■iii :lij> aMUBRARYO/. ^lUBRARYQ. -f tiirr* Siirrs ■UVjdU' "aujiivj'JO^ W/>, ^vlOSANCflC/;. ■YGf^ ^>MUBRARYQr, AWEI)NIV[ ^wuu.Mvtw//^. ^v^iuy(V*tititj^ MNIVERJ/^ ^lOSANCElfj-^ '--^aJAlXlJlt ^1 |v^l CAIIF0% .-s,OFCAllF0% ^OFCAUFOff^^ ^OFCAUFOff^ IJNIVERS//^ ^lOSANCElfj; "'■^/^a]AiNn2i\v BRARYO/^ ^V>^-IIBRARY< ''^•//OJIIVJ-JO-V ■'6'Aavaen# 1^ ^'JlFUNWERy/, .J ?7 ^lOS-ANCElfj-^ ^\t-llBRARYO^ ^WtllBRARYQc %a]AiNn]WV^ ^•lOMCElfX^ ^Til^DW-SOV^'" ^.OFCAlIFOfi'^ ^OFCALIFO/?^^ ^AtLIBRARYQc x^l'UBRARYOc, .-^nFTAlIFOo.. ,-:,OFr:\iirn(?;., ff~> =3 U I I I - ^. Eound shouldered, two names (II.) Eound footed .... a. Single names h. Double names (IIL) Point footed .... IV. Knife money A. Larger sorts .... I. Older series .... a. Various single names . II. Later series .... a. Associated names . III. Ts'i series .... 1. Six character Icgcnd.- 2. Four character legends 3. Three character legend: names on tin 7-22 (ONTKNTS B. SiiiullcT sorts a. Various series /'. rointed series f. Ming series . 1. Siiuarc point class . 3. I>?ft class 4. Kiglit class 5. Wiii Kiun class G. Tui class C. I'nknown and doubtful sorts V. Sundry shapes . . . • VI. New Pu money .... a. llan Perioil. Wang Mang, /(. Unknown, dubious VII. New Knife money .... a. I Ian period .... b. Unknown and dubious sorts . VIII. Ancient round money .... (I.) With round hole .... a. No legend. Older period b. Value only. Later period c. Geographical names (II.) Witli 8(iuare hole .... a. Value only .... b. Geogr.iphical names c. Unknown and of doubtful date Ts'in dynasty. 255-20G b.o. . Former Han dynasty. B.C. 206 to a.d. 24. Independent and contemporaneous currencies, Former llan dynasty (continued) Interregnum. Sin Wang Mang. a.d. 9-22 Indeiiendent currencies with Chinese legends, during 1 dynasty and interregnum. B.C. 206 to a.d. 24. a. Copper currency of the Yueh-ti. Historical notice b. Iron currency of Shuh (tze-tchuen) The Later Han, or Eastern Han, dynasty . Period of the Three Kingdoms, a.d. 220-277 . I. The Minor Han, or Shuh Han dyiiasty . II. The Wei Kingdom III. The Wu Kingdom The Western Tsin dynasty, a.d. 2.3i5.316 The Eastern Tsin dynasty, a.d. 317-419 . The sixteen Kingdoms independent of the Tsin dynasty I. The After Tchao. a.d. 319-351 . ni. The Han, formerly Tcheng. a.d. 304-307 . IV. The Former Liang, a.d. 323-376 . XV. The Northern Liang, a.d. 397-438 Epoch of division between North and South, a.d. 420-581 South.— Tha Sung dynasty, a.d. 420-478. The Ts'i dynasty, a.d. 479-502 . The Liang dynasty, a.d. 502-557. The Tch'en dynasty, a.d. 557-588 North.— Thb Northern Wei dynasty, a.d. 386-534 The Western Wei dyna,sty. a.d. 535-557 The Eastern Wei dynasty, a.d. 534-550 The Northern T.s'i dynasty, a.d. 550-577 The Northern Tchou dynasty, a.d. 557-582 The Sui dynasty, a.d. 581-618 .... The Wu tchu currency. Kesiduum .... Lide.xcr! ........ B.C. 1 9-ir INTEODUCTION. CHAPTER T. NUMISMATIC CHRONOLOGY OP ANCIENT CIirNA. The ancient Chinese, like other civilised nations of antiquity, had no regular system of chronology. Events were dated from the accession of the ruling sovereign, and longer periods were calculated by the addition of the respective lengths of intervening reigns. With this want of exactness, discrepancies could not fail to arise, and the traditions disagree until 811 B.C., when we find that tho various sources of information henceforth agree together. The famous sexagenary cycle, in use for computing days from remote times, was not applied to years before 104 BC, when Szema Tsien, the renowned author of the ^7ie Zi or " Historical Records," employed it backwards to the said date of 841. The common scheme of chronology beginning with 2697 B.C. as first year of Hwang-ti, was not esta- blished before the eleventh century of our era. It was the work of Shao K'ang- tsieh {d. 1077 a.d.) and Liu-shu (1052-1078 a.d.), and was based on assumed recurrences of regular periods and on other processes of computation foreign to tho historical method.' Several references to chronology in ancient authors, such as Yiih Hiung (eleventh century B.C.), Ts'o Kiu-Ming= (fifth century B.C.), Meug-tze' (372-289 B.C.), Hwang P'u-Mi'' (a.d. 215-282), and a certain number of astronomical statements which modern science has been able to verify,^ enable us to restore some ancient dates on a more trustworthy basis. For this difficult period, the common scheme, that of the Annals of the Bamboo Books, severally referred to in the present work, and the corrected dates ai-e here put together for easier reference. ' Cf. among others the great work of P. E. Souciet, Ohservutions MathematiqucK, Aslroiwmiqucs, Geographiques, Chronologiques, et Fkj/siques tiroes des Anciens Livres CIdnois, 3 vol. 1729-1732. The second and third vols, contain works of P. Gaubil. Also (with caution) Thomas Fergusson, Chinese Chronology and Cycles, Shanghai, 1880. Dr. H. Fritsche, Director of the Kussian Observa- tory at Pekin, On Chronology and the Construction of the Calendar, with special regard to the Chinese computation of time compared with the European, St. Petersburg, 1886. 2 Tso tchuen, Siuen Kung, iii. 4. She Ki, Ts'u She Kia, Kiv. 40, f. 9. ' Mencius, vii. 2, xxxviii. * Ti wang She Ki.—Nien lih. ' Cf. R. K. Douglas, Early Chinese Texts, " The Calendar of the Hia dynasty," pp. 1-60 (T. de L., Orientalia Antiqua, i. 1882). E. C. Knobel, Hon. Sec. Royal Astronomical Society, Notes on an Ancient Chinese Calendar, 1882. Prof. C. Pritchard, of Oxford, " Chart of the Principal Stars, chiefly Zodiacal," &e., Sacred Books of the East, vol. iii. p. 27. J. Edkins, " On the Twenty-eight constellations," China Review, 1877, p. 323. G. Schlegel and Franz Kuhnert, Die Schu-King Finsterniss, Amsterdam, 1889, 4to., 20 pp. (Konigl. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Amsterdam). Tliis is the eclipse mentioned in the Shu King on the fifth year of Tch'ung Kang. Two eclipses. May 7, 216o, and May 12, 1904, B.C., are pointed out as satisfying the locality and month of tbeyear and time of day. That of 2165 is by far too ancient, while the other suits very well. S. M. Russell, Discussion of Astronomical Records in Ancient Chinese Books, pp. 137-200; Journal of the Peking Oriental Society, vol. ii., Peking, 1888. John Williams, " On the Eclipses recorded in the Ancient Chinese Historical Work called Chun Tsew," 1863 : Astron. Sue. Month. Not. xxiv., 39-42 ; and other works. ,, i INTRODUCTIOX. Xotwitlistjuidiiiff its remote position, which always required a lapse of time, Cliina has ucver remaiued entirely without knowledge from time to time ot the prcrcss and evolution of western civilisation, and has taken advantage ot this knowledge. Its numismatic history is so closely related to that of Western Asia and Europe that it has been thought necessary to introduce here some western annals of this class, as they throw much light on subsequent Chinese events of the same kind. , , . • i The field of history covered by the following chronology is so new in several respects, that not a few statements, hero put in the briefest form, ought to have been accompanied with their demonstration in subsequent sections ; but the limited space at my disposal does not admit of the publication in this place of any such illustrative material. The various subjects which could not be treated of m this Introduction are the following ' : ( 1 ) The basis of the chronology ; (2) The primitive currency of the country in shells and cowries, and the trade by barter ; (3) The use of metal by weight amongst the early civilisers of China; (4) The introduction of the King-currency from the West and the Treasury enactments of the Tchou dynasty • (.')) The beginning of coinage and its introduction in Shantung in 675 B.C. ; (ti) The materials of money : a, Early metallurgy ; &, Gold and silver ; c. Copper and bronze, with an inquiry into the invention of bronze in Asia Minor and into its intro- duction into China, through Meshed, Kiu-tse and the Kokonor, circa 1741 B.C. ; d, Iron, tin and lead ; e, other materials, such as cloth, clay, cardboard, jade, &c. ; (7) The traditional and monumental evidence of writing in China from the enibryo- writings of the Aborigines, the introduction of writing from Western Asia, its ad.aptation to new surroundings, and its popular transformation into that of the coin legends. C-'mmnn Bamboo Roctifled Bchemo. Annals Dutoa. 2697 2388 c. 2332 First year of IIu Nak Kunta (Fit Nai Hwang-ti), leader of the Bak Sings "§■ JJ in the West." 2017 2338 f. 2282 In his fiftieth year, Yu Nai Hwang-ti, general leader of sixteen Bak families, arrives on the banks of the Loh river (in Shensi), and sacrifices (Bamboo Annals). His people, or at least their chieftains, are acquainted with the art of writing, and with many other important crafts derived from the ChaklEeo-Elamite civilization acquired south of the Caspian Sea.' In metallurgy they knew of gold ^, silver ^ ^ or ^, copper ||j, and antimony or tin ^. For trade they bartered all commodities, besides wrought and unwrought metal by weight. 2356 2140 c. 2076 Ti Yao, ruler of the Chinese (in Shansi). 2255 2043 c.200l. Ti Shun, his successor, at Pu-fan (C. Shansi, Cat., p. 29), amongst other enactments, regulates the steelyard, ' Several other monographs have heen published : T. de L., China and Japan, pp. 190-235, of i. ilie .Journal of the Sonet,/ of Arts, Journal of (he Royal Asiatic Society, The Acadewu. I /;, ' , mn and Oriental Jlecord, I'roc. Soc. Biblical Archxology, &c. A'so, T. de L., The 'j.,u,,i„,u/,.i .,/■ China before the (;/(i«c,c, 1887, and Paris, 1888; Origin of the Earl j Chinese Civilizalioii from Western 'tionrces, }>i92; R. K. Dougl.i.s China, 1882, 1887. INTRODUCTION. ix weights and measuros, and fixes the amounts of metal ^ to be received for redeemable crimes. In 1965 B.C. he is buried at Tsang-wu in Ming-tiao Park, near Au-yb, S. W. Shansi. 2248 2035 1996 Arrival of (trading) parties from the West. Same in 1712, 1685, &c. 2205 1990 1954 The Great Yii, founder of the Hu dynasty at An-yh {Cat., p. 21). He is reputed to have extracted metal ^ from the Li shan (near Pu-fan), and cast irl t^ valuables, {i.e. metal implements or commodities easy to barter) for the relief of his people in distress during the over- flowing of the Hwang-ho. In his time, the Chinese become acquainted, from the indigenous populations, with Iron, which they called the Barbarian metal (^) and also other names (^, ^) borrowed from the native dialects. 2155 1948 1904 On the 12th of May, a solar eclipse in the fifth year of Tchung Kaug, third successor of Yii, at Tchen-sin (in Mih, Honan). 1897 1619 1741 Settlement of a branch of the Kun-wus of the Kokonor at Hiu (N. Honan). They introduce the western art of bronze brought from Asia Minor, through the tin stations from west to east. The initial proportion of tin to copper, which increased in the east and diminished in the west, was 15 per cent. For details, cf. my monograph On the Western discovery of bronze and its introduction in Ancient China. 1766 1558 1686 Tcheng T'ang, founder of the Shang (Traders') dynasty at Poh (Shangkiu, Kweiteh fu, B. Honan). According to Kwan tze (seventh century B.C.), he gave metal ^ ii-om the Tchwang shan, in 1684, to be cast into 2^' ^> ^^ redeem the children whom his subjects, in want of food after a drought, had been compelled to sell. IGIO 144S 1536 In 1712, 1685, 1554 and 1536, arrivals of (trading) foreigners from the west. The subsequent arrivals are stopped in their route eastwards by the Tchou people settled in Shensi. 1401 1315 1389 P' an Keng, nineteenth ruler of the Shang dynasty. 1387 1301 1375 Pan Keng, in the fifteenth year of his reign, removes the capital from Keng (Ho tsin, Kiang tchou, S. W. Shansi) to Yn-Poh (Yen-se, Honan fu), and Yn became hence- forth a frequent appellative of the Shaug dynasty. He rebukes his ministers for their greediness in hoarding cowries and gems. {Shu King, iv., Tan Keng, ii. 14.) The Chinese had adopted and regulated for their own wants a currency in use among the Pre-Chiuese tribes of Eastern Chin.a, consisting of tortoise shells of various sizes and cowries. It is mentioned twice in the Yh King (41 and 51 kwas), and in the Shu-King (Yii Kuugj, cf. my monograph On Barter and the Shell currency of Ancient China. 1200 From the seventeenth century, the currency of Western Asia consists chiefly of armlets or rings, uninscribed, of various sizes, in gold, silver and also of bronze (as fouud lately in the Caucasus), cast on the Babylonian standard of weights. 1, J INTRODUCTION. oommoo Banitwo Bociiflcd j^ China whofo thc practical and not the ornamental is 8«hM». Aoaau. iMu.. ^Q^ght for, the metallic currency consists of small im- plements of daily use in bronze, such as hoes, spades, and sickles, uninscribed and exchanged by weight. Their regular formsecurcsan approximately regular weight. 11 tS 1070 1136 Lunar eclipse in the thirty-seventh year of Wen Wang of 'IVhou, chief of the West. Tch'ou-Sin, the last King of the Shang-Yn dynasty, stores up tsai ^, riches, in the Stag gallery, Luh tai. 1131 1059 1120 Third year of Wu Wang, son of Wen Wang, Prince of Tchou. 1122 1050 1110 Beginning of the TcHOtJ dynasty. Wu Wang of Tchou having, with the help of eight non-Chinese nations, over- thrown the Shang-Yn dynasty, distributes to his followers the tsiii which Tch'ou-Sin had collected. r.l 1 17 <-.1045 '-.1 105 Arrival of trading parties inland from the west. 1109 10:J8 luy7 Arrival about that year of three trading parties from Indo- Cliina. The southern sea trade from the west with Arrakan and Pegu is not yet open. 1103 1032 1091 In the thirteenth year of Tcheng, second King of Tchou, his minister, Kiang Tai Kung, establishes the nine Treasury offices, and regulates the currency in metal and silk (gold in cubic-inch, bronze in rings, in ingots or in plates, to circulate by weight and silk in pieces of a regular size.) The historical statement is given in the Tsien Han Shu, or Annals of the Former Han Dynasty (Shih ho, iv. 2). With reference to metal, it says : ^^■Ji -i m m - )r m m m 1j m ni^m. which wo understand as " gold was in square inch, weigh- ing one kin, bronze money was round (or in rings), tongue-like (or in boards) and in squares (or ingots) and their weight was ascertained by tchuf:. The second state- ment is generally understood as meaning that " the copper coins were round enclosing a square," whicb is against the full weight of evidence, circumstantial and direct. No doubt the historian of the Han has misconceived the original statement and altered it according to bis pre- judice. 1091 Kiang Tai hung, establishes afterwards the same regula- tions in his State of Ts'i. 985 915 985 Important expedition of Tchou Muh wang on the northern borders of Tibet. The Chinese learn the western art of inlaying metal. 9G7 927 967 Interruption of inland arrivals from the west. In 893 they begin again, but henceforth always through the traders of Shuh (Sze tchuen), until the Han period. 950 911 950 In his fifty-first year, Tcaou Mnh ivang, through his minister Liu, enacts his penal laws with the optional redemption of corporal penalties by the payment of ^■^- mulcts in §^ hwan or Ring-money still uninscribed, which had been introduced by the TcHOu from the west. 852 The southern country of Ts'u supplies tortoise shells and cowries, which have become scarce, for currency. 841 Common date of agreement between the various traditions of chronology, called Kung-ho it 7^. 820 Ideographical reform of the written characters, by Sze Teh on, historio- INTRODUCTION. xi B.C. grapbev of the King Siueu of Tcnou, in view of making the ofticial writing more significant to the eyes even at the expense of tlie pliouetic expression. The Ku-iven writing had diverged to some extent from its original forms and mode of composition ; and the number of chai-acters had increased and continued to increase from several sources, viz., local variants of the standard forms; necessary additions from progress of knowledge ; pictorial equivalents, of difficult or httle known standard characters, actually created among the less cultured portions of the Chinese agglomeration. The writing of Szo 'i'chou is generally called tchuen %, or curved writing, and better Tu tchueu, or Great tchuen (cf. below, v. 2). 776 Sixth year of Tchou Yu wang. Solar eclipse on August 29th. 770 End of the Tchou dynasty and beginning of the Tung Tchou or Eastern Tchou dynasty, with its capital at Loh-yh (Loh Yang, Honan), whose king was not much more than the nominal suzerain of the various principalities united in a federation. 750-700 Beginning of coinage in the West. At /Egina., Pheidon, King of Argos, establishes a mint for silver coins. In Lydia electrum coins are struck. The coins consist of small ingots of regular weights, bean-shaped, and stamped with a distinctive mark or emblem. 722-481 Tchuu-tsiu period, so-called from the Ephemerides of Lu, for these years, written by Confucius, and completed by the Ta'o tchuen or Chronicle of Tso K'iu-Ming (722-464 B.C.) tlie most valuable literary relic of the Tchou dynasty. Eighty-five Chinese principalities are mentioned therein. 720 An envoy from the Tchou kingdom goes to the State of Lu to ask the usual fM /m, or contribution, including currency, towards the King's burial. 697-695 Sennacherib, the Assyrian King, introduces Syrian sea-going ships in the Persian Gulf, which after being used for war, ply for trade in the Erythra3an Sea in competition with the old Sabfean traders. 679-581 Period of the Five Pas, J. ^, Wu Pa, during which one of the great principalities took successively the lead of all the states, because of the impotency of the suzerain, the King of Tchou. No less than 131 separate states existed during the Tchou dynasty, 55 of which were contemporaneous ; 25 have left records of their existence and l:j were important. Hwan, Prince of Ts'i, was the first Pa, 679-613 b.c. 679-675 The state of Ts'i being at war during these years. Prince Hwan was finally afraid that his armoured bannermen were not sufficient in number; in order to facilitate enlistment he successfully authorized the payment of mulcts for slight offences with their own metal knives, instead of the legal Ring currency as heretofore since 950. 675-670 Introduction of coinage in China. The sea-traders of the Indian Ocean establish a colony in the Gulf of Kiaotchou (S. Shantung), which they call Laiu/-ga (Lang-ye) after the Ceylon Lanka, a name given also to several intermediary places. l\ih- mie, afterwards Tsih-moh, was their emporium and mint. They started the device of inscribing their large bronze knives (of i-egular weight, i.e. one-eighth of the larger standard unit) for currency, with a distinctive mark or emblem, a practice they learnt from the western coinages, consisting in this instance of the name of their place in a curious form of Chinese symbols (p. 214). The shape is still rudo and has not assumed the symb 'lical form of the ring at the end, which a little afterwards was introduced into the Chinese Ts'i state. 670-665 In one of these latter years, Hwan, the Prince of T'si, leader of the States, enacts rules, framed by his minister Kwan I-wu (Kwan King ii INTRODUCTION. ..c. tclning, Kwan tcl.ung. or Kwan tze), for the weights of rnotallic currency (She Ki, xxx. 21). The Taos (knives or sickles) and I us (l.oes o? adzes), according to Kwan-Tcbung's works, formed the lower cum>ncv Prince Hwan ordered bis Tso Sze-ma, or Left Equerry, 1', Kuno to cast pi money with metal from the Tchwang mmos, to make kno'wn the modeU and wei-hts to the people. Later on '-e. after G-,«). he commanded his Tclnnu, Tn-fu, or Second Grand OSicer, Wan.j-iih, to carry 20,000 coins to Ts'o for the purchase of a living The^foins are inscribed with legends indicating their place of issue, their object and weight- value. The knife-shaped coins, preserving a practical size and form, bear the following inscription : Ts'ifcmwang tze kiuhwa, returnable-reviving currency of Ts'i. On the reverse : San sluh, thirty units, and yucn, a ring, either figured or suggested by the carefully made ring at the end of the handle. , ,^ .«=„ Great wealth is acquired in the state of Ts'i by the trade m salt [^, i^ boiling the brine) which its merchants supplied to the states of Liano (C. E. Shansi), Tchou (W. Honan), Sung (E. Honan), AVei (N. Honan) and others, which, we are told (cf. the authorities in F. Hirth, Early History of the Salt Monopoly in China, 1888), were in great trouble when the usual supply was not forthcoming at the proper time. This trade was the chief cause of the extension of coinage in the states. r. 6G0 The quince-fruit of Media is introduced into China through the Indian Ocean sea-trade. Cf. my Notes on Botanical Relations between Ancient China and Western Asia in Antiquity. C,')b E.xtinction by the state of Tstn of the small principality of Yv (q.v. in the Ali'Jiahctical Lid below) in S. W. Shansi, which, following the rules of Hwan and Kwan-tchung, had issued some saddle-coins or weight-money bearing their name and respective weights. The old Ring-money of the Central Kingdom of Tchou was probably inscribed then for the first time, and became a coinage. Gi2 Coining money is not yet known in the state of Tcheng (Kai fnng fu, Honan) as shown by the following circumstance. The Earl of Tcheng, for the first time paid a Court visit to the Prince of Ts'u (Hupeh) who gave him a certain quantity of metal (^) and made him a condition not to use it for casting weapons. In consequence the Earl of Tcheng made with it three bells {Tso tc/iuen, 5, xviii. 1). 611 Collapse through its own expenses and conquest by Ts'iN of the small state of Liang (q-v.) in Shensi C. E., where the financial innovations of Ts'i had been followed, and saddle-coins or weight-money had been issued, with the legend Liang hiu kin-yii erh shih tang luck, Kin-yu of Liang's treasury, 20 equal a liieh, of several sizes and variants accord- ingly [Cat. p. 22, corr.). Liang was supplied with salt by the merchants of Ts'i. 618 Wei, Earl of Mao, comes from the Tchou kingdom to Lu, asking money ^ contributions for the expenses of the King's burial {Tchun tsiu Tso tchuen, 6, ix. 1). G13-.j90 Tchwang, King of Ts'u, the last of the Five Pas, issues two sizes of small coins, bean-shaped (in the fashion of the .^gineetan and Lydian coins of 750-700 B.C.) and inscribed with their respective weights. The old cowrie-shell currency had become too scarce for requirements. They were nick-named Eo pei tsien, or metallic cowries {Cat. p. 300) ; cf. my monograph " On the Metallic Cowries of Ancient China," 1888, J.It.A.S. XX. 428-439. Later on, considering that the money was too light, he altered it and made the small coins larger, |K i .tl ^ ^ II "W. ^ >h ^ '^k.' but his people gave up business, until, on the advice I I^TTRODUCTION. xiii B.C. of liis chief minister, Siin Sliuh-ngao, lie liad restored tilings to the foi-mer state. 611 Neko II., of Egj'pt, gives a great impetus to distant navigation in the Southern seas. 580-550 Non-Chinese Guild merchants of 1. Tsih-moh, in Lang-ya; 2. An-yano ; 3. Tcheng-yang; and 4. Kai yang, in Kli) (Shantung S.E. coast) issue large knife-coins ; those of 1,2, and 3 separately, while 1 and 2, and 1 and 4 were in partnership, before their submission to Ts'i, This is the begin- ning of the monetary unions, cf. below vi. l,and Cat. pp. 215-222,225-226. 5C1-360 An-yh in S.W. Shansi, residence of the Wei clan, begins its coinage with issues of so-called saddle-money or weight-money, like the former coins of Tij and of Liang, all three towns of Tsin [Cat. pp. 20-22). 547-493 After their submission to Ts'i (550-547 u.c.) and previously to their conquest by Wu (493 B.C.), the Guild merchants of Tsiu-Mod issue large knife-coins in partnership with those of An-yang [Cat. p. 224), and also with those of Yng-ling, capital city of Ts'i and of Kai- Yang (Cat. p. 225), all specially iuscribed. These led those of Yng-linq and of Tso-YH to issue a similar coinage {Cat. p. 223). During the same period guild merchants of Ts'i in connection with those of Kwang-tchuno (Shensi S.E.) issue a special coinage of large knives, with a remarkable inscription setting forth its object, viz. : " Returnable-reviving currency of all travelling traders of Ts'i and Kwan-tchung" (Cat. p. 226). The monetary unions make coinage known where it was not so before. Knife-coinage being more extensively known in Ts'i and the border states, the obverse legend of the knife-coins is simplified into Tsi tchi khi hiva, instead of the more explicative legend which the novelty of coinage had suggested in 674-665 B.C. {Cat. p. 332). Coinage is then current in Tcheng (Kai-fung fu, Honan) but is refused by the Prince of Ts'in for the release of an officer of Tch'eng Kiun, who insists that it must be first exchanged for silk {Tso tchuen, 9, xxvi. 4). c. 540 The Western art of tempering iron is known in Eastern China. 523-336 In his 21st year {i.e. 523 B.C.) the King King, of Tchou, finding that the tcliu unit of weight enacted in 1091 B.C. for the currency was too light, notwithstanding the contrary advice of his minister Tan Muh Kung, issued larger, i.e. heavier, coins inscribed Pao Hica, and weighing four times heavier than the current standard (cf. Cat. p. 329, No. 156 only and below p. xxxvii.) But the innovation was aot accepted by the people, and he was forced to resume the former coinage, which lasted until it passed into the hands of Ts'in, 336 B.C. It consisted of the Jiwaii unit and frac- tions, yuen, pan-yue7i, liang, and tchus, in flat rings. There is no record of the time when they were first inscribed, but it cannot have begun before 655 supra. 500-350f. Spade-money of two sizes form chiefly the currency outside Ts'i and TcHOO. They consist of little spades with hollow handles, weighing 20 to the higher standard unit of weight. Being more tools than coins, they required only attenuated legends. Cf. infra, v., 14, and p. 4 sq. 490-390 c. Second and last period of monetary unions. About fourteen coinages of small spades aud pus, henceforth useless as tools and with clear legends, are issued in the region between the marts of the sea-coast of Shantung, N. and S., with Shansi and Honan E. Cf. infra, vi. 481-255 Period of the civil wars, or Contending States fur the Imperial supremacy, or Heptarchy, from the seven principal states engaged in the struggle. 475-221 Period of the Pu-money. Square-footed, round-footed, aud point-footed pus are issued in one hundred (or more) difl'ereut loealities of the states. The exact dates in each case cannot be ascertained but from the founda- tion or destruction of the localities, or their conquest by Ts'in after jjjy IXTKODL'CTIOX. n c 336 D c when the Imperial coinage was entrusted to that state by the ■ ■ King ofTciiou. The merchants of Ts'i become richer and richer trom their salt industry, and the circulation of coins is considerable. 13e«de8 their knife-coinage tlicy used also unwrought metal, as was still tradi- tional in the loss civilised regions of I'ueh and Min (from Kiangsu to Fuhkien). See following. , , n n^ x. c 460 The King of Ts'o helps to establish in Yueh three boards of finance tor the currency of— 1. gems; 2. gold ; 3. coins and silk. 423 Accession of Priuce Wen of Wei, m, ^^o during his reign (423-386 b.c.) on the advice of his minister Li Huei, laid down for the purchase ot goods by the State regulations which gave a great impetus to circula- tion of metallic money. . ,,r, ■ . .1 367-355 The Eastern Tchou dukedom, established m Honan m 440 B.C., is separated into Eastern and Western Tchou. They each issue flab rmg-coins inscribed with their respective names (p. 328). 336 King Llwei of Ts'in, to whose state his suzerain, the King of Tchod had granted the privilege of coining money (for Imperial purposes, _i. e. without local name upon it), issues his first coinage of large P'an Hang pieces with a central square hole (p. 336). This coinage is gradually imposed wherever Ts'iN extends its dominions. 330 A general of Ts'u establishes in Yun-nan, the kingdom of Tsen, which lasted until 224 a.d. It commanded the trade routes to and from the south, and its name, known in the west through the Southern ocean traflic, became in the first century a.d. the western name of China (cf. B. and 0. R. 1889, pp. 139, 151, 157-159). 325-317 Su, Priuce of Tchao, grants to Tchang-y, a secret political agent of Ts'in, the privilege of issuing pu coins of the saddle-pattern. 323 Meng-ko (or Mencius) the philosopher, ii. 2; iii. 1, refuses a hundred kieii kin (see "Numismatic Terms") or knife-coins from the Prince of Ts'i, but he accepts afterwards seventy yli from the ruler of Song, and fifty yh from the Earl of Sieli (W. Shantung). 317-228 Large issues of small knife-coins begin at Ming, in Tchad (S. Tchihli), (p. 265), Kan-tan (p. 247), and other places with legends ; also at Kiij, where they are pointed (p. 251), and without obverse legends. These issues continued until the conquest of Tchad by Ts'in in 228 B.C. 316 The King Hwei of Ts'in establishes his protectorate in Pa and Sh^di (N. Szetchuen) over the Lin Kliin and Fan-tun man aborigines, and organizes their paying taxes and fines by Hangs. c. 275 Issue in Kiti of round coins, square-holed, with an outside raised edge as the large knives, inscribed Pao see liwa and Pao luh hwa (p. 329-330). They were cast in clusters in the same fashion as practised before in Kome 350-269 b.c. 255 End of the civil wars period (although the submission of several states was not achieved before 222 B.C.), and of the nominal sway of the TcHOD dynasty. 227 Li-sze, chief Minister to the King of Ts'in, adopts an abbreviated and simplilied mode of writing the Tchuen or curved characters in a filiform way, hence called Siao tchuen. Cf. 820 supra. 221 The King oi Ts'in assumes the title of She Hwang-ti, "the first universal Emperor." The use of gems, pearls, tortoise-shells, cowries, and tin is henceforth forbidden for currency. Issue of a new coinage, more convenient and smaller than that of 336, also inscribed Pan Hang, in round pieces with a square hole for bronze, and for gold in small cubes yh. 219 Appearance of Buddhist missionaries in China. 212 The uncertainty and large number of variants of the Siao tchuen characters. INTEODUCTION. xv B.C. leads the Cliiuese Emperor to adopt for oSlcial purposes tbe Li .-^hu, a bold, square and thick brush-made writing, invented by Tcheng Mao. 20G Rise of the Han djmasty. Coinage is free. 186 Issue by the Queen Han Kao hou of a state coinage consisting of round Pan Hang, weighing 8 tchus. (p. 342). Ancient Pu and other coins remain in circulation. 175 Issue by Han Wen Ti, of P'an Hang, of round coins weighing only 4 tchus, as a pattern for all. With the intention of putting an end to false coining, he leaves the people to cast their own money (p. 348). 160c. Pi, King of Wu (Tcheh Kiang) issues a large round coin marked Liang she, equivalent to the old P'an Hang of 12 tchus, which meets every requirement. Teng T'ung, the Chinese Crossus, in N. Szetchuen, issues also a currency favourably received, but its description has been lost (p. 362-353). 140 Issue by Han Wu Ti (140-87 b.c.) of small round coins of throe tchus, San tchu, and thus inscribed (p. 354). 136 Issue of round coins of same size and weight as the preceding, with a raised edge to prevent their being clipped or filed, and inscribed Pan Hang (p. 355). Private people issue iron coins of the same pattern. 135 Free coinage is forbidden and the ancient coins, Knife, Leaf, Saddle, Pu, and otherwise shaped, which had remained in cii-culation in various parts of the Empire are demonetized and forbidden. 122-115 Tchaug K'ien, envoy of Han Wu Ti, sent for the second time to Eastern Turkestan and Transoxiana, opens relations with numerous states there, and sets up Chinese protectorates which lasted till the third century. The Middle Kingdom receives henceforth anew many products and ideas from the West. 119 Issue of a cui'rency of white metal, and sale of deer-skin badges ; issue also of round coins value five tchus with a raised edge in red copper (p. 358-360). 118 First issue of the Wu tchu coinage, which, with various fortunes, remained the standard currency of the country until the T'ang dynasty. 116 Establishment of a general State mint under the management of three officers (as in Rome and Greece). All the former currency had to be melted and re-coined. The most formidable and skilled of the false coiners are engaged as workmen therein. 50-25 The Yueh-ti, having migrated westwards into Transoxiana, issue with the Greeco-Bactrian King HermiBus a bilingual coinage (p. 393). While settled on the N.W. borders of China in the third century, they had known and made use of the pan-hin, and Tchung .... Hang inscribed coinages. 48 Counterfeiting (see iv. p. 22), has brought the metallic currency to such a low ebb that the question is seriously considered of reviving the use A.D. of grain, silk, hempen and silk-cloth, and shells as media of exchange. 7 Wang Mang, as Regent, issues round coins inscribed Pao luva, like those of 523 B.C., and a short knife-shaped money (pp. 311-318) ; also six sorts of round coins called and marked ^ Tsiuen (pp. 367-380). 10 Having assumed the supreme power, Wang Mang discontinues his coinage of knife-money and establishes new sorts of currency, in gold, silver, tortoise-shells and cowries (pp. 381, 382), and ten sorts of copper ^ P'u money (pp. 302-304). 14 All the previous and eccentric currencies are abolished, and a new currency of round copper coius marked Eo-pu is issued (pp. 382-892). 24 Silk and hempen cloth, grain and metal in lumps, are again used for currency, because of the extensive counterfeiting of the coinage. Kung sun Shuh, a rebel, in Szetchuen, issues iron coins of the TT^'m tchu patteru. xvi INTRODUCTTOK 25 Beginning of the Eou Han or Later Han dynasty. Issue in the following year and in 40 A.D. of Wu tclm coins of the former standard. No change was made in the currency until 100 a.d. 88 Eii ghcn is commissioned to compile an explicatory list of the best Tchuen chanicters in their abbreviated and simplified forms. His work, the Shwoh tveii, containing 9353 characters and published in 123 a.d., after his death, has remained the standard work on its subject. 105 Liu Teh-tcheng, improving upon the Li aim, makes the Reng shu or current-writing. 190 Temporary issue of Wu tchu coins without outside rims, because the run of the former issues was usually clipped off. 220 End of the Later Han dynasty, whose dominion is split into three kingdoms, of Shuh-Han, Wei, and Wu until 277. 221 In the Wei kingdom, N. China, the Wu tchu coinage is abolished, grain and silk cloth are by decree the regular currency ; six years afterwards the copper coinage is re-established. 284 Roman copper coins of a.d. 14-275, are brought about that date into Shansi, under the TsiN dynasty, by Western merchants through the South sea trade. 347 Copper coins are substituted in the kingdom of the Former Liang dynasty (\V. Shensi), for the old currency of silk and hempen cloth which obtained there. 379 Waii'j Uien tchi, improves the Heng shu and makes it the Kiai shu, or pattern writing, which, slightly altered during the Sung dynasty, has remained in use for printing to the present day. 401 An iron coinage is issued by the Northern Liang (E. Kansuh). 402 Under the reign of Ngan Ti, of the Eastern Tsin (a.d. 317-419, at Nanking), metallic currency is so much debased by counterfeiting, that a proposition is made to suppress it, and to renew the old currency of silk and grain. 402-421 Copper coins of the Wu tchu pattern are issued at Kwei-tse or Kudja, and at Shu-lek or Kashgar. 613-516 Issue of clay-money in Kiang-su and Shantung, under the eighth and ninth Emperors of the Wei dynasty. 516-519 Issue about these years of Chinese-like copper coins at Kao-tchang (the TcM ski of the Han period, near the present Karakhodjo and Turfan, in E. Turkestan), with the inscription, i^ ^ ■§ ^!) Kao-tchanr/ hih-H. 558-565 Sassanian gold and silver coins circulate under the Northern Tchou dynasty in Shensi. 683-598 Re-organization of the copper currency by Kai-huang, of the Sui dynasty j patterns exposed for public information, and opening of five mints. 621 First issue of the Kai yuen tung pao p^ X j^ Jf, the standard copper coin of the T'ang dynasty, which remained in use for several centuries and was imitated in Central Asia, Corea, Japan, and Annam. CHAPTER II. A SHORT GLOSSARY OP CHINESE NUMISMATIC TERMS. a. Denominations and general terms. The purpose of this chapter is to present a list of various expressions, peculiar idioms, popular appellatives and also soubriquets, attached to the currency described in the Chinese books on numismatics, or mentioned in works of political economy. INTRODUCTION. xvii Ifc does not pretend to be complete, and many expressions relating to currency which are found in the dictionaries and are known, have been lei't aside, as they would have increased unnecessarily tlio bulk of this glossary, and occupied the space required for terms which cannot be understood but by Chinese numismatists. 1. — 3f Tttai, Riches. Tsai is one of the oldest terms employed with reference to money, or the valuable goods which, by preference, were employed for barter in early times. The Shu-King^ gives that name to the treasures which the last ruler of the Shang-Yn dynasty had piled up in the Liih-tai or Stag-gallery (xiith cent. B.C.) 2. — ^ ^J[, Tsien-tsai, hoes and riches." A general term for wealth and for medium of exchange. 3.— If , Fu, a term occasionally employed in the Classics, and explained as contributions, from one State to another, for the funeral of a ruler, including money (cf. in 720 B.C., Tchun Uiu, 1 ; iii. 4), 4. — ^, Kin, metal in general used for money. In 618 B.C. the kingdom of Tchou asks from the State of Lu a contribution of money {hin) (cf. Tchun tsiit, 6j ix. 1). , 5. — ^ Tsiuon, Source, spring. The term was used in ancient times for currency in general, and so far as it was paid in, not paid out. It occurs thus in the Tchou li or Institutes of the Tchou dynasty ; " and by extension it is met with in old works without any distinction. One of the treasurers of the Board of Finances derived his name Tsiiien fa ^ [^ from it.^ In the transcription of old works in modern chai-acters, it has disappeared ; ^ I'll,, cloth, seldom, and f^ Taien, hoe, most generally in their acceptation of currency, were substituted for it.'^ For instance, Tchou sin, the last ruler of the Shaug-Yu dynasty, had hoarded ^ Tuiuen in his palace of Luh-tai or Stag-gallery, and Wen Wang distributed them to the people.^ In the modern statements of the fact the word Tsieii has been put in its stead.' At the time of his archaistic revivals, the usurper Wang Mang, in a.d. 7 and 14, renewed the use of the term Tsiuen for money, and had it inscribed on his currency (cf. pp. 367, 383). It reappeared in a.d. 236 on an issue of Wu at the time of the Three Kingdoms (p. 403), and in 561 (p. 429). 6. — ^"^ ^*, Kiao-pi, Bridge money. Another name of the following. 7. — '^ ^ ^, King sliih pi, Tingle-dangle money. Numismatic soubriquet of metallic dangles, of a musical instrument, formerly used as a convenient medium of exchange. Cf. below, p. xxi. 8, 9, 10. — ^^ hwan, ^ yue7i, ^ yuen, Round (money). Name of the Ring money (flat and holed discs), which was in circulation in 950 B.C., and remained so to the end of the Tchou dynasty. 11. — JJ, Tao, Knife (money). Pattern of an extensive currency which began in the seventh century in Shantung, and continued to the third century (i.e. 221 B.C.). It was revived for a few years and in a strangely altered form in 7-10 a.d. ; by extension it has been occasionally inscribed on some round money in the same years, under the following names. n.-M JJ, K'ih-tao, Bond-knife. f Two sorts of Knife money, the blade short iQ ^k -r, m > I * T ^ -A ^ -t i and round flat head, issued by the 13.— |g 7], Ts oh-tao, Inlaid knife. \ Usurper Wang Mang in 7-10 a.d. 14. — ^ pi^ valuables. The symbol Pi was formerly written with the deter- • S/iii King, Part V., Book III., par. 9. For a later use of the term, viz., in 590 B.C., of. T-ho tchuen, 7 ; xi. 2). = Such, for instance, the name of the God of Riches, P^ jjitj, or P^ ^ M S- ' Tehou-H, Tien kwan, Kiv. 6 ; trad. Edouard Biot, 1851, tom. i., p. 128. ' Ibid. T'i kwan, kiv. 14 ; tom. i., p. 326. ' On the equation Tduen and Tsieii, cf. Szema Tsien, She Ei, Tien Kwan shu, hm. Comm. = In the Shu Khig, as stated under Tsai, it is the latter character which is employed and not Tsiuen. ' K'ang hi tze tien, s.v. 8-3 + 5, fol. 29. ,,,,, INTIiODUCTIOX. niiimtivc II cowry, instead of (|l cloth.' It wiis used as a general term, for iiistiiiav, in till' writings of Kwau-tzo (.v! WellB Williams, Syll. Diet., p. 982. * A» stated by SI T ^ Wei Liao-ung, ^ ^ ^ Eu Khi Kao. The Strurlure of Chinese Characters, after the Hhtvoh-ivaii, bv .loliii Clialmer« ISS^- Xos. 2.".2, Sland 102. • . -• INTRODUCTION. xix ^-- — III ij: Tucii-fili, curi'cut rule, or better rules of currency. A dcuoniiua- ticu used iu reference to tlio enactments of Kinng Tai Kun^f, concerning tlio currency of the nine treasury oflBces at the beginning of the Tchou dynasty. 33. — ^ — ^ A-('m, treasure. This symbol occurs on the knife-money of Ts'i and on the weight-money of Liang. On the hitter currency, which dates from the seventh century B.C., several variants occur, Nos. 121,12, 13,14, and more ospecijilly 12-i and 125, which show that it is merely a simplified form of ^:, viz., without the deter- minative jY. It had been hitherto misread by native numismatists for f^, which, however, was not thns spelt iu former times, as shown by the numerous instances exemplified in the paleeographical dictionaries and texts, where it is always written 34. — ^ -ft, KtH-Uwa. Literally treasure . to exchange, is the expression equivalent to currency which occurs in the knife-money of the state of T.s'i (670-221^B.c.). 35, 36. — ^ Jll, P((t) ho, precious exchangeable merchandise. Old denomina- tion of round money issued in 523 B.C. and also in 7 a.d. It is an equivalent to the modern T'uiig jmo jj ^, current money. See the alphabetical list of legends. 37. — ^ ^ ^, lio-pei tsien, exchangeable cowries, metallic currency ; 38. — $a ft ^' i-V^ tsien, ant's nose money ; 39. — ^ F^, Kivei-tou, ghost-heads ; 40. — ^ 1^, Kwei-lien, ghost-iaces ; all denominations and soubriquets of the metallic cowries issued as currency c. COO B.C. in the state of Ts'u (Hupeh) (cf. p. 300, and list of legends). 41. — ■^ j\, Yh fcheJi, red-bent. Denomination of a certain sort of money issued in 120 B.C. and having a raised edge in red copper (p. 360). 42. — ^, Tcliuan, pattern. Special name of round pieces of money in a white metal, issued in 119 B.C. (p. 358). 43.— gf) J5 ^ TeiKj she tsien, money of Teug-she. An unknown copper currency issued after 160 B.C. by Teng-t'uug, the Chinese Croesus (p. 353). 4-t. — lit ^. Yii-Kieh, elm-leaves. Derisive name of thin money, in various sizes and shapes issued by private people at the beginning of the flan dynasty (p. 310). 45. — 3i. t' ^^ " V^> ^ soubriquet of a fanciful coin cast under the Sui dynasty, on which the figure 5, i.e. ^, was marked on the four sides. 46. — ill @ Ki-muh, hen's eyes ; 47. — i^ g Klu-muh, dove's eyes ; 48. — If^ 0^ Ngo-yen, goose's eyes ; 49. — 7J\ fjfc SI) Puh tch'e'ii lang, unsinkable lads ; 50. — IJE J§ Yen-hwan, tassels, rings ; all popular names of the very small and light currency of about 465 a.d. (p. 418). 51. — ^ ^ Ilinq-ych, weed leaves. Soubriquet of the thin copper money of the fifth century (p. 418). 52, 53. — ^ j^ ^j ^ ^ Kimij-shih tsicii and Niio tsien. Male and female money, soubriquets of the round copper money issued after 502 a.d., from peculiari- ties in their design (p. 420). 54. — ^ ^ Nan tsien, a soubriquet of the Kung shih tsien, so called because the people believed that a woman who carried this money about her would be delivered of a boy. 55.—/^ :^ Lai t^e, a soubriquet of the small coins of two tchus, issued in 465 A.D. (p. 417). 56._^ ^ Eien Kin, the sort of money offered to Mencius by the Duke of Ts'i in 323 B.C. The first character must be read ^ sickle, appropriate name of the curved knife-shape of the currency of Ts'i. INTRODUCTION. b. Technical Wordg. In the Chiucso numismatic works the few characters which follow are used as tochnicul expressions, and are seldom found in the dictionaries with these special meanings : — ^yi(/i, lit. the flesh, i.e. the fchl of the piece. ij hao, lit. a hole in a wall, i.e. the central hole. 1^ if juh h(io, same meaning. $1^ latoli, lit. a city wall, i.e. the raised edge. ^ "^ tchou kwuh, surrounding raised rim. fS ^^' i^' yucn, a ring of which the central hole is wider than the rim. IS °'" S' hwan, a ring of which the central hole and the rim are equal. j§ jMcn, i.e. the obverse and reverse margin. ■^ mien, face, i.e. the obverse. ^ pei, back, i.e. the reverse. ^i; and j^ viun, same meaning. J^ ^ 'J'j.c crh, same meaning, ^ j''a>i(i, side, ;'. characters in re- lief. ^ 3SC 2/'* ^<"^j characters sunk, or in- cuse. ^ tchu, pillar, i.e. raised dots on the field, otherwise a very small ring incuse. |i} tch'iih, going forth, i.e. radiating line from an angle of the central hole. ^ liioh, horn, i.e. protruding angle of the same. JS '^in'j, star, i.e. a dot. ^ liwan, |g ki, ;^ kwan, J.^ min, ^5| hiang, a string of 1000 cash. ^ /.M, smelting furnace. W, ^j ^" shou, melting metals, cast- ing (coins). CHAPTER III. SHAPES OF CUERENCY FEOM BARTER TO MONEY. II. COMMEKCIAL. 1. Gems. Ancient Cliina 2. Grain (in bags). Aac. China 3. Grains. Pelew Islands 4. Bitter almonds. Ano. India . . 5. Elk-teeth. N. America 6. Rock salt. Abyssinia 7. Tortoise shells. Anc. China . . 8. Pearl oyster shells. Anc. China . 9. Cowry shells. Pre-Chinese China 10. Gold dust. Tibet and Indo-China 11. Cinnabar. S. China, 9th cent. a.d. ^12. Quicksilver. Ditto. f 1. Tea in bricks. Frontiers of Tibet 2. Salt in cakes. Anc. China . . . 3. Opium in pills. Frontiers of Tibet 4. Betel in nuts. Indo-China h. Cutch and Jnggery (ibid) I 6. Skins. N. America Kola nutts. (Niger). By pang or pair. Ditto. On Btrings (Anc. China, Indo-China, India, Africa). In bags (Indo-China). Indo-China, Tibet. Skin-tallies of Ancient Russia. INTRODUCTION. III. Industrial. 1. Unwrought metal. Anc. China 2. Metal from crucible. Chinese silver 3. Metluu himps. Lydian iugota . Stamped Beads of Ts'u. Long lumiis ot Japan. Beads of Japan and Java, 4. Metal in flakes Small gold Hakes ot Nepal. 5. Metal in plates (roughj .... Cut plates in Japan, Ancient India, &c. 6. Metal in regular bars Annamite silver bars. 7. Metal in lozenges Laotian iron lozenge. 8. Metal in plates Obaug and Kobang of Japan. 9. Silk Cloth. Anc. China .... Eegular in size and length. Anc. China. 10. Hempen cloth. Anc. China . . Ditto. 11. Shirtings, &c., Africa, Borneo, &c. Cangyans of Malays, guineas, tobas and to- kaki in Africa, blankets in N.W. America. 12. Small implements of husbandry (Anc China) Spade money and its smaller derivatives — Saddle and Pn-money. 13. Knives of Ancient China. 14. Das of the Khamtis, &c. . x . i. 15 (Fish-hooks) Imitations m Luristan and Ceylon. '16. (Deerskins) Deer-skin badges (Anc. China). 17. (Cornaline earrings) Mataganas of Japan. 18. Gold empty-nobs of Tibet . 19. Armlets and rings Ring money of Syria, Caucasus, .Ireland, India, &c. Flat ring money of Ancieat China, Central Asia, Australasia, &c. 20. Fans, in Ancient Egypt. 21. Glass beads, ibid. ^ 22. Collars, &c., ibid. 23. Gold and tin .... 24. Shell-like (silver)of Burmese-Shans 25. Oyster-like (silver) 26. (From stamping) I I 27. (Cowries) I ^ 5 V 28. (Ring money) 6 f 29. (From cuts of round money) . S I 30. (From successive improvements) ° '^ 31. (From contradistinction) . . . Gold cubes in Ancient China. Bundles of tin blocks in Malacca. The cImUn Same, stamped for fines. Cup-shaped coins of An- cient S. India, Java, and Cambodia. Metallic cowries (Anc. China). Modern Chinese money. Crescent silver money of Ancient Pegu, and of Tibet. Round money of Europe. Eecent octagonal money of Europe (Belgium). INTKODUCTION. CIIArTER IV. THE MAKING OF COINS. 1. Mntallurcjij and Counterfeiting. 1. The coinage of ancient China circulated always by weight for its intrinsic value. The weight and the various patterns were regulated by the State, and every one, including guild merchants of private and town communities, subject to these rules was at liberty to issue his own coins, bearing his distinctive symbol (written characters) or name. It consisted cliieily of bronze of several patterns which we describe in another page below, §10, until the gradual adoption of a round coinage issued by the State 3o6, 221, and 186 i).c. {q.v.) 2. Gold, silver, copper, tin, bronze, lead, iron, and tuteuag were the various metals which wero employed in China as mediums of exchange during the period covered by this volume. All of them, however, were nob either known or used from the beginning. In the twenty-third century the civilisers of the country, the Bak Sings in N.W. China, knew gold, silver, copper, and tin (or antimony), whose symbols are traceable to their antecedents in the mother writing of Western Asia.' They had great difficulty in finding silver in their new country and the discovery of the "obstinate metal" (^+^=fB) under the Hia and Yn dynasties has remained historical. It was always very scarce until the opening of the South. They learned to know Iron from the native populations of Sze tchuen, who were well acquainted with it, and they called it the barbarian metal (^ + ^ = ^), as well as other names, tieh ^ and lou ^, borrowed from the native dialects. The knowledge of bi-onze was brought to them from the west in the middle of the eighteenth century B.C. 3. Although the counti'y is rich in metals, mining operations have never been allowed to any large extent. Private individuals were not permitted to work mines except in rare cases ; and when the privilege was granted, it always carried with it heavy taxation. The government, in fear they say of enriching the wrong people at the expense of morality and simplicity of life, kept the mines as State property, to be resorted to only in cases of extreme need. The rudeness of the mining processes and the dearth of metal which ensued caused the metallic currency to suffer greatly in several instances noted in the following volume. 4. The shortcomings of metallurgy in China have had a sad and lasting influence on the vicissitudes of her coinage, and the rude process of minting has been the cause of many deplorable events in her history. Its course has been marred from olden times by the incessant activity of smugglers, forgers, and counterfeiters. It is a well known fact that the Chinese are the most able counter- feiters in the world and their views about the genuineness of things are peculiar. Our ideas of authenticity are only partly shared by them, and their feelings con- cerning fitness do not go beyond the outside appearance in the generality of cases. Exact imitations of objects have often been looked upon by them with as much ' For gold and tin cf. B. O. R., v. 38, 39, in T. de L., From Ancient Chaldaca and Elam to Early China, § 16.— Silver as white metal, as in the West ; copper, tung, is derived in Chinese as in the West from the symbol for crucible.— For the derivation of the symbol for gold, found indepen- dently by the Eev. C. J. Ball, cf. his " Ideograms Common to Accadian and Chinese," P. S. B. A., Dec. 1890. TXTIiODUCTION. xxiii favour as oi'iginals, and ia course of time have become confused with them. Wo know that iu cases of archaeological discoveries of interest, exact reproductions of the objects have ofteu been made for distribution to collectors. Let us confess that such imitations have helped to the preservation down to modern times of at least the form of certain antiquities which otherwise might have been lost altogether. But the value of these preserved copies, and of copies of them depends upon the faithful- ness of the reproductions. Sometimes we are enabled to check them by comparison either with other copies or other objects contemporary with them. Generally they are faithful, sometimes they ai-e not. The copies were often made by an k peu pres method much liked in the Middle Kingdom. It is therefore impossible to lay down any general rule in the matter, and the numismatist is left to his own experience and judgment to discriminate the counterfeited Chiuese coins. Coin dealers, especially at Fuhtchou and Sutchou, pretend to supply the European collectors with any ancient coins they wish, since ou demand,' with a reasonable delay, they forge them either from genuine specimens or from the native works on numismatics. As to the rust and patina which the Chinese are very clover at producing at short notice by several ingenious processes, they are often in case of false coins simply imitated by several coats of paint, and it is very easy to wash them off with acids. ^ 5. Some very interesting coins are only known to us through reproductions, as shown by several illustrations in the present volume (Nos. 2, 3, 0, 16, 24, 26, 27, 28, 72, 282, 293, 301, 313, 330). Some of these reproductions are themselves antiquities, as the taste for collecting ancient coins, or facsimiles, has prevailed since the sixth century if not earlier.^ 6. In the preliminary notices on the series of coins in the present volume we have had to relate repeatedly the evils resulting iu the Chinese currency from the plague of counterfeiters ; and until the present time the same doleful history has continued. An increase in the proportion of tin, the legal alloy, the substitution for it of lead, a diminution in size or in weight, a fabrication of lead or tin pieces, which, when strung between genuine coins, might pass unperceived, were the various means resorted to by the forgers. The unusual skilfulness of the Chinese counterfeiters has been the insuperable obstacle to the issue of coins in gold or silver. Notwithstanding their cunningness in counterfeiting matters, the Chinese have made but slow progress in metallurgic art.'' Their methods have remained undeveloped and stationary in many respects, and the manufacture of their coins was not improved until the Han period. The casting process, which has always been followed by them, afforded incessant facilities to false coiners, and compelled the Chinese authorities, in order to baffle their projects, to make frequent changes in the designs of their coins. These changes were sometimes of the most ' These coins are generally made of pewter, paiatctt to imitate the patina. Reatly-made collec- tions of coins attached on a cloth are sold to amateurs ; the few specimens therein of the liuife, weight and j>u money, and of the Bashpa coins of the Yuen dynasty are almost always forgeries. ^ The Chinese themselves are sometimes deluded in the matter. A forgery -of the type No. 16 was presented once to Mr. William Lockhart at Peking by a high official as a valuable present. I had it cleaned at the British Museum because I had some doubts about it, and it was found covered with several coats of paint, red and green ; the metal was bronze with patches of lead. = While writing the present remarks I have on my table a work by ,|Jt W M styled ?S f^ J5, called Jl ^ 1^ 3(^ 1^ |J5 j^ BjJ ^ ^^ JJ ^^ published at Hua hieii (Canton), new edition of 1861, containing illustrations of the curious modes of hollowing the Mexican dollars and substituting copper or lead for the silver. ' The method of smelting iron ores in China is similar to that used in tlir Ti in.r .. m^l known as the Catalan process (cf. St. Julien et P. Champion, IikI us tries Anciennes cl 1/ F.mpire Chinois, p. 55). It is also that which is practised in the Shan states (cf. T'v'" ' ' ''"" en Indo-Chine, t. ii. p. 150), and is also known in India. Dr. B. Heyne (!