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Journals 
 and Journahsm: 
 
 With a Guide for Literary Beginners. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN OLDCASTLE. 
 1880. 
 
 Second Edition. Price Three Shillings and Sixpence. 
 
 London : 
 Field ^ Tuer, y" Leadenhalle Preffe, E.G. 
 
FIELD S^ TUER 
 YE LEADENHALLE PRESSE, E.C. 
 T2,S82 
 

 Co Mk lenrp Caglor, as.C.iH.*©., 
 
 Author of Philip Van Artevelde. 
 
 Hearing you speak of the literature and the literary men of the 
 last generation — of Wordsworth whom you were one of the earliest to 
 recognize, of Southey whom you loved, of Walter Savage Landor, 
 and of many more, I have asked myself whether, rising up among us 
 now, there are those who can fill their vacant place ; and I have feared 
 that the literature of to-day may seem to you less noble and less sound 
 than that of a half-century ago. Journalism, a fleeting and sometimes 
 flippant phase of letters, has developed since then with a speed which 
 almost justifies Lamartine's prediction that our literature will soon 
 consist of the daily newspaper alone. And therefore it is that I 
 venture, in a volume compiled for the use of literary beginners, to 
 invoke a name which will remind them of the dignity and duty of 
 their mission. 
 
 91S785 
 
Preface, 
 
 JOURNALISM, while it affords scope for the 
 most brilliant and practised powers, is also the 
 legitimate sphere for the literary beginner. His 
 capacity is there put to the test by a process which, 
 unlike that of publishing a book, costs him nothing 
 in case of failure ; while the acceptance of his con- 
 tributions is an earnest of his future success. Nearly 
 all our great writers, whether journalists or not, 
 began by contributing timorously and obscurely to 
 the newspaper and periodical press ; and that there 
 are thousands of aspirants to-day eager to follow in 
 
their footsteps and to take a place in the Repubhc of 
 Letters, if they only knew how and where to make 
 a start, is the conviction which has led to the com- 
 pilation of this little book. Nor is it published 
 without a hope that among their number may be 
 found in embryo the George Salas, the Tom Taylors, 
 the Edmund Yates, — perhaps even the Macaulays 
 and the George Eliots of the future. 
 
 A first edition of one thousand copies having 
 been exhausted in two months, the author has, in 
 this second issue, taken advantage of many useful 
 hints offered by critics, and has corrected down to 
 date the dictionary of the periodical press. 
 
Contents, 
 
 PREFACE 
 LITERARY AMATEURS 
 
 INTRODUCTIONS TO EDITORS 
 HOW TO BEGIN 
 
 " DECLINED WITH THANKS " 
 
 POUNDS, SHILLINGS, AND PENCE 
 
 JOURNALISM AS A CAREER 
 
 1. THE FAIR SIDE 
 
 2, THE SEAMY SIDE 
 IN AN editor's chair 
 A MISCELLANEOUS CHAPTER 
 LITERARY COPYRIGHT 
 
 TEN COMMANDMENTS : WITH REASONS AND REMARKS - 
 THE amateur's DIRECTORY: BEING A LIST OF JOURNALS 
 
 AND MAGAZINES, WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF THEIR 
 HISTORY, AN INDICATION OF THEIR SCOPE, AND THE 
 ADDRESS OF THEIR OFFICES 
 HOW TO CORRECT PROOFS ... 
 
 PAGE 
 
 iii 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 27 
 
 37 
 
 53 
 66 
 
 73 
 87 
 97 
 
 lOI 
 
 106 
 142 
 
" If a man can command a table, a chair, pen, ink, and paper, he can 
 commence his trade as a literary man. It requires no capital, no special 
 education, and may be taken up without a moment's delay." — Anthony 
 Trollope. 
 
 "When my first effusion — dropped stealthily one evening at twilight, with 
 fear and trembling, in a dark letter-box, in a dark office up a dark court in 
 Fleet Street — appeared in the glory of print, I walked down to Westminster 
 Hall, and turned into it for half-an-hour, because my eyes were so dimmed 
 with joy and pride that they could not bear the street, and were not fit to be 
 seen there."— CAar&i Dickens. 
 
JOURNALS AND JOURNALISM. 
 
 LITERARY AMATEURS. 
 
 MATEURITY generally means immaturity. 
 In literature it is a want of that ease, that 
 self-possession of style, and that conformity 
 to custom which can hardly exist without 
 practice, and for the absence of which even 
 freshness or impulse of manner makes poor 
 amends. A literary aspirant, therefore, in 
 forwarding his tentative contributions, 
 should never apologetically explain that he is an amateur, for by so 
 doing he will hardly fail to prejudice editors against his MSS. 
 Let him beware also of the little dilettante habits which, though 
 they seem to him attractive refinements, only raise a smile in 
 Fleet-street. Such, for instance, is the good note-paper bearing a 
 crest in the corner, commonly implying an expenditure impossible 
 to the man who writes well enough to write for his bread. The 
 
 A 2 
 
lo "Journals and Journalism. 
 
 professional journalist " slings ink " on whatever odds and ends of 
 paper come in his way ; and the amateur would do well to show 
 the same wholesome indifference to the niceties of note-paper, even 
 following, if need be, the example of, " paper-sparing Pope," who 
 wrote his " Iliad " and " Odyssey " on the backs of letters from his 
 friends, among whom were Addison and Steele, those great fathers 
 of literary journalism. 
 
 Even more fatally amateurish is the practice, not uncommon 
 
 with beginners, of addressing a more or less gushing note to an 
 
 editor, disclaiming any wish for remuneration, and intimating that 
 
 the honour of appearing in his valuable paper is all the reward 
 
 that is asked. A contribution that is worth printing is worth paying 
 
 for; and to an established paper the trifling sum due for any 
 
 ordinary article is a matter of no consequence whatever — a mere 
 
 drop in the bucket of printing and editorial expenses. In the case of 
 
 a new paper, not backed by much capital, it is different. Gratuitous 
 
 contributions may there be welcome ; but such a paper will hardly 
 
 live ; nor, if it did, would there be much prestige attached to an 
 
 appearance in its pages. Besides, the offer of unremunerated labour 
 
 to an experienced editor will often, and legitimately, be resented. 
 
 He feels that an attempt is being made to bribe him, and, however 
 
 absurd the bribe, the idea is not pleasant. There is, in a word, 
 
 only one fair and sufficient test of capacity in literature as in the 
 
 other arts, and that is the test of competition in the open market. 
 
Literary Amateurs. 1 1 
 
 Our old friends, supply and demand, expressed by sale and 
 purchase, are the only trustworthy umpires in the matter, after all. 
 
 As to the style of amateurs, though we have just spoken of 
 freshness as their possible characteristic, the curious fact is that, 
 contrary to natural expectation, they generally Avrite more conven- 
 tionally than the hacks of journaUsm. The amateur sets himself 
 too energetically to keep the trodden ways ; he is too timid to 
 allow any originality which he may possess to assert itself; and 
 it is only when he is familiar with the necessary laws that he gives 
 himself a desirable ease and liberty in non-essentials. The same 
 rule holds good with the literary novice as with the amateur actors, 
 who, while they break the law which directs them to face their 
 audience, are more stagy in deUvery than the third-rate ranter 
 of twenty years' experience. 
 
 Finally, let amateurs beware of " amateur magazines," and of 
 agencies for the profitable placing of literary work. These are gene- 
 rally bubbles — bubbles that will burst as soon as they are pricked 
 with a silver or a golden pin. Some years ago an action was 
 brought by one of these amateur associations against another ; 
 and a number of dreadful young men of nineteen, with long 
 hair, and spectacles, appeared in court as plaintiffs and defen- 
 dants. No doubt the original promoters of such an organization 
 traded to good purpose on the credulity and ambition of the 
 provincial and the young, beginning with a profession of philan- 
 
12 'Journals and 'Journalism. 
 
 thropy, and ending with a request for a subscription. They 
 soon had their imitators, however ; the monopoly was broken, 
 the spoils divided; and what with the exposure resulting from 
 their internal dissensions, and the bitter individual experience 
 of the thousands who lent willing ears and purses to their allure- 
 ments, we may hope that their occupation is now gone. 
 
