of the public examens ; 
 the Hebrew and Greek learning being out of fashion every- 
 where, and especially in the other colleges, where we are 
 forced to seek our candidates for fellowships ; and the ' 
 rational learning they pretend to being neither the old 
 philosophy, nor steadily any one of the new. In fine, 
 though I must do the present society right, and say, that 
 divers of them are very good scholars, and orthodox (I 
 believe) and dutiful both to King and Church ; yet 
 methinks I find not that old genius and spirit of learning 
 generally in the college that made it once so deservedly 
 famous ; nor shall I hope to retrieve it any way sooner, 
 than by your directions who lived here in the most 
 flourishing times of it. 
 
 ' For my part, after many sad thoughts spent in this 
 argument, I am come to a persuasion, (which I shall in 
 confidence acquaint you with, it not being fit for every ear,) 
 that 'tis impossible for this college ever to flourish again 
 (unless by the old arts, and so I had rather see it sink to 
 the ground), till the fellowships and scholarships be made 
 competent and liberal allowances, either by increase of our 
 revenue, or by sinking some of the number into the rest ; 
 and (ut adhuc majora canamus) till the body of our statutes 
 be changed, which, if it may not be done, I see not but we 
 are remediless. Yet these are the last refuges, and we 
 will not be wanting to ourselves in attempting all other 
 methods. 
 
112 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 ' I am clearly convinced of what you wisely and solidly 
 suggest concerning the pretended statute (for truly I 
 cannot look upon it as of the same authority with the rest) 
 de mora sociorum. Something I had done in it before you 
 wrote. The King's suspension of that statute is, for ought 
 I can learn, lost during these last times ; you will easily 
 guess how. But 1 have recovered both the first draught of 
 it under my Lord of Ely's own hand, (whom the King 
 appointed to pen it,) and a copy of it which I found 
 amongst my uncle Dr. Bancroft's papers, and have pre- 
 served it ever since. If I cannot inquire out the original, 
 I will, if I live, get it to pass the seal once more ; to 
 facilitate which, I desire, Sir, you would furnish me with 
 your copy, if you have one, and with what memory you 
 have besides concerning that whole affair. 
 
 ' I am now in pursuit of Dr. Holdsworth's numerous 
 library ; and though the University has long since swallowed 
 it in a general expectation, yet, having lately got a sight 
 of his private directions to his executors, and consulted 
 both lawyers and several of my lords the Bishops, and the 
 executors themselves thereupon, I doubt not that all the 
 right will prove to be ours : " provided that we erect a case 
 or room fit to receive them," the condition upon which he 
 gives them us. For the performance whereof, and also 
 for the removing that great mark of singularity, which all 
 the world so talks of, in the unusual prospect and dress of 
 the chapel (different from that of other colleges), I have 
 it in design to make both a new library and chapel too ; 
 and, as for the manner of contriving both, I would gladly 
 receive your particular opinion ; so I must be forced 
 to beg the charitable and liberal assistance of all that 
 have been members of it, and yours. Sir, especially, who 
 wert once so great an ornament and now so true a lover 
 of it.' 
 
SANCROFT'S MASTERSHIP 113 
 
 Sancroft did not remain long Master. His nomina- 
 tion to the deanery of York (January 3, 1664) does 
 not appear to have involved his resignation ; but when, 
 on November 10 in the same year, he was named Dean 
 of St. Paul's, he made up his mind to quit Cambridge. 
 His formal resignation is entered in the order-book, 
 and dated April 26, 1665. On May 4 in the same 
 year a royal mandate was issued to the Fellows to elect 
 Dr. John Breton, a Prebend of Worcester, and to relieve 
 him from the residence enjoined by statute and the dis- 
 abilities as to holding Church preferments. Sancroft's 
 mastership therefore only extended over two years and 
 nine months. We have little more record of what he did 
 as Master. But the reference in the above letter to his 
 plan for a new library and chapel shows that he at once 
 conceived the change (already described in Chapter I.) 
 which brought our front Court to wear its present 
 appearance. As Dean of St. Paul's he was in constant 
 intercourse with Sir Christopher Wren, both before and 
 after the Great Fire, and by 1666 he had formed the 
 plan of the new chapel, to which he contributed the 
 then large sum of ^600. The conversion of the old 
 chapel into a library seems to have been an after- 
 thought. A letter from Dillingham to him, dated 
 July 15, 1678, speaks of it as even then only in con- 
 templation. 
 
 These schemes, though conceived while he was Master, 
 were to be carried out by Sancroft's successors. His 
 practical activity as Master seems principally to have been 
 in securing the election of such Fellows as would bring 
 the College into line with the ecclesiastical recoil which 
 was spreading all over the country. One method of 
 
 8 
 
114 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 doing this was to secure royal mandates for elections. 
 Thus, on September 2, 1662, Edward Maydwell (or 
 Maideville) is recommended by mandate; on Decem- 
 ber 19, Matthew Brown; on the 24th, Ralph Hancock; 
 on June 10, 1663, Henry Miles ; and, finally, John Breton 
 is recommended for the mastership by a mandate dated 
 May 4, 1665. And the submissiveness of the Fellows 
 to this exercise of royal authority is shown by a letter 
 of R. Alfounder (elected 1655) to Sancroft : 
 
 'Sir, 
 
 ' On Thursday last I came to Cambridge, where I 
 met with your unexpected and (with your pardon) un- 
 welcome resignation. But there was not any interregnum, 
 for at the same time we received and obeyed his Majesty's 
 commands for a successor. Sir, we are all, I think, very 
 well satisfied with the royal choice for us, and dare not 
 expect anything but good from it. This I think is the 
 only way to preserve unity among us, and to satisfy our- 
 selves and other our friends abroad. It is easier to obey 
 than to chuse. . . . Trinity Evening, l665.' 
 
 In the second year of Sancroft"'s mastership there was 
 a slight rise in the number of admissions ; but there 
 was a great drop under his successor, partly, no doubt, 
 on account of the plague. The first College order 
 signed by Breton (August 10, 1665) was for the dis- 
 persal of the College and relieving the Fellows from the 
 necessity of residing, because ' it hath pleased Almighty 
 God in his just severity to visit this towne of Cambridge 
 with the plague of pestilence.' This is renewed on 
 October 7, and even on January 12 next the College is 
 but half open. In an order of the latter date it is said 
 that Cambridge is 'not yet free nor clear from the 
 
BRETON^S MASTERSHIP 115 
 
 infection of the plague of pestilence, though the danger, 
 through God's blessing, is not so great as formerly.' 
 The gates are to be kept shut, and students are only to 
 be admitted who bring good testimonials of not coming 
 from infected places. Five days later another order 
 mentions that the plague has reappeared in Cambridge, 
 and leave is given to all to depart. When this source 
 of terror, however, had disappeared, the numbers went 
 up again, and were maintained at a good average 
 (about forty) throughout Breton's mastership. Sancroft 
 appears to have found discipline relaxed, and in his 
 short mastership — in the course of which he is frequently 
 represented by Alfounder as locum tenens — there are the 
 unusual number of eight admonitions : for drunkenness, 
 frequenting houses of evil note, climbing over the 
 College wall, and in three instances for stealing books. 
 Two of these admonitions are followed by expulsion. 
 We hear, too, for the first time of public ' recantation ' 
 in the hall being enforced — still farther emphasized 
 under Breton (June 26, 1667) by the culprit 'openly 
 confessing his faults in presence of the whole College at 
 dinner-time, and asking forgiveness upon his knees in 
 the hall.' The report of Milton having been whipped 
 at Christ's has often been scouted ; but an instance 
 occurs in the admonition-book under Breton (April 28, 
 1669). Of two men it is said : ' Whilst they were 
 undergraduates they were whipped in the butterys for 
 foul miscarriage, and continuing unreclaimed they were 
 this day expelled the College.' It must be remembered 
 that many of the students entered at thirteen or fourteen 
 years of age, and the College, as far as discipline was 
 concerned, must have been like a public school. There 
 
 8—2 
 
116 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 are only three admonitions in Breton's ten years of 
 mastership. 
 
 The great subject of College interest during his time 
 was the building of the new chapel. The plans, obtained 
 from Christopher Wren by Sancroft, reached the Master 
 and Fellows in September, 1667, and on the 24th of that 
 month Breton writes to Sancroft to say that they 
 are much pleased with them, but that they desired it 
 to be raised to a greater height, and that the side- 
 windows should be enlarged, as there is to be no east 
 window. The actual work was begun early in 1668, 
 and Breton went in person into Northamptonshire to 
 sign a contract for a supply of stone. In March of 
 that year the old wall, which then stood where the east 
 cloisters now are, was pulled down. Forty large trees 
 were sent by the Earl of Westmorland, and were 
 brought by water from Apthorp to Barnwell Dock. 
 It was built slowly : the framing of the roof was not 
 begun till 1670, and the lead not placed upon it till 
 1671. The ceiling was plastered in 1672, and then the 
 c£3,000 which had been subscribed were exhausted. 
 Nor was it finished at Breton's death in 1675. But his 
 successor, Thomas Holbech, had subscribed liberally in 
 the first instance, and immediately after his election 
 exerted himself to bring it to completion. In 1676 
 and 1677 contracts were made for glazing, paving, and 
 wainscotting, and for altar furniture. At length, on 
 September 29, 1677, it was consecrated by Gunning, 
 Bishop of Ely. The cost of these internal fittings had 
 been defrayed by Sancroft in addition to his original 
 contribution. He was earnestly invited to the conse- 
 cration ceremony, but whether he was present is not 
 
HOLBECH'S MASTERSHIP 117 
 
 known. He was consecrated Archbishop early in the 
 next year (January 27, 16*78), and on May 4 of that 
 year the thanks of the Master and Fellows were sent to 
 him in a formal Latin letter for his benefactions — 
 
 ' quibus consummatissimum Collegii nostri Sacellum, quibus 
 ornatissimum eius altare, augustissimum et quam maxime decorum 
 effecisti; atque adeo publicum Dei cuUum [quod summis tibi erat 
 in votis) omnibus gratiorem reddidisti.'-^ 
 
 In July, 1678, Dillingham, the ejected Master, visited 
 the College and wrote to Sancroft on the scheme for 
 converting the old chapel into a library, to which 
 Holbech devoted the two remaining years of his life. 
 From a poem of Joshua Barnes it seems doubtful 
 whether the change was actually accomplished in the 
 lifetime of Holbech. Barnes evidently refers to his 
 dangerous state of health, and asserts that he cannot die 
 until he has added to his work on the new chapel the 
 completion of the new library : 
 
 ' 'Tis he shall build the Muses' fane. 
 Where now they do Heaven's dreadful power adore 
 
 Learning shall flourish there again 
 r the fertile ground where Piety grew before.* 
 
 Towards the end of his mastership a new lectureship 
 in Greek was founded by Dr. Sudbury, Dean of Durham. 
 The first lecturer appointed was William Mackarness in 
 1677, apparently with some difficulty. It required 
 three at least of the four seniors to vote for him, but 
 two (Balderston and Lee) only voted 'conditionally"*; 
 the other votes were the Master, one P^ellow, and 
 
 * The organ was added in 1682, a Fellow-commoner, Burch 
 Hethersall, giving ;^i20. 
 
118 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 Mackarness himself. Mackarness was nominated to 
 Standground in 1679, but apparently died early in the 
 following year in debt to the College. A College order 
 of April 20, 1680, directs his Fellowship not to be 
 filled up 'to help to repaire an insigiie detrimentum, 
 which the College suffered by the death of Mr. 
 Mackarness." 
 
 In November of the same year (1680) Holbech died, 
 and was succeeded by John Balderston, who was Master 
 for nearly thirty-nine years {ob, August, 1719). He was 
 a Huntingdonshire man, had been Fellow since 1665, 
 and had served as lecturer and in other College offices. 
 His mastership, though long, does not appear to have 
 been either remarkable or very successful. The entrances 
 went down ominously, once (1711) being as low as 
 seven, and seldom being more than seventeen or twenty. 
 The Revolution of 1688 does not appear to have had 
 much effect upon the College, except in putting an end 
 to the appointment of Fellows by royal mandate, three 
 of the five elected during the reign of James IL having 
 been thus ' recommended ** to the College. This led to a 
 curious interpretation of the statute forbidding the 
 election of more than one Fellow from any one county. 
 In 1687 John Browne of Kent, afterwards Rector of 
 Wallington and a benefactor, was made Fellow by 
 royal mandate. In 1690 one John Sidey, also of Kent, 
 was regarded by the society as a proper person to elect. 
 An order — signed on September 27 by seven Fellows, 
 including Browne, though without the Master — decided 
 that the county of a Fellow appointed by royal mandate 
 did not prevent the election of a Fellow from the same 
 county. Browne otherwise does not appear to have 
 
BALDERSTON^S MASTERSttiP 119 
 
 enjoyed the favour of the College. His living was one of 
 those of which the Master, and not the society, had the 
 presentation, but in 1711 the more valuable living of 
 North Cadbury had fallen vacant and a majority of the 
 Fellows bestowed it upon William Piers, passing over 
 his senior, Browne, who entered a protest in the order- 
 book, dated January 20, 1711, on the grounds that 
 
 'it was done without any reason alleged against Mr. 
 Browne, though often by him demanded ; and contrary to 
 the custom and practise of y® College in such cases ever 
 since the Restoration ; and, as he conceives, to the true 
 intent and design of the Fourth Statute of the College, 
 intituled De probis proeferendis, etc' 
 
 The order is cancelled by some pen, and the signature 
 of Browne elaborately concealed by flourishes, but the 
 appointment of Piers to North Cadbury was maintained. 
 The objection must have been to King James*'s mandate, 
 for two years earlier Henry Hanley, appointed Fellow 
 by the mandate of Charles II., was peaceably presented 
 to Aller. 
 
 This is nearly the only trace of the College having 
 been directly affected by the political and dynastic change 
 of 1688 ; but it must have felt the loss of support and 
 patronage in the fall of Sancroft, who shortly before his 
 deprivation of the archbishopric had been elected 
 Chancellor of the University, though he had refused the 
 office, feeling that the insecurity of his position made it 
 unlikely that he could be of service to it. In this 
 period, too — perhaps the least fortunate in the College 
 history — there are signs that the social habits of the 
 Fellows were becoming more convivial, while diminishing 
 
120 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 means often made these habits somewhat oppressive. 
 In the College order of March 9, 1699, it was agreed : 
 (1) That the steward on appointment 'was to entertain 
 y® society with six bottles of red wine, but was not to 
 be at any farther charge, as steward, for wine or pan- 
 cakes upon Shrove Tuesday or at any other time what- 
 ever/ (2) The Head Lecturer was to entertain the 
 society with 12 quarts of red wine on the same day 
 as he made his first speech in the College hall, but was 
 not to be at any farther charge, as Lecturer, for break- 
 fast or suppers, or any sort of entertainment whatever. 
 (3) A Fellow taking the B.D. was not to be obliged 
 to make any sort of treat or entertainment whatever, 
 except the usual one in the hall before the clerum or Act, 
 and a moderate dinner in the hall after his clerum. In 
 1723 (under Savage) the stewardship is said to have 
 been augmented, and the steward is consequently re- 
 quired to give ' 12 quarts of red wine and a pound 
 of tobacco.** This is the first indication of smoking in 
 the parlour, which, according to Gunning, remained a 
 special feature of the Emmanuel common-room — at any 
 rate to the end of the century. In 1747 four Fellows 
 signed an order exempting Dean, Steward, and Lecturer 
 from these entertainments, but a rider in Richardson's 
 upright handwriting declares : * This order and agree- 
 ment being made, entered, and signed in an irregular 
 manner in my absence, I do declare it to be null and 
 void."* Hurd is one of the four signatories, and Richard- 
 son's disagreement with the Fellows, we shall see, was 
 frequent. 
 
 Another indication of money difficulties in the society 
 is an order of April 10, 1700, providing for the 
 
BALDERSTON^S MASTERSHIP 121 
 
 'sequesting' of Fellowships for debts to the stewards 
 reaching over more than two quarters. Another quarrel 
 in the society which put the Master and four seniors on 
 one side, and the rest of the Fellows on the other, con- 
 cerned the sizars. The two rival orders will serve to 
 illustrate the position of these persons, who were really 
 expected to render menial services in return for their 
 maintenance and education. The first is signed by 
 seven Fellows, and is dated December 23, 1707 : 
 
 ' Whereas a custom has prevailed for the 4 junior Fellows 
 to pay each yearly 40^ for the hiring themselves a sisar, 
 which by experience has been found a great grievance ; 
 and whereas there is from statute an equal right to all y® 
 12 fellows of y^ foundation in y® service of y® Sisars appointed 
 to serve at y^ fellows table: We the majority of the 
 Fellows, for prevention of the like inconvenience for the 
 future, do agree and resolve that the four junior sisars, 
 who are in waiting, shall serve the four Junior Fellows, and 
 lay their knife, fork, napkin etc. ad mensam Sociorum, in 
 the same manner as they serve any of the Senior Fellows, 
 without any other allowance for such their service than is 
 allotted by the statute.* 
 
 On the opposite page is a counter- order signed by 
 the Master and four Fellows : 
 
 ' The Master and four senior fellows, tho they do agree 
 that four of the Sisars belonging to the eight senior fellows 
 shall bring into and take out of the Hall y« stoops, knives 
 and napkins of y« four Junior Fellows gratis, yet they 
 cannot assent to and subscribe y^ order of y® ^S^^ of 
 December 1707 as it is drawn up on y^ opposite side for 
 y® following reasons : 
 
 ' 1st. Because it is therein asserted that y® four junior 
 
122 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 fellows have a right by statute to y^ services of y® sisars in 
 y® case mentioned in that order, notwithstanding imme- 
 morial customs and practices to y® contrary : And we 
 conceive our subscribing this article will be an implicit 
 acknowledgement under our hand that we and all the 
 Masters and all the eight Seniors that have ever been of 
 the College have either been oppressors and unjust: be- 
 cause the acknowledgment of this article supposes we and 
 they have either kept y^ four junior Fellows from or 
 deprived and defrauded them of their statutable right. 
 
 ' 2nd. Because this order postpones y^ seniority among 
 y® Fellows to y® seniority among y® scholars, which we 
 think is not fair and equal, and directly contrary to y*^ 
 customs of y« College, and it may be not altogether agree- 
 able to y® statutes, which in cases of privilege give y® 
 preference to y® seniors/ 
 
 As the seniors yield the chief point at issue, it seems 
 scarcely to have been worth while to insert this protest 
 and to give such very obscure and weak reasons. 
 
 Whether it was financial embarrassment or the accu- 
 mulation of duplicates in the library that prompted the 
 next order signed by Balderston (March 20, 1712), we 
 cannot be sure, but on that date Mr. JefFerey is authorized 
 ' to sell such books belonging to the library as the 
 society thinks fit to part with,"* and an order of 
 January 17, 1716, seems to imply that the proceeds 
 amounted to .^200, which were ' to be put out for y® 
 use of y® Library.' Between these two dates another 
 order (March 10, 1715) speaks of losses to the College 
 owing to the bankruptcy of the tenant of the Brew- 
 house (in the paddock), and the need of redeeming 
 the various vessels in it seized by the Excise officers; 
 
WILLIAM LAW 123 
 
 again, owing to the steward (Potter) dying in debt 
 to the College ; and, lastly, owing to the imminent need 
 of extensive repairs to the buildings. In consequence 
 of these losses, two Fellowships already vacant, and 
 three more shortly to become so, are not to be filled up. 
 Accordingly, for some years to come the number of 
 Fellows signing orders never exceeds eight. Serious 
 consideration seems at once to have been given to the 
 dilapidations of the College buildings, with the result 
 that the last order signed by Balderston (August 7, 
 1719) declares it 'necessary to pull down that part of the 
 College called y^Founders range," and appoints two of the 
 Fellows (Whitaker and Whitehead) to superintend the 
 work and pay the workmen. Not many days after this, 
 Balderston, having retired to Peterborough, of which he 
 was a Prebend, died at his residence there (August 
 28, 1719). 
 
 One other order signed by him is of more than 
 common interest. It is dated January 17, 1716-17: 
 ' Whereas Mr. Law's fellowship was by act of parlia- 
 ment vacated in January last year upon his refusal to 
 take the oaths mentioned in ye said act, Dr. Fletcher 
 was elected into his place on the 31st day of August 
 last."* This is the celebrated William Law, author 
 of the Serious Call and numerous other theological 
 works. He had once before been suspended from his 
 degrees (1713) for a sermon which favoured the Pre- 
 tender, and on the accession of George I. declined the 
 oath of allegiance and abjuration. From 1727 to 1737 
 he lived much at Putney, first as tutor to Edward 
 Gibbon, father of the historian, whom he accompanied 
 to Cambridge when he entered Emmanuel in 1727, and 
 
1^4 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 afterwards as ' the much-honoured friend and spiritual 
 director of the whole family.' Law was elected Fellow 
 in 1711, but seems to have resided very little, and his 
 name appears at the foot of no College order. During 
 his second residence, as tutor of Gibbon, he of course 
 was no longer one of the governing body. He resided 
 finally at his native village of King's Cliffe, near Stamford, 
 accompanied by Mrs. Hutcheson and Miss Gibbon, who 
 formed with him a kind of religious community, and 
 between them they erected almshouses and schools. He 
 died April 9, 1761. The next year his collected works 
 were published in nine volumes. They had great 
 influence on many of the early Evangelicals, including 
 the Wesleys and Whitfield. 
 
 Quite a different character was Joshua Barnes, who 
 entered the College from Christ's Hospital in 1671, 
 became Fellow in 1678, and Greek Professor in 1695. He 
 was a most indefatigable writer on many subjects in 
 English, Greek, and Latin. His English History of 
 Edward III. never had much success, and has long since 
 been forgotten. A long Latin poem on his wars, Fran- 
 dados, on the model of the Mneid, was never pub- 
 lished, though two MS. copies of it, extending to eight 
 books, are in the College library. He wrote some plays 
 — which also remain in MS. — and a small book called 
 Gerania, which is in some degree a precursor of Swift's 
 Lilliput, and a paraphrase of the Book of Esther in 
 Greek verse. He wrote Greek verse with ease, though 
 sometimes without much correctness, and many epigrams 
 are preserved in the library addressed to his brother 
 Fellows, the Master, and others. His chief works, how- 
 ever, were editions of Euripides (1694), Anacreon (1705), 
 
JOSHUA BARNES 125 
 
 and Homer (1710). The first is a sumptuous book, 
 and has many merits, but it, unfortunately, involved him 
 in a controversy with Bentley as to the genuineness of 
 certain epistles of Euripides, which he ventured to print. 
 Monk, in his Life of Bentley (vol. i., pp. 52-54), of course 
 defends his hero, and says that his criticisms are in ' a 
 lively and playful strain.' However that may be (the 
 letter is printed in the Museum Criticum, ii. 405), 
 the reasons alleged by Bentley are not as weighty and 
 convincing as Monk seems to think. At any rate, 
 Barnes printed the letters, and characterized anyone who 
 doubted their genuineness as either 'impudent or 
 foolish ** (' perfrictae frontis aut iudicii imminuti), which 
 Monk accounts for by supposing that Barnes was so 
 strong a Jacobite as to 'regard with contempt the 
 opinions and scholarship of a person patronized by the 
 deliverer''s government.' If Bentley had been as polite 
 and reasonable as Monk asserts on this occasion, he 
 made up for it in 1710, when Barnes published his Iliad 
 and Odyssey, In his preface he complains of the envy 
 and neglect of his contemporaries, and especially of one 
 Zoilus, whom he calls homo inimkus. This was supposed 
 to mean Bentley, who retaliated in a letter to Davies 
 (Monk's Bentley, i., p. 293), conceived in his most 
 brutal vein. Poor Barnes did not long survive. His 
 Homer, published at his own, or, rather, his wife's risk, 
 proved a failure, and he died in considerable distress 
 August 3, 1712. His epitaph in Hemingford church- 
 yard calls him 7ro\vT6')(yo<; and Aoyoypvcpoyv <f>epLaio^ 
 avdo<i re tcop dot,S oov t(ov laiopcop fi€yt,crTO<; Kal prjTopoyv 
 dpi(7T0<i Kol /juavTeoyv ^dOL<TTO<i ^peravviKrjf; dpovp7]<;, 
 A greater scholar than Barnes was Richard Dawes, 
 
126 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 who entered the College as a sizar in 1725, and was elected 
 a Dixie Fellow in 1731, being a native of Market Bos- 
 worth and educated at the school there. He, too, broke 
 many a lance with Bentley, whom he attacked alive 
 and dead in his Miscellanea Critica (1745). But 
 Dawes was in other respects neither a successful nor a 
 reputable man. His career as Master of the grammar- 
 school at Newcastle was unfortunate, and he died 
 almost insane (1766). 
 
 Edward Chandler (M.A. 169S), after holding 
 numerous preferments, became Bishop of Lichfield in 
 1717, and of Durham in 1730. He had some reputa- 
 tion in his day as a controversialist, especially as 
 against the Deistic writings of William Collins. He is 
 said to have accumulated a large fortune by his Church 
 preferments, and was also accused of having given a 
 large sum for the see of Durham. He died in 1750. 
 Another divine of some distinction was Richard 
 Arnald, elected Fellow from Corpus in 1720, and 
 presented in 1733 to Thurcaston. He was the author, 
 among other things, of a commentary on the Apocrypha, 
 which is still held in esteem. 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 
 MASTEESHIPS OF WILLIAM SAVAGE (1719-1736), 
 AND WILLIAM KICHARDSON (1736-1775) 
 
 On the death of Balderston on August 28, 1719, the 
 Fellows elected George Thorpe, D.D., as Master. He 
 had been elected to a Fellowship from Caius in 1663, 
 one of the six selected under Sancroffs influence, with 
 the direct purpose of modifying the Puritanical character 
 of the College. He does not appear to have resided 
 long, and he had since been Rector of Bishop's Boum in 
 Kent and Prebendary of Canterbury. He is best known 
 in College as the founder of the Thorpe Scholarships, for 
 which he was for many years (and till about ten years 
 ago) specially commemorated on the ' Thorpe Day,' in 
 the October term. The founder's cup was passed round 
 after dinner, each member standing to drink the port- 
 wine in it with the words, 'In piam memoriam fun- 
 datoris nostri et benefactorum nostrorum, praecipue 
 Doctoris Thorpe.' Under the new arrangement of an 
 annual commemoration his name no longer figures so 
 prominently. Thorpe declined the mastership, probably 
 on account of his age, for, as he took his M. A. degree in 
 1660, he must now have been at least eighty, There- 
 
 127 
 
1S8 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 upon the Fellows elected William Savage, a much 
 younger man, for he was M.A. and Fellow in 1692. 
 Savage was born at Ickleford in Hertfordshire, was 
 Rector of Gravesend and Stone in Kent, and had taken 
 his D.D. degree in 1717. He was admitted Master on 
 September 26, 1719, but resigned in the following 
 year in order to be presented to the living of St. Anne's, 
 Blackfriars, thus evading the statute forbidding the 
 Master accepting preferment, and he was readmitted 
 on November 4, 1720. Two leaves have been torn 
 from the order-book referring to the early months 
 of this year, which might perhaps have thrown some 
 light on the subject. He appears to have been 
 absent in London much of his first year of office. 
 There is an order of November 4, 1719, granting 
 him special leave : ' It being highly necessary that 
 the Master should be in London this winter to 
 sollicite the urgent affairs of the College.' 
 
 Whatever these urgent affairs were, whether connected 
 with the subscriptions to the new buildings* or with suits 
 at law, he may have seen reason to prefer residence in 
 his London living. The numbers were fairly maintained 
 during his mastership, averaging about twenty-five entries 
 in the year, and he does not appear to have had much 
 trouble in regard to discipline, only two undergraduates 
 being recorded as admonished by him, one ' for notorious 
 deceit put upon his Tutor,' and another 'for a very 
 gross immorality committed by him.' But there are 
 
 * The new buildings on the site of the Founder's Range, ordered 
 just before Balderston's death, were ready for use in 1722, and 
 subscriptions were obtained amounting to /2,386 and over, of 
 which Lord Westmorland gave /500. 
 
SAVAGE^S MASTERSHIP 129 
 
 two entries of an extraordinary character, which would 
 seem to show that he had difficulties to contend with 
 among the Fellows. The first is dated August 24, 1725 : 
 ' Mr. Fuller, senior fellow and dean of the College, was 
 admonished by the master in the presence of all the 
 Fellows then in College for great offences he was guilty 
 of.' Whatever this peccant Dean had done or left 
 undone, the admonition does not seem to have had 
 much effect, for on November 11, 1726, we again 
 read : 
 
 'Mr. Fuller being summoned did appear before the 
 Master and Senior Fellows and Dean, and the Master pro- 
 ceeded to admonish him for his irregular behaviour and 
 notorious neglect of duty. Upon this admonition he 
 behaved himself in a very insolent outrageous manner, 
 and upon the Master mentioning that he admonished 
 him according to the direction of the Statutes he replied, 
 A f — t for your admonition, and used other contemptuous 
 language.' 
 
 After this Savage seems to have given up admonishing 
 anybody. But Fuller was in some way got rid of, for 
 he ceases to sign College orders, which are now more 
 regularly entered in the book, in accordance with a 
 special order to that effect dated March 24, 1720. 
 Robert Fuller, a native of King's Lynn, had been a 
 Fellow since 1719, having entered the College in 1712, 
 one of the leanest years in the College history, when 
 there were only nine admissions. He seems to have 
 remained in residence till the October term of 1 726, and, 
 as he was Dean in the previous year, he must have been 
 in Holy Orders ; but I cannot trace his after-career, nor 
 is there any indication of the misdemeanours which 
 
 9 
 
130 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 brought down upon him the second solemn admonition. 
 He must have ceased to be Fellow before January, 1729, 
 when another Norfolk Fellow was elected. 
 
 During the rest of the mastership of Savage, the 
 chief signs of animation in the College is an increased 
 care for the library. A code of rules as to the borrow- 
 ing of books, the entries to be made, and the duties of 
 the Librarian, especially as to cataloguing the books 
 and providing writing materials, was confirmed on 
 November 4, 1719. Two years later (April 10, 1721) 
 an order was passed for buying books with the money 
 due to the library from ' Commencing Batchelors and 
 Masters of Arts," instead of leaving it in the hands of 
 the steward, to be spent in other ways. In the next 
 year, however, an order was found necessary for calling 
 in all books and instituting a strict investigation of the 
 state of the library. Apparently, the Librarian was 
 paid so small a salary that he did not find it worth 
 while to do much in his office, for in 1724 a payment 
 of two shillings a quarter by every Fellow-commoner, 
 one shilling by every pensioner, and sixpence by every 
 sizar, was ordered, to raise the Librarian's stipend to ddO 
 per annum, the balance to be used for other purposes 
 in the library ; and in 1731 an order forbids the taking 
 out of certain books of reference at all, and limits the 
 time for keeping other books to one month, under a 
 fine of five shillings. 
 
 Another department of the College equipment 
 which received some attention was the plate. An 
 order was passed in 1719 to limit the issuing of 
 plate to members of the College for their use, and 
 to forbid anyone 'to set upon or over the fire any 
 
SAVAGE'S MASTERSHIP 131 
 
 silver drinking-pots or plates belonging to y^ College 
 for y® heating or warming of any liquor, or for any 
 other purpose'; and another, in 1723, directs that every- 
 one taking out plate must give a written receipt for it, 
 and return it clean. Next year an order alludes to the 
 breach of an ancient custom of the College by Fellow- 
 commoners not giving a piece of plate. They are to 
 do so in future through their Tutor, to the value of £6 : 
 an order confirmed in 1730, with the proviso that it 
 is to be done within six months of admission. This 
 practice accounts for much now in possession of the 
 College. But that much is of comparatively recent 
 date is partly explained by an order of February 8, 
 1719-20, for the 'exchange of 121 ounces 10 penny- 
 weight for new and more useful utensils.' A consider- 
 able amount also was lost by a burglary in 1723, and 
 some more in 1800 by the same means. 
 
