I '; |ii!:v;; i HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AIERICA, FROM THE DISCOVERY OF THE CONTmENT. b BY GEORGE BANCROFT, Q^l)e ^ntljor's Cast Hetiisiott /'^ \^ OF THE ''-f^ \ [(univeesity; GLUME NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AKD COMPANY, 1883. COPTKIGHT, By GEORGE BANCROFT, 1876, 1883. 2 3 3/3 CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME. HISTORY OF THE COLONIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. PAET III. COLONIZATION OF THE WEST AND OF GEORGIA. CHAPTER I. THE 80TJTHEEN STATES AFTER THE EEVOLUTION. PAGK The fortunes of the Stuarts. The aristocratic revolution of England . . 3 William of Orange. Somers. Vindication of English liberties. The church 4 Right of resistance 6 Power of parliament. Influence of the commercial classes .... 6 Theory of the revolution. Power of opinion 7 The free press. Result of the revolution 8 Colonies reconstructed on revolution principles 9 Parties in South Carolina. Abrogation of Locke's constitution . . .10 Archdale, the Quaker governor . 11 Progress ; Huguenots enfranchised. High church faction . . . .12 Produce of South Carolina. Of North Carolina 13 The Anglican church 14 Strife of parties 15 Progress .16 Virginia. Its form of government 17 The burgesses and their rights and privileges. The church . . . .18 Swift hopes for a bishopric in Virginia. Character of its people . . .19 Maryland 20 The Protestant association. Disfranchisement of the proprietdly . . .21 Establishment of the Anglican church . .22 The proprietary restored on becoming a Protestant 23 CHAPTER IL THE MIDDLE STATES AFTER THE REVOLUTION. Pennsylvania. Delaware . . 24 George Keith's schism 25 VOL. II. — B iv CONTENTS. PA6E Fletcher claims the government 26 Arrest of William Penn 27 Penn restored as proprietary . . . 28 Legislation on negroes. New constitution 29 New Jersey 31 Its condition without government . . . 32 It becomes a royal province 33 New York. Leisler . . . • 84 Sloughter arrives . . 36 Leisler and Milborne executed 37 Colonial liberties asserted 38 Dispute between the Presbyterians and the Anglican church . . . .39 Administration of Bellomont 40 Lord Cornbury. His arbitrary administration 41 Is subdued by the New York legislature 42 Lovelace as governor 43 Hunter 44 CHAPTER III. NEW ENGLAND AFTER THE EEVOLUTION. Connecticut 47 Commands its own militia. Rhode Island 48 Colony charters endangered 49 Massachusetts &ft- Revolution in opinion. Belief in witchcraft 51 Cotton Mather. Glover, the witch 62 Skepticism. Cotton Mather, the champion of witchcraft .... 53 William III. does not restore the charter of Massachusetts . . . . 54 | Character of its new charter 55 New Hampshire a royal province . . . 56 Mistakes in re-organizing Massachusetts. The Mathers. Phips and Stoughton 57 Witchcraft at Salem 58 The new charter arrives. The hanging of witches begins . . . .61 More victims 62 Confessions. Willard, Burroughs, Proctor 63 Carrier, Jacobs 64 Last executions. Meeting of general court 65 J The delusion over 66 Revolution in opinion. The new government 67 Ehsha Cooke. Joseph Dudley 68 Dudley proposes an abridgment of the charter privileges . . . .69 CHAPTER ly. PAELIAMENT AND THE COLONIES. The republican aspect of the colonies 70 \ Aim of William III. System of James II 71 The system of governing by the prerogative .72 C0:N TENTS. y PAGE Appointment of the board of trade .73 Its plan of union. The constitution proposed by Penn 74 Parliament and taxation. The prerogative and the veto . . . .76 The judiciary. Writ of habeas corpus 76 The press. The church. The slave trade. Charter governments threatened 77 Population of British America. Complaints of them as antimonarchical . 