/V v II, .■■n,., I and Stalhtical in India, 1814) had seen it in 181-1 at Ycragutty. xxiv INTRODUCTION. trilling chnraotcr, consisting often of minutia) w)uch European numismatists will fiiil to^Jiscriminato. Tbo stylo of writing the legends was altered as a whole or in parts, and numerous iustaiicos are known of two or three characters out of four written each in a dilTerent style. In other cases the sole ditfereuce between issues consists in the length or thickness or arrangement of one single stroke of a character. On the occasion of the issue of the Fan. Hang coins in 187-180 B.C., we have indicated (p. 312) the eight variants which are distinguished by scrupulous numismatists. In earlier times, when the issue of coins was not under Government supervision, and could be made by monetary unions or separate towns with their own legend, there was not the same need of such frequent distinctions. However, a good many differences at an early period were rendered necessary to check the activity of the forgers. In the series of the pn coins, ten towns' issued from 14 to 26 different designs during the fourth century B.C., designs differing only in the inscription of a serial on the reverse, or in a change in the arrangement of the written characters. Some of them issued as many as GO variants. It is with the small knife coins, the worst part of the present work, as it is of all collections of Chinese coins of the period, i.e. about 300 B.C., that the worst features of the case are disclosed. We have in the following pages no less than 33G entries of their variants and we have not exhausted the matter. 2. Minting and Moulding. 7. But it is also unquestionable that another agent was at work in the production of these variants, and that this parallel cause was no other than the carelessness of the mould makers, and the roughness of the process entrusted to illiterate and unskilled hands for the small coins. The sPADE-mouey, which required a greater care, is more regular, and the inscriptions, consisting genei'ally of one character only, are well drawn (p. 6-9) in comparison with the others. We have thus been able to trace up to the process of minting much of the rudeness of tlie designs, multiplicity of issues and variants in the legends. We may ascribe to the same source the variants in the weights, which are far from approximative to the current standard ; and, moreover, the same cause was active in the selection of shapes, and in the variable sizes of the coins. 8. Let us begin with gold and silver. The shape that was commonly given to the ingots of gold and silver in ancient times is not described. The cubic inch of the regulations of the Tcfioa dynasty for gold, does not seem to have been continued for long, and the non-appearance of any special name for the unit of each of the two precious metals does not permit any but a negative inference on the matter. We may therefore surmise that the most common shape was no other than the simplest one, i.e. that of the crucible itself in its most convenient oblong form, which is still at present in use for the silver currency.' The metal, while still hot and soft in the crucible, is impressed either with a stamp marked with a legend, or concentric circle-lines, or with several stamps inscribed ; the stamping causes the metal to rise all round, and the result is to shape the ingot like a boat or shoe. In the middle ages the Chinese ingots of gold or silver in Central Asia, were called balish or yastuh, both which words mean " a cushion," and although supposed by some ^ to allude to this so-called shoe-shape, may perhaps refer to the loaf-shape, such as those of ancient Japan and of the ' Ping-tchou, 14; Fao-tu, Ma shou yh. Ye shan, each. 15; Lu Tang, 16; Siaiig yuen. Pel Kill, each 17 ; Tcheh yang, 18 ; Tchung tu, 23 ; Kuan, 26. ' One, if not the most, curious form resulting from the process of manufacture is the chulon or c/mKi/«4«//^-, the well-known Shan shell-money; they are the result of the natural efflorescence of silver under certain methods of smelting. There are several specimens in the British Museum. ' Cf. Yule-Burnell, Glossary of Anglo-Indian Terms, p. 628. I^•TIiODUCT10N. XXV Laocian states, whicli are exemplified in the numismatic collections of the British and other Museums. The previously mentioned shape of introt is compared to a boat in descriptiims of the gold imported from China to India in the sixteenth and seventeenth ceuturies.' Tavernicr, in 1676, says that they were called yuUhchuyt by the Hollanders, i.e. a boat of gold, and this word schiujt is supposed to have suggested the English term xhoe, applied not long afterwards to the same ingots. Tbe Chinese silver shoes in Penjab in 1862, and at Kashgar in 1876, were called yainhu," and compared to a deep boat. Kur was also a term used in the latter place.'' 9. There is no reason to suppose that the present shoes of silver and gold in China do not preserve a form that was used in times anterior to the Han dynasty. Si/cee, Chinese ^$ ^„ fine silk, is the general term for lump silver, and is explained as meaning that, if pure, it may be drawn out under the application of heat into fne silk-Wie threads.* This is, of course, a script-etymology, and pure fancy, de- rived from the ideographical meaning inherent in the symbols, while the historical etymology must be sought for in a foreign term transliterated thereby.^ Yuen- pao 5C S 'S the common name among foreigners for the silver ingot which bears some resemblance to a native shoe.'' There are a certain number of these silver shoes in the British Museum collection. 10. For the bronze coins the shape was either that of small instruments of husbandry such as spades or of knives, and flat rings gradually reduced in size and varied in form, as we have explained in a previous part of this Introduction. Moulds could thus be easily made from them, and the legend once properly written, there was no difficulty in its reproduction without alteration. But the process was not safe, and the repetition of moulds made on casts, could not but result in a diminution of size. Hot metal filling a mould contracts when cold, and therefore gives a somewhat smaller size to the mould made afterwards on it. The difference is infinitesimal in each case, but the multiplicity arising from the little resistance and short use of the moulds, makes it sensible. The expansion in length by one degree of heat, Fahrenheit, is 1.105 900 for copper, 1.9380 for brass, and 1.72510 for tin, which melt at 2548, 1869, and 442 degrees respectively. Therefore, if repeated only a few times, coins will lose sensibly in size. Unscrupulous officers and forgers did not fail to remark the fact and avail themselves of the ad- vantage, since they could make a larger number of coins than the legal quantity, whence the frequent irregular specimens in collections. In order to maintain the size, special moulds for moulds were made in better material than those made for casting the coins. 11. Many ancient moulds or fragments of moulds of coins, have been found in ' C. Tederici in 156P, Conto in 1611. ' Yamhu, lit. a silver (one) in Tibet; other Tibetan words for the same are rdo-t'sad, standard weighted, dngul-rmig, silver ingot, rta-rmig-ma^ horse-hoof, &o. Ct'. H. A. .ra^chki-, ^ Tibetan Enqlhh Dictionary, 1881, pp. 131, 211, 287, 422, 445, and 507. Of. also T. de L., The Silver Coinage of Tibet, -1882, -p. I ' For all these statements, cf. Yule-Rurnell, O. C, s.v. Shoe of gold or silver, pp. 628-629. ' Herbert A. Giles, A Glossary of Reference, 1878, pv- 138 and 128. » At Sin-hui, in the Kwang-tung province,- the standard and ideal unit of silver is called JE. p] ?M '•"« *-e ma, i.e. tsu-sze weight, whatever might be the meaning of the term. It looks as if st/cee, tsu-sze and s/ioes were connected through a fourth and antecedent term. * There are some other shapes in use, for instance, in Slien-si, the Liin-tchon silver is shaped like " fowl's kidneys," at Meng-tze, in Yunnan, the JTiai ting )5| fZ or Pai-fang 1}^ i;§ ingots are flat and the outside has eight curvilinear lines (something like the No. 1579, p. 3ul) ; Uie Mu-Kt i'wo -^ i|l ||^ ingot is like a narrow oblong cup with spiral lines on the top, Ac, &c., cf. J. Cli. Br. R. A. »S'., pp. 66, 72, 73, &c. ; for tsu-sze ma of the preceding note, p. 71. — The gold shoe ingots are called Kin-tiao ^ jl^; those in form of leaf, measuring about 08 inch square and weighing abuut 30 gram, or 163 grains, are culled Kin i^ch-tzt ^^ ^, ibid. p. 66. d xxvi IXTRODUCTIOX. Cliina, by cbanco and occasional excavations, as archaeological diggings have never been made for fear of disturbing the geomantic influences and the spirits of olden times. These moulds are of various sorts, and give us an inkling into the processes followed in minting the coins in ancient times, such as the Knife money of Ts'i, the variously shaped coins of Wang Mang, and round coins from the time of the Pau n'e hiia and Pao liih Jinn (p. 320), and the varied Wu tcliu until the Tcliang ping wu tchu of the Northkrn Ts'i dynasty in 553 B.C. Curiously enough of the two hundred, or about, moulds hitherto unearthed and described in the native catalogues of numismatics, there are none of coins of the pu class, probably because of their friability. The moulds wore in bronze, stone, earthenware, or in beaten clay, and sometimes in iron ; their legends were plain or reverted, in relief (= i/«"f/ wen 1^ "%), or sunk {■=■ yn wen |^ ^),' which shows that they were made for different purposes, partly illustrated by the present mode of casting coins and small bronze objects, as we shall see further on. The coins were cast singly, in pairs, or in clusters- arranged like a tree, or in a circle. 12. The moulds are sometimes inscribed with the year of the issue on their re- verse, either as a regular inscription when they were cast, or as graffiti which cannot always be deciphered. In tlie liittor cases, signs are added, indicating the success of the operation, sucli as ^ "* Ta kih, greatly fortunate, or Q fij Jeli U, day's profit, or :^ ^ij ta li, great benefice, fsiu tcliciig, j^ j^, completely perfect, /um tcheng jf ^, well completed, § ^ fu Iniri, wealth and honour, or others ; and besides, the quantity of coins cast, the name of tlie mint master, &c. So far as known at present, the habit of inscribing moulds began under tlie Former Han dynasty, and the oldest instance I am in a position to quote, is that of a stone mould of Pan Hang with a crossed legend (p. 351, No. 1685) of circa 157 B.C., which bears under the back a scribbling of the character Wan ^, ten thousand." The system of dating begins with the Wu tchu jE. ^ of the years Ven she ^ ^^ or 73-70 B.C. (p. 362), while signs denoting good success do not occur before the years Wu-fung 5& HL, or 57-54 B.C. of the same coins, and the time of Wang Mang in a.d. 7, on moulds of the Tn tsiuen wu .s-hih type (p. 370).^ Some moulds bear two dates, such as, for instance, a mould in baked clay for Wu tchu coins of the reign of Han Suau-ti, to be cast in a cluster arranged as a^tree ;_the dates are thus marked : I'uen. hang san nien er yiieh yh hai tsao, DZ M. ^ ^ ZL ^ Zj ^ja (on the) third year Yuen hang (i.e. 63 B.C.) second month, 12th day of the cycle"* made. The other, which like the first, is scribbled on the outside, runs thus, Wu fun g ping shen tsiu tcheng, £. Hi. [^ ^ ftl .SJc, i-e., " (On the first year) Wu-fung {i.e. 57 B.C.) 33rd (day of the cycle) just completed."* Another mould of the same reign, and curiously enough of years within the duration of the preceding one we have just quoted, bears the following graffiti : Shen-tsio er nien sze yueh ping-wu tsao - fl^ '^ ~ ^ E3 ^ ^ 4^ }H, '■''■• " (1>1 the) second year divinely noble (i.e. 60 B.C.), fourth month, 43rd (day of the cycle) made" ; the second scribbling says : Kiu yueh yh yu tchuh, jl M ttlS ^/ " (li the ninth month, 22nd (day of the cycle) set up.""* 13. Occasionally the inscriptions are much more explicit, as in the following instance of a bronze mould, with plain legend and raised characters which bears the following statement, " Kien wu shih luh nien san yueh ping shen Tai puh ' Also called [flj 3SC tieh wen, and [U] ^ wa wen. - Traces of severing the coin from a cluster may be seen, Nos. 1606, 1632, 1633, 182. ■^ Illustrated in Huh tsiuen hwei, tcheng ii., fol. 14, v. ^ Cf. Ku tsiuen hwei, tcheng xiii., fol. 1], 19; Suh tsiuen hwei, tcheng iii., fol. 1, iv., fol. 3. The signs of the sexagenary cycle apply here to the days. ' Illustrated in Ku tsiuen hwei, tcheng xiii., fol. 13. ' Li Tso-hien, A'u tsiuen hwei, tcheng xiii., f. 14, has not read the last character. For my dwi- phiim -nt, cf. on two other moulds of the same period, Siih tsiuen hwei, tcheng iii., fol. 7 and 7 vers. ' All these inscriptions are written in li sAii.. CI', infru, ch. v., § 2. IXTRODrCTlOX. xxvii /.■/(')) Ink Tn(i)ii/ Ji'nn Intiig ling f'litir/ tch'cnq hinok lini/ She Fimg Jcifw/ tchotl )/ tsiio," " Ou tlio l(3th year kieii luu {i.r. 40 A.D.), t liird month, 3oril (iliy ot dIio cycle), Tsauj^, Great Chamberlain, Inspector of Inscriptions, (after) having controlled tho work, ordered that it should be continued ; the seuior man, Tung Kung, completed and achieved it." This shows the care taken for the making of the types of coins when the issue of money had become a Government business. The coins issued were the Wti khu, described p. o96. A bronno mould for eight Pii tsinmt, ti fj^ of the Noutheun Tchou dynasty, now in the British Museum, bears the following legend cast with the mould, " Pao-ting yueii nien Ts'ung kivan fu tsuo," % "^ 7C ^ ^ "^ fl^ 33' " 0*^ *^^ fi'"''**' year oi pao ting {i.e. 561 a.d.) made in the department of the Comptroller-general," written in the seal character. 14. The last-mentioned specimen is representative and similar ones are found in various collections.- Modern counterfeiters have cast specimens out of moulds made with the ancient models, as in the present case, and besides they have actually forged some patterns which may deceive numismatists unaware of the fact. We may mention, among others, a four-fold Ta tsiiten lou tchi, with a fifth shape bearing the design of a tortoise, a double Ho pu with a Ta tsiuen wu ic/i?' and a smaller coin without inscription, a four-fold ho tduen'^ with four small coins without inscription, and bearing on the reverse " Fu jen ta loait," "M A :^< M> " Great myriad of a wealthy man." These spurious antiquities are shaped like would-be ash trays in bronze, oblong or square, and sometimes with round or ornamental angles. 1 5. We have learned many important data from the fragments of genuine moulds of ancient times hitherto unearthed and described, and much of the information derived from them has been noticed either here or in the body of the present work. Some knowledge of the processes of casting followed by the minters may be derived from an examination of these moulds in connection with the coins themselves. The knife-money and the p'u money had reverses insci-ibed with characters or designs, but curiously enough the circular money from the oldest to the beginning of the Wu tchu coins in 118 B.C. had no reverse. The ancient moulds, complete or fragmentary, hitherto discovered belong to two classes, 1, moulds for moulds; and 2, moulds for coins. a. The moulds for moulds, or mother (•^) moulds, as they were sometimes called, were made of bronze or baked clay, with a legend plain and in relief (yc/iiy wen) as required for their final purpose. They served to make moulds for casting the coins, in beaten-clay or sun-dried clay.'' The oldest known are, one in bi'onze for a couple of knife-coins of the type Ts'i hiu hiva, large size of the latest period; also the fragmentary half of one in bronze for one Pao sze hwa and one Pao luh hwa, where four may have been cast at the same time ; one also in bronze for small P'an liany coins, in a cluster of six, arranged, the Chinese say, in a mirror-like fashion, ol lo6 B.C. ; and one in baked-elay for Wu-tchu coins of 73 B.r., arranged on the tree shape. ' Illustrated in Stth tsiuen hwei, tcheng v., f. 1-3.— Li Tso hien reads two + instead of + /^ and thus finds a disagreement, as it is the sixteenth year which is mentioned in the numismatic sources for that issue ; but many instances in the present work show that y\ was often written ~^- ■ The original specimen seems to have disappeared, and Li Tso-hien in his extensive Catalogue, has been unable to describe it. = Numismatists will remark that these forgeries refer all to the types of coins issued by tho usurper Wang Mang, 7-22, a.d. ' Cf. Kin ting tsieii luh, Kiv. iv, fol. 9. Si tsiiig En Kien. Ku tsiuen hwei, tcheng xiii., fol. 2 . A special monograph ou the art of casting coins ^ ^ Trim tsien, appear.s kiv. iv., fol. \l sq. of Ku-y, Sin Sim, of the second century B.C. Cf. Liu-hiaiig's Catalogue in 267V); Han shn, kiv. So, 1..1. 13. xxviii IXTKODTTTION. h. Tlie moulds for coins were in stone, bronze, and seldom in iron, engraved, or in moulded clay beaten or sun-dried,' with a legend reverted aud sunk {yn wen). The inside was sprinkled with fine sand to avoid adhesion, and the metal was poured in throusli an opening of the cover for those made flat, or through a running channel from the top when held vertically. The oldest specimens are the following, in every one of the four materials aforesaid : a stone mould for ten Pao hih hwa coins (p. 329) arranged like a tree, whose stem and branches are the rivulets for the metal, and fruits or leaves the coins; several other stone moulds of the same kind show that the same system was used concurrently with bronze for the various issues of P'aii liavg coins in the second century B.C., but no more stone moulds appear afterwards. Bronze moulds for casting begin with issues of P'an liaiifi under the Han dynasty ; and the same thing must be said of moulds in earthenware, the dale for both being 176 B.C. Moulds in clay, but for one coin only, have been found for the P'an Hung coins issued by She Huang-ti in 221 B.C. In iron the oldest and sole instance is that of a mould for six ta tsiuen xvu shih coins of Wang Mang.' 16. Coins were formerly made also by some other processes.'' Although the evidence is very slight and consists only in the inference which may be derived from late imitations, it is not unlikely that a few coius, some say fifty of the Puo hwa large type (p. 331, No. 164), were chiselled from disks of bronze; but there is no statement of a trustworthy character. Another process was tliat of minting the P'm coins. Tliat they were made singly and in a rude fashion is shown by tlie appearance of the coins themselves. ■>The rims and hatchings, the thickness and softness they display according to the newness or wear of the moulds are valuable indications. The process still followed in China for small brass castings answers so well, that in the absence of any statement to the contrary and the find of moulds previously described suggesting it, we doubt not that it was used for the p'u coins we are speaking of.* " Two tiles or bricks, fine grained, are chosen ; one face of each ground smooth, that they may lie close ; and stops and holes made ' These moulds engraved in stone or in baked clay, remind us singularly of the stone moulds for casting jewellery found at Kouyunjik. Cf. Layard, Discoveries, p. 597 ; Perrot-Chijiiez, Hist. Art. Ant. ii., fig. 436, 437. ' With few e.\ceptions, all these instances of genuine moulds ai'e carefully figured and described in Li Tso-hien's works, Ku tsiuen hwei, tcheng xiii. and xiv. ; Suh tsiuen hioei, tcheng ii., iii., iv., v. ' Under the T'aiig dynast^', a model of the coin in wax was made of the required shape, enclosed in an earthen matrix and exposed to the action of heat, which melted the wax so that it ran out of a hole left, for the purpose, leaving a cavity into which the metal was poured. — S. W. Bushel), I. c. below. * This description I find in William Lockhart, The Medical Missionary in China : A Narrative of Twenty Years' Experience, 1861, pp. 78-79, as well as the following, which must be compared with the preceding: — "The casting of copper cask (at present, — T. de L.), does not admit the use of these brick moulds. For this a frame of wood is employed. This frame is two feet in length by one foot broad, the sizes about an inch square, and being laid on a board on the floor of the workshop, is tilled with founder's sand, very similar to the sand used in this country by brass-founders. When the sand has been beaten into the frame till a fine flat surface is formed, a model of the cash required is laid upon it, and half driven into the .sand by a few clever blows of a wooden paddle. This model, a foot and a half in length, of hard pewter, is shaped like the branch of a tree, with a central stem and small horizontal branches from it, at the ends of which are the model coins. The central stem and these branches, of which there are as many as possible, are the channels for the molten metal, the stem projecting at one end of the frame. Two such models are placed longitudinally in one frame, of which eight or ten, fitted and furnished in a similar manner, are arranged in a pile. The frames are then removed singly, e.ich retaining its sand, and the models are taken out one by one. The frames being replaced and short bars of wood laid across, above and below, they are firmly tied together to keep the pile solid. Holes are next bored with a wire in various directions, for the escape of the air, and the system of moulds being placed endwise on the ground, the melted metal is poured in at the channels. As soon as this is cool, the frames are taken apart, the sand removed, and the cash on its branches withdrawn. After being broken off the branch by a hammer, the face of each coin is cleared by rubbing on a coarse tile; they are then strung by the hole in their centre on an iron rod, on which they are held tight while they are filed smooth and all irregularities removed, and the roll of cash is then finished." TXTKoDrCTKiX. xxix 111 the bricks to hold tliem together. The mould is cut out with great care from the face of the brick, oue half in each brick ; a chauuel for the met;al to run in is lu'xt cut; then the bricks are tied together with a piece of string, and tlie mould is ready for use." 17. The Chinese coins were cast in units or in clusters, and the arrangement of iliese clusters iu the shape of a tree, which still obtains in China, and which was in use not long ago in Japan, is identical with that followed by the ancient iiioueyers of Rome. The comparison has been made and a common origin for both has been suggested in 1872 by Dr. T. W. Busholl,' who in support of his view has reproduced iu his paper figures of a Chinese tree - mould in stone and of a Romau one-' also iu stone. The oldest instance of this tree shape iu China is that used for casting the Fao luh hwa coins (p. 329) which have been incorrectly attributed to TcHon Kiiiff, in 523 B.C., by whom thej' cauuot have been issued. I have given, infra, List of Legends, the reasons which indicate their issue in Kin circ. •'ioO B.C. The fact that this form of mould was dug out from the ground iu the vicinity of the gulf of Kiao-tchou (south side of the Shautung peninsula) which was the extreme point of the sea trade from the Indian Oceau and Arabian Sea, makes it difficult to avoid the inference that we must see in this case another instance of \\\'steru influence. The Romans began to cast copper coins about 350 B.C. or before,^ but they did not stick to the process, and adopted the Greek system of stamping about 2G9 B.C.'' The casting of coins is otherwise unusual in the West and the only other instances I if the practice are those of Parthia'^ and ancient India, North and South.' Therefore the inference of a Western origin of the process made use of in the vicinity of the ports of Western sea trade in China between 400 and 350 B.C. is fully justified. 18. In 116 B.C. Han Wu-ti** placed the superintendence of the State i\Iint under the authority of three high officers.' Here again this institution is imitated from tlie West, as such was the organisation of the mints at Athens, and Rome,'" and the notion may have been carried by the trade to the East, in the same way as were other Greek ideas and inventions. There is nothing extraordinary in this, as the new organisatitm was made by the Chinese Emperor, when despairing of success with the state coinage; alter ' In a short paper "Roman and Chinese Coinage," pp. 117, 118 of China Review, vol. i., Sept.- Oot. 1872. ' Ot the Pao luh hwa, from Eu isiuen hwei, tcheng xiii., fol. 3. ' From an engraving of Seraux d'Agincourt ; Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Soman Anti- quities. Ait. '• As., Forma.''' * Cf. Balirfeldt, Gesckichte des dlteren Bomiscken iftinzwesens, Vienna, 1884. — The theory that Roman copper coins began \n 4.") !• or 4r,i) n.c. is untenable, as they are not probably earlier than 3.50 b. c. Banlay V. Head, Sixloriii ,\ ,. i>s7, p. 15. According to the latter authority, bronze Coinxge began iu 406 at Athi n : , i ' ' i.e. at ^gina (cf. pp'. 315, 333). ' Herbert A. Grueber, Vi' . , ' . p. 17 ; Coins and Medals, their place in History and Art, edit. Stanley Lane Pool.-, l.> J. -ii.e Imperial Greek coins were sometimes cast. Tlie Romans began again occasionally to ca»t coins at the time of Septimius Severus. Cf. S. Reinacb, 3fan. Phil. Class., vol. ii., p. 168. ' Cf. the woodcut of Parthian coins found by W. K. Loftus at Warka: Travels and Res(arches in Chaldaa and Susiana. 1857, p. 212 ; and the traces of severing the cast coins in the plate v. 14 of Percy Gardner, The Parthian Coinage, 1877; but in the latter cases the metal was probably cast first in clusters and afterwards stamped. ' Cf. Alex. Cunningham, Coins of Ancient India from the earliest fimes, p. 60.— Cf. also for later instances, R. H. Campbell Tnfnell, " Hints to Coin Collectors in Southern iudia," part ii., pp. 161-164, Madras Journal ofJAterature and Science for 1887-1888. ' Tsien Man shu, Shih ho tclii. ' They were members of the Shang-lin Academy which he had estal)lished in 138 B.C. "' Cf. Fr. Lenormant, La inonnnie dans I'AntiqiiilS, vol. iii., p. 50 sqq. — The system worked so well that it was imitated in Rome, probably before 250 n.c. Cf. Herbert A. Grueber, Roman Coins, O. C, pp. 55 and 47. Cf also Salomon Reinacb, Manuel de Philologie Classiipie, vol. i., p. 102 n. — Seytlert'.-- Dirtionnrij of Classical Aiili-jiiilics, IS'Jl, s.v. J'ljinH.se.vru-i. INTRODirCTIoy. the fiiiliii-0 of his cunningly devised Yh Uheh coins issued two years previously,' and was thus uocossarily open to any sugjjdstion of a practical character, even frcjiii outsiders 3. Other Shapes of Metallic Coins. 19. The shapes of ancient Cliiuesc ni'tallic money that we have successively examined belong to three classes : (a) the Kmipe, (6) the Spade, and (c) the RiNfi ; the latter is clearly a foreign importation and useless in its form, while the two first betoken the practical character of tho people and the primitive barter of tools from which they are derived. The Knife pattern has not produced any diverging- derived forms, while the Ring has left its mark in the hole of the coins to the prcscni- day. The Spade, on the other hand, has not survived, but it has produced two derivates, the so-called slip-weight or saddle-money, and the 2^11 or plate money, in which little remained of the original purpose and pattern. 20. The Ingots constitute another class distinct from the preceding. Their variants include : — The cubic inch of gold of the monetary institutes of the Tchou dyniuity ; the so-called metallic cowries of tho state of Ts' c which have been described below ; the so-called shoes or boats of gold and silver described in a preceding section ; and finally the coinage mentioned in the following paragraph. 21. No. 1579, of page 301, has been given to illustrate a currency, peculiar in shape and in its legend, of which we know hardly anything. There are no specimens in any of the collections I have examined, and we know it only through native authorities.- The legend of this coin which was preserved in the numis- matic collection of the Imperial Pala'-c, was reported upon, some time during the period luen t'umj, i.e. 860-873 a.d. of the T'ang dynnsty, by members of the Han-lin Academy,-' and deciphered as TsH kwei lima, @ if ^fc- ^° remarks are made as to the sense intended by these three symbols. The general shape is that of an ingot, like those still in use for silver in some parts of the country, and the date must be some time during 550-577 a.d., as explained in the alphabetical list below. 22. Coins unrepresented here, and shaped like oblong plates, square and of several sizes, inscribed, were also used. Only two specimens of different sizes have been discovered. On the two sides they bear scrolls and clouds, or what the Chinese call yim lung, ^ f|, clouds and dragons, and on the centre of one side, making it the obverse, is delineated a flat ring money with its legend. On the largest, which measures 3'3 inches in length and 1'2 inch in width, the legend runs from right to left, Liany Kin sze fchu K :^ "^ " Four tchus * of Kin of Liang." And on the smallest, measuring 3 3 inches in length, andl'2 inch in width, the legend is the same, with the difference of the figure, which is — instead of and therefore reads, " One tchu of Kin of Liang." The Liang city ^ g,, the present Shan tchang in Yen-tchou fu. Shantung W., is mentioned in 529 B.C. as a meeting place of the princes of Tsin and Wv,' but nothing else seems to be known of its history in the sources at my disposal. The legend is written in the tchuen style of writing, and so far as we can infer from its particularities, may date from the fifth century. Tho identical legend has been reproduced on round coins with square holes, with a different arrangement : on the large model, on one side and reading from left to right, viz., left, bottom, right and top, while on the smaller specimen it reads right, left, top and bottom. ' According to tradition they had a raised edge in red copper, while the body of tlie coins was in ordinary bronze. Cf. p. .360. = Kin ting tsicn Itih, kiv. ii., fol. 4 verso. ' Such is the Htatement of an ancient work on numismatics ^ la Kiu-pu, quoted in the Tsiiirn tehe of Hung tsun (1U9 a.p.) ' r.w Mnien, Tchnn Kun- l:)lh year. INTUODUCTION. xxxi 23. Some curiously shaped objects have found their way into Chinese collections. Such, for instance, as the dang-les of musical instruments, which are said to have been used at the time of barter as mediums of exchange, because of their metallic value and the smalluess of tlieir size. They are the Kiao-pi or more exactly, the K'uuj shell pi, illustrated p. 3 of this volume. 2-i. Anotherpeculiarsortof inipleinont, also classified, wrongly in our opinion, among the coins, is that called '^ ,\^ $^ iigou sin tden, heart-of-water-lily-root money. One of them among the twenty-one published in the Kn tsncn hwci,' bears, in the Li-shii style of writing, on one side, ■% M VS ^ "S. ^> ^'"'^" V'^ '"'^'^ '"'^'''' Wang tchin(i,"in the fourth year yuen-ypn (i.e. 9 B.C.) Royal Government." On the other side, ^ ^ f| Tu-ichang 'hou, Marquess of Tu-tcllaug. At that time Tu- (i-hiing-was the name of the present Tchang yh ^ g,, in Lai tchou fu, Shantung K. Two others are marked, "f" ^ i^ Tsien kin s/(p, Tsien kin clan (chief of). The two sides of these objects are distinct pieces, and thus shaped the one fits exactly into the other ; no two are alike, and the parts which fit are peculiar, as if to avoid forgery or imitation. The Chinese numismatist, however, has nothing to say as to their nature and object.- — The legends we have quoted seem to me to indicate that they are some of the tallies '' or ^ ^ K'i-k'tuen/ one half of which was given to an officer as evidence of his authority. The inscription in two parts previously described, shows that this precious specimen was that of the marquisate of Tu-tchang; there were 241 such marquisates in the Han dominion, and Kao-tsu, the first H.\N Emperor, who ruled from 202 to 194 B.C. was the first who established the custom of giving those tallies to all the marquesses.' 25. Anotlier sort of object of the same kind has also wrongly found a place in Chinese numismatics. It consists of ornamented tablets, with a head composed of a dragon and a square under it, enclosing the figure of a winged horse, a frog, a man, or something else, some of them bearing on the obverse figures of flying birds or dragons. They have no regular connection with the currency, and therefore have no more right to be classified here than the tallies of the preceding paragraph." They were simply tablets for circulation used as temporary passports,' and they do not bear any inscription whatever, their symbolism being considered sufliciently clear from their ornamentation. 26. The class of coins which the forgery figured on page 301, no. 104, is intended to represent, belongs somewhat by its form to the tablets we have just described, and deserves some remarks. As to the false specimen itself, the reasons which have induced us to publish it, are its rarity, and the evidence from its make that it has ' Ku tsuen hwei, J^ in., fol. 2-8. — A description of these objects is given in the ^ f U ^ a Iffl by Wang Fu (1119-1125). ' The authors of the A'in ting fsien Ink refer their readers to the Siuen Ho Po/i kii tii ; the Tsi«n tchi sin pien, kiv. 20, I'ol. 7, gives them a Russian origin ; but the shapes exeuiplitied are not exactly similar to those given in the £u tsiuen hwei, and represent punches of the ancient Russian leather currency (cf. supra, ch. iii.). ' The system of symbols of authority in two fitting parts, one left behind as a check to the genuine- ness of the other part, is a very ancient institution among the Chinese. They were of several sorts in precious stones and metals. Those in use during the Tchou dynasty are described in the Tvlwu-li. ' On the E'i-K'iuen, cf. Tai ping j,u Ian, kiv. 598, fol. 3-6. * The Empire of the former Han dynasty was divided into 103 hiun, 241 hou or marquisates, 32 tao, aud 1314 hien and yh. '' They are classified in the Ku tsiuen hwei, ^ iii., fol. 8-14, where eight specimens are illustrated, among the " Yen shiug tsien IJj ^ ^, hardly-adequate-to-coins " series ; but the other does not say anything as to their real character aud object. In the supplement of the same work, Huh Tsiuen hwei, ^ ]., fol. 4 and 5, two more specimens are represented ; one of them has the outlines of a goat figured upon it. Cf. also five specimens in the £in ting tsien luh, kiv. 16, fol. 1-3. ' Cf. Teliiju li, kiv. 14, f. 39. A commentator of the Han dynasty remarks that in his tiinu these tabltts, in coppir, boie tiger figures. xxxii INTRODUCTION. been cast, not from the genuine and original specimen, but from a mould made in imitation of a rubbing of tliat specimen ; in the absence of a genuine coin we have, rightly or wrongly, thought bettor to reproduce this than nothinsr, in order to draw the attcntioa of numismatists to it. The stylo of writing of |1 Txie, shows that it must be later than the end of the Ts'in dynasty, while the intended archaism of the two other characters give to the whole a special appearance. No information is available on the currency it represents, but the period of its issue must be that following the decay of the Ts'in and the rise of the Han, i.e. between 210 and 202 B.C. It was apparently local, and the legend refers to a quantity of grain, and not to units of money. The currency thus represented by so inadequate a specimen was probably issued by the petty state of Yen pSt, which was established in the North ]iart of the present Tchih-li between 209 and 202 B.C., when it was subdued by the Han Emperor.' 27. Fiom the stand-point of art there is hardly anything to say of Chinese coins ; it is con.spicuous by its absence. The fact that they were cast and not stamped precludes in making moulds of a temporary cliaracter anything like the work, long and delicate, which could have been, as elsewhere, bestowed on the engraving of a die in hard material, for continual use. It is only in the coins of a later period than those described in the present volume, that the disposition and internal arrangement of the written symbols display the elegance and ingenuity which deserve a special study of the matter to be understood. Failing the representation of human figures, which enhance so greatly the interest presented by the coins of all countries except the Muhammedan, Chinese numis- matics stand on the same dry and unattractive footing as those of the latter class. Exceptions must be made for the Chinese tokens and medals, which are especially interesting from religious and folklorist points of view, because of the many scenes and figures represented on them. Such medals and tokens began with the Han period. In the present volume, there is only one coin which deserves attention under this aspect, as will be seen in a following page. CHAPTER V. j THE WRITING AND THE LEGENDS OF COINS. I. The inscriptions of the ancient Chinese coins require, if possible, a greater consideration under several aspects than is the case with many coinages of olden times. They belong to a little-known period of the history of Chinese writing, they constitute the sole ornament (?) of the coins, and they are the only means of discovering the probable places and dates of the issues. The scantiness and brevity of the legends, which generally consist simply of a proper name, whose variants have their significance, compel the numismatic Sinologist to a greater care in his decipherments than otherwise might be necessary. And the importance thus taken by the writing of the legends is on a par with the prominent place, unparalleled anywhere else, and recognised by all, which the written characters have attained in China. In course of time it has come to be almost a worship.- With reference to ' Cf. the Li (at Ti Wang nien ^iffo.— Deguignes, Histmre des Huns, vol. i., pp. 23, 24, baa given a short notice of this state. ' Written paper is looked upon with special reverence, and when disused must not be wasted but burned. Cf. for instance on the matter the King sih ize iche §j^ '|f ^ |K, or " Exhortation against desecrating the Written character." INTKODUCTION. xxxiii coinage, the patterns of the legends were generally written by authority (vidr. iv. I'd), and in subsequent centuries it happened several times that the written characters inscribed on the ofBcial coins were due to the imperial pencil. But during the period of private coinages, ospcciall.v that of the pu coins, it often happened that the characters wore written by unskilled hands, in a sort of abridged or popularly and irregularly cursive form, as if iu defiance of any principle of spelling, which singubrly enhances the difficulties of decipherment. The rudeness of the writing is on a par with the rudeness of the coining. The reproduction iu the present volume of the actual characters of the legends of ancient coins cannot bo looked upon without interest by all the orientalists and numismatists interested in the pateography of the far East and the history of writing. Special attention has been paid and copious illustrations have been given of the matter, in the hope that the monumental evidence will help to dissipate some of the deeply rooted errors and misconceptions current at present amongst many concerning the evolution of the Chinese writing, in its early phases and subsequent history. They exemplify the writing of several periods, extending actually over fourteen centuries, and virtually, from the conservatism of the country, over a much longer period, and thus far they form an important contribution to the study of Chinese paliBography. 2. A careful inquiry into the history and evolution of the Chinese writing is therefore required to clear the ground in Chinese numismatics. Should we rely upon the successive transformations, regular iu theory but loose in practice, of the ■written characters from an alleged pictorial stage to the thick and thin strokes, partly cuneiform-like, of the Ku-wen ; from the Eu-wen to the Ta tchuen of 820 B.C. ; from the Ta fchuen to the Siao tchuen of 227 B.C. ; the Li shu of 212 B.C., the Eetig shu of 165 A.D., and the Kiai sIm of 379 a.d., the legends of the coins illustrated in the present volume would present a hopeless medley. This they do in the fulness of the term, but we can understand how this succession, true vs^ith regard to official inscriptions, does not apply to private coinages of 670 B.C. to 200 ad., and we know how this curious circumstance has been brought about. 3. Traditional and monumental evidence, in numerous and uninterrupted cases, allows us to follow the continuous use of Chinese writing from the remotest time, employed iu inscriptions of a moral character which imply the capacities of a full-grown art. On the other hand, it is not possible to discover any symptom or survival, in the literature or the monuments of a hieroglyphical period of infancy and extreme rudeness, while the slight features of the latter kind are shown to have occurred by a singular concurrence of circumstances and with reference to ij^olate characters only, not in early times and chiefly under the Yn (1375 B.C.) and Tchou dynasties (1110-481 B.C.). 4. The written characters imported into China by the Bak 'sings have been gradually altered in form and increased in number from the following sources and circumstances : (1.) Its spread among illiterate people in new surroundings. (2.) Gradual neglect of the original rules of spelling, and actual ignorance and carelessness of the official scribes. (3.) Local variants of the standard forms, afterwards entered into the vocabulary with an acquired shade of meaning. (4.) Necessary additions required by the progress of knowledge. (5.) Pictorial equivalents, of difficult or little known standard characters, actually invented in the less cultured parts of the Chinese dominion. (6.) Ideographical reform, unequally spread and enforced, of a large number of characters, by Sze-tch'ou, historiographer of the King Siuon of TcHou, during a revival of power of the central authority, in 820 B.C., in order to make the writing more significant to the eyes and more independent of the phonetic expression and spoken language, which was splitting into regional dialects of importance. (7.) The other official reforms of 227, 212 B.C., 165 and 379 a.d. xxxiv IXTRODrCTIOX. 5. These numerous causes of variation, iiTegularity, and multiplication of tin- written characters, many of which are applicable to the legends of coins, .uul explain the incongruous spectacle of the Ciiinese vocabulary, enable us to disentangle the coiillicting evidence which often obscures the problem of the age of a coin. This could not have been done until the peculiarities of origin, the unequal spreading of the official transformations, and the various sources of disparity and multiplication of the characters, had been investigated. The presence of pictorial symbols and of rude characters on coins of comparatively late date are thus intelligible; and the numismatist, in the absence of any other characteristics to the contrary, is no more compelled to attribute them to a remote date or to look upon them as survivals of a past antiquity. 6. An important and curious instance of the pictorial equivalents of written characters which we have noticed (§ 4), is that which appears on the knife- coins issued by the merchants travelling between Ts'iand Kwan-tchung, i.e. Shensi, S.E. It represents a lad holding a flag, and is a pictorial rendering of the character yii Jf, now written j^, " to travel," which even in the old age and wildest days of the Chinese writing has never assumed any ideographical form even dis- tantly connected with it.' On a sacrificial cup and on a military weapon, which it is alleged date from the Yu dynasty, twelfth century,* without anything however to prove this contention, two parallel forms of this pictorial equivalent occur, but neither of them, incuse, present the same touch and comparative finish as the little figure in relief of the knife-coin No. 55. Its purpose there is clear ; it was without doubt the badge of the travelling-merchants who were issuing the money, and making use of it for their commercial purposes, in the same way as it is a symbol and not a written character in the two cases just mentioned. 7. The remarkable symbol figured on a knife-coin of Yng-liug, the capital city of Ts'i, circa 500 B.C. (No. 52), is a flourished corruption of the character Sun, now written ^, grandson. It is an instance of the striking overstretch of the characters in an ideographic direction, when the conventional and standard forms of the writing were little known to the writer (cf. swpra §4). In this case the symbol, like the other we have just studied, cannot but be a mint-mark or traders' badge, justified by their travelling requirements between Yng-ling and Tso yh. The standard form of J^, was that of ' a son ' ^, and ' a link ' j^, but the laxness of the scribes in the case of sacrificial vases has given rise to no end of variants.' The rare form of tsih \i , for g(j, on the oldest knife-coin* (No. 44), of Tsih mieh a place which was the future Tdh moh, is also an instance of the same class ; the scribe has obviously tried to figure the bamboo joint which fff was intended to suggest, and thus make it a mint-mai-k. The same remark applies to the pictorial form of the character B^ Ming, on the small knife-money issued by the town of that name during the third centui-y B.C. ; the pictorial sketch of the character was obviously intended to make it a mint- mark. Far more important was the archaic form of Ts'i ^, inscribed on the large knife-coins issued in that state from the beginning ; the symbol was clearly associated with the notion of current money. 8. Apart from occasional peculiarities and eccentricities like those previously described, the legends on the coins of the TcHon dynasty belong to the period of extraordinary disorder^ which long after the reform of Sze-tch'ou, and partly incited and justified by his principles, had sjDrung up among the various states of the ' Cf. the various forms in Min Tsi-kih, Lnh shii tung, 1661, kiv. iv., f. 42. ' Cf. Yuen Yuen, Tsih hu tchai Irhunrj ting y k'i kw^aJl shih, Yiv. i., f. 23, and ii., f. 25. ^ Cr. Min Tsi kih, Luhshu ttinrj, kiv. ii., f. 32 «.— Tlie looseness of the strokes has allowed some later transcriptions of the intended ^, hy ^ yourg, and -jg generation. ♦ A fac-simile of this coin is given in the Kin shih soh. It is the only one I have ever met with. I I^^TRODUCTIOX. XXXV dominion. The central authority had lost nearly all its power and influence, and no hand was strong enough to keep up the standard rules for writing the characters. Ku-we)i signs are not unfrequently met with, but seldom with other symbols of the same purity of style. They are not uncominouly mixed with characters which, once flourished and made complex for the sake of ideographism, have been shortened for conciseness, and have been obscured by ignorance. The legends belong to a period of transformation, preparatory to the reform of Li-sze and others under the short-lived Ts'in dynasty. The first issues of the coins, when available, bear generally characters which are clear enough so far as they go, and, with few exceptions, can be identified ; but the subsequent issues show very often a com- plete disregard for any principle of writing, and display a sheer ignorance about the respective values of the constituent parts of a compound character. 9. Moreover, when specimens of the original issues have not been discovered, a comparison of all the variants sometimes suggests a decipherment more or less probable, but often also no likely guess can be made. It may be said without exaggeration that such a looseness of writing had never been heard of before. And this pitiable state of things, combined with the scantiness of informatioa which the legends afford, make the whole decipherment of the ancient numismatic legends a most unsatisfactory task. Another remark, rather important and which must always be kept in mind when criticising these badly-drawn charactei's, is that the wood-cutting gives them a neatness and stiffness foreign to the half-defaced originals. Great efforts have been made by the author of the present work to get at the right identifications, but notwithstanding his previous researches in Chinese palaso- graphy and historical transformations of shapes of the characters, it has been impossible to see always through the clumsiness of some corrupted signs written by illiterate coin-makers. Much help has been derived from the native books on numismatics, though not so much as might have been expected, as only two or three of them display on the part of their authors a certain amount of criticism joined to some knowledge of the ancient characters, and it is from their examination of the legends, often uncouth and rude, that they have been able to get at their identifications. In many cases they do not agree among themselves.' The decipherments on the coins issued from the time of the Ts'in dynasty present no difficulty. 10. A critical inquiry into the various decipherments in this work, would take too much time and space. We must be contented with a few remarks and the consideration of several cases less uninteresting than the others. A number of characters before the Ts'in dynasty had not yet received the determinative adjuncts which their special use required ; e.g., "j^ stands for %, and so forth in pages 15, 17, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 38, 60, 66, 67, 69, 71, 79, 82, 90. 92, 94, 95, 105, 107, 111, 113, 114, 120, 122, 125, 156, 172, 181, 185, 186, 225, 274, 304, 328, 327, 352; each case being more or less repeated through the pages subsequent to its first appearance. The cases of two determinatives successively added are less frequent : }|E stands for ^, which includes ^J^ and Ijllll (p. 13) ; IL for S§ including p and ^ (p. 22) ; •§ for if including j^C and ijllll (P- 28), &c. Characters have been changed altogether : ^ has been replaced by ^ (p. 15, 211) ; 1 by H (p. 320), &c. Determinatives have been changed: for instance, fl^ is now §|5 (p. 189), &c. Determinatives once added have been suppressed : e. g. ^jc now written |g (p. 34); 5 now ft (p. 189), &c. > For instance, the character -^ on the knife-iioins is rendered -^ in the //. P. W. T. K., 5if in the Tsien shih tu, xxi. 3t ; ^^ in K. T. //.,and unidentified in the Ein ting tsien liih. xsxvi IXTRODUCTIOX. Clini-ncters in two parts, written separately : («) one on right and the other on left of tlio coin, e q. -. ff written ^ g, (p. 70) ; same fact with %\, (p. 44), \'^ (p. 56). M (P- 87), m{?. 102), n (p. 100), &P (p. 109), ^}I5 (p. 110), &c. liiilf only of the character is written, either from misconceived excision or for want of sp'ace, e.q. : "g for g^ (p. 70), "^ for ^ (p. 70), jJC for •/?« (p. 89), for S (p. 116), g for "^ (p. 223), ^ for ^^ (P- 'i05), :gc for 1^ (P- 417), &c. The numerous corruptions and endless distortions figured on the small knife- coins of Mintj and other places arc beneath criticism and beyond description ; it is simply impossible to make any analytical remarks about them. On the other hand, the characters as written on the spade-coins are neat and clear, their actual identification is pretty sure, although not much can be made of their real meaning. 