ENGINEER . DRAUGHTSMEN'S IC-NRLF WORK HINTS TO BEGINNERS BY A PRACTICAL DRAUGHTSMAN ILLUSTRATED, WHITTAKER ft C9 REESE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. lAccessions No.w&lJr 0. C/js.s Mi. Mbittafter's Xtet of Books. MODERN OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS. By H. ORFORD. [Shortly. METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. By W. H. WAGSTAFF, Gresham Professor of Geometry. [In the press. By G. A. T. MIDDLETON, A.R.I.B.A., M.S.A., Author of 'Strains in Structures.' &c., &c. SURVEYING AND SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS. With 41 iiius- trations. 4$. 6d. CONTENTS : Surveys with Chain only Obstructions in Chain-Line and Right-Angle Instruments The Uses of the Level Various forms of Level and their Adjustments The Uses of Angle-measuring Instruments The Theodolite and other Angle-Measuring Instruments Instruments for Ascertaining Distances. ' This is a very neat little text-book, and very suitable for students preparing to pass the Institute examinations. 1 Journal of Royal Institute of British Architects. BRITISH LOCOMOTIVES : their History, Construction, and Modern Development. By C. J. BOWEN COOKE, Assistant, London and North- Western Locomotive Department. With 150 Illustratkms. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo. js. 6d. 1 An excellent work. ... A very valuable addition to technical railway literature. It ought to be in the library of every one concerned with railways or interested in them. Every driver and fireman should possess a copy. It supplies a distinct want, and will, we have no doubt, be in large demand in all parts of the world." Engineer. By the late SIR GEORGE FINDLAY, Assoc. Inst. C.E., Vice-Chairman of the London and North-Western Railway. AN ENGLISH RAILWAY, THE WORKING AND MANAGEMENT OF. Fifth Edition, thoroughly Revised and Enlarged, with a Short Biography of Sir George Findlay, and Portrait, Appendix, and numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. cloth, 7-y. 6d. CONTENTS : Management The Staff The Permanent Way Signals and Inter- lockingTelegraphsRolling Stock Working of Trains Shunting and Marshalling of Goods Trains Working of Goods Station Rates and Fares Division of Traffic The Railway Clearing House The State and Railways On the State Purchase of Railways Passenger Traffic On the Law as between English Railway Companies and the Public On the Railway as a means of Defence Index. ' This is a delightful Book.' Engineer. ' Sir George Findlay's book displays so much knowledge and ability that it Well deserves to rank as a standard work on the subject.' Nature. 'A very interesting work throughout.' Railway Engineer. 'Sir George Findlay's book will take a high position in the library of practical science.' Athenceum. MODEL ENGINE CONSTRUCTION. With Practical Instructions to Artificers and Amateurs. By J. ALEXANDER. With 59 Illustrations, and 21 Sheets of Working Drawings, by C. E. JONES. 324 pp. crown 8vo. los. 6d. ' Excellent drawings and ample instructive matter.' Daily Chronicle. By A. J. MAGINNIS, M.Inst.N.A., recently Assistant Superintendent of the White Star Line. THE ATLANTIC FERRY. With Eighty Illustrations, many of them from scarce prints in the Author's possession. Complete Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, -js. 6d. A Popular Edition, with about 50 Illustrations, 2s. 6d. ' Will furnish passengers with a compendious and authentic history of the develop- ment, construction, and organisation of the great floating palaces which now conduct the service of the ferry across the Atlantic.' Times, ' Mr. Maginnis' handsome volume has had a Well deserved SUCC6SS.' 'The work is one of great merit.' Engineering. Engineer. ' No one who is interested in steam navigation should be without a copy.' Marine Engineer. London: WHITTAKER & CO., Paternoster Square, E.G. Wbittafcer's Hrts, Sciences, Manufactures, anfc Illustrated. In Square Crown 8vo. Cloth. 'Messrs. Whittaker's valuable series of practical manuals.' Electrical Review, By W. PERREN MAYCOCK, M.I.E.E. FIRST BOOK OF ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with 107 Illustrations, ss. 6d. ' Students who purchase a copy, and carefully study it, will obtain an excellent groundwork of the science.' Electrical Re-view. ' As a first book for such students as have to pass examinations, it is admirable.' Electrical Engineer, By the SAME AUTHOR. ELECTRIC LIGHTING AND POWER DISTRIBUTION. An Ele- mentary Manual for Students preparing for the Preliminary and Ordinary Grade Examination of the City and Guilds of London Institute. Written in accordance with the new Syllabus. With 280 Illustrations. Third Edition, thoroughly revised. 2 vols. Vol. I. now ready, 6s. ' We can congratulate Mr. Maycock upon having produced a book which cannot fail to be useful to all who are genuine students of electricity and its methods.' Electrical Revie^v. FITTING, THE PRINCIPLES OF. For Engineer Students. By J. HORNER, M.I.M.E., Author of 'The Principles of Pattern Making,' 'Practical Ironfounding,' and ' Metal Turning.' Illustrated with about 250 Engravings, and containing an Appendix of Useful Shop Notes and Memoranda, ss. ' A practical manual for practical people.' English Mechanic. ' Calculated to aid and encourage the most useful set of handicraftsmen we have amongst us.' Daily Chronicle. THE PRINCIPLES OF PATTERN MAKING. Written specially for Apprentices, and for Students in Technical Schools. By J. HORNER, M.I.M.E., Author of ' Principles of Fitting,' ' Practical Ironfounding,' ' Metal Turning,' &c. Illustrated with 101 Engravings, and containing a Glossary of the Common Terms employed in Pattern Making and Moulding. 3$. 6d. ' The book is well illustrated, and for its size will be found one of the best of its kind.' Industries. ' This is one of those works which have a more than ordinary value.' Steamship. PRACTICAL IRONFOUNDING. By J. HORNER, M.I.M.E., < a Fore- man Pattern Maker.' Illustrated with over 100 Engravings. Second Edition. 4.$-. 1 Every pupil and apprentice would find it, we think, an assistance to obtaining a thorough knowledge of his work. The book, however, is not intended merely for the student, but contains much useful information for practical men.' Industries. METAL TURNING. ByJ. HORNER, M.I.M.E. With 8 1 Illustrations. 4S. CONTENTS: The Lathe Tools and Tool Angles Chucks Chucking General Remarks on Turning Hand Turning Slide Rest Turning Boring Screw Cutting, &c. 'A handy little \vork.' Ironmonger. 'An exceedingly useful publication to have at hand.' Machinery. 'The book does well What it professes tO do, its aim being to explain and illustrate the practice of plain hand turning and slide-rest turning as performed in engineers' workshops. ' Industries. \Contimied at end of book* ENGINEER DRAUGHTSMEN'S WORK BBITISH LOCOMOTIVES : their History, Construction, and Modern Development. By C. J. Bo WEN COOKE, Assistant, London and North-Western Locomotive Department. With 150 Illustrations. Second Edition, revised. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. ' An excellent work. . . . A very valuable addition to technical rail- way literature. It ought to be in the library of everyone concerned with railways or interested in them. Every driver and fireman should possess a copy. It supplies a distinct want, and will, we have no doubt, be in large demand in all parts of the world.' ENGINEER. MODEL ENGINE CONSTRUCTION. With Practical In- structions to Artificers and Amateurs. By J. ALEXANDER. With 59 Illustrations, and Twenty-one Sheets of Working Drawings by C. E. JONES. 324 pp. crown 8vo. 10*. 6rf. ' Excellent drawings and ample instructive matter.' DAILY CHRONICLE. SUEVEYING AND SUEVEYING INSTRUMENTS. By G. A. T. MIDDLETON, A.R.I.B.A., M.S.A., Author of 'Strains in Structures,' &c. &c. With 41 Illustrations. 4. 6d. ' This is a very neat little text-book, and very suitable for students pre- paring to pass the Institute examinations.' JOURX. OF ROYAL INST. OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS. WHITTAKEE & CO., Paternoster Square, E.G. ENGINEER DRAUGHTSMEN'S WORK HINTS FOR BEGINNERS BY A PRACTICAL DRAUGHTSMAN ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR f OF THE ' \. (UNIVERSITY) \. QP . j LONDON WH1TTAKER & CO. 2 WHITE HART STREET, PATERNOSTER ROW 1896 PREFACE IN preparing this little book the author has not aimed at imparting information to the practised draughtsman, and if any such should take it up and peruse it, they might consider it trite or commonplace. On the other hand, there are a large number of aspiring young men in schools, colleges, and workshops who desire to obtain entrance into drawing offices, but are perhaps in considerable ignorance of the work carried on in such places, or of what will be required from them when there, and also of the instruments and appliances which they will need. It is to these that the author more particularly desires to 3 idress himself, and if, after they have read this book, they find that they have derived any pleasure and profit from it, he will feel that his aim has been accomplished, February 1896. :. L1BRA/7y > x s . ,\ [VERSITT) OF ' ^r ^1^ B 2 CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS .... 7 Those Requisite for each Draughtsman Those Usually Provided by the Office. II. USE AND CARE OF INSTRUMENTS, WITH HINTS ON PREPARING DRAWINGS 19 Setting Drawing Pen Sectioning Drawings Shading Drawings Breaks. III. FURTHER HINTS ON USE OF INSTRUMENTS . . 35 Set Squares Screws and Threads Toothed Gearing. IV. SKETCHING, DESIGNING, AND FACTOR OF SAFETY . 43 V. LEVELLING AND SURVEYING INDICATING STEAM AND OTHER ENGINES ESTIMATING . . .49 VI. BRANCHES OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ADVISABLE TO BE STUDIED BY DRAUGHTSMEN . . .58 VII. PREPARATION FOR DRAUGHTSMEN ENGAGED IN VARIOUS BRANCHES OF WORK . . . .64 Roof Bridge and Girder Work Hydraulic Engineer- ingElectrical Work Marine Engineering and Shipbuilding. CONTENTS CHAP PAGE VIII. STRETCHING PAPER, MOUNTING DRAWINGS AND TRACINGS 69 IX. TRACINGS AND BLUE OR BLACK-AND-WHITE PRINTS 72 X. RECORD AND STORAGE OF DRAWINGS, TRACINGS, AND PRINTS 77 XL THE PLANIMETER AND ITS USE . . . .82 XII. CONCLUSION 9 Transferring Drawings Scale of Chords Dividing a Line into Equal Parts List of Books for Draughtsmen. ;.<Y) jRNiA ENGINEER DRAUGHTSMEN'S WORK HINTS FOR ENGINEERS CHAPTER I DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES THERE are certain instruments, &c., which it is really necessary for a draughtsman to possess, and which he usually has to provide for himself. We will, therefore, first give a list and explanation of these, with their approximate price, and then proceed to mention others that are usually provided by the office, or which the draughtsman can gradually add to his stock as he finds the need of them. FIG. i First, then, to mention those things which are indis- pensable. One pair of 6-inch compasses (fig. i), double- jointed, one leg to carry needles, the other to carry ink and pencil point only ; there are several kinds of needle-points, but the one shown in fig. 2 is a very good one. FIG. 2.-Eniarged view of One pair of 4- or 5~inch dividers, which may be plain, as in fig. 3, or Needle-point FIG. 4 FIG. 3 have a screw adjustment, as in fig. 4 ; the latter is very useful when it is required to open or close the dividers a minute distance. One pair of 3-inch or 3j-inch pencil bows, double- jointed, with same class of needle-point in one leg as in 6-inch compasses, and one pair of ditto for ink (fig- 5). Drawing pen, ivory handle, with hinged nib and thick back nib (fig. 6). One 12-inch boxwood scale, following scales upon it : J, i, i, i, oval section, with inches. fOC 6 FIG. 6 One 60 set-square, and one 45 ditto ; 9 or 10 inches long is a convenient size for these, and the best for use ( 9 ) are those of mahogany, framed, with ebony edges (edges not to be bevelled) ; if these are too expensive, T o FIG. 7. Framed 60 set-square FIG. 8. Plain 45 J set-square framed sycamore and pear-wood, ordinary pear-wood, or vulcanite ones will do very well. The vulcanite squares, however, require cleaning very frequently. A framed set-square is shown in fig. 7, and a plain one in fig. 8. One or two French curves FIG. 10 the one shown in fig. 9 is a useful one, and others can be obtained as required. A fourfold rule, 2 feet long when open and 6 inches long and I inch wide when closed, marked in inches and J inches on both sides, and with one 6-inch edge subdivided into -^ inches. One pair of " outside " steel callipers, and one pair of "inside" callipers (fig. io). One protractor for reading or marking off degrees ; for ordinary work, a semi- circular horn one (fig. 1 1) will do, about 4^ inches diameter, but if for very important work a metal one more accurately divided off is better. A nest of saucers, fitting one into the other, and about 3 inches in diameter (fig. 12). Two paint brushes, about " swan " or " goose " size. Sable are the best, but are expensive. Those in camel r FIG. ii FIG. n hair are cheaper. They can be had in quills, or with fixed handles, as preferred (fig. 13). Half-a-dozen drawing pins, with heads about J-inch diameter. This completes the list of things that cannot be dispensed with, and the possessor of them will have the satisfaction of finding every one of them come in useful almost daily, instead of being saddled with a number of superfluous instruments, some of which he may not want to use once in five years. Taking average prices, the above outfit would cost about 4 5J. 3<^., the items being as follow : * d. 6-inch compasses . . . I 10 o 4- or 5-inch dividers, without adjust- ing screw 036 3- or 3i- mcn pencil bows . . o 1 1 o 3 or 3^-inch ink bows . . . o 1 1 o Drawing-pen 046 2 -foot fourfold rule . . .046 1 2-inch scale, boxwood . . .026 Two framed set-squares, mahogany .076 French curve, pear-wood . .006 Two pairs of callipers . . .046 Horn protractor . . . .006 Nest of saucers, 3 inches in diameter 019 Two brushes, sable . . . .030 Six drawing pins . . . .006 A 5 3 This total may be reduced by a few shillings by substituting pear-wood or vulcanite set-squares for those mentioned above, and probably the cost of the callipers may be saved, because in most cases men who have served their " time " in the shops generally have some by them which they have made themselves. Having chosen one's instruments, it is a good plan to have a small neat box made to suit them, and this can be obtained for about three or four shillings, or, if pre- ferred, a chamois leather wrap can be obtained, fitted with small loops for the instruments, and which can be folded up into a neat parcel. We will now proceed to give a list and description of instruments, materials, &c., used by draughtsmen which are in many cases provided by the office. All offices, however, do not have the same rules ; for in- stance, in some the men have to find their own pencils, colours, &c., whereas in others they are found for them. 'Drawing boards. The two most useful sizes are those suitable for " double elephant " paper and for " antiquarian " paper, the size of the D. E. paper being 40 inches by 27 inches, and the A. paper being 53 inches by 3 1 inches ; the boards are made a little larger each way, viz. 42 inches by 29 inches and 55 inches by 33 inches. Most useful boards can be made of well- seasoned yellow pine, free from knots, ploughed and tongued, and glued together, and with battens under- FIG. 14 neath screwed to the boards by long screws passing through slotted holes in the battens, the holes being fitted with brass slotted pieces under the screw-heads to prevent the latter chafing the wood, and to allow for contraction and expansion of the boards ; the battens should be parallel in depth if the desks are sloped, but if the desks are level the battens should be tapered (see fig. 14, showing under-side of" double elephant" board, and detail section through batten, fig. 15) ; it is as well to glue a strip of canvas or baize under each batten to keep screw-heads or brass pieces from scratching the desks. ( 13 ) Tee squares. The best material for these to be made from is mahogany, with ebony along the working edge. But as the ebony edge makes the squares more expensive it is frequently avoided, and the squares are made of plain mahogany or even bay wood ; but the drawback to these lies in the fact that the edges soon wear uneven with the constant friction of the pens and pencils, and consequently often require truing up with the plane. This involves taking the blade off the stock, and when it is replaced it often happens that the angle of the two is slightly altered, especially if the blade is simply screwed on and is not fitted with dowels. The best shape for large squares suitable for double elephant and antiquarian boards is as shown in fig. 16, and the FIG. 16 dimensions will enable anyone who has time and oppor- tunity to make one for himself. For small work, say from Imperial size downwards, ordinary pear-wood squares will suffice, but note that in all cases it is best to have the blade simply put on the stock, and not to have it recessed into it, so that the set- squares can pass the edge of the board when necessary (see fig. 17). Besides the fixed tee squares just described, there are others with adjustable headstocks (fig. 18) to enable the blade to be set at any angle with the edge of the board ; these come in very handy when tracing from a drawing not executed by oneself, and when it is not convenient to have the square originally used, and for many other purposes. Scales. ^ There are all conceivable kinds of scales made to suit the various kinds of work from full size, FIG. 18 FIG. 17 or 12 inches to i foot, down to i mile to i inch or less. The clearest and most easily read scales, especially in the winter time, are those made in ivory, but as this material is very expensive and very subject to expansion and contraction with varying temperatures, many people prefer to use those made of boxwood. It is a good plan to have the latter French-polished, then when they get soiled they can be wiped with a damp cloth and made to look as good as new again. Beam compasses or trammels. For ordinary work the best are those with open tops ; then any lath, a loose blade of a tee square, or even a thick piece of cardboard, can be used for a bar, and one trammel should be fitted with an adjusting screw, as it is very difficult indeed to set them to an exact length without. For larger and perhaps rougher work closed tops are the best, as the trammels then require to be screwed up more securely, and if the tops are open they are liable to be strained out of their proper shape. (See fig. 19 for open, and fig. 20 for closed top trammels.) FIG. 19 FIG. 20. * Adjusting Screws. Stencilling apparatus. This consists of sets of plates, usually of very thin copper, in which are cut the shapes of various forms of letters and figures. They are made both plain and ornamental, and the sizes vary from inch to I inch deep. They are generally used to put the titles on drawings and on various views of a drawing, and words which frequently occur, such as " fig.," "section," " plan," &c., are engraved on one plate and can be used right off ; but other words have to be made up by picking the proper letters from the alpha- bets one at a time, and it requires care and practice to stencil a title neatly on a drawing with these. It is a good help in this case to draw a pencil line as a base for the letters, and then carefully space them the same distance apart. A very convenient form of stencil-plate is made as follows : each letter is on a separate plate of zinc, and this is notched at each side in a line with the base of ( 16 ) the letter, thus enabling the operator to set each letter exactly to a pencil line ; and, further, the bottom edge of the plate is turned up with a small flange, which is a great conveni- ence in handling it (see fig. 21). Stencil plates for fancy bordering and corners are also often used. See fig. 22 for some examples of plain and fancy letters and figures. Special tjpft /'^ ink and brushes are re- (<J) && O quired, and are usually FlG 7 22 supplied with the plates, and it is necessary to have the ink of the right consistency when using it, for if it is too thick there will be a lack of sharpness in the letters, whilst, on the other hand, if too thin it will run under the plate and cause the edges of the letters to look blurred and ragged. Planimeter. This is an instrument designed to measure areas on plans and drawings, and by its aid a great deal of time is saved in computing the areas of any irregular figures which will come under its range, but it takes a good deal of practice before one finds out all that can be done with the instrument. As we shall return to it later on we will leave it for the present. Proportional compasses. In some special cases this is a useful instrument to aid in reducing or enlarging details on a plan or drawing. It is so marked and arranged that it can be adjusted to ^, ^, , &c. ; but these proportions will only be correct as long as the points remain undamaged ; if one of them is injured in ( 17 ) the least degree the instrument becomes inaccurate. See fig. 23 for an ordinary form of the instrument. FIG. 23 Parallel ruler. These are made in various forms, and one of the most common is shown in fig. 24. These are all right as long as the joints do not get slack, FIG. 24 but a better form is shown in fig. 25, which consists of an ebony straight-edge mounted on a pair of milled brass rollers, the latter being exactly the same diameter and both fast on one axis, so that they are obliged to move together. Measuring staffs. Handy lengths for these are 5 feet and 10 feet long ; the best are made of mahogany, with brass caps at the ends where the most wear takes place ; the section should be about \\ inches by $ inches, and they should be divided into feet, inches, and J inches, the marks being stamped or cut into the wood and filled with white c paint. The staff itself should be polished or varnished to resist the action of damp. FIG. 25 Measuring tape. These are made in various lengths, and one of the most useful is the one 66 feet, or one chain, long. Some are of linen strengthened with fine wire woven in, and others of steel. Tapes are used for measuring up buildings and ground plans, and it is necessary to frequently test those made of linen, as they gradually stretch. A good plan is to put permanent marks in the office floor or other suitable place at intervals of 10 feet, and then the tape can be tested by these whenever necessary, and the proper corrections made on the dimensions after they are taken from the buildings or other work. CHAPTER II USE AND CARE OF INSTRUMENTS, WITH HINTS ON PREPARING DRAWINGS Pencils. Fcr drawing lines take a moderately hard pencil, such as F or H, or No. 3 or 4, and make a rather long point of a chisel shape thus (fig. 26). The advantages of this shaped point are that it enables the draughtsman to work close up to his squares, and that it lasts much longer than an ordi- nary round point ; but it is a good plan to keep another pencil with a sharp round point, with which to write notes and dimen- sions on the drawing. Perhaps a hint on the sharpening of pencils will also not be out of place. After cutting the wood back with a sharp knife, bring the lead up to the required shape, either flat or round, by rubbing it gently on a rather smooth file, or on a C 2 FIG. 26 Flat View piece of smooth glasspaper mounted on a handy piece of wood. Small blocks can be obtained with several layers of glasspapers arranged upon them, and as each one wears away it can be stripped off. By this means the edge of the knife will be preserved, and a much better point on the pencil will be the result. Drawing pen. Most draughtsmen know the comfort of having a drawing pen which works well, and if they own three or four pens there is generally one favourite one amongst them which they use to the exclusion of the others. If the differences between them were care- fully analysed, they would generally be found to consist FIG. 27 in the fact that the favourite pen was " set " better than the others. To set a pen properly is rather a difficult matter, and requires a good eye and a light touch ; but there is no reason why every draughtsman should not be able to accomplish it, and we will endeavour to explain the method as clearly as possible. First get the nibs into a good shape by drawing the pen to and fro along the oilstone, and at the same time rocking it over from side to side, thus (fig. 27). ( 21 ) After this operation the shape of the nibs should be as shown in fig. 28. Then proceed to work up each nib to a nice edge in the following manner. Begin with the pen lying as in position A in fig. 29, and gently rub to and fro, gradually raising the pen to position B, at the same time revolving the pen between the finger and thumb through nearly half a circle ; keep examining the nib, and when nearly up to a FlG - 28 sharp edge turn the pen over, and get the other nib up in the same way ; then wipe the pen clean and look FIG. 29 right on the end of it, and if it is in good form there will be a spot of light on each nib. After thoroughly wiping off all the oil try the pen with ink for ruling thin and thick lines, and if it feels a bit scratchy get a piece of brown paper and draw the pen up and down it a few times, at the same time rocking it over, and this will /^ "^ probably have the desired effect of making its action smooth. During the whole operation of " setting " bring the nibs gently together with the screw until they just touch, and in getting each nib up separately be careful not to rub too long without examining it, or there there will be a danger of making one nib shorter than the other. When the ink leg of the compass requires " setting," remove it from the compass, and proceed as in the case of setting the drawing pen. Having succeeded