78 The mercantile system sustained and developed 79 Courts of admiralty in America . . .80 Laws against manufactures in the colonies 81 Opposition to the mercantile system • , .82 Piracy. Regulation of colonial currency .83 American post-office. Bounty on naval stores 84 Tendencies to independence / . . .85 CHAPTER Y. ^ THE EED MElJf EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI. European colonial system. Mercantile system 86 Its developments. The system of Portugal 87 Spain, Holland, Prance, and England 88 Competition between them 89 Languages of the red man. The Algonkin, Micmacs, Etchemins, Abenakis . 90 Pokanokets, Lenni-Lenape, Nanticokes, Corees 91 Shawnees, Miamis 92 Illinois, Ojibwas, Ottawas, Menomonies, Sacs, and Foxes . . • .93 The Dakotas, Sioux, Winnebagoes, Catawbas, Woccons . . . .94 Iroquois, or Wyandot. Hurons, the Five Nations 94 Tuscaroras. The Cherokees 95 The UcHEES 96 The Natchez, the Mobilian, Chicasas 97 Choctas, Creeks or Muskohgees 98 Numbers 99 CHAPTER YI. THE LANGUAGES AND MANNERS OF THE EED MEN. Their language. Its sounds, symbols, and abstract terms .... 101 Its synthetic character. Manners of the aborigines. Dwellings . . . 102 Marriage 103 The mother and child. Education 104 Condition of woman 105 Resources 106 Hospitality. Famine. Treatment of the sick, the aged . . . .107 Dress 108 CHAPTER YII. POLITY AND RELIGION OF THE EED MEN. Political institutions. Absence of law. Retaliation 109 Division of labor. The tribe 110 vi CONTENTS. PAGB Its chiefs. Its councils Ill Treaties, use of wampum, the calumet 112 War; its glory; its customs ; war-parties . > 113 Treatment of captives 114 Federal republics. The Five Nations 115 Their local governments. Their chiefs . 116 Their warriors. Councils. General congress 11*7 Religion. Idea of divinity. Origin of faith 118 Manitous. Guardian spirits 119 Sacrifices. Penance . . . < 120 Medicine men. Temples . . .121 Dreams. Faith in immortality. Burials 122 Paradise in the south-west. The approach of death 123 The world of shades. Graves 124 CHAPTER VIII. THE NATURE AND OEIGIN OF THE BED MEN. Natural endowments 126 Like powers to red and white men. Organic differences . . . .126 Inflexibility of the savage 12*7 Uniformity of organization. Physical characteristics 128 Progress of improvement 129 Origin. Mounds 129 Analogies of language 130 Of customs. Israelites 131 Egyptians, Carthaginians, Scandinavians, Chinese 132 Astronomical science in America and Asia 133 American culture its own. Connection of America and Asia , . . 134 The American and Mongolian races 136 The red men and the unity of the race 136 CHAPTER IX. PEOGEESS OF FEANOE IN NOETH AMEEIOA. New France. The Hundred Associates 137 Jesuits 138 Their missions and mode of life in Canada. Brebeuf . . . . .139 A hospital. Ursuline convent. Sulpicians at Montreal .... 140 Progress of missions 14] Raymbault at the Saut Sainte Marie 142 Jogues in western New York 142 Bressani I43 Mission on the Kennebec I44 Martyrdom of Jogues. Of Daniel I45 Of Brebeuf and Lallemand. Missions to the Five Nations . . . ,146 Dablon 14Y Ren6 Mesnard. Chaumonot 148 CONTEI^TS. yii CHAPTER X. FRANCE AND THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI. PAGB Feebleness of New France. Louis XIV. makes it a royal province . . 149 Reorganization of the government. Jesuit missions on Lake Superior . .150 The Ojibwas, Pottawatomies, Sacs and Foxes, the Illinois, Sioux . . .151 France desires the possession of New York. Dablon and Marquette . .152 Life of the missionaries. Plans for discovering the Mississippi . . .153 The French at the Saut Sainte Marie. Their further advances . . .154 Marquette and Jolliet embark in canoes on the Mississippi . . . .155 Descent of the Mississippi 156 The limit of their voyage 15*7 Their return by way of Chicago 158 A canal proposed. Marquette's mission. His death 159 "'^'Tlobert Cavelier de la Salle 159 His early career. Is protected by Frontenac. Repairs to Paris . . .160 The grant to La Salle. Contest with parties in New France . . . .161 Rivalry of Jolliet and La Salle 161 The royal grant to La Salle. His preparations 162 La Salle in Niagara river. At Green Bay. The fort of the Miamis . .163 The Illinois 163 The Rock. Fort Heartbreak. 