INTRODUCTIONS TO EDITORS. 
 
 HERE is an impression universally prevalent 
 among beginners that to be introduced 
 personally or by letter to an editor is one of 
 the essentials of a literary debut^ albeit the 
 only introduction which really avails is 
 good and marketable work. It is difficult 
 to convince them of the fact that recom- 
 mendation will not do a great deal for 
 them, or that they can possibly receive justice without it. " A 
 good word from a trustworthy source will induce the editors to read 
 my things," says the amateur invariably ; " as it is, I am certain 
 they do not read them." The unpalatable fact is, however, that 
 when a MS. is not read, the reason in eight cases out of ten is that 
 the editorial eye, which is as practised in gauging at a glance the 
 quality of literary work as is the eye of an art collector in deter- 
 mining instantly the approximate value of a picture, has summarily 
 given a decision adverse to the offered contribution. Good things 
 are too well worth having to be carelessly foregone. Of course 
 there are exceptions. Press of time, press of matter, or kindred 
 
14 'Journals and Journalism. 
 
 reasons, may cause a contribution to be overlooked ; but in such 
 cases a letter of introduction hardly mends matters. A familiar 
 source of trouble to authors and professional journalists would once 
 for all be stopped if beginners would frankly enter the field in the 
 way of business, sans phrases. Of course there are cases in which 
 a word from a common acquaintance may be of use to an unknown 
 writer who sends to a journal an article which might possibly be a 
 hoax; for a note of introduction is, if nothing else, a valuable guaran- 
 tee of good faith. Also a letter from one journalist to a7iother^ 
 vouching for the tried capacity of a person introduced, is, it is 
 scarcely necessary to say, very useful and very convenient ; it may 
 save the. time and trouble which would otherwise be spent on 
 reading his MSS., and all editors are glad to escape at once 
 to the plain-sailing of print ; for, as Charles Lamb found, every- 
 thing reads " raw " in MS. The printed copy will not necessarily 
 be accepted, of course, but it will stand a better chance in that 
 condition. Such an introduction as this, however, is hardly 
 likely to fall to the lot of the beginner for whose behoof we are 
 writing, and whom we wish to warn against counting on any kind 
 of personal favour from an editor through common acquaintances 
 or otherwise. 
 
 Still more futile than suing outsiders for recommendations is 
 the somewhat kindred practice of appealing to the editor himself 
 in forma pauperis^ and for personal motives, for a place upon his 
 
Introductions to 'Editors. 15 
 
 staff. Charles Dickens, speaking from a full heart, somewhere 
 mentions the "profoundly unreasonable grounds on which an 
 editor is often urged to accept unsuitable articles — such as having 
 been at school with the writer's husband'^ brother-in-law, or having 
 lent an alpenstock in Switzerland to the writer's wife's nephew, 
 when that interesting stranger had broken his own." Thackeray 
 resigned the editorship of the Cornhill (his pet magazine, set 
 on foot at a time when monthlies of its class were few) on 
 account of the pain he endured from the inevitable necessity of 
 rejecting appeals, not less unreasonable and far more pitiful 
 than the fantastic pleas caricatured by Dickens. Pathetic letters 
 from educated young women, on whose painful exertions as 
 teachers, and even as sempstresses, a paralyzed father or a brood 
 of helpless younger children depended, timid supplications from 
 men whose spirit was broken by failure in every direction — 
 such were among the "thorns," as he called them, which the 
 tender-hearted humourist found in the editorial pillow. Unfortun- 
 ately, angelic filial or sisterly devotion is not inconsistent with 
 the feeblest literary powers ; nevertheless, the editor, hoping 
 against hope, was wont to look eagerly through the poor little 
 paper, in case, by some untoward chance, it might be just possible 
 to print it — but almost always with the same negative result.* It 
 
 * Mr. Thackeray tells us thus much, but he does not add that he frequently 
 sent out of his own pocket a five-pound note in payment for the contributions 
 
1 6 'Journals and 'Journalism. 
 
 is difficult for distress to be very logical, but it is also difficult to 
 enter into the state of mind of a poor girl who thinks that her 
 MSS. ought to be printed because she is good, self-denying, unfor- 
 tunate and overworked, and not at all because they deserve it. 
 
 This sort of personal appeal is essentially feminine. So is the 
 occasional trick of addressing contributions to the editor's private 
 house instead of to the office of his paper. Few women are con- 
 tent to be numbered in a class ; they will not submit to be 
 generalized ; they find some good reason why their own case 
 is peculiar and particular ; hence they pursue an editor to his 
 home in the hope of getting his private ear, and by so doing 
 irretrievably damage such chance of success as they might other- 
 wise have. Those women (and they are not a few) who have 
 made a worthy position in periodical literature, have done so by 
 
 ridding themselves of all such 
 
 /^ y ^ *y >— ■ feminine amateurity as this. Har- 
 
 J? . S/^/UCA ^^:^^^uy^^ j.jgj Martineau, Mrs. Lynn Linton, 
 
 Mrs. Cashel Hoey, these are 
 
 which he could neither publish nor conscientiously charge to his employers. 
 The kind-hearted editor, whose "cynicism," by the way, is the stock 
 charge against his character, put the impracticable MSS. away in a drawer 
 devoted to matter destined for possible future use, where they were of course 
 forgotten. 
 
■Introductions to Editors. 17 
 
 names with which no such petti- 
 fogging devices are associated. ^:^^^^^t^e^,^it^< 
 And the story of Adelaide Anne 
 Procter's connection with House- 
 hold Words illustrates our point. This is how it is told by Charles 
 Dickens :— " In the spring of the year 1853, I observed, as con- 
 ductor of Household Words, a short poem among the proffered con- 
 tributions, very different, as. I thought, from the shoal of verses per- 
 petually setting through the office of such a periodical, and possessing 
 much more merit. Its authoress was quite unknown to me. She 
 was one Miss Mary Berwick, whom I ha.d never heard of; and she 
 was to be addressed by letter, if addressed at all, at a circulating 
 library in the western district of London. Through this channel 
 Miss Berwick was informed that her poem was accepted, and was 
 invited to send another. She complied, and became a regular 
 and frequent contributor. Many letters passed between the journal 
 and Miss Berwick, but Miss Berwick herself was never seen. . . . 
 This went on until December, 1854, when the Christmas Number, 
 entitled The Seven Poor Travellers, was sent to press. Happen- 
 ing to be going to dine that day with an old and dear friend, 
 distinguished in literature as ' Barry Cornwall, ' I took with me 
 an early proof of that number, and remarked, as I laid it on the 
 drawing-room table, that it contained a very pretty poem, written 
 by a certain Miss Berwick. Next day brought me the disclosure 
 
I 8 'Journals and 'Journalism. 
 
 that I had so spoken of the poem to the mother of its writer, in its 
 writer's presence ; that I had no such correspondent in existence 
 as Miss Berwick ; and that the name had been assumed by ' Barry 
 Cornwall's ' eldest daughter, Miss Adelaide Anne Procter. This 
 anecdote," continues Mr. Dickens, "strikingly illustrates the 
 honesty, independence, and quiet dignity of the lady's character. 
 I had known her when she was very young ; I had been honoured 
 with her father's friendship when I was myself a young aspirant ; 
 and she had said at home, 'If I send him in my own name verses 
 that he does not honestly like, either it will be very painful to 
 him to return them, or he will print them for papa's sake, and not 
 for their own.' " 
 
 We do not say, then, that an introduction based on its writer's 
 knowledge of the bearer's personal worth is never to be used — ■ 
 only that it will not avail unless along with the personal worth 
 there is also professional skill. Nor is there any objection to a 
 practice of addressing " copy " to an editor by name ; for he may 
 take as a compliment, to be rewarded perhaps by a careful con- 
 sideration of the MS., this recognition of his individuality — a 
 recognition which is not an offensively intrusive one. But we do 
 warn all beginners against attempts to bring personal influence up 
 the editorial back-stairs, instead of taking their chance fairly and 
 frankly with the great army of unknown volunteers. 
 
