ENGINEER . 
 DRAUGHTSMEN'S 
 
 IC-NRLF 
 
 WORK 
 
 HINTS TO 
 BEGINNERS 
 
 BY A 
 
 PRACTICAL 
 DRAUGHTSMAN 
 
 ILLUSTRATED, 
 
 WHITTAKER ft C9 
 
REESE LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 lAccessions No.w&lJr 0. C/js.s Mi. 
 
Mbittafter's Xtet of Books. 
 
 MODERN OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS. By H. ORFORD. [Shortly. 
 METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. By W. H. WAGSTAFF, 
 
 Gresham Professor of Geometry. [In the press. 
 
 By G. A. T. MIDDLETON, A.R.I.B.A., M.S.A., Author of 'Strains in 
 Structures.' &c., &c. 
 
 SURVEYING AND SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS. With 41 iiius- 
 
 trations. 4$. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : Surveys with Chain only Obstructions in Chain-Line and Right-Angle 
 Instruments The Uses of the Level Various forms of Level and their Adjustments 
 The Uses of Angle-measuring Instruments The Theodolite and other Angle-Measuring 
 Instruments Instruments for Ascertaining Distances. 
 
 ' This is a very neat little text-book, and very suitable for students preparing to pass 
 the Institute examinations. 1 Journal of Royal Institute of British Architects. 
 
 BRITISH LOCOMOTIVES : their History, Construction, and Modern 
 
 Development. By C. J. BOWEN COOKE, Assistant, London and North- Western 
 
 Locomotive Department. With 150 Illustratkms. Second Edition, Revised. 
 
 Crown 8vo. js. 6d. 
 
 1 An excellent work. ... A very valuable addition to technical railway literature. It 
 
 ought to be in the library of every one concerned with railways or interested in them. 
 
 Every driver and fireman should possess a copy. It supplies a distinct want, and will, 
 
 we have no doubt, be in large demand in all parts of the world." Engineer. 
 
 By the late SIR GEORGE FINDLAY, Assoc. Inst. C.E., Vice-Chairman of the London 
 and North-Western Railway. 
 
 AN ENGLISH RAILWAY, THE WORKING AND MANAGEMENT 
 
 OF. Fifth Edition, thoroughly Revised and Enlarged, with a Short Biography of 
 Sir George Findlay, and Portrait, Appendix, and numerous Illustrations. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, 7-y. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : Management The Staff The Permanent Way Signals and Inter- 
 lockingTelegraphsRolling Stock Working of Trains Shunting and Marshalling 
 of Goods Trains Working of Goods Station Rates and Fares Division of Traffic 
 The Railway Clearing House The State and Railways On the State Purchase of 
 Railways Passenger Traffic On the Law as between English Railway Companies and 
 the Public On the Railway as a means of Defence Index. 
 
 ' This is a delightful Book.' Engineer. 
 ' Sir George Findlay's book displays so much knowledge and ability that it Well 
 
 deserves to rank as a standard work on the subject.' Nature. 
 
 'A very interesting work throughout.' Railway Engineer. 
 
 'Sir George Findlay's book will take a high position in the library of 
 practical science.' Athenceum. 
 
 MODEL ENGINE CONSTRUCTION. With Practical Instructions to 
 
 Artificers and Amateurs. By J. ALEXANDER. With 59 Illustrations, and 21 Sheets 
 of Working Drawings, by C. E. JONES. 324 pp. crown 8vo. los. 6d. 
 ' Excellent drawings and ample instructive matter.' Daily Chronicle. 
 
 By A. J. MAGINNIS, M.Inst.N.A., recently Assistant Superintendent of the 
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 THE ATLANTIC FERRY. With Eighty Illustrations, many of them 
 
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 A Popular Edition, with about 50 Illustrations, 2s. 6d. 
 
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Wbittafcer's 
 
 Hrts, Sciences, Manufactures, anfc 
 
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 FIRST BOOK OF ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. Second 
 
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 By the SAME AUTHOR. 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING AND POWER DISTRIBUTION. An Ele- 
 
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 FITTING, THE PRINCIPLES OF. For Engineer Students. By J. 
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 THE PRINCIPLES OF PATTERN MAKING. Written specially for 
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ENGINEER 
 DRAUGHTSMEN'S WORK 
 
BBITISH LOCOMOTIVES : their History, Construction, 
 and Modern Development. By C. J. Bo WEN COOKE, Assistant, London 
 and North-Western Locomotive Department. With 150 Illustrations. 
 Second Edition, revised. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 ' An excellent work. . . . A very valuable addition to technical rail- 
 way literature. It ought to be in the library of everyone concerned with 
 railways or interested in them. Every driver and fireman should possess a 
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 demand in all parts of the world.' ENGINEER. 
 
 MODEL ENGINE CONSTRUCTION. With Practical In- 
 structions to Artificers and Amateurs. By J. ALEXANDER. With 59 
 Illustrations, and Twenty-one Sheets of Working Drawings by C. E. 
 JONES. 324 pp. crown 8vo. 10*. 6rf. 
 ' Excellent drawings and ample instructive matter.' DAILY CHRONICLE. 
 
 SUEVEYING AND SUEVEYING INSTRUMENTS. By 
 
 G. A. T. MIDDLETON, A.R.I.B.A., M.S.A., Author of 'Strains in 
 Structures,' &c. &c. With 41 Illustrations. 4. 6d. 
 ' This is a very neat little text-book, and very suitable for students pre- 
 paring to pass the Institute examinations.' 
 
 JOURX. OF ROYAL INST. OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS. 
 
 WHITTAKEE & CO., Paternoster Square, E.G. 
 
ENGINEER 
 
 
 
 DRAUGHTSMEN'S WORK 
 
 HINTS FOR BEGINNERS 
 BY A PRACTICAL DRAUGHTSMAN 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR 
 
 f OF THE ' \. 
 
 (UNIVERSITY) 
 \. QP . j 
 
 LONDON 
 WH1TTAKER & CO. 
 
 2 WHITE HART STREET, PATERNOSTER ROW 
 1896 
 
PREFACE 
 
 IN preparing this little book the author has not aimed 
 at imparting information to the practised draughtsman, 
 and if any such should take it up and peruse it, 
 they might consider it trite or commonplace. On 
 the other hand, there are a large number of aspiring 
 young men in schools, colleges, and workshops who 
 desire to obtain entrance into drawing offices, but 
 are perhaps in considerable ignorance of the work 
 carried on in such places, or of what will be required 
 from them when there, and also of the instruments and 
 appliances which they will need. It is to these that 
 the author more particularly desires to 3 idress himself, 
 and if, after they have read this book, they find that 
 they have derived any pleasure and profit from it, he 
 will feel that his aim has been accomplished, 
 
 February 1896. 
 
 :. L1BRA/7y > x s . 
 ,\ 
 [VERSITT) 
 OF ' ^r 
 
 ^1^ 
 
 B 2 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAP. PAGE 
 
 I. DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS .... 7 
 
 Those Requisite for each Draughtsman Those Usually 
 Provided by the Office. 
 
 II. USE AND CARE OF INSTRUMENTS, WITH HINTS 
 
 ON PREPARING DRAWINGS 19 
 
 Setting Drawing Pen Sectioning Drawings Shading 
 Drawings Breaks. 
 
 III. FURTHER HINTS ON USE OF INSTRUMENTS . . 35 
 
 Set Squares Screws and Threads Toothed Gearing. 
 
 IV. SKETCHING, DESIGNING, AND FACTOR OF SAFETY . 43 
 V. LEVELLING AND SURVEYING INDICATING STEAM 
 
 AND OTHER ENGINES ESTIMATING . . .49 
 
 VI. BRANCHES OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ADVISABLE 
 
 TO BE STUDIED BY DRAUGHTSMEN . . .58 
 
 VII. PREPARATION FOR DRAUGHTSMEN ENGAGED IN 
 
 VARIOUS BRANCHES OF WORK . . . .64 
 
 Roof Bridge and Girder Work Hydraulic Engineer- 
 ingElectrical Work Marine Engineering and 
 Shipbuilding. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAP PAGE 
 
 VIII. STRETCHING PAPER, MOUNTING DRAWINGS AND 
 
 TRACINGS 69 
 
 IX. TRACINGS AND BLUE OR BLACK-AND-WHITE 
 
 PRINTS 72 
 
 X. RECORD AND STORAGE OF DRAWINGS, TRACINGS, 
 
 AND PRINTS 77 
 
 XL THE PLANIMETER AND ITS USE . . . .82 
 XII. CONCLUSION 9 
 
 Transferring Drawings Scale of Chords Dividing a 
 Line into Equal Parts List of Books for 
 Draughtsmen. 
 
;.<Y) 
 
 jRNiA 
 
 ENGINEER DRAUGHTSMEN'S WORK 
 
 HINTS FOR ENGINEERS 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND 
 APPLIANCES 
 
 THERE are certain instruments, &c., which it is really 
 necessary for a draughtsman to possess, and which he 
 usually has to provide for himself. We will, therefore, 
 first give a list and explanation of these, with their 
 approximate price, and then proceed to mention others 
 that are usually provided by the office, or which the 
 draughtsman can gradually add to his stock as he finds 
 the need of them. 
 
 FIG. i 
 
 First, then, to mention those things which are indis- 
 pensable. 
 
 One pair of 6-inch compasses (fig. i), double- 
 
jointed, one leg to carry needles, the other to carry 
 ink and pencil point only ; there are 
 several kinds of needle-points, but the 
 one shown in fig. 2 is a very good one. 
 
 FIG. 2.-Eniarged view of One pair of 4- or 5~inch dividers, 
 which may be plain, as in fig. 3, or 
 
 Needle-point 
 
 FIG. 4 
 
 
 FIG. 3 
 
 have a screw adjustment, as in 
 fig. 4 ; the latter is very useful 
 when it is required to open or close 
 the dividers a minute distance. 
 One pair of 3-inch or 3j-inch pencil bows, double- 
 jointed, with same class of needle-point in one leg as in 
 
 6-inch compasses, and 
 one pair of ditto for ink 
 
 (fig- 5). 
 
 Drawing pen, ivory 
 
 handle, with hinged nib 
 and thick back nib 
 (fig. 6). 
 
 One 12-inch boxwood scale, 
 following scales upon it : J, i, i, i, 
 
 oval section, with 
 inches. 
 
 fOC 
 
 6 
 
 FIG. 6 
 
 One 60 set-square, and one 45 ditto ; 9 or 10 inches 
 long is a convenient size for these, and the best for use 
 
( 9 ) 
 
 are those of mahogany, framed, with ebony edges 
 (edges not to be bevelled) ; if these are too expensive, 
 
 T 
 
 o 
 
 FIG. 7. Framed 60 set-square FIG. 8. Plain 45 J set-square 
 
 framed sycamore and pear-wood, ordinary pear-wood, 
 or vulcanite ones will do very well. The vulcanite 
 squares, however, require cleaning very frequently. A 
 framed set-square is shown in fig. 7, and a plain one in 
 fig. 8. 
 
 One or two French curves 
 
 FIG. 10 
 
 the one shown in fig. 9 
 
 is a useful one, and others can be obtained as required. 
 
A fourfold rule, 2 feet long when open and 6 inches 
 long and I inch wide when closed, marked in inches 
 and J inches on both sides, and with one 6-inch edge 
 subdivided into -^ inches. 
 
 One pair of " outside " steel callipers, and one pair of 
 "inside" callipers (fig. io). 
 
 One protractor for reading or marking off degrees ; 
 for ordinary work, a semi- 
 circular horn one (fig. 1 1) will 
 do, about 4^ inches diameter, 
 but if for very important work 
 a metal one more accurately 
 divided off is better. 
 
 A nest of saucers, fitting 
 one into the other, and about 
 3 inches in diameter (fig. 12). 
 Two paint brushes, about " swan " or " goose " size. 
 Sable are the best, but are expensive. Those in camel 
 
 r 
 
 FIG. ii 
 
 FIG. n 
 
 hair are cheaper. They can be had in quills, or with 
 fixed handles, as preferred (fig. 13). 
 
 Half-a-dozen drawing pins, with heads about J-inch 
 diameter. 
 
 This completes the list of things that cannot be 
 dispensed with, and the possessor of them will have the 
 satisfaction of finding every one of them come in useful 
 almost daily, instead of being saddled with a number of 
 
superfluous instruments, some of which he may not 
 want to use once in five years. 
 
 Taking average prices, the above outfit would cost 
 about 4 5J. 3<^., the items being as follow : 
 
 * d. 
 
 6-inch compasses . . . I 10 o 
 4- or 5-inch dividers, without adjust- 
 ing screw 036 
 
 3- or 3i- mcn pencil bows . . o 1 1 o 
 3 or 3^-inch ink bows . . . o 1 1 o 
 
 Drawing-pen 046 
 
 2 -foot fourfold rule . . .046 
 
 1 2-inch scale, boxwood . . .026 
 Two framed set-squares, mahogany .076 
 French curve, pear-wood . .006 
 Two pairs of callipers . . .046 
 Horn protractor . . . .006 
 Nest of saucers, 3 inches in diameter 019 
 Two brushes, sable . . . .030 
 Six drawing pins . . . .006 
 
 A 5 3 
 
 This total may be reduced by a few shillings by 
 substituting pear-wood or vulcanite set-squares for those 
 mentioned above, and probably the cost of the callipers 
 may be saved, because in most cases men who have 
 served their " time " in the shops generally have some 
 by them which they have made themselves. 
 
 Having chosen one's instruments, it is a good plan 
 to have a small neat box made to suit them, and this can 
 be obtained for about three or four shillings, or, if pre- 
 ferred, a chamois leather wrap can be obtained, fitted 
 with small loops for the instruments, and which can be 
 folded up into a neat parcel. 
 
 We will now proceed to give a list and description 
 
of instruments, materials, &c., used by draughtsmen 
 which are in many cases provided by the office. All 
 offices, however, do not have the same rules ; for in- 
 stance, in some the men have to find their own pencils, 
 colours, &c., whereas in others they are found for them. 
 'Drawing boards. The two most useful sizes are 
 those suitable for " double elephant " paper and for 
 " antiquarian " paper, the size of the D. E. paper being 
 40 inches by 27 inches, and the A. paper being 53 inches 
 by 3 1 inches ; the boards are made a little larger each 
 way, viz. 42 inches by 29 inches and 55 inches by 
 33 inches. Most useful boards can be made of well- 
 seasoned yellow pine, free from knots, ploughed and 
 tongued, and glued together, and with battens under- 
 
 FIG. 14 
 
 neath screwed to the boards by long screws passing 
 through slotted holes in the battens, the holes being 
 fitted with brass slotted pieces under the screw-heads to 
 prevent the latter chafing the wood, and to allow for 
 contraction and expansion of the boards ; the battens 
 should be parallel in depth if the desks are sloped, but 
 if the desks are level the battens should be tapered (see 
 fig. 14, showing under-side of" double elephant" board, 
 and detail section through batten, fig. 15) ; it is as well to 
 glue a strip of canvas or baize under each batten to keep 
 screw-heads or brass pieces from scratching the desks. 
 
( 13 ) 
 
 Tee squares. The best material for these to be 
 made from is mahogany, with ebony along the working 
 edge. But as the ebony edge makes the squares more 
 expensive it is frequently avoided, and the squares are 
 made of plain mahogany or even bay wood ; but the 
 drawback to these lies in the fact that the edges soon 
 wear uneven with the constant friction of the pens and 
 pencils, and consequently often require truing up with 
 the plane. This involves taking the blade off the stock, 
 and when it is replaced it often happens that the angle 
 of the two is slightly altered, especially if the blade is 
 simply screwed on and is not fitted with dowels. The 
 best shape for large squares suitable for double elephant 
 and antiquarian boards is as shown in fig. 16, and the 
 
 FIG. 16 
 
 dimensions will enable anyone who has time and oppor- 
 tunity to make one for himself. 
 
 For small work, say from Imperial size downwards, 
 ordinary pear-wood squares will suffice, but note that in 
 all cases it is best to have the blade simply put on the 
 stock, and not to have it recessed into it, so that the set- 
 squares can pass the edge of the board when necessary 
 (see fig. 17). 
 
 Besides the fixed tee squares just described, there 
 
are others with adjustable headstocks (fig. 18) to enable 
 the blade to be set at any angle with the edge of the 
 board ; these come in very handy when tracing from a 
 drawing not executed by oneself, and when it is not 
 convenient to have the square originally used, and for 
 many other purposes. 
 
 Scales. ^ There are all conceivable kinds of scales 
 made to suit the various kinds of work from full size, 
 
 FIG. 18 
 
 FIG. 17 
 
 or 12 inches to i foot, down to i mile to i inch or less. 
 The clearest and most easily read scales, especially in 
 the winter time, are those made in ivory, but as this 
 material is very expensive and very subject to expansion 
 and contraction with varying temperatures, many people 
 prefer to use those made of boxwood. It is a good 
 plan to have the latter French-polished, then when they 
 get soiled they can be wiped with a damp cloth and 
 made to look as good as new again. 
 
 Beam compasses or trammels. For ordinary work 
 the best are those with open tops ; then any lath, a 
 loose blade of a tee square, or even a thick piece of 
 cardboard, can be used for a bar, and one trammel 
 should be fitted with an adjusting screw, as it is very 
 difficult indeed to set them to an exact length without. 
 For larger and perhaps rougher work closed tops are 
 

 the best, as the trammels then require to be screwed up 
 more securely, and if the tops are open they are liable 
 to be strained out of their proper shape. (See fig. 19 
 for open, and fig. 20 for closed top trammels.) 
 
 FIG. 19 
 
 FIG. 20. * Adjusting Screws. 
 
 Stencilling apparatus. This consists of sets of plates, 
 usually of very thin copper, in which are cut the shapes 
 of various forms of letters and figures. They are made 
 both plain and ornamental, and the sizes vary from 
 inch to I inch deep. They are generally used to 
 put the titles on drawings and on various views of 
 a drawing, and words which frequently occur, such as 
 " fig.," "section," " plan," &c., are engraved on one plate 
 and can be used right off ; but other words have to be 
 made up by picking the proper letters from the alpha- 
 bets one at a time, and it requires care and practice to 
 stencil a title neatly on a drawing with these. It is a 
 good help in this case to draw a pencil line as a base 
 for the letters, and then carefully space them the same 
 distance apart. 
 
 A very convenient form of stencil-plate is made as 
 follows : each letter is on a separate plate of zinc, and 
 this is notched at each side in a line with the base of 
 
( 16 ) 
 
 the letter, thus enabling the operator to set each letter 
 
 exactly to a pencil line ; 
 and, further, the bottom 
 edge of the plate is turned 
 up with a small flange, 
 which is a great conveni- 
 ence in handling it (see 
 
 fig. 21). 
 
 Stencil plates for fancy bordering and corners are 
 also often used. 
 
 See fig. 22 for some examples of plain and fancy 
 
 letters and figures. Special 
 tjpft /'^ ink and brushes are re- 
 
 (<J) && O 
 
 quired, and are usually 
 FlG 7 22 supplied with the plates, 
 
 and it is necessary to 
 
 have the ink of the right consistency when using it, for 
 if it is too thick there will be a lack of sharpness in the 
 letters, whilst, on the other hand, if too thin it will run 
 under the plate and cause the edges of the letters to 
 look blurred and ragged. 
 
 Planimeter. This is an instrument designed to 
 measure areas on plans and drawings, and by its aid a 
 great deal of time is saved in computing the areas of 
 any irregular figures which will come under its range, 
 but it takes a good deal of practice before one finds out 
 all that can be done with the instrument. As we shall 
 return to it later on we will leave it for the 
 present. 
 
 Proportional compasses. In some special cases this 
 is a useful instrument to aid in reducing or enlarging 
 details on a plan or drawing. It is so marked and 
 arranged that it can be adjusted to ^, ^, , &c. ; but 
 these proportions will only be correct as long as the 
 points remain undamaged ; if one of them is injured in 
 
( 17 ) 
 
 the least degree the instrument becomes inaccurate. 
 See fig. 23 for an ordinary form of the instrument. 
 
 FIG. 23 
 
 Parallel ruler. These are made in various forms, 
 and one of the most common is shown in fig. 24. 
 These are all right as long as the joints do not get slack, 
 
 FIG. 24 
 
 but a better form is shown in fig. 25, which consists of 
 an ebony straight-edge mounted on a pair of milled 
 brass rollers, the latter being exactly the same diameter 
 and both fast on one axis, so that they are obliged to 
 move together. 
 
 Measuring staffs. Handy lengths for these are 
 5 feet and 10 feet long ; the best are made of 
 mahogany, with brass caps at the ends where the 
 most wear takes place ; the section should be about 
 \\ inches by $ inches, and they should be divided 
 into feet, inches, and J inches, the marks being 
 stamped or cut into the wood and filled with white 
 
 c 
 
paint. The staff itself should be polished or varnished 
 to resist the action of damp. 
 
 FIG. 25 
 
 Measuring tape. These are made in various 
 lengths, and one of the most useful is the one 66 feet, 
 or one chain, long. Some are of linen strengthened 
 with fine wire woven in, and others of steel. Tapes are 
 used for measuring up buildings and ground plans, and 
 it is necessary to frequently test those made of linen, as 
 they gradually stretch. A good plan is to put 
 permanent marks in the office floor or other suitable 
 place at intervals of 10 feet, and then the tape can be 
 tested by these whenever necessary, and the proper 
 corrections made on the dimensions after they are 
 taken from the buildings or other work. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 USE AND CARE OF INSTRUMENTS, WITH HINTS ON 
 PREPARING DRAWINGS 
 
 Pencils. Fcr drawing lines take a moderately hard 
 pencil, such as F or H, or No. 3 or 4, and make a rather 
 long point of a chisel shape thus 
 
 (fig. 26). 
 
 The advantages of this 
 shaped point are that it enables 
 the draughtsman to work close 
 up to his squares, and that it 
 lasts much longer than an ordi- 
 nary round point ; but it is a 
 good plan to keep another pencil 
 with a sharp round point, with 
 which to write notes and dimen- 
 sions on the drawing. Perhaps 
 a hint on the sharpening of 
 pencils will also not be out of 
 place. After cutting the wood 
 back with a sharp knife, bring 
 the lead up to the required shape, either flat or round, 
 by rubbing it gently on a rather smooth file, or on a 
 
 C 2 
 
 FIG. 26 
 
 Flat View 
 
piece of smooth glasspaper mounted on a handy piece 
 of wood. Small blocks can be obtained with several 
 layers of glasspapers arranged upon them, and as each 
 one wears away it can be stripped off. By this means 
 the edge of the knife will be preserved, and a much 
 better point on the pencil will be the result. 
 
 Drawing pen. Most draughtsmen know the comfort 
 of having a drawing pen which works well, and if they 
 own three or four pens there is generally one favourite 
 one amongst them which they use to the exclusion of 
 the others. If the differences between them were care- 
 fully analysed, they would generally be found to consist 
 
 FIG. 27 
 
 in the fact that the favourite pen was " set " better than 
 the others. To set a pen properly is rather a difficult 
 matter, and requires a good eye and a light touch ; but 
 there is no reason why every draughtsman should not 
 be able to accomplish it, and we will endeavour to 
 explain the method as clearly as possible. First get the 
 nibs into a good shape by drawing the pen to and fro 
 along the oilstone, and at the same time rocking it over 
 from side to side, thus (fig. 27). 
 
( 21 ) 
 
 After this operation the shape of the nibs should be 
 as shown in fig. 28. Then proceed to work up each 
 nib to a nice edge in the following manner. 
 Begin with the pen lying as in position A in 
 fig. 29, and gently rub to and fro, gradually 
 raising the pen to position B, at the same 
 time revolving the pen between the finger and 
 thumb through nearly half a circle ; keep 
 examining the nib, and when nearly up to a FlG - 28 
 sharp edge turn the pen over, and get the other nib up 
 in the same way ; then wipe the pen clean and look 
 
 FIG. 29 
 
 right on the end of it, and if it is in good form there 
 will be a spot of light on each nib. After thoroughly 
 wiping off all the oil try the pen with ink for ruling thin 
 and thick lines, and if it feels a bit scratchy get a piece 
 of brown paper and draw the pen up and down it a few 
 times, at the same time rocking it over, and this will 
 
 /^ "^ 
 
probably have the desired effect of making its action 
 smooth. 
 
 During the whole operation of " setting " bring the 
 nibs gently together with the screw until they just touch, 
 and in getting each nib up separately be careful not to 
 rub too long without examining it, or there there will be 
 a danger of making one nib shorter than the other. 
 
 When the ink leg of the compass requires " setting," 
 remove it from the compass, and proceed as in the case 
 of setting the drawing pen. Having succeeded in 
 " setting " our pen properly, we will now make a few 
 suggestions on the proper use of it. In inking in a 
 drawing it is generally the practice to " shade line " it 
 that is, to make all the lines on the top and the left- 
 hand side of the objects thin, and those on 
 the bottom and right-hand side thick, as 
 in fig. 30. Theoretically this position of 
 light and dark lines should apply to eleva- 
 tions, whilst those in plan should be light 
 on the left and bottom and dark on the 
 right and top ; but it is generally the custom 
 now to make plans and elevations all 
 alike, viz. light on the left and top. When doing 
 the fine lines set the pen to the required fineness by 
 trying it upon a piece of scrap paper, and do not alter 
 the screw afterwards until all the fine lines are done, 
 neither to fill the pen with ink nor even to clean it. To fill 
 
 it, lay the nib sideways in 
 the ink (see fig. 31) when 
 the latter will readily flow 
 far enough into the pen, 
 then with a rag wipe off 
 carefully the ink from the 
 outside of the pen, especially from the back nib, 
 which comes against the squares. If the pen becomes 
 
 FIG. 30 
 
 FIG. 31 
 
( 23 ) 
 
 clogged, fold up an edge of the rag and draw it 
 between the nibs ; if this does not suffice, dip the 
 nib into water about three-eighths of an inch, and 
 wipe out again with a rag. Never leave ink in the 
 pen to become set hard, but always wipe clean after 
 using it, and never scrape out the pen with a knife, as 
 nothing spoils a pen sooner than that. In drawing a 
 line do not lean the pen towards or away from yourself, 
 
 FIG. 32 
 
 but hold it so that both nibs are equally in contact with 
 the paper, then you will obtain a firm clear line. When 
 drawing the thick lines, adjust the pen to the desired 
 thickness by trial, and then do not alter the screw until 
 all the lines are done ; by this means all the thin lines 
 will be uniform and all the thick ones likewise. If two 
 pens are available, of course, one may be set for the 
 thin and the other for the thick lines. If there are any 
 curves it is best to put them in first, as it is much easier 
 
to join a straight line on to a curved one than to do the 
 opposite. 
 
 In using the compasses for inking in (or for pencil- 
 ling), keep the legs as nearly square to the paper as 
 possible by setting the knee-joints (see fig. 32). By 
 this means a firm solid line will be obtained, whereas 
 
 FIG. 33 
 
 if the legs are allowed to remain at an angle, as shown 
 in fig. 33, a ragged line will be the result, and the hole 
 in the centre will get rimered out to a large size. To 
 prevent the needle leg from boring through the paper 
 some draughtsmen use horn centres, which are attached 
 to the paper by three small needle-points ; these, in 
 their turn, deface the paper, and it is more satisfactory 
 to dispense with their use when possible. If larger 
 circles are required than can be struck by 6-inch com- 
 
( 25 ) 
 
 passes, it is better to use a pair of trammels than a 
 lengthening bar, as the trammels are much firmer and 
 act more squarely to their work. 
 
 Now a word as to the ink. Although there are 
 many liquid inks in the market, and some of them 
 appear to be of very good quality, it is still a very 
 general custom to rub up the ink, as required, from 
 Indian ink sticks. These are mostly of a hexagonal 
 form, are about 4^ inches long, and the price is 
 about five shillings per stick. It is often a fault with 
 beginners that they do not get their ink black enough, 
 possibly on account of its being a very tedious process 
 to rub Indian ink until it is really black ; but an in- 
 fallible guide to its blackness is this : try a pretty thick 
 line on a piece of paper and let it thoroughly dry, and 
 if the ink is really black the line will glisten or shine in 
 the light ; if it does not present this appearance, go on 
 rubbing. The best pans for ink are of white metal, 
 about three inches diameter, with air-tight lids. Some- 
 times when using ink on tracing paper, tracing cloth, &c., 
 there is a difficulty in making it flow well. To over- 
 come this various means are resorted to, such as putting 
 a little soap or ox-gall in the ink, or, instead of that, 
 rubbing the paper or cloth over with a clean rag upon 
 which has been placed some powdered chalk, and this 
 last method is much the cleanest and best in our 
 estimation. 
 
 If a drawing is to be coloured after being inked in, 
 it is advisable to put into the Indian ink (when rubbing 
 it up) some " indelible water." This has the effect of 
 fixing the ink permanently, and allowing repeated 
 washes of colour to be passed over it without disturbing 
 it in the least. It is a good plan to leave all dimension 
 lines and centre lines until all the colouring is done, as 
 by this means all risk of blurring them will be avoided. 
 