164 Accault and Hennepin at the falls of St. Anthony 164 The Iroquois and the Illinois. Tonti. Embarrassments of La Salle . .165 Ruin of the Illinois village by the Iroquois 166 La Salle descends the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico . . . .167 He takes possession of the country. Returns to France . . . .168 His new propositions accepted .... .... 169 The naval commander jealous of La Salle 170 The result. La Salle misses the mouth of the Mississippi .... 171 La Salle occupies Texas 172 His excursions. He departs for Canada 173 His death. The fidelity of Tonti 174 \ "^ CHAPTER XI. THE RIVALRY OF FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN IN AMERICA. Feeble condition of New France 175 Iroquois chiefs as galley-slaves in France. Wrath of the Five Nations . .176 The Iroquois at Montreal. Rivalry of France and England . . . .177 Absolutism and parliamentary government 177 Origin of the town of Castin. The Indians at Cocheco 178 At Pemaquid. Count Frontenac once more governor of Canada . . .179 He sends parties against Schenectady, Salmon Falls, and Casco bay . .180 New England and New York attempt the conquest of Canada . . .180 Failure of the land expedition and of the fleet 181 Partisan warfare. Heroism of Hannah Dustin 182 Warfare in Maine. The French against the Mohawks 183 viii CONTENTS. PA«E Against the Onondagas and Oneidas . 184 England blockades the ports of France by a decree. Establishes a bank . 184 The peace of Kyswick. The boundary between New France and New York . 185 The French at Detroit ; in Illinois; at Vincennes 186 The mission at Kaskaskia 18*7 Pensacola and Mobile 188 Iberville and Bienville reach the Mississippi from the sea . . . .188 An English ship enters the Mississippi and is turned back . . . .189 Slow progress of Louisiana 190 Death of Iberville 191 CHAPTER XII. THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUOCE88ION. War of the Spanish succession 192 Expedition of South Carolina against St. Augustine . . . . .193 "War with the Spanish Indians. Attack on Charleston 194 War with the Abenakis. Burning of Deerfield . ^ . . . .195 Eunice "Williams and her family 196 Massacre at Haverhill 197 Bounty on scalps. Conquest of Acadia 198 Character of Bolingbroke 199 Plan for conquering Canada. Sir Hovenden Walker and General Hill . . 200 Preparations for defence at Quebec -. .201 Wreck of the fleet of Walker 202 Detroit besieged 203 The Tuscaroras. The death of Lawson. South Carolina. .... 204 France desires peace 205 Peace of Utrecht. Balance of power 206 Spain 207 Belgium. Free ships, free goods . . 208 The assiento. British slave-trade 209 England encroaches on the colonial monopoly of Spain 210 Surrender of territory to England "211 CHAPTER XIII. OF THE BOTJNDAEIES OF BEITISH, FEENOH, AND SPANISH COLONIES. House of Hanover. George I 212 Philip of Orleans. Fleury. Walpole . . .... . . .213 War with the Yamassees. Revolution in South Carolina . . . .214 It becomes a royal province. Treaty with the Cherokees . . . .216 Disputes with France in the north-east 217 Sebastian Rasles 218 The English settlements on the Kennebec 219 Death of Rasles. Lovewell's fight . 220 Peace with eastern Indians. Bounds on the lakes and St. Lawrence. Oswego 221 Claims of England. French fort at Crown Point 222 French fort at Niagara 223 CONTENTS. ix CHAPTER XIV. PROGRESS OF LOUISIANA. PA6B w Boundary of Louisiana 224 ^he French on the Ohio. Indifference of Walpole. Yincennes . , . 225 Louisiana under Crozat 226 The credit system of Law. The Mississippi company 22*7 New Orleans 228 War between France and Spam. End of the Mississippi company . ,229 JProphecy respecting New Orleans 230 ■ Downfall of Law 231 The Natchez 232 They begin a massacre. Are defeated 233 The crown resumes Louisiana. War with the Chicasas . . . . 