 The College seems in this period to have had 
 some difficulty with a very important officer, the 
 butler, as to the percentages charged by him on 
 bread and other provisions. This culminated in the 
 ' removal ' of the manciple or butler in February, 1726, 
 and before the election of a new one certain conditions 
 were laid down : The new butler was to give <^100 
 security, was to be content with 5 per cent, on the 
 price of bread sold in the buttery, and was to charge 
 only the market price for coals, and give full measure. 
 If the butler had been unsatisfactory, so had the 
 bedmakers. They seem to have been appointed at 
 haphazard, either by the Tutors or undergraduates, 
 and an order of October 28, 1735, remarks that ' owing 
 to the number lately serving in the College many things 
 
 9—2 
 
13S EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 have been lost and other inconveniences have arisen.' 
 It is therefore agreed that in future no one is to be 
 brought as bedmaker into the College without the 
 consent and approbation of the Master and Fellows. 
 
 About this time also the College had to deal with 
 the matter of the Gillingham Fellowship, founded in 
 1728 by the will of Mr. Gillingham, as interpreted by 
 a decree of Chancery. It was to be additional to the 
 existing twelve, and to be paid by the estate left ex- 
 pressly for it. An order of April 19, 1732, directs that 
 it should be offered to the senior foundation Fellows in 
 turn, and that the holder should have all the privileges 
 of a foundation Fellow, but not ' any share of the usual 
 constant and standing profits and emoluments ' of the 
 remaining twelve. This order, however, was revoked 
 upon a vacancy occurring in 1751, under legal advice, 
 and a candidate outside the society was elected in the 
 ordinary way. This continued till the revision of 1861, 
 when the Fellowship was abolished, and the income of 
 the Gillingham foundation was carried to the general 
 funds of the College. 
 
 Savage died on August 1, 1736, and on the 10th of 
 the same month the Fellows elected William Richard- 
 son, D.D. He had been a scholar, but not a Fellow, of 
 the College. He was, however, the son of a former 
 Fellow, John Richardson (1674-1685), who was pre- 
 sented to North Luffenham in 1685, and, being deprived 
 as a non -juror in 1690, retired to AVithamstead in 
 Bedfordshire, and occupied himself in composing a 
 learned reply to the deist Toland. His son William 
 was born there in 1698, and at the time of his election 
 to the mastership was a Prebendary and Precentor of 
 
RICHARDSON^S MASTERSHIP 133 
 
 Lincoln. He had been residing in Cambridge in order 
 to consult the libraries for his chief work, an edition of 
 Godwin's De Prcesulibus Anglice Commentarii (1743), 
 and in 1735 had taken his Doctor's degree and had 
 become a F.S.A. His election seems to have been a 
 surprise to himself, and was effected without consulting 
 him. During his mastership he kept up his anti- 
 quarian habits, and set laboriously to work to compile 
 a register, not only of his own College, but of the other 
 Colleges also. The book of 'admissions,' including 
 lists of Master and Fellows from the earliest times, 
 now in the College treasury, embraces King's Hall 
 and Michael House — afterwards combined in Trinity — 
 St. John's, King's, Eton, Pembroke, and a statistical 
 comparison of the Colleges of Cambridge and Oxford. 
 It is very careful and neat, and must have cost him 
 great labour. For Emmanuel it stops at 1734, but as 
 far as it goes it was the foundation of ' Bennet's Book,' 
 and is of great value. As a ruler of the College he 
 must have been exceedingly businesslike and able, but — 
 as his portrait would seem to show — neither genial nor 
 conciliatory. 
 
 The order-book carefully kept during his mastership, 
 and mostly in his own clear and upright handwriting, 
 bears ample testimony to his activity and ability; but it 
 also contains the record of more than 01.3 contest 
 between him and a large part of the Fellows, leading to 
 written protests, and sometimes to references to external 
 arbitrators. This is partly to be accounted for by the 
 autocratic position of the Master. The funds of the 
 College were almost entirely in his hands. He was 
 practically Bursar as well as Master, and when the 
 
134 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 bursarship became important and regularly filled up, 
 the expression used at first was, ' The office of Bursar was 
 delegated by the Master to so and so.' This first occurs 
 after Cory's election in 1797, but in previous master- 
 ships the office was not important, and until 1756 was 
 unpaid. An order of May 5 in that year assigns 
 £^0 a year to him for the future ' in consideration of 
 his trouble."* It was not, however, till forty-eight years 
 later that it was raised to ^^40 (October 26, 1804), at 
 which sum it remained for fourteen years, when it was 
 doubled (1818). Still, it was looked upon as naturally 
 attaching to the mastership, and in 1809 the Master is 
 compensated by £Q0 a year as long as he delegates the 
 office. 
 
 The increased importance of the bursarship began 
 with the closing years of Farmer's mastership, who was 
 a poor man of business, and left the accounts between 
 himself and the College in such confusion that the 
 Bursar (Tyson) had the greatest difficulty in coming to 
 a settlement with his heirs. A College order of June 20, 
 1799, requests Tyson (who had just taken a living) to 
 accept a piece of plate of twenty guineas value in con- 
 sideration of the extraordinary trouble which he experi- 
 enced in settling the accounts of the College with the 
 administrator of the late Master, as well as his zealous 
 attention to the interests of the society on other occa- 
 sions. It is not surprising, therefore, that the Fellows 
 after Farmer's death wished the bursarship to be 
 separated from the mastership. 
 
 But in Richardson's time the Master still held the 
 money of the society, and represented it in all matters 
 of business. Nor did he prove unfaithful or unskilful. 
 
RICHARDSON'S MASTERSHIP 135 
 
 He at once took drastic measures to recover the finances 
 of the College. Among the earliest orders signed by 
 him (February 5, 1737) is one to suspend the election 
 to Fellowships till the number is reduced to seven, 
 owing to lawsuits and debts contracted for rebuilding 
 the Founder's Range and other causes. Two years later, 
 though three Fellowships were filled up, three were still 
 suspended. But in 1742 an order of December 2 
 declares the College debt to be 'considerably dimin- 
 ished,' and in 1745 an order of April 15 declares the 
 College to be entirely out of debt, and directs the two 
 vacant Fellowships to be filled up. About this time, 
 accordingly, some minor improvements were made. In 
 1745 money was given by a Mr. Barlow for the use of 
 the gardens, with which the bath was constructed, and 
 money which had been borrowed from the library was 
 repaid, and the interest devoted to its use. But though 
 the state of the revenue was satisfactory, there seems to 
 have been some difficulty in meeting extraordinary 
 expenses. An order of June 22, 1752, affirms the 
 necessity of rebuilding the butteries and contiguous 
 buildings, which had become ' very ruinous."* Mr. 
 Burroughs is to be desired to prepare a plan, Mr. Devie 
 (who managed the supply of coal) is to be associated 
 with the Master in carrying out the plan, and a 
 hope is expressed that the expenses will be in part, at 
 least, met by benefactions. But either the benefactions 
 were slow in coming in, or other needs intervened. 
 
 In 1760 the alterations in the hall, according to the 
 plan of Essex, were agreed to, and in 1762 there is an 
 order for borrowing ^£^300 to meet the 'considerable 
 reparations and other works ' going on, and because the 
 
136 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 public stocks were so low as to make it imprudent to 
 sell out (order-book, February 3, 1762). Meanwhile 
 Mr. Devie had gone off to Standground and Farcet 
 (1766), and three years later (March 11, 1769) a 
 College order again records the ruinous condition of the 
 buildings ' opposite the chappel,' and directs that ' the 
 butteries and buildings running from thence to the 
 street be immediately pulled down, and rebuilt according 
 to the plan drawn by Sir James Burroughs some years 
 since.' The actual work, however, was not begun at 
 once, and a new plan drawn by Essex was accepted 
 on July 5, 1769, and was ordered to be carried into 
 execution ' when the College shall be enabled to do it.' 
 Probably some disputes arose as to the method of 
 raising money. Over ,£'2,800 had been received from 
 subscriptions for the new building, but when the last 
 payments came to be made in the year after Richard- 
 son's death, a heavier debt existed than the College 
 could meet by its ordinary income. An order of 
 November 17, 1770, for borrowing ^£^200 is marked by 
 the Master * Not done'; but on January 24, 1772, there 
 is an order for selling out ^00 Bank consolidated 
 annuities ; on March 14, 1773, the Master is empowered 
 to borrow ^£^500 on lives for the new building ; and on 
 March 16, 1776, a College order declares an insigne 
 detrimentum occasioned by the expenses attending the 
 erection of the new building, and suspends election to 
 Fellowships. In 1778, however, came a considerable 
 legacy from Hubbard, by which an order of May 13 
 declares the College income to be 'considerably in- 
 creased.' The Master received an additional ^£^40 a 
 year, each of the four senior Fellows ^10. The insigrie 
 
RICHARDSON'S MASTERSHIP 137 
 
 detrimentum was pronounced at an end, and the society 
 went on almost immediately to elect four Fellows. 
 Another heavy sum' which the College was called upon 
 to find about the same time was over ^£^1,100 for 
 the enclosure of the Manor of Shernbourn in Norfolk 
 (the Ash Estate). This money was advanced by a late 
 Fellow R. Richardson (son of the Master), who was not 
 paid off finally till December, 1778. But the Master, 
 William Richardson, seemed to have steered the College 
 skilfully through these difficulties, and the value of its 
 property continued steadily to increase. 
 
 In the matter of discipline he would seem to 
 have found it necessary to use a somewhat tighter 
 hand than his predecessor. The number of admoni- 
 tions, perhaps, is not excessive (32 in 40 years), 
 though rather above the average ; but they are 
 generally for more serious offences : drunkenness, stay- 
 ing out one or more nights, entertaining immoral 
 persons in College rooms,* and once, at least, for a 
 criminal assault upon a woman by a scholar — a case 
 which even found its way into the law-courts, and is 
 twice noted : once in the order-book, suspending the 
 offender from his scholarship ; and later on in the 
 admonition-book, recording his expulsion. Two orders 
 of October, 1740, also refer to 'the imprudence of 
 young scholars in contracting debts with persons of the 
 town.' The first order threatens any servant of the 
 College with loss of his place if he trusts undergraduates 
 and then arrests them for debt without leave from the 
 
 * A College order of November 23, 1739, offers a reward of £^ to 
 anyone who shall discover such a person in any chamber of the 
 College. 
 
138 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 society ; the second threatens a scholar with admonition 
 or rustication for contracting a debt of 20 shillings 
 at alehouses or inns, or with any tradesman without 
 the knowledge of his Tutor. The quarrel as to the 
 relief of the Dean, Lecturer, and Steward from treating 
 the society to wine and tobacco on the day of their 
 election (in the course of which Richardson solemnly 
 revoked an order signed by four Fellows) was settled a 
 fortnight later (May 25, 1747) by a regular order, 
 signed by him and four Fellows, abolishing the 
 practice. 
 
 These were yearly offices, but in this century a change 
 had come upon the system of managing the under- 
 graduates, partly, perhaps, because of the reduced 
 numbers, namely, by the appointment of a single or 
 Senior Tutor. Up to the end of the seventeenth century 
 it seems that any of the Fellows could act as Tutor to 
 one or more undergraduates. They were not formally 
 appointed, and were only recognised as the Tutors of 
 such and such men. As late as the first quarter of the 
 eighteenth century the appointment of a ' Tutor of the 
 College ' is not entered in the order-book with the other 
 officers. The Master probably assigned the men to him, 
 and he thus became sole Tutor. John Wilkinson (Fellow 
 1728), afterwards Rector of Wallington and Master of 
 the Birmingham School, seems to have been the first to 
 occupy that position, in which he was succeeded by Henry 
 Hubbard in 1736. Hubbard remained Tutor till 1767, 
 and this long tenure of the tutorial duties doubtless 
 helped to confirm the arrangement. He was a Suffolk 
 man, elected Fellow in 1732, and was Lady Margaret 
 Preacher, and University Registrary from 1758 to his 
 
HUBBARD'S TUTORSHIP 139 
 
 death in 1778. He has left a very complete record 
 of his tutorship, from which a good idea of the state 
 of the College — then at a very low ebb — may be 
 collected. 
 
 He had been a Conduct Fellow of St. Catharine's, 
 where his brother Edward was one of the senior Fellows, 
 but was afterwards elected to a Fellowship at Emmanuel ; 
 four years later he was appointed to the tutorship, 
 which he held for thirty-one years, handing it over to 
 Dr. Farmer in October, 1767. His long and active 
 tutorship, and the benefactions which he left at his 
 death, have combined to make him a considerable figure 
 in the domestic history of the College. Although he 
 published nothing except one Charity sermon, he was 
 an active and accurate penman, and among the books 
 which he bequeathed to the library were a number 
 of volumes of MS. collections, which are still pre- 
 served in the library and the treasury. Among these 
 there are an elaborate catalogue of his own books, a 
 copy of the College statutes with extracts from early 
 order-books and other sources, a copy of the University 
 statutes, a copy of Buck's Book of University/ Cere- 
 monies and Precedents, a copy of Hare's Collection of 
 University Charters and other Documents, his accounts 
 as Steward of the College, and a book entitled A Book 
 of Accounts. 
 
 This last contains a list of all admissions of under- 
 graduates from January, 1733, to July, 1767. The 
 entries are brief for the first year or two, but from 1736 
 onward (that is, during the period of Hubbard's tutor- 
 ship) the list gives much more information than any 
 other early admission-book which has been preserved. 
 
140 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 The following may be taken as a typical entry : ' 1753, 
 Richard, son of Richard Farmer, Woolman and Malster, 
 born at Leicester, educated at Leicester School, Mr. 
 Andrewes M*", aetat. 19, Pens^** There is a full account 
 of the caution money received and returned by Hubbard 
 as Tutor from October 18, 1736, when he took over his 
 ]3upils from his predecessor, AVilkinson, until October 3, 
 1767, when what caution money he had in hand was 
 handed over to his successor. Farmer. In a statement 
 of the amount of tuition fees received in each year of 
 his tutorship from 1735 to 1742 the names of his 
 pupils are given. There are, further, statements of the 
 receipts from his Fellowship from 1732 to 1744, of his 
 income as Steward (a yearly office) 1737-38, 1743- 
 44, and 1758-59, of his income as Lecturer 1737-38 
 and 1743-44, as Dean 1737-38, 1744-45, and 1758-59, 
 and as Father (Praelector) 1736-37. He held various 
 University offices in his time, and has included in his 
 Book of Accounts a statement of his receipts as 
 Moderator 1732-33 and 1734-35, as Taxor 1733-34 
 and 1735-36, and as Scrutator 1744-45 and 1757-58. 
 Lastly there are included the detailed accounts of the 
 Registrary's office from July, 1758, to October, 1772. 
 
 Taking the thirty-five years from 1733 to 1767, 
 we find on Hubbard's list of admissions a total of 
 334 names, giving an average of 9*5 admissions per 
 year. The largest number of admissions in any one 
 year was 18, in 1759 ; the smallest, 1, in 1756. It 
 ought, however, to be remembered that these numbers 
 do not necessarily represent the number of freshmen 
 actually coming into residence in the years named, as 
 in many cases names were entered on the boards some 
 
HUBBARD^S TUTORSHIP 141 
 
 considerable time before residence began. The numbers 
 in residence are also increased by the incorporation of 
 Bachelors from Oxford, which explains the divergence 
 between the numbers given by Hubbard and those 
 given by Bennet. In Rennet's register the number 
 of admissions for the same thirty-five years amounts to 
 376, an average of 10*7 per year, or 1 a year more than 
 Hubbard's. But in Bennet's list we find 3 Bachelors 
 from Oxford in 1737, 3 in 1760, and 3 again in 
 1761 ; while there are 2 of them in the lean year, 
 1756. The incorporation of Bachelors from Oxford 
 was caused by the fact that at Oxford it was necessary 
 to sign the Thirty-nine Articles for the M.A. degree, 
 which it was not necessary to do at Cambridge. 
 
 In the quarterly statement of tuition fees Hubbard 
 includes all those in residence other than Fellows of the 
 College, although no fees seem to have been charged to 
 Master and Doctors. In the quarter ending Lady 
 Day, 1743, there are resident 5 Fellow-commoners, 
 6 Bachelors, 8 scholars, 13 pensioners, and 13 sizars, or 
 45 in all ; for the quarter ending Lady Day, 1753, the 
 numbers are 1 Doctor of Medicine, 5 Fellow-commoners, 
 3 Bachelors, 5 scholars, 19 pensioners, and 5 sizars, or 
 38 in all ; and for the quarter ending Lady Day, 1763, 
 1 Doctor of Medicine, 2 Masters of Arts, 10 Fellow- 
 commoners, 3 Bachelors, 12 pensioners, and 6 sizars, or 
 40 in all. For the twenty-four years from 1743 to 
 1766 the average number of residents, other than 
 Fellows, was 43, although the number fell as low as 30 
 in 1751. 
 
 Of the 334 undergraduates enrolled in Hubbards 
 admission-register in the years from 1733 to 1767, as 
 
142 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 many as 254 have the names of their schools recorded. 
 During that time 18 entered from Oakham School, 
 18 from Bury St. Edmunds, 16 from Eton, 15 from 
 Nuneaton, 14 from Westminster, and 11 from Leicester. 
 The connexion with Oakham School was probably 
 due to the existence of the Johnson Exhibitions, but 
 Uppingham, which is also included in the Johnson 
 Foundation, sent only 2 in the thirty-five years. 
 Bury St. Edmunds was evidently at that time the 
 leading school for Norfolk and Suffolk, from which 
 Emmanuel has always been largely recruited; but it 
 had evidently also a wider fame, as a fair proportion of 
 the 18 from Bury were sons of professional men in 
 London. Nuneaton owes its position in the list to the 
 influence of Mr. Thomas Liptrot, the Headmaster, who 
 was elected a Fellow of Emmanuel in 1732, and soon 
 after was appointed to that school. 
 
 Next in order of the schools come Market Street 
 (near Luton) and Dedham (Essex), with 7 each, Repton 
 with 6, and Mitcham with 5. It may be mentioned 
 that of the 5 from Mitcham 3 are born in Barbadoes, 
 the sons respectively of the Hon. Walter Caddell, 
 Treasurer of the island, of Samuel Adams, Esq., and 
 of John Thomas, merchant. A fourth was Edward 
 Evanson, the son of Thomas Evanson, mercer, of 
 Warrington, and a nephew of Mr. Evanson, the 
 Headmaster of Mitcham. Edward Evanson, whose 
 age, on admission in 1746, is entered as * 15 next April,' 
 became later on a noted theological controversialist, 
 and was deprived of his preferment in the Church ' for 
 omitting part of the Litany and delivering doctrines 
 against the Incaiiiation."' He was for a time an 
 
HUBBARD^S TUTORSHIP 143 
 
 assistant-master in his uncle^s school at Mitcham, and 
 after leaving the Church he himself canied on a suc- 
 cessful school there. 
 
 Eight schools sent each 4 representatives to Em- 
 manuel in these thirty-five years : Harrow, Felstead, 
 Winchester, Sherborn, Market Bosworth, Norwich, 
 Ipswich, and Brewood (Staffs). John Gayland, the 
 Headmaster of Sherborn, was elected a Fellow of 
 Emmanuel in 1713, was presented to the College 
 living of Winsford in Somerset in 1714, and was 
 soon after appointed to Sherborn, where he died in 
 1743. 
 
 Nine schools sent 3 each, among them Newcastle 
 — where Richard Dawes was Master — Derby, Bishop 
 Stortford, and Clitheroe ; while among the seventeen 
 schools which are represented by 2 entries appear 
 St. Paul's, Charterhouse, Tunbridge, Merchant Taylors'*, 
 Uppingham, and Wakefield. Forty-four schools appear 
 with one representative only — many of them no doubt 
 small grammar-schools, many probably private schools, 
 but on this list also appear Rugby and Sedbergh. 
 
 Another point of interest is the geographical distri- 
 bution of the members of the College at this time. We 
 can assign the native county to 300 out of the 334 
 on Mr. Hubbard's list. A rough classification of the 
 counties gives the following result : 
 
 Midland Counties, 95 : Leicester 42, Stafford 13, Derby 10, 
 Notts 9, Northants 9, Warwick 5, Rutland 4, Oxford 1, 
 Bucks 1, and Berks 1. 
 
 Eastern Counties, 11 : Suffolk 28, Lincoln 14, Norfolk 11, 
 Hunts 6, Hertford 6, Essex 4, Cambridge 4, and Bed- 
 ford 4» 
 
144 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 Middlesex, 53. 
 
 Noiihern Counties, 27: Yorks 12, Lancashire 6, North- 
 umberland 4, Westmorland 2, Cumberland 2, and Dur- 
 ham 1. 
 
 South-Western Counties, 18; Somerset 6, Dorset 5, 
 Devon 4, Wilts 2, and Cornwall 1. 
 
 Soidh- Eastern Cotmties, 17 : Kent 8, Surrey Q, and 
 Sussex 3. 
 
 West Indies, 5: Barbadoes 3, Jamaica 1, Antigua 
 (Antegoa) 1. 
 
 Scotland, 2. 
 
 India, 2 : Bombay. 
 
 Ireland, 1. 
 
 Wales, 1 : Denbigh. 
 
 Portugal, 1 : Lisbon. 
 
 America, 1 : Maryland. 
 
 It is not easy to explain the predominance of the 
 Midland counties in this list, but probably one of the 
 causes was the existence of special relations with the 
 schools or schoolmasters at Oakham, Nuneaton, and 
 Leicester. 
 
 The entry relating to the solitary representative from 
 Cornwall is worth quoting. It is : 
 
 '1738, July 7. John Taperall, born in Cornwall, an 
 exciseman, 27 years old, formerly of Exeter College, Sizar. 
 N.B. This person was admitted in an hurry to save the 
 year, but upon further talking with him I had some reason 
 to think him a little disordered in his senses, and there- 
 fore advised to take out his name, which he did y® next 
 day.' 
 
 Another instance of hurry ' to save the year ' is to be 
 found in 1739, when on July 6 Neville King was 
 
HUBBARD^S TUTORSHIP 145 
 
 admitted 'before y^ Bell rang,' but John Adcock on 
 the same day was admitted ' after y^ Bell rang.' 
 
 The usual age for admission was seventeen or eighteen, 
 but one or two were entered at an earlier age. Edward 
 Evanson, who was to be * 1 5 next April,' has already 
 been mentioned, and the following entry occurs in 
 1745: 'Sept. 26, Robert, Son of y« Rev. D^ William 
 Richardson, Master of Emmanuel College, born in 
 London, Middlesex, educated at Westminster School, 
 Dr Nichols, Master, anno aetat. 15*°.'' 
 
 In one case at least Hubbard was Tutor to both 
 father and son. On July 6, 1735, Mr. John Hind 
 Cotton was admitted as Fellow-commoner. This was 
 just a year before Hubbard took up the office, and in 
 1766, a year before he laid it down, he admitted 
 ' John, son of Sir John Hynde Cotton, Bart., born in 
 St. James' Parish, Westminster, educated at West- 
 minster School, D"" South M^", aet. 18.' 
 
 Nonconformists, though not unknown, were rare in 
 the University in those days, and the form in which 
 Hubbard recorded the admission of Edward Calamy is 
 some evidence of this. In 1763, on September 30, 
 there was admitted as Fellow-commoner ' Edmund, son 
 of Edward Calamy (a Non-conformist Divine), bom in 
 Middlesex, educated at Warrington, Lancashire, M^ 
 Akin Mr, aetat. 21.' Bennet, who was admitted to 
 Emmanuel in the same year as Calamy, notes him in 
 the register which he afterwards compiled, as the 
 grandson of the celebrated Puritan. Calamy — who was 
 afterwards a barrister at Lincoln's Inn — was, in fact, the 
 fifth Edmund in the direct line of descent; the first 
 
 10 
 
146 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 (1600-1666) was a noted disputant in the days of the 
 ParHament, and was one of the authors of Smec- 
 tymnuus. He was a Pembroke man. His grandson, 
 the grandfather of our Edmund, was the well-known 
 historian of Nonconformity. The sixth Edmund 
 Calamy, son of the barrister, was bom in 1780, and 
 died in 1850. 
 
 According to Hubbard, the stipend of an ordinary 
 Fellow of the College from the general revenues of the 
 College was £5 in each half-year. The four senior 
 Fellows had an additional £S in each half-year from 
 the Pinchbeck Estates. The revenues from certain 
 trust estates, as those left by Dean Sudbury and 
 Dr. Whichcote, and the annual payment by the Borough 
 of Lynn, are divided in four proportions between the 
 Master, the Fellows, and the Scholars. Fines for the 
 renewal of leases and sealing fees are also divided. 
 Under the old leases several of the College tenants are 
 obliged to furnish to the College a certain quantity of 
 corn or a certain number of capons, usually four in the 
 half-year, or to pay an equivalent, at half a crown a 
 capon in cash. This was called ' capon money ,"* and was 
 similarly divided. The revenue from underwoods at 
 Gransden and Ellerby was also kept separate, and 
 dealt with in this way ; and the admission fees, the 
 buttery profits, and certain payments made by Bachelors 
 on attaining their degrees, were also divided. These 
 explanations may help to make Hubbard's statement 
 of his income intelligible : 
 
HUBBARD^S TUTORSHIP 
 
 147 
 
 Fellowship Income. 
 1734. To Easter Audit 1735. 
 
 & s. d. 
 
 Div^ of Whichcot & Sudbury to Michs. 
 
 
 
 
 last 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 Thorpe's Commemoration ... 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Diyd of Day's Fine & Sealing Fees ... 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 B.A.'s Priorum ... 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 Div^ of Wood Money to Michs. last ... 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 Div^i of Kettle's Fine & Fees 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Diyd of Whichcot & Sudbury to L. Day 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 Div<* of Admission, Capon, & Lynn 
 
 
 
 
 Money 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 Stipend... 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 Div<i in ye Butteries Michs. QM 734 ... 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 do. Xmas. QM734... 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 Increment for y® last year ... 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 16" 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 To Michs, Audit 1735. 
 
 
 
 
 Corn Money to Michs. last ... 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 Diyd in y« Butteries Easter QM 735 ... 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 do. Mids^Q'- 1735 ... 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 Div*^ of Admissions, Capon and Lynn 
 
 
 
 
 Money 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 Stipend'... 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 M.A's Money, &c. 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 Year's Fellowship besides Commons 30 4 10 
 
 To this in the year in question was added stipend as 
 Sub-Lecturer £1, and for reading in chapel £5 12s. 
 The offices of Dean, of Head Lecturer, and of Steward, 
 were circulating offices, and brought, from time to time, 
 
 10—2 
 
148 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 considerable additions to the Fellow's income. Thus, 
 for the year 1738 Mr. Hubbard's summing is : 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 Year's Fellowship ... ... 37 8 2 
 
 Reading in Chapel ... ... 3 
 
 Steward's Place, ending March 1, 1737 19 17 6 
 
 Lecturer's Place, ending Oct. 1, 1738 19 12 
 
 Dean's Place, ending Oct. 1, 1738 ... 19 1 8 
 
 Library Keeper ... ... ... 10 
 
 108 19 4 
 
 Hubbard has left a complete statement of his in- 
 come from all these sources for each year from 1732 
 to 1733. His average income as Fellow during that 
 time was less than .^38 a year. It was as much a^ ^50 in 
 1769 and in 1773, and sank as low as £9.^ 6s. 7d. in 
 1748. In 1764 it increased suddenly to .^48 10s. 4Jd., 
 a circumstance which is alluded to in Bennet's note 
 quoted below. Though this seems very small, it is not 
 so when compared with the whole College income. In 
 a letter of Dillingham's to Sancroft of 1665, he mentions 
 that at the time of the Ash benefaction (1654) the 
 revenues of the College amounted to ^550. Nor does 
 it seem to have risen much in the next 100 years, 
 for in a statement of income for taxation in April, 
 1799, it * was estimated, according to the directions of 
 39 George III., that the sum of forty-eight pounds is 
 not less than one tenth thereof.' The first indication 
 of a substantial advance is in 1822, when, owing to ' the 
 progressive improvement of the income of y® College,' 
 the Master received an additional ^120 and each Fellow 
 <£>30 per annum. 
 
HUBBARD'S TUTORSHIP 149 
 
 Hubbard also held the Algebra Lecturership from 1746 
 to 1768, with a stipend of about £24*. He was Steward 
 thrice, Dean thrice. Lecturer twice, Praelector once. 
 As an instance of the care with which he kept these 
 accounts, it may be mentioned that in 1763 appears the 
 first entry of a receipt of Is. 8d. for ' Visiting.' To this 
 entry there is the following note: *N.B. I have not 
 brought this article to account in this book before, but 
 deducted it for Pocket Expenses."* During a part of 
 1741 he records that he was allowed ^1 for commons 
 * as being in College, but obliged to live at Catherine 
 Hall."* The reason of his temporary exile does not 
 appear, but he was actively engaged in College business 
 throughout the year, and signed all the orders. 
 
 Reference has been made to the dividend arising from 
 profits in the buttery. An entry in the order-book of 
 date March 1, 1734, says: ' Agreed that no fellow shall 
 be entitled to his Dividend in the Butteries, who is not 
 in commons and actually resident the major part of the 
 month.' Bennet in his register has a note on the 
 ' Money divided among the Fellows from the savings in 
 the Butteries and Degree Money for twenty years, 1760 
 to 1779. (N.B. The College for half this time was 
 very thin, and the other half very full.)' He states the 
 average for that time as £35 from the butteries and 
 £S2 from degrees, and says that the increase in 1764 
 was attributed to the fact that the College raised the 
 price of beer. He goes on to say : 
 
 'By an average this makes a difference to a Resident 
 Fellow of £10 per annum; so that supposing a Man to 
 reside the whole twenty years he will receive an addition 
 to his Fellowship of £200, no contemptible sum. Yet it is 
 
150 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 curious enough that a great part of the Society are ignorant 
 from what these Dividends arise, and whether they are 
 imposed upon or no by the Butler in stating them.' 
 
 As to the University offices of Moderator, Taxor, 
 and Regis trary which were held by Hubbard, it is of 
 interest to know that at Stourbridge Fair in 1730 the 
 Taxor received £4i 5s. 3d. for 'weighing Hops and 
 measuring Mustard Seed,' that of this 15s. 4|d. was 
 spent on 'Bottled Ale, Ale, and Small,' and 6d. in 
 coach hire from the fair. 
 
 At the end of the volume which contains the catalogue 
 of his books, Mr. Hubbard entered a careful inventory 
 of the furniture of his College rooms. The list includes : 
 
 'Picture of Mr. Canning, by Gainsborough, valued at 
 £5 5s., the frame i>l lis. 6d. ; small picture of Mr. Canning 
 in black and white by Ferguson, 15s.; my picture by 
 Heines £5 5s., frame £l lis. 6d. ; a long Telescope, present 
 from Mr. Canning, cost 2"^*^ hand £3 3s. ; cane with gold 
 head, present from Sir Richard Chase, 1757 ; and a Stick 
 with amber head mounted in silver, present from Green 
 of Preston near Shields, 1758.* 
 
 Sir Richard Chase was an old pupil who came up 
 from Bishop's Stortford School in 1739, the son of 
 Richard Chase, gentleman, of Much Haddam, Hert- 
 fordshire. Mr. Canning was Hubbard's great friend, a 
 member of Catharine Hall, where he graduated B.A. in 
 1728, perpetual curate of St. Lawrence, Ipswich, Rector 
 of Harkstead and of Freston, and Vicar of Ruston. He 
 was a keen student of local history, translated and 
 edited the Ipswich charters, and rewrote and edited a 
 county history, published as The Suffolk Traveller. He 
 
HUBBARD^S TUTORSHIP 151 
 
 died in 1775. Among the admissions in 1758 is 
 recorded that of 'Richard, son of the Revd. Richard 
 Canning, born at Ipswich, Suffolk, educated at Bury 
 School, Mr Garnham M% aet. 18." The younger 
 Richard succeeded his father as Rector of Harkstead in 
 1769, and died twenty years later. A letter, which 
 lies loose in the catalogue of Hubbard'^s books, refers 
 to his will : ' And I give and bequeath to the Master, 
 Fellows and Scholars of Emmanuel College in Cam- 
 bridge, my picture of the late Rev. Henry Hubbard, 
 together with the books bequeathed by him to me.' 
 The picture is now in the gallery. 
 