in " setting " our pen properly, we will now make a few suggestions on the proper use of it. In inking in a drawing it is generally the practice to " shade line " it that is, to make all the lines on the top and the left- hand side of the objects thin, and those on the bottom and right-hand side thick, as in fig. 30. Theoretically this position of light and dark lines should apply to eleva- tions, whilst those in plan should be light on the left and bottom and dark on the right and top ; but it is generally the custom now to make plans and elevations all alike, viz. light on the left and top. When doing the fine lines set the pen to the required fineness by trying it upon a piece of scrap paper, and do not alter the screw afterwards until all the fine lines are done, neither to fill the pen with ink nor even to clean it. To fill it, lay the nib sideways in the ink (see fig. 31) when the latter will readily flow far enough into the pen, then with a rag wipe off carefully the ink from the outside of the pen, especially from the back nib, which comes against the squares. If the pen becomes FIG. 30 FIG. 31 ( 23 ) clogged, fold up an edge of the rag and draw it between the nibs ; if this does not suffice, dip the nib into water about three-eighths of an inch, and wipe out again with a rag. Never leave ink in the pen to become set hard, but always wipe clean after using it, and never scrape out the pen with a knife, as nothing spoils a pen sooner than that. In drawing a line do not lean the pen towards or away from yourself, FIG. 32 but hold it so that both nibs are equally in contact with the paper, then you will obtain a firm clear line. When drawing the thick lines, adjust the pen to the desired thickness by trial, and then do not alter the screw until all the lines are done ; by this means all the thin lines will be uniform and all the thick ones likewise. If two pens are available, of course, one may be set for the thin and the other for the thick lines. If there are any curves it is best to put them in first, as it is much easier to join a straight line on to a curved one than to do the opposite. In using the compasses for inking in (or for pencil- ling), keep the legs as nearly square to the paper as possible by setting the knee-joints (see fig. 32). By this means a firm solid line will be obtained, whereas FIG. 33 if the legs are allowed to remain at an angle, as shown in fig. 33, a ragged line will be the result, and the hole in the centre will get rimered out to a large size. To prevent the needle leg from boring through the paper some draughtsmen use horn centres, which are attached to the paper by three small needle-points ; these, in their turn, deface the paper, and it is more satisfactory to dispense with their use when possible. If larger circles are required than can be struck by 6-inch com- ( 25 ) passes, it is better to use a pair of trammels than a lengthening bar, as the trammels are much firmer and act more squarely to their work. Now a word as to the ink. Although there are many liquid inks in the market, and some of them appear to be of very good quality, it is still a very general custom to rub up the ink, as required, from Indian ink sticks. These are mostly of a hexagonal form, are about 4^ inches long, and the price is about five shillings per stick. It is often a fault with beginners that they do not get their ink black enough, possibly on account of its being a very tedious process to rub Indian ink until it is really black ; but an in- fallible guide to its blackness is this : try a pretty thick line on a piece of paper and let it thoroughly dry, and if the ink is really black the line will glisten or shine in the light ; if it does not present this appearance, go on rubbing. The best pans for ink are of white metal, about three inches diameter, with air-tight lids. Some- times when using ink on tracing paper, tracing cloth, &c., there is a difficulty in making it flow well. To over- come this various means are resorted to, such as putting a little soap or ox-gall in the ink, or, instead of that, rubbing the paper or cloth over with a clean rag upon which has been placed some powdered chalk, and this last method is much the cleanest and best in our estimation. If a drawing is to be coloured after being inked in, it is advisable to put into the Indian ink (when rubbing it up) some " indelible water." This has the effect of fixing the ink permanently, and allowing repeated washes of colour to be passed over it without disturbing it in the least. It is a good plan to leave all dimension lines and centre lines until all the colouring is done, as by this means all risk of blurring them will be avoided. ( 26 ) Should it become necessary to erase an ink line, which we hope will not be the case, proceed as follows : scrape the line carefully out with a sharp knife, and rub lightly with ink-eraser or indiarubber ; then take a brush of clean water and go over the erased line, and let the water remain on a short time, then blot up with clean blotting-paper ; now take a highly glazed piece FIG. 34 of clean note or other paper and place over the line, and rub briskly on the back with a burnisher, and for the latter, if no better one is to hand, a capital one can be made out of the handle of a toothbrush. This process will partly restore the surface of the paper, but a draw- ing on which there has been much scratching out is never satisfactory, as the erased surfaces all show up sooner or later. Having inked our drawing in, let us consider a few points in relation to the sectioning and shading of it. First as regards sectioning that is, colouring those portions of the work which are shown cut through there are two methods usually employed and perhaps in equal favour. One is to cover the surface with solid FIG. 35 colour, and when this is adopted it is best to leave a line of light along the top and left-hand edges, espe- cially where several sections come closely together, as this helps to show the pieces more distinctly (see fig. 34). The other method of sectioning is to streak the sections with the brush, altering the angle of the streaks for ( 28 ) adjacent pieces, but taking care to have all the sections of the same piece of metal or other substance streaked in the same direction (see fig. 35). The streaks may vary in thickness with the size of the piece, say from lines about -^ inch wide to those of J-inch ; these should all be done with the brush, and, if possible, at one stroke for each mark, and the angles should all be about 45. A little practice at this will enable the draughtsman to section a drawing very expeditiously, and when well done the result is very satisfactory. Different offices have different rules and fancies for the right colours to use for various sections, but the learner may practise with' the following, and afterwards will have no difficulty in adapting himself to any others : Cast iron = Neutral tint or Payne's grey Wrought iron = Prussian blue Steel = Purple Copper = Indian red Brass = Indian yellow Wood = Burnt sienna, varied with sepia or burnt umber Brickwork = Crimson lake Concrete = Dots of colours stippled on with point of brush, say sepia, lake, and Indian yellow, each colour put on separately Earth = Sepia We will now consider the shading and tinting of surfaces not in section, and note that when a drawing is to be properly coloured up and shaded the ink lines must not be made thick and thin, but all of a uniform fineness ; and with regard to rounded surfaces, such as piston-rods, &c., there are two methods of working them up. The first, and the best when well JSNtA* done, is what may be termed the softening-off process. Suppose we wish to round up a rod as in fig. 36, we provide our- selves with two brushes ; one for the colour and another for clean water. With the colour brush go down the left-hand edge, just touching the line, and before the colour is quite set take the water brush and pass it down the right- hand edge of the colour just laid on, and this will blend the colour off into the white paper ; then with the water brush make a stroke down the rod, say nearly on the centre line, and before it is quite dry FIG. 3 6 pass the colour brush down the right-hand edge of the water mark, and carry the colour right over to the right side of the rod ; then squeeze the water brush nearly dry and pass it rapidly down the right-hand edge of the rod to take up some of the colour and to give the reflected light. Then leave the colour to dry thoroughly before touching it again, and if the colour is not strong enough repeat the process ; but work as rapidly as possible so as not to rub up the original colour. The beginner may be much disgusted with the results of his first few efforts in this direction, but if he will only continue practising he will soon be able to pro- duce good work. If after all care there should be a light place or two in the work, when it is quite dry stipple a little light colour on with the brush nearly dry, and if there should be a dark speck or two they can be toned down with a brush dipped in clean water, with the aid of a clean piece of blotting-paper. The other system of shading only requires a steady ( 30 ) hand and a good eye for a straight line, and is much in favour with those who have a difficulty with the softening- off method. Proceed as follows : Mix a pretty dark wash of Indian ink and two washes of Prussian blue, one pale, the other medium strength. With the Indian ink go down the left-hand edge of the rod, and also down the middle of the right-hand portion, as in fig. 37, No. i. After this is thoroughly dry take the medium blue No. i No. No. 3 m FIG. 37 wash and go over the Indian ink on the left and carry it a little farther on to the rod ; then commence just out- side the other Indian ink line, and pass over it to about the same distance the other side (see fig. 37, No. 2) ; and, lastly, after this is dry, take the lightest wash, and go over the others as shown in fig. 37, No. 3. Care must be taken to let the washes thoroughly ( 31 ) dry before giving the next coat ; and, when well done, the result is remarkably good considering the simple means employed. In the case we have been consider- ing we have assumed the piece to be of wrought iron, but supposing it had been of brass we should have followed the same method, only using burnt sienna for the first dark marks and afterwards washes of Indian yellow. In the case of the softening-off process applied to wrought iron rods, more apparent solidity can be im- parted by first of all laying in a shadow of Indian ink, as in the second process, only passing the water brush down the edges to soften them off, and when this is dry proceed with the colour as described. If possible, keep a separate brush for Indian ink, as it is very difficult to get it thoroughly out of a brush when once used for it. In colouring, the main thing is to get a good effect without labouring at it, as there is a much more brilliant effect about a drawing on which the colour has been laid on with a firm, steady hand once for all than on one which has been highly stippled and hatched, and otherwise laboured over. In laying on flat washes, if the surfaces are small proceed to lay the tint on at once, after testing its suit- ability first on a piece of scrap paper. If the surface to be coloured is large, damp it all over with a large brush and clean water avoiding going over the outline, how- ever and when the water has disappeared from the paper proceed to lay on the wash, commencing at the top left-hand portion and gradually working across and downwards, endeavouring at the same time not to leave one part of the wash standing longer than another. If you have a surplus of colour at the lower part of the surface squeeze the brush out and lightly take it up, but do not on any account disturb the tint laid on until after it is thoroughly dry. Slope the board slightly towards you and use large brushes, and always run the risk of having a lot of colour left over in the palette rather than of finding yourself short in the middle of the work. As it is often necessary to show what are termed " breaks " in a drawing, we give a few instances of some which occur pretty frequently. FIG. 38 FIG. 40 FIG. 42 FIG. 43 FIG. 44 1 Eg !'! ^ M * FIG. 46 FIG. 45 FIG. 47 Figs. 38 and 39 show breaks in round rods ; fig. 40 shows a break in a square bar; fig. 41, one in a flat bar ; fig. 42, an angle iron break ; fig. 43, a rail or H-iron break ; fig. 44, a break in a pipe ; fig.^ 45> the method of passing from an outside view of a pipe to a sectional view ; fig. 46, a break in a wooden beam ; and ( 33 ) fig. 47, a break in a wooden flooring, to show the joists underneath. The sectional parts may be coloured suitably, or sectioned with lines, harmonising with the rest of the drawing, and note that all the horizontal lifles show the true thickness of the material, even in the breaks, only those in a vertical direction being put in freehand. If there are any dimensions to be put on the drawing, it is best to put them and the dimension and centre lines on after all the colouring is done, and the way in which this part of the work is done either adds to or detracts from the appearance of a drawing. Many a & FIG. 48 decent drawing is entirely spoilt by bad writing, and by the figures being put on in a careless and slovenly manner. In placing the dimensions, it is necessary to look ahead and space them out nicely, so that there will be room for all, and not have any of them fouling each other. The dimension lines may be put in with blue or red colour, prussian blue or scarlet lake, and they may be full or dotted, and the figures should be made a fair size and be round and legible. The ticks at the ends of the lines should be made neatly, and join right up to the lines the dimensions are taken from, and as many dimensions as possible should be placed in line with D ( 34 ) each other, for the sake of neatness and also because in that form they are easier to add up and to check with the overall dimensions (see fig. 48). To make the drawing complete, it will be necessary to put a suitable title to it, and to add the scale or scales and the date ; the title should be as brief as possible, and yet indicate clearly what is drawn. It may be written in plain round hand, printed by hand, or stencilled, and should be so placed that it can be readily seen if the drawings are kept in drawers. With regard to border lines and corners, such things are generally discountenanced in a practical engineer's drawing office, but they are much in favour in other offices, such as civil engineers, architects, &c., and if they are desired the neater and plainer they are the better. (See fig. 49 for an example.) To repeat a few hints in a concise form. If the draw- ing is a new one, and is to be shaded and coloured, ink FlG 49 in all lines with ink mixed with indelible water, then clean with soft rubber, or, better still, with bread. Next shade and colour, and, lastly, add dimension and centre lines, and figures and notes. If an old drawing is to be inked in and coloured up, ink in all lines, dimensions, and ticks that are to be put in with black ink, then clean down, after which do the colouring required, and, lastly, put in red and blue dimension and centre lines. ( 35 ) CHAPTER III FURTHER HINTS ON USE OF INSTRUMENTS Use of set-squares. Anyone who can handle a pair of set-squares properly will never feel the want of a parallel ruler, and by their aid lines can be drawn parallel with each other, or at right angles with each other. To draw lines parallel with each other set one square to the first line, then place the other set-square up against it, as shown in fig. 50, and gradually slide one square against the other to the re- quired positions of the lines, say A, B, c. At first a little difficulty may be apparent in trying to hold both squares firmly with the left hand whilst the lines are drawn with the right, but this will soon dis- appear with practice. To draw a line at right angles to another by set- squares, let AB (fig. 51) be the line, and place the hypotenuse of either square parallel with the line," and then bring up the other set-square against one of its other sides ; hold the second square down firmly and turn the first dotted lines ; one round a quarter-turn, as shown by then the hypotenuse of that square will be at right angles to its first position, and by its aid a line can be drawn at right angles to A B, such as c D. The only point to be observed is that the angle of the square which is rotated must be a right angle. We are supposing the squares used to be those ordinarily used, FIG. 51 45 will VIZ. and 60, and we point out one or two more use- ful purposes which these squares will serve. To draw the plan of a hexagonal figure, such as a nut, first determine whether you wish to show two of the sides vertical or horizontal. Suppose we assume them to be the latter. Strike a circle equal to the diameter of the nut over the flats ; then with the tee square draw two horizontal lines tangential to the top and bottom of the circle ; then place the 60 set-square against the tee square, and draw two more of the sides, and then turn the 60 set-square over and U FIG. 52 do the last two sides (see fig. 52). ( 37 ) If two edges are required to stand vertically, draw the vertical lines by means of the vertical side of the set-square, and the angular lines by means of the same set-square, with the 30 side set against the tee square instead of the 60. Screws and toothed wheels, &c. A knowledge of the proper method of delineating a screw of any diameter and pitch will be found very useful, although in practical work screws are generally shown in a very conventional manner. Suppose, for example, we had to draw a single-threaded screw i^- inches diameter, f inch pitch, right-handed square thread, the screw properly drawn would appear as shown in fig- 53, but tc FIG. 53 FIG. 54 save time it would probably be shown as in fig. 54. It will be observed that the pitch in both cases is marked off quite correctly, but in the second case the points of the threads are joined by straight lines ; by this means much time is saved, and the drawing is just as good for all practical purposes. In marking off the threads, note that in all cases the point C should be exactly between A and B. Supposing it was a double- threaded screw we were showing, with the same strength of thread and the same diameter, it would appear as shown in fig. 55, and the pitch in this case would be j inch, as the pitch is always the distance between the edges of the same thread. ( 38 ) The threads on small bolts and studs are seldom shown in detail, but as in fig. 56. In this example thick black lines are drawn to repre- sent the threaded part of the bolt, and no detail or FIG. 55 FIG. 56 particulars of the thread are given ; it would, there- fore, be understood to be a standard f -inch Whitworth thread, and in most offices and shops Whitworth's threads are adopted as a standard, and a table of them 1 z .,,, , ,, I , , i , 1 FIG. 57 containing all sizes generally used is posted up for refer- ence. Besides giving the number of threads per inch, the table generally gives diameters of heads and nuts, ( 39 ) thickness of ditto, and the area in square inches at the bottom of the thread ; the latter item is most useful and important in calculating out the number of bolts required to hold the cover on a steam valve, cylinder, &c., as of course the bolt is no stronger than its weakest part, and that is at the bottom of the thread. For certain classes of work, especially brass fittings, fine threads are used, and the most general are twelve and sixteen threads per inch. When taking particulars of machinery, it is often necessary to ascertain the size and number of threads per inch of various pieces of screwing, and when there is a clear inch length to work in it is easy enough to get it. Place the rule against the screw and count the threads between the inch marks that is, the spaces for observe there is always one more point between the inch marks than there are spaces (see fig. 57). If there is not a complete inch to measure, the best plan, where possible, is to borrow two or three screwing tools and try them on the threads thus (fig. 58). By this means the number of threads will be quickly and accurately ascertained. Of course the diameter can be obtained on outside threads by taking a measurement over the threads with a pair of outside callipers. To measure an inside thread is more difficult, but the piece which screws FlG - s8 into it can generally be got at, and should be measured in preference. Nearly all threads are spoken of as such a diameter, and this is their real diameter over the threads ; but an exception to this rule obtains in gas threads, which leads occasionally to much confusion. These threads are called by the inside diameter of the pipe on which the fur thread is screwed outside. Thus, a thread marked | -inch gas would be understood to mean ij 1 -^ inches in diameter, and would have 14-threads per inch, and i-inch FIG. 59 gas would be i^- inches, with n threads per inch. So it is necessary to bear this in mind. In drawing toothed wheels, pinions, &c., it is some- times necessary to show the form of the teeth fully ; generally, however, it is suffi- cient to indicate by a diagram and notes what is required. Suppose, for instance, we were showing a train of wheels for a crane, we should do it in the manner shown in fig. 59. In most large works there is a collection of patterns of toothed wheels, particulars of which are tabulated and kept for reference, and of course it is the draughtsman's duty to bring in these patterns whenever he can, to avoid the expense of making new ones. FIG. 60 _ _ Volumes have been written upon toothed wheels and the various shapes of the teeth ; but unless a man is going to take up that class of work as a speciality he need not go so deeply into the subject. He should, however, have clear ideas of the meaning of the pitch diameter of the wheel, the pitch of the teeth, and the strength of a tooth necessary to transmit a certain amount of work. The circles in fig. 59 are the pitch diameters of the wheels and pinions, and should always be shown in contact, and the distance between the centres of any two wheels geared together is half the sum of their pitch diameters. The pitch of the teeth is the dis- tance from the edge of one tooth to the corresponding edge of the next tooth measured on the pitch line of the wheel (see fig. 60), and an ap- proximate proportion of tooth and clearance for ordinary drawing is as follows : divide the pitch into 1 5 parts, then take 8 for the space and 7 for the tooth ; also make the tooth extend 5 parts beyond the pitch line and 6 below it, as shown. Mitre and bevel wheels are generally shown in more FIG. 61 parts ( 42 ) or less of a diagram form (see fig. 61). In mitres both wheels, of course, are of the same diameter ; but in the case of bevels the diameters may vary to almost any extent. If the wheels are to be shown fully in detail, the draughtsman must make a special study of their forms from books on the subject, such as Unwin's " Elements of Machine Design " or Goodeve's " Elements of Mechanism." ( 43 ) CHAPTER IV NOTES ON SKETCHING THE draughtsman is often called upon to sketch machinery, and to obtain particulars of land and build- ings situated, perhaps, many miles away. When this is the case it is very important that all necessary particu- lars should be obtained, and also that they should be accurate^ so that a second journey is not entailed to obtain missing dimensions or to verify others. For measuring machinery the following things are required : a 2-foot rule, a tape (useful for measuring large circumferences), a pair of inside and a pair of out- side callipers, a plumb-line (if no proper one is to hand a very good one can be improvised by the aid of a piece of thread with an iron nut tied to the end) ; a 5 -foot or lo-foot staff is also very useful sometimes, but these are awkward things to take a long way from home, and they can often be obtained on the ground ; if not, a lath of some sort can be obtained, and long lengths can be marked upon that and measured off by the rule. Lastly, a note- or sketch-book is required, and a good size for this is about 7 inches by 5 inches. If the draughtsman is pretty fair at freehand sketching a book with plain leaves may be used, but if he has any diffi- culty in this respect one ruled in small squares in faint ( 44 ) grey lines is very useful in helping him to keep his lines square with the paper. Before commencing to sketch the work it should be well examined and the mind made up as to what views will be required, outside and sectional, to properly show the work. Then these views should be sketched as neatly as may be freehand, and the positions of all dimensions shown by lines and ticks ; by this means there will be less likelihood of missing requisite dimen- sions. Having prepared the sketch thus, proceed to measure up the parts and fill in the dimensions. If there is a string of dimensions in a row, when these are obtained in detail, take an overall dimension, and check the figures off at the time ; by this means errors will often be eliminated on the ground, and a deal of after trouble will be saved. Suppose, for example, a cylinder was being measured up as shown in fig. 62. We should measure the overall dimension from face to face of cylinder, and then the detailed dimensions from face of cylinder to valve chest, &c., and if we found on adding up t4 __,-<?__ j the latter, which could be done in a few moments, that they agree with the overall dimension, we should feel quite certain that our work was correct ; and similarly, if we found that the de- tailed dimensions FlG . 