HOW TO BEGIN. 
 
 HE main difficulty in journalism, as in so 
 many of the affairs of life, is the start. 
 The very uncertainty of the final accept- 
 ance and success of contributions doubly 
 disinclines the unenterprising man for the 
 effort — often a supreme effort — of com- 
 position. Many great writers have put off 
 unsheathing the pen as long as they could 
 possibly afford to be idle. If Thackeray had not lost in two years 
 the fortune he inherited when he came of age, he would probably 
 not have become first a contributor to the press, and then the author 
 of "Vanity Fair " ; nor did the stimulus of success ever conquer his 
 incurable dislike for steady work. A practised journalist will often 
 confess to an utter incapacity to produce copy except under pressure 
 of necessity. If he has a week for his task, he makes no progress 
 until the last days. If he has a day for it, the m.orning and 
 afternoon go, and though he sits over his paper and ink, nothing 
 is done ; but at night, when the minutes left to him for the fulfil- 
 ment of his engagement are precious, he gets into full swing, and 
 
20, journals and 'Journalism. 
 
 writes both rapidly and well. In short, the knowledge that the 
 printers are waiting for his copy is not uncommonly the only 
 source of the journalist's inspiration. Mere dislike, then, for the 
 mental and manual labour in the production of copy need not be 
 taken by the literary beginner to belie his aspirations, and will 
 not necessarily interfere with his final success. 
 
 But obviously it is well to lessen this reluctance as far as possible. 
 And this can often be done by observing a rule which, on other 
 grounds, must be always before the eyes of the novice, viz., to 
 be himself in all he writes. Longfellow's advice to the sculptor, 
 
 *' That is best which lieth nearest ; 
 Shape from that thy work of art," 
 
 is equally applicable to him. Individuality, where it is not 
 eccentric, ill-timed, or out of taste, is a precious quality in an 
 author. Of course he must not ride his veriest hobbies (though 
 they are better than commonplaces) ; but without going to ex- 
 tremes he ought to show in all that he writes that he ^vrites it ; 
 and thus he will rouse the double interest of the work and of its 
 author in his readers. Of course, reporting in one form and 
 another is a leading feature of journalism, and is an art in itself; 
 and in ordinary reporting — not in special reporting, such as some of 
 Mr. Sala's, where no one would wish to forego the touches he gives 
 us of himself— it is well to lose sight of the reporters. By them. 
 
How to begin. 21 
 
 indeed, impersonality must be cultivated as carefully as it ought to 
 be avoided by those whose work is of a less conventional order. 
 
 Supposing that a beginner has followed us thus far in what we 
 have written, has studied and kept the commandments which are 
 appended at the end of the book, has actually taken up his pen, and 
 written something because he feels it and wants to say it ; the next 
 step, now to be considered, is to forward the MS. to a publication into 
 the scope of which it comes, with or without an introduction, and 
 with or without an accompanying explanatory letter, subject to the 
 necessities of the case, and in accordance with the hints thrown 
 out in a past chapter. Presumably every young aspirant has his 
 favourite newspaper, and his pet magazine ; and on the model of 
 the writings that appear in these, he is almost sure at the outset, 
 unless he have rare originality, to mould his own. Two other 
 things are almost equally certain: that he will send his first-fruits to 
 the editor whose pages have indirectly produced them; and 
 secondly, that these first-fruits will have the blemishes which always 
 mark imitative art, and be condemned accordingly. If under 
 these circumstances the young author, in the bitterness of his 
 disappointment, tear up the MS. which has been courteously re- 
 turned to him, no great harm will be done. The destroying stage 
 is one through which all must pass, even the greatest; indeed, great 
 authors often regret they have not burned more than they did, as 
 may be seen from the efforts of Tennyson and Mrs. Browning to 
 
22 'Journals and yournalism. 
 
 suppress poems published even after they were out of their teens ; 
 while Macaulay in his full maturity could not find a market for 
 everything he wrote, and there are MSS. of his, according to a 
 recent article in Belgravia, which still remain unpublished, and 
 which have been spared the flames to no other purpose than to 
 show that even a Titan's pen is sometimes wielded in vain. 
 
 But if the young author is tender about his first tentative 
 writing, and feels that it would be sweet to see it in print, even 
 though "there's nothing in 't," let him venture it again, in perhaps 
 a less ambitious quarter than before. For, above all things, let 
 him never be ashamed of humble beginnings. The most unpre- 
 tentious papers — even some of the cheap organs, not supposed to 
 be read by cultivated people — have been the nurseries of fair con- 
 temporary reputations among novelists. The literary annals of 
 the past abound with instances of the obscure commencement of 
 a literary career of distinction. Nearly half-a-century has elapsed 
 since Dickens's first effusion was "dropped stealthily, with fear and 
 trembling, into a dark letter-box, in a dark office, up a court in 
 Fleet Street ;" and when it appeared "in all the glory of print," 
 his sensation of pleasure was the only remuneration he expected 
 or got. " On that occasion," he says, " I walked down to 
 Westminster Hall, and turned into it for half-an-hour, because 
 my eyes were so dimmed with joy and pride that they could 
 not bear the street, and were not fit to be seen there." Other 
 
How to begin. 23 
 
 and more substantial recompense he had none ; and before he 
 
 broke his connection with the Old Monthly Magazine, he 
 
 modestly wrote to the editor intimating that, as he had hitherto 
 
 sent all his contributions gratuitously, he would now be glad if 
 
 the " sketches " were thought worthy of any small remuneration, 
 
 otherwise he would be obliged to discontinue them, as he was 
 
 going to get married, and thus incur additional domestic expense. 
 
 Thackeray's first literary work is 
 
 lost in the forgotten pages of the A yVp //X> "^ 
 
 Constitutional John Ruskin's ' V ^ "^^VaVjPOJ^>v^^ 
 
 first editor was — a clerk in the 
 
 Crown Life Office ! in whose Friendships Offering the great art 
 
 critic wrote verses at fifteen. 
 
 The distinguished author of >^ /^ ' ^ 
 
 Self-Help made his maiden ^'^-,f^/y ^^^Jt-t^t-^i^J^ 
 
 pearance in the Edinburgh Weekly ^-^ ^ 
 
 Chronicle (now dead), and had, a little later, very practical 
 
 journalistic experience as editor of the Leeds Times. Hepworth 
 
 Dixon began a literary career of 
 
 great profit and some honour, by / \ /) ^ {\ ^ ' /n^^ 
 
 contributions to the obscure local Wi ^ W^^jJ^JJtw^^^ 
 
 press, indited from the desk 
 
 of a merchant's office ; and he subsequently served a hard 
 
 apprenticeship to letters as editor of a Cheltenham paper. There 
 
 are hundreds of similar cases among living writers. 
 
24 'Journals and yournalism. 
 