 At his death, January 23, 1778, Hubbard left ^400 
 to provide an augmentation to the Fellowship held by 
 the senior Fellow of the College ; also .^400, the interest 
 of which is to be paid to the best proficient in classical 
 learning among Dr. Thorpe's scholars ; and i;^200, the 
 interest to be added to the £6 left by Dean Sudbury, for a 
 piece of plate to be bestowed upon the most pious and 
 best learned of the commencing Bachelors of Arts in 
 the College. He also made the College his residuary 
 legatee, and thus it received some ^4,000 in addition 
 to the <£1,000 given to special objects, and this, as 
 Bennet puts it, 
 
 ' by mere good fortune, for it was always Mr. Hubbard's 
 intention (having no near relations) to have left that £1,000 
 only to the College, and the bulk of his fortune to his 
 friend Mr. Canning of Ipswich, who luckily dying first the 
 whole was left to us. The College disposed of X2,700 in 
 increasing the Mastership £40 per annum, and the 4 
 Senior Fellowships £10 per annum, and applied the rest 
 to the public uses of the College.* 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 MASTEESHIP OF BICHARD FARMER (1775-1797) 
 
 The last College order signed by Richardson is dated 
 February 14, 1775, and before another month was over 
 he was dead. Hubbard was elected to succeed him, but 
 declined the office, and on March 21, 1775, Richard 
 Farmer was unanimously elected. He was a great 
 contrast both to his predecessor and to Hubbard, 
 whom he had succeeded in the tutorship in 1767, for as 
 Tutor he had a poor reputation for business habits ; he 
 often neglected to send in his accounts, and for many 
 years had considerable sums owing to him. But he had 
 already attained a distinct position in the literary world 
 outside the College. He was an F.S.A., and nine years 
 before his election had published the work for which 
 he is best known now — the Essay on the Learning of 
 Shakespear. This essay showed an extraordinary know- 
 ledge of old English literature, and established once 
 for all the fact that the plays could be accounted for 
 without attributing to Shakespeare a learning which all 
 his contemporaries denied him. His reputation was 
 the cause of Dr. Johnson's one visit to Cambridge 
 in 1765, of which an interesting account exists. He 
 
 152 
 
FARMER^S MASTERSHIP 153 
 
 was also known to have been long engaged on a 
 history of Leicester, in which town he was born in 
 1735. But on his election to the mastership he re- 
 turned the subscriptions and handed over the materials 
 which he had collected to Nichols, who embodied them 
 in his History of Leicester shire. Farmer held several pre- 
 ferments in the Church — Whitehall Preacher in 1769, 
 Prebend and Chancellor of Lichfield in 1780, Canon 
 of Canterbury in 1782, and of St. PauPs in 1788. In all 
 situations of life he seems to have exhibited the same 
 characteristics : he was careless of dress and appearance ; 
 devoted to literature, though too indolent to produce 
 any work of importance ; enthusiastic as a collector of 
 books, yet careless as to their preservation or integrity ; 
 keen as a Churchman and Tory politician, yet never 
 taking an active part either in Church work or politics. 
 He refused a bishopric, and was content to enjoy the life 
 of the combination-room and of the literary clubs. Three 
 things it was said he loved above all else — old port, old 
 clothes, and old books. He appears to have retained 
 the tutorship for some years after his election to 
 the mastership, but becoming University Librarian in 
 1780, he resigned the tutorship, and was succeeded by 
 Rennet. Though thus careless and ease-loving, in- 
 vincibly averse from getting out of bed or going to bed, 
 or settling an account, his kindness and good-nature 
 preserved the peace in College, which had so often 
 been disturbed under his predecessors, and secured the 
 affection and admiration of the Fellows. 
 
 The account of him given by Gunning throws some 
 light upon the social habits of the day in the College, 
 which had become on the one hand extremely Tory 
 
154 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 and orthodox, and on the other noted for a certain 
 moderate conviviality, tinged in Farmer's time, at any 
 rate, with an interest in letters. As an illustration of 
 the latter, it may be noted that in a list of persons 
 helped from the offertory money collected in the 
 chapel occurs the name of Mrs. Chatterton, mother of 
 the unfortunate poet (1778). Dinner in those days was 
 at half-past one or two, and a little later at three ; 
 it was after the evening supper that pipes and tobacco 
 and cheerful conversation made the parlour of Emmanuel 
 a favourite place of meeting. Before his mastership 
 Farmer served the curacy of Swavesey in the manner 
 thus described by Gunning : 
 
 ' He began the service punctually at the appointed time 
 and gave a plain practical sermon, strongly enforcing some 
 moral duty. After service he chatted most affably with 
 his congregation, and never failed to send some small 
 present to such of his poor parishioners as had been kept 
 from church by illness. After morning service he repaired 
 to the public-house, where a mutton-chop and potatoes 
 were soon set before him : these were quickly despatched, 
 and immediately after the removal of the cloth, Mr. Dobson 
 (his churchwarden) and one or two of the principal farmers, 
 made their appearance, to whom he invariably said, " I am 
 going to read prayers, but shall be back by the time you 
 have made the punch." Occasionally another farmer 
 accompanied him from church, when pipes and tobacco 
 were in requisition until six o'clock. Taffy was then led 
 to the door, and he conveyed his master to his rooms by 
 half-past seven ; here he found his slippers and nightcap, 
 and taking possession of his elbow-chair, he slept till his 
 bedmaker aroused him at nine o'clock, when resuming his 
 
FARMER'S MASTERSHIP 155 
 
 wig he started for the Parlour, where the fellows were in 
 the habit of assembling on a Sunday afternoon.' 
 
 When Farmer became Master be presided over these 
 symposia with great geniality, and the parlour was 
 ' always open to those who loved pipes and cheerful con- 
 versation.' These gatherings were specially frequent at 
 the end of the long vacation, when the theatre (standing 
 where the Shakespear Tavern now is) was open for about 
 three weeks at the time of Stourbridge Fafr. Farmer 
 constantly had a party staying at the Lodge for this 
 festivity, and with other well-known Shakespearian 
 scholars — such as Stevens and Malone — occupied a 
 particular part of the pit, which thus became known 
 as 'the critics' row.' They came nearly every day, 
 stopped to the end, and then walked to the Emmanuel 
 parlour, and finished the evening with tobacco and 
 conversation. 
 
 The parlour had always played a great part in the 
 social life of the College. We hear of it from the first : 
 it was noted as a special feature of the College by 
 John Evelyn when he visited 'that zealous house' in 
 1654, and it has always been, as it continues to be, the 
 common meeting ground of the society, whether for 
 College business or relaxation. Early in the eighteenth 
 century, when dinner ceased to be the early noontide 
 meal, and was taken as late as three or even four in the 
 afternoon, it seems to have been regarded as the end of 
 the working day by most, and was followed by a fairly 
 prolonged session over the College port, which, in 
 the summer at least, was followed by an adjournment 
 to the garden and a game of bowls. It was in the 
 
156 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 evening after supper that the members met again to 
 talk and smoke. The daily meeting in the parlour led 
 to a kind of organization. A body of rules was formed, 
 which were enforced by fines, always in bottles of 
 wine. Some of the rules are rather fantastical, but on 
 the whole they served their purpose of keeping up a 
 good standard of manners and preventing petty quarrels 
 and personalities. Penalties were imposed for coming 
 late into Hall, or with ' rolers in his hair,' for leaving 
 bowls on tlfe lawn, for coming into Hall in a new coat 
 (the Lord Westmorland of the day frequently incurred 
 this), for putting one''s fork into the dish, for taking 
 salt out of the salt-cellar with anything but the salt- 
 spoon, for using nasty or offensive words at dinner, 
 or taking snuff at table, or ' reflecting "* on a member 
 of the parlour, and other such social offences. Bets 
 (always in bottles of wine) were also of nearly daily 
 occurrence. The parlour books recording these bets 
 are preserved from early in the eighteenth century. 
 Many of them are now unintelligible (having been pur- 
 posely put obscurely), many more are upon subjects 
 that could never have had much interest, and have 
 long lost what they had. But scattered among frivoli- 
 ties or officialisms are some that touch on public events 
 of first-rate interest and importance. A few will show 
 how contemporaries viewed these great events : 
 
 1770. Lord North will resign before next Michaelmas. 
 
 1779. No place whatever in America (except Canada) 
 in the hands of the Loyalists by March 17, 1780. 
 
 1780. A naval engagement between Rodney and the 
 French, in which the latter are beaten, on or before 
 June 30, 1781. 
 
FARMER'S MASTERSHIP 167 
 
 1787, October 3. Some censure passed by the House of 
 Lords against Mr. Hastings. 
 
 1791, Mai/ 29. Hastings will be found guilty. 
 
 1792, March 2. The majority will double the minority 
 in the censure of Pitt. 
 
 1792, Juli/ 13. Neither Austrians nor Prussians at Paris 
 in two months' time. 
 
 1792, November 13. The King of France will be con- 
 demned, but not executed. 
 
 1793. January 5. If the King of France is ordered 
 out of the kingdom, he does not reach the frontiers in 
 safety. 
 
 1793, March 28. The Dauphin not put to death in 
 Easter week. 
 
 1793, June 18. Marat will be murdered before the end 
 of next Lent term. 
 
 1793, Jtme 26. Valenciennes in the hands of the allied 
 Powers in six weeks. 
 
 1793, December 3. Barrere and Robespierre either dead 
 or out of France in six months. 
 
 1794-, March 27. The Convention deposed in less than 
 six months. 
 
 1794, April 26. That at the conclusion of the war the 
 executive power in France will not be in the hands of an 
 individual. 
 
 1794, April 30 and May 3. The war will be over in two 
 years. 
 
 1794, May l6. The Duke of York in Paris on or before 
 June 20. 
 
 These optimistic views of the great war just be- 
 ginning were, of course, destined to cost their backers 
 sundry bottles of wine. We presently trace the progress 
 of the war by taxes and falling funds. On February 25, 
 
158 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 1795, a bet is made that ' there are not more than six 
 resident members of the College that will not take out 
 a licence to wear powder within three months after the 
 day fixed by the Act of Parliament/ A truer prophet 
 (if rather previous) bets on March 6 that 'there will 
 not be a wig in two years."* The effect of the mutiny at 
 the Nore combined with the war is shown by a bet on 
 October 14, 1797, that ' the three per cents, will not be 
 52f in this day's paper.' Meanwhile confidence in the 
 success of England was diminishing. In spite of the 
 victory of St. Vincent (February 14, 1797) having 
 frustrated the Franco-Spanish scheme of invasion, there 
 is a bet on the 28th that the French will land 100 men 
 within a month; on May 20, that Ireland will be a 
 department of France within two years. On June 11 
 the execution of the mutineer Parker is betted upon. 
 Next year (1798), on January 22, a bet is made that 
 'the French will not land 1,000 men in Great Britain 
 or Ireland within six months.' Next the national sub- 
 scription is noticed, with a list of Cambridge contribu- 
 tions, and a bet that Oxford will do less. The 
 University gave 1,000 guineas. Trinity, St. John's, and 
 King's 500 guineas, Emmanuel and Caius coming next 
 with 200 guineas. On October 22 the effect of the 
 Battle of the Nile (August 1) is seen by a bet 'that 
 Bonaparte's head will be on the walls of the Seraglio 
 within three months.' The next change is shown by a 
 bet on November 19, 1799, that 'Bonaparte, Sieyes, 
 and Ducos if they remain in office six months will 
 restore royalty' (after the coup cTetat of November 9). 
 
 During the next fourteen years the great events in 
 the Napoleonic wars are only occasionally referred to, 
 
FARMER'S MASTERSHIP 159 
 
 and I can only find one allusion to the Peninsular War. 
 But on April 6, 1814, there are two pages of almost 
 lyrical exultation over the entry of the allies into Paris 
 on March 31 — news of which, it seems, had taken a week 
 to reach Cambridge. Many members of the parlour 
 presented bottles of wine to ' congratulate the world/ 
 and bets are made that Bonaparte will be dead or in 
 prison in a month. More bottles were given on 
 April 14, on the occasion of the ' illumination ' and for 
 the downfall of ' Signor Bonaparte,** and on 'Louis XVIII. 
 being called to the throne of his ancestors," and, again, 
 on June 24 on the proclamation of peace. The escape 
 from Elba (March 1, 1815) is indicated by a bet on 
 March 13 that Napoleon * will be either a prisoner or 
 sent out of France in six weeks."* But the hundred days 
 and Waterloo itself are otherwise unrecorded, owing to 
 the absence of most Fellows from a serious fever that 
 occurred at that time, and no notice of public affairs is 
 found till October 24, when a somewhat mysterious bet 
 is made : ' Bonaparte no command in the Northumber- 
 land within three months."* By that time Napoleon had 
 been more than a week in St. Helena, but some timid 
 member of the parlour seems to have had doubts as to 
 his being safely conveyed there. 
 
 These specimens will be sufficient to illustrate the social 
 side of the College life at this time. Farmer took his 
 full share in it, and, in spite of his canonry at St. PauFs, 
 passed most of his time in College. He was Vice- 
 Chancellor in 1775-76, in which year the Senate voted 
 an address to the King on the American War ; but among 
 a minority of dissentients was one which had the key 
 of the room in which the common seal of the University 
 
160 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 was kept, and who refused to produce it to seal the 
 address, whereupon Farmer is said to have broken open 
 the door, using a crowbar with his own hands. But if he 
 had such contentions in the University, his mastership 
 was one of peace in College, and apparently of financial 
 improvement, the Fellowships being generally kept up to 
 their full number, and their value not being less than 
 about ^50 ; while the debt to the Rev. R. Richardson, in- 
 curred originally for including the Manor of Shemboum, 
 and which amounted in time to ^1,100, was being 
 gradually paid off. Farmer appears never to have aban- 
 doned his passion for book-collecting, and his library 
 contained many rarities — twelve Caxtons, a First Folio 
 of Shakespeare, several copies of the first edition of 
 Paradise Lost, and hundreds of rare tracts and plays. 
 He was careless as to the preservation of these treasures, 
 and his copies are said to have been usually in a bad 
 condition. Still, the collection fetched over <^2,000 at 
 his death, having cost him little more than ^500. He 
 belonged to many clubs in London, but it was only two 
 years before his death that he was elected to the 
 greatest of them all, the * Literary Club ' of Johnson 
 and Reynolds. The portrait of Farmer — now in the 
 combination-room — is by Romney, with whom he was 
 personally acquainted. It has lately been cleaned and 
 restored, and gives a very striking illustration of the 
 cheerfulness attributed to him by his contemporaries. In 
 his mastership the College celebrated its two-hundredth 
 anniversary. Of the first centenary (1684) there is 
 no record of any celebration, and the College at that 
 time was at a low ebb in all respects. But in 1784? 
 things were better, and a great banquet was given on 
 
FARMER'S MASTERSHIP 161 
 
 September 29 to celebrate the bicentenary of the 
 foundation. 
 
 The account in the Cambridge Chronicle of October 2 
 speaks of a sermon and Te Deum and a Latin speech 
 in the chapel, commemorating the benefactors, with a 
 special anthem composed by the Professor of Music, 
 followed by a banquet in Hall and a dessert in the long 
 gallery. The founder's family was represented by the 
 Earl of Westmorland, and among the past members 
 invited are mentioned the Hon. Mr. Cockayne, Sir 
 Edmund Bacon, Sir John Cotton, Sir Edward Lyttleton, 
 Sir Richard Chase, Sir J. B. Warren. It was also 
 attended by William Pitt, recently elected member for 
 the University and just appointed Chancellor of the 
 Exchequer, as well as by the Vice-Chancellor and other 
 University officials. The paragraph goes on to speak 
 with admiration of the 'attention of the Master and 
 society to accommodate their numerous guests,' and of 
 'the decency and propriety mixed with the convivial 
 good-humour of the whole.' Gunning in his reminiscences 
 gives, after his wont, a rather more frivolous account 
 of the festivity, recording the lively turtles to be seen in 
 tubs at the Lodge, and the song of the Music Professor 
 in the character of a drunken man. He had heard 
 also from his father, who seems to have been a 
 guest, that Pitt was 'the life and soul of the party.' 
 The celebration seems to have been little more 
 than a somewhat elaborate commemoration of bene- 
 factors, and no allusion to it found its way into the 
 order-book. It was on this occasion that it was 
 arranged to have engravings made of Farmer's portrait, 
 which gave rise to a rather poor J^m (Tesprit, which, 
 
 11 
 
162 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 however, has the merit of telling us one or two 
 facts : 
 
 ' As to the eating part, of that 
 Good plenty was at hand ; 
 Twelve bucks in larder, firm and fat, 
 From good Lord Westmorland. 
 
 ' Melons and pines from Stevens came 
 (Stevens himself a feast), 
 Huge hampers of outlandish game. 
 And turtles ready drest. 
 
 ' To crown the whole with one good laugh. 
 The Master (merry elf!) 
 Hands round proposals to engrave 
 A likeness of himself.' 
 
 When the College had lived through another century, 
 the anniversary was celebrated on a much more 
 elaborate scale. It may be as well here, once for all, 
 to notice this later celebration side by side with the 
 older one. The Master was then the Rev. S. G. 
 Phear, the Senior Tutor was Mr. W. Chawner (since 
 Master), the Steward Mr. W. N. Shaw, and the Bui-sar 
 the Rev. A. Rose. These officers took great and most 
 successful pains to make the celebration effective. In- 
 vitations were sent to Harvard College, Massachusetts, 
 which was accordingly represented by Professor Charles 
 Eliot Norton, and to the American Minister, James 
 Russell Lowell, who also attended. The founder's 
 family was represented by Sir Henry Mildmay, the Earl 
 of Westmorland being unable to come. About 209 
 members of the College also accepted the invitation, 
 an4 w^ere accommodated in the College rooms or in those 
 
from a />/ioio_i;ra//i by \ 
 
 [J. Fainter Clarke, Ca)i/o> iiii^i 
 
 THE HALL 
 
FARMER'S MASTERSHIP 163 
 
 lent by Chrisfs College. The New Court was covered 
 in with a tent, and a banquet in the hall on June 18 
 was followed by a great luncheon in the tent on the 
 19th. At the commemoration service in chapel on the 
 morning of the 19th, the sermon was preached by 
 Dr. Harold Browne, Bishop of Winchester, a former 
 Fellow and Tutor, and a special anthem was composed 
 by the Music Professor, Sir G. A. Macfarren. As in 
 the earlier celebration, the banquet was attended by the 
 members for the University, the Vice-Chancellor, Heads 
 of houses, and other University officials. The presence 
 of the American Minister, and of Professor Norton, 
 representing Harvard, was felt to give the proceedings 
 a special interest, as illustrating the earliest history of 
 the College and the continuity of its connexions and 
 influence throughout its history. Mr. Norton in his two 
 speeches dwelt at length on the connexion of Emmanuel 
 with the early Puritan movement and with the men who 
 made so great a figure in New England in the seventeenth 
 century. The twenty years which have followed this 
 celebration have been years of steady growth, becoming 
 in the last ten almost phenomenal, and it does not seem 
 altogether chimerical to trace in it some effect of this 
 carefully arranged and liberally conducted festival, 
 which made the material and intellectual expansion of 
 the College widely known. 
 
 Farmer died on September 8, 1797, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Robert Towerson Cory (Fellow 1782) on the 
 15th of the same month. His death seems to mark 
 the end of the ancient history of the College : Cory's 
 mastership, which lasted till 1835, brings us within 
 the memory of some still surviving. We may here, 
 
 11—2 
 
164 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 therefore, conclude this period of the College history 
 by mentioning some names of those who, having been 
 in the College as Farmer's contemporaries or pupils, after- 
 wards attained distinction. Among classical scholars 
 may be mentioned Samuel Parr (1747-1825), who entered 
 the College in October, 1765, but was obliged to leave 
 at the end of the next year, on the death of his father, 
 who left him very slenderly provided. He became a 
 master at Harrow, and in 1771, becoming a candi- 
 date for the headmastership, took his M.A. by royal 
 mandate. Failing to become headmaster of Harrow, he 
 obtained the masterships of other schools, and long had 
 a private school of his own. Finally he held the living' 
 of Hatton, and was Prebendary of St. PauPs. He 
 enjoyed great reputation as a Latinist, and as a 
 strenuous supporter of Whig opinions. He had kept 
 his name on the books of the College, but in 1784 
 migrated to St. John's, being admitted there on 
 April 10. In later life, however, he frequently 
 visited Emmanuel, and was a member of the parlour 
 for some years, and seems, from various anecdotes 
 surviving, to have sometimes behaved in the over- 
 bearing way which made him somewhat notorious 
 elsewhere. For instance, when in 1814 a certain John 
 Griffith (afterwards Canon of Rochester) was elected 
 Fellow, he was introduced to Parr in the parlour, who 
 replied by asking, ' A Welshman ?' and when Griffith 
 owned the charge. Parr blurted out, ' I never knew a 
 Welshman who was not a rascal, "* and turned his back. 
 The fiery Cambrian insisted on an apology, and got it, 
 but a good many others suffered in silence. Parr, 
 however, was attached to the College in spite of his 
 
FARMER'S MASTERSHIP 165 
 
 radical politics, subscribed c£*100 at the time of the fire, 
 and gave books to the library. An editio princeps of 
 Aristophanes, which had once belonged to Sir Samuel 
 Romilly, contains a letter addressed to Cory in 1819 
 in which he says, ' I cannot help smiling when I 
 recollect that your Tory Rory College is to have a 
 present tainted in its progress to you by the politics 
 of two such naughty Whigs as Sir Samuel Romilly and 
 Samuel Parr.' The College also now possesses his 
 silver pipe and tobacco-box. 
 
 Another distinguished name is that of Sir 
 William Gell (1777-1836), who became Dixie Fellow 
 in 1798 (having graduated from Jesus). He pub- 
 lished as early as 1804 a book on the Troad, and 
 afterwards made elaborate tours in the Morea and 
 other parts of Greece, of which he wrote accounts 
 of considerable topographical value. Later in life he 
 resided in Italy, and entertained Sir Walter Scott at 
 Naples and Pompeii, of which last he published an 
 account in 1832. Though, of course, much of what he 
 wrote is now superseded, it was published at a time 
 when little was known in Western Europe of Greece, 
 or of the classical remains in Italy. Among his friends 
 at Emmanuel was Thomas Young (1773-1829), who, 
 after studying in Germany and elsewhere, came as a 
 Fellow-commoner to Emmanuel in 1797, and remained 
 there three years in order to take a medical degree. 
 His discoveries of the undulatory theory of light and 
 of the key to the interpretation of Egyptian inscriptions 
 were only part of his immense services to science, which 
 made his name famous throughout the world. The por- 
 trait in the combination room is a copy of the original. 
 
166 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 His monument in Westminster Abbey is by Chantrey. 
 Farmer's successor in the tutorship was William 
 Bennet, a name which deserves well of an historian of 
 Emmanuel, for he recopied and continued Richardson's 
 register of the College, and made considerable collections 
 of papers, letters, and anecdotes illustrating its history. 
 He was a good scholar, especially as a Latinist, but his 
 work on the Roman roads in Britain is not of permanent 
 value. He went, as his chaplain, with Lord West- 
 morland — a former pupil — when Lord-Lieutenant of 
 Ireland, and in 1790 was made Bishop of Cork, and 
 translated to Cloyne in 1794. Like other Irish Bishops, 
 he spent many of his later years in London, where he 
 died in 1820. About 1785 Emmanuel also became the 
 residence of Sir Busick Harwood, Professor of Anatomy, 
 who removed thither from Christ's, till his marriage in 
 1798. He seems to have done a good deal for the 
 anatomical studies of the place, and on the founding of 
 Downing College was the first Downing Professor of 
 Medicine. Till a few yeai-s ago there was a human 
 skeleton in the antechapel, said to have been that 
 used by him in his lectures, delivered at four o'clock 
 in the afternoon in term time, though a fond tradi- 
 tion would have it to be the bones of a Fellow-com- 
 moner of the seventeenth century who was killed in a 
 duel. 
 
 A picture of what must have been rather the seamy side 
 of undergraduate life in the middle of the eighteenth 
 century, about the time of Farmer's and Bennet's 
 undergraduateship, is given in the memoir of the Rev. 
 Dr. Trusler published in 1806. Trusler entered the 
 College in 1754, and resided three years. He seems 
 
FARMER^S MASTERSHIP 167 
 
 to have wasted his time, and in after years thus 
 comments on University life : 
 
 ' Young men of fortune are sometimes sent to the 
 Universities that they may boast of having had a University 
 education, or more probably to keep them out of harm's 
 way at that critical period of their life when their passions 
 are afloat and outstrip their reason. Study is out of the 
 question ; they keep their horses, and sometimes their girls, 
 and attend but little to academical exercises. As to pro- 
 fessional students (some very few excepted), they are 
 worse scholars at leaving College than at their admission. 
 I heard one Tutor once censure a young man at lectures, 
 who had been nearly three years at College, by saying that 
 he knew less than a freshman which sat next him. '* Well, 
 and what of that.^" retorts the youth: "he is but just come 
 from school." As to the Fellow-commoners, they were 
 always at Cambridge called "empty-bottles" from the follow- 
 ing circumstance that occurred at Emmanuel. Wine-mer- 
 chants send their porters occasionally round the Colleges 
 to collect the bottles : one of these men, during the hour 
 of lecture, knocked at the lecture-room door by mistake, 
 and called out, " Empty bottles !" The Tutor, then out of 
 humour at being attended by only one Fellow-commoner, 
 when there were twenty in College, cried out, " Call again 
 another time ; I have now but one." ' 
 
 This soon got wind, and these young gentlemen of 
 the first class went afterwards throughout the University 
 by the name of ' empty bottles.' He then goes on to 
 tell how he became much sought after in College, 
 because, soon after his admission, 
 
 'strolling round the boundary, I perceived a key left in 
 the gate at the lower end of the adjoining close, through 
 
168 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 which the gardener was wheeling dung. I took the oppor- 
 tunity, whilst he was at dinner, to take this key to a 
 neighbouring smith, got an impression struck off in thin 
 iron, brought it back, and replaced it unnoticed. From 
 this impression I had a key made, and as our gates were 
 locked at six in winter and nine in summer, and the name 
 of everyone who entered after these hours was carried up 
 by the porter to the Master of the College, with the time 
 of his coming in, and he was reprimanded and punished 
 according to his irregularity, everyone wished to become 
 my friend, with a view of benefiting occasionally by this 
 my ticket of admission.' 
 
 But if such defiance of authority was possible, outward 
 respect to the officials was enforced with some rigour : 
 
 'It was a custom at our College, if an undergraduate 
 passed through one of the quadrangles when a Fellow of 
 the College was in view, to walk with his cap in his hand, 
 let the weather be what it might. Being always troubled 
 with weak eyes, one day, when it mizzled, I omitted this 
 ceremony, and as a punishment I was ordered to translate 
 Caesar's Gallic Wars, from his Latin Commentaries, about 
 half an octavo volume, and to keep my room till it was 
 done. So severe a punishment for so slight an offence 
 roused my pride, and the Christmas vacation of a month 
 approaching, not having done it, I was refused leave to go 
 home. Taking, therefore, French leave, on my return I 
 was rusticated — that is, banished from College sine die, 
 during the pleasure of the Master ; who, however, recalled 
 me in time, so that I did not lose a term.* 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 MASTEESHIPS OF K. T. CORY (1797-1835), G. ARCH- 
 DALL-GRATWICKE (1835-1871), S. G. PHEAR (1871- 
 1895), AND WILLIAM CHAWNER, THE PRESENT 
 MASTER 
 
 The mastership of Robert Towerson Cory was not a 
 period of much movement or distinction for the College. 
 He was himself Professor of Moral Philosophy from 1809 
 to 1813, but he does not seem to have attracted much 
 ability to the College. A few men of some note who 
 were about his contemporaries were still living — such as 
 Manners Sutton, Archbishop of Canterbury (1805-1828), 
 who took an active part in the Evangelical revival in 
 the Church ; Robert Potter (B.A. 1741), author of a 
 once famous translation of iEschylus, as well as of 
 Euripides, survived till 1804, as Vicar of Lowestoft and 
 Canon of Norwich ; Thomas Young, already noticed, 
 did not die till 1829 ; Charles Long, Lord Farnborough, 
 Paymaster-General, in 1838 ; Robert Saunders Dundas, 
 Viscount Melville, First Lord of the Admiralty, in 1851 ; 
 Sir William Gell, already noticed, in 1838; George 
 Dyer, a minor poet, in 1841, with some others of more 
 or less moderate reputation. Thomas Percy, editor of 
 
 169 
 
170 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 Percy"*s Reliques, and Bishop of Dromore, was an Oxford 
 man, but became connected with the College in 1780, 
 when he took the degree of D.D. from Emmanuel, and 
 survived till 1811. But there does not appear to have 
 been successors of these men in Cory's time. The 
 numbers continued small : the entrances from 1801 to 
 1810 averaged 147 ; from 1811 to 1820, 21 ; from 1821 
 to 1830, 21-8; from 1831 to 1840, 17*1. No doubt 
 the war accounts for the fall in the first decade to some 
 extent; but for one reason or another the first forty 
 years of the nineteenth century saw the College at a 
 low point as to numbers and credit. Those who joined 
 it about this time have described it as a gentlemanly 
 College, in which few did serious work, while sports- 
 manship was in high esteem. On a hunting morning 
 some dozen horses, it is said, would be in waiting at the 
 College gates. We look in vain for any names of 
 distinction among the Fellows. In the last years of the 
 eighteenth century the College revenues were hampered 
 by the expenses of two lawsuits, making it necessary in 
 1798 to suspend elections, while the Gillingham Fellow- 
 ship continued vacant till 1801. Then the insigne 
 detrimentum was declared to be at an end, and from 
 that time the financial position of the College continued 
 steadily to improve. The College order-book speaks 
 now rather of investing surpluses than of borrowing, a 
 state of things apparently not seriously affected by the 
 fire of 1811. In 1807 a considerable addition was 
 made to the various stipends — ^£^160 to the Master, 
 <^40 to each of the Fellows, ^^^4 to the sizars, 6s. 
 weekly allowance to the scholars, with £6 12s. to their 
 annual stipend. These additions continue to recur at 
 
CORY^S MASTERSHIP 171 
 
 intervals— in 1845, 1850, 1856— till in 1861 the average 
 payments were reckoned to the Master =£^1,250, the 
 senior seniorum .£^318, each senior £S06, each middle 
 Fellow £286, each junior £268. After 1861 the 
 distinction between the Fellows disappeared, and each 
 Fellow had the same stipend, averaging somewhat over 
 c^'SOO per annum, till the new statutes of 1883 restricted 
 it to ^£^250 per annum. 
 