234 Artaguette 235 Vincennes 236 War renewed. Louisiana in 1^40 237 CHAPTER XV. COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION UNDER THE HOUSE OF HANOVER. The colonies after the peace of Utrecht. Corruption of the office-holders . 238 Interference with American industry 239 Character of Sir Robert Walpole 240 Restrictions on American manufactures . . . . . . .241 The West Indian colonies 242 Commerce of the continental colonies with the French and Dutch islands . 243 The interest of the continent sacrificed to that of the islands . . . 243 Tax to be levied in the colonies on imports from foreign colonies . . . 244 Disputes of Massachusetts with its governor 245 Plans to get an American revenue 246 Danger to charter governments. Dummer defends the New England charters . 247 His success. The words of Trenchard 249 The governor of Massachusetts flies to England to arraign the colony . . 249 The duke of Newcastle made secretary of state for the colonies . . .250 The explanatory charter of Massachusetts 250 Legal and other opinions on taxing the colonies by parliament . . .251 Massachusetts rebuked by a vote of the house of commons .... 252 New Hampshire constituted a separate royal government .... 252 The political opinions of S^uel Adams 252 England strives to alter the land laws of Connecticut 253 William Burnet, Montgomerie, Cosby, successive governors in New York . 253 The press of New York 254 Zenger indicted, tried, and acquitted. Clark and the New York assembly . 255 Money paid illegally to Horatio Walpole. The government in North Carolina . 256 The colored men and the elective franchise in Virginia 257 Public opinion in Pennsylvania 257' Early life of Benjamin Franklin 258 X CONTENTS. PAGE Removes to Philadelphia 259 His character 260 Character of his newspaper 261 The church in Massachusetts 262 Paper money in America 263 Interposition of parliament. Advice of Keith to the government . . . 264 Act of parliament for naturalization in America 264 Prosperity of the colonies. Great emigration of the Germans . . . 265 Of the Scotch-Irish. Berkeley 266 CHAPTER XVI. THE BEITISH SLAVK-TEADE. COLONIZATION OF GEOEGIA. Motives of an historian to write a true history ; test of truth . . . 268 Truth in history can be ascertained. The law of progress .... 269 History the record of God's providence. Edwards, Vico, Bossuet , 269 Metropolitan monopolists divided. South Sea company and the assiento . 2Y0 England and the slave-trade. Slave coast. The slave in Africa . . . 2Y1 ' The passage 2*72 The African in North America 273 Numbers. Labors 2*74 Progress ; emancipation. Conversion did not enfranchise .... 275 Color. Colonies and the slave-trade 276 England and the slave-trade. Moral opinion 277 English legislation 278 England compels the colonies to admit negro slaves 279 England and Spain 280 Colonization of Georgia proposed. Oglethorpe and imprisonment for debt . 281 Plans a colony 281 Oglethorpe at Savannah 282 Council with the Muskohgees 283 Cherokees and Choctas. Lutheran emigrants 284 Oglethorpe returns to England. Land titles 2.86 Ardent spirits. Slaves. New emigration 287 John and Charles Wesley 288 Whitefield 289 Frederica. Darien. Contest on boundaries 290 Treaty with Indians 291 CHAPTER XVII. WAB BETWEEN GEE AT BEITAIN AND SPAIN. 1739-1748. Oglethorpe among the Muskohgees 292 England and English smugglers 293 Tale of Jenkins's ears. The convention 294 War. Anson. Vernon at Porto Bello 295 Attack on Carthagena 296 CONTENTS. xi PAGE 111 success. Oglethorpe invades Florida 297 Spaniards invade Georgia 298 Character of Oglethorpe. Slavery in Georgia. Fleury averse to war . . 299 War of the Austrian succession. War of France with England . . . 300 The pretender. Frederic II. and Prussia 301 War in the East Indies. Madras taken 302 Behring discovers North-west America 303 The central provinces undisturbed. Treaty at Lancaster with the Six Nations. 303 Franklin's volunteer militia . . . 304 New England resolves to conquer Louisburg ..;.... 