10. A cause of purposely-made alteration of the characters since the beginning of the TcHon dynasty, is the tnhu, or at least its equivalent. The following instance will show how it worked, and how difficult it may be sometimes for the numismatist to ascertain the original purpose of a written character. This difficulty of another class and of a peculiar character surrounds the decipherment of Liang ^ on the coins of the weight- and pu- money types of the present volume, pp. 22-27. The symbol is written in an abridged form, more like Wang ^, than like Liang ^, and that there was some reason for it, as we shall see directly. I confess that the character as figured on the coins had long been a puzzle to me, and it has remained so for the native numismatists, who did not agree on its rendering and have proposed various equivalents, viz., ^, ^, ^, ^, ^, ov have declared it undecipherable. Others have rightly suggested that the symbol in question ought to be taken for Liang, ^ ; from its outward appearance they made the guess, though from a strictly pal^ographic standpoint the identification is indefensible. As a fact it is an alteration of ^, which means a ;/i; '^, Ta Liang, or great beam. The reason for the unusual mode of writing it in this way must be, according to all probabilities, looked ujjon as a case of a tabooed proper name. This well-known prejudice, interestingly described in a statement in the pi-ecious Chronicle of Tso, which we quote in a foot-note,' forbade the common usage of the character used for the personal name of a prince, or the appellation of a ' Tso tchuen, Hwan Kuncr, Ann. viii., i.e. 706 B.C., on the occasion of naming a baby prince. " The name must not be taken from the name of the State, or of an office, or of a mountain or river, or of any malady, or of an animal, or of a utensil, or of a ceremonial offering. The people of Tchou do not use the name which they boi-e in serving the spirits of the dead ; and the name is not mentioned after death. To take the name of the State would do away with the State's name ; one from an office would do away with the office ; one from a hill or stream would do away with the sacrifice of it ; one from an animal would do away with its use as a victim ; one from a utensil or a ceremonial offering would do away with its use in ceremonies. The name of the Marquess Hi of Tsin (he was called p] ^), made the title of Minister of Instruction (rJ ^) to be discontinued (and altered into 4* W-)- So with Duke Wu of Sung and the title of Minister of Works ( r1 ^, which became p] ^). Our former dukes I lien (of Lu), called ^, and Wu (called |i), caused two hills to lose their names. Therefore the names of such great objects and offices must not be given to a child." Cf. Chinese Classics, vol. v., p. 50, and Tai fing yu Ian, kiv. 362, fol. 5. On this practice of j^ ff , Fi-huy, anciently ti-vi, cf. a paper by Liu-hie of 500-650 A.D. in his Sin Lini, kiv. 6, f. 31. Hilderic Friend, " Euphemism and Tabu in China," Folklore Record, 1881, vol. i., pp. 71-91. R. K. Douglas, " On tabu-ed characters, Chinese Manual, 1889, pp. 372-376. Tai ping yu Ian, kiv. 562, fol. 8-9. Ti-vi, of. the tabu of the Tahiti, capu of Sandwich, Patei of Madagascar. The same superstition is men- tioned in Corea, Annam, Burmah; in South Africa (Ukhuhlonipa), in North America, among the Esquimaux, &c. ; in Australasia, &c. In China it is also called K'i-huy ^gi %%, cf. Wells Williams, Syllabic Dictionary, p. 266. The superstition of shunning proper names has arisen among not a few communities in a low stage of mental development, from the difficulty for the undeveloped mind of separating the subjective meaning from the objective value of a name, or in other words, the thing from its term. Tabu is said to liave been regulated at the beginning of the Tchou dynasty (cf. Wu Sheng Kiun. Kang Kien y Ichi luh ; W. H. Medhurst, Ancient China, p. 371), and much information on the practice is given in the Li Ki (Engl, transl., t. i., pp. 66, 93, 107-8, 190; ii. 18, 138, 161, 176); but the use of the cyclical terms to denominate the rulers in the canon of the Hia and Shang-yn IXTEODUCTIOX. xxxvii locality oi' an object of nature. Now Liang ^, was the name of tlio state and also that of the capital, whence its sacredness and the necessity of altering the spelling of the chai-acter. The same cause has undoubtedly acted as a deterrent to properly writing the symbols in not a few instances. 11. The following is another problem which requires a special inquiry. In 523 B.C. the King King ^ of Tchou issued larger coins than wore before in use, notwithstanding the contrary advice of his minister, Tau Muh Kung. The fact is stated in the Kwoh yu,' and also in the annals of the Han dynasty,' with the additional statement that these coins were marked Pao Ilwa, |@f '\^ in the style of writing of the time. Great difficulty has been experienced by the native numismatists in their identification, and much confusion has been introduced by the commentators and later historians in the matter. During the Han period the current opinion was that all the coins issued by the TcHOU dynasty were inscribed,'' and the legend Pao hiva was gratuitously supposed to have been that of the earliest coins, ever since the financial institutions of the beginning of the dynasty. Now there is a contradiction between the statement that the weight of the early currency was ascertained by tchus (|^), cf. wi/Vach. vi., and the assumption that this identical currency was inscribed hwa ('ft = ^) which is a unit of a higher standard, as shown by the scheme of ancient weights (below, vi.) Li Tso-hien,* one of the ablest and most sober of modern numismatists, has endeavoured to overcome this difficulty. He attributes the Pao Java, ^ -ft, coins {Catal. p. 329) to the time of Tcheng Wang, and the other coins, Pao' sze hwa, Pao luh hwa (p. 329-331), commonly classified with the preceding, are looked upon by him as those issued by King Wang in 523 B.C. But this ingenious arrangement cannot be accepted; the latter coins being inscribed, value 4 hivas, value 6 hwas, do not answer to the requirement concerning the innovation of King Wang ; their mark indicates their relative value, and the actual weight of the specimens answers approximately to the standard weights ; they do not therefore weigh more than the market value of the time. Moreover, a double peculiarity in their make, i.e. their outside rims, and the fact that they were cast in clusters ° show beyond any possible doubt that they were not coined before the fourth century B.C. Their metal and the form of the edge suggest besides that they were cast in Ts'i. On the other hand, the actual weight of the Pao hwa coins (156) shows that they were cast on a scale four-fold the current standard, and this explains the dissatisfaction caused by their temporary issue. Their attribution as arranged in the alphabetical list of legends below is therefore px-etty sure. 12. We have alluded in several instances to the scantiness of information supplied by the coin legends of China in general. This is, of course, only comparatively speaking, since we have been able to elicit from them a few interesting facts concerning the beginnings of money in the Shantung peninsula, the notification of the exchangeable value of the first coins still insufficiently known, and the existence of monetary unions, in the sixth, fifth, fourth, and third centuries B.C. {supra p. xii. sq., infra vii. 6-9) ; moreover, some inferences on the current system dynasties shows that the custom was already in use at that time, and we take it as a reacting influence of the non-Chinese populations still in occupation of the greater part of the country. Cf. B. and O. H., Sept. 1889, vol. iii., p. 219. ■ m m, En-oh yu, kiv. iii., f. 1.3.-:!: in + -^)f?a^$§siifiH " Han shu, kiv. 24; Shih hwa tchi, iv. 2. » Siun yueh ^ '^, (148-209 A.D.), Han K'i }g it- * Ku fsiuen hwci, Li i., fol. 1-2. ' There is no unanimity in the decipherment ; the character Pao has been read by some pK and ^, but no doubt can be cast on the identification given here. " Of. supra iv. 17.— Also S. W. Bushell, "Roman and Chinese Coinage," China Review, vol. i., 1872, pp. 117, 118. xxxviii INTRODUCXrON. of weiglits ami measures may be derived from the weight-money (p. 18 sq.) and from some of the ring coins (pp. 820-330). Apart from tliis, wliich concerns only a very small number of the coins, the Bcantiiioss of information is painfully striking. On the obverse they bear one or two characters only, until the appearance of the nion hao {infra 19) which we shall de.scribc further on. Except when they indicate the value of the coin, which statement is not open to misconception, and was the exception, not the rule, before the Ts'iN dynasty, the legends are looked upon as consisting simply of proper names. Unilitcral and biliteral ones have been clearly identified as the appellatives of well-known cities and towns mentioned in history ; from these ascertained cases it has been assumed that the less known symbols refer also to geographical names, and extensive researches have been made in the historical literature,' often with the help of native authors, by the present writer, in view of enlarging their number. The results of these inquiries, so far as we have been able to carry them without . increasing too much the bulk of this work, and leaving, unhappily, much to be done, are spread through the Catalogue, and are also partly given in the Geographical Index of this Introduction. 13. The undeveloped state of many characters, either from a survival of archaism or more frequently from a misconceived conciseness, leave doubtful many identifica- tions when they are unsupported by circumstantial evidence. In many cases the chances of hitting the truth are most remote, as for instance in the case of the spade coins. Several of the characters which suggest names similar to those met with on coins of other types are faithfully recorded as such in the list of geographical and other names. But the greater part of them (cf. pp. 6-11) do not yield to such identifi- cation ; some are cyclical or numeral characters, others seem to be words of a text, and remind us of the practice of later years which consists in the use as a serial of the successive characters of a certain text. Some parts of the Yh King have thus been selected," and the most frequently employed under that respect has been the Tsien he wen, the " Thousand characters " (book), which was compiled between 535 and 546 a.d. It is not unlikely that the same process was resorted to by the issuers of those of the spade-coins, which bear no other mark and required some written indication of their successive and regular issues. 14. The classification and identification of these spade-coins of the larger and smaller sort, which form a large number of distinctively inscribed types, is indeed most difiicult. Their hollow handle shows without possibility of doubt that they were practically used as implements notwithstanding their recognised value as currency. This is more evident, if possible, in their case than it is with the kuife-money. On the other hand, they are inscribed insufficiently ; their weight and values are not stated, and the single character which in most cases forms the whole inscription, is not suflScient by itself to avoid confusion, and allow the return of the coin to its original issuer should anything happen with it which required its exchange. But the practical value of the spade-coin as a useful implement was such that it was unnecessary to foresee such a possibility, as its circulation everywhere was secure in any case. This circumstance is most probably the explanation required by numismatists. 15. The cyclical characters appear on the spades and on the small knives, but rarely on the pu coins.' They go generally alone, in distinct series of ten and ; The chief works where such information is available are the following: (1) the Shu King; (2) the Tchun isiu and Tso-tchcen, 722-468 B.C. ; (.3) the Xwoh yii, until 475 B.C. ; (4) the Tchen ^itoA fo'iVf, or " History of the Contending States ;" (5) the Tchuh Shu Ki «?>», or " Annals of the Bamboo Books," down to 294 B.C. ; (6) Szeme Tsien, She Ki or " Historical Records." ' For instance, the four first characters of the Yh King are employed by the author of the JTw tsiuen hwei, for the four parts of his work. In numismatics the Corean coins bear on their reverse the Tsien tze wen series. • Only in isolated oases on those of Wu Fing, p. 182, Shou yh, p. 202, Ye shan, p. 208. INTKODUCTION. xxxix twelve. In two cases only, one of the spade-coins, and a small knife, thoy bear "J* ^, ting-mao, the 4th of the cycle of sixty, but in an inverted order, and their isolation suggests that it may be simply a fancy of the minter. Here are the cyclical characters ' for the sake of reference — Denary cycle 1 ^ hinh 1, \f^ ping o, rJ^ mou 5, ^ hcn Financial Institutes of the Tchoc dynasty i-mpra, i. Ami. 1091). Its weight is ascer- tained by — 1. its relation of ^th of the hwa; 2. -Ji-th of the Hang; 3. the six tchu metallic cowries of 23 gr. ; 4. the ring coin of one Hang 14 tchu, or 38 tchu=171 grs., ami the Bactro-Chinese coin of 2 Hang 4 tchu, or' 52 tchu = 220 grs. ; 5. and by the double standard coins of the Ts'iN and Han dynasties. j{^, HvvA = 24-37 gr8. = 6 tchus, = ith liang=3Vth of the Ta'i hi^i hwa knives. Besides these equivalents its weight is ascertained by the Ho tsiuen of Wang ilang, its double equivalent (av. wt. 48). It was the new unit for coin weights which TcHon King Wang in 523 B.C., wanted to substitute for the old tchu which he liad found too light {.fupra, v. 11). The four specimens p. 329, 330, of 4, 6, 6 and () tcMis, are extremely loose and give only an average weight of 23 gr. a tchu. It is about the same weight as the modern tcJiU ( = 24-17 grs.). f^, TzE = 48'75, 2 hiva, :=:12 tchu, or (as stated in the Shwoh icen)=6 tchio of the Ts'in-Uan double standard. In Wii, in the second century B.C., the standard used by Wang P'ei was frds of the old royal standard = 8 tchus, hence the weight of his double-tze coinage (16 tchu x 4 a tchu = 64 gr. p. 352). ^, Liang =97-50 grs. = 4 hrvas = 24 tchus, |th of the old hwan knives = ,'oth of the standard liieh ; about the sixth of the present Hang (^ 579'84). ^, FcN =: 86 grs. = ^th of the Yuen, ^. A name of the small jjh coin.?, as appears on those of Eo yh (p. 85), Wei (p. 188), Shn (p. 190) and Kwan (p. 192). Its weight is ascertained from the average of 38 units in 25 specimens, viz., 16 simple, 7 double, 1 treble, and 1 quintuple. ^^, Kin = 195 grs. =: 2 Hangs = 48 tchus, Jth of the old hwan = ^Vtb of the standard liieh. Weight ascertained at 188 grs., average weight of nine specimens of iwo-hins coins of An-yh, Liang, &c. ^, YcEN for ^, lit. an armlet, a ring, important unit of cui-rency whose weight was successively altered. At first=780 grs. = 30 units (hwas) as inscribed on the oldest knife coins, of which nine corroded specimens give an average of 790, and therefore = 4 kin ||f , and = J^th of the Royal standard of 7800. When Tao or knife coinage began to be made in Ts'i (bearing the legend Ts'i tchi hiu hwa), the hwan there was only ^th of the standard, or 650 grs., verified to 660 grs. by the av. wt. of the latter coins. It was then also called liieh and its weight is stated = 6f Hangs in literature. Not many years afterwards, also in Ts'i, for the issues of the current knife coinage inscribed Ts'i kiu hwa, it was raised to 730 grs., or 30 hwas (of 24-37) ' The statements in Chine.se literature about the identification of the ancient weights and measures are most conflicting ; the reason of the imbroglio is not far to seek ; they consist for the most part of the glosses of commentators who wrote each from his own stand-point, i.e. from the actual measures and weights in his own time and province. IXTRODUCTIOX. x'iii as inscribed ou the reverse. The average wt. of 21 specimens verifies it to 726 grs. Its proportion to the standard was then -}-§ths. The small iaon, unmarked, and those of Ming and elsewhere were rated at ^rd of the large taoK, or 10 liwas = 243 grs., which is verified at 245 grs. by the average wt. of 17 specimens. As a coin by itself, it was = 6 Wangs ; an instance is that of coin 174, p. 336, which represents tlie first coinage of the Kings of Ts'iN, similar to some of TcHOU, but inscribed li'au Wang, and weighing GOO grs. ■^, Kin, the gold unit of the TcHOU financial laws, being equal to a cubic inch of the precious metal, and=oue Jj- weight. Tradition makes it = 20 Hangs or 1950 grs. (or ith of the laran standard), and the same as the Yh |g of the contending states period. Another tradition makes it = 10 Hangs, i.e. ten liangs of the double standard. The Ts'm raised the Yh to 24 liangs or 2340 grs., and the Han called it liin, Jx, and lowered its weight to 16 liangs or 1560 grs. Edonard Biot, in the Journal Asiatigue of 1837, Mai, p. 430, has attempted to calculate the weight of the kin from the statement that it was = 1 cubic inch of gold ; taking the inch at 20'5 mm. and the specific gravity of gold at 19'3, he has found the theoretical weight of 166 grm. or 2562 grs. (in round numbers 2600 or jrd of the liwan standard) ; but in reality this figure is much too high, because 19'3 is the density of pure gold, while it is more than probable that the Chinese gold of that time was not free from a certain proportion of natural alloy, which caused its weight to be lighter. The tradition is a safer guide in the case, as there is no documental evidence for the alleged measure of the inch. ii, Liieh, or lut = 3900 grs. = 20 (double) liangs (Shwoh wen) = 20 kins, §J{, of 195 ars. verified at 188 grs. each. '|g, HwAN = 7800 grs., the Royal standard = 20 Kin Kin, ^ fr, coins = 10 Yuen HI of the oldest knife coins. 4. Scheme of 'ihe Ancient Chinese Weights. T. II. III. IV. V. HwAN, ^ LiJEH (Lut), I? Kin, Yuen, Kin, Proportion. (Royal Standard) Yo of a hwan tV of a kin lieoretic.il. IIow veriKed. 7800 = 20 coins of 376 grs. or 7520 grs. 3900 = 20 kin of 188 grs. or 3760 grs. 1950 = 20 Hangs, in literature. 780 = weijht of early knives. 195 = double kins weight, 376 grs., or 188 grs. = aver. wt. of the jju coins. = from the coins. 86 97-5 IX. HwA, X. Tciiu, Larger weii 48-75 = 2437 406 Vr. Fdn, ^ jfth o{ a. yuen VII. Liang, ^ h oi a, kin, or 2itcJms VIII. TCHE, fg i of a Hang, 2 huxis, 12 Mms ^ i of a tche,^ Hang, 6 tchus fj^ smaller unit ts: Kiun, I^, =30 kin. Shih, 5^, =4 kiuii or 120 kins. 5. Several details connected with the descriptions of the .separate weights show that the system has not remained homogeneous and unaltered. During the lengthened period of the wane of the TcHon dynasty (769-255 B.C.), several princi- palities started changes of their own, but as these changes were made simply with reference to secondary units and not in the standard basis, the latter remained clear lor comparative purposes. xliv IN TKODUCTK )X. For instance wo hear in history, that in 639 B.C. the rulers of Tchen, pjfi (a state corresponding to Tchen tchou in modern Honau), as a bribe to the people, raised their measures to the double of those of Ts'i (cf. Tso tcliuen, Tchao Kiing, aim. iii.). In 523 B.C. the King of Tchou found that the unit of currency was too light, and ho attempted to raise it. lu the great state of Ts'u (Hupeli) the weiglits were \ less than the royal standards, as shown by the average weight of the five metallic cowries, inscribed jmn Hang in the Cabinet des Medailles of Paris. In Wd {i.e. roughly, Kiang-su) the weights were two-thirds of tho royal standard. In 523 B.C., the suzerain King of Tcuou attempted to substitute a unit of weight for currency six times heavier than the former tchu, but the reform was looked upon as unsatisfactory for the time being.' When the Ts'in arose they doubled the standard and the system was followed by the Han dynasty." Under the Northern Ts'i dynasty (a.D. 550-577) we are told that five hundred 5-tchu pieces were to have their regular weight of 500 tchus, "otherwise 1 kin, 4 liuvij, and 20 tchuf:" (p. 427). The specimens give 60 grs. for a b-tchu piece, or 12 grs. per Mm, or about three times the old standard; one Hang of 24 tchus was equal to 288 grs., and the Jcin reduced to 16 (instead of 20) Hangs = 4608 grs. But this departure from the Ts'in-Han standards was only regional, as under the Sui dynasty the regular b-tchu coins show again the weight of eight grains per tchu. h. Length-Measukes. 6. Some useful information on the ancient standard measure of length is also supplied by the coins described in the present volume. Very httle is known about it otherwise. The unit was the tch'ih, f^, commonly and erroneously translated "foot," while it is a " span," ^ divided into ts'uns, ^, i.e. "fingers," generally rendered by "inches." Ts'ai yung, a.d. 13o-192, says that under the Hia dynasty ten tx'uns, under the Yn nine ts'inis, and under the TcHOU eight ts'uns formed a tch'ih,* but the statement is approximative without any scientific precision. The Li Ki says that the fch'ih was divided into ten ts'uns, but, as remarked in the Taiping yii Ian, the exact figures are not known, as the system of measures fell into disorder during the period of the six kiugdcjms, and it has been said that the tch'ih of TcHOU had (dwindled down to) eight ts'uns.^ AVith reference to our own measures, several allusions in literature to the stature of men show that at the time of Confucius, the length of tho tch'ih could not be over seven English inches." ' Wu hwob, a man noted for his strength, who appeared in 309-306 B.C. in Ts'iN, and is mentioned in Alencius, vi. 2; ii. 3, is said to have been able to lift up 100 l-iini ; this is 3000 Jx" ^'»- As calculated by recent writers (Legge, Chinese Classics, ii. 301), it would be 3000 catties or 1813 kilog., which is absurd. Calculated at 1950 grs. it would make 378 kilog., which is less impossible, although an extraordinary feat of strength. We do not know what shapes were given to the weights in ancient China, although the armlet or Jman was certainly one; in Burma they were bird-shaped, and this may have been a survival of an ancient Chinese practice. The duck-shape of the Assyro-Baby Ionian weights would thus have survived in the far East. = In the i'unff tze Kia yu or " Family Sayings of Confucius " (a work of the fourth century B.C., recast by Wang Siuh in a.d. 240), the various units of length and their origin is thus described : " Spread out your finger and you know a "^ is'un, or inch, spread out your hand and you know a /5 completeness. The I'chicn tsiu, or "Spring and Autumn Annals" (722-481 B.C.) of Confucius; the Tso tchwen (722- 464) and the Kwoh yu (-469) of Ts'o Kiu-ming ; the Tchmi kwoh fsih, or " Story of the Contending States;" the Tchith shu hinivn, or "Annals of the Biimboo Books;" the She Ki, or "Historical Records of Szema Tsien; " the Han shu, or "Annals of the Former Han Dynasty ;" the Tai ping yu Ian, a cyclopedia of quotations from 1690 previous woi-ks, compiled in 983 a.d. in one thousand books, have been my chief sources of information. In some cases, though not so often as might have been expected, my task has been made easier bj' the previous researches and references (when accurate) of the Chinese numi.smnlists themselves, a list of whom is given under the heading "Bibliography." Several years of interrupted restarches on ancient China have enabled me to insert in the present list a certain number of new identifications and better suggestions than those which are given in the text, as well as a few corrections. 2. The geography of the coinage throws much light upon the history of China. It is now well known that the extension of the Chinese in olden times was much smaller than patriotic historians would have their readers believe. From the time of the entrance into N.W. China of their ancestors, the sixteen Bak tribes or families, 'g' %^, under the leadership of Yu Nai Hwang ti ;^ ff^ ^ ^ (Hu Nakhunte), in the twenty-third century, had striven with varied lortune to extend their sway over the country. The elemeuts of Chaldfeo-Blamite civilisation which their leaders had gained, west of the Hindu Kush, and which caused these leaders to be looked upon in after ages as men of universal knowledge, power, and virtue, secured for them a prominent position over the native populations less civi- lised than tliemselves. Owing to conciliatory methods, to shrewdness, and to force of arms, they were gradually able to establish themselves all over the basin of the Hwang-ho, or Yellow River, in its Eastern coui-se, the ho or river par excellence of their history. They were not numerous, and their settlements were often somewhat distant and far apait, interspersed with the aborigines and some non-Chinese intruders like themselves, whence their appellative of >]\\ tchou, or islands, for these settlements. When the Tchou dynasty rose to power, and at the beginning of their monetary history, more than twelve centuries after their establishment in China, their dominion in the centre had reached half-way south between the Hwang-ho and the Yang-tze Kiang, along the Han and Wei rivers. The mis- apprehension of the native historians from Szema Ts'ien downwards is easily accounted for. The expressions of the early records. Southern borders {nan Idao), extreme North or East, in their relative sense, could not and did not mean more than their actual knowledge and the limited area of their territorial occupation per- mitted. But when in later times, such as the Han period and afterwards, the historians and commentators pondered over the same terms, their patriotism disdained to see them less distant thau the enlarged geographical horizon of their time had made them. Whence such curious phenomena as for instance the succes- sive displacements of the tomb of Shun from inside the angle of the Ho river to the South of Hunan. 3. The small extension of the Chinese dominion in ancient times is finally ascertained from the geographical identifications of the following list of localities : 1. the four astronomical stations prescribed by Yao (^Shu King) ; 2. the places of exile of the four criminals and of the son of Yao outside the dominion ; 3. the places confirmed his conjectures, he says, " C'est exactement la vitax/t Indienne et Pevse, moitie de I'avaiuri ou 'coudee' de ces memes contrees." The Egyptian cubit was 525mm. long. Cf. Hultsch, Griechische unci Romische Metrologie, ed. ii., 1878, p. 354. In view of these various facts concerning the spread of standard weights, it is curious to remark that in India, the kahdpana = 280 grs., the saiamaiia ^ 560 grs., i. e. 140 x 2 and 140 x 4 ; the suvarna — 1 40 grs., i, e. the Egyptian standard hat of 140 grs. xlviii IXTRODUCTIOX. of worsllip on the four borders during Shun's tours of inspection ; 4. the settlements of the non-Chiuese allies of the Tchou for the overthrow of the Shang-Yn dynasty ; 5. the sottlorat'Dts of the non-Chinese Tchou therasclves in South Shensi; 6. the fiefs and principnlitii's bestowed u])on their relatives and followers by the founders of tlio Tchou dynasty ; 7. and finally, the four extremities of the dominion which Tze-hia (507-100 n.c.) has described in the Erh Ya. In the sixth list the priucipalities of Ts'in (Shensi), Tch'cng (East Honan), Wu (Kiangsu), and Yueh (Tcheh Kiang), did not yet exist and were not to appear till three or four centuries later. The last list referred to indicates the 32"^ and 40° lat. and the 10S° and 118° long. as the extreme limits which the Chinese dominion had reached in the fifth cen- tury B.C. 4. The geographical evidence of the coinage during the second period of the Tchou dynasty confirms tlio latter statement in every respect, and does not allow any doubt as to the accuracy of the identifications on which it is based. The terri- tories corresponding to the modern provinces of Shantung, South Tchihli, Honan, Shansi, and the East centre of Shensi only, are those where the names of places inscribed on the coins have been identified, and where specimens have been found, with the exception of Kiangsu, where metallic cowries have been found, as stated under Koh luh tchu below. 5. The coins were issued as a rule by private traders, guild merchants, and guilds of cities, either of one locality only, or during a certain time of several together. Many names inscribed on them, although apparently geographical, are impossible to identify. They are not met with in the geographical and historical literature, although the iucompleteness of this source for the period referred to may account for a few. We cannot doubt that some of these unknown names were not those of localities. They were the special appellative of some association of traders ; hence their visible connection with names otherwise well-known in ancient geography. b. The Monetary Unions. 6. One of the most interesting disclosures resulting from the decipherment and identification of the geographical names on the coins is the existence, hitherto unnoticed, of monetary unions between 580 and 380 B.C. About 20 of these financial arrangements are noticed in the following list. The most remarkable are those which guild merchants of the non-Chinese TsiH-MoH and several places of the semi-Chinese KiiJ state, all on the S.E. sea- borders of modern Shantung, established in 580-550 B.C. for the issue of knife- coins. Afterwards, 547-493 B.C., similar associations existed between traders of TsiH-MoH, of two towns of KiiJ, and of the capital city of the state of Ts'i in the North of the said modern province, which issued coins of the same class. Another important monetary union belonging to the same period is that of the guild merchants trading between Ts'i and KwAN-TCHnNG (S.E. Shensi), which issued some beautiful coins (p. 226). 7. The following century saw a certain number of them of much less importance. The former monetary unions had greatly promoted the practice of coinage, and the populations of the East of the country had grown accustomed to the knife-coins of Ts'i in particular and to the system in general. It was no more necessary for powerful guild merchants to support and put forth their monetary issues of knives. The simplified pattern T\si kin liwa (p. 234 sq.) was then current everywhere within the dominion of Ts'i, and even without, in the border lands. Beyond these limits coinage still required to be pushed forward, as shown by the fourteen or so naonetary unions which have left some of their small spades and 2>n coins of various sizes. Several of them indicate without doubt ancient trade routes. INTRODUCTIOX. xlix 8. From tlie marts of the S.B. sea-coast of Shantung to the N.W. of that province. From the same marts to S.E. Shensi, apparently through KuNO and the Yellow Eiver. Now the later coinage shows us the existence of three other routes. From Mou (E. Shantung, Gulf of Pehtchili) to Ko (N.W. Shantung), to Lu-YANG (C. Honan) ; as shown by the joint coinage of Mou and Ko, and of Ko and Lu-yang, in round-footed pus. From Mou (through Ko) to Jen and Ln-YH (W. Shantung), in parallel line to NiEii (S.C. Shansi), as shown by the joint coinages of sq. ft. pws of Nieh with Jen, with Lu-yh, and with Mou, all separately. And from Lang-ya (S.W. Shantung) to Lu and Tanq-yh (C. Shansi) ; as shown by the joint coinage of large sq. pus by the three towns. 9. Several of these monetary unions existed between places little distant f i-om one another, with routes between them ; such as the issues of sq. ft. pus by KuEi and Wu (E.G. Shansi) ; of ring-coins by Tceiang-tze (C.S. Shansi) and Yuen (S.VV. Shansi) ; by Kung (S.E. Shansi), near the river and Tuu-liu (S.C. Shansi) j and by the same Kung and An-yh (S.W. Shansi), the river being most probably the route between the two. Ping-tchou (W.C. Shansi) was a centre of four monetary unions, all at short distances apart, namely An-yh, Nieh, Tung-ti and Lo, which issued small sq. ft. 2>us. c. Approximate Dates op the various Forms of Coins. 10. The coinage of ancient China, where it never could circulate otherwise than for its intrinsic value and weight, consisted of the following patterns, to which I subjoin the extreme dates of issue, which will be found useful in all cases where they are not stated with greater precision : — 1. KNiPE-money. a. Of large size, p. 215 h. Of small size, p. 247 c. Thick and short, p. 311 . 2. SpADE-money : consisting of little hoes with li handles, and still useful as tools, of two p. 4, with variants .... 3. Pu-money the shape of which was derived from tht. ceding with several variants. a. Weight slips or saddle money, p. 18 h. Squai-e-footed pus, p. 32 . c. Round-footed „ 121 . d. Point-footed ,,129. e. Small and thick „ 302 . 4. RouND-coins. a. With central round hole, p. 319 .. . B.C. 600-330. 5. With central square hole, p. 329 . . . B.C. 523, 330, 221,- 5. Small Ingots, bean shaped or metallic cowries, p. 300 . b.c. G 1 3-590. G. Little Cubes of gold (iv. 8) B.C. 1091-200 a.d. 7. Rare shapes (described siqmt (iv. 20-26). ollow sizes, pre- b.c. 670-221. B.C. 317-228. A.D. 7-10. B.C. 600-350. B.C. 665-345. 475-221. A.D. 10-14. d. Alphabetical List. An Tchod, ^ j^, on large spade coins (5, G) issued by an association of traders of An-yh and Ping-Tchou, q.v., two towns of Shansi, circa 400 B.C. An tsang, -§ ^, on spades (98, 99) issued by a trading association of An-yh I 1NTR(M)UCTI()X. q.v., circa 500 DC. On some of these spade coins half the denomination only appears as in other cases (cf. Tun-Liu, Tung-Ti) ; Tsang alone has been hitherto discovered. An WANG, $ fi, on the reverse of large knife coins issued by TsiH-Mon (924-0) between 580 and 550 B.C. It means, most probably, that the coins were issued from the An mint, i.e. An Yang ( |^ (now Wan tsiuen, in Pu tchou fu, Shansi), built in 410 by the 1 rince of Wei and conquered by Ts'in in 328 B.C. IXTEODUCTIOX. li Fung no ^^ JJ, aud Funo uo sze tchu, ou roimd cuius (1843, 425), issued iu 319 A.D. Fung YH ^ g,. written witli oi- without tlie i/h, for ^, on small sq. ft. ^mw (410-415) of circii 350 b.c. A (own of great fame iu history, as it was oneo the capital city of the Tciiou. The identification proposed p. 103 of the text is inexact. Han hing }^ |^, on i-ound coins (1841) issued in 338 A. a Heng fx, on hirge spades (48). HiA "y, on large spades (62). HiANG IpJ, on large spades (23). A locality in tlie vicinity of the Eastern capital of Tchou (now Men-tchou, Ho-yang hien, Honan), of. Shi King ii. 4, ix. 6, aud also Tt'O tchuen in 712 and 562 B.C., i. 11, and ix. 11. Another iliaiig in the state of KiiJ {q.v.) mentioned in 721, 605 and 559 B.C., is not likely to be the place from which these coins derived their mark, because in A'iil no sucii shape seems to have ever been used for coinage. HiAO KiEN ^ ^, on small round coins (429-443) issued by the Sung dynasty in 454 A.D. Ho g, on large spades (86). Doubtful. HoH ^, on large spades (24). HoH k'io ^ £, for ^ ^, on pt. ft. pn.^ (491-6). The character K'ia specially altered by respect for the name of Confucius (cf. v. 10). The identifi- cation of p. 132 is most improbable. A northern Kiu ^t tt; unidentified, iu the state of TcHAO (Tchihli), was ruined by Wei in 37^ aud conquered by Ts'in in 328 B.C. [She ki, Wei Sheng Kuug, Ann. i., and Tchao Su hou, Ann. xxii. ; and kiv. 15, f. 19). Ho PEI TsiEN M ^ M- Exchangeable cowries, metallic currency. , Cf. Koh LDH TCHTJ. Ho PD g; ^, on thick square-shaped pus (112-23), issued by Wang Mang in A.D. 14-20. Ho TSiUEN ;K ^, on round coins (365-405), 1760-98) issued by Wang Mang in a.d. 14. Ho YH ^ g^, on small sq. ft. pus (438), misread for Mdh yh, q.u. Hod g, on large spades (68). HwA or Hua ^, on large spades (49), on small knives 82, p. 252, and passim. Huang yh ^ g,, was a capital city of the Lai, in the Shantung peninsula, which became after 566 B.C. a city of Ts'i. It is mentioned in history in 695, 601 and 498 B.C. {Tchun tsiu, Huan Kung xvii. 1 ; Siien Kuug viii. 2 ; Ting Kung xii. 7. Chin. Class, vol. v., pp. 68, 301 and 781). — The character on the coin is clearly a simplified form of the original ku wen. Cf. Min Tsi-kih, Lv, shu tiuuj iv. 18. Its name of /fiKnff/ has been preserved by a district of the prefecture of Teug-tchou, Ijut it is not certain that the ancient city was not further to the west. Small 2JM coins (No. 420) of the usual type were issued there, probably in the fifth century, as suggested by the special form of the chai'acter Huang. Jang Yn, j^ |^, on sq. ft. small pus (316). It means the Northern or darker part of Jang, and thus may be an equivalent of Mei-Jang S :^ a locality once in Tsm and unidentified. The identification proposed, p. 77, is probably inexact. Jen she, 5 (for ff£) ^, ou sq. ft. small pus (378), also on a similar currency in connection with Nieh, q.v. Jen Nieh, ^ 5_, on sq. ft. small pus (113), issued by Jen she, q.v., and Nieh, q.v. Kai, 13' foi' ^'^''' '.l"'"9> O'^s <^f tbe towns of Kiu {q.v.) appears in the formula Kai ivang, ^ {^ (misread Kai Jung, pp. 225 226), meaning apparently that the coins were issued from Kai-yawj (cf. An wang) ; on large knife coins, from Tsih lanh (927) issued before 550 B.C., and from Tsih-moli and Yvg-ling (54) issued alter 547 B.C. and before 493 B.C. Kai wamj, sec Kai, lii INTRODUCTION. Kan tan, or Han Tan fl- fi; for it|5 SR. one of the most important niiut- names, onco a town in S. Tchihli (p. 15). Known since 636 B.C. (Tuo fchuen, 5, xxiv. 3) as part of the state of Wei, |fj, it was connected in the years 498 and 497 with various historical events wliich made it part of Tmn (ibiil. 11, x. 2, xi. 5; She Ki, xh'ii. 11). In 491 it was conquered by Tchad, |§ (408-228 u.c.) and in 386 B.C. became the capital of that state {She i?/,xliii. 12 v. 17), which hencefortli is often designated by its name in history (Tchuh sliu Jci nien, pass.). The town itself is mentioned in the years 375, 851., 353, 351, 347, 335, 301 (partly depopulated), 255 (partly destroyed by fire) and 228 B.C., when it became part oi' the Ts'iN territory {ShoKi, xliii. 19, 19v., 21, 41, and 44; Tchuh shu ki nien, pass.) The sole reference to numismatics is one of about 320 u.c, when it is stated that the King of Tcir.\o issued Kiii inn currency (^ff ^ <^? 3{i ,Rj) or saddle money, and granted the use (^ J^ $ ,^ ^ Jt^) of it to Tcliaug Y, a political adventurer from Ts'iN where he returned in 317 B.C. This can apply only to a coinage marked Kan Tan. Now there are three coinages thus marked: 1. Spades with hollow handles (111), which must have been issued some years before ; 2. Point- footed ]ms (875-880), largo and small, which were most probably those issued by Tcliang-y (320-317 B.C.) ; 3. Small knife-coins of two types, one of rough make (990-997) with a serial to ten or more, and one of the pointed series (1227-1235) marked with cyclical characters, probable date (317-228 B.C.) Kao ^, afterwards j^, then read Tch'oh, a city on the Western borders of Ts'i (therefore in Shansi), which is mentioned twice in the Tchun tsiu, in 692 and 690 B c. {Tchun t.iiu, Tchwang Kung ii. 4; iv. 7). Nothing more is known about it. Some doubts may be cast on the reading Tch'oh as ^ is Kao, and Kung-yaug, the commentator of the Tchun ts!u in the fourth century B.C., gives Kao gg in its stead. The name occurs once in the large spade series (No. 69). Kao Kwan ^ •§■, on smaller spades (95). Kao tu ^ ^, on numerous sq. ft. p?<.s (195-209). — This town was given to Tch'kng, Ic. Han, by Tdng Tchou, q.v. in 374 b.c, and conquered by Ts'in in 303. The coins must have been issued between these dates. Keng 'g[^, on large spades (82). Ki jif and Ki yh jjj" g,, for fP; on large spades (13), and on small sq. ft. pu.s (187-189). Ki was made a district in TsiN, in 514 b.c. {Tso tchuenx. 28, 5). As in the text, p. 44. K'l Tag ^ J], on round coins (1705), issued like the following. K'l Tag, Wu peh ^ 7J 35. "g^, on short thick knives (130-135) issued in A.I). 7. Ki Yang % p^, i.e. southern region of Ki. X ^ov the tabooed ^ for ;^fl, once a state (mod. Ki-hien, in Kai fuug fu, Houau), absorbed by Ts'u m 449 b.c. A denomination assumed by trading parties issuing small sq. ft. pus (403) in that region. — Fourth to third century B.C. Cf. Peh Ki. Km "g, on large spades (4). KiAO ^, for ^, on some square-footed small j^'i-s (279) of circa 300 B.C. Known in history smce 624 b.c on the borders of Tsm {Tso tchucn 6, iii. 3). King ,y„ on large spades (4). King no ;^ fu, on round coins (1856) issued in 465 a.d. Kiu ^, a semi-Chinese state once in Shantung, S.AV., near the sea, small in territory but important for its trade and mints from the seventh century downwards. Although non- Chinese in its origin and population, it took part in the concert and conflict of the Chinese states from the beginning of the Tchun tsiu period. The years 715-431 b.c are the extreme dates of its political existence. Feudal to TsiN in 584 B.C. {Tso tchuen 8, vii. 5), it was invaded in 582 by Ts'u, and its cities of Icun (in 615 still in Lu), of K'iii kiii, with its capital Kiil tclievg, were taken and their population dispersed {Tchun tsiu Tso tchuen 8, ix. 10). In 550 and 520, ■Ts'i imposed upon it its suzerainty {ibid 9, xiv. 1; 9, xxiii. 13; 10, xxii. 1), and m 431 B.C. it was destroyed by the great state of Ts'u, as a stmi-iudependent TNTRODUCTIOX. liii principality {Tchuh slm Id nlen 5, xxviii. lOj. It fell affcerwavtls into the power of Lu; in 412 B.C. was invaded by Ts'i as far as An- Yang (Site Ki, 15, 14), and passed into the hands of Tchad, with which it was finally absorbed by Ts'iN in 228 B.C. Besides An-Yavg, the country of Kit' had four other unwjs, viz. : Tcheng yang ^ j^, Nan yang jf [^, Wu yang ^ p^, and Kai yang g[J \>}}. KiUN, ;§■ on larsro spades (74). KiuN Yang, ;§■ i^, on large spades (73). Ko and Ko yh, ^ ^, on large spades (14) and on sq. ft. small p>in (33, 34, 344-9) issued in 500-400 B.C. It was a town in Tcheng % founded in 5G0 li.c. KoH, [Sj, on large spades (18, where misread Li) ; on the reverse of largo round-footed pus (478) in connection with Lu-yang, q.v., and on small coin of the same type (479) in connection with Mou, q.v., circa 400 B.C. In Shantung, N.W., mentioned after 559 B.C. KoH, :g|5, written :;^ ^, on sq. ft. small ^ms (359-60). It belonged to Yen (Tchih-li) until 2 16 B.C., when it was transferred to Tchad (S//e Ki, kiv. 43), third century. Not to be mistaken for the Koh of Honan mentioned in the Shu King, V. ii. 6, and the Tso tchitcn, 2, xv. 8. KoH LUH TCHU, ^ T^J §^, On the metallic cowries of Ts'u (1575-8), of which several specimens exist in the Cabinet des Medailles of Paris. Issued about 600 B.C. Found in Kuang tchou (S.E. Honan) and in Kiang-ning fu (Kiangsu) on the banks of the Wah river, where Ts'u established its borders in 601 B.C. [Tso tchuen, 7, viii. 7). Kon, ^ g,, for |IJ, on sq. ft. small pus (35, 350-5). Identification of p. 87 doubtful. Apparently issued 500-400 B.C. Ku, ^, on large spades (G7). Kuan, (||, for Kuan tchung (q.i-.) on point-footed large jms (797-9), sixty- one issues or more of round-footed large pus (460-9) and on square footed small pus (37, 38, 424-5). Kuan fun, || ^, i.e. one fun (cf. list of weights) of Kuan tchung {q.r. infra), on numerous issues of point-footed small pus (784-796). Kuan tchung, || t^, on square-footed small pus (423). See Errata for correction of the statement p. 107. It appears also on large knife coins. Cf. T.^'i Kuan tchung below. These various issues of coins must have been first made before 336 B.C. since it was in that year that the King of Ts'in issued a state coinage (with the agreement of the nominal suzerain of Tchou, (She Ki, 15, 24), which must have taken the place of the private coins, or at least have prevented the issue of new types. Kuan tchung was a common designation for the region (south of Shensi) between Han Kin (mod. Ling pao, Honan W.) and the western limit of the T'siN dominion, on the same latitude. KuEi, j^I5, formerly Wei, ^. In 712 B.C. the fields of Wei, ^, were taken from the state of Tcheng, by the King of Tchou, at the same time as the city of Wu, ^15 (q.v.) and other places. Tso Ichuen, Yn Kung, Ann. xi. 3. It was restored to the state at an unknown date and a town built there, ^j5, {Tchun tsiu, Siang Kung, Ann. vii. 9), which in 566 B.C. was the seat of a meeting of several of the Chinese princes, rulers of states. Nothing more is known about it, and its exact geograjihical position is doubtful ; but it cannot have been far from the older town of Wu and the other places in the eastern centre of Shansi. A currency of small pu coins (No. 453) was issued by Kuei and Wu before. 340 B.C. and probably long after 514 B.C. Kung, X, on large spades (60) and on small knives, pas.>i. Kung, Q, on large spades (57) and on two-legged spades (111). Kung, it, on round coins with small central hole (1608-9). A locality near the Ho river (Honan N.E.), in the Tcheng territory §[5, mentioned after 722 {Tso tchuen, 1, i.) and destroyed in 376 B.C. {She Ki, 15, 18 v.) It issued similar coins in connection with An Yh, q.v., Tun-liu, q.v., and with Yuen, q.v. Kung An, it -^^ for Kung, q.v., and An-Yij, q.v. (not An Yang) on round liv INTOODUCTION. coins with a very small central round hole (155), marked Kiing A)i 1 Kin (not 2 Kin, as misread p. ;327). Issued circa 100 n.c. KrKci T'uAN, or Kung Tln, ^ ig, for Kung, q.v., and Tun-lid, q.v., on round coins with a central round hole, marked Kung Tun tchvh kin, of which several distinct issues wero made, circa 400 B.C. Kino Yven, Jt g, for Kung, q.v., and Yuen, q.r., on small round coins witli small central rounrUiole (K.T.Il. Li, i. C). Lai, 2j$, on largo spades (19) and Lai Yii, ^ d for '^, on small sq. ft. pus (419). The La[ of E. Shantung, written ^, had boon destroyed in 5()7 B.C. by the state of Ts'i, and its population removed to Erli. 5Ji5 or Little Tciiu q.v., therefore long before the possible issuo of this coinage. Its minting place was Lai ^, once a city in Tchkng, mentioned in 712, and 559 B.C. (Tcliun fda, I, si. 2; Tso tchuen, 9, xv. 4), afterwards in Han. Issued probably cirn) 100 b.c. Lang-ya, % ^, for J^ 5f[5, later i% J3^[3 and JJ^I) i5fI5 !/««;/ ych, various spellings of the foreign name of a colony founded by sea traders of the Indian Ocean about 675 B.C., around the Gulf of Kiao-tchou of S. Shantung. TsiH Moh, q.v., was tho emporium and for long its minting place. It was subject to Ts'i in 647, to Wu in 493, to Yi'EH in 472 b.c. who built there her capital city. Given up in 380 B.C., because of the war then raging between Ts'n, Ts'i and Yueh, it received in 221 and in 210 the visits of the first Emperor She Hwang Ti. Between 472-380 b.c, gild merchants from there and from Yang-yh and Lu in Shanhi, C. and S., issued in common a large sort of pit coins (39, p. 115). Lang-ya merchants alone had issued, during the same period, some large and small pt. ft. 2^«^^ marked Ya or Ye, q.v. In the third century some small sq. ft. pt written as above for the same reasons; its full name was Ta Liang, as a distinction from the other Liang, the 8/iao Liang of Shensi, C.E. Liang became the capital city of the state of Wei, |^, in 361 B.C., and the issue of the pit coins (pp. 72-74) must have begun some time afterwards. It was conquered by Ts'm in 225 B.C. Liang kieh sin tsiuen, 7\<§, ^S M J§1> oii round coins (1846) issued in a.d. 847. Liang tche, ^ ^, on large round coins (301, 1686-7), issued circa 160 B.C. by Wu wang P'ei (p. 363). He also cast coins at the Nan tchang shan, where he had established a furnace (cf. Yii tchang tou king, T.P.Y.L., kiv. 48, f. 4, v.; She Ki, kiv. 106). Li Sheh, ^ (for f|[|) :Q, on rd. ft. (470-475) and pt. it. 2>us (603), issued before 328 B.C. Li tch'en yakg, |^ ^ I^ (partly undeciphered and misread in the text, p. 251) on a small knife of rude make. A |M M locality is mentioned, 574 B.C. in the Tchun tsiu. Liu, I,^, on large spades (11), for Tun-Liu, q.v. Loh tcheng ii^ J;j]t, on small sq. ft. pus (361-4). Inscription corrupt and uncertain. Some read |^ ^, unknown as the name of a city. Identification in the text, p. 90, more probable. Circa 300 B.C. Lu ^ afterwards \^ for ]^, whose name has remained in the district of Lu-tch'eiig, department of Lu-ngan, in Shansi C.S., was part of the domain of the non-Chinese lied Teks (jj; Pc, lit. Fiery-Tykes), until 594 B.C., when it was INTEODUCTION. Iv reduced and destroyed by the Prince of Tsin." In 477 b c. it was made by the Prince of Ts'i the residence of Pan-she, a deposed ruler of Wei ^^. Large pu coins were issued there in connection with Yamj-yh (of Shansi), and Lang ya (of Shantung) before 380 B.C. (cf. No. 39, p. 115, and Lang-ya in the present list). Smaller pit coins (No. 280) were issued at Lu at a later date, as shown by the stylo of the writing, i.e. during the fourth century, and may be compared to those of Yang-yh, which were issued about 380 B.C. Lu SHiH YAKG ^ ^ \i^}, for Lu tch'en YANG {Shlh ^ misread ^ tchen), on a small knife coin (1029) of rude make. Lp yh J^ g,, on several issues of spades (105), and on sq. ft. pu (412). The latter issue in connection with Nieh, q.v. La was the city of the clan of Kao ,^, in Ts'i, lat. 36° 49', long. 116° 44', as stated in 574 B.C. [T^o tchuen, Tcheng Kung xvii. 5). Lu YANO © p^, on some rd. ft. ivi, marked " 12 tchus" (1-58-9), and on some larger rd. ft. yi't^' in connection with Kon (178) q.v. Those issues took place apparently before 381 B.C., when Lu-i/amj was conquered by the state of Wai {She Ki, xHv. 6 v.) ; the issues of small sq. ft. ;jhs (300-315), must have been mida afterwards. Ma shou yh ,1^ -g* g„ lit. the Horse-head city, in Shansi E., as in the text (p. 63), on sq. ft. pus (263-77). Founded in 514 B.C. (cf. Tso-tchuon, Tchao Kung, 28, 5). Coins issued 400-300 B.C. Mao la, on large spades (79). Mei H, on large spades (89.) Mei or MoH ^, on large spades (90); on small weight coins of one kin and of half-a-kin (131, 132), and Mei yh f^ g,, on sq. ft. ^nw (317). In Wei ^, N. Honan, as in the text (p. 28). Meu ^, on large spades (52). Perhaps misread for Fei, q.v. Ml ^ on large spades (91). Ming ID, a city in the state of Tchao, famous by the extraordinary number of its coins. More than 350 variants and issues of small knife-coins are entered and figured in this volume (86-101, 1236-1572), besides a few small round coins (166-171, 1616-20, also 1671). In 281 B.C., when the King of Ts'iN met there the King of Wei (cf. .S7ie Ki, Ts'in pen ki, v. 28), it was called the new Ming city, which suggests its recent foundation (p. 265 and errata). The round coins are of a later date than the knives, and No. 1671 shows that they lasted until 1 75 B.C. Ming sze P 0, on small round coins (1617). See Ming. Ming tag g^ JJ, on small round coins (1618). See Ming. Ming tze S (for 1i\>) f, on a sq. ft. p(t (251). MoH. Cf. Mei. Mou 4=-. on a large sq. ft. jni (443), with Nieh {q.v.), and on a small round ft. 2m (479) with Koii {q.v-). It was a small feudal state of Lu {Tcliim t.- o^ spurious coins forged anciently for the following, p. 331. Chiselled and not cast. Also on cast coins (p. 365) issued in a.d. 6. Pao hwa ^ -fji, on small round coins with central square hole, which are most probably those issued by King ivang of Tchou in 523 B.C., when this king cast coins heavier than the former weight and market values (cf. Kwoh yu, kiv. iii., fol. 13). The heavy weight of the specimen (156, p. 329) concurs with the historical statement. Cf. supra, ch. v. 11. Pad luh hwa J\' /?; ^, Pao sze hwa ^ [13 'ft, on round coins with central square hole and rims (157-163, p. 329, 330), which are commonly and erroneously classified with the previous Pad hwa (q.v.), from which they differ in three respects : (1) by their rims, sign of a later make which the others are without ; (2) by their weights, approximate to the standard ; (3) and by their casting in clusters instead of singly. They were most probably issued in Kit; between 400 and 350 B.C. Cf. sufi-a iv. 17, and v. 11. Pao tch'eng, -(^ j§,, occasionally simplified into J^ Ijc on small pt. ft. pus (480-482, and 819), of about 400 B.C. The identification of p. 129 may be doubted and I have not found any historical reference. Peh, i^, for fg or fg, on small knives (1007-24), written also Tch'eng Peh, ^ ^ for J^jg \^ (998-1006), issued during the third century, at the same period as the small Ming knives, q.v. During the period of the civil wars it corresponded to the Si-pi »(/, which is still at present a kieii in Ju-ning fu (C. Honan). Peh ki, 4[: 'X (for ^), on small sq. ft. j-m.s (404-406) of cim\ 300 B.C., issued probably by a trading association inhabiting the north of Ki. Cf. Ki-yang. Peh KiiJH, ^t M> on small sq. ft. pus (260-262) of circa 350 b.c. Formerly a place of TsiN and Tchao, in S.W. Shansi, as in the text, p. 62. Two Kiiih (north 4b, and south j§) the latter referred to in 307 B.C., Tchuh shu ki nien, v. 34, vii.) are referred to in 61)6 b.c {Tso tcluien, iii. 28, i.) Peh Tzk, ^t M' on small pt. ft. pits (602, 608), marked Peh Tzo Un (f)f), of which, as shown by the serial of the reverse, 21, if not more, issues were made. Apparently issued by a different trading association, contemporarily with the Tze She, ^ _^, q.v., coins of the same pattern, circa 450-350 B.C. Pei Kiu, ^ £, on small sq. ft. pus (387-402), issued at that place as p. 97 in the N.W. of Tsi, circli 300 B.C. It is known in history from 686 B.C. {Tso tchuon, iii. ann. 8.) Pi, -t, for -ft Jiwa, q.v., on large spades (50). P'l SHE, ^ ^, an ancient city of Shan-si, S.W., as in the text. During the Tchun-tsiu period it was a town in Tsin, whose revenues were assigned to great oSicers. From there it passed to Wei (423 B.C.), after the partition of the former state. In 330 B.C. it was taken by Ts'm at the same time as Fen-yn j^ I^,' set She Ki, Ts'in pen ki, klv. v., fol. 23, and Wei she kia, kiv. 41, fol. 10.— Tc/iiih s/m ki V. 32. INTKODUCTION. Ivii on fire, and then restored to its lawful sovereign. Attacked again in vain by Ts'iN in 307, it was walled the following year,' and, notwithstanding, fell into the hands of the King of Ts'in, who fortified it in 290 B.C. at the same time as Pu-faii, g.v. Before that time, i.e. in 400-300 B.C., I'i-she issued a currency of small Pit coins, figured p. Gl-2, with a serial 1-10. Ping Kiang, ^ X (?for ^), on sq. ft. pm (410) of circa 300 B.C. Unidentified. Ping Lo, i^ fg, written also Lo Pikg, ou sq. ft. small pus (445-6) of circa 850-400 B.C. Unideutitied. Ping T'ao, £ji |^, (misread Piiui yuun) on sq. ft. small pus (408-409) ; in the state of Tchad, aud modern Piug-yao in Pun-tchou fu, C. Shausi, circa, 300 B.C. Ping tchou, 2Ji j'\\, written also tchou Ping, on over thirty issues of pc. ft. small p«*'> marked with a serial (507-42). A town in east Ts'i, as stated p. 136, mentioned in 608 B.C. [Tchun tsiu, 7, i. 6). Circa 400 B.C. Ping Tchou, iji J^i, an ancient city of Shansi, VV., as stated in the text (p. 57). Nothing is known about it beyond the facts that it was a part of tho state of Wei |J|, and was conquered by Ts'in in 322-320 B.C.* Previously to that conquest. Ping Tchou had issued small pu coins on two occasions, sq. ft., with a serial from 1 to 10 (Nos. 236-49) and pt. ft. a little larger in size (2-lin. instead of l-85in., Nos. 660-91), with a serial from 1 to 38 or more. The extreme date of these issues are 423-320 b.c. Cf . An-Tchou. Ping Yn, Jqs ^ («), and 2f |Kt {h), on sq. ft. small pus (337-9) of two sorts. The first one the oldest, with flat reverse (337) marked a, and the second of later make (338-9) with lines ornamented on reverse. Issued apparently in the fifth and in the fourth century. Piny-yn, located as stated p. 82, was on tho South-West borders of Ts'i. It appears in history in 655 and in 519 B.C. {Tso tchuen, 9, sviii. 4 ; 10, xxiii. 4) ; also in 232 B.C. (ib'/te Ki, xliii. 44). Ping yuen, 2|i J^, misread for Ping tag, q.v. PiNG-YANG, 2^ p^, a town of Shansi, S.VV., as said in the text (p. 45), reputed to have been the capital of the Emperor Yao. It became tho seat of the clan of Han H: about 490 B.C., aud the capital city of their state from 419 to 375 B.C., when, after the destruction of the state of Tcheng g^, the capital city of the latter superseded it.