 Attempts to raise the standard of teaching, however, 
 along with this increasing prosperity were somewhat 
 few and slow. The first, perhaps, was the election of 
 E. V. Blomfield from Caius (1813), who had obtained the 
 first Chancellor's Medal for Classics. He was a brother 
 of another scholar famous in his day, C. J. Blomfield, 
 Bishop of London. He, unfortunately, died in 1816, 
 quite young, but he left behind him a translation of 
 Matthiae's Gfeek Gramma?^, a great advance on anything 
 then existing in England, and the first-fruits of the 
 renewed intercourse with the Continent, so long barred 
 by the protracted war. A tablet to his memory is in 
 the College cloister. In these early years of the century 
 the number of resident Fellows seems to have been very 
 small, the College orders being seldom signed by more 
 than five. After 1818 the number steadily increases, 
 eight or ten frequently signing the order-book, and 
 seldom less than seven. In the election of Fellows, also, 
 increased regard began to be paid to intellectual fitness. 
 The old stringent examination, which Sancroft spoke of 
 as scaring away candidates, seems to have gradually fallen 
 into neglect. The Tripos list no doubt was taken as 
 an equivalent, but even that had not been strictly 
 regarded. In 1827, however, an order of May 23 
 
172 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 directed that no one should be considered properly 
 qualified for a Fellowship whose name did not appear in 
 the list of Wranglers or in the first class of the Classical 
 Tripos (established 1824), or among the Senior Optimes 
 and second class Classical Tripos, with the reservation 
 in favour of any other University honour open to public 
 competition. Some difficulty, no doubt, occurred in 
 carrying this rule out from the regulation as to no two 
 Fellows being of the same county ; at any rate, it was 
 violated in the same year by the election of Colbeck 
 and Bunch, and in the next by that of Dickson, while 
 some Wranglers and one first class man are passed over. 
 But up to the end of Cory's mastership Emmanuel men 
 are very rarely found in either Tripos. In 1832, by 
 another order, a double method of selecting Fellows 
 appears to have been established. Each candidate is 
 * to be placed previously to examination in that position 
 relative to his competitors to which his University 
 distinction may entitle him.' Then, however, there is 
 to be an examination, and 
 
 ' no candidate is to be elected who shall not upon examina- 
 tion show a competent proficiency in every one of the 
 subjects : viz., Mathematics and Natural Philosophy ; 
 Hebrew, Greek, Latin ; Elements of Theology, especially 
 the Greek Testament.* 
 
 This seems to mean that place in the University exam- 
 ination is to decide who is the proper person to elect, 
 but that he must then pass a qualifying examination in 
 other subjects. If this scheme was ever put in practice, 
 it did not long survive — at any rate, with any effect, as 
 it was impossible that it should. For no amount of 
 
CORY'S MASTERSHIP 173 
 
 general knowledge would really counterbalance great 
 superiority of degree. 
 
 But the final clause of the order foreshadowed 
 a policy which has distinguished the College among 
 others in Cambridge in recent years : ' In the event 
 of no candidate fulfilling the above conditions, that 
 resource be had to some other College, as directed 
 by the statutes." This was not often resorted to for 
 some years : W. P. Anderson from St. John's (1850), 
 and J. B. Pearson from the same College, being the 
 only examples before 1870. But after that date, be- 
 ginning with the names of Hort and Greenhill, there 
 have been a series of out-College elections, and at this 
 day six of the foundation Fellows and the large majority 
 of the teaching staff are from other Colleges. The 
 establishment of the Dixie Professorship of Ecclesiastical 
 History (1884), endowed partly from the Dixie Estate, 
 and partly by a senior Fellowship of Emmanuel, has 
 made the presence of at least one out-College man almost 
 certain (for though the Professor may be a member of 
 the College, the office is open to all the world), and as far 
 as it has existed it has been an intellectual benefit. The 
 first election took place in 1884, and brought to the 
 College the late Mandell Creighton, afterwards Bishop 
 successively of Peterborough and London, whose vigorous 
 intellect, wide literary sympathies, and absolute disdain 
 of the commonplace, seemed to bring a breath of fresh 
 air into the College. The policy of seeking for ability 
 wherever it was to be found had already proved success- 
 ful in the person of F. J. A. Hort, elected in 1871, when 
 Rector of St. Ippolyts in Hertfordshire. Formerly a 
 Fellow of Trinity, after a distinguished undergraduate 
 
174 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 career, he brought with him on his return to Cambridge 
 the habits and atmosphere of a scholar's life, which, com- 
 bined with great liberality and breadth of view, soon won 
 him wide influence in the University, and proved of great 
 value at the period when the College was (with others) 
 passing through a rather troublous time of change. 
 HorVs services to the criticism of the Greek Testament 
 are well known, and were (somewhat inadequately) 
 rewarded by the Norrisian and Lady Margaret Professor- 
 ships ; but the influence exercised upon his surroundings 
 by his indefatigable industry and high ideal of truth 
 and accuracy, necessarily less well known, should be 
 recorded here. He died in 1892. 
 
 These developments were still in the distant future 
 under Cory's administration, but it is only fair to say 
 that they were in accordance with a policy initiated in 
 his time, in the belief that the way to make the College 
 flourishing and popular was to get the best men to 
 conduct its teaching. It retained, indeed, its sturdy 
 Toryism and Churchmanship. There is an order of 
 February 14, 1829, directing the College seal to be 
 aflixed to a petition to both Houses of Parliament 
 against the Catholic Relief Bill, though the order is 
 rescinded two days later, for what reason does not 
 appear. In the previous year the College subscribed 
 c£100 for the establishment of King's College, London, 
 which, while no doubt prompted by ecclesiastical 
 motives, shows at least an interest in education. About 
 the same time measures were taken to repair and make 
 available the College library ; and while the financial 
 position admitted of the erection of the New Court near 
 the site of the old Bungay Building, without borrowing 
 
ARCHDALL-GRATWICKF;S mastership 175 
 
 or raising subscriptions, the number of scholars was 
 well maintained, ten being admitted, for instance, in 
 one day in 1 829. Among them is the name of a man 
 who rose to some distinction, and was at different 
 periods a well-known figure in the College — Edward 
 Harold Browne, afterwards a Fellow (1837), Norrisian 
 Professor of Divinity, and Bishop successively of Ely 
 and Winchester. He was a man of singular personal 
 charm, and was noted as a Bishop for maintaining 
 peace and harmony in his dioceses. His chief literary 
 work was an exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles 
 which long held its position as a standard exposition 
 of Anglican doctrine. He had been a tutor of Downing, 
 and his tenure of his Fellowship at Emmanuel was 
 brief; but in 1884 he was elected to an honorary 
 Fellowship, which he held till his death in 1891. 
 
 Cory died in April, 1835, and was succeeded on the 
 30th of that month by George Archdall, B.D. (Fellow 
 1817), who retained the office for over thirty- six years, 
 and later in life assumed the additional surname of 
 Gratwicke. He was also Canon of Norwich. He had 
 in early life been one of the English travellers detained 
 in France by Napoleon at the rupture of peace in 1803 
 till 1810, and took pleasure in telling anecdotes of the 
 Emperor. He was twice Vice-chancellor — first in the 
 year of his election, and again in 1841. The new master- 
 ship began with extensive repairs and improvements of 
 the Lodge, and of the stables, which then stood on the 
 site now occupied by the Hostel and Tutor"'s house. His 
 first two years witnessed the purchase of the living of 
 East Bergholt for ^8,000, the division of Loughborough 
 into two independent parishes, and the purchase 
 
176 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 of a strip of waste land from the Corporation, which 
 added to the Fellow'*s Garden the site of the present 
 greenhouse, at the price of c^'SO (1837). An order of 
 March 25 of the same year seems to show that under the 
 late regime the old complaints as to lax behaviour in 
 chapel were still not without some grounds. After the 
 beginning of the next October term, undergraduates 
 and Bachelors are required to be in chapel before the 
 Psalms begin. The same entry forbids Fellows taking 
 MSS. from the College library without a special order. 
 The new broom began in the usual way. At the same 
 time more extensive alterations seem to have been in 
 contemplation, for an order of October 26, 1837, 
 directs counsel's opinion to be taken as to whether ' the 
 Queen in Council, or any power short of an Act of 
 Parliament, can alter or amend any of our statutes.' 
 But if reforms were contemplated, nothing came of 
 them for many years. Meanwhile the finances were 
 flourishing. A further increase of stipends all round 
 is made in April, 1837, on the express ground that * on 
 an examination of the present resources of the College, 
 there is a considerable surplus of income over ex- 
 penditure.' Archdall had been Bursar at the time 
 of his election to the mastership, and no doubt had 
 contributed to this result. At any rate the College had 
 now reached firm ground, from which it has never 
 really receded. The value of its property seems to 
 have steadily risen, and though, like others, it has 
 suffered from agricultural depression, the gifts of early 
 benefactors of properties in or near London have more 
 than made up for the loss, so that, as we shall see, it 
 has been found possible during the last few years to 
 
ARCHDALL-GRATWICKKS MASTERSHIP 177 
 
 raise the number of Fellowships to sixteen, and to endow 
 studentships for research. 
 
 The mastership of Dr. Archdall-Gratwicke was not 
 an eventful one, except in regard to the changes follow- 
 ing the Commission of 1861. Survivors who remember 
 him only knew him in extreme old age, when he was 
 naturally averse from all change. He was devoted to 
 the College interests, and was a man of singular good 
 sense, with the charm of an old-time courtesy. But he 
 was probably at all times slow to admit of change. 
 Under his administration the College shared the general 
 prejudice as to the damage to property likely to be 
 caused by railways, and in 1843 resisted the scheme of 
 the Great Eastern station at Stratford, just as in 1851 
 it resisted the scheme for an improved water-supply 
 to Cambridge. Still, some important changes did take 
 place in his time. They begin with the alteration of the 
 statutes in 1861, following the University Commission. 
 These changes include the abolition of the rule affecting 
 Fellows and scholars, which forbade more than one to 
 be elected from the same county, as well as of the dis- 
 tinction between senior and junior among the Fellows 
 themselves. As regards the fund for assisting under- 
 graduates, a considerable step was taken towards 
 amalgamation. Ten small exhibitions were abolished, 
 and their endowment placed to the credit of a general 
 scholarship fund. The ten Ash exhibitions, with 
 preference to candidates from Derby and Ashbyde-la- 
 Zouch, were abolished, and in their place ten scholar- 
 ships of ^50 and two exhibitions of ^£'50 were estab- 
 lished. The scholarships were open to all, but the two 
 exhibitions were still called Ash, and retained the 
 
 12 
 
178 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 preference to those two schools. A number of other 
 small scholarships were also combined in one fund 
 maintaining five scholarships of £S0. As to the Fellow- 
 ships, the distinction between the Gillingham and 
 foundation Fellows was abolished. The Gillingham 
 endowment was transferred to the general fund, which 
 was to support twelve Fellows, with the understanding 
 that a thirteenth was to be established when the College 
 property admitted of it. Some relaxation as to mar- 
 riage was also made. Statute XX. allowed the election 
 of men distinguished in literature in spite of being 
 married, but Fellows so elected were never to exceed a 
 sixth of the whole body, nor were they to have a right 
 to College livings. Of other Fellows, those who had 
 served fifteen years as Assistant-Tutor (afterwards inter- 
 preted to include Tutor) or Bursar were allowed to 
 retain their Fellowships after marriage, with the leave of 
 two-thirds of the society and the approval of the Vice- 
 Chancellor. The amount of external income forfeiting 
 a Fellowship was raised (as it had been often before) 
 to c^SOO per annum. Membership of the Established 
 Church was still compulsory both for Master and Fellows, 
 but the regulation as to Orders was somewhat relaxed. 
 Though a layman as a general rule was to forfeit his 
 Fellowship at the end of ten years, he could retain it 
 if he was an Assistant-Tutor (or Tutor) or Bursar, and 
 had held those offices for three years, but only as long 
 as he retained one of them. Fifteen years' service, 
 however, entitled a man to retain his Fellowship for life, 
 so long as not more than two Fellowships were so held. 
 With this renewed constitution the College pursued an 
 even way of moderate success, both as to numbers and 
 
DR. PHEAR'S MASTERSHIP 179 
 
 University honours. The entrances from 1831 to 1840 
 averaged 17*1 ; from 1841 to 1850 there was a rise to 
 27-5 ; from 1851 to 1860 there was another rise to 30*2; 
 from 1861 to 1870, a fall to 26'5. Other changes were 
 the establishment, in 1861, of the system of open 
 scholarships offered for competition before residence, 
 the first election taking place in 1862 ; the commence- 
 ment of a building fund in 1868 ; and the reopening, 
 after many years of silence, of the College organ, and the 
 formation of a voluntary choir among members of the 
 College. 
 
 Dr. Archdall-Gratwicke died in the Lodge on Sep- 
 tember 16, 1871, and on the 2nd of the following 
 October Samuel George Phear, B.D., Senior Tutor 
 and Bursar, was elected to succeed him. He next year 
 took the degree of Doctor in Divinity, and was Vice- 
 chancellor in 1874 and 1875. Dr. Phear''s master- 
 ship (1871-1895) witnessed many changes, and the 
 initiation, at any rate, of many measures which have 
 largely contributed to the expansion of recent years. 
 The new statutes of 1882 — arrived at after long 
 and laborious discussion extending over nearly six 
 years — have very greatly changed the constitution 
 and administration of the College. The governing 
 body is still the Master and Fellows, but no Fellow 
 below the degree of M.A. can vote until he has been a 
 Fellow for one year, nor any Fellow who has been 
 absent from one half of the meetings in the preceding 
 year. Such Fellows are not members of the governing 
 body. The old distinction between senior and junior 
 Fellows is revived, but neither senior nor junior Fellow 
 can hold his Fellowship for more than six years unless 
 
 12—2 
 
180 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 he holds the office of Dean, Tutor, Assistant-Tutor, 
 or Bursar. Fifteen years' service as Senior Tutor, or 
 twenty-five in any other of the above-named offices, 
 entitles a man to his Fellowship for life. The relative 
 number of seniors and juniors is never to differ by more 
 than three, and before an election the governing body 
 is to decide whether it is to be to a senior or junior 
 Fellowship. A junior Fellow may be elected to a 
 senior Fellowship, but has no claim to be so elected. 
 Practically all the scholarships are now merged in one 
 scholarship fund,* out of which the governing body can 
 elect to scholarships and exhibitions of whatever value 
 and to whatever number they think right and the fund 
 can maintain, the one restriction being that there must 
 be at least twelve of not less value than £60 ; while the 
 maximum value of those off'ered for open competition 
 before residence is to be i^80. The purely educational 
 part of the College work is now in the hands of an 
 ' Educational Board,' consisting of the Master, Senior 
 Tutor, and two Fellows elected by the governing body. 
 This board arranges lectures, appoints and removes 
 lecturers (with an appeal to the governing body), and 
 nominates Assistant-Tutors. There are now four Tutors 
 nominated by the Master and elected by the governing 
 body. Each holds office for fifteen years, and can be 
 re-elected. He can only be removed by a majority of 
 the governing body, with an appeal to the Visitor. 
 Neither marriage nor the being in Holy Orders now 
 
 * Except the Thorpe scholarships and the Ashby-de-la-Zouch 
 exhibitions. The latter have still a preference to Derby, and the 
 Johnson to Oakham and Uppingham, the Smith to Durham, and 
 the Dixie to Market Bosworth. 
 
DR. PHEAR^S MASTERSHIP 181 
 
 makes any difference in regard to the tenure of Fellow- 
 ships. The stipend of the Fellows depends from year 
 to year on the divisible balance of revenue, but is never 
 to exceed ^^250. The number of sizars and subsizars 
 has been increased, but the old distinction as to dining 
 at the end of Hall on dishes which had been served at 
 the high table has been abolished. 
 
 The alteration in the use of the Dixie funds, which 
 now endow a Professorship instead of supporting two 
 Fellows, the surplus being hitherto invested in the pur- 
 chase of advowsons of livings, has already been noticed. 
 The governing body in 1899 exercised its discretion 
 in regard to the money set apart for educational 
 purposes by founding a studentship for advanced study 
 and research to the value of ^£^120 per annum, to enable a 
 young graduate to prosecute some branch of original 
 investigation either in England or abroad. In 1902 
 the rise of the College revenue consequent on the falling 
 in of the valuable lease in Threadneedle Street, and the 
 development of the Hyde farm as a building property, 
 not only enabled the Society to raise the number of 
 Fellows (with the approval of the Visitor) to sixteen, 
 but also to establish two more studentships for advanced 
 study and research of the annual value of =£150, and to 
 announce that they are willing to consider applications 
 for aid in publishing the result of such independent 
 work by members of the College. They have also 
 encouraged the system of resident Advanced Students 
 lately established in the University, by offering an 
 exhibition of .^50 to one of those coming into residence 
 in the College. 
 
 This rise in the value of its property in or near 
 
182 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 London has so greatly affected the fortunes of the 
 College that it ought to be described a little more 
 fully, as a curious instance of benefactions of which 
 little note was taken at the time, but which has 
 resulted in a noble endowment of learning. The 
 properties are three in number. On November 14, 
 1585, Sir Walter conveyed to his new foundation a 
 house in Bishopsgate Street, which was an inn called 
 the Swan, once possessed by the Gild of St. Julian, or 
 Innkeepers' Gild. With it was another house, given, 
 apparently on Sir Walter's suggestion, by one John 
 Morley. The rent produced by the property was £4}. 
 It went through various developments, always, until 
 about 1870, remaining an inn called the Four Swans. 
 It is now a block of offices, etc., bringing in a rental 
 of ^1,700. Secondly, in 1588, one Walter Dunch, on 
 September 27, gave the College some houses in Thread- 
 needle Street, in accordance with the will of Mr. John 
 Barnes, who left his estate to be settled on some College 
 in Oxford or Cambridge, at the discretion of his executor. 
 The College gave a forty years'* lease of it at the rent 
 of £11 13s. 4d., receiving fines for renewal varying 
 from £105 to £2^0. The buildings were burnt in the 
 Great Fire, but rebuilt by the lessees, who were repaid 
 by getting an equitable rearrangement of their lease 
 agreed upon before Judges. In 1843 it was leased for 
 sixty years at a rent of ^300. It now brings in 
 <£»3,000. Thirdly, the Hyde Farm, near Clapham, 
 Surrey, consisting of about 61 acres, came into the 
 possession of the College in 1629 by purchase. Till 
 recently the terms on which it was leased varied little. 
 It was let on a twenty-one years' lease for a rent 
 
DR. PHEAR'S MASTERSHIP 183 
 
 of £9,0, with a fine for renewal which varied from 
 £11 to dP200. It has now been largely built over, and 
 produces a rent of ^2,700. 
 
 These developments have carried us to a time be- 
 yond Dr. Phear's mastership. Other measures that fall 
 within it are the beginning of the hostel system, and 
 the erection of the new buildings designed for that 
 purpose at the east end of the close, and the adjoining 
 Tutor's house. In 1884 an entrance examination was 
 established ; in 1885 a slight increase was made in the 
 tuition fee, in order that the Lecturers might do for 
 their men what had formerly been done at much 
 greater cost by private Tutors ; in 1886 an exhibition 
 and other encouragements were devised for candidates 
 for the India Civil Service ; in 1887 a Library Com- 
 mittee was formed which has done much to keep the 
 College Library supplied with all books that might be 
 useful to Fellows or scholars engaged in any serious 
 study. In 1884 a junior students' library was begun 
 in a set of rooms in the Old Court , containing the most 
 necessary books of reference and all the ordinary books 
 used in the several branches of University study, to be at 
 the service of all members of the College under the usual 
 conditions of a lending library. About the same time 
 another set of chambers in the Old Court was converted 
 into a reading and debating room. Minor improve- 
 ments were the lease of a cricket and football field, 
 the erection of a boathouse, the building of a fives- 
 court, the laying out of the close for tennis, the re- 
 decoration of the hall and chapel, the introduction 
 of electric light : all of which have added to the beauty, 
 convenience, and general amenity of the College. 
 
184 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 Dr. Phear'^s mastership was also distinguished by the 
 tercentenary celebration already described, over which 
 he presided with great dignity and success (1884). 
 It also witnessed the gradual formation of a staff of 
 teachers which could bear comparison with any other 
 College in the University. So that the words used by 
 himself in his speech at the tercentenary dinner may be 
 with some truth repeated : 
 
 ' It was Thomas Fuller's wish for the Emmanuel in his 
 day : " May she never want milk for her babes, or babes 
 for her milk." I may say confidently, but without boast- 
 ing, that the milk was never more plenteous than now.* 
 
 Dr. Phear's mastership, like those of Drs. Chaderton 
 and Sancroft, came to an end in October, 1895, by 
 resignation. Under his successor, William Chawner — 
 the first lay Master — these various improvements, many 
 of which had been initiated and brought to successful 
 working by his zeal and energy as Senior Tutor, have 
 borne great and conspicuous fruit. There has been, in 
 the first place, a phenomenal rise in numbers. It began 
 in the decade 1881-1890, when the average of entrances 
 was 42-8 ; it went on in the next decade (1891-1900) to 
 62 '5 ; and that average has been still further increased 
 during the present century, the entrances in 1903 
 amounting to 70, a larger number than had been reached 
 since the restoration of 1660. The increase in the 
 College revenue, and the use to which that increase has 
 been put, have already been described. It has been 
 rewarded — in common with the zeal and reputation of 
 the Tutors — not only by swollen numbers, but by the 
 ability attracted to the College, whose members have in 
 
WILLIAM CHAWNER'S MASTERSHIP 185 
 
 the last few years secured an unprecedentedly large share 
 in the list of University honours. 
 
 With this has come also a considerable improve- 
 ment in the site of the College itself, facilitating 
 the extension of the buildings whenever it becomes 
 wise or necessary to entertain any such plan. By 
 the purchase of the house at the south-western comer 
 of the southern garden, an obstacle to the use of 
 that side of the College grounds has been removed. 
 But more important still, the College is on the 
 point of getting possession of Emmanuel Street, in 
 return for surrendering ground for a new street about 
 100 yards farther down St. Andrew's Street, which — as 
 the houses on the north side are already in its possession 
 — would enable it at some future time to erect almost as 
 large a court as any in Cambridge. When the College 
 was founded it was almost outside the town, with little 
 or nothing between it and the open country ; it was on 
 the fringe of the University, remote from its heart and 
 centre. Not only has the town grown round it, but the 
 University has crept up to it. The new Museums and 
 the laboratories on the site of the old botanic garden, 
 and on the Downing ground opposite, have caused the 
 College to be closer than most others to the crowded 
 lecture-rooms of the new learning. Its members fondly 
 believe that this is ominous of a great future beyond 
 the dream of Sir Walter, when he planted his acorn in 
 faith, without venturing to foretell what would come of 
 the tree which was to grow from it and to spread its 
 branches far and wide. The list of benefactors given in 
 the Appendix will serve as an indication of how the 
 stream, starting from the foundation of his bounty, has 
 
186 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 grown and widened. Nor is it only or chiefly the hands 
 of the great, famous, or wealthy that have done this. It is 
 worth noticing how isolated acts of obscure donors have 
 contributed to the great result. Neither of Dunch nor 
 Barnes, from whom came the property in Threadneedle 
 Street, can any information be obtained. Francis Ash 
 is only known as a 'citizen of London"*; of the long 
 list of benefactors recorded by Cooper the majority are 
 wholly obscure — country clergy, schoolmasters, mer- 
 chants or small landowners. The seed silently sown by 
 almost unknown hands has borne a generous harvest. 
 
CHAPTER X 
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 The Founder, among his other provisions for the 
 College, designed to present to it certain books in the 
 four faculties of Theology, Logic, Rhetoric and History. 
 A volume of many pages of vellum still exists, on the 
 first of which it is stated that he ' librariae prima posuit 
 elementa.' Seven books are mentioned, six of which are 
 still in the library, of which the first three contain his 
 autograph. The six are: (1) A large French Bible, 
 folio, on the title-page of which he wrote, 'Ex dono 
 ministrorum totius Ecclesiae Genvenensis octavo Kalendas 
 lunii 1588 ^ (2) a Latin Vulgate, folio, 1553; (3) a 
 volume of Beza's Theological Tracts (beautifully bound), 
 1573 ; (4) Car. Molinaeus (Charles de Moulin) de con- 
 tractibus^ 1553; (5) Rud. Agricola's Logica, 15S7; 
 (6) Isocrates' Orationes Latine, ed. Wolf, 1547. The 
 blank pages of this volume were apparently meant for 
 the catalogue of the future library, but were never 
 used. 
 
 The room set apart for a library was at the 
 south-west corner of the Founder's Range, and it 
 contained the picture of Sir Walter painted for the 
 
 187 
 
188 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 College, and now in the gallery, with a ' a curtayne of 
 blew saye and an iron rod,"* * a terrestial globe with a 
 waynscot frame,'' ' two tables of astronomye,"* ' 9 fair desks 
 of oake every one having three degrees,' and ' six books 
 of monyments of martyrs.' 
 
 The library was transferred to the present building, 
 which had been the chapel, after the completion of the 
 new chapel in 1679, and the shorter cases under the 
 windows were added between 1693 and 1706, to 
 accommodate Sancroft's books. A letter from Dilling- 
 ham to Bancroft, dated July 15, 1678, speaks of the 
 contemplated change : 
 
 'I may give your lordship an account of Emmanuel 
 Library. I have observed the windows etc. in the old 
 Chapel, and do not doubt but it may make a very con- 
 venient Library. The walls are good and dry, the damp- 
 ness that appears being only from the floore, which may be 
 remedyed by raising the floore to the level of the footpage 
 of the bachelors' seates ; and the wideness being 27 feet, 
 nine on each side may be set off for the length of the 
 classis, and the middle walk will be 9 ft. broad. The 
 windows being but 4 on a side will admit but 3 classes 
 between them, and at each end a half classis ; but the dis- 
 tance between the windows and wideness of the window is 
 such that there may be very well an interclassis against 
 the midst of every window as high as the soyle of it, about 
 6 foot high, to come as far out as the higher classes, which 
 may be 8 foot high, so there will be in effect 8 classes on 
 each side of 9 foot length, which will contain thrice so 
 many books as yet they have.' 
 
 The books in the old library increased with fair 
 rapidity. In a volume of inventories lists are copied 
 
From a photo^yaph by\ 
 
 J. J'aimer CiUr/.c, CaiidriJ^e 
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
THE LIBRARY 189 
 
 out in 1603, 1606, 1609, 1610, and 1620. In 1610 it 
 is stated that there were found to be 503 volumes and 
 thirty missing. In 1619 Dr. Branthwait left £^0 to 
 the library, gifts of books are recorded from almost the 
 earliest times from Fellows and others, and a catalogue 
 which belonged to Archbishop Sancroft — with his auto- 
 graph at the top of the first page — contains the titles 
 of about 5,000 books. The library has grown steadily, 
 but it has had certain large increases. The first was by 
 books worth d(?120 given by John Richardson, B.D. 
 (Fellow, 1592), followed by the folio and quarto books 
 left by Dr. Richardson, Master of Trinity, in 1625 ; 
 the next, a share of the books left by Richard Holds- 
 worth (Master from 1637 to 1644), whose legacy in 1649 
 named as a condition that the College should provide a 
 fitting room for the books. They numbered over 10,000 
 volumes, and the expectation of acquiring them first 
 gave Sancroft the idea of providing a new library. 
 Ultimately, however, the bulk of them went to the 
 University, which paid the College d^220 in lieu of its 
 claims. Yet some seem to have found their way to the 
 College library, and we may assume that part of the 
 money received was spent in books. 
 
 Holdsworth's intentions as to his books will best be 
 seen by the following letter addressed to 'my much 
 esteemed friend, Mr. Wellar of Emmanuel College, or 
 in his absence to Mr. Sarson ' : 
 
 'Worthy S^ 
 
 ' Holding it not soe convenient, to wryte to the 
 whole society at this p^sent, I thought it fittest, by y*^ selfe 
 to imparte unto them both my respectfull acknowlegments 
 of their great love, and my continued resolution of 
 
190 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 increasing their Library, according to my former expres- 
 sions unto M'' Whichcote. The number of folioes, w*^^ I 
 intend, shall be at least 300, and most of them books of 
 good bulke. For the 4°^^ and 8°^^ I can not soe punctu- 
 ally at this distance determine of the number, till I come 
 downe to y^ College, w^^ to doe, I am in hope to obteine 
 leave, but if I procure it not, the thing shall goe forward, 
 as well to their content, though it may be it will not be 
 soe well to myne. There will need noe further directions, 
 for fitting of that parte of the library, save only to intreat 
 you, to furnishe it fully with shelves, there where you 
 make your partition, both because it may invite me the 
 better to a larger proportion, and because, I am in hope, 
 to procure M"^ Rumney's library for you, which was the 
 reason of my deferring to wryte all this while, having till 
 this week recieved noe certain answer from the adminis- 
 trator. The gentlema himself died intestate, soe his 
 brother administers, but with some oppositio of S"" Francis 
 Carye who married his sister : This oppositio made him 
 to keep strict watch in his house, and not to give 
 admittance to any to speak with him ; Therefor I 
 acquainted him first by letter, then by a friend, and on 
 monday last by my selfe, that M^ Rumnye had severall 
 tymes signified both to my selfe and to others, that he 
 would bestowe his books upo Emmanuell College, and 
 therefore I intreated him that he would make good his 
 brother's resolutio, and give you cause to enroll them 
 both for benefactors : After much parlye he gave me a 
 very faire answer, that howsoever he could prove, that his 
 brother upo y^ alterations in Emmanuell College, had 
 retracted his former resolutio, yet when things were 
 settled, he would readily doe what was agreable to reason, 
 if it were in his powre to dispose of y^'" : Here now is the 
 business that foreslowed my answer ; I shall still keep an 
 
THE LIBRARY 191 
 
 eye upon it, for y« best advantage of the College, and be 
 alwayes ready to watch any opportunity of doing it good, 
 as cordially as if I were in it : In the interim, I pray you 
 returne to the fellows, my redoobled thanks, both for 
 their friendly letter and their kinde acceptance of this 
 small pledge of my love to y^ College. Soe I commend 
 you to God s Grace, and remaine 
 
 ' Y"* affectionate friend 
 
 * Rl : HOLDSWORTH. 
 
 'March 27, 1646.' 
 
 Writing to Sancroft on January 19, \QQ^-Q5, W. Dil- 
 lingham remarks at the end of his letter : ' I am glad 
 to hear that Dr. Holdsworth's library is so peaceably 
 disposed of.' This settlement seems not only to have 
 involved the payment from the University mentioned 
 above, but also a transference to the Emmanuel 
 Library of duplicates, which was in accordance with a 
 clause in his will. After directing that in certain 
 circumstances the books are to go to the Lambeth 
 Library, or to that of the ' College in Dublin,' instead 
 of Cambridge, he adds : 
 
 ' If my books come to the possession of Cambridge I 
 appoint that a selection be made of all such books as are 
 double or treble in my Library, of the same edition, and 
 the books so selected I give to Emmanuel College, so 
 withall such as they have not already there, and the 
 remainder to Katherine Hall in Cambridge : And it will 
 not be an unconsiderable number. The like order I 
 would have observed if it shall fall out that they come to 
 be transmitted to the College of Dublin in Ireland. But 
 if they come to the possession of Emmanuel College in 
 Cambridge, I do then appoint that the double and treble 
 
192 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 books so selected be bestowed upon Katherine Hall, and 
 the remainder of the selection upon Christ's College in 
 Cambridge.' 
 
 The books of James Rumney mentioned in Holds- 
 worth's letter seem to have come to the College to the 
 value of ^60. In 1675 Breton, and in 1684 Holbech, 
 left their books to the library. In 1685 Edmund 
 Castell left over 100 valuable Hebrew books. Other 
 benefactors have been Rachel, daughter of Francis, 
 Earl of Westmorland (and therefore great-grand- 
 daughter of the founder), wife of Henry Bouchier, 
 Earl of Bath, who died in 1654. She gave books to 
 the value of .^'^O. John Kent, B.D. (Fellow 1660, 
 Vicar of North Luffenham 1676), gave books to the 
 value of £60; John Croone, M.D., F.R.S. (Fellow 
 1651), left his mathematical books in 1706 ; John 
 Atwood (Fellow 1652) left £50 to the library ; John 
 Brown, B.D. (Fellow 1687, Rector of Wallington 1736), 
 left £50 and a part of his books ; John Gresley, B.D. 
 (Fellow 1760, Rector of Aller 1778) gave ^50; 
 Henry Nichols (Fellow 1675) gave e£^180. Finally, 
 part of the proceeds of the estate left by Francis Ash 
 in 1659 was appropriated to the library. 
 