( 26 ) 
 
 Should it become necessary to erase an ink line, 
 which we hope will not be the case, proceed as follows : 
 scrape the line carefully out with a sharp knife, and rub 
 lightly with ink-eraser or indiarubber ; then take a 
 brush of clean water and go over the erased line, and 
 let the water remain on a short time, then blot up with 
 clean blotting-paper ; now take a highly glazed piece 
 
 FIG. 34 
 
 of clean note or other paper and place over the line, and 
 rub briskly on the back with a burnisher, and for the 
 latter, if no better one is to hand, a capital one can be 
 made out of the handle of a toothbrush. This process 
 will partly restore the surface of the paper, but a draw- 
 ing on which there has been much scratching out is 
 
never satisfactory, as the erased surfaces all show up 
 sooner or later. 
 
 Having inked our drawing in, let us consider a few 
 points in relation to the sectioning and shading of it. 
 First as regards sectioning that is, colouring those 
 portions of the work which are shown cut through there 
 are two methods usually employed and perhaps in 
 equal favour. One is to cover the surface with solid 
 
 FIG. 35 
 
 colour, and when this is adopted it is best to leave a 
 line of light along the top and left-hand edges, espe- 
 cially where several sections come closely together, as 
 this helps to show the pieces more distinctly (see fig. 34). 
 The other method of sectioning is to streak the sections 
 with the brush, altering the angle of the streaks for 
 
( 28 ) 
 
 adjacent pieces, but taking care to have all the sections 
 of the same piece of metal or other substance streaked 
 in the same direction (see fig. 35). The streaks may 
 vary in thickness with the size of the piece, say from 
 lines about -^ inch wide to those of J-inch ; these 
 should all be done with the brush, and, if possible, at 
 one stroke for each mark, and the angles should all be 
 about 45. A little practice at this will enable the 
 draughtsman to section a drawing very expeditiously, 
 and when well done the result is very satisfactory. 
 Different offices have different rules and fancies for the 
 right colours to use for various sections, but the learner 
 may practise with' the following, and afterwards will 
 have no difficulty in adapting himself to any others : 
 
 Cast iron = Neutral tint or Payne's grey 
 
 Wrought iron = Prussian blue 
 
 Steel = Purple 
 
 Copper = Indian red 
 
 Brass = Indian yellow 
 
 Wood = Burnt sienna, varied with sepia 
 
 or burnt umber 
 
 Brickwork = Crimson lake 
 
 Concrete = Dots of colours stippled on with 
 
 point of brush, say sepia, lake, 
 and Indian yellow, each colour 
 put on separately 
 
 Earth = Sepia 
 
 We will now consider the shading and tinting of 
 surfaces not in section, and note that when a drawing 
 is to be properly coloured up and shaded the ink 
 lines must not be made thick and thin, but all of a 
 uniform fineness ; and with regard to rounded surfaces, 
 such as piston-rods, &c., there are two methods of 
 working them up. The first, and the best when well 
 
JSNtA* 
 
 done, is what may be termed the softening-off process. 
 Suppose we wish to round up a 
 rod as in fig. 36, we provide our- 
 selves with two brushes ; one for 
 the colour and another for clean 
 water. With the colour brush go 
 down the left-hand edge, just 
 touching the line, and before the 
 colour is quite set take the water 
 brush and pass it down the right- 
 hand edge of the colour just laid 
 on, and this will blend the colour 
 off into the white paper ; then with 
 the water brush make a stroke down 
 the rod, say nearly on the centre 
 line, and before it is quite dry FIG. 3 6 
 
 pass the colour brush down the right-hand edge of 
 the water mark, and carry the colour right over 
 to the right side of the rod ; then squeeze the water 
 brush nearly dry and pass it rapidly down the right-hand 
 edge of the rod to take up some of the colour and to 
 give the reflected light. Then leave the colour to dry 
 thoroughly before touching it again, and if the colour is 
 not strong enough repeat the process ; but work as 
 rapidly as possible so as not to rub up the original 
 colour. The beginner may be much disgusted with the 
 results of his first few efforts in this direction, but if he 
 will only continue practising he will soon be able to pro- 
 duce good work. If after all care there should be a light 
 place or two in the work, when it is quite dry stipple a 
 little light colour on with the brush nearly dry, and if 
 there should be a dark speck or two they can be toned 
 down with a brush dipped in clean water, with the aid 
 of a clean piece of blotting-paper. 
 
 The other system of shading only requires a steady 
 
( 30 ) 
 
 hand and a good eye for a straight line, and is much in 
 favour with those who have a difficulty with the softening- 
 off method. Proceed as follows : Mix a pretty dark 
 wash of Indian ink and two washes of Prussian blue, 
 one pale, the other medium strength. With the Indian 
 ink go down the left-hand edge of the rod, and also 
 down the middle of the right-hand portion, as in fig. 37, 
 No. i. 
 
 After this is thoroughly dry take the medium blue 
 
 No. i 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 3 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 FIG. 37 
 
 wash and go over the Indian ink on the left and carry 
 it a little farther on to the rod ; then commence just out- 
 side the other Indian ink line, and pass over it to about 
 the same distance the other side (see fig. 37, No. 2) ; 
 and, lastly, after this is dry, take the lightest wash, 
 and go over the others as shown in fig. 37, No. 3. 
 
 Care must be taken to let the washes thoroughly 
 
( 31 ) 
 
 dry before giving the next coat ; and, when well done, 
 the result is remarkably good considering the simple 
 means employed. In the case we have been consider- 
 ing we have assumed the piece to be of wrought iron, 
 but supposing it had been of brass we should have 
 followed the same method, only using burnt sienna 
 for the first dark marks and afterwards washes of 
 Indian yellow. 
 
 In the case of the softening-off process applied to 
 wrought iron rods, more apparent solidity can be im- 
 parted by first of all laying in a shadow of Indian ink, 
 as in the second process, only passing the water brush 
 down the edges to soften them off, and when this is dry 
 proceed with the colour as described. If possible, keep 
 a separate brush for Indian ink, as it is very difficult to 
 get it thoroughly out of a brush when once used for it. 
 
 In colouring, the main thing is to get a good effect 
 without labouring at it, as there is a much more brilliant 
 effect about a drawing on which the colour has been 
 laid on with a firm, steady hand once for all than on 
 one which has been highly stippled and hatched, and 
 otherwise laboured over. 
 
 In laying on flat washes, if the surfaces are small 
 proceed to lay the tint on at once, after testing its suit- 
 ability first on a piece of scrap paper. If the surface to 
 be coloured is large, damp it all over with a large brush 
 and clean water avoiding going over the outline, how- 
 ever and when the water has disappeared from the 
 paper proceed to lay on the wash, commencing at the 
 top left-hand portion and gradually working across and 
 downwards, endeavouring at the same time not to leave 
 one part of the wash standing longer than another. If 
 you have a surplus of colour at the lower part of the 
 surface squeeze the brush out and lightly take it up, but 
 do not on any account disturb the tint laid on until 
 
after it is thoroughly dry. Slope the board slightly 
 towards you and use large brushes, and always run 
 the risk of having a lot of colour left over in the palette 
 rather than of finding yourself short in the middle of the 
 work. 
 
 As it is often necessary to show what are termed 
 " breaks " in a drawing, we give a few instances of some 
 which occur pretty frequently. 
 
 FIG. 38 
 
 FIG. 40 
 
 FIG. 42 
 
 FIG. 43 
 
 FIG. 44 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Eg 
 
 
 
 !'! ^ 
 
 
 
 M * 
 
 FIG. 46 
 
 FIG. 45 
 
 FIG. 47 
 
 Figs. 38 and 39 show breaks in round rods ; fig. 40 
 shows a break in a square bar; fig. 41, one in a flat 
 bar ; fig. 42, an angle iron break ; fig. 43, a rail or 
 H-iron break ; fig. 44, a break in a pipe ; fig.^ 45> the 
 method of passing from an outside view of a pipe to a 
 sectional view ; fig. 46, a break in a wooden beam ; and 
 
( 33 ) 
 
 fig. 47, a break in a wooden flooring, to show the joists 
 underneath. 
 
 The sectional parts may be coloured suitably, or 
 sectioned with lines, harmonising with the rest of the 
 drawing, and note that all the horizontal lifles show the 
 true thickness of the material, even in the breaks, only 
 those in a vertical direction being put in freehand. 
 
 If there are any dimensions to be put on the 
 drawing, it is best to put them and the dimension and 
 centre lines on after all the colouring is done, and the way 
 in which this part of the work is done either adds to or 
 detracts from the appearance of a drawing. Many a 
 
 & 
 
 FIG. 48 
 
 decent drawing is entirely spoilt by bad writing, and by 
 the figures being put on in a careless and slovenly 
 manner. In placing the dimensions, it is necessary to 
 look ahead and space them out nicely, so that there will 
 be room for all, and not have any of them fouling each 
 other. The dimension lines may be put in with blue or 
 red colour, prussian blue or scarlet lake, and they may 
 be full or dotted, and the figures should be made a fair 
 size and be round and legible. The ticks at the ends 
 of the lines should be made neatly, and join right up to 
 the lines the dimensions are taken from, and as many 
 dimensions as possible should be placed in line with 
 
 D 
 
( 34 ) 
 
 each other, for the sake of neatness and also because in 
 that form they are easier to add up and to check with 
 the overall dimensions (see fig. 48). 
 
 To make the drawing complete, it will be necessary 
 to put a suitable title to it, and to add the scale or 
 scales and the date ; the title should be as brief as 
 possible, and yet indicate clearly what is drawn. It may 
 be written in plain round hand, printed by hand, or 
 stencilled, and should be so placed that it can be readily 
 seen if the drawings are kept in drawers. With regard 
 to border lines and corners, such things are generally 
 discountenanced in a practical engineer's drawing office, 
 but they are much in favour in other offices, such as 
 civil engineers, architects, &c., and if they are desired 
 
 the neater and plainer they 
 are the better. (See fig. 49 
 for an example.) 
 
 To repeat a few hints in 
 a concise form. If the draw- 
 ing is a new one, and is to 
 be shaded and coloured, ink 
 FlG 49 in all lines with ink mixed 
 
 with indelible water, then 
 
 clean with soft rubber, or, better still, with bread. 
 Next shade and colour, and, lastly, add dimension and 
 centre lines, and figures and notes. 
 
 If an old drawing is to be inked in and coloured 
 up, ink in all lines, dimensions, and ticks that are to be 
 put in with black ink, then clean down, after which do 
 the colouring required, and, lastly, put in red and blue 
 dimension and centre lines. 
 
( 35 ) 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 FURTHER HINTS ON USE OF INSTRUMENTS 
 
 Use of set-squares. Anyone who can handle a pair 
 of set-squares properly will never feel the want of a 
 parallel ruler, and by their aid lines can be drawn 
 parallel with each other, or at right angles with each 
 other. To draw lines parallel 
 with each other set one 
 square to the first line, then 
 place the other set-square up 
 against it, as shown in fig. 50, 
 and gradually slide one square 
 against the other to the re- 
 quired positions of the lines, 
 say A, B, c. At first a little 
 difficulty may be apparent in 
 trying to hold both squares 
 firmly with the left hand whilst 
 the lines are drawn with the 
 right, but this will soon dis- 
 appear with practice. 
 
 To draw a line at right angles to another by set- 
 squares, let AB (fig. 51) be the line, and place the 
 hypotenuse of either square parallel with the line," and 
 then bring up the other set-square against one of its 
 other sides ; hold the second square down firmly and 
 
turn the first 
 dotted lines ; 
 
 one round a quarter-turn, as shown by 
 then the hypotenuse of that square will 
 be at right angles 
 to its first position, 
 and by its aid a line 
 can be drawn at right 
 angles to A B, such 
 as c D. The only 
 point to be observed 
 is that the angle of 
 the square which is 
 rotated must be a 
 right angle. We are 
 supposing the squares 
 used to be those 
 ordinarily used, 
 
 FIG. 51 
 
 45 
 will 
 
 VIZ. 
 
 and 60, and we 
 
 point out one 
 or two more use- 
 ful purposes which these squares will serve. To 
 draw the plan of a hexagonal figure, such as a nut, 
 first determine whether you wish to show two of the 
 sides vertical or horizontal. Suppose we assume them 
 to be the latter. Strike a circle equal to the diameter 
 
 of the nut over the flats ; 
 then with the tee square 
 draw two horizontal lines 
 tangential to the top and 
 bottom of the circle ; then 
 place the 60 set-square 
 against the tee square, 
 and draw two more of the 
 sides, and then turn the 
 60 set-square over and 
 
 U 
 
 FIG. 52 
 
 do the last two sides (see fig. 52). 
 
( 37 ) 
 
 If two edges are required to stand vertically, draw 
 the vertical lines by means of the vertical side of the 
 set-square, and the angular lines by means of the same 
 set-square, with the 30 side set against the tee square 
 instead of the 60. 
 
 Screws and toothed wheels, &c. A knowledge of the 
 proper method of delineating a screw of any diameter 
 and pitch will be found very useful, although in practical 
 work screws are generally shown in a very conventional 
 manner. Suppose, for example, we had to draw a 
 single-threaded screw i^- inches diameter, f inch 
 pitch, right-handed square thread, the screw properly 
 
 drawn would appear as shown in 
 
 fig- 
 
 53, but tc 
 
 FIG. 53 
 
 FIG. 54 
 
 save time it would probably be shown as in fig. 54. 
 It will be observed that the pitch in both cases is 
 marked off quite correctly, but in the second case the 
 points of the threads are joined by straight lines ; by 
 this means much time is saved, and the drawing is just 
 as good for all practical purposes. In marking off the 
 threads, note that in all cases the point C should be 
 exactly between A and B. Supposing it was a double- 
 threaded screw we were showing, with the same 
 strength of thread and the same diameter, it would 
 appear as shown in fig. 55, and the pitch in this case 
 would be j inch, as the pitch is always the distance 
 between the edges of the same thread. 
 
( 38 ) 
 
 The threads on small bolts and studs are seldom 
 shown in detail, but as in fig. 56. 
 
 In this example thick black lines are drawn to repre- 
 sent the threaded part of the bolt, and no detail or 
 
 FIG. 55 
 
 FIG. 56 
 
 particulars of the thread are given ; it would, there- 
 fore, be understood to be a standard f -inch Whitworth 
 thread, and in most offices and shops Whitworth's 
 threads are adopted as a standard, and a table of them 
 
 
 1 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .,,, 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 ,, I , 
 
 , i , 
 
 
 1 
 
 FIG. 57 
 
 containing all sizes generally used is posted up for refer- 
 ence. Besides giving the number of threads per inch, 
 the table generally gives diameters of heads and nuts, 
 
( 39 ) 
 
 thickness of ditto, and the area in square inches at the 
 bottom of the thread ; the latter item is most useful and 
 important in calculating out the number of bolts 
 required to hold the cover on a steam valve, cylinder, 
 &c., as of course the bolt is no stronger than its weakest 
 part, and that is at the bottom of the thread. 
 
 For certain classes of work, especially brass fittings, 
 fine threads are used, and the most general are twelve 
 and sixteen threads per inch. When taking particulars 
 of machinery, it is often necessary to ascertain the size 
 and number of threads per inch of various pieces of 
 screwing, and when there is a clear inch length to work 
 in it is easy enough to get it. Place the rule against 
 the screw and count the threads between the inch marks 
 that is, the spaces for observe there is always one 
 more point between the inch marks than there are 
 spaces (see fig. 57). 
 
 If there is not a complete inch to measure, the best 
 plan, where possible, is to borrow two or three screwing 
 tools and try them on the threads thus (fig. 58). 
 
 By this means the number of 
 threads will be quickly and accurately 
 ascertained. Of course the diameter 
 can be obtained on outside threads by 
 taking a measurement over the 
 threads with a pair of outside callipers. 
 To measure an inside thread is more 
 difficult, but the piece which screws FlG - s8 
 
 into it can generally be got at, and should be measured 
 in preference. 
 
 Nearly all threads are spoken of as such a diameter, 
 and this is their real diameter over the threads ; but an 
 exception to this rule obtains in gas threads, which leads 
 occasionally to much confusion. These threads are 
 called by the inside diameter of the pipe on which the 
 
 fur 
 
thread is screwed outside. Thus, a thread marked 
 | -inch gas would be understood to mean ij 1 -^ inches in 
 diameter, and would have 14-threads per inch, and i-inch 
 
 FIG. 59 
 
 gas would be i^- inches, with n threads per inch. So it 
 is necessary to bear this in mind. 
 
 In drawing toothed wheels, pinions, &c., it is some- 
 times necessary to show the form of the teeth fully ; 
 
 generally, however, it is suffi- 
 cient to indicate by a diagram 
 and notes what is required. 
 Suppose, for instance, we were 
 showing a train of wheels for 
 a crane, we should do it in 
 the manner shown in fig. 59. 
 In most large works there is 
 a collection of patterns of 
 toothed wheels, particulars of 
 which are tabulated and kept 
 for reference, and of course it 
 is the draughtsman's duty to 
 bring in these patterns whenever he can, to avoid the 
 expense of making new ones. 
 
 FIG. 60 
 
_ _ 
 
 Volumes have been written upon toothed wheels 
 and the various shapes of the teeth ; but unless a man 
 is going to take up that class of work as a speciality he 
 need not go so deeply 
 into the subject. He 
 should, however, have 
 clear ideas of the 
 meaning of the pitch 
 diameter of the wheel, 
 the pitch of the teeth, 
 and the strength of a 
 tooth necessary to 
 transmit a certain 
 amount of work. The 
 circles in fig. 59 are 
 the pitch diameters of 
 the wheels and 
 pinions, and should 
 always be shown in 
 contact, and the distance between the 
 centres of any two wheels geared 
 together is half the sum of their pitch 
 diameters. 
 
 The pitch of the teeth is the dis- 
 tance from the edge of one tooth to 
 the corresponding edge of the next 
 tooth measured on the pitch line of 
 the wheel (see fig. 60), and an ap- 
 proximate proportion of tooth and 
 clearance for ordinary drawing is as 
 follows : divide the pitch into 1 5 parts, then take 8 for 
 the space and 7 for the tooth ; also make the tooth 
 extend 5 parts beyond the pitch line and 6 
 below it, as shown. 
 
 Mitre and bevel wheels are generally shown in more 
 
 FIG. 61 
 
 parts 
 
( 42 ) 
 
 or less of a diagram form (see fig. 61). In mitres both 
 wheels, of course, are of the same diameter ; but in 
 the case of bevels the diameters may vary to almost 
 any extent. 
 
 If the wheels are to be shown fully in detail, the 
 draughtsman must make a special study of their forms 
 from books on the subject, such as Unwin's " Elements 
 of Machine Design " or Goodeve's " Elements of 
 Mechanism." 
 
( 43 ) 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 NOTES ON SKETCHING 
 
 THE draughtsman is often called upon to sketch 
 machinery, and to obtain particulars of land and build- 
 ings situated, perhaps, many miles away. When this is 
 the case it is very important that all necessary particu- 
 lars should be obtained, and also that they should be 
 accurate^ so that a second journey is not entailed to 
 obtain missing dimensions or to verify others. 
 
 For measuring machinery the following things are 
 required : a 2-foot rule, a tape (useful for measuring 
 large circumferences), a pair of inside and a pair of out- 
 side callipers, a plumb-line (if no proper one is to hand 
 a very good one can be improvised by the aid of a piece 
 of thread with an iron nut tied to the end) ; a 5 -foot 
 or lo-foot staff is also very useful sometimes, but these 
 are awkward things to take a long way from home, and 
 they can often be obtained on the ground ; if not, a lath 
 of some sort can be obtained, and long lengths can be 
 marked upon that and measured off by the rule. 
 Lastly, a note- or sketch-book is required, and a good 
 size for this is about 7 inches by 5 inches. If the 
 draughtsman is pretty fair at freehand sketching a book 
 with plain leaves may be used, but if he has any diffi- 
 culty in this respect one ruled in small squares in faint 
 
 
( 44 ) 
 
 grey lines is very useful in helping him to keep his lines 
 square with the paper. 
 
 Before commencing to sketch the work it should be 
 well examined and the mind made up as to what views 
 will be required, outside and sectional, to properly show 
 the work. Then these views should be sketched as 
 neatly as may be freehand, and the positions of all 
 dimensions shown by lines and ticks ; by this means 
 there will be less likelihood of missing requisite dimen- 
 sions. Having prepared the sketch thus, proceed to 
 measure up the parts and fill in the dimensions. If 
 there is a string of dimensions in a row, when these are 
 obtained in detail, take an overall dimension, and check 
 the figures off at the time ; by this means errors will 
 often be eliminated on the ground, and a deal of after 
 trouble will be saved. Suppose, for example, a cylinder 
 was being measured up as shown in fig. 62. 
 
 We should measure the overall dimension from face 
 to face of cylinder, and then the detailed dimensions 
 from face of cylinder to valve chest, &c., and if we 
 
 found on adding up 
 
 t4 __,-<?__ j the latter, which could 
 
 be done in a few 
 moments, that they 
 agree with the overall 
 dimension, we should 
 feel quite certain that 
 our work was correct ; 
 and similarly, if we 
 found that the de- 
 tailed dimensions 
 FlG . 62 across the port face 
 
 agreed with the 
 
 dimension across the inside of the steam chest, we should 
 feel easy about those. Little things which are too small 
 
( 45 ) 
 
 on the sketch to be properly dimensioned can be drawn 
 out a little larger on another page, and lettered or 
 numbered for reference, such as " detail at A," and the 
 reference letter can be put on the general view in this 
 way : " A, see detail." In sketching leave nothing to 
 memory, but book everything down carefully and 
 exactly, for it often occurs that the particulars are not 
 used for some time after they are obtained, and then it 
 is found that there is nothing to rely upon except the 
 particulars noted down. 
 
 NOTES ON DESIGNING 
 
 In the case of new work being designed, a pre- 
 liminary sketch or drawing is often made upon 
 " scheming paper," which latter is a cheap thin kind of 
 tracing paper with somewhat rough surface, to enable it 
 to take the pencil freely ; the advantage of using such 
 paper is that it can be placed over other drawings or 
 tracings, so that any desired parts of standard work, 
 &c., may be traced directly instead of having to be 
 drawn by scale. When the design is approved of, it 
 is then drawn properly to scale upon mounted or other 
 drawing paper. A general arrangement of the work, 
 engine, machine, or whatever it is, is drawn upon one 
 sheet to a suitable scale, perhaps I inch or ij inches to 
 i foot, and the details are drawn out on other sheets, 
 the wrought-iron work on one, the castings on another ; 
 so that tracings can be taken off each, and sent to the 
 smith's shop and the pattern shop respectively. The 
 details should be drawn as large as convenient, small 
 and intricate parts being shown full size, simpler pieces 
 to 3-inch scale, or half full size. The edges of all the 
 machined work (in the detailed drawings and tracings) 
 should be coloured with red or some other tint, so that 
 
( 46 ) 
 
 the shop foremen can tell at a glance where metal must 
 be left on the castings and forgings to clean up to the 
 finished sizes. These red lines may be run round the 
 edges of the work either with a fine brush or with a 
 drawing pen, and a note is added to say " machine 
 surfaces tinted red." Before any drawings or tracings 
 go into the shops, all the dimensions, &c., are checked 
 by the chief draughtsman, or by some leading man in 
 the drawing office. 
 
 In designing machinery it is necessary that the 
 draughtsman should understand the relative strengths 
 of the materials which he has to use, and the various 
 purposes to which the materials should be applied. 
 Thus, wrought iron is rather stronger in tension than in 
 compression ; therefore, if used for a girder the top or 
 compression flange would be made rather thicker than 
 the bottom one. Again, wrought iron being easily 
 forged, it is used for all sorts of rods, levers, axles, &c. 
 Steel, both forged and cast, is better in compression 
 than in tension ; but in both respects it is stronger than 
 wrought iron, and is therefore largely used where great 
 strength combined with lightness is required. It is used 
 for rails, boilers, girders, shafts, connecting and coupling 
 rods, &c. ; in its forged or rolled forms, and in the form 
 of castings for wheels, brackets, machine frames, &c. 
 Brass is a comparatively soft metal, but being non- 
 corrodible is used very much where likely to come into 
 contact with water, such as for valve casings, valves, 
 seatings, &c.; it is used, also, in many bearings for axles 
 and shafting, as it and iron or steel run well together if 
 properly lubricated, whereas wrought iron will not run 
 with wrought iron or steel with steel. Phosphor bronze 
 is now largely used instead of brass for bearings which 
 are subjected to heavy loads, also for slide valves, &c. 
 In cases where it is necessary for strength to have steel and 
 
( 47 ) 
 
 
 steel running together, a thin lining of white metal must be 
 sweated on one piece, and be renewed as it wears away. 
 Cast iron is much more favourable in compression than in 
 tension, its latter quality being very low and not to be 
 much relied on ; but, being cheap, it is generally used 
 where weight is required and where its compressive 
 strength is useful, such as in heavy bed plates for 
 engines, tools, &c. In designing large castings, several 
 points require attention ; one is to make all the metal 
 as uniform in thickness as possible that is, do not 
 change a thickness of, say, 2 inches to J inch, but where 
 a change of thickness is unavoidable put in a good 
 fillet in the corners and make the metal taper gradually, 
 otherwise the casting will most likely crack in the 
 cooling. Suppose, for example, a cast-iron girder is in 
 question (see fig. 63). On account of the metal's 
 superior qualities in compression, the top flange is made 
 much smaller and thinner than the bottom one, but 
 
 
 FIG. 63 
 
 FIG. 64 
 
 large fillets should be put in at A, A, and the metal 
 should be tapered in the web as shown at B, B. Also 
 do not make small niggling projections on large 
 castings, as they are liable to breakage, but rather 
 
( 48 ) 
 
 make suitable facings on the castings, and bolt such 
 things as small brackets to them (see fig. 64). Also in 
 small castings, endeavour to make them as simple as 
 possible, so that the " core box," if any, will not be too 
 complicated, and there will not be a number of " loose 
 pieces " on the pattern to bother the pattern-maker. 
 This is a point where a little experience in the pattern 
 shop stands a draughtsman in good stead. 
 
 FACTOR OF SAFETY 
 
 This is a very familiar term to a draughtsman, he 
 being frequently asked as to some piece of machinery 
 which he is designing, what factor of safety has it ? 
 The term means this, that supposing you are designing 
 a boiler to carry 150 Ibs. steam pressure per square 
 inch, you would make it so that it would require five 
 times that pressure, or 750 Ibs. per square inch, to burst 
 it, in which case you would say that the boiler had a 
 factor of safety of five. This excess of strength has 
 been found necessary from experience to cover such 
 contingencies as unexpected failure of material, im- 
 perfect workmanship, and, above all, to make allowance 
 for the corrosion and consequent weakening of the 
 plates from use and age. In the case of a boiler, it 
 would be expected to last, say, about thirty years, 
 although, probably, before the end of that time the 
 working pressure of 150 Ibs. might have to be somewhat 
 reduced. 
 
 Factors of safety vary according to the nature of the 
 work and the shocks which may come upon it ; thus, 
 in the case of a girder carrying a dead load that is, one 
 which is constant a factor of three times might be 
 considered sufficient ; whilst, on the other hand, in the 
 case of a crane liable to jerks and sudden strains, a 
 factor of ten times might not be considered too liberal. 
 
( 49 ) 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 LEVELLING AND SURVEYING 
 
 THE principal instruments ordinarily used in survey- 
 ing and levelling are the following : 
 
 The theodolite, of which instrument there are 
 several varieties, the most perfect of them being perhaps 
 that called the transit theodolite. 
 
 The level. There are also several varieties of this 
 instrument, viz., the Dumpy level, Troughton's level, 
 and others. Both the above instruments are expensive, 
 an ordinary theodolite costing about 25/. or 3o/., and a 
 level, say, from 1 5/. to 2O/. They should, therefore, only 
 be purchased after carefully considering the work they 
 are likely to be required for, and on the advice of some- 
 one who has had a good deal of practical experience 
 with them. For a very complete and useful description of 
 these instruments see Stanley's "Surveying Instruments." 
 
 The cross-staff. This is a useful little instrument for 
 setting off right angles, and angles of 45 deg., from any 
 point in a line. It is a small hollow metal box, having 
 eight sides ; in each of these there are slots, two of 
 which have wires fitted to them to aid in setting the 
 instrument. It is placed upon a short staff (see fig. 65), 
 fixed firmly in the ground at the point from which the 
 right angle is required. A pole is then placed upon the 
 base line some distance away, and the cross-staff 
 adjusted so that one of the wires intersects it. A sight 
 is then taken through the slots at right angles to this 
 whilst an assistant places a pole until it is intersected 
 by the second wire. Of course, the result is only 
 
 E 
 
approximately correct, and the cross-staff should there- 
 fore not be used where great accuracy is required. 
 
 The levelling staff. This is generally of mahogany, 
 and in length varies from about 14 feet to 18 feet. 
 For convenience of handling and carriage, it is usually 
 made of a telescopic form in about 
 three pieces, to slide one within the 
 other. The staff is marked as plainly 
 as possible in feet and decimals of 
 a foot, each foot being divided into 
 ten parts, and each part subdivided 
 into ten again. 
 
 The chain. The length of this 
 is -g-L of a mile, or 66 feet. It is 
 generally made of stout iron wire 
 with one long and three short rings 
 alternately, and is divided into 100 
 links, every ten of these being marked 
 by a piece of brass. With constant 
 use the chain is liable to stretch ; 
 it must, therefore, be regularly 
 examined and compared with some 
 length permanently fixed on a floor, 
 or with a chain specially kept for a 
 standard and not otherwise used. 
 Ten iron arrows always accompany 
 the chain, to be used for marking 
 the points on the ground from which 
 the measurements are taken ; two 
 men usually handle the chain, and 
 the leader takes all the arrows at first 
 and keeps planting them at each fresh 
 measurement, and as the second 
 man moves forward he takes them 
 up until they all come into his possession, at which 
 
time the line measured will be ten chains long. When 
 this has taken place he hands them all to the first man 
 again, and they proceed as before. 
 