 All this should impress on the beginner that he must be 
 humble at the outset. And with this humility, there must also 
 be great diligence. Manuscripts must be sent from editor to 
 editor; if they are refused by one, they will sometimes be 
 accepted by another. Persistence is the secret of success ; it is 
 wearying work, no doubt ; but how often crowned with triumph 
 will be shown in the chapter entitled " Declined with Thanks." 
 If all refuse them, fresh MSS. must be put in circulation, one 
 after another in succession, until some have found a satisfactory 
 destination, and these latter will probably help the others to 
 obtain one too. This is a common way of getting a footing 
 in periodical literature, and one which we have heard perhaps 
 the most experienced editor in London recommend to young 
 men who came to him for counsel. Another way is to take 
 an inferior post on the literary staff of a daily paper, turning 
 the hand to all the odds and ends of sub-editing and general 
 reporting, and thus gradually qualifying for a more responsible 
 position. Another and most inviting entrance into the republic of 
 letters is that of short-hand reporting. This offers the advantage 
 of a certain income, the enjoyment of which gives a man opportu- 
 nity to turn round and see what his literary capacity is ; and if that 
 capacity stand him in good stead, he can combine its exercise with 
 his duties in the gallery of the House of Commons, or wherever 
 they may be ; if it do not, he has a staff to lean on that is not 
 
How to begin. 25 
 
 only a walking-stick, but a crutch. Charles Dickens, as every- 
 one knows, began life as a re- 
 porter. So did Justin Mc 
 
 Carthy, M.P. ; and so did many AMlS. J^^^ a/i^^^^ 
 
 others who now fill prominent 
 
 journalistic places. The boy, therefore, who desires to embrace 
 the literary calling, can prepare himself for it as soon as he is 
 in his teens, by learning stenography ; and when the time comes 
 for him to make a serious choice of a profession, he will find that 
 the conventionally interposing parent, who, having the vision of 
 Chatterton's suicide and Johnson's poverty always before him, 
 would not allow his son to trust to literature as a means of 
 subsistence, will offer no objection to his practising reporting — a 
 lucrative and steady career. And once in communication with the 
 world of editors and journalists, the young short-hand writer will 
 soon feel his way to whatever he is fit for in literary labour. Again, 
 a few beginners have first accepted posts in the commercial 
 department of a newspaper office, and, having come so near 
 to the editorial sanctum, at last enter it, reUnquishing their 
 mechanical work as they are able to get other that is more to 
 their minds. This preliminary desk-work is drudgery, no doubt, 
 just as it was in a la^vyer's office to young Disraeli and to 
 Lever ; so also is reporting ; but those who undertake these 
 duties often do so to meet manfully and legitimately the natural 
 
 B 
 
26 'Journals and Journalism. 
 
 wishes of parents, who, as old Isaac DisraeH says, see in the 
 son who opposes them in the choice of a calling, and whom 
 posterity may recognize as a genius, only the wilful and rebellious 
 child. And, indeed, by the endurance of this drudgery young 
 aspirants show of what metal they are made, and prove that 
 they have confidence in themselves and in their true vocation — a 
 confidence which, when it has stood so practical a test, rarely 
 turns out to be misplaced. Other employments than those 
 which we have named, connected with the production of a 
 journal, may sometimes be the preparatory stages of a hterary 
 career, but are not of a nature that would lead us to recommend 
 their adoption to that end. The "reader," who cudgels his 
 brains over the " proofs " of what others have written, occasionally 
 begins to write himself Even the printer has been known to 
 make his way into the editor's or author's chair, and to fill it 
 with credit — seldomer, perhaps, in England, where Douglas 
 Jerrold was among the number, than in America, where Franklin, 
 Horace Greeley, Bennett, Bret Harte, and Artemus Ward, with 
 many others only less renowned, once stood at the compositor's 
 case. 
 
DECLINED WITH THANKS. 
 
 O consolations that we can here offer will 
 be able to mitigate the sting of a first — 
 or, indeed, of a second or of a third — re- 
 ception of this courteous but inexorable 
 form of refusal. It is not until after one 
 or two acceptances of MS. that a rejection 
 becomes in any degree tolerable. When 
 the acceptances outnumber the rejections, 
 indeed, " Declined with thanks " will generally cease to cause a 
 serious pang. At that happy time, too, it will matter little to an 
 author whether his refusal come to him in these laconic words, or 
 in the longer forms which are designed to save his sensitiveness 
 by a vague suggestion of some rather unusual reason for the 
 return of good work. But to the novice the form really makes 
 some difference ; to hear that his copy is " not suitable " for the 
 pages of this or that paper gives him the comforting reflection 
 that he has in some way failed to hit the editor's individual taste, 
 or that his subject is considered to be one that could be more 
 appropriately treated elsewhere. Still more gently is he soothed 
 
2 8 'Journals and 'Journalism, 
 
 if his pill come to him gilded with an intimation that an unusual 
 press of matter has prevented the appearance in print of his con- 
 tribution. The following note illustrates this more tender editorial 
 mood : — 
 
 " The editor of the Contemporary Review is much obliged by 
 
 Mr. 's offer of his paper. It is too able an article not to 
 
 have been read with interest, but the editor regrets to say that it 
 is quite impracticable to find room for the topic. In reforwarding 
 the MS. ^ by this book-post, the editor begs to add his best 
 thanks." 
 
 If the author accepts such little comforts resignedly, so much 
 the better. But so much the worse — very much indeed the worse 
 — if, being of a too persevering or persistent disposition, he should 
 argue the point with the well-meaning editor. Let him at all events 
 accept as final a refusal for which he may find any reason that 
 consoles him most ; to dispute the justice of the verdict, or even 
 to offer to alter, tone down, or improve the MS. with a view to 
 obtaining a more favourable resolution, is only to involve a busy 
 editor in an irritating waste of time, and to gradually discourage 
 the use of polite forms and, indeed, the return of rejected MSS. 
 at all. An unsuccessful author is really to be pitied if the work 
 of some months of thought and some days or weeks of laborious 
 penmanship finds its ignominious way into the editorial waste- 
 paper basket — a fate which, to the great credit of editors generally, 
 
Declined with thanks. 29 
 
 very rarely befalls it, and this in spite of the dismal warnings 
 which are printed at the beginning or end of most periodicals to 
 the effect that unsuitable MSS. will never be returned. In view 
 of such ill-iortune at any time occurring to him, the beginner would 
 do well, in the case of serious and laborious work, to make 
 duplicates of his compositions by means of one or other of the 
 cheap and easily-worked contrivances for multiplying impressions ; 
 unless, indeed, as is likely to be the case, he has rough drafts, scored 
 with corrections, of the finally-approved MS. ready at hand to 
 work upon again. The more there are of these rough drafts the 
 better will it be, and the less likely that the writer will need to go 
 to them again ; for well has it been said — and this must be im- 
 pressed on the amateur's mind— that "the men who have the 
 fewest MSS. returned are the men who have taken the greatest 
 pains with their work." Macau- 
 
 layandCardinalNewman penned J?^^^;^y^^^^^^^^^,^_^^^^ 
 many of their pages twice, thrice, (, 
 
 and oftener; George Henry 
 
 Lewes, after having an article returned from the Editiburgh^ thence- 
 forth re-wrote everything before submitting it to a magazine ; 
 while in journalism Mr. Albany Fonblanque, we are told by 
 his nephew, Mr. Edward Barrington de Fonblanque, "fre- 
 quently wrote an article ten times over before it contented him, 
 and even then he very rarely read it after publication without 
 
3© journals and 'Journalism. 
 
 wishing to re-write it." When, indeed, such articles as these, or 
 when poems and stories, which after a few weeks or months of 
 reflection do not appear to be immature to the authors themselves, 
 are returned, let them not be committed to the flames. At some 
 future date they will serve the writer's purpose ; especially if in 
 the meantime he has made a success by some other effort. 
 Thackeray's earlier compositions, both in prose and verse, which 
 either " the leading magazines had all refused to print " or the 
 public had refused to read, were all blazoned years afterwards 
 in the pages of the Cornhill; Nathaniel Hawthorne had a similar 
 experience in the new world ; and we have heard the editor who, 
 if we remember right, introduced " East Lynne " to the world, 
 say that Mrs. Henry Wood had at the time of that first success a 
 drawer full of tales which had been " returned with thanks " from 
 all directions, but which were afterwards printed, handsomely paid 
 for, and duly admired. Of course these are exceptional cases ; and 
 it will be better and wiser, as a rule, for the beginner to allow the 
 fugitive literary attempts, of which he himself may feel somewhat 
 uncertain, to take their chance, sink or swim, survive or die, as 
 fortune may immediately decide. 
 