 The largest increase, however, was after the library 
 had been removed to its present quarters, and came from 
 Archbishop Sancroft before his death. These books had 
 been warehoused in Lambeth after his deprivation in 
 1691, and shortly before his death were delivered by his 
 chaplain, Needham (who had a brother a Fellow), to the 
 College. As he made no will, the remaining part of 
 his books and MSS., which were at Fressingfield, never 
 came to the library. This large present of over 6,000 
 
THE LIBRARY 193 
 
 volumes, which included valuable MSS., such as the MS. 
 of Herodotus, necessitated some addition to the shelves, 
 which seem shortly afterwards to have assumed their 
 present arrangement. The locked-up case for MSS. 
 and the rarer printed books was added very early ; but 
 the other open case in the centre is of recent construc- 
 tion. The next and last large addition was that of 
 Hubbard's library, at his death in 1777. Most of the 
 existing Fellows had the choice of some of these books 
 and a certain portion was left to a Mr. Canning. But 
 on Canning's death, in 1789, he left them back to the 
 College, along with the portrait of Hubbard now in 
 the hall. Lastly, a considerable number of books be- 
 longing to the late Professor Hort were at his death, 
 in 1892, presented to the library by his widow. Among 
 donors of MSS. ought to be mentioned Bishop Bedell, 
 whose MS. Hebrew Bible, purchased at Venice, came 
 to the College after his death in 1641. The following 
 letter also will show how the four volumes of the works 
 of St. Chrysostom in MS. came to us : 
 
 'The manuscript formerly belonged to the learned 
 Adam Askew, M.D., and after his death came into the 
 possession of his eldest son, Adam Askew, by whom it was 
 given to me in the year 1790, in testimony of his regard 
 for me, as his schoolmaster at Stanmore, Middlesex, and as 
 the intimate friend of his deceased father. With sincere 
 and great pleasure I present it to the Library of Emmanuel 
 College, as a mark of my respect for the Master and Fellows 
 of the society in which I had the honour to be educated ; 
 and the manuscript, I suppose, will be the more acceptable 
 to them as having once been the property of Dr. Askew 
 and his son, who were members of the same College, and 
 
 13 
 
194 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 who, like myself, took a lively interest in its prosperity 
 and its fame. 
 
 'Samuel Parr. 
 • Hatton Parsonage, 
 'August 19, 1814.' 
 
 It has been a good practice also, on the part of 
 members of the College who were authors, to send 
 copies of their works to the library. Thus, there are 
 several of Sir William Temple's minor works, with his 
 autograph dedication to his old College. The purchase 
 of books has been fitful, but has never been wholly 
 suspended. From very early times part of the money 
 paid by the commencing Bachelors was devoted to 
 this purpose, and an order of October 29, 1651, 
 directs that ' the Steward shall buy books and exhibit 
 them in the Parlour, and thence send them into the 
 Library.' 
 
 The development of the library as a useful assistance 
 to students, and the means taken for its preservation, 
 can be traced through a series of College orders and 
 regulations. The notice, already quoted, in 1610 of 
 there being thirty volumes ' missing ' is one that is often 
 repeated, and an indication of the need for the various 
 measures taken. It seems that at first the library 
 was open to Fellows and scholars, who not only had 
 free access to it, but took out books as they pleased. 
 The first order that I have discovered relating to it 
 is dated April 8, 1600, wherein Fellows and scholars 
 are forbidden to take books into their chambers with- 
 out the leave of the Master and major part of the 
 Fellows, and without giving a ' note of remembrance.' 
 There was already, it seems, a 'library-keeper,' who 
 
THE LIBRARY 195 
 
 was paid sixteen shillings every half-year, and it was 
 to him that the note of remembrance was to be given. 
 The order is re-enforced on October 4, 1609, with a 
 fine of forty shillings (a very heavy sum in days when 
 a Fellow's stipend was less than ^10 a year) on a 
 Fellow or scholar who ' shall take or receive any book 
 or books out of the common Library on any pretence 
 whatever,** or who, having a book out at that date, does 
 not return it within four days. This strict rule, how- 
 ever, was not maintained. On March 4, 1653-54, an 
 order directs the library-keeper — without whose know- 
 ledge no Fellow is to take out a book — to write down the 
 name of the book taken out by a Fellow sending for it. 
 He is to see that the book is always returned so as to 
 be in the library from six o'clock p.m. on Saturday till 
 the Monday morning next ensuing. A fine of one 
 shilling is to be levied for each volume for each Saturday 
 on which it is not returned. It seems, therefore, that 
 by this time the scholars had lost their privilege of 
 using the library. They could only get books through 
 a Fellow. Careful inventories of the books continue to 
 be given, and that which bears the signature of Sancroft 
 and contains the titles of about 5,000 volumes is 
 particularly well written and well preserved. But there 
 do not seem to have been any further regulations made 
 for its care for many years after this, nor does there 
 appear to have been any regular system as to the 
 purchase of books. 
 
 Early in the eighteenth century attention seems to have 
 been turned once more to the library, beginning, how- 
 ever, with a very questionable step. On March 25, 
 1712, there is an order that 
 
 13—2 
 
196 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 ' Mr. JeiFery be appointed and empowered to sell such 
 books belonging to the Library as the Society thinks fit 
 to part with and are specified in a catalogue made for 
 that purpose. That Mr. JefFery from time to time put in 
 the College treasury the money arising from the sale of 
 these books together with a catalogue of the books sold. 
 That the money so raised shall be kept in the said treasury 
 to be laid out as the major part of the Society shall think 
 fit for the use of the Library.' 
 
 Jeffery was senior Fellow and Librarian at this time. 
 He went off to Luffenham in 1714, but, apparently, he 
 carried out the order to some effect, for in June, 1716, we 
 hear of c£*200 ' put out for the use of the library,*' the 
 interest of which is to be received by the Steward and 
 laid out in books, an account of which is to be given 
 yearly ; but no catalogue of those sold is forthcoming. 
 With the mastership of Savage (1719-1736) there seems 
 to have been a great access of attention paid to this 
 department. On November 4, 1719, for the first time 
 a regular code of rules is drawn up as to the use of the 
 library, and ordered to be written out on parchment 
 and hung up in the library. These rules forbid the 
 possession of a key to any but Master, Fellows and 
 Librarian. No one else is to be admitted without the 
 presence of one of the society or library-keeper. No 
 book of ' common use, that is, such as students according 
 to their several ranks and degree have frequent occasion 
 to consult, and therefore ought to purchase for them- 
 selves,' is to be lent to a scholar or other student. 
 Books borrowed are to be entered by the library-keeper, 
 Master, or Fellow, and the date of return by the library- 
 keeper ; and a fine of five shillings is to be inflicted 
 
THE LIBRARY 197 
 
 for a breach of any of these rules. The same order 
 contains a resolution that the library-keeper is to make 
 both an alphabetical and class catalogue, to set up 
 new books, and supply pens, two standishes or pots, 
 and keep the library in good order, under a fine of one 
 shilling for every deficiency. 
 
 Still, there seems to have been some backwardness in 
 keeping up the supply of new books. For an order of 
 April 10, 1721, directs that 'the money yearly due to 
 the Library from the Commencing Bachelors and Masters 
 of Arts, which used to be laid out by the Steward, shall 
 for the future be disposed of in buying such books as 
 shall be agreed upon by the major part of the Society 
 yearly.' On October 17, 1722, a 'strict and thorough 
 examination into the state of the Library ' is ordered, 
 and all books are called in. Two years later, October 28, 
 1724, the salary of the library-keeper is raised to c£^10, 
 because * the former salary appointed for the Library- 
 keeper has upon mature deliberation been judged not 
 to be sufficient encouragement for the care necessarily 
 required to keep the said Library in order.' Whether 
 this measure proved effective does not appear. That 
 the library was used, however, is shown by an order of 
 October 26, 1731, forbidding any lexicon or dictionary 
 being taken out, or any book kept more than a month, 
 under a penalty of five shillings, and the Librarian is 
 forbidden ' to give out books to any lads except they 
 have a note each time from their Tutors.' Yet an 
 inquisition in 1759 discovered that sixty books were 
 missing, and in 1789 as many as 160. 
 
 Meanwhile the income of the library had been accu- 
 mulating instead of being expended in books, so that in 
 
198 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 1740 the College borrows i?150 of this fund, to pay a 
 call from the Commissioners of the Huntingdon Turn- 
 pike. This was partly repaid in 1745, but other similar 
 investments were made in 1746 and 1751, and the 
 income of the library seems to have also accumulated 
 in the hands of Farmer as Master. So that at the end 
 of the century the library had c£*200 turnpike bonds, 
 and a claim for £^M 14s. 5d. upon Farmer^s executors, 
 of which c£'160 was invested in more turnpike bonds. 
 The income of the library was now d^'^O, paid partly by 
 the Steward and partly by the Bursar, plus the interest 
 of this invested capital of £S60, which amounted to 
 c£'18. In subsequent years the payment from the 
 Steward slightly increased, and c^'lO was contributed by 
 the Ash Estate. 
 
 From about 1800 the library-keeper began to be called 
 the Librarian ; a regular account was kept, audited each 
 year by two Fellows. The office of Librarian seems hence- 
 forth to have been passed down the society, and to have 
 been generally held by one of the Fellows for a varying 
 number of years. The amount of money actually spent 
 in books varies from nothing in some years to about ^£^60 
 in others. In 1829, the repairs of the library absorbed 
 c£*80, and no books were bought. A somewhat greater 
 activity set in with the librarianship of R. Cory (1835), 
 who has left some papers showing that he interested him- 
 self in the history and care of the library, and when he 
 handed over his office to R. J. Bunch, in 1839, had only 
 £2S 19s. 4d. to transfer. Neither Bunch nor his suc- 
 cessor, R. Birkett (1848), seems to have bought any 
 books worth mentioning, except that Birkett acquired 
 a Dugdale's Monastica?i. J. Woolley (1850) and W. 
 
THE LIBRARY 199 
 
 Castlehow (1856) were only a little more active in buying. 
 P. G. Dennis (1862) held office little more than a year, 
 in which he bought little. He was succeeded by 
 S. G. Phear (1864-1866) and Octavius Glover (1866- 
 1870), under whose management the accumulation of 
 balances reached <£^779 6s. lOd. With the greater part 
 of this, ^^^750 of Government 3J per cent, stock was 
 purchased in 1871, and two years later the interest of 
 this and of the other payments to the library were 
 commuted for £70 a year paid by the Bursar; to which 
 has been added since 1889 a proportion of the fees 
 paid by ingredientes, the amount of which varies, of 
 course, with the number of men entering. 
 
 Dr. Pearson held the office of Librarian from 1870 
 to 1884. In these fourteen years he did much work 
 for the library, especially in making a new catalogue, 
 founded on the four - volume Bodleian catalogue of 
 1738, in place of the old one, which was founded on the 
 three-volume Bodleian of 1674. The new catalogue 
 had been purchased and interleaved by his predecessor, 
 Glover, but the whole labour of recataloguing fell on 
 Dr. Pearson, in whose handwriting nearly all the entries 
 are made. He also composed and printed a separate 
 catalogue of books in the library printed before 1700. 
 He did not purchase new books very largely, but some 
 notable additions were made in his time, such as the 
 Biographie Universelle and both series of Migne's 
 Patrologia, the price of the latter, £115, being partly 
 provided by the stipend of a vacant divinity lecturer- 
 ship. He printed an index to Migne, and did a great 
 deal in repairing the binding of a large number of 
 the books, and generally in making the library more 
 
200 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 useful and available. Lastly, in October, 1874, it was 
 agreed by the Master and Fellows to allow the scholars 
 to take books out in their own name, who thus recovered 
 a privilege which they had lost for more than 200 years. 
 By an order of December 5, 1883, the Librarian is to 
 be elected every year. Since 1884 the office has been 
 held by the present writer. The number of books pur- 
 chased has been steadily maintained, at the highest 
 point that the income of the library allows, by the 
 Library Committee first appointed in 1887, which 
 meets once a term, and selects books to be purchased 
 from those suggested by its own members or by 
 other members of the College. It may be particularly 
 mentioned that the library has acquired a very com- 
 plete collection of Greek and Latin inscriptions. The 
 iron gallery erected in Dr. Pearson's time against the 
 south wall has been extended along the east and west 
 walls, and is now almost full. The catalogue has been 
 completely revised, and the details of many volumes of 
 ' tracts "* — in which the library is rich — have been for 
 the first time entered. The MSS. have been recently 
 catalogued and described by Dr. M. R. James, of King's 
 College, and his work will shortly be available. In 
 spite of the loss of books recorded in the seventeenth 
 and eighteenth centuries, and in the fire of 1811,* the 
 library may be said to contain substantially unimpaired 
 the collection begun by the founder, and frequently, if 
 somewhat fitfully, continued ever since. There are now 
 
 * This must refer to books taken out and in various rooms, as 
 the library itself was not injured. On November 2, 1812, the sum 
 of /■13 2s. 6d. was received from an insurance company • for books 
 lost by fire, October 15, 181 1.' 
 
THE LIBRARY 201 
 
 over 23,000 volumes in the building, as well as 2,000 in 
 the Junior Students' library. Besides the original books 
 already mentioned as having been given by the founder, 
 the original 'Letters of the Martyrs' (now carefully 
 bound) are intact, and they are recorded, as indicated 
 above, among the very earliest possessions of the library. 
 Among autographs of interest, besides several of the 
 Founder and Sancroft, there is one of Erasmus in a 
 copy of his treatise on the Divorce sent to the Queen, 
 some of Cranmer, and a Vulgate with an inscription in 
 the handwriting of Edward VL and much interlined 
 by him. 
 
APPENDIX I 
 
 EAKLIEST ENDOWMENTS OF THE COLLEGE 
 
 The following statement as to the earliest endowments of 
 the College is by Mr. J. B. Peace, Bursar of the College : 
 
 The evidences of our early history as preserved in College 
 are of two kinds. There are on the one hand the original 
 deeds, such as Queen Elizabeth's grant of leave to found a 
 College, Mildmay's deed of foundation, and the title-deeds 
 of the early property of the College, and on the other 
 hand books of accounts and other records kept by the first 
 body of College officers. Of these books two are of 
 especial interest. One contains, with much other matter, 
 the earliest lists of undergraduates ; the other, a large and 
 heavy volume, was used for some seventy years as the 
 Bursar's receipt-book, and in it for a few years was also 
 kept the account of College disbursements. It is to this 
 second volume that we turn for information as to the early 
 endowment of the College. The deed by which Mildmay 
 founded the College was dated May 25, 1584, and on 
 August 1, 1585, Dr. Chaderton, the first Master, made a 
 careful record in this book of the annual rents then due to 
 the College, and arising from property which, during the 
 previous year, had been either gifted to or bought by the 
 
 202 
 
APPENDIX I 203 
 
 infant foundation. This rental is of considerable interest, 
 and we print it here in full. According to it, the annual 
 value of the College property was then £158 6s. 8d. The 
 stream of early benefaction was still, however, flowing, and 
 in the next few years this amount was considerably in- 
 creased. By the year l632 the annual income from rents 
 and annuities had risen to £560. 
 
 In comparing the College income at the end of the 
 sixteenth century with its value at the beginning of the 
 twentieth, we must, of course, take account of the very 
 great difference in the value of money, and we must also 
 remember that in earlier times the methods of leasing were 
 also different. A considerable fine or premium was usually 
 paid for a new lease or for a renewal, so that the annual 
 rent does not represent the full return which the College 
 enjoyed from its property. These fines, moreover, were 
 not brought to account in the College audit, but were 
 administered to different College purposes as they were 
 received. Further, there were payments in kind, which 
 were dealt with in the same way. 
 
 The following is Chaderton's ' rentall ': 
 
 *A rentall made yejirst date of August in ye xxvii'^ yeare of ye 
 Raigne of our Sovereigne Ladie Elizabeth of all ye Latmds, 
 ten'% Annuities and rents charge in possessio7i now belonging 
 to Emmanuell College in Cambridge. 
 
 * Annuitie. 
 
 ' The Queene*s most excellent ma*'^ by her Ires Patente 
 under ye great Scale of Englande bearing date at West- 
 minster xix° die Februarii A° regno sui vicesimo septimo 
 hath graunted an Annuitie of xvi^^ xiii^ iiii^ p. Annum for 
 ever to ye saide College to be paide yearlie oute of her 
 
204 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 highness Receipt at Westm" at ye feaste of S* Michael 
 the Archanngell and the Annunciation of our Ladie by 
 even porcons ; — xvi^^ xiii^ iiiid. 
 'Rent Charge. 
 
 ' S"" Robert Jermin Knight by his deede indented bearing 
 date ye xxvii"' daie of March Anno xxvii'*" Eliz. Reginae is 
 to paie yearHe to ye sayde College a Rent charge of viii^'. 
 Att the Feaste of S* Michaell the Archangell and ye 
 Annunciation of our Ladie by even porcons issuinge or 
 going out of the tenement and landes called Short Smithes 
 in pva Wheltham in the Countie of SufFolke, w"' the clause 
 of distresse for ye same if it be not paide within fortie daies 
 next after either of ye same Feasts and under the paine of 
 forfeiture of Tenne Shillings for default of everie pay- 
 ment : — viii^'. 
 
 ' Robert Tailor, Esquier, by his Deede indented bearing 
 date ye eight daie of May A° xxvii° Elizabeth Reginae is to 
 paye yearlie to ye said College a rent charge of xx^* at 
 Michaell the Archanngell and The Annunciation of our 
 Ladie by even porcons issuing or going out of his Mannor 
 and Parsonage of Babarham in ye Countie of Cambridge 
 w^^ he lately purchased of Roger Cois, deceased, w*'' a 
 clause of distresse for ye same if it be not paide within 
 fortie daies next after either of ye same Feasts and under 
 ye paine of forfeiture of Twentie Shillings for default of 
 everie payment : — xx^'. 
 
 'Edward Leedes of Croxton in ye countie of Camb. 
 Doctor of Law, by his dede indented bearing date ye sixth 
 daie of June A° xxvii° Eliz. Reginae is to paie yerelie a 
 rent charge of xvi^i to ye said College Att ye Feaste of 
 S' Michaell the Archanngell and ye Annunciation of our 
 Ladie by even porcons yerelie issuinge or going out of his 
 Mannor of Great Gransden in ye said Countie w"' a clause 
 of distresse for ye same if it be not paide within fortie daies 
 
APPENDIX I 205 
 
 next after ye same feastes and under ye paine of forfeiture 
 of xx^ for default of everie payment : — xvf\ 
 
 'Francis Hastings, Esquier, by his deed indented bear- 
 ing date ye xxiiii'*" of June A° xxvii° Eliz. Reginae is to 
 paie yearlie a rent charge of viii'^ to ye said College at the 
 Feast of St. Michaell the Archanngell and Th' Annuncia- 
 tion of our Ladie by even porcons issuing or going out of 
 certen Launds and Tenements in Brascott, Newbold Vernon 
 and Markett Bosworth in ye Countie of Leicester w**" a 
 clause of distresse for ye same if it be not paide within 
 fortie daies next after either of ye foresaid feasts under ye 
 paine of forfeiture of Twentie shillings for default of everie 
 payment : — viii^^ 
 'Farme Rents. 
 
 ' Valentine Dale, Esquier, one ot ye M''^ ot ye requests to 
 her Ma*'*^ holdeth by Indenture of Lease from ye said 
 College dated ye xviii*"" day of June A° xxvii° Eliz. Reginae 
 for terme of xxi years from ye feaste of ye Annunciation 
 of our Ladie last past before ye date of ye said Indenture 
 xxiii acres of marsh ground lying in Ripley Marsh in ye 
 parish of Barkinge in ye Countie of Essex paying yerelie 
 for ye same xx^^ w^^ is to be paid half yerelie by even 
 porcons in ye Hall of ye said College with a clause of 
 reentrie if ye same be not paid within xxx''° next after ye 
 feast daies of payment thereof : — xx\ 
 
 ' Nicholas Gentil, Citizen and Pultr of London holdeth 
 by indenture of Lease dated ye xxvii*^ dale of February A° 
 xv° Eliz. Reginae for ye terme of xxx^'® yeares from Th' 
 Annunciation of our Ladie next after ye date of ye same 
 indenture, A tent, with th' appurtenances late in ye tenure 
 of Constance Bickner widow situate in Graces Street in ye 
 parish of Allhallowes in Lombord Street in London and 
 paieth yerelie for ye same at ye feasts of St John Baptist, 
 St Michaell Th' Archanngell, ye na'*'' of our Lord God and 
 
206 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 th' Annunciation of our Ladie iiii'^ by even porcons w*"" a 
 clause of Reentrie if ye same be not paid w'4n a month 
 next after ainie of ye said feasts : — iiii'^ 
 
 ' John Pentecost, Citizen of London, Clothworker holdeth 
 by Indenture of Lease dated ye first daie of February A° 
 octavo Elizabeth Reginae for terme of three score years fro 
 ye feast of ye na''® of our Lorde God last before ye date of 
 ye same Indenture A teilt with th' appurtenances situate 
 in ye parish of Allhallowes in Lombard Street aforesaid 
 and paieth yerelie for ye same att ye feasts of St John 
 Baptist and ye nativitie of our Lord iiii^^ w**" a clause of 
 reentrie if ye same be not paide within ii monthes next 
 after either of ye same feasts : — iiii^'. 
 
 ' Jhon Northampton of Godmanchester yeoman holdeth 
 by Indenture of Lease dated ye xv*'* daie of October A° 
 xxv° Eliz. Reginae for termes of xxi yeres fro ye feast of ye 
 Annunciation of our Ladie next to come after ye date of ye 
 said indenture a Tent with th' appurtenances in God- 
 mynchester aforesaid, sometime in ye tenure of Jhon 
 Heme, and paieth yerelie for ye same xxvi'> xiii^ iiii^ 
 at ye feasts of St. Michaell Th' Archanngell and Th' 
 Annunciation of our Ladie by even porcons with codicon 
 yt if ye same be not paide within xiii daies next after 
 either of ye said feasts of payment, then to reenter: — 
 xxvi^^ xiii^ iiii"^. 
 
 ' Thomas Fysher of Godmanchester yeoman holdeth by 
 indenture of lease date ye xvi'*" daie of Male A° xxvi° Eliz. 
 Reg. for ye term of xxi yeres fro ye feast of ye Annuncia- 
 tion of our Ladie then last past before ye date of ye same 
 Indenture A Teilt called ye Horse Shoe w*** ye appur- 
 tenances in Godmanchester aforesaid and paieth yerelie for 
 ye same at ye feasts of St John Baptist, St Michaell Th' 
 Archangell, ye Natevitie of Christ, and ye Annunciation of 
 our Ladie xxii'^ by even porcons w*^ condicon yt if ye said 
 
APPENDIX I 207 
 
 rent be unpaid over or after ye said feasts being lawfullie 
 demanded then to reenter : — xxii^^ 
 ' Reprise. 
 
 ' Md. thre is yearlie to be paid out of ye said Lands and 
 Tefits in Godmanchester aforesaid for ye maintenance of ye 
 free Grammar Schole thre ye summe of xx^» : — xx^*. 
 
 'Laurence Chaderton Bachelor in Divinitie M** of ye 
 said Colledge is to paie yearlie at ye Feasts of St Michaell 
 Th' Archanngell and Th' Annunciation of our Ladie by 
 even porcons for ye Tent in Cambridge called St Nicholas 
 Hostell...viii'. 
 
 ' Mathew Buck, Citizen and Inholder of London holdeth 
 by Indenture of Lease dated ye xiii"" daie of December A° 
 xix° Eliz. Reg. for ye terme of foure score and nineteene 
 years from ye feast of ye birth of our Lord God next 
 coming after ye date of ye same Indenture. A capital 
 messuage, tent, or Inne called ye foure Swannes situate in 
 Byshoppsgate Street in ye parish of St Ethelberge within 
 ye Citie of London. And paieth yerelie for ye same at ye 
 feasts of ye Annunciation of our Ladie, St John Baptist 
 St Michael Th' Archanngell, and the Birth of our Lord God 
 or w'^*" xxx^'® daies next after either of ye said feasts xiii^^ 
 by even porcons w*"" condicon y^ if ye said rent be not paid 
 ^thin xxx*^ daies after anie of ye said feasts and no sufficient 
 distresse upon ye premises then to reenter : — xiii^'. 
 
 'William Wood Citizen and Sadler of London holdeth by 
 Indenture of lease dated ye xvi'^ daie of December A° 
 xviii° Eliz. Reginae for ye terme of 60 years from ye feast 
 of St Michaell Th' Archangell 1585 one messuage or Tent 
 w'** th' appurtenances situate in Bishoppes gate Street in 
 ye parish of St Ethelberge aforesaid and paieth yearlie for 
 ye same at ye feasts of ye Berth of our Lord God, th' 
 annunciation of our Ladie, St John Baptest and St Michaell 
 Th' Archanngell, or w'*"'" xx*'° daies next after everie of ye 
 
208 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 same feasts iiii^^ by equal porcons w*^ proviso y* if ye said 
 rent be not paid w*^'" xxx*'^ daies next after anie of ye said 
 feasts then to reenter ; — iiii^^. 
 
 'Jhon Wilde, Citizen and Sadler of London holdeth 
 by indenture of Lease dated ye v^*" daie of September A° 
 xxiii° Eliz. reginae for ye terme of thirtie and one yeares 
 from ye feast of St Michaell Th' Archanngell next coming 
 after ye date of ye same Indenture one messuage or Teilt 
 with th' appurtenances situate on ye west syde of ye fore- 
 said Tent called ye signe of ye foure Swannes in Byshoppes 
 gate Street aforesaid and paieth yearHe for ye same at ye 
 feasts of ye birth of our Lord God, Th' Annunciation of 
 our Ladie, ye nativitie of St John Baptist, and St Michaell 
 Th' Archangell, or within xxx^^ daies next insueing ye same 
 feasts viii^^ by equal porcons w^** proviso y' if ye said rent 
 be not paid within xxx*'^ daies next after anie of ye said 
 feasts or in default be made in any of ye covenants con- 
 tained in ye same indenture then to reenter : — viii^V 
 
 The following is a summary of the above ' rentall ' : 
 
 A statement of the Income from lands, tenements, annuities and 
 rent charges, belonging to Emmanuel College at 1st August, 
 
 1585:— 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 From the Queen l6 13 4 
 
 Sir Robert Jermyn's rent charge from lands 
 
 in Little Wheltham 8 
 
 Mr Robert Taylor's rent charge from the 
 
 Manor of Babraham 20 
 
 Dr Edward Leedes' rent charge from the 
 
 Manor of Great Gransden ... ... 1 6 
 
 Mr Francis Hastings' rent charge from land 
 
 in Market Bosworth, &c. 8 
 
 From Ripley Marsh — Valentine Dale, tenant 20 
 
APPENDIX I 
 
 From a tenement in Graces Street (or Grace- 
 church Street) — Nicholas Gentil, tenant 
 From another tenement in Graces Street — 
 
 John Pentecost, tenant... 
 From house and land in Godmanchester — 
 
 John Northampton or Normanton, 
 
 tenant 
 From the Horse Shoe Inn, Godmanchester 
 
 — Thomas Fisher, tenant 
 From St Nicholas Hostel — St Andrew's 
 
 Street, Cambridge — Dr Chaderton, 
 
 tenant 
 From the Four Swans, Bishopsgate Street 
 
 — Mathew Buck, tenant 
 From the tenement adjoining the Four 
 
 Swans — William Wood, tenant 
 From the tenement to the west of the Four 
 
 Swans — John Wild, tenant 
 
 Deduct : 
 
 Annual Payment to the Free School at God- 
 manchester 
 
 Net annual Rentall 158 6 8 
 
 The royal grant of an annuity of <£l6 13s. 4d. was made 
 by deed dated February 19, 1584-85. The deed recites 
 that at the dissolution of the monasteries it was found that 
 Glastonbury Abbey held certain property subject to an 
 annual charge of £33 6s. 8d. for the maintenance of ten 
 scholars or exhibitioners at the University of Oxford ; that, 
 the property having passed to the Crown, the payment was 
 continued by Henry VHI., Edward VI., Mary, and EHza- 
 
 14 
 
 
 209 
 
 £ 
 
 S. d. 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 13 4 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 178 
 
 6 8 
 
 20 
 
 
 
210 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 beth herself, and that now the Queen decreed that half 
 of this annual payment be transferred from Oxford to 
 Cambridge, and be there given to Emmanuel College, lately 
 founded by Sir Walter Mildmay. This Exchequer pay- 
 ment is still received by the College, but office and other 
 charges have diminished it by some £3 a. year. 
 
 Of the four rent-charges which follow, three — those of 
 Sir Robert Jermyn, Mr. Robert Taylor, and Mr. Francis 
 Hastings — have been either lost or redeemed. The 
 Jermyns of Rushbrooke, Suffolk, had a close connexion 
 with the College. An Edward Jermyn (or Jermin) was 
 entered as a Fellow-commoner in 1585, and Sir Robert's 
 son. Sir Thomas Jermyn, presented Bedell to the living 
 of Horningsheath in l6l6. Mr. Robert Taylor, of Babra- 
 ham, was probably a friend either of Mildmay or ot 
 Chaderton. He took part in the negotiations for the 
 College site, which was conveyed to him by George 
 Sherwood in September, 1581, and conveyed by him to 
 Culverwell and Chaderton in June, 1585. Culverwell 
 and Chaderton then handed it over to Mildmay, who 
 granted it to the College in his deed of foundation. The 
 annuity granted by Dr. Leeds, arising out of the Manor of 
 Great Gransden, is now represented by certain manorial 
 rents amounting to about thirty-five shillings per annum, 
 and a small farm allotted, under an enclosure Act, to the 
 College as Lords of the Manor, the College having purchased 
 the manor in 1 599. 
 
 The meadow in Ripley Marsh was given by Sir Walter 
 Mildmay by a deed dated May 13, 1585. It is still owned 
 by the College, and has probably suffered less change than 
 any other part of the College property. It was let to Dr. 
 Dale in 1 585 for £20, and brings in very little more now. 
 
 The two houses in Graces or Gracechurch Street, then 
 known as the Harrow and the Ball, now Nos. 74 and 
 
APPENDIX I 211 
 
 75, were given to the College in July, 1585, by Thomas 
 Smith (or Smyth), ' for the great love, favour, and affection 
 which he beareth to and for the maintenance and increase 
 of virtue and learning.' Smith can be identified, almost 
 with certainty, as a wealthy London merchant, who founded 
 a free school at Ton bridge. He was the first governor of 
 the East India Company, was tried for complicity in Essex's 
 rebellion, but acquitted, was knighted in l603, was elected 
 treasurer of the Virginia Company l620, and died l625. 
 
 The Godmanchester property consisted of the Horseshoe 
 Inn, which still retains its ancient name, and some other 
 houses and land. The property was given by the founder 
 in 1585. Its extent has been somewhat increased under 
 enclosure Acts, and the annual payment of j£20 to the 
 Godmanchester School is still regularly made. 
 
 St. Nicholas' Hostel, in St. Andrew's Street, was the first 
 piece of property in Cambridge, outside the actual site, 
 owned by the College. It was bought in March, 1585, for 
 £150, of which j£l40 was given by Thomas Killigrew, who 
 gave the money to provide a residence for the Master. 
 Chaderton seems to have resided here, in any case, during 
 the building of the College, and later on after he resigned 
 the mastership. The houses are now JSos. 62 and 63, St. 
 Andrew's Street, immediately beyond the high building of 
 the Liberal Club. 
 
 Of the three houses in Bishopsgate Street, two — the 
 Four Swans and another — were given by the founder on 
 November 14, 1585, and the third by John Morly, of 
 Mickleham, Sussex, on the same day. It seems, therefore, 
 that at the date of Chaderton's inventory these houses had 
 not yet been formally conveyed to the College. The 
 name of the Four Swans is still preserved, though in the 
 street directory it is known as Nos. 82 and 84, Bishopsgate 
 Street Within. 
 
 14—2 
 
212 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 The first list of rents received is entered by Chaderton 
 as follows : 
 
 ' Rents due to Emmanuel College in Cambridge from the feast 
 of Saint Michael TK Archangell in Anno 1585 receyved 
 by me Laurence Chaderton M'' of the same as in the 
 particulars folowing most playnlie appeareth. 
 ' Cambridge. 
 
 ' Imprimis receyved for the rent of a house called St 
 Nicholas Hostle due at Michaelmas last six shillings eight 
 pence w^^ our good founder did appoint and accept for one 
 half years rent in regard of one hundred markes w'^^ I hadd 
 spent upon reparations and buylding that ould house 
 receyved I saye vi^ viii**. 
 