 Surveying may be defined as the art of obtaining 
 the exact shape of a piece of land, and may vary from 
 a simple matter like the measuring of a plot of land 
 suitable for the site of a humble cottage to the gigantic 
 operation of measuring the whole of the British Isles, 
 called the ordnance survey, which has been going on for 
 years and is still in progress. 
 
 The scales upon which the ordnance surveys are 
 made are as follows : 
 
 Towns of 4,000 inhabitants or over, 3^- = to 
 12672 inches to I mile, or 41% feet to I inch. 
 
 Parishes in cultivated districts, T3 - 1 7nr =to 25-344 inches 
 to i mile, or I square inch to I acre. 
 
 Counties, 6 inches to I mile. 
 
 The kingdom, I inch to I mile. 
 
 Levelling is a necessary accompaniment to surveying, 
 as, besides requiring to know the shape of a piece of 
 land in plan, we often want to know its level, to find if 
 it is above or below certain other points, and to see if 
 any excavation will be required or if any embankments 
 will have to be made, as in the case of surveying for a 
 line of railway. 
 
 The principle of surveying consists in laying out as 
 long a straight line as possible on the ground to be 
 surveyed, and upon this line constructing one or more 
 triangles, and from the sides of these triangles taking 
 various offsets or measurements to the boundary of the 
 land. These lines and triangles are carefully noted in a 
 book on the ground, with all necessary dimensions, and 
 are afterwards plotted or drawn down to a scale on 
 paper, and when the boundaries, buildings, and fences 
 are correctly located, the triangles, of course, can be 
 rubbed out if required. 
 
 E 2 
 
( 52 ) 
 
 The highest class of surveying is done with the 
 theodolite, a most perfect and beautiful instrument, and 
 by the aid of which the utmost accuracy may be attained. 
 It is a matter of time and care to set up and adjust the 
 instrument properly. It is, therefore, generally used on 
 important work, and is fixed at points from which a 
 number of readings can be taken at one setting. By 
 its aid angles can be read off, both vertically and 
 horizontally. 
 
 Ordinary surveying may be done with a chain or a 
 tape, and a cross-staff or large square for laying off 
 lines at right angles to others. It is handy to remember 
 that if the sides of a square are laid off in the proportion 
 of 3, 4, and 5, that they give us a right-angled triangle, 
 so that by the 
 aid of a tape or 
 chain alone we 
 can always set 
 
 off a right angle. * 
 
 Thus, suppose N . 
 
 we wish to lay x^ 
 
 off a right angle > 
 
 to A, B, at point \_ 
 
 C, fig. 72. On 
 
 either side of point C mark v . 
 
 off a distance equal to 3 x^ 
 
 yards or 3 feet at D, and from \ 
 
 C set off also a length equal \ 
 
 to 4 yards or feet at E, and if length between D 
 
 and E equals 5 yards or feet, the angle D C E D 
 
 will be a right angle. Of course this is founded 
 
 on the fact of the hypotenuse of a right-angled 
 
 triangle being equal to the square root of the 
 
 sum of the squares of its two sides. Thus, 
 
 4x4+3x3 = 25, and the square root of 25 = 5. FJG 6fi 
 
 The branches of study most advisable for 
 
( 53 ) 
 
 those entering on this class of work are geometry, plane 
 and solid, euclid, mensuration, logarithms, decimal frac- 
 tions, trigonometry, and algebra ; also practise drawing 
 plans from one's own measurements, and making copies 
 of good examples, paying special attention to the style, 
 colouring, &c., of the latter, and obtain as much practical 
 acquaintance as possible with the instruments out of 
 doors by joining some class in surveying, such as are 
 now held in large towns like London, Manchester, and 
 others. If it is not always convenient to go out with 
 the level or theodolite, take a tape or chain, and, 
 with a friend to help, measure up any field or odd piece 
 of land, with any buildings or what not upon them, and 
 try to plot the result down on paper at home to some 
 suitable scale, such as 2 chains to the inch, and you will 
 soon find yourself progressing in the right direction. 
 
 Before leaving this subject we may refer briefly to 
 hydrography, or map drawing. The hydrographer 
 proper is concerned chiefly with maps of the coast-lines, 
 islands, and shoals, which are made for the benefit of 
 mariners and others, the office being a Government one 
 under control of the Admiralty. Ordinary map draw- 
 ing may be all in black lines, with the hills, &c., shaded 
 in Indian ink with a brush or by a hand-pen so 
 graduated as to show the various heights and hollows 
 of the ground, or it may be coloured to represent the 
 various parts naturally, in which case the man who has 
 taste and a knowledge of landscape painting will have 
 a great advantage. Neat printing and bordering are 
 especially necessary in this work. 
 
 ESTIMATING 
 
 This is a class of work which a draughtsman is 
 often called upon to perform, and, besides requiring 
 great care, puts his arithmetical knowledge to the test 
 
( 54 ) 
 
 also one estimate perhaps demanding the use of 
 mensuration, practice, compound addition, and interest. 
 
 If an estimate were required for the cost of some 
 machinery not yet made, all the quantities of the 
 various metals would have to be calculated out from the 
 drawings by first obtaining their cubic contents, and 
 then multiplying each in turn by the weight per cubic 
 inch or foot for each particular metal. Then these 
 weights would be taken at so much a cwt. or ton., 
 according to whether they were rough or machined. 
 
 Additions are often made to estimates, such as the 
 following : Cost of erection, office charges on labour, 
 and extra for unforeseen contingencies. 
 
 In some cases the draughtsman completes the esti- 
 mate, but in others he gets out the quantities only, and 
 the prices are put on by another department. 
 
 We herewith give a sample estimate to show the 
 general form which is used. The various items and prices, 
 however, are only assumed, the latter varying largely 
 with different firms and in different districts. (See p. 55.) 
 
 In estimating for buildings there are innumerable 
 details to be considered, such as excavation, concrete, 
 brickwork, roofing, joiners', plumbers', and plasterers' 
 work, and there are special methods of measuring 
 many of the details, which can be obtained from Hurst's 
 " Pocket-book " and other works. 
 
 INDICATING STEAM AND OTHER ENGINES 
 
 A draughtsman is often called upon to perform the 
 above work ; it is, therefore, advisable to be in some 
 measure prepared for it. Engines are indicated for two 
 reasons : either to obtain the horse-power which they are 
 developing, or to enable one to judge if the valve is set 
 and acting properly ; the latter fact can be ascertained 
 at once by examining an indicator-diagram, as it shows 
 
( 55 ) 
 
 , 
 WHwO 
 
 uT -S 
 < 1 
 
 a | 
 S ? 
 
 i 
 
 p$ 
 
 H w o 
 
 CO 5 .M 
 
 W o g 
 
 W 
 
 U 
 
 W 
 
 >ioo*oooooooo 
 
 M 00 OO -* f\O * O O O <M -I O 
 
 vD H M M CON i M 
 
 H i m 
 
 sab 
 
 in 
 
 cS 
 
 sab : : : o o 
 suo i : : : M 
 
 b 'sab o 
 
 
 
 <3 
 
 .'3 . . .J3 
 
 I. 
 TJ-E^ -n 
 ^^irf 
 
 
 3 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 P5UWO 
 
whether the " lead " is correct, whether the " cut off" is 
 the right percentage of the stroke, and whether the 
 exhaust closes at the proper point. 
 
 To ascertain the horse-power of, say, a two-cylinder 
 engine, diagrams should be taken simultaneously from 
 both ends of a cylinder, then the horse- power of each 
 diagram should be worked out, the two added together, 
 and that total multiplied by two for the two cylinders 
 
 A -p r> o 
 
 The horse-power of one diagram would be , 
 
 33,000 
 
 where A = area of piston in square inches, 
 
 /^ = mean pressure of steam in Ibs. per sq. in., 
 R number of revolutions per minute, 
 S= stroke in feet. 
 
 The mean pressure of the steam in Ibs. per square 
 inch in the cylinder is obtained by dividing the diagram 
 into ten parts, and measuring the ordinates with the 
 scale of the diagram, then adding all these together and 
 dividing by ten. See fig. 67, showing a diagram from 
 
 Scale, 60lbs:&1tsicJi> 
 
 FIG. 67 
 
 an actual engine, with the ordinates, mean pressure, and 
 the action of the steam noted. 
 
( 57 ) 
 
 To find the exact point of "cut off" in a diagram 
 proceed as follows (see fig. 68) : 
 
 Mark off to the scale of the diagram 147 Ibs. below 
 the atmospheric line to find the absolute vacuum line, 
 
 (/_> 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 FIG. 68 
 
 then draw a vertical line, AB, i-i4th of the length* 
 of the diagram away from it. Draw any line A C, 
 and from C let fall a perpendicular to cut the ex- 
 pansion curve as at D ; draw a horizontal line from D 
 to cut line A C in E, and from E draw a vertical line to 
 cut a horizontal line passing along the highest part of 
 the diagram in F ; then F will be the point of " cut off." 
 There are various instruments used for indicating 
 steam, gas, and other engines, the one most generally 
 known perhaps being Richards's indicator ; this is a very 
 good instrument for engines running at moderate speeds, 
 but more modern indicators have been brought out to 
 suit the higher speeds of the present day, such as the 
 Thompson, the Crosby, and the Tabor. The author 
 has had pretty extensive experience in the use of the 
 last named, and found it give good results on steam and 
 gas engines. 
 
 f \ 
 
 ' 
 
 Of 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 BRANCHES OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ADVISABLE 
 TO BE STUDIED BY DRAUGHTSMEN 
 
 FOR those likely to be engaged upon general engi- 
 neering work, in the first place they cannot be too well 
 up in arithmetic, and they should pay special attention 
 to decimals and decimal fractions, as nearly all calcula- 
 tions are worked by these rules, as we will more 
 particularly point out presently. If they are acquainted 
 with algebra so much the better ; but this is not abso- 
 lutely necessary, as when there are extra abstruse 
 calculations to be made they are generally referred to 
 'one or two men who may happen to be well up in that 
 line in fact, some offices keep a calculator, who is 
 expected to solve problems as they arise. It does not 
 always appear that the best theoretical men make the 
 best draughtsmen. Many of the best and most useful 
 men have been obtained by taking into the office 
 intelligent young fellows who have served their time 
 practically in the shops, including experience in the 
 pattern shop if possible, and who have studied in the 
 evenings at a good technical school or mechanics' insti- 
 tution to perfect themselves in arithmetic, drawing, and 
 different branches of science, especially mechanics and 
 steam, and in drawing plane and solid geometry 
 development of surfaces, and projection of shadows. 
 With regard to solid geometry, we do not mean to say 
 that a man need know as much even as is expected of 
 him to pass a second-grade advanced examination, but 
 
( 59 ) 
 
 that he should work more on the lines of what is 
 called orthographic projection that is, take some simple 
 geometrical figure, such as a cube or a hexagonal 
 pyramid, or a mechanical figure, such as a nut or a 
 wheel, and draw it in all possible positions, as shown 
 in fig. 69. 
 
 FIG. 69 
 
 By mastering the principles involved in the above, 
 and similar examples, the student will render himself 
 able to project any work in any mechanical or other 
 drawing that may be given him to do. 
 
 The development of surfaces comes in very useful 
 sometimes in boiler work, when it is requisite to know 
 the proper size and shape of a plate in the flat which will 
 work up to a certain curved form, such as plate A in the 
 hemispherical end of a boiler 
 (see fig. 70), or in a Chip's 
 buoy, &c. 
 
 Projection of shadows is a 
 very useful study, as it enables 
 one to correctly shade up a 
 finished drawing, but it is a 
 study much neglected as a rule, 
 and the consequence is that 
 when a drawing has to be 
 shaded up it is often done in a very unsatisfactory way, 
 
( 60 ) 
 
 Even if only a little shading is required, that little looks 
 much better when put on in the right way, and the man 
 who has studied the subject can often tell at a glance how 
 and where to place the shadows without troubling to mark 
 them out, first, geometrically. For instance, if we wish 
 to shade up a round rod, by drawing a circle to represent 
 a plan of the rod and two lines at an angle of 45, one 
 to the centre and one tangential to the rod, we find at 
 once the position of the highest light and the deepest 
 shade upon the rod, see fig. 71, and work accordingly. 
 
 Also, suppose we wish to cast the shadow of a 
 blocking course, &c., on the elevation of a house. By 
 making a profile view of the moulding, and drawing 
 lines at 45 from each projection on to the next face 
 below, we at once find the depth of the shadow (see 
 fig. 72). 
 
 Referring to the sciences which a draughtsman 
 should study, we may safely say that mechanics, both 
 theoretical and applied, is one of the most important 
 of them. A man is constantly confronted with problems 
 in this science, whether he be designing engines, 
 cranes, tools, or girders. If, for instance, he is designing 
 a crane to lift a certain load, say, a lo-ton hand crane, 
 he must be able to calculate the transverse strain on 
 the crane post, the tension on the tie rods, and the 
 compression upon the jib. He must also be able to so 
 arrange the gearing that the power applied, say, by four 
 men at the handles exerting 15 Ibs. each, will lift the 
 required load of 10 tons. 
 
 The science of steam is also extremely useful, espe- 
 cially to men engaged upon engine and boiler work. 
 If a man were engaged in designing a compound engine 
 he should be prepared to say what the steam pressures 
 would be at the end of the stroke in the high pressure 
 cylinder ; in the receiver, if there was one, between the 
 
high-pressure and the low-pressure cylinders ; and on 
 the entrance to and exit from the low-pressure cylinder, 
 and he should be able to construct an approximately 
 correct indicator-diagram for the two cylinders. ' Also 
 he would require to so proportion the cylinders that 
 they should, as nearly as possible, each perform the 
 same amount of work. 
 
 Last, but not least, returning to the question of 
 calculations, nearly all these can be done by decimals ; 
 for instance, it is often necessary to work out the weight 
 
 
 PIG 72 
 
 of machinery, boilers, &c., from drawings, in which case 
 we should proceed to find the cubic contents of the 
 work as follows : Take the dimensions of each piece, 
 or portion of a piece, if necessary, in feet and inches, 
 and then turn them all into inches and decimals of an inch 
 by means of a table of decimal equivalents ; then by 
 multiplying these together we should obtain the 
 number of cubic inches in the piece. Suppose the article 
 is cast iron. We find from the table in Molesworth's 
 pocket-book that this weighs '26 Ib. per cubic inch ; 
 
( 62 ) 
 
 we therefore multiply the number of cubic inches by 
 26, and thus get the weight in Ibs. If necessary we then 
 divide the weight- in Ibs. by 2,240, 112, and 28 to turn 
 it into tons, cwts., qrs., and Ibs. And as there is a 
 different factor for the weight of a cubic inch of various 
 materials, it is necessary to keep the cubic inches of 
 cast iron separate from those of the wrought iron, and 
 these in their turn from the steel or brass. The mul- 
 tiplier for wrought iron would be -28 Ib. per cubic inch, 
 for steel '288, and for brass about '3. 
 
 We may have to find the number of square feet of 
 plate in a boiler, in which case we should take our 
 lengths, circumferences, &c., in feet and inches, turn all 
 the dimensions into feet and decimals of a foot ; then 
 multiply them together and obtain the answer in square 
 feet and decimals of a square foot. Supposing, then, 
 we had to give the weight of these plates, we should 
 look in the table for the thickness of the plate we were 
 using, and if it was J-inch steel plate, say, the multiplier 
 would be 20*8 Ibs. per square foot. We should, there- 
 fore, multiply this factor by the number of square feet 
 (if they were all ^-inch plates), and thus obtain the 
 weight. If the shell plates differed in thickness from 
 the flue or end plates, we should find the number of 
 square feet of each thickness separately, and multiply 
 each in turn by its own factor, and then add all the 
 weights together for the total weight. 
 
 We have incidentally referred to Molesworth's 
 pocket-book, which is a most useful aid to the draughts- 
 man, containing, as it does, so many valuable tables and 
 formulae for his assistance. If one is well acquainted 
 with the various tables in this and other books, a 
 wonderful amount of work may be saved. For example, 
 it is never necessary to obtain the area of a circle by 
 squaring its diameter and multiplying by '7854, as we 
 have only to consult the table to find it all done for 
 
( 63 ) 
 
 us from J-inch up to 100 inches diameter, advancing 
 by Jths and fVths all the way. The same with squares 
 and square root, and cubes and cube root. 
 
 Suppose we want to find the cubic capacity of a 
 cylinder 21 inches diameter and 30 inches stroke, we 
 look in the table for area of 21 inches, which equals 
 346-3 square inches, and then multiply this figure by 
 30 inches, which gives us the capacity in cubic inches ; 
 if we want the capacity in cubic feet, we divide this 
 number by 1,728, being the number of cubic inches in 
 a cubic foot. 
 
 Or if we are dealing with circular figures, of which 
 the superficial area is required, such as a boiler shell 
 4 feet diameter and 10 feet long. To find the circum- 
 ference, we should not trouble to work it out by 
 multiplying 4 by 3-1416, but look in the table of 
 circumferences, and opposite 4 we should find 12-56. 
 We should, therefore, take 12*56 and multiply it by 10, 
 and obtain 125-6 square feet, the superficial surface of 
 the shell. 
 
64 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 PREPARATION FOR DRAUGHTSMEN ENGAGED IN 
 VARIOUS BRANCHES OF WORK 
 
 Roof, Bridge, and Girder Work. With this class of 
 work in view a man should study mechanics, especially 
 the composition and resolution of forces, as problems 
 constantly arise relative to the stresses on the booms 
 and lattice bars of girders, and in the ties and struts of 
 roof principals. He must study the weight likely to 
 come upon the structures by such agencies as the wind 
 and snow, besides that of the special loads the struc- 
 tures are designed to carry. It is also necessary to have 
 a good knowledge of the strength of materials, espe- 
 cially steel and wrought and cast iron, and to study all 
 kinds of fastenings for plates, bars, angles, tees, &c., so 
 that the necessary strength can be obtained with due 
 economy of material. The question of expansion and 
 contraction of metals is also very important, as these 
 have to be allowed for in all large structures by means 
 of roller bearings or other devices. 
 
 The stresses in the various members of a girder or 
 roof truss can be calculated, or they can be found by 
 means of " graphic statics," the latter method having 
 come much into use of late years. It consists of 
 drawing diagrams to a certain scale of the load on 
 the drawing of the girder or truss itself in such a way 
 that the stresses on the various members can be read 
 off directly by a scale without calculation. 
 
( 65 ) 
 
 " Graphic statics " can also be used for many other 
 purposes, such, for instance, as rinding the bending 
 moments in an axle, or the stress on the crankpin of an 
 engine at various points of the stroke. 
 
 In constructing girders or principals, it must be 
 borne in mind that the structures have to carry their 
 own weight in addition to any extraneous load ; and in 
 the first place this weight has to be assumed and added 
 to the load which the girder or other structure is being 
 designed to carry. This assumed weight can sometimes 
 be approximated from the known weight of other struc- 
 tures doing similar work ; but after the girder has been 
 roughed out the weight can again be checked over, and 
 the total load corrected as required before finally finish- 
 ing the drawing. Girders are usually built with a 
 camber that is, slightly hog-backed, or higher at the 
 middle than at the ends. This is done to counteract 
 the slight sag which takes place when the girder is in 
 position and the load comes upon it, and the camber 
 should equal the calculated deflection of the girder. As 
 a rough guide we may say that a girder 40 feet long 
 would have about I inch of camber. The amount of 
 camber is noted on the drawing, but the drawing itself 
 is of course made straight. All plates should be kept 
 as uniform in thickness as may be, all tees and angles 
 as uniform in section as possible, and for ordinary 
 work f-inch rivets about 4-inch pitch should be used. 
 
 Hydraulic engineering. In addition to mechanics, 
 study hydraulics and hydrostatics ; also the strength of 
 materials, especially of cast iron and cast steel, these 
 being most commonly used for the cylinders of hydraulic 
 machines and tools. Steel is generally used for the very 
 high pressures which obtain in these days, amounting 
 in some cases to 5 tons per square inch. For these high 
 pressures cast iron is not suitable, as, to obtain the 
 
 F 
 
( 66 ) 
 
 requisite strength, the metal has to be made so thick 
 that it sometimes becomes unsound through its own 
 contraction in cooling. 
 
 The water pressure for working hydraulic machinery, 
 such as cranes, lifts, rivetters, and presses, is generally 
 obtained with the following plant : an accumulator 
 worked by pumping engine, or by pumps driven from 
 gearing. The accumulator serves the purpose of a fly 
 wheel on a steam engine, viz. to store the power until 
 required. It is usually a cylinder about 17 feet long 
 and 17 inches in diameter, with a heavy weight on the 
 ram sufficient to give the pressure required per square 
 inch, in some cases 700 Ibs. The accumulator should 
 be of such a capacity that when the maximum number 
 of machines are drawing water from it the ram should 
 not be at the bottom of the cylinder. 
 
 In cranes and hoists the stroke of the cylinder is 
 frequently only a tenth or twelfth of that of the load ; 
 therefore, supposing a weight of 30 cwts. had to be 
 lifted, the cylinder would have to be equal to ten or 
 twelve times that weight that is, 15 or 1 8 tons and 
 beyond this there would have to be a large allowance 
 made for friction caused by the extra gearing, besides 
 that from the packing. 
 
 Electrical work. To render himself efficient in this 
 class of work we would recommend a man to train him- 
 self as far as possible, as follows : In mathematics at 
 least up to second stage in Science and Art examina- 
 tion. Steam, mechanics, theoretical and applied, and 
 solids and fluids. Magnetism and electricity ; dynamos, 
 design, and construction ; electrical testing, sound, 
 light, and heat ; machine drawing, solid geometry ; and, 
 if possible, building construction ; which, although not 
 really essential, will come in very handy sometimes. 
 It is also very advisable to have had a good mechanical 
 
( 67 ) 
 
 shop training. This last point is one considerably 
 neglected, and, in consequence, there can be found 
 plenty of smart young theoretical electricians who are 
 short of practical mechanical knowledge. 
 
 Marine engineering and shipbuilding. A youth 
 entering the drawing office in either of the above depart- 
 ments should be well grounded in arithmetic, and for 
 marine engineering work should have previously had a 
 year or two in the fitting, erecting, and pattern shops, 
 and also, if possible, have had a voyage or two at sea 
 on the engineer's staff. 
 
 For shipbuilding he should have spent a year or two 
 in the plating, smithy, moulding, and pattern shops. 
 This preliminary training in the shops gives prac- 
 tical acquaintance with materials, tools, and technical 
 terms. 
 
 Whilst working in the shops, evening classes should 
 be attended in mechanical and freehand drawing, ele- 
 mentary algebra, mechanics, hydraulics, pneumatics, and 
 mensuration. After entering the drawing office studies 
 should be continued in advanced work in above subjects, 
 and in addition weights and strengths of materials and 
 graphic statics should be taken up, also, for marine 
 engineering, heat and steam, and for shipbuilding, 
 mensuration of solids, conic sections, and calculations of 
 displacement, centres of gravity, and metacentre. 
 
 In marine engine drawing, boards generally used are 
 double elephant and antiquarian, and the general 
 arrangement of the engines and boilers is drawn to as 
 large a scale as the boards will admit, such as | inch, 
 I inch, or I \ inches to I foot. 
 
 In shipbuilding drawing, the smallest boards are 
 double elephant size, whilst there are larger ones that 
 run to 1 5 feet or more. The lines and general working 
 drawings of large vessels are usually drawn J inch to 
 
 F 2 
 
( 68 ) 
 
 I foot ; rigging plans to J inch to I foot ; and detail 
 ^ inch, | inch, I inch, i^ inches, 3 inches, and 6 inches 
 to i foot, and full size, as their importance requires. 
 
 Cloth tracings, photo, prints, and sometimes hand 
 sketches are sent into the shop to be worked to ; but 
 the original drawings are often kept in pencil until the 
 work is complete, and then checked over and altered 
 where necessary and inked in. One awkward feature of 
 this arrangement is that the boards are practically 
 locked up for months, or even a year or more, and are 
 often in the way. 
 
 The difference between engine and ship drawing may 
 be summed up thus : In engine work there are many 
 straight lines, some circles, and few curves, and in ship 
 work there are many curves, some straight lines, and 
 very few circles. This leads us to remark that in the 
 case of ships' curves it is no easy matter to lay them 
 down, and they have to be judged in great measure by 
 the eye ; it is, therefore, very essential that the ship 
 draughtsman should have sound eyesight, and not suffer 
 in the least degree from astigmatism. Those who suffer 
 from this never see a circle as it truly is, but always 
 more or less flattened. 
 
 The checking over of drawings before they go into 
 the shops is not always attended to as it should be, and 
 many costly mistakes have occurred in consequence. 
 Too often the draughtsman depends upon the shop 
 foreman finding out discrepancies before the work goes 
 too far. 
 
 The appliances usually provided in these offices are 
 boards, tee-squares, extra large set-squares, long straight- 
 edges, splines or battens, french and ships' curves, 
 weights, sponges, glue-pot, note-books, colour saucers, 
 colours, indian ink, pencils, and sometimes parallel 
 rulers, planimeters, and beam compasses. 
 
69 
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 
 STRETCHING PAPER, MOUNTING DRAWINGS, 
 AND TRACINGS 
 
 IF a drawing in pencil only is required on a sheet of 
 cartridge or Whatman's paper it will be sufficient to 
 fasten the paper down with half a dozen drawing pins, 
 or with as many tacks. 
 
 If a more finished drawing is required on a sheet of 
 Whatman's unmounted paper, it will be better to stretch 
 it ; this can be done either by gluing it down or by 
 tacking it round the margin with tacks placed about 
 3 or 4 inches apart. If the tacking is preferred, only damp 
 the paper slightly before tacking it down, otherwise 
 when it is dry it will pull away from the tacks. If glue 
 is preferred have the glue and brush ready, then take a 
 lath and lay it along each edge of the paper and fold 
 up about three-eighths of an inch all round. Now take 
 a sponge moderately wet and pass all over the paper on 
 the top side, the edges included ; when it has lain a 
 minute or two to expand, put the lath against one 
 turned-up edge of the paper, and pass the glue brush 
 along that edge of the paper which is against the lath, 
 and turn the lath down, thus pressing the glued 
 edge of the paper to the board. Serve the opposite 
 edge of the paper in the same way, and, lastly, the other 
 two sides, keep putting the lath upon each edge in 
 
( 70 ) 
 
 turn, rubbing and pressing them down until they have 
 got firm hold ; then leave the paper to dry placed 
 horizontally, for if the board is stood down the 
 moisture in the paper will tend towards the bottom 
 edge and perhaps loosen the glue. Keep examining 
 the paper from time to time and rub the edges down 
 occasionally, but it will not be ready to work on for 
 three or four hours. 
 
 If the drawing is to be made on mounted paper 
 that is, Whatman's paper on brown holland turn the 
 paper over and sponge the canvas back pretty 
 thoroughly ; let it lie a few minutes to expand, and 
 then tack down with tacks about 3 inches pitch 
 beginning in the middle of each edge and gradually 
 working out to all the corners as nearly as may be at 
 the same time ; then leave it to dry for about half a day. 
 The tacks may be placed close to the edge of the paper 
 within, say, a quarter of an inch and when the drawing 
 is finished of course the edges of the paper can be 
 trimmed up. 
 
 In making a tracing on paper, set the drawing square 
 on the board with four tacks or pins, and then fasten the 
 tracing paper down with pins if it is as large as the 
 drawing, if not hold it down by means of lead weights. 
 
 In making a cloth tracing, it is well to cut 
 the cloth rather larger than the drawing, and tack 
 to the board just outside the drawing with tacks 
 about 6 inches pitch, and, as the cloth usually expands 
 a little on exposure to the atmosphere, it is a good plan 
 to cut off what is required from the roll and to let it lie 
 open an hour or two before finally tacking it down. 
 Even with this care a sudden change in the temperature 
 will sometimes cause a cloth tracing to become quite 
 baggy whilst it is in progress ; therefore, if it is a large 
 tracing containing several views, it is better to work so 
 
( 71 ) 
 
 as to finish one view right out than to do a little of each 
 all over the board. 
 
 The paper on which prints are made is usually too 
 soft to withstand the rough usage of the shops, so the 
 prints are generally mounted on adhesive cloth. This 
 is cloth with a facing of paper, upon which is a layer of 
 gum. To mount a blue or black-and-white print, first 
 damp the print thoroughly, then take a piece of the 
 adhesive cloth an inch or so larger than the print each 
 way, and tack it down on a mounting board, with 
 the gummed side uppermost ; next, with a sponge, wet 
 the gum thoroughly all over, taking care not to wash 
 it off. Now lay the print carefully on the wetted sheet, 
 and roll it down well ; then leave it for the best part of 
 a day to dry thoroughly, after which cut it out by 
 passing a knife round it within the tacks, and trim off 
 square on the cutting board. 
 