 Stinging and discouraging and incapacitating as a "Declined with 
 thanks " may seem to the novice who for the first time tears open 
 the heartless packet which discloses to him the characters of his 
 own familiar hand, there is a solid and abundant consolation for 
 
Declined with thanks. 31 
 
 him — as regards his hopes of ultimate success, at least — in the 
 long roll of precedent. The failures of men destined to be great 
 do not date from yesterday. Editors and publishers have declined 
 with thanks — and without them — the masterpieces of the world. 
 The ill-fortune of " Paradise Lost " is almost too hackneyed an 
 example to quote ; but perhaps everyone does not know, or does 
 not remember, that "Robinson Crusoe," which, were it ever by 
 possibility out of print, would be a European loss, went begging 
 through the circle of English publishers, until one, more specula- 
 tive but generally considered less discriminating than the rest, 
 consented to print the immortal book and to pocket a thousand 
 guineas at once by his venture. It is scarcely necessary to say 
 that " Robinson Crusoe " is one of the staple sources of profit to 
 a thousand publishers, and holds its own in spite of the innumer- 
 able desert islands which have studded the oceans of juvenile 
 fiction since the first appeared. And this almost unanimous 
 refusal encountered Defoe's attempt, not when he was young and 
 unknown, but after the estabHshment of his repute as a writer. 
 And to come to later examples, everyone knows how the author 
 of " Jane Eyre " wrote a novel in friendly competition with her 
 two sisters (the story is admirably told by Charlotte Bronte herself 
 in the pathetic introduction she wrote for an edition of Emily 
 Bronte's Wutherhig Heights)^ and how it went a weary round of 
 publishers, declined with thanks by each alike, but every time 
 
32 'Journals and Journalism. 
 
 courageously despatched on its travels again by the indomitable 
 little Yorkshire governess until the signs (frankly unconcealed) of 
 so many rejections awoke some kindly interest, on the part 
 of Messrs. Smith and Elder's critic, in the battered MS. and 
 its persistent author. Thackeray, Charlotte Bronte's con- 
 temporary and friend, failed, and failed repeatedly, not only at 
 drawing, which he did badly, but at writing, which he did 
 eminently well, for his contributions, as we have already said, 
 were at first refused by all the leading magazines. Carlyle, 
 
 after being " edited " out of all 
 
 ^^ f If recognition in the Edinburgh 
 
 I % ^^-'Gy'^ A-A-' Review^ was finally rejected 
 
 as a contributor altogether. 
 Mr. Kinglake's " Eothen," though composed with thought, and 
 the work of years, scrupulously revised, and, in fact, fulfilling 
 the Horatian maxim of delay, was utterly, unconditionally, 
 and irrevocably rejected by every publisher to whom the author 
 offered it. At last he found one who would consent to accept 
 the precious and classic little work as a present, judging 
 it just worthy of printer's ink and paper. Nor did " Eothen," 
 after this disheartening beginning, instantaneously burst into 
 popularity like " Robinson Crusoe." At first it seemed that the 
 publishers were right, and that it would remain a failure to the 
 end ; but the event has brought a very different verdict. Anthony 
 
Declined with thanks. 33 
 
 Trollope, in his middle . age the most read, as he is perhaps the 
 most readable, of novelists, was fain in early life to taste the bitter- 
 ness of rejection not once or twice; the judicious, easy, and always 
 refined pen which has now a fortune at command, gained an 
 income of ;^i2 5s. 7|d. in one of the first years of its labours, 
 and of ;^20 2s. 6d. in another. Hepworth Dixon experienced no 
 small difficulty in finding a publisher for his *' Memoir of Howard," 
 which, when it was at last issued, went through three editions 
 within a year. The great American historian. Motley, had his 
 " Dutch Republic " returned with thanks ; a similar fate befell 
 Carlyle's " French Revolution ; " and Lingard's history, which 
 every year commands more attention and esteem, also shared the 
 doom of refusal. Lord Brougham was rejected; Jeffrey, the 
 rejector, was rejected ; George Eliot herself is said to have been 
 rejected until she found a mascuhne advocate in George Henry 
 Lewes ; but George Henry Lewes was rejected ! Indeed, it is 
 easier to say who has not, than who has, undergone that blank 
 moment of chilled and disappointed hope — our readers' experience 
 of which will, we trust, be limited. 
 
 And to this end, let it be alwiiys remembered that the tact 
 which produces viarketabh work is sometimes more useful than the 
 talent which produces good work. Unhappily, the two things are 
 not always identical. A composition of real power and originality 
 may in fact, and not merely in the terms of editorial courtesy, be 
 
 B 2 
 
34 Journals and Journalism, 
 
 unsaleable because it is unjournalistic in manner or inopportune 
 to the time. This fact should not fail to soften disappointments. 
 And furthermore, if a rejected beginner should be tempted 
 to indulge the frame of mind most fatal to all his chances of 
 success — a conviction of personal injury — he should restore a 
 healthy tone to his mind by believing, what is tl^ truth, that 
 editors are kind, through a fellow-feeling and a remembrance of 
 their own apprenticeship ; and just, through a fair consideration of 
 self-interest. Let him reflect for a moment on the number of 
 newspapers, reviews, and magazines which are produced daily, 
 weekly, and monthly in England, and on the number of pens at 
 work upon only one issue of one of these, and he will easily 
 perceive that the competition for securing good contributions is 
 very keen and very busy. " Returned with thanks," is not likely 
 to be written without a reason. When, therefore, publishers and 
 editors have fallen into real mistakes, as in the famous instances 
 we have cited, allowance must simply be made for their fallibility 
 as men who have to gauge the taste of a whimsical and often 
 irrational public, and who sometimes gauge it wrong. No one 
 could foretell with certainty that " Jane Eyre " would take the 
 country as it did ; and in Thackeray's case it was no editorial 
 caprice which condemned him to a period of obscurity, for the 
 public at first altogether failed to taste the peculiar flavour of his 
 genius, thus in a manner justifying the rejection : for an editor's 
 
Declined with thanks. 35 
 
 office is not to defy, but half to guide and half to wait upon, the 
 public. " So your poor Titraarsh has made another fiasco," 
 wrote Thackeray, when a little volume of his failed. " How are 
 we to take this great stupid public by the ears ? Never mind ; I 
 think I have something which will surprise them yet." The 
 "something" proved to be "Vanity Fair;" and the "great stupid 
 public " whose good word he was too wise to underrate even 
 while he smiled at its slowness, awoke to the full knowledge of 
 one more great author, and will never forget him. 
 
 But what we have said would fail of half its purpose were it 
 only to offer a balm to the wounds of the young author whose 
 MS. has been returned or silently consigned to the editorial 
 waste-paper basket. It is also intended to inculcate industry, 
 perseverance, and a courage that does not flag because the first 
 effort, or the fifth, is a failure. " We should certainly shrink," says 
 the Saturday Review, cynical in the consciousness that it possesses 
 an adequate staff of its own, " from the responsibility of recom- 
 mending perseverance to the writers of rejected MSS. ; but," 
 and this is the part of the paragraph which it is to our point to 
 quote here, " we cannot deny that unflinching perseverance 
 sometimes succeeds at last." Instead of " sometimes " we should 
 be inclined to use a more encouraging word, because we are 
 convinced that among the aspirants for literary honours the 
 minority, and not the majority, are incapable. Of course, worth- 
 
36 'Journals and Journalism. 
 
 less writing will gain nothing by the persistence of the writer ; but 
 the best authors our literature has known would, without persis- 
 tence, have failed to obtain for their genius that recognition which 
 is its very life. 
 