62 across the port face agreed with the dimension across the inside of the steam chest, we should feel easy about those. Little things which are too small ( 45 ) on the sketch to be properly dimensioned can be drawn out a little larger on another page, and lettered or numbered for reference, such as " detail at A," and the reference letter can be put on the general view in this way : " A, see detail." In sketching leave nothing to memory, but book everything down carefully and exactly, for it often occurs that the particulars are not used for some time after they are obtained, and then it is found that there is nothing to rely upon except the particulars noted down. NOTES ON DESIGNING In the case of new work being designed, a pre- liminary sketch or drawing is often made upon " scheming paper," which latter is a cheap thin kind of tracing paper with somewhat rough surface, to enable it to take the pencil freely ; the advantage of using such paper is that it can be placed over other drawings or tracings, so that any desired parts of standard work, &c., may be traced directly instead of having to be drawn by scale. When the design is approved of, it is then drawn properly to scale upon mounted or other drawing paper. A general arrangement of the work, engine, machine, or whatever it is, is drawn upon one sheet to a suitable scale, perhaps I inch or ij inches to i foot, and the details are drawn out on other sheets, the wrought-iron work on one, the castings on another ; so that tracings can be taken off each, and sent to the smith's shop and the pattern shop respectively. The details should be drawn as large as convenient, small and intricate parts being shown full size, simpler pieces to 3-inch scale, or half full size. The edges of all the machined work (in the detailed drawings and tracings) should be coloured with red or some other tint, so that ( 46 ) the shop foremen can tell at a glance where metal must be left on the castings and forgings to clean up to the finished sizes. These red lines may be run round the edges of the work either with a fine brush or with a drawing pen, and a note is added to say " machine surfaces tinted red." Before any drawings or tracings go into the shops, all the dimensions, &c., are checked by the chief draughtsman, or by some leading man in the drawing office. In designing machinery it is necessary that the draughtsman should understand the relative strengths of the materials which he has to use, and the various purposes to which the materials should be applied. Thus, wrought iron is rather stronger in tension than in compression ; therefore, if used for a girder the top or compression flange would be made rather thicker than the bottom one. Again, wrought iron being easily forged, it is used for all sorts of rods, levers, axles, &c. Steel, both forged and cast, is better in compression than in tension ; but in both respects it is stronger than wrought iron, and is therefore largely used where great strength combined with lightness is required. It is used for rails, boilers, girders, shafts, connecting and coupling rods, &c. ; in its forged or rolled forms, and in the form of castings for wheels, brackets, machine frames, &c. Brass is a comparatively soft metal, but being non- corrodible is used very much where likely to come into contact with water, such as for valve casings, valves, seatings, &c.; it is used, also, in many bearings for axles and shafting, as it and iron or steel run well together if properly lubricated, whereas wrought iron will not run with wrought iron or steel with steel. Phosphor bronze is now largely used instead of brass for bearings which are subjected to heavy loads, also for slide valves, &c. In cases where it is necessary for strength to have steel and ( 47 ) steel running together, a thin lining of white metal must be sweated on one piece, and be renewed as it wears away. Cast iron is much more favourable in compression than in tension, its latter quality being very low and not to be much relied on ; but, being cheap, it is generally used where weight is required and where its compressive strength is useful, such as in heavy bed plates for engines, tools, &c. In designing large castings, several points require attention ; one is to make all the metal as uniform in thickness as possible that is, do not change a thickness of, say, 2 inches to J inch, but where a change of thickness is unavoidable put in a good fillet in the corners and make the metal taper gradually, otherwise the casting will most likely crack in the cooling. Suppose, for example, a cast-iron girder is in question (see fig. 63). On account of the metal's superior qualities in compression, the top flange is made much smaller and thinner than the bottom one, but FIG. 63 FIG. 64 large fillets should be put in at A, A, and the metal should be tapered in the web as shown at B, B. Also do not make small niggling projections on large castings, as they are liable to breakage, but rather ( 48 ) make suitable facings on the castings, and bolt such things as small brackets to them (see fig. 64). Also in small castings, endeavour to make them as simple as possible, so that the " core box," if any, will not be too complicated, and there will not be a number of " loose pieces " on the pattern to bother the pattern-maker. This is a point where a little experience in the pattern shop stands a draughtsman in good stead. FACTOR OF SAFETY This is a very familiar term to a draughtsman, he being frequently asked as to some piece of machinery which he is designing, what factor of safety has it ? The term means this, that supposing you are designing a boiler to carry 150 Ibs. steam pressure per square inch, you would make it so that it would require five times that pressure, or 750 Ibs. per square inch, to burst it, in which case you would say that the boiler had a factor of safety of five. This excess of strength has been found necessary from experience to cover such contingencies as unexpected failure of material, im- perfect workmanship, and, above all, to make allowance for the corrosion and consequent weakening of the plates from use and age. In the case of a boiler, it would be expected to last, say, about thirty years, although, probably, before the end of that time the working pressure of 150 Ibs. might have to be somewhat reduced. Factors of safety vary according to the nature of the work and the shocks which may come upon it ; thus, in the case of a girder carrying a dead load that is, one which is constant a factor of three times might be considered sufficient ; whilst, on the other hand, in the case of a crane liable to jerks and sudden strains, a factor of ten times might not be considered too liberal. ( 49 ) CHAPTER V LEVELLING AND SURVEYING THE principal instruments ordinarily used in survey- ing and levelling are the following : The theodolite, of which instrument there are several varieties, the most perfect of them being perhaps that called the transit theodolite. The level. There are also several varieties of this instrument, viz., the Dumpy level, Troughton's level, and others. Both the above instruments are expensive, an ordinary theodolite costing about 25/. or 3o/., and a level, say, from 1 5/. to 2O/. They should, therefore, only be purchased after carefully considering the work they are likely to be required for, and on the advice of some- one who has had a good deal of practical experience with them. For a very complete and useful description of these instruments see Stanley's "Surveying Instruments." The cross-staff. This is a useful little instrument for setting off right angles, and angles of 45 deg., from any point in a line. It is a small hollow metal box, having eight sides ; in each of these there are slots, two of which have wires fitted to them to aid in setting the instrument. It is placed upon a short staff (see fig. 65), fixed firmly in the ground at the point from which the right angle is required. A pole is then placed upon the base line some distance away, and the cross-staff adjusted so that one of the wires intersects it. A sight is then taken through the slots at right angles to this whilst an assistant places a pole until it is intersected by the second wire. Of course, the result is only E approximately correct, and the cross-staff should there- fore not be used where great accuracy is required. The levelling staff. This is generally of mahogany, and in length varies from about 14 feet to 18 feet. For convenience of handling and carriage, it is usually made of a telescopic form in about three pieces, to slide one within the other. The staff is marked as plainly as possible in feet and decimals of a foot, each foot being divided into ten parts, and each part subdivided into ten again. The chain. The length of this is -g-L of a mile, or 66 feet. It is generally made of stout iron wire with one long and three short rings alternately, and is divided into 100 links, every ten of these being marked by a piece of brass. With constant use the chain is liable to stretch ; it must, therefore, be regularly examined and compared with some length permanently fixed on a floor, or with a chain specially kept for a standard and not otherwise used. Ten iron arrows always accompany the chain, to be used for marking the points on the ground from which the measurements are taken ; two men usually handle the chain, and the leader takes all the arrows at first and keeps planting them at each fresh measurement, and as the second man moves forward he takes them up until they all come into his possession, at which time the line measured will be ten chains long. When this has taken place he hands them all to the first man again, and they proceed as before. Surveying may be defined as the art of obtaining the exact shape of a piece of land, and may vary from a simple matter like the measuring of a plot of land suitable for the site of a humble cottage to the gigantic operation of measuring the whole of the British Isles, called the ordnance survey, which has been going on for years and is still in progress. The scales upon which the ordnance surveys are made are as follows : Towns of 4,000 inhabitants or over, 3^- = to 12672 inches to I mile, or 41% feet to I inch. Parishes in cultivated districts, T3 - 1 7nr =to 25-344 inches to i mile, or I square inch to I acre. Counties, 6 inches to I mile. The kingdom, I inch to I mile. Levelling is a necessary accompaniment to surveying, as, besides requiring to know the shape of a piece of land in plan, we often want to know its level, to find if it is above or below certain other points, and to see if any excavation will be required or if any embankments will have to be made, as in the case of surveying for a line of railway. The principle of surveying consists in laying out as long a straight line as possible on the ground to be surveyed, and upon this line constructing one or more triangles, and from the sides of these triangles taking various offsets or measurements to the boundary of the land. These lines and triangles are carefully noted in a book on the ground, with all necessary dimensions, and are afterwards plotted or drawn down to a scale on paper, and when the boundaries, buildings, and fences are correctly located, the triangles, of course, can be rubbed out if required. E 2 ( 52 ) The highest class of surveying is done with the theodolite, a most perfect and beautiful instrument, and by the aid of which the utmost accuracy may be attained. It is a matter of time and care to set up and adjust the instrument properly. It is, therefore, generally used on important work, and is fixed at points from which a number of readings can be taken at one setting. By its aid angles can be read off, both vertically and horizontally. Ordinary surveying may be done with a chain or a tape, and a cross-staff or large square for laying off lines at right angles to others. It is handy to remember that if the sides of a square are laid off in the proportion of 3, 4, and 5, that they give us a right-angled triangle, so that by the aid of a tape or chain alone we can always set off a right angle. * Thus, suppose N . we wish to lay x^ off a right angle > to A, B, at point \_ C, fig. 72. On either side of point C mark v . off a distance equal to 3 x^ yards or 3 feet at D, and from \ C set off also a length equal \ to 4 yards or feet at E, and if length between D and E equals 5 yards or feet, the angle D C E D will be a right angle. Of course this is founded on the fact of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle being equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of its two sides. Thus, 4x4+3x3 = 25, and the square root of 25 = 5. FJG 6fi The branches of study most advisable for ( 53 ) those entering on this class of work are geometry, plane and solid, euclid, mensuration, logarithms, decimal frac- tions, trigonometry, and algebra ; also practise drawing plans from one's own measurements, and making copies of good examples, paying special attention to the style, colouring, &c., of the latter, and obtain as much practical acquaintance as possible with the instruments out of doors by joining some class in surveying, such as are now held in large towns like London, Manchester, and others. If it is not always convenient to go out with the level or theodolite, take a tape or chain, and, with a friend to help, measure up any field or odd piece of land, with any buildings or what not upon them, and try to plot the result down on paper at home to some suitable scale, such as 2 chains to the inch, and you will soon find yourself progressing in the right direction. Before leaving this subject we may refer briefly to hydrography, or map drawing. The hydrographer proper is concerned chiefly with maps of the coast-lines, islands, and shoals, which are made for the benefit of mariners and others, the office being a Government one under control of the Admiralty. Ordinary map draw- ing may be all in black lines, with the hills, &c., shaded in Indian ink with a brush or by a hand-pen so graduated as to show the various heights and hollows of the ground, or it may be coloured to represent the various parts naturally, in which case the man who has taste and a knowledge of landscape painting will have a great advantage. Neat printing and bordering are especially necessary in this work. ESTIMATING This is a class of work which a draughtsman is often called upon to perform, and, besides requiring great care, puts his arithmetical knowledge to the test ( 54 ) also one estimate perhaps demanding the use of mensuration, practice, compound addition, and interest. If an estimate were required for the cost of some machinery not yet made, all the quantities of the various metals would have to be calculated out from the drawings by first obtaining their cubic contents, and then multiplying each in turn by the weight per cubic inch or foot for each particular metal. Then these weights would be taken at so much a cwt. or ton., according to whether they were rough or machined. Additions are often made to estimates, such as the following : Cost of erection, office charges on labour, and extra for unforeseen contingencies. In some cases the draughtsman completes the esti- mate, but in others he gets out the quantities only, and the prices are put on by another department. We herewith give a sample estimate to show the general form which is used. The various items and prices, however, are only assumed, the latter varying largely with different firms and in different districts. (See p. 55.) In estimating for buildings there are innumerable details to be considered, such as excavation, concrete, brickwork, roofing, joiners', plumbers', and plasterers' work, and there are special methods of measuring many of the details, which can be obtained from Hurst's " Pocket-book " and other works. INDICATING STEAM AND OTHER ENGINES A draughtsman is often called upon to perform the above work ; it is, therefore, advisable to be in some measure prepared for it. Engines are indicated for two reasons : either to obtain the horse-power which they are developing, or to enable one to judge if the valve is set and acting properly ; the latter fact can be ascertained at once by examining an indicator-diagram, as it shows ( 55 ) , WHwO uT -S < 1 a | S ? i p$ H w o CO 5 .M W o g W U W >ioo*oooooooo M 00 OO -* f\O * O O O <M -I O vD H M M CON i M H i m sab in cS sab : : : o o suo i : : : M b 'sab o <3 .'3 . . .J3 I. TJ-E^ -n ^^irf 3 n n P5UWO whether the " lead " is correct, whether the " cut off" is the right percentage of the stroke, and whether the exhaust closes at the proper point. To ascertain the horse-power of, say, a two-cylinder engine, diagrams should be taken simultaneously from both ends of a cylinder, then the horse- power of each diagram should be worked out, the two added together, and that total multiplied by two for the two cylinders A -p r> o The horse-power of one diagram would be , 33,000 where A = area of piston in square inches, /^ = mean pressure of steam in Ibs. per sq. in., R number of revolutions per minute, S= stroke in feet. The mean pressure of the steam in Ibs. per square inch in the cylinder is obtained by dividing the diagram into ten parts, and measuring the ordinates with the scale of the diagram, then adding all these together and dividing by ten. See fig. 67, showing a diagram from Scale, 60lbs:&1tsicJi> FIG. 67 an actual engine, with the ordinates, mean pressure, and the action of the steam noted. ( 57 ) To find the exact point of "cut off" in a diagram proceed as follows (see fig. 68) : Mark off to the scale of the diagram 147 Ibs. below the atmospheric line to find the absolute vacuum line, (/_> X FIG. 68 then draw a vertical line, AB, i-i4th of the length* of the diagram away from it. Draw any line A C, and from C let fall a perpendicular to cut the ex- pansion curve as at D ; draw a horizontal line from D to cut line A C in E, and from E draw a vertical line to cut a horizontal line passing along the highest part of the diagram in F ; then F will be the point of " cut off." There are various instruments used for indicating steam, gas, and other engines, the one most generally known perhaps being Richards's indicator ; this is a very good instrument for engines running at moderate speeds, but more modern indicators have been brought out to suit the higher speeds of the present day, such as the Thompson, the Crosby, and the Tabor. The author has had pretty extensive experience in the use of the last named, and found it give good results on steam and gas engines. f \ ' Of CHAPTER VI BRANCHES OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ADVISABLE TO BE STUDIED BY DRAUGHTSMEN FOR those likely to be engaged upon general engi- neering work, in the first place they cannot be too well up in arithmetic, and they should pay special attention to decimals and decimal fractions, as nearly all calcula- tions are worked by these rules, as we will more particularly point out presently. If they are acquainted with algebra so much the better ; but this is not abso- lutely necessary, as when there are extra abstruse calculations to be made they are generally referred to 'one or two men who may happen to be well up in that line in fact, some offices keep a calculator, who is expected to solve problems as they arise. It does not always appear that the best theoretical men make the best draughtsmen. Many of the best and most useful men have been obtained by taking into the office intelligent young fellows who have served their time practically in the shops, including experience in the pattern shop if possible, and who have studied in the evenings at a good technical school or mechanics' insti- tution to perfect themselves in arithmetic, drawing, and different branches of science, especially mechanics and steam, and in drawing plane and solid geometry development of surfaces, and projection of shadows. With regard to solid geometry, we do not mean to say that a man need know as much even as is expected of him to pass a second-grade advanced examination, but ( 59 ) that he should work more on the lines of what is called orthographic projection that is, take some simple geometrical figure, such as a cube or a hexagonal pyramid, or a mechanical figure, such as a nut or a wheel, and draw it in all possible positions, as shown in fig. 69. FIG. 69 By mastering the principles involved in the above, and similar examples, the student will render himself able to project any work in any mechanical or other drawing that may be given him to do. The development of surfaces comes in very useful sometimes in boiler work, when it is requisite to know the proper size and shape of a plate in the flat which will work up to a certain curved form, such as plate A in the hemispherical end of a boiler (see fig. 70), or in a Chip's buoy, &c. Projection of shadows is a very useful study, as it enables one to correctly shade up a finished drawing, but it is a study much neglected as a rule, and the consequence is that when a drawing has to be shaded up it is often done in a very unsatisfactory way, ( 60 ) Even if only a little shading is required, that little looks much better when put on in the right way, and the man who has studied the subject can often tell at a glance how and where to place the shadows without troubling to mark them out, first, geometrically. For instance, if we wish to shade up a round rod, by drawing a circle to represent a plan of the rod and two lines at an angle of 45, one to the centre and one tangential to the rod, we find at once the position of the highest light and the deepest shade upon the rod, see fig. 71, and work accordingly. Also, suppose we wish to cast the shadow of a blocking course, &c., on the elevation of a house. By making a profile view of the moulding, and drawing lines at 45 from each projection on to the next face below, we at once find the depth of the shadow (see fig. 72). Referring to the sciences which a draughtsman should study, we may safely say that mechanics, both theoretical and applied, is one of the most important of them. A man is constantly confronted with problems in this science, whether he be designing engines, cranes, tools, or girders. If, for instance, he is designing a crane to lift a certain load, say, a lo-ton hand crane, he must be able to calculate the transverse strain on the crane post, the tension on the tie rods, and the compression upon the jib. He must also be able to so arrange the gearing that the power applied, say, by four men at the handles exerting 15 Ibs. each, will lift the required load of 10 tons. The science of steam is also extremely useful, espe- cially to men engaged upon engine and boiler work. If a man were engaged in designing a compound engine he should be prepared to say what the steam pressures would be at the end of the stroke in the high pressure cylinder ; in the receiver, if there was one, between the high-pressure and the low-pressure cylinders ; and on the entrance to and exit from the low-pressure cylinder, and he should be able to construct an approximately correct indicator-diagram for the two cylinders. ' Also he would require to so proportion the cylinders that they should, as nearly as possible, each perform the same amount of work. Last, but not least, returning to the question of calculations, nearly all these can be done by decimals ; for instance, it is often necessary to work out the weight PIG 72 of machinery, boilers, &c., from drawings, in which case we should proceed to find the cubic contents of the work as follows : Take the dimensions of each piece, or portion of a piece, if necessary, in feet and inches, and then turn them all into inches and decimals of an inch by means of a table of decimal equivalents ; then by multiplying these together we should obtain the number of cubic inches in the piece. Suppose the article is cast iron. We find from the table in Molesworth's pocket-book that this weighs '26 Ib. per cubic inch ; ( 62 ) we therefore multiply the number of cubic inches by 26, and thus get the weight in Ibs. If necessary we then divide the weight- in Ibs. by 2,240, 112, and 28 to turn it into tons, cwts., qrs., and Ibs. And as there is a different factor for the weight of a cubic inch of various materials, it is necessary to keep the cubic inches of cast iron separate from those of the wrought iron, and these in their turn from the steel or brass. The mul- tiplier for wrought iron would be -28 Ib. per cubic inch, for steel '288, and for brass about '3. We may have to find the number of square feet of plate in a boiler, in which case we should take our lengths, circumferences, &c., in feet and inches, turn all the dimensions into feet and decimals of a foot ; then multiply them together and obtain the answer in square feet and decimals of a square foot. Supposing, then, we had to give the weight of these plates, we should look in the table for the thickness of the plate we were using, and if it was J-inch steel plate, say, the multiplier would be 20*8 Ibs. per square foot. We should, there- fore, multiply this factor by the number of square feet (if they were all ^-inch plates), and thus obtain the weight. If the shell plates differed in thickness from the flue or end plates, we should find the number of square feet of each thickness separately, and multiply each in turn by its own factor, and then add all the weights together for the total weight. We have incidentally referred to Molesworth's pocket-book, which is a most useful aid to the draughts- man, containing, as it does, so many valuable tables and formulae for his assistance. If one is well acquainted with the various tables in this and other books, a wonderful amount of work may be saved. For example, it is never necessary to obtain the area of a circle by squaring its diameter and multiplying by '7854, as we have only to consult the table to find it all done for ( 63 ) us from J-inch up to 100 inches diameter, advancing by Jths and fVths all the way. The same with squares and square root, and cubes and cube root. Suppose we want to find the cubic capacity of a cylinder 21 inches diameter and 30 inches stroke, we look in the table for area of 21 inches, which equals 346-3 square inches, and then multiply this figure by 30 inches, which gives us the capacity in cubic inches ; if we want the capacity in cubic feet, we divide this number by 1,728, being the number of cubic inches in a cubic foot. Or if we are dealing with circular figures, of which the superficial area is required, such as a boiler shell 4 feet diameter and 10 feet long. To find the circum- ference, we should not trouble to work it out by multiplying 4 by 3-1416, but look in the table of circumferences, and opposite 4 we should find 12-56. We should, therefore, take 12*56 and multiply it by 10, and obtain 125-6 square feet, the superficial surface of the shell. 