 To repair old drawings which may be torn right up 
 the middle, take a strip of old drawing paper about 
 9 inches wide and paste it up the back of the torn draw- 
 ing ; then take a sheet of linen or brown holland the 
 size of the drawing, tack it on the mounting board, 
 paste it all over, and then lay the drawing upon it, 
 roll it well down, and leave to dry thoroughly before 
 cutting it off. Paper tracings may be mounted on 
 adhesive cloth in the same way as described for prints. 
 
 In large offices there is generally kept a handy man 
 to run errands, rub ink, mount or stretch paper and 
 tracings, and do other such services ; but in smaller offices 
 the draughtsmen have tc stretch their own paper and 
 mount tracings, so it -is quite as well to know how to 
 do so. 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 TRACINGS AND BLUE OR BLACK-AND-WHITE 
 PRINTS 
 
 IN some works it is the practice to send original 
 drawings into the shops to be worked to, whilst in 
 others the original drawings are kept in the office, and 
 only copies of them, in the form of tracings or of photo- 
 prints, are sent out. If tracings are used for the shops, 
 they are generally made on tracing cloth ; this cloth 
 has a shiny side and a rather dull one, and it is a 
 matter of taste on which side the tracing is made, 
 some preferring it on one side and some on the other. 
 If any sections or other work on the tracing have to be 
 coloured, it is better to do the colouring on the reverse 
 side to that on which the lines are, as by so doing there 
 will be no chance of rubbing up the lines, and the 
 colour can be applied very roughly, as long it is kept 
 within the bounds of the lines, and yet look quite neat 
 on the front of the tracing. 
 
 If instead of sending the tracing into the shop it 
 is to be used for photo-printing, the sections should be 
 treated as follows. Supposing that " blue prints " are 
 required that is, white lines on a blue ground all the 
 sections must be ruled in lines with black ink on the 
 tracing, and the names of the different metals, &c., 
 must be written on or opposite each piece ; but if the 
 
( 73 ) 
 
 prints are required to be " black-and-white " that is, 
 a black or dark-grey line on a white ground the tracing 
 should not be sectioned at all ; but when the prints are 
 taken off they can be coloured with the proper conven- 
 tional colours to represent the different substances. 
 The " black-and-white " prints are much the best in 
 many respects, and especially when it comes to altera- 
 tions. In the latter case the lines can be bleached out 
 by the following solution : 3 parts of water and I part 
 of strong hydrochloric acid ; apply with a camel-hair 
 brush, and when the lines have disappeared blot the 
 solution up and wash the part with clean water. When 
 the part is quite dry mix a tint to match the other 
 lines, and draw the fresh work in as required ; if the 
 operation has been carefully performed, it will be difficult 
 to find the place afterwards. 
 
 It is impossible to alter blue prints (white lines on 
 a blue ground) so that the alteration is not noticeable 
 the great difficulty being this, that although we can 
 very easily make fresh white lines by using a saturated 
 solution of potassium oxalate, it is impossible to stop 
 out the white lines which we may want to remove so 
 that the alteration cannot be seen. Therefore the only 
 thing to do is to make the alteration as plain and 
 legible as can be. A very good way to do this is to 
 mix together some of the oxalate solution with some 
 ordinary red writing ink, and use with the ordinary pens, 
 &c., direct. The result is that the solution bleaches 
 away the blue ground, and the red fluid colours the line 
 at the same time, and shows up quite distinctly on the 
 blue ground. 
 
 Tracings for printing should be done on good tracing 
 paper or cloth, preferably of a bluish tint, and any 
 yellowish tint should be carefully avoided. The ink 
 should be quite black, and the addition of a little burnt 
 
( 74 ) 
 
 sienna to it is recommended. All centre and dimension 
 lines should be in some opaque red colour, such as 
 scarlet lake or vermilion. If, as is sometimes the case, 
 blue lines are required upon the tracing to show certain 
 work, they will come out very faintly on the prints, and 
 will require to be strengthened up on the latter by hand 
 after the prints are taken. 
 
 We may perhaps conclude our remarks on this 
 subject with a brief account of the materials and 
 chemicals used in the two processes we have referred to, 
 they being the two perhaps the most generally in use. 
 
 Taking the ferrotype, or white line on a blue ground, 
 process first, the solutions for sensitising the paper are 
 as follows : 
 
 A (Citrate of iron and ammonia 100 grains 
 ^1 Water . . . . i oz. 
 
 -n f Red prussiate of potash . 70 grains 
 13 (Water . . . . i oz. 
 
 These solutions will keep any time separately, but when 
 mixed they must be used at once or kept in a dark place. 
 
 To prepare the paper mix an equal quantity of A 
 and B, and apply freely to the surface of the paper for 
 about two minutes ; then drain off the superfluous liquid, 
 and hang up to dry in a dark room ; the paper will be 
 found then to be of a bright yellow hue. 
 
 To take a print, place the tracing in the printing 
 frame with its face to the glass, and then place a sheet 
 of the prepared paper with its sensitised surface next to 
 the tracing, and expose to the light for a period varying 
 from three minutes to half an hour, according to the 
 strength of the light. When the print is taken out of 
 the frame it must be laid in a bath of clean water for 
 ten or fifteen minutes until the lines show perfectly 
 
( 75 ) 
 
 white. It may then be taken out of the bath and hung 
 up to dry. 
 
 In the "Cola" black-and-white process that is, 
 black lines upon a white ground the sensitising solution 
 is as follows : 
 
 Perchloride of iron . . I oz. 
 
 Gelatine 2 
 
 Tartaric acid I 
 
 Persulphate of zinc . . I 
 
 Water 30 
 
 After taking the print, in the same way as before 
 described, and watching its progress until the blank 
 parts of the paper have turned white, take it from the 
 frame and immerse it in a bath of the following solu- 
 tion : 
 
 Gallic acid I oz. 
 
 Methylated spirit . . . .10,, 
 Water . . , . . . 50 
 
 When the lines have turned from the yellow colour 
 with which they leave the frame to black, take the 
 print out of the bath, rinse it in clear water, and hang 
 up to dry. 
 
 With regard to preparing the paper, it is perhaps 
 better to buy it ready prepared from a large maker, as 
 by this means more uniform quality will be obtained. 
 
 The printing frame is an appliance to which special 
 attention must be given. It must be fitted with a stout 
 and very clear piece of glass, and must be fitted with a 
 back which will bring every part of the prepared paper 
 and the tracing into close contact with the glass, for if 
 there is any space, however small, allowed between the 
 surfaces, it interferes with the print and makes the 
 
( 76 ) 
 
 lines blurred or very faint. And with regard to the 
 requisite exposure of the prints to the light, it is a good 
 plan to try small pieces of test paper, and note the 
 time required to print to develop to the correct tone 
 and colour, as a guide to properly manipulating the 
 actual prints. 
 
( 77 ) 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 RECORDS AND STORAGE OF DRAWINGS, TRACINGS, 
 AND PRINTS 
 
 THERE are several systems of booking drawings and 
 tracings, &c., in vogue in different offices, from very 
 elementary ones which are scarcely worth calling 
 systems at all, and which rely almost altogether upon 
 the knowledge or memory of one or two people, to 
 more elaborate ones where every effort is made to 
 record things properly, and thus enable anyone to find 
 the requisite drawing or tracing. 
 
 The following method may be found to answer as 
 well as any : 
 
 Certain books are kept in the drawing office, viz. 
 " The Drawing Book," " The Tracing and Print Book " 
 (for the works), " The Tracing Book Outwards," " The 
 Tracing Book Inwards," " Letter and Sketch Book," 
 and " Estimate Book." 
 
 Besides these, in large works there are special books 
 kept to record the subsequent passage to and fro 
 between the office and the works for alteration or other- 
 wise of all tracings and prints, so that their whereabouts 
 can be discovered at any time. 
 
 We will go a little more into detail in reference to 
 the books mentioned, commencing with 
 
 > si 
 
THE DRAWING BOOK 
 
 The headings in this are arranged as shown, and one 
 or two sample entries are given : 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 
 JH 
 
 is 
 S3 
 
 |s 
 
 fi 
 
 !*9 
 
 
 Date 
 
 Draw- 
 
 Title of Drawing 
 
 P 
 
 kg 
 
 Sg 
 
 S3 M 
 
 Sa 
 
 s.l | 
 
 Remarks 
 
 
 ing 
 
 
 
 ^ bD 
 
 O 1/5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 it/] 
 
 a 
 
 rt p t Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 p 
 
 SI 
 
 P 
 
 
 Nov. 15, 
 1895. 
 
 1068 
 
 General arrange- 
 ment of stationary 
 engine cylinders, 
 
 48 
 
 A.B. 
 
 X.Y. 
 
 Oct. 30, 
 
 At 100 revolu- 
 tions approxi- 
 mate H.P.i 50 
 
 
 
 15 in. X2i in. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nov. 15, 
 
 1069 
 
 Detail of cy- 
 
 4 8 
 
 A.B. 
 
 X.Y. 
 
 Nov. 6, 
 
 _ 
 
 i85S 
 
 
 linders, 15 in. x 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 
 
 
 21 in. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TRACING AND PRINT BOOK (for the works) 
 
 In this book are entered all the tracings and prints 
 which are sent into the shops to be worked to, and it is 
 arranged as follows : 
 
 Date 
 
 No. of 
 Tracing 
 or Print 
 
 Title of Tracing 
 or Print 
 
 Tracing 
 or 
 Print 
 
 Draughts- 
 man's 
 Signature 
 
 Head 
 
 Draughts- 
 man's 
 Signature 
 
 Name 
 of 
 Shop 
 Sent to 
 
 Nov. 17, 
 
 1,200 
 
 15 in. x 21 in. Stationary 
 
 Print 
 
 C.D. 
 
 X.Y. 
 
 Pattern 
 
 1895 
 
 
 Engine. Details of 
 
 
 
 
 Shop 
 
 
 
 Castings 
 
 
 
 
 
 TRACING BOOK OUTWARDS 
 This is for the registration of tracings or prints sent 
 
( 79 ) 
 
 away to other firms or people when tendering or esti- 
 mating for work, and has headings thus : 
 
 Date 
 
 No. of 
 Tracing 
 
 Title or Description 
 of Tracing 
 
 To whom 
 Sent 
 
 Draughts- 
 man's 
 Signature 
 
 Head 
 Draughts- 
 man's 
 Signature 
 
 Remarks 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TRACING BOOK INWARDS 
 
 For the registration of tracings, &c., received from 
 outside firms asking for tenders for work, &c. : 
 
 Date 
 
 Received 
 in Office 
 
 No. of Trac- 
 ing given by 
 Office to 
 Tracing 
 Received 
 
 Title or Descrip- 
 tion of Tracing 
 
 From Whom 
 Received 
 
 Head 
 Draughts- 
 man's 
 Signature 
 
 Remarks 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LETTER AND SKETCH BOOK 
 
 This is a copying-book, into which all hand sketches 
 and notes affecting work are copied before being sent 
 into the shops, and has an index which is kept posted 
 up so that the sketches, &c., may be readily referred to. 
 
 ESTIMATE BOOK 
 
 This is also a copying-book, into which all estimates 
 are copied before being sent away, and is likewise kept 
 carefully indexed. 
 
 Drawings are usually stored in drawers made of 
 such a size as to take Antiquarian paper easily that is, 
 about 56 inches by 34 inches and of such a depth, 
 about 2 inches, as to hold, say, fifty drawings. 
 
Each drawer is kept for a certain class of work, and 
 is labelled accordingly as " stationary engines," " tools," 
 " hydraulic hoists," or " cranes," and is also provided 
 with a number. Every drawing is numbered with the 
 drawer number and a number of its own written in the 
 form of a fraction, thus : y^fg-, the top figure being the 
 drawer number and the bottom one that of the drawing. 
 Each drawing as it is entered in the book takes the 
 next number to the preceding one, and, as far as possible, 
 drawings of the same piece of machinery, tool, or build- 
 ing are kept together ; thus, supposing the draughtsman 
 is about to get out a set of drawings for a stationary 
 engine, and he requires to make six drawings, such as 
 " general arrangement," " cast details," " wrought 
 details," &c., he would secure six consecutive numbers 
 in the book, and when the drawings were made they 
 would be entered in the book and numbered accord- 
 ingly. The drawings should also always be kept in 
 consecutive order in the drawers, as this enables them 
 to be picked out with greater facility. 
 
 Each tracing is also numbered in its turn as it is 
 entered in the tracing book, and it is also signed by the 
 head draughtsman to certify its correctness, and by the 
 manager of the works as authority to the foreman to 
 proceed with the work. The tracing is also stamped 
 with the name of the firm and the date, for which pur- 
 pose a rubber stamp, in which the date can be changed 
 daily, is used ; the stamps vary in shape, but the round 
 or the oval form are very frequently used. 
 
 When a tracing is made from a drawing a note to 
 that effect is put on the latter, and the number of the 
 tracing is also given, with the date. Where there is a 
 set of drawings belonging to one job it is very useful to 
 put on the general arrangement drawing a list of all 
 the detail drawings, with their numbers, and also on 
 
( 8i ) 
 
 the general arrangement tracing a list of all the detail 
 tracings, with their numbers, so that the foremen and 
 workmen can see at a glance what tracings are sent out 
 for them to work to. 
 
 While we are mentioning these little arrangements 
 for saving trouble, we may point out one more that 
 does not always receive sufficient attention. In many 
 cases certain parts of engines or pieces of machinery 
 are brought in over and over again for different work. 
 These parts are often just shown on the new drawing, 
 without any dimensions or other particulars, but with 
 simply a note to say similar to so and so on tracing 
 No. . This practice causes great waste of time in the 
 shops, and it is much better to let the draughtsman 
 show the piece and fully dimension it over again, and 
 at the same time add a note to the effect that it is 
 similar to something that has gone out before, to 
 remind the foreman and others that there is a pattern 
 or template for it. 
 
 All patterns as they are made are stamped with a 
 number, or have one painted upon them, and when 
 these are brought in for another piece of work their 
 numbers should be given upon the drawing and tracing. 
 
CHAPTER XI 
 
 THE PLANIMETER AND ITS USE 
 
 FlG. 73 shows an ordinary form of the planimeter, 
 and fig. 74 an enlarged view of the recording portion of 
 the apparatus. The dial A is divided into ten parts 
 
 FIG. 73 
 
 and the wheel B is also divided into ten parts, but the 
 wheel B rotates once whilst the dial makes y^th of a 
 revolution. Therefore, if we call the figures on the 
 dial units, those on the wheel will be y^ths. Each 
 tenth of the wheel is subdivided into 10 again, therefore 
 the subdivisions count for -j-jj^ths ; and as the vernier C, 
 which equals nru - of the wheel divided into ten parts 
 
( 83 ) 
 
 again, will give us y^^ths, it will be seen that we can 
 read the instrument off to three places of decimals. 
 Thus, supposing it is in the position shown in fig. 64, 
 we get units 2 from the disc, '45 from the roller, and 9 
 from the vernier, the figure from the vernier being taken 
 from that division which is exactly opposite one on the 
 roller, the complete reading being 2*459. 
 
 The best way to obtain freedom and proficiency in 
 the use of the instrument is to mark out on a sheet 
 of paper (which must be level) some plain figure, of 
 
 FIG. 74 
 
 which the exact area is known, say a square of 3 inches 
 side ; of course, we know that the area of this will be 
 exactly 9 square inches. Now set the instrument, as 
 shown in fig. 75, with needle point E at any convenient 
 place outside the area to be measured, then place the 
 pointer D at one corner of the square. Note the read- 
 ing of the dial and wheel whatever it is, without troubling 
 to place the figures at zero, and, say the record was 
 2718, then carefully follow the outline of the square 
 once round, leaving off exactly where we started, and 
 
 G 2 
 
( 84 ) 
 
 take the reading again ; it will be 3*618. Now deduct 
 2718 from 3 '6 1 8 and we have '9, and this figure 
 x 10 = 9 square inches, the exact area of the figure. 
 And in every case the difference between the two read- 
 ings, multiplied by 10, will give the area in square 
 inches. It is usual to work the pointer round in the 
 direction of the apparent travelling of the sun or of the 
 hands of a watch, but it makes no real difference which 
 way the pointer is travelled, for the differences between 
 the readings will be exactly the same. To prove this 
 suppose the last reading taken, 3'6i8, is an initial read- 
 ing, and reverse the travel of the pointer round the 
 
 FIG. 75 
 
 figure, then the second reading will be 2718, and, of 
 course, the difference between the two will still be '9. 
 
 The area of any small figures are taken with the 
 needle point outside of them, but with larger figures it 
 becomes necessary to put the needle point within the 
 figure to be measured, as shown in fig. 76. Following 
 our former practice, let us take a circle 10 inches 
 diameter, the area of which is known to be 78-54 square 
 inches. Place the needle point E somewhere near the 
 centre of the figure, and press point D lightly into the 
 paper anywhere in the circumference of the circle, and 
 take a reading off the dial, &c. ; then go roughly round 
 
( 85 ) 
 
 the figure in the direction of the sun, and at the same 
 time watch the dial and note if the figures upon it 
 make a forward movement or a backward one, and note 
 also if the zero mark is passed once or twice. If the 
 figures on the dial make a backward movement, proceed 
 as follows : Begin again at the mark in circumference 
 of circle and read off dial, &c., carefully; suppose the 
 reading is 6*090, then follow the circle round to the 
 same place again, and the second reading will be 2 '6 5 2. 
 As the dial moved past the zero once, we must add ten 
 
 FIG. 76 
 
 to the first reading, thus making it 16*090; now, 
 deducting the second reading from the first, we get 
 13*438, and this figure has to be deducted from the 
 number printed on the weight on an ordinary plani- 
 meter, or on the bar over the unit mark on an adjusting 
 planimeter ; the number in our case is 21*292, and this 
 minus 13*438 equals 7*854, which, multiplied by 10, 
 gives us the right answer, viz. 78*54. We will now put 
 these figures in a tabular form that they may be seen 
 more readily. 
 
( 36 ) 
 
 First reading (+ 10 ' 
 as counter went once = 16*090 
 past zero) . 
 
 Second reading = 2-652 
 
 Difference = 1 3 -43 8 
 
 Fig. printed on bar = 2 1*292 
 
 Difference as above = 13*438 
 
 T854 
 
 10 = constant multiplier 
 
 No. of square inches = 78*54 
 
 It depends upon where the first reading happens to 
 come as to whether the dial passes the zero mark one 
 or more times, and we will now give an instance where 
 the zero would be passed twice, taking the same sized 
 circular figure as above. 
 First reading 1*487 j 
 ( + 20 as counter went ^ =21*487 
 twice past zero) . . J 
 
 Second reading = 8*049 
 Difference 13*438 
 Then, as before, fig. j _ 
 printed on bar . . j ~ 
 
 Difference as above = 13*438 
 
 7*854 x io=78*54sq.in. 
 
 Now, we will take an example where the dial will 
 make a forward movement when recording, and, as this 
 will require a larger figure, we will assume that we want 
 to obtain the area of a circle 20 inches in diameter, the 
 area being 314*16 square inches. 
 
 Instead of deducting the second reading from the 
 first, and then deducting the difference from the number 
 on the bar, as we did in the case of the backward move- 
 
( 87 ) 
 
 ment, we now deduct the first reading from the second, 
 and add the difference to the number on the bar, 
 thus : 
 
 Second reading I '800] ' 
 (+10 as counter went I = 1 1 '800 
 once past zero) . .j 
 
 First reading = 1*676 
 Difference =10' 1 24 
 No. on bar=2i'292 
 
 3^416 
 
 iO=constant multiplier 
 
 No. of square inches = 3 14-16 
 
 If the counter had gone twice past zero, we should, of 
 course, have added 20 to the second reading. 
 
 To find the area of figures which are drawn to scale, 
 proceed as follows : Obtain the actual area of the 
 figure in square inches, as shown, and then multiply 
 the result by the square of the scale ; thus, in the case 
 of I \ inches to the foot, as there are eight i^ inches in 
 a foot, or the scale is Jth the full size, we should 
 multiply by 8 2 or 64. In the case of \ inch to the foot we 
 should therefore multiply by 24 2 or 576, and thus in 
 each case obtain the actual number of square inches in 
 the required area. This can easily be verified, as before, 
 by taking a square 3 inches each way, and then sup- 
 posing it to represent a drawing at i^ inches to the 
 foot, and afterwards one at \ inch to the foot, and com- 
 paring its known areas with those found by the plani- 
 meter. 
 
 One very useful purpose to which the instrument 
 can be applied is to find the areas of indicator-diagrams 
 and their mean pressures, without resorting to ordinates 
 or in any way defacing the diagrams. To perform this 
 operation with an ordinary planimeter proceed as 
 
( 88 ) 
 
 follows : Take the difference of the two readings before 
 and after running the pointer round the diagram, then 
 multiply this difference by the scale of the diagram, 
 and divide by its actual length in inches ; the answer 
 will be the mean pressure in pounds per square inch. 
 
 The following instance is taken from an actual 
 diagram : 
 
 Second reading = 0*4 14 
 
 First = 0-180 
 
 Difference = 0'2 34 
 
 10= constant multiplier 
 
 ^34" 
 
 40= scale of 40 Ibs. to i inch. 
 
 Length of diagram = 4^)93-60 
 
 23-4 =mean pressure in Ibs. 
 per square inch. 
 
 Special planimeters are made for indicator-diagram 
 work of the form shown in fig. 77. In using these set 
 the two points on the top of the bar to the length of 
 the diagram, then take the difference of two readings 
 
 FIG. 77 
 
 as before, multiply this difference by the scale, and 
 divide by 0-4 ; the answer will be the mean pressure in 
 Ibs. per square inch. Thus, to give an instance in 
 
( 89 ) 
 
 figures, from the same diagram as in the preceding 
 example 
 
 Second reading =0-941 
 
 First =0707 
 
 Difference = 0*234 
 
 40 = scale of 40 Ibs. to i inch. 
 Constant divisor = o* 
 
 2 3 '4= mean pressure in Ibs. per 
 square inch. 
 
 In the case of working out indicator-diagrams with the 
 planimeter, we would recommend the beginner to take 
 a diagram and find out the mean effective pressure in 
 the usual manner by ordinates, and then try to obtain 
 the same result with the planimeter. With this method 
 of working on figures of known area the operator will 
 gain confidence, and so feel quite satisfied with the 
 results that he may obtain afterwards from the instru- 
 ment when dealing with figures of a complicated form. 
 
CHAPTER XII 
 
 CONCLUSION 
 
 WE propose to finish our hints to beginners with a 
 few notes on points not previously touched upon. 
 
 Transfering drawings. It is often necessary to 
 transfer a drawing or a portion of one from one sheet to 
 another, sometimes to the same scale and at others to a 
 larger or smaller scale. Supposing it is to be on the 
 same scale, proceed as follows : Trace off the work 
 carefully with a fine pencil on a piece of thin tracing 
 paper, then if the object is only small rub over the 
 back of the tracing with a soft blacklead, such 
 as a B B ; next place the tracing in proper position on 
 the fresh sheet, and pin or weight it down, and again 
 go over the lines with a stylus, or a smooth but hard- 
 pointed pencil, when the object will be found printed on 
 the paper. The lines can then be strengthened with 
 pencil or inked in as required. Another method of 
 transfering drawings to the same scale is to place the 
 one drawing upon the other, and prick all points and 
 corners through, after which the top drawing is removed, 
 and lines are drawn from the various points ; this is, 
 however, a very tedious process, and one liable to lead 
 to errors. 
 
 To transfer a drawing to a different scale a very good 
 method is the following : Divide the drawing up into 
 small squares, and the fresh sheet into the same number 
 of squares, but larger or smaller as required by the 
 
( 91 ) 
 
 scale ; then draw in the work in the corresponding 
 squares. 
 
 An instrument called the pantagraph is sometimes 
 used to reproduce drawings to the same or other scales ; 
 it is advisable, however, not to use it to enlarge a 
 drawing, but only to reduce one, the reason for this 
 being that in the one case any errors are magnified, but 
 in the other they are minimised. As it is an instru- 
 ment not commonly used, we need give no further 
 particulars of it. 
 
 The draughtsman should be methodical in all 
 things ; he should do all his calculations in a book, and 
 date and preserve them, so that he can always refer to 
 them when required. He should also always put a date 
 to every sketch or scheme that he makes, for very im- 
 portant issues sometimes hang upon the date when a 
 certain design was got out. And for his own guidance 
 he should note down any special formulae, &c., that he 
 comes across, but which are not, perhaps, in his ordinary 
 books of reference. In course of time a man accumu- 
 lates a quantity of books, papers, and notes, and cannot 
 always remember where he can find what he requires. 
 A good plan to get over this difficulty is to keep a rough 
 index of all things which strike him as likely to be 
 useful, and where they are to be found ; if this index is 
 kept posted up it will be found of great use. 
 
 There are two simple geometrical problems which 
 are very useful to the draughtsman, and which are fre- 
 quently overlooked, perhaps from their very simplicity. 
 They are to make a scale of chords, and to divide a line 
 into any number of equal parts. 
 
 To make a scale of chords, describe a semicircle 
 with any convenient radius, say two inches, and divide the 
 semicircle into eighteen parts. Each part will then 
 represent 10 ; these parts can then be subdivided into 
 
( 92 ) 
 
 ten again, and each of these will represent i. Then 
 from one end of the semicircle, describe arcs from each 
 
 tenth degree to cut the base line, and number them as 
 shown in fig. 78. 
 
( 93 ) 
 
 Now, suppose we wish to lay off an angle of 50 
 from line A B at point B in fig. 79. With point B as 
 centre, and a radius of 2 inches, describe a portion of a 
 circle ; then measure off chord of 50 by the compasses 
 from O, and set it off from A in point C ; join B C, which 
 will make an angle of 50 with A B. So for any 
 angle, but always using a 2-inch radius, or whatever 
 other radius has been used in constructing the scale of 
 chords. If this is neatly worked out it can be pasted 
 in the cover of a book, where it can always be got at, 
 and will serve instead of a protractor. 
 
 To divide a line into any number of equal parts. 
 Suppose we wish to divide line A B (fig. 80) into ten 
 
 FIG 79 
 
 equal parts ; from either end, say A, draw a line at any 
 angle with A B, and with any convenient scale mark off 
 ten parts along this line. Join the tenth part to B, and 
 draw lines parallel to that from the other divisions to cut 
 A B. The latter will then be divided into ten equal 
 parts. Of course, the lines need not be actually drawn 
 
( 94 ) 
 
 as long as the ticks on A B are made parallel to line 
 joining IOB. 
 
 Without attempting to give a complete list of books 
 which might be useful to beginners and others, we will 
 append a list of some which may be profitably studied. 
 Many of them are recognised text-books in use at 
 technical classes. The published prices are quoted, and, 
 
 10 
 
 ^< 
 
 <Jr^T\ > I 
 
 1 ' / 
 
 / / / 1 
 
 FIG. 80 
 
 generally speaking, a discount of 25 per cent, can be 
 obtained by ordering the books through proper 
 channels. 
 
 " Algebra, Elementary," by Todhunter, 2s. 6d. 
 
 " Algebra, Advanced," by Todhunter, 73. 6d. 
 
 " Euclid," by Todhunter, 3 j. 6d. 
 
 1 Trigonometry, Elementary," by Todhunter, 2s. 6d. 
 
 ' Trigonometry, Advanced," by Todhunter, 5^. 
 
 ' Geometry," by Rawle, i s. 
 
 ' Geometry, Elementary," by Angel, is. 6d. 
 
 ' Geometry, Advanced," by Angel, vol. I., 4^. 
 
 'Geometry, Advanced," by Angel, vol. II., 6s. 
 
 ( Heat, Introduction to Study of," by Hamblin 
 Smith, 3.5-. 
 
 " Engineer's Pocket-Book," by Molesworth, 6s. This 
 little book is indispensable to the mechanical draughts- 
 man. 
 
( 95 ) 
 
 " Architect's Handbook," by Hurst, 5^. This hand- 
 book is extremely useful to the architect and builder. 
 
 "Engineer's Pocket-Book," by Trau twine, 2 is. A 
 valuable book, and chiefly for civil engineers. 
 
 " The Mechanical Engineer's Pocket-Book of Tables, 
 Formulae, Rules, and Data," by Kinnear Clark, gs. 
 
 " Templeton's Engineer's Assistant," 2s. 6d. 
 
 " Practical Engineer's Pocket-Book and Diary," * is. 
 
 " The Mechanical Worla Pocket Diary," * 6d. 
 
 " Calvart's Mechanic's Almanack," * 4^. 
 
 " Graphic Statics," by Gray & Lowson, 3^. 6d. 
 
 "Graphic Statics," by Clarke, I2s. 6d. 
 
 " Strains in Ironwork," by Adams, $s. This is a 
 capital little book, and does not require a knowledge of 
 arithmetic beyond simple proportion. 
 
 " Handy Book of Strains," by Humber, *js. 6d. A 
 valuable book, but more advanced. 
 
 " Principles of Mechanics," by Goodeve, 6s. 
 
 " Elements of Mechanism," by Goodeve, 6s. 
 
 " Elements of Machine Design," by Unwin. Part I., 
 6s. Part II., 4s. 6d. 
 
 " Mechanical Engineering," by Adams, 6s. 
 
 " Workshop Appliances," by Shelley, 43. 6d. 
 
 " Cranes and Lifting Machinery," by Marks, 2s. 6d. 
 
 " Steam Engine," by K. Clark, 48^. 
 