^ A currency of pu coins of the usual sq. ft. pattern, in two sizes, was issued there, most probably between 419-375 B.C. Pu, ^, on small sq. ft. 2}i's (434) of circa 300 B.C. Decipherment doubtful. Pu-FAN, -g- ^, afterwards fjjf i^, a city of Wei, |^ (-123 B.C.) in S.W. Shansi. It Issued weight-money (p. 28) apparently after the cessation of tho mint of An-yli q.v. (361 B.C.), and was ransacked by Ts'in in 303 B.C" and finally annexed in 290 B.C. Pu TsiUEN, ^ ^, on round coins 364, 1757-9) issued by Wang Mang in A.D. 14. Twenty-five were worth one Ho pu. Also on round coins of the Noktheen Tchou (468, 1873) issued in a.d. 561. Pc-TZE, }[{j- •^, on small sq. ft. pus (24, p. 48) of circa 350. Pu was a locality in TsiN spoken of after 666 B.C. {Tso Tchuen, 3, xxviii. 1) ; afterwards in AVei until its conquest by Ts'iN in 237 B.C. (p. 48). San tchu, j^^ ^, on small round coins (302, 1688-9) issued in B.C. 110. Shan Yang, [JJ ^, on pu coins of unusual shape, with round shoulders (p. 120) of two sizes; little known in history. Ts'in She Huang-ti in his eighth year (i.e. 239 B.C.) assigned as residence to his unworthy mother, Liii-tuli, a ten-itory of Shan-Yang {She Ki, vi. fol. 3 v.) near the present Huai king, in N. Honan. The locality of S.W. Shantung, mentioned in p. 120, seems more likely, but nothing is known about it in history. ' Tckuh shu ki nien, ibid. = She Ki, Luh kwoli piao, kiv. xv., fol. 2C.— Tclii(h s/iu l-i nivn, v. :iri. ' f!/ie Ki, Han she kia, kiv. xlv., fol. 1, 2.—Tc/iuh s/iu ki nicn, v. 2'J. * bhc Ki, Tchuh shu ki iiiin, V. 34. Iviii INTRODUCTION Shavo, _t, on largo spades (01). Shano, ^, on large spades (54). ^ ^ ,r j-un ro ■ Shaso. ^, on large spades (1) and Shano tcheng |g J& (for i^^), on 62 issues of pt. ft. pim (SOl-818), and on one issue of sq. ft. pus (441). lu 552 B.C. the city did not exist as yet, and in ;300 B.C. it was iu the hands of Ts'iN. The extreme dates are thirefore 552-360 B.C. for these coinages. In the S.E. of Shensi, next to Uonnn ; its name was transferred to Wu, »/.''. in 340. SuANo EEii sum szE Kir KIN Yu, '^ ^W' + B ^ $^ ^ (doubtful) on coins represented by a mould (172), issued probably circa 300 B.C. SiiK, Jg, on large spades (lU). Cf. ToNG-Ti. SuEii, ^, on large spades (71). She Tze. JS ^- See Tze She. SniKO, ^, on large spades (87). Sholi yh, S E,, on pt. ft. (825-838), issued in two series, up to ten, and up to sixteen or more. Not connected with any historical event. It was apparently in Ts'i. The coinage must have been issued circa 300 B.C. Snor YN, ^ ^, i.e. north side of Shou. On small pt. ft. pus (820-4), with a serial on the reverse, up to eight or more. The localisation is doubtful. The identitication of C. Shansi (p. 199) proposed by some native numismatists has no historical record. A region of Snon famous in history is still preserved as that of a tehoit in An-Hn (lat. 32°, 24', long. 110° 43'). It is mentioned for the first time as a part of Wv ^, in 520 B.C. [T.-io tchuen, 10, xx.), and it belonged successively to Ts'r, to Tch'en (until 479 b.c), to Tsai ^ (until 447 B.C.), and then again to Ts'u. In 240 B.C. its name was changed into Yng-tu, ^ ^ {She Ki, xv. 37 v.) The date of the coinage, which apparently belongs to that region, is anterior to 240 and later than 447 b.c Snn TSiEN TANG SHIH HUA, ^ ^ (for ^) ^ + -ft, i.c, " Distinct money value ten huas," and on the reverse -j- ^, shilo lio, i.e. 10 hos (=huas). Issued during the monetary licence which obtained after the repression of Wang Mang, and the issue of new coins by the government of the After Han dynasty, i.e. between 23-26 A.D. The type is on a larger scale than that of the new jms created by Wang Mang in 9-14 a.d. The average weight shows about 480 grs., or 48 grs. a hva, i.e. the double standard weight of the Ts'in-Han dynasties. Smaller coins of the same type, marked Tang siiih hwa, and Sze tsicn or 4 tsien on the obverse, were also issued about the same time. Shu fun, ^|> ^, misread for Yij fun, q.v. Shu tsien tang sbih hwa, J| ^ "^ + ft. on large square p«A- (125-9), issued privately, and probably during the Wang Mang period, 7-23 a.d. Si Tenor, 'g' jg, and Tung Tciiou, i|i ]Si, occur on two issues of round coins (Nos. 1014-1615) which are extremely scarce, and were probably limited to a small number, as befitted the fallen fortune of the Tchou, once so powerful, and whose decadence these coins alone would testify. Although these appellatives were used with reference to the two last and nominal rulers of that dynasty, and although the suggestion in the text (p. 328) that these coins were related to them, as supposed by Li Tso-yen {Kit, tsiuen hwei, Li. i. fol. 2 v.) is not impossible, I have come to think, after mature consideration of the circumstances connected with them in the numismatic history, that these coins were issued in the fourth century and not in the third. They must have been cast on the occasion of the short-lived separate existence in Western |f and Eastern ^ Tchou J5J of the principality in Honan which Tciiou Kao Wang had bestowed upon his brother Kieh after 440 B.C. {Sha Ei, Tchou pen ki, kiy. iv. fol. 27 ; Tchao she Ma, kiv. xliii. fol. 18, and the comments thereon; Li ini Ti Wang nim idao, Tchou she piao, 9). Under the pressure of the Princes of Tchad and Han, in 307 b.c, Hwei Kung, grandson and second successor of Kieh, became Tung Tchou huncj, while his son, Sha-tze, was made Si Tchod hunq. The anangement did not last, and was destroyed by the Ts'iN prince who deposed Wu-tze, son and successor of Hwei Kung, who had died in 359 B.C. {She Ki, Luh INTEODUCTTOX. lis kwoh piao, kiv. xv. fol. 20). The above-montiouod coias wore most probably issued a little after 367 B.C. and before 335 B.C. Sr-TC, ,^. ^, writtoa g (p. 7 misread j^ poh), on a spado coin, and Si-fu (p. 131-135, misread W Si-) on several issues of pt. ft. p't coins. It was the capital city of a small principality mentioned in history in 712 B.C., and destroyed and absorbed by Ts'u iu (3S0 B.C. (cf. Tso tchnen, Yn Kuns?, xi. 3 ; Tchuang Kuug, xiv. 3). It corresponds to the present SI hien, in ilonan, S.E. The assimilation proposed on p. 134, based on a misreading, is therefore wrong. Probable date of the coinage 300 B.C. SiAO Pu, YH PEii, !]■> ^[|j, — u, on small square pus (1580-6), issued in A.D. 7. SiAO TsiuEN, TCHEH TH, >J< ^ lit —j On Small round coins (341-3, 1708-10) issued in ad. 7. Siij Pu, szE PEH, /? ^, E "S", on small square /)ms (105, 1589) issued in a.d. 7. SzE TCHU, 23 1^) on round coins (426-7) of the Sung dynasty issued in A.D. 430. _ SiANG YUEN, g (for ^j[) Jtg, on sq. ft. pus (18, 145-61), with a serial up to twenty or more on the reverse, issued shortly after 320 b.c It was a town of TCHAO. Sin yh, ^ g^, on small sq. ft. pits (422). The locality suggested p. 107 is most probably inexact. It is more probably the place mentioned repeatedly in history from remote times (cf. Menciii.'i, v. 1 ; vii. 2). In 684 it was part of the state of TsAi {Tchiin tsiu, 3; x. 5). It corresponded to the present Sin-yuen, in Sheu tchou (W. Honan). The coinage dates probably from circa 350 B.C. SoH, $^, on large spades (26). SuAN TsAO, It ^, a town of N. Honan in the state of Wei g|, built in 392 B.C., and conquered by Ts'm in 242 B.C. {She Ki, kiv. 214, fol. 5 and 15, fol. 16 V.) The small pu coins of this name (p. 70) must have been issued after 392 and probably before 337 B.C. For some palasographical remarks cf. Introd. ch. V. 9. Sung, 5^, on large spades (2). Sung, ^ on large spades (66). SzE TsiEN, Tang shih hwa, ^, "^ + 'ft, on small square pus (1596-7) of the Wang Maug period, 7-23 a.d., privately issued. Ta Fc wu tcho, :^ ^ 5. .1$, on round coins (1858) of the Liang dynasty, issued in a.d. 523. Ta kih wu tchu, ;^ "^ £ If , on round coins (1857) like the preceding, issued in A.D. 523. Ta Pu hwang ts'ien, :^ ^ ^ ^, on small square pus (108, 1595), issued in A.D. 7. Ta TSIUEN wu TcniH, ;/c ^ H +, on round coins (345-62, 1717-56), issued in A.D. 7 by "Wang Mang. Large circulation, numerous varieties and imitations. Ta TSIUEN wu PEH, ;/c J^ 3i "S", and Ta tsiuen tang ts'ien, :k M ^ ^> on large round coins (1823-4, 420-1, 1825-8) of the Wu kingdom issued in A.D. 236. Ta t'ung wu tchu, :^ jl, jS If, on iron ronnd coins (1859) of the Liang dynasty, issued in a.d. 527. Ta yn, ^ 1^, on ten issues of sq. ft. (226-30) and on five or more issues of pt. ft. 699-733) pus. Unidentified geographically, but perhaps a name assumed by a monetary association of Tsin (Shansi) traders, circa 500-300 B.C. Tai, ^P, on sq. ft. ptis (426-7). In S.E. Shensi as in the text (p. 109), circa 400 B.C. Tai ho luh tchu, ^ H a* ^, on round coins (453-4) of the Tch'en dynasty, issued in a.d. 579. Tai ho wu tchu, :^ fu S If , on round coins (1864-5) of the northern Wei dynasty, issued in a.d. 495. Iviii INTRODUCTION SiiASti, Jl' "" '"•"S" spades (01). SiiANo, ^, on lurtfo spades (5 1). ^ _u ,r , dn ^o • SiiANO. ffl, on lar},'e spades (1) and Shano tchkno ^ ^ (for i^^l, on G2 issues of pt. ft. 1...^ (SOl-818), and on one issue of sq. ft. ,'H.« (141 ). In 552 d.c. the city did not exist ns yet, and in 3(30 B.C. it was iu the bauds of Ts'iN. The extreme dates nro thirefore 552-360 B.C. for these coinag^cs. In the S.E. of Shensi, next to lioDun ; its name was transferred to Wu, '/.''. in 340. SiiANu EBii sum szE Kw KIN Yu, t/b' -fl' + * ^f fg (doubtful) On coins represented by a mould (172), i.^suod probably circa '600 B.C. SiiK. ;g, on largo spades (10). Cf. TuNO-Ti. Shkh, ^, on large spades (71). SiiK TzE, ;t M- See Tze She. 8111XG, j^, on large spades (87). Siiou Yii, S E,, on pt. ft. (825-838), issued in two series, up to ten, and up to sixteen or more. Not connected with any historical event. It was apparently iu Ts'i. The coinage must have been issued circa 300 B.C. Shop yn, ^ |§, i.e. north side of Snoa. Ou small pt. ft. pus (820-4), with n serial on the reverse, up to eight or more. The localisation is doubtful. The identiKcation of C. Shansi (p. 199) proposed by some native numismatists has no historical record. A region of Siion famous in history is still preserved as that of a Ichoii in An-nri (Int. 32°, 24', long. 116° 43'). It is meutioned for the first time as n part of AVr ^, in 520 B.C. {Tgo tchuen, 10, xx.), and it belonged successively to Ts'r, to Tch'en (until 479 b.c), to Tsai ^ (until 447 b.c), and then again to Ts'u. In 240 B.C. its name was changed into Fn-y-fM, ^ ^ {She Ki, xv. 37 v.) The date of the coinage, which apparently belongs to that region, is anterior to 240 and later than 447 b.c. Siiu TSIEN TANG SHiH HUA, ]j^ ^ (for ^^) "g" + -f^, i.e., " Distinct money value ten huas," and on the reverse -i" ^, .-////t ho, i.e. 10 hos (=liuas). Issued during the monetary licence which obtained after the i-epression of Wang Mang, and the issue of new coins by the government of the After Han dynasty, i.e. between 23-26 A.D. The type is on a larger scale than that of the new 2^us created by Wang Wang in 9-14 a.d. The average weight shows about 480 grs., or 48 grs. a hua, i.e. the double standard weight of the Ts'in-Han dynasties. Smaller coins of the same type, marked Tang siuh hwa, and Sze tsien or 4 tsien on the obverse, were also issued about the same time. Suu FUN, lip ^, misread for Til I'DN, q.v. Shu tsien tang sbiu hwa, ^ ^ "^ + '(ti on large square pits (125-9), issued privately, and probably during the Wang Mang period, 7-23 a.d. Si Tcnou, If jg, and Tung Tciiou, ijl jjj], occur on two issues of round coins (Nos. 1614-1615) which are extremely scarce, and were probably limited to a small number, as befitted the fallen fortune of the Tchou, once so powerful, and whose decadence these coins alone would testify. Although these appellatives were used with reference to the two last and nominal rulers of that dynasty, and although the suggestion in the text (p. 328) that these coins were related to them, as supposed by Li Tso-yen (Ku tsiuen hwei, Li. i. fol. 2 v.) is not impossible, I have come to think, after mature consideration of the circumstances connected with them in the numismatic history, that these coins were issued in the fourth century and not in the third. They must have been cast on the occasion of the short-lived separate existence in Western "gf and Eastern ^ Tchou jSi of the principality in Honan which Tenon Kao Wang had bestowed upon his brother Kieh after 440 B.C. [She Ki, Tchou pen '"''; ^'Tv j.'*'^' t°'' ^' ' ^'''''«o «''e '"'"> kiv. xliii. fol. 18, and the comments thereon; Li (ni Ti ]Vang nien jiiao, Tchou she piao, 9). Under the pressure of the Princes of Tchad and Han, in 367 b.c, Hwei Kung, grandson and second successor of Kieh, became Tung Tchod hmr/, while his son, Sha-tze, was made Si Tchod kui),/. Ihe urjangemeut did not last, and was destroyed by the Ts'in prince who deposed Wa-tze, son and successor of Hwei Kung, who had died in 359 B.C. {She Ki, Luh INTEODUCTTOX. lix kwoh piao, kiv. xv. fol. 20). The above-mcntionod coius vvoro most probably issued a little after 307 b.c. and before 355 B.C. Si-TU, ,§, ^, writtea § (p. 7 misread ^ P'llt), on a spade coin, and Si-tu, (p. 134-135, misread I'lf Si-) on several issues of pt. ft. p'e coius. It was the capital city of a smiill principality mentioned iu history in 712 B.C., and destroyed and absorbed by Ts'u iu 080 B.C. (cf. Tso tchiien, Yn Kuug', xi. 3 ; Tchuang Kung, xiv. 3). It corresponds to the present Si hien, iu Houan, S.R. The assimilation proposed on p. ]34j based on a misreading, is therefore wrong. Probable date of the coinage 800 B.C. SiAO Pu, YEi PEii, i\\ p(lj, — n, on small square pus (1580-6), issued in A.D. 7. SiAO TsiuEN, TcnEH YH, >J» ^ [^ "-", ou Small round coins (341-3, 1708-10) issued in ad. 7. Sitj Pu, szE PEH, /? ^, !I9 "g", on small square ;j?t.9 (105, 1589) issued in a.d. 7. SzE TCHU, gg 1^, on round coins (426-7) of the Sung dynasty issued in A.D. 430. SiANG YUEN, ^ (for ^ji) ig, on sq. ft. pus (18, 145-61), with a serial up to twenty or more on the reverse, issued shortly after 320 B.C. It was a town of TCHAO. Sin yh, ep g,, on small sq. ft, pus (422). The locality suggested p. 107 is most probably inexact. It is more probably the place mentioned repeatedly in history from remote times (cf. Mencius, v. 1 ; vii. 2). In 084 it was part of the state of TsAi [Tclmn tsiu, 3; x. 5). It corresponded to the present Sin-yuen, iu Shou tchou (W. Honan). The coinage dates probably from cirm 350 B.C. SoH, li", on large spades (26). SuAN TsAO, [ft ^, a town of N. Honan in the state of Wei ^, built in 392 B.C., and conquered by Ts'iN in 242 B.C. {She Ki, kiv. 214, fol. 5 and 15, fol. 10 y.) The small pu coins of this name (p. 70) must have been issued after 392 and probably before 337 B.C. For some palceographical remarks cf. Inti'od. ch. V. 9. Sung, $^, on large spades (2). Sung, ^ on large spades [6Q). SzE TSiEN, Tang shih hwa, |^, ^ -f- ^, on small squai'e pus (1590-7) of the Wang Mang period, 7-23 a.d., privately issued. Ta FtJ wu TCHQ, ;^ ^ 5. 1^) on round coins (1858) of the Liang dynasty, issued in a.d. 523. Ta kih wu TCHU, ;^ * £ |$, on round coins (1857) like the preceding, issued in A.D. 523. Ta Pu hwang ts'ien, :/c 'iH ^ ^, on small square pus (108, 1595), issued in A.D. 7. Ta tsiden wu tchih, -j^ ^ S +> on round coins (345-62, 1717-56), issued in A.D. 7 by Wang Mang. Large circulation, numerous varieties and imitations. Ta tsiuen wu peh, ;/*; J^ 5l "§", and Ta tsiuen tang ts'ien, "h ^ '^ ^, on large round coins (1823-4, 420-1, 1825-8) of the Wu kingdom issued in A.D. 236. Ta t'dng wu tcho, ^^ JU S If j on iron round coius (1859) of the Liang dynasty, issued in a.d. 627. Ta yn, ^ (^, on ten issues of sq. ft. (226-30) and on five or more issues of pt. ft. 699-733) pus. Unidentified geographically, but perhaps a name assumed by a monetary association of TsiN (Shansi) traders, ctrco. 500-300 B.C. ^ Tai, ^P, on sq. ft. pus (426-7). In S.B. Shensi as in the text (p. 109), circa 400 B.C. Tai ho ldh tchu, :fc K x\ ^> on round coins (453-4) of the Tch'en dynasty, issued in a.d. 579. Tai ho wu tchu, :fc fu S I!^, on round coins (1864-5) of the northern Wei dynasty, issued in a.d. 495. Ix INTIIODUCTIOX. Tai mo PEn kin, :k ^- "3" ^ (^''t" '^^ter for luien M o'" '<"^t« a?) on round coins (183'l-5), issued probat)lv in tlio Wu kingdom, in ad. 25G. Tai PINO PEH TsiEN, -k ^"S IS, on round coins (1829-1833), issued in tho Wd kingdom, in A.n. 250. Tai YiEX no TsirEN, i: 5c K 5l> on round coins (424, 1842) of the eastern TsiN dynasty, issued in a.d. 376. Tag, 7], on Inrpo spades (56). Tag Yaxo, ^ ^ for R^ |iJJ, on sq. ft. pus (36, 365-7-]) in Ts'i yn (p. 327). Probnblo date, eirca 400 B.C. TcnANG PINO WIT TCHU, 'J^ 2^ 3t 1^, on round coins (461-7, 1871-2) of the Northern Ts'i dynasty, issued in a d. 553. Tchano-tze", J^ -J, later ^R ^ (in Shansi, C.S.) reputed to have been built by Tan Tchu, son of Yao (T.- ^or ^ p^, a town of the Han state (E. of Kai-fung fu, Honan). It was in 366 B.C. the seat of a covenant between Hwei Wang of Wei and the Prince of Han (,S7)e Ki. Wei she kia ; also Luh kwoh piao, kiv. xv., fol. 20; Han she kia, 45, fol. 3 r.). Issued some small pH coins of two sizes, during the fourth century bc. (28, 318-335), viz. about the above date. TcHENG ;sg, on large point-footed pxis (881). Doubtful, perhaps a part of another name. Tch'eno iS, on largo spades (15), and Tch'eno yh j^ a, for J^, on small sq. ft. pm (407) of ckca 350 B.C.— This was a place in Lu, which Ts'i conquered in 408 B.C. {She Ki, xv. 14«.). TcHENO YH ^ g^, for fp, was under the name of Yung Km ^ ^, the capital city of the state of Tcheng, ^'.r. ; taken by the Han state in 408 B.C.; after the destruction of the state of Tcheng by the latter in 375 B.C., it became Tcheng yh and the capital city of Han until its seizure by Ts'in in 354 B.C., from which time it was called '^ |5^ An-Ung. The sq. ft. small pu (289) coins which bear its name must therefore have been issued after 375 and before 354 B.C. (67^ Ki, kiv. 45, fol. 2 vrrs. and 3; kiv. 15, fol. G V. — Tchuh shu ki niev, v. 33, for the walling of An-linq. — Also Playfair, No. 8445). ° ^ ^ _ Tch'eno tang ^ ^, for ^S. [#. on large knives (921) issned in the state of Km, q.v., by a locality of that name, between 582-550 B.C. before its submission to Ts'i. — The identification of place proposed, p. 222 is so far incorrect. TcHi YH ^ g, on small sq. ft. pus (210-6) with a serial up to ten or more on the reverse. Tho locality is known from the reign of Tchou Li wang, ninth century b.c, as a small principality within Tsin. The coinage dates from circa TcHOH (shct) ^ tK, for vie, on small sq. ft. pw? (356-8) of circa 350 B.C. in Tchao. TcHou J^ , for Pino Tchou, q.v., on large spade (3). Probably circa 350 B.C. /. .n ~J^°y -^'^ ^ '^' ^''^ P'^« Tchou, q.r., and Tung Ti, q.v., on small sq. ft. jms (447-52), issued about 400 B.C. I^^TRODUCTION. Ixi TcHtJ TH ^ g<> for :$|5, on small sq. ft. pus (382-6) of about 400-350 B.C. It was the name of a small principalit}' called Siao Tchu, known from 689 and 653 B.C., reduced to a sinfj:le territory. Tcuw'ang ^ (doubtful) on largo spades (70). TcnwANQ vu Ts'iH PEH ^ ?]; ^ "Q , on small square j^us (107, 1502) of Wang Mang, issued in a.d. 7. TcHWANG TSiUEN SZE SHiH ^ :^ [3 +, on round coins (344, 1715-6) of Wang Mang, issued in a.d. 7. Tch'ui ^. on small spades (113) and weight money (135). — The geographical identification proposed on p. 16 is too far eastwards and too late in time. It is the Tch'ui of Ts'i (in Ping yn of Tai-an, W. Shantung), which is mentioned in 601 B.C. {TcJmn tsiu, 7 ; viii. 3). The coins belong to circa 450 B.C. TcHONG pu, LOH TEH 4" 'HJ 7^ "@", On Small square pus (106) of Waug Mang, issued in a.d. 7. TcHUNG SHIH EEH TCHU ^ -p Z^ 11^, On round coins (1605) cast in clusters, circa 300 B.C. TcHUNG TSIUEN SAN SHIH 4* ^ H + on round coins (1713-14) of Wang Mang, issued in a.d. 7. TcHUNG TU tf ^j on pt. ft. small pus (800), and numerous sq. ft. small pus (165-86) issued apparently circa 400-316 B.C. — It was a town of Lu (p. 39), where Confucius had been Chief Magistrate (501-497 B.C.), previously to his appointment as Minister of Justice in the same state. In 316 B.C. it was con- quered by Ts'iN [She Ki, xv. 27 ; Kia yu : Tai ping yii Ian, 160, 8). TcHUNG TANG pf 1^) On pt. ft. Small pus (857-8). — A town of Tchad men- tioned in 374 {Tchuh shu ki nien, 5, sxxii. 15), and in 285 B.C. (p. 206). Circa, 300 B.C. TcHUNG TH 4* e<> on sq. ft. small pus (285) of circa 300 B.C. — Locality un- known by me in history and geography. TcHUNG TH LIANG SHIH EKH TCHU 3! ~* M + — S$) On round coins, round- holed (1603-4) of the Tchou dynasty, circa 650-336. TcHUNG TH LIANG SHIH SZE (0) TCHU, on Same coius (150, 1601-2) as the pre- ceding. Ti PU PAH PEH ^ ^ A Wj on small square pus (1584-93) of Wang Mang, issued in a.d. 7. Ti SHIH Kiu ^ -f- flj, on large round coins (173) of unknown issue j pro- bably at the beginning of the Former Han dynasty (b.c. 206-24 a.d.). Each issue bore a serial number from 1 to 20 or more (1624-31). Ti TH TcHUNG SZE LIANG ^ — ^ [3 ^, on large coins (1621) issued in the same manner as the preceding. The numeral yh — , is varied up to nine ^ or more (1622-3) on the different issues. Tien 0, on large spades (63). Ting ^, on large spades (85). Ting ping th peh ;£ ^ — "§", on round coins (1836) of the Wu kingdom, issued in a.d. 257, which remained current until a.d. 502. Ts'ai :j', on large spades (92). ■ TsANG jg', on large spades (80). TsANG {{|J, for ^, on small spades (99), abridged for A71 tsang, q.v. Ts'e pu, kiu peh pjf ;jjj ^ "g", on small square pus (1585, 1594) of Wang Mang, issued in a.d. 7. Ts'i ^, in an archaic form (p. 225, sq.), is the generic mint-mark heading of all the legends of the large knife coins issued within the dominion of the state of that name, from the beginning of inscribed coinage, seventh century, to the end of the third century B.C. Also on some spades, Ts'i san kin, q.v. Ts'i fan wang tze kiu hwa ^ jS fi 9^ ■^ -fb) on large knife coins of Ts'i (928-41), of which many were issued. Special characters on the reverse are distinctive marks of the trading parties who issued them. They belong most l,ii INTRODUCTION. nrohtvhly to the cnrroncy cast by Poll Kun-,', Minister of War of Ts'i, by order of his Prince, tho Duko Ilwau, souio time before 012 B.C. See supra, on Chronology, Auu. Ci70 n.c. , r , i i -r Ts'i kiu nw^ 'fJf i- -ffc. the simplified and common legend of the large knife ...ins (59.66. V.-.I, 67-78, '.t:)2-77, 79, 978-89) issued in Ts'i, between (?)o20 b.c. and 211 n.c. Uosides = -f c"> the reverse are special characters, distinctive marks of Hie tnidurs who issued them.— Avoraije weight 730 grs. = 1 tao = 30 hwas. Tsi KwEi HWA ^ B it (P- 301 aud Err.), on a curiously-shaped mgot (vtt/.,("(, p. xxx). Although classitiod in tho Kin ting Uien Uh, K. ii., f. 4 v., among the iiucient coins, I think that it belongs to a much later period, t.e. that it was issued under the Nohtiikun Ts'i dynasty which ruled in Shansi and Tchihli between .'.".0 and 577 A.D. Kwei-hwa is still a city in tho prefecture of So ping, Shansi (N.). \.) other identification would be acceptable. The capital city of the N. Tsi was at V./i, now Lin-tchang in Tchang teh fu (Honan, N.). Ts'i kwan tchpno wano lio henq ku i'an tze kiu hwa 5? HI cf fi ^ ^ n iS ^)C i it. on one of the most remarkable of ancient knife coins (55). Issued f.ir till' travelling merchants between Ts'i and Kwan tchung, gr.y., of Ts'in, somo time after 550 and long before 337 B.C. See supra, i., Ann. 547, and vii. 6. Ts'i SAN KIN ^ ^ If . on spado coins issued in Ts'i (106), as a monetary division of the knives. Ts'i TAi KUNG KIU ^ js^, ^ ^, ^^ ^ knife silver coin (1573), most probably not genuine. Ts'i tchi hwa "^ ^ ifc, on large knife coins of Ts'i (950). Circa 500 B.C. Ts'i TCHI Kin HWA ^ ^ i ilii on large knife coins of Ts'i, issued after the Ts'i FAN WANG, etc type, and before tho Ts'i tchi hwa and Ts'i Kia hwa types, i.e. circa 550 B.C. Ts'i Tsih An-yang, etc ^ 0(l -^ PJij etc , on large knife coins (53, 923) i-sued by TsiH-Mon, q.v., and An-yano, q.v. of Kiii, q.v., after their submission to Ts'i, i.e. after 547 B.C., and before tho conquest of Tsih Moh by Wu, i.e. before 493 B.C. Ts'i TsiH-MOH YNG-LiNG, etc ^ Iff S ® F^> ^tc (obv.) with An wang -^ ft for An- YANG {q.v.) wang or Kai wang ^ ^ (not Kai-fung) for Kai-yanq {q.v.) \v\N0 on the reverse. On largo knife coins (54, p. 225 and Errat.) issued between .>1.7 and 403 B.C., by the mints of An-yang or of Kai-yang, for the monetary union of Tsin-MoH, q.v., and Yng-ling, q.v., of Ts'i. Ts'i VN ^ (for jj!^) ^, on large round coins with central round hole (1613), localized as in the text (p. 327). Probably issued in 206 B.C. by Tien An ^, King of Tsi pch ^ ^b; a short-lived state, branch of the kingdom of Ts'i ^ (208-20G), and absorbed the same year by that of Lin-tse, 206-204 B.C. Ts'i Yng-lino yii Tso yh, etc ^ ^ W ^ & Gj' otc , on large knife coins (62, 922) issued in Ts'i by a monetary union of Yng-ling, q.v., and Tso yh, q.v., some time about 550 B.C., before the state issues of the Ts'i knife coins which superseded the private coinages. For the remarkable reverse, see supra, v. 6. TsiE _0., or Y Jg[, on peculiarly-shaped coins of the Han period. Doubtful. Tein g|J, on small pt. ft. pm (487-90), issued most probably by Tsm moh (^.t>.), while it was an independent ta-fu government in Ts'i and circa 350-300 B.C. Five or more issues were made as shown by the serial on the coins. Tsin MIE P 43,, misread Tsih-yh, in archaistic characters on obv. and rev. of large knife coins (44, p. 214), first issue of the later Tsih Moh, issued soon after 675 B.C., and perhaps the oldest inscribed coin in existence. Apparent weight one-eighth of the hwan standard of 7800 grs. (Cf. i., Ann. 675.) Tsm Moh f|(j g, for |p g, one of the most important mints of Ancient China, occurs on numerous large knife-coins (45-49, 882-909) of two sizes, issued alone and with other places (53, 923, 54, 924-7). Probably adapted from a foreign name introduced in connection witli the foreign settlement of Lang-ta {q.i:). It was once a great emporium near the Lao shaii, on the N.E. of the Gulf INTRODUCTION. Ixiii of Kiao tchou (Shantnng, S.E.) on the S.W. side of which was Lang-ya. Its name has survived as that of a district town on the same spot (lat. 36° 15', long. 120° 44'), which is described in A. Williamson's Journcyx in A'orth China, 1870, i. 128, 415, ii. 243. Its fate was the same as that of Lting-j'a, of which it was a part territory, until 370 B.C., i'.e. ten years after the abaudonmcnt of the latter by Yueh, when it was raised to a fa-fu government by the Prince of Ts'i, under his suzerainty ; its name appearing then for the first time in Chinese history. (Cf. Iloh Tchih, Taih moh tchi, 1763, kiv. i., f. 3. — She Ki, Tien tai kung she kia). In 284 B.C. it remained faithful to Ts'i, with two other towns, Liao and Kiii, against the conquering army of Yen (cf. She Ei, kiv. 34, f. 8; kiv. 82, f. Iv.; T. P. Y. L., kiv. IGO, f. Gw.). The famous expedition of Siii-fuh in search of the fabled islands of the E. Ocuau, started from this place in 219 B.C., and from 209 to 206 B.C. it was the capital city of the short-lived kingdom of Ts'i, between the Ta'iN and Han dynasties. Tsili-Moh was originally the chief mint of Lang-ya. Previously to its submission to Ts'i, i.e. before 547 B.C., it had issued about thirty-five large knife coins of two sizes, all marked jrs?7i-?no7t yh tchi Iciu hwa on the obverse; the reverse bore a distinctive character or a serial for each issue, besides the marks usual in Ts'i of San shih, i.e. 30 (hwan, symbolized either by an inscribed circle or by the carefully made ring forming the end of the handle (pp. 215-9). — In connection with An-yanq (924-6) and with Kai yang (927) of Kiij (q.v.), Tsih Moh issued also some similar knife coins bearing the mark of one or the other of these two places on the reverse, previously to their submission by Ts'i, ('. e. before 550 B.C. and after 580 B.C. After 547 B.C., when included in Ts'i's dominions and before 493 B.C., its conquest by Wu, Tsih Moh issued in connection with Yng-ling of Ts'i and with Kai- yang of Kill, some large knife coins (54), the latter name appearing on the reverse. In connection with An- yang, it issued also some similar coins (53, 923) at the same period. The submission to Ts'i and consequently the later date of these issues, is shown by the character Ts'i prefixed to the legends. Tsih Men yh, etc. . • fff M &> "^tc. . . (obv.) An wang ^ fi (rev.) q.v., on large knife coins (924-G), issued by Tsih Moh, q.v., and An-yang, q.v., between 580 and 550 B.C. Tsih Moh yh, etc (obv.) Kai wang §3 fi, (rev.) on large knife coins (927) issued by Tsih Moh, q.v., and Kai yang, q.v. of KiiJ, before 550 B.C. Tsih yh p g,, misread for Tsih Mie, q.v. Tsin-yang ^ p^ (originally J ^), an important city in C. Shansi as stated, p. 29. It appears in history in 497 B.C. as belonging to Tsin, and as the principal seat of the Tchao ^' clan, about 469 B.C. ;' it ceased to be so when the latter state in 386 B.C. transferred its capital to Kan-tan, q.v., and later on became part of the state of Wei ^, from which it was taken away by the King of Tsi'n in oU3 B.C., when it was destroyed and given back to Tchao. In 246 B.C. it was finally annexed by the state of Ts'in." Tsin-yang issued three sorts of money ; the oldest of the weight money series (No. 133), whose legend testifies to its age, may have been issued after 469 and before 386 B.C. Issues of pw coins, round-footed (Nos. 476-7), thirteen or more in number were made afterwards, i.e. circa 350 B.C., and later on numerous issues of a similar money, but point-footed, were made (Nos. 611-59) between 303 and 246 B.C. The latter were of two sizes ; the larger ones (Nos. 658-9) bore the usual legend Tsin^yaug, with or without serial on the reverse, the smaller as a distinction were inscribed Tdn yang fun, i.e. "half (of the unit) oj' Tsin- yang," but many issues were made without this special indication. ' The Kwok-yti, which finishes in 469 B.C., records the attack of Tsin-yang by Kien-tze, who (lied in 456 B.C., after having ruled the Tchao clan for sixty years (She Ki, kiv. xvi., fol. 7, and xv., fol. 7). 2 Tchin U!u, Ting Kuno;, Ann. xiii. 5. Ghin. Clans., vol. .5, p. 784. TchiJi shit ki nicn, v. 3J,. She Ki, Tb'in pen ki, kiv. v., fol. 27 v. ; Tchao she kia, kiv. 43. Uiv INTRODUCTION. TsiAXO Ml on largo spado^ {12^. TsicKS Ul, ou hirt^o spailes (5o). Tso pu WD I'EH ^ £ "U. on small square pw (1583-90) of Wang Mang, issaed iu a.d. 7. Tso Yii i a (P- 223). See Ts'i Yng-linq yh Tso yii. TsiMr :a. on largo spades (S3). , ,„ . T'u J2, ou largo sjiades ((54), probably for the following. T'u-YANO ± (for li) ^ (for pg), on small sq. ft. pus (131-2). The name appears during the civil wars as 2"« only. In Sbensi, as ou p. 111. Beini,' in Ts'iK territory, this coinage must have been issued before its state coinage (330 B.C.) T'o TAG ± |£, on small sq. ft. pus (439) of circa 300 B.C. Locality un- identified. Tu.v KiTKO Tg 4^-; see Kung Tun. TcN LIU ig •§?, an important locality for the ancient coinage, in TsiN (S.E. Shansi), as identified in the text (p. 6Q). It was founded probably soon after 693 B.C., when the Prince of Tsin reduced the Liu-yu ^ Pf tribes of the Red Teks and conquered their teri-itory {Tchan tsiic, vii. 16, 1), as it existed already in 5.55 B.C. (Tso tchuo)i,ix. 18, 2). Ou the decline of Tsin it passed to Tchao, and in 370 was the residence assigned to the last Duke of Tsin, deposed (Tchuh tihit ki n'wn, V. 31, 6, and She Ki, xliii. 19?;.) In 359 it was taken by Tcheng f|5, i.e. Han $? {Tchuh shu hi nien, v. 32, 10), and in 239 B.C. the King of Ts'in removed its population to Lin-tao {She Ki, vi. 3), in the S.W". corner of the pi'esent Kaasuh, then inhabited by Kiang or Tibetan tribes. — Tun liu was the place of issue of largo spades (9), and of sq. ft. small j/ms (25, 278), circa 400 B.C. In connection with Kcxo ^, q.v., it issued a currency of round coins with small central round hole (154,1611). CiVci 400 B.C. Tung [^, on large spades (9). The counterpart of Ti (10) for Tung-Ti, q.v. TuxG Tchou 1^ /^^, on round coins, with a central round hole (1615), issued most probably between 367 and 355 B.C., and not as suggested in the text (p. 328). See S[ Tcnou. T'ung-Ti [^ ;§, later ^ |^, lit. "copper shoes," appears as the name of a locality belonging to the Yamj-shek ^ g — lit. " sheep tonofue " — family in the state of Tsin (Shantung W., corresponding to the present Tsin f^.^ iu 582 B.C., and raised as an administrative division in 514 B.C. It became part of the state of Han $5f^ when the Tsin state was broken up, and afterwards of Tchad, until its incorporation in the Ts'in empire. {Tso tchuen, Toh'eng Kung, Ann. ix. 8, and Tchao Kung, Ann. xxviii. 5. Chin. Class., r. 371 and 727.— The lands of the Vang sheh family were then arranged into three administrative districts). Issued small jjm coins of the square-footed and square-shouldered pattern (375-7), of the usual type of circa 400-350 B.C. Ten issues at the least were made, as shown by the number shih + 10, on the reverse of one of the specimens. It issued also large spades (9, 10), on which the two symbols of the name appear separately, and sq. ft. pus in connection with Ping Tchou, q.v., marked Tchou Tl, q.v. Tze she ^ J^, an important mint-mark on an extensive coinage of the pu type. Occasionally simplified to Tze f^ only. It occurs on (1) large pt. ft. pus (534-5) ; (2) small ones, with or without the addition of their value, 10 fun -f- :9, on at least fifty issues marked by a serial (543-83); (3) on forty-seven or more other issues (586-9.")), differing from the previous ones by the inversion of the legend; {4) and other variants (596-600); (5) Small rd. ft. jms in eight or more issues (457); (6) Fifty-three or more issues of small sq. ft. pus (217-23), with a serial on the reverse, and two or more issues, legend inverted, without serial (224-.J). — According to probabilities inferred from similar instances, the coinages 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, must have been issued between 350-225 b.c, while the coinage 6 would date from 4-J0-350 u.c. It is a remarkable fact that such important issuers of coins INTRODUCTIOX. Ixv should be unknown in tbe historical literature of the period. Tlio locality inhabited by the Tze clan was raised to an administrative district under the Ts'iN dynasty, (p. 53). Tze yh ^ g,, on small sq. ft. j-u.s- (t37) of cu-fd 300 B.C. Unidentified and of uncertain decipherment. Wei fun l^ (for \f\) ^, a fun of Wei, on small pt. ft. jius (7G1-73), with a serial up to ten or more on the reverse. Wei was one of the great states established at the beginning of the Tchoc dynasty. A little before 371 B.C. it lost its independence and became attached to Wei ^, and in 324 it was reduced to a very small territory situated in N.E. Ilonan, as stated, p. 186. The simplifi- cation of the character Wei on the coin, was made in respect for the old name (cf. V. 10). They were issued apparently between 324 and 230 B.C. Wen ;^, on large spades, see Wek-yang. Wen ho ^ J|, misprinted Wen Pao, on smaller spades. See the following. Wen- YANG 'il^ P^, written ^, and ^ ^. Issued spades (8), smaller spades marked Wen ho (94), and pt. ft. i^us (G92-8). In 589 b.c. it was returned by Tsni to Lu (cf. TfO tchuon, Tch'ing Kung, ii. 4), and nothing more is known of its subsequent history. Wu :^, on spades of the smaller size (100, 107, 108). It was the name of a clan in Tchou, holding probably some hereditary ofiBce at court connected with the state finances. In 720 B.C. a Wu had been sent to Lu to ask for the presents including money {^ fu), which ought to have been sent for the funeral of the king, as was customary between the states {Tchun tsiu, 1, iii. 4, and "Glossary of Numismatic Terms," siq-ira). The same clan may have been the issuers of that currency in the following century. Wu An ^ ^, on small pt. ft. 2nis (747-53), with a serial up to ten. The title of Wu-An Kiuii or Prince of Wu-An, was given by Su, Prince of TcnAO, to Su Ts'in in 326 B.C., the same title given also in 238 B.C. {Slis Ki, Su Ts'in tchuon, and xliii., 41) ; and as in 2G9 B.C. an army of Ts'in reached the west of Wit,-an {Tung Kien), it has been inferred that it was a well recognized territorial name. No such name in Shansi and W. Tchihli, where, however, stood chiefly the kingdom of Tchad, occurs in geographical literature. Wu ,^, for ,|5> ^^ ancient city taken from the state of Tcheng ^, by the King Ilwan of Tchou in 712 b.c. {Tso fchuen, Yn Kung, Ann. xi. 3), was part of the lands belonging to the K'i jji|) family in 514 B.C., whence the Prince of TsiN made it one of the seven administrative divisions into which he divided their lands. In 340 b.c. {ibid., Tch'ao Kung, Ann. xxviii. 5), the King of Ts'iN bestowed it on Yang of Wei, and changed its name into Shang 'j^ {Tchuh shu hi nien, v. 32, Ann. 28). Between 514 and 340 B.C., issued money of the small sq. ft. [ju currency (138-43) alone, and also in connection with Koei (453), q.v. Wu HENG TA pu 2t fr :k. "&> OJi round coins (469-77, 1874-6) of the Northern Tchou dynasty, issued in a.d. 574. Wu KuEi ,% ^, for 1(5 [S;^, on some small sq. ft. pus (453), issued before 340 B.C. Wu P'iNG ^ 2]i, on ten or more issues marked up serially by figures (736-45), and on some ten or less similar issues marked with the denary cycle (746), of small pt. ft. pus. Wu P'ing appears late in history, namely as Wu p'ing si {'^) in 278, and Wu p'in'j nan (jf ) in 274, while in 234 B.C. Ts'iN is recorded to have taken Wu tch'eng (|t^), which is explained by the latter {She Ki, xliii. 35 v., 36 and 44). Wu ji'ing was therefore a regional designation at the time, and the above coins must have been issued by its traders in the third century B.C. Wu TCHU Ji ^, on round coins (pp. 360-133), the common standard of the Han dynasty, which, issued for the first time in b.c. 118, remained current until it was superseded in 622 a.d. by the new coinage of the T'ang dynasty. During these 740 years an innumerable amount of varieties and imitations were issued. Y ^, or TsiE ^, q.c. Uvi INTRODUCTION. Yii hj,, probably for Yanci gj, see Yano uua, on largo spades (76). Vii it, on large spades (59). Y 3?> "J'l liirgo spades (25). Y no t^ K (?), on small sq. ft. pus (435) of the usual type. Decipherment doubtful. UnidiMititiod, perhaps fi|i. Y SUE i^ J^, on small sq. ft. pus (250) of circa 300 B.C. Situated as stated in the text (p. 00). Yu TAO — JJ, on round coins (1705-7, 340) of Wang Maug. Probably imitated from the following. Yii tag ping wu tsicn — 7J, ^ S T^. on short thick knives (137-48) of Wang Mang, issued in A.D. 7. The first issues had the two characters yh tao inlaid in gold. Yii TcnuNG g, rt». See Tciiuno yh. Y-YANG Jit ^ or S f^, a town of the Han state, q.v., of the Civil Wars period (in tbo present Honan fu, as stated in the text, p. 71). Ts'in attacked it in 390 B.C., took it by assault in 365 B.C., and finally occupied it in 307 B.C., when 60,000 men wore beheaded. {She Ki, kiv. 15, fol. 16 v., 24 and 28 ; kiv. 45, fol. 2 v., 3 v., 4, 6 and 6 v.) Issued some pu coins of the sq. ft. small type, between 408 and 307 b.c. (Nos. 202-3). Y-Yano ^ ^, later ■|J* t^, a town of the Han state, q.v. in Honan, as stated in the text, p. 71, and unknown to history. It issued some small pus of the common type, very similar to those of Y-Yang, q.v., ■which must belong to the same period (No. 291), i.e. the fourth century B.C. Yh-tcuang ^ q, a town of the state of Yen, during the contending state period, corresponding to the modern Yung-tsing, in Tchih-li. Nothing is known of it in history. It issued a small pw coin (No. 336), which seems to be of the date of 300 B.C. Yang i^, on large spades (75). Perhaps for YaMg sheh ^ -g-. Cf. T'dng Ti. Yang bua ^ L, for — or ;j^ -ft, hua of Yang. On numerous pt. it. jm."! (839-56). — ^Yang for Yung yh (i^ g,, a town of Tchou, which Tsm con- quered in 633 B.C. (She Ki, xxxix. 24) ; given temporarily to Tchad (Kan Tan) by Wei in 361, it was fortified by the latter in 315 B.C., and its name was then changed into Ho-yung {Tcliuh sine ki, nien, 5 ; xxxii. 7, and sxxiii. 6). The issue of the coins must have taken place before 361, since Kan Tan, q.v., had its own coinage. The modern idontilication is doubtful (p. 203). See Yang yh. Y'ang kiu I^ ^ (for jj|j). The f^ is .specially altered (for the reason ex- plained at Ki-i/miij, q.v.). On small sq. it. pus of circii 300 B.C. It was identical with Kdo Tang of the Tchun tsiu period. Situated as in the text, p. 105. Yang yh P|j g,, the same place as described under Yang hua, q.v. It issued (1) in connection with Lang ya, q.v., and Lu, q.v., a large sort of sq. ft. pus (39, p. 115) between 477-380 b.c; (2) and alone, many pt. it. pus marked Yang ItiM, before 361 B.C. Yang yh |^ g,, on small sq. ft. pus (144) issued in the third century. The identification of p. 34 is exact, but it is the preceding Yang-yh, the name of which was changed in 316 B.C., and not this second one, which was situated in the TcuAO state, conquered by Ts'in in 22S B.C. Yn TAO — JJ, on small round coins (169-71, 1619-20) of circa 200 B.C. Different from the other Yu tao. Yao PC, EEH I'EH ji, ^i ~ "S, 01 Very small square thick ^ws of Wang Mang (1681-7), issued in a.d. 7. Yao tsiuen yh shih :^ :^ — +, on small round coins (1711) of Wang Mang, issued in a.d. 7. Ye or YA TO or 4J[|5 (misread ^ llj re-shan, p. 207), a variant spelling of J'rt in Lang-ya, q.v., on numerous small (859-68), and large (869-74) pt. ft. j)w.<:, issued at Lang-ya, before 380 B.C. Yen ling 'h^ gt, for jg5 [i^, on small sq. ft. jms (2S0-7). It belonged to LVTRODUCTIOX. Lxvii Ts'c and was the site in 575 of one of the famous battles between Tsin and Ts'd {Tchun tdu, 8 ; xvi. 6), when Ts'u was routed; it was conquered by Han in 319, and by Ts'm in 279 B.C. {She Ki, xv. 26, 32). The years between 319 and 279 B.C. were probably those during which this coinage was issued. Yng-ling g |i|^', simplified from ^ |»g, a respectful variant of Ynr/ K'iu, a name of the capital of the state of Ts'i, otherwise named at first Ytifj-k'in g [^, and Tiin-t.::e Eg '^ later on, i.e. in 859 B.C., when it became the capital city. It has been preserved in the name of a district of the pi-csent Shan-tung province, as stated in the text, p. 223. Its site had attracted attention from the time of Tai Kung Wang, who is reputed to have granted concessions there to work out the Bait which the land produces. {She Ki, Ts'i tai kung she kia, kiv. 32, fol. 2 r.) It occurs on knife money of the larger sort, in conjunction with the name of Tso-yh, q.v., and also with that of Tsih-moh, q.v., and Kai-yanq, q.v., issued after 547 B.C. Vid. Nos. 62, 54. Yd ^, a small principality in S.W. Shansi, which was destroyed by TsiN in 655 B.C. It issued between c. 670 and 655 B.C. some Tch'eiiff-ma or saddle coins, otherwise weight money (p. 19) for "one kin," and for "half a kin," in the life- time of Kuan-tze, in conformity with his regulations on weights and exchange. The system was imitated by the Wei at An-yh and afterwards at Liang, q.v. The name being that of the state, is written probably out of respect in a peculiarly altered form. Yij J3^, on large spades (16). Yu ]^, on large spades (7). YiJ ^, on large spades (6). YiJ ^[5 written g, ^, on small sq. ft. pus (290). The place is mentioned once in 712 B.C., when the King of Tchod took it from the state of Tchenc {Tso tchiien, 1, xi. 3), but nothing is known about it afterwards besides this coinage, which belongs to the fourth century B.C. YiJ FDN ^ (for ©) 5>, or "/"" of Yii," on small pt. ft. pus (774-83), with a serial up to ten or more. The identification proposed on p. 189 is inexact. The mint-place was a locality of Wei on the W. of Liang, q.v., which was restored to that state in 399 B.C. {She Ki, xv. 15 v., and xl. 24). This coinage was con- temporary with that of Wei, q.v., and its date therefore was circa 300 B.C. Yuen JH, on large round coins with small central round hole (151-2, 1606-7), and probably also on smaller coins of the same kind, issued in connection with Kdno, q.v., of which a broken specimen is published in K. T. H., Li, i. 6. It was a place, as stated in the text (p. 323), which existed during the civil wars (485-255 B.C.), and whose name was extended to (but not created for) Pu-fan and Pi-she in 290. It passed from Tchad to Wei ^ in 375, and was taken by Ts'm in 238 B.C. {She Ki, V. 27 V. ; vi. 3 v. ; xv. 37 i^; and xliii. 6).— Circa 400 B.C. Yu pu san feu ^ ■^ j:i "§", on small square thick piu.s (1582-8) of Wang Mang, issued in a.d. 7. Yu TsiUEN ERH SHiH ^ ^ HI +, on Small round coins (1712) of Wang Mang, issued in a.d. 7. YuN ^, on large spades (93). Yung kwang ^ also yh ts'ien (^), on bronze and ii-on round coins (1847-50) of the Northern Liang dynasty. Issued after a.d. 401, in various sizes. Yung tung wan kwoh :§£ 5E ^ P' o'^ largo and smaller round coins (478-81, 1877-81) of the Northern Tciiou dynasty, issued in a.p. 5S0. l^v„i INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER VIIT. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The bibliocrraphy of Chinese numismatics coald be given here extensively but without usc'ful purposes. The Chinese have taken interest in their coinag-o since ancient times, and works were written by them on the subject since the Ilan dyuastj'. Quotations from catalogues of collections made in the sixth century are at present still met with in recent books. A list which I have prepared contains more than sixty-five titles of different works. Those which have been referred to in the present Catalogue are the followng : — , -, ,, K.T.H.— ^ ^ ifi, Ku tsiuen hwei, by ^ j^E R, Li Tso-hien, styled f; jjjj Tchu-pOn-r, 15 vol., Ibb2. S.T.II.— i^ ^ SI. -^'"'^ tsiuen hwei, a supplement to the preceding work by the same,' 4 vol., 1S75. T.S.T.— ^ j^ M, Tsicn sheh tu, by ^ ^, Sie Kw'en, 4 vol., 1842.* K.K.S.K.L.— ^ ^ f/r a B> -S^^'/' '«■" ^c '"'e» ^"^> 4 "^o^v 1^1^-' H.P.W.T.K.— H '^ % ^M> ^0 pu wen tze k'ao, by ^ ^ .^, Hwa Ting-ma, 4 vol., 1833. All are remarkable for the accuracy of their reproductions of coins, engraved from actual rubbings. I have also derived some scanty information from the iJi ^ ^ lit, T^in ting tsicn luh, in 2 vols., 1750,. reprint of the numismatical section, highly uncritical, of the great Catalogue of the Kien-lung Museum ;— ^ J^, Tsiuen she, by i| '^ ^, Tchen- yang Sheng, 16 Kiv., 1834; M W ^h ^, Siuen tsing siao tsicn, by %^ JC fS, Hii yuen-K'ai, 10 Kiv., 1844; ^ ,^. fjf f%, Tsien tchi sin 2nen, by gg ^ fg Tchang Ts'ung-y, 4 Kiv., 182(3 (very uncritical).' From the Han dynasty the best sources are the sections on political economy (fJ' It la-) '° ^^^ contemporary Annals of each dynasty. Most of the statements therein liave been collected in the Encyclopedic works where they can be easily reterred to, notably, in the Tuvij Hen j^ M, and in the Tu shu ts'ih tcheng ^ ^ a^ ^ (sect. 27). The numismatic resume called Tsien -pi K'ao, ^ ^ ^, 'i the Wen him t'vng K'ao, ^ i^ jj^ ^, of Ma Tuan hn, in 1321, is useful except for the period anterior to the lluu dynasty.' In European literature on numismatics, on the period of Chinese coins included in the present work there are only a few papers, which cannot be referred to because they are either misleading or based upon untrustwoi'thy sources. The only extensive work on the matter is the great Catalogue compiled in 1842 by the Baron R. de Chaudoir and M. Leontiefski at St. Petersburg" in 1842, but there is hardly anything in it before the Han dynasty. ' These two works of Li Tso-hien are remarkable for the criticism and carefulness displayed in their composition, and deserve full praise. ' Analysed hy Mr. John Williams in the Numismatic Chronicle, 1851, Vol. xiii., pp. 143-166. • Also analysed by Mr. John Williams in the Numismatic Chronicle, 1852, Vol. xiv., pp. 155-175. ' An abridgi'd translation with figures has been published by Mr. C. B. Hillier entitled, A Brief Notice of the Chinese vjorh; Tsien tchi sin pien, and a key to its 329 woodcuts of the coins ot China and neighbouring nations (TraHs. China Br. B. A. S., No. ii., Hong Koug, 1852, pp. 1-162). Eepro- dneed without figures in J. Doolittle's Vocahulary, toI. ii., pp. 603-C15. * It forms (1) the basis of Ed. Biot's M^moire sur la Systeme Monetaire des Chinois (Journal Asiatique, iii. ser., torn, iii., Mai, 1837, pp. 422-465 ; iv. 97 sq.,209 sq., 441 sq.) ; (2) the bulk of Dr. W. Vissering, On Chinese Currency, Coin and Paper Money, Leiden, 1877. ' Recueil de Monnaies de la Chine, de Japan, de la Coree, d'Annam et de Java, au nombre deplus dc niille, precede dune introduction Instorique sur ces monnaies, St. Petersbourg, 1842, fol. INTRODUCTION. Ixix In tlie preparation of this Catalogue I have beeu under special obligations to Dr. S. W. Bushell, of the British Legation at Peking, to Mr. C. Ballu Alorse, of the Chinese Imperial Customs service, to l\Ir. T. Christopher Gardner, one of H.M. Consuls in China, and to ilr. Williams Lockhart, not only for advice but also for the loan of books which have proved of great service to me. I am besides particularly indebted for help to my friend Howell Wills, Esq., barrister-at-law. Prof. E. K. Douglas and Mr. H. A. Grueber, of the British Museum, are also entitled to share in these acknowledgements for the trouble they have taken in reading the proofs; and special thanks are due, not only from me but also from all those interested in the numismatics of Eastern Asia, to Prof. R. Stuart Poole, the Keeper of Coins and Medals in the British Museum, on whose recommendation the present work was undertaken, and upon whom officially the duties of Editor have devolved. I may also add that it is to the energies of Prof. Poole that the collection of Chinese and cognate coins in the British Museum is now one of tho best in existence. A. TEREIEN DE LACOUPERIE. ( Ixxi ) ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. I'AOE 1. The various dates stated there are those of the Bamboo Annals. For the other schemes of chronologyj cf. Introduction, pp. viii.-x. 4. Bead 1103 or 1032 or 1091 B.C. instead of 1032 B.C. 5. I. 12 : Head see Inti-oduction, p. xlix.-lxvii., s.v. 12. No. 94 : Read Wen ho instead of Wen pao. 18. 1. 2 : Read from circa 680 B.C. to 317 B.C. instead of 327 ; same line 18. 19. 1. 1 : Dele circa 375 B.C. 22. No. 10 : Read Introduction, pp. sxx;vi. and liv., for a Letter identification. 28. No. 131 : Read Wei — instead of ^. SO. No. 137 : „ i. 17 V. fif. 6. 32. 1. 18: „ 39 38. „ 1. 29: „ W. Shansi E. Shansi. 63. No. 262 : „ yt iv., f. 5 % -, f. 15. 94. No. 375 : „ Shansi , Shantung. ,, No. 377 : „ iii. f. 18 iii., f. 6 r. 07. No. 423 : „ must be older „ cannot be older 213. The circumstances concerning the payment of mulcts with knives occurred not in 650 but in 679-675 B.C., and are somewhat different, as may bo seen in the Introduction, p. xi. 214. No. 44: Read Tsih Mic wsteid o/ Tst/t ?//(, and cf. the Alphabetical List. „ 1. 11 : „ Shensi „ Shansi. 221. 1. 15 : „ Heng III., ff. 8-12 instead of Heng, ff. 8-12. 225. No. 54 : „ Kui wang ^ ,, Kai fung. 226. No. 927 : „ „ „ „ „ „ „ 251. No. 1028 : „ Li tch'en yang „ ? shih yang. 265. No. 1236 : „ Tchao Siang Wang had a covenant in that town with the King of Wei {She Ki, v. 28) instead of conquered the town with the help, &c. . . . 301. No. 1579: Read Ts'i hivei him, @ If -ft instead of Ts'i (undecipherod). Cf. Introduction, p. 323. No. 151 : Read It was the name extended . . . instead of It was the name given . . . 328. Nos. 1614-5 : Dele the explanations and cf. to the Alphabetical List. 330. last lines : Read The first type 156 was probably issued , . . instead of All these types . . . 353. 1. 13 : Read Ya-tcliou fu in Sze-tchuen instead of in Szetchuen. 360. 1. 19 : „ Sui dynasty instead of Sin dynasty. 394. No. 1799ffi „ .... tchung erh (11) Hang instead of ... . tchung yh ( — ) Hang. And cf. my monograph Ifne Monnaie Bactro-Chinoise hilingue du premier siccle avant notre ere, Paris, 1890, 14 pp. (Extr. C.-R. Acad. Inscr. et B.-L.). 411. No. 1844: Read M ^ instead of i| p. For all the names on coins, cf. the Alpha'betical List, ch. vii. of the Introduction, for corrections, supplementary information, more precise dates, better identifications, or references to other issues. HIA-SHAN G-YN AND TCHOU DYNASTIES. UNINSCRIBED AND VARIOUSLY SHAPED CURRENCY. From the twentieth to the seventh centnry B.C. Originally any metallic tool or implement of small size, or even a lump of metal, was used in barter. The convenience of this practice led gradually to the habit of casting sham tools or implements for tlic purpose of exchange only. Traditions which were current in the sevent h cent. B.C., claim for the great Yii, in 1985 B.C. (?), and Tch'eng T'ang, founder of the Shang dynasty, in 1556 b.c. (?), the casting of metallic money for the relief of the people. The last ruler of the Shang- Y'n dynasty, 1558-1050 b.c, is reputed to have overtaxed his people to hoard money in his pleasure-palace of Luh-tai (S.-E. Tchihli), where it was found in 1050 b.c. by Wu Wang, founder of the Tchou dynasty. The common and rather suggestive name for metallic currency was then ^ tsiuen, 'source.' Tch'eng, second king of the Tchou dynasty, by the advice of Tai Kung of Ts'i, a sage from the eastern barbarians of the sea-coast (Nortli Kiangsu), established in 1032 b.o. certain rules for currency, and enacted that metallic pieces should heuceforth be ex- changeable according to their weight. lYNASTV (a.lniHff loll. Reverse. (Coiroilocl.) yE. Weight 547. The usual thinness of metal in the specimens of this class precludes their practical nse as tools, and shows them to be sham spades or shovels made exclusively for ex- change. The handle is still hollow, as in the genuine implements of husbandry, which they imitate. They belong to the class generally called Pi-tch'an, or "Spade-Money." ■nixs('kii;ki» cim;kkxcy. 2. (G,„:h,a- (•»//.) Reverse: Plain, no liin nor marks. ( liqiivsnitutivc Spcfiineii.) -IC. \Vt. S7. Ornamented specimens are met with in Chinese c-ullectiuns (T.H.T., fi'. 11 — 1-1). A frequent name for pieces of these shapes is |^ 1^ Kiao /d, or liridge-Moiioy, so called from their appearance; but they are better known as ilg ^ ^ Kin (5) IVu f $1 (6) Yii 9 ? # (7) Yu ro M (8) W,>n ^ 25C (9) Thmg 4^f1 ng (10) S/,e o ^ (H) Lin ^ (12) Tn'invq IE ^ (13) n N ,T n (14) Ko I ^ (l.'i) Tck'cng m ^ (!'') Yu ^^ 3^ (17) Pan 11 W SPADK-MoNEY. OUULK. Kkadino. INSCUII'TION. MODBIIN Chinese (18) lAh m M (19) Lai m ^i (20) Muh * i 7tC (21) Poh & & 6 (22) Tche ^" (23) Iliang |9^ Iti] (24) Hoh f5l 'Q' ^(25) Y l,^"lf ^1 (26) So/i oo 2. Serial signs:- (27) r/( (28) Erh (29) Snii (30) Sze (31) Wu (32) Luh (33) IVih (31) I'ah (3^) Shih 1 '- ^-' uue zn — Two s H Three @ ® B Four X S Fivo -\ X /^ Six A Sovou Eight ♦ + Teu OUDKB. ItlAUINO (30) TCIIOU DYNASTY. _ 3d sign of the cycle riu.j rJ\ ^ of 10. /fc jrlj 5th of the cycle of 10. 