 ' Receyved of Goodma Bosse for his half years rent due 
 at Michaelmas last for his house called the Challice the 
 sum of XX vi^ viii^. 
 
 ' R^ of Mr Robert Tayleor esquier for his annuitie out of 
 his manor of Babraham for his half years rent due at 
 Michaelmas last tene pounds : — x^K 
 
 ' Rd of M"" Doctor Leedes for his Annuitie given out of 
 his lands at Croxton for his half years rent due at Michael- 
 mas last eight pounds : — viii^^ 
 ' London or Middlesex. 
 
 ' Rd of M"" Doctor Dale one of ye M''^ of Th' exchecker 
 for his half years rent due at Michaelmas last ten pounds : 
 — xii. 
 
 ' Rd of M"^ Raven for her M^^'^s gift out of Th' exchecker 
 for the half years rent due at Michaelmas last eight pounds 
 six shillings and eight pence : — viii^' vi^ viii^. 
 ' Huntingdon. 
 
 ' R^ of Robert Thorp for our land in Godmanchester as 
 parcell of the whole rent, th' other part being bestowed at 
 our founders good discretion four pounds six shillings four 
 pence : — iiii^' vi^ iiii'^.' 
 
APPENDIX I 213 
 
 From this list it appears that no rent had been received 
 from the Gracechurch Street property. This was conveyed 
 to the College in July, but the leases under which it was 
 held by Pentecost and Gentil were transferred as from the 
 following Michaelmas. The Bishopsgate Street rents ran 
 as from Christmas, 1585, the property having been con- 
 veyed in November. On the other hand, a receipt of rent 
 appears as from a tenement in Cambridge called the 
 Chalice. This was conveyed to the College in May, 1585, 
 by the gift of Dr. Harvey, and it is not clear why it was 
 omitted in Chaderton's 'rentall.' This house occupied the 
 site on which now stands the shop tenanted by Messrs. 
 Flack and Judge, grocers. 
 
APPENDIX II 
 
 THE COLLEGE BENEFACTORS 
 
 It would be impossible here to give full details or complete 
 lists of the College property acquired by gift or purchase 
 throughout its existence. It will be enough to get some 
 view of the amount on which it started on its career, 
 and a general view of the means by which it gradually 
 increased, summarizing for the earlier period the state- 
 ments of Mr. Peace. The return made by Chaderton at 
 the end of the first year of its existence showed a rental 
 of £158 6s. 8d. (equivalent to about £800 at the present 
 value of money). This rental included £l6 13s. 4d. from 
 the Exchequer, £8 from the rent-charge given by Jermyn, 
 ,£20 rent-charge on Babraham Manor given by R. Taylor, 
 £8 rent-charge granted by Francis Hastings, and £l6 rent- 
 charge given by E. Leeds of Croxton. The remainder 
 (£99 13s. 4d.) represents what was actually given by the 
 founder, besides the site and buildings. This included lands 
 in Barking, Essex (Ripley Marsh) ; a house in Lombard 
 Street ; a house with appurtenances in Godmanchester, and 
 an inn called the Horseshoe — charged with an annuity ot 
 £20 to Godmanchester School ; two tenements in Grace- 
 church Street ; the Four Swans in Bishopsgate Street ; and 
 two other tenements. The rent-charges named above, 
 
 214 
 
APPENDIX II 215 
 
 except that of Croxton, have disappeared. They seem all 
 to have been given by friends of Sir Walter Mildmay, or by 
 those who, sympathizing with the object, joined in founding 
 the College. The £140 given by Thomas Killigrew, with 
 which the College made its first purchase (St. Nicholas' 
 Hostel, in St. Andrew's Street) may be counted in the 
 same category. In l632 the income had risen to £560 
 per annum, and for some time did not much exceed that 
 (equivalent to about £2,000 at the present day). In 1903 
 the external College income officially returned for publica- 
 tion was £13,648 19s. 3d. 
 
 The subjoined dates as to the earliest acquisitions of 
 the College will show how the estate grew in the first five 
 years of its existence, mainly through the influence of the 
 founder : 
 
 1583. June 12 : Robert Taylor conveyed the site to 
 
 Chaderton and Culverwell. 
 November 23 : Chaderton and Culverwell conveyed 
 it to Mildmay. 
 
 1584. January 11 : Queen Elizabeth granted the license. 
 May 25 : Sir Walter Mildmay sealed the deed of 
 
 foundation. 
 May 29 : Francis Chamberlain gave the rectory of 
 Little Melton and lands in Great Melton. 
 
 1585. January 26 : Sir Francis Walsingham gave the ad- 
 
 vowson of Thurcaston. 
 February 19: Queen Elizabeth gave an annuity of 
 
 £l6 13s. 4d. 
 March 27 : Sir Robert Jermyn gave an annuity 
 
 of £8. 
 March 27 : The College bought St. Nicholas' Hostel 
 
 for £150. 
 
216 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 May 8 : Robert Taylor gave an annuity of £20 from 
 the Manor of Babraham. 
 
 May 12 : The College bought the Chalice, in St. 
 Andrew's Street (now Flack and Judge), with 
 money given by Dr. Harvey. 
 
 May 1 3 ; Mildmay gave land in Ripley Marsh, 
 Barking. 
 
 June 15 : Dr. Leeds gave an annuity of £l6. 
 
 July 10; Thomas Smith gave two houses in Grace- 
 church Street. 
 
 August 1 : Mildmay gave the Horseshoe, etc., in 
 Godmanchester. 
 
 November 14: Mildmay gave the Four Swans, in 
 Bishopsgate Street. 
 
 November 14: John Morley gave the house ad- 
 joining. 
 
 1586. January 22; John Howson gave tenements in St. 
 
 Dunton's Alley. 
 
 1587. July 17: The College purchased Hyde Farm, 
 
 Balham, and other land with Mrs. Frankland's 
 gift. 
 
 July 24 : Dr. Leeds gave the Pensionary in Em- 
 manuel Lane. 
 
 May 1 9 : Nich. Fuller gave houses in West Smith- 
 field. 
 
 1588. March 2 ; Thomas Skinner gave an annuity of £8. 
 April 12 ; Sir Walter Mildmay bought up R. Symons' 
 
 lease of the Pensionary and gave it to the 
 
 College. 
 July 1 : Sir Walter Mildmay gave land at Stondon. 
 September 27 : John Bams, by will, gave houses in 
 
 Threadneedle Street. 
 October 25 : Sir Walter Mildmay gave £8 annuity 
 
 from Standground. 
 
APPENDIX II 217 
 
 1589. March 6 : Robert Snagg gave an annuity of 
 £6 13s. 4d. 
 After 1589, the year of Mildmay's death, gifts were 
 much less frequent. ^ 
 
 It will be seen that among the earliest benefactions 
 were advowsons of livings. Sir Walter had given one only 
 — Standground. But as the Fellows were to vacate their 
 Fellowships at the standing of D.D., and were expected 
 then to take up clerical duties, it was of great importance 
 to them that there should be livings to which they might 
 succeed. Hence, one object of the Dixie benefaction was 
 the purchase of advowsons. The College is now the 
 patron of twenty-four livings. 
 
 The list of benefactors read yearly in chapel will give 
 a sufficient view of gradual growth of the estate, and the 
 channels through which that increase has found its way 
 into the hands of the College. 
 
 LIST OF BENEFACTOKS YEARLY COMMEMORATED 
 IN THE COLLEGE CHAPEL 
 
 The right honourable Sir Walter Mildmay, Knight, 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer and Privy Councillor to Queen 
 Elizabeth, Founder, 1584. 
 
 26 Eliz., 11 Jan. ; 27 Eliz., 19 Feb. : Queen Elizabeth, 
 besides her patent and license of mortmain, gave a per- 
 petual annuity out of her Royal Exchequer. 
 
 28 Eliz., 19 Jan. : The right honourable Henry Hast- 
 ings, Earl of Huntingdon, gave the perpetual patronage of 
 the rectories of Loughborough, Aller, and North Cadbury. 
 
 Sir Francis Hastings, Knight, brother to the said Earl, 
 gave eight pounds per annum. 
 
 27 Eliz., 26 Jan. : Sir Francis Walsingham, Knight, 
 
218 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth, gave the perpetual 
 patronage of the rectory of Thurcaston. 
 
 26 Eliz., 16 Nov. ; 32 Eliz. ; Sir Wolstan Dixie, Knight, 
 gave six hundred and fifty pounds towards building the 
 College, and six hundred pounds for the maintenance of 
 two Fellows and two scholars of his foundation. 
 
 36 Eliz., 20 Apr. : The Lady Agnes, his wife, gave eight 
 pounds per annum for a Hebrew and Greek lecture. 
 
 Sir John Hart, Knight, gave fifty pounds towards build- 
 ing the College. 
 
 27 Eliz., 16 Jun. ; 29 Eliz., 24 Jul.: Edward Leeds, 
 Doctor of Laws, Master of Clare Hall, gave a thousand 
 marks towards building the College and sixteen pounds 
 per annum. 
 
 29 Eliz., 17 Jul.: Mrs. Walters, widow of Richard 
 Walters, citizen of London, and Mrs. Joyce Franklyn, 
 gave each four hundred pounds towards augmenting the 
 number of Fellows and scholars. 
 
 30 Eliz., 3 Jul. : William Romney, Esquire, sometime 
 Lord Mayor of London, gave the perpetual patronage of 
 the rectory of North Luffenham. 
 
 The reverend Robert Johnson, Archdeacon of Leicester, 
 gave twenty-five pounds per annum for four exhibitions. 
 
 44 Eliz. : Edmund English, of the city of Westminster, 
 Esquire, gave one thousand pounds for augmenting the 
 number of Fellows and scholars. 
 
 30 Eliz., l6 Jul. : William Neal, of London, Esquire, 
 gave the perpetual patronage of Brompton Regis and 
 Winsford. 
 
 The reverend William Sandcroft, Doctor in Divinity 
 and Master of the College, gave one hundred pounds to 
 buy plate for the Communion. 
 
 l654: Mr. Francis Ash, citizen of London, settled 
 lands on the College to the value of one hundred and 
 
APPENDIX II 219 
 
 seventy pounds per annum for the foundation of scholar- 
 ships and for other purposes. 
 
 1656: The reverend John Wells, Rector of Thum- 
 ing, gave the perpetual patronage of that living, to which 
 he annexed some lands, charged with the maintenance of 
 an exhibition. 
 
 A.D. 1670 : The reverend Benjamin Whichcot, Doctor 
 in Divinity, sometime Fellow of the College, in execution 
 of the will of John Larkin, gave one thousand pounds for 
 founding scholarships and for other advantages of the 
 College. 
 
 A.D. 1670 ; The reverend John Sudbury, Doctor in 
 Divinity, Dean of Durham, gave about five hundred pounds 
 for the maintenance of a Greek Lecturer, for providing a 
 piece of plate to be given yearly to the best proficient in 
 Literature among the commencing Bachelors of Arts, and 
 for other uses of the College. 
 
 A.D. l684 : The most reverend William Sancroft, Lord 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, sometime Master of the College, 
 gave towards the building of the chapel about five hundred 
 and eighty pounds ; besides other benefactions, including 
 a valuable treasure of books. He also gave the perpetual 
 patronage of the consolidated vicarage of Fressingfield and 
 the rectory of Withersdale in Suffolk. 
 
 Sir Robert Gayer, Knight of the Bath, gave one thou- 
 sand and forty pounds towards the building of the chapel. 
 
 A.D. 1675 : The reverend John Breton, Doctor in 
 Divinity, Master of the College, gave the perpetual 
 patronage of Wallington in Hertfordshire. 
 
 A.D. I68O : The reverend Thomas Holbech, Doctor in 
 Divinity, Master of the College, gave by his will about 
 fifty pounds per annum for maintaining a Catechist and 
 Ecclesiastical Lecturer, and for other uses of the College. 
 
 A.D. 1621 : Robert Ryce, Esquire, gave the perpetual 
 
220 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 patronage of the vicarage of Preston in Suffolk, endowed 
 with the impropriated rectory of the same. 
 
 A.D. 1722 : The reverend Richard Gillingham, Master 
 of Arts of the College and Vicar of Chigwell in Essex, 
 gave sixteen hundred pounds for the founding of a Fellow- 
 ship. 
 
 A.D. 1736: The reverend John Brown, Bachelor in 
 Divinity, sometime Fellow of the College and Rector of 
 Wallington in Hertfordshire, gave upwards of two thousand 
 pounds for the augmentation of the stipend of the Master 
 and Fellows, and for the founding of two scholarships. 
 
 The reverend Michael Smith, Doctor in Divinity of this 
 College, left by will seven hundred pounds to purchase 
 lands, out of which the sum of sixteen pounds per annum 
 is allotted towards the maintenance of an exhibitioner, and 
 the remainder to other uses of the College. 
 
 The reverend George Thorpe, Doctor in Divinity, some- 
 time Fellow of the College and Prebendary of Canterbury, 
 gave property in Kent to the value of one hundred and ten 
 pounds per annum, with a manor belonging thereto, for five 
 exhibitions and other uses of the College. 
 
 A.D. 1636: Mr. Walter Travers, sometime Fellow of 
 Trinity College, gave one hundred pounds for the founding 
 of a scholarship. 
 
 Thomas Hobs, Esquire, gave about eight pounds per 
 annum for two exhibitions. 
 
 A.D. 1639: Mr. Walter Richards, sometime of the 
 College, gave eight pounds per annum for two exhibitions. 
 
 Mrs. Ann Hunt, of the county of Suffolk, widow, by 
 the appointment of her son, Mr. John Collins, Bachelor 
 of Laws, Fellow-commoner, gave ten pounds per annum 
 towards the maintenance of two scholars. 
 
 A.D. 1778 : The reverend Henry Hubbard, Bachelor in 
 Divinity, many years Fellow of the College and Registrary 
 
APPENDIX II 221 
 
 of the University, gave upwards of four thousand pounds, 
 part of which he appropriated to the augmentation of the 
 stipend of the best and most able scholar upon Dr. Thorpe's 
 foundation. He also bequeathed to the College a valuable 
 collection of books. 
 
 Among later benefactors are : 
 
 A.D. 1830 : Mr. Henry Lusby, of Stratford in Essex, 
 who gave property at Stratford, Hornechurch, and Nave- 
 stock, to the value of three hundred and thirty pounds 
 per annum. 
 
 The reverend John Cooke gave the sum of two hundred 
 pounds for the increase of the plate money left by 
 Dr. Sudbury and Mr. Hubbard. 
 
 A.D. 1871 : The reverend George Archdall-Grat- 
 wicKE, Doctor of Divinity, late Master of this College, left 
 by will the sum of six thousand pounds for the general 
 uses of the College. 
 
 Besides these benefactions more particularly described, 
 there are others whose gifts have enriched the general 
 revenues : 
 
 27 Eliz., 27 Mar. : Sir Robert Jermyn, Knight. 
 
 27 Eliz., 27 Mar. : Sir Thomas Killegrew, of the county 
 of Cornwall, Knight. 
 
 27 Eliz., 20 Jul. : Sir Thomas Smith, Knight. 
 
 30 Eliz., 2 Mar. : Sir Thomas Skinner, Knight. 
 
 Mr. Anthony Radcliffe, Alderman of London. 
 
 30 Eliz., 3 Oct. : The Lady Mary Darrell, of the 
 county of Essex. 
 
 Mrs. Martha Jermyn. 
 
 Mrs. Owen, of London. 
 
 27 Eliz., 12 May: Henry Harvey, Doctor of Laws, 
 Master of Trinity Hall. 
 
 18 Jac, 22 Mar.: William Branthwait, Doctor in 
 
222 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 Divinity, Fellow of the College, afterwards Master of 
 Gonville and Caius College. 
 
 27 Eliz., 8 May : Robert Taylor, Esquire. 
 
 29 Eliz., 7 Oct. : Nicholas Fuller, of Gray's Inn, 
 Esquire. 
 
 Mr. Ellys, of Yorkshire. 
 
 Mr. Richard Culverwell, citizen of London. 
 
 Mr. Fish, citizen of London. 
 
 John Spenliffe, of Fulthorpe in Lincolnshire, Esquire. 
 
 28 Eliz., 6 Nov. : Robert Sneg, of Letchworth in Hert- 
 fordshire, Esquire. 
 
 27 Eliz., 14 Nov. : Mr. John Morley, of Michaelham in 
 Sussex. 
 
 Mr. John Sleigh, of Bernard's Inn. 
 
 30 Eliz., 27 Sept. : Mr. John Barns, citizen of London. 
 A.D. l6l8 : The Lady Grace Mildmay, wife of Sir 
 
 Anthony Mildmay. 
 
 The reverend Thomas Alleyne, late Fellow of the 
 College, and afterwards Rector of Loughborough. 
 
 The right reverend Richard Hurd, Lord Bishop of 
 Worcester, many years Fellow of the College. 
 
 Richard Hurd, Esquire, nephew of the last-named 
 Lord Bishop of Worcester. 
 
 The reverend James Devie, Bachelor in Divinity, Fellow 
 of the College, and afterwards Vicar of Standground. 
 
APPENDIX III 
 
 THE PICTUEES 
 
 In the Hall. 
 
 East Wall 
 
 Cetdre : The Founder, holding his staff of office. (This 
 
 picture is probably not genuine.) 
 Right : Sir W. Mildmay (purchased from Apethorp). 
 Left : Lady Mildmay (purchased from Apethorp). 
 
 NoHh Wall. 
 
 J. Sudbury, D.D. 
 Benjamin Which cot, D.D. 
 Henry Hubbard, B.D. 
 
 South Wall. 
 
 Mr. Francis Ash. 
 George Thorpe, D.D. 
 W. Richardson, D.D. 
 
 In the Combination-Room. 
 
 The Founder. 
 
 R. Kidder, Bishop of Bath and Wells (Mary Beale). 
 
 W. Younge (a late copy). 
 
 223 
 
224 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 John Bradshaw, regicide (presented by Huyshe Yateman, 
 Bishop of South wark, late Dixie Scholar). 
 
 Oliver Cromwell (presented by Rev. G. P. Haydon, B.A. 
 1868). 
 
 E. H. Browne, D.D., Fellow, Bishop of Ely and Win- 
 chester (G. F. Watts). 
 
 F. J. A. Hort, D.D., Fellow, Lady Margaret Professor 
 of Divinity (Jacomb Hood). 
 
 Mandel Creighton, D.D., first Dixie Professor, Bishop of 
 
 Peterborough and London (H. Harris Brown). 
 Samuel Parr, LL.D. (Romney). 
 Richard Farmer, D.D. (Romney). 
 Sir Wolstan Dixie, benefactor (1525-1594.). 
 
 In the Lodge. 
 Study. 
 
 Mr. Thornton. ) t^ ,, ^ 
 
 T> • • A/f- iji 1. h Fellow Commoners. 
 . Benjamm Middleton. j 
 
 William Kingsley, A.M. (Mary Beale). 
 
 Dining-Room. 
 
 Sir William Temple (Lely). 
 Sir Edmund Bacoii^ 
 Dr. Balderston. 
 
 Staircase. 
 
 John Fane, Lord Westmorland, Lord - Lieutenant of 
 Ireland, 1790 (Romney). 
 
 Anteroom of Gallery. 
 The Founder, dated 1579. 
 
APPENDIX III 225 
 
 The Gallery. 
 
 Nos. 
 
 18. The Founder, painted for the College, and placed 
 
 originally in the library, dated 1588. 
 12. The Founder, dated 1588. 
 
 19. Anthony Mildmay, son of the Founder, ob. l6l7. 
 
 20. Grace, Lady Mildmay, widow of Sir Anthony and 
 
 daughter of Sir Henry Sherringham. 
 7. Ralf Simonds, architect of the College. 
 25. Dr. Preston, second Master of the College (1622- 
 1628). 
 1. Dr. Breton, Master l665-l674. 
 34. Dr. Holbech, Master l674-l680. 
 4. William Branthwaite, Fellow 1584, Master of Caius, 
 1607. 
 
 32. Samuel Ward, Fellow 1595, Master of Sidney. 
 
 30. Joseph Hall, Fellow 1595, Bishop of Bristol and 
 Norwich. 
 6. Ralf Cudworth, Fellow 1639-1 654, Master of Christ's. 
 3. Benjamin Whichcote, Fellow 1 633-1643, Provost of 
 
 King's. 
 9. Lord Keeper Finch, Speaker of the House of Commons, 
 
 1628. 
 10. Sir Francis Peml^rton, Lord Chief Justice, 1681. 
 13. Rev. Benjamin Pemberton, Fellow 1739 (Romney). 
 8. W. Sancroft, D.D., Master 1662-63; Archbishop of 
 Canterbury. 
 15. Sir Purey Cust, fought at the Battle of the Boyne. 
 
 2. John Sudbury, D.D., Dean of Durham, ob. l684. 
 17. Joshua Barnes, Fellow 1678, Greek Professor 1695. 
 27. William Richardson, D.D., Master 1736-1775. 
 22. Henry Hubbard, B.D., Tutor 1736-1767. 
 
 33. Richard Hurd, D.D., Fellow 1742, Bishop of Lichfield 
 
 and Coventry (Gainsborough). 
 
 15 
 
226 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 Nos. 
 
 26. James Gardiner, Bishop of Lincoln, 1694-1709. 
 21. Charles Jackson, Bishop of Kildare (Gainsborough). 
 23. William Bennet, D.D., Fellow 1773, Bishop of Cloyne, 
 
 1794. 
 34. Roger Long, D.D., Master of Pembroke, 1733-1770. 
 14. Peter AUix, D.D., French pastor and historian of the 
 
 Waldenses (1641-1717). 
 29. Anthony Askew, M.D., scholar and book collector 
 
 (1722-1774). 
 9. Mrs. Joyce Frankland, benefactress, oh. 1.587. 
 
 6. Francis Ash, citizen of London, founder of the Ash 
 
 Exhibitions. 
 
 7. George Thorpe, D.D., Fellow 1663, Canon of Canter- 
 
 bury. 
 11. Earl of Westmorland (Charles Francis, I690). 
 28. An unknown Lady of the time of Elizabeth. 
 
APPENDIX IV 
 
 THE COLLEGE PATKONAGE 
 
 The livings in the gift of the College came, for the most 
 part, early into its possession, except those which have 
 been purchased from time to time by the accumulations 
 from the Dixie estate. The advowsons given to the 
 College are : 
 
 1. Standground and Farcet, Huntingdonshire, given by 
 the founder. They were at first united, but were separated 
 in 1885* 
 
 2. Loughborough, Leicestershire, given by the Earl of 
 Huntingdon in 1586. In 1848 the living was divided 
 into two rectories, namely, Loughborough and Emmanuel 
 Church. 
 
 3. Thurcaston, Leicestershire, given by Sir Francis 
 Walsingham in 1585. 
 
 4. North Cadbury, Somersetshire, given by the Earl of 
 Huntingdon in 1586. The possession of this advowson 
 was contested in l624 and l644, but on both occasions 
 the suit went in favour of the College. 
 
 * The founder also gave the patronage of Queen Camel in 
 Somersetshire; but it was afterwards united to other livings, and 
 was lost to the College. It is still in the patronage of a Mild- 
 may. 
 
 227 15—2 
 
228 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 5. Aller, Somersetshire, given by the Earl of Hunt- 
 ingdon, to which the College first presented in l632.* 
 
 6. North Luffenham, Rutland, given by William Romney, 
 Lord Mayor of London in 1591. 
 
 7. Fressingfield cum Withersdale, Suffolk, given by 
 Archbishop Sancroft in l684. The Master presents to 
 this living. 
 
 8. Twyford, Hampshire, left to the College in 1704 by 
 Carew Mild may, on condition that the College should 
 nominate, and the heir of Mildmay present. Originally 
 it was the practice for the College to nominate two, of 
 which the heir of Mildmay chose one. 
 
 [9. Wallington, Hertfordshire, given by John Breton, 
 Master 1665-1 675. The Master was to nominate and 
 present, but must choose one of the society. The 
 advowson of this living was sold by the College in 1899 to 
 Mr. D. Owen for £700.] 
 
 10. Thurning, Huntingdonshire, bequeathed to the 
 College in l656 by John Wells, who was encumbent and 
 patron of the living. He also left a sum of money to the 
 College. 
 
 11. Brompton Regis, Somersetshire, given by William 
 Neale in 1609. 
 
 12. Winston, Somersetshire, given also by W. Neale. 
 
 13. Preston, Suffolk, given in 162I by Robert Rice.f 
 
 * Henry Hastings, third Earl of Huntingdon (1535 -1595), brother- 
 in-law of Lord Leicester, being descended from the Poles, had 
 some claim to the throne after Elizabeth, and was thought to have 
 favoured the Puritans, hoping for their support. Besides the two 
 livings given by him, he also settled on Emmanuel the vicarage of 
 Piddleton in Dorsetshire, but by some flaw in the deed it was lost 
 to the College. 
 
 f The living of Hemstead in Suffolk was also left on condition 
 that the College made the next three presentations, and then came 
 to some arrangement with the heir ; but after the third presenta- 
 tion, in 1750, the heir contested the case, and apparently won. 
 
APPENDIX IV 229 
 
 Other livings have been purchased by accumulations 
 from the Dixie estate, in accordance with the will of 
 Sir Wolstan Dixie, who, having contributed £650 to the 
 building of the College, left, at his death in 1594, the sum 
 of £600 to purchase an estate to endow two Fellowships 
 and two scholarships. The stipend of the Fellows (who 
 had not the rights or status of foundation Fellows) and 
 of the scholars was small, and the estate purchased by this 
 benefaction in time produced a considerable surplus, the 
 accumulation of which was accordingly invested from time 
 to time in advowsons, the presentation to which was 
 alternately to a Dixie Fellow and a foundation Fellow. 
 The Commissioners of 1881 abolished the Fellowships and 
 the purchase of advowsons, and devoted the proceeds of 
 the estate to the endowment of the Dixie Professorship of 
 Ecclesiastical History and three Dixie Exhibitions of £30 
 a year. The heir of the founder, however, still nominates 
 to three livings (North Benfleet, Boddington, Brantham), 
 and the College presents, provided that the person 
 nominated be a graduate of Emmanuel who is either akin 
 to Sir W. Dixie or has been educated for a year at 
 Market Bosworth School. 
 
 The livings thus purchased are ; 
 
 Brantham and East Bergholt . . . Suffolk. 
 
 North Benfleet and Little Bentley Essex. 
 
 Lechdale ... ... ... ... Gloucestershire. 
 
 Winteringham ... ... ... Lincolnshire. 
 
 Upper Boddington ... ... Northamptonshire. 
 
 Blechingley ... ... ... Surrey. 
 
 Two other pieces of patronage were bestowed on the 
 College at various times — the appointment of the Masters 
 of Harleston and Bungay Schools. The former was given 
 by Archbishop Sancroft in 1688. It was connected with 
 
230 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 the establishment of a ' daily office of Divine service in 
 the ancient chapel of Harleston in Norfolk, according to 
 the Liturgy of the Church of England by law established.* 
 He assigned to the Master and Fellows of Emmanuel 
 College a perpetual rent of .£54 from the hereditary 
 revenue of Excise which had been granted to the Arch- 
 bishop by one Robert Walsted, of London, goldsmith, in 
 payment of a debt of about £900. The ancient chapel 
 had long been disused, and had no endowment. The 
 mastership of the grammar-school is still attached to this 
 chaplaincy, and is now held by Archdeacon Perowne, 
 appointed June 6, 1874. 
 
 One of the earliest possessions of the College was a 
 rent-charge of £10 and the patronage of the free school 
 at Bungay, given by Thomas Popeson, MA., formerly 
 Fellow of King's College. In virtue of the new scheme 
 sanctioned by the Charity Commissioners the school is now 
 managed by a governing body, which appoints the Master. 
 Emmanuel College nominates one member of this body. 
 
APPENDIX V 
 
 THE CHAPEL 
 
 The history of the erection and fittings of the chapel has 
 been given in the course of this book. It should be added 
 here that a renovation of the chapel took place in 1883, 
 which has considerably altered its internal appearance. 
 In 1872 the large glass chandelier which used to hang 
 from the centre of the ceiling was removed, and gas was 
 temporarily introduced. But in 1883 the walls and ceil- 
 ings were carefully recoloured and decorated, and stained 
 glass put in the windows. The whole work was super- 
 intended and designed by Arthur William Blomfield, and 
 carried out by Heaton and Butler. At the same time, in 
 order to protect the new decorations, electric light was 
 introduced under the superintendence of two of the 
 Fellows, who happened to be experts : Mr. W. N. Shaw 
 (since Secretary to the Meteorological Office) and Mr. E. 
 Hopkinson. The subjects of the stained-glass windows 
 and the facts commemorated on the panels were selected 
 mainly by Dr. Hort, whose object was to represent the 
 complete story of the Christian Church, and of the develop- 
 ment of learning from the third century to the early days 
 of the College. The breadth and liberality of view disclosed 
 by this design will be seen by the subjoined description, 
 
 231 
 
232 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 which was drawn up by Dr. Hort's own hand. I may add 
 that since that time the walls have been adorned by brass 
 tablets in memory of Dr. Hort, Bishops Browne and 
 Creighton, John Harvard, and of Hugh Chalford Black- 
 den, who died in South Africa during the war. By a 
 special clause in the act of consecration, the right was 
 reserved to bury in the chapel and cloister. Accordingly, 
 Chaderton's body was removed there, and some of the 
 succeeding Masters were also buried in the chapel itself 
 or in the cloister. But the tombs were all marked by flat 
 stones on the floor ; the placing of brass plates on the 
 walls, if continued, will materially alter the appearance of 
 the oak panelling. 
 
 The subjects of the windows of the chapel, from east to 
 west, are, first, theologians representative of the Early and 
 Middle Ages, and of the two earliest stages of the English 
 Reformation, and then theologians educated at Emmanuel 
 College. The windows on the north side commemorate 
 services rendered chiefly to the organization of institutions 
 and to systematic theology ; the windows on the south side 
 commemorate services rendered chiefly to inward life and 
 thought and to speculative theology. 
 
 NOETH SIDE. 
 First Window: Early and Middle Ages. 
 
 AuGUSTiNUS, holding his book De civitate Dei. Born at 
 Tagaste about S5^ ; died at Hippo in 430. 
 
 Anselmus, holding his books Monologion and Proslogion. 
 Born at Aosta about 1033 ; died at Canterbury in 1109. 
 
 Second Window: The English Reformation. 
 
 John Fisher, holding Christ's College, Cambridge. Born 
 at Beverley in 1459 ; beheaded on Tower Hill in 1535. 
 
APPENDIX V 233 
 
 Thomas Cranmer, holding the first English Book of 
 Common Prayer. Born in Nottinghamshire in 1489; 
 burned at Oxford in 1556. 
 
 Third Window: Theologians educated at Emmanuel 
 College. 
 
 Laurence Chaderton, holding scroll, ' Ut verbum Domini 
 currat et glorificetur' (2 Thess. iii. 1). Born at Oldham 
 about 1536 ; died at Cambridge in l640. 
 
 John Harvard, holding scroll, ' Populus qui creabitur 
 laudabit Dominum' (Ps. cii. 18). Born in Middlesex 
 l607 ; died at Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1638. 
 
 Fourth Window: Theologians educated at Emmanuel 
 College. 
 
 William Bedell, holding scroll, ^;Edificare deserta saecu- 
 lorum' (Isa. Iviii. 12). Born in Essex in 1571 ; died at 
 Kilmore, Ireland, in l642. 
 
 William Sancroft, holding scroll, ' Memento dierum anti- 
 quorum ' (Ps. cxliii. 5). Born at Fressingfield in l6l6 ; 
 died at Fressingfield in 1693. 
 
 SOUTH SIDE. 
 First Window : Early and Middle Ages. 
 
 Origenes, holding his book Hipi ap-xjav. Bom at Alexan- 
 dria about 185 ; died at Tyre about 254. 
 
 Joannes Scotus Eriugena, holding his book llipi (ftuaeuv. 
 
 Born in Ireland in the ninth century ; died at Malmesbury 
 about 891. 
 