 " Handbook on the Steam Engine," by Haedar & 
 Powles, gs. 
 
 " Steam Boilers," by Wilson, 6^. 
 
 " Survey of the Hull, Equipments, and Machinery 
 of Steamships Carrying Passengers," 6d. Very useful 
 to those engaged in boiler work. 
 
 " Text-book on the Steam Engine," by Goodeve, 6s. 
 
 * These are annuals, and contain useful information about 
 gas-engines, indicating, &c. 
 
( 96 ) 
 
 " Locomotive Engineering," by Colbourne. This 
 work can be consulted in many libraries. 
 
 " Steam Engine Indicator," by Beaumont, 3^. 6d. 
 
 " Pumps : Historical, Theoretical, and Practical," by 
 Bjorling, *js. 6d. 
 
 "Surveying," by Merritt, 12s. 6d. This book is 
 fully illustrated, and contains the necessary arithmetic, 
 trigonometry, and geometry required. 
 
 " Principles of Pattern Making," published by 
 Whittaker & Co., 3* 6d. 
 
 " Magnetism and Electricity, Elementary," by 
 Jamieson, 3^. 6d. 
 
 " Elementary Electricity," by Sylvanus Thompson, 
 4^. 6d. 
 
 "Electrical Engineering," by Slingo & Brooker, IDS. 
 
 "Architecture, Classic," by Smith & Slater, 5^. 
 
 " Architecture, Gothic and Renaissance," by Smith & 
 Poynter, $s. These two are capital books for the price. 
 
 " Building Construction," Rivington's. Vol. I., 
 los. 6d. ; Vol. II., i or. 6d. ; Vol. III., 2is. ; Vol. IV., 
 15-y. These are good books. Vols. I. and II. give 
 all kinds of details, well illustrated ; Vol. III. deals 
 with materials, and Vol. IV. with beams, girders, roofs, 
 arches, &c. 
 
 " Mechanical Drawing Copies," by Busbridge, com- 
 prising all kinds of details, 3^. per sheet. Architectural 
 ditto, same price. These copies are very useful to 
 students. 
 
INDEX 
 
 BEAM Compasses or Trammels, 14, 
 
 15 
 
 Bevel Wheels, 41, 42 
 Black and White Prints, 73, 75, 76 
 Blue Prints, 72, 73, 74, 76 
 Books, List of Useful, 94-96 
 Border Lines, 34 
 Brushes, 10 
 
 CALCULATIONS, 61-63 
 
 Callipers, 9, 10 
 
 Castings, 47, 48 
 
 Chain, The, 50, 51 
 
 Cloth Tracings, 70, 71, 73, 74 
 
 - Colouring of, 72 
 Colours, List of, 28 
 Compasses, 7 
 
 - Use of, 23, 24 
 Cost of Instruments, &c., II 
 Cross Staff, 49, 50 
 
 DESIGNING, 45-48 
 Development of Surfaces, 59 
 Dividers, 8 
 Drawing Boards, 12 
 
 Book, 78 
 
 - Pen, 8 
 
 Care of, 22, 23 
 " Setting " of, 20- 
 
 22 
 
 Pins, 10 
 
 Drawings, Repair of, 7 1 
 
 and Tracings, Record 
 
 of, 77, 78 
 
 Storage of, 79, 80 
 
 Sectioning of, 26-28 
 
 Dimensioning of, 33, 34 
 
 for Shops, 45, 46 
 
 ELECTRICAL Work, 66, 67 
 Erasing Ink Lines, 26 
 Estimate Book, 79 
 Estimating, 53-55 
 
 FACTOR of Safety, 48 
 French Curves, 9 
 
 GRAPHIC Statics, 64, 65 
 
 HYDRAULIC Engineering, 65, 66 
 Hydrography, 53 
 
 INDELIBLE Water, 25 
 Indian Ink, 25 
 
 Pans for, 25 
 
 - How to make it Plow, 
 
 25 
 
 Indicating Engines, 54, 56, 57 
 Indicators, 57 
 
 H 
 
INDEX 
 
 Inking-in Drawings, 22 
 Instruments, Case for, 1 1 
 
 LETTER and Sketch-book, 79 
 
 Level, The, 49 
 
 Levelling and Surveying, 49, 51-53 
 
 Levelling Staff, 50 
 
 List of Colours, 28 
 
 Useful Books, 94-96 
 
 MAP Drawing, 53 
 Marine Work, 67, 68 
 Measuring Staffs, 17, 1 8 
 -Tape, 1 8 
 up Work, 43-45 
 Mechanics, Science of, 60 
 Metals, Comparative Strengths of, 
 
 46, 47 
 Mounting Paper, 69-71 
 
 NEEDLE Points, 
 
 ORDNANCE Survey, 51 
 Orthographic Projection, 59 
 
 PAPER Mounting and Stretching, 
 
 69, 70 
 
 Parallel Ruler, 17, 1 8 
 Pen and Pencil Bows, 8 
 Pencils, 19, 20 
 Planimeter, 16, 82-89 
 Projection of Shadows, 59-61 
 Proportional Compasses, 16, 17 
 Protractor, 10 
 
 REPAIRING Drawings, 71 
 Right Angle, to lay off a, 52 
 
 SAUCERS, 10 
 
 Scale of Chords, 91-93 
 
 Scales, 14 
 
 Screw Threads, 37-40 
 
 Sectional Breaks, 32, 33 
 
 Sectioning Drawings, 26, 27 
 
 Sensitising Solutions, 74, 75 
 
 vSet Squares, 8, 9 
 
 - Use of, 35-37 
 " Setting " Drawing Pen, 20-22 
 Shade Lines, 22 
 Shading and Tinting, 28-32 
 Shipbuilding, 67, 68 
 Shop Drawings, 45, 46 
 Sketch-book, 43 
 Sketching, 43-45 
 Spur Wheels, 40, 41 
 Staffs for Measuring, 17, 18 
 Steam, The Science of, 60, 61 
 Stencilling Apparatus, 15, 16 
 Stretching Paper, 69-71 
 Surveying and Levelling, 49, 51-53 
 
 TAPE, 1 8 
 
 Tee Squares, 13, 14 
 
 Adjustable, 14 
 Theodolite, 49, 52 
 Tinting and Shading, 28-32 
 Titles for Drawings, 34 
 Toothed Wheels, 40-42 
 Tracing Books, 78-81 
 Tracings and Drawings, Record of, 
 
 77. 
 Tracings on Cloth, 70, 71, 73, 74 
 
 Colouring of, 72 
 
 Trammels or Beam Compasses, 14, 
 
 15 
 
 WEIGHT of Structures, 65 
 
 Spottiswoode <&* Co., Printers, New-street Square, London 
 
Wbittafcer'e 
 
 OF 
 
 Brts, Sciences, /I&anutactures, ant) Jnfcuetries, 
 
 ( Continued from front of book. ) 
 By G. E. BONNEY. 
 
 ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS. With 144 Illustrations. 2s. 6d. 
 'This is an excellent book for boy*.' Electrical Re-view. 
 
 By G. E. BONNEY. 
 INDUCTION COILS. A Practical Manual for Amateur Coil-makers. 
 
 With 101 Illustrations. 3^. 
 
 ' In Mr. Bonney's useful book every part of the coil is described minutely in 
 detail, and the methods and materials required in insulating and winding the wire are 
 fully considered.' Electrical Review. 
 
 By G. E. BONNEY. 
 
 THE ELECTRO-PLATERS' HANDBOOK. A Practical Manual for 
 
 Amateurs and Young Students in Electro- Metallurgy. With Full Index and 61 
 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with an Appendix on 
 ELECTROTYPING. 3 s. 
 
 CONTENTS: I. Electro-Deposition of Metal II. Electro-Deposition by Current 
 from Batteries III. Dynamo-Electric Plating Machines IV. Electro- Platers' Materials 
 V. Preparing the Work VI. Electro-Plating with Silver VII. Gold-VIII. Nickel 
 IX. Copper-X. Alloys-XL Zinc, Tin, Iron, &c. 
 
 ' An amateur could not wish for a better exposition of the elements 
 
 Of the Subject. . . . The work has an excellent index and 61 Illustrations, and will 
 form a useful addition to Messrs. Whittaker's valuable series of practical manuals.' 
 
 Electrical Review. 
 
 ' The work is of evident utility, and has before it a future.' Chemical News. 
 
 ' It contains a large amount of sound information.' Nature. 
 
 By H. ORFORD. 
 LENS WORK FOR AMATEURS. With numerous Illustrations. 
 
 Small crown 8vo. 3^. 
 
 ' The book is a trustworthy guide to the manufacturer of lenses, suitable alike for the 
 amateur and the young workman.' Nature. 
 
 ' The author is both a sound practical optician and is able to convey his knowledge 
 to others in a clear manner.' British Journal of Photography. 
 
 MODERN OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS. By the same Author. 
 
 [ In the press. 
 By J. TRAILL TAYLOR, Editor of 'The British Journal of Photography ' 
 
 THE OPTICS OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND PHOTOGRAPHIC 
 
 LENSES. With 68 Illustrations. 35. M. 
 ' An excellent guide of great practical use.' Nature. 
 
 1 Personally we look upon this book as a most valuable labour-saving invention, for 
 no questions are so frequent, or take so long to answer, as those about lenses.' 
 
 Practical Photographer. 
 
 1 Written so plainly and clearly that we do not think the merest tyro will have any 
 difficulty in mastering its contents.' Amateur Photographer. 
 
 By JOSEPH POOLE, A.I.E.E. (Wh. Sc. 1875), Chief Electrician to the New Telephone 
 Company, Manchester. 
 
 THE PRACTICAL TELEPHONE HANDBOOK. With 228 Illus- 
 
 trations. Second Edition. Revised and considerably Enlarged. $s. 
 .The gratifying reception accorded this book now enables the author to issue a new 
 edition in a considerably enlarged form. New chapters on Metallic- Circuit Working 
 and on Electrical Measurements have been added, the former in order to keep pace with 
 the rapid advance which has been made in that direction during late years, and the 
 latter in order to make the book more complete. From the Preface. 
 
 ' This essentially practical book is published at an opportune moment.' Electrician. 
 
By SYDNEY F. WALKER, M.I.E.E., A.M.Inst.C.E. 
 
 ELECTRICITY IN OUR HOMES AND WORKSHOPS. A Practical 
 
 Treatise on Auxiliary Electrical Apparatus. Third Edition. Revised and Enlarged. 
 With 143 Illustrations. 6s. 
 
 1 It would be difficult to find a more painstaking writer when he is describing the con- 
 ditions of practical success in a field which he has himself thoroughly explored.' 
 
 Electrician. 
 1 Mr. Walker's book is evidently the work of a practical man who has had much 
 
 experience. . . . The practical hints are likely to be of solid value.' 
 
 Saturday Review. 
 
 ' The work is a valuable contribution to the literature of electrical science in its more 
 practical forms.' Iron and Coal Trades Re-view. 
 
 By D. DENNING. 
 
 THE ART AND CRAFT OF CABINET MAKING. A Practical 
 
 Handbook to the Construction of Cabinet Furniture, the Use of Tools. Formation 
 of Joints, Hints on Designing and Setting out Work, Veneering, &c. With 219 
 Illustrations. $s. 
 
 ' We heartily commend ft.' Cabinet Maker. 
 
 ' Well planned, and written in a pleasing and simple style.' Nature. 
 
 'A carefully-considered and well- written book,' Work. 
 
 By F. C. ALLSOP, Author of ' The Telephones and their Construction.' 
 
 PRACTICAL ELECTRIC-LIGHT FITTING. A Treatise on the 
 
 Wiring and Fitting up of Buildings deriving current from Central Station Mains, 
 and the Laying down of Private Installations, including the latest edition of the 
 Phoenix Fire Office Rules. With 224 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised. $s. 
 
 ' A book we have every confidence in recommending.' Daily Chronicle. 
 
 ' A highly practical and useful book.' Lightning. 
 
 1 The book is certainly very complete.' Electrical Review. 
 
 By J. HOPKINSON, D.Sc., F.R.S. 
 
 DYNAMO MACHINERY, ORIGINAL PAPERS ON. With 98 
 
 Illustrations. 5$. 
 
 ' Must prove of great Value to the student and young engineer.' 
 'A most Valuable work.' English Mechanic. Electrical Review. 
 
 By S. R. BOTTONE. 
 
 ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT-MAKING FOR AMATEURS. A 
 
 Practical Handbook. With 78 Illustrations. Sixth Edition, revised and Enlarged. 3^. 
 
 'To those about to study electricity and its application this book 
 will form a very useful companion.' Mechanical World. 
 
 By S. R. BOTTONE. 
 
 ELECTRO-MOTORS, How Made and How Used. A Handbook 
 
 for Amateurs and Practical Men. With 70 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised 
 and Enlarged. 3^. 
 ' Mr. Bottone has the faculty of writing so as to be understood by amateurs.' 
 
 Industries. 
 
 ' The explanations are very clear and readily undeiestood.' Marine Engineer. 
 ' We are certain that the knowledge gained in constructing machines such as described 
 in this book will be of great value to the worker.' Electrical Engineer. 
 
 By S. R. BOTTONE. 
 
 ELECTRIC BELLS, AND ALL ABOUT THEM. A Practical Book 
 
 for Practical Men. With more than 100 Illustrations. Fifth Edition, Revised 
 and Enlarged. 3^. 
 
 ' Any one desirous of undertaking the practical work of electric bell-fitting will find 
 everything, or nearly everything, he wants to know.' Electrician. 
 
 'No bell-fitter should be without it.' Building News. 
 
 By S. R. BOTTONE. 
 
 THE DYNAMO : How Made and How Used. Ninth Edition, 
 
 with additional matter and illustrations. 25. 6ii. 
 2 
 
Established 1783. May, 1896. 
 
 Danfcboofes 
 
 FOR 
 
 CIVIL, ELECTRICAL,* MECHANICAL 
 
 ^Engineers, 
 
 AND FOR 
 
 STUDENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 WHITTAKER & CO., Paternoster Square, 
 London, E.G. 
 
 (For Index of Authors and Subjects see end.) 
 
 THE SPECIALISTS' SERIES. 
 
 4 Whittaker's excellent Specialists' Series for Engineering Students.' Saturday Review. 
 ' Whittaker's well-known and valuable Specialists' Series.' Electrician. 
 ' The Specialists' Series of technical books is well known and appreciated.' Nature. 
 ' Messrs. Whittaker's excellent Specialists' Series.' Daily Chronicle. 
 
 By GISBERT KAPP. 
 
 TRANSFORMERS for Single and Polyphase Alter- 
 nating Currents. [Shortly. 
 By G. R. BODMER, A.M.Inst.C.E., Author of ' Hydraulic Motors.' 
 
 RAILWAY MATERIAL. The Inspection of. 
 
 CONTENTS : INTRODUCTION RAILS, Ordinary and Tramway 
 SLEEPERS for Rail and Tramway FASTENINGS TYRES and AXLES 
 PLATES, &c. ROLLING STOCK BILLETS and BLOOMS WIRE RODS and 
 WIRE. [Shortly. 
 
 By W. H. PREECE, C.B., F.R.S., President of the Institution of Electrical 
 Engineers, Engineer in Chief and Electrician at the General Post Office ; 
 and A. J. STUBBS, A.I.E.E., Technical Officer, General Post Office. 
 
 A MANUAL OF TELEPHONY. With Illustrations, 
 
 Appendix, Tables, and full Index. Second Edition. 15^. 
 
 CONTENTS: I. Transmitters and Receivers II. Apparatus and Circuits 
 III. Simple Telephone Exchange Systems IV. Multiple Switches V. Mis- 
 cellaneous Switching and other Systems VI. Construction, Wires and Cables. 
 
 ' The most complete epitome of present-day telephonic practice.' 
 Electrical Engineer. 
 
 ' The work is exhaustive of its subject, without being overburdened with 
 minute technical details.' Times. 
 
2 Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 
 
 1HE SPECIALISTS' SERIES (Continued). 
 
 By G. A. T. MIDDLETON, A.R.I.B.A., M.S.A., Author of * Strains in 
 Structures,' &c., &c. 
 
 SURVEYING AND SURVEYING INSTRU- 
 MENTS. With 41 Illustrations. 4*. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : Surveys with Chain only Obstructions in Chain-Line and 
 Right-Angle Instruments The Uses of the Level Various Forms of Level 
 and their Adjustments The Uses of Angle-measuring Instruments The 
 Theodolite and other Angle-measuring Instruments Instruments for Ascer- 
 taining Distances. 
 
 1 This is a very neat little text-book, and very suitable for students preparing 
 to pass the Institute examinations.' Journ. of Royal Inst. of British Architects. 
 
 By J. O. ARNOLD, Professor of Metallurgy, Sheffield Technical School. 
 
 STEEL WORKS ANALYSIS. With 22 Illustrations 
 and Diagrams. Crown 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : The Steel Works Laboratory and Appliances Section I. 
 Analysis of Steel and Wrought Iron ; II. Analysis of Iron Ore ; III. Refrac- 
 tory Materials ; IV. Fuel ; V. Sundries. 
 
 'This book is of an essentially practical character.' Engineer. 
 
 1 Everything that a steel-works' analyst may fairly be called upon to examine finds 
 
 a place in this volume Prof. Arnold has rendered steel-works' 
 
 analysis a decided service by the publication of his work.' 
 
 Prof. JOHN PARRY in Nature. 
 ' We can heartily recommend this book.' Electrician. 
 
 By C. C. HAWKINS, M.A., A.I.E.E., and F. WALLIS, A.I.E.E. 
 
 THE DYNAMO, ITS THEORY, DESIGN AND 
 
 MANUFACTURE. With 190 Illustrations, mostly from original 
 Drawings. Second Edition, Revised. IO.T. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : The Magnetic Field The Magnetic Circuit The Production 
 of an E. M. F. The Magnetic Pull Self Induction Classification of 
 Dynamos Bi- and Multi-polar Alternators Unipolar Alternators Open- 
 Coil Armatures Closed-Coil Armatures The Magnetisation of Iron 
 Armatures Field Magnets The Ampere Turns of the Field Series, 
 Shunt, and Compound Winding Sparking and Angle of Lead Heating of 
 Dynamos Typical Dynamos Dynamo Designing The Working and 
 Management of Dynamos. 
 
 'A work of no mean ability. One valuable feature throughout the book 
 is the excellence and number of the illustrations." Electrical Engineer. 
 
 'The work is well-arranged . . . the explanations are clear and the 
 formulae simple. . . . The classification of dynamos is very good and rational.' 
 Electrical Review. 
 
 1 We welcome this book as a thoroughly trustworthy and useful work,j/ 
 Electrician. 
 
Whittaktr's Technological and Scientific List. 
 
 THE SPECIALISTS' SERIES (Continued). 
 
 By GISBERT KAPP, C.E., Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 
 Member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 
 
 ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION OF ENERGY, and 
 
 its Transformation, Sub-division, and Distribution. A Practical Hand- 
 book. Fourth Edition, mostly re-written. 455 pp. xii. pp. With 166 
 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. IO.T. 6d. 
 
 *.* The work has been brought up to date, both as regards theory and 
 practice. 
 
 Specimen of Illustrations from Kapp's ' Electric Transmission of Energy/ 
 
 ' This book is one which must of necessity be found in the hands of every one who- 
 desires to become acquainted with the best and latest information on the 
 subject,' tectncal Engineer. 
 
 *The book is an excellent one in every way, and will, we imagine, 
 long be regarded as the standard treatise on the electrical transmission of energy.' 
 
 Mechanical World. 
 
 ' Although, therefore, the book will be of greater interest to the trained specialist, 
 it has an intrinsic value for the average manufacturer who is willing 
 to give a little study to the subject.' Textile Recorder. 
 
 'Is one of the most generally useful books to the electrical 
 engineer which has been published.' Industries and Iron. 
 
Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 
 
 THE SPECIALISTS' SERIES (Continued). 
 
 By Sir D. SALOMONS, Vice- President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 
 A.I.C.E., M.Amer.I.E.E., M.P.S., F.R.A.S., F.C.S., &c., &c. 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHT INSTALLATIONS. 
 
 Vol. I. ACCUMULATORS. With 33 Illustrations. 5*. 
 
 ' A capital practical handbook.' 
 
 Mechanical World. 
 ' The best work on the subject.' 
 
 English Mechanic. 
 
 Vol. II. APPARATUS. i. Engines 
 2. Dynamos and Motors 3. Instru- 
 ments 4. Governors 5. Switches and 
 Switch Boards 6. Fuses, Cut-outs, Con- 
 nectors, and Minor Apparatus 7. Arc 
 Lamps 8. Practical Applications. With 
 305 Illustrations, js. 6d. 
 
 Vol. III. APPLICATION. With 
 
 32 Illustrations. 340 pp. 5^. 
 
 CONTENTS : Precautions Con- 
 ductors Testing Methods of Working 
 Alternate Currents Estimates, Index 
 &c. 
 
 ' The book in its present form is more 
 useful than any of the earlier editions, and 
 contains much more information.' 
 
 Engineer. 
 
 ' A seventh edition reviews itself. It says, 
 ' ' I am wanted, and theref re I am here." ' 
 Electrical Engineer. 
 'The great characteristic of Sir David 
 Salomons' writings is their exceedingly 
 practical common sense.' 
 
 Indian Engineer. 
 
 Diagram of Photometer, from Salomons' 
 ' Electric Light Installations.' 3 vols. 
 
 By OSCAR GUTTMANN, Assoc. M.Inst.C.E., F.I.C., Member of the Societies 
 of Civil Engineers and Architects of Vienna and Budapest, Corresponding 
 Member of the Im. Roy. Geological Inst. of Austria, &c. 
 
 EXPLOSIVES: The Manufacture of. A Theoretical 
 
 and Practical Treatise on the History, the Physical and Chemical Pro- 
 perties, and the Manufacture of Explosives. With 328 Illustrations. In 
 two Vols. Medium 8vo. 2/. 2s. 
 
 %* The work contains the most recent information on Gunpowder, Gun- 
 cotton, Dynamite, Smokeless Powders, Fulminates, &c. 
 
 ' The author has been fortunate in finding a clear field for a full and compre- 
 hensive wort giving the details of the most modern systems of manufacture. 
 This has been so well done in the volumes before us, that we regret 
 that the space at command prevents us from giving more than a brief indication of 
 their contents." Engineer. 
 
 'A work of such magnitude and importance, that it will undoubtedly 
 take a leading place in the literature on the subject.' A rms and Explosives. 
 
Whittakers Technological and Scientific List. 
 
 THE SPECIALISTS' SERIES (Continued). 
 
 ' This work commends itself most strongly to all manufacturers and users of 
 explosives, and not less to experts.' Chemical News. 
 
 ' He who wants to know all about everything in the way of cordite and 
 
 its rival " ites," will find whatever he can possibly desire to know in Mr. Guttmann's 
 volumes.' Daily Chronicle. 
 
 1 Well conceived, well arranged, well executed.' Scotsman. 
 
 ' The work is full of valuable information.' Manchester Guardian. 
 
 Specimen of Illustrations from Guttrmnn's ' Explo 
 
Whittaker s Technological and Scientific List. 
 THE SPECIALISTS 9 SERIES (Continued). 
 
 By G. R. BODMER, A.M.Inst.C.E. 
 HYDRAULIC MOTORS: Turbines and Pressure 
 
 Engines. With 204 Illustrations. Tables and Index. Second Edition, 
 thoroughly Revised and Enlarged. 14^. 
 
 ' A distinct acquisition to our technical literature.' Engineering. 
 
 ' The best text-book we have seen on a little-known subject.' Marine Engineer. 
 
 'A well-known and deservedly successful work.' Electrician. 
 
 ' An excellent treatise.' Nature. 
 
 'This standard work has been now considerably enlarged The best book 
 
 that exi.>-U on the subject ' Flr< f>- c -I Revirw. 
 
 Specimen of Illustrations from Bodmer's ' Hydraulics.' 
 
 By W. FLETCHER, Mechanical Engineer, Author of ' Steam Locomotion 
 on Common Roads.' 
 
 THE STEAM JACKET: Practically Considered. 
 
 Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With 63 Illustrations. Crown 
 8vo. 7-r. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : History of the Steam Jacket Cylinder Condensation 
 Means proposed for Preventing Cylinder Condensation The Abuse of the 
 Steaii. facket Practical Proofs of the Efficicy of the Steam Jacket, &c., &c. 
 
 ' It ought to be read not only by engineers, but by steam users.' 
 
 Textile Recorder, 
 1 An excellent little book.' Electrical Review. 
 
 4 A most excellent work on tf e Mibject ' S!tfaishif>. 
 
Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 
 THE SPECIALISTS 9 SERIES (Continued). 
 
 By OLIVER;. LODGE, LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S., M.I.E.E. 
 Professor of Experimental Physics in the University College, Liverpool. 
 
 LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS AND LIGHTNING 
 
 GUARDS. A Treatise on the 
 Protection of Buildings, of 
 Telegraph Instruments and 
 Submarine Cables, and of 
 Electric Installations generally, 
 from Damage by Atmospheric 
 Discharges. 
 
 In one volume, with numer- 
 ous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 1 5 s. 
 
 ' How they are essential, and in what 
 manner they may be made most effective, 
 is elaborately shown in the Professor's 
 comprehensive and most instruc- 
 tive treatise, which is the work of one 
 of our best authorities on modern theories 
 of electricity and their practical appli- 
 cation. Times. 
 
 ' There is probably no one who knows 
 more about lightning conductors than Dr. 
 
 Single Pattern Form JRH^ (Specimen of 
 
 of Guard for Cables. yfflB Illustrations.) 
 
 By THOMAS H. BLAKESLEY, M.A., M.Inst.C.E., Hon. Sec. of the 
 Physical Society. 
 
 ALTERNATING CURRENTS OF ELECTRICITY. 
 Third Edition, enlarged. 5*. 
 
 CONTENTS : Self Induction Mutual Induction Condensers Condenser 
 in Circuit Several Condensers Combination of Condensers with Self Induc- 
 tion Condenser Transformer Distributed Condenser Telephony The 
 Transmission of Power Upon the Use of the Two-coil Dynamometer with 
 alternating Currents Silence in a Telephone On Magnetic Lag Further 
 Contributions to Dynamometry. 
 
 1 It is written with great clearness and compactness of statement) 
 
 and well maintains the character of the series of books with which it is now 
 associated.' Electrician. 
 
 By STUART A. RUSSELL, Assoc. M.Inst.C.E., M.I.E.E. 
 
 ELECTRIC -LIGHT CABLES, AND THE DIS- 
 TRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY. With 107 Illustrations. 7*. 6d. 
 
 'The various systems of main distribution, heating losses, jointing, cost of distribu- 
 tion, testing, safety devices, &c., are dealt with A book of very great 
 
 value.' Electrical Review. 
 
 A more thorough book could not have been written.' Electrician. 
 
Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 
 
 THE SPECIALISTS' SERIES (Continued). 
 
 By WILLIAM ANDERSON, F.R.S., D.C.L., Member of the Council of the 
 Institution of Civil Engineers, M.I.M.E., and Director-General of 
 Ordnance Factories, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. 
 
 ON THE CONVERSION OF HEAT INTO WORK. 
 
 A Practical Handbook on Heat-Engines. With 62 Illustrations. Third 
 Edition. 6s. 
 
 ' We have no hesitation in saying there are young engineers and a good many old 
 engineers, too who can read this book, not only with profit, but pleasure, and this is 
 more than can be said of most works on heat.' The Engineer. 
 
 ' The volume bristles from beginning to end with practical ex- 
 amples culled from every department of technology. In these days of 
 rapid book-making it is quite refreshing to read through a work like this, having 
 originality of treatment stamped on every page.' Electrical Review. 
 
 By G. W. SUTCLIFFE, M.Inst.C.E. (Whitworth Scholar). 
 
 STEAM POWER AND MILL WORK: Modern 
 
 Practice in. With numerous Tables, Illustrations, &c. Crown 8vo. 2is. 
 
 CONTENTS : Heat and Work Fuel and Combustion Calorimeters- 
 Storage and Manipulation of Coal Coal Washing for the Removal of Solid 
 Waste Connexion, Circulation, Evaporation, and Priming in Boilers Forced 
 Draft Gas Firing Use of Liquid Fuel Analysis of Gasses produced in 
 Combustion Water for Use in Boilers Boilers Boiler Houses and Boiler 
 Setting Chimneys Economisers Crossheads and Connecting Rods Crank 
 Shafts, Gearing, &c., &c. 
 
 ' A peculiarly useful and well-written book.' Daily Chronicle. 
 
 ' One of the most useful treatises of the kind. To Students it will be found 
 a most excellent text-book.' English Mechanic. 
 
 ' The book will well repay careful study.' Engineer. 
 
 'The work is one which is to be commended to the notice of naval architects and 
 marine engineers.' Steamship. 
 
 By 'A FOREMAN PATTERN MAKER.' 
 HELICAL GEARS ; A Practical Treatise. By the 
 
 Author of 'Practical Ironfounding,' 'Metal Turning,' 'The Principles 
 of Pattern Making,' ' The Principles of Fitting.' With 100 Illustrations 
 and Frontispiece. JS. 6d. 
 
 1 To pattern-makers, ironfounders, and engineers generally, we can recommend the 
 perusal of the book.' Marine Engineer. 
 
 'The author has contributed a useful book to machinists.' Builder. 
 