5 e, flthofthecycleoflO. J^ -^ ^ Sthofthecycleof 10. J -I- 9th of the cycle of 10. + "i- $ ^ -^ Istof thecycleof 12. (43) il/ao db ^J 4thofthecycleofl2. (44) U'm '>^ /^ }hi ^ 7thofthecycloof 12. (15) Woi ^ * Sthofthecycleof 12. (37) Wn (38) At' (31)) Sin (40) Jen Last of the cycle of (41) Kwei 4i ^ /^ '^- 10. (42) Tze (40) fi'iu/i M ^ nth of the cycle of 12. ,, ^. jsn 4th of the cycle of (•*") ^«" ^"';7 T ^" 12 and 4th I T cycle of 10. 12 and 4th of the 3. Various words, some of which may be geographical : the translations are provisional : — (48) Eeng A « Going. (49) Hiva H «, Exchangeable. (60) Pi i t Measure. SIWKK-MiiNKV. (51) (52) (5:i) M,'H Teh, (51) Shaug (55) Tsinrn (56) Tno (57) Knvg (58) Fah (59) Yh (60) Knn,j (61) SliKVq (62) Ula (6:5) Tiru (64) T'n (65) Yu (06) Sxng (07) Ku IXSCHIPTIOy ^ ^ MoDKHN- .MlvAMNC,. Sllrll. n Exc'huii IVarl. t'.J ilolp. liTll ^>l S.Kirce. ;> J} Knife. ^o^ '& iV Duke. $\ m HMppiues n s lucicase. X X Work. ± J: Hioli. 1 T Lnw. e fn T.an.l. ± ± Kartli. f J T- To. ..)K^n, ^?t Fir-tree. t * Ancient. C Q TrilOU m'NASTY. KOr.K Ukadi!"». MoDT:nN- Meaning. iNSCBirxioN. Chinese. (68) Hon 1^1 m Earl. (i-.O) Kno s #. Lamb. (70) Trh'irnvg ^ ^ m Window. IBrildll^ m Dwelling. (Tl) Sh'h |2) 1^ 1^ (7-2) Fah f "'Ifl W Attack. Flock. (73) K'iiin b0 ^ (74) Km (f\v-^ s Chief. (75) Tang ¥ ^ Slieop, Goat. (76) Yh ^ - ii ir Change. (77) Nan « it South. (78) Fei ^ut # Bad. (79) Mao Ii J^ Precious token. (80) Tsanrj 1 t Granary. (81) Nffui t 3^ Artemisia. SPADF-MO.N'EV. (82) (83) (84) (85) (87) (88) Ken 2, (94) and var.— S.T.H. |i jf T f- 10, (94) and var. S.T.H. X n f. 4, (95).— H.P.W.T.K., k. 4, (94). The same shape on a larger scale (2'3 in., handle exclusive), has been issued with the following characters on the right side of the obverse : — (100) 1^ Wn (101) ± Ta (102) ^ Kicei and on the left side : (lOo) i Jen (104) Siuh % Warrior. Great. The last of the cycle of 10. The 9th of the cycle of 10. The nth of the cycle of 12. References .—The Author of S.T.H., ^ jg f fif. 10, 11 , 12 leaves the symbols uudecipherod. TCIIOU DYNASTY. (lOo) I. 1^ j.^ Pi-tc/iUi)i, or Sjiadc-^Ionoy (continued). A. With h.jllow Imuille. II. .Shouldehs down. OnvKiisK. Kevei Only the ordinary three raised lines frc top to bottom, and no legend. Lu yh was situated S.K. of the modern Tchang tsing, ^ ^ Lieu, in Tsi nan fu g^ ^, by 3G° 40' and 1 17° 01' (W. Shantung). Several varieties exist. The character is sometimes turned to the right instead of the left. The discrepancies occur on the under character, which vai'ies in form and is placed always at the bottom, either to the left or to the right. Its various shapes are ^ ^ "> o: a 1^ (J 06) Obverse. Ta'i san kin, \ /^ "Three kin of Ts'i." " The discrepancies are unimportant in the varietie.';, and occur chiefly in the right side character, always recognizable. Only the ordinary three raised lines, and no legend. 107) ^ "% '% it 4 -ici ^ vX nO- (108) Obverse. Smaller (size 1-7), with thre horizontal lines, H = 3. Reverse. Same as obverse. JE. Same size. References.— K.T.E. ^c + f. 5; 6, 7; 3-4, A. and var., B. and var., C. and var.-S.T.H. X-f-5,C.and var.— H.P.W.T.K , k.4. f. 1,2,3, A. and var. C— T.S.T., k.21, f. 4.9,B SPAI)E-i\r( )NF,Y. 1 5 I. ^ 1^ Fi-fc/ian, ov Spado- jNloney (coi/fiu/icd). A. With hollow handlo. 11 [. Shoulders w. Pieces of the same shape and size as No. 1 (p. 2) hour the following marks on the obverse : — (109) 8e — f -t: Seven (110) ? O +? Tcn(?) The same shape of a smaller size, without characters on the reverse, was issued with the following obverses (upper right side) : — (111) Kan t/ if Tan ^ ^t % f 15 Kan-tan was the capital of the state of Trlino jlfl ; now answering to a liipn in Kionhj p'ing fu, 3G° 40' and 114° 40' in S. Tcliihli. (112) Yh — — One (The beginning of a series ?) jV.. Size 5-4. Beferences .—A. : S.T.H., ^ jg T <" • 14.— B. : S.T.H., Ifl S T f • 1 4. v.— C. K.T.H., x + f- 7.— D. : K.T.H., Jc + f- «• TCHtT DYNASTT. 'm i^ ri-/c/i'in/, or Spadi-^Loncy (co/i/hiKr'd). n. With tiat haiuUe. (Dubious.) M ^ M" ?'«/'<'„. No legend. [Tl]i> spccimui) seems to be nn imilalion nf Xo. 5.] IE \Vt. 2S7. The double name suggests an issue made by two market cities in partnership for that and probably other purposes, as mentioned hereafter, p. 32. The names indicate apparently the cities of 'An-yli 7, and of F'/ng-Tchou (236) ; see also (444). M Sl'ADK-MOXKV. I. ^ i^ ri-tch'au, or Spade-Money {contiimcd). C. Two-loggcd. (llo) Obvkksk. Reversk. (= 9^) \y hih. Trh'ui is now Fuh Shan fg \\\ Men (lat. 37" 33', long. 121° 35') in E. Shantung. The figure on the reverse indicates probably a series, since the same obverse was issued with the same reverse without it, as (114). (114) Kung. '•"iy M IM 1 : Sometimes with a small stroke across the central line, suggestive of — yh, 'one,' the beginning of a series (?). Beference.'.- .— K.II.T. % — ff. IG, 17.— H.P.W.T.K., III., S. 42, 43. The latter reads the (113) obverse: Jff. TCIIOU DYNASTY. IT. AVEICJIIT-MONEY. From circii GSO r.c. to 327 n.c. The TTciglit-Monoy was the regular outcome of the laws enacted by tlie Leader-Prince of the Chinese States, circa r..('. GSO (see p. 4 and Introduction), but we have no historical information about earlier emis- sions than those represented here. In fact, beyond what is said by the legends of the pieces, i.e. precious facts concerning the weights, and a few names of places, very little is known. Even the latter names do not give a positive and precise clue as to their dates except in case of the destruction of places, as, for instance, P'u-fan 17 and Tsin-yang (133) in 302 B.C. Though previously in existence, the towns they indicate were all included within the states of Wei |fg and Tchao ^ , which arose in 403 B.C., with that of Han, on the ruins of the former state of Tsin § . The similarity of type of the pieces and several minor facts permit us to suppose, Avith great probability, that those which form our series of Wei were issued circa 375 B.C. As to those of our second series, that of Tchao, we find a hint about their date in a statement of history. Tchang-I ^ \^ , who was Prime Minister in Tchao until 327 B.C., was granted by his sovereign Su |f (348-325 b.c.) the privilege of issuing Kiii-ma ^ .Wj money. Such was one of the appellatives of this class of currency. Another one was Fl-tcWeng-ma '^ ^ ,P|, or ' Eiding :Moncy,= so called from its likeness of shape to that of a saddle. But the oldest was Kia-ts'eh-ma ^ H ,^ , or better Ts'eh-ma ^ Wg 'Slip- Weiglit Money,' wIumicc Weiglit-Monov. AVi;i(;HT-M(»xi;v. (I.) Series of JFei Ul > eirea ;J7u u.c A. Round Suoulueued. [Wb] ' One kin of Yii." i)$#. Reveksk. Plain, without marks or lines. Yii was a small principality wbicli was absorboJ by Tsin about 051 b.c. It answered to the modern Finy-luh ^ f^ (lat. 34° 17', long. 111° Uo'), S.-W. Shausi. (116) The symbol for J^ on the left and ^c on the right. Diacropaueies in shape of signs arc unimportant in all the issues. ^- S.-imcsizc. (117) Yii' pan' kin,' " Half kin of Yii. hi. /0\ Reverse plain, without marks or lines. Reference :—K.T.R. % I., ff. 1, 2. TCHOU DYNASTY. 7. OllVKKSK. Reveksji;. H' 3^' 'An'-yh' crh' Un.' ^i; ' S " " 'i'wo A/h of 'An-Yh." No marks uor lines. M. \Vt. 312. The old town of 'An is now 'An-Yh hien (lat. 35° 05', long. 110° 58'), in Sbansi. Sec 5 and 6 above for older money of the same place. (aaM«.-r(nll.) m a Same lu^enJ as 7. Rcv(3i-sc plain, no marks uor lines. As preceding. (Oardiur Coll.) AVKlC.irr- MONEY. 9. Obverse. Same legend as 7- Kevekse. riaiu, no uuirk.s nur lii As 7, above. (118) Same legend, but the implement turned handle upwards, as (1-1). lu the middle ^ 'An, shaped as < the obverse. Otherwise plain. (119) Obverse upwards, same as (118). (120) 'An-iih yh kin. Oue /^m uf 'An-Yh." u Reverse same as (118) and above, incuse ^ shaped as ou reverse of (121). A^. Same size. Eeverso plain, no marks TClinr DYNASTY. (1:^1) iS:uno logornl .13 (120). ji (# Sumo legend as Ql '.. . r-7 above. :_L. .X f^ f^' 2?<'/ere«ces.— K.T.II. x, I., fi. 0, 9.— H.P.W.T.K. IL, S. 1.2. '.'rh-xhlh^ tang^ lueh.' ^' <=*^' *- (= I?) (= ^9 i.e. " Kin-Yu (or cut- ting-boc) of Liang's trea- sury ; 20 equal to a liieh." Reverse : Plain, no marks nor round edges. ■®- W'- *54. This legend has remained a stumbling-block for all the Chinese Numismatists. On its decipherment, cf the variants of (124) and (128), and see Introduction. LiMig, nc)w Kai-fuiig ^ Jf of Kai-fung fu, in E. Honan, became the capital of AVei, in WEIOIIT-MONEY. (Gardner Cull.) m m Same legoiul an preceding. Reversk. Plain, no marks nor round cdrrcs. ;122) Obvekse. Same as preceding. (Ganlntr Call.) ^n - + m I'evekse. Plain. With ^ incuse in the centre, shaped as on the obverse. Ueverse. J 'Iain, no marks nor round ed<>-es. Same legend as 7. willi this exception, that the two figures ] - are mterverted ZL \ J\'.. W'l. IIIM. TCIIOU DVXASTY. (12;!) OnvEiiSK. Saino na procoiliiig as to the lower symbol on tlio right. Tlio figures arc like those on 1 and 1 1 . Keversf Plain, ^T** with J in the centre. {l!,lr,U,r Coll.) rr t'. ^5 M &7 +- m Same legend as 10. 7ii m Same legend as 10. 13. Reverse. Plain, no marks nor round edges. (Representative Specimen.) 7E. Wt. 2fi5. Plain, no marks nor round edges. t;itivc S|ioiiincn.) JE. Wt. 272. WF.ICIIT-MONKV ;i24) Obverse. (= 15) 1^ Kevkiisk. Treasury.' Liuinj' kin" kill' kiii^ Umf l/'th." i.r. " Kin metal of Liuug's treasury equal to a h'irli." (125) Other issues, with slight differences on the obverse, have the incuse sign of the reverse written thus: '^ (126) Obvekse : Same. | Reverse : Plain. (127) 1^' ^' ^■ Obverse. /I\: {=?f5) jE^ ^. .< " Rightly-rockoncd kin of Liang, to equal a lurli." Reverse : Plain, no marks nor rouml edges. '26 (128) 1^ 1^ M ffi ^ IH •lior liVXAsTV, Revkkse. Plain, no marks nor i-ound edges. Same lejjfeiul as (127). ;!•:. Sizp 2-5. Eomark the shape of tlio first symbol, which is a cluo to the reading '^ for al the class. (129) ^V fi^I ti^ m ^ IE Reverse plain, larks nor round edges. Same legend as (127) Brfnrnrrx :—K.T.U. % T., ff. :3, 1.; IX., f. 1.— Tl.P.VV.T.K. IT., if. r,, G No leyeud. (Eeiirosentativc Specimen.) JR. \Vt. 279. (loU) {=11 \Vi;i(;ilT-.MoNKV. Obvkuse. fir' (= 15) ^= . vK.. tangUuvh.' i.e. " ILilf of reckoned 2 kin of Liang, to equal a l/icli." IvKVERSE : Plain, uo marks uor round edges. lirfi'rrnc,' .— K.T 11. % I., fol. 4. II. Wciglit-Monoy (coiiliiuicd). (I.) Series of W.i, ciira :;::, i;.c. B. SQUARE SllOLLDEIiEU. 16. Obverse. Reverse. i.e., "An-yh, two Idn." No Icsrimd. •2^ TCIIUU DYXASTY, 17. (/,..i*..rt (•«//.) UUVEK^K. (=tlli) l"n:-I'\in'' yh' kin,' i.e. " One Aw oE l"u-Fan." This town, which was situate at 5 li S.-E. of modern P'u-tchan, in S.-W. Shansi, was destroyed in 303 b.c. Reverse : Plain, no marks. (Representative Specimen.) M. Wt. I'M. 31) Obv ERSE. Reveese. Mei' yh'-kin,' eiS Plain, no marks One kin of Moi." M. Size 1-95 Mei for Mei-yh \i^ g, (sec 317), a place in Wvi ^, answering to modern Ki ^ (lat. 35° 38', long. 1U° 21'), in N. Honan. (132) ^^' #= ^' \/^ Mei' pan- kin,' m "UMkinoi Mei." Plain, no marks. Same place as preceding. AVKICilT-.MtiNKY. II. WEIGHT-MONEY {conthuted). (II.) Series of Tchao j^, circa 315 it.c. (133) Obvekse. Revekse. Tsin^-i/niK/- yJi,' "One Mn of Tsin-yang." m riaiu, no marks. Tsin-yang answered to modern T'ai-yuen ^ ^ (lat. 37° 45', long. 112° 20'; . Shansi. It was destroyed in 303 d.c, at the same time as P'u-fan, 17. (134) The varieties are unimportant on the obverse, tSomo bear linos on the reverse, which may be a series. Reference ;— K.T.H. % I., L 13. (135) Teh' id' yh' kin,' " One Ixin of Tcli'ui. >• Reverse plain, no marks. .K. Size 103 Same town as (lloj above. The varieties arc unimportant. TCHOU DVXASTV. (13l'.) OUVKKSE i^ '.W Yir nh, •• 'An-Yu 2.' f^« llKVEUSfc I'liiiii, no marks. /;..,•,,,. ,;_ K.T.11. %l.,L\\,\2 r.— S.K.T.II. x I-, f- 3.— T.S.T. XXL, f. , 3 v.- II.P.W.T.K., III., (T. 7, 38,4.1. II. "Weiglit-Mouey {continued). (HI.) Other Series. (137) Nirh khl, "Kin of Nit'h. 1^ y A Reverse. No variant known. Nieh She liien, or district of the Nieh clan, was a place in Shansi answering now to Wu-Eiang ^ ^ (lat. 36° 50', long. 112° 50'). See below (231, 442, 443). References .--K.T.II., % I., ff. G.— H.P.W.T.K., III., f. 15. rU-MoNKV. III. PU-MONEY. Prom tlio sixtli lo Ww tliird (•(Milury n.n, The ^ Pif-'Monoy as ropi-eseiitod in the following- pages was in circulation for a long period, viz., from the sixth to tlie third century b.c. inclusive. In common with the Knifo-Monej% it was superseded only when the round metallic currency of the Ts'in dynasty was issued after 221 b.c. The dates cannot be ascertained otherwise than from the occasional references which appear in history about some of the names of places inscribed on the pieces. For instance, the currencies which respectively bear the names of TFu (138), Yang- Yh (144), Tsin-Yang (476), Ping- Yang 20, (190), &c., cannot but be older than the years 3i0, 316, 302, 234 b.o., &e., since those towns were thence- forth either destroyed or differently named. While those o{ Ko-Yh 33, (344), Siang-Yuen 18, (145), &c., must be later than 560, 320 B.C., &c., which are the dates of the building of these towns. It is the same with the important currency of 'An-Yang 29, (3i.O), which received only this name in 257 B.C. On the other hand, it seems that wo certainly have an indication of date for the currency of Kwan Tchung 37, (424), (460), capital city of Ts'in, in the historical statement that in 337 B.C. metallic pieces of money were issued for the first time in the state of Ts'in by the King Ilwei Wen. An examination of the specimens confirms to a certain extent the fact that this sort of money was current for several centuries. For instance, the piece froni Kon (see 35) belongs to the time when tlie regular pattern with a reverse was not yet generally adopted. So, too, with the specimen from Titn- Liu 25, which has a reverse, but as yet no rim, while that from Ko- Yh, which cannot be older than 560 b.c, has a rim without the usual lines which ornament the reverses of later date. The inscriptions are generally the work of unskilled lunids, and some- times present insurmountable difficulties in deci[)hcrmeiit. 'rin\v arc obviously written in the simplified and current writing (if llie ])i'(ipli", ;,j TCHOU DYNASTY. (.rtcii ill (lfti;inco of tlio rules of calligraphy which a governmental mintage would have respected; so far they are very interesting in the liistory of writing. Tiie shapes of the P«-Money are distinguished by the squareness, roundness, or sharpness of the lower double parts, or the roundness of the upper sides. These characteristics form a convenient means of classification. They are degenerated from the old patterns of the Spade-Money (see above, p. 4). Their name Pu ^, which means • spread out,' was used in olden times for this money in the Tsi State, i.i'. "VV. Shantung, a region already pointed out as conspicuous in the infancy of Chinese currency. The weights of these pieces are rather irregular; but their sizes indicate a regular scale of 1-650, 1-815, 1-980. Historically the geography of the Pw-Money is full of significance. Confined as itis to the region corresponding to the modern pro- vinces of Sliansi, E. Shensi, N. Ilonan, E. and S. Tchihli, N. Kiangsu, and Shantung, the collection described in the following pages confirms the still small area at that time of the Chinese agglomeration. The pieces which bear several names (see below, 38, 442-453, 478, 479) are interesting from another aspect. They disclose a system of monetary relations between several towns at some distance from one another, whicdi is most suggestive of associations in trade. The names of some fourteen places, probably as many marts, appear on the legends. Their relative positions in Shantung, Shansi and Honan indicate old trade- routes, about which more is said in the Introduction. (I.) Square footed. A. Square .shouldered, a. Single names. (138) Obver.se. Reverb U Wu l\ No leerend. TFm, near ^ {^^ Klai-ldn Lien (lat. 37° 05', long. Ill" 51'), E. Shansi. This currency is anterior to 340 B.C., from which year the name of Wk was changed into that of Shm)g 1^ . (139) OliVERSK. lu the (iitliTL'iit issues the left cha- racter only slifiws (liscropanciea, as follows : — ? r if ? V r Kkvehse. Same as (138). (140) Same legend. Left character ns 8. - yh, '1.' On the riglit lower ceiitrt-. JE. Same size (141) Same legend. Left character as 5. + sidh, '10.' On the left lower centre. JE. Same size (142) ■ PjR (Reversed.) :V 1 i \ A Wn >>. 1] '\ pah, ' 8 '■■■' '■■ ■ .E. Same size (143) The other issues present onb crepancies on the right-haTid side racter, as follows : — 1 :j 3 ^ r dis- clia- Same as (138). §^l r\ 1; J?p/emice4'.— H.P.W.T.K. III., f.31.— K.T.H. X H. ff C. 7.— .S.IML :jc —> f- 1 v.- S.T.H. Po-Y Jl, f. 9.— K.K.S.K.L., k. I., f. 2'). F TCHOU DYNASTY. {\U) OUVEBSK. -i/h YaiKj- I Revkrre. No legend. JE. Size 1G6. Ytxiuj-ijih ^ g, was a city in Wei ^ , which kept its name until 316 B.C., when it was changed into that of Ho-yung }pJ || ; modern Tai-lcu ^fc § '" Tai-Yuen f u (lilt. 37° 25', long. 112° 33'), in Shansi. Several specimens present only small differences. neferences .— K.T.H. X " , f. 1 2 — S.T.H. Po-y Jl, f. 7 ; fQl.J. 9. m Mi (=a) -ynen i^iiinr/- No legend. \Vt. 95. Siang-yuen was built about 320 n.c. It is still the name of a district north of Lu-'an fu jS§ ^ (lat. 36° 27', long. 113° 06'), in Shansi. (145) m m ■yufn Siung- il /\ No legend besides the usual three lines. (146) Obverse. The varieties of the left-hand side character are not numerous, the prin- cipal being as follows ; — IE iB {§ Those of the right-hand side character are principally the following : — ft FJ: ip in vV, 6 7 8 \Hi ^■^ 1.^ Same as (1 i5). No legend. (147) Same legend as (145). Unimportant variety. n (148) Same legend as (1 15) Unimportant variety. (149) Same legend as (145). Unimportant variety. fli 36 (150) TC.'IIOU DYNASTY. Obverse. Siinic li'geiul as (115). Uniiuportant varietv. (151) Samo k'geiul. ilf (152) Same legend iis (ll-.j). Unimportant varietv. (153) Same legend as (145). (154) (155) Same legend as (145). Unimportant variety. Same legend as (145). Unimportant variety. Reverse. 11 /[ y^ In/,, 'C' -t ts'l/i, ' 7.- A pn/i, ' S.-" 'K. Same ahe. + -^/n-/,, '10. + .v/.//.- PU-MONEY. (15(5) Odverse. iS.iino k'gcuil as (I1-5). Uiiimportaut variety. Ueveksk. >^, -II- M. '-" yE. Size 18. (157) Same legend as (145). m ^. a (158) Same legend as (145). fl /l\^ /^ Inh, '0. (159) Same legend as (145). M Same as (145). No legend. (160) Same legend : [ a7^ \ T~] i as (145). "Kml^ /I " ; 38 TCIIOU DYNASTY. (llil) OuvEi:sE. Revi m Yum }l U - ii'', ' V [riciliiillj n reduction of tlie piece ding.] JE. Size IS. Reference.^ :—K.K.S.K.L., k. I., f. 12.— K.T.K., % IV., S"- H, 12.— S.T.H., % I., f. 16. T.S.T., k. XXI., f. 28.— H.P.W.T.K., k. III., f. 24.— S.T.H., Po-Y, T, ff- 1, 2. (Gardner Coll.) ( = fi) -tze Tflumg- 19. No legend. Tchang-t::!', iu the state of Trhao, is now a district of Lu'-au ■/!§ ^ fu (lat. 36° Ol ng. 112° .50'), in Shansi. (162) -tze Tchang- w 'T: /' No legend. 1^ (16^) (^llVKRSE. On llic dillVTCiit Lssiu's till' Icf't-liand side cliarai'ter is nearly alike, hut the right-liand one presents tlio folIu\vin>^ varieties : — Kkversk. *T ^T 5^ fj ft! *; Jif ft? « k Same as (1i. Tr./iung- Mi u^ ? a No legend, but the usual three lines. Tc/iung-tu, -which was a place in Lu ^, is now a district north-west of modern P'ing-yao hien ^ "^ , C. Shansi. (165) -tu Trhung- Same legend. M Ee verse as (164). 10 TCIIor DYNASTY. (1G«J) OnvEKSE. Reveuse. -/i< Ti/iiniij- Siiino li'pouil. w Reverse as (164). M. Size 1-8. (1VXASTV. (17.;) ■tu Tchuuf,- Same U'gi'uil. (177) -ta Tchung- Same legend. (178) ■tu Trhung. Siime legoud. (179) -tu. Tchung- Same legend. (180) -tu Tchung- iSamc legend. ^. r m - ■^^ Ink, '«.' Al :^ Inh, '0.' fi| :"A <\^ A /'"^ '8. A '."., "J- TCllitr UYXASTV. (180) OnVERSK. ./,. Tchuwj- Snine leijonil. 'S.:i ^ Kkvkrse. No Icgoiul. 8ame as (1(31-). /.Wmv,,,v,v.— K.T.ir. X IV., ir. 1,2.-S.T,II. -Tu i, ff- lo, it— s.t.ii. IVy Ji, ir. 1:^, l:J.-II.I'.\V.T.K. 111., tf. ;U, :J2.-K.K.S.K.L. I., f. lo.— T.S.T. XXI., IT. IC, 17. (187) (= fU) ^ \\\^ /\ eiu-lit.' .E. Sue 1-G5. A'; is still a bion iu Tai-ijuvn fu ^ ]^ (lat. 37° 23', long. 112° 18'), in Sliansi. The varieties of the dlffurcut issues are luiiuipurtaiit. No series are knowu to Lave beeu issued. (188) Same legend reversed. m Same as (187). .K. Same size as (187). rr->[()NKv. (189) OiuKK'si.;. Kkveksk. Saino locvoiul. — <;■},, '2.' Uuiuiportaut variety. Placed ou the right lower centre. .K. Size 1-69. /.'#)Tmv,v .— K.T.II X H . ff- 8, 9.— H.P.W.T.K. k. III., f. 3:5, v. 3i. No legend. P'ing-yang was made the capital of llan %% in 419 B.C. It subsequently belonged to the state of T'chao ^"j and was conquered in 234 B.C. by the Prince of Ts^in ^, who called it Ho-tung. It is now P'ing-yang (lat. 36° 06', long. 111° 33'), in Shausi. ■lann I"! No letrend. Variant ut' the legend on 20, TCIIOIT DVXASTV 22. -If'X'J 1">>"J- Variaul of the legcud oii 20. Same as 20. No legend. (iiarJiur Cull.) 23. -yaiuj r'hig- Vunaut of the legend on 20. Same as 20. No legend. (190) The variants of legend are very numerous, though always recognizable except ir the following divergencies of the right-hand side symbol, Ping 2ji : — $ ^ ZEN 3> The reverses without change, and the size about the same. (191) ru-.M )M:V. 47 Obvehse. Reverse. /iiiiij P'iiiij- Kovorso with three lities, .iml on tho Hinc as 20. ui)])L'r l>:irt — ij/i, ' mic.' /E. Sizr 1 H. (102) -yang P'iug- Variaiit of the legend on Reverse plain, no lines nor marks (193) -yang P'ing- Same legend as 20, with slight difference. Reverse plain, no lines nor marks. (194) P'iiig ynvg. Same as 20. ^% Reverse with three linos, as 20. Referenres:—K:[\H. X H., ff. 1-k— T.S.T. XXI., ff. 11, 12.— S.T.H. X I-. ff. 7, l'>'-y, JL , ff. 1-3.— S.T.S.T. I., f. 9.— H.P.AV.T.K. III., ff. 22, 23. TCIIdU DYNASTY 24. Obvkijsk. Kkvkrse. !•;. Wt. 93. P'u <2e, now Sich M| (lat. oG" 4U', loug. 110°5(;'), in West Sliansi. It was quered from Wei g^ by the Prince of Ts'in in 287 B.C. The differences in the varieties are very slight. References .—K:]\U., % IV. f. 4.— T.S.T. XXL, f. 27.-H.P.W.T.K. III., f. \\ (195) -In. Kao- :±[ 6^; ^i \ No legend. &: ?/, ^. Size 1-75 Kao-lu, or " high town," in the state of Wei ^ , was conquered by Tchao Wang of Ts'in in 303 b.c. It was N.E. of the modern Feng-tai (lat. 35° 30', long. 112° 50'), in South Shansi. (196) -tn Kan- Same legend. Same reverse as (195). No lesrend. (197) OnvEusE. -tit Kao- -y V ^S, Same Icgeiul. Jj ^ O* (198) (199) (200) PU-MONEY. 49 Reverse. Same reverse as (195). No legend. JV.. Size 1-8. ) -tu Kno- Same legeud. Same reverse as (195). No legend. M. Same sii.- ) •hi Kao- Same legend. Same reverse as (195). No legend. jE. Same size m U Kao-tu. i^ Same legend in- verted. '^ /\ No legend. (201) Kao-tu. "^ Same legend. I h-i\ i;5^ Reverse as (200) . TCIIOU DYNASTV. (202) Oiivki;-;k. Kao-lii. Samo logoiiil. Reversr. Reverse as (200). (203) Ka>, s/iih fun \ Same legend as (2 17), inverted. ifV 'one.' JE. SHmc 8Uc 54 TCIIOU DYNASTY. (221) OUVERSE. 1 ERSE. ^....\\.:.... A Same as (220). \ '/\' H>, 'eight.' • ■' ' JO. Size 1-8. (222) : If m^ £ '5' Same as (220). _ — ' 3 .E. Same size. (223) ■ 1 • ■ 1 •.. 3 san Same as (220). m. + shlh. ' thirty.' ■ M. Same size. Referejices .— K.T.II. ^ III., ff. 12-14.-. vhere (217) full Ig 3ncd srcad:^^A^ (224) ^ PC J]^ ^ :88 V Reverse without lines plain, or marks. Same legend, incomplete. M. Same size. (225) ^ i^ ■■W ^ mH Reverse plain, without lines or marks. Same legend. I ;• P y incomplete. ;■ / '. PU-AfONEY. (226) Obverse. -ijn Tn- l^\x KlCVERSE. No logoiul nor central lines. Perhaps ij/i, ' one.' -E. Size 1-75. Ta-i/n ^ [^ , the same (?) as Yn ^ in Tsin ^ territory, mentioncil by the Tso- Tcliuen in 490 B.C., in Shansi. See below (455). (227) (228) Slight variety. -yn Ta- Same legend as (22G). Slight variety. -yn Ta- Same legend as (220). X + JE. Same size. + .^/n/i, '10.' (229) The figures show that issues were made from 1 to 10. (t Same legend, inverted. M \m ; 1 : Perhaps ;///, ' I.' 56 TCHOU DYNASTY. (230) OnvERSE. Reverse. ;*: Ta w n jl Idu, ' 0. References:— K.'V.B.. X H , f . 14. (231) (=fl) Nkh. \ No legend. M. Same McA for Nieh she. hien, now Wu-hiang, in Sliansi. See (137). (232) Same legend as (231). Same signs inverted. Reverse same as (231). IE. Same size (233) Same legend as (231). Zf. V Reverse same as (231). M. Same size. (234) Nieh. ^ ^ ^ Same legend as (231). X "^ ^ Reverse same as (231). M. Same size pu-:moxi:y. (235) Obveusk. Other varieties in different issues belong to the three preceding types Reversk. Reverse same as (231). JE. Size 1-75 References:— -K.T. II. X IV. ff. 16, 17.— H.RW.T.K. III., f. 15 r.— S.T.H. yQ I., f. IC. V. (236) m ¥ -Tchou Ping- !sm lr\ No logoud. Ping-Tchou was conquered on the state of Wei ^ by that of Ts'in, in 320 n.c. It was situate in the district of Kiai-hiu ^ {^ in Fun-tchou fu (lat. 37° 05', long. 111° 51'), in W. (237) -Tchou Ping- Variant of the legend on (236). (238) Ping- Tchou Variant of the legend on (236). % '^ : ll \ — sze, 'fou : (=0) JFu Same siz... :. 1 ''■■■: ;T,.,v % ~ erh, ' tw rCHOU DYNASTY. (239) OllVEKSK. Ping. ; 1^ Tchon : I g Same legend as (23G) simplified. (240) (241) rin ^ /\ pah, ' eight.' PU-MONEY. (24.4) Obverse. Ping- Tchou. W I $ (245) Varumt of the legend on (236). ill! Ping- TchoH. Variant of the legend on (23G). (246) Ping- Tchou. IL >T< Variant of the legend on (236). (247) \\ Ping- i^ Variant of the legend on (236) (248) Ping- Tchou. Variant of the legend on (236) . Revkrsk. li^\ Jl, I'iii, ' ni :>c No legend. — ■ tian, ' three. j£ urn, ' five.' /V pnh, 'eight.' GO TCIIOU DYNASTY. (249) OUVERSK. rin.j. Tchou. Eeverse. + shih, ' ten.- Variant of the legend on (23G). M. Size 1-85. iie/erences .— K.T.ll. jc lII-> S- 17-19. (250) ft.5 l\ No legend. Y-s/ie 3^ 1^. 8ame modern name in P'u-tchou fu (lat. 35° 11', long. 110° 43' in Shansi. Reference.— K.T.R. % III., f. 17. (251) Ming t.ze n. \ u No legend. Ming ap was near An-yh hien, in S.-W. Shansi. Reference .— K.T.H. % , f. 5. (252) PU-MONEY. ) Obverse. ^ )k fl^-o" 7 \ -she p'i- ^^ / \ Reverse. Usual symbolical Hues. JE. Size 1-75. :.e. P'i-sho, now Ho-tdn (rJ '^ hien (lat. 35° 38', long. 110° 46')^ iu S.-W. Shansi. (253) While the symbol J|J mains unchanged, the re- ^t Reverse as (252). presents these variants T f M. Same size. (254) -she P'i- i^ Reverse as (252). Same legend. ^ ^. Same size. (255) -she P'i- rf> Reverse as (252) . Same legend. t M. Same size. (256) Same legend. i^. \ Reverse as (252). JE. Same eizc. TCIluU DVNASTV. (257) Obvekse. -she F'i- Same logcud as (252.) ' r? yh, ' oue.' (258) -she P'i- Same legend. Same signs as (257). t\ -f- shih, ' ten.' (259) -i^he F'i- Sanie legend. Same signs as (252). y^ luh, Refercyices :—K.T.E., jQ III., f. 16.— S.T.H., Po-y, Jl, f. 11.— H.P.W.T.K., III. f. 22.— T.S.T. XXI., f. 29.— K.K.S.K.L., I., f. 19. (260) ^ it -K'uh Pch- % l\ No legend. Ptfi-E'ii/i, modtrn "g Kih-Mwu and ;/s; ^ Taning hien (lat. 36° 06' and 86° 30' l"ng. 110° 35' and 1 10° 43'), in S.-W. Shansi. PLT-IMONEY (201) Obverse. On the different issues tlie right-hand character is almost alike, with tlie excep- tion of the two small horizontal side strokes, which are seldom visible. The left-hand character presents many va- riants ; the main differences are as follows : No legend. Reverses as (2G0). (262) Same legend, inverted right-hand side character as this : ^1 No legend. Reverse as (260). jE. Same size. References :—K.K.S.K.L. I., f. 14.— K.T.H. % — f . 15.-S.T.II., Po-y ±, f. 15. 5.T.H. 7C f. 5.— H.P.W.T.K. III., f. 18. (263) S/iou Ma yh 9. o . 1^ :/' V: No legend, but the usual three lines. Ma Shou yh, or " City of the Horse's head ;" modern ^ ^ Shou-Yang (lat. 37 long. 113° 10'), in P'ing-ting tchou, B. Shansi. (264) -8I>07 Ma- yh Same legend. Reverse as (2()3). TCI lor in- NASTY. (205) Obveijse. -Sfiou Ma- yaiuc logeud as (203). si Reveksk. Reverse as (203). (200) (207) (208) -Shou Ma- yh Same legend. -Shou Ma- yh i i Reverse as (263). Same legend. . ...■ •....■. M. Same size. -Shou Ma- Reverse as (263). Same legend. ; 0/ \ \ JE. Same size -Shou Ma. yh 1 Reverse as (263). Same legend. • 0/ \ M. Same aii-,.-. i Reverse as (263). PIT-MONF.Y. (270) Obvers -shoH Ma- -Ilk Same legend as (263). (271) -slwii Ma- .,jh Same legfend. (272) -ghou Ma- -yh Same legend. (273) -shoa Mn- ■ iih- Khih. Revkuse. Reverse same as (263). m i'\ n(i)t, 'three. JE. Same size. Reverse same as (203). a n i.e. "Ma xJunt, city, 10' (274) a W Ma. s/,nu. ; Same legoiul as (20-)) invert Reverse same as (203). 66 TCIIOU DYNASTY. (275) Obverse. Mil- s/kiu- Sanio lof^oiid as (271). (27G) Ma- slwn- -yh Same lojji'ond as (27-1). (277) -slnh. .yh. ^ m (^ r. "Ma-shoH citv, 10." '-■■'■ Reverse same as (2(33). .. . , o • \ \ d A ]>"'>, '8. A r"''. '8.' L\frr(iicrs:—K.'\\n. % IV., ff. 8, 9.— S.T.H. Po-y ±, f. 15.— H.P.W.T.K. k. IIL, f. 24.-K.K.S.K.L. k. I., f. 1(3. It is still tlio iiamo of a h'icn, wi-itteii Ig ^, in Lu-'an fu (lat. 30" 15', long. 1 12° 4(3'), in S.-K. Sliaiisi. (278) Oi!VEi;sE The varieties exhibit six variants of the right-hand symbol : — The two lilies sideways are slanting outwards, insteail of being curved. lleference :—K:[\IL % IV., il'. 7, 8. (279) ^ Kiao. ■Y .shUl, ten.' K!no was a place on the borders of Tsiu § and Tchou J^ , of which the exact localization has not been ascertained. Bef erence :—S.T.R. I., f. 17, yfi, ' one.' Ln. No legend. ^ = jjg. Lit; once an independent small principality near the state of Wei ||f , now Lu-'an (lat. 3G° 07', long. 113° 13'), in S.-E. Shausi. Ot( TCIIOU DYNASTY. (2S1) OuvKiiSE. Reverse. Lu Samena (280). :U.- J^ m Yii. (282) Lu Same ns (280). 6. Reverse same as (280). No legend. (284) Ljt 0^ Reverse same as (280). Same as (280), % No legend. n the right only. M. Same size. Lu ^ Reverse same as (280). Same as (280), £^ No legend. on the left only. 6- M. Same size. Bcferences :— K.T.H % IV., ff. 15, 1(5.— H.P.W.T.K., III., ff. 20 y., 21. 35) Obverse. Tchung yh. ^ Hevkkse. \: No logcnd. Reference:— K.I. n., % III., f. 10 v. (286) (?) (=iI5) Yen ling. ? P 1 No legend. Ouly the three usual lines, downwards. Previously Tching-yh % g, , and still Yen-ling, in K'ai fung f'u (lat. 34° 10', long. 114° 21'), in Honan. Not the same as (289). (287) Variant of the legend on (286). I ^ No legend. Only the three usual lines, downwards. JE. Same size. B^ferences :—K.T.B.., % IV., f. 13.— H.P.W.T.K., III., f. 32. TCIIor DYNASTY. (288) Oil (=JR) (=S§) ■ ^mo. SiKin- $ Rkveksk. No legeud. Only the usual three lines, dowawarils. Sudu-Ttiao, ;i place in Wei j^ , conquered by Ts'iu in 242 B.C. Now Yen-tsin Jg }$, a di.strict in Wei-lnii fu (lat. :Jo° 10', long. 114° 20'), in N. Ilonau. Reference .— H.W.P.T.K., III, f. 34. 39) Tchin.j. 7\ ;■ / \ ; No legend .E. Samesize. TrhitKj, or Sin Tching, still a district in K'ai fung fu (lat. 34° 26', long. 113° 56' in Kenan. ife/erence .—K.T.H. III., f. 9. (290) (=-Tt) : V V Yu ki No legend. Only the three usual lines downwards. Yii, previously a small independont principality, was a town of Tchin>] (iu liouan), during the Civil Wars period. lufvrence : K.T.ll. % III., f. 2. (291) OllVEKSE Y-,ia. i.e. Ndi-th of tho Y \^ riviM- ; answers to inoilcrn Y-i/mnj 112^ oO'), ill Ju tcliou, ill C. Iloiian. Reference:— K'Wn. ^.K., f. 11. (lal. ■■',r 12', 1., (292) Y-i/ang. m /i\ No Ioii^oikI. (293) ->inu,i. \ » Rovers(! saiiio as (292). .K. .s;z,' 1 r.5 "^'-yniig fol PI. answering to Y->iai„j liicii (hit. ■.\\-°?,\\ long. 112" lU'), i,. jlona. U^Jrrnu-r .— K.T.ll. %~J. 1 1.-S.T.II. ii i2 J: , f. 7. TCIIOU DYNASTY. 26. No legend. Liang city:' see above, p. 22, No. 10. It was the capital of Wei ^ after 365 B.C. 27. Obverse. Revekse. Liiinij-yh. Same as above. (Repiescatiitive ^jieti nen ) JE. W,. (291) OltVKKS a .•V !//(. Liiing- ; ^^ f X,) lo. TltP variants on tlie different issues are uiiim] (295) Lmng-ijh. Same legend, inverted, i.r. from left to right. Reverse as (291). Issues of two sizes, .!■;. 20 :m(l 1 ■: (296) Liaiig-i/h. Same legend as (294) , inverted. Same reading as (297) Tjianr/-ijh. Same legend as (294), inverted. Same reading as obverse. 74 K.'HOr nVXASTY (298) OiivEitsK. lAanri-yh. Snnio legend ns (20 t1 incomplete. K. :■■..... 'N?: Rb:verse. No logeiul. Eoverso as (291.). (299) -i//(. LUnuj- Samo legend as (29 the first symbol turned over. Hil No legend. Eeverse as (291). lieferences .— K.T.H. ^ • HI , ff. 2, 3. -T.S.T., XXL, f. 25— II.P.W.T.K., III. ff. 3 1, 35. (300) Lu- No legend, only the ordinary three lines downwards. Lu-ij '^ JE| licverso as (300). (301) Lu-ijanij. Variant of same legend. If Reverse as (300) . (305) Ln-ijiuiij. Variant of same legend. S B Reverse as (300). (306) Ln-,jnn,i. Variant of same legend. ^ ^ 5F^ Reverse as (300). M. Siiinc sixf. (307) Lii-ijiing. Variant of same legend. S m Reverse as (300). 74 TCllor DYNASTY. (298) OitvEusK. Iiinnri-iih. Sumo legend ns (29 1), incomplete. 1 Reverse. No legend. Reverse as (201). (299) •yh. Lianij- Same legend as (294) ; the first symbol turned over. if No legend. Reverse as (294). References .— K.T.ll. 5j , IFI , «". 2, 8. -T.S.T., XXT., f. 25— II.P.W.T.K., IK., fi'31., 35. (300) Lu-i/any. XD No legend, only the ordinary three lines downwards. Lu-i/ang, iu the Han |i^ state, was conquoi'ed by that of Wei ^ in 381 B.C. Now Lu-shan % lU (lat. 33° 50', long. 112° 51'), in N. Honan. See below (458). The varieties are numerous. (301) Lu-ymig. Variant of sain,. . legetul. A ff| Reverse as (300). I'lr-MIIXKY. (302) OitvEusK. Variant of saiui' (tk) r les^eiul. ^ KKVKnSK. Roverso as (oOU). (oU3) Variant of sain i^^^ He verso as (iJOO). AH) Lii-tjamj. Variant of same legend. Reverse as (800). E. Saino size. (305) Variant of same -i legend. Jj^ Reverse as (300). (306) Variant of sann legend. tt ^ ^T^ Reverse as (300). (307) Lii-ij(ing. Variant of sn lei'eud. S Reverse as (300). (3U8) OllVKUSK. L,i- Sainc le^oml, but the sign p§ is wiiiUiiij^. i Reverse. Kt'verse as (GOO). (ao9) Variiiiit of sauio Y '' y lefj-L'ncl. A Reverse as (oOO). (:J10) Lu-yfercnrrs:—li.V.\V.T.K., lU., f. 29.— T.S.T., XXI., f. 15.-K.T.H. % , II., f. 10.- S.T.H., % , L, f. 9.— S.T.S.T. I,, f. 22.— K.K.S.K.L., I., f. 15.— S. IMI., I'u-y, J: f. . (310) m m m No Icg-eud, only the ordinary lines downwards. Jdiiq-yn, i.e. ' North of J:ing.' Jidhj during the Civil Wars period was a place iu the Tching % territory (Honan). B.fc,tncus :—}L:V.IL, % H , f. 11. (317) Mcl-i/h. ^ V No legend, only the ordinary th lines downwards. ,i:. Snmo size. Now A't '{& hiun (hit. 3o'= 38', long, lit'' 21'), in Wei-lmi fu, llonau. ltfjh-c,u:c':-K:\\U. X , HI., f. I V. ■R'lIUU DYNASTV. 28. Kevekse. No legend, only the ordinary tlirco lines downwards. Trlii-h-ijamj was situate east of K'ai fung fu, in Houan. (318) Tcheli-ijung. Same as above, i 1 1 ^ -,jan,j Tchrh reversed. - /]■;. Size 1- (319) Principal varieties of the left-hand character : Principal varieties of th right-baud character : Xi m Keverse lined as (oOO). rr-M( iXEV. (320) OuvEUsi -yang. 'Tclu'h- Variant of same legend as (318), reversed. Rkverre. i t^ y,,.-, Tchrh. (321) Variant of same legend. (322) -ijang. Tcheh- Yariant of same le.o-end. (323) -yang. Tclieh- Variant of same legend. 6(^ l]"^ n^ Same reverse as (320). JR. Snme size. Same reverse as (320) . Same reverse as (320). ^15. Same size. (324) -yang. Tcheh- Variant of same legend. ft Same reverse as (320). (325) -yang. Tcl.l- O |^ Variant of same legend. ry v Same reverse; as (32U). ,0 TCUOV in'XASTY. O..VEKSE. Revekse. :{20) -ynng. Tche.h- Variant of same legem as (320). tn Same reverse as (320). (327) -ijang. T<-]ieh- Variaut of .same legend. ^(\ S.ime reverse as (320). ^"13 Same sizo. (328) -yanij. TchcJi- Variant of same legend. i)F. Same reverse as (320). (329) -ijnng. Trhrl, Variant of same <■ Same reverse as (320). JE. Same size. (330) -liawj. TcJieh- Variant of same letrend. t1lt Same reverse as (320). (331) Trhrh-yam,. Samel..g..ud(as3>(l), from left to ritrbt. f^ff Same reverse as (320). (332) Obveki Tclieh-j/ang. Same legend as (320), from left to right. i^i rU-M()NEY. 81 Rkvkusk. Same reverse as (32U). E. Siw 1-G5. (333) Tchvh-yang. Same legend, from left to right. ^§- Same reverse as (320). (334) Tcheh-yang. Same legend, from left to right. Pf? Same reverse as (320). &. Same size. (3o5) Same legend, from left to right. Same signs as (329). Same reverse as (320) References .— K.T.H. %, II., f. 7.— S.T.S.T., I., f. 8 v.— H.P.W.T.K., III., f. 21 v.— T.S.T., XXL, f. 24.— K.K.S.K.L., I. f. 0.— S.T.U., %, I., f. S. (336) -tchana. Yh- 7\ Also issued plain, without any lines. JE. Size 1-5. Now YuDg-tsing 7J< J^ hieu (lut. '6'J'^ 20', lung. 115" oo), in Tehihli. 82 TCIIOIT DYNASTY. (337) Odverse. Reverse. -ijn. rii'tj- Plain, witliout marks nor lines. JR. She 1-5. Afterwards Ilo-yn }pj |^ (lat. 34° 58', long. 113° 42'), in Honan. Same as (338). Eoferences:-K.T.K., % I., ff. 18, 19.-H.P.W.T.K., III., f. 33.-S.T.H., ^ I-. f- 9- It ¥ -tjn. riity- m No legend. Ping-yn 2p ^ was tlie name of a town near tlie modern Mung-tsin (lat. 34° 52' long. 112° 38'), in Ho-nau fu. (339) -yn. riiig- Variant of the legend on (338), ^ f f'\ yh, 'I. No other serial numbers are known. The discrepancies in the various issues are unimportant. neftyences. --K.T.R., % II., f. 12 c— II.P.W.T.K., III., f. 23. {Lockhart Coll.) IMI-MON'KY. 29. Obverse X>i legend. 'Aa-ymig was so called in 257 B.C., wlien conquered from the state of Wei J^ by Tchao Siaug Wang of Ts'in ^. It is so called in Tcliang-teli ^ f* fu, (lat. 36° 07', long. 114° 30'), in Honan. The present currency was issued on a triple scale, the largest of which (size 1 '98) is represented by the above type. V? -yamj. 'Au- 30. No legend. Variant of the legend on 29- ' yy ^j This specimen represents the second scale of the currency (size TS). K'llor nVNASTY. 31. OnVKHSK. ^ -.'/"";/• '-'"- Variant of tlie legend on 29. ((lardner Coll.) ^ -i/niuj. 'Ai Variant of the legend on 29 (340) I There are many issues exhibiting variants of the same legend. The greatest discrepancies are the following: Keverse. Same reverse as 30. No legend. Same reverse as 30. No legend. Reverses generally same as 30, and without legend- Sometimes plain, and without lines. PU-MONEY. (341) Obverse. Same legend as 29. Unimportant variants. (342) 'An- yang. Same legend as 29, turned over. Reverse. Reverse same as 30, or without lines, and plain. M. Size I'CS. Reverse, with the usual three lines, as 30. (343) -ijcuHj. 'An- Variant of the legend on 29. I -yang. Jin- The legend of the obverse, with the usual three lines of the reverse. References :-K.'YM., % II., ff. 4, 5, 6.-T.S.T., XXL, fif. 13, 14.-H.P.W.T.K., III. ff. 36, 37.-S.T.H., % L, f. 8; Pu-y Jl, ff. 4, 5.-S.T.S.T., I., f. 10. .i:. \vt. 2IJ0. Perhaps to be read ^|5 . Formerly a place founded in n.c. -"iGO, in N. Uonan. TCIIOU DYNASTY. 34. X III Ko. ,,}, Same town as preceding. ^ /« (344) Same legend as 34. (345) A O Same legend as 34. X^ ^ (346) Same legend and signs as 34- (347) Same legend as 34, O inverted. ? ^— Turned to the ri / ^\ ight. M. Same size. Same legend as 34- M. Same size. No marks but the outline. M. Same size. ~^ ^- yh, ' one.' ) b ( ^ jm/,,' eight. rU-MONEY. 87 (348) Obverse. I Reverse. Same legend as 34 inverted. Pf^ — yh, 'one.' y \ A Hh 'eiglit.' JE. Sninc size. (349) Same legend as 34 ■f p i / \ A I The central line is ornamcntnl. .K. Smiik" size E>^fere>ices:—K.T.U., %, III., f. 1.— S.T.H., %, I., f. 10; Pu-y i: , fi'. 7, 8.- K.K.S.K.L., I., f. 12 r.— H.P.W.T.K., III., f. 13. 35. (=*I5) Plain. No marks. Once the name of a place in K'ai-fang fii, Ilonan. (350) -yh Kon- If Same town as preceding. /\ No legend. 88 TGIIOU ])VNASTY. (351) OuvEKSE. Reverse. -i/A. Kou- • V^ Same legend as (350) . : 7, Same reverse as (350). (352) Kou- yh. Same legend as (350), inverted. i Same reverse as (350). (353) Kou- yh. Same legend as (350), inverted. f Same reverse as (350). (35 1) Kou- yh. Same legend as inverted. (350), ITJr ;^: Same reverse as, (350) . (355) Obversk. Kou yh. Same legend as (350), inverted. ^ Reverse. Reverse as (350). Ai. Size 1-75. Beferences:—K.T.ll. %E,^-'i, 4.— S.T.H., Po-y J: , f. 8.— K.K.S.K.L., I., f. 7 (350) (= m ) Tchoh. ♦I III 7 No Icerond. Tchoh, in the state of Tchao |f , answered to the modern Pao-ting fa (lat. 38° 53' long. 115° 36'), in Tchihli. (357) Same legend as (356). (358) Trhoh. Same legend as (356). ♦. /l\ Reverse same as (356). 2E. Siiiuc size. Reverse same as (356). Reference :—K.T.Il. % IV., f. 17.— T.S.T. XXL, f. 2i TCHUU DYNASTY. (359) OuVKItSK. Eeverse. m Koh. I V": • u No legend. M. Size 1-75. Koh was, under the Civil Wars, a place north-west of modern Kao-yang hien (lat. 38° 4-1', long. 115° 5G'), in Tchihli. (360) The various issues offer no great differences in the right-hand side character; the left-hand side presents the following divergences : Reverse same as (359). M. Same size. E«/erence,9 .— K.T.H. % H> f- 10.— S.T.H. jt — i. 12.— S.T.H. Po-y ±, f. 10.- T.S.T. 21, f. 16.— K.K.S.K.L. I., f. 16.— H.P.W.T.K. £, f. 29. (361) (=M) -tcheiig. Loll- I 3jfi No legend. M. Same size. Loh-frheiifj answered to the modern Ulm fj hiou (lat. 38° 20', long. 116° 05'), in Ho-kicn fu, E. Tchihli. rU-MOXEY. (;W2) OliVEHSE. -ti-heng. Loli- Same legend as (361). ? Kevkk.sk. Reverse same as (361). -tcheng. Loh- Same legend as (361). — yh, ' one.' in the upper part. V '"""\t Reverse same as (361). (364) -tcheng. Loh- Same legend as (361). '\ / ■' J M Refere?ices :-K.T.R. % HI., ff. 13, 14.-T.S.T. XXL, f. 30, TCHi»r DYNASTY. Heveese. right. JE. Wt. 115. Tao-ijnng was at thirty five li eastward of P'ing-ijn, in S.-W. Shantung. (365) Same legend as 36. Plain. No marks. M. Size 1-75. (.36G) Same legend as 36. /\ The two lines sideways and the central line ornamental. (367) Same legend as 36. ^1 =^ y^h 'right/ on the right, with the same lines as (366). X. Same size. (368) Obverse. Same legend as 36. PIT-MONEY. Same as preceding, with a lino down- wards, under the sign for ^ . (369) Same legend as 36. g^ =;g- >/n, 'right/ on the left-hand side, with the same lines as (366). JB. Same size. (370) Same legend as 36. Same as preceding, with a line down- wards, under the sign for :^. (371) Same legend as 36. J^ = ^ t>to, ' left/ on the right-hand side, with the same lines as {^i66). (372) Same legend as Same sign for ^ fso on the left, with the same lines as (366). (373) Same legend as 36. ■JZ = :h. f*^'' ' great/ on the left, and I §^ = ^ on the right. I Same lines as (366). .K. Sanip sizp. TCIIOU DYNASTY. (;374) Obverse. Same legend as 36, with the signs inverted : ^ on the left, and ^ on the right. Eeveese. Same reverse as (3G6). jE. Size 1-75. References .— K.T.H. jQ II., fif. 8, 9.— S.T.II., Pu-y Jl , ff. 5, 0. (375) (=11) {=n) -Ti Tung. l"^ No legend. rung-Tl % H modern ii^. Tsin, in Tsi-ning ^^ circ. (lat. 36° 40', long. 112° 46'), in Shantung. (376) Unimportant varieties of the right- hand side character. The left-hand side is not so regular. The most important discrepancies are as follows : (377) S S V "K X \^ -Ti. T'ung- Same legend as (375). Same reverse as (375). M. Same size. — across the central line in the upper centre : it may be intended for — ' one,' or for -f- ' ten.' Eeferences ;— K.K.S.K.L. I., f. 15 v.— K.T.H. 5c . f- 7.— T.S.T. 21, f. 27.— H.P.W.T.K. III., f. 6 ;■.— S.T.S.T. I., f. 10. (378) PU-MONFA' Obverse. (=ft) ^^ ± No -s/ie. Jen- Rkvekse. No logond, only tlio nsnal three lines downwards. Jen-she, or Jen clan, corresponds to the modern Tsi-ning ^ ^ (hit. 3G° 50' long. 116° 58'), in S.-W. Shantung. (379) Variants on other issues iiti^^ No legend, only the usual three lines downwards. vE. Same size. (380) (=ft) Same legend. i\ No legend, only the usual three lines downwards. (381) Variants on other issues : iiii) i No legend, only the usual tlireo lines downwards. M. Same size. References .--K.T.II. % III., tf. 14, 15.— T.S.T. XXF., f. ;n.— II.P.W.T.K. III., f. 28. TCUOU DYNASTY. (382) Obverse. ^ u i Reveese. No legend, only the usual three Hues downwards. Tchu, now Tsoit ^ hien, so called since the long. 117° 10'), in Yen-tchou fu, S. Shantung. 2E. Size 175. period (lat. 35° 30: (383) Tchu. Variant of same legend. T.^ Reverse same as (382). (384) Tc/m. Variant of same legend. ''X Reverse same as (382). (385) Tchu. Variant of .same legend. y Reverse same as (382). ru-^roNEY. (386) Tchu. Variaut of same legend as (382). ;i/ '^ UkVKI!SE. Reverse same as (382). i?e/erences .—K.K.S.K.L. I., f. 15 v.— T.S.T. II., f. 15.— H.P.W.T.K. III., f. 27. — S.T.H. % — , f. 11. (387) ^ M 4-;». re 9 l\ No legend. X,. Same size. Pei-Uu ^ g., modern Tsing-ii'ing }g 2]S hien (lat. 3G° 58', long. 110° 12'), in Tung-tch'ang f u ;^ ^ , Shantung. (388) Same legend as (387). it Reverse same as (387). (389) I ^ Pel. kill. Same legend as (387). §^ Reverse same as (387). .10. Snine O TCIIOU DYNASTY. Obverse. | Reverse. Pti- kin. Same legend as (387). 5^ Same reverse as (387). (891) Same legend as (387). Same reverse as (387). (392) Pci- Mu. Same legend as (387). 10 Same reverse as (387). (393) Pei- (?) ^ Same reverse as (387). (394) Pei- kill. « Same reverse as (387). rU-MONEY. 99 Obverse. Pti- kill. Same legeucl as (387). ll^ Samo reverse as (387). ^. Size 1-75. (390) Pci- kin. Same legend as (387). W Same reverse as (387) . (397) Pei- hill. Same as (387) Same reverse as (387). (398) Pei- kiu- Same legend as (387). m reverse as (387). luo (399) Pei- kiu Same legend as (387). TCHOU DYNASTY ^^ Revkuse. Sarno reverse as (387). (400) Same legend as (387). i^ Same reverse as (387). (•101) Pei- Mu Same legend as (387). m Same reverse as (387). (402) Pei- kiu Same legend as (387). n Reft yh, ' one.' ferences :-K.T.}i. % IV., ff. 9, 10, ll.-S.T.H. % I., ff. 15, 16.-S.T.K., Po-y T^ f. 16.-T.S.T., XXL,f. 26.-H.P.W.T.K., III., f. 26.-K.K.S.K.L., I., f. 12.- S.T.S.T., I., f. rU-MONEY. (403) K!- Ill Samo reverse as (387). Ki-yang ji ^ . Ki was iu the territory of tlie Tsi ^ state (Shantung), and mentioned by the Tso-tchuan in 498 B.C. The various issues present only small varieties. Eeferenees .— H.P.W.T.K., III., f. 26 f.— K.T.H., p[; H , f. 11 v. (404) -hi. Peh- H ir / \ No legend, only the symbolical lines. M. Size 1-75. Peh-ki, or "Northern Ki." Apparently connected with Kl-i/amj : see (403). (405) -hi. Peh- Same legend as (404). m Same reverse as (404). 102 (■m) TCIIOU DYNASTY. OnvKRSE. , Reverse. -ki. Feh- Same legend as (404) ) (' iir Same reverse as (404). .¥.. Size !•' References:— B..V.W.T.K., III., f. 2G.— K.T.H., % IV., ff. 5, G. (4U7) a f& {=m Tcheny) ; SJ IVU yh. Tch'ing : "^ '-^T^ /.\ No legend. Tch'ing was situated in tlie present district of Wen-shang '{^ Jl , in Ten-tchou fu, (lat. 35° 50', long. 116° 40'), in S. Shantung. Reference:— K.T.B.. % III., f. 11 v. (408) -yuen (?) P'ing I ^ /.\ No legend. The reading of tlio left-hand symbol is doubtful ; the variants suggest liu -g . P'ing-yuen is still preserved in the name of a hien in Tsi-nan fu (lat. 37° 23', long. 116° 34'), in Shantung, at 20 li south of which was the old place of that name. PU-MONEY. (409) Tho several issues of tliis mintage do not dilfcr as to tl:e reverse, nor as to tbc right-hand side character; the left-hand side one presents several varii'ties, of wliich the most important are as follows : — s) gb) e) Eefercnces. —K.T.R., % HI., f. 20.— S.T.H, % T, f. 13. (410) Obverse. Fung ijIl Reverse. No legend. Fimg yh is still the name of a hien in Sii-tchou fii (lat. 33^ 4G', long. 11G° 50'), in N. Kians-su. (411) In the various issues the right-hand side chai'acter presents no differences; the left-hand side cliaracter offers the following' variants : — Same reverse as (410). jE. Same size. npferrnres:—K:L\ll., ^ H - f • 0. — II.l'.W.T.K., 111., (f. 27, 28. TCIKJU DYXASTV. (412) OUVKUSE Fung. Same legend as (41 0) shortened. Same reverse as (410). Fung, for Funcj-yh, in N. Kiang-su. See above (410). (413) - m :- f yh Fnwj. /— \ one.' ; ; ■ • Same reverse as (410). Variant o^ Fung for Fung-yh as (412). (414) Same legend as preceding, but the — yh is across the central liiie above. Same reverse as (410). JE. Same size. (415) Same legend as (413), Fung on the left, and no other line. Same reverse as (410). Re femir.e :—K.T.n. % IV,, ff. M, 15. (41 C) Obverse. ^ MP Reverse. m U No legend. Lang-ya ^[) f(5 (otliorwiso jJH) l^), now T.^ing-trJwu (lat. 36^ 44', long. 118" 44'), E. Shantung. (1-17) The other issues present no important differences for the reverse nor for the left- hand side character of the obverse. The main varieties of the right-hand side character arc the following : ^r-w ^r-r ^U ^V '^l sf ^ t ^ 'r Z?c/emzces .— H.P.W.T.K. III., f. 28.— K.K.S.K.L. I., f. 17 c— K.T.H. X III., f. 16.— S.T.H. JC I- ff- 1-. 13.— S.T.H. Po-y J: , f. 12. (418) (=B) Yang-kiu. No legend. Yang-Uu ^ £|5 , now Tchang-hm % ^[J, in Tsl-nan fu p 1^ (lat. 30° 49' long. 117° 36'), Shantung. Reference:— K.'V.W. X^' f- H 1(,G TCIIOU DYNASTY. (.U9) Obverse. Reverse. ^1 No legend. Lai ^If, now Lai-tchou ^ J^ (lat. 37° 10, long. 120° 10'), in E. Shantung. Was conrjuored in 560 B.C. by the state of T'si, over native tribes. neference .--K.T.H. % HI-, f- H v- (420) Ma ; - Huang-yh. ; 'i* V : 'X No legend, only the usual three lines downwards. Huang was the capital of Lai ^ , and is still a hien in Teng-tchou fu (lat. 37° 37', long. 120° 47'), in E. Shantung. Brfermce .— H.P.W.T.K., III., f. 30. (421) Fei. No legend, only the usual three lines downwards. Fei was a small principality, and is still a district in Y-tchou fu (lat. 36° 18', long. 118° 05'), in S.-E. Shantung. Eeferrnre:—K:r.l{. ^, f. 4. PU-MONEY. (422) Obverse. Sin-i/h. 6 I V Revkr.se. No legend, only the usual throe lines downwards. Sin-yli was situate south of Ho-i/diig hien (lat. 35° 18', long. 110° 05'), iu E. Shensi. Befe -K.T.H.. III., t. 10 (-•.— H.P.W.T.K., III., f. 30. (423) m ^ Kuan-tchumj . ^H $ No legend, only the usual three lines downwards. Knan-tchung , the capital city of the state of Ts'in ^ , is the modern Si-'an (lat. U° 17', long. 108° 58'), in S. Shensi. This currency cannot be older than 337 li.c, since it is iu that year that uiutallic pieces of money were issued for the first time in Ts'in. TCHOU DYNASTY. 37. OliVERSK. i) Kiuui. Reveese. No legend. Kuan, for Ktian-chunr/, the capital city of Ts'in § , modern Si-'an "^ ^ (Shensi). {Gardner Coll.) 38. m Kuan. No legend. Same place as preceding. (424) Obverse. Kuan. PU-MONEY. 109 Reverse. m Same place as 37- No legend, only the usual three lines downwards. (425) Same legend as (424). f m Same reverse as above. References .--K.T.H., jc IV., f. 18.— H.P.W.T.K., III., f. 44.— T.S.T. XXL, f. 11 S.T.H., X !•> f- 1... Tu-xjniig, now Lin-iju |^ j|| , in Fung-siang fu (lat. 34° 40', long. 107° 45'), in Shensi. (432) Variants of the same legend on other issues : Same reverse as (4-31). References :— K.T.H. III., f. l.").— T.S.T. XXI., f. 30 v. 113 TCIIOU DYNASTY. (433) Obverse. Reverse. -.yhe Fu- Tli No legend, but the usual tlirce lines downwards. Fu-shc gp J5 was near Lioh-yang «§ ^ hion (lat. 33° 22', long. 106^08'), in Shonsi. Reference .— S.T.H. X I-> f- 13. (434) "h .s/u7», ', 'ten.' ^ (?) 4* 1/ \ J'«. \ ■'. No legend. Reference :—K.'Y.E.. % IV., f. 13. (435) it CO :ttco Y (?) Ifo (?) No legend, but the usual three Reference :— K.T.H. x IV., f. 14 (430) Obvekse. Revekse. ii ^ T t^ No legend, only the usnal three lines diiwHwards Jen Nieh. (?) ± JE. Size 175. Pcrliaps two names : see (378) for Jen and (137, 231-235, 443, 441.) for Nieh. Reference .— K.T.II. % III., f. IG. (437) T,e-yh. .e. ' Tze city. 1^ Vi No legend, only the usual three lines downwards lieference .•— T.S.T. XXL, f. 20 (438) (=fu) -y/.. 7/0- i.e. 'Uo city.' >|C No legend, only the usual three lines downwards. J?p/e>-ence;-K.T.H. % HI-, f- 2. TCIIOU DYNASTY. (139) .yao. (?) Tu- (?) (•UO) Piny kiang. (441) ^ 1% (simplified) -tcheng. Shang- Reverse. i?e/emice .— S.T.H. x !■> f- 17. '^^P Reference .— K.T.H. x HI-, f ■ 20. \ /; ^ A /1\ No legend. No legend. No legend. Shang-tcheng, now Slian-yang llj ^ (lat. 33° 29', long. 110° 01'), in Shensi. Reference:— B..P.W.T.K. III., f. 14. III. Pu-Monoy {conlhiuod.) (I.) Square-footed. A. Square siioulderrd. /-. Associated names. Obvei;.se. : Wt. 434. The names of Lang-ya (416, 417) now Tsing-tchou in Shantung, of Yang-yh (144) now Tai-ku, and of Lu (280-284) now Lu-'an, both in Shansi, all occur on separate currencies. IIG TCIinU DYNASTY. (U-2) Ouviiu.^i:. Reveksk. tK^ '- \N A \^ Nirh Jan ^"■ -yh. :^ Same lines as 39 >., "7v7» of /v.( city (aud of) iYiV/i. LK-y/^nowTcliang-tsiug iu Shantung, and iY/e/i, now Wu-hiang in Sliansi. Both avo soparatc curroucics. Sec (105, 137, 231). ■Hpfn-cnre .— K.T.II. % I., ff. G, 7. (443) y^ ± ; .e.,"A7«ofNieh." .■ ; - U- Mon. ■ ' M. Size 30. Nieh, now Wu-hiang iu Shansi: sec (137, 231, 442). Muu answered to the modern Tcng-tchou (lat. 37° 45', long. 120° 42'), in Shantung: see (479). (444) m Trhoii Nwh Odverse. ?lN B Reverse. \ No lorronil. Tchou for Pivg-Tchnu and Nich are names of issues in the Single Name series : see (137,231-235,236-240). Kieh issued also a currency in partnership with Lu and 3Iou : see (442, 443). Nieh, as well as Ping Tchou, were in Shansi. (44.5) II Lo if Ping & m No lesrond. P/)!r/, formerly in Honan, for Ping yn : see (337). Lo is doubtful and remains midentified. (446) if m Ping Lo Same as (445), S y^. m. inverted. Same reverse with three lines, as (444) also plain. M. Siiinc size. Ping and Lo, same as preceding. References :— K.T. II. % I., fV. IS, 10.— II.P.W.K. III., f. 33.— S.T.II. % I 1,8 TCIIOU DYNASTY. Obverse. Ekyerse. (Ul Tchou Ti I B No legend. Tchou, for ring Tchou, was in Shansi : see (236-249). Ti, for Tung Ti, Shantung: see (375-377). (448) Trhou Ti Same legend as (447). m 'h!h, Euan for Kuan fchuug, capital of Ts'iii, as 37, p. 108. (461) Euan. Unimportant variety. 50. (462) Kuan. Unimportant variety. (463) Euan. Unimportant variety. -f- .^hih, /\ It w». TCHOU DYNASTY, Odveuse. (464) Kuan. Revekse. No legend. JE. Size 3-8. Kuan for Kuan tchung, capital city of Ts'in, see 37, p. 108, and (4G0). (465) Kuan. Unimportant variety. yh, • 1. (466) Kuan. Unimportant variety. ZZZ ~ erh, '2.' (467) Kuan. Unimportant variety. TV pah, ' 8. (4G8) (469) Obverse. Kimn. Unimportant variety. Kuan. Unimportant variety. Reverse. (upper centre) -f- sltUi, ' 10.' M. Size 3-8 ^4-^ Luh shih yh. M. Same size. References .— K.T.H. JU %, ff. 2, 3, 4.— S.T.H. jt — , f- 4.— H S T, f- 9. H.P.W.T.K. HI, f. 43. (470) (=ii) •sheh. Li- .^; 7\' No legend. Li-sheh, now Yimg-ning, Fen-tchou fu (lat. 37° 34', long. 111° 04'), in Shansi. It was conquered from Wei by Ts'in in 328 B.C. (471) -sheh. Li- Unimportant variety. t jL erh 20.^ ^hih_ ■\- shih, '10. £. Siiine size. 126 (472) TCIIOU DYNASTY. OuvERSE. Reverse. {=m) -shell. Li- \ yh, Li-shih, same as (470). (473) (474) -shell ■ Li- Unimportant variety. -sheh. Li- dnimportant variety. -^ -f- skill, ,-.