305 The expedition sails to Cape Breton 306 Lands at Louisburg 307 The siege 308 The surrender 309 111 success of French fleets. Plan of conquering Canada abandoned . .310 Kalm's opinion on American independence 310 Impressment of sailors. Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle 311 Frederic 11. and the liberty of the seas 312 Washington 313 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION IN FIVE EPOCHS. I.— BRITAIN OYERTEBOWS THE EUROPEAN COLONIAL SYSTEM. CHAPTER I. AMEEICA CLAIMS LEGISLATIVE INDEPENDEITOE OF ENGLAND. HENEY pelham's ADMINISTEATION. 1748. The approach of revolution 319 Anglo-Saxon emigration to America 320 The unity of the human race 321 Christianity. Mahomet « 322 The continuity of the human race 323 Its progress. History records that progress 324 The office of America 325 Its character and extent 826 Character of the thirteen . 327 Their relation to the metropolis 328 Enghsh colonial administration 329 The duke of Newcastle as colonial minister 330 He makes way for the duke of Bedford 331 xii CONTENTS. CHAPTER 11. THE EOYAL GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK APPEALS TO THE PARAMOUNT POWER OF BRITAIN. HENRY PELHAM's ADMINISTRATION CONTINUED. 1748-1749. PAGE Congress at Albany in 1748 333 Plans of Clinton and Colden for government of the colonies . . . .333 The Massachusetts delegation. Shirley, Oliver, and Hutchinson . . .334 Treaties with the Six Nations and the Miamis 335 Propositions of Oliver and Hutchinson for an American fund . . . 336 Boundary claimed by France 337 Indian village and Jesuit mission at Ogdensburg 337 Clinton and Shirley advise coercion of the colonies by parliament . .337 Murray the principal adviser of the crown 338 Clinton resolves to force the interposition of parliament. New York . .339 Halifax and the colonies. They tend toward independence .... 340 South Carolina. North Carolina 340 Virginia. Pennsylvania. New England 341 New Jersey 342 England and France compete for the Ohio valley 343 The claims of the French in Acadia 844 A British colony in Nova Scotia. The Acadians ..... 345 ' The Micmac Indians 346 Halifax goes to parliament for absolute power. Protest of the colonies . 347 Massachusetts becomes a hard-money colony . . . . . . 348 Intrigues of the crown officers in America. Firmness of New York . . 349 Charles Townshend enters the board of trade 350 The colonies have a life of their own 351 CHAPTER III. THE EXPLORATION OF OHIO. PELHAM's ADMINISTRATION CONTINUED. A new system of colonial administration. Zeal of Halifax and Bedford .352 Stamp tax proposed. Spirit of New England 353 Jonathan Mayhew preaches against tyranny and priestcraft .... 354 The British ministry persist. The slave-trade 355 Restrictions on American manufactures 356 Prophecy of Turgot 35^' Divisions in the British cabinet. The French and English in Nova Scotia . 358 Halifax and Bedford disagree. Newcastle against Bedford .... 359 The English take Chiegnecto. British and French commissioners . . 360 A French brigantine seized. Vermont. The Ohio valley . . . .361 The Ohio Company of Virginia 3g2 Gist explores the country west of the Great Mountains 368 The richness of its lands. Council at Picqua 354 Message to the English. To the French 365 Gist returns. Second journey of Croghan 366 CONTENTS. xiii CHAPTER IV. AMERICA EEFXTSES TO BE RULED BY AEBITEARY INSTEIJCTI0N9. PELHAM's ADMINISTEATION CONTINUED. 1751-1753. PAGE Lords of trade pursue their design in detail. Calendar regulated . . . 367 Plan for an American civil list. Postponed . 368 Colonies left to protect themselves 368 Zeal of the French 369 Plan of an American Union. New powers of the board of trade . . . 370 The French begin hostilities 371 Council at Shawnee town 372 Dinwiddle's report. State of England t . . 373 Projects of the board of trade 374 Measures for the Ohio valley. Measures to reduce New York . . . 375 They fail. Chesterfield foretells revolution .876 CHAPTER V. FEANKLIN PLANS UNION FOE THE AMEEIOAN PEOPLE. PELHAM's ADMINIS- TEATION CONTINUED. 