 By D. W. TAYLOR, Naval Constructor, United States Navy. 
 
 RESISTANCE OF SHIPS AND SCREW PRO- 
 PULSION. With Seventy-three Figures and numerous Diagrams. 
 Medium 8vo. cloth, i$s. 
 
 ' The book will well repay careful study.' Engineer. 
 
 ' A valuable and useful contribution to the literature of the subject. 
 
 Marine Engineer. 
 
Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 
 
 THE SPECIALISTS 9 SERIES (Continued). 
 
 By GUSTAV MAY. 
 BALLOONING : A Concise Sketch of its History 
 
 and Principles. From the best sources, Continental and English. With, 
 Illustrations. 2s. 6d. 
 
 ' Mr. May gives a clear idea of all the experiments and improvements in aero- 
 navigation from its beginning, and the various useful purposes to which it has beer, 
 applied.' Contemporary Review. 
 
 By GEORGE LUNGE, Ph.D., Professor of Technical Chemistry, Zurich, and, 
 FERDINAND HURTER, Ph.D., Consulting Chemist to the United Alkali 
 Co., Limited. 
 
 THE ALKALI MAKERS' HANDBOOK. Tables 
 
 and Analytical Methods for Manufacturers of Sulphuric Acid, Nitric Acid, 
 
 Soda, Potash, and Ammonia. Second Edition, Enlarged and 
 thoroughly Revised. In crown 8vo., with Illustrations, los. 6</.j : 
 strongly bound in half leather, 12s. 
 
 ' The present edition gives abundant evidence that care is being taken to make the- 
 book a faithful record of the condition of contemporary quantitative analysis. 1 
 
 PROFESSOR T. E. THORPE in Nature. 
 
 1 That excellent book.' The late PROFESSOR W. DITTMAR. 
 
 ' It is an excellent book, and ought to be in the hands of ever? 
 chemist.' PROFESSOR J. J. HUMMEL. 
 
 By Professor ROBERTS BEAUMONT, Director of the Textile Industries 
 Department, The Yorkshire College. 
 
 COLOUR IN WOVEN DESIGN. With thirty-two 
 
 Coloured Plates and 203 Illustrations. 2is. 
 
 CONTENTS : Theories of Colouring Attributes of Colours Contrast and. 
 Harmony Mixtures Elements of Textile Colouring Stripes Check 
 Patterns Simple Colourings Compound Colourings Fancy Shades applied 
 to Special Designs Colouring of Combination Designs Spotted Effects 
 Colouring of Double Weaves and Reversibles Figured Textiles Coloured in 
 the Warp Weft-coloured Figured Fabrics Curl Textures. 
 
 ' An excellent work on the application of colour to woven design." 
 
 Textile Manufacturer. 
 
 ' The illustrations are the finest of the kind we have yet come across, and the 
 publishers are to be congratulated on the general excellence of 
 the work.' Textile Mercury. 
 
1O Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 
 
 THE SPECIALIST'S SERIES (Continued). 
 
 By A. B. GRIFFITHS, Ph.D., F.R.S. (Edin.), F.C.S. 
 A TREATISE ON MANURES; or, the Philosophy 
 
 of Manuring. With Illustrations and Index. A Practical Handbook for 
 the Agriculturist, Manufacturer, and Student. Second Edition, 
 
 revised and enlarged. Crown 8vo. 7*. 6d. 
 
 1 The book is very full of matter, and may be recommended.' Engineer. 
 ' The book is brimful of highly useful information.' Live Stock Journal, 
 1 We gladly welcome its appearance as supplying a want long felt 
 
 in agricultural literature, and recommend every farmer and agricultural student 
 
 to possess himself of a copy without delay.' Farm and Home. 
 
 1 We consider this work a very valuable addition to the farm library.' 
 
 Saturday Review, 
 
 By J. W. SLATER, F.E.S., Editor of Journal of Science. 
 
 SEWAGE TREATMENT, PURIFICATION, AND 
 
 UTILISATION. A Practical Manual for the Use of Corporations, 
 Local Boards, Medical Officers of Health, Inspectors of Nuisances, 
 Chemists, Manufacturers, Riparian Owners, Engineers, and Ratepayers. 
 With Illustrations. 6s. 
 
 1 The writer, in addition to a calm and dispassionate view of the situation, gives 
 two chapters on "Legislation" and "Sewage Patents."' Spectator. 
 
 By W. LEE BEARDMORE, Assoc. M. Inst. C.E., Member of Council and 
 Hon. Sec. of the Civil and Mechanical Engineers' Society, Author of 
 * House Drainage Scientifically and Practically Considered,' and 'Com- 
 pulsory Registration of Certain Buildings as to their Sanitary Efficiency. ' 
 
 THE DRAINAGE of HABITABLE BUILDINGS. 
 
 Illustrated. *. 
 
 ' A useful little volume.' Scotsman. 
 ' " Automatic Flushing" and the not 
 
 'Gives in a small compass a large amount of useful information.' Industries. 
 
 Automatic Flushing" and the notes on the bath are particularly well done.' 
 
 National Observer, 
 
 By Captain M. P. NADIEINE. 
 A new treatise on 
 
 SANITARY DRAINAGE and the Treatment of 
 
 Sewage Matter. Demy 8vo. is. 
 
Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 1 1 
 
 By C. J. BOWEN COOKE, Assistant, London and North- Western Locomotive 
 
 Department. 
 
 BRITISH LOCOMOTIVES. Their History, Con- 
 struction, and Modern Development. With 150 Illustrations. Second 
 Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo. TS. 6d. 
 
 6 ft. 6 in. Coupled Engine, L. & N. W. Ry. 
 (Specimen of Illustrations.} 
 
 Charles Dickens.' 
 
 CONTENTS : I. Early History II. The Rainhill Contest, and subsequent 
 Development III. Action of Steam in the Cylinder IV. Valve Motion V. 
 The Boiler VI. Boiler Fittings VII. Cylinders, Pistons, and Connecting- 
 rods VIII. General Details IX. How an Engine is put together in the 
 Erecting Shop X. How the Slide Valves are set XI. Classification of 
 Engines XII. Tenders XIII. Brakes XIV. Modern Locomotives XV. 
 Modern Locomotives (continued] XVI. Compound Locomotives XVII. 
 Lubrication and Packing XVIII. Combustion and Consumption of Fuel 
 XIX. Engine-Drivers and their Duties XX. Duties of Drivers and Firemen 
 when Working a Train Concluding Remarks Index. 
 
 'We congratulate the author on producing a book which will be deservedly 
 successful.' Railway Engineer. 
 
 'This new work constitutes undoubtedly a most valuable addition to railway 
 literature.' Railway Herald. 
 
 'A very attractive and instructive little work.' Times, Oct. sth, 1893. 
 
 ' A most interesting book.' Nature. 
 
 ' Interesting and valuable.' Sun. 
 
12 Whittaker's Technological, and Scientific List. 
 
 LIBRARY OF GREAT INDUSTRIES (Continued}. 
 
 By the late SIR GEORGE FINDLAY, Assoc. Inst. C.E., General Manager of the 
 London and North-Western Railway. 
 
 AN ENGLISH RAILWAY, THE WORKING ANE> 
 
 MANAGEMENT OF. Fifth Edition, thoroughly Revised 
 and Enlarged, with a short Biography of Sir G-eorge* 
 Findlay, and Portrait, Appendix, and numerous Illus 
 trations. Crown 8vo. cloth, 7-r. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : Management The Staff The Permanent Way Signals 
 and Interlocking Telegraphs Rolling Stock Working of Trains Shunting 
 and Marshalling of Goods Trains Working of Goods Station Rates and 
 Fares Division of Traffic The Railway Clearing House The State and 
 Railways On the State Purchase of Railways Passenger Traffic On the 
 Law as between English Railway Companies and the Public On the Railway 
 as a means of Defence Index. 
 
 1 This is a delightful book.' Engineer. 
 
 1 Sir George Findlay's book displays so much knowledge and ability that it well 
 deserves to rant as a standard work on the subject.' Nature. 
 
 ' A very interesting work throughout.' Railway Engineer. 
 
 1 Sir George Findlay's book will take a high position in the library of 
 practical science.' Athen&um. 
 
 By T. ALEXANDER. 
 
 MODEL ENGINE CONSTRUCTION. With Practical 
 Instructions to Artificers and Amateurs. With 59 Illustrations and 21 
 Sheets of Working Drawings by C. E. JONES. 324 pp. Crown 8vo. icw.6^ 
 
 CONTENTS : Part I. Boiler and Engine Details 
 with Tools. Part II. Different Types of Engines : 
 Stationary, Locomotive, Marine. 
 
 A 
 
 Specimen of Illustrations f rom ' Model Engine Construction. ' 
 
 'Excellent drawings and ample instructive matter.' Daily Chronicle^ 
 
 ' An instructive book, which we do not hesitate in recommending to our apprentices 
 and amateurs.' Railway Herald. 
 
 ' In this book Mr. Alexander, aided by the drawing of Mr. C. E. Jones, has made- 
 things considerably easier for the model maker.' Engineer. 
 
 ' This book, besides affording an efficient and comprehensive guide to the 
 construction of model engines of several kinds, is of considerable educational value.' 
 
 Morning Post^ 
 
 1 Will be cordially welcomed by all who revel in the fascinating 
 pursuit of model engine-making.' 
 
 Prof. W. J. LINEHAM, in the Technical World. 
 
 ' A useful little book. Saturday Review. 
 
Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 13 
 
 LIBRARY OF GREAT INDUSTRIES (Continued). 
 
 By R. NELSON BOYD, M.Inst.C.E. 
 
 COAL PITS AND PITMEN. A Short History of the 
 Development of the Coal Trade, and the legislation affecting it. Second 
 Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 7-y. 6d. 
 
 ' The story of the development of the great coal industry of the United Kingdom 
 is told in these pages in an interesting manner.' Engineering. 
 
 'Mr. Boyd's well-written and eminently practical book.' 
 
 ' It cannot fail to prove interesting." Speaker. Daily Chronicle. 
 
 ' Not only a well-written and fascinating work, but also a valuable history of the 
 legislation and changes which have taken place in the coal industry.' Industries. 
 
 Specimen of Illustrations from Boyd's ' Coal Pits.' 
 By A. J. M AGINNIS, M.Inst.N. A., recently Assistant Superintendent of the White Star Line. 
 
 THE ATLANTIC FERRY. With Eighty Illustrations, 
 many of them from scarce prints in the Author's possession. Complete 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, 7-f. 6d. 
 
 A Popular Edition, with about 50 Illustrations, 2s. 6d. 
 
 ' Will furnish passengers with a compendious and authentic history of the develop. 
 :nt, construction, and organization of the great floating palaces which now conduct 
 ; service of the ferry across the Atlantic.' Times. 
 
 ' Mr. Maginnis' handsome volume has had a well-deserved success.' 
 
 ' The work is one of great merit.' Engineering. Engineer. 
 
 ' No one who is interested in steam navigation should be without 
 a copy.'- -Marine Engineer. 
 
 ment, 
 the 
 
14 Wlnttaker's Technological and Scientific List. 
 
 By A. A. BLAIR, Chief Chemist U.S. Board appointed to Test Iron, Steel, 
 and other Metals, &c. 
 
 THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF IRON. A com- 
 plete account of all the best -known methods for the Analysis of Iron, 
 Steel, Pig Iron, Iron Ore, Limestone, Slag, Clay, Sand, Coal, Coke, and 
 Furnace and Producer Gases. Second Edition, revised. Half- 
 leather, cloth sides, i6.r. 
 
 By JAMES DREDGE. Partly Reprinted from ' Engineering.' 
 A RECORD OF THE TRANSPORTATION EX- 
 HIBITS AT THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION OF 
 1893. Imperial 410. handsomely bound in Half Morocco. Weight, 
 1 8 Ib. Price 3/. 3*. [Engineering* 
 
 This Volume contains about 190 plates, and 800 pages of text and illustra- 
 tions, forming, it is believed, a very complete record of the most important 
 objects collected in the Transportation Exhibits Building at the World's 
 Columbian Exposition of 1893. 
 
 Reprinted from ' Engineering.' 
 
 THE NEW CUNARDERS, 'CAMPANIA' AND 
 
 'LUCANIA,' and the WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION of 
 1893. Royal 4to. 134 Pages, gilt lettered. Price 6s. Weight 3 Ib. 6 oz. 
 Illustrated by Nine two-paged and Four single-page Plates, and nearly 300 
 Figures in the Text. Printed throughout on special plate paper. 
 
 [Engineering* 
 
 By JAMES DREDGE, Dr. M. F. O'REILLY, and H. VIVAREZ. 
 Reprinted from 'Engineering.' 
 
 ELECTRIC ILLUMINATION. Vol. II. Edited by 
 JAMES DREDGE. Demy 4to. cloth. Price 30-5-. With 900 Pages and 
 about 1500 Figures. Weight 7^ Ib. Vol. I. is out of print. [Engineering. 
 
 By WILLIAM H. MAW. Partly Reprinted from ' Engineering.' 
 RECENT PRACTICE IN MARINE ENGINEER- 
 ING. Imperial 4to. Two Volumes, Half Morocco. Price 3/. Illustrated by 
 176 Plates and 295 Engravings in the Text. Weight 18 Ib. [Engineering. 
 
 By THOS. EGLESTON, LL.D., Professor in School of Mines, Columbia 
 College, New York. Reprinted from Engineering.' 
 
 THE METALLURGY OF SILVER, GOLD, AND 
 
 MERCURY IN THE UNITED STATES. Vol. I. SILVER. Vol. II. 
 GOLD AND MERCURY. Royal 8vo. Two Vols., cloth. Price i/. iu. 6d. each. 
 Profusely Illustrated. Weight (Vol.1.) 34 Ib., (Vol. II.) 5lb. [Engineering. 
 
 By J. R. C. NICHOLLS, Executive Engineer, Indian P.W.D. 
 Reprinted from ' Engineering.' 
 
 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING IN INDIA- 
 IRRIGATION. Cr. 4to. Price y.6cf. Profusely Illustrated. Weight 10 o?. 
 
 [Engineering. 
 
 By G. M. BORN. Reprinted from ' Engineering.' 
 
 METRIC MEASURES AND THEIR ENGLISH 
 
 EQUIVALENT. Cloth. Price 3*. Weight 8 oz. [Engineering. 
 
Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. i 5. 
 
 Reprinted from ' Engineering.' 
 
 THE STORY OF THE BATTLE OF PORT SAID: 
 
 A Chapter in the History of the Future. Demy 8vo. Price is. Illus- 
 trated. Weight 6 oz. [Engineering. 
 
 By WM. H. WILEY and SARA KING WILEY. Reprinted from ' Engineering. ' 
 THE YOSEMITE, ALASKA, AND THE YELLOW- 
 STONE. A Record of a Journey of 10,000 Miles from New York to 
 the Shores of Alaska and back. Demy 4to. cloth. Price 15^. Profusely 
 Illustrated. Weight 3 Ib. 4 oz. {Engineering. 
 
 By TAMES DREDGE. Reprinted from ' Engineering.' 
 MODERN FRENCH ARTILLERY. (The St. Cha- 
 
 mond, De Bange, Canet and Hotchkiss Systems.) With Illustrations of 
 French Warships. The Work is provided with a carefully prepared and 
 copious Index. Imperial 410. handsomely bound in Half Morocco. 
 Price 2.1. los. 500 Pages of Text, Tables and Plates, and over 700 Illus- 
 trations. Weight 9 Ib. 6 oz. [Engineering. 
 
 By J. E. TUIT, M.Inst.C.E., Engineer to Sir William Arrol & Co. 
 
 THE TOWER BRIDGE : its History and Construc- 
 tion from the Date of the Earliest Project to the Present Time. Profusely 
 Illustrated by C. W. Wyllie and others. Demy 4to. cloth, gilt lettered, 5 s. 
 
 By W. WESTHOFEN. Reprinted from ' Engineering.' 
 THE FORTH BRIDGE. Royal 4to. Seventy-two Pages, 
 cloth, gilt lettered. Price 5*. Weight 2 Ib. 8 oz. Illustrated by Nine- 
 teen Plates and 157 Figures in the Text. Printed throughout on special 
 plate paper. [Engineering. 
 
 Reprinted from ' Engineering.' 
 
 THE MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL. Illustrated 
 
 with Four Two-page Plates and numerous Figures in the Text. Printed 
 throughout on special Plate Paper. Royal 410. 46 pp. Cloth, gilt lettered. 
 Price 3-y. 6d. [Engineering. 
 
 By J. BUCKNALL SMITH, C.E. Reprinted from ' Engineering.' 
 A TREATISE UPON CABLE OR ROPE TRAC- 
 TION as applied to the Working of Street and other Railways. Crown 
 4to. cloth. Price 5.?. With numerous Plates and other Illustrations. 
 Weight 2 Ib. 2 oz. [Engineering. 
 
 By J. BUCKNALL SMITH, Author of 'Cable Traction,' ' Rope Haulage in 
 Mines,' &c. Reprinted from 'Engineering.' 
 
 WIRE: ITS MANUFACTURE AND USES. Crown 
 
 4to. cloth. Price 7s. 6d. Profusely Illustrated. Weight 3 Ib. 4 oz. 
 
 [Engineering. 
 
 By Lieut. -Colonel BUCKNILL, R.E. Reprinted from 'Engineering.' 
 SUBMARINE MINING. Roy. 8 vo. cloth. Price 12^.6^. With 
 numerous Illustrations. Weight I Ib. 10 oz. [Engineering. 
 
1 6 Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 
 
 By TAMES DREDGE. Reprinted from ' Engineering.' 
 THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. Its Organiza- 
 tion, Construction and Management ; with Folding Map, Eighty-two 
 Plates, 100 Engravings in Text, and 125 Tables. Large Imperial 4to. 
 Price 2.1. I2s. 6d. Weight 10 Ib. [Engineering. 
 
 By * GUNS.' Reprinted from 'Engineering.' 
 
 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A WHITEHEAD 
 
 TORPEDO. Cr. 4to. Price 2s. Illustrated. Weight 1402. [Engineering. 
 
 By S. R. BOTTONE, Author of ' Electrical Instrument Making,' ' Electro- 
 Motors,' 'Electric Bells,' ' The Dynamo,' &c. 
 
 A GUIDE TO ELECTRIC LIGHTING. For 
 
 Householders and Amateurs. Fifteenth. Thousand. Third 
 Edition. With many Illustrations. Pictorial cover, is. 
 
 A popular guide by a well-known writer, giving in clear and easily under- 
 stood language the information necessary to those about to introduce the 
 electric light into their dwellings. 
 
 ' Accurate, lucid, and suitable for the purpose.' Electrician. 
 ' The chapter on accumulators is perhaps one of the best in the book." 
 
 Electrical Review. 
 
 ' A shilling spent on this book will be well repaid.' Engineer's Gazette. 
 ' Will be found very useful to those desiring elementary knowledge on the subject.' 
 
 Iron. 
 
 By A. D. SOUTHAM. 
 
 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AS A PROFES- 
 SION, AND HOW TO ENTER IT. Second Ed. Illus. Cr. 8vo. v.6d. 
 
 ' It gives much valuable information.' Engineering. 
 
 By A. R. BENNETT, M.I.E.E. 
 THE TELEPHONING OF GREAT CITIES AND 
 
 THE ELECTRICAL PARCEL EXCHANGE SYSTEM. Two 
 Papers read before the British Association. Demy 8vo. Sewed, u. 
 
 % Dr. FRKDK. BEDELL and Dr. ALBERT C. CREHORE, of Cornell University. 
 
 ALTERNATING CURRENTS. An Analytical and 
 Graphical Treatment for Students and Engineers. 325 pages. With 
 112 Illustrations. Second Edition. Medium 8vo. cloth, icw. 6d. 
 
 By FRANK B. Cox, B.S. 
 CONTINUOUS-CURRENT" DYNAMOS and MO- 
 
 TORS : Their Theory, Design and Testing. With Sections on Indicator 
 Diagrams, Properties of Saturated Steam, Belting Calculations, &c. An 
 Elementary Treatise for Students. Cloth. 271 pp. 83 Illustrations. Js.6d. 
 
 By O. GREGORY, late Professor of Mathematics in the R.M.A., &c. 
 
 HUTTON'S MATHEMATICAL TABLES, con- 
 taining the Common, Hyperbolic, and Logistic LOGARITHMS ; also 
 Sines, Tangents, Secants, and Versed Sines, both Natural and Logarithmic. 
 Together with several other Tables useful in MATHEMATICAL CALCULA- 
 TIONS ; also the Complete Design arid Use of the Tables. With Seven 
 additional Tables of TRIGONOMETRICAL FORMULAE. New Edition. 
 Med. 8vo. cloth, I2s. 
 
WJiittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 17 
 
 By O. T. CROSBY and Dr. Louis BELL. 
 THE ELECTRIC RAILWAY IN THEORY AND 
 
 PRACTICE. 400 Octavo Pages, 1 79 Illustrations. Second Edition, 
 Revised. IQJ-. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : General Electrical Theory Prime Movers Motors and 
 Car Equipment The Line Track, Car Houses, Snow Machines The 
 Station The Efficiency of Electric Traction Storage Battery Traction 
 Miscellaneous Methods of Electric Traction High Speed Service Com- 
 mercial Considerations Historical Notes. 
 
 APPENDICES : Electric Railway vs. Telephone Decisions Instructions to 
 Linemen Engineer's Log Book Classification of Expenditures of Electric 
 Street Railways Concerning Lightning Protection, by Prof. Elihu Thomson. 
 
 By CARL HERING. 
 ELECTRIC RAILWAYS, RECENT PROGRESS 
 
 IN. About 400 pages, and 120 Illustrations. Price 5-r. 
 
 Thomson-Houston, W. P. Railway Motor. (Specimen of Illustrations,) 
 
 By Lieut. C. D. PARKHURST, Assoc. Mem. Am. Inst. E.E. 
 DYNAMO AND MOTOR BUILDING FOR AMA- 
 TEURS. With Working Drawings. With 22 Illustrations. 4?. 6d. 
 
 By WM. MAV&R, Jun., and MINOR M. DAVIS. 
 
 THE QUADRUPLEX. With Chapters on the Dynamo- 
 Electric Machine in Relation to the Quadruplex, the Practical Working 
 of the Quadruplex, Telegraph Repeaters and the Wheatstone Automatic 
 Telegraph by W. MAVER, jvm. Large 8vo. cloth. With 63 Illus. 6s. 6d 
 
 By H. A. FOSTER, Mem. Am. Inst. E.E. 
 CENTRAL STATION BOOK-KEEPING AND 
 
 SUGGESTED FORMS. With an Appendix for Street Railways and 
 numerous Diagrams. IDS. 6d. 
 
1 8 Whittaker's Technological and Scientific L ist. 
 
 By GISBERT KAPP. 
 ALTERNATING CURRENTS of ELECTRICITY, 
 
 their Generation, Measurement, Distribution, and Application. With 37 
 Illustrations and 2 Plates. 4*. 6d. 
 
 By PHILIP ATKINSON, A.M., Ph.D. 
 ELEMENTS OF STATIC ELECTRICITY. With 
 
 full description of the Holtz and Tb'pler Machines, and their Mode of 
 Operating. Second Edition, Revised. With 64 Illustrations. 6s. 6d. 
 
 By NIKOLA TESLA. 
 EXPERIMENTS WITH ALTERNATE CUR- 
 
 RENTS OK HIGH POTENTIAL AND HIGH FREQUENCY. With 
 a Portrait and 35 Illustrations, and Biographical Sketch of theAuthor. 
 
 By E. J. HOUSTON, Ph.D. 
 ELECTRICITY ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO 
 
 AND TO-DAY. With Notes, &c. 4*. 6d. 
 
 By E. J. HOUSTON, A.M., Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Central 
 High School, Philadelphia ; Professor of Physics in the Franklin Institute 
 of Philadelphia : Electrician of the International Electrical Exhibition. 
 
 DICTIONARY OF ELECTRICAL WORDS, 
 
 TERMS, AND PHRASES. THIRD EDITION. With an Appendix. 
 667 Pages, 582 Illustrations. Price 2is. 
 
 1 Fills a very large gap that previously existed in electrical literature.' 
 
 A. E. KENNELLY (Edison Laboratory). 
 ' The name of the author is a sufficient guarantee of the excellence of the work.' 
 
 Electrical Review. 
 
 ' A book of this kind is absolutely necessary to the general leader who wishes to 
 understand any modern article on applied electricity.' New York Herald. 
 
 By T. D. LOCKWOOD, Electrician, American Bell Telephone Company. 
 
 PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR TELE- 
 PHONISTS. 192 pages. v> &<*> 
 
 By E A. MERRILL. 
 
 COMPLETE RULES FOR THE SAKE INSTALLATION OF ELECTRICAL PLANT. 
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. For 
 
 the use of Engineers and Architects. With the Phoenix Fire Rules. 
 Price 6s. 
 
 By R. W T . WEEKES, Whit. Sen., A.M.I.C.E. 
 
 ALTERNATE CURRENT TRANSFORMER 
 DESIGN. 2*. 
 
 By N. SCOTT RUSSELL, M.Inst.C.E. 
 
 TOWN COUNCILLORS' HANDBOOK TO ELEC- 
 TRIC LIGHTING. Illustrated. Price u. 
 
 ' ?tem> to have accomplished the object in view.' Nature. 
 
 ' Has done y omn" service in preparing this little book.' Electrical Engineer. 
 
 'A u.setui s. tilling handbook that every town councillor should read.' 
 
 Building News. 
 
Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 19 
 
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 and C. H. W. BIGGS. 
 
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2O Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 
 
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Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 21 
 
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22 Whittaker's Technological and Scientific L ist. 
 
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Wkittakers Technological and Scientific List. 23 
 
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Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 25 
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26 Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 
 
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WJiittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 2? 
 
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28 Whit taker's Technological and Scientific List. 
 
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WhittakeSs Technological and Scientific List. 29 
 
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 as Used, of the Counties, Cities, Towns, and Universities of the United 
 Kingdom. Derived from the Official Records. Edited by A. C. Fox- 
 DAVIES, Editor of ' Fairbairn's Book of Crests,' &c., and M. E. B. 
 CROOKES. 
 
 ' Such a work can hardly fail to be of the greatest local interest, as well as of per- 
 manent national value.' Daily Telegraph. 
 
 Edited, with Notes and Historical Introduction, by S. BARING GOULD, M.A. 
 ENGLISH MINSTRELSIE : a National Monument 
 
 of English Song. With Airs in both Notations. Eight volumes, los. 
 each. Sold in Sets only (Vols. I. to IV. now ready). 
 
 Edited and Arranged by JOHN GREIG, Mus.Doc. 
 SCOTS MINSTRELSIE : a National Monument 
 
 of Scottish Song. With Airs in both Notations. Six Volumes. Cloth 
 gilt, red edges, $is. 
 
 Edited by JOSEPH PARRY, Mus.Doc. 
 
 CAMBRIAN MINSTRELSIE : a National Monu- 
 ment of Welsh Songs. With Airs in both Notations. Cloth gilt, red 
 edges, 5U. 
 
 By ALGERNON S. ROSE, F.R.G.S. 
 
 TALKS WITH BANDSMEN. Profusely Illustrated. 
 400 pp. crown, paper covers, 2s. 6d. ; cloth, 3^. 6d. 
 
 This book has been written to meet a widely expressed want, more 
 especially in the Midlands and North of England, where no work containing 
 those facts which every bandsman desires to know can be obtained at a popular 
 price. ' Talks with Bandsmen ' contains interviews with many prominent 
 wind-instrument players, and not only gives the history of the evolution of 
 metal instruments from the most primitive times to the present day, but the 
 book describes the author's experiences when visiting the leading brass- 
 instrument makers in this country. The whole is brimful of humorous bands- 
 men's stories. 
 
 ' It is emphatically the most valuable work extant dealing with the subject.' 
 
 Saturday Review. 
 
3O WJiittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 
 
 Stubents' Uet Books* 
 
 iBy J. T. HEWITT, M.A., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., Profesor of Chemistry, and 
 F. G. POPE, Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in the People's Palace 
 Technical Schools. 
 
 .ELEMENTARY PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY, In- 
 
 organic and Organic. Limp cloth, gd. net. 
 
 1 This little book will certainly rank amongst the best in the market.' Teachers' Aids 
 
 1 Excellently arranged.' Board Teacher. 
 
 ' The arrangement is clear, and the typical analyses are an excellent feature of the 
 work.' Educational Times. 
 
 ' Will certainly become popular in practical chemistry circles. Practical Teacher. 
 
 By MATTHEW WYATT, F.R G.S., F.I.I., Author of ' A Treatise on 
 Linear Perspective,' &c. 
 
 -DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS: 
 
 An Introduction to the. For the use of Students reading without the aid 
 of a Tutor. Crown 8vo. $s. 6d. 
 
 1 Mr. Wyatt explains the fundamental principles in such a simple manner, any one 
 with a little trouble could, in a short time, learn sufficient from his book for most 
 practical purposes." Builder. 
 
 ' That at first the Calculus does present to the mind of the ordinary student great 
 difficulties will, we think, be generally admitted, and the way in which Mr. Wyatt 
 smoothes these over is indeed a work of art.' Rail-way Engineer. 
 
 By SIDNEY H. WELLS, Wh.Sc., Assoc.M.Inst.C.E., Assoc. M.Inst.M.E., 
 Principal of the Battersea Polytechnic Institute. 
 