■.: JE. Same size. -^ shih, 20.' M. Same size. (475) Li-sheh. ^ ^ —\ Same as (472), but / \J ^ reversed order. — yh, M. Smaller size, 2'65. References .— K.T.II. % IX., ff. 1, 2.— S.T.H. X — , f- 4.— H.P.W.T.K. III., f. 35. PU-MOXEY. Obverse. Keveese. (47G) ian,j. Tsin- \^^^ llK Tsin-jjang is still a district in Tai-Yuou (lat. o7° 45', long. 112° 20'), in Shansi. It belonged to the state of Wei |!| , when it was destroyed by Ts'iu M, in :302 c.c. (477) yang. Tsin- Same legend as (476). -f-^ shih sail, ' 1 [ vE. Same size. Eeference:—K.T.JI. % IX., f. G, 128 TCIIOU DYNASTY. (478) ( = ii) TIT. PU-MONEY {continued). (II.) Round-footed. b. Double names. Obverse. Reverse. O 1^ -yang. Lu- ', Q nhih O erh 12. O 0/ ,0 TTo/i. Lu-yang, now Lu-shan, in N. Honan. See (300) and (458). Koh was situate near the modern P'ing-yuen (lat. 37° 23', long. 116° 34'), in Shantung. (479) Mou. 1^) Koh. Mou is the modern Teng-tchou, in Shantung, as (443) above. Koh is also in Shantung, as (478) above. 1*U-M0NEV. 12'J Legend worn out. III. PU-MONEY {continued). [III.) Point footed. 43. Obvee pi 1 .j Rkvehse. Same as obvorsp, l)ut no legend nor marki^ (480) Pao- tcheng. m No legend. In the state of Tcliao, now Fan-ting fu f^ ;£ (kit. 38° 53', long. 119° 30'), Tcliihli. (481) -tcheng. Pao- Variant of the legend on (480), inverted. ISI?: ^ i\ / •■ II No legend. Ai. Siimc size. S TCHOU DYNASTY. (482) Obvehse. Irheug. Pao- Variant of tho legend on (480), inverted. ^?i + ;i 1 Reverse. |i No legend. Eeference :—K.T.n. jq VIII., ff. 17, U (483) ? Siang. Illegible. + T See Jang-yn (31G), p. 77. (484) Illegible. /A No sign nor mark whatever. PU-MONFA'. 131 (485) Obverse. Revkuse. A rah, ; \) Eight.' /.'c\ No sign nor mark whatever. lieference :—K.T.il. JQ VIII., ff. 18, 19. (486) Fung. il * No legend, nor any marks. Be/erejice .— K.T.H. X VIII., f. 17v. (487) in TsiVf. I'l JE. Siimc size. Tst7i, or Tsih-mo SW M. an important mart (see Larger Knife-money series) of Shan- tung peninsula (lat. 34° 15', long. 120° 44') ; still a hien iu Lai-tchou fu, E. Shantung. lau' TCIIOU DYNASTY. (-188) Obversk. Same legend as (487). Unimportaut variety. Reverse. Same reverse as (187), with - n-k '2. in the centre. (489) r.v/A. Same logontl as (487). Unimportant variety. Same reverse as (487), with in the centre. (490) Tsih. Same legend as (487). Unimportant variety. Same reverse as (487), with S^ 5. ^vu '5.' in the centre. JE. Same s Reference— K.T. 11. JQ , VIII., if. 16, 1! (491) (=5fi) (=S -Idn. Hoh. I No legend. JE. Same size. Hvh.kiu, still a hien iu Yng-tchou fu (lat. 32° 23', long. 116° 13'), in Anhui PU-MONEY. (1.92) Odveese. -Mil. noh- Good variant of r4^ the legend on (491). • Reverse. Same rcvcri5C as ( lO 1 ) . (493) -kill. Eoh- Variant of the legend on (491). . -i 1 ; n VVvl; /^U -:i - cvh '2. (494) -Mu. Holi- Variant of the legend on (491). Ik (495) -Idu. Uoh- Variant of the legend on (491) I /;. n ^\ii ^ jfT. wu ' 5. TCIIOU DYNASTY. (.J.9G) Obverse. ...1 I I' -Id,,. Uoh- ('5 Reverse. -f shih ' 10.' References .— H.P.W.T.K. III., f. 13.— K.T.H. X VIII., ff. 6, 7. (497) t5 m -tu. Si- ■■ I / o 5n No legend. JE. Same size. 6't-fM, formerly in Ulao-y liien p^ ^ (lat. 37° 10', long. 111° 45'), in Shansi. (498) -tu. Sl- Variant of the legend on (497). o m^ Same reverse as (497). -tu. Si Variant of tlie legend on (49 ■.-.\/^ ; m I - yh (500) Obveese. -. . M -tu. Si- - _ O Variant of tlio legend on (497). > - f.\ MO.' (501) -tu. Si- Variant of the legend on (497). + .shlh (502) -tn. 8i- A^ariant of the legend ou (497). X? 1^ X T -p .v///7( '07.' Ee/ei -K.T.H. X VIIL, f. 5. (503) « l/^\ No Icffcud. AC. Same Size. Same Li-sheh in Sliansi as ou (470-475) Round-footed scries. Refeniirr .-—K.T.U. X VIII., f. 15. TCIIOU DYNASTY. (50-t) Obversk. Reverse. fun. Yii (Turned up.) 11'... w I ■f; Inh ' G.' i.e., ' Yii's fun,' or a fun of Yii, still a hien in Kiang-su. (505) fun. Yii Same legend (turned up) as (504). (506) Yii. ? ..■\i;,. II D h 1 ' ?) '11.' (507) -tchou. P'ing- Pi-obably same place a.s on (504). Reference:— K.T.R. X VIII., ff. 13, 14. M. Some specimens are quite plain, or with only the right-hand side line. M. Same si/e. Ping chou 2ji 311, of the state of Tsi ^, was near the modern Lai-irn '^ 3S hien in Ttti 'An fu ^ ^ , in Shantung. i'U-imo:ney. (508) Obversk. -tchou. F'Ing. Same legend as (507). Unimportant variety. Reveksk. _ ,jk '1.' centre or right foot, or loft side. (509) -fchou. P'ing- Unimportant variety. .E. Snrao size. (510) -tchoii. P'i'ig- Unimportant variety. /// right centre. (511) -tchou. P'ing- Uuimportant variety. sze ' 4. M. Same size. (512) -tchou. Fing- Uuimportant variety. = or X S "'« centre or right. (513) -tchou. P'iiig- Uuimportant variety. ^ or y or /\ 7?^ Ink '6.' centre or left. 138 TCHOU DYNASTY. (514) Obverse. Revekse. -tchoti. r'inrj- Same legend as (507) . centre. Unimportant variety. M. Size 2 (515) -tvhou. I"i»g- Unimportant variety. X ;C A pa ,ah '8. (516) -irhou. P'ing- Unimportant variety. y-€ jl Idii '9: (517) -tchou. P'huj- Unimportant variety. + sMh '10.' (518) -tchou. P'ing- Unimportant variety. \j + shlh , ■ ><: or >< or /^ 1^ ^^^ (519) -tchou. P'ing- Unimportant variety. I I ZL erh 4- -f- shih 20.' (520) Obvkkse. -tchoH. P'in,j- Same legend as ('"'O?). Unimportant variety. Reversk. JJ- or ^ ± Ml, '2o. jE. Size 21. (521) -tchou. J"t>'» = + sh!h '2G.' vE. Same size. (524) -tchou. P'ing- Unimportaut variety. 1/ _- crh _/ or ->-r:: + .v/n7i '27. (525) -tchou. P'ing- Unimportant variety. erh ,v/u7i ' 2i /K. Same size. (52G) Unimportaut variety. IK + sluh :jh ;jl.' TCIIUU DYNASTY. (527) Obverse. -tchoii P'ing- Same legend as (507). Unimportant variety. Reverse. )n or ^'i>. + ,hlh '32. ~ erh (528) Same reverse as (507) . No legend. JE. Same size. (529) P'ing- -tcliou. Same legend as (528). Unimportant variety. yh '1.' (580) r'ing- -tcliou. Unimportant variety. :=■ or \^ erh I centre or left. (53i; r'ing- -tchou. Unimportant variety. sail '3.' lower centre. (532) P'ing- -tchou. Unimportant variety. f>^ 3L 't"' '^• centre. .E. Same sizt riT-]^roNEY. (533) Obverse. P'ing- -tcliou. Samo legend as (528). Uuimportant variety. Reverse. ^ ^t h'ih '7.' left side. (534) P'tntj- -tchou. Uuimportant variety. J ( /\ pah ' lower centre. I&. .Same 6 (535) r'iiKj- -tchou. Uuimportant variety. -^ jl kin '9. right side. (53G) P'ing- -tchou. Unimportant variety. + sh!h '10. loft side. (537) P'ing- -tchou. Unimportant variety. '^l^-' - sun (538) P'ing- -fchou. Unimportant variety. d= + := El left centre. s7,//i 142 TCHOU D YNASTY. (539) Odverse. Reverse. r'!»,j. -tchou. . 1 + sh ih , 1 - , Same legend as (528). M 31 ivu ^^■ Unimportant variety. centre. ^-< ^. Size 21. (540) P'ing- -tchou. ,hih , , t.'ih ^ Unimportant variety. centre. M. Same size. (541) P'ing- -tchou. >'c + Mh , pah 18- Unimportant variety. left side. £. Same size. (542) P'ing- -tchou. Unimportant variety. ^ + Mh kiu 17.' Rcfcrmices :-K:i\ll. X VI., if. 13-20.— S.T.H. |i if T , f • 0.— K.K.S.K.L. II. f. 3.— H.P.W.T.K. III., f. 10. (543) -she. Tze- fun. shih L No legend. JB. Same size. i.e., ' Ten fun of Tze she,' otherwise Tze clan, in the state of Tchao, modern Fun-yaiig J'J&'^>in^'iin-tchoufu(lat.37°19',long.lll°41')Shansi. Samelegendas (217), p. 53. rU-MONEY. (544) OllVERSE. Tzc-she shih fun. Same legend as (543). Unimportant variety. Reverse. — ;//, '1.' centre. (545) Tze-she shih fun. Unimportant variety. (546) Tze-she f'hih fun. Unimportant vai'iety. —- or III ^ san centre or left. (547) Tze-she shih fun. Unimportant variety. I centre or left. (548) Tze-she shih fun. Unimportant variety. IX] or X or mil £. wi (549) Tze-she shih fun. Unimpoi'tant variety. /\ ^ luh '0. centre. JE. .Same size. 144 (550) TCIIOU DYNASTY. Tzc-she skill fttii. Same legend as (543) . Unimportant variety. Reverse. /|v -t ts'ih (551) (552) (553) Tze-slic shih fun. Unimportant variety. Tzc-she shih fun. Unimportant variety. Tze-she shih fun. Unimportant variety. y->^ jl kill left. M. Same i -|— + shih '10.' centre. M. Same size. centre. M. Same size. (554) Tze-she shih fun. Unimportant variety. I + shih ,,, X S. wu 1^- right. (555) Tze-she shih fun. Unimportant variety. _ erh -t shih (55li) PU-MONEY. Obvekse. Reverse. Tze-she shih fun. Same legend as (543) . IL " j'f '21. Uuimportaut variety. ceutro. IE. Size 21. (557) Tze-she *7i ih fun. Uuimportaut variety. II ii- J''^ '22.' ZL erh (558) Tze-she shih fun. Unimportant variety. II jeh luh (559) Tze-she shih fun. Unimportant variety. Il -fl- ic A j,h pah centre or left. (560) Tze-she shih fun. Unimportant variety. '4 -fi- 11 j.h km centre. (561) Tze-she shih fun. Unimportant v.ariety. Ill H 4- -V centre. san shih HG (562) TCHOU DYNASTY. Obveksk. Tze-shc shih fun. Same legend as (543). Uuiiuportant variety. Reverse. ii' * ? centre or left. 31.' (563) Tze-slie shih fun. Unimportant variety. Ill § ««'' '32.' — . erh centre or left. JS,. Same size. (564) Tze-she shih fun. Unimportant variety. Ill >^ Sah , j^g y ^~ ^2. sail left. M. Same size. (565) Tze-she shih fun. Unimportant variety. Ill ^S^ sah il Idu (566) Tze-she shih fun. Unimportant variety. Ill I s.. ,^^, -I- + sluh (567) Tze-she shih fun. Unimportant variety. im (+) {shih) '43.' =: — _ sail centre. JE. Same size. (5G8) Obverse. Tze-slie shih fim. Same legend as (543) . Unimportant variety. Reversr. nil .s-^f y^ (+) {shih) '44. = im sz,: contro. (569) Tzc-she ghlh fi,n. Unimportaut variety. IX (+) (.s7,,70 '.I.5.' 2l wu (570) Tze-she shih fun. Unimportant variety. Ilfl III! ra ■^r.e centre or left. JE. 8iime size. (571) Tze-she shih fan. Unimportaut variety. ^ ± kiu (.572) Tze-she shih Jun. Unimportant variety. K ^ '"" I (+) (shih) '52. (573) Tze-she shih fun. Unimportant vaiiety. lb or ^ (+) (./h-A) '53. centre or left. 148 (574) Obverse. Tzc-slic slilh fun. Same legend as (543). Uuimportant variety. TCIIOU DYNASTY. Reveese. X 31. U'H 1 + skih '55.' X 5 "'« centre or left. Reference:— K.T.B.. X VH-; H- 1-4. (575) Tze- she shih fun. 7 \si r^, v//. '1. i.e., " 10 fun of Tze-she." Same legend as (220) and (217, 543). The lower left cross is sometimes missing. The reverse is also found plain. The character J^ presents the following varieties : — T" -4-| \~\ (576) Tze-alie ahili fun. Variant of the legend on (575). (577) Tie-she sh!h fun. Variant of the legend on (575). Ill centre. sun '3.' VV-IU )NKY. (578) Odvekse. Reverse. Tse-she shih fun. X pg sze '4.' Variant of the legend on (575). centre. JE. Size 21 (579) Tze-she shih fun. Variant of the legend on (575). jl Ida '9. right centre, no perpendicular lines. ./E. Same size. (580) Tze-she shih fun. Variant of the legend on (575). -f + .^h;h '10. lower centre. Jli. Same si (581) Tze-she .>ah '8.' (589) Tze-she fun. Same as (586). Unimportant variety. I + -M ,,, (590) Tze-she fun. Same as (586). Unimportant variety. + xhlh ,. (591) Tze-she fun. Same as (586). Unimportant varict\-. H erh + shih 152 'iriinu 1) YNASTY. (592) Obverse. Tzc-she fan. Hi Same as (586). -~" Unimportant variety. (593) Tzc-she fun. Ml Same as (58G). X Unimportant variety. (594) Tze-she fun. III! Same as (586). X Unimportant variety. (595) Tze-nhc fun. III! Same as (586). A Unimportant variety. Reverse. LLi (+) [shih) '32. erh JB. Size 2'1. (+) (shih) '3£ (+) {shil^ (+) (./u70 '47; Ee/emice ;— S.T.H. Po-Y T, f. 7. (596) Tze. Jil, 88 i i \ i No legend. 1 \ \ ; /''^ -- \ / \ ■* ^. S;ime size Tze for Tze-s/w, same as (217, 543). rL'-MU.NKV. (^^7) Obvkrsi;. Same as (59G), but on the loft. llEVEliSi;. Same I'everse as (596). /E. Size 2' (598) Tzfi. Same as (596). - yh '1. (599) ^ ^ -she. T. : VI g« as (217, 51.:3). Same reverse as (596). (600) Tze- she. Same as (217, 543), from left to right. %\^ III ^ san ' 3.' IE. Same size. References :—K.T.R., X VII., f. 7.— K.K.S.K.L., II., f. I v.— H.P.W.T.K., III., f. 4. 194 (601) Tze. TCHUU DYNASTY. Obverse. Revkrse. ?? (002) it Pch- -Tze kin. Tze for Tze-xhe, same as (217, 543). Reference ;— S.T.H. X II-> f- 1 «• -U/L Plain, no legend. i.e., " Kin of Peh-tze (or northern Tze)." Perhaps a northern division of the Tzi she. See (217, 543, 596). (603) Feh- -Tze kin. + .^hih. 2//1 '1. Same as (602) for the three read symbols. The sign under Tze is here altered, and apparently a variant of (608), of which (607) is another alteration. PU-MONEY. (604) Obversk. Peh- l-in -Tzc. Same as ((502) . If M\^ ]{evkrsk. ,rh '2.' (605) Peh- T:c kin. Unimportant variety of (604). (606) Peh- T:e Un. Unimportant variety of (604) . (607) Ml l.-i Peh- -Tze kin. sink. I^h 881 rri Variant of (603) and (608) . centre. JV. S:ime size. ^ -U Uih '7.' centre. M. .Same size. (608) Peh- -Tze k!n shih. Same as (603). See ((i02). Ikforcnce :—K.T:.B.. %, VII., ff. il- if <„. Tciior 1)y:sasty. (609) Obvkrse. hita Exchange.' npsiJe down Reverse. II II (?) Twice X />"'"'5'- JE. Size 2- C'lO) Two ^ (tlie right onci L \ inverted) for flj /(»«. V^ J X A-w/-^. (611) (=Ii) • fl« No legend. M. Same size. Tsiyi-yanrj in the state of Wei, was destroyed in 302 B.C. Sec (476, 477). (612) There were many issues like the pre- ceding. The left-hand side character varying ns follows : ^5 while the symbol for Tsin remained unchanged. Same reverse as (575). iE. Same size. (613) -yaiuj. Ts'ni- Same as (Oil). \\ ZL erh '2. JE. Same size. (614) OliVERSE. -yang. T.sln- Same as (611). rU-MONEY. 157 Kevekse. (615) Tsin- !/iij- Same place as (611) »i? m (616) -ya7ig. Tgin -yang. 7'«»- /-> l\/ . i . L"S.'; 2 m i / \ me place as (611). V I ^ ! / \ JE. Same size. No legend. ^E. Same size. (617) Same a3 (611). 1^ — yh '\.' (618) -yang. Tsin Same as (61 :: I » I = (619) Same as (611). J^ \J l&i - »a/( ' 3. M. Siime sizi 158 TCH(.)U DYNASTY. ((J20) Obverse. IlEVEliSK. ( -yauy. Tsh,- Slime as (GU). | i^ — [jg .'ize ' 4.' ;E. Size 2-1 (621) -yang. Tsin- Same as (611). ^ ^^ 31 wu '5. (62i -yaiiij. Tsin- Same as (611). Unimportant variety. (623) (624) II ?!(7t ' 6.' .iE. Same size. -yang. Tsin- Sameas (611). < -t: ( 7. pah ' 8 Unimportant variety. yE. Same size (625) Same as (611). n X ^. Same size. (626) Obverse. -yanij. Tsin- Same as (611). Unimportaut variety, Kevekse. H- + shih '10.' a:. Size 21. References :—K.T.U. x V., ff. 3, 4.— K.K.S.K.L. IL, f. 1.— II.l'.W.T.K. III., f. 6. (627) Tsin- y Same as (61 from left to ris:ht Z ®1^ 1 i ^ ^t '*'i'i (628) Same obverse as (627). No legend. JE. Same size. (629) (=11) -yang fun. # ili No legend. Tsin- I fv Ouly the two side-strokes. IE. Same size. i.e. Fun of Tsin-yang. Same name as (61 1). (630) -yawjr Tsin- fun. Variant of (629) . f ,t _ c)7t ''!.' TCHOU DYNASTY. (G31) OnVERSE. -yiiuj Tsin- fun. Same as (629). ^ )C t>L '•■!" '^■ (637) -yang. Tsin- fun. Same as (629). V ^ :• + + ,h!h '10.' iE. Same size. (638) Tsin- -yang fan. Same as (629). V ^ IIW -ti- jc/i '20.' (639) Tsin- -yang fun. Same as (629). ^ %^\\l'\ A 2'«'i (640) -yang Tsin- fun. Same as (629). V^ No lof'cnd. ^. Same size. Y 162 TCIIOU DYNASTY. (O-tl) Obverse. Eeverse. Tain- >/«» /, differently arranged. / \-^ C" ?te i\ (644) -yang Tsin- fun. Same as (643). e s ^ sail + sUh ' 34.' 13 sze M. Same size. I'U-MONEY. ((JtS) OUVEKSE. -yaiig Tsin- fun. Y-] ) ( . Same as (G4;3). X i "V t Reveuse. B hih 'G. (646) -)/a;i_9 Tsin- fun. Same as (643) . D ^ /\ fah '8.' jE. Siimc size. (647) -ijnug fnn. Same as (643). § ^ ? ^ ^^-a^ ^L Ion '[) References :—K.T.R. X V., ff. 5-9.— S.T.H. To-y ±, f. 4.— H.P.W.T.K. III., f. (648) (upside down). (=m) Same legend as (629) differently arranged. No legend. JE. Siimc size. TCIIOU DYNASTY. (010) OnVEKSE. Tsin fun. w (upside down.) \ \j y Variant of (048). h Rev] Same reverse as (048) . (050) T.ln fun \V/ 1/ (upside down.) \X^ x» Variant of (048). K "^ — - yh (651) Ts!n fun ^<^ V (upside down.) A /i I yang Variant of (048) / luh ' 0. ? ? (052) fun. Tsin- yang. Same legend as (029) differently arranged. Same reverse as (648). Beferenccs .— K.T.U., X V., fi' 9, 10.— H.P.W.T.K., III., f. 0. (0.53) ^ (on the left, \J upside down.) 4 /.» ) ( Same as (029), incomplete. Same reverse as (048). PU-MOjS'EY. (654) Obverse Revekse. ^ (on the left.) / \ Same reverse as (648). Same as (629), iucomplete. M. Size 2-1. (655) (on the right.) "# V Tsin. ^ Same reverse as (648). Same as (629), incomplete. ^. Same size (656) -yang Tsin- ; ^ .11 fun. 1 Same reverse as (648). Same as (629). (657) -tjang Tsin- fiin. Same as (629). ! f n Same reverse as (648) . ii-e/erences :— K.T.H. % V., f. Il.-II.P.W.T.K., III., ff. 6, TCHOU DYNASTY. (658) Obveese. \ /L- Tsin Same as (Gil), from left to right. Reveese. No IcKeud. (659) I I -yang. Tsin- Samcas (611). ideways. Jli. Same size. Reference .— K.T.H. % ^■> ^- 4- (660) m ^ Tchou.. Ping- m rv \ u No legend. Ping-Tchou was in Fun-tchou fu, W. Shansi. See (236-249). (661) The issues were numerous, but the only variants of importance were in the left-hand side symbol, as follows : — ^ © Same reverse as (660) . jH. Same size. (GG2) (004) (665) (667) PU-MONEY. Obverse. Reverse. Tchou. rimi- „r 1 yh ' 1 .' Sameas (660). liigli centre. Unimportant variety. M. Size 2-1. -Ti'iwu. Plng- ^ _ erh '2.' Sameas (660). centre. Unimportant variety. JR. Same size. -Tchou Ping- Ill or ^ ^ .-icm ' Same as (660). centre. high r ght, Unimportant variety. in the lino. JR. Same size. -Tchou. Ping- III! or = .sze '^ Same as (660). centre. Unimportant variety. M. Same size. -Tchou. Ping- Same as (660). X 31 WU ' 0.' Unimportant variety. centre. M. Same size. -Tchou. Ping- > left. ^ luh ' 6.' Same aa (660). Unimportant variety. 1G8 ((3G8) TCIIOU DYNASTY. Obverse. -Tchou. Ping- Samo as (G60). Unimportant variety. centre. (669) -Tchou. Fing- Samcas (G60). Unimportant variety. > < /\ pah centre. (670) -Tchou. Ping- Same as (660). Unimportant variety. lower right. JE. Same size. (671) -Tchou. Ping- Same as (660) . Unimportant variety. J- + shih '10.^ centre, or riglit. (672) -Tchou. Ping- Same as (660) . Unimportant variety. I -p shih t-io' — ^ san left side. PU-MONEY. (G73) Obverse. -Tchoit. Ping- Same as (G60) . Unimportant variety. Reversk. centre. (G74) (•375) (67G) -Tchou. Ping- X shih ,^,_, wu Same as (6G0). centre, Unimportant variety. and right. M. Same size. -Tchou. Ping- ZL san X '" t <\ (+) («^'V') Same as (660). iB. w« Unimportant variety. centre. ^. Same size. -Tchou. Ping- san /S^ (+) (shih) ' 36.' Sameas (660). /> luh Unimportant variety. centre. M. Same size. (677) Same as (236, 660), from left to right. yE. Same size. 7. TCHOU DYNASTY. (678) Obverse. Reverse. The principal varieties of numerous issues arc tlie following : The left-hand side symbol Pinri : )J |< IJ >l( The right-hand side symbol Tcli02i : (679) Ping- Tchou. Same as (677, 078). Unimportant variety. Reverses various, with or without figures. erh ' 2.' (G80) Piny- Tchou. Same as (077, 678). Unimportant variety. I I 1 or — left. centre. — sun '3. (681) Ping- Tchou. Same as (677, 678). Unimportant variety. nil n sze '4. centre. (682) Ping- Tchou. Same as (077, 078). Unimportant variety. centre. .E. Same size. rU MONEY. (683) Obvkkse. Ping- Tchou. Same as ((J77, 078). Unimportant variety. Reverse. centre. (684) Ping. Tchou. Same as (677,078). Unimportant variety. ^ ^ t'<'ih '7. centre. (685) Ping. Tchou. Same as (077,678). Unimportant variety. ^ + ..lah centre. 10.' (086) Ping. Tchou. Same as (077,078). Unimportant variety. _n_ (^^ (,/,;/o '24' centre. (087 piyig- Tchou. Same as (077,678). Unimportant variety. Ill (+) i^hih) '31.' I'iglit. Finn- Tchou. Same as (077,078). Unimportant variety. ill (T-) (■^■'"■^') '^^■' centre. /E. Smnc i TCIIOU DYNASTY. (089) Obvekse. Ping- Tchou. Same as (G77, 678). Unimportant variety. Reverse. Ill .X (+) {shil^ '38.' (090) ) jn/., Same as (660). Tchou. ^ No legend. (incomplete.) Same as (660). JE. Same size (691) Pmg- Tchou. Same as (660). (on the left, incomplete.) he ' 4.' (on the left line.) References :—K.T.R. %, VI., fF. 9-13.— S.T.H. ^ it- f- 5; X H, f. 17.- H.P.W.T.K. III., ff. 7, 8.— K.K.S.K.L. II., f. 3. (692) (= m (= m Wen- yanij. k\ I No legend. Wen-yang was in the centre of the state of Ln, near the modern Kuili-fn (lat. 35° 36', long. 117°), in Yen-Tchou fu, Shantung. (G93) Obvekse. The riglit-haiid character presents the followiucT variants : — N f| Reverse. Same as (692). (694) Wen- ,'/""!/• Same as (692). Unimportant variety. - erh '2. with a right-hand side line. (695) Wen- yang. Same as (692). Unimportant variety. I ^ san ' 3.' with a 'ht-hand side line. (696) Wen- yang. Same as (692). Unimportant variety. IJ_I it) (shih) '32. — _ er/i with a right-hand side hue. (697) (=Pi) {=m -yanff. Wen- 19 witli a right-hand side line. vE. Same size. TCIIOU DYNASTY. (098) Obverse. (turned up) ^ 'yy (= m (inverted). ^ -yang fun. Reveese. Same reverse, with two side lines, as (G60). TFe»- i.e. "Fun of Wen-yang." Same Wen-ymuj as (692). Jteference :—K.T.B.. JC, V. f- H- (699) m ^ -yti. #1 No legend. JE. Same size. Same as in square- footed series. (See 226, above). (700) -yn. la- Same as (G99). Unimportant variety. — — yh '1. M. Same size. (701) -yn. Ta- Same as (699). Unimportant variety. - erh '2.' var. I I .E. Same size. pu-:money. (702) Obverse. -yu. Ta- Samo as (GOO). Uniuiportaut variety. Reverse. - Stan ' 3.' (703) :/>!. la- Same as (609). Unimportant variety. — pg sxe ' 4.' var. nil (704) yn. Ta- Same as (699). Unimportant variety. ^ £ nm 'b.' (705) (706) yn. Ta- Same as (600). Unimportant variety. -yn. Ta- Same as (699). Unimportant variety. ar. /^ JE. Same size. a. + .//i/i ' 10.' (707) -yn. Ta- Same as {699). Unimportant variety. \± (j-) (.,;,//,) TCIIOU DVNASTY. OCVKRSE. -yn Ta. Sanio as (699). Uuiinportaut variety. Rbveese. / / - erh (+) {shih A pah y ^ (+) i^hih) '28.' (709) -yn. Ta- Same as (699). Unimportant variety. II r erK ^ + 8Uh '29. (710) -yn. Ta- Same as (699). Unimportant variety. Ml -f shih (711) -yn. Ta- Same as (699). Unimportant variety. ^ san ^22 (+) [shih) '31.' (712) -yn. Ta- Same as (699). Unimportant variety. — . san \\\ (+) [shih) ' 32.' ~ erh JE. Same size. (713) -yn, Ta- Same as (699). Unimportant variety. Ill LL' (+) (.s-7,,70 '33.^ san (714) (715) (716) (717) I'U-MONKV. OllVERSE. Rf.verse. -yn. Ta- Samo as (699). nimportanl variety. vu III X JE. Size 2-1 -yn. Ta- Same as (099). Unimportant variety. Same as (699). Unimportant variety. -yu. Ta- Same as (699). Unimportant variety. 111 (+) {.shlh) '36. /\ :^, luh /E. Same size. im (+) [M,) 'il.' ./V /^ ?"/' '^• JE. Same size. (718) Ta- yn. Same as (699). vn (719) I'*- 7/n. Same as (718). Variant unimportant. Reverse as (099). No legend. JE. .Sninc size. A a 178 (720) OUVKKSE. Ta- yn. Same as (718). Variant TUiimportant I'CHOU DYNASTY. Eeverse. (721) Ta- yn. Same as (718). Variant unimportant. var. : traced on the head. (722 Ta- yn. Same as (718). Variant unimportant. JE. Same size. (723) Ta- yn. Same as (718). Variant unimportant. ")( A F'^' ' (724) (725) Ta- yn. Same as (718). Variant unimportant. Ta- yn. Same as (718). Variant unimportant. -I- + AL. Same size. Ill ^ san '•I (+) (shiJi) '35. >N TT 11)11. rU- MONEY. (72G) Obverse. Ta. yn. Same as (718). Variant unimportant. (731) Ta- -yn. Same as (728) . Variant unimportant. Reverse. III! ( + ) {.hih) '41. (727) -yn. Ta- Same as (699). '" yh '].' JE. Same size. (728) Ta- ^ ,,._\\ /: yn. p^ m ! — yh '1.' Same as (699). , , \; JE. Same size. (729) Ta- -yii. Same as (728). — - yh ' 1.' Variant uni upo rtant. JE. Same size. (730) Ta- -yn = H .SYH*. ' 3.' Same as (728). Variant unit] apo •tant. JE. Same size. A luh ' 6.- ^E. Same size. TCIIOU DYNASTY. (732) Obverse. Ta- fun. Reverse. Same as (699). No lesccnd. e. "Fun of Ta-i/n." Same Ta-ijn as (699). (733) Ta- ijH fun. Same as (732). Uuimportaut varieties. ■ : - erh '2. on the right- liaud side. JE. Same size. lieferences .— K.T.H., x VI., fP. 1-7.— S.T.H., Po-y, f, f. 4.— H.P.W.T.K., III. f. 12.— T.S.T. f. 31. lU) ''■■■■ ^ \1i 1^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1- Sameas(G99). / / / / 1 / \ No legend. / \ (735) Tu- ^ ] (=lt) ; Same as (699). ' PU-MONEY. Obverse. Reverse. ^ m References :—K.T.R. %, VI. f. 7 i'.— H.P.W.T.K. 111., f. 12. (736) -P'hig. Wii- 'H No legend. Wa-P'ing, iu the state of Tchao ^, Tcbihli, near the former 'An hieu, twenty five U N.W. of Wu-Kiao, was conquered by the Prince of Ts'in 234 B.C. (737) The character ^ Wu of the obverse presents the following varieties; 1 2 3 t 4 ^1 The varieties of the character 3^ P'ing are very slight. (738) (739) -P'ing. Wu- Same as (736). Unimportant variety. -P'ing. Wu- Same as (736). Unimportant variety. — - ^k '].' JE. Same size. JE. Same size. TCIlor DYNASTY. (7-10) Obverse. -Fing. Wu- Samo as (736). Unimportant variety. Reverse. — -1 sail ' 3.' (741) , -P'iiig. Wii- Samo as (73G). Unimportant variety. X s (742) -P'lng. Wu- Samo as (736). Unimportant variety. •^^ or yf^ 5^; Inh ' Q,: (743) (7.1.4) -F'incj. Wu- Same as (736). Unimportant variety. -P'ing. Wii- Same as (736). Unimportant variety. ) ( A pah iE.. Same size. 3\ % ^•"« '^■' JE. Same size. (745) -P'ing. Wu- Same as (736). Unimportant variety. + + PU-MOXEY. (746) Obverse. -P'ing Wu- Same as (73(3). Uuimportant variety. Revekse. A_ P'huj, Third of '"^ tho cycle of 10. cycle I /K. Size 2-1. References.— K.T.li. % , V., ff. 1-3— H.P.W.T.K. III., ff. 8, 9.— K.K.8.K.L., II., f. 4. T.S.T., XXI., flf. 31, 32. (747) 'An. Wii- I \ No logoud. Wu-"An, iu the state of Tckao, was made a Idnii about 326 B.C., and conquered by an army from Ts'in in 269 B.C. (748) (749) (750) (751) -'An. Wu- Same as (747). Unimportant variety. -An. Wu- Same as (747). Unimportant variety. -'An. Wu- Same as (747). Unimportant variety. -'An. Wu- Same as (747). Unimportant variety. - '//' JE. Same size. rh '2.' — san JE. Same size. TCIIOU DYNASTY. (752) (753) Obverse. -•An. Wu- Same as (747). Unimportant variety. .'An. Wa- Same as (747). Uaimportant variety. Kevekse. ^ orf^ lah '&. (754) (755) (756) (757) .'^,1. Wu- Same as (747). Unimportant variety. .'An. Wu- Same as (747). Unimportant variety. .'An. Wu. Same as (747). Unimportant variety. -'An. Wu- Same as (747). Unimportant variety. ::f^ ^ ts'ih 'i: .E. Same size. \ ^ A pa^^ '^■ J^ il ^"' '^- M. Same size. _j_ ^ shlh '10.' M. Same size. rr-:\roxEY, (758) Obverse. -\ln. Wn- Samo as (717). Uniinijortaut variety. Reverse. ^^ I'lulociplioroil. Soo also (799). .K. Size 21. Reference.^ :—K.T.K. % V., iT. 2, 8.— S.T.H. % H., f. 1 .— S.T.H., Po-y T, f- '^ T.S.T., XXL, f. 32.— K.K.S.K.L., II., f. L-H.P.W.T.K., III., f. 9. (759) (turned up) ^ (=rl) Fun. X )( Only the usual tlirce lines of this series. No legend. Fun fjg', in the state of Tchao H, during the period of Civil Wars answered to the modern Fun-tchou fu (lafc. 37° 19', long. 111° 41'), in Ki-ning g :f:'circumscription, Shan-si. (760) ,1/'.. Fun. Same as (759). ^. ^ 1) ....:|/; Fun (upside down). >i Same as (759). Same reverse as (759). ^ yh '1. R b \S6 TCHOU DYNASTY. (762) Obvkrse. I Reverse. Fun (upside down). Same as (759). (763) Fun. Same as (7o9). V A 7^ Ink ' 6.' ) (^ A pah ' s: No side lines, only the central one. JE. Slime size. (764) Fun (upside down). Same as (759). :-M\ + .hlh 13.' References i—K.T.U. % VIII., ff. 14, 15. (765) ^ (=if) -fan. W,l- .e. "Fan of Wei." i\l No legend. TYei f J in the state of Wei ||, Period of Civil Wars ; now Wei hui fu (lat. 35° 28 long. 114° 16'), in N.E. Honan. (7GG) Obveusk. Keversk. -fiui. Wei- (Same as (7tJ5). I.I No legend. Same reverse as (705). (7(37) -fun. Wel- Same as (765). II: ^} No legend. Same reverse as (765). (768) (=if ^ Wei- fun Same as (765), from left to right No legend. Same reverse as (765). (769) Wei- fan. Same as (765). |l r^ No legend. Same reverse as (765). KS8 (770) Obverse. TCIIOU DYNASTY. Wei- fun. (iucouipleti \l:. e..;S| (T6S). if^.'C No legend. Same reverse as (765). (771) Same as (768). . J-T V No legend. Same reverse as (765). (772) We!- fun. (incomplete.) Same as (768). 1 1; 1 I. il Ink '6. (773) Wei- fan. Same as (768). ,' I;.. Same reverse as (765) with -)- + shih '10.^ in the centre. Ee/erence :—K.T.'H., % VIII., ff. 12, II (77-i) OlSVERSE. -fun. Shn- i.e.j " Fun of Shu." ll*f Eeveese. No logond. Shu fsp during the Civil Wars was at 50 U S.W. of modern P'ing yuen (lat. 37° 'I'-i', long. 11C° 34'), in W. Shantung. (775) -fun. Shu. Same as (774). Same reverse as (774) with — yh '].' in the centre. (776) -/«n. Shu- Same as (774). -4U Same reverse as (774) with in the centre. M. Same size. (777) -fun. Shu. Same as (774). n; )( \M Same reverse as (774) with in the centre. TflloU JtVNASTV. (-7a) OliVERSE. -fun. Shu- Saine as (771). (779) -fmi. Shi(- Same as (774). (780) -fun. Sha- Same as (774). (781) -fun. Slui- Same as (774). (782) -fun. SJm- Same as (774). /\ )C l^)l X 1 1 ^'^tl /h Reverse. Same reverse as (774) with < 7?; Z»/i, '6. in the centre. Same reverse as (774) with 1" -^^ luh '6: in the lower centre. Same reverse as (774) with _j_ + shih '10. in the lower centre. JE. Same size. Same reverse as (774) without any figure. ^. Same size. Ai. Siime size. (783) PU-M< )N-i:v. Obverse. -fun. Shu- Same as (774). Corrupted legend. Reversb. Ramc reverse as (77I) witli ill the lower centre. X. Size 21. Erfercnccs .— K.T.H. X VIII., d'. '.\ 10, 17.— S.T.H. X. H., f. 2. (784) ^ m -I'iDi. Kuan- No legend. i.e. "Kuan's fun," or "Fun of Kuan." Kncai for Kuan-tchuiKj, tlio capital city of the state of Ts'in ^. See 37, p. 108, and (400). (785) 111 -fun. Kuan. \U\^^ Variant of (784). ' | ' An ki No side lines. (780) '. I I -fun. Kuan- Variant of (784) . ^ B TCirolJ DYNASTY. (787) Obve RSE. ....M<:.., -fun. Kiiau- Variantof (78J). ...;i ;;. -fun. Kuan- Variant of (784). (789) -fun. Kuan- Variant of (784) . (790) -fun. Kuan- Variant of (784). (791) Kuan- fuu. Same as (784), from left to right. m \ii. ...ui/... )C A 1>«'> -t- + sMh '10. ^. Same size. I I _- em. I 1 + >•; /»/< ' G. 9G) Zi»o;(. Same name as (794). |^lv II Reverse plain. No legend. Smaller issue. jE. Size 1'9. C C ■||(ir DVNASTV. (797) Kuan. S.aine name ivs (794). ^1^ 'k 3C (798) Same legend as on (797). Slight variety. ^ (7i)9) Same legend as on (797). Slight variety. >4: (Doubtful.) ^ Ink ^ ^ (+) {,}nh) ^ ts'ih 'r,7.' i?f/emi''c.9.— H.P.W.T.K., f. iJ.— K.T.II. X,VIII., ff. 7-10.— S.T.H., "X, H., f. Pi:-MONKV, (800) OliVKRSE. Reverse. m ^ -tu. Tchaini \\l: + /\ No lugend. Ti:hung-t.u, which was a place iu the state of Lu ^, is now a district N.W. of modern P'ing-yao hien ia C. Shansi. See in the Square-footed Pli series (164-186). Ucference .— K.T.H. jc , VIII., f. 4 v. (801} m -tcJieng. Shang- \l m !/'> .!•;. Size 2- . Shavg-tclwixj, now Shau-yang iu Sliensi. See Square-footed Pu series (411). (802, -tcheng. SJtatiy- Variaut of (801). (i03) -tclieng. Shang- Variautof (801). ^1 1 Vi jK. Same she. — gail. lower centre. TCIIOr DYNASTY (SOt) Odveksk. -Ichen.j. Shmu/- Varialit of (801). J i /; m Reverse. 1^1 m «e ' 4.' (805) ■tfheng. Shovc/- Variaiit of (801). SI XJ £ n-u '5.' (806) -trhoiirj. Slifntg- Variant of (801). ...•\ II.. \ \ \ ^ X 55. nm (807) -tchcjig. Sliaiig. A'ariaut of (801 j. ^1^ ^ jl l-iu '9.' on the left. (808) -Irhenrj. Slunuj. V;iriant of (801 1. ttl A + shih . erh -K. Same 12.' PU-MONKY. (809) Obverse. -tcheruj. Slutng- Yariaiitof (801). -\ IL 7-f frh -\- + shih '20. (810) -tcheng. l^Juouj- Variant of (801). V m ^ mh ,g, , (811) -tcheng. Shnng- Variaut of (801). I I T"-^! ' m III W- s.,h ,, 33.' (812) ..: \ /:.- -tcheng. Shang- Varianfc of (801). n ^ r\\i A ^ # ,.a/i /.-■'ih 37. (813) -tcheng. Shniig- Vaviant of (801). M ' (-I-) {."hih) '.10.' TCHOU DYNASTY. (811.) Obvkbse. .--•-■ ! ' ;... -tcheiuj. Shaug- '• [ | -^ [•H- I >y( Variant of (801). I ' f-VW Reverse. X * (+) i-slnh] 'b\ I - y/. (815) -tcheng. Shaiuj- Variant of (HOI). v.. 'I ^ 5. wu (+) (../«70 '52. - crh (816) -tcheng. Sha7ig- Variantof (801). (817) Shang- tchevg. m f r (+) i^m 'G2. JE. Same size. vih Two straight lines, left and right. No legend. Same legend as (801) from left to right. (818) Shang Vari; '.ng- tcheng. ■' /\ | |— j ant of (818). \T- :"y^ nil (+) {sMh) '41. -K. Same size. (81!)) Kkversk. -tcheng. Pan- m No legend. Same reverse as (801.) Pao-tcheng in the state of Tcbao, during llie Civil Wars; now Pao-tiiig fii (lat. 38° 53', long. 119° 30'), in Tchihli. Reference.— K.T.R. %, VIII., ff. l-l. (820) -,jn. Shou- u Shou-i/n, which means probably the northern side of the Shou (river) in Tai-yueu fn, C. Sh.ansi is not identified. (821) -yu. Shou- Unimportant variety of (820). -yii. Shon- Uuimportant variety of (820). .E. Sninc size. (823) -yn. Slinn- Unimixirtant variety of (,S2ni. ."an '3.' •JOO TL'llor DYNASTY. (82-J-) OiiVEiiSE. Revekse. -yu. Shoii- Same as (820). *l% i A pah '8: Reference : — K.T.H. -jQ VI., f. (825) Shou ijh. .11 Shou yh, or ' Bliou city;' probably same as Shou Kuang ^ ^, also written '^ y^, (lat. ;iG°55', long. 119°), in modern Tsitig-tchou ^ ')^ fu, Shantung. The several issues of this type present the following varieties for the left-hand ide character Shoii >^ : — [U <^ (R rn ft / f while the variations in the other sign are indifferent. (820) Shoii yh. Variant of (825). Unimportant variety. £. Same size. PU-:\rONEY. (827) (829) Obverse. Shoii yh. Same as (825). Uiiimpoi-taut variety. Shou yh. Same as (825). Unimportant variety. Shou yh. Same as (825). Unimportant variety. Shou yh. Same as (825). Unimportant variety. Reverse. > i-, h,h 'G.' r^ ii ^■'•'^ '^ + + (831) Shou yh. Same as (825). Jill n Reverse plain, williout lines. .K. Same siz oQo TCIIOU DYNASTY. The Ifft-liuud chnractcr presents the following varieties on tlie different issues <^ ^ a> jj. csL ^ y ^ f f (832) Obverse. Shou yh. Variant of (831) as above. Reverse. (833) (834) (835) (83G) Shou yh. Variant of (831) as above. Shou yh. r — J 1 .-• Variant of (831) as above. I. M. luh '6 Same size. Shou yh. ..... Variant of (831) as above. i \±\ -t ts'!h • .E. Same size. Shou yh. ' .1 Variant of (831) as above. ^ E. A pah IE Same size. t,H 7^ luh ^'' (837) OliVERSE. Uevkuse. (838) Shou yh. Variant of (831). Slwn yh. Variant of (831). \ Zj III' ^^\ \ i^ii.l .-liaracter of tlio cycle of ten. Refe, ■■' I 1^.. -K.T.H. % VII., ff. 9-11. ;j Tao. (839) (='ffc) (=11 orti) tit m Ink '6.' JE. Same size. i.e. ' Yang's Exchange.' Yang, during the Spring and Autumn period (b.c. 722 — 481), was a small independent principality which lost its independence during the Civil Wars (b.c. 481—255). It answered to the modern ITung-tuiiij fit jlli) , in P'iiig yang fu (lat. 36° 17', long. 111° 42), Shansi. (840) Yauy hua. Same as (839), inverted. : J Reverse as (839), itboLit central charactei (841) Yaitg hua. on the left, turned up. Same as (839). If TT 204 (8.1.2) Obverse. TCIIOU DYXASTV. Yan'i hiia. on tlie left, turuod up. Unimportant variety of (8-il). ^1 Reverse. ■^ Jiua, 'Exchange. (8-i3) Ytvitj hiM. / on the left, turned up. t fZ Same as (841). O h^ Inia, 'Exchange.- ithout side lines. M. Same size. (844) Yang hut. on the left, turned up. Same as (843). No legend. Same as (840). (84.5) -hua. Ynng- on the right, turned over. Same as (843). - yh 'I.' (846) -hua. Yang- on the left, turned over. Unimportant variety of (845) . ^ - '■ ■h '7.' (847 -Iina. Yavg- on the left, turned over. Unimportant variety of (84-5). -[- + shih '10.^ rU-MONEY. (848) Obver -liua. YaiKj- on tbo left, turned over. Uuimportaut variety of (845). (849) -hua. Yang- on the left, turned over. Unimportant variety of (845) (850) -hua. Yang- on the left; turned over. Unimportant variety of (845) (851) -hua. Yang- on the left, turned over. Unimportant variety of (845). Reverse. y!h ' 20.^ turned up Y Apparently same as (8 i8). II 7 JE. Same size. II JE. Same size. ^ l-ao. JE. Same size. (turned up) ^ { = E) Yang Same as (845), shortened. I|i :) -tl Jiua, 'I^xcliangc' (853) m turned up. Yang. Same name as (839). -? No legend. 20G TCUOU DYNASTV. (85t) Obversk. Reverse. Y.nuj. P5 ;^ /-««. C 'fz\ j No legen upside dowu. , V-/ / v r~ I'.e. ' Exchange of Yang.' Legend in full. Same name as (839). VE. Size 2 (835) Yang- Jiua. / Tchung-yang mentioned in the She Ki (B. XLIII.), B.C. 285, belonged to the state of Tchao, and was situate in the modern prefecture of Fun-tchoUj in Shansi. (858) Obvekse. -ijanij. Tchung- Uuimportant variety of (857) PU-MONEY. 207 Revkhse. ^( A /■"/, '8.' .v.. Size 2 05. References:— K.T.B.. %, V., ff. 12, 13.— K.K.S.K.L. II., f. 5.— H.P.W.T.K. HI., f. 11. (859) Ye- M shan. \1] No legend. -E. Size 2-] Ye-shan, abridged apparently from Lang-ye shan, iu E. Shantung. (860) Ye- 1 1 5^ ■ 1 - ,'/'' •!•' shan. Same legend as (859) . -Iv In the centre of the three lines as (859) yE. Same size. (861) Corruption of same legend as (859). ^-'. ' - erh '2.' In the centre of the three lines as (859) (862) Corruption of same lesrend as (85C (859) ' I In the centre of the three lines as (859). TCIIOU DYNASTY. (803) OUVKKSE. Ye Shan. Same legend as (859) . (86-1) -I I - V V Xy.- \/! Ye. 515 shan. iJj I H ly Vuriaut of legend lUi^/ ', on (859). / / \ -|- + shih '10.' In the centre of the tlii-ee lines as (859) . Ah. Size 2-1. No legend. (865) Ye- shan. Corruption of legend on (859). 1 3 Vi 5 V No legend. JE. Same size. (866) Ye- shan. Corruption of legend on (859). 5l5 X 5, ivu ' 5.' JB. Same size. (867) Ye- shan. Same legend as on (859). r Z. yh second character of the denary cycle. yE. Same size. 209 (8G8) Obvekse. xJian. Corruption of legenJ ou (859). •: \/ Kevekse. No legend. References :—K.TM., %, VII., ff. 11, 12.— S.T.II., Po-y Jl , f. H.P.W.T.K., III., f. 11 V. (869) II Ye- M shan. jjj Variant of on (859). < l7 ML X /,■;. si -x til character of the denary cycle. (870) Ye- shan. Variant of legend on (859). The lower cha- racter corrupted. \ / : r. <^.. No legend nor mark but the two ornamental lines. ^. Same size. L'lO TCIIOU DYNASTY. (871) Obverse. Reverse. Ye- shall. Same legend as on (859). Tlie left-hand character dropped. (872) Ye- II V r-illi- f>*«fr Cull.) 'An- vJc tcki Z Jan i hwa /fl^ i.e. ' Currency of 'An. yang. i.e. Three ten. Exchangeable. 'An-yang, so called in 257 B.C. ; now iu Tchaug-teh fu, N. Honan. (See Pu-Moncy, Square-footed series, 29-32, pp. 83, 84.) Obv. Eev. ,Snn ,h!h. J: Shmnj. Three ten. High. (Si.ocimeu broken.) .E. Size 67. \Vt. 756. K.Nli-E-JIOXEY. 221 There aro other issues of the same obverse, with the following symbols; the last symbol of the reverse only is given here in facsimile, as follows : — (910) r7) S + M Sa>/ nhih. Slmj. Throe ten. Slur. (1)11) ^ H + X Sun ^hlh. KinKj. Three ten. Work. (912) ^ = + J^ 'Va;t Mh. Tch'eh. Three ten. Sprout. (91 o) I H + — San ahih. Yh. Throo ten. One. (911) II :E + Z: Sua ,hih. Erh. Three ten. Two. (915) ^ H + 7^ San shUi. Luh. Three ten. Six. (910) -f- S + 't San sh!h. Tx'Ui. Three ten. Seven. (917) /\ H + A San shih. Pah. Three ten. Eight. (918) N[' H + r'L San shih. Kiu. Three ten. Nine. (919) "YJ H + T ? San shih. Shih kiu. Three ten. Nineteen. (920) = San. Throe. .E. .Sue G7. References .— K.T.H. Heng, S. 8-12.— S.T.H. id., I., fF. 23, 21.— II.P.W.T.K.L, ff. 5-8.— T.S.T., XXI., ff. 42-11.. TCllOU DY^'ASTY (021) Tcheuij tchi kiu hwa i.e. ' Currency of Tcheng-yang.' -\- sMh 4t ^^"'•« i.e. Three ten. Exchangeable. Tcheng-yang, during tlio Civil Wars period, was 90 U south of modern P'u-tchou (lat. 35° 48', long. 115° 33'), in Shantung. (Gardner Coll.) Ts'i m Yng g (=^) ling m yh a Tso iE yh IT tehi z hiu ^ hiva ^ i.e. ' Ci urrency of Yng- ling city, (and c )f) Tso-yb, in Ts'i.' KNlFK-MoXKY. TV. KNIFE-IklONEY {continued). A. Larger sort. /'. Associated names. 52. •^ Sun i.e. Three ten. Grandson. The last is figured by a revival of one of the many ornamental and fanciful corrup- tions of the old form. .10. Size 6 7. \Vt. 851. Yng-ling answered to the modern Tchang-loh (lat. 36° 42', long. 118° 58'), in Ta'ing-tchou fu, E. Shantung. Tso-yh answered to the modern Wen-hi, in Kiang- tchou (lat. 35° 29', long. 111°, 03'), Shansi. (922) The same obverse was issued with a plain reverse. Reference .— K.T.II. Hcng I., f. 9. J-.'4 (f.'anJikT Coll.) Ts'i ^ Taih n 'An- ^ yang fan ^ wang tt kiu * hwa ^ i.e. ' Returnable-re- viving currency of Tsili, auil 'An-yang in Ts'i.' TCIlOU DYNASTY. 53. — ■ .sail. Throe + .lull. Ten J: Shavr;. High. Ai. Size 70. Wt. 1041. T.4h for Tsih-Moh, as, 45-49, pp. 215 «') in Honan. Knife-Money of T.nh-moh, E. Shantung, with the same obverse as 45-49, 882-895, was issued with the following names on the reverses. The wood-cuts do not re- produce the two first and always the same symbols H + '■ (0-21) (925) H + ^ fi .sv,. ../m7,. M.. Wang. 'An for 'An-n^nig, as 29,, 32, 50, 51 (lU 0-920). Variiiiit of (924). ag TCIIOU DYNASTY. (920) fol O^ Variaut of (92-t). ^' IVN^ T + the- obverse of 54. ))g. Kui-fung as on References :-K.T. 11., heng III., ff. 1, 2.— S.T.H., heng I., fE. 18, 19.- T.S.T., XXL, f. 45. ((;.,nh«r Coll.) Ts'i m Kwan m ti-hu7ig wang ^ f fe liu m heng n hi M fan ii tze ^x kiu * hwa it i.e. 'Returnable-reviviui currency of all trawl linjj traders of Ts ;ili(i KwHll tclning.' 55. Obverse. "Reverse. ■nr ,s'07?. Three. Ap si7ig. Star. Figure in relief of a man holding a polewith a flag. i.e. ' Five Hang. /E. Size 8-1. Wt. 1480. Kn:>ui-tcliiin(j was the name of the capital of the great state of Ts'in, then on its growing way to the empire. The merchants of Ts'i used to go there on commercial expeditions. See above 37, 38 p. 108 and (4(J0, 78-1., 794). KNlFK-iMt)Ni:V. IV. KNIFE-MONEY {coHlimtcd). A. Larger sort. c. Ts'i series. 1. Six- character legends. (928) Obverse. Ts'i n fan m. m wan (J f± m tze iX m kin * ;^ hwa ^t H Reverse. i. e. ' Returuable-reviviug currency of Ts'i.' Only the three transversal lines, ^^ san. Three. The same legend appears on the following issues (929-944), with some important variants in the second, third, and fourth symbols which alone are here given in lac- simile, and with different reverses, as follows : (929) Ts'i fan wan (J Only the three transversal lines, ■^^^ san. 'J'hree. tze kill hwa. \ Variant of the legend on (928^ •2-2H TCIIOU DYNASTY ('XM) Obverse. fan iS waruj n 4 kin hwa. ti Yiiriant of tlie legend on (928). (931) fan wang tze ha Jnra. VariHntof the legend on (928). (032) (933) Ts'i fan waiig tze ^ Un hiva. -£ ^ Yariiint of the legend on (928). m Reverse. '—-. .■i'lii. Three -J^ sh!h. ten. + shUi iSame shape as (930). Ts'i 4I£ Z^ san fan v;av^ Variant of the legend on (928). -1 3 sa)i Three. J: sliang Above. X,. Same size (941) hiu hiva. o _£ sud Three -j- shih ten. ^ .w((7 Star. Variant of the legend on (928). KNIFE-MONEY. (942) IS Viiriant of the legend on (928). Ts'i fan wang tze liitt hiva. o H ■««« Three + shih ten. g sing Star. (943) fan ivang tze hill hiua. Variant of the legend oa (928) l^ jr. sau Three 7* + ,s/(i7i ten. ^{^ /iwa Exchange )a (928). .(E. Sume size. (944) Ts'i fan wang he Mu h>ca. Variant of the legend on (1>:^8). zz. san Three + .v7((7t ten. rjj tchiing Middle. J?e/ejcnfes;— K.T.H., heng I., IP. 1-5.— S.T.IL, hong I., g. 1-4.— H.P.W.T.K., 1., tf. 8, 9.— T.S.T. XXL, f. 47. TCIIOU DYNASTY. IV. KNIFE-MONEY {contlmted) . A. Larger sort. c. Ts'i scries. 2. Four-ch;iracter legends. OliVKIiSE. 56. Reverse. Ts'i m id,; z k!,i * h ira VC .e. ' Currency of 'J' -h ./.7. Three ten. Star. /E. Size 7-1. \Vt. fiW. Tx'i tclti klu hwa. Same as 56. 67. Plain, no mark. [Hqiiesinlativc sppciiiipii.) .E. Size 6-fi. \Vt. 1020. KNIFF.-MONEY. 58. Ts'; Irhildn Inra. ' Cum-iu-v of Ts'i Rev. — + it 'S'"" shih, Hwa. E. Size 6.9. Wt. 677 Tlie same obverse, T.'i'i tchi kin Java, was also issued with the following reverses : (945) / "^ H + -ft 'S'ft'i ifhih. Hwa. Three ten. Exchange. (946) h H + ± ^"^an .shih. Shang. Three teu. Above. (947) ^^ H + A San shih. Jen. Three ten. Man. (948) ( ) H + P San shih. Three ten. A circle. (949) ^'"B^ (oj H+-iJj- San shih. Kin. Kan. Three ten. Kia. Good. All w-E. Same s Beferences .— K.T.H. heng I., ff. G-8.— S.T.H., heug I., ff. 4-G. H ll TClloU DV.NASTY. IV. KNIFE-MONEY {contimied). A. Larger sort. c. Ts'i scries. 3. Three-character legends. (950) Obversk. Revep.se. T.'i w ^ ^ -— Nan Three tchi z ^ + Nhih ten. hwa ^ d\ d 1 ( = it) hivci Excha M Size 7-. lieference : - -K.T.H heng I., f. 8. {Gardner Cull.) Obverse. kia * hwa ^^ '.e. 'Currency of T.s'i. 59. Reverse. + *7i !h * ki u e. 'Th •ee ten A' M. M. Size 7-. Wt. 713. KNIFE-MONEY. Ts'i kin hu-a. ' Currciify of T.s'i Ts'i kiu hwa. ' Currency of Ts'i. Tsi Ida hira. ' Curreucy of Ts'i.' ■IVllor DYXASTV, 7'.s'/ kill hiva. ' Currency of Ts'i.' T.v't kill hwa. ' Currency of Ts'i.' Tii'i liin hwa. ' Currency of Tt Eev. H + it '^"'i «'"''• -^■^"'"- Three ten. Exchange. JE. Size 6-8. Wt. 7G8. Ts'i Jciu hwa. ' Currency of Ts iianshih. (?) Three ten. (?) JE. Size G-8. Wt. 581. (951) Obverse. Ts'i Jiki hwa. Variant of the legend on 66. Reveese. Bath shih -f Juni. 238 Onv. TCIKITT DYNASTY, 67. Ta'i kin hwn. ' Currency of Ta'i, Rkv. San shih. Kih. Three ten. Lucky. M. Size 7-2. Wt. 773. 68. Ts'i liiu hwa. ' Currency of Ts'i Rev. "f* U" San shih. Kan. Three ten. Sweet. JE. Size 7-2. Wt. 744. Ts'i kin luva. ' Currency of Ts'i. kxikk-M(»m:v 239 Rev, T^'i km. hwu. 'CuiTOucy of Tf Ts'i hilt hwa. ' Currency of Ts'i.' Rev. T.s'l kin hwa. ' Currency of Ts'i. Kk.v. Ts'i l-iti hivn. ' Currency of Ts' Rev. ^ + fj San shih. Heng. Three ten. Going. ^E. Size 7- . Wt. 7i9. T.f'i kill hwa. ' Currency of Ts'i KNIFE-MONEY. 241 Ts'i kill hwa. 'Currency of Ts'i.' ^ + ^ San shih. Ho. Three ten. Grain. JE. Size 7-2. Wt. 910. 'I's'! li'i (hir^,). ' (Ciirreucy) ofTs'i.' ^ -|- J^ Sa7i skill. Shang. Three ten. Above. JE. Size 7- . Wt. Ts'i hill hini. 'Currency of Ts'i.' Rev. + ± San shih. Shang. Three ten. Above. JE. Size 7-3. Wt. 727. Similar issues in shape and size, with the same legend Ts'i Iciu hwa on the obverse, have the following reverses. The last character only is given in facsimile. (952) (953) — + ^ '?r(«. skill. 'An. Three ten. Peace. .£ + S >^<"^ ■fhili. 'An. Three ton. Peace. K.\lFi:-MO.\KV. (961 ^ (954) U] _^ -j. jjt San.'^liih. Yrna. Thrco ten. Enl argo. (955) -jT— H + T ^un ^hih. Hia. Three tcu. ]5ulow. (95(3) A^ ^ + £ San, Ink. Kiu Three teu. Hills. (957) l~^ ^ ^ ^ ,5„„ gj^ih^ y,, Tlj,.eg ^^^_ ya. -h (=lt) (958) ^p. ^ + ^ »S'a)i s/((7i. Fmfgr. Three tcu. Yiuuj. (959) ^ £ + JL Sanshih. Li. Three ten. Up. hA H + I^ '^'a?i shih. Peh. Three ten. White. (o^ H + M Sanshih. Sing. Three ten. Star. (962) -( V H + P '5a)? shih. Hivei. Three ten. Enclosure. (963) ^ 7 H + El 'San shih. Jih. Three ten. Sun. (964) " A~" H + ;^C 'S'a'i sAiVi. Ta. Three ten. Great. (965) yn~ E + ;^-'" '5a" sh!h. Tsai Throe ten. Skilfulness. (966) V r" i + jL '^c'l- «/"''• ^^■''^'- Three ten. To stop. TL'HOU DYNASTY. + ^['f) San sh!h. Trhi. (?) Three ten. To. -f- [j tSan shih. llwu. Three ton. Exchange. ^ ■j' i San tfliih. Ilwit. Three teu. Exchange. ^ -Y \L San shih. Ts'ih. Throe ten. Seven. H + -i San shih. Tchi. Three teu. To. H + 7; San shih. Wa7i. Threo ten. Myriad. H + ^ San shih. P'an. Three ten. Half. H + iU San shih. Tch'eh. Three ten. Sprout. H + ^ San shih. Erh. Throe teu. Two. -f- -f San shih. Hwa. Three ten. Exchange. - + ± San shih. Tchi. Three ten. To. (turiiud aside) JE. All same size. lie/erences.—K.T.IL., ^ II., ff. 8-12.— S.T.H., ■? I., ff. G-17.— H.P.W.T.K. I., ff. 13-19.— T.S.T., XXL, S. 33-40. (91)7) // (yt)8) ^ (969) 1 (970) n (971) Jit (972) ^ (973) ^ (974) ^ (975) (976) ^ (977) ^ KXIFK-MONKY. 79. 245 Ts'i 7^ kiu -^ hwa -fli Currency of Ts'i.' Reversk. ^" san. Three. liih. Lucky. JE. Size 7- . \Vt. 770. Other issues of the same size and shape with a similar obverse, Ts'i hiu hwa, have the following signs on the reverses. The second symbol only is given in facsimile. ^ ^ San. Sing. Three. Star. H "^ 'S'rtJi. Kan. Three. Good. ^ Q_ San. Tsiu. Three. Moreover. = JE San. Tchen,/. Three. Eight. ^ P San. llwci. Three. Enclosure. (978) 2 (979) to) (980) A (981) !> (982) O TCIKir DYNASTY. (98-t) (985) (986) (987) 5J - w 3 Z E t H :k San. Ko. Throe. Suitable. San. Hwa. Three. Exchange. San. Ts'ih. Three. Seven. San. Hwa. Three. Exchange. (?) San (?) San. Ta. Three. (?) Three. Great. 3 "X San. Wen. Three. Ornament. M. All same size. References :—K.T.E., ^ II., ff. 2-12.— H.P.W.T.K. I., fif. 19. Ocv Rev. No lecrend. KNIFF.-MONEY 247 IV. KNIFE-MONEY {continued). B. Smaller sorts, a. Various scries. (990) Obverse. Kan- Tan ^ n Kan-Tan was the capital of the state of Tchao (403 B.C.), in S. Tchihli. See above, Spade-Money (111) series and Pu-Money (875) series, also (122G) below. n ) Reveksi Plain, no legend, nor marks. Other issues with same plain reverse exhibit the following variants on the obverse : — (991) (992) (993) Kan. Tan. e U o fi tt K rCIIOU DYNASTY. (m) OnvEUSK. K(Ui-Ttnt. Variant of (iHtO). (995) Ka)i-Ta». (996) Kan-Tan. Variant of (990). (997) Kan-Tan. Variant of (990). Variant of (990). j=J H Reverse. Uy \)i Trh'rh, 'Sprout.' 7fi/a, ' Exchange' — I -^ lull, 'Six.' (turned on side) -h s/ii//, 'Ten/ fl«/ere)u-«.9.— H.P.W.T.K. II., f. 20.— K.T.H , licng + , ff. 1, 2.- S.T.H., heng H , f. 8. Obv. Rbv. (998) (999) (1000) (1001) (1002) 9 8 1ft K & e Plain, no marks. \\ 0. Trheug & p^/^. .(C. Same size. Trheng is perhap.s the name of a place, as (407) and (881). Feh is not identified. Ti-hcnc KXIl-E-.-\I()\r.Y. Obv. (1003) (lUUI) (lOu:-) (lOOC)) )=^ )=K n U * e "^ '■' Rev. Plain, no marks. References ;— K.T.H., heng + , ff. 3, 4.— S.T.II., Long H , f. 8.— H.P.W.T.K. II., f. 20. Eev. Plain. Obv. (1007) (1008) (1009) (1010) (1011) G O G S re. ^ 3> ?> ^ -i ^ '" ir (J) oc b (=>«:) 4b + S Hiva, J)./., tchung, k!ao. ' Exchange.' ' north.' 'middle.' ' cross.' (1013) JE. Same eize. Obv. (1012) (1014) (1015) (1016) e 9 o \ 0.. 3 ) 3 ) 1.-, B.. ^ 11 < r -1- 3SC - y^ •\ + Wen, erh, lull, luh, .s/u/l, Ornament. '2.' '6.' 'G.' ' 10.' ,¥. Same size. Kk 250 TCIIOU DYiXASTV. Oiiv. (1017) (1018) (1019) A 7J /ao. Ret. Rev Rev. -f- .sA (■/(,' 10.' |i = fli/twa. ]!t wfi'i- Obv. (1020) (1021) (1022) (1023) (1024) f> J y t JBL 5^ y^ 5^ -t TFh, iw^, hdi, lull, ts'ih, Five.' 'six.' 'six.' 'six.' 'seven.' &. Same size. Obv. (1025) (1026) (1027) J J t "^ ? ? f Plain, no mark. t (--ft:) ^. Same size. Enferenccs :~K:r. 11., 3$--f-0, ff. 4,5,6.— S.T.H., ;^H,f- 9.— S.T.T. XXL, f.47. Oiiv. Rev. KNIFK-MONKY. (1028) (1021)) ? .1 ? # i». 15. r S .s7////. % r ;?j .sA///. 4 li ynuij. Plaiu, no marks. i .^. Size 5-2. Ol'.v. i?e/ere«ces .—K.T.H., ^ + , f . 10.— H.P.W.T.K., I., f. 21. IV. KNIFE-MONEY {continued). B. Smaller sorts, (j. Pointed series. 81. g, 7vi". Sixth of the denary cycle Rkv. .K. Si/.o fi •!■. \Vt 233 t{=^it) ^'"'^> 'Exchange.' .E. Size 6 1. Wt. 217. 83. Obv. Rev. -^M ^..■J ^^^^ ■% ^^^^ *"* ^^ J Plain. ^^^^^t^^a^^^-fe ^^^0 Tie Muh. ' A Tree' .K. Sizp fil-. Wt. 210. Obv. 253 ^ Tsih, ' Seven. Rev. Plain. 85. yE. Size 6-1. \Vt. 230. Rev. A /'■'/', 'Eight.' (Specimen l)ri)kcn.) yE. Size 5 0. Wt. 247. 2.-,4 TCIIOU DYNASTY. Other issues of tlie same shape and size, the obverse plain, bear the following signs on the Rev. (1030) (1031) (1032) (1033) (1034) - = X Z V (t„n,«l up) - H £ £ /^ yh, ' 1 .' san, ' 3.' wu, ' 5.' wu, ' 5.' luh, ' 0.' Rev. (1035) (103G) (1037) (1038) (1039) (turned up) A % lith,'6.' hih,'i].' jmh,'8: kill, '9.' Rev. (1040) (1041) (1042) (1043) (1044) ^ ^ t X y- (turned up) (upside down) JnH,'9.' klu,'{).' jih, '20.' jih, '20.' Rev. (1045) (1046) (1047) (1048) (1049) (tume — y^h of 2ud of the ord of the 'J- '8.' (1046) denary cycle, denary cycle 4th of the denary cycle. '].' KXIFE-MONEY. 255 Kev. (1050) (1051) (1052) (1053) (1051.) (turned up) "J" tilKj, ^ piiKj. 4th of the 3rd of the denary cycle. denary cycle. Kev. (1055) (1050) (1057) (1058) (1059) ^_ i 5 H n ^ kl, ^ mao, mao, 6th of the denai-y cycle. 4th of the as duodenary cycle. (1058). Rev. (1060) (1061) (1062) (1063) (1064) (turiieil up) viao, mao, mao, mao, 2i *^> as (1058). as (1058). as (1058). as (1058). 6th of the duodenary cycle. Rev. (1065) (1066) (1067) (1068) (1069) (turned up) (turned up) (turned uj.) iji ,4,,,^ ^ ,ye/^ se, sp, se, 7th of the 8th of the as (1064). aa (1064). as (1064). duodenary duodenary cycle. cycle. 256 Kkv. (1070) TCHUU DYNASTY. (1071) (1072) (1073) (turned up) ■y ting, T ting, as (1054) 5n '««"» and (?). 4th of the sexagenary cycle. ting, (1071). (1074) 5" ^k yC )'( )(• a^ (turned up) ting, ting, mao, mao, as (1071). as (1071). Rev. Rev. (1075) (107G) (1077) (1078) (1079) )( • t T ± • (turned upside dowu) ting, ting, ± t'u, t'u. t'u, mao. mao. ' earth.' Variant of as (1077). Variant of Variant of (1077). (1071). (1071). (1080) (1081) (1082) (1083) (1084) A >'( vi) Q t'u, ^ shui, llj shan, B /.■*, jih. as (1077). ' vrater.' ' mountain. ' ' the sun.' as (1083). Rev. (1085) (1086) (1087) (1088) (1089) S 6 ( ± t (turned up) (turned up) • ( tan, tan, stars. J;;, shang, x\t tchung, 'dawn.' as (1085). (Tail of the 'above.' 'middle.' Great Bear ?) KNIFE-MONEY. 257 Eev. (1090) (1091) (1092) (1093) (1094) 1 :M ^ ^ (turned up) (turned up) "p hia, hia, hia, ;^ ta, ta, 'below.' Variant of Variant of 'great.' aa (1093). (1090). (1090.) (1095) (1096) (1097) (1098) (1099) (turned up) ^ ta, ta, ta, ^ sing, sing, as (1093). as (1093). as (1093). 'to produce.' as (1008). Eev. (1100) (1101) (1102) (1103) (1104) (turned up) sing, sing, J3^ s/te, "^ iren, X ^ung. Variant of Variant of ' family.' ' ornament.' ' work.' (1098). (1098). Rev. (1105) (1106) (1107) (1108) (1109) )( ^^ 3c -> ,i„„ :fj heng, heng, hcng, lj='/-ij hiva, him, 'going.' as (1105). as (1105). 'exchange.' as (1108). L 1 258 TUHOU DYNASTY. Bev. (1110) (1111) (1112) (1113) (1114) (abridged) (iibridged) (abridged) (abridged) hiva, i (=-(1^) Jtwa, Jnva, hwa, hwa, as (1108). 'exchange.' as (1111). as (1111). as (1111) Kev. (1115) (1116) (1117) (1118) (1119) O ^ ^ ^ 3 (turned up) (turned up) P hwa, % ]]h, yh, yh, J} Tao, 'enclosure.' 'change.' as (1116). as (1116). 'knife.' Rev. (1120) (1121) (1122) (1123) (1124) tao, tao, tao, tao, tao, as (1119). as (1119). as (1119). as (1119). as (1119). Ret. (1125) (1126) (1127) (1128) (1129) D O ( ^ Vj a square. Variant of Unknown ? yf wan, wan, (1125). 'myriad.' as (1128). kxife->[()Ni:y. Rev. (1130) (llol) (1132) (1133) fl]:-!l) n ^ ^ T I WMi, (?) ^ tsinij, |) tsih, ^ ijii, a knife. a3 (1128). 'a well.' 'a joint.' 'to.' Rev. (1135) (113(]) (1137) (1138) (11.39) ^ m X '■•»"?• _) (?)'ft /'«•", i//« mao. ^ m«o. Undeciphered. Undociphered. ' exchange. i?f/ermr-es.— K.T.H. ? :ft,, ff. 1-17; +, ff. 1-14; + — , ff. 1-12 ; + r, ff. l-H ; + H, ff- 1-10.— S.T.H. :? H ff. 2-6.— H.P.W.T.K. II., f. 18.— T.S.T., ff. 51, 52. Other issues of the same size and shape, or with occasional minor differences, in length or in curve, the reverse plain, bear the foUowiug marks : Obv. (1140) (1141) II (1142) X (1143) t (1144) (turned up) ' one.' - erh, ' two.' 21 IVU, 'five.' ■^, Inh '.six.' luh, as (1143) (114.5) (114G) (1147) (1 148) (1149) V (turned up) (turned up) /N t \/ ^ luh, -t ts'ih, ts'ih, tn'ih, h'ih, seven.' as (1146). as (1146). as (114G). 260 TCIIOU DYXASTV. Obv. (1150) (1151) (1152) (1153) (1154) ? ^ ^ f A i'«/f, iL kin, li-iu, km, -ff jeh, 'eight.' 'nine.' as (1151). as (1151). 'twenty. Odv. (115.5) (115G) (1157) (1158) (1159) >i -K A -V V yj ivan, wan, wnn, 2* 2/''' 2/^^' 'myriad.' as (1155). as (1155). 2ud of tlie as (1158). denary cycle. Obv. (1160) (llGl) (1162) (1163) (1164) AA T 1 X ^ (turned up) (turned up) yh, T ''"fl') ting, ting, ^i ^i, as (1158). 