64 CHAPTER VII PREPARATION FOR DRAUGHTSMEN ENGAGED IN VARIOUS BRANCHES OF WORK Roof, Bridge, and Girder Work. With this class of work in view a man should study mechanics, especially the composition and resolution of forces, as problems constantly arise relative to the stresses on the booms and lattice bars of girders, and in the ties and struts of roof principals. He must study the weight likely to come upon the structures by such agencies as the wind and snow, besides that of the special loads the struc- tures are designed to carry. It is also necessary to have a good knowledge of the strength of materials, espe- cially steel and wrought and cast iron, and to study all kinds of fastenings for plates, bars, angles, tees, &c., so that the necessary strength can be obtained with due economy of material. The question of expansion and contraction of metals is also very important, as these have to be allowed for in all large structures by means of roller bearings or other devices. The stresses in the various members of a girder or roof truss can be calculated, or they can be found by means of " graphic statics," the latter method having come much into use of late years. It consists of drawing diagrams to a certain scale of the load on the drawing of the girder or truss itself in such a way that the stresses on the various members can be read off directly by a scale without calculation. ( 65 ) " Graphic statics " can also be used for many other purposes, such, for instance, as rinding the bending moments in an axle, or the stress on the crankpin of an engine at various points of the stroke. In constructing girders or principals, it must be borne in mind that the structures have to carry their own weight in addition to any extraneous load ; and in the first place this weight has to be assumed and added to the load which the girder or other structure is being designed to carry. This assumed weight can sometimes be approximated from the known weight of other struc- tures doing similar work ; but after the girder has been roughed out the weight can again be checked over, and the total load corrected as required before finally finish- ing the drawing. Girders are usually built with a camber that is, slightly hog-backed, or higher at the middle than at the ends. This is done to counteract the slight sag which takes place when the girder is in position and the load comes upon it, and the camber should equal the calculated deflection of the girder. As a rough guide we may say that a girder 40 feet long would have about I inch of camber. The amount of camber is noted on the drawing, but the drawing itself is of course made straight. All plates should be kept as uniform in thickness as may be, all tees and angles as uniform in section as possible, and for ordinary work f-inch rivets about 4-inch pitch should be used. Hydraulic engineering. In addition to mechanics, study hydraulics and hydrostatics ; also the strength of materials, especially of cast iron and cast steel, these being most commonly used for the cylinders of hydraulic machines and tools. Steel is generally used for the very high pressures which obtain in these days, amounting in some cases to 5 tons per square inch. For these high pressures cast iron is not suitable, as, to obtain the F ( 66 ) requisite strength, the metal has to be made so thick that it sometimes becomes unsound through its own contraction in cooling. The water pressure for working hydraulic machinery, such as cranes, lifts, rivetters, and presses, is generally obtained with the following plant : an accumulator worked by pumping engine, or by pumps driven from gearing. The accumulator serves the purpose of a fly wheel on a steam engine, viz. to store the power until required. It is usually a cylinder about 17 feet long and 17 inches in diameter, with a heavy weight on the ram sufficient to give the pressure required per square inch, in some cases 700 Ibs. The accumulator should be of such a capacity that when the maximum number of machines are drawing water from it the ram should not be at the bottom of the cylinder. In cranes and hoists the stroke of the cylinder is frequently only a tenth or twelfth of that of the load ; therefore, supposing a weight of 30 cwts. had to be lifted, the cylinder would have to be equal to ten or twelve times that weight that is, 15 or 1 8 tons and beyond this there would have to be a large allowance made for friction caused by the extra gearing, besides that from the packing. Electrical work. To render himself efficient in this class of work we would recommend a man to train him- self as far as possible, as follows : In mathematics at least up to second stage in Science and Art examina- tion. Steam, mechanics, theoretical and applied, and solids and fluids. Magnetism and electricity ; dynamos, design, and construction ; electrical testing, sound, light, and heat ; machine drawing, solid geometry ; and, if possible, building construction ; which, although not really essential, will come in very handy sometimes. It is also very advisable to have had a good mechanical ( 67 ) shop training. This last point is one considerably neglected, and, in consequence, there can be found plenty of smart young theoretical electricians who are short of practical mechanical knowledge. Marine engineering and shipbuilding. A youth entering the drawing office in either of the above depart- ments should be well grounded in arithmetic, and for marine engineering work should have previously had a year or two in the fitting, erecting, and pattern shops, and also, if possible, have had a voyage or two at sea on the engineer's staff. For shipbuilding he should have spent a year or two in the plating, smithy, moulding, and pattern shops. This preliminary training in the shops gives prac- tical acquaintance with materials, tools, and technical terms. Whilst working in the shops, evening classes should be attended in mechanical and freehand drawing, ele- mentary algebra, mechanics, hydraulics, pneumatics, and mensuration. After entering the drawing office studies should be continued in advanced work in above subjects, and in addition weights and strengths of materials and graphic statics should be taken up, also, for marine engineering, heat and steam, and for shipbuilding, mensuration of solids, conic sections, and calculations of displacement, centres of gravity, and metacentre. In marine engine drawing, boards generally used are double elephant and antiquarian, and the general arrangement of the engines and boilers is drawn to as large a scale as the boards will admit, such as | inch, I inch, or I \ inches to I foot. In shipbuilding drawing, the smallest boards are double elephant size, whilst there are larger ones that run to 1 5 feet or more. The lines and general working drawings of large vessels are usually drawn J inch to F 2 ( 68 ) I foot ; rigging plans to J inch to I foot ; and detail ^ inch, | inch, I inch, i^ inches, 3 inches, and 6 inches to i foot, and full size, as their importance requires. Cloth tracings, photo, prints, and sometimes hand sketches are sent into the shop to be worked to ; but the original drawings are often kept in pencil until the work is complete, and then checked over and altered where necessary and inked in. One awkward feature of this arrangement is that the boards are practically locked up for months, or even a year or more, and are often in the way. The difference between engine and ship drawing may be summed up thus : In engine work there are many straight lines, some circles, and few curves, and in ship work there are many curves, some straight lines, and very few circles. This leads us to remark that in the case of ships' curves it is no easy matter to lay them down, and they have to be judged in great measure by the eye ; it is, therefore, very essential that the ship draughtsman should have sound eyesight, and not suffer in the least degree from astigmatism. Those who suffer from this never see a circle as it truly is, but always more or less flattened. The checking over of drawings before they go into the shops is not always attended to as it should be, and many costly mistakes have occurred in consequence. Too often the draughtsman depends upon the shop foreman finding out discrepancies before the work goes too far. The appliances usually provided in these offices are boards, tee-squares, extra large set-squares, long straight- edges, splines or battens, french and ships' curves, weights, sponges, glue-pot, note-books, colour saucers, colours, indian ink, pencils, and sometimes parallel rulers, planimeters, and beam compasses. 69 CHAPTER VIII STRETCHING PAPER, MOUNTING DRAWINGS, AND TRACINGS IF a drawing in pencil only is required on a sheet of cartridge or Whatman's paper it will be sufficient to fasten the paper down with half a dozen drawing pins, or with as many tacks. If a more finished drawing is required on a sheet of Whatman's unmounted paper, it will be better to stretch it ; this can be done either by gluing it down or by tacking it round the margin with tacks placed about 3 or 4 inches apart. If the tacking is preferred, only damp the paper slightly before tacking it down, otherwise when it is dry it will pull away from the tacks. If glue is preferred have the glue and brush ready, then take a lath and lay it along each edge of the paper and fold up about three-eighths of an inch all round. Now take a sponge moderately wet and pass all over the paper on the top side, the edges included ; when it has lain a minute or two to expand, put the lath against one turned-up edge of the paper, and pass the glue brush along that edge of the paper which is against the lath, and turn the lath down, thus pressing the glued edge of the paper to the board. Serve the opposite edge of the paper in the same way, and, lastly, the other two sides, keep putting the lath upon each edge in ( 70 ) turn, rubbing and pressing them down until they have got firm hold ; then leave the paper to dry placed horizontally, for if the board is stood down the moisture in the paper will tend towards the bottom edge and perhaps loosen the glue. Keep examining the paper from time to time and rub the edges down occasionally, but it will not be ready to work on for three or four hours. If the drawing is to be made on mounted paper that is, Whatman's paper on brown holland turn the paper over and sponge the canvas back pretty thoroughly ; let it lie a few minutes to expand, and then tack down with tacks about 3 inches pitch beginning in the middle of each edge and gradually working out to all the corners as nearly as may be at the same time ; then leave it to dry for about half a day. The tacks may be placed close to the edge of the paper within, say, a quarter of an inch and when the drawing is finished of course the edges of the paper can be trimmed up. In making a tracing on paper, set the drawing square on the board with four tacks or pins, and then fasten the tracing paper down with pins if it is as large as the drawing, if not hold it down by means of lead weights. In making a cloth tracing, it is well to cut the cloth rather larger than the drawing, and tack to the board just outside the drawing with tacks about 6 inches pitch, and, as the cloth usually expands a little on exposure to the atmosphere, it is a good plan to cut off what is required from the roll and to let it lie open an hour or two before finally tacking it down. Even with this care a sudden change in the temperature will sometimes cause a cloth tracing to become quite baggy whilst it is in progress ; therefore, if it is a large tracing containing several views, it is better to work so ( 71 ) as to finish one view right out than to do a little of each all over the board. The paper on which prints are made is usually too soft to withstand the rough usage of the shops, so the prints are generally mounted on adhesive cloth. This is cloth with a facing of paper, upon which is a layer of gum. To mount a blue or black-and-white print, first damp the print thoroughly, then take a piece of the adhesive cloth an inch or so larger than the print each way, and tack it down on a mounting board, with the gummed side uppermost ; next, with a sponge, wet the gum thoroughly all over, taking care not to wash it off. Now lay the print carefully on the wetted sheet, and roll it down well ; then leave it for the best part of a day to dry thoroughly, after which cut it out by passing a knife round it within the tacks, and trim off square on the cutting board. To repair old drawings which may be torn right up the middle, take a strip of old drawing paper about 9 inches wide and paste it up the back of the torn draw- ing ; then take a sheet of linen or brown holland the size of the drawing, tack it on the mounting board, paste it all over, and then lay the drawing upon it, roll it well down, and leave to dry thoroughly before cutting it off. Paper tracings may be mounted on adhesive cloth in the same way as described for prints. In large offices there is generally kept a handy man to run errands, rub ink, mount or stretch paper and tracings, and do other such services ; but in smaller offices the draughtsmen have tc stretch their own paper and mount tracings, so it -is quite as well to know how to do so. CHAPTER IX TRACINGS AND BLUE OR BLACK-AND-WHITE PRINTS IN some works it is the practice to send original drawings into the shops to be worked to, whilst in others the original drawings are kept in the office, and only copies of them, in the form of tracings or of photo- prints, are sent out. If tracings are used for the shops, they are generally made on tracing cloth ; this cloth has a shiny side and a rather dull one, and it is a matter of taste on which side the tracing is made, some preferring it on one side and some on the other. If any sections or other work on the tracing have to be coloured, it is better to do the colouring on the reverse side to that on which the lines are, as by so doing there will be no chance of rubbing up the lines, and the colour can be applied very roughly, as long it is kept within the bounds of the lines, and yet look quite neat on the front of the tracing. If instead of sending the tracing into the shop it is to be used for photo-printing, the sections should be treated as follows. Supposing that " blue prints " are required that is, white lines on a blue ground all the sections must be ruled in lines with black ink on the tracing, and the names of the different metals, &c., must be written on or opposite each piece ; but if the ( 73 ) prints are required to be " black-and-white " that is, a black or dark-grey line on a white ground the tracing should not be sectioned at all ; but when the prints are taken off they can be coloured with the proper conven- tional colours to represent the different substances. The " black-and-white " prints are much the best in many respects, and especially when it comes to altera- tions. In the latter case the lines can be bleached out by the following solution : 3 parts of water and I part of strong hydrochloric acid ; apply with a camel-hair brush, and when the lines have disappeared blot the solution up and wash the part with clean water. When the part is quite dry mix a tint to match the other lines, and draw the fresh work in as required ; if the operation has been carefully performed, it will be difficult to find the place afterwards. It is impossible to alter blue prints (white lines on a blue ground) so that the alteration is not noticeable the great difficulty being this, that although we can very easily make fresh white lines by using a saturated solution of potassium oxalate, it is impossible to stop out the white lines which we may want to remove so that the alteration cannot be seen. Therefore the only thing to do is to make the alteration as plain and legible as can be. A very good way to do this is to mix together some of the oxalate solution with some ordinary red writing ink, and use with the ordinary pens, &c., direct. The result is that the solution bleaches away the blue ground, and the red fluid colours the line at the same time, and shows up quite distinctly on the blue ground. Tracings for printing should be done on good tracing paper or cloth, preferably of a bluish tint, and any yellowish tint should be carefully avoided. The ink should be quite black, and the addition of a little burnt ( 74 ) sienna to it is recommended. All centre and dimension lines should be in some opaque red colour, such as scarlet lake or vermilion. If, as is sometimes the case, blue lines are required upon the tracing to show certain work, they will come out very faintly on the prints, and will require to be strengthened up on the latter by hand after the prints are taken. We may perhaps conclude our remarks on this subject with a brief account of the materials and chemicals used in the two processes we have referred to, they being the two perhaps the most generally in use. Taking the ferrotype, or white line on a blue ground, process first, the solutions for sensitising the paper are as follows : A (Citrate of iron and ammonia 100 grains ^1 Water . . . . i oz. -n f Red prussiate of potash . 70 grains 13 (Water . . . . i oz. These solutions will keep any time separately, but when mixed they must be used at once or kept in a dark place. To prepare the paper mix an equal quantity of A and B, and apply freely to the surface of the paper for about two minutes ; then drain off the superfluous liquid, and hang up to dry in a dark room ; the paper will be found then to be of a bright yellow hue. To take a print, place the tracing in the printing frame with its face to the glass, and then place a sheet of the prepared paper with its sensitised surface next to the tracing, and expose to the light for a period varying from three minutes to half an hour, according to the strength of the light. When the print is taken out of the frame it must be laid in a bath of clean water for ten or fifteen minutes until the lines show perfectly ( 75 ) white. It may then be taken out of the bath and hung up to dry. In the "Cola" black-and-white process that is, black lines upon a white ground the sensitising solution is as follows : Perchloride of iron . . I oz. Gelatine 2 Tartaric acid I Persulphate of zinc . . I Water 30 After taking the print, in the same way as before described, and watching its progress until the blank parts of the paper have turned white, take it from the frame and immerse it in a bath of the following solu- tion : Gallic acid I oz. Methylated spirit . . . .10,, Water . . , . . . 50 When the lines have turned from the yellow colour with which they leave the frame to black, take the print out of the bath, rinse it in clear water, and hang up to dry. With regard to preparing the paper, it is perhaps better to buy it ready prepared from a large maker, as by this means more uniform quality will be obtained. The printing frame is an appliance to which special attention must be given. It must be fitted with a stout and very clear piece of glass, and must be fitted with a back which will bring every part of the prepared paper and the tracing into close contact with the glass, for if there is any space, however small, allowed between the surfaces, it interferes with the print and makes the ( 76 ) lines blurred or very faint. And with regard to the requisite exposure of the prints to the light, it is a good plan to try small pieces of test paper, and note the time required to print to develop to the correct tone and colour, as a guide to properly manipulating the actual prints. ( 77 ) CHAPTER X RECORDS AND STORAGE OF DRAWINGS, TRACINGS, AND PRINTS THERE are several systems of booking drawings and tracings, &c., in vogue in different offices, from very elementary ones which are scarcely worth calling systems at all, and which rely almost altogether upon the knowledge or memory of one or two people, to more elaborate ones where every effort is made to record things properly, and thus enable anyone to find the requisite drawing or tracing. The following method may be found to answer as well as any : Certain books are kept in the drawing office, viz. " The Drawing Book," " The Tracing and Print Book " (for the works), " The Tracing Book Outwards," " The Tracing Book Inwards," " Letter and Sketch Book," and " Estimate Book." Besides these, in large works there are special books kept to record the subsequent passage to and fro between the office and the works for alteration or other- wise of all tracings and prints, so that their whereabouts can be discovered at any time. We will go a little more into detail in reference to the books mentioned, commencing with > si THE DRAWING BOOK The headings in this are arranged as shown, and one or two sample entries are given : No. of JH is S3 |s fi !*9 Date Draw- Title of Drawing P kg Sg S3 M Sa s.l | Remarks ing ^ bD O 1/5 ^ it/] a rt p t Q a p SI P Nov. 15, 1895. 1068 General arrange- ment of stationary engine cylinders, 48 A.B. X.Y. Oct. 30, At 100 revolu- tions approxi- mate H.P.i 50 15 in. X2i in. Nov. 15, 1069 Detail of cy- 4 8 A.B. X.Y. Nov. 6, _ i85S linders, 15 in. x 1895 21 in. TRACING AND PRINT BOOK (for the works) In this book are entered all the tracings and prints which are sent into the shops to be worked to, and it is arranged as follows : Date No. of Tracing or Print Title of Tracing or Print Tracing or Print Draughts- man's Signature Head Draughts- man's Signature Name of Shop Sent to Nov. 17, 1,200 15 in. x 21 in. Stationary Print C.D. X.Y. Pattern 1895 Engine. Details of Shop Castings TRACING BOOK OUTWARDS This is for the registration of tracings or prints sent ( 79 ) away to other firms or people when tendering or esti- mating for work, and has headings thus : Date No. of Tracing Title or Description of Tracing To whom Sent Draughts- man's Signature Head Draughts- man's Signature Remarks TRACING BOOK INWARDS For the registration of tracings, &c., received from outside firms asking for tenders for work, &c. : Date Received in Office No. of Trac- ing given by Office to Tracing Received Title or Descrip- tion of Tracing From Whom Received Head Draughts- man's Signature Remarks LETTER AND SKETCH BOOK This is a copying-book, into which all hand sketches and notes affecting work are copied before being sent into the shops, and has an index which is kept posted up so that the sketches, &c., may be readily referred to. ESTIMATE BOOK This is also a copying-book, into which all estimates are copied before being sent away, and is likewise kept carefully indexed. Drawings are usually stored in drawers made of such a size as to take Antiquarian paper easily that is, about 56 inches by 34 inches and of such a depth, about 2 inches, as to hold, say, fifty drawings. Each drawer is kept for a certain class of work, and is labelled accordingly as " stationary engines," " tools," " hydraulic hoists," or " cranes," and is also provided with a number. Every drawing is numbered with the drawer number and a number of its own written in the form of a fraction, thus : y^fg-, the top figure being the drawer number and the bottom one that of the drawing. Each drawing as it is entered in the book takes the next number to the preceding one, and, as far as possible, drawings of the same piece of machinery, tool, or build- ing are kept together ; thus, supposing the draughtsman is about to get out a set of drawings for a stationary engine, and he requires to make six drawings, such as " general arrangement," " cast details," " wrought details," &c., he would secure six consecutive numbers in the book, and when the drawings were made they would be entered in the book and numbered accord- ingly. The drawings should also always be kept in consecutive order in the drawers, as this enables them to be picked out with greater facility. Each tracing is also numbered in its turn as it is entered in the tracing book, and it is also signed by the head draughtsman to certify its correctness, and by the manager of the works as authority to the foreman to proceed with the work. The tracing is also stamped with the name of the firm and the date, for which pur- pose a rubber stamp, in which the date can be changed daily, is used ; the stamps vary in shape, but the round or the oval form are very frequently used. When a tracing is made from a drawing a note to that effect is put on the latter, and the number of the tracing is also given, with the date. Where there is a set of drawings belonging to one job it is very useful to put on the general arrangement drawing a list of all the detail drawings, with their numbers, and also on ( 8i ) the general arrangement tracing a list of all the detail tracings, with their numbers, so that the foremen and workmen can see at a glance what tracings are sent out for them to work to. While we are mentioning these little arrangements for saving trouble, we may point out one more that does not always receive sufficient attention. In many cases certain parts of engines or pieces of machinery are brought in over and over again for different work. These parts are often just shown on the new drawing, without any dimensions or other particulars, but with