 'MECHANICAL LABORATORY WORK, Notes 
 
 and Experiments in. 8vo. lod. net. 
 
 By HENRY ADAMS, M.Inst.C.E., M.Inst.M.E., F.S.I., Professor of 
 Engineering at the City of London College. 
 
 PRACTICAL TRIGONOMETRY. For the Use of En- 
 
 gineers, Architects, and Surveyors. 2s. 6d. net. 
 
 CONTENTS : Angular Measurements Principles of Trigonometry 
 Construction and Use of Logarithms Trigonometrical Formulae Practical 
 Examples. 
 
 By HENRY ADAMS, M.Inst.C.E., M.Inst.M.E., 
 Professor of Engineering at the City of London College. 
 
 .JOINTS IN WOODWORK. A Paper read before the 
 Civil and Mechanical Engineers' Society, containing information upon 
 the Varieties, Properties, Market Sizes, &c., of Timber, the Principles of 
 Designing Joints, the Form and Arrangement of Joints and Fastenings, 
 Proportions of Bolts, Strength of Fastenings, &c. Third Edition. Sixth 
 Thousand. Demy 8vo. 44 pp. with Large Plate of 80 Joints, is. 
 
 1 This unpretentious little pamphlet is an excellent treatise on a subject rarely dealt 
 with in so small a compass.' Technical World. 
 
 ' Replete with solid information in a compart form.' Cabinet Maker's Guide. 
 
 1 The paper may be read with advantage by all students of wood or timber 
 construction.' Building News. 
 
Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 31 
 
 OF 
 
 0rt0, Sciences, manufacturer, anD 3lnDustne0, 
 
 Illustrated. In Square Crown 8vo. Cloth. 
 
 ' Messrs. Whittaker's valuable series of practical manuals.' 
 
 Electrical Review. 
 
 By W, PERREN MAYCOCK, M.I.E.E. 
 FIRST BOOK OF ELECTRICITY AND MAG- 
 
 NETISM. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with 107 Illustra- 
 
 tions. 2s. 
 
 "* ' Students who purchase a 
 
 copy, and carefully study it, 
 
 will obtain an excellent 
 
 groundwork of the science.' 
 
 Electrical Review. 
 
 "^ ' As a first book for such 
 students as have to pass ex- 
 aminations, it is admirable." 
 Electrical Engineer. 
 
 1 It is pre-eminently a practical 
 book by a practical teacher. 
 
 Educational News . 
 
 ' This is a capital book to place 
 in the hands of beginners in the 
 study of electricity and mag- 
 netism.' Electricity. 
 
 ' An admirable work.* 
 
 Board Teacher. 
 
 Specimen of Illustrations from Maycock's 'Electricity and Magnetism.' 
 By THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING AND POWER DISTRI- 
 BUTION. An Elementary Manual for Students preparing for the 
 Preliminary and Ordinary Grade Examination of the City and Guilds 
 of London Institute. Written in accordance with the new Syllabus. 
 Third edition, thoroughly revised and enlarged in 2 Volumes. Vol. I. 
 ready, with 231 Illustrations, 6s. (Copies of the Second Edition may 
 still*be had in I Vol., price 6s.) 
 
 ' We can congratulate Mr. Maycock upon having produced a book which cannot 
 fail to be useful to all who are genuine students of electricity and its methods.' 
 
 Electrical Review. 
 
32 Whittakers TecJinological and Scientific List. 
 
 Whittaker's Library of Arts, Sciences, &c. (Continued). 
 
 FITTING, THE PRINCIPLES OF. For Engineer 
 
 Students. By J. HORNER, 
 M.I.M.E., Author of 'The 
 Principles of Pattern Making,* 
 ' Practical Ironfounding,' and 
 ' Metal Turning.' Illustrated 
 with about 250 Engravings, 
 and containing an Appendix 
 of Useful Shop Notes and 
 Memoranda. $s. 
 
 'A practical manual for prac- 
 tical people.' English Mechanic 
 
 'Calculated to aid and en- 
 courage the most useful set of 
 handicraftsmen we have amongst 
 us." Daily Chronicle. 
 
 Specimen of Illustrations in ' Principles of Fitting.' 
 
 THE PRINCIPLES OF PATTERN MAKING 
 
 Written specially for Apprentices, and for Students in Technical Schools. 
 By J. HORNER, M.I.M.E., Author of ' Principles of Fitting,' 'Practical 
 Ironfounding,' ' Metal Turning,' &c. Illustrated with 101 Engravings, 
 and containing a Glossary of the Common Terms employed in Pattern 
 Making and Moulding. 3^-. 6d. 
 
 ' The book is well illustrated and for its size will be found one of the best of its 
 kind. ' Industries. 
 
 ' This is one of those works which have a more than ordinary value.' Steamship. 
 
 fV-j:??*^'^ ^~-^-^LJ==iS&J$-'l'! '' ".'/.. < !v.'" :'.''. *". * * ** J 
 
 ^^^^^ 
 
 o; 
 
 i . 
 B 
 
 ^^feiMli&lii^' 
 
 y 
 ^ 
 
 B 
 
 P 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 Striking up a Loam Pattern. ^^ 
 
 a 
 
 Specimen of Illustrations to ' Pattern Making.' 
 
Whittakers Technological and Scientific List. 33 
 Whittaker's Library of Arts, Sciences, &c. (Continued). 
 
 PRACTICAL IRONFOUNDING. By J. HORNER, 
 
 M.I.M.E., 'a Foreman Pattern Maker.' Illustrated with over 100 En- 
 gravings. Second Edition. 4^. 
 
 ' Every pupil and apprentice would find it, we think, an assistance to obtaining a 
 thorough knowledge of his work. The book, however, is not intended merely for the 
 student, but contains much useful information for practical men.' 
 
 Industries. 
 
 METAL, TURNING. By J. HORNER, M.I.M.E. With 
 
 81 Illustrations. Second Edition. 4-r. 
 
 CONTENTS : The Lathe Tools and Tool Angles Chucks Chucking 
 General Remarks on Turning Hand Turning Slide Rest Turning 
 Boring Screw Cutting, &c. 
 
 ( A handy little work.' Ironmonger. 
 
 ' An exceedingly useful publication to have at hand.' Machinery. 
 
 1 The book does well what it professes to do, its aim being to explain and 
 illustrate the practice of plain hand turning and slide-rest turning as performed in 
 engineers' workshops. ' Industries. 
 
 By G. E. BONNEY. 
 ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS. With 144 Illus. 2S.6J. 
 
 ' This is an excellent book for boys.' 
 
 Electrical Review. 
 
 Electrical Chimes. Electric Mortar. 
 
 Specimen of Illustrations in ' Electrical Experiments.' 
 
34 Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 
 
 Whittaker's Library of Arts, Sciences, &c. (Continued}. 
 
 INDUCTION 
 
 
 By G. E. BONNEY. 
 COILS. A Practical Manual for 
 
 L Amateur Coil - makers. 
 
 With 101 Illustrations. 
 
 1 In Mr. Bonney's 
 useful book every part 
 of the coil is described 
 minutely in detail, and the 
 methods and materials re- 
 quired in insulating and 
 winding the wire are fully 
 Y i T T ' I I ' T T i considered.' Electrical 
 
 W/////////////^^^^^ 
 
 Sectional Diagram of Coil Winder (Specimen of Illustrations). 
 
 By G. E. BONNEY. 
 THE ELECTRO - PLATERS' HANDBOOK. A 
 
 Practical Manual for Amateurs and Young Students in Electro Metal- 
 lurgy. With Full Index and 61 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised 
 and Enlarged, with an Appendix on ELECTROTYPING. 3-r. 
 
 CONTENTS : I. Electro-Deposition of Metal II. Electro-Deposition by 
 Current from Batteries III. Dynamo-Electric Plating Machines IV. Electro- 
 Platers' Materials V. Preparing the Work VI. Electro- Plating with Silver 
 VII. Gold VIII. Nickel IX. Copper X. Alloys XI. Zinc, Tin, 
 Iron, &c. 
 
 4 An amateur could not wish for a better exposition of the elements 
 of the subject. . . . . The work has an excellent index and 61 illustrations, and 
 will form a useful addition to Messrs. Whittaker's valuable series of practical 
 manuals.' Electrical Review. 
 
 1 The work is of evident utility, and has before it a future.' Chemical News. 
 
 ' It contains a large amount of sound information.' Nature. 
 
 By H. ORFORD. 
 LENS WORK FOR AMATEURS. With numerous 
 
 Illustrations. Small crown 8vo. 3$. 
 
 1 The book is a trustworthy guide to the manufacturer of lenses, suitable alike for 
 the amateur and the young workman.' Nature. 
 
 'The author is both a sound practical optician and is able to convey his knowledge 
 to others in a clear manner.' British Journal of Photography. 
 
 MODERN OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS. By the same 
 Author. 2s. 6d. 
 
Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 35 
 
 Whittaker's Library of Arts, Sciences, &c. (Continued}. 
 
 By J. TRAILL TAYLOR, Editor of ' The British Journal of Photography.' 
 
 THE OPTICS OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND PHO- 
 TOGRAPHIC LENSES. With 68 Illustrations. 3*. 6d. 
 
 ' An excellent guide, of great practical use.' Nature. 
 
 ' Personally we look upon this book as a most valuable labour-saving invention, for 
 no questions are so frequent, or take so long to answer, as those about .lenses.' 
 
 : Practical Photographer. 
 
 ' Written so plainly and clearly that we do not think the merest tyro. will have any 
 difficulty in mastering its contents.' Amateur Photographer. 
 
 By JOSEPH POOLE, A.I.E.E. (Wh. Sc. 1875), Chief Electrician to the 
 New Telephone Company, Manchester. 
 
 THE PRACTICAL TELEPHONE HAND-BOOK. 
 
 With 228 Illus. Second Ed. Revised and considerably Enlarged. 5*. 
 
 The gratifying reception accorded this book now enables the author to 
 issue a new edition in a considerably enlarged form. New chapters on 
 Metallic - Circuit Working and on Electrical 
 Measurements have been added, the former 
 in order to keep pace with the rapid 
 advance which has been made in that direction 
 during late years, and the latter in order to 
 make the book more complete. 
 
 From, the Preface. 
 
 ' This essentially practical book is published at an 
 opportune moment." Electrician. 
 
 ' It contains readable accounts of all the best- 
 known and most widely used instruments, together 
 with a considerable amount of information not 
 hitherto published in book form." Electrician. 
 
 ' Will be found both useful and interesting to 
 persons who use the telephone, as Mr. Poole's ex- 
 position of telephonic apparatus is both clear and 
 comprehensive.' Saturday Review. 
 
 The Runnings Transmitter. 
 (Specimen of Illustrations]. 
 
 By SYDNEY F. WALKER, M.I.E.E., A.M.Inst.C.E. 
 ELECTRICITY IN OUR HOMES AND WORK- 
 
 SHOPS. A Practical Treatise on Auxiliary Electrical Apparatus. Third 
 L Edition. Revised and Enlarged. With 143 Illustrations. 6s. 
 
 1 It would be difficult to find a more painstaking writer when he is describing, 
 the conditions of practical success in a field which he has himself thoroughly explored.' 
 
 Electrician. 
 
 ' Mr. Walker's book is evidently the work of a practical man who has had much 
 experience. . . . The practical hints are likely to be of solid value.' 
 
 Saturday Review. 
 
 1 The work is a valuable contribution to the literature of electrical science in its 
 more practical forms.' Iron and Coal Trades Review. 
 
36 Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 
 
 Whittaker's Library of Arts, Sciences, &c. (Continued}. 
 
 ENGINEER DRAUGHTSMEN'S WORK. By a 
 
 Practical Draughtsman. With 80 Illustrations, \s. 6d. 
 
 By D. DENNING. 
 THE ART AND CRAFT OF CABINET MAKING. 
 
 A Practical Handbook 
 to the Construction of 
 Cabinet Furniture, the 
 Use of Tools, Forma- 
 tion of Joints, Hints on 
 Designing and Setting 
 Out Work, Veneering, 
 &c. With 219 Illustra- 
 tions. 5-T. 
 
 ' We heartily commend 
 it.' Cabinet Maker. 
 
 ' Well planned, and writ- 
 ten in a pleasing and simple 
 style.' Nature. 
 
 1 A carefully-considered 
 Plain Dovetail. Ditto with badly-formed pins. and well-written book.' 
 
 (Specimens of Illustrations.} Work. 
 
 By F. C. ALLSOP, Author of ' The Telephones and their Construction.' 
 
 PRACTICAL ELECTRIC -LIGHT FITTING. A 
 
 Treatise on the Wiring and Fitting up of Buildings deriving current from 
 Central Station Mains, and the Laying down of Private Installations, 
 including the latest edition of the Phoenix Fire Office 
 Rules. With 224 Illustrations. Second Edition, 
 Revised. ^. 
 
 (Specimens of Illustrations.'] 
 
 * A book we have every confidence in recommending.' Daily Chronicle. 
 ' A highly practical and useful book.' Lightning. 
 
 * The book is certainly very complete.' Electrical Review. 
 
Wkittakcrs 'I eclmological and Scientific List. 37 
 
 Whittaker's Library of Arts, Sciences, &c. (Continued). 
 
 ByJ. HOPKINSON, D.Sc., F.R.S. 
 DYNAMO MACHINERY, ORIGINAL PAPERS 
 
 ON. With 98 Illustrations, 5^, 
 
 ' Must prove of great value to the student and young engineer.' Electrical Review. 
 'A most valuable work.' English Mechanic. 
 
 By S. R. BOTTONE. 
 ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT-MAKING FOR 
 
 AMATEURS. A Practical Handbook. With 78 Illustrations. Sixth 
 Edition, revised and enlarged, y. 
 
 ' To those about to study electricity and its application this book 
 will form a very useful companion.' Mechanical World. 
 
 /V- 
 
 (Specimen of Illustrations. 
 
 By S. R. BOTTONE. 
 
 ELECTRO-MOTORS, How 
 Made and How Used. A 
 
 Handbook for Amateurs and Practical 
 Men. With 70 Illustrations. 
 
 Third Edition, revised and 
 enlarged. 3*. 
 
 1 Mr. Bottone has the faculty of writing so 
 as to be understood by amateurs.' Industries. 
 
 ' The explanations are very clear and readily 
 understood.' Marine Engineer. 
 
 ' We are certain that the knowledge gained 
 
 in constructing machines such as described in 
 
 this book will be of great value to the worker.' 
 
 Electrical Engineer. 
 
 Armature of Alternating Current Motor (Specimen of Illustrations 
 
38 Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 
 WhittaJcer's Library of Arts, Sciences, &c. (Continued}. 
 
 By S. R. BOTTONR. 
 ELECTRIC BELLS, AND ALL ABOUT THEM. 
 
 A Practical Book for Practical Men. With more than 100 Illustrations. 
 Fifth Edition, revised and enlarged. 3*. 
 
 ' Any one desirous of undertaking the practical work of electric bell-fitting will 
 find everything, or nearly everything, he wants to know.' Electrician. 
 1 No bell-fitter should be without it. ? Building News. 
 
 By S. R. BOTTONE. 
 THE DYNAMO: How Made and How Used. 
 
 Ninth Edition, with additional matter and illustrations. 2s. 6d. 
 
 HOW TO MANAGE A DYNAMO. By the same 
 
 Author. Illustrated. Pott 8vo. cloth. Pocket size. is. 
 'This little book will be very useful." Electrical Engineer. 
 'The book should prove extremely useful.' Electrical Review. 
 1 We heartily commend it to the notice of our readers.' Electricity. 
 
 By Sir DAVID SALOMONS, Bart., M.A., Vice-President of the Institution 
 of Electrical Engineers, &c. 
 
 ELECTRIC-LIGHT INSTALLATIONS, AND THE 
 
 MANAGEMENT OF ACCUMULATORS. A practical handbook. 
 Sixth Edition, revised and enlarged, with numerous Illustra- 
 tions. 6s. 
 
 ' We advise every man who has to do with installation work to 
 Study this work.' Electrical Engineer. 
 
 ' To say that this book is the best of its kind would be a poor compliment, as it is 
 practically the only work on accumulators that has been written.' 
 
 Electrical Review, 
 'Will be found very valuable to those owning or having charge of installations.' 
 
 Industries. 
 
 By J. GRAY, B.Sc. 
 
 ELECTRICAL INFLUENCE MACHINES: Con- 
 taining a Full Account of their Historical Development, their Modern 
 Forms, and their Practical Construction, qs. 6d. 
 
 'This excellent book.' Electrical Engineer. 
 
 1 "We recommend the book strongly to all electricians.' 
 
 Electrical Plant. 
 
 By EDWIN J. HOUSTON, A.M., Professor of Natural Philosophy and Physical 
 Geography in the Central High School of Philadelphia, Professor of 
 Physics in the Franklin Institute of Pennsylvania, &c. 
 
 ADVANCED PRIMERS OF ELECTRICITY. 
 
 Vol. I. -ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. 3*. 6d. 
 
 Vol. II. ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION OF INTELLIGENCE. $s. 
 
 Vol. III. ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS. *. 
 
Whittaker s Technological and Scientific List. 39 
 
 Wbittafcer's library of popular Science* 
 
 Square crown 8vo. cloth, 2s. 6d. per vol. 
 
 A Series of easy introductions to the Physical Sciences, suitable for general use. 
 
 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. By S. BOTTONE. With 
 
 103 Illustrations. 2s. 6d. 
 
 GEOLOGY. By A. J. JUKES-BROWNE, F.G.S. With 95 Illus- 
 trations. 2s. 6d. 
 
 1 An excellent guide to the rudiments of the science.' Athenautn. 
 ' The book is a good one.' Nature. 
 
 PICTORIAL ASTRONOMY. By G. F. CHAMBERS, F.R.A.S. 
 With 134 Illustrations. Second Edition, revised, 2s. 6d. 
 
 ' One of the most interesting popular treatises that we have had in our 
 hands for a long time.' Daily Chronicle. 
 
 ' An elegantly printed and profusely illustrated work, which is worthy of the 
 author's reputation.' Athena>um. 
 
 LIGHT. By SIR H. TRUEMAN WOOD. With 85 Illustrations. 
 
 2s. 6d. 
 
 ' We have here a popular and interesting resum6 of many of the facts relat- 
 ing to the nature and properties of light.' Nature. 
 
 THE PLANT WORLD; Its Past, Present,, and Future. By 
 G. MASSEE. Wiih 56 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised. 2s. 6d. 
 
 ' Its easy style, intelligible language, good arrangement, and many illustra- 
 tions, give it a high rank among books of its kind.' Scotsman. 
 
 MINERALOGY : The Characters of Minerals, their Classification 
 and Description. By F. H. HATCH, Ph.D. With 115 Illustrations. 
 2s. 6d. 
 
 1 Dr. Hatch has admirably united brevity and clearness in his treatment of 
 the crystallographical and physical characters of minerals.' Nature. 
 
 ' We cordially recommend this little book of Dr. Hatch's as one of the best 
 that students could purchase.' Science Gossip. 
 
 PUBLISHED FIRST DAY OF EACH MONTH. 
 Price 2s. 6d. net. 
 
 PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE, and JOURNAL 
 
 OF SCIENCE, THE LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND DUBLIN 
 A Journal devoted to Physics, Astronomy, Mechanics, Chemistry, 
 Mineralogy, and Applied Sciences. Conducted by Lord KELVIN, LL.D., 
 F.R.S.; G. F. FITZGERALD, M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S.; and W. FRANCIS, 
 Ph.D., F.S.S. 
 
40 Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 
 
 n&ebtcal Works. 
 
 By C. J. S. THOMPSON. 
 THE CHEMIST'S COMPENDIUM AND DIARY. 
 
 A Pocket-book of Reference for Pharmacists, Assistants, and Students. 
 Blue cloth. 238 pp. 2s. 6d. net. 
 
 CONTENTS : i. Synopsis of the British Pharmacopoeia, with Additions of 
 1890 2. Posological Table and Doses of B.P. 3. Formulary of British Pharma- 
 ceutical Conference 4. Spray Solutions of Throat Hospital Pharmacopoeia 
 5. Lozenges of Throat Hospital Pharmacopoeia 6. Hypodermic Injections 
 7. Organic Materia Medica, Natural Orders, Habitats, and Active Principles 
 8. Modern Remedies, Characteristics, and Doses 9. Table of Proportion 
 of Active Ingredients in P. B. Preparations 10. Formulae for Unofficial 
 Tinctures n. Apothecaries' Weights and Measures 12. Table of Comparison 
 between English and Metric Weights and Measures 13. Metric System 14. 
 Stains for Microscopic Objects 15. Media for Mounting Sections 16. Hints 
 to Dispensing French and German Prescriptions 17. Hints to Dispensing 
 Homoeopathic Prescriptions 18. Terms used in Oculists' Prescriptions 
 19. Special Excipients for Pills 20. Analytical Charts 21. Colour Reactions 
 of Alkaloids 22. Special Tests for Drugs and Chemicals 23. Milk Analysis 
 24. Urinalysis 25. Photographic Chimicals and Formulae for Solutions 
 26. Poison Schedule 27. Poisons and their Antidotes 28. Weight of Twenty 
 Drops of Various Fluids 29. Table of Equivalents, Liquids and Solids 
 30. Freezing Mixtures 31. Table of Grains Converted into Grammes 
 32. Dosage Table for Cattle, Horses, and Dogs 33. Formulas for Artificial 
 Fruit Essences 34. Thermometers 35. Table Showing Centigrade Degrees 
 and their Equivalents in Fahrenheit 36. Saturation Table 37. Gaubius' 
 Table 38. Specific Gravity 39. Table of Solubilities in Water and Alcohol 
 40. Medicine Chests for Ships Etc. Etc. 
 
 A New and Revised (Twelfth] Edition. Post 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 HOBLYN'S DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED 
 
 IN MEDICINE AND THE COLLATERAL SCIENCES. Re- 
 vised and Enlarged by J. A. P. PRICE, B.A., M.D. Oxon., Assistant- 
 Surgeon to the Royal Berkshire Hospital ; late Physician to the Royal 
 Hospital for Children and Women. 
 'This well-known work.' Lancet. 
 
 'As a handy reference volume for the physician, surgeon, and pharmacist, it will 
 prove invaluable.' Pharmaceutical Journal. 
 
 ' From considerable experience of Hoblyn's Dictionary, we are able to say that it 
 has the rare merit of supplying in almost every case what you have a right to expect 
 in consulting it.' Glasgow Medical Journal. 
 
Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 41 
 
 A NEW WORK FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS AND PRACTITIONERS. 
 By C. GORDON BRODIE, F.R.C.S., late Senior Demonstrator of Anatomy, Mid- 
 dlesex Hospital Medical School ; Assistant Surgeon, North-West I,on. Hospital. 
 
 DISSECTIONS ILLUSTRATED: A Graphic Hand- 
 book for Students of Human Anatomy. With 73 Coloured Plates (mostly 
 two-thirds natural size) Drawn and Lithographed by PERCY HIGHLEY, 
 and many diagrams. In I Vol. imperial 8vo. strongly bound in half" 
 buckram, flexible back, plates mounted on tape, 2/. 2s. 
 IN FOUR PARTS : 
 
 Part I. THE UPPER LIMB. 8*. 6d. I Part III. HEAD, NECK, & THORAX, ic*. 
 II. THE LOWER LIMB. ior. I ,, IV. ABDOMEN. los. 
 
 'A book which will certainly make its influence felt in the teaching of 
 anatomy in this country.' British Medical Journal. 
 
 ' The plates are exceedingly well drawn and placed on the stone. . . . The 
 explanatory letterpress is clear and concise.' The Lancet. 
 
 1 This work meets a distinct want.' Edinburgh Medical Journal. 
 
 'The scheme is admirably carried out and the plates most reliable.' 
 
 ' This very useful anatomical atlas.' Hospital. Guys Hospital Gazette. 
 
 'The student will be in possession of an excellent atlas of anatomy.' 
 
 Medical Press. . 
 
 1 Students will find this an invaluable hand-book. The plates are drawn so 
 clearly, and they are so large that the muscles, vessels, and nerves of each dissection 
 can be found without any difficulty.' Nature. 
 
 'They will furnish to many professional men a very valuable work of 
 reference.' Glasgow Medical Journal. 
 
 ' No hospital library should be considered complete unless it contains a; least one 
 copy of this valuable work.' Nursing Record. 
 
 Just Published, Super Royal 4to. cloth. Price i6.r. net. 
 
 ATLAS of THE HUMAN BRAIN and DESCRIP- 
 TION OF THE COURSE OF THE NERVE-FIBRES. By Dr. E. 
 FLATAU, with Preface by Professor MENDEL, of Berlin. Translated by 
 WM. NATHAN, M.D., and JOHN H. CARSLAW, M.D. 
 
 The ever-increasing importance of the anatomy of the brain to physiology and pathology,, 
 as well as to the treatment of cerebral diseases, renders it all the more necessary to have good 
 illustrations of the brain surface and of sections through it. This object has been attained by 
 the reproduction of photographs of the brain, taken in its fresh condition, unaltered by any 
 preserving fluid, and true to nature in details and in size. 
 
 There has, also, been added a series of lithographed diagrams of the course of the fibres 
 in the central nervous system, and a description of the various 'paths' or 'tracts,' which con- 
 tains references to the most recent authorities, and extends to 25 pp. 410. 
 
 The Plates are, in the main, photogravures, and have been prepared with great care by 
 a well-known Berlin firm. The completeness of the collection may be judged from the 
 following list : 
 
 I. Base of the brain (including blood 
 
 vessels). 
 II. Entire view from above. 
 
 III. Horizontal section through the entire 
 
 brain (view of the ventricles). 
 
 IV. Horizontal section at lower level (central 
 
 ganglia, internal capsule, &c.). 
 V. The outer aspect of the left hemisphere 
 
 (with pons, medulla, &c.). 
 VI. Fig. A. Vertical section before the chi- 
 asma. 
 
 Fig. B. Vertical section behind the chi- 
 asma (entrance of the peduncle into 
 the brain). 
 
 VII. Fig. A. The inner aspect of the left 
 hemisphere (with a median section 
 through the cerebellum, pons, and 
 medulla). 
 
 Fig. B. Peduncles, pons, medulla, and 
 surrounding region (floor of the IV. 
 ventricle, corp. quadrigemina, optic 
 thalamus, and nucleus caudatus). 
 VIII. Fig. A. Sagittal oblique section 
 through the whole brain (central cere- 
 bral ganglia, corona radiata). 
 Fig. B. Sagittal oblique section ;. 
 
 more lateral. 
 
 IX. Thirteen diagrams, indicating in vari-. 
 ous coloured lines the course of the 
 different nerve-fibres. 
 
42 WhittakeSs Technological and Scientific List. 
 
 Boohs for ^Technological anb fIDanual 
 draining Classes, 
 
 'THE ENGLISH SLOYD.' 
 MANUAL INSTRUCTION WOODWORK. By 
 
 S. BARTER, Organizer and Instructor of Manual Training in Woodwork 
 to the London School Board and Organizing Instructor to the Joint 
 Committee on Manual Training in Woodwork of the School Board for 
 London, the City and Guilds of London Technical Institute, and the 
 Worshipful Company of Drapers. With a Preface by GEORGE RICKS, 
 B.Sc. Lond. Illustrated by 303 Drawings and Photo-Engravings. Fcap. 
 4to. cloth, 7-y. 6d. 
 
 Contents : Introduction Drawing Timber Tools Bench-work 
 Work-room and its Fittings List of Tools Required, &c. 
 
 The above Work covers the Requirements of the Examinations of the City and 
 Guilds of London Institute and the Science and Art Department in the subject. 
 
 SIR PHILIP MAGNUS says : ' Mr. Barter, in his book on "Woodwork," has 
 succeeded in showing, what is most important, the educational value of manual 
 training in school instruction, and has thus rendered a great service to those seeking 
 a trustworthy guide in the practical study of the subject.' 
 
 J. H. REYNOLDS, Esq., Director and Secretary Municipal Technical Schools, 
 Manchester, says : ' One of the best, if not the best book, that has hitherto been 
 published on this subject, whether English or American.' 
 
 PROFESSOR W. RIPPER, of Sheffield Technical School, says: ' Mr. Barter, by his 
 ability, experience, and success as an instructor of manual training classes, is the right 
 man to write a book on woodwork, and the bock he has produced is a most valuable 
 addition to our literature on manual training in fact, so far as I am aware, it is the 
 most complete and satisfactory work, as a course of instruction for schools, yet pub- 
 lished in this country.' 
 
 By S. BARTER, Author of ' Manual Instruction Woodwork.' 
 MANUAL INSTRUCTION DRAWING 
 
 CLASSES. Showing the application of Geometrical Drawing to Manual 
 Instruction in Wood and Metal. To cover the requirements of the City 
 and Guilds of London Examination. 32 plates with 98 subjects, cloth. 
 Foolscap 410, 35. 6d. 
 
 BY CHARLES G. LELAND, M.A. 
 DRAWING AND DESIGNING. In a Series of 29 
 
 Lessons. With 42 Illustrations. Second Edition. Fcap. 4to. 
 sewed, is.; cloth, is, 6d. 
 
 ' It has a. good equipment of plates, and the text is full of valuable practical 
 directions for beginners.' Scotsman. 
 