4th of the as (1161). as (1161). 6th of the denary cycle. denary cycle. Obv. (1165) (1166) (1167) (1168) (1169) 5 ^ i ^^ V ^- -*- ■^ ^ (turned up) k'h hi, 5& jen, ^(] mao, mao, as (1164). as (1164). 9th of the 4th of the duo- as (1168.) denary cycle. denary cycle. KNIFE-MONEY. 201 (1170) (1171) (1172) (1173) (1171) ^^ -^ „, 7 1 (tuniuci u))) ).( mao. ■^ lull luh hlh A P<'h as (1168). T ting, ting, ting. T ting, ' six.' Variant of Variant of • eight.' 4tli of the (1171) (1171). 4th of the denary cycle. denary cycle.' Obv. (1175) (117C.) (1177) (1178) (117'.») ^' (turned ^ \ ) ( ''' V (turned up) v> (turned f (turned / >^ "I) p up) ^ (turned up) A pah ji Mil %wen \^{ = \i^)]uva \^{ = ^)hwa ^ wei, ±_ t'u, — yh, — yh, 'exchange.' 'eight.' 'nine.' 'ornament.' 'exchange.' 8th of duo- ' earth.' ' one.' ' one.' denary cycle. Obv. (1180) (1181) (1182) (1183) (1184) y i 1 k him, hwn, hwa, hwa, hwa, (1179). as (1179). as (1179). as (1179). as (1179). Obv. (1185) (1186) (1187) (1188) (1189) ^ ^ e t (turned up) (corrupt) hwa, hva, hiva, ^ i/li, yh, i (1 1 79). as (1 1 79). as (1 1 79). ' chniigo.' as (11 SS). 202 Tcnr »U DY,\ASTY Oiiv. (lUiO) (1191) (1192) ^ \L (turned up) (turucil u]!) (tui'iied up) yh, yK Jt y >"'"■' as (1188). as (1188). ' origin.' (1193) y (turned up) yuen, as (1192). (1194) O H ;■■',, the sun.' Oiiv. (119.5) (119G) (1197) (1198) (1199) ± ± t'n, (turned up) t'u, ± t'u. ^ Ich'eh, (turned up) trh'ch, earth.' as (1195). as (119.5). ' sprout.' as (1198). Obv. (1200) (1201) (1202) Ocv. t (1203) >^ (1204) 6 (turned up) (turned up) 7(C mnh, mull, I ivang, ■% wen, ^ hung, ' tree.' as (1200). ' ruler.' ' ornament.' ' prince.' (1205) (1206) (1207) (1208) (1209) ^ X X s ^ (turned up) (turned up) (turned up) (turned up) ± '« fa, ta, ta. ta, ' great.' as (1205). as (1205). as (1205). as (1205). KXIFE-MONEV. 2G3 Obv. (1210) (1211) (1212) (12l;3) (1214) ^ I 1 \ 4¥ _t. sJiaiuj, skang, f hla, =f- ijii, 'above.' as (1210). 'below.' 'to.' as (I21o). 1( * ii fe (: y" Obv. (1215) (1216) (1217) (1218) (1219) / (turned up) (several sizes) ff ^^eng, fli /"fa (?), 77 ^'^o, tao, tao, 'going.' 'exchange.' 'knife.' as (1217). as (1217). Obv. (1220) (1221) (1222) (1223) (1224) ■g ki, Un- Un- Un- P hivei, lucky.' decipliored. deciphered. deciphered. ' round.' Obv. (122.-.) (1226) 'p liu, ' door.' Unknown. References .— K.T.H. heng % ff. 1-20; -f- (T. 4, 6-14; + — ff. 1, .3-12 ; -f- " fT. 2, I-l I -f- H ff. 3-6, 8.— S.T.H., hong H ff. 1, 4.— H.P.W.T.K. II., ff. 18, ID. 264 TCHOU DYNASTY. Tho following series of the same shape and size, have marks on Obv. and Rev. as follows : (1227) Obveesk. -Tan n ? Xi Kan- -tf ? O Reverse. l^ 7^ luh, 'six. (turned on side) Kan-Tan (turned up?), the capital of the state of Tchao,aud on (111,875,990) above. (1228) yh luh. (1229) (1230) (1231) (1232) yh )C A 2mh, ' one.' ' eight.' yh H T ting, 4th of the denary cycle. ' one.' (imucd up) n mao, 4th of the duodenarycycle. ts'ih -t: T V n ping, 3rd of the seven.' denary cycle. (turned up) imh •eight.' A K (turued uiA m yh, ' one.' moo, 4th of the duodenary cycle. knife-:n[oney (1233) (1234) (1235) Obvehse. shih -f- ' ten.' hwei P a circle. \s Hever.se. 11- J^h 'twenty. J pmg |?g 3r(l of the denary cycle. y T (turned up) Same as obvcr.se. References.— K.T.U., heiig jl, ff. 10, 11, 13-15, 18.— S.T.H., lieng £, il. 5, (123(3) IV. KNIFE-MOXEY {conUmied). B. Smaller sorts, c. Ming series. Obvekse. Eeverse. b (='(t) ilfw^ or Miinj i/h U|J ^ was iu the state of Tchao (Tchihli) during the period of thi Civil Wars. In 2S1 u.c. Tchao Siang Wang of Ts'iii contmercd the town with thi help of the King of Wei. Mm Obt. TCIIUU DYNASTY. (1237) (1238) Same as (123G). mtng. Variant of (123G). Riv. ^ undccipbered. [g lien 'laud/ ■^. Size 51. Refn-ences .— K.T.H., hen^ , f. 1. S.T.H., henj? H , f. 1. IV. KNIPE-MONEY {confmued). B. Smaller sorts, i^. Ming series. 1. Square-point class. Obv. Rev. 11/3 mlrig. Same as (1236). No legend. ^. Size 5-3. Wt. 201. Obv. 267 m >nimj- Same as (1236). Eev. No legend. IE. Size 6-4. Wt. a05. Obv, ll)J muuj. iSaiiie a'^ ^lii-lu;. Rev. Ko legend. , Size 5-4. Wt. 240. 268 Ouv. m .nnuj. SH.neas(l2:]li). Ke\ 35. wn 'five. M. Size 5-3. Wt. 254. Obv. 90. Rev. A Hi 'eiglit.' M. Size 5G. Wt. 273. KXIKI-MOXFA'. 269 Other issues of the same size ami shape bear the following marks : Onv. (12:50) (1240) (1211) (1242) (1243) 9 ^ % ^ ^:X Rev. Plain. X X T (upside down) — yh J5. "--'« "'M /^ luh 'one.' 'five.' 'five.' 'si.K.' Obv. (1244) (1245) (1246) (1247) (1248) ? 9 9 ^ ? /^ 1 t I inuig, 1 (12:30). Rev. /V pah pali ^ yh X J^"»'J 'eight.' 'eight.' 2ud of the denary cycle. 'work.' JE. S!; Reference : --K.T.H., heng 13 , ff. 2- 1. Other issues of the same sh ipc, a liltlo larger in h;izo, bear the following marks : Obv. (1249) (12.->0) (12ol) (1 2.-^2) (12o:J) 9 3 ^ t 9 .:;;;:, 270 TCHOU DY^'ASTY. llEV. (1240) (12on) (1251) (1252) (1253) f (r f ±. ' seven.' ' exchange.' ' below.' ' above.' ' knife. Obv. (1251) (1255) (12.56) (1257) (1258) ^ ^ f ? minr/, as (123G). 2) >t T T ^ JJ tao ^ liwa ^ kan kan ^^ yii 'knife.' 'exchange.' 'shield.' (?) 'shield.' (?) 'to.' .E. Same size. HefcA-euces .•-K.T.H., hcng , tf. o, (J.— S.T.H., heng — , (T. 1-2. 91. Obv. m '»:»0. Sauiens (123(i). Rev. No legend. -K. Size B-5, Wt. 201). K-\IFK-MlL\EY. 92. Obv. BIJ mivij. Same as (1236). Rev. fj- //(')/;/ 'goiu<. 93. /E. Size 5-4. Wt. DJj mhnj. Same as (12:3 V Jl^L (.orrupted) fi u'o ' myself.' un- ^t.s'ih n-n u-n un- deciphered. 'seven.' 'fifty-five.' deciphered. 274 TCIIOU DYNASTY. Kkv. (1284) (1285) (1280) (^ l< ^ (corruptoil) (ooiriiptcd) undecipliered. 'goinu-.' ? ^. = ^ tsien ■ money/ JE. Size5-4. n,/;>rn}rr,:—K.r.n., lipii- , fr. lO, l l. -S.T.H., hon- -, ff. 2, 3. IV. KNIFE-MONEY {continued). B. Smaller sorts, r. Ming series. 3. Left class, 95 U>J vu)ig. Same as (12oti ^ J: tso shnu,i. 'Left.' 'above.' JE. .Size 5-4. Wt. 239. NlKF.-MdXKY. UjJ miifj. Same as (I2:i0j. 11 KV 97. Obv. (IJJ iiiiiKj Same as ^I2:W]. Eev ^ i«. ? ? iE. Size 5 5. Wt. 245 276 TCIIOU DYNASTY. Uthcr issues .,f the same shape, design, aud sign, witl. a similar obverse inscribed uiiwi, as (123G), bear the following marks on the lUv (1287) (1288) (1289) (1290) (1291) ^ ^ ^ f ^ ^ tso 'left.' » t«o 'left.' J: Aanrj 'above.' T '"'« 'below.' Rkv. (1292) (1293) (1294) (1295) (1296) -G Jc ^ ^ ^ tso ' left.' „ t'fo ' left.' „ tao ' left.' „ tso ' left.' „ tso ' left.' f /iirt ' below.' „ hia 'below.' „ hia 'below.' P fcew ' mouth.' „heu 'mouth. — ^/t 'one.' ^ .saj) 'three.' X ^'""3 '^'Oi"k.' "".'//' 'one.' (1207) (1208) (1200) (1300) ^ ^ ^ ^ A (upside M down) (\ (turned M^ aside) X^ ^^ n tso 'left.' feejt ' mouth. (1301) (upside Y^^ down) V KNIFE-MOXKY. 277 :ev. (1302) (1303) (1304) (I3n:j) (130C,) ^ .re -^ ^ ^ ^ -t „ /.so rr & /.vo 'left.' ' left.' 7} /ao' knife.' t^fli /Hr<, '. ' exchango. Rev. (1307) (1308) (1309) (1310) (1311) .a= :e ^ -'^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ tso 'left.' „ tso 'left.' „ tso 'left.' ,, tso 'left.' ^ fci/i 'lucky.' •^ /i!t ? 3SC wJe?i ' ornameut.' ^ heng 'going Rev. (1312) (1313) (1314) (1315) (1316) ^ '^ -^ ^ ^ ^ i <.so 'left.' „ <.vo 'left.' „ /.s-o 'left.' „ {.■^o 'loft.' 2< y^ 2ud of ^ /«'a 1st of 2. /'i 3rd of (?) -^ ^ ^ ^ L-iO 'left.' „ /.w 'left.' I"' hla 'below.' „ tso Meft.' •^ ? i tso 'left.' „ tso 'left. — 7/^ 'one. ;v. (1327) (1328) (1320) (1330) (1331) ■Jk. X^ < Jc J^ \ ± m a; i tso ' Icl't.' „ tso 'left.' -yh' 'one.' IZ erh 'two.' KNIFK-MONF.Y. Rev. (\m-2) (133:3) (1334) (1335) (133r)) ^ ^ ^ ^ /^ zc -^ ■=^ ^ ^ = III ^'^ X? X & tso 'left.' 3 san 'three.' „ /.s-o 'left.' 0.s-;>>'fn„r.' „ tso 'left.' Jl tk 'five.' (1337) (1338) (1339) (13-10) (13-11) 7X & f.o ' left.' y^ Z((/i 'six.' Rev. (1342) (1343) (1344) (1345) (134G) X tan -J i T ^ (turned V ST (<''>''■ VV / ) •aside) / ~ rupted) ^»«^ * / ^ tso 'left.' „ /.w 'left.' „ ho 'left.' ;f; Inh 'six.' -t '*''''' 'seven.' A I"il' ' eigli 280 TCHOU DYNASTY. Rev. (1347) (1348) (1349) (1350) (1351) ^ ^ X ^ 1^ n ^ J, ^ + >): Lso 'left.' „ tso 'left.' „ fso 'loft.' /\ jxih 'eight.' j[, kill 'nine.' -f- nhih 'ten. Rev. (1352) (1353) (1354) (1355) (1856) A- ^ -e -4 -V- Y * 4 :^ m1 \3 t ^ -^ ;g yu ' right.' „ yu 'right.' „ 1/M 'right.' ' ' fifteen.' 55. it'M "tl" nien ' twenty. =f- fc-'ee?i ' thousand. ^. Size 5-4. J?<'/emices.— K.T.H. heng 5^ , ff. 2-G, 11.— T.S.T., XXI., ff. 47-50.— H.P.W.T.K. II., ff. 7-16. KXIFF.-MONEY. 286 Other issues of the same shape, size, and design, with the obverse inscribed PJJ Ming, thus : pT^, or with unimportant variants, bear the following legends : Rev. °5 (1399) (1400) (1401) (1102 (110:3) ^ M <> c/ o a „ 2/» <7 ' right.' ^ ^ yw 'right.' „ yu' right.' „ yu ' right.' — yh ' one.' m erh ' two.' 3 san 'three.' /^ lull ' six.' J] keu ' mouth.' „ lieu ' mouth.' „ iei It ' mouth.' „ Iceu ' mouth. Rev. (1404) (1405) (140G) (1407) >^ A >^ >< V XI \f M T ■V" ^ H^ o V V ^ ;§ yu ' right.' „ yu' right.' „ yu 'right.' (?)5f^ZMA'six.' tj- nien ' twenty.' ^ sah ' thirty.' lieu ' month.' „ liCU ' ■ mouth. „ lien ' mouth. jli. Size ! Tvcf erences :~K.T!.R. heng ^, ff. 7, S.— H.r.W.T.K., II., ff. 1-lG. 286 TCHOU DYNASTY. lu the following issues, which do not other tvise diflfer from the preceding, the name Ming of the obverse is written thus, /'q^, and the reverses are the following : RjST, (1408) (1409) (1410) (1411) ^ ^ V ^ -K- ;g yu ' right.' „ yu ' right.' „ yu ' right.' „ yu ' right.' 3J1[ wen ' ornament.' -^ iai ' eminent.' „ fni ' eminent.' „ }Qyu' right.' „ y it ' right.' „ yu ' right.' T ting 4th of £, hi Gth of d(. wu 7th of the denary cycle. the denary cycle. the duodenary cycle. Reference .— K.T.H. heng 7^ , ff. 9, 10— H.P.W.T.K., II., ff. 7-lG. 288 TCirOU DYNASTY. Other issues of the same shape, size, aud dcsiga, inscribed IJIJ M!}ig, thus on tlie obverse, bear the following legends : ? Rkv. (142.-,) (142G) (1427) (1428) (1429) A „ „ (^ 1 „ yu ' right.' J ;g yu ' right.' „ yn ' right. ti- = ^) /^(wi'excl lange.' (?) (?) (?) (?) Jlv.v. (1430) (14:31) (1432) (1433) (1434) ^ ^ ^ It ^ b „ yu ' right.' \J V „ i/(t ■■ right.' ^ ^ yu ' right.' „ yu' right. ■g Hh ' lucky.' %. ho ' grain.' ■^ wen 'ornament.' 'standing up. Rev. (1435) (14.36) (1437) (1438) (1439) ^ ^ ^ ^ -S9 \5 o 1 n6 ;g' !/«' right.' „ ?/M ' right.' „ i/!( 'right.' „ 7/!i 'right.' „ yu ' right.' ^ yuch ' moon.' ^ suicj ' star.' jlh ' sun.' J, tan ' star.' P Jieu 'mouth KNIFE-MONEY. Rev. (1440) (1441) (1442) (1443) (1444) (turued up) ^ 5? s ^ yu ' right.' „ yu ' right.' „ yu ' right. J3 l- ' eminent.' ^2/» 'right.' „7/«' right.' „ y)6 ' right.' JE. Size 5-2. lief erences :—K.T.R. heng ^ , ff. 11, 12; ^, ff. 1-11.— S.T.H. heng -, ff. G-8.- H.P.W.T.K. IL, ff. 7-16. •202 TCHOU DYNASTY. IV. KNIFE-MONEY {continued.) B. Smaller sorts, c. Miug series. 5. Wai-kiun class. All the obverses bear Ming n/J , written thus ^^^ , with small variants. The reverses have the following legends : Rkv. (147fi) f Rev. (1481) 2)h (1477) f (1-178) (1479) *4. ' Foreign kiun' (a weight) . (1482) (1484) i (1483) t I ' Foreign kiun ' (a weight) . (1480) Til: $h Wai- (1485) ^ hiim Rev. (148G). Wai-kiun, as (1479), with — yh 'one' below.' Rev. (1487). TF,ti4-m»!, as (1484), with — yh 'one' below. V. (1188) (1489) (1490) (1491) ih ^W J)f ^h Wai. D H TF«,-- f f '+r- f=J hiun -^ r "\ 2. 2/^ -^ "7 ifwgr ' Foreign kiun.' ' Foreign kiun. 2ncl (of denary cycle) 4th (of denary cycle) Beferenccs:—K.T.'iI. heng ^, ff. 11 ,;. 13.— S.T.H. heng H , ff. 8, 9.— H.I'.W.T.K. II., il lG-17. Obv. Rev. KXIFE-MOXEV. lY. KNIFE-MONEY {continued). B. Smaller sorts, c. Ming series. 6. Tai class. 101. m Muuj. tai ' eminent.' ■j[j hlu ' nine.' (Representative Specimen.) IE. Size 54. Wt. 241. Other issues present the following legends. Ming is generally written thus Q or with small variants, on the obverse. Ou the reverse are the following : Rev. (1492) (1193) (1494) (149.1 (149(j) S s C7^ ^ B tai ' eminent.' tai 'eminent.' yli ' one.' Rev. (1497) \ ^^ •q tai 'eminent.' — yl\ ' one.' (1498) (1499) (1500) (1501) (1502) § — W ^ & ^ & y^ „ tai ' eminent. n fi-h 'two.' tai ' eminent. san ' three.' TCIIOU DYNASTY. (ir.o;5) (loot) (1505) (150G) (1507) ^ % & 9 cf 55? 5^ 21 K •^ tai ' eminent.' „ tai ' eminent.' sze ' four.' 3Ft. w;w 'five.' Rev. (1508) (1509) (1510) (1511) (1512) & s X ^ fr of /«i ' eminent.' „ tai ' eminent.' „ tai ' eminent. 5?^ liih ' six.' -^ ts'ih ' seven.' /\ ixih ' eight.' K'kv. (1513) (1514) (1515) (151G) (1517) & 4 5 I ^ ]» Slao Tu, like on (1580). X.. Size 1-5. (1587) OiiVERSE K^ ^ Yao Fii, like on (1581). ,K. Size IG. (1588) Obverse ^jj ^ Pu, like on (1582). iV,. Size 17. (1589) Obverse ^}j Jj. Sin Pu, like on 105. M. Size 1-8. (159U) Obverse ^^ T.so Pa, like on (158:]). .!•:. Size 1-8. (1591) Obverse ^, r|4 i'„, like on 106. -K. Size 1-9. n X 306 HAN DYNASTY. (15921 Odvekse ^U JlJt Tckwang Fn, like ou 107. {159:3) Obvkrsk ^, ^ TiPa like on (1581). (1591) OnvEKSE ^^ Ts'ePii, Variant of (1585). (1595) Obverse ^ :h Ta Pu, like ou 108. All Reverses with a central line downwards. (LocklmrtCvll.) U2. Obverse. Reverse. Ph Ho. No legend. Currency, literally, • Excbangeable-goods cloth. This type is one of those which has always been counterfeited, and from the literal meaning such pieces have occasionally been made use of as counters. .NEW ru-^roxEY. (Gardner Coll.) 113. OuvEESE aud Reverse uearly similar to precediug. Sumo Icgcud. M. Size 2-2. Wt. 217. 114. Obverse and Reverse nearly similar to 112. Same legend. ^. iSize 2-2. wt. 210. 115. Obverse aud Reverse nearly similar to 112. Same legend. .E. Size 2-2. wt. 252. 116. Obverse and Reverse nearly similar to 112. Same legend. Later issue. JE. Size 2-2. Wt. 202. 117. Obverse and Reverse nearly similar to 112. Same legend. Later issue. JE. Size 2-2. wt. 225. 118. Obverse and Reverse nearly similar to 112. Same legend. Later issue. yE. Size 2-2. wt. 230. 119. Obverse and Reverse nearly similar to 112. Same legend. Later issue. £. Size 2-2. Wt. 216. 120. Obveese and Reverse nearly similar to 112. Same legend. Later issue. J'.. Size 2 2. Wt. 251. IIAN DYNASTY. 121. OiiVBRSE and Revkkse nearly similar to 112. Same legend. Later issue. JE. Size 2-2. Wt. 270. 122. Obverse .and IIevekse nearly similar to 112. Same legend. Later issue. iE. Size 2-2. wt. 274. 123. Obvekse and Reverse nearly similar to 112. Same legend. Later issue. JE. Sizo 2-2. Wt. 324. -JIH. Jlo- ' Money.' VI. NEW PU-MONEY (continued). h. Unknown, dubious. 124. Obverse. Revekse. M. wt. 1530. Tliis specimen is likely genuine, but apparently not as a current piece of money. NEW rU-MONEY. {Gardmr CM.) 125. Obverse. "^ n ^^KM*^^ ^W^^^H \^ ^ lii 1 Tang Sha -hill hwa. tsieu i" ' '^i 1 mmM ' Sliu Money, value 1 hwa. It + ho. Shih Size 3-8. Wt. 52 126. Same as 125, with slight variants. Same as 125. The character -f- worn out. JE. Size 3-8. Wt. 4'/'. W ^^B^/ _jmi»«_'' \^^H ^^^^Bi '*'''■! 'fl^^^l ^■p'i|<;^H ^H ^V^l ^^^^Mtr^ ''.^^^^H No legend. No legend. i.e. 'Biuding-knifc. Five hundred.' ^. \Vt. 180. Representative specimen of a doubtful type. NEW KNIFE-MONEY. 133. 7) m -tao. K'i- TF« 5E peh. W Obverse. Reverse. No legend. .e. ' K'i knife. Five hundred.' je. Wt. 195. Representative specimen. The type itself is doubtful. 134. Obverse and Reverse nearly similar to 133. Same legend. JE. Size 3- . Wt. 1 17. 135. Obverse and Reverse nearly similar to 133. Same legend. iE. Size 3- . wt. ItD. 3U (OaniKer CW.) 7) y Tao. ? No leofend. ie. '?Kuife. Five hundred.' | iE. Wt.3l5 Representative specimen of a more than doubtful type. (Gardner Coll.) 137. Obverse. i Keveese. No legend. i.e. ' One tao. Equal to five thousand.' NKW KXIFK-M(.XKV OcvEn 138. Reverse. i.e. ' One tao. Equu.1 to five thousand. {GanlncrColl.) 139. .c. ' One tao. Equal to live thousand.' No Icgeud. 140. Obverse and Reverse similar to 139^ but smaller. ^E. Size 27. Wt. 200. 31C HAN DYNASTV. ((uxiJHtr CM.) ti'ii 3l (on si.1.0 txien "f* No legend. e. ' Five. Equal to five thousand.' yli lao 7] (gilt) Pin,, ¥ wn i tsirn =f- No legend. i.p. ' One tao. Equal to five thousand (Imitative specimen.) JE. Wt. 505. NEW KXIKI■:-^^)XI■;v. 317 {Gm;lncr Cvll.) 143. Obverse and Revkese similar to 142. yh — ■ tao 7) Pinrj zp ten i txleib "J i.e. ' One tao. Equal to five thousand. Equal to five thousand.' JE. wt. 512. 145. Obverse and Reverse similar to 144, 146. Similar to 144, but the — ^ of the obverse is not gilt. /K. Same size. Wt. 498. 147. Obverse and Reverse similar tn 144. .v.. S.,iiic si/,e. Wt. 500. 11 AX PYNASTV. 148. OnvKRS l/h — ■ tao 7J ring ¥ wu 5E l.tini =f- No Ipofeud. i.e. ' One knife. Equal to five thousand.' j VII. NEW KNIFE-MONEY {continued). b. Unknown and dubious sorts. 149. Obveese. Reveksi No li'gend. Specimen doubtful, of an nncci-tain type. AN-CIENT ROUND-MOXEY. VIII. ANCIENT ROUND-MONEY. Erom about 950 b.c. to G22 a.d. About 947 B.C., during the reign of the King Muh ^ , of the Tcbou dynasty, enactments were made for the optional redemption by mulcts and lines, of penalties such as branding, mutilation, or death. The culprit was allowed to exonerate himself by paying 100, 200, 500, or 1000 hioan IJ- , or pieces of Ring-Money in copper. This statement of the Shu-king (part v., bk. xxvii.) shows that the Ring-Money was then well known, at least as an official unit of cur- rency. Its shape however does not seem to have circulated to the same extent as those of the Spade-, Pu-, or Knife-Money, most probably because it was in appearance more fiduciary than the latter, whose shapes were those of implements of daily use. Various attempts to promote its use proved unsuccessful. We do not realize how far the monetary laws of 1032 b.c. made it acceptable, and the known attempt of King Wang of Tchou in 523 B.C. was a complete failure. It lingered until the Ts'in (in 221 b.c.) and the Han (in 195 b.c.) dynasties adopted it definitively for their currency. It has passed through several phases, being at first («) without inscription (as on 1598, below), then inscribed {h) with its value or weight (as on 150, 1599-1605, 156-164, 168, 169, 1G19, 1G20, below), and (c) with geographical names (as on 151 155, IGOO- 1G15, 165-167, IGIG, 1618, below), like the other shapes of money. The interesting feature of associated names of towns for the issue of money, which we have abeady met with in the Spade-Money (p. 16), the Pu-Money (pp. 115-120, 128), and the Knife-Money (pp. 223-226) above, occurs again in a few and last instances on 154, 155, IGll, below. Eor convenience of reference the types are arranged in two divisions, according to the central hole being round or square ; the latter, theoretically and historically being the older, comes first, notwithstanding a current statement among Chinese numismatists, wliich is discussed in the Introduction, as well as many other questions connected with the beginnings of the Round-Money. 320 HAN DYNASTY. The habit of inscribing this currency with its value, nominal or real, lasted with few exceptions until the beginning of the T'ang dynasty, when tlie modern type of money, the modern style of writing, or nearly so, and tlie use of the names of years or period {nien hiao) as legend, were finally adopted, and arc still in current practice. (I.) With round hole. a. No legend. OLDEST PERIOD. (1598) Obverse. No legend nor mark of any kind. Eeveese. Same as obverse. No legend nor mark of any kind. M. Size as figured. How late such a pattern was used is undetermined, but it lasted apparently until the Civil Wars, 481 b.c. Of this uninscribed class no smaller specimen of a frac- tional value is known. [1599) (I.) With round hole. h. Value only. LATER PERIOD. (=H) -hwan. Pan- i.e. ' Half a round. Plain, no legend nor marks. No rim. jE. Size I'l. (IGOO) ANCIENT HOUND-^rONFA'. 3 ) Obversk. Reverse. ^O^ I'hiiii, no legend -hwan. Pan- nor marks. i.c. 'Half a round.' V y No 11. Tlie above Half-round-Money is certainly much later than the preceding un- inscribed type. Its date is pi-obably like that of the following, the period of the Civil Wars 481-255 B.C. Referenrp:—K.1!.B^. Li I., if. 7, 1I-. 150. W + ' Tchung yh liang shih szo tchn. Weight 1 Hang 14 tchus.' Plain, no marks (1601) +^ -' Tchung yh Hang shih sze tchu. i.e. 'Weight 1 liang 14 tchus.' I'lain, without any marks. M. Size as figured. Tt 322 (1C02) TCIIOU DYNASTY, Obverse. Tchnng yh Hang shih sue teh it. i.e. 'Weight 1 Hang 14 tclius, (IC03) (1604) Reverse. Plain, without any marks. JE. Size as figureil _^,ir /"^^ Tchnng yh Hang .v/u7t erh frhu. UOx) Plain, without any marks. i.e. ' Weight 1 hang 12 tchus. JR. Size as figured /4%\ Tch^mg yh liang V\%y Plain, without any marks. shih erh tchu. \^___.^ i.e. 'Weight 1 liang 12 tchus.' £. Size as figured. (1005) ANCIENT KOUND-MONKV. OiiVKRSK. lieference :—K.T.lL Li I., fl'. 10-12. Revek.si Plain, without any marks. yE, Size as tigurctl. VIII. ANCIENT IIOUNU-MONEY (coi/liuucil). (I.) Witb round hole. c. Geographical names. (Gardner Coll.) 151. Yuen. I'laln, no niark.'^ About the end of the Civil War (481-255 B.C.) Yuen was on the frontier of the states of Tchou J^ and of Tchao ^ . It was the name given by the conqueror, Tchao Siarig Wang, of Ts'in, to the region of Pa-fan and Pi-she (S.-W. Sliansi), in 290 B.C. See above, Pu-Money series 17, p- 28, and (252-259) pp. (H, li2. See also (161) p. 38, which perhaps belongs to the same place of issue. TCHOU DYNASTY. {GiirdHtr Coll.) tl Yum. Same as 151. (1606) Yuen. Same as 151. (1007) (turned ovui) Yuen. Same as 151. Revkuse. Plain, no marks. II Plain, no marks ^E. Size as figured. Plain, no marks. Ji. Size as figured. Several other issues of the same type are known, with but slight clifferences. Beferences .•— K.T.II. Li I., fi'. 3, 1.— S.T.S.T. I., f. 19. ANCIENT i;OUND-MON KV, Hesveksk. riaiu, 110 marks. i.e. ' One kiu of Tcli'ang-yuen.' -K. Wt. 108. Tch'ang yuen was in the North- East of the modem Idcn of the same name (kit. 35° 18', long. 114° 50'), in Tchih-li. The same type was severally issued with small dill'creuces. (1608) K'nng. (1(509) K'vng. .K. .Sii:c as ligtircil K'luig was the modern % Ilui hieu (lat. 35" 30', long, lir) in Ilonau. I'lain, no marks >K. Size as fi''iiicil. riaiii, no marks TCIIUU DYNASTY. (IGlO) yovonil issues of tbo same type exhibit variants iu the legend between (1U08) lt,:fcmice ;— K.T.H. Li k. I., fif. 5, G. ,',inJ«,T CM.) 154. Obverse. Revekse. riain, withou any marks. Titan tih'th K'uitij kin i.e. 'Red metal of K'uug and T'uan.' M. \Vt. 141 To be read from righ t to left upwards; the seco Qd siga is upside down. K'ltnij, in N. Honau, as on legend (1608, 1609), T'uan, apparently for T'uan lin iE |g, mentioned in the Annals of the Bamboo books in 370 and 358 B.C., and located where is now the modern Tch'ang-tze in Lu-'ngau fu (lat. 36° 05', long. 112° 50'), in Shansi. See Pu-Money series 25 (278), pp. ij6, 67. It is another instance of association for issuing money; see above pp. 16, 115-120, 128 and 223-226. (1611) -jJl 2 / "^^ /^~~\' Oo \ Plain, without any marks. liin kh'ch^ K'umj T'uan i.e. 'Red metal of K'ung and T'uan. .E. Size as figured. To read from right to left downwards. 8arae names of place as on 154. Reference .■— K.T.II. Li I., f. 6 v. A^'CIENT KOUXIVJIONEY. CJI.) 155. Obveese. ^' Ih' M _ 3 K'uih] 'An ^^^^^\'^ iS^T^^^ crh kill ^^B^^ri Hevekse. riain, witlioiil, any marks. i.e. 'Two kin of K'uug and ^An.' JK. \Vt. 40. Another case of association for the issue of money. See above, 154. K'uwj, in N. Honan, as on (1G08, 1G09), 154, (1611). 'An is probably the same as An-i/ang, so called in 257 B.C., now in Tcliang-teh fu, N. Honan, as on Pu-Mouoy 29-32, pp. 83, 84, Knife-Money 50, p. 220. (1G12) Specimens occur with the same legend, but in Siao-tchuen style of character, and of a smaller size, which are pi'obably later imitations of the above. (161.3) {=m) -7jn. Ts'i Geographical name. Plain, no marks JE. Size t\s figurcil. Ts'i-yn, now Tung-tcliawj % g fu (lat. oQ," 37', long. 116° 12'), iu Shantung. Befirmre .— K.T.Il. Li T., f. 7. 328 TCIIOU DYNASTY. (1614) Obverse. Reverse. m m -Tchou. Si- fc^ Plain, without any marks. i.e. ' Western Tchou.' M. Size as figured. Issued probably about the end of the reign of Tchou Nan Wang j^| i§ I 314- 256 B.C., the last of the decayed dynasty of Tchou who had his capital at Si Tchou ■g jg , now Sin-'An jjj ^ hion, in Honan-fu (lat. 34° 45', long. 112° OG'), in Honan. (1615) -Trhou. Timg- i.e. ' Eastern Tchou. Plain, without any marks. jJD. Size ;is figured. Issued probably by Tung Tchou Kiun ^ jt^ ;§ , the title of the last representa- tive of the famous dynasty of Tchou, 258-249 b.c. AXCrKXT KOUXD-^roXEY VIII. ANCIENT EOUND-MONEY {ro„rnim',1). (II.) With .square hole. «. Valur (Hily. hwn. r,io ij\ 'Valunlile hwn.' (A mouetarj- unit.) {-Mf)XKY, 170. Obverse and Revekse similar to 169. 171. Obverse and Reverse. Nearly similar to 168. .'E. Simie Bizc. Wt. 23. /!•;. Same size. Wt. 25. (1619) (1(320) Obverse similar to 168 and 169. Ou the upper part of tho Reverse nlf , '•''• 'n '''' ' Lnckj'.' M. Same size. Obverse same legend turned over, and from left to riglit ■ —' J] . Reverse plain, without any mai-ks. M. Same size. VIII. ANCIENT ROUND-MONEY {continued). (II.) With square hole. r. Unknovrn and of doubtful date. 172. Obverse. Re\ \^ ^ (?) (?)^ ^rr (?)* sluing shih (?) (?) wii hin (?) Un itbout anv mark> Only known to me by the above, which is a false metallic c.ist of a mould for aa ancient type, which by its style belonged to the period of the Civil Wars, but has been badly imitated and certainly altered. 334 (1621) TCIIOU DYNASTY. OUVEKSK. w 0' «e rp 1 yh. i.e. 'Series 1. Weight four Hang.' Plain, witliout any marks. M. Size 113 figured. Series 1 to 10 were probably issued, but hitherto two others only are known (K.T.H. 7/i I., f. 13). The only differences bear on the figure under the square hole. Obv. (1G22) Tchung kc liiiug Ti Wu S ' i.e. (series) 5. Keverse, plain. Onv. (1623) Tchung szc liang Ti Eiu jl i.e. (series) 9. Reverse, plaiu. AXCIEA'T KOUXD-.MDNKY. n sliili Uu. i.e. 'Series uiuctecii.' Reverse. witliout any marks. This type is only one of a series differontiateJ by the number on tlic left side of the square. The following only are known hitherto (Iv.S.K. Li I., fP. 13, 11). (1G2 (1G2.5) (1G20) (1627) Obvee.se, Tl yli 'Series One.' Rf;vERSE, plain. M. Size I -l. Obverse, -f- |^ Ti sliili 'Series Ten.' Reverse, plain. M. .Same size. Tl shih-i/h 'Series Eleven.' Reverse, plain. JE. Same siz Obverse, X^ Tl fihlh-lnh ' Scries Sixteen.' Reverse, plain. -K. Same size. 33C (1028) TCIIOII DYNASTY. Odvekse, i^ 5U Ti Klith-pah 'Series Eighteen.' Reverse, i)l;iiii. (1020) Obverse, ' Sciios Nineteen.' Like 171, but the 1{kvei!.se, plain, fiijnre for vine is turned to tlje right. (1030) Orverse, 'Series Nineteen.' Like (1G29), but Kkverse, pin much larger iu size. (1031) >^ . . Obverse, -f Ti /ili 'Series Twenty.' Reverse, plain. Unlike the preceding, which are disposed from right to lift, the present is arranged from top to bottom. -Hang. V'an- llalf iui ounce. Reverse. Plain, without marks or rims. ANCIKNT KOUNI)-I\rONKY. -Hang. P'an- ' Half an ounce. Obverse and Eeverse. A late imitation. 176. Nearly similar to preceding. Reverse. Plain, without marks or rims. M. Same size. Wt. 250. Obverse and Reverse. 177. Nearly similar to preceding. M. Siinie size. Wt. 280. 178. Dbverse and Reverse. Nearly similar to preceding. .E. Same size. Wt. 210. 338 TS'IN DYNASTY, VIII. ANCIENT ROUND-MONEY {continued). Ts'in Dynasty ^ IE Five rulers, from 255 b.o. to 206 r,.c. The state of Ts'in, which for two centuries had gradually by succes- sive encroachments assumed the leading position among tlie Chinese States then under the honorific authority of the Kings of Tchou, had re- duced these rulers to a mere shadow of their former greatness. In 256 b.c. Yen Nan Wang j^ |^g 3^, the last of them, surrendered his dominions to Tchao Siang Wang jjg ^ J the Prince of Ts'in, then in the 53rd year of his reign. The struggle against the other Chinese States con- tinued, and lasted specially with the semi-Chinese Southern State of Ts'u, whose centre was in Hupeh, and which was a concurrent for the Empire. It was only when the resistance of the latter was overcome that the Prince Tcheng ^ jg^ of Ts'in, in the 26th year of his reign, was enabled to declare himself ' The First Universal Emperor,' She Hwang-ti jj^ ^^, thus far establishing the Chinese Empire in 221 B.C. The currency was regulated on bi-metallism. The gold currency consisted of Yh's weighing one pound, as under the Tchou dynasty ; and the metallic money was round with a square hole, like that under that dynasty, but the legend was F'an Hang, or 'Half an ounce,' and the weight was corresponding to that design. " Henceforth, pearls, gems, tortoise-shells, silver, tin, and other things of the same kind, were used as implements, toys, and jewels, or hoarded in treasuries, and varied in price according to the market, but they were no longer used as money." The mintage of the Ts'in currency took place in Kwan tchung (name of the region of the capital, as above, p. 226). ANCIKXT KorXD-MoXKY, (1632 -Hang. P'aii- Half au ouuce. Ukvukse. 'lain, without iiKirkii or riuit<. (1633) ^ Half an ounce.' 'lain, without marks or rims. (1634) Obveese and Reverse nearly similar to preceding, with a slightly raised thin edge. -E. Sixe 1 "1^5. (1635) Obverse similar to (1632) with the only difference that the two J^ inside of tho chai-acter Hang f§ are like those of (1633). Reverse plain, without marks or rims ; but the pierced central square is turned ■with an angle straight upwards, in opposition to that of the obverse, which does not come through. FORMER HAN DYNASTY. yill. ANCIENT ROUND-MONEY {continued). Former Han Dynasty wi M IS Also called Western Han f§ J||, from the site of its capital at Tcli'aug-ngan ^ ^ , near Si-ngan (fu), in Slicusi. Fiftoon Rulers, from B.C. 20G to a.d. 24. I. LIU P'ANG KAO TSU. M ^ '^ M ^.c. 206—195. II. YNG HWEI TI. S 1, ^ B.C. 194—188. As tlicy judged the Money of the former dynasty too heavy and inconvenient to he used, the Emperors of the Han dynasty, in the hegin- ning of their rise, gave leave to the people to cast their own metallic currency. The ahsence of an ofl&cial standard permitted the circulation of a variety of small pieces, irregular in size and weight, some of them as thin as elm-leaves (iffj ^). 179. OiiVEESE and Reverse. Plain, no edges nor marka. JE. Size 0-95. Wt. 24. 180. Obverse and Reverse. ■ Mmm m Plaiu, no marks 181. Obverse and Reverse. Plain, no marks. Edges. .i;. Size 070. Wt ANCIENT ROUND-MONEY. 341 (1(33G) Obvekse aud Kevkksk. Plain, no uiavks. [siiuiller. K. Size 0-30. (1637) Obverse. M ^ Hang. r'un. Kevekse, plain. Jjargc square hole. .K. Si/.o 0-55. (1638) Obverse aud "Reverse. Similar to (1G;37). Smaller. a;. Size 050. (1C39) Obverse and Reverse. Similar to (1G37). Still smaller. A'.. Size O-IO. (1G40) Obverse and Reverse. Similar to (1037). Very small. (1641) Obverse. ^ Lia^jr, ' ounce/ on the left. Reverse, plain. JE Size 0-55. (1642) Obverse. ^ F'an, 'half/ on the right. Reverse, plain. AL Size 0-55. (1643) Obverse. ^ ^ P'an-Hang. Same legend as previously, but inverted. Reverse, plain. (1644) Obverse. Same legend and arrangement as (1643). Reverse, plain. Ai. Size 0-15. (164.5) Obverse and Reverse. Similar to (1643). (1640) Obverse, linng. F'an, as (1637). Above and below the square hole arc two lines, downwards. Reverse, plain. /E. Size 0-30. (1647) Obverse. ^ Hang, repeated right and left of the square hole. Reverse, plain. (1648) In many instances, the workmanship of these little pieces was so bad that one or the other, if not the two characters of the legend, was reduced to two horizontal lines. i-()i;mi:k iian dvxastv. VIII. ANCIENT ROUND-MONEY {continned). III. LIU SHIU KAO HOU. g J5 H5 ^ (Empress). B.C. 187—180. la the 2ntl year (b.c. 186) the Empress ordered the issue of pieces of 8 tchu in weight, equal in value to the half-ounce currency of the pre- ceding dynasty ; hut at the same time the profusion of thin money in circulation was such, that it was impossible to withdraw it, and it remained in use. Some native numismatists have carried the distinction in classify- ing the Chinese money far beyond reasonable limits, and unto minute diflFercnccs. Considering that the usual process of casting these pieces necessitated frequently the making of new moulds, producing indefinite varieties, we must neglect them as futile and childish. For instance, in the case of the Fan-liang 45 p]^ pieces, they make eight classes, which they call respectively : — ;^ J^ Ta-hiiiff, ' great form,' (. t., those of larger size, like 174, 1632, 1633. j^ A 'Tchang-jcn, ' tM men,' i.e., those where the two A inside the symbol ^ lianr) are high, and extend nearly to the horizontal line above. ^ A Liang-jen, ' two men,' /. e., those where the same strokes inside are of middle size, and look like the symbol for man A twice repeated. ^ \\\ Llang-shan, ' two mountains,' i. c, those where the said strokes inside are low, and more like "mountains" than " men." ■g ^ Tchang-tze, ' tall characters,' i. e., those where the two characters of the legend are higher and narrower than the average, like 300, below. ^ ^ Kw'oh-juh, ' ample flesh,' i. e., those where the body of the piece is more substantial than in others. 1^ ^ Kw'oh-tze, ' wide characters,' i. e., those where the characters of the legend are wider than the average. -f- ^ Shih-tze, ' shih-like character,' i.e., those where the central strokes of the symbol ^ Hang form a simple cross like the character -p, as on 256, . and sq. buluw. AXCIENT ROUXD-MOXEY. 31,'? Excepting tlic first, second, and last, which as far as possible have been carefully kept in the present work because of their chronological bear- ing, these distinctions have been neglected as impracticable. The pieces are generally either corroded or worn down, so as to make such minutiu) indistinguishable ; and among those well preserved which permit of our seeing exactly the strokes, it happens that they cannot be arranged according to such distinctions ; as these distinctions exist but as the extreme of variations occasionally produced by mere chance in the making of numerous moulds of a wavering type, and therefore were not intended as distinctive of the various issues. 182. Obverse. Pi ^ -Hang. P'an- Half an ounce.' Reverse. Plain, without marks or I'im. JE. Size 1-25. Wt. 02. The outer form comes from the fact that they were cast in groups, and the pattern belongs to the Linng-jen type. 183. -Hang. P'an- Half an ounce.' Plain, without marks or rim. A'.. Sizp 1-25. Wt. 344 FORMER IIAX DYNASTY. 184. 0BVER3E. ^ ^ -Hang. P'an- 'Half an ounce.' Eeverse. Plain. Of the Liang-jen typo, and nearly similar to preceding. M. Size 1-2."). Wt. 12 1. 185, 186, 187. Obvehse. -Hang. P'an- Reverse. Plain. Nearly similar to 179. Weights: 185, 105. 186, 08. 187, 49. (1649) Obverse and Reverse. Nearly similar to preceding, with edges slightly raised. M. She 1-2. 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193. Obverse. -llang. P'an- Reverse. Plain. Nearly similar to 183, but rather smaller. M. Size 11. Weights: 188, 72. 189, t»S. 190, 55. 191, 65. 192, 73. 193, 03. 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206. Obverse. -Hang. P'an- Reverse. Plain. Nearly similar to 183, 188, but still smaller. M. Size 1-05. Average Weight : 59. 207, 208. Obverse. -Uung P'an- Reverse. Plain Ne.irjy siniihir to 183, 188, 194, and smaller. .i;. Size !■ Weights: 207, )7. 208, 51. ANCIEXT i;()T'ND-M()NF.Y. 34 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255. Obverse. -liaiig. P'an- Reversk. Plain. Nearly similar to 183, 188, 194, 209, and smaller. M. Size Oil.';. A viTnge Weight : 40. (16.50) Obverse, -Hang. P'an- as above. Under ^ Hang, are two strokes downwards to tlie left. Reverse, plain. JE. Size 1-25. (1651) Obverse, -Hang. P'an- as above. Under ^ Hang, the symbol hwa. Reverse, plain. (1652) Obverse, ^ ^ P'an-Hang. same legend as above, but inverted. Reverse, plain. Workmanship generally rude, and the spurs resultinf from the casting in groups are often left. (1653) 45 m P'an-Hang. ' half an ounce.' (Two signs undeciphered.) Plain : no marks nor rims. (1654) Obverse, ^^ -Hang. P'an-. Same legend as above, but the symbol for Zirt)/;; is turned lip. Reverse, i)lain : no marks. ,K. si/e 1-20. Y Y 3.,r, FOKMF.R IIAX DYNASTY. (1055) OiiVEFSK, ji ^ -Uiing. F'an-. Same legend as above, but the symbol for F'an is ttirnod np. Revee.si.;, pLun : uo marks. ^■lO. Siiine size. (1G5G) Obverse, pg M '«'"!/ ^''"■"9'- Reverse, plain: uo marks. M. Same size. (1G57) Obvekse, Fan ifJ, above and below the square hole. Hang ^5 Reverse, plain. M. Size 1-10. (1C58) Obverse, -liaiuj. Pan- as 182, above. With an horizontal stroke above the square hole for — yh, ' one.' Reverse, plain. JE. Size 0-95. (1650) Obverse, -liang. F'an- as preceding, with two perpendicular strokes below the square hole. Reverse, plain. M. Same size. (1G60) Obverse, P'an-Umtg, /.p. same legend as above, inverted. Reverse, plain. M. Same size. (ICGl) Obverse, ^ ^ -liamj. Van- Same legend as above, with the cha- racter Hang turned upside down. Reverse, plain. M. Same size. (1G62) Obverse, |Jj ^ -Hang. F'an- Same legend as above, with the cha- racter j^'nn turned upside down. Reverse, plain. JE. Same size. (16G3) Obverse, -Hang. F'an- Same legend as 182. Reverse, same legend as on Obverse. JE. Same size. (1664) Obverse, ^ ^ -Haiiq. F'an- twice repeated. Reverse, plain. JE. Same size. '^ (1665) Obversi', ^ ^: -Iiang. F'an- with j\i hi turned aside, above the square hole. Reverse, plain. yE. Same size. AXCIKXT i;()l'Xl)->r()XKV. 347 (1G(3(3) Obverse, -Uaiig. Vnn- as above. KiovKUSE, l"iui-li(ntij ill docp ; Wdrkmanslilp ruJe. yK. Siinic size. (1GG7) Obverse, -Vuukj. P'aii- as above, with two \vrgo rings, one above, llio other below the square hole. Reverse, plain. ^. Snmc size. (1668) Obverse, -liamj. P'an- as above, with two perpendieular strokes above the square hole. Reverse, plain. -E. Size 0-95. (1669) Obveese, -Uanij. P'aii- as above, with „ = + ' -^>' luelow the square hole. Reverse, plain. .K. S;imc size H (1670) Obvekse, ^ ^ -Viang. Fnn- with X ''«"r/ ' work,' on the side, above the square hole. Reverse, plain. M. Same size. (1671) Obvekse, jl ^ -Uain/. r'an- with inivg-lno written aside. Oi J] tning-tao, see above, 165. Rhversh, plain. (1672) Obvekse and Reverse of the same si/.e, without legend, marks. Belongs also to the same period. 848 FORMEU HAX DYNASTY. VIII. ANCIENT ROUND-MONEY {continued). IV. HENG HIAO WEN-TI in ^ ^ ^^ b.c. 179—157. First Years, b.c. 179—164.. (First) Nieu-hao : Bou-yncn % B.C. 103—157. In his fifth year, i.e. B.C. 175, Heng Hiao Wen-Ti, in order to eradicate the counterfeit money, brought into circulation pieces of four ichu only in weight, with the same former legend and value of F'an-liang, 'half an ounce.' Henceforth names were adopted for year-periods, and these year-names, or Nien-hao ^ §;^ , were used in the dating of any event, sometimes without reference to the title of the living ruler, whose per- sonal name was always sacred, and carefully avoided. Until the Ming dynasty, the Nien-hao was usually changed several times during the same reign, with the occurrence of important events. 256. -Hang. P'a-n Half an ounce.' JE. Size 10. Wt. 57. The pattern belongs to the Shih-t::e type, on which see p. 312. Reveiise. Plain, without marks or rims. ANCIENT KOUND-MONKY. 31 257. Obverse. -Hang. Van- Ekveksi;. riain. Nearly similar to 256, with larger central hole. .K. Smne size. \Vt. 50. 258, 259, 260. Obverse. -Hang, r'an- Heverse. Plain. Nearly similar to 256, smaller, with central hole of average size. /E. Sizo 0-!)5. Weights: 258, 10. 259, ',0. 260, GO. 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296. Obverse. -Hang. Fun- Reveksk. Plain. Nearly similar to 258, but smaller in size. The differences in the forms of the characters are unimportant. .*;. Size 0-90. Average Weight : 30. 297. Obverse. -Hang. P'an- Same legend as above. A stroke upwards to the right over ^, for — yh 'one.' Reverse. Plain. JE. Same size. \Vt. 35. 298. Obverse. Same legend. Three perpendicular strokes under the square hole, lor H s«", 'three.' Reverse, plain. JE. Same size. Wt. 36. 299. Obverse. Same legend. Willi a dot niuler the s([uarc hole, on the edge inward. Up:vki;sK; plain. .10. Same size. Wt. 3':, 350 I'tiK.MKi; HAX DYNASTY. 300. OuvKKSE. 8:uno legend, the characters narrowi IfKVKUsK, plain. Very large square hole. JE. Size 0-90. Wt. 37. (1G73) Odveksk. Same legend. With a small cii-cle on the right above the square hole. Eeverse, plain. JE. Same size. (1 (371) OiiVEE.sE. Same legend. With two small circles, one above and one below the square hole. Reverse, plain. JE. Simiesizc. (1(3T5) Obvekse. Same legend. With a perpendicular stroke above the square hole, for — ijh, 'one.' Reverse, plain. ^. Same size. (1076) Obverse. Same legend. With the perpendicular stroke below the square hole. Reverse, plain. JE. Same size. (1(377) Obverse. Same legend. With three perpendicular lines above the square hole, for ^ san, ' three.' Reverse, plain. JE Same size. (1G78) Oijver.sk. Same legend. With \|/ above the square hole, for '£, sail, ' three.' Reverse, plain. JE. Same size. (1G79) Obverse. Same legend. With /|\ below the square hole, for £ .w», 'three.' Reverse, plain. /K. Same size. am. •E. Same size. (1G80) Obverse. VaH-liaiuj. Same legend inverted. Reverse, pi M. Same i (1081) Obverse. ^' '^ Van p'an. Reverse, plain M. Size 10. ANCIENT EOUND-MONKY. 3ol (1G82) Obvehse. ^ 35 Liang lianr;. Eeversjj, plaiu. M. Size 0-90. (1683) Obveese. ^ f^ Lidiig Hang, as preceding, but tlio character on tlio riglit-linud side is upside down. Hevekse, plaiu. Ji. Same size. (1G84) Obvekse. ^ -Hang. P'tin- The character Hang is on the side g below the square hole. Revekse, plaiu. ^1-;. .Same size. (1085) Obverse. ^ ^ -Jiang. P'an- twice repeated, as shown. IS Reverse, plaiu. JE. Same size. FORMER HAN DYNASTY. INDEPENDENT AND CONTEMPORANEOUS CURRENCIES. B.C. 179—157. CURRENCY OF WU ^ (Feudal State). Under the reign of Hiao Wen Ti the Chinese power was only half established over the region of Wn ^, i.e. Kiangsu, and North of Tcheh- kiang and of Kiangsi provinces. The copper mines attracted a large number of lawless people, who cast counterfeit money, whence the endless varieties of the above F''an-liang series. ^ 3E \M- ^'^^i Prince of Wu {circa, B.C. 160), worked the mines of the Tsih Shan iP jl] : his currency being less alloyed than that of the official mintage, had a great success, and proved obnoxious to the government mints during the latter part of the reign of Wen-Ti, and that of his successor King- Ti. The following specimen, and types 302, 1686, 1687, are most probably issues of his currency. 301. Obverse. Reverse. No legend. A tche was equivalent to six tchu, or quarter-ounce ; so that two tche were tlie same as a P'an-liang, or ' half-ounce.' (1(38(3) ANCIENT liOUND-.^IONKV. OilVEKSE. -trhc. Lian.j. • DouLle tclu'.' Variant of legeiid on 301. Reveksk. No legeiul. A liin outside (1687) -tchc. Liamj- ' Double tchc' Variant of legend on 301. No legend. The cLief difference of tliis typo consists in the absence CURRENCY OF TENG T'CNG (the Chinese Crresus). The same Emperor granted (circa B.C. 160) to a courtier Teug-t'ung W^ jffl 1 the authorization of working the mines of the Copper Mountain Tiiiiff Shan §^ ^J of Yen Tao ^ ^, now Ya-tchou fu in Azctchncn. Teng-t'ung issuing copper money, acquired fabulous wealth, which made his name famous for ever as the Croesus of China ; his currency, like that of the Prince of Wu, being made of purer metal than that of the Government, was eagerly sought for by the people, at the expense of the Imperial exchequer. It was known as the * Teng-she money ' ^1^ ^ iS ) but no exact information has been preserved as to its sha[)o and dcsii?n. :Mr.i; iian i>vxastv. FOEMEll IIAN DY^s'ASTY {continued). V. K'l KIXG TI M r§: ^> BC- 156—141. No change ill the currency is recorded under his reign. A'l. TCH'EH WU TI U ^ '^ , e-c 140—87. (First) Nieu hao: Kieu-Yiien ^ %, B.C. 140 — 135. In the first year of the period Kien-Yiien (b.c. 140) the current money, though bearing the legend P'an-Uang (or 12 tchus) as before, was only weighing on an average four tchus. The Emperor Wu Ti, in order to rectify the anomaly, then issued pieces weighing three tchus only, in accordance with their legend scui-tchu ^ $^, ' three tchus.' 302. Oeveese. 'Three /(■/(((.' ||£ -khii. San- Reverse. No legend. Rims, as on the obverse. (Au apparent imitation.) JE. SizeO'75. Wt. 35. (1088) Obverse. -fchu. San- as 302. Reveese. Nolegend. Thin rims on the obverse, none on the reverse. (1G89) Obverse. -fchu. San- as 302, and a thin rim. Reverse. Plain. IF.. Size 0-75. ANCIF.XT i;()UNI)-MOXKV. EORMEll IIAN DYNASTY {contbnied). Pive years after their issue, i.e., in b.o. 1;5G, it was necessary to demonetize the San-tchu pieces, as they had b(>en couuterfeitcd, clipped, &c., and answered no more to their purpose. A currency somewhat similar to the former one was then issued. The chief characteristics of the new pieces were a rim slightly raised, and their device belonged to the shih^ or cross type of the P^tn-Uang pattern. The raised ed"-es were purposely made in order to prevent the pieces from being filed, as the former currency used to be by the pcoi)le, with a view of taking tlie copper dust. 303. Obveese. 35 ^ -liidig. P'aii- Reverse. ' ILilf-oimce.' ■ I'lain, no i-im. With a rim slightly iMi'^eil. A-:. Size -I. Wt. 32. 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313. OiiVEUSE. -Hang. r'aii- FiEvekse. J'laiii, no rim. Nearly similar to 303. yE. S:inu> size. Average Weight : 37. 314. Obverse and Eeveese. Same leg-end in modern flKii-icters. (A late inntutiou.) .K. Size 1 ■ 1 5. Wt. 37. (1G90) Obverse. -Hang. P'an- as above; with two rings, one smaller aliovc, and one lai-ger below the sijuare hole. Reverse. i'laiu. .v.. .'ii/.e O'Jo. 356 KOKMKK IIAX J)VXASTY. (lO'.ll) Obvekse. -Uang. F'an- as above; with a perpendicular stroke below the square hole, for — i/]i, ' one.' Kevekse. Plain. Jii. Size 0-90. (1(302) Obvekse. -Uancj. P'an- as above; with a slanting stroke to the right below the square hole, for — yh, ' one.' Reverse. Plain. M. Same size. (1693) Obvekse. P'an-Uang as above; with two perpendicular strokes below the square hole, for ~ erh, ' two.' Reverse. Plain. M. Same size. (IG91-) OiiVEKSE. r'an-liang as above but inverted; with two strokes, as preceding. Reverse. Plain. (1695) Obverse. -Hang. P'an- as above; with three perpendicular strokes above the square hole, for ^ sa)i, ' three.' Reverse. Plain. .*;. Same size. (169G) Obverse. -liuvg. F'an- as above; with '^ wu, 'five,' on the right hand side, above the square hole. Reverse. Plain. JE. Same size. (1697) Obverse. -Hang. P'an- as above; with X shih, 'ten,' below the square hole. Reverse. Plain. (1698) Obverse. P'an-Uang as above, but inverted. Reverse. Plain. ANCIENT ROUND-MONEY. (1690) (1700) (1701) (1702) Obvekse. r'an-Ua ig us pi-eceilii 'g- Reverse. Plain. (Smnllcr.) M. Sue 080. Obverse. M * -Hang. P'nu- The right-hand sido character upside down. Reverse. Plaiii. M. Size 0-95. Obverse. ^ * r'an pan. The right-hand side character upside down. Reverse. Plain. (Smaller.) M. Size 0-90. Obverse. m ^ • lUing. P'an Rude workmauship. Reverse. Plain. (Iron.) M. Size 0-95. The iron piece here inscribed, according to the trustworthy Suh-tsiuen-huei (Li I., f. 3), is important as the oldest issue iu China of real money in iron. This metal had been used at the same time as the others, in lumps or as implements, during the barter period. No record has been preserved of this issue^ which cannot have been made by the Government. I'OKMKK HAN DYXASTV, SlLA'Ell-TIX MONEY AND LEATilEU BADGES. VI. TCH'EH WU TI {coutlnueil). (Fourtli) Niou bao : Yiien-shou % flf, B.C. 122—117. The long reign of Wu Ti was a glorious one. His suzerainty was established over new parts of the south of China proper; and his generals, victorious over the Hiung-nu Turks, carried the Chinese arms and influence into Central Asia. Literature, Confucianist at first, Taoist afterwards, flourished; and a sort of Imperial Academy Avas established at Shcmg-lin jiicn Jl ^ % (at Eang Kung near Hien Yang, Shensi), to promote the study of classical history and wisdom. The Court was put on a gorgeous footing, and expenses were running high. For all these achievements an enormous quantity of money w^as wanted, and the current money, the base copper cash, not being sufiicient to pay for these outlays, several sorts of representative currency were introduced, and, as always the case, led the State almost to the verge of financial ruin. In the fourth year of the period Yiien-shuu (119 r..c.) a currency of white metal and deer-skin was made. This white-metal currency consisted of three types of pieces of a different size and form, made of tin and silver melted together, and of a nominal value, far beyond the intrinsic. The first was round, with a central round hole, and the figure of a dragon (Lung) as device; its name was Tchiiaii ^, i.e., 'Pattern,' its weight 8 Hang (ounces), and its value 3000 copper cash.* * Tlie word rash is a convenient appellative for the Chinese copper pieces which are cast and not coined, and therefore have no right to be called coins. It is now widely used by Europeans in China and the Ea.st concurrently with the word mpeque, and is derived through the Portuguese i-aim, formerly the Tamil kusu, from tin; Sanskrit l;h-^ha, a name for a small piuco of money. SILVKIMIX MONEY ANP l.KATllF.R J'.ADCES. 359 Tlie second was smaller, and square, and its device was a horse ; its weight G I'umg, and its value 500 copper cash. Tiie third was still smaller, and oblong, with a tortoise for device; its weight 4 Hang, and its value 300 copper cash. The end of this medal-like currency was sad. They were counter- feited on a great scale by the people, and the State officials as Avell. Their value diminished rapidly, the Emperor ceased to issue them, and before the end of a year after they had been first emitted, they were no more accepted in circulation. No specimen seems to have survived of this ill-conceived and fanciful money, and their actual shape is not known beyond the aforesaid descriptions. Some spurious figures of them appear in several untrust- worthy books on numismatics, chiefly Japanese, taken from made-up pieces of Japanese fabric in tin, which sometimes are met with in collections for sale to collectors. The deer-skin currency, issued in the same year, was a sort of token or badge made in view of a narrower circulation. It consisted only of pieces of the skin of white stags reared in the Imperial parks, measuring a square foot, and embroidered on the hems, for which the kings, feudal princes, and noblemen, had to pay 400,000 copper cash a-jiiece, as they were compelled to wear them as badges of honour, without which entrance to Court and audience by the Emperor could not be obtained. FORMKK II AX DYNASTY. YIII. ANCIENT ROUND-MONEY {conlinned). As to the cuiTcnt money of the official standard, it was cast in all the provinces and districts. But the people counterfeited it so largely in casting debased and lighter pieces, that the nobles required that it should be ordered that a new kind of money be issued at the Imperial Court. The pieces were called Yh-tcheh y^>. IK , which literally means ' red-bent,' from the supposed fact that their raised edge was made of red copper. One piece was worth 5 cash. The collectors of taxes used not to bring again the false Yh-tcheh in circulation as they did for the ordinary cash. In less than two years the new money was again very bad in consequence of counterfeiting, and as it was no more possible to use it at the legal rate, it was also abolished. Genuine specimens of this currency are not found. And the explana- tion of their characteristics from their name is perhaps inexact, as it is only given by later authorities. In the fifth year of the period Yilen-shou (b.c. 118) the F'an-lkutg currency deteriorated, by incessant counterfeiting, was demonetized ; and the famous JFu-tchu cash, the standard of the Han dynasty, which remained in circulation until the Sin dynasty (a.d. 581), notwith- standing other mintages, occasional and temporary, were first issued. The Emperor Wu Ti, after his unsuccessful essays, was at last con- vinced that the evil was more deeply rooted than had hitherto been supposed, and that some more adequate measures had become necessary, as money ought to be made of a real value, according to its design. Accordingly, with these views, great changes were made in the monetary management of the empire. Every district and province was no more allowed, as formerly, to cast its own money. A State Mint was established in the capital of the empire, under the special direction of three high members of the Shang-lin Academy (cf. p. 358), who were appointed official Mint-masters. All the metallic currency formerly in AXCiEXT norxD-^roxEV. 3G1 use was ■nithdrawn, and brought to tlie Shang-lin Mint, to be melted and re-cast ; and all money not issued by that mint was considered illegal. In the impossibility of suppressing the few false coiners who still remained, the Mint-masters, in the true Chinese foshion, made the most skilled of them workmen in the mint. The ncAv cash were well made, and for years to come could not be counterfeited. 315. -tchu. ]Vn- 'Five tcliiis.' No mark. A riin around the sf|uare hole. The peculiarity of the early issues of tin's cash is, that on the obverse the central hole has no rim. 316. Same legend as preceding. Same a.s preceding. 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333. Obverse and Revkrsk. Ncarlv siniil;i 315 Mvi.l 316, l)Ht thinner. IE. Siiiiie size. Av.'insp WniLTlil: 30. •t A 302 KollMKi; IIA.N DVXASTV, Ann. 1>ING-KI SIUEN TT, -^i^ £ g ■%■ , n.c. 73-40, (1) Nic'ii-hao, Pkn-siie, TK ^f ; : (2) „ Tl-THIEH, ]|!i fill .. (3) „ Yuen-k'ano, % M . (4) „ SlIEN-TSIO, jplj) ^ 73—71). 69— 6G. G5— G2. Gl— 58. The circulation of the TFu-tchu cash runs smoothly from the begin- ning of their emission, and nothing is recorded until the second year of SiUEN Ti, when it was found necessary to make this cash more regular in weight, and to introduce a slight change in the pattern. This change consisted in the addition of a raised edge at the lower side of the square on the obverse. The fact is shown by moulds in clay belonging to the reign of Siuen Ti which have been discovered in archseological finds, and in which the pieces were no longer cast in clusters. These moulds bear on their outsides the following dates : — Pen-she, 1st year, i.e. b.c. 73. „ 2nd „ „ „ 72. 4tb „ „ „ 70. Ti-TSiEH, 2nd „ „ „ 68. Ti-TSIEH, 4th year, i.e. B.C. QiQ. Yden-k'anq, 3rd „ „ „ 63. Shen-tsio, 2nd ,, „ „ 60. 