1753-1754. Progress of the French at the West 377 Protest of the Indians. Washington's mission to Fort LeBoeuf . . . 378 The first fort at Pittsburg. Measures of the colonies 381 Plans for taxes by parliament 382 Washington marches toward the Ohio. The French at Pittsburg . . 883 Combat with Jumonville . . . 384 The affair at Great Meadows. Congress at Albany 385 Treaty with the Six Nations 386 Franklin's plan of union 387 Franklin advises colonizing the West 888 CHAPTER YI. THE OLD THIRTEEN COLONIES. NEWCASTLE'S ADMINI8TEATI0N. 1754. Hume's prophecy. Population of the American colonies .... 889 Population of the South 390 Number of white men. Of black men. Georgia 391 South Carolina. North Carolina . . 892 Virginia 393 Maryland 395 Pennsylvania and Delaware 897 New Jersey 898 New York 899 New England 401 Its creed 406 xiv CONTENTS. CHAPTER VII. the ministees abe advised to tax ameeica by act of paeliament. Newcastle's administeation. 1754-1755. PAGE Death of Henry Pelham. Newcastle becomes the first minister . . . 408 Commons subordinate to the lords 409 State of the old whig party. Strife with New York 410 Plan of American union by Halifax. Parliament invoked to tax America . 411 Duke of Cumberland. Braddock appointed general in America. . . .412 Mutiny act 412 Shirley's plans. Franklin's opinions of them 413 Franklin on taxation by parliament. Shirley on Franklin .... 414 Want of concert among the colonies. Discussions with France . . .415 Braddock and five governors recommend taxation of America by parliament .416 The clamor of crown officers for taxation 417 Hutchinson on the right of America to independence 418 CHAPTER VIII. england and feanoe contend foe the ohio valley and fob acadia. Newcastle's administeation continued. 1755. Plan for 1755. Howe captures the Alcide and the Lys .... 419 Braddock advances slowly 420 The ninth of July. Prepares to attack Fort Duquesne 421 The battle . . . . ' 422 The defeat. Death of Braddock 424 The Acadians 425 Their disaffection 426 They are disarmed 427 The English take Beau S6jour 428 The removal of the Acadians projected 429 Approved of by Belcher 430 Address of General Winslow 431 The Acadians driven on board ship 432 Their sufferings 433 Edmund Burke's opinion . . . . . , 434 CHAPTER IX. OBEAT BBITAIN UNITES AMEEICA UNDEE MILITABY BULE. NEWCASTLE'S administeation CONTINUED. 1755-1756. American army at Lake George. Phinehas Lyman 435 Dieskau's approach. An ambuscade 436 Dieskau's attack and repulse , , . . 437 CONTENTS. XV PA6B Shirley fails to reach Niagara 438 His opinion on independence 439 Musings of John Adams 439 French ships seized 440 England urges Russia to control Germany 441 Pitt opposes. Soame Jenyns and Rigby become lords of trade . . . 442 Plans for 1756. Dinwiddle and Shirley urge a general taxation of America . 443 Washington's self-sacrificing spirit 444 Affairs of Pennsylvania. Activity of Franklin . . . . . .445 Lord George Sackville on the constitution of America 446 Appointment of Loudoun as commander-in-chief 44*7 Foreign officers employed 448 Cumberland thought of for king 449 William Smith pleads for an American union 449 CHAPTER X. the abi8t00ea0y without the people cannot goveen england. Newcastle's administration continued. 1756-1757. Declaration of war agamst France. Do free ships make free goods ? . . 450 Rule of 1756. Washington commended but neglected 451 Soldiers billeted in private houses 452 Capture of Oswego by Montcalm 453 Loudoun uses his army only against the Americans 464 John Armstrong at Kittaning 455 Intrigues in the English court 456 Pitt forms a ministry without Newcastle 457 Rejects a stamp act for America 458 The king discards Pitt 458 CHAPTER XI. the whig AEISTOCBAOY cannot conquer CANADA. ANARCHY IN THE ADMINISTRATION. 