 'Mr. Leland upholds the principle that drawing and designing 
 should go together, and maintains that inventive powers are cramped by- the 
 system of teaching which requires a high standard of manipulative skill before the 
 student is instructed in design. In this we entirely agree with him.' Literary World. 
 
 ' The book deserves the widest success.' Scottish Leader. 
 
 1 The system is simplicity itself.' Liverpool Daily Post. 
 
Whittaker's Technological and Scientific List. 43 
 
 Whittaker's Books for Manual Training (Continued}. 
 
 By THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 
 WOOD-CARVING. 
 Third Edition. 
 
 Fcap. 4to. 5-r. 
 
 'An excellent manual.' 
 
 Morning Post. 
 
 "* An admirable little book.' 
 Builder. 
 
 ' Such patient, explicit, 
 step-by-step teaching as Mr. 
 Leland's is indeed the only 
 road to excellence.' 
 
 Saturday Review. 
 
 'A very useful book.' 
 Mr. W. H. HOWARD, Sec- 
 retary to the Institute of 
 British Wood Carvers, and 
 Instructor at King's College, 
 London. 
 
 'A splendid help for 
 Amateurs and those 
 beginning the trade. 
 Without exception it is 
 *he best hook I have 
 l^ead at present.' Mr. T. 
 /. PERRIN, Society of Arts 
 Medallist, Instructor in Wood- 
 carving at the People's Palace. 
 
 ' I consider it the best 
 manual I have seen.' 
 Miss HODGSON, Instructor in 
 Wood-carving at Manchester 
 Technical School. 
 
 With numerous Illustrations. 
 
 Initial Letter (Specimen of Illustrations). 
 
 A COMPANION VOLUME TO 'WOOD-CARVING,' by THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 LEATHER -WORK. Stamped, Moulded, and Cut. 
 
 Cuir-Bouilli, Sewn, &c. A Practical Manual for Learners. With 
 numerous Illustrations. 5-y. 
 
 ' A delightful addition to the series of practical manuals.' Times. 
 
 By THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 
 METAL WORK. Including Repousse, Bent or Strip Work, 
 Cut Sheet Metal Work, Nail or Knob, Wire, Easy Silver Ornament and 
 Chasing Work. An Elementary Manual for Learners. With numerous 
 Illustrations. 5-y. 
 
 By THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 PRACTICAL EDUCATION. A Work on Preparing 
 
 the Memory, Developing Quickness of Perception, and Training the 
 Constructive Faculties. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, 6s. 
 
44 Whit takers Technological and Scientific List. 
 
 Whittateer's Books for Manual Training (Continued}. 
 
 By JOHN SOUTHWARD, Author of ' Practical Printing,' 'The Principle and 
 Progress of Printing Machinery,' ' A Treatise on Modern Typography' in, 
 Encyclopedia Britannica, &c. 
 
 MODERN PRINTING. A Treatise on the Science and 
 Practice of Typography. I vol. 8vo. cloth, IQS. ; Quarterly Sections, 
 2s. 6d. each ; Monthly Parts, is. each. 
 A LARGE-PAPER EDITION, LIMITED to 500 COPIES, crown 410. 2is. 
 
 {In the Press. 
 By C. T. JACOB i. 
 
 THE PRINTER'S HANDBOOK OF TRADE 
 RECIPES. With many useful Tables and an Index. Second Edition,. 
 Enlarged and Classified. Price $s. 
 
 QUESTIONS IN TYPOGRAPHY, Set from 1890 to 
 
 1895 inclusive at the Examinations of the City and Guilds of London 
 Institute for all Grades. Paper cover, 8vo. 6d. 
 
 By FLORENCE B. JACK, Head Teacher of Laundry Work, Edinburgh 
 School of Domestic Economy. 
 
 LAUNDRY WORK, The Art of; Practically De-* 
 
 monstrated for use in Homes and Schools. With many Illustrations. 
 Post 8vo. 2s. 
 
 By Mrs. CHARLES MARSHALL, Author of * Gas Cookery.' 
 GRANDMAMA'S CAKES: A Book of Recipes. 
 
 Fcap. 8vo. paper cover, is, 
 
 All the recipes in 'Grandma's Cakes' are genuine old-fashioned ones, and were 
 originally collected in manuscript form by my grandmother, who was famous for the 
 good things at her table.' From Preface. 
 
 THE MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL: ITS AIMS, 
 
 METHODS, AND RESULTS, with Figured Drawings of SHOP 
 EXERCISES IN WOOD AND METALS. By C. M. WOODWARD, Director 
 of the Manual Training School, Washington University. 8vo. cloth, $s. net. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUCTION. A Pedagogic and Social 
 Necessity. By R. SEI DEL, Mollis, Switzerland. Crown 8vo. cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 
 THE DURHAM UNIVERSITY CALENDAR and 
 
 ALMANAC. Published annually in January. Cr. 8vo. cloth, is. 6d. net 
 
 PROGRAMME OF TECHNOLOGICAL EXAMI- 
 NATIONS OF THE CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON INSTI- 
 TUTE. Including Regulations for the Registration and Inspection of 
 Classes in Technology and Manual Training, Syllabus of Instruction and 
 Lists of Works of Reference in each Subject, this year's Examination 
 Questions, Names of Teachers of Registered Classes, &c. Published 
 annually in August. lod. net ; post free, is. id. 
 
 London : WHITTAKER & Co., Paternoster Square, E.G. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 ACCUMULATORS, Salomons', 5*. 
 and 6s. .. 4-38 
 
 Plante, izs ... 25 
 
 Adams' Joints in Woodwork, is. ... 30 
 
 Prac. Trigonometry, zs. 6d. net ... 50 
 
 Agricultural Engineering in India, 3^. 6d. 14 
 Alexander's Model Steam Kng., IDS. 6d. iz 
 Alkali Makers' Handbook, los. 6d. ... 9 
 Allsop's Electric Light Fitting, 5^. ... 36 
 Alternating Currents, Blakesley, 5-s-. ... 7 
 Bedell and Crehore, los. 6d. 16 
 
 Experiments, Tesla, 4$. 6d.... 18 
 
 Fleming, 2 vols. 25* 21 
 
 Kapp, 45. 6d. 18 
 
 Alternate Current Transf. Design, zs. ... 18 
 
 Analysis, Iron, Blair, 16^. .. ... 14 
 
 Steel Works, Arnold, los. 6d. ... z 
 
 Anatomy, Brodie, 4 parts, or i vol. ... 41 
 
 Anderson's Heat, 6j 8 
 
 Arithmetic, Electrical, is. 25 
 
 Armorial Families s/. 5$. 28 
 
 Arnold's Steel Works, Analysis, los. 6d. 2 
 
 Artillery, Modern French, 50? 15 
 
 Astronomy, Chambers, zs. 6d. .. ... 39 
 
 Atkinson's Static Electricity, 6s. 6d. ... 18 
 
 Atlantic Ferry, -js. 6d. and zs. 6d. ... 13 
 
 BALLOONING, May, zs. 6d. ... 9 
 
 Bale's Mod. Shafting and Gearing, zs.6d. 25 
 
 Barter's Drawing ... ... ... ... 42 
 
 Woodwork, 7^. 6d. 42 
 
 Battle of Port Said, i s 15 
 
 Bax's Electric Lighting, zs 20 
 
 Beardmore's Drainage, 5*. 10 
 
 Beaumont's Woven Design, zis. ... 9 
 
 Steam Engine Indicator, %s. f>d. ... 22 
 
 Bedell and Crehore's Alternating Cur- 
 rents, ics. 6d. 16 
 
 Bell's Submarine Telegraphy, is. 6d. ... 24 
 
 Telegraphist's Guide, is. 6d. ... 24 
 
 Bennett's Telephoning, is. 16 
 
 Bigg's Electrical Engineering, zs. 6d. ... 19 
 
 Black's First Prin. of Building, 3*. 6d. 19 
 
 Blair's Analysis of Iron, i6s 14 
 
 Blakesley's Alternating Currents, 5^. ... 7 
 
 Bodmer's Hydraulics, 14^. 6 
 
 Railway Material Inspection ... i 
 
 Bonney's Electrical Experiments, zs. 6d. 33 
 
 Electro-platers' Hand-book, 3$. ... 34 
 
 Induction Coils, 3*. ... ... ... 3^ 
 
 Bookkeeping, Crellin, is. 6d. Key, zs. 27 
 
 Book of Crests, 3/. 3-r 29 
 
 Public Arms, 3/. 3^. net 29 
 
 Bern's Metric Mesures, 3$. ... ... 14 
 
 Botany, Massee, zs. 6d. 39 
 
 Bottone's Elecl. Instrument Making, 3$. 37 
 
 Electric Bells, 3* 38 
 
 Electro-Motors, 3$ 37 
 
 Bottone's Electricity, zs. 6d. 
 
 Electric Light Guide, is 
 
 How to Manage a Dynamo, is. , 
 
 The Dynamo, zs. 6d. 
 
 Boulnois' Carriageways, &c. 5*. 
 
 Boult's Wire Table, 5* 
 
 Bousfield's Timber Merchants' V.M. 4 
 Boyd's Coal Pits, 7*. 6d. 
 
 Petroleum, zs. 
 
 Brain, Plata u's Atlas of, i6.r. net 
 British Locomotives, Cooke, -js. 6d. 
 Brodie's Dissections, zl. zs. 
 Browne's (Jukes) Geology, zs. 6d. 
 Bucknill's Submarine Mining, izs. 6d. 
 Building, Black, 35. 6d. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 : 3 
 
 $ 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 26 
 
 c 
 
 CABINET Making, 5^ 36 
 
 Cakes, Marshall, is 
 
 Calculus, Diff. and Intg., 3^. 6d. 
 
 Cambrian Minstrelsie, zl. us. 29 
 
 Carriage Footways Construction, 5$. . 
 
 Central Station Bookkeeping, los. 6d.. . 17 
 
 Centrifugal Pumps, &c. Innes, 3$. 6d. 24 
 
 Chambers' Astronomy, zs. 6d. 39 
 
 Chemistry, Elementary Practical, gd. net 30 
 
 Chemist's Compendium, 2^. 6d. net ... 40 
 City and Guilds Examin. Programme, 
 
 lod. net; is. id. post free 44 
 
 Coal Pits, Boyd, 7$. 6d. 13 
 
 Colliery Lighting, zs. 6d. 26 
 
 Colour in Woven Design, 21$ 9 
 
 Cooke's Locomotives, 7*. 6d. n 
 
 Cox's Cont. Current Dynamos, 7$. 6d. 16 
 Cranes and Lifting Mach., Marks, 
 
 zs. 6J. 23 
 
 Crehore and Bedell's Alternating Cur- 
 rents of Electricity, los. 6d. 16 
 
 Crellin's Bookkpg., is. 6d.] Key, zs. net 27 
 
 Crests, Fairbairn, 3/. 3$ 29 
 
 Crosby and Bell's The Electric Railway, 
 
 los. 6d. 17 
 
 Cunarders (New), 6s 14 
 
 D 
 
 AY'S The Indicator, 4*. 6d.... 
 Denning's Cabinet Making, 5^.... 
 
 Designing, Leland, is 
 
 Dictionaries, Technological 
 
 Discount Tables, is. 
 
 Dissections Illustrated, Brodie 
 
 i Vol. zl. zs., or 
 
 Parti.. 8. 6d. Part II,, i ay. 
 
 Part III,, ior. Part IV., los. 
 Drainage, Beardmore, 5^. 10 
 
 Nadi6ine, is 10 
 
 Drawing and Designing, is 42 
 
 Barter... 42 
 
 Dredge's Chicago Exhibition, 3/. jr. ... 14 
 
46 Whittaker's TecJinological and Scientific List. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Dredge's Electric Illumination. Vol. II., 
 
 3<w .......... . ......... 14 
 
 - Modern French Artillery, 50^. ... 15 
 
 - Pennsylvania Railway, 52$. 6d. ... 16 
 
 Drum Armatures, js. 6d. ... ... ... 21 
 
 Durham University Calendar, is. 6d. net 44 
 
 Dynamo. Bottone, 2s. 6d. ...... . 38 
 
 - Building, Walker, 2s. ...... 25 
 
 -- Parkhurst, 4$. 6d. ...... 17 
 
 - Gibbings, is. .. ......... 24 
 
 - Hawkins and Wallis, IQS. 6d. ... 2 
 
 - How to Manage, Bottone, is. ... 38 
 
 - Machinery, Hopkinson, 5$. ... 37 
 
 - &c., Kapp, ioj. 6d. ...... .. 20 
 
 Dynamos, Continuous Current, js. 6d. 16 
 
 .EDUCATION, Practical, 6s ....... 
 
 Egleston's Metallurgy, 2 vols.,3i5.6rf.ea. 14 
 Electric Illumination, by Dredge and 
 others, 305. ... ... ... ... 14 
 
 - Influence Machines, 45. 6d. ... 38 
 
 - Lamps, Fleming, js. 6d. .. ... 21 
 
 - Light Cables, Russell, 7^. 6d. ... 7 
 
 - Light Carbons, is. 6d. 
 
 Light Fitting. Allsop, 5$. ... 
 
 " tall ' 
 
 tu 
 plication, 5$ 
 
 Light Installation, Salomons', 
 
 . Vol. I., Accumulators, 5.9. T 
 
 II., Apparatus, 7*. 6d. Vol. III., Ap- 
 
 vols. 
 
 VoL 
 
 43 
 
 Light Installations, Salomons', i 
 
 vol., 6s. ..' 38 
 
 Light and Power, Guy, ^s. ... ig 
 
 Lighting, Bax, 2s. 20 
 
 "Lighting of Colliery, 2s. 6d. ... 26 
 
 Lighting, Guide to, is. 16 
 
 Lighting Specifications, 6s. ... 18 
 
 Lighting, Ma>cock, 65 31 
 
 Lighting, T. C/s Handbook, is. ... 18 
 
 Motive Power, Snell, ios. 6d. ... 23 
 
 Railways, Crosby and Bell, los. 6d. 17 
 
 Railways, Hering, $s 17 
 
 Traction, Reckenzaun, IQS. 6d. ... 20 
 
 - Transformers, Kapp ... i 
 
 Transformers, Weekes, 2s 18 
 
 Transmi sion of Energy, Kapp, 
 
 loj. 6d. 3 
 
 - Wiring Tables, 2s. 6d. 25 
 
 Electrical Engineering, 44. 6d. .. .. 16 
 
 Engineering, Biggs, 2s. 6d. ... ig 
 
 Engineering Formulae, js. 6d. ... 22 
 
 Engineering, Kapp and others, 42$. ig 
 
 Energy, Kapp, los. 6d. 3 
 
 Energy, Plante, i2j. ... ... 25 
 
 Engineers' Tables, &c., 2S. ... 25 
 
 - Experiments, Bonney, 2s. 6d. ... 33 
 
 Distribution, Kilgour, IDS. 6d. ... ig 
 
 Instrument Making, 3^. ... ... 37 
 
 Lab. Notes, Fleming, 125-. 6d. net 21 
 
 Measurements, Arithmetic of, is. 25 
 
 Terms, Houston, 21$. 18 
 
 Electricity, Alternating Currents of, 
 
 Bedell and Crehore, los. 6d 16 
 
 Alterng. Currents of, Blakesley, 55. 7 
 
 Alternating Currents of, Fleming, 
 
 2 VOls., 2OS. ... ... ... ... 21 
 
 Alterng. Currents of, Kapp, 4^. 6d. 18 
 
 Alterng. Currents of, Experiments, 
 
 Tesla, 4s. 6d. ... 18 
 
 Portative, Niblett, 2,y. 6d. 19 
 
 PAGE 
 38 
 
 39 
 3' 
 3S 
 
 tu 
 
 iS 
 
 Electricity, Houston, 3 vols. 13$. 6d. , 
 
 and Magnetism, Bottone, 2S. 6d. 
 
 and Magnetism, Maycock. 2s. 6d. 
 
 in pur Homes, Walker, 6s , 
 
 Primers, 3^. each .. ... 
 
 Static, Atkinson, 6s. 6d. 
 
 Electro chemistry, Gore, 2S. ... ... 22 
 
 Electro-deposition, Gore, is. 6d. ig> 
 Electro -magnetic Theory, Heaviside, 
 
 Vol. I., I2S. 6d. 23 
 
 Electro-motors, Bottone, 3^. ... ... 37 
 
 Electro-platers' H.B., Bonney, 3$. ... 34 
 
 Electrolytic Separation, Gore, IQS. 6d. 20 
 
 Engineers' Pocket-book, is. or is. 6d. ... 23 
 
 English Minstrelsie, 4/. ... ... ... 29 
 
 Ewing's Induction, IQJ. 6d. 20. 
 
 Explosives, Guttmann, 2 vols., -zl. 2S. ... 4 
 
 TAIRB URN'S Crests, 2 vols., 4 /. 4*. 29, 
 
 Findlay's English Railway, js. 6d. ... 13 
 
 Fitting. Homer, 5^ 32 
 
 Electric Light, Allsop, ss 36, 
 
 Flatau's Atlas of Human Brain, i6s. net 41 
 Fleming's Transformers. Vol. I., 125. 6d. 
 
 Vol II., i2s. 6d. 21 
 
 Electric Lamps, 7^. 6d. ... ... 21 
 
 Electric Lab. Notes, i2x. 6d. net 21 
 
 Fletcher's Steam-jacket, 7*. 6d. ... 6, 
 
 Foden's Mechanical Tables, is. 6d. ... 27 
 
 Forestry, Webster, 35. 6d. 26. 
 
 Formulee for Electrical Engineers, js.6d. 22 
 
 Forth Bridge, 5^ 15 
 
 Foster's Central Station Bkpg., los. 6d. 17 
 
 Fox-Davies' Book of Crests, 4/. 4^. ... 20 
 
 Armorial Families, 5/. 55 28, 
 
 VJASEOUS Fuel, is. 6d. 
 Gearing, Helical, 7.?. 6d. .. 
 Geipel and Kilgour's El. Formulas, 7 s. 
 Geology, Jukes-Browne, vs. 6ti.... 
 German Technological Dictionary, 5^. 
 Gibbings' Dynamo Attendants, is. 
 Godfrey's Water Supply 
 Gore's Electro-Chemistry, zs. 
 
 Electro-deposition, is. 6d. 
 
 Metals, IQS. 6d. 
 
 Gray's Influence Machines, 45. 6d. 
 Griffith's Manures, 7^. 6d. 
 Guttmann's Explosives, 2 vols., 2/. 2^. 
 Guy's Electric Light and Power, 5-$-. 
 
 H 
 
 ATCH'S Mineralogy, 2s. 6d. 
 Hawkins' and Wallis's Dynamo, los. 6d. 
 
 Heat Engines, Anderson, 6s 
 
 Heaviside's Electro - magnetic Theory. 
 
 Vol. I. i2s. 6d. 
 
 Helical Gears, 7^. 6d. 
 
 Hering, fclectric Railways, 5^. .. 
 Hertz' Work, Lodge, 2s. 6d. net. 
 Hewitt and Pope's Elem. Chem., gd. 
 
 net 
 
 Highways Management, Hooley, is. ... 
 
 Bridges, Silcock 
 
 Hobbs' Electrical Arithmetic, is. 
 Hoblyn's Medical Dictionary, IDS. 6d. 
 Holtzapffel's Turning, 5 vols, 5/. 9^. ... 
 Hooley's Highways, is. ... 
 Hopkinson's Dynamo Machinery, 5$, ... 
 
 39 
 
W hit taker's Technological and Scientific List. 47 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Horner's Fitting, 5* 32 
 
 Houston's Electrical Terms, 21^. ... 18 
 Hurter's Alkali Makers' Hndbk, ios.6d. 9 
 Hutton's Mathematical Tables, izs. ... 16 
 Hydraulic Motors, Bodmer, 145. ... 6 
 Machinery, Marks, 3^. .. ... 24 
 
 TMRAYand Biggs' Mechanical Engi- 
 
 JL neering, %s. 6d.... ... ... ... 19 
 
 Incandescent Lamp, Ram, 7$. 6d. ... 23 
 
 Indicator, Day, 4$. 6^. 23 
 
 Induction Coils, Bpnney, 3^ 34 
 
 Industrial Instruction, Seidel, zs. 6d. ... 44 
 
 Injectors, Pullen, 35-. 6d. 33 
 
 Innes's Centrifugal Pumps, 3^. 6d. ... 24 
 
 Machine Design, 35. 6d. 23 
 
 Inventions, How to Patent, zs. 6d. net 27 
 
 Iron Analysis, Arnold, 105. 6d. 2 
 
 Analysis, Blair, i6s. .. ... ... 14 
 
 and Steel, Skelton, $s 19 
 
 Ironfounding, 4$ 33 
 
 J ACK'S Laundry Work, zs 44 
 
 Jacobi's Printer's Handbook, $s. ... 44 
 
 Jukes-Browne's Geology, zs. 6d. ... 39 
 
 JVAPP'S Alternating Currents, 4^. 6d. 18 
 
 Dynamos, &c., ios. 6d. 20 
 
 Elect. Transmis. of Energy, ios. 6d. 3 
 
 Transformers i 
 
 Kennelly's Electrical Notes, 6s. 6d. ... zi 
 
 Kilgour's Electrical Formulae, -js. 6d. ... zz 
 
 Electrical Distribution, ios. 6d. ... 19 
 
 T ABORATORY (Mechanical) Work, 
 
 -L< lod. net 30 
 
 Laundry Work, Jack, zs .. 44 
 
 Leather Work, Leland's, $s 43 
 
 Leland's Wood-carving, $s. MetaH 
 Work 2 5 s. Leather Work, 55. ( 
 
 Drawing and Designing, is. and ( ^ 2 > 4 ^ 
 is. 6d. Practical Education, 6s. ) 
 
 Lens Work for Amateurs, Orford, 3.9. ... 34 
 Lenses, Photographic, Traill Taylor, 
 
 3$. 6d. 35 
 
 Library of Art, Sciences, &c 31 
 
 of Great Industries n et seq. 
 
 of Pop. Science, zs. 6d. per vol. ... 39 
 
 Light, Sir H. T. Wood, as. 6d. 39 
 
 Lightning Conductors, Lodge, i$s. ... 7 
 
 Lockwood's Telephonists, $s. 6d. ... 18 
 
 Locomotives, Cooke, js. 6d u 
 
 Reynolds, zs. 6d. 20 
 
 Lodge's Lightning Conductors, i$s. ... 7 
 
 Hertz, zs. 6d. net 22 
 
 Lukin's Turning Lathes, 3^ 26 
 
 Screws, 35- 26 
 
 Lunge and Hurter's Alkali Makers' 
 
 Handbook, io.v. 6d. ... 9 
 
 M 
 
 .ACHINE Design, Innes, 35. 6d.... 23 
 Maginnis' Atlantic Ferry, 7^. 6d. and 
 
 zs. 6d. 13 
 
 Magnetic Induction, Ewing, ios. 6d. ... 20 
 
 Manchester Ship Canal, 3.?. 6d. ... 15 
 
 Manual Instruction and Training ... 42 
 
 Manures, Griffiths, js. 6d. ... ... 10 
 
 Marine Engineering, Maw, 3/. i 4 
 
 Marks' Cranes, &c., zs. 6d. ... ... 23 
 
 Hydraulic Machinery, 3.? 24. 
 
 Mechanical Engineeiing, is. 6d. ... 24 
 
 Marshall's Cakes, is 44 
 
 Mason's Sanitation ... ... ... 21 
 
 Massee's, The Plant World, zs. 6d. .. 39 
 
 Mathematical Tables, 1 2.y 16 
 
 Maver's Quadruplex, 6s. 6d. 17 
 
 Maw's Marine Engineering, 3/.... ... 14 
 
 May's Ballooning, zs. 6d. 9 
 
 Belting Table, zs. 6d. 25 
 
 Electric Light Plant, zs. 6d. ... 25 
 
 Maycock's Electr. and Magnet., zs. 6d. 31 
 
 Klectric Lighting, 6s. 31 
 
 Mechanical Tables, is. 6d ... ... 27 
 
 Eng., Imray and Biggs, %s. 6d. ... 19 
 
 Material, Marks, is. 6d. ... ... 24 
 
 Medical Terms, Hoblyn, ioj. 6d. ... 40 
 
 Merrill's El. Lighting Specifications, 6s. 18 
 
 Metal Turning, 4$. 33 
 
 Work, Leland, 5.? 43 
 
 Metallurgy, Gold, 31$. 6d. Silver and 
 
 Mercury, $is. 6d. Egleston 14 
 
 Metric Measures, Born, y 14 
 
 Middleton's Surveying, 4$. 6d. 2 
 
 Mill Work, Sutcliffe, zis 8 
 
 Mineralogy, Hatch, zs. 6d. 39 
 
 Minstrelsie, English, 8 vols., 4/. Scots, 
 
 6 vols. zl. us. Cambrian, zl. us. ... 29 
 
 Model Steam Engine Making, ios. 6d. iz 
 
 IN ADIEINE, Drainage, is 10 
 
 Niblett's Electricity, zs. 6d. 19 
 
 Nicholl's Agr. Engg. in India, 3$. 6d. ... 14 
 
 O, 
 
 PTICAL Instruments, Orford 
 Optics of Photography, 3*. fid. ... 
 
 Orford's Lens Work, 3.? 
 
 Modern Optical Instruments 
 
 PARKHURST'S Dynamo 
 
 1 4s. 6d. 17 
 
 Patenf'ng Inventions, zs. 6d. net ... 27 
 
 Pattern Making, 3^. 6d. 32 
 
 Petroleum, Boyd, zs. .. 28 
 
 Philosophical Mag., Monthly, zs.6d. net 39 
 
 Photographic Lenses, Taylor, 35-. 6d. ... 35 
 
 Plant World, Massee, zs. 6d. ... ... 39 
 
 Plant6's Electric Storage, 12^. ... ... 23 
 
 Ponce de Leon's Spanish Tech. Diet. 
 
 Vol. I., s6s. Vol. II., 3zs 28 
 
 Poole's Telephone Handbook, 5^. ... 35 
 
 Practical Education, 6^ 43 
 
 Preere's Telephony. 155- i 
 
 Price's Hoblyn's Dictionary, ios. 6d. ... 40 
 
 Primers of Electricity, 3^. each 22 
 
 Printer's Handbook, Jacobi, 5$. ... 44 
 
 Printing, Southward, ios. 44 
 
 Pruning, Des Cars, zs. 6d. 26 
 
 Public Arms, 3/. 35. 29 
 
 Pullen's Injectors, 3^. 6d.... 23 
 
-48 WJiittaker* s TecJinological and Scientific List. 
 
 QPAGE 
 
 UADRUPLEX, Maver, 6s. 6d. ... 17 
 
 Questions in Typography, 6d. ... ... 44 
 
 RAILWAY Management, Findlay, 
 
 7 S. 6d. 12 
 
 Material Inspection, Bodmer ... i 
 
 Pennsylvania, 52^. 6d. 16 
 
 Ram's Incandescent Lamp, 7 s. 6d. ... 23 
 
 Reckenzaun's Electric Traction, los. 6d. 20 
 
 Refuse Destructors, Jones, $s 20 
 
 Repousse, Leland, $s 43 
 
 Reynolds' Locomotive, zs. 6d. ... . 20 
 
 Rose's Bandsman, 2s. 6d. 29 
 
 Russell's Electric Cables, 7*. 6d. ... 7 
 
 T. C.'s Hndbk. Elec. Lighting, is. 18 
 
 SALOMONS' Electric Light Installa- 
 
 tion, 6s. ... ... ... ... 38 
 
 Electric Light. Vol. I., Accumu- 
 lators, s-y. Vol. II., Apparatus, 7^. 6d. 
 Vol. III., Applications, $s. . ... 4 
 
 'Sanitary Drainage 10 
 
 Sanitation, Mason 21 
 
 Savage's Sewage Disposal, $s 20 
 
 Scholl's Phraseological Dictionary,Eng., 
 Ger., Fr., and Span., 21^. 
 
 "Scots Minstrelsie, 2/. us. 
 Screws and Screw Making, 3$. ... 
 
 "Screw Propulsion, i$s 
 
 Seidel's Industrial Instruction, 2s. 6d. 
 Sewage Disposal, Savage, $s. 
 
 Treatment, 6s. .. 10 
 
 Shafting and Gearing, Bale, 2s. 6d. .. 25 
 Ships' Resistance, 15$. 
 
 Silcock's Highway Bridges 
 
 Skelton's Iron and Steel, $s. ... ..19 
 
 : Slater's Sewage Treatment, 6s 10 
 
 Sloyd, English, 7 s. 6d. 42 
 
 Smith's Cable Traction, 55 15 
 
 How to Patent, 2s. 6d. net 27 
 
 Wire, 7 s. 6d. 15 
 
 Snell's Electric Motive Power, ics. 6d. 23 
 
 r Southam's Elect. Engineering, 4-5-. 6d.... 16 
 
 Southward's Mod. Printing, los. 6d. ... 44 
 
 Spanish Techn. Diet., 2 vols., 68 s. ... 28 
 : Specialists' Series i 
 
 Steam Engine Indicator, 3^. 6d. ... 22 
 
 Jacket, Fletcher, 7*. 6d. 6 
 
 Locomotives, Cooke, 7 s. 6d. ... 11 
 
 Model, Alexander, IDS. 6d. ... 12 
 
 Power and Mill Work, Sutcliffe, 
 
 21$ 8 
 
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