4tli „ „ „ 58. They are figured in the Ku-tsiuen-hwei, Tchin xiii., and in the Suh- tsiuen-hwei, Tchin iii. (1703) Obverse, m 3L -tchu. Wu- 'Five tchus.' Reverse. Eegular rims. No legend. Charaetorized by the .special arrangement of the rim on the obverse. ANCIENT ia)UN])-MuNEV. 3«3 334, 335, 336, 337. Oevkkse aiul llKVEKaE. Nearly siinilar to (I70o). 338. Obverse uud Revekse. Nearly similar. Clippuc .E. Size 1. .Vvciagc Weight : 51. Ai. Same size. Wt. Ifi. (1704) Obverse and Reverse. With similar legend to (170o), ou both sides £. Sainc size. RilOIKK llAX DYNASTY. VIII. ANCIENT ROUND-MONEY {coiiliuned). IX. SHEII YUEN TI ^ jt -Jfr , a.c. -18-33. The counterfeiters in the long run proved to be stronger than the law of the land. They were more than 100,000 in number, and the disorder brought in by their mischievous doings reached a dangerous height. Proposals were seriously made by counsellors of the Throne to abolish the metallic currency, which had caused so much evil, and to substitute in its stead silk, cloth, grain, and tortoise-shell, as used to be employed in former times. But the advice of the Privy Council Avas also asked, and they judged that it was difficult to make a sudden change in the money which had been for a long time in circulation. At that time the Imperial Treasury amounted to 4000 millions, the Privy Treasury to 1800 millions, and that of the Mint to 2500 millions, copper cash. XII. YEN PING TI ffj ^ ^, A.D. 1—5. In spite of the disorders resulting from the continuous counter- feiting, the Shang-lhi Mint had continued issuing the Wii-tchu cash. From the days of the Emperor Wu Ti (118 b.c), when the Shang-hn began to make money, till the first year of the Emperor Ping Ti's reign, they had made copper cash to an amount of 280,000 millions of pieces. AXCIKNT IIUVS 1 )-M()N i:V, XIII. JU TZE YN(i Ji ■? ^ , AD. 0—8. Regency of Wang Mang. (1) Nien hao, K!ii-shch g- $| , a.d. (3— 7. The last emperor, Ping Ti, who was only niuc years old when he ascended the throne, had been poisoned after four years by his Prime Minister, Siu Wang Mang. The grandson of Siuen Ti, then two years of age, was recognized Emperor by the same Wang Mang, who for three years to come was still satisfied with the Regency of the Empire. He introduced great changes into the currency, which makes the time during which he held the power, either as a Regent or Supreme Ruler, the most eventful period in the bistory of Chinese money. AVang Mang began in a.d. 7, by annulling the decrees enacted by the Han dynasty, as he wanted to return to the money of the Tchou dynasty, where " the mother and the child " {i.e. divisionary piece) weighed in proportion to each other, similarly to those issued by King IFang in 523 B.C. (cf. 156—163 supra). A vague and misconceived tradition ascribes to him the emission of pieces of the same dimensions and designs, and it is perhaps this erroneous legend that caused the making by counterfeiters of such types as the No. 164 above, and the following as well. 339. Kkverse. No Icircud. rrecious es.cbaiijjc'^'- I'Olt.MKK IIAX IiVXASTV. VIII. ANCIENT ROUNU-MONEY {coullnued). Tlio Ilegcnt reiutroduccd, in a soiiiewhat altered form, the knife- sha2)ed money in two types, -wliicli lie eallcd Ki-tuo ^ y] (Nos. 130—136 above), and Tso-tao |g J] (Nos. 138—148 above). Tbe number of Ki- taOy value 500 casli, was not inconsiderable : a copper mould in the collection of Li Tao-bien {Ku-tsiuen-hul, Tclieng 13, f. 17) bears the figures Pah-tsien-tvan A ^ H ' eight thousand myriads,' which pro- bably indicates a number of pieces issued therefrom. Hound pieces, similar to the head parts of the Ki-tuo and Ts'o-iao knife-money, were issued as folloW'S : — • (1705) 7J -tao. K'i- Obverhe. Reverse. Rims similar to those of the obverse. (170G) iao J) (iiiluid iu gold.) No legend. Kims similar to those of the obverse. 0707) yh _ tuo 7) (iucuse.) e No legend. Rims similar to those of (1703). AXcrKXT l;()rNl)-^[o^•EY. 340. In the same year {i.e. a.d. 7) the Regent "Wang Mang put in cironla- tion a new currency, which he called Tsiuen ^ , ' source ; ' thus reviving the old name, which had been replaced by Tsieu ^ in course of time. It consisted of six types, large and divisionary, all represented in tlie following list (341, 1711, 1712, 1713, 344, 345):— (.') FIRST TYPE. 341. Similar to obverse, without Icf^eml. Outer rim thicker. Small source, value one.' 342. Same legend as preceding. Similar to preceding. FORMER I IAN DYNASTY'. Same legPiiJ as ]irpcciliiig. Reverse. Similar to preceding. (1708) Obvehse and Reveese. Both with legend similar, as (341), obverse. (1709) Obvekse and Reverse. Both with legend like the preceding, but that of the reverse is upsride down. JE. Same size. (1710) OovKiiSE and Reverse. Without any legend; otherwise same fabric. (1711) (A) SECOND TYPE. Obverse. .hih yh- + — tsinen. $f^ ' Little source, 1 ten.' Reverse. Similar to the obverse. Without legend. (i) THIRD TYPE. (1712) yn d!h. crh tsiuen. Youn g source, 2 tens Similar to the obverse. Without legend. ANCiKNT ];()^^T)-^roxEY. 369 (./) FOURTH TYPE. Obvepsk. (1713) Trhung shih. tsineu. IIkvkrsk. Similar to the obverse. Without legend. Mira). (1752) shih. ' Great source. Fifty, ijh. Tchch source. Value one, JE. Size 95. A combination of the current Ta Isiiieii type with the first type (341 above) of the six issues of the year a.u. 7, at ihc time of the regency. An irregular type. R)liMi:R HA\ DYNASTY. (1753) Obvekse. Ta shih. ll'« txiucn. Rkverse. Same legend. ' Equal worth Fifty.' JE. Sizo 0-00. Most proLiibly a private issue. (1754) Ta tsiucn. .■ or pair; value 216 cowries. (2) The bull shells, !}■£ ^; S tsun, 6 fen iu length; a pair of which was worth 150 cowries. (3) The small shells, -^ pj. ; 2 tsun, 4 fen iu length ; a pair of which was worth 30 cowries. (4) The lesser shells, >Ji ^; 1 tsun, 2 feu iu length; a pair of which was worth 10 cowries. (5) The smallest shells {cyprece monetce, or cowries), being smaller than 1 tsun 2 fen, were not fastened in pairs ; each was worth three cash. Those which were smaller than six fen were not used for currency. How much similar or different from the practices of remote times was this quaint currency is not ascertained (cf. Introduction). But the intelligent part of the people, and the merchants as well, objected to this revival of an antiquated system. The copper currency then issued by Wang Mang was also peculiar, and presented a strong flavour of a revival. It consisted of the ten sorts of Fu ^ money which are illustrated above (pp. 302-301<). Some later commentators, in a true Chinese spirit, always striving after allusions or symbolisms, have fancied that the design of this money was that of ' a shirt,' whence its appellation of Pu, lit. ' cloth,' or ' spread out.' But, as a historical fact, this far-fetched explanation does not meet the case, and the genealogy of its pattern is clear. The pattern of the Pu money of Wang Mang was altered from the shapes of the Pu-MoNEY of the Civil wars period (above, pp. 31—212), them- selves degenerated forms of the Weight-Money (above, pp. 18 — 30), which was derived from that of the Spade-Money of former times (above, pp. 2, 4 — 17). As to the name of Pu, it was a local appel- lative for money in the former Chinese states of Shanff ^ (E. Honan), and Ts'i ^ (N. Shantung and S. Tchihli), which had survived and spread out its ancient limits. ANCIENT rvOUND-^rONKY. 383 To rcsumo, the new currency, including tlio six classes of tsiucn ^ issued since a.d. 7, consisted of twenty-eight dilTcrcnt sorts, made of five different substances, and designated by six different denominations. The people did not approve of these innovations, and objected to the large proportion of alloy in the metal of the copper money ; and they continued to employ cash made on the ^-tchu pattern of the Ilan dynasty. They give vent to their feelings in a seditious popular little song :— M 4^ & BS " 'i''ie yellow bull has a white belly, jS. 1^ ra" fS T'lc ^VG-ichu pieces ought to rcturu." ^ Hwang^ ' yellow,' the Imperial colour, stands here for ' Imperial,' otherwise ^ Hioang the Imperial title assumed by Wang Mang. The ' bull ' -^ with a white belly is a distinct allusion to the bull shells, the second class of the cowry currency, and its colour on one side. Now ' white ' is in China the colour signifying 'evil,' and also that of mourn- ing. The wish to put an end to AYang Mang's rule suggested in tlu- allusions contained in the first verse was clearly put forth in the second, where the return of the Ilan dynasty is plainly implied. (2) Nien hao, T'ien Fung ^ HJ, 'Celestial Pheasant,' A.n. 14 — 1!>. In the first year T^ien Fung, i.e., a.d. II, Wang Mang, made aAvare at last of the severe distress of the people through his manifold and cumbrous money, abolished all the eccentric and other currency then in circulation. lie issued in their stead two new types of copper money, one large and one small. The large one was of the Fu type and bore the legend FLo-pu ^ 'jfj , having the value of 25 cash. Specimens are illustrated above. No. 112. The small ones were of the usual round pattern, and bore two legends; ^ ^ Fu-isiuen and "^ ^ Ho-tdiien. Those with the design Fu-tsiuen (below. No. 364) were apparently issued only for a short time, as they arc seldom met with and do not present more than four varieties. The reverse has been the fate of the Jlo-tsiuen (below, No. 365 f^q.), which remained in circulation until after the end of Wang Mang's reign, and were largely counterfeited and varied. I^'TERREGNUI\r. 364. Obverse. tsiuen. Fu ^ ^ ' Spreading source.' Reverse. Similar design. No legend. A foithful imitation but not a genuine specimen. (1757) tsiuen. Pit Same legend and arrangement. A large rim round the square hole and a half-ball over it. Similar design. JE. Same bize. (1758) ttiiuen. Pu Same legend and arrangement. Two radiating dashes from the upper angles of the square hole. Similar design. (1759) tsiven. Pu Same legend and arrangement. Two radiating dashes from the lower angles of the square hole. Similar design. 365, 366, 367. » ii«»f: No legend. tsiuen. ITo- ' Spring of goods.' With a half-ball over the upper edge of the square hole. .v.. Average Wt. 39. ANCIENT KOUND-MONET. 368. OcvEKSE. Reverse. fsiuen. Ho- < Same legend. A (lot over the square hole. jR. Same size. Wt. 369. tsiuen. Ho- I Same legend, without any mark. I No legend. /E. S.ime size. Wt. 38. 370, 371, 372, 373, 374. Obvekse and Reverse. Legend and design nearly similar. JE. Same size. Average Weiglit .SS. 375. Obverse and Reverse. A dot over the upper right corner of the square hole on the obverse. Legend and design otherwise similar. JR. Same size. Wt. 43. 376. Obverse and Reverse. A dash downwards from the lower left corner of the square hole on the obverse. Legend and design otherwise similai-. M. Same size. Wt. 40. 377, Obverse and Reverse. Legend and design nearly similar. (Clipppd.) iK. 378. tsiuen. Ho- ^ '^ Same legend, with a rim around the square hole. No legend. Design similar to 364. A'-.. Wt. 21. 3 I) 3SC [XTERKK(;NU>r. 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397. OnvERSE ami Retei!SE. Legend and design similar to preceding, with slight differences. ylO. Same size. Average Weight 48. 398, 399, 400. Odverse and Rkverse. Legend and desigu nearly similar to 378, but slightly smaller. JE. Size 085. Average Weight 31. 401, 402. OnvEiiSE and Reverse. Legend and design nearly similar to 378, but much heavier. m. Size . \Vt. 138. 403. Ob ver.se. tsluen. Ho- JHHH Same legend as above, l^^wl itli double rim round the ■M1^^9 square hole. H^^^^^KI Reverse. Similar rims. No legend. J 404, 405. tsiunn. IIo- Same legend as above, much smaller. No legend. ANCIENT ROUND-JIONEY, (1760) Obvekse. tsiuen. IIo- Same type, with lialf ball under lower oJge of central square hole. Reverse. No legend. (17G1) Same typo, with half ball over uppei cdf>e, as on 365. (1762) Same type. A dot over the square hole. Four dashes diverging towards cir- cumference from the four corners of the square hole. ./E. 8aine Bizr. One half ball over, and one under the upper and lower edges of the square hole. JE. Same size. On obverse and reverse four diverging dashes, as on (1761) rev. (1763) tmnen. Ho- Same type. Two dashes outwards from the two upper angles of the square hole. No legend. Regular rims. (1764) Several varieties occur of the same coins with one, two, or three dashes outwards as on the preceding types. (1765) tsiuen. ITo- Same type. With a downwards stroke over the square hole for 'one.' No legend. Regular rims. INTERREGNUM. (1760) OUVEESE. tsiuen. IIo- Same type. With a horizontal stroke over the square hole for ' one/ Reveuse. No legend. Ecgular rii (1767) tsiuen. Ho- Samc type. 3t vni ' five' Top, to right. On the right side of the square hole. (17G8) tsiuen. Ho- Same type. /^ luh 'six.' Over the square hole. JE. Same size. (17G'J) tsiuen. Ho- Same type, larger ' one,' left of square hole. M. Size 0-9 . (1770) tsiuen. Ho- Same type. ' two,' left of square hole. M. Same size. (1771) tsiueri, Ho- Same type. 1 1 ' two,' under the square hole. M. Same size. (1772) tsiuen. Ho- Samo type. 1 1 1 ihid., ' three.' M. I: (1773) (1774) (1775) (1776) (1777) (1778) Obverse. tsiuen. IIo- Same type. ANCIENT EOUND-MONEY. 389 Revekse. — ' three/ right of square hole. JE. Size 0-9. tsiuen. IIo- Same type. tsiuen. -So- Same type. tsiuen. Ho- Same type. tsiuen. Ho Same type. tsiuen. Eo- Same type. 1 1 1 1 ' four,' over square hole. iK. Same size. 1 1 1 1 ' four/ under square hole. A). Same sizi 'four/ left of square hole. i'E. Same size. ■ five/ left of square hole. M. Same size. /\ A I>al>, 'eight/ left or below square hole. Specimens with seven -t; , nine jl , and ten -f- have not been found. Several varieties of reverses appear on some issues of the same type : — (1779) tsiuen. Ho- A slanting stroke over the upper left r. , ,, angle of square hole. Same tvpe, smaller. M. Size Ot*5. 390 IxXTERKKGXUM. (178U) Obverse. tif{i(cn. IIo- Same typo. A downwards stroke under square hole. Reverse. A largo ball under the square hole. (1781) (1782) (1783) (1784) tsiucn. Uu- Same type. tsiuen. IIo- Same type, larger. tsiuen. Ho- Same type, larger. tsiucu. IIo- Same type. A ball on the right of the square hole. yE. Same size. jfi^ p'lii, on the right of the square. .E. Size 0-95. 35. Wit ' five,' under the square hole. M. Size 1-15. 5, iKii 'five,' top to left, left of the square hole. Many specimens of Miuters' fancies of the same type are often found ; we shall mention only the most frequent : — (1785) Ko- tsiuen. ^ ^ Same legend as preceding, inverted. No legend. Regular rims. M. Size 0-85 1786) tsiucn. Ho- ^ ^ With half-ball, as 360. Same legend as obverse, yE. Same size. i (1787) Obverse. tsinen. IIo- ^ 15 Without tbo lialf-ball. ANCIENT KOUNl) ^[ONEY. Reverse. Same loj^ond as obverse. With tliiii or tliick rims. 391 (1788) tsinen. IIo- Samo typo. Same legend as obverse, upside down. With thin or tliick rims. u¥,. Same size (1789) (1790) iduen. Ho- Same type. (siuen. IIo- Same type. Same legend as obverse, above and below, top to right. JR. Same size. Same legend as obverse, above and below, top to left. JE. Same size. (1791) ^ t.nuen. ^ tsiucn. Ho- K //o- (1792) ^ tsiuen. ^ m tsiuen. IIo- (1793) g Uu. On the right. No legend. Rejrular rims. No legend. Regular rims, ^K. Same size. No legend. Regular rims. jE. Same size. INTERREGNUM. (1794) Obverse. ^ Tiiiueu. On the left. Reverse. No legend. Regular rims. JE. Size 110. (1795) K It no no. No legend. Regular rims. M. Size I (1796) Same design as preceding, without the -f on the left side of the character. No legend. Regular rims. M. Same (1797) M M Tsiuen Tsiuen. No legend. Regular rims. JE. Same size. (1798) Some rare specimens of an iron money of the usual type tsiuen. no-, size 0'95, exist, but it is not known that they were issued by Wang Mang. They may be a money of Kung-sun shuh (cf. page 395). ANCIENT KOUND-MONEV. INDEPENDENT CUEEENCIES WITH CHINESE LEGENDS DURING THE FORMER HAN DYNASTY AND INTEKREGNUxM. From n.v. LlOG to a.d. 2 1-. (a) Copper Cukhenct of the Yueu-ti. The Yueli-ti, a race of piuk and wliitc complexion, with large-sized noses, were flourishing in the N.W. borders of the principality of Ts'in (Shensi) in the third century B.C., when the princes of that state were engaged in subduing their six co-states of the Chinese confederation. Through trade intercourse they became acquainted with two types of the Chinese currency of the period, such as the Tchung yh llanj round type, figured No. 150 supra, and those of the legend Pan kin, figured No. 117 supra, which w^ere disused at the time of the foundation of the empire in 221 B.C., though still existing in remote places. After continuous wars, raging from B.C. 201 to B.C. 165, the Yueh-ti w^ere expelled westwards from their settlements, between the modern An-si and Si-ning, of Kansuh province, by the Turks Hiung-nu, whose chief, or Shen-vu, made a drinking-cup with the skull of their rulcM-. They made their way to the west as far as Eerghana, in tlio immediate vicinity of which they established their quarters. About 143 B.C. their former neighbours the Wu-sun, a blue-eyed and fair- haired people, in concert with the Hiung-nu, attacked them from the rear, and compelled them to flee still further ; and in 126 B.C. their principal settlements were on the north banks of the Oxus. Kitolo, their chief, advancing southwards, passed over the Hindu-Kush on the east, conquered the five kingdoms of Gandhara, the Peshawar country, and established an advanced post in the city of Peshawar itself. Tlie dominion of the Yueh-ti grew so as to form five principalities, two of which had Kabul and Bamitin as capitals. About 10 li.c, one of these principalities subjugated the other four, and its chiei", K'iu- tsiu-kioh, the Kujula Kasasa of the Indo-Scythian coins, established his sway over Bactria, Kabul, and Kophen, and invaded Parthia. Ho put an end to the Greek rulers in those regions, and reduced to 394 IN'l'KRREUXUM vassalai^c King IIorm.Tus, who thus became the last of them. They issued conjointly a coinage of Greek fabric, which has been illustrated in the Catalogue of Coins of the Greeh and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India, in the British Museum, by Prof. Percy Gardner, Litt. D., pp. 120, 121, aiid plate xxv, 1 and 2. These coins are bilingual, Avritten in Greek on one side, and in the North-Tudian alphabet, called the Aryan- Pal i, on tlie otlier. Two specimens of their copper (not iron) coins, of different types, were procured by Sir T. Douglas Porsyth at Kliotan, in Chinese Turkistan {Journal of thx Boijal Geographical Society, vol. xlvii. p. 12), and published by Prof. Percy Gardner (in the Numismatic Chronicle^ 1871), N. S., vol. xix, pp. 274 — 281), with a partial decipherment of the Aryan-Pali legend of the largest of the two. (1799) The smaller specimen lias on the Obverse. A horse to right, of non-Chinese stylo. Inscription entirely worn out. Reveere. 4i ^ Pan kin. A corruptecl imitation of (117). (l7'.)Da) The larger specimen is Liliugual, as follows: A horse to right, similar to pre- ceding. Inscrip- tion in Aryan- Pali from right to left, beginnini^ above the horse, on the left : which reads : Afdhanijma rajadirajasa mnhataxa heramayasa. In the centre an old form of ^ , for ' money,' surrounded by the legend ; the whole within a bor- der of labyrinthine pattern. ^ ? ? m — m n m ? ? Tchung yh Hang sze tchn. = ' ? ? worth one ounce four tchus.' These sole representatives of a coinage issued by the Yueh-ti for their intercourse with the Chinese, then advanced east and west of the Tsung-ling mountains, suggest the probability of other issues still undiscovered. A XCl F.XT KOUND-MU^EV. 395 (h) Ii;ON CUKUENCY OV SllUU (SzK-TonuEx) . During tlie troubles which accompanied the full of the usurper Wang Mang, in the first jearKeng-shc |g ^^% i.e. a.d. 23, Knng-sun Shiih /^J^^x \)^ took possession of Tcheng-tio ^ ^, the chief city of Shuh §5 (still the capital city of Sze-tckuen), proclaimed himstdf Governor d|;^ of Yh-ichoa ^ jjl (name of that region at the time). He made himself successively ' King of Shah,' in a.d. 2i, and Tcheug Tl j^ •^;', i. e. ' Perfect Emperor,' in the following year. His rebellion was eventually quashed, and him- self killed, by a Chinese army, a.d. 36. During his fourteen years of independent rule, Kung-sun Shuh made himself known in numismatic records for his monetary innovation. He forbade tlie circulation of copper cash in his dominion, and issued in its stead iron money, two pieces of which had the value of one of copper. The chief pattern of this currency was that of the Wii-tchu cash, as issued under the reign of Siueu Ti, r,.c. 73—1.9 (cf. above, No. 1703), but some other patterns were apparently issued as well (cf. above, No. 1798). The Hua yang Icuoh tchi, or 'Ancient Records relating to Pa and Shuh ' (the present Sze-tchuen), by Tch'ang K'iii, of the fourth century, where the fact is chronicled, states that the people and traders all strongly objected to, and refused to accept, this monetary reform, Avhich therefore can have lasted but a short time. (ISOO) Obverse. (ISUl) tcliu Wn- • Five iclim Same pattern, with a riin aljove the upper edge of the square bole. EEVEItSE. No Ic Iron. Sizo 0-95 N. Re, > legend, mlar riui. (1802) Same pattern, with a semi- circle incuse ou the ujjper edge of the square liolo. No legend. Regular rim. TIIK LATF.K IIAN DYNASTY. VllJ. ANCIENT ROUND-]\IONEY {conllnued). The later Han Dynasty ^^ '■{^ |£ Also called Eastern Han % \%, from tlio site of its capital at Loh-yang \^ pjj , iu present Ho-uan. Thirteen Rulers, from a.d. 25 to 220. I. LIU SIU KWANG WU TI. %^ ^ ^ ^ ^ a.d. 25—57. (1) NiEN IIao Kicn-w,i Tjg 'il , a.d. 25—55. 'Hie former Han dynasty had ended amidst troubles and internecine wars. "Wang Mang luid seen his authority gradually set at defiance in various provinces, and in a.d. 23 Liu Hiuen 01] ^, a scion of the house of Han, had proclaimed himself Emperor, with the Nien-hao Keng- shc |g ^, at Loh-yang. After a prolonged contest with Liu-siu and otiior insurgents, and a series of defeats, the usurper perished that same year at his capital in a revolt of his remaining troops, who beheadeJ him, and tore his corpse to pieces. Liu Hiuen, known in history as Ti Hiuen *^ ^ , maintained his nominal sway for two years, and was then compelled to abdicate in favour of his powerful kinsman Liu-siu, a descendant of King Ti, who ascended the tlirone in a.d. 25 under the title of Kwang Wu Ti, and founded the second Han dynasty. All these troubles had thrown disorder into the money affairs. The various cur- rencies issued by Wang Mang had fallen into disrepute, and silk, cloths, metals in lumps, and corn, were again resorted to as in olden times. In the second year Kien Wu, i. e. a.d. 26, as shown by the archaeo- logical find of a mould of that date, some cash of the pattern Wu-tchu %% i were cast, but the state of the country, still unpacifled, required all the energies of the government. It was only on the ten times repeated request of the famous general Ma Yuen, then chancellor of Lung-si (S. of present Kan-suh), that, in a.d. 40, the h-tchu cash were regularly brought into circulation, to the great satisfaction of the people. 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403. OliVEKSE. KeVERSE. ichu. Wu- ■ Five tchm. M. AvLTiigo Wt. 4S. ANCIENT R0UND-:\10NKV. X. TCHI IIWAN-TI * .g ^f, A.v. 117—107. The circulation of tlie 5-frhii pieces of the simple pattern ran smoothly until the time of Hwan-ti, when the people found themselves impoverished through a series of bad harvests, and the uninterrupted wars against the Sien-pi and Hiung-nu Turks of the northern and the Tibetan tribes of the western borders, as well as against the native populations of the country. A remedy was sought for in a change of the currency, as it was maintained by a state chancellor {Shang-shu) that the people were in want because the pieces of money were too light and too tliin, and therefore the evil would be mended by casting great coins. However, Liu-T'ao, a councillor, remonstrated against the impracticability of the measure, and it was given up. I do not know any specimen of the small issue which must have been made on this occasion, but some may be in existence. XI. HUNG LING TI ^ S 'Sf a.d. 1G8— 189. Four nkn-hao. (4) NiEN-HAO: Tchimg-jiing tfj iji a.d. 181—189. Under this ruler it became necessary to mitigate the inconvenience brought in by the depreciation of the current 5-tchu cash ; and in the third year, tchung-jy'ing, i.e. a.d. 186, new patterns were intro- duced for the currency. The usual type received on the obverse the addition of four points radiating from the four angles of the square liole, or on the reverse that of four lines from the four angles of the square hole to the circumference. 404. Obvekse. Mm. Wu- ^ 5. Five tclius.' (With four points radiating from four angles of the square hole.) Reveksk. No legend. Ilc'iriilar rim. THE LATER HAX DYNASTV. Obverse. 405, 406. Reverse. /c7t((. Wu- Same legend, j pm,i. ijnes radiating from four angles without the points. 1 of square hole to circumference. (1803) Same legend and pattern. Smaller. (1801) Wu-lcha. H M I Usual legend inverted. Similar to preceding. M. Size 0-0. (1805) tchu.. Wa- Usual legend and I Same arrangement of lines, with a pattern. ball in each of the four divisions. JE. Size 0-9. XII. SHAO TI >> ^, A.D. 189. XIII. niEH HIEN TI ]^ ,^ ^ , A.D. IKO— 220. Sis Nien-hao. (1) Nien-hao, Yung Han, ^ j^, a.d. 189. ' (2) „ TcHUNG Ping, t^ ^ , same year. (3) „ Tch'u Ping, f;j 2IS, a.k. 190— 193. TiiBg-tclioh g .^ , a military usuri)er of distinction, deposed the young Emperor Shad Ti a.d. 189, and enthroned in his place the sou of Ling Ti, then nine years old, known as Hien Ti. Holding the supreme power in the name of the boy-sovereign, he indulged in arbitrary exactions and unrelenting cruelty, the most extraordinary instance of which was the enforced removal of the numerous population of the Imperial capital Loh-yang, to the city of Tch'ang-'an, the ancient capital city of the first Han dynasty. Loh-yang, with its vast palaces, once occupied by a long line of sovereigns, and numerous dwellings covering an area fifty miles in circuit, was utterly destroyed by fire in obedience to his command. Tung-tchoh seized numerous copper statues of men and horses, and especially all those of Eci-kien from Tch'aug-'aa and Loli-yaug, and lio liad them molted and cast into money. Fei Kien J^ fl was the poetical name of Funr/ Peh M. '(fl , the controllei- of the wind in the Taoist Pantheon. Its cnlt had been established by ILvx Wu Ti in his second year, yuenfung, i.e. 109 is.c, and a special temple was built at Tch'ang-'an. Its figure had the body of a stag, the head of a sparrow, a horn, a serpent's tail, and stripes like a leopard. The San fu hwang tu .-^ fjf "^ IH 'A Description of the Public Buildings in Tch'ang-an,' compiled in the second century a.d., says also (K. v., f. 8) that the Emperor Ming-Ti in his fifth year, ynng inng, i.e. a.d. 62, or a year after his famous dream, which led to the introduction of Buddhism into the Cliinese dominion, had all the copper statues of Fci-kicn and horses relegated to another temple, that of Ping-loh, from whence Tung- tchoh had them carried to the mint. He began by issuing small pieces, of five /en, or half an inch in size, but without success, as the people refused to accept them. Then he issued 5-tckus cash of the usual design, but without outside rims; the reason of this innovation being that it could not make any difference to the people, as the rim of the former currency was usually clipped off. The innovation did not succeed. The authority of the central government was weakened, and during the remaining years of the dynasty, otherwise the end of the reign of IIien Ti, no change was introduced into the currency. Small pieces without any legend or rims at circumference are attributed to this period. 407. No legend. — Si And also larger ones. 408. No legend nor rims on botli sides. -K. Size 00. W't. 3) 400 THE LATER IIAN DYNASTY. PERIOD OF THE THREE KINGDOMS. A.D. 220—277. I. The Minor Han Dynasty, or Shuh Han Dynasty, U M ^t' Capital :it Yh-tcbou ^ ffl , pres. Tchong-tu r,% ^ in Sze-tchuen. Two Rulers, A.D. 221— 203. I. LIU PEI TCHAO LIEH TI fi) ff ?« ^ a.d. 221—222. IL SHEN HAN TCHU M^± ^-d- 223—2(33. Duriu"- the impotent rule of the last Emperor of the Later Ilan several governors and officers of the falling dynasty had made themselves independent. And at the death of Hien-Ti in a.d. 220, the dominion of Han fell to the share of three leaders, and for half a century was ruled by three contemporary dynasties, the Minor Han, the Wei and the Wu. Liu-pei ^j jif] of the Imperial family, who in a.d. 219 had made him- self 1^ Pf 3E King of Han-tchung (S. Shensi), claimed as an heirdom the sceptre of the Han, and in a.d. 221 he proclaimed himself Emperor. He is known as Tchad Lieh Ti Pp ^I^ '^ and is looked upon in history as the legitimate successor of the previous dynasty. He established his court at Yh-tchou, the modern Tcheng-tu, still the capital city of Sze- tchuen. His dynasty received the supplementary name of S/mh, the old name of that region, which he had conquered two years previously. The soldiers of the future Tchao Lieh Ti having then plundered all the public treasuries, he was left without cash ; and in order to remedy the evil, he foUowTd the advice of Liu-pa, to cast pieces having a value of one hundred others. Within ten months the treasuries were filled again with money, the design of which was ' Value 100,' though they pre- served also the old legend of the five-tchu pieces. 409. Reverse. Tcheh _g. tchu. wu i^ m. No legend. peh H Regular rims. 'Value 100 five-tchu.' ^. Size 106. Wt. 46 (180G) Same legend. Broad rims. JJ. Size 105. ANCIKNT lIMUXli-MOXF.y. 401 Otlier issues of the same pattern aiil sizo liave the following reverses : — (1807) Under the square hole (incuse) for 'one.' (1808) Over the square hole ~ ,, ,, 'two.' (1809) Under the square hole — ,, „ 'two.' (1810) Under the square hole I II I ,. ,, 'four.' (1811) Over the square hole '^j^ ,, ., 'seven.' ,(1812) Over the square hole -f" " " ' *^t'"-' (1813) Oil the right of square hole ' ,, „ 'eleven.' (1814) Over the square hole ' ,, ,, 'twelve.' (The other iiumernls of the series are not known to be in e.xislencc.) (1815) On the left of tlie square hole H (incuse) on side for T kumj, 'work, (1816) On the right an old form of shuh, the old name of the country : ^ (incuse) for ' Shuh.' All iE. Slime size. 418. On the left an old form of Wn, supposed to be for Kie)i-Wfi Kiiin ^^ ^ IP the region next to Yh-tchou : M (incuse) for ' Wei.' 7E. Same iize. Wi The issue of the following was made afterwards, probably under the reign of Shen Hon TcHu (a.d. 223—263) :— 419. Obverse. Reverse. ff it peh. Tcheh- No legend. Kegular rims. ,-E. Wt. E 402 'I'lli: MINOK IIAN I>VXASTY. (1817) Same legend an J pattern as 419. Smaller. ^ M. S'lM 7. Obverse. Reverse. (1818) Same legend, pattern and size. | H ^ Wa- irhn. incuse, reversed. (1810) ']U. "U S.ame legend inverted. | No legend. JE. Same sue. (1820) "g jg Regular legend. Smaller. I It S '^hn. Wu- M. Size 65. Some issues of five-tchu pieces in copper and iron, bearing their legend in inverted order, are attributed to the same dynasty. (1821) 21 It \Vu- tchn. 'Five tchus.' I No legend. Regular rim.=5. M. Size 0-95. (1822) Same design and pattern. (Iron.) JF.. Size 0-9.i. EPOCH OF THE THREE KINGDOMS {continneil). II. The Wei H Kingdom. Five Rulers, a.d. 220—26.5. Capital at Loh-yang f^ p^ (in present Honan). I. TS'AO PEI WEN TI ^ 3; 2!t ^ a.d. 220—226. In the second year hwang-tchu ^ l^J] i.e. 221, Ts'ao P'ei Wen Ti abolished the circulation of the ^-tchu pieces, and ordered that hence- forth the people should use grain and silk-cloth as currency as in former times. The Wei Kingdom covered the whole north of Chinese China. AXCIENT KOUXI )-MONKY II. JUEl MING TI t? m ']& A.D. 227—239. The absence of auy copper curreucy recognized by the government caused a great deal of hardship to the people because of the introduc- tion of moist grain and flimsy silk into the circulation. Therefore ^-tchu pieces were again cast, but their special variety is not known. III. The Wu % Kingdom. Four Rulers, a.d. 221—280. Capital Wu-tcliang ji^ ^ (iu present Hupeh E.) transferred in 229 to Mo-ling |^ pjlj (at present Kiang-niug ^ ^, i.i'. Nanking in Kiangsu). I. SUN K'lUEN TA TI ?jf; ^ J^ # a.d. 221—229—2.52. South of the "Wei Kingdom the remainder of the Han dominion became on the west the Shuh Han Kingdom, and on the east the Wu Kingdom. Sim K'iuen, Governor of Wu-tch'ang, was made King of Wu by the Wei Emperor Wen Ti in 221. Eight years afterwards, i.e. in 229, he transferred the seat of his government to Nanking, and proclaimed himself Emperor. The monetary innovations of this State are not without importance, as they were continued under the Eastern Tsin dynasty (cf. below, p. 408). In the fifth year Jcia-ho ^ ;^, i.e. 236, Wu Ta Ti issued the so-called gi-eat money, the pieces of which had a nominal value. 3) OUVERSE. Ta i< >th. ]Va- W hhu'i,. ^< ' Great source. Five liuudred £ Nu leg.'iul. Hilar broad rims as on obverse. (1824) Same legend and pattern ou both .sides. Sni 404 TUK "WIT KIX(;i)OM. Two years afterwards some pieces still lai'ger were issued, as follows. It was ill the first year Tc/rUi-vu ^ ,% , i.e. 238. 420. Idcn. tseueit. ^ lanij- m ' Ureat source. Value 1000. .t. No legend. Rea'ulai- rims. 421. E-xactly similar to preceding except in metal, wliicli is debased. An imitation. .*;. Wt. 125. (1825) Same design and pattern on both sides. Smaller. .■E. Size 11 (1820) Same design and pattern on both sides. Still smaller. M. Size 095 (1827) Similar to preceding, with two dots on sides of the character ;^ . M. Same size (1828) Same design and pattei'u on both sides. Smaller. II. SUN LIANG IIUEI K'l WANG ^. Tyu ^ f| JE a.d. 2.-.2-258. The fiduciary character of the previously described currency did uot ■work well ; the intrinsic value being out of proportion to the nominal, and tlic appellation of the pieces mere empty names. Tlie discontent ANCIENT KOUND-MONEY. 405 of the people rose to such a pitch that the government thought neces- sary to withdraAY the new currency, and the operation was made gradu- ally during Siiu K'iueu's reign. Under his son and successor Siin Liang, who was prevented from taking the title of Emperor, and was deposed in 258, it became urgent, in the years tai-phig, i.e. 256 — 257, to issue a new currency more in proportion to its actual nominal value. The pieces were marked one hundred cash, and inscribed ^vith the name tai- ping the nien-hao of the years. It was the first application of a system which later on became the regular way of naming and dating the currencv. (1829) Obyebsk. ± Till ts!en. Feh ^ W ring. 2P ' 100 cash of (the years) tai ping,' i.e. of the Great Peace. Reverse. No legend. Regular rims. (1830) Same legend, slightly different on obverse. S:imo reverse. Smaller. JE. Size 9. (1831) Same with slight differences, /*; instead of -jj^^. Smaller. (1832) (1833) Same with slight differences. Smaller. Same with slight differences. Smaller. ■(1834) Obvekse. Ta A ichu. r.h (=|f)^ W ping. ^ Reverse. Large square hole. Regular ri; broader round tlie square hole. (1835) Ta :k Fell tchu. W ^{=m piug. ^ Same reverse as preceding. X. Snmc size. 406 TlIK WESTERN TSIN DYNASTY. Same reverse as preceding. (1836) Obvekse. Eevekse. Iinfi At feh yh W — piug ^ ' Established peace. One hundred.' The attribution of the hitter pieces to this period is based chiefly on their great similarity of legend and make. The Ting pmg yh peh old pieces were still iu use at the time of the Liang dynasty, a.d. 502 — 559. And the currency of Siin Liaug was continued by the Eastern Tsin dynasty, a.d. 317 — 419. SEVENTH DYNASTY. The Western Tsin j^ ^ Dynasty. Four Kulers, a.d. 265—316. Capital at Loh-ijang \!^ pj (iu present Honau), and afterwards, in a.d. 313, at Tchang-ngan ^ ^ (present Si-ngan fu, Shensi). This dynasty united again under its sway for a short time the whole of the Chinese dominion. Sema Tchao had overthrown the Shuh Han dynasty. His son and heir Sema Yen a] ,% ^ deposed the Ruler of the Wei, conquered the kingdom of Wu, and thus putting at an end the Epoch of Three Kingdoms, proclaimed himself at Loh-yang, in , A.D. 265, as AYu Ti of Tsin. His fourth successor, after a liard struggle against the Hiungnu-Turk Han-Tchao, who had caused the removal of the capital to Tchang-ngan, was made a prisoner in a.d. 316, and deposed. Tlie monetary records of this dynasty of fifty-two years are unknown, with the exception of the statement that the currency was the same as that of the Wei kingdom. Now this means very little for us, as next to nothing is known about the latter. Circumstantial evidence has led Chinese numismatists to attribute the following cur- rency to tliis dynasty : — Obvekse. 422. m 3L tchn. Wu- Five trhii-i. ■ml. AXCIENT RniTXP-^rOXF.V. 423. OnvKKSK. Reverse. Same legend. Slightly different. Larger. No legend. (1837) Same legend, slightly different, with a dot over the square hole (1838) Same legend, slightly different, with a dot under the square hole. (1839) Same legend, slightly different, with crescent upwards, under the square hole. (1840) Same obverse as preceding. (1841) Wu-tchu. £ H Same legend inverted. Same reverse as preceding. M. Size o5. Same reverse as preceding. JE. Size 04.'> Same reverse as preceding. JE. Same shr. Same reverse, with a dot under the square holp. M. Same slz< No legend. Regular rims. This small currency remained in circulation during the Northern Wei (a.d. 386—532), the Ltang (a.d. 502—556), and the Tco'en (a.d. 557— 587), dynasties. 408 THE KASTEUX TSIN DYNA8TY. EIGHTH DYNASTY. The Eastern Tsin M W Dynasty. Eleven Killers, a.d. 317—419. Capital nt Kien K'ang ^ ^ (present Nanking, in Kiangsu). I. SEMA JUEI LANG YUEN TI fj ,^ § |p x 1&, a.d. 317—322. When Yeh Min Ti, tlie fourtli and last ruler of the Westehn Tsin, was overthrown by the Han-Tchao, his relative the son of the king of Lang-yeh (Shantung) made himself king of Tsin in a.d. 317 at Kien K'ang, and the following year took the title of Emperor. The currency established there in the Wu kingdom in 256, and described above, pp. 403 — lOG, was still in circulation, and was not altered by the new Emperor. The lapse of time may explain the dwindling down which appears in the size of the pieces. IX. SEMA TCHANG MING HIAO ^V'U TI % ^ ^BJ] ^ f^ ^ , a.d. 373-39G. The. ninth ruler of the Tsin, who had ascended the throne in 373, did not take his cap of majority until 376, when he was fourteen years of age. The Nien-hao of his reign was changed into Tai-yuen ^ j^ ' Great Beginning,' and the following cash was issued on the occasion. During his reign Hiao Wu Ti was compelled to prohibit the export of the copper money which speculators carried to the barbarian tribes of the interior, who made drums of, and paid high prices for it. The reason given was that " money is the most important treasure of the country." 424. Obverse. ± .t. 7C Tai tsiuen yueii Ho Source of mo ncy of (the) Tai Reverse. No legend. Regular rim, and four lines radiating: to circumference. yuen (year). (1842 Another issue of the same currency, similar legend with slight differences in the form of the characters ^ % > was also made. ANCIENT ROUND-MONEY X. TEH TSUNG NGAN TI ^ '^ , A.D. 397—118. The metallic currency had readied such a state of disorganization under the reign of this Emperor, that in the first of the years yuen-hing TC M> i-^- ^*^2' ^ proposal was seriously discussed in the state council to abolish it altogether, and decree the use of grain and silk as a medium of exchange. The proposal, however, was not accepted, and Huan-hiuen, the officer who had made it, rebelled. THE SIXTEEN KINGDOMS INDEPENDENT OF THE TSIN DYNASTY. The sway of the Tsin dynasty was not an easy one, as during its time no less than " sixteen " (in reality nineteen) small dynasties chiefly Tatar (marked*) contemporaneously and successively appeared and ruled over several provinces. Here is a short list of them : — DYNASTY. A.D. I.* The m Han 304— afterwards ^ Tchao 319—329 Five Eulers. II.* The ^ M After Tchao 319— afte •wards g| Wei 350—351 Seven Rulers. III. The ^ TCHENQ 304— afterwards Jg Han 338—347 Six Rulers. IV. The -^ J'^ Former Liang 323—376 Seven Rulers. V. The fij Tai 338—376 VL* The pK Yen 352—370 Two Rulers. VII.* The i Ts'iN 351—394 Seven Rulers. VIII.* The ^ ^ After Ts'in 384—417 Three Rulers. IX.* The ^ |t After Yen 384-407 Five Rulers. X.* The W M Western Yen 385—394 Six Rulers. XL* The W k Western Ts'in 385—431 Four Rulers. XH.* The g| Wei 386— (Became the great N. Wei) XIII. The ^ ?ft After Liang 386-403 Four Rulers. XIV.* The 1^ 1% Southern Liang 397-412 Three Rulers (not Chinese) XV.* The 4t ?S Northern Liang 397_-4.38 Three Rulers. XVI.* The it pK Southern Yen 398— 408 Two Rulers. XVII. The W JJR Western Liang 400—421 Three Rulers. XVIII.* The H HiA 407—^131 Three Rulers (not Chinese) XIX. The 4t i!!^ Northern Yen 409—436 Two Rulers. 410 THE SIXTEEN KINGDOMS. The monetary records of the dynasties are most defective. With the exception of the Hiu and Wei dynasties, which issued their own currency, only four of these kingdoms are known to have made small and special issues. Their currency consisted of that of the Tsin dynasty, and especially of pieces of the known 5-tchu type. II. The # it After Tchao, afterwards M Wei Kingdom. Seveu Rulers, a.d. 319—351 (present Tcliihli N.). I. SHEH-LEH :^ fl A.D. 319—322. Sheh-l^h, during his short rule, issued the following money : — Reverse. No legend. Regular rims, thicker round the (1843) Ob ho. Fung. "^ g ' Abundant money.' square hole. 425 ho. Fuiuj ^^ ^ ichu. ^ ' Four-tc'hu of the abundant money. No legend. Rims of the square hole radiating to circumference. ANCIENT KOUND-MONEY. 411 III. The il Han, formerly ^ Tcheng Kingdom. Six Eulers, a.d. 304— 317 (pres. N. Szetchuen). V. LI SHOU ^ ^ A.D. 338—343. Ascending the throne, Li-sheu changed the name of his state into that of Han, and issued the following money, small and thin : — (1844) Obverse. hi,,;!. Han- % ;'^| ' RisinfT of the Hau.' Eevekse. No legend. Regular rims. IV. The ^ J^\ Former Liang Kingdom. Seven Rulers, a.d. 323 — 376 (pres. W. Sheusi). III. TCHANG KIU ?I ^ a.d. 347—354. From the time of the separation of the country west of the Yellow River from the remaining part of the Chinese Empire, at the beginning of the Ts'in dynasty, no money was any longer used there. Pieces of closely-woven silk and hempen cloth were ripped up to be employed as currency, but the cutting of the cloth into parts made it unfit for use as clothing and destroyed its value. And it became necessary for the third ruler, Tchang Kiu, to issue the following copper cash : — No legend. Regular rims. New source of kieh of Liang.' Tlie character kieh must bo taken as a local equivalent of kiu, the name of tbo ruler. (1845) ( )bveese. Liang A in its weight. Rkvk.kri.;. (185r.) OllVERSK. (in Ll,.-soalclK.™-t,-r) \() leoTml, rpfifiilar rims. Jn the eleventli niontli the i/ioi-I/no was n'^mn changed into Khi(/ ho ^- :f41, which was used for the design of a new currency, small, thin, and without vims : — (IS.'.C.) ' I'l-il limit concord.' No legeml. No i-iiiis. ]V.. Size 0-i Hut tlie new money Avas a complete failure. As soon as a piece was paid hy the Treasury it served for a model to imitate. They Avere ironically called hiruj-yoh ^ ^ ' weed-leaves.' The plague of counter- feiters, more activ<^ than ever, threw the currency into an inexpressi])le confusion. The current money soon consisted chiefly of thin cash of a diminutive size, vrhich received several soubriquets, such as Jl]| g 'dove's eyes,' '^ g 'hen's eyes,' ^| 0^ 'goose's eyes,' |jli ^ ' thread-rings,' and also ^ y^ ]|P ' unsinkable lads,' from the common belief that they could not sink even in water. " One thousand pieces piled together had only a height of three inches ; ten myriads of them was no more tlian a handful, and a ton i\- (about 10 pints) of rice cost a myriad of such pieces." Trade was put to great inconvenience. 444, 445, 446, 447, 448. Siniill Hat rings, rough uiako, from 0-25 to 0-50 in circumference. ^E. Weights from Similar little ring-money was excavated in tlie Liu-kiu islands. ANCIKNT Knl'^■ll..M,l^•l■;^■. 419 \'I. YU .MlN(i Tl 1,1^ IIJJ .^f. Two u'mi-huo, A.D. 4ti(3 — 17 J. Under the reigu of 3I'mg Ti, only the circulation of tlu^ goose-eye add similar pieces, such as the thread-rings, was prohibited, and fals(? coining- was suppressed with severity. The state mints were closed, and only the different species of money in use before the reign of Wu-Ti remained in circulation. The T'si ^ Dynasty (South). Seven Uiilers, a.d. IT'.t— .-.02. Caj)ital Kien lv;iug (now Nimkiiig). I. .SJAO TAO TCH'ENG KAO Tl >f 3^ j,l f/i -^ yinyle Nicn-hao Jg % , A.D. 47'.)— 482. In the fourth year of his reign, i.e. a.d. 482, the Emperor caused tiir question of the currency to be closely e.\:amined, and a report was pre- sented to him by the chancellor Kung K'ai proposing simply a return to the ancient 6-tchu pieces ; but it is not known whether any ricw issuc was made at the time. 11. TSm WU TI UX iit * Single Nieu-hao, Yang inlnij ^^^ HJj, a.d. 4So— 40o. In the eighth year yung mliig, i.e. a.d. 490, in the tenth month, the ICniperor ordered the mintage of 5-trhii pieces, weighing five tchus, and exactly similar to those of the Ilan dynasty. (Cf s/tp/'fi, 315.) The Liang ^ Dynasty (Southj. Four Rulers, a.h. .502— ')-'.7. Capital, Kien Kang (now Nanking). I. SIAO YEN WU TI, =i| f/f J^i 'l? . a.d. 002— 51!). Seven Nieu-hao's. FiKST NiKN'-HAo : Ji ^ T'lrii Kicii, A.D. 502—510. In tlu; bi'giiming of tliis dyiiasly mont-y was so scarce that it was employed only in the capital and 11.'= vicinity. Siaoyen WuTi supplied 4-:0 THE LIAXC I » V.N AST Y. tlic (Iclicii'iicy, l)y castini>' large quantities of the IJ'a-tcliu 2>ieces in several varieties. In the fourth year, t'len Idcii, the ith of his reign, i.e. 505, the same Emperor issued some more 5-tchu pieces, of two peculiar designs, which received peculiar sobriquets from the people, and became real amulets, for purposes we need not describe. The pieces which had no raised edges on any side were called " female money," ^ ^ (435), whilst those which had a raised edge around the square hole on the reverse only were called " male money " ^ ^ ^ (436). Five tcbubs.' tclui. 449. No rims ou eitlior side. 450. Same legend, ill rim arouud the square hole. No legend, nor rims. /E. \vt. Second Nien-hao : ^ 5§ P« t'ung, 620—526. In the fourth year, ^j'h t'ltuff, i.e. a.d. 523, the same Emperor issued iron money with the following legends : (1857) Ta X ' Greatly lucky. Five tchus.' No legend. Regular rims, with four radiating lines from the angles of the hole. liou. .Size OS)l (1858) tc/n,. IC- i^ i ' Greatly rich. Five tchus.' Same reverse as preceding. Iron. Same Size. AXCIEXT Korxn-MOXKY. 451, 452. ' Five tchus.' Siimo reverse as preceding. (Smaller and tliicker.) i,,,,,. wi. 55 and r.o. Third Nien-hao : ;;^ jfl^ Ta t'inuj, a.d. 527— 54(i. Another issue of iron money was made by the same Emj)(>i-or witJi the nicn-hao ta tutu] as legend, and similar to the Ta Klh and Tn fu 5-tchu pieees. No leyeiul. Regular rim.s, radiating as preceding. (1»59) 'Five tchus of (the) T a fang (period).' | Iruu. Size I'O. The iron eurrency did not \york well. The issuing rate was two pieces of iron for one of copper ; but as everyone could easily procure iron, false coining became again most active; so much so, that when this iron money had been in use about ten years the circulating mass of it was as big as " hills and mountains." The Pong aborigines, indepen- dent in Central China, cast large quantities of this currency, and at Kiangyng (now Kiang- ling, in King-tchou, S. Hupeh), in their country, travelling merchants could get them at 70 %, and obtain 80 % in the Chinese markets, when at the capital they were still worth 90% of their value of issue. Thus matters went from bad to Avorse. The price of all goods rose rapidly, and before a.d. 546 the currency was only worth one-third of its original value. At the beginning a huh, or ten pecks, of rice was worth thirty strings of cash ; later on exchange had to be carried on by cart-loads of money without any care for tlie number, and a sino-le strinsr of 1000 cash was of no moment. IV. FANG TCHB KING TI ^ ^ gi ■!» , a.d. 5.->5-o57. Second Nien-hao : -J^ ^ Td again some co])pe] money of the 5-lchii ly[»i-, in tiie second year Ud piinj, i.e. a.d. 557, ii iri;.\ DYNASTY tilt' loiirlh month. A special device was resorted to: each piece bore above and below the square hole two small incuse rinys intended to render more apparent their central parts as raised dots, which were called 'pillars' ;^, whence the designation of t::e fchu ini trhu \!^^3Li% • t pillars, 5-tchus ' money. (18(50) liKVBRSK. ''■'"'■ "'"" Ml |n\ No legend. Five tciius.' I MJ I lJ I Rfguliu- rim^-. (1861) (im-i) (18(>;) 8aiiie (Ifsigii as pi\x-udiiig, without any rim, oljvt'i-Hc und rcvufso. ^K. Size 0-8. h^ame dci-igu and rims as 18(30, with only cnio 'pillar'' above and Ijelow the square hole. Same as 1802, but smaliei The Tch'en [^ Dynasty (South). Five Rulers, a.u. 557 — 588. .Capital at Kieu-K'ang, present Nanking. I. PA SIEN WU TI ^ ^ 5^ ■;& , A.D. 557-559. Jl. TS'IKN WEN TI ^ -^ '7& , a.d. 5C.0— 500. Two Nieu-hao. FlK.sT NiEN-HAO : % ^. T'im ki'u, A.D. 500 — 505. Al'tcr the confusion caused by the fall of the Liang dynasty, the cumbrous iron money did not circulate any longer. The new princes reverted to the old b-tcltu piece currency. In the second year t'len. kic, i.e. A.D. 561, the 5-ichu pieces of the old pattern were again issued, and their c-urrent value was regulated at ten of the ' goosc-cye ' pieces, which were still in circulation. ANril'.NT IMlNn-MoNKV IV. llIUll SlUEN Tl ifl Vr .^i;-. '^D- •')D9— 5H2. SiNCLH NiKN-IIAO : ;/^ Jj! V'lf /.-(fc?!.. Without interrupting the issue of the 5-tc/iii pieces, Siiion 'I'i, in liis eleventh year fa hieyi, or a.d. 579, created a new currency in tli(> sliajx' of pieces weighing six tchus, and having a nominal value of ten r)-tcliii pieces; but they were not found convenient, and their ri'lati\(^ value was changed so that they soon circulated at the same rate as the 5-tehu jiieces ; and as the Emperor died within three years they disappeared altogether. 453. OB\tis] , l{i.:vi;i(,sH. m tcin Gi-eat uiont^y. Si.N; tchus. 454. Obverse. Same lepeiul. iSiiiallri' riiiis. Reverse. No legend. Regular rims. The Northern Wei ijt; |i Dynasty. Fifteen Rulers, a.d. ■'•^0 — ■"'••l- Capital at lleiig slian jg \[\ (modern 'IVliengting, 'rdnlili, N.) After 494 at Loh-yang, Honan. Vil. TOI'A HUNG HIAO WEN TI ^CS'iig^^'.l?-'^-"- ' ' '^'■*'^- 'I'li'-'^''^''"'"-!"'"- Tiiit;!! Xikn-hao : -{^ ^w Tm'-lio, a.d. 177 — 4it'.». As loiinas Ihov )'et:nnc(l Ihc seal »[' ih.'ir govrrnuient at Heng-shan .\. Tfliilili, tiie 'L'opa Tatars, who assuined tiie .lynaslic nai of W, TIIK NORTFIEKX WKI DYNASTY. do not appeal' to Imve issued any metallic currency. Trade was carried on by barter, as in former times, tlie northern populations not being as yet accustomed to copper money. But when the capital had been removed to Loh-yanc; the want of such a currency was felt. In the nineteenth year tal-ho, i.e. a.d. 495, 5-tchu pieces were issued with the name of the Nien-hao, and the imperial decree ordered a rate of exchange of 200 of such pieces against a piece of silk for the salaries of tlie state officers. (18lU) Tni ^ tchu. ]!■»- %% H^ ho. 1^ ' Great harmonv. Fire tchus.' No legend. Regfular rims. (I860) Exactly similar, obverse and reverse, but smaller. VIII. TOPA KOH SIUEN WU TI 'jf ;§: |^ -^ , a.d. 500— 515. Four Nien-hao. Third Nien-hao : ^< ^ Yioirj-p'inr/, a.d. 508 — 511. In the third year yimg-p'ing, i.e. a.d. 510, the government issued— {186(J) h-irhu pieces nearly similar to those of the Han dynasty (315, 316), with the sole diflerenco that the crossing sti-okes of the symbol IT" 5 were straight instead of curved, and somewhat smaller. Fourth Nien-hao 5£ yrii-tch'diiij, A.u. 512 — 515. Under the reign of SriiEN Wu Ti, in the second yeM- t/en.i<:h'ang; i.e. A.u. 513, until the first year (516) of his successor UrAo Ming Ti, curious events in numismatic history occurred. In the second year ycn-tch'anff, i.e. 513, K'i Tsuli-ku, from Su-tchou (Kiangsu), and in the first year hi-piug, i.e. 516, Wang Tch'eng, from Jen-tcli'eng (now Yen-tchou, S.W. Shantung), issued some clay-money, about which we have no particulars. "We do not know how far it differed from similar currency issued after the T'ang dynasty, in the 10th century. ANCIENT J;0UN1)-M()X KV. XI. TOPA T/E-YU HIAO TCHUANG TI -^ jijc ;^: iji: 16, a.d. 528—5:30. (Three Nien-bao.) Second Nien-hao .- ^ -^ Yiin'i-nj, siao ' small,' -A^ Icwoh ' spear,' &c., above or below, right or left, reverse or obverse, in relief or incuse. 7. Miuter-fancies, such as characters turned upside down, singled, doubled. '^■■- ANCIENT IKUTXD-MONF.Y. 4 33 The whole witli or without broad or narrow rim or rims, and in all sizes and weights. The result is an immense number of varieties, in which the Chinese collectors indulge with delight, but which have no interest for European numismatists. The following arc in the British Museum collection : — 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510. tchu. Wu- 1$ 3i Regular rims on both sides. No legend. M. Size 1. Average Weight -10. 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 520. tchu. Wu- With dots variously disposed. Typo 4. M. Size 1-0. Average Weight : 521, 522, 523. tchu. Wv,- Type No. 1. M. Size 1-0. Average Weight 43. 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529. tchu. Wu- No rims. iE. Size 0-9. Average Weight. 30. 530. tchu. Wu- No rims. With + sZaVi, ' 10 ' above obverse. IF.. Size 0-9. Wt. 25. 531. tchu. Wu- No rims. With ^ t^«« 4«* [NIVEl CElfX;> '>aojiivjjo'' .sVMIRSAKY/)^ .AVIIfiRAR^VX- ^WflMMK'-, v\.l(ISAfJCflfj)> -^lUBRARYO/ ^\\MIHIiAinY/r .^1 s-?^| |V^| |V5n)| a^^ "^/iaiAINll-JWV '^iOJlWDJO'*^ ^^OJIWDJO^' ■% ovVlOSMflfJ-;^ ^0FCAIIF0% ^OFCAIIFOP^ •' '^1 I^J 1^1 rjN\sui- -\;!j,MNamv ^OAHVaaiHV^ "^OAHVliaim^ .afiimoAR^ l^-O'i |>"^| T uvi^l l-^l i^^^l :AWEUNIVERy/A .vlOS'^'^CFlfj> ^0FCAIIF0% ^OFCAIIFO/?^;, A\\[ UMVERy/A ^-lOUNCflfj). \\^^ ^^r~^t tt./:2>.,l itz:^:= i)Aa\(aaii#' ''^ii^nvsui^ ''^idJAimH\t^' "■■i/AUvaaii^' "^Aiivaiiaiv^'' IaEUN. AfJCFlfj"^ ^OFCAIIFO% ^OFCAIIFO/?^ ^\WEUfJIVERy/^ ^-lOSAHCElfj-^ %ajAiNii-Jk\v" ''^&A«vaan-i^" "'^(JAuvaaiii^^^ ^-^nxiMW-^ ''■im\m\^ iiiii i: .A-.i'..^ X*.V»'l •y !r. »3 .a "'-^- I's ■