POUNDS, SHILLINGS, AND PENCE. 
 
 ri) 
 
 GOOD deal has happened since Charles 
 Lamb wrote paragraphs for sixpence 
 apiece in the Morni?ig Post ; though it 
 must not be forgotten that the age of 
 pence has given place to an age of 
 shillings, not only in literature, but in 
 everything else ; and the paragraphists of 
 to-day's Pall Mall, who get about sixpence 
 for a single line, spend that sixpence with an ease to which, fifty 
 years ago, they would have been strangers. Bearing this in mind, the 
 case of Southey may be taken as typical, not so much of the active 
 journalist as of the reviewer and essayist, both of that and of this 
 day ; and it is not a comfortable one to contemplate. " Prose," 
 writes Sir Henry Taylor of his friend, " having been almost the 
 only resource of one who was at once an eminent poet, and in 
 general literature the most distinguished writer of his age (Mr. 
 Southey), his example may be fairly adduced as showing what can 
 be made of it under the most favourable circumstances. By a 
 small pension and the office of Laureate (yielding together 
 
38 yournals and 'Journalism. 
 
 about ;^2oo per annum) he was enabled to insure his life to make 
 a moderate posthumous provision for his family ; and it remained 
 for him to support himself and them, so long as he should live, 
 by his writings. With unrivalled industry, infinite stores of know- 
 ledge, extraordinary talents, a delightful style, and the devotion of 
 about one-half of his time to writing what should be marketable 
 rather than what he would have desired to write, he defrayed the 
 cost of that frugal and homely way of life which he deemed to be 
 the happiest and the best. But at sixty years of age he had never 
 yet had one year's income in advance, and when between sixty and 
 seventy His powers of writing failed, had it not been for the timely 
 grant of an additional pension his means of subsistence would 
 have failed too." We have spoken of this as a typical case, yet it 
 is hardly so except in its disheartening pecuniary results, for in its 
 conditions it was made more than typically favourable by Southey's 
 ability, his pension, his connexions, and his quite enormous 
 industry. In saying that these results represent literary rewards, 
 not only in that day, but in our own, we make a statement to 
 which Mr. James Payn — who recently contributed to the Nineteenth 
 Century a bright article which, if he will permit us to say so, 
 never allows us to forget that its author is a writer of romance — 
 will doubtless demur. " Poor Paterfamilias," he says, " looking 
 hopelessly about him, like Quintus Curtius in the riddle, for a 
 nice opening for a young man, is totally ignorant of the oppor- 
 
Pounds^ Shillings^ and Fence, 39 
 
 tunities, if not for fame and fortune, at least for competency and 
 comfort, that literature now offers to a clever lad. He believes, 
 perhaps, that it is only geniuses that succeed in it ; or, as is more 
 probable, he regards it as a hand-to-mouth calling, which to-day 
 gives its disciples a five-pound note -and to-morrow five pence. 
 He calls to mind a saying about literature being a good stick, but 
 not a good crutch — an excellent auxiliary, but no permanent 
 support ; but he forgets the all-important fact that the remark 
 was made half a-century ago." This is all very well from that 
 most fortunate of literary men, a clever and successful novelist, 
 who shines in a sphere of the profession which cannot wrll at any 
 time be overcrowded. He, clearly, is not in a position to judge 
 either for the average essayist or for the journalist proper. 
 
 And here let us pause a moment to make a necessary distinction 
 between two divisions of the profession we are considering, litera- 
 ture and journalism — taking literature to mean broadly the 
 writing of books, magazines, and reviews, and journalism the writing 
 for newspapers. These are distinct in the talents, character, 
 aims, and remunerations which they imply. A journalist is bound 
 to be a man of the world, as an author is bound to be a student. 
 The former developes a capacity for representing his era, for 
 letting the general opinion speak through him even while he helps 
 to guide it. He produces work which is eminently marketable ; 
 and the more of this quality appears in his writings, the more 
 
40 'Journals and 'Journalism. 
 
 successful he will be. Mr. Sala 
 jTt ^ rr / is a king among journalists ; his 
 
 Z ' '' *^ success is pre-eminent, proverbial; 
 
 yet it is said that he is wont to 
 tell his friends that he took to journalism because he failed, 
 only comparatively, of course, in literature. That there are 
 differences in the requisite talents, therefore, is clear. Not a few 
 are able to combine the two things, to be at once students and 
 men of the world, but in these instances journalism generally is 
 subservient to authorship, or vice versa, according to the state of 
 the author's mind or of his finances — for these two branches of the 
 profession differ, as we have said, not only in the qualifications 
 they require, but also in the scale of their rewards. 
 
 Southey, of course, belonged to Uterature; and w'e shall first 
 consider what work of the same order as his, which was 
 wretchedly paid then, is valued at in the market now. Fiction 
 we leave out of the question; the price it fetches is far in 
 excess of that which is given for prose writing of any other 
 kind, and is magnificent. And this, whatever may be said, was 
 the case half-a-century ago as it is now — was so when Walter 
 Scott annually made ;!^ 10,000 for several years, quite as much 
 as when George Eliot received for "Romola" ;^8,ooo. Other 
 literary labour cuts a sorry figure in comparison. Were not 
 Mr. Payn, who probably commands his fifty shillings a page for 
 
Pounds, Shillings, and Pence. 41 
 
 fiction, a writer of novels, he 
 would give a less seductive (J 
 view of the profits of the J- /Z^P^-^^^ 
 literary career. For the pound ^ 
 which the Nineteenth Century, and the Contemporary, and the 
 Quarterly pay for a printed page is quite the highest regulation 
 rate of remuneration for the periodical essayist and reviewer. 
 The shilling monthhes give Ofi an average rather under than over 
 half that sum ; while in a certain high-class weekly, a long book- 
 notice, which has, perhaps, involved the patient study of two 
 bulky volumes, and which, when done conscientiously, has 
 consumed some five or six days, has only ^£2 as its pecuniary 
 equivalent. Another literary weekly^ where, again, the work 
 involves the twofold task of reading and writing, pays los. a 
 column; and other papers, of less eminence, in proportion. 
 This might be very fair remuneration were not work of the 
 kind difficult to get, and doled out in minute portions, week 
 by week, month by month, quarter by quarter. The magazines, 
 reviews, and literary papers of standing can almost be counted on 
 the fingers ; and with an army of applicants for an appearance in 
 their pages, no one man, hov/ever brilliant he may be, can have 
 anything like a monopoly. Perhaps hardly a single writer on 
 any of the weekly literary papers has an article inserted every 
 week throughout the year ; yet, if he had, his total earnings would 
 
42 'Journals and yournalism, 
 
 only amount to a sum which it would be a mockery to speak 
 of, in the ordinary sense, as an income. Do the monthly maga- 
 zines offer better rewards ? If in one or other of them a single 
 writer made one monthly appearance (and what a brilliant writer 
 he would be !), the result would certainly be less than ;£iS^ 
 per annum ; yet the amateur, seeing that writer's name in the 
 Cornhill one month, in Macmillan the next, in The Contemporary 
 the month after, would, perhaps, imagine him to be rolling in 
 wealth. It is hardly a secret that even Mr. Mallock, who not 
 only writes well, but has caught the public ear, and whose work 
 is welcomed by The Nineteenth Century, The Contemporary, and 
 Tlie Edinburgh, has hitherto made an income by his pen quite 
 insufficient to allow him to regard literature as his career. 
 