1757. Adventures near Lake George 459 Congress at Philadelphia. State of Pennsylvania 460 Franklin its agent. Summer wasted in America 461 Prince George will guard the colonies against free thinking 462 War dances 463 Montcalm's advance toward Fort William Henry 464 Its siege 465 Its surrender • 466 Massacre of captives 467 Pusillanimity of British officers Webb and Loudoun 468 Last war of Protestantism 469 xvi CONTENTS. CHAPTER XII. THE NEW PEOTESTANT P0WEE8 AGAINST THE CATHOLIC POWERS OF THE MIDDLE AGE. WILLIAM PITT's MINISTRY. 1757. PAGE No one dares to take Pitt's place 470 He forms a ministry with Newcastle .471 He knew himself to be the man of the people 472 The great question at issue. The Catholic powers 473 Frederic of Prussia 474 State of France 475 The new alliances, Frederic in Bohemia. His defeat at Colin . . . 476 His retreat and reverses 477 Battle of Rossbach 478 New reverses in Silesia 479 Frederic addresses his army 480 Battle of Leuthen saves Prussia . . 481 CHAPTER Xni. CONQUEST OF THE VALLEY OF THE WEST. PITT's MINISTRY. 1757-1758. Measures of Pitt for the conquest of French America 482 Self-imposed taxes of Massachusetts. Sufferings of the Canadians . . 483 Amherst and Wolfe sent to America 484 Siege and capture of Louisburg 485 Gathering of troops at Lake George . 486 They embark for Ticonderoga . . 487 Death of Lord Howe. Foolish order of Abercrombie 488 Rash attack on Montcalm 489 Montcalm defeats Abercrombie. Repulses the English .... 490 Bradstreet captures and razes Fort Frontenac 491 Despair and courage of Montcalm 492 Expedition to the West. Forbes. Washington. Rashness and defeat of Grant 493 Washington in command of the advance party 494 He enters Fort Duquesne. The naming of Pittsburg. Thanksgiving, and why ? 495 Braddock's battlefield 496 Honors conferred on Washington. He and Frederic 497 CHAPTER XIY. THE CONQUEST OF CANADA. PITt's MINISTRY CONTINUED. 1759. Plans for 1759. Successes of England 498 Lord George Sackville 499 Spirit of America . 500 Niagara taken 501 COl^TENTS. xvii PAGE Inactivity of Gage. Amherst reaches Crown Point . . . . . 502 Wolfe and Saunders in the St. Lawrence 503 The St. Charles and the Montmorenci. Point Levi 504 Quebec from the river 505 "Wolfe fords the Montmorenci ; the attack. He is forced to retire . . 506 The brigadiers suggest landing above the town. Wolfe prepares for it . 507 His reconnoissance. His plan. While waiting he quotes Gray . . . 508 The landing. The ascent to the Plains of Abraham. The battle . . 509 Death of Wolfe 510 Death of Montcalm. Surrender of Quebec. Joy and grief of America. England 512 CHAPTER XY. INVASION OF THE VALLEY OF THE TENNESSEE. PITT's MINISTEY. 1759-1760. George Townshend, Ellis. Lyttelton 513 He provokes a war with the Cherokees. South Carolina opposes him . .514 His duplicity 515 The Cherokees in council 516 The march into their country. Lyttelton's perfidy 517 His want of success and triumph. The Cherokees do and suffer wrong . 518 New and destructive expedition into their country 519 Hasty retreat 520 Fort Loudoun surrenders 521 CHAPTER XVL POSSESSION TAKEN OF THE COUNTEY ON THE LAKES. PITT'S MINISTEY. 1760. Quebec besieged by the French. Relieved 522 Canada capitulates 523 The earl of Bath pleads for keeping Canada at the peace . . . . 524 William Burke and others oppose .525 Franklin rejoins 526 England accepts the coimsels of magnanimity 527 Prophecy of American independence. Plans for taxing America . . .528 Pennsylvania in strife with its proprietaries and with the lords of trade . 529 Lord Mansfield and Edmund Burke. Increase of contraband trade . . 530 Bernard governor of Massachusetts. Hutchinson chief justice . . . 531 The lords of trade advise taxing America at the peace 532 Death of George II 533 CHAPTER XVII. THE KING AND THE AEISTOOEAOY AGAINST THE GEEAT COMMONEE. GEOEGE III. DEIVES OUT PITT. 1760-1761. The king's first appearance in council 534 Bute in the cabinet. First impressions of the new king .... 