simply a note to say similar to so and so on tracing No. . This practice causes great waste of time in the shops, and it is much better to let the draughtsman show the piece and fully dimension it over again, and at the same time add a note to the effect that it is similar to something that has gone out before, to remind the foreman and others that there is a pattern or template for it. All patterns as they are made are stamped with a number, or have one painted upon them, and when these are brought in for another piece of work their numbers should be given upon the drawing and tracing. CHAPTER XI THE PLANIMETER AND ITS USE FlG. 73 shows an ordinary form of the planimeter, and fig. 74 an enlarged view of the recording portion of the apparatus. The dial A is divided into ten parts FIG. 73 and the wheel B is also divided into ten parts, but the wheel B rotates once whilst the dial makes y^th of a revolution. Therefore, if we call the figures on the dial units, those on the wheel will be y^ths. Each tenth of the wheel is subdivided into 10 again, therefore the subdivisions count for -j-jj^ths ; and as the vernier C, which equals nru - of the wheel divided into ten parts ( 83 ) again, will give us y^^ths, it will be seen that we can read the instrument off to three places of decimals. Thus, supposing it is in the position shown in fig. 64, we get units 2 from the disc, '45 from the roller, and 9 from the vernier, the figure from the vernier being taken from that division which is exactly opposite one on the roller, the complete reading being 2*459. The best way to obtain freedom and proficiency in the use of the instrument is to mark out on a sheet of paper (which must be level) some plain figure, of FIG. 74 which the exact area is known, say a square of 3 inches side ; of course, we know that the area of this will be exactly 9 square inches. Now set the instrument, as shown in fig. 75, with needle point E at any convenient place outside the area to be measured, then place the pointer D at one corner of the square. Note the read- ing of the dial and wheel whatever it is, without troubling to place the figures at zero, and, say the record was 2718, then carefully follow the outline of the square once round, leaving off exactly where we started, and G 2 ( 84 ) take the reading again ; it will be 3*618. Now deduct 2718 from 3 '6 1 8 and we have '9, and this figure x 10 = 9 square inches, the exact area of the figure. And in every case the difference between the two read- ings, multiplied by 10, will give the area in square inches. It is usual to work the pointer round in the direction of the apparent travelling of the sun or of the hands of a watch, but it makes no real difference which way the pointer is travelled, for the differences between the readings will be exactly the same. To prove this suppose the last reading taken, 3'6i8, is an initial read- ing, and reverse the travel of the pointer round the FIG. 75 figure, then the second reading will be 2718, and, of course, the difference between the two will still be '9. The area of any small figures are taken with the needle point outside of them, but with larger figures it becomes necessary to put the needle point within the figure to be measured, as shown in fig. 76. Following our former practice, let us take a circle 10 inches diameter, the area of which is known to be 78-54 square inches. Place the needle point E somewhere near the centre of the figure, and press point D lightly into the paper anywhere in the circumference of the circle, and take a reading off the dial, &c. ; then go roughly round ( 85 ) the figure in the direction of the sun, and at the same time watch the dial and note if the figures upon it make a forward movement or a backward one, and note also if the zero mark is passed once or twice. If the figures on the dial make a backward movement, proceed as follows : Begin again at the mark in circumference of circle and read off dial, &c., carefully; suppose the reading is 6*090, then follow the circle round to the same place again, and the second reading will be 2 '6 5 2. As the dial moved past the zero once, we must add ten FIG. 76 to the first reading, thus making it 16*090; now, deducting the second reading from the first, we get 13*438, and this figure has to be deducted from the number printed on the weight on an ordinary plani- meter, or on the bar over the unit mark on an adjusting planimeter ; the number in our case is 21*292, and this minus 13*438 equals 7*854, which, multiplied by 10, gives us the right answer, viz. 78*54. We will now put these figures in a tabular form that they may be seen more readily. ( 36 ) First reading (+ 10 ' as counter went once = 16*090 past zero) . Second reading = 2-652 Difference = 1 3 -43 8 Fig. printed on bar = 2 1*292 Difference as above = 13*438 T854 10 = constant multiplier No. of square inches = 78*54 It depends upon where the first reading happens to come as to whether the dial passes the zero mark one or more times, and we will now give an instance where the zero would be passed twice, taking the same sized circular figure as above. First reading 1*487 j ( + 20 as counter went ^ =21*487 twice past zero) . . J Second reading = 8*049 Difference 13*438 Then, as before, fig. j _ printed on bar . . j ~ Difference as above = 13*438 7*854 x io=78*54sq.in. Now, we will take an example where the dial will make a forward movement when recording, and, as this will require a larger figure, we will assume that we want to obtain the area of a circle 20 inches in diameter, the area being 314*16 square inches. Instead of deducting the second reading from the first, and then deducting the difference from the number on the bar, as we did in the case of the backward move- ( 87 ) ment, we now deduct the first reading from the second, and add the difference to the number on the bar, thus : Second reading I '800] ' (+10 as counter went I = 1 1 '800 once past zero) . .j First reading = 1*676 Difference =10' 1 24 No. on bar=2i'292 3^416 iO=constant multiplier No. of square inches = 3 14-16 If the counter had gone twice past zero, we should, of course, have added 20 to the second reading. To find the area of figures which are drawn to scale, proceed as follows : Obtain the actual area of the figure in square inches, as shown, and then multiply the result by the square of the scale ; thus, in the case of I \ inches to the foot, as there are eight i^ inches in a foot, or the scale is Jth the full size, we should multiply by 8 2 or 64. In the case of \ inch to the foot we should therefore multiply by 24 2 or 576, and thus in each case obtain the actual number of square inches in the required area. This can easily be verified, as before, by taking a square 3 inches each way, and then sup- posing it to represent a drawing at i^ inches to the foot, and afterwards one at \ inch to the foot, and com- paring its known areas with those found by the plani- meter. One very useful purpose to which the instrument can be applied is to find the areas of indicator-diagrams and their mean pressures, without resorting to ordinates or in any way defacing the diagrams. To perform this operation with an ordinary planimeter proceed as ( 88 ) follows : Take the difference of the two readings before and after running the pointer round the diagram, then multiply this difference by the scale of the diagram, and divide by its actual length in inches ; the answer will be the mean pressure in pounds per square inch. The following instance is taken from an actual diagram : Second reading = 0*4 14 First = 0-180 Difference = 0'2 34 10= constant multiplier ^34" 40= scale of 40 Ibs. to i inch. Length of diagram = 4^)93-60 23-4 =mean pressure in Ibs. per square inch. Special planimeters are made for indicator-diagram work of the form shown in fig. 77. In using these set the two points on the top of the bar to the length of the diagram, then take the difference of two readings FIG. 77 as before, multiply this difference by the scale, and divide by 0-4 ; the answer will be the mean pressure in Ibs. per square inch. Thus, to give an instance in ( 89 ) figures, from the same diagram as in the preceding example Second reading =0-941 First =0707 Difference = 0*234 40 = scale of 40 Ibs. to i inch. Constant divisor = o* 2 3 '4= mean pressure in Ibs. per square inch. In the case of working out indicator-diagrams with the planimeter, we would recommend the beginner to take a diagram and find out the mean effective pressure in the usual manner by ordinates, and then try to obtain the same result with the planimeter. With this method of working on figures of known area the operator will gain confidence, and so feel quite satisfied with the results that he may obtain afterwards from the instru- ment when dealing with figures of a complicated form. CHAPTER XII CONCLUSION WE propose to finish our hints to beginners with a few notes on points not previously touched upon. Transfering drawings. It is often necessary to transfer a drawing or a portion of one from one sheet to another, sometimes to the same scale and at others to a larger or smaller scale. Supposing it is to be on the same scale, proceed as follows : Trace off the work carefully with a fine pencil on a piece of thin tracing paper, then if the object is only small rub over the back of the tracing with a soft blacklead, such as a B B ; next place the tracing in proper position on the fresh sheet, and pin or weight it down, and again go over the lines with a stylus, or a smooth but hard- pointed pencil, when the object will be found printed on the paper. The lines can then be strengthened with pencil or inked in as required. Another method of transfering drawings to the same scale is to place the one drawing upon the other, and prick all points and corners through, after which the top drawing is removed, and lines are drawn from the various points ; this is, however, a very tedious process, and one liable to lead to errors. To transfer a drawing to a different scale a very good method is the following : Divide the drawing up into small squares, and the fresh sheet into the same number of squares, but larger or smaller as required by the ( 91 ) scale ; then draw in the work in the corresponding squares. An instrument called the pantagraph is sometimes used to reproduce drawings to the same or other scales ; it is advisable, however, not to use it to enlarge a drawing, but only to reduce one, the reason for this being that in the one case any errors are magnified, but in the other they are minimised. As it is an instru- ment not commonly used, we need give no further particulars of it. The draughtsman should be methodical in all things ; he should do all his calculations in a book, and date and preserve them, so that he can always refer to them when required. He should also always put a date to every sketch or scheme that he makes, for very im- portant issues sometimes hang upon the date when a certain design was got out. And for his own guidance he should note down any special formulae, &c., that he comes across, but which are not, perhaps, in his ordinary books of reference. In course of time a man accumu- lates a quantity of books, papers, and notes, and cannot always remember where he can find what he requires. A good plan to get over this difficulty is to keep a rough index of all things which strike him as likely to be useful, and where they are to be found ; if this index is kept posted up it will be found of great use. There are two simple geometrical problems which are very useful to the draughtsman, and which are fre- quently overlooked, perhaps from their very simplicity. They are to make a scale of chords, and to divide a line into any number of equal parts. To make a scale of chords, describe a semicircle with any convenient radius, say two inches, and divide the semicircle into eighteen parts. Each part will then represent 10 ; these parts can then be subdivided into ( 92 ) ten again, and each of these will represent i. Then from one end of the semicircle, describe arcs from each tenth degree to cut the base line, and number them as shown in fig. 78. ( 93 ) Now, suppose we wish to lay off an angle of 50 from line A B at point B in fig. 79. With point B as centre, and a radius of 2 inches, describe a portion of a circle ; then measure off chord of 50 by the compasses from O, and set it off from A in point C ; join B C, which will make an angle of 50 with A B. So for any angle, but always using a 2-inch radius, or whatever other radius has been used in constructing the scale of chords. If this is neatly worked out it can be pasted in the cover of a book, where it can always be got at, and will serve instead of a protractor. To divide a line into any number of equal parts. Suppose we wish to divide line A B (fig. 80) into ten FIG 79 equal parts ; from either end, say A, draw a line at any angle with A B, and with any convenient scale mark off ten parts along this line. Join the tenth part to B, and draw lines parallel to that from the other divisions to cut A B. The latter will then be divided into ten equal parts. Of course, the lines need not be actually drawn ( 94 ) as long as the ticks on A B are made parallel to line joining IOB. Without attempting to give a complete list of books which might be useful to beginners and others, we will append a list of some which may be profitably studied. Many of them are recognised text-books in use at technical classes. The published prices are quoted, and, 10 ^< <Jr^T\ > I 1 ' / / / / 1 FIG. 80 generally speaking, a discount of 25 per cent, can be obtained by ordering the books through proper channels. " Algebra, Elementary," by Todhunter, 2s. 6d. " Algebra, Advanced," by Todhunter, 73. 6d. " Euclid," by Todhunter, 3 j. 6d. 1 Trigonometry, Elementary," by Todhunter, 2s. 6d. ' Trigonometry, Advanced," by Todhunter, 5^. ' Geometry," by Rawle, i s. ' Geometry, Elementary," by Angel, is. 6d. ' Geometry, Advanced," by Angel, vol. I., 4^. 'Geometry, Advanced," by Angel, vol. II., 6s. ( Heat, Introduction to Study of," by Hamblin Smith, 3.5-. " Engineer's Pocket-Book," by Molesworth, 6s. This little book is indispensable to the mechanical draughts- man. ( 95 ) " Architect's Handbook," by Hurst, 5^. This hand- book is extremely useful to the architect and builder. "Engineer's Pocket-Book," by Trau twine, 2 is. A valuable book, and chiefly for civil engineers. " The Mechanical Engineer's Pocket-Book of Tables, Formulae, Rules, and Data," by Kinnear Clark, gs. " Templeton's Engineer's Assistant," 2s. 6d. " Practical Engineer's Pocket-Book and Diary," * is. " The Mechanical Worla Pocket Diary," * 6d. " Calvart's Mechanic's Almanack," * 4^. " Graphic Statics," by Gray & Lowson, 3^. 6d. "Graphic Statics," by Clarke, I2s. 6d. " Strains in Ironwork," by Adams, $s. This is a capital little book, and does not require a knowledge of arithmetic beyond simple proportion. " Handy Book of Strains," by Humber, *js. 6d. A valuable book, but more advanced. " Principles of Mechanics," by Goodeve, 6s. " Elements of Mechanism," by Goodeve, 6s. " Elements of Machine Design," by Unwin. Part I., 6s. Part II., 4s. 6d. " Mechanical Engineering," by Adams, 6s. " Workshop Appliances," by Shelley, 43. 6d. " Cranes and Lifting Machinery," by Marks, 2s. 6d. " Steam Engine," by K. Clark, 48^. " Handbook on the Steam Engine," by Haedar & Powles, gs. " Steam Boilers," by Wilson, 6^. " Survey of the Hull, Equipments, and Machinery of Steamships Carrying Passengers," 6d. Very useful to those engaged in boiler work. " Text-book on the Steam Engine," by Goodeve, 6s. * These are annuals, and contain useful information about gas-engines, indicating, &c. ( 96 ) " Locomotive Engineering," by Colbourne. This work can be consulted in many libraries. " Steam Engine Indicator," by Beaumont, 3^. 6d. " Pumps : Historical, Theoretical, and Practical," by Bjorling, *js. 6d. "Surveying," by Merritt, 12s. 6d. This book is fully illustrated, and contains the necessary arithmetic, trigonometry, and geometry required. " Principles of Pattern Making," published by Whittaker & Co., 3* 6d. " Magnetism and Electricity, Elementary," by Jamieson, 3^. 6d. " Elementary Electricity," by Sylvanus Thompson, 4^. 6d. "Electrical Engineering," by Slingo & Brooker, IDS. "Architecture, Classic," by Smith & Slater, 5^. " Architecture, Gothic and Renaissance," by Smith & Poynter, $s. These two are capital books for the price. " Building Construction," Rivington's. Vol. I., los. 6d. ; Vol. II., i or. 6d. ; Vol. III., 2is. ; Vol. IV., 15-y. These are good books. Vols. I. and II. give all kinds of details, well illustrated ; Vol. III. deals with materials, and Vol. IV. with beams, girders, roofs, arches, &c. " Mechanical Drawing Copies," by Busbridge, com- prising all kinds of details, 3^. per sheet. Architectural ditto, same price. These copies are very useful to students. INDEX BEAM Compasses or Trammels, 14, 15 Bevel Wheels, 41, 42 Black and White Prints, 73, 75, 76 Blue Prints, 72, 73, 74, 76 Books, List of Useful, 94-96 Border Lines, 34 Brushes, 10 CALCULATIONS, 61-63 Callipers, 9, 10 Castings, 47, 48 Chain, The, 50, 51 Cloth Tracings, 70, 71, 73, 74 - Colouring of, 72 Colours, List of, 28 Compasses, 7 - Use of, 23, 24 Cost of Instruments, &c., II Cross Staff, 49, 50 DESIGNING, 45-48 Development of Surfaces, 59 Dividers, 8 Drawing Boards, 12 Book, 78 - Pen, 8 Care of, 22, 23 " Setting " of, 20- 22 Pins, 10 Drawings, Repair of, 7 1 and Tracings, Record of, 77, 78 Storage of, 79, 80 Sectioning of, 26-28 Dimensioning of, 33, 34 for Shops, 45, 46 ELECTRICAL Work, 66, 67 Erasing Ink Lines, 26 Estimate Book, 79 Estimating, 53-55 FACTOR of Safety, 48 French Curves, 9 GRAPHIC Statics, 64, 65 HYDRAULIC Engineering, 65, 66 Hydrography, 53 INDELIBLE Water, 25 Indian Ink, 25 Pans for, 25 - How to make it Plow, 25 Indicating Engines, 54, 56, 57 Indicators, 57 H INDEX Inking-in Drawings, 22 Instruments, Case for, 1 1 LETTER and Sketch-book, 79 Level, The, 49 Levelling and Surveying, 49, 51-53 Levelling Staff, 50 List of Colours, 28 Useful Books, 94-96 MAP Drawing, 53 Marine Work, 67, 68 Measuring Staffs, 17, 1 8 -Tape, 1 8 up Work, 43-45 Mechanics, Science of, 60 Metals, Comparative Strengths of, 46, 47 Mounting Paper, 69-71 NEEDLE Points, ORDNANCE Survey, 51 Orthographic Projection, 59 PAPER Mounting and Stretching, 69, 70 Parallel Ruler, 17, 1 8 Pen and Pencil Bows, 8 Pencils, 19, 20 Planimeter, 16, 82-89 Projection of Shadows, 59-61 Proportional Compasses, 16, 17 Protractor, 10 REPAIRING Drawings, 71 Right Angle, to lay off a, 52 SAUCERS, 10 Scale of Chords, 91-93 Scales, 14 Screw Threads, 37-40 Sectional Breaks, 32, 33 Sectioning Drawings, 26, 27 Sensitising Solutions, 74, 75 vSet Squares, 8, 9 - Use of, 35-37 " Setting " Drawing Pen, 20-22 Shade Lines, 22 Shading and Tinting, 28-32 Shipbuilding, 67, 68 Shop Drawings, 45, 46 Sketch-book, 43 Sketching, 43-45 Spur Wheels, 40, 41 Staffs for Measuring, 17, 18 Steam, The Science of, 60, 61 Stencilling Apparatus, 15, 16 Stretching Paper, 69-71 Surveying and Levelling, 49, 51-53 TAPE, 1 8 Tee Squares, 13, 14 Adjustable, 14 Theodolite, 49, 52 Tinting and Shading, 28-32 Titles for Drawings, 34 Toothed Wheels, 40-42 Tracing Books, 78-81 Tracings and Drawings, Record of, 77. Tracings on Cloth, 70, 71, 73, 74 Colouring of, 72 Trammels or Beam Compasses, 14, 15 WEIGHT of Structures, 65 Spottiswoode <&* Co., Printers, New-street Square, London Wbittafcer'e OF Brts, Sciences, /I&anutactures, ant) Jnfcuetries, ( Continued from front of book. ) By G. E. BONNEY. ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS. With 144 Illustrations. 2s. 6d. 'This is an excellent book for boy*.' Electrical Re-view. By G. E. BONNEY. INDUCTION COILS. A Practical Manual for Amateur Coil-makers. With 101 Illustrations. 3^. ' In Mr. Bonney's useful book every part of the coil is described minutely in detail, and the methods and materials required in insulating and winding the wire are fully considered.' Electrical Review. By G. E. BONNEY. THE ELECTRO-PLATERS' HANDBOOK. A Practical Manual for Amateurs and Young Students in Electro- Metallurgy. With Full Index and 61 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with an Appendix on ELECTROTYPING. 3 s. CONTENTS: I. Electro-Deposition of Metal II. Electro-Deposition by Current from Batteries III. Dynamo-Electric Plating Machines IV. Electro- Platers' Materials V. Preparing the Work VI. Electro-Plating with Silver VII. Gold-VIII. Nickel IX. Copper-X. Alloys-XL Zinc, Tin, Iron, &c. ' An amateur could not wish for a better exposition of the elements Of the Subject. . . . The work has an excellent index and 61 Illustrations, and will form a useful addition to Messrs. Whittaker's valuable series of practical manuals.' Electrical Review. ' The work is of evident utility, and has before it a future.' Chemical News. ' It contains a large amount of sound information.' Nature. By H. ORFORD. LENS WORK FOR AMATEURS. With numerous Illustrations. Small crown 8vo. 3^. ' The book is a trustworthy guide to the manufacturer of lenses, suitable alike for the amateur and the young workman.' Nature. ' The author is both a sound practical optician and is able to convey his knowledge to others in a clear manner.' British Journal of Photography. MODERN OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS. By the same Author. [ In the press. By J. TRAILL TAYLOR, Editor of 'The British Journal of Photography ' THE OPTICS OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND PHOTOGRAPHIC LENSES. With 68 Illustrations. 35. M. ' An excellent guide of great practical use.' Nature. 1 Personally we look upon this book as a most valuable labour-saving invention, for no questions are so frequent, or take so long to answer, as those about lenses.' Practical Photographer. 1 Written so plainly and clearly that we do not think the merest tyro will have any difficulty in mastering its contents.' Amateur Photographer. By JOSEPH POOLE, A.I.E.E. (Wh. Sc. 1875), Chief Electrician to the New Telephone Company, Manchester. THE PRACTICAL TELEPHONE HANDBOOK. With 228 Illus- trations. Second Edition. Revised and considerably Enlarged. $s. .The gratifying reception accorded this book now enables the author to issue a new edition in a considerably enlarged form. New chapters on Metallic- Circuit Working and on Electrical Measurements have been added, the former in order to keep pace with the rapid advance which has been made in that direction during late years, and the latter in order to make the book more complete. From the Preface. ' This essentially practical book is published at an opportune moment.' Electrician. By SYDNEY F. WALKER, M.I.E.E., A.M.Inst.C.E. ELECTRICITY IN OUR HOMES AND WORKSHOPS. A Practical Treatise on Auxiliary Electrical Apparatus. Third Edition. Revised and Enlarged. With 143 Illustrations. 6s. 1 It would be difficult to find a more painstaking writer when he is describing the con- ditions of practical success in a field which he has himself thoroughly explored.' Electrician. 1 Mr. Walker's book is evidently the work of a practical man who has had much experience. . . . The practical hints are likely to be of solid value.' Saturday Review. ' The work is a valuable contribution to the literature of electrical science in its more practical forms.' Iron and Coal Trades Re-view. By D. DENNING. THE ART AND CRAFT OF CABINET MAKING. A Practical Handbook to the Construction of Cabinet Furniture, the Use of Tools. Formation of Joints, Hints on Designing and Setting out Work, Veneering, &c. With 219 Illustrations. $s. ' We heartily commend ft.' Cabinet Maker. ' Well planned, and written in a pleasing and simple style.' Nature. 'A carefully-considered and well- written book,' Work. By F. C. ALLSOP, Author of ' The Telephones and their Construction.' PRACTICAL ELECTRIC-LIGHT FITTING. A Treatise on the Wiring and Fitting up of Buildings deriving current from Central Station Mains, and the Laying down of Private Installations, including the latest edition of the Phoenix Fire Office Rules. With 224 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised. $s. ' A book we have every confidence in recommending.' Daily Chronicle. ' A highly practical and useful book.' Lightning. 1 The book is certainly very complete.' Electrical Review. By J. HOPKINSON, D.Sc., F.R.S. DYNAMO MACHINERY, ORIGINAL PAPERS ON. With 98 Illustrations. 5$. ' Must prove of great Value to the student and young engineer.' 'A most Valuable work.' English Mechanic. Electrical Review. By S. R. BOTTONE. ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT-MAKING FOR AMATEURS. A Practical Handbook. With 78 Illustrations. Sixth Edition, revised and Enlarged. 3^. 'To those about to study electricity and its application this book will form a very useful companion.' Mechanical World. By S. R. BOTTONE. ELECTRO-MOTORS, How Made and How Used. A Handbook for Amateurs and Practical Men. With 70 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 3^. ' Mr. Bottone has the faculty of writing so as to be understood by amateurs.' Industries. ' The explanations are very clear and readily undeiestood.' Marine Engineer. ' We are certain that the knowledge gained in constructing machines such as described in this book will be of great value to the worker.' Electrical Engineer. By S. R. BOTTONE. ELECTRIC BELLS, AND ALL ABOUT THEM. A Practical Book for Practical Men. With more than 100 Illustrations. Fifth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 3^. ' Any one desirous of undertaking the practical work of electric bell-fitting will find everything, or nearly everything, he wants to know.' Electrician. 'No bell-fitter should be without it.' Building News. By S. R. BOTTONE. THE DYNAMO : How Made and How Used. Ninth Edition, with additional matter and illustrations. 25. 6ii. 2 Established 1783. May, 1896. Danfcboofes FOR CIVIL, ELECTRICAL,* MECHANICAL ^Engineers, AND FOR STUDENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. PUBLISHED BY WHITTAKER & CO., Paternoster Square, London, E.G. (For Index of Authors and Subjects see end.) THE SPECIALISTS' SERIES. 