 Poetry, like fiction, is exceptional ; the former being, in a 
 general way, as much less, as the latter is more, remunerative 
 than other literary work. Of course the public has its one prime 
 poetical favourite, and pays him well, though not better now (as 
 Mr. Tennyson would feelingly assure Mr. Payn) than it did fifty 
 years ago. Until last year the Laureate received, from one firm, 
 annually ^^4,000 for his copyrights ; but there is only room for 
 one Tennyson at a time. Walter Scott got 2,000 guineas for the 
 '* Lady of the Lake," but Walter Scott had to abandon poetry 
 as soon as Lord Byron appeared ; and while Lord Byron was 
 calculating one morning that he had made ;^24,ooo by poetry, 
 
Pounds^ Shillings, and Pence. 43 
 
 Shelley was complaining of the printer's bill he had to defray 
 out of his own pocket. Poetry like Southey's paid little in that 
 day, and would pay less now. Mr. Browning's receipts may be 
 smaller than those of some of the veriest hacks in prose. 
 Mr. Edwin Arnold would probably get more for a dozen political 
 leaders, hastily thrown off, than for the " Light of Asia," a work 
 of scholarly erudition, of inspired poetry, and the outcome of 
 half a lifetime of Oriental study and sympathy — a work which has 
 fixed his place among the English bards. And Mr. Aubrey 
 de Vere — whom Landor loved, and whom Sir Henry Taylor 
 names in the same breath with Wordsworth — would probably 
 have to confess that his lifelong service of the muse brought him 
 less than his handful of articles in the Edinburgh years ago, 
 containing, in all, the prose writing of perhaps a single month. 
 The magazine verse of to-day is excellent, and is paid for in 
 the best quarters at the rate of about half-a-crown a line; in 
 others, two guineas, a guinea, and even half-a-guinea are the sums 
 given for a short set of verses. And the supply of such poetry 
 is, of course, largely in excess of the demand. Clearly, then, in 
 all these cases, literature, while an excellent stick, and one which 
 we would encourage amateurs to use, is decidedly unsafe as 
 a crutch. 
 
 But journalism can give a somewhat better account of itself. 
 Those arts which bring their votaries into close contact with men, 
 
44 Journals and journalism. 
 
 and into the full light of publicity, are usually enriched with the 
 rewards attending effective performance. The musician who 
 creates — the composer — is seldom fortunate in his lifetime, while 
 the musician who performs — the singer — has the wealth of kings 
 at his feet. This case is rather an exaggeration of that of author 
 and journalist; still there is a resemblance : the journalist gets the 
 ear of the public; his writing is good performance, rather than 
 creation, for it must be not so much original as interpretative, 
 both of public opinion and of the collected literary opinions 
 of the world. 
 
 The work of the journalist is in constant demand ; his organs 
 infinitely outnumber the organs of literature, and they appear 
 weekly, daily, and twice a day, instead of once a quarter, once 
 a month, and once a week. Every daily, for instance, gives 
 employment to a large and well-rewarded staff. There are the 
 editor, the sub-editors, the special correspondents, the regularly 
 retained leader-writers, most of whose salaries, in the case of the 
 Times — naturally the most profitable daily to be connected with — 
 go into four figures ; nor are the other London dailies far behind 
 the leading organ in the remuneration of their staff. The work is 
 wearing, no doubt; but the pecuniary returns are sufficient to 
 tempt able men to undertake it, and to make it a career which a 
 man who has no private means, and who wishes to prosper 
 in the world and to provide for his family, can afford deliberately 
 
Pounds, Shillings, afid Pence. 45 
 
 to enter on. But for the dailies, destitution would stare many a 
 journalist in the face. And not only does each maintain its estab- 
 lished staff, which, in the case of the Tijncs, is, of course, immense ; 
 but it also gives employment to a large class of journalistic 
 irregulars, who turn their hands to anything — the unattached 
 (sometimes by their faults, and sometimes by their misfortunes) 
 penny-a-liners — three-halfpence-a-liners, would be nearer the mark 
 — of the press. Always living from hand to mouth, and often 
 on the verge of destitution, this large body of literary casuals 
 includes in its ranks three principal classes — that of the men of 
 briUiant powers and education, in whom the quality of sustained 
 industry is wanting, and who might have developed into 
 Macaulays but for this deficiency ; that of the industrious, who 
 are useful and handy, but whose capacity is mediocre ; and that 
 of the possessors of both talent and perseverance who work when 
 and how they can, no assured position having yet fallen to their 
 lot. That such men as these are often hungry is a fact, and one 
 of the saddest facts of modern intellectual life. Even the new 
 world has to tell the same story. "Two-thirds of all the working 
 journalists of the country," says a writer in Harper's Monthly, 
 "receive less than the wages of good mechanics," "I beheve 
 the majority of us," says an American journalist, Mr. A. F. Hill, 
 "have passed through the hard-up days. What is the use of 
 denying it? I have worked for five dollars a. week, and slept on 
 
46 'Journals and Journalism. 
 
 a pile of exchanges. I have seen the time when ' circumstances 
 over which I had no control ' dictated to me the necessity — not 
 merely the propriety — of eating plainer food than I would have 
 liked — plainer food than the kind I needed, and of not even 
 wasting any of that. I have seen the time when a person I know 
 very intimately has gone without food for days at a time, and that 
 when in excellent bodily health, and blessed (?) with an unusual 
 appetite. I have seen the days of threadbare clothes, of dilapidated 
 shoes, and a ' shocking bad hat ; ' and when it brought the 
 hot blood to my face to hear careless and happy and well-fed and 
 well-clothed people merrily singing the chorus of a well-known 
 song : 
 
 " Too proud to beg, too honest to steal, 
 We know what it is to be wanting a meal ; 
 Our tatters and rags we try to conceal. 
 We belong to the ' Shabby Genteel.' " 
 
 Such experiences as these are not unknown among some of our 
 own most painstaking journalists who seem to be fairly busy, and 
 some of whom are, in fact, on the high road to fame. The world 
 hears little about such poverty as this, but it is none the less real ; 
 nay, if it were a little less so, there would be less of a sensitive 
 desire to lock it in silence. When The Edinburgh was pro- 
 jected in Jeffrey's elevated lodging, Sydney Smith proposed as its 
 
Pounds^ Shillings, and Pence. 47 
 
 motto, Temii musam meditamur avenct (we cultivate literature on 
 a little oatmeal) ; but the phrase was not adopted, because, as a 
 matter of fact, it came so near the truth. However, the pecuniary 
 result of the Edmburgh brings us back to a brighter train of 
 thought. The journaHst sometimes rises to a position of wealth 
 and honour, not only as an editor, but also as a newspaper pro- 
 prietor. If he have the tact and talent to start a really successful 
 journal on his own account, he comes on a pecuniary windfall ; 
 such a one, for instance, as is the World to Mr. Edmund Yates. 
 This, of course, is an idyllic state of things ; where the author is 
 selling and profiting by his own wares without being preyed on 
 unconscionably by publishers and middle-men. 
 
 But if it is comparatively rare that the functions of author and 
 publisher can be united in one man, it is not so, as we have 
 already hinted, in regard to the functions incidental to the two 
 divisions of the writer's profession — literature and journalism. 
 Many men are able to practise at once in the one and the other, 
 and this capability lightens up some of the gloomier facts we have 
 noted in a separate consideration of the two branches of the career. 
 The two things work together, as nearly every writer knows. The 
 votary of literature, in the sense in which we have used the word, 
 may turn his hand to just so much journalism as will keep " the 
 pot boiUng ; " while the journalist pleasantly and profitably stops 
 the rapid and ephemeral exercise of his anonymous pen, to indite 
 
48 'Journals and 'Journalism. 
 
 something of a graver or more imaginative order to which he has 
 the novel satisfaction of appending his name. 
 