234 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 Second Window : The English Reformation. 
 
 John Colet, holding St. Paul's School, London. Born in 
 London about 1466 ; died in London in 1519. 
 
 William Tindale, holding the first printed English New 
 Testament. Born in Gloucestershire about 1485 ; 
 strangled at Vilvorde in 1536. 
 
 Third Window: Theologians educated at Emmanuel 
 College. 
 
 Benjamin Whichcote, holding scroll, ' Lucerna Domini 
 
 spiritus hominis' (Prov. xx. 27). Born in Shropshire in 
 
 l6lO ; died at Cambridge in l683. 
 Peter Sterry, holding scroll, ' Ut sit Deus omnia in 
 
 omnibus' (1 Cor. xv. 28). Born in Surrey about l6l4 ; 
 
 died in 1672. 
 
 Fourth Window : Theologians educated at Emmanuel 
 College. 
 
 John Smith, holding scroll, ' Renovari in agnitionem 
 secundum imaginem Creatoris' (Col. iii. 10). Born in 
 Northamptonshire in l6l6; died at Cambridge in 
 1652. 
 
 William Law, holding scroll, 'Credite in lucem ut filii 
 lucis sitis ' (John xii. 36). Born at Kingscliffe in l686 ; 
 died at Kingscliffe in 176l. 
 
 The panels of the walls of the chapel are inscribed 
 according to an arrangement corresponding with the 
 arrangement of the windows. The north and south sides 
 are united by texts inscribed in the panels of the east 
 wall. 
 
APPENDIX V 
 
 235 
 
 
 EAST WALL. 
 
 
 North. 
 
 
 
 South. 
 
 VNVM 
 
 SVRSVM 
 
 CORDA 
 
 VNVS 
 
 CORPVS 
 
 
 
 SPIRITVS 
 
 IN QVO OMNIS 
 
 
 
 IN IPSO 
 
 /VEDIFICATIO CONPACTA 
 
 
 
 VITA ERAT 
 
 CRESCIT IN TEMPLVM 
 
 
 
 ET VITA ERAT 
 
 SANCTVM IN DOMINO 
 
 
 
 LVX HOMINVM 
 
 VOCABITVR NOMEN EIVS EMMANVEL 
 NOBISCVM DEVS 
 
 The narrow panels flanking the east wall contain — 
 
 North : The pastoral staff resting on the cross, with the 
 olive above. 
 
 South : The vine twined around the cross, with the 
 pomegranate above. 
 
 The panels between the first and second windows repre- 
 sent the two great reforming Orders of the thirteenth 
 century, the Dominicans and the Franciscans, on the 
 site of whose houses in Cambridge the two Elizabethan 
 foundations of Emmanuel and Sidney Sussex College 
 were established. The last name on each panel is 
 that of a precursor of the Reformation of the sixteenth 
 century. 
 
 The panels between the second and third windows 
 represent the revival of letters and the sciences re- 
 lating to man, and the revival of the sciences relating 
 to nature. 
 
 The panels between the third and fourth windows 
 commemorate services rendered by men educated at 
 Emmanuel College to the sciences relating to man, and to 
 the sciences relating to nature. 
 
236 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 NORTH SIDE. 
 First Panels: Ordo Fratrum Pr^dicatorum. 
 
 DoMiNicus : bom in Old Castile in 1170 ; died in Bologna 
 
 in 1221. 
 Thomas Aquinas : born at Aquino about 1225 ; died at 
 
 Terracina in 1274. 
 Albertus Magnus : born in Suabia in 1 193 ; died at Cologne 
 
 in 1280. 
 HiERONYMUs Savonarola : born at Ferrara in 1452 ; burned 
 
 at Florence in 1498. 
 
 Second Panels: Instauratio Scientiarum Naturalium. 
 
 RilN^ Descartes : born in Touraine in 1 596 ; died at 
 Stockholm in l650. 
 
 Francis Bacon: born in London in 1560; died at High- 
 gate in 1626. 
 
 John Ray : born near Braintree in l628 ; died near Brain- 
 tree in 1704. 
 
 Isaac Newton: bom at Woolsthorpe in l642 ; died in 
 London in 1727. 
 
 Third Panels: Inquisitio Naturalis Collegii Emmanuelis. 
 
 Jeremiah Horrox : born at Toxteth in I619 ; died at 
 
 Toxteth in l640. 
 John Wallis : born at Ash ford in I616 ; died at Oxford 
 
 in 1703. 
 John Martyn : born in London in l699 ; died at Chelsea 
 
 in 1768. 
 Thomas Young: born at Milverton in 1773; died in 
 
 London in 1829- 
 
APPENDIX V 237 
 
 SOUTH SIDE. 
 
 First Panels : Ordo Fratrum Minorum. 
 
 Franciscus : born at Assisi in 1182 ; died at Assisi in 1226. 
 Bona VENTURA: born in Tuscany in 1221 ; died at Lyons in 
 
 1274. 
 Joannes Duns Scotus: bom about 1270; died at Cologne 
 
 in 1308. 
 WiLLELMus Ockham : bom at Ockham in 1280 ; died at 
 
 Munich in 1332. 
 
 Second Panels : Instauratio Scientiarum Humanarum. 
 
 Dante Alighieri : born at Florence in 1265 ; died at 
 
 Ravenna in 1321. 
 Pico Di Mirandula; born at Mirandula in 1463 ; died at 
 
 Florence in 1494. 
 Johann Reuchlin : born at Pforzheim in 1455; died at 
 
 Liebenzell in 1522. 
 Desiderius Erasmus ; born at Rotterdam about 1465 ; died 
 
 at Basel in 1536. 
 
 Third Panels: Inquisitio Humana Collegii Emmanuelis. 
 
 Roger Twysden : born in 1597 ; died at East Peckham 
 
 in 1672. 
 Edmund Castle : bom in Cambridgeshire in l606 ; died 
 
 in London in l685. 
 Ralph Cud worth : bom in Somersetshire in l6l7 ; died at 
 
 Cambridge in l688. 
 William Gell : born in Derbyshire in 1777 ; died at 
 
 Naples in 1836. 
 
APPENDIX VI 
 
 EMMANUEL MEN WHO HAVE TAKEN A FIRST 
 CLASS IN HONOURS SINCE THE FIRST ESTAB- 
 LISHMENT OF A TRIPOS, OR GAINED UNIVER- 
 SITY SCHOLARSHIPS OR PRIZES 
 
 The following lists give a measure of the success of the 
 College in the University. They are not as interesting or 
 important as a statement of the after-career of men 
 educated at the College would be, but they have a certain 
 value. It is somewhat remarkable that, though the 
 College had a fair share of success in the Mathematical 
 Tripos from the first, it seemed slow in taking up with 
 any effect the newer Tripos in Classics. There were no 
 first class men for twenty years (1825-1845). Nor does the 
 Classical degree seem to have been much taken into 
 account for election to a Fellowship, not one of the six 
 from 1846 to 1858 having been elected. There may, of 
 course, have been other reasons for this, either personal to 
 the men or their county. It was not because the College 
 undervalued Classics at the time. They took pains to get 
 good Lecturers on the subject, the late Richard Shilleto 
 having for some time acted in that capacity, and in 1850 
 and 1857 elections were made from other Colleges, with the 
 view of strengthening that side of the teaching. In recent 
 years it will be seen that a much greater success has been 
 
 238 
 
APPENDIX VI 
 
 239 
 
 obtained in this Tripos, partly, no doubt, owing to 
 increased numbers, but also greatly to the energy and 
 ability of the Tutors and Lecturers. In the more modern 
 Triposes the greatest success has been in the Natural 
 Sciences. In the Semitic Languages Tripos and the 
 Mediaeval and Modern Languages Tripos no first has been 
 obtained. 
 
 Wranglers 
 
 1 IN THE MaTHEMAT] 
 
 
 1747). 
 
 1748. 
 
 Gordon. 
 
 
 Pemberton. 
 
 1749. 
 
 Richardson. 
 
 
 Stona, 
 
 1755. 
 1756. 
 
 Hingeston. 
 Gilbert. 
 
 1758. 
 
 Bristed. 
 
 1759. 
 
 OUver. 
 
 1760. 
 
 Backall. 
 
 1762. 
 
 Turner. 
 
 1764. 
 
 Francklin. 
 
 1770. 
 
 Oldershaw. 
 
 1771. 
 
 Bat em an. 
 
 1774. 
 1776. 
 
 Elleray. 
 Oldershaw (senior). 
 
 1777. 
 
 Sutton. 
 
 1778. 
 
 Taylor. 
 Franklin. 
 
 1780. 
 1782. 
 1783. 
 
 Cory. 
 
 Hardy. 
 
 Wade. 
 
 1791. 
 
 Dunn. 
 
 1792. 
 1794. 
 
 Allsopp. 
 Pemberton. 
 
 1798. 
 
 Lamb. 
 
 1804. 
 
 Slade. 
 
 1815. 
 1817. 
 
 Burroughs. 
 Cantis. 
 
 1818. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 1820. Shelford. 
 
 1 823. Foley. 
 
 1824. Warden. 
 
 1828. Tuck. 
 
 1 829. Birkett. 
 
 1830. Whall. 
 Buston. 
 
 1832. Browne. 
 Lloyd. 
 
 1833. Cartmell. 
 
 1838. Woolley. 
 
 1839. Williams. 
 
 1842. Castlehow. 
 Carter. 
 
 1843. Pix. 
 
 1 844. Nicholson. 
 
 1845. Power. 
 Dennis. 
 
 1847. Treacy. 
 Gurney. 
 
 1848. Horley. 
 
 1849. Cornwell. 
 
 1850. Sale. 
 Munn. 
 
 1851. Chalker. 
 Matthew. 
 West. 
 
 1852. Phear. 
 
 1853. Batty. 
 
240 
 
 EMMANUFX COLLEGE 
 
 1854. 
 
 Glover. 
 
 
 Candy. 
 
 Sturges. 
 
 Almond. 
 
 
 Rawlinson. 
 
 1855. 
 
 Reynolds. 
 Jones. 
 
 1856. 
 
 Dyson. 
 Street. 
 
 
 Edridge. 
 Glen. 
 
 1857. 
 
 Porcher. 
 
 1858. 
 
 Hewitt. 
 
 1859. 
 
 Jones. 
 
 I860. 
 
 Lee. 
 
 
 Blissard. 
 
 
 MacCarthy. 
 Walsh. 
 
 1861. 
 
 Thurlbourn. 
 
 
 Griffith. 
 
 1862. 
 
 Armitage. 
 Chapman. 
 Bowker. 
 
 1863. 
 
 Rose. 
 
 
 Besant. 
 
 1865. 
 
 Pitts. 
 
 1866. 
 
 Davies. 
 
 1867. 
 
 Watherston. 
 
 
 Gaskin. 
 
 
 Clarke. 
 
 
 Prior. 
 
 
 Bevan. 
 
 1868. 
 
 Meaden. 
 
 1869. 
 
 Day. 
 
 Godfray. 
 
 Blenkiron. 
 
 
 Firth. 
 
 1871. 
 
 Kaye. 
 Reith. 
 
 1872. 
 
 Langley. 
 Stebbing. 
 
 1873. Irons. 
 Hodgins. 
 
 1874. Craik. 
 Stuart. 
 Allcock. 
 
 1876. Bishop. 
 Shaw. 
 
 1877. Sharratt. 
 Lyon. 
 Fuller. 
 
 1878. Allcock. 
 
 1880. Allcock. 
 Mackenzie. 
 Noaks. 
 
 1881. Hopkinson. 
 Davison. 
 
 p . ' I Pattisson. 
 
 1883, f ^^^7^- 
 p^ ^'-l Creak. 
 
 [ French. 
 
 Chapman. 
 
 Barnard. 
 King. 
 
 Barnard. 
 
 Rosenberg. 
 
 Peace. 
 Osbom. 
 Cole. 
 Morgan. 
 
 Oldland. 
 Crook. 
 
 Denmead. 
 Hyett. 
 
 1884,\ 
 Pt. i. / 
 1885,\ 
 Pt. i. j 
 1886,\ 
 Pt. ii./ 
 1886,\ 
 Pt. i. / 
 1887,^ 
 Pt. i. / 
 1888,\ 
 Pt. i. / 
 
 1889,\ 
 Pt. i. / 
 
 1890,\ 
 Pt. i. / 
 
 1891,\ 
 Pt. i. / 
 
APPENDIX VI 
 
 Ml 
 
 Ft. i. / 
 
 1894,] 
 Pt. i. 1 
 
 1895,\ 
 Ptii./ 
 
 1896,\ 
 Pt.iJ 
 
 1897/ 
 Pt. 
 
 
 Craig. 
 
 Estcourt. 
 
 Carslaw. 
 
 Green. 
 
 Yewdall. 
 
 Carslaw. 
 
 Messer. 
 Byron. 
 Wagstaff. 
 Slater. 
 
 1898, 
 Pt. 
 
 Lane. 
 
 99 A 
 . i./ 
 
 1899, 
 Pt 
 
 Bishop. 
 Goodwin. 
 
 1901 
 Pt 
 
 man. 
 
 p^ ./| Knapman, 
 
 1902,\ 
 Pt. i. / 
 
 Wood. 
 Clarke 
 
 Classical Tripos (established 1824). 
 
 1825. 
 1846. 
 1851. 
 1852. 
 1853. 
 1858. 
 1866. 
 
 1869. 
 1871. 
 
 1874. 
 1876. 
 
 1877. 
 1879. 
 1882,\ 
 Pt. i. / 
 
 1885,\ 
 Pt. i. / 
 
 1887,\ 
 Pt. i. j 
 
 1889,\ 
 Pt. i. / 
 
 Wimberley. 
 
 Romanis. 
 
 Phillips. 
 
 Wimberley. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 Barton. 
 
 Shuckburgh. 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Rodwell. 
 
 Chawner. 
 
 Adams. 
 
 Manby. 
 
 Streane. 
 
 Flather. 
 
 Wilson. 
 
 Higgens. 
 
 Luckham. 
 
 Crawford. 
 
 Asplen. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 Crawley. 
 Middleton 
 
 1890,\ 
 Pt.ii./ 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1892. 
 
 1893,\ 
 
 Pt.ii./ 
 
 1893,\ 
 
 Pt. i. / 
 
 1894,\ 
 
 Pt.ii./ 
 
 1894, 
 Pt.i. 
 
 1895,\ 
 Pt. i. j 
 1896,\ 
 Pt. i. / 
 1896,\ 
 Ptii. J 
 
 1897,/ 
 Pt. i. 1 
 
 Crawley. 
 
 Middleton. 
 
 Arnold. 
 
 Kelsey. 
 
 Crouch. 
 
 Bryant. 
 
 Bryant. 
 Pike. 
 
 Welford 
 
 Cabell. 
 Clayton. 
 Fuller. 
 Sworder. 
 
 Barstow. 
 Jones. 
 
 Barstow. 
 
 Briggs. 
 Bruce. 
 Edmonds. 
 
 16 
 
242 
 
 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 j.«9y Edmonds. 
 
 1898,\Davies. 
 Pt. i. / Howell. 
 
 1901, 
 Pt. i. 
 
 ' Hopkins. 
 Buckley. 
 Dawkins. 
 Hooper. 
 
 i«QQ f Marshall. 
 IV^^'} West-Watson. 
 ^^' '• [ Thomas. 
 
 J,ffj;} Dawkins. 
 
 J,fg Marshall. 
 ;,9^00,|Keeton. 
 
 1902, 
 Pt. i. 
 
 Darbyshire. 
 Dobson. 
 Hind. 
 Rawlinson. 
 
 Moral Sciences Tripos (established 1851). 
 1867. Cary (senior). 
 
 Natural Sciences Tripos 
 
 1855. 
 
 1857. 
 
 1858. 
 
 1876. 
 
 1877. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1882, i 
 
 Pt. 1. / 
 
 1884,\ 
 
 Pt. i. / 
 J85,\ 
 t. i./ 
 586,^ 
 t. i. / 
 
 1887,\ 
 Pt. ii./ 
 1888,\ 
 Pt. i. ) 
 
 1885, 
 Pt. 
 1886, 
 Pt. 
 
 1891,1 
 
 Pt. i. / 
 
 1892, 
 Pt. 
 
 '3 
 
 Candy. 
 
 Preston. 
 
 Nottidge. 
 
 Shaw. 
 
 Ohm. 
 
 Robb. 
 
 Carter. 
 Dickinson. 
 Couldridge. 
 Carr. 
 
 Couldridge. 
 
 Perkins. 
 Wilkinson 
 Eichholz. 
 Taylor. 
 
 Eichholz. 
 
 (established 1851). 
 
 1893, 
 Pt 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 ./ j Cooper. 
 
 f;}Eve. 
 
 1894,\ 
 Pt.ii./ 
 
 1893, 
 Pt 
 
 Eve. 
 
 1894,\ King. 
 Pt. i. / Porter. 
 
 Green. 
 
 1895,\ 
 Pt. ii./ 
 
 1895,\ 
 Pt. i. / 
 
 IS96A 
 Pt. ii. / 
 
 Biffen. 
 Gabriel. 
 
 Biffen. 
 
 I Crofts. 
 Ermen. 
 Lempfert 
 Parker. 
 
APPENDIX VI 
 
 243 
 
 1897 
 Pt 
 
 Hall. 
 Rennie. 
 
 97, 1 
 PMi!} Lempfert. 
 
 1900 
 Pt 
 
 1898, 
 Pt. i. 
 
 1899, 
 Pt. i. 
 
 Clarke. 
 
 Kerslake. 
 
 WagstafF. 
 
 Mellanby. 
 
 Stuart. 
 
 Tuck. 
 
 ^M Mellanby 
 
 1900,\ 
 Pt.i.; 
 
 Goodwin. 
 Heaton. 
 
 1902, 
 Pt.i 
 
 Butler. 
 Hodge. 
 Pieton. 
 Rothera. 
 ^ Smith. 
 
 Theological Tripos (established 1874). 
 
 1875. Streane. 
 
 1884,1 r, 
 
 p^ .;|Hervey. 
 
 {,^^^?|'}Waddingt 
 -a Swift. 
 
 Crook. 
 
 189l,\ 
 Pt. i. j 
 
 j,f*'} Sedgwick 
 J,f?'}Sopwith. 
 
 9 
 
 1901, 
 Pt 
 
 West-Watson. 
 
 Civil Law Classes (from 1815). 
 
 1816. Fitzthomas. 1850. Moxon. 
 
 1824. Long. 1853. Bedford, 
 
 1847. Wild. 1855. King. 
 
 Green. 
 
 Law Tripos (established 1858) 
 
 1866. Wood. 1901,\ 
 
 1867. Couch. Pt. i. / 
 1869. Staffurth. 1902, 
 1 883. Pattisson. Pt, 
 
 ►02,j 
 :.ii./ 
 
 Sutton. 
 
 Sutton. 
 
 Historical Tripos (established 1875). 
 
 1896. Head. 1902,) . 
 
 1902,\„ .. p, i I Appasamy. 
 
 Pt. ii!| Hopkins. 
 
 16—2 
 
244 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 Indian Languages Tripos (established 1879). 
 1889. Chapman. 
 
 Mechanical Sciences Tripos (established 1894). 
 
 pff;}"-"- ' J.t'ii:}Head. 
 
 The highest honour in Classics is the Chancellor's 
 Medal, first given in 1752. This has as yet only been 
 brought to Emmanuel twice: by R. K. Rod well in 1869, 
 and F. H. Marshall in 1901. The highest Mathematical 
 honour is the Smith's Prize, established in 1769. This 
 has been won by the two Oldershaws in 1770 and 1776, 
 and by W. Taylor 1778, R. B. Batty 1853, G. H. Stuart 
 1874. University Scholarships have only been won by 
 J. B. Scale (Craven) 1770, F. H. Marshall (Davies) 1900, and 
 C. Ransford (Bell) 1902. The Tyrwhit Hebrew Scholarship 
 has come more frequently into the College : it has been 
 gained by R. Buston 1832, E. H. Browne (Bishop of Ely 
 and Winchester) 1834, P. Carlyon 1836, W. H. Roberts 
 1839, H. G. Williams 1840, C. Chambers 1842, O. Glover 
 1856, A. T. Chapman 1865, W. E. Waddington 1890. 
 The Whewell Scholarship for International Law (estab- 
 lished I860) has been won by J. G. Wood 1868 (who also 
 won the Chancellor's Medal for Law in 1868), F. W. Head 
 1 897 ; the Lightfoot for Ecclesiastical History (estab- 
 lished 1874) by J. H. Flather 1877, F. W. Head 1897; 
 the Craven Studentship for Research by R. McG. Dawkins 
 1 902 ; the Prendergast Greek Studentship by C. D. 
 Edwards 1898 ; the Steward of Rannoch Scholarship 
 by G. A. Thomas 1898. The Crosse Scholarship for 
 Divinity has been won by E. H. Browne 1833, O. Glover 
 1854, R. C. W. Raban 1863, C. West -Watson 1901. 
 
APPENDIX VI 245 
 
 The Carus Greek Testament Prize has been won by 
 R. C. W. Raban I860, A. W. Streane 1874 (who also 
 gained the Evans Theological Prize in 1875), J. K. Sopwith 
 1895, R. Talbot 1899. The Winchester Reading Prize 
 was won twice by C. R. W. Cooke in 1865 and 1866; 
 the Bumey Essay by W. Blissard 186l, R. W. Cooke 
 1865 and 1866; the Hulsean Essay by J. Weller 1817, 
 O. W. Wallace 1856, E. G. Wood 1866, W. Chawner 
 1872 ; the Le Bas Essay by B. A. Irving 1851 and 1852, 
 R. W. Cooke 1864; the Thirlwall by E. E. Bryant 1895; 
 the Norrisian by J. Woolly 1843 and 1844, B. A Irving 
 1851; the Porson by G. J. Gill 1846 and 1847; the 
 Prince Consort Prize by F. W. Head 1900 ; the Seatonian 
 by C. Philpott 1790 and 1791, T. S. Hughes 1817, P. J. 
 Loseby 1901 ; the Browne Medal by J. Walker for Greek 
 Ode 1778 ; the Members' Latin Essay by E. V. Blomfield 
 1812, and English Essay by W. J. Pike 1893; the 
 Maitland Prize by E. F. Fiske 1849; the Scholefield Prize 
 by R. C. Raban 1862. 
 
 This record of College honours may fitly be closed by 
 a somewhat more detailed account of one whose name is a 
 perpetual honour to the place of his education. Jeremiah 
 Horrocks or Horrox (I6l9-l641) entered the College in 
 1633, when fourteen years old, and remained three years. 
 He then returned to the house of his father — a small farmer 
 at Toxteth, near Liverpool. At College he had conceived 
 a passion for astronomy, from the study of the works of 
 Tycho Brahe and Kepler. On his return home he had to 
 struggle with poverty and want of sympathy, but in l636 
 he made the acquaintance of William Crabtree, who was 
 an astronomer and considerable mathematician. This 
 
246 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 friendship was his great support. In l638, when only 
 twenty, he was ordained to the curacy of Much Hoole, 
 near Southport, and there, on November 24, l639, by 
 means of a telescope constructed by himself to examine 
 the eclipse of the sun May 22 of the same year, he 
 observed the transit of Venus. His own account of it is 
 touching. It unfortunately happened on Sunday about 
 three o'clock; his afternoon service only ended at that 
 time, and the sun set at 3.50. 
 
 ' About fifteen minutes past three,' he writes, ' when I 
 was again at liberty to continue my labours, the clouds, as 
 if by Divine interposition, were entirely dispersed, and I 
 was once more invited to the grateful task of repeating 
 my observations, when, lo, I beheld a most gratifying 
 spectacle, the realization of so many ardent desires — a 
 new spot of unusual magnitude and of perfect circular 
 shape, which had already fully entered upon the sun's disc 
 on the left, so that the limits of the sun and Venus 
 precisely coincided, forming an angle of contact. I 
 immediately lost all doubt that this was the shadow of 
 Venus, and applied myself to the careful observation 
 of it.' 
 
 Thus, as he expressed it himself, 'the tediousness of study 
 was overcome by industry,' and one whom Newton described 
 as ' a genius of the very first rank,' and to whom he acknow- 
 ledged his obligations, though he died in his twenty-third 
 year, left an almost unparalleled list of independent dis- 
 coveries and investigations behind him. The church of 
 Much Hoole — where he laboured for only a year — was in 
 1859 restored and enlarged in his honour, and in 1874, 
 under the care of Dean Stanley, a tablet was placed in 
 Westminster Abbey, the inscription on which will give 
 briefly the achievements of his short life : 
 
APPENDIX VI J^47 
 
 'AD MAJORA AVOCATUS, 
 QUiE OB HJEC PARERGA NEGLIGI NON DECUIT.' 
 
 IN MEMORY OF 
 
 JEREMIAH HORROCKS, 
 
 CURATE OF HOOLE, IN LANCASHIRE, 
 
 WHO DIED ON THE JRD OF JANUARY, 164I, IN OR NEAR HIS 22ND YEAR, 
 
 HAVING IN SO SHORT A LIFE 
 
 DETECTED THE LONG INEQUALITY IN THE MEAN MOTION OF 
 
 JUPITER AND SATURN; 
 
 DISCOVERED THE ORBIT OF THE MOON TO BE AN ELLIPSE ; 
 
 DETERMINED THE MOTION OF THE LUNAR APSE ; 
 
 SUGGESTED THE PHYSICAL CAUSE OF ITS REVOLUTION ; 
 
 AND PREDICTED FROM HIS OWN OBSERVATION THE TRANSIT OF VENUS, 
 
 WHICH WAS SEEN BY HIMSELF AND HIS FRIEND WILLIAM CRABTREE 
 
 ON SUNDAY THE 24TH OF NOVEMBER (o.S.), 163Q ; 
 
 THIS TABLET FACING THE MONUMENT OF NEWTON 
 
 WAS RAISED AFTER THE LAPSE OF MORE THAN TWO CENTURIES, 
 
 DECEMBER QTH, 1 874.' 
 
APPENDIX VII 
 
 ATHLETICS 
 
 On the athletic side the following lists will show what the 
 College has done. The Boat Club was founded in 1 843, 
 the Cricket Club in 1834, and after two years' suspension 
 (1839, 1840) was refounded in 1841. 
 
 Emmanuel Men in the University Boat rowing against 
 Oxford. 
 
 1854. Spencer Nairn. 
 
 1857. Anthony Benn. 
 
 1863. Richard Herbert Morgan. 
 
 1868. James George Wood. 
 
 1869. John Arthur Rushton. 
 1879. Tom Routledge. 
 1888^ 
 
 1889 1 James Cardwell Gardner. 
 1890 J 
 
 SQfi I ^* ^ Duncanson. 
 1 898. S. V. Pearson. 
 N. B. Rennie. 
 1901. E. F. Duncanson. 
 248 
 
APPENDIX VII 249 
 
 Emmanuel Men in the University Eleven playing 
 AGAINST Oxford. 
 
 ^^^^1 ^ ^ ^ 1 lli^\ E. M. Reynolds. 
 
 1838 V C. G. Taylor. 1854/ ^ 
 
 1839 J 1855. J. Bury. 
 
 1842" 
 
 1843]- T. L. French. i856l O. Hammond. 
 
 
 1844 
 
 1844. W. Sykes. is59. F. Nunn. 
 
 1846^ 
 1847 
 1848 
 1849 
 
 1876. V. K. Shaw. 
 R. T. King. 1877. H. Pigg. 
 
 1850 f ^' ^' J^^y^s- 1891. G. I. V. Weigall. 
 
 1850/ 
 18511 
 1852 J 
 1852. E. A. Fuller 
 
 J. S. Weston. igoi L t. Daniel. 
 
 Football (Rugby) against Oxford. 
 nil) R. M. Pattison. 
 
 18821 
 
 1883 V C. H. Sample. 
 
 I884J 
 
 1889\ 
 
 J. Daniell. 
 F. H. Jones. 
 
 1890/ 
 1898\ 
 1899/ 
 1899. G. H. Keeton. 
 
 F. V. Bedell-Sievwright. 
 
 Athletics against Oxford. 
 
 Jgggj L. Tiffany (hurdles). 
 
 1881. J. A. Scott (weight). 
 
 1883. J. A. Scott (weight and hammer). 
 
250 EMMANUEL COLLEGE 
 
 Presidents of the Union. 
 