4 Whittaker's excellent Specialists' Series for Engineering Students.' Saturday Review. ' Whittaker's well-known and valuable Specialists' Series.' Electrician. ' The Specialists' Series of technical books is well known and appreciated.' Nature. ' Messrs. Whittaker's excellent Specialists' Series.' Daily Chronicle. By GISBERT KAPP. TRANSFORMERS for Single and Polyphase Alter- nating Currents. [Shortly. By G. R. BODMER, A.M.Inst.C.E., Author of ' Hydraulic Motors.' RAILWAY MATERIAL. The Inspection of. CONTENTS : INTRODUCTION RAILS, Ordinary and Tramway SLEEPERS for Rail and Tramway FASTENINGS TYRES and AXLES PLATES, &c. ROLLING STOCK BILLETS and BLOOMS WIRE RODS and WIRE. [Shortly. By W. H. PREECE, C.B., F.R.S., President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Engineer in Chief and Electrician at the General Post Office ; and A. J. STUBBS, A.I.E.E., Technical Officer, General Post Office. A MANUAL OF TELEPHONY. With Illustrations, Appendix, Tables, and full Index. Second Edition. 15^. CONTENTS: I. Transmitters and Receivers II. Apparatus and Circuits III. Simple Telephone Exchange Systems IV. Multiple Switches V. Mis- cellaneous Switching and other Systems VI. Construction, Wires and Cables. ' The most complete epitome of present-day telephonic practice.' Electrical Engineer. ' The work is exhaustive of its subject, without being overburdened with minute technical details.' Times. 2 Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 1HE SPECIALISTS' SERIES (Continued). By G. A. T. MIDDLETON, A.R.I.B.A., M.S.A., Author of * Strains in Structures,' &c., &c. SURVEYING AND SURVEYING INSTRU- MENTS. With 41 Illustrations. 4*. 6d. CONTENTS : Surveys with Chain only Obstructions in Chain-Line and Right-Angle Instruments The Uses of the Level Various Forms of Level and their Adjustments The Uses of Angle-measuring Instruments The Theodolite and other Angle-measuring Instruments Instruments for Ascer- taining Distances. 1 This is a very neat little text-book, and very suitable for students preparing to pass the Institute examinations.' Journ. of Royal Inst. of British Architects. By J. O. ARNOLD, Professor of Metallurgy, Sheffield Technical School. STEEL WORKS ANALYSIS. With 22 Illustrations and Diagrams. Crown 8vo. los. 6d. CONTENTS : The Steel Works Laboratory and Appliances Section I. Analysis of Steel and Wrought Iron ; II. Analysis of Iron Ore ; III. Refrac- tory Materials ; IV. Fuel ; V. Sundries. 'This book is of an essentially practical character.' Engineer. 1 Everything that a steel-works' analyst may fairly be called upon to examine finds a place in this volume Prof. Arnold has rendered steel-works' analysis a decided service by the publication of his work.' Prof. JOHN PARRY in Nature. ' We can heartily recommend this book.' Electrician. By C. C. HAWKINS, M.A., A.I.E.E., and F. WALLIS, A.I.E.E. THE DYNAMO, ITS THEORY, DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE. With 190 Illustrations, mostly from original Drawings. Second Edition, Revised. IO.T. 6d. CONTENTS : The Magnetic Field The Magnetic Circuit The Production of an E. M. F. The Magnetic Pull Self Induction Classification of Dynamos Bi- and Multi-polar Alternators Unipolar Alternators Open- Coil Armatures Closed-Coil Armatures The Magnetisation of Iron Armatures Field Magnets The Ampere Turns of the Field Series, Shunt, and Compound Winding Sparking and Angle of Lead Heating of Dynamos Typical Dynamos Dynamo Designing The Working and Management of Dynamos. 'A work of no mean ability. One valuable feature throughout the book is the excellence and number of the illustrations." Electrical Engineer. 'The work is well-arranged . . . the explanations are clear and the formulae simple. . . . The classification of dynamos is very good and rational.' Electrical Review. 1 We welcome this book as a thoroughly trustworthy and useful work,j/ Electrician. Whittaktr's Technological and Scientific List. THE SPECIALISTS' SERIES (Continued). By GISBERT KAPP, C.E., Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION OF ENERGY, and its Transformation, Sub-division, and Distribution. A Practical Hand- book. Fourth Edition, mostly re-written. 455 pp. xii. pp. With 166 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. IO.T. 6d. *.* The work has been brought up to date, both as regards theory and practice. Specimen of Illustrations from Kapp's ' Electric Transmission of Energy/ ' This book is one which must of necessity be found in the hands of every one who- desires to become acquainted with the best and latest information on the subject,' tectncal Engineer. *The book is an excellent one in every way, and will, we imagine, long be regarded as the standard treatise on the electrical transmission of energy.' Mechanical World. ' Although, therefore, the book will be of greater interest to the trained specialist, it has an intrinsic value for the average manufacturer who is willing to give a little study to the subject.' Textile Recorder. 'Is one of the most generally useful books to the electrical engineer which has been published.' Industries and Iron. Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. THE SPECIALISTS' SERIES (Continued). By Sir D. SALOMONS, Vice- President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, A.I.C.E., M.Amer.I.E.E., M.P.S., F.R.A.S., F.C.S., &c., &c. ELECTRIC LIGHT INSTALLATIONS. Vol. I. ACCUMULATORS. With 33 Illustrations. 5*. ' A capital practical handbook.' Mechanical World. ' The best work on the subject.' English Mechanic. Vol. II. APPARATUS. i. Engines 2. Dynamos and Motors 3. Instru- ments 4. Governors 5. Switches and Switch Boards 6. Fuses, Cut-outs, Con- nectors, and Minor Apparatus 7. Arc Lamps 8. Practical Applications. With 305 Illustrations, js. 6d. Vol. III. APPLICATION. With 32 Illustrations. 340 pp. 5^. CONTENTS : Precautions Con- ductors Testing Methods of Working Alternate Currents Estimates, Index &c. ' The book in its present form is more useful than any of the earlier editions, and contains much more information.' Engineer. ' A seventh edition reviews itself. It says, ' ' I am wanted, and theref re I am here." ' Electrical Engineer. 'The great characteristic of Sir David Salomons' writings is their exceedingly practical common sense.' Indian Engineer. Diagram of Photometer, from Salomons' ' Electric Light Installations.' 3 vols. By OSCAR GUTTMANN, Assoc. M.Inst.C.E., F.I.C., Member of the Societies of Civil Engineers and Architects of Vienna and Budapest, Corresponding Member of the Im. Roy. Geological Inst. of Austria, &c. EXPLOSIVES: The Manufacture of. A Theoretical and Practical Treatise on the History, the Physical and Chemical Pro- perties, and the Manufacture of Explosives. With 328 Illustrations. In two Vols. Medium 8vo. 2/. 2s. %* The work contains the most recent information on Gunpowder, Gun- cotton, Dynamite, Smokeless Powders, Fulminates, &c. ' The author has been fortunate in finding a clear field for a full and compre- hensive wort giving the details of the most modern systems of manufacture. This has been so well done in the volumes before us, that we regret that the space at command prevents us from giving more than a brief indication of their contents." Engineer. 'A work of such magnitude and importance, that it will undoubtedly take a leading place in the literature on the subject.' A rms and Explosives. Whittakers Technological and Scientific List. THE SPECIALISTS' SERIES (Continued). ' This work commends itself most strongly to all manufacturers and users of explosives, and not less to experts.' Chemical News. ' He who wants to know all about everything in the way of cordite and its rival " ites," will find whatever he can possibly desire to know in Mr. Guttmann's volumes.' Daily Chronicle. 1 Well conceived, well arranged, well executed.' Scotsman. ' The work is full of valuable information.' Manchester Guardian. Specimen of Illustrations from Guttrmnn's ' Explo Whittaker s Technological and Scientific List. THE SPECIALISTS 9 SERIES (Continued). By G. R. BODMER, A.M.Inst.C.E. HYDRAULIC MOTORS: Turbines and Pressure Engines. With 204 Illustrations. Tables and Index. Second Edition, thoroughly Revised and Enlarged. 14^. ' A distinct acquisition to our technical literature.' Engineering. ' The best text-book we have seen on a little-known subject.' Marine Engineer. 'A well-known and deservedly successful work.' Electrician. ' An excellent treatise.' Nature. 'This standard work has been now considerably enlarged The best book that exi.>-U on the subject ' Flr< f>- c -I Revirw. Specimen of Illustrations from Bodmer's ' Hydraulics.' By W. FLETCHER, Mechanical Engineer, Author of ' Steam Locomotion on Common Roads.' THE STEAM JACKET: Practically Considered. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With 63 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 7-r. 6d. CONTENTS : History of the Steam Jacket Cylinder Condensation Means proposed for Preventing Cylinder Condensation The Abuse of the Steaii. facket Practical Proofs of the Efficicy of the Steam Jacket, &c., &c. ' It ought to be read not only by engineers, but by steam users.' Textile Recorder, 1 An excellent little book.' Electrical Review. 4 A most excellent work on tf e Mibject ' S!tfaishif>. Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. THE SPECIALISTS 9 SERIES (Continued). By OLIVER;. LODGE, LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S., M.I.E.E. Professor of Experimental Physics in the University College, Liverpool. LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS AND LIGHTNING GUARDS. A Treatise on the Protection of Buildings, of Telegraph Instruments and Submarine Cables, and of Electric Installations generally, from Damage by Atmospheric Discharges. In one volume, with numer- ous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 1 5 s. ' How they are essential, and in what manner they may be made most effective, is elaborately shown in the Professor's comprehensive and most instruc- tive treatise, which is the work of one of our best authorities on modern theories of electricity and their practical appli- cation. Times. ' There is probably no one who knows more about lightning conductors than Dr. Single Pattern Form JRH^ (Specimen of of Guard for Cables. yfflB Illustrations.) By THOMAS H. BLAKESLEY, M.A., M.Inst.C.E., Hon. Sec. of the Physical Society. ALTERNATING CURRENTS OF ELECTRICITY. Third Edition, enlarged. 5*. CONTENTS : Self Induction Mutual Induction Condensers Condenser in Circuit Several Condensers Combination of Condensers with Self Induc- tion Condenser Transformer Distributed Condenser Telephony The Transmission of Power Upon the Use of the Two-coil Dynamometer with alternating Currents Silence in a Telephone On Magnetic Lag Further Contributions to Dynamometry. 1 It is written with great clearness and compactness of statement) and well maintains the character of the series of books with which it is now associated.' Electrician. By STUART A. RUSSELL, Assoc. M.Inst.C.E., M.I.E.E. ELECTRIC -LIGHT CABLES, AND THE DIS- TRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY. With 107 Illustrations. 7*. 6d. 'The various systems of main distribution, heating losses, jointing, cost of distribu- tion, testing, safety devices, &c., are dealt with A book of very great value.' Electrical Review. A more thorough book could not have been written.' Electrician. Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. THE SPECIALISTS' SERIES (Continued). By WILLIAM ANDERSON, F.R.S., D.C.L., Member of the Council of the Institution of Civil Engineers, M.I.M.E., and Director-General of Ordnance Factories, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. ON THE CONVERSION OF HEAT INTO WORK. A Practical Handbook on Heat-Engines. With 62 Illustrations. Third Edition. 6s. ' We have no hesitation in saying there are young engineers and a good many old engineers, too who can read this book, not only with profit, but pleasure, and this is more than can be said of most works on heat.' The Engineer. ' The volume bristles from beginning to end with practical ex- amples culled from every department of technology. In these days of rapid book-making it is quite refreshing to read through a work like this, having originality of treatment stamped on every page.' Electrical Review. By G. W. SUTCLIFFE, M.Inst.C.E. (Whitworth Scholar). STEAM POWER AND MILL WORK: Modern Practice in. With numerous Tables, Illustrations, &c. Crown 8vo. 2is. CONTENTS : Heat and Work Fuel and Combustion Calorimeters- Storage and Manipulation of Coal Coal Washing for the Removal of Solid Waste Connexion, Circulation, Evaporation, and Priming in Boilers Forced Draft Gas Firing Use of Liquid Fuel Analysis of Gasses produced in Combustion Water for Use in Boilers Boilers Boiler Houses and Boiler Setting Chimneys Economisers Crossheads and Connecting Rods Crank Shafts, Gearing, &c., &c. ' A peculiarly useful and well-written book.' Daily Chronicle. ' One of the most useful treatises of the kind. To Students it will be found a most excellent text-book.' English Mechanic. ' The book will well repay careful study.' Engineer. 'The work is one which is to be commended to the notice of naval architects and marine engineers.' Steamship. By 'A FOREMAN PATTERN MAKER.' HELICAL GEARS ; A Practical Treatise. By the Author of 'Practical Ironfounding,' 'Metal Turning,' 'The Principles of Pattern Making,' ' The Principles of Fitting.' With 100 Illustrations and Frontispiece. JS. 6d. 1 To pattern-makers, ironfounders, and engineers generally, we can recommend the perusal of the book.' Marine Engineer. 'The author has contributed a useful book to machinists.' Builder. By D. W. TAYLOR, Naval Constructor, United States Navy. RESISTANCE OF SHIPS AND SCREW PRO- PULSION. With Seventy-three Figures and numerous Diagrams. Medium 8vo. cloth, i$s. ' The book will well repay careful study.' Engineer. ' A valuable and useful contribution to the literature of the subject. Marine Engineer. Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. THE SPECIALISTS 9 SERIES (Continued). By GUSTAV MAY. BALLOONING : A Concise Sketch of its History and Principles. From the best sources, Continental and English. With, Illustrations. 2s. 6d. ' Mr. May gives a clear idea of all the experiments and improvements in aero- navigation from its beginning, and the various useful purposes to which it has beer, applied.' Contemporary Review. By GEORGE LUNGE, Ph.D., Professor of Technical Chemistry, Zurich, and, FERDINAND HURTER, Ph.D., Consulting Chemist to the United Alkali Co., Limited. THE ALKALI MAKERS' HANDBOOK. Tables and Analytical Methods for Manufacturers of Sulphuric Acid, Nitric Acid, Soda, Potash, and Ammonia. Second Edition, Enlarged and thoroughly Revised. In crown 8vo., with Illustrations, los. 6</.j : strongly bound in half leather, 12s. ' The present edition gives abundant evidence that care is being taken to make the- book a faithful record of the condition of contemporary quantitative analysis. 1 PROFESSOR T. E. THORPE in Nature. 1 That excellent book.' The late PROFESSOR W. DITTMAR. ' It is an excellent book, and ought to be in the hands of ever? chemist.' PROFESSOR J. J. HUMMEL. By Professor ROBERTS BEAUMONT, Director of the Textile Industries Department, The Yorkshire College. COLOUR IN WOVEN DESIGN. With thirty-two Coloured Plates and 203 Illustrations. 2is. CONTENTS : Theories of Colouring Attributes of Colours Contrast and. Harmony Mixtures Elements of Textile Colouring Stripes Check Patterns Simple Colourings Compound Colourings Fancy Shades applied to Special Designs Colouring of Combination Designs Spotted Effects Colouring of Double Weaves and Reversibles Figured Textiles Coloured in the Warp Weft-coloured Figured Fabrics Curl Textures. ' An excellent work on the application of colour to woven design." Textile Manufacturer. ' The illustrations are the finest of the kind we have yet come across, and the publishers are to be congratulated on the general excellence of the work.' Textile Mercury. 1O Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. THE SPECIALIST'S SERIES (Continued). By A. B. GRIFFITHS, Ph.D., F.R.S. (Edin.), F.C.S. A TREATISE ON MANURES; or, the Philosophy of Manuring. With Illustrations and Index. A Practical Handbook for the Agriculturist, Manufacturer, and Student. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. Crown 8vo. 7*. 6d. 1 The book is very full of matter, and may be recommended.' Engineer. ' The book is brimful of highly useful information.' Live Stock Journal, 1 We gladly welcome its appearance as supplying a want long felt in agricultural literature, and recommend every farmer and agricultural student to possess himself of a copy without delay.' Farm and Home. 1 We consider this work a very valuable addition to the farm library.' Saturday Review, By J. W. SLATER, F.E.S., Editor of Journal of Science. SEWAGE TREATMENT, PURIFICATION, AND UTILISATION. A Practical Manual for the Use of Corporations, Local Boards, Medical Officers of Health, Inspectors of Nuisances, Chemists, Manufacturers, Riparian Owners, Engineers, and Ratepayers. With Illustrations. 6s. 1 The writer, in addition to a calm and dispassionate view of the situation, gives two chapters on "Legislation" and "Sewage Patents."' Spectator. By W. LEE BEARDMORE, Assoc. M. Inst. C.E., Member of Council and Hon. Sec. of the Civil and Mechanical Engineers' Society, Author of * House Drainage Scientifically and Practically Considered,' and 'Com- pulsory Registration of Certain Buildings as to their Sanitary Efficiency. ' THE DRAINAGE of HABITABLE BUILDINGS. Illustrated. *. ' A useful little volume.' Scotsman. ' " Automatic Flushing" and the not 'Gives in a small compass a large amount of useful information.' Industries. Automatic Flushing" and the notes on the bath are particularly well done.' National Observer, By Captain M. P. NADIEINE. A new treatise on SANITARY DRAINAGE and the Treatment of Sewage Matter. Demy 8vo. is. Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 1 1 By C. J. BOWEN COOKE, Assistant, London and North- Western Locomotive Department. BRITISH LOCOMOTIVES. Their History, Con- struction, and Modern Development. With 150 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo. TS. 6d. 6 ft. 6 in. Coupled Engine, L. & N. W. Ry. (Specimen of Illustrations.} Charles Dickens.' CONTENTS : I. Early History II. The Rainhill Contest, and subsequent Development III. Action of Steam in the Cylinder IV. Valve Motion V. The Boiler VI. Boiler Fittings VII. Cylinders, Pistons, and Connecting- rods VIII. General Details IX. How an Engine is put together in the Erecting Shop X. How the Slide Valves are set XI. Classification of Engines XII. Tenders XIII. Brakes XIV. Modern Locomotives XV. Modern Locomotives (continued] XVI. Compound Locomotives XVII. Lubrication and Packing XVIII. Combustion and Consumption of Fuel XIX. Engine-Drivers and their Duties XX. Duties of Drivers and Firemen when Working a Train Concluding Remarks Index. 'We congratulate the author on producing a book which will be deservedly successful.' Railway Engineer. 'This new work constitutes undoubtedly a most valuable addition to railway literature.' Railway Herald. 'A very attractive and instructive little work.' Times, Oct. sth, 1893. ' A most interesting book.' Nature. ' Interesting and valuable.' Sun. 12 Whittaker's Technological, and Scientific List. LIBRARY OF GREAT INDUSTRIES (Continued}. By the late SIR GEORGE FINDLAY, Assoc. Inst. C.E., General Manager of the London and North-Western Railway. AN ENGLISH RAILWAY, THE WORKING ANE> MANAGEMENT OF. Fifth Edition, thoroughly Revised and Enlarged, with a short Biography of Sir G-eorge* Findlay, and Portrait, Appendix, and numerous Illus trations. Crown 8vo. cloth, 7-r. 6d. CONTENTS : Management The Staff The Permanent Way Signals and Interlocking Telegraphs Rolling Stock Working of Trains Shunting and Marshalling of Goods Trains Working of Goods Station Rates and Fares Division of Traffic The Railway Clearing House The State and Railways On the State Purchase of Railways Passenger Traffic On the Law as between English Railway Companies and the Public On the Railway as a means of Defence Index. 1 This is a delightful book.' Engineer. 1 Sir George Findlay's book displays so much knowledge and ability that it well deserves to rant as a standard work on the subject.' Nature. ' A very interesting work throughout.' Railway Engineer. 1 Sir George Findlay's book will take a high position in the library of practical science.' Athen&um. By T. ALEXANDER. MODEL ENGINE CONSTRUCTION. With Practical Instructions to Artificers and Amateurs. With 59 Illustrations and 21 Sheets of Working Drawings by C. E. JONES. 324 pp. Crown 8vo. icw.6^ CONTENTS : Part I. Boiler and Engine Details with Tools. Part II. Different Types of Engines : Stationary, Locomotive, Marine. A Specimen of Illustrations f rom ' Model Engine Construction. ' 'Excellent drawings and ample instructive matter.' Daily Chronicle^ ' An instructive book, which we do not hesitate in recommending to our apprentices and amateurs.' Railway Herald. ' In this book Mr. Alexander, aided by the drawing of Mr. C. E. Jones, has made- things considerably easier for the model maker.' Engineer. ' This book, besides affording an efficient and comprehensive guide to the construction of model engines of several kinds, is of considerable educational value.' Morning Post^ 1 Will be cordially welcomed by all who revel in the fascinating pursuit of model engine-making.' Prof. W. J. LINEHAM, in the Technical World. ' A useful little book. Saturday Review. Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 13 LIBRARY OF GREAT INDUSTRIES (Continued). By R. NELSON BOYD, M.Inst.C.E. COAL PITS AND PITMEN. A Short History of the Development of the Coal Trade, and the legislation affecting it. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 7-y. 6d. ' The story of the development of the great coal industry of the United Kingdom is told in these pages in an interesting manner.' Engineering. 'Mr. Boyd's well-written and eminently practical book.' ' It cannot fail to prove interesting." Speaker. Daily Chronicle. ' Not only a well-written and fascinating work, but also a valuable history of the legislation and changes which have taken place in the coal industry.' Industries. Specimen of Illustrations from Boyd's ' Coal Pits.' By A. J. M AGINNIS, M.Inst.N. A., recently Assistant Superintendent of the White Star Line. THE ATLANTIC FERRY. With Eighty Illustrations, many of them from scarce prints in the Author's possession. Complete Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, 7-f. 6d. A Popular Edition, with about 50 Illustrations, 2s. 6d. ' Will furnish passengers with a compendious and authentic history of the develop. :nt, construction, and organization of the great floating palaces which now conduct ; service of the ferry across the Atlantic.' Times. ' Mr. Maginnis' handsome volume has had a well-deserved success.' ' The work is one of great merit.' Engineering. Engineer. ' No one who is interested in steam navigation should be without a copy.'- -Marine Engineer. ment, the 14 Wlnttaker's Technological and Scientific List. By A. A. BLAIR, Chief Chemist U.S. Board appointed to Test Iron, Steel, and other Metals, &c. THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF IRON. A com- plete account of all the best -known methods for the Analysis of Iron, Steel, Pig Iron, Iron Ore, Limestone, Slag, Clay, Sand, Coal, Coke, and Furnace and Producer Gases. Second Edition, revised. Half- leather, cloth sides, i6.r. By JAMES DREDGE. Partly Reprinted from ' Engineering.' A RECORD OF THE TRANSPORTATION EX- HIBITS AT THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION OF 1893. Imperial 410. handsomely bound in Half Morocco. Weight, 1 8 Ib. Price 3/. 3*. [Engineering* This Volume contains about 190 plates, and 800 pages of text and illustra- tions, forming, it is believed, a very complete record of the most important objects collected in the Transportation Exhibits Building at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. Reprinted from ' Engineering.' THE NEW CUNARDERS, 'CAMPANIA' AND 'LUCANIA,' and the WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION of 1893. Royal 4to. 134 Pages, gilt lettered. Price 6s. Weight 3 Ib. 6 oz. Illustrated by Nine two-paged and Four single-page Plates, and nearly 300 Figures in the Text. Printed throughout on special plate paper. [Engineering* By JAMES DREDGE, Dr. M. F. O'REILLY, and H. VIVAREZ. Reprinted from 'Engineering.' ELECTRIC ILLUMINATION. Vol. II. Edited by JAMES DREDGE. Demy 4to. cloth. Price 30-5-. With 900 Pages and about 1500 Figures. Weight 7^ Ib. Vol. I. is out of print. [Engineering. By WILLIAM H. MAW. Partly Reprinted from ' Engineering.' RECENT PRACTICE IN MARINE ENGINEER- ING. Imperial 4to. Two Volumes, Half Morocco. Price 3/. Illustrated by 176 Plates and 295 Engravings in the Text. Weight 18 Ib. [Engineering. By THOS. EGLESTON, LL.D., Professor in School of Mines, Columbia College, New York. Reprinted from Engineering.' THE METALLURGY OF SILVER, GOLD, AND MERCURY IN THE UNITED STATES. Vol. I. SILVER. Vol. II. GOLD AND MERCURY. Royal 8vo. Two Vols., cloth. Price i/. iu. 6d. each. Profusely Illustrated. Weight (Vol.1.) 34 Ib., (Vol. II.) 5lb. [Engineering. By J. R. C. NICHOLLS, Executive Engineer, Indian P.W.D. Reprinted from ' Engineering.' AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING IN INDIA- IRRIGATION. Cr. 4to. Price y.6cf. Profusely Illustrated. Weight 10 o?. [Engineering. By G. M. BORN. Reprinted from ' Engineering.' METRIC MEASURES AND THEIR ENGLISH EQUIVALENT. Cloth. Price 3*. Weight 8 oz. [Engineering. Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. i 5. Reprinted from ' Engineering.' THE STORY OF THE BATTLE OF PORT SAID: A Chapter in the History of the Future. Demy 8vo. Price is. Illus- trated. Weight 6 oz. [Engineering. By WM. H. WILEY and SARA KING WILEY. Reprinted from ' Engineering. ' THE YOSEMITE, ALASKA, AND THE YELLOW- STONE. A Record of a Journey of 10,000 Miles from New York to the Shores of Alaska and back. Demy 4to. cloth. Price 15^. Profusely Illustrated. Weight 3 Ib. 4 oz. {Engineering. By TAMES DREDGE. Reprinted from ' Engineering.' MODERN FRENCH ARTILLERY. (The St. Cha- mond, De Bange, Canet and Hotchkiss Systems.) With Illustrations of French Warships. The Work is provided with a carefully prepared and copious Index. Imperial 410. handsomely bound in Half Morocco. Price 2.1. los. 500 Pages of Text, Tables and Plates, and over 700 Illus- trations. Weight 9 Ib. 6 oz. [Engineering. By J. E. TUIT, M.Inst.C.E., Engineer to Sir William Arrol & Co. THE TOWER BRIDGE : its History and Construc- tion from the Date of the Earliest Project to the Present Time. 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Crown 8vo. cloth, I s. 6d. A KEY, 2s. net. 'An excellent little work.' Morning Post. ' This is undoubtedly a good book. A valuable feature is the glossary of com- mercial terms.' Schoolmaster. 28 Whit taker's Technological and Scientific List. PONCE DE LEON. SPANISH TECHNOLOGI- CAL DICTIONARY. Containing Terms employed in the Applied Sciences, Industrial Arts, Mechanics, Fine Arts, Metallurgy, Machinery, Commerce, Shipbuilding and Navigation, Civil and Military Engineer- ing, Agriculture, Railway Construction, Electro-technics, &c. 8vo. Vol. I. English -Spanish. I/. i6s. Vol. II. Spanish-English. I/. 12s. WERSHOVEN (F. J.), TECHNOLOGICAL DIC- TIONARY OF THE PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES. English, German, and Ger.-Eng. 2 vols. cloth. 2s. 6d. each. By CHARLES SCHOLL. PHRASEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF COM- MERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE IN THE ENGLISH, GERMAN, FRENCH, AND SPANISH LANGUAGES. With an Appendix, containing Lists of Commercial Abbreviations, Geographical Names, the Principal Articles of Commerce, &c. Second Edition. In One Volume, Bound in Half Morocco, I/, is. English-French, English-German, English-Spanish, Bound separately in cloth. Price, Ss. each. ' The^book is likely to prove of service to others than business men, the phraseology is so varied and full.' The Times, ' There is a true business ring in the idiomatic phrases, which constitute so important a feature of the work. It will be a boon to correspondence clerks of all nationalities and in all parts of the world.' The Daily Chronicle. By R. NELSON BOYD, M.Inst.C.E., &c. PETROLEUM : Its Development and Uses. Crown 8vo. cloth, 2s. 1 A most interesting little book.' Globe. ' Should be of much interest to all engaged in the petroleum and lamp trade.' British Trade Journal. ' A readable and intelligible account of valuable natural product.' Scotsman. ' This useful little book.' Industries. ' A valuable little book.' Reynolds. 1 If this little volume had a wide circulation, petroleum accidents would be few and far between.' Daily Chronicle. 'A very interesting little handbook.' Electrical Review. ' We have here a most useful manual of the origin, composition, properties, and and uses of mineral oils.' Chemical News. ' We can recommend this little book.' Electrician. Library Edition, 5/. 5*. net. ARMORIAL FAMILIES. Compiled and Edited by ARTHUR CHARLES FOX-DAVIES. With Engraved Plates of Armorial Bearings amounting to 600. Full prospectus and subscription forms on application. 1 Mr. Fox-Davies, we need scarcely say, is an authority on heraldry, and the sumptuous work which he has just published on ' Armorial Families,' is of a kind, not merely to sustain, but to extend his reputation.' Standard. ' A perfect treasure-house of art. Liverpool Mercury. WhittakeSs Technological and Scientific List. 29 A WORK FOR ARTIFICERS IN GOLD, SILVER, AND OTHER METALS, LEATHER, WOOD, &c. An entirely New Edition. FAIRBAIRN'S BOOK OF CRESTS OF THE FAMILIES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Edited by ARTHUR CHARLES FOX-DAVIES. 2 vols. large 4to. Half morocco, 4/. 45. Artificers' Edition, specially bound in pigskin, 3/. 13^. 6d. net. Buckram Edition, 3/. y. net. Full prospectus post free on application. 1 As heraldry is really a most interesting and valuable handmaid to history and to a variety of archaeological pursuits, we welcome this book in its revised form.' A thenceum, 3/. 3-r. net. Strongly Half-bound, 3/. IDS. THE BOOK 'OF PUBLIC ARMS; A Cyclopaedia of the Armorial Bearings, Heraldic Devices, and Seals, as Authorised and as Used, of the Counties, Cities, Towns, and Universities of the United Kingdom. Derived from the Official Records. Edited by A. C. Fox- DAVIES, Editor of ' Fairbairn's Book of Crests,' &c., and M. E. B. CROOKES. ' Such a work can hardly fail to be of the greatest local interest, as well as of per- manent national value.' Daily Telegraph. Edited, with Notes and Historical Introduction, by S. BARING GOULD, M.A. ENGLISH MINSTRELSIE : a National Monument of English Song. With Airs in both Notations. Eight volumes, los. each. Sold in Sets only (Vols. I. to IV. now ready). Edited and Arranged by JOHN GREIG, Mus.Doc. SCOTS MINSTRELSIE : a National Monument of Scottish Song. With Airs in both Notations. Six Volumes. Cloth gilt, red edges, $is. Edited by JOSEPH PARRY, Mus.Doc. CAMBRIAN MINSTRELSIE : a National Monu- ment of Welsh Songs. With Airs in both Notations. Cloth gilt, red edges, 5U. By ALGERNON S. ROSE, F.R.G.S. TALKS WITH BANDSMEN. Profusely Illustrated. 400 pp. crown, paper covers, 2s. 6d. ; cloth, 3^. 6d. This book has been written to meet a widely expressed want, more especially in the Midlands and North of England, where no work containing those facts which every bandsman desires to know can be obtained at a popular price. ' Talks with Bandsmen ' contains interviews with many prominent wind-instrument players, and not only gives the history of the evolution of metal instruments from the most primitive times to the present day, but the book describes the author's experiences when visiting the leading brass- instrument makers in this country. The whole is brimful of humorous bands- men's stories. ' It is emphatically the most valuable work extant dealing with the subject.' Saturday Review. 3O WJiittaker's Technological and Scientific List. Stubents' Uet Books* iBy J. T. HEWITT, M.A., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., Profesor of Chemistry, and F. G. POPE, Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in the People's Palace Technical Schools. .ELEMENTARY PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY, In- organic and Organic. Limp cloth, gd. net. 1 This little book will certainly rank amongst the best in the market.' Teachers' Aids 1 Excellently arranged.' Board Teacher. ' The arrangement is clear, and the typical analyses are an excellent feature of the work.' Educational Times. ' Will certainly become popular in practical chemistry circles. Practical Teacher. By MATTHEW WYATT, F.R G.S., F.I.I., Author of ' A Treatise on Linear Perspective,' &c. -DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS: An Introduction to the. For the use of Students reading without the aid of a Tutor. Crown 8vo. $s. 6d. 1 Mr. Wyatt explains the fundamental principles in such a simple manner, any one with a little trouble could, in a short time, learn sufficient from his book for most practical purposes." Builder. ' That at first the Calculus does present to the mind of the ordinary student great difficulties will, we think, be generally admitted, and the way in which Mr. Wyatt smoothes these over is indeed a work of art.' Rail-way Engineer. By SIDNEY H. WELLS, Wh.Sc., Assoc.M.Inst.C.E., Assoc. M.Inst.M.E., Principal of the Battersea Polytechnic Institute. 'MECHANICAL LABORATORY WORK, Notes and Experiments in. 8vo. lod. net. By HENRY ADAMS, M.Inst.C.E., M.Inst.M.E., F.S.I., Professor of Engineering at the City of London College. PRACTICAL TRIGONOMETRY. For the Use of En- gineers, Architects, and Surveyors. 2s. 6d. net. CONTENTS : Angular Measurements Principles of Trigonometry Construction and Use of Logarithms Trigonometrical Formulae Practical Examples. By HENRY ADAMS, M.Inst.C.E., M.Inst.M.E., Professor of Engineering at the City of London College. .JOINTS IN WOODWORK. A Paper read before the Civil and Mechanical Engineers' Society, containing information upon the Varieties, Properties, Market Sizes, &c., of Timber, the Principles of Designing Joints, the Form and Arrangement of Joints and Fastenings, Proportions of Bolts, Strength of Fastenings, &c. Third Edition. Sixth Thousand. Demy 8vo. 44 pp. with Large Plate of 80 Joints, is. 1 This unpretentious little pamphlet is an excellent treatise on a subject rarely dealt with in so small a compass.' Technical World. ' Replete with solid information in a compart form.' Cabinet Maker's Guide. 1 The paper may be read with advantage by all students of wood or timber construction.' Building News. Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 31 OF 0rt0, Sciences, manufacturer, anD 3lnDustne0, Illustrated. In Square Crown 8vo. Cloth. ' Messrs. Whittaker's valuable series of practical manuals.' Electrical Review. By W, PERREN MAYCOCK, M.I.E.E. FIRST BOOK OF ELECTRICITY AND MAG- NETISM. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with 107 Illustra- tions. 2s. "* ' Students who purchase a copy, and carefully study it, will obtain an excellent groundwork of the science.' Electrical Review. "^ ' As a first book for such students as have to pass ex- aminations, it is admirable." Electrical Engineer. 1 It is pre-eminently a practical book by a practical teacher. Educational News . ' This is a capital book to place in the hands of beginners in the study of electricity and mag- netism.' Electricity. ' An admirable work.* Board Teacher. Specimen of Illustrations from Maycock's 'Electricity and Magnetism.' By THE SAME AUTHOR. ELECTRIC LIGHTING AND POWER DISTRI- BUTION. An Elementary Manual for Students preparing for the Preliminary and Ordinary Grade Examination of the City and Guilds of London Institute. Written in accordance with the new Syllabus. Third edition, thoroughly revised and enlarged in 2 Volumes. Vol. I. ready, with 231 Illustrations, 6s. (Copies of the Second Edition may still*be had in I Vol., price 6s.) ' We can congratulate Mr. Maycock upon having produced a book which cannot fail to be useful to all who are genuine students of electricity and its methods.' Electrical Review. 32 Whittakers TecJinological and Scientific List. Whittaker's Library of Arts, Sciences, &c. (Continued). FITTING, THE PRINCIPLES OF. For Engineer Students. By J. HORNER, M.I.M.E., Author of 'The Principles of Pattern Making,* ' Practical Ironfounding,' and ' Metal Turning.' Illustrated with about 250 Engravings, and containing an Appendix of Useful Shop Notes and Memoranda. $s. 'A practical manual for prac- tical people.' English Mechanic 'Calculated to aid and en- courage the most useful set of handicraftsmen we have amongst us." Daily Chronicle. Specimen of Illustrations in ' Principles of Fitting.' THE PRINCIPLES OF PATTERN MAKING Written specially for Apprentices, and for Students in Technical Schools. By J. HORNER, M.I.M.E., Author of ' Principles of Fitting,' 'Practical Ironfounding,' ' Metal Turning,' &c. Illustrated with 101 Engravings, and containing a Glossary of the Common Terms employed in Pattern Making and Moulding. 3^-. 6d. ' The book is well illustrated and for its size will be found one of the best of its kind. ' Industries. ' This is one of those works which have a more than ordinary value.' Steamship. fV-j:??*^'^ ^~-^-^LJ==iS&J$-'l'! '' ".'/.. < !v.'" :'.''. *". * * ** J ^^^^^ o; i . B ^^feiMli&lii^' y ^ B P t t Striking up a Loam Pattern. ^^ a Specimen of Illustrations to ' Pattern Making.' Whittakers Technological and Scientific List. 33 Whittaker's Library of Arts, Sciences, &c. (Continued). PRACTICAL IRONFOUNDING. By J. HORNER, M.I.M.E., 'a Foreman Pattern Maker.' Illustrated with over 100 En- gravings. Second Edition. 4^. ' Every pupil and apprentice would find it, we think, an assistance to obtaining a thorough knowledge of his work. The book, however, is not intended merely for the student, but contains much useful information for practical men.' Industries. METAL, TURNING. By J. HORNER, M.I.M.E. With 81 Illustrations. Second Edition. 4-r. CONTENTS : The Lathe Tools and Tool Angles Chucks Chucking General Remarks on Turning Hand Turning Slide Rest Turning Boring Screw Cutting, &c. ( A handy little work.' Ironmonger. ' An exceedingly useful publication to have at hand.' Machinery. 1 The book does well what it professes to do, its aim being to explain and illustrate the practice of plain hand turning and slide-rest turning as performed in engineers' workshops. ' Industries. By G. E. BONNEY. ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS. With 144 Illus. 2S.6J. ' This is an excellent book for boys.' Electrical Review. Electrical Chimes. Electric Mortar. Specimen of Illustrations in ' Electrical Experiments.' 34 Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. Whittaker's Library of Arts, Sciences, &c. (Continued}. INDUCTION By G. E. BONNEY. COILS. A Practical Manual for L Amateur Coil - makers. With 101 Illustrations. 1 In Mr. Bonney's useful book every part of the coil is described minutely in detail, and the methods and materials re- quired in insulating and winding the wire are fully Y i T T ' I I ' T T i considered.' Electrical W/////////////^^^^^ Sectional Diagram of Coil Winder (Specimen of Illustrations). By G. E. BONNEY. THE ELECTRO - PLATERS' HANDBOOK. A Practical Manual for Amateurs and Young Students in Electro Metal- lurgy. With Full Index and 61 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with an Appendix on ELECTROTYPING. 3-r. CONTENTS : I. Electro-Deposition of Metal II. Electro-Deposition by Current from Batteries III. Dynamo-Electric Plating Machines IV. Electro- Platers' Materials V. Preparing the Work VI. Electro- Plating with Silver VII. Gold VIII. Nickel IX. Copper X. Alloys XI. Zinc, Tin, Iron, &c. 4 An amateur could not wish for a better exposition of the elements of the subject. . . . . The work has an excellent index and 61 illustrations, and will form a useful addition to Messrs. Whittaker's valuable series of practical manuals.' Electrical Review. 1 The work is of evident utility, and has before it a future.' Chemical News. ' It contains a large amount of sound information.' Nature. By H. ORFORD. LENS WORK FOR AMATEURS. With numerous Illustrations. Small crown 8vo. 3$. 1 The book is a trustworthy guide to the manufacturer of lenses, suitable alike for the amateur and the young workman.' Nature. 'The author is both a sound practical optician and is able to convey his knowledge to others in a clear manner.' British Journal of Photography. MODERN OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS. By the same Author. 2s. 6d. Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 35 Whittaker's Library of Arts, Sciences, &c. (Continued}. By J. TRAILL TAYLOR, Editor of ' The British Journal of Photography.' THE OPTICS OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND PHO- TOGRAPHIC LENSES. With 68 Illustrations. 3*. 6d. ' An excellent guide, of great practical use.' Nature. ' Personally we look upon this book as a most valuable labour-saving invention, for no questions are so frequent, or take so long to answer, as those about .lenses.' : Practical Photographer. ' Written so plainly and clearly that we do not think the merest tyro. will have any difficulty in mastering its contents.' Amateur Photographer. By JOSEPH POOLE, A.I.E.E. (Wh. Sc. 1875), Chief Electrician to the New Telephone Company, Manchester. THE PRACTICAL TELEPHONE HAND-BOOK. With 228 Illus. Second Ed. Revised and considerably Enlarged. 5*. The gratifying reception accorded this book now enables the author to issue a new edition in a considerably enlarged form. New chapters on Metallic - Circuit Working and on Electrical Measurements have been added, the former in order to keep pace with the rapid advance which has been made in that direction during late years, and the latter in order to make the book more complete. From, the Preface. ' This essentially practical book is published at an opportune moment." Electrician. ' It contains readable accounts of all the best- known and most widely used instruments, together with a considerable amount of information not hitherto published in book form." Electrician. ' Will be found both useful and interesting to persons who use the telephone, as Mr. Poole's ex- position of telephonic apparatus is both clear and comprehensive.' Saturday Review. The Runnings Transmitter. (Specimen of Illustrations]. By SYDNEY F. WALKER, M.I.E.E., A.M.Inst.C.E. ELECTRICITY IN OUR HOMES AND WORK- SHOPS. A Practical Treatise on Auxiliary Electrical Apparatus. Third L Edition. Revised and Enlarged. With 143 Illustrations. 6s. 1 It would be difficult to find a more painstaking writer when he is describing, the conditions of practical success in a field which he has himself thoroughly explored.' Electrician. ' Mr. Walker's book is evidently the work of a practical man who has had much experience. . . . The practical hints are likely to be of solid value.' Saturday Review. 1 The work is a valuable contribution to the literature of electrical science in its more practical forms.' Iron and Coal Trades Review. 36 Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. Whittaker's Library of Arts, Sciences, &c. (Continued}. ENGINEER DRAUGHTSMEN'S WORK. By a Practical Draughtsman. With 80 Illustrations, \s. 6d. By D. DENNING. THE ART AND CRAFT OF CABINET MAKING. A Practical Handbook to the Construction of Cabinet Furniture, the Use of Tools, Forma- tion of Joints, Hints on Designing and Setting Out Work, Veneering, &c. With 219 Illustra- tions. 5-T. ' We heartily commend it.' Cabinet Maker. ' Well planned, and writ- ten in a pleasing and simple style.' Nature. 1 A carefully-considered Plain Dovetail. Ditto with badly-formed pins. and well-written book.' (Specimens of Illustrations.} Work. By F. C. ALLSOP, Author of ' The Telephones and their Construction.' PRACTICAL ELECTRIC -LIGHT FITTING. A Treatise on the Wiring and Fitting up of Buildings deriving current from Central Station Mains, and the Laying down of Private Installations, including the latest edition of the Phoenix Fire Office Rules. With 224 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised. ^. (Specimens of Illustrations.'] * A book we have every confidence in recommending.' Daily Chronicle. ' A highly practical and useful book.' Lightning. * The book is certainly very complete.' Electrical Review. Wkittakcrs 'I eclmological and Scientific List. 37 Whittaker's Library of Arts, Sciences, &c. (Continued). ByJ. HOPKINSON, D.Sc., F.R.S. DYNAMO MACHINERY, ORIGINAL PAPERS ON. With 98 Illustrations, 5^, ' Must prove of great value to the student and young engineer.' Electrical Review. 'A most valuable work.' English Mechanic. By S. R. BOTTONE. ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT-MAKING FOR AMATEURS. A Practical Handbook. With 78 Illustrations. Sixth Edition, revised and enlarged, y. ' To those about to study electricity and its application this book will form a very useful companion.' Mechanical World. /V- (Specimen of Illustrations. By S. R. BOTTONE. ELECTRO-MOTORS, How Made and How Used. A Handbook for Amateurs and Practical Men. With 70 Illustrations. Third Edition, revised and enlarged. 3*. 1 Mr. Bottone has the faculty of writing so as to be understood by amateurs.' Industries. ' The explanations are very clear and readily understood.' Marine Engineer. ' We are certain that the knowledge gained in constructing machines such as described in this book will be of great value to the worker.' Electrical Engineer. Armature of Alternating Current Motor (Specimen of Illustrations 38 Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. WhittaJcer's Library of Arts, Sciences, &c. (Continued}. By S. R. BOTTONR. ELECTRIC BELLS, AND ALL ABOUT THEM. A Practical Book for Practical Men. With more than 100 Illustrations. Fifth Edition, revised and enlarged. 3*. ' Any one desirous of undertaking the practical work of electric bell-fitting will find everything, or nearly everything, he wants to know.' Electrician. 1 No bell-fitter should be without it. ? Building News. By S. R. BOTTONE. THE DYNAMO: How Made and How Used. Ninth Edition, with additional matter and illustrations. 2s. 6d. HOW TO MANAGE A DYNAMO. By the same Author. Illustrated. Pott 8vo. cloth. Pocket size. is. 'This little book will be very useful." Electrical Engineer. 'The book should prove extremely useful.' Electrical Review. 1 We heartily commend it to the notice of our readers.' Electricity. By Sir DAVID SALOMONS, Bart., M.A., Vice-President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, &c. ELECTRIC-LIGHT INSTALLATIONS, AND THE MANAGEMENT OF ACCUMULATORS. A practical handbook. Sixth Edition, revised and enlarged, with numerous Illustra- tions. 6s. ' We advise every man who has to do with installation work to Study this work.' Electrical Engineer. ' To say that this book is the best of its kind would be a poor compliment, as it is practically the only work on accumulators that has been written.' Electrical Review, 'Will be found very valuable to those owning or having charge of installations.' Industries. By J. GRAY, B.Sc. ELECTRICAL INFLUENCE MACHINES: Con- taining a Full Account of their Historical Development, their Modern Forms, and their Practical Construction, qs. 6d. 'This excellent book.' Electrical Engineer. 1 "We recommend the book strongly to all electricians.' Electrical Plant. By EDWIN J. HOUSTON, A.M., Professor of Natural Philosophy and Physical Geography in the Central High School of Philadelphia, Professor of Physics in the Franklin Institute of Pennsylvania, &c. ADVANCED PRIMERS OF ELECTRICITY. Vol. I. -ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. 3*. 6d. Vol. II. ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION OF INTELLIGENCE. $s. Vol. III. ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS. *. Whittaker s Technological and Scientific List. 39 Wbittafcer's library of popular Science* Square crown 8vo. cloth, 2s. 6d. per vol. A Series of easy introductions to the Physical Sciences, suitable for general use. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. By S. BOTTONE. With 103 Illustrations. 2s. 6d. GEOLOGY. By A. J. JUKES-BROWNE, F.G.S. With 95 Illus- trations. 2s. 6d. 1 An excellent guide to the rudiments of the science.' Athenautn. ' The book is a good one.' Nature. PICTORIAL ASTRONOMY. By G. F. CHAMBERS, F.R.A.S. With 134 Illustrations. Second Edition, revised, 2s. 6d. ' One of the most interesting popular treatises that we have had in our hands for a long time.' Daily Chronicle. ' An elegantly printed and profusely illustrated work, which is worthy of the author's reputation.' Athena>um. LIGHT. By SIR H. TRUEMAN WOOD. With 85 Illustrations. 2s. 6d. ' We have here a popular and interesting resum6 of many of the facts relat- ing to the nature and properties of light.' Nature. THE PLANT WORLD; Its Past, Present,, and Future. By G. MASSEE. Wiih 56 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised. 2s. 6d. ' Its easy style, intelligible language, good arrangement, and many illustra- tions, give it a high rank among books of its kind.' Scotsman. MINERALOGY : The Characters of Minerals, their Classification and Description. By F. H. HATCH, Ph.D. With 115 Illustrations. 2s. 6d. 1 Dr. Hatch has admirably united brevity and clearness in his treatment of the crystallographical and physical characters of minerals.' Nature. ' We cordially recommend this little book of Dr. Hatch's as one of the best that students could purchase.' Science Gossip. PUBLISHED FIRST DAY OF EACH MONTH. Price 2s. 6d. net. PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE, and JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, THE LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND DUBLIN A Journal devoted to Physics, Astronomy, Mechanics, Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Applied Sciences. Conducted by Lord KELVIN, LL.D., F.R.S.; G. F. FITZGERALD, M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S.; and W. FRANCIS, Ph.D., F.S.S. 40 Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. n&ebtcal Works. By C. J. S. THOMPSON. THE CHEMIST'S COMPENDIUM AND DIARY. A Pocket-book of Reference for Pharmacists, Assistants, and Students. Blue cloth. 238 pp. 2s. 6d. net. CONTENTS : i. Synopsis of the British Pharmacopoeia, with Additions of 1890 2. Posological Table and Doses of B.P. 3. Formulary of British Pharma- ceutical Conference 4. Spray Solutions of Throat Hospital Pharmacopoeia 5. Lozenges of Throat Hospital Pharmacopoeia 6. Hypodermic Injections 7. Organic Materia Medica, Natural Orders, Habitats, and Active Principles 8. Modern Remedies, Characteristics, and Doses 9. Table of Proportion of Active Ingredients in P. B. Preparations 10. Formulae for Unofficial Tinctures n. Apothecaries' Weights and Measures 12. Table of Comparison between English and Metric Weights and Measures 13. Metric System 14. Stains for Microscopic Objects 15. Media for Mounting Sections 16. Hints to Dispensing French and German Prescriptions 17. Hints to Dispensing Homoeopathic Prescriptions 18. Terms used in Oculists' Prescriptions 19. Special Excipients for Pills 20. Analytical Charts 21. Colour Reactions of Alkaloids 22. Special Tests for Drugs and Chemicals 23. Milk Analysis 24. Urinalysis 25. Photographic Chimicals and Formulae for Solutions 26. Poison Schedule 27. Poisons and their Antidotes 28. Weight of Twenty Drops of Various Fluids 29. Table of Equivalents, Liquids and Solids 30. Freezing Mixtures 31. Table of Grains Converted into Grammes 32. Dosage Table for Cattle, Horses, and Dogs 33. Formulas for Artificial Fruit Essences 34. Thermometers 35. Table Showing Centigrade Degrees and their Equivalents in Fahrenheit 36. Saturation Table 37. Gaubius' Table 38. Specific Gravity 39. Table of Solubilities in Water and Alcohol 40. Medicine Chests for Ships Etc. Etc. A New and Revised (Twelfth] Edition. Post 8vo. los. 6d. HOBLYN'S DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN MEDICINE AND THE COLLATERAL SCIENCES. Re- vised and Enlarged by J. A. P. PRICE, B.A., M.D. Oxon., Assistant- Surgeon to the Royal Berkshire Hospital ; late Physician to the Royal Hospital for Children and Women. 