535 XVlll CONTENTS. PAGB The elections. Bute becomes a secretary of state 536 Negotiations with France for peace. Choiseul 5 3*7 Magnanimity of Frederic 538 Pitt is not eager for peace 639 More humane views of Bedford 540 Aifairs of Spain 641 Its treaty of eventual war against England. The ultimatissimum of France . 642 Pitt proposes to declare war against Spain. Is outvoted in the cabinet . 543 Pitt resigns 644 Accepts a pension 546 CHAPTER XVIII. THE ACTS OF TEADE PEOVOKE EEVOLUTION. THE EEMODELLING OF THE COLONIAL GOVEENMENTS. 1761-1762. Acts of trade resisted in Boston . . 546 Speech of James Otis on writs of assistance 647 Effects of his eloquence. His character 548 He is chosen a representative of Boston. Virginia opposes the slave-trade . 549 South Carolina desires to restrain it. Expedition against the Cherokees . 650 Peace established by mutual concessions 561 New York demands good behavior as the tenure of its judiciary . . .552 Discontent with the court of admiralty 553 CHAPTER XIX. THE E:IN0 DEIVE8 OUT THE NEWCASTLE WHIGS. EEPUBLIC. THE DAWN OF THE NEW 1762-1763. Federation of maritime states. England offers Austria gains in Italy Prussia, Russia, and England. Conquest of Martinique Newcastle retires. Rousseau's predictions. New cabinet. Peace Renewed strife of the king with the colonies. ... Bedford to negotiate a peace. Siege and conquest of Havana Negotiations for peace. Rupture of the king with the old whigs Charles Townshend. James Otis ; his theory of govermnent His popularity. Opposing opinions in Boston ... The treaty of peace between England and France in parliament Success of Frederic Results of the peace. Diffusion of the English tongue England will tax its colonies. Opinion of Vergennes in 1763 The old colonial system self -destructive .... . 554 . 655 . 566 . 567 . 558 . 659 . 560 . 662 . 563 . 5^ . 664 . 665 HISTORY OF THE COLONIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. IJ^ THREE PARTS, PART III. COLONIZATION OF THE WEST AND OF GEORGIA. From 1688 to 1748. VOL. II. — 1 kV^ OF :e I. THE SOUTHEEN STATES AFTEE THE EEVOLUTION". The Stuarts passed from the throne of England. Distin- guished by a blind resistance to popular opinion, they were no less distinguished by misfortunes. Dm'ing their separate sover- eignty over Scotland, but three of the race escaped a violent death. The first of them who aspired to the crown of Great Britain was by the order of an English queen sent to death on the scaffold ; her grandson was beheaded in the name of the EngHsh peopla The next in the line, long a needy exile, is remembered chiefly for his vices ; and James II. was reduced from royalty to beggary by his own children. Yet America acquired its British colonies during their rule, and towns, rivers, headlands, and even commonwealths bear their names. James I. promoted the settlement of Yirginia ; a timely neglect fos- tered JSfew England ; the favoritism of Charles I. opened the way for religious Hberty in Maryland ; Khode Island long cher- ished the charter which it won from Charles II. ; James II. favored the grants which gave liberties to Pennsylvania and to Delaware ; the crimes of the dynasty drove to our country men of learning, virtue, and fortitude. " The wisdom of God," as John Knox had predicted, " compelled the very malice of Satan, and such as were drowned in sin, to serve to his glory and the profit of his elect." Four hundred and seventy-four years after the barons at Eunnymede extorted Magna Charta from their legitimate king, the aristocratic revolution of 1688 estabhshed for Eng- land and its dominions the sovereignty of parKament and the supremacy of law ; the security of property and existing fran- chises; but without impairing the privileges of the nobility. 4 BRITISH AMERICA FROM 1688 TO 1748. part iii. ; oh. i. The character of the new monarch of Great Britain could mould its policy, but not its constitution. In political sagacity, in force of will, far superior to the English statesmen who en- vironed him; more tolerant than his ministers or his parha- ,♦. ments/^%*