 1826. C. Lillingston. 
 
 1844. E. F. Friske. 
 
 1852. H. Leach. 
 
 1865. E. S. Shuckburgh. 
 
 1899. J. R. P. Sclater. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Act of Divinity, 39 
 Acts of Parliament : 
 
 Bartholomew, 71, 100, 102 
 
 Catholic Relief, 174 
 
 Six Articles, 3 
 
 Uniformity, 69, 70, 81 
 Adams, Samuel, 142 
 Adcock, John, 145 
 Advanced students, 181 
 Akin, Mr., 145 
 Alfounder, R., 114, 115 
 Algebra Lectureship, 149 
 AUer, rectory of, 82, 119, 192, 228 
 All Hallows', Broad Street, 69, 70 
 Allix, Peter, 226 
 Almond, John, Fellow, 90, 95 
 Alva, 17 
 American Minister, 162, 163 
 
 War, 159 
 Amiconi, Giacomo, 12 
 Anacreon, edition of, 124 
 Anderson, W. P., 173 
 Antinomians, 70 
 An Apology for Smectymnuus, by Milton, 
 
 43, 44, 69, 146 
 Apethorpe, 11, 116 
 Archdall-Gratwicke, Dr., Master, 175, 
 
 176, 179 
 Aristophanes, editio prlnceps of, 165 
 Aristotle, 31 
 Arminian doctrine, 40 
 Arrowsmith, of St. John's, 82 
 Ash benefaction, 148, 198 
 
 exhibitions, 177 
 Ash, Francis, 192 
 Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 39, 177, 180 
 Ashby, Nicholas, 11 
 Ashworth, an Oxford doctor, 66 
 Askew, Dr. Adam or Anthony, 193, 226 
 Atwood, John, Fellow, 192 
 
 Augmentations, Court of, 21 
 Austin, Cornelius, 12 
 
 Bacon, Sir Edmund, 161 
 
 Bainbrigg, Dr., of Christ's, 78, 95 
 
 Balderston, John, 117-125, 127, 128 
 
 Ball, on Preston, 55, 58 
 
 Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, 29 
 
 Banwell All Saints, 103 
 
 Barbadoes, 142 
 
 Barlow, Mr., 135 
 
 Barnes, John, 182 
 
 Joshua, 117, 124, 125, 225 
 Barnwell Gate, 1 
 
 Carriage by water to, 11 
 
 Dock, 116 
 
 House in, 34 
 Baro, Peter, Lady Margaret Professor, 30, 
 
 50 
 Barwell, 50 
 Batchcroft, Dr., 70 
 Bath, Earl of, 192 
 
 Rachel, Countess of, 192 
 Bath and Wells, Bishop of, 102 
 Beal, William, 88, 89 
 Bedell, William, 40-44, 54, 66, 198, 233 
 Bedford, 39 
 Benefactors, 202-222 
 Bennet, WiUiam, 9, 133, 141, 145, 148, 
 
 149, 151, 153, 166, 226 
 Bentley, Dr., 106, 125 
 Bentley, Little, 229 
 Bets, 156-159 
 Birdbolt Tavern, 103 
 Birkett, R., 198 
 Birmingham School, 138 
 Bishop's Bourn, 127 
 Bishop Stortford School, 143, 150 
 Blackfriars, Rector of, 128 
 Blaxton, William, M.A., 56 
 
 251 
 
252 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Blechingley living, of, 229 
 Blomfield, C. J., 171 
 
 B. v., 171 
 Boddington, Upper, 229 
 Boston, 45, 76, 96 
 Boyle, 106 
 Bradshaw, John, 224 
 
 William, 48, 51 
 Bramford, Thomas, 100 
 Brantham, living of, 229 
 Branthwaite, Fellow, 39, 44, 65, 189, 225 
 Breton, Dr. John, Master, 11, 12, 67, 85, 
 
 113-116, 193, 225 
 Brewood School, 143 
 Brick Building (see Old Court), 9 
 Bright, William, Fellow, 39, 102 
 Broadstreet, Simon, M.A., 57 
 Brown, Edmund, 57 
 
 Matthew, 114 
 Browne, E. H., 163, 175, 224, 244, 245 
 
 John, Fellow, 118, 119, 192 
 Brownrigg, Ralph, Bishop of Exeter, 69, 
 
 93, 95, 99 
 Buck, 139 
 
 Buckden, Prebend of, 88 
 Buckingham, Duke of, 53, 55, 61, 75 
 Bunch, R. J., 172, 198 
 Bimgay building, 15, 174 
 
 School, 230 
 Burroughs, Sir James, 14, 135, 136 
 Bury St. Edmunds, 42, 54, 66, 73, 79, 
 
 142, 151 
 Buttery, 147, 149 
 
 Caddell, Hon. Walter, 142 
 
 Caius College, Cambridge, 4, 89, 68, 70, 
 
 127, 171 
 Calamy, Edmund, 145 
 Calvinism, 27, 29, 51, 53, 79 
 Cambridge Castle, 7 
 Cambridge Chronicle, 161 
 Cambridge Committee for Revising Eng- 
 lish Version of Bible, 88 
 Cambridge, member for, 85 
 
 Press, 49 
 
 water-supply, 177 
 Cambridge, New England, 48 
 Canning, Richard, 150, 151, 193 
 Canterbury,' Archbishop of, 10, 29, 98, 169 
 
 Canon of, 153 
 
 preacher at, 3 
 
 Prebendary of, 127 
 Carter, Fellow, 100 
 Cartwright, Thomas, 21, 22, 49 
 Cary, Sir Francis, 190 
 Castell, Edmund, 86, 192, 237 
 
 Castlehow, W., 199 
 Catechism, 96 
 Caxton, 160 
 
 Chaderton, Edmund, father of Lau- 
 rence, 27 
 Chaderton, Laurence, 4, 12, 16, 24-26, 29, 
 30, 33, 35-37, 210, 233 
 mastership of, 27-57, 73, 101, 184 
 Chadwick, Charles, 4, 82, 38, 62, 104 
 Chamberlain, Francis, 4 
 Chancellor's Medal, 171, 244 
 Chandler, E., 126 
 Chantrey, 166 
 
 Chapel, the, 10-12, 112-116, 231-287 
 Chapman, A. T., 244 
 Charles, Prince, afterwards Charles I., 87, 
 
 58, 61, 65, 69, 70, 88, 92, 108 
 Charles II., King of England, 69, 92, 
 
 102, 106, 109, 111, 112, 119 
 Charlestown, 72, 73 
 Charterhouse School, 143 
 Chase, Sir Richard, 150, 161 
 Chatham, 49 
 Chatterton, Mrs., 154 
 Chawner, Mr. W. Master, 162, 184 
 Cheetham Society, 84 
 
 Chelmsford, 18, 46 
 
 Chelsea, 49 
 
 Chester, bishopric of, 55 
 
 Chichester, Sir Arthur, 67 
 Bishop of, 3 
 
 Christ's College, Cambridge, 4, 18, 19, 21, 
 23, 26, 27, 44, 51, 54, 55, 78, 81, 82, 95, 
 101, 115, 166 
 
 Christ's Hospital, London, 18, 124 
 
 Civil War, 52, 87 
 
 aare HaU, 4, 82, 97 
 
 Clark, Bartholomew, of King's College, 22 
 
 Clerke, Mr., Fellow, 76, 78 
 
 Clitheroe School, 148 
 
 Cloyne, Bishop of, 166 (see Bennet) 
 
 Cock, John, 32, 88, 39 
 
 Cockayne, Hon. Mr,, 161 
 
 Cockerel, 47 
 
 Colbeck, 172 
 
 College library, 188, 187-201 
 
 College of Physicians, 71 
 
 CoUis, Provost of King's, 81, 95 
 
 Commission for Visitation of Universitiea, 
 97 
 
 Commonwealth, 106 
 
 Cook, John, is admonished, 33 
 
 Cooper's Annals, 18, 19, 22, 44, 92, 96 
 
 Corbet, author of poem on James L's 
 visit to Cambridge, 87 
 
 Cork, Bishop of, 166 
 
INDEX 
 
 253 
 
 Comwallis, Sir Charles, 41 
 Corpus Christ! College, 20 
 Cory, Robert Towerson, Master, 134, 163, 
 
 165, 169, iro, 172, 174, 175, 198 
 Cosiu, Master of Peterhouse, 90, 91 
 Cotton, John, B.D. Fellow, 45, 46, 56, 06 
 
 Sir John Hind, 145, 161 
 Court of High Commission, 46, 48 
 Coventry, Sir Thomas, 61 
 Cowel, John, LL.D., 62 
 Cradock, Mr., 104 
 Cranmer, Archbishop, 201, 233 
 Creighton, Mandell, 173, 224 
 Cromwell, Oliver, 70, 72, 79, 80, 85, 92, 95, 
 224 
 
 Richard, 72 
 Croone, John, F.R.S., Fellow, 192 
 Crosse, William, F.R.S., Fellow, 100 
 Cudworth, Ralph, 81-83, 90, 97, 237 
 Culverwell, Cecilia, marries Chaderton, 28 
 
 Nathaniel, 83, 84, 101 
 
 Nicholas, 28 
 
 Richard, 4, 210 
 
 Darling, Sir R., 47 
 
 Davenport, John, Fellow, 100 
 
 Davies, 125 
 
 Dawes, Richard, Dixie Fellow, 125, 126, 
 
 143 
 Deane, Henry, 34 
 Dedham, 47, 142 
 Degree money, 149 
 DeU, WilUdm, 68, 70 
 Dennis, P. G., 199 
 Derby, 143, 177, 180 
 Despontine, Dr., 66 
 De Vere, Alice, widow of Robert, fifth 
 
 Earl of Oxford, 2 
 Devie, W., 135, 136 
 Dexter, Professor Franklyn B. , 56 
 Dickson, 172 
 
 Dictionary of National Biography, 22, 59, 85 
 Dillingham, William, Master, 28, 29, 37, 
 
 53-56, 83, 85, 101, 102, 109, 113, 117, 148. 
 
 188-191 
 Dissolution of religious houses, 2 
 Dixie, Sir Wolstan, 224, 229 
 Estate, 173 
 Fellowship, 46, 125 
 Professorship, 173, 181 
 livings, 229 
 Dobson, Mr., 154 
 Dodds, Gregory, B.D., last Dominican 
 
 Prior, 2 
 Dod, John, Fellow, 59, 60, m 
 Dominicans, 1, 2, 235 
 
 Dort, Synod of, 42-44 
 Douay, English College at, 20 
 D'Oyly, 99, 109 
 Downing College, 166, 185 
 Drayton, parish of, 68 
 Dromore, Bishop of, 170 
 Dugdale's Monasticon, 198 
 Duke, John, 4 
 Dunch, Walter, 182, 186 
 Durham, Bishop of, 47 
 
 Dean of, 117 
 
 Prebendary of, 109 
 Durham School, 180 
 Dyer, George, 169 
 
 Earls Coln, Essex, 47 
 
 East Bergholt, Suffolk, 88, 175, 229 
 
 Edward VI., 21, 201 
 
 Egyptian inscriptions, 165 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen of England, 3, 4, 17, 19, 
 22, 27, 203, 209, 217 
 
 EUerby, 146 
 
 Elrington, Edward, 3 
 
 Ely, Bishop of, 112, 175 
 
 Ely House, 93 
 
 Emigrants to New England, 45-48, 56, 57 
 
 Emmanuel House, 15 
 
 Street, 2, 6, 14, 15, 185 
 
 Engagement, the, 69, 97-100, 102 
 
 Erasmus, 201 
 
 Esther, Book of, 124 
 
 Essex, James, 14, 136 
 
 Eton College; 133, 142 
 
 Euripides, 124, 125, 169 
 
 Evanson, Edward, 142, 145 
 
 Evelyn, John, 155 
 } Exeter, Dean of, 3 
 j Bishop of, 42 
 
 Fairfax, Lord, 70 
 
 Farcet, Manor of, 18, 136 
 
 Farmer, Dr. Richard, Master, 134, 189, 
 
 140, 152-155, 159-164, 166, 198, 224 
 Farnborough, Lord, 169 
 Fellow -commoners, 4, 12, 167 
 Felstead School, 143 
 Fenn's pamphlet, 92 
 Ferguson, 150 
 Finch, Lord, of Fordwich, Lord Keeper, 
 
 52, 225 
 Finshaw, Mr., of Gray's Inn, 68 
 Fire of London, 10, 81, 85, 113, 182 
 Firmin, Giles, 57 
 Fletcher, Dr., 123 
 Foster, Walter, Fellow, 60, 76, 104 
 Founder's Chamber, 6 
 
254 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Founder's Range (see Westmorland 
 Building), 6, 9, 12, 13, 128, 135, 187 
 
 Powle, Nathaniel, Fellow, 59, 60 
 
 Frankfort, 39 
 
 Frederic, Count Palatine (the ' Winter 
 King '), 37 
 
 Free Church, 46 
 
 Fressingfield, Suffolk, 108, 192, 228 
 
 Preston, Rector of, 150 
 
 Fuller, Thomas, 30, 39, 42, 51, 184 
 Robert, Fellow, 129 
 
 Gainsborough, 150, 225, 226 
 Gallery, pictures in the, 225 
 Gamons, John, FeUow, 59, 60 
 Garden, the Fellows', 7, 8, 16, 174 
 Garnham, Mr., 151 
 Gayland, John, Fellow, 143 
 GeU, Sir William, 165, 109, 237 
 Geneva, 39, 49 
 George I., King of England, 123 
 
 III., 148 
 Germany, 165 
 Gibbon, Edward, 123 
 
 Miss, 124 
 Gilbie, Anthony, father of Nathaniel, 39 
 
 Nathaniel, 38, 39 
 Gillingham Fellowship, 132, 170, 178 
 Glover, Octavius, 199 
 Qoade, Dr., Vice-Chancellor, 62 
 Godwin, 133 
 Good, 50 
 Gransden, 146 
 Gray's Inn, 71 
 
 Great Hampden, rectory of, 69 
 Great St. Mary's Church, 14, 18, 21, 45 
 Great Yarmouth, 85 
 Greece, 165 
 
 Greek Lectures, 18, 31, 51, 117 
 Green, 150 
 GreenhUl, 173 
 Gresham College, 88, 95 
 Gresley, John, Fellow, 192 
 Grey, John, Fellow, 39 
 
 Lord, 92 
 Griffith, John, 164 
 Guernsey, 49 
 GuUiver, 106 
 Gunning, Bishop of Ely, 12, 116 
 
 author of reminiscences, 120, 153, 
 154, 161 
 Gwin, Dr., 76 
 
 Hackney, vicarage of, 69 
 
 Hallam, 88 
 
 Hall, Joseph, 39, 40-44, 49, 225 
 
 Hall, Nicholas, Fellow, 78, 90, 91, 95 
 Halstead, vicarage of, 42 
 Hampden, trial of, 52 
 his greencoats, 69 
 Hampton Court Conference, 35, 50 
 Hancock, Ralph, 114 
 Hanley, Henry, 119 
 Hanscombe, Thomas, Fellow, 59, 60 
 Hare, 139 
 
 Harkstead, Rector of, 150, 151 
 Harleston, Norfolk, 230 
 Harris, Fellow, 90, 91 
 HaiTow School, 143, 164 
 Hai-snett, Bishop of Norwich, 48 
 Harston Millpool, 49 
 Hartford, New England, 48 
 Harvard, John, M.A., 57, 72, 73, 233 
 
 Robert, 73 
 Harvard College, Mass., 162, 168 
 Harwood, Sir Busick, 166 
 Hatton, living of, 164, 194 
 Hebrew Professorship, 82 
 Heines, a painter, 150 
 Henry III., King, 2 
 VIII., King, 21 
 Hereford, Bishop of, 3 
 Hethersall, Burch, 117 
 Herodotus, 193 
 Heywood and Wright, Transaciioas, 54, 
 
 67, 69, 98 
 Higginson, Francis, 46 
 Higham, 42 
 
 Hildersham, Samuel, Fellow, 59, 60 
 Hill, Thomas, 94, 96 
 
 of Trinity, 82 
 Hodges, Mr. T., 90 
 Hogmagog Hills (Gogmagog Hills, near 
 
 Cambridge), 34 
 Holbech, Dr. Thomas, 11, 90, 91, 95, 116, 
 
 117, 192, 193 
 Holdsworth, Dr. Richard, Master, 10, 
 
 79, 87-95, 97, 112, 189, 191, 192 
 Holland, Lord, 52, 75, 97 
 Hooker, Thomas, M.A., Dixie Fellow, 
 
 46, 47 
 Homer, 125 
 
 Homingsheath, 42, 210 
 Horrocks (or Horrox), Jeremiah, 236, 245 
 Hort, F. J. A., 173, 174, 193, 224, 232 
 Houghton-le-Spring, 109 
 Houghton, Robert, 4 
 House of Lords, 97 
 Hubbard, Henry, Fellow, 186, 138, 139, 
 
 140, 143, 145, 146, 150-152, 193, 225 
 Hulse, Fellow, 101 
 Himtingdon, Earl of, 217, 228 
 
INDEX 
 
 255 
 
 Huntingdon Turnpike, 198 
 
 Archdeacon of, 88 
 Hunt, Richard, Fellow, 59, 60 
 Hurd, R., Fellow, 120, 126, 225 
 Hutch eson, Mrs., 124 
 Hyde Farm, near Clapham, 181, 182 
 
 ICKLEFORD, 128 
 
 Illingworth, Fellow, 100, 101 
 Independents, 70 
 Indian Civil Service, 183 
 Infanta of Spain, 41 
 Inquisition, 41 
 Ipswich, 143, 150, 151 
 Ipswich, Mass., 47 
 Irish Rebellion, 43 
 
 Massacre, 83 
 Italy, 165 
 
 Jackson, C. , Bishop of Kildare, 126, 226 
 James, Dr. M. R., 200 
 
 Thomas, M.A., 57 
 James I., King, 36-39, 42, 48, 61 
 James II., King of England, 118, 119 
 Jeflferey, Mr,, 122, 196 
 Jermyn, Sir R., 204, 208, 221 
 
 Edward, 210 
 Jesus College, Cambridge, 84, 165 
 Johnson, Dr., 152, 160 
 
 Exhibitions, 142 
 Jones, William, 4, 38 
 
 Kathekine Hall (see St. Catharine's), 
 
 191, 192 
 Kellegrew, Sir T., 51 
 Kent, John, Fellow, 192 
 Kidder, Fellow, 102 
 Kilmore and Ardagh, Bishop of, 42 
 Kimbolton, 97 
 King's Cliflfe, 124 
 
 College, Cambridge, 22, 68, 81, 94, 133 
 
 College, London, 174 
 
 Ditch, 1 
 
 Hall, 183 
 
 Lynn (see Lynn), 129 
 King, Neville, 144 
 Kingston, Earl of, 71 
 Knewstubs, 50 
 
 Lady Margabbt Professorship, 21, 44, 
 93, 97, 174 
 Preacher, 138 
 Lambeth, 46, 191, 192 
 Lane, Dr., 88 
 
 Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, 36, 43, 
 47,70 
 
 Law, William, 123, 124, 234 
 Lechdale, 229 
 Lee, Fellow, 117 
 Leicester, Lord, 21 
 Leicester, 46, 153 
 
 School, 142-144 
 Lennerd, Samuel, 74 
 Leverish, William, M.A., 56 
 Lichfield, 153 
 Lilliput, 124 
 Lincoln, Bishop of, 28, 46 
 
 Precentor of, 132 
 Lincoln's Inn, 53, 58, 145 
 Linton, near Cambridge, 66 
 Liptrot, Thomas, Fellow, 142 
 Literary Club, 160 
 Lodge, Mr. Sidney, 68 
 Loggan, 6 
 London, Bishop of, 171, 173 
 
 College property in, 181 
 Long Parliament, 52, 89, 108 
 Lord Treasurer, 50, 55 
 Loughborough, living of, 175, 227 
 Love, Richard, 97 
 Lowe, Vice-chancellor, 78 
 Lowell, James Russell, 162 
 Lowestoft, Vicar of, 169 
 Luther, 46 
 
 Lyttelton, Sir Edward, 161 
 Lynn, New England, 48 
 Lynn, Norfolk (see King's Lynn), 48, 95 
 146 
 
 Macfarren, Sir G. A., 163 
 
 Mackarness, William, 117, 118 
 
 Madrid, 41 
 
 Magdalene College, Cambridge, 85 
 
 Malone, 155 
 
 Man, Henry, carpenter, 9 
 
 Manchester, Collegiate Church of, 27 
 
 Earl of, 81, 84, 93, 94, 96, 97, 101, 109 
 Market Bosworth, 125, 143, 180 
 Market Street School, 142 
 Mary, Princess, 105 
 
 Queen of England, 3, 17, 21 
 
 Queen of Scots, 17 
 Massachusetts Bay, 46 
 
 Historical Society, 56 
 Master's Lodge, 7, 15, 51, 106, 175 
 Maude, Daniel, M.A., 56 
 Maydwell (or Maideville), Edward, 114 
 Mede, 54 
 
 Medicine, Downing Professor of, 166 
 Melancthon, 46 
 Melton, Great, 4 
 
 Little, 4 
 
256 
 
 INDEX 
 
 MelvlUe, Viscount, 169 
 
 Merchant Taylors' School, 143 
 
 Mere, John, 51 
 
 Merton College, Oxford, 81 
 
 Metcalfe, Humphry, 3 
 
 Michaelmas Audit, 147 
 
 Michael House, 133 
 
 Middleton, Lancashire, 18 
 
 Migne's Patrologia, 199 
 
 Mildmay, Sir Henry, 62, 63, 65, 90, 162 
 
 Thomas, 21 
 
 Sir Walter, 4, 7, 18, 19, 21, 25, 30, 50, 
 51, 182, 185, 187, 201, 217 
 Miles, Henry, 114 
 Milton, John, 80, 115 
 Milton, living of, 81 
 Mitcham School, 142, 143 
 Moderator, 140, 150 
 Monk, biographer of Bentley, 125 
 ^^oral Philosophy, Professor of, 109 
 Morea, 165 
 
 Moreton, Bishop of Durham, 47 
 Mosley, Fellow, 100 
 Much Haddam, 150 
 MuUinger, J. B., 19, 24, 85, 55 
 Munster, Chief Justice of, 85 
 Museums, the new, 185 
 Music, Professor of, 161, 163 
 
 Naples, 165 
 
 Napoleon, 175 
 
 Needham, 192 
 
 Nelson, Mr., of Gray's Inn, 68 
 
 Netherlands, 17 
 
 Nevile, Christopher, 12 
 
 New Boston, 46, 48 
 
 New Court, the, 5, 15, 163, 174 
 
 New England, 45-48, 72, 73, 163 
 
 Newcastle School, 126, 143 
 
 Newlngton, 66 
 
 Newmarket, 1 
 
 Newton, Sir Isaac, 85, 236, 246 
 
 New Town (Cambridge, U.S.A.;, 72 
 
 Nichols, Dr., 145 
 
 Henry, Fellow, 192 
 Nicole, 51 
 
 Nicols, Fellow of Peterhouse, 90 
 Nore, mutiny at the, 158 
 North Benfleet, 229 
 
 North Cadbury, 47, 81, 82, 95, 97, 104, 
 119, 226 
 
 orth Luffenham, 132, 192, 196, 227 
 Northumberland, Earl of, 69 
 Norton, Mr., 90 
 
 Professor C. E,, 162, 163 
 Norriflian Professorship, 174, 175 
 
 Norwich, Bishop of, 42, 48 
 
 Canon of, 169 
 
 School, 143 
 Nuneaton School, 142, 144 
 
 Oakham School, 142, 144, 180 
 
 Odell, or Woodhill, living of, 103 
 
 Old Court (see Brick Building), 9, 183 
 
 Oldham, Lancashire, 27 
 
 Oliver, Mr., 12 
 
 Orange family, 101 
 
 Osborne, Dorothy, 106 
 
 Oundle, 103, 104 
 
 Oxenbridge, J., 57 
 
 Oxford, 56, 141 
 
 Pakefield, in Suffolk, 41 
 Parliamentary Commissioners, 81 
 Parr, Samuel, 164, 194, 224 
 Peace, J. B., 16, 202 
 Pearson, Dr. J. B., 173, 199, 200 
 
 Richard, 95 
 Pemberton, Francis, 106, 225 
 Pembroke College, 133, 146 
 Peninsular War, 159 
 Percy, Thomas, 169 
 
 Perkins, William, celebrated divine, 29 
 Peterborough, 123 
 
 Bishop of, 173 
 Peterhouse, or St. Peter's, 39, 68, 70, 90 
 Phalaris, letters of, 106 
 Phear, Rev. S. G., Master, 162, 179, 183, 
 
 184, 199 
 Pickering, Sir Gilbert, 38 
 
 Laurence, 32, 38 
 Pierce, Mr,, 12 
 Piers, William, 119 
 
 Pierrepoint, Henry, first Marquis of Dor- 
 chester, 71 
 
 William, 71 
 Pinchbeck property, 78, 146 
 Pits Garden, 9, 75 
 Pitt, William, 161 
 Pius v.. Pope, 17 
 Plague, 6G, 73, 78, 85, 89, 114, 115 
 Platonists, the Cambridge, 79, 81, 83 
 Pompeii, 165 
 Popeson, Thomas, 230 
 Potter, Robert, 169 
 Preachers' Street, 1, 5, 6, 14, 51 
 Preston, John, 53-73, 225 
 Preston, near Shields, 150 
 
 clergyman of, 66 
 Preston, Suffolk, 228 
 Privy Council, 19, 50, 105 
 Proctors, 98 
 
INDEX 
 
 257 
 
 Protectorate, the, 85 
 Protestantism, 20 
 Puritanism, 20, 52, 79, 101 
 Puritans, History of the, Neal's, 50 
 Puritan party, 61 
 Putney, 123 
 
 Quakers, 71 
 
 Queens' College, Cambridge, 14, 51, 53, 
 
 84, 85, 100 
 Questionists, 31 
 
 Regius Professor of Divinity, 39, 95 
 
 Repton School, 142 
 
 Restoration, the, 65, 67, 69, 70-72, 82, 85, 
 
 101, 102, 105, 107, 108, 119 
 Revolution, the, 106, 118 
 Reynolds, 50, 160 
 Rich, Earl of Holland, 52 
 
 Earl of Warwick, 52 
 Richardson, Dr. , Master of Trinity, 44, 189 
 John, Fellow and Tutor, 34, 38, 39 
 Dr. R., Fellow, 137, 160 
 Robert, 145 
 
 WUliam, Master, 14, 120, 132-138, 145, 
 152, 166 
 Rochester, Bishop of, 3 
 
 Canon of, 164 
 Rodwell, R. K., 244 
 Rogers, Katherine, 73 
 
 Nathaniel, M.A., 47, 57 
 Rolffe, Richard, 4 
 Roman roads, 166 
 Rome, 20, 108 
 Romilly, Sir Samuel, 165 
 Romney, 160, 224 
 Rose, Rev. A., 162 
 Rotterdam, 46 
 Rugby School, 143 
 
 Rumney, James, his library, 190, 192 
 Russell, Lord W., 106 
 Ruston, Vicar of, 150 
 Rutland, Lord, 34 
 
 Sackville, Sir Richard, 22 
 
 Saddler, John, Fellow, 84, 90, 95 
 
 St. Ambrose, 40 
 
 St, Andrew's Street (see Preachers' 
 
 Street), 1, 15, 185 
 St. Anne's, Blackfriars, 81 
 St. Asaph, Dean of, 102 
 St. Bartholomew, massacre of, 17 
 St. Bartholomew's Day, 69 
 St. Catharine's College, Cambridge (see 
 
 Katherine Hall), 14, 68, 93, 95, 139, 149, 
 
 150 
 
 St. Chrysostom, worka of, 198 
 
 St. Ippolyts, Rector of, 173 
 
 St. John, Oliver, Chancellor, 101 
 
 St. John's College, 21, 44, 88, 97100, 133, 
 
 164 
 St. Julian, Gild of, 182 
 St. Laurence Jewry, 81 
 St. Lawrence, Ipswich, 150 
 St. Martin's, Ludgate, 69 
 St. Michaelle-Querne, Cheapside, 96 
 St. Nicolas, Hostel of, 51, 60, 211 
 St. Paul's, Canon of, 153, 159 
 Cathedral, 10 
 Cross, 24, 28 
 deanery of, 10, 113 
 prebendary of, 164 
 School, 143 
 St. Peter's, Broad Street, 88 
 Salem Harbour, 46 
 Salmon, Henry, Fellow, 76, 78 
 Sancroft, William, Master, afterwards 
 Archbishop, 10, 11, 94, 98-101, 103-105, 
 108-116, 127, 148, 171, 184, 1S8, 189, 191, 
 192, 195, 201, 233 
 Sandcroft, William, Master, 73-79, 87 
 Sarpi, Paolo, 43 
 Sarson, Mr., 189 
 
 Savage, William, Master, 120, 128-132, 196 
 Savilian Professorship, Oxford, 85 
 Saye and Seal, William, Lord, 67, 68 
 Scory, John, 3 
 Scott, Sir Walter, 165 
 Scroop, Adrian, 51 
 Scrutators, 98, 140 
 Seaman, Lazarus, 68, 69 
 Sedburgh School, 143 
 Shakespeare, 152, 160 
 Shakespear "Tavern, 155 
 Shaw, W. N., 162 
 Sheen, 105 
 
 Shepherd, Thomas, M.A., 47, 57 
 Sherbom School, 143 
 Sherman, John, 57 
 Shembourn, Manor of, 137, 160 
 Sherwood, William, 3 
 Shirbich, Lincolnshire, 48 
 Short Parliament, 89 
 Shrewsbury, 39 
 Sidey, John, of Kent, 118 
 Sidney College, Cambridge, 25, 44, 49, 63, 
 
 65, 78, 98 
 Smarden in Kent, living of, 3 
 Smith, John, public notary, 62 
 
 Thomas, of Christ's, 101 
 Solemn League and Covenant, 09, 83, 94, 
 102 
 
258 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Sorsby, Robert, Fellow, 93, 95 
 
 South, Dr., 145 
 
 Sparks, 50 
 
 Spurstowe, W., 68, 69 
 
 Standish, R., LL.D., 51 
 
 Standground, rectory of, 76, 118, 136, 227 
 
 Stanmore, Middlesex, 193 
 
 Starkye, John, 4 
 
 Sterne, Master of Jesus, 84 
 
 Sterry, Nathaniel, 80 
 
 Peter, Fellow, 79, 234 
 Stevens, 155 
 
 Stone, Samuel, M.A., 46, 47, 57 
 Stoughton, John, Fellow, 59, 60 
 Stourbridge Fair, 150. 155 
 Stratford, 177 
 StutviUe, Sir M., 54 
 Sudbury, Dr., Dean of Durham, 117, 146, 
 
 151 
 Sultans+all, R., 57 
 Sutton, Manners, 169 
 Swau Inn, Bishopsgate Street, 182, 211 
 Swavesey, 154 
 Swift, Dr., 106, 124 
 Symmes, Zachariah, M.A., 56 
 
 Taperall, John, 144 
 
 Taxors, 98, 140, 150 
 
 Taylor, Robert, 3, 4 
 
 Temple, Sir William, 82, 105, 106, 194, 224 
 
 Temple Bar, 61 
 
 Tennis-court, 7-9 
 
 Tercentenary celebration, 162, 184 
 
 Theobalds, 61 
 
 Theodosius, Emperor, 40 
 
 Thirty-nine Articles, subscription to, 175 
 
 Thomas, John, 142 
 
 Thorpe Day, 127 
 
 George, 127, 151 
 
 Scholarships, 127, 180 
 Threadneedle Street, 181, 182 
 Thurcaston, living of, 227 
 Thuming, living of, 228 
 Toland, a Deist, 132 
 Toller, Mary, 103 
 Towchester, 47 
 Tower of London, 93 
 Town and Gown disturbances, 29 
 Travers, Dr., 54, 55 
 Trinity Church, 60, 81 
 
 College, Cambridge, 14, 21, 45, 56, 
 82, 96, 98, 173 
 College, Dublin, 42, 43, 191 
 Triple Alliance, 105 
 Tripos, 171, 172 
 Troad, the, 165 
 
 Trusler, Rev. Dr., 166 
 
 Tuckney, Anthony, 48, 60, 74, 76, 77, 79 
 
 82, 96, 97, 100 
 Tunbridge School, 143 
 Twyf ord, Uving of, 228 
 Tyson, Bursar, 134 
 
 University, the, 14, 56 
 
 architectural history of, 16 
 
 state of, 19 
 
 painted windows in, 20 
 
 statutes of, 32 
 
 Library, 14 
 
 Registrary, 138, 140, 150 
 
 Commission, 177 
 Uppingham School, 142, 143, 180 
 Usher, Archbishop, 88, 101 
 
 Vaux, Laurence, 27 
 Venice, 42, 43, 193 
 Vulgate, 201 
 
 Waddesworth, James, 40, 41 
 
 Wakefield School, 143 
 
 Wallington, living of, 118, 138, 192, 228 
 
 Wallis, John, 85 
 
 Walsingham, Lord, 21 
 
 Waltham, Essex, 42 
 
 Walton, WUliam, M.A., 57 
 
 Ward, John, M.A., 57 
 
 Nathaniel, M.A., 56 
 
 Samuel, Fellow, 43, 44, 225 
 Warren, Sir J, B., 161 
 Warrington, 145 
 Waterhouse, T., B.A., 57 
 Watson, Simon, 51 
 Wellar, R., Fellow, 189 
 Welles, Richard, 86 
 Wells, palace at, 102 
 Wesley, John and Charles, 124 
 Westley, John, bricklayer, 9 
 Westminster, Court at, 64 
 
 Abbey, 166 
 
 Assembly of Divines, 70, 79, 92, 94, 96 
 
 School, 145 
 Westmorland Building (see Founder's 
 Range), 13 
 
 Earls of, 11-13, 116, 128, 156, 161, 162, 
 166, 192, 224, 226 
 West Wickham, living of, 74 
 Whichcote, Benjamin, 68, 71, 81, 82, 90, 
 
 94, 146, 190, 234 
 Whi taker. Dr., 50 
 
 Fellow, 123 
 Whitehall, Royal Chapel at, 37, 153 
 Whitehead, Fellow, 123 
 
INDEX 
 
 259 
 
 Whitfield, 124 
 Whitglft, Archbishop, 4P 
 Whiting, Samuel, 48 
 Wilkinson, John, Fellow, 138, 140 
 William III., King of England, 105 
 Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, 4(1, 61 
 WUlis and Clark, 6, 1(3 
 Winchester College, 143 
 
 Bishop of, 163, 175 
 Winsford Regis, 104. 143 
 
 living of, 228 
 Winteringham, living of, 220 
 Wise, 8imon, 11 
 Withamstead, 132 
 Wolfe, Mr., his close, 35 
 Woodham Ferrers, in Essex, 38, 62 
 Wood, E. G., 245 
 
 J. G., 244 
 
 Street, chapel in, 70 
 
 WooUcy, J., 198 
 
 Wooton, Sir Henry, 42 
 
 Worcester, Pj ebend of, 113 
 
 Worthington, John, 79, 83, 84, 90, 91, 98, 96 
 
 Wranglers, 172, 239-241 
 
 Wren, Sir Christopher, 10-12, 113, 116 
 
 Wright, Ezechiel, 10 
 
 Fellow, 78, 95 
 Wythers, George, M.A., 20 
 
 Yalb, 56 
 
 Yates, J., Fellow, 48, 59, 60 
 
 Yeatman, Bishop of Southwark, 224 
 
 Yelden, living of, 70, 71 
 
 York, deanery of, 10, 113 
 
 King's declaration from, 93 
 Young, Thomas, 165, 169 
 
 ZoiLUs, 125 
 
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