'This well-known work.' Lancet. 'As a handy reference volume for the physician, surgeon, and pharmacist, it will prove invaluable.' Pharmaceutical Journal. ' From considerable experience of Hoblyn's Dictionary, we are able to say that it has the rare merit of supplying in almost every case what you have a right to expect in consulting it.' Glasgow Medical Journal. Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 41 A NEW WORK FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS AND PRACTITIONERS. By C. GORDON BRODIE, F.R.C.S., late Senior Demonstrator of Anatomy, Mid- dlesex Hospital Medical School ; Assistant Surgeon, North-West I,on. Hospital. DISSECTIONS ILLUSTRATED: A Graphic Hand- book for Students of Human Anatomy. With 73 Coloured Plates (mostly two-thirds natural size) Drawn and Lithographed by PERCY HIGHLEY, and many diagrams. In I Vol. imperial 8vo. strongly bound in half" buckram, flexible back, plates mounted on tape, 2/. 2s. IN FOUR PARTS : Part I. THE UPPER LIMB. 8*. 6d. I Part III. HEAD, NECK, & THORAX, ic*. II. THE LOWER LIMB. ior. I ,, IV. ABDOMEN. los. 'A book which will certainly make its influence felt in the teaching of anatomy in this country.' British Medical Journal. ' The plates are exceedingly well drawn and placed on the stone. . . . The explanatory letterpress is clear and concise.' The Lancet. 1 This work meets a distinct want.' Edinburgh Medical Journal. 'The scheme is admirably carried out and the plates most reliable.' ' This very useful anatomical atlas.' Hospital. Guys Hospital Gazette. 'The student will be in possession of an excellent atlas of anatomy.' Medical Press. . 1 Students will find this an invaluable hand-book. The plates are drawn so clearly, and they are so large that the muscles, vessels, and nerves of each dissection can be found without any difficulty.' Nature. 'They will furnish to many professional men a very valuable work of reference.' Glasgow Medical Journal. ' No hospital library should be considered complete unless it contains a; least one copy of this valuable work.' Nursing Record. Just Published, Super Royal 4to. cloth. Price i6.r. net. ATLAS of THE HUMAN BRAIN and DESCRIP- TION OF THE COURSE OF THE NERVE-FIBRES. By Dr. E. FLATAU, with Preface by Professor MENDEL, of Berlin. Translated by WM. NATHAN, M.D., and JOHN H. CARSLAW, M.D. The ever-increasing importance of the anatomy of the brain to physiology and pathology,, as well as to the treatment of cerebral diseases, renders it all the more necessary to have good illustrations of the brain surface and of sections through it. This object has been attained by the reproduction of photographs of the brain, taken in its fresh condition, unaltered by any preserving fluid, and true to nature in details and in size. There has, also, been added a series of lithographed diagrams of the course of the fibres in the central nervous system, and a description of the various 'paths' or 'tracts,' which con- tains references to the most recent authorities, and extends to 25 pp. 410. The Plates are, in the main, photogravures, and have been prepared with great care by a well-known Berlin firm. The completeness of the collection may be judged from the following list : I. Base of the brain (including blood vessels). II. Entire view from above. III. Horizontal section through the entire brain (view of the ventricles). IV. Horizontal section at lower level (central ganglia, internal capsule, &c.). V. The outer aspect of the left hemisphere (with pons, medulla, &c.). VI. Fig. A. Vertical section before the chi- asma. Fig. B. Vertical section behind the chi- asma (entrance of the peduncle into the brain). VII. Fig. A. The inner aspect of the left hemisphere (with a median section through the cerebellum, pons, and medulla). Fig. B. Peduncles, pons, medulla, and surrounding region (floor of the IV. ventricle, corp. quadrigemina, optic thalamus, and nucleus caudatus). VIII. Fig. A. Sagittal oblique section through the whole brain (central cere- bral ganglia, corona radiata). Fig. B. Sagittal oblique section ;. more lateral. IX. Thirteen diagrams, indicating in vari-. ous coloured lines the course of the different nerve-fibres. 42 WhittakeSs Technological and Scientific List. Boohs for ^Technological anb fIDanual draining Classes, 'THE ENGLISH SLOYD.' MANUAL INSTRUCTION WOODWORK. By S. BARTER, Organizer and Instructor of Manual Training in Woodwork to the London School Board and Organizing Instructor to the Joint Committee on Manual Training in Woodwork of the School Board for London, the City and Guilds of London Technical Institute, and the Worshipful Company of Drapers. With a Preface by GEORGE RICKS, B.Sc. Lond. Illustrated by 303 Drawings and Photo-Engravings. Fcap. 4to. cloth, 7-y. 6d. Contents : Introduction Drawing Timber Tools Bench-work Work-room and its Fittings List of Tools Required, &c. The above Work covers the Requirements of the Examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute and the Science and Art Department in the subject. SIR PHILIP MAGNUS says : ' Mr. Barter, in his book on "Woodwork," has succeeded in showing, what is most important, the educational value of manual training in school instruction, and has thus rendered a great service to those seeking a trustworthy guide in the practical study of the subject.' J. H. REYNOLDS, Esq., Director and Secretary Municipal Technical Schools, Manchester, says : ' One of the best, if not the best book, that has hitherto been published on this subject, whether English or American.' PROFESSOR W. RIPPER, of Sheffield Technical School, says: ' Mr. Barter, by his ability, experience, and success as an instructor of manual training classes, is the right man to write a book on woodwork, and the bock he has produced is a most valuable addition to our literature on manual training in fact, so far as I am aware, it is the most complete and satisfactory work, as a course of instruction for schools, yet pub- lished in this country.' By S. BARTER, Author of ' Manual Instruction Woodwork.' MANUAL INSTRUCTION DRAWING CLASSES. Showing the application of Geometrical Drawing to Manual Instruction in Wood and Metal. To cover the requirements of the City and Guilds of London Examination. 32 plates with 98 subjects, cloth. Foolscap 410, 35. 6d. BY CHARLES G. LELAND, M.A. DRAWING AND DESIGNING. In a Series of 29 Lessons. With 42 Illustrations. Second Edition. Fcap. 4to. sewed, is.; cloth, is, 6d. ' It has a. good equipment of plates, and the text is full of valuable practical directions for beginners.' Scotsman. 'Mr. Leland upholds the principle that drawing and designing should go together, and maintains that inventive powers are cramped by- the system of teaching which requires a high standard of manipulative skill before the student is instructed in design. In this we entirely agree with him.' Literary World. ' The book deserves the widest success.' Scottish Leader. 1 The system is simplicity itself.' Liverpool Daily Post. Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 43 Whittaker's Books for Manual Training (Continued}. By THE SAME AUTHOR. WOOD-CARVING. Third Edition. Fcap. 4to. 5-r. 'An excellent manual.' Morning Post. "* An admirable little book.' Builder. ' Such patient, explicit, step-by-step teaching as Mr. Leland's is indeed the only road to excellence.' Saturday Review. 'A very useful book.' Mr. W. H. HOWARD, Sec- retary to the Institute of British Wood Carvers, and Instructor at King's College, London. 'A splendid help for Amateurs and those beginning the trade. Without exception it is *he best hook I have l^ead at present.' Mr. T. /. PERRIN, Society of Arts Medallist, Instructor in Wood- carving at the People's Palace. ' I consider it the best manual I have seen.' Miss HODGSON, Instructor in Wood-carving at Manchester Technical School. With numerous Illustrations. Initial Letter (Specimen of Illustrations). A COMPANION VOLUME TO 'WOOD-CARVING,' by THE SAME AUTHOR. LEATHER -WORK. Stamped, Moulded, and Cut. Cuir-Bouilli, Sewn, &c. A Practical Manual for Learners. With numerous Illustrations. 5-y. ' A delightful addition to the series of practical manuals.' Times. By THE SAME AUTHOR. METAL WORK. Including Repousse, Bent or Strip Work, Cut Sheet Metal Work, Nail or Knob, Wire, Easy Silver Ornament and Chasing Work. An Elementary Manual for Learners. With numerous Illustrations. 5-y. By THE SAME AUTHOR. PRACTICAL EDUCATION. A Work on Preparing the Memory, Developing Quickness of Perception, and Training the Constructive Faculties. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, 6s. 44 Whit takers Technological and Scientific List. Whittateer's Books for Manual Training (Continued}. By JOHN SOUTHWARD, Author of ' Practical Printing,' 'The Principle and Progress of Printing Machinery,' ' A Treatise on Modern Typography' in, Encyclopedia Britannica, &c. MODERN PRINTING. A Treatise on the Science and Practice of Typography. I vol. 8vo. cloth, IQS. ; Quarterly Sections, 2s. 6d. each ; Monthly Parts, is. each. A LARGE-PAPER EDITION, LIMITED to 500 COPIES, crown 410. 2is. {In the Press. By C. T. JACOB i. THE PRINTER'S HANDBOOK OF TRADE RECIPES. With many useful Tables and an Index. Second Edition,. Enlarged and Classified. Price $s. QUESTIONS IN TYPOGRAPHY, Set from 1890 to 1895 inclusive at the Examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute for all Grades. Paper cover, 8vo. 6d. By FLORENCE B. JACK, Head Teacher of Laundry Work, Edinburgh School of Domestic Economy. LAUNDRY WORK, The Art of; Practically De-* monstrated for use in Homes and Schools. With many Illustrations. Post 8vo. 2s. By Mrs. CHARLES MARSHALL, Author of * Gas Cookery.' GRANDMAMA'S CAKES: A Book of Recipes. Fcap. 8vo. paper cover, is, All the recipes in 'Grandma's Cakes' are genuine old-fashioned ones, and were originally collected in manuscript form by my grandmother, who was famous for the good things at her table.' From Preface. THE MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL: ITS AIMS, METHODS, AND RESULTS, with Figured Drawings of SHOP EXERCISES IN WOOD AND METALS. By C. M. WOODWARD, Director of the Manual Training School, Washington University. 8vo. cloth, $s. net. INDUSTRIAL INSTRUCTION. A Pedagogic and Social Necessity. By R. SEI DEL, Mollis, Switzerland. Crown 8vo. cloth, 2s. 6d. THE DURHAM UNIVERSITY CALENDAR and ALMANAC. Published annually in January. Cr. 8vo. cloth, is. 6d. net PROGRAMME OF TECHNOLOGICAL EXAMI- NATIONS OF THE CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON INSTI- TUTE. Including Regulations for the Registration and Inspection of Classes in Technology and Manual Training, Syllabus of Instruction and Lists of Works of Reference in each Subject, this year's Examination Questions, Names of Teachers of Registered Classes, &c. Published annually in August. lod. net ; post free, is. id. London : WHITTAKER & Co., Paternoster Square, E.G. INDEX. PAGE ACCUMULATORS, Salomons', 5*. and 6s. .. 4-38 Plante, izs ... 25 Adams' Joints in Woodwork, is. ... 30 Prac. Trigonometry, zs. 6d. net ... 50 Agricultural Engineering in India, 3^. 6d. 14 Alexander's Model Steam Kng., IDS. 6d. iz Alkali Makers' Handbook, los. 6d. ... 9 Allsop's Electric Light Fitting, 5^. ... 36 Alternating Currents, Blakesley, 5-s-. ... 7 Bedell and Crehore, los. 6d. 16 Experiments, Tesla, 4$. 6d.... 18 Fleming, 2 vols. 25* 21 Kapp, 45. 6d. 18 Alternate Current Transf. Design, zs. ... 18 Analysis, Iron, Blair, 16^. .. ... 14 Steel Works, Arnold, los. 6d. ... z Anatomy, Brodie, 4 parts, or i vol. ... 41 Anderson's Heat, 6j 8 Arithmetic, Electrical, is. 25 Armorial Families s/. 5$. 28 Arnold's Steel Works, Analysis, los. 6d. 2 Artillery, Modern French, 50? 15 Astronomy, Chambers, zs. 6d. .. ... 39 Atkinson's Static Electricity, 6s. 6d. ... 18 Atlantic Ferry, -js. 6d. and zs. 6d. ... 13 BALLOONING, May, zs. 6d. ... 9 Bale's Mod. Shafting and Gearing, zs.6d. 25 Barter's Drawing ... ... ... ... 42 Woodwork, 7^. 6d. 42 Battle of Port Said, i s 15 Bax's Electric Lighting, zs 20 Beardmore's Drainage, 5*. 10 Beaumont's Woven Design, zis. ... 9 Steam Engine Indicator, %s. f>d. ... 22 Bedell and Crehore's Alternating Cur- rents, ics. 6d. 16 Bell's Submarine Telegraphy, is. 6d. ... 24 Telegraphist's Guide, is. 6d. ... 24 Bennett's Telephoning, is. 16 Bigg's Electrical Engineering, zs. 6d. ... 19 Black's First Prin. of Building, 3*. 6d. 19 Blair's Analysis of Iron, i6s 14 Blakesley's Alternating Currents, 5^. ... 7 Bodmer's Hydraulics, 14^. 6 Railway Material Inspection ... i Bonney's Electrical Experiments, zs. 6d. 33 Electro-platers' Hand-book, 3$. ... 34 Induction Coils, 3*. ... ... ... 3^ Bookkeeping, Crellin, is. 6d. Key, zs. 27 Book of Crests, 3/. 3-r 29 Public Arms, 3/. 3^. net 29 Bern's Metric Mesures, 3$. ... ... 14 Botany, Massee, zs. 6d. 39 Bottone's Elecl. Instrument Making, 3$. 37 Electric Bells, 3* 38 Electro-Motors, 3$ 37 Bottone's Electricity, zs. 6d. Electric Light Guide, is How to Manage a Dynamo, is. , The Dynamo, zs. 6d. Boulnois' Carriageways, &c. 5*. Boult's Wire Table, 5* Bousfield's Timber Merchants' V.M. 4 Boyd's Coal Pits, 7*. 6d. Petroleum, zs. Brain, Plata u's Atlas of, i6.r. net British Locomotives, Cooke, -js. 6d. Brodie's Dissections, zl. zs. Browne's (Jukes) Geology, zs. 6d. Bucknill's Submarine Mining, izs. 6d. Building, Black, 35. 6d. PAGE : 3 $ 2 22 26 c CABINET Making, 5^ 36 Cakes, Marshall, is Calculus, Diff. and Intg., 3^. 6d. Cambrian Minstrelsie, zl. us. 29 Carriage Footways Construction, 5$. . Central Station Bookkeeping, los. 6d.. . 17 Centrifugal Pumps, &c. Innes, 3$. 6d. 24 Chambers' Astronomy, zs. 6d. 39 Chemistry, Elementary Practical, gd. net 30 Chemist's Compendium, 2^. 6d. net ... 40 City and Guilds Examin. Programme, lod. net; is. id. post free 44 Coal Pits, Boyd, 7$. 6d. 13 Colliery Lighting, zs. 6d. 26 Colour in Woven Design, 21$ 9 Cooke's Locomotives, 7*. 6d. n Cox's Cont. Current Dynamos, 7$. 6d. 16 Cranes and Lifting Mach., Marks, zs. 6J. 23 Crehore and Bedell's Alternating Cur- rents of Electricity, los. 6d. 16 Crellin's Bookkpg., is. 6d.] Key, zs. net 27 Crests, Fairbairn, 3/. 3$ 29 Crosby and Bell's The Electric Railway, los. 6d. 17 Cunarders (New), 6s 14 D AY'S The Indicator, 4*. 6d.... Denning's Cabinet Making, 5^.... Designing, Leland, is Dictionaries, Technological Discount Tables, is. Dissections Illustrated, Brodie i Vol. zl. zs., or Parti.. 8. 6d. Part II,, i ay. Part III,, ior. Part IV., los. Drainage, Beardmore, 5^. 10 Nadi6ine, is 10 Drawing and Designing, is 42 Barter... 42 Dredge's Chicago Exhibition, 3/. jr. ... 14 46 Whittaker's TecJinological and Scientific List. PAGE Dredge's Electric Illumination. Vol. II., 3<w .......... . ......... 14 - Modern French Artillery, 50^. ... 15 - Pennsylvania Railway, 52$. 6d. ... 16 Drum Armatures, js. 6d. ... ... ... 21 Durham University Calendar, is. 6d. net 44 Dynamo. Bottone, 2s. 6d. ...... . 38 - Building, Walker, 2s. ...... 25 -- Parkhurst, 4$. 6d. ...... 17 - Gibbings, is. .. ......... 24 - Hawkins and Wallis, IQS. 6d. ... 2 - How to Manage, Bottone, is. ... 38 - Machinery, Hopkinson, 5$. ... 37 - &c., Kapp, ioj. 6d. ...... .. 20 Dynamos, Continuous Current, js. 6d. 16 .EDUCATION, Practical, 6s ....... Egleston's Metallurgy, 2 vols.,3i5.6rf.ea. 14 Electric Illumination, by Dredge and others, 305. ... ... ... ... 14 - Influence Machines, 45. 6d. ... 38 - Lamps, Fleming, js. 6d. .. ... 21 - Light Cables, Russell, 7^. 6d. ... 7 - Light Carbons, is. 6d. Light Fitting. Allsop, 5$. ... " tall ' tu plication, 5$ Light Installation, Salomons', . Vol. I., Accumulators, 5.9. T II., Apparatus, 7*. 6d. Vol. III., Ap- vols. VoL 43 Light Installations, Salomons', i vol., 6s. ..' 38 Light and Power, Guy, ^s. ... ig Lighting, Bax, 2s. 20 "Lighting of Colliery, 2s. 6d. ... 26 Lighting, Guide to, is. 16 Lighting Specifications, 6s. ... 18 Lighting, Ma>cock, 65 31 Lighting, T. C/s Handbook, is. ... 18 Motive Power, Snell, ios. 6d. ... 23 Railways, Crosby and Bell, los. 6d. 17 Railways, Hering, $s 17 Traction, Reckenzaun, IQS. 6d. ... 20 - Transformers, Kapp ... i Transformers, Weekes, 2s 18 Transmi sion of Energy, Kapp, loj. 6d. 3 - Wiring Tables, 2s. 6d. 25 Electrical Engineering, 44. 6d. .. .. 16 Engineering, Biggs, 2s. 6d. ... ig Engineering Formulae, js. 6d. ... 22 Engineering, Kapp and others, 42$. ig Energy, Kapp, los. 6d. 3 Energy, Plante, i2j. ... ... 25 Engineers' Tables, &c., 2S. ... 25 - Experiments, Bonney, 2s. 6d. ... 33 Distribution, Kilgour, IDS. 6d. ... ig Instrument Making, 3^. ... ... 37 Lab. Notes, Fleming, 125-. 6d. net 21 Measurements, Arithmetic of, is. 25 Terms, Houston, 21$. 18 Electricity, Alternating Currents of, Bedell and Crehore, los. 6d 16 Alterng. Currents of, Blakesley, 55. 7 Alternating Currents of, Fleming, 2 VOls., 2OS. ... ... ... ... 21 Alterng. Currents of, Kapp, 4^. 6d. 18 Alterng. Currents of, Experiments, Tesla, 4s. 6d. ... 18 Portative, Niblett, 2,y. 6d. 19 PAGE 38 39 3' 3S tu iS Electricity, Houston, 3 vols. 13$. 6d. , and Magnetism, Bottone, 2S. 6d. and Magnetism, Maycock. 2s. 6d. in pur Homes, Walker, 6s , Primers, 3^. each .. ... Static, Atkinson, 6s. 6d. Electro chemistry, Gore, 2S. ... ... 22 Electro-deposition, Gore, is. 6d. ig> Electro -magnetic Theory, Heaviside, Vol. I., I2S. 6d. 23 Electro-motors, Bottone, 3^. ... ... 37 Electro-platers' H.B., Bonney, 3$. ... 34 Electrolytic Separation, Gore, IQS. 6d. 20 Engineers' Pocket-book, is. or is. 6d. ... 23 English Minstrelsie, 4/. ... ... ... 29 Ewing's Induction, IQJ. 6d. 20. Explosives, Guttmann, 2 vols., -zl. 2S. ... 4 TAIRB URN'S Crests, 2 vols., 4 /. 4*. 29, Findlay's English Railway, js. 6d. ... 13 Fitting. Homer, 5^ 32 Electric Light, Allsop, ss 36, Flatau's Atlas of Human Brain, i6s. net 41 Fleming's Transformers. Vol. I., 125. 6d. Vol II., i2s. 6d. 21 Electric Lamps, 7^. 6d. ... ... 21 Electric Lab. Notes, i2x. 6d. net 21 Fletcher's Steam-jacket, 7*. 6d. ... 6, Foden's Mechanical Tables, is. 6d. ... 27 Forestry, Webster, 35. 6d. 26. Formulee for Electrical Engineers, js.6d. 22 Forth Bridge, 5^ 15 Foster's Central Station Bkpg., los. 6d. 17 Fox-Davies' Book of Crests, 4/. 4^. ... 20 Armorial Families, 5/. 55 28, VJASEOUS Fuel, is. 6d. Gearing, Helical, 7.?. 6d. .. Geipel and Kilgour's El. Formulas, 7 s. Geology, Jukes-Browne, vs. 6ti.... German Technological Dictionary, 5^. Gibbings' Dynamo Attendants, is. Godfrey's Water Supply Gore's Electro-Chemistry, zs. Electro-deposition, is. 6d. Metals, IQS. 6d. Gray's Influence Machines, 45. 6d. Griffith's Manures, 7^. 6d. Guttmann's Explosives, 2 vols., 2/. 2^. Guy's Electric Light and Power, 5-$-. H ATCH'S Mineralogy, 2s. 6d. Hawkins' and Wallis's Dynamo, los. 6d. Heat Engines, Anderson, 6s Heaviside's Electro - magnetic Theory. Vol. I. i2s. 6d. Helical Gears, 7^. 6d. Hering, fclectric Railways, 5^. .. Hertz' Work, Lodge, 2s. 6d. net. Hewitt and Pope's Elem. Chem., gd. net Highways Management, Hooley, is. ... Bridges, Silcock Hobbs' Electrical Arithmetic, is. Hoblyn's Medical Dictionary, IDS. 6d. Holtzapffel's Turning, 5 vols, 5/. 9^. ... Hooley's Highways, is. ... Hopkinson's Dynamo Machinery, 5$, ... 39 W hit taker's Technological and Scientific List. 47 PAGE Horner's Fitting, 5* 32 Houston's Electrical Terms, 21^. ... 18 Hurter's Alkali Makers' Hndbk, ios.6d. 9 Hutton's Mathematical Tables, izs. ... 16 Hydraulic Motors, Bodmer, 145. ... 6 Machinery, Marks, 3^. .. ... 24 TMRAYand Biggs' Mechanical Engi- JL neering, %s. 6d.... ... ... ... 19 Incandescent Lamp, Ram, 7$. 6d. ... 23 Indicator, Day, 4$. 6^. 23 Induction Coils, Bpnney, 3^ 34 Industrial Instruction, Seidel, zs. 6d. ... 44 Injectors, Pullen, 35-. 6d. 33 Innes's Centrifugal Pumps, 3^. 6d. ... 24 Machine Design, 35. 6d. 23 Inventions, How to Patent, zs. 6d. net 27 Iron Analysis, Arnold, 105. 6d. 2 Analysis, Blair, i6s. .. ... ... 14 and Steel, Skelton, $s 19 Ironfounding, 4$ 33 J ACK'S Laundry Work, zs 44 Jacobi's Printer's Handbook, $s. ... 44 Jukes-Browne's Geology, zs. 6d. ... 39 JVAPP'S Alternating Currents, 4^. 6d. 18 Dynamos, &c., ios. 6d. 20 Elect. Transmis. of Energy, ios. 6d. 3 Transformers i Kennelly's Electrical Notes, 6s. 6d. ... zi Kilgour's Electrical Formulae, -js. 6d. ... zz Electrical Distribution, ios. 6d. ... 19 T ABORATORY (Mechanical) Work, -L< lod. net 30 Laundry Work, Jack, zs .. 44 Leather Work, Leland's, $s 43 Leland's Wood-carving, $s. MetaH Work 2 5 s. Leather Work, 55. ( Drawing and Designing, is. and ( ^ 2 > 4 ^ is. 6d. Practical Education, 6s. ) Lens Work for Amateurs, Orford, 3.9. ... 34 Lenses, Photographic, Traill Taylor, 3$. 6d. 35 Library of Art, Sciences, &c 31 of Great Industries n et seq. of Pop. Science, zs. 6d. per vol. ... 39 Light, Sir H. T. Wood, as. 6d. 39 Lightning Conductors, Lodge, i$s. ... 7 Lockwood's Telephonists, $s. 6d. ... 18 Locomotives, Cooke, js. 6d u Reynolds, zs. 6d. 20 Lodge's Lightning Conductors, i$s. ... 7 Hertz, zs. 6d. net 22 Lukin's Turning Lathes, 3^ 26 Screws, 35- 26 Lunge and Hurter's Alkali Makers' Handbook, io.v. 6d. ... 9 M .ACHINE Design, Innes, 35. 6d.... 23 Maginnis' Atlantic Ferry, 7^. 6d. and zs. 6d. 13 Magnetic Induction, Ewing, ios. 6d. ... 20 Manchester Ship Canal, 3.?. 6d. ... 15 Manual Instruction and Training ... 42 Manures, Griffiths, js. 6d. ... ... 10 Marine Engineering, Maw, 3/. i 4 Marks' Cranes, &c., zs. 6d. ... ... 23 Hydraulic Machinery, 3.? 24. Mechanical Engineeiing, is. 6d. ... 24 Marshall's Cakes, is 44 Mason's Sanitation ... ... ... 21 Massee's, The Plant World, zs. 6d. .. 39 Mathematical Tables, 1 2.y 16 Maver's Quadruplex, 6s. 6d. 17 Maw's Marine Engineering, 3/.... ... 14 May's Ballooning, zs. 6d. 9 Belting Table, zs. 6d. 25 Electric Light Plant, zs. 6d. ... 25 Maycock's Electr. and Magnet., zs. 6d. 31 Klectric Lighting, 6s. 31 Mechanical Tables, is. 6d ... ... 27 Eng., Imray and Biggs, %s. 6d. ... 19 Material, Marks, is. 6d. ... ... 24 Medical Terms, Hoblyn, ioj. 6d. ... 40 Merrill's El. Lighting Specifications, 6s. 18 Metal Turning, 4$. 33 Work, Leland, 5.? 43 Metallurgy, Gold, 31$. 6d. Silver and Mercury, $is. 6d. Egleston 14 Metric Measures, Born, y 14 Middleton's Surveying, 4$. 6d. 2 Mill Work, Sutcliffe, zis 8 Mineralogy, Hatch, zs. 6d. 39 Minstrelsie, English, 8 vols., 4/. Scots, 6 vols. zl. us. Cambrian, zl. us. ... 29 Model Steam Engine Making, ios. 6d. iz IN ADIEINE, Drainage, is 10 Niblett's Electricity, zs. 6d. 19 Nicholl's Agr. Engg. in India, 3$. 6d. ... 14 O, PTICAL Instruments, Orford Optics of Photography, 3*. fid. ... Orford's Lens Work, 3.? Modern Optical Instruments PARKHURST'S Dynamo 1 4s. 6d. 17 Patenf'ng Inventions, zs. 6d. net ... 27 Pattern Making, 3^. 6d. 32 Petroleum, Boyd, zs. .. 28 Philosophical Mag., Monthly, zs.6d. net 39 Photographic Lenses, Taylor, 35-. 6d. ... 35 Plant World, Massee, zs. 6d. ... ... 39 Plant6's Electric Storage, 12^. ... ... 23 Ponce de Leon's Spanish Tech. Diet. Vol. I., s6s. Vol. II., 3zs 28 Poole's Telephone Handbook, 5^. ... 35 Practical Education, 6^ 43 Preere's Telephony. 155- i Price's Hoblyn's Dictionary, ios. 6d. ... 40 Primers of Electricity, 3^. each 22 Printer's Handbook, Jacobi, 5$. ... 44 Printing, Southward, ios. 44 Pruning, Des Cars, zs. 6d. 26 Public Arms, 3/. 35. 29 Pullen's Injectors, 3^. 6d.... 23 -48 WJiittaker* s TecJinological and Scientific List. QPAGE UADRUPLEX, Maver, 6s. 6d. ... 17 Questions in Typography, 6d. ... ... 44 RAILWAY Management, Findlay, 7 S. 6d. 12 Material Inspection, Bodmer ... i Pennsylvania, 52^. 6d. 16 Ram's Incandescent Lamp, 7 s. 6d. ... 23 Reckenzaun's Electric Traction, los. 6d. 20 Refuse Destructors, Jones, $s 20 Repousse, Leland, $s 43 Reynolds' Locomotive, zs. 6d. ... . 20 Rose's Bandsman, 2s. 6d. 29 Russell's Electric Cables, 7*. 6d. ... 7 T. C.'s Hndbk. Elec. Lighting, is. 18 SALOMONS' Electric Light Installa- tion, 6s. ... ... ... ... 38 Electric Light. Vol. I., Accumu- lators, s-y. Vol. II., Apparatus, 7^. 6d. Vol. III., Applications, $s. . ... 4 'Sanitary Drainage 10 Sanitation, Mason 21 Savage's Sewage Disposal, $s 20 Scholl's Phraseological Dictionary,Eng., Ger., Fr., and Span., 21^. "Scots Minstrelsie, 2/. us. Screws and Screw Making, 3$. ... "Screw Propulsion, i$s Seidel's Industrial Instruction, 2s. 6d. Sewage Disposal, Savage, $s. Treatment, 6s. .. 10 Shafting and Gearing, Bale, 2s. 6d. .. 25 Ships' Resistance, 15$. Silcock's Highway Bridges Skelton's Iron and Steel, $s. ... ..19 : Slater's Sewage Treatment, 6s 10 Sloyd, English, 7 s. 6d. 42 Smith's Cable Traction, 55 15 How to Patent, 2s. 6d. net 27 Wire, 7 s. 6d. 15 Snell's Electric Motive Power, ics. 6d. 23 r Southam's Elect. Engineering, 4-5-. 6d.... 16 Southward's Mod. Printing, los. 6d. ... 44 Spanish Techn. Diet., 2 vols., 68 s. ... 28 : Specialists' Series i Steam Engine Indicator, 3^. 6d. ... 22 Jacket, Fletcher, 7*. 6d. 6 Locomotives, Cooke, 7 s. 6d. ... 11 Model, Alexander, IDS. 6d. ... 12 Power and Mill Work, Sutcliffe, 21$ 8 Steamships, Atlantic, 7*. 6d. and 2S. 6d. 13 Steel Works Analysis, Arnold, IQS. 6d. 2 Stevenson's Trees of Commerce, y. 6d. 27 Stubbs' Telephony, 15* i Submarine Cable Laying 23 Mining, i2s. 6d. 15 Telegraphy, Bell, is. 6d. 24 Surveying, Middleton, ^s. 6d. 2 Sutcliffe's Steam Power and Mill Work, -zis 8 28 44 TPAGE ALKS with Bandsmen, 2s. 6d. ... 29 Taylor's Optics of Photography, 35. 6d. 35 Resistance of Ships, 15^ 8 Technological Dictionaries ... Telegraphist's Guide, Bell. is. 6d. Telephone Handbook, Poole, 5*. Telephoning, Bennett, is. Lockwood, 4-y. 6d. Telephony, Preece, 15-$-. Tesla's Experiments, 45-. 6d. 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