 The following memorandum, which has been supplied to us by 
 a young litterateur, whose experience may be taken as representa- 
 tive of that of a fairly successful and industrious member of his 
 profession, will not be without an interest for those who are about 
 to adopt literature as a career : — 
 
 " At the age of twenty-five, having scribbled in a purposeless, 
 unprofessional way for several years, I suffered a reverse of fortune 
 which made me exceedingly anxious to increase my diminished 
 private means. Literature seemed the only thing ready to hand. 
 I consulted two or three friends who already held nlore or less 
 prominent positions on the press, and I found that the more 
 successful they were the more hopeless was the prospect they held 
 out of my chances of making money, even in the most moderate 
 amounts. This I thought rather strange, but I remembered that 
 the author of the celebrated crutch and stick saying was Walter 
 Scott, who made, all the same, a gigantic fortune by his pen, and 
 I determined to show my discouraging advisers what I could do. 
 I was told that the ' Society papers ' paid better than any others, 
 and that there was more opening on them than on the older 
 journals, which had already a huge literary connexion. This I 
 found to be the fact, and, although I tried valiantly to get a market 
 for serious work, it had far less acceptance than had the * trifles 
 
Founds, Shillings y and Pence. 49 
 
 light as air' which I tossed off in other directions. I had several 
 introductions to editors — and they ended in nothing : my work 
 was my only introduction to the papers on which I got employ- 
 ment — a fact which I recommend to the notice of the amateurs 
 for whose benefit you are writing. I find that I have kept a 
 record of my third year's labour, I had about 200 paragraphs 
 in The World ; a still greater number, and ten articles besides, in 
 another society paper ; thirty paragraphs in Truth ; five articles in 
 The Queen; three articles in The Spectator; a poem in Good 
 Words ; a poem in The Quiver ; thirty-five articles in different 
 monthly magazines ; fifty-two columns of London correspondence 
 in a provincial paper (at 1 2S. 6d. a column) ; twenty-six London 
 letters in a Colonial paper (at 10s. a letter) ; and a few odds and 
 ends besides. These are the accepted contributions, but they 
 represent little more than half of that which I actually wrote — 
 the balance having missed fire. My total proceeds were 
 ;^247 135'. 2d. I often worked twelve hours a day, and I never 
 had a week's holiday. But, as you see, if I had not possessed a 
 trifle of my own, I could not have kept a decent roof over my 
 family's head. And yet I have often been told by other struggling 
 men that I am exceptionally lucky." 
 
 From this statement it will be seen that the writer had the 
 advantage of practice in both literature and journafism ; on the 
 other hand, lest the results should be unduly deterrent, let us note 
 
 C 
 
50 'Journals and 'Journalism, 
 
 that he had no work on a daily, nor had he any subject to treat that 
 was pecuharly his own. The man with a specialty, the art critic, 
 or the dramatic critic, for instance, if he be really proficient, has 
 some advantages over his more versatile brother ; he may have to 
 compete very hard for his post, but, once having obtained it, he 
 has a monopoly on the particular paper with which he is con- 
 nected. Moreover, he is sometimes able in a sense to duplicate 
 
 his work, as did Mr. Tom Taylor, 
 ^^ " \ /^^"^^ ^ ^ fo^ instance, when he criticised 
 'V'^^^^ ^^^/^-^""'^'^V^ pictures in both the Graphic and 
 
 The Times. And who shall say 
 that there are no good incomes to be made on newspapers while 
 mentioning the name of the late editor of Punch ? 
 
 Nor must it be forgotten that the Fleet Street journahst has 
 frequently, in addition to his London work, profitable employment 
 on a country paper. A great many leaders in the provincials are 
 the work of metropolitan pens ; and the London correspondence 
 also that appears in them affords scope for a good deal of literary 
 labour and enterprise. Many of these journals contain excellent 
 personal information, which was, in fact, the natural precursor of 
 the society journals — these latter supplying a place which the 
 I^ondon dailies failed to fill. There is, no doubt, an enormous 
 amount of trash written in the shape of London letters and 
 gossip ; but there is also much interesting and good matter, such 
 
Pounds, Shillings, and Pence. 5 1 
 
 as it is natural enough that people should like to read. A few 
 country papers have a special wire, and telegraph every night a 
 London letter which contains " tips" usually sent in, as are the 
 paragraphs in the society papers, not by one man, but by many. 
 Some of these letters cost the proprietors from ^1,000 tO;^2,ooo 
 a year. It sometimes happens — Mr. Lucy's is a case in point — 
 that one man is able enough to take entire charge of a letter of the 
 kind, and by manifolding it for papers in different parts of the 
 country, can afford to do his work really well and to supply it 
 cheaply, at the same time securing a fair income. Then, again, 
 there is the London correspondentship for the Colonies, for the 
 United States, and all parts of the Continent. Some of these posts 
 are among the prizes of literature, ^ / . 
 
 and they fall to such men as Mr. M y / iJTrn J/izAA^ 
 Joseph Hatton, a knight of the C^-^^f/U^ i^i^^^^i 
 pen who has fought and won in * 
 
 nearly every field of letters, and who is the English correspondent 
 of the New York Times. 
 
 If the reader should think that our illustrations in this chapter 
 have been somewhat conflicting, or complain that we arrive at no 
 definite deductions, we, for our part, must own to having been met 
 on our inquiry by many contradictions. But we shall not go far 
 wrong, nor raise false hopes or false fears, if we sum up by saying of 
 the incomes made by the writers in newspapers and magazines : 
 
5 2 'Journals and Journalism. 
 
 Sufficient they may be ; fair, according to the infallible balance of 
 supply and demand, they must be ; but they are seldom brilliant. 
 There is probably bread to be had, in requital of industry and of 
 the indispensable capacity, for all who are likely to make a 
 serious profession of letters ; but there are few — very few — fortunes 
 to be won. 
 
k^- 
 
 1%M- 
 
 ^ JOURNALISM AS A CAREER. 
 
 I. The Fair Side. 
 
 T is more effective to take the extreme 
 uplands or lowlands of exaggeration than 
 the vm media of fact. Consequently those 
 who have treated of journalism and litera- 
 ture as a profession have generally been 
 tempted to strike their readers' fancy by a 
 picturesque view of the advantages and 
 disadvantages of a calling in which the 
 pros and cons are in truth tolerably balanced. We all know the 
 starving author of tradition ; and if he is now somewhat out of 
 date we have still the constant repetition of a facile and rather 
 wearisomely conventional joke by which the labours of a labourer 
 who is, like all others, worthy of his hire, appear as a drug in the 
 market — witness the inevitable waste-paper basket which is thrown 
 at his head by Punch and other humourists when subjects for 
 jesting flag. There is, on the other hand, the couleur de rose 
 view which has recently been asserted in one or two quarters, not, 
 
54 'Journals and 'Journalism. 
 
 of course, with an intention to mislead, but decidedly with the 
 effect of doing so, and this probably with serious consequences. 
 Our own task is to state advantages and disadvantages with the 
 single intention of making the truth stand forth, to encourage what 
 is now the widespread ambition of having a voice in the great 
 expression of public opinion, but to avoid the grave responsibility 
 of leading the inexperienced to cast themselves blindfold into a 
 career in which they may be doomed to disappointment. The fair 
 surface being the uppermost, we shall consider it first, and then 
 proceed to turn it over and to expose with all frankness the seamy 
 under-side. 
 
 The advantages which journalism has at first sight over all other 
 professions are very obvious, and may be stated in the words of 
 Mr. Anthony Trollope and Mr, James Payn. " It is," says the 
 former, "a business which has its allurements. It requires no 
 capital, no special education, and may be taken up at any time 
 without a moment's delay. If a man can command a table, a 
 chair, pen, ink, and paper, he can commence his trade as a literary 
 man. It is thus that aspirants generally do commence it." 
 " There are," says Mr, Payn, " hundreds of clever young men who 
 are now living at home and doing nothing, who might be earning 
 very tolerable incomes by their pens if they only knew how." 
 While accepting these statements as containing part-truths, it is 
 necessary for a moment to give them certain limitations which 
 
'Journalism as a Career. ^^ 
 
 modify but do not refute the contention of the two authors. We 
 grant that it is possible for the hundreds of clever young men who 
 are able to continue to " live at home," and who have no impera- 
 tive necessity for doing something else, to make incomes which shall 
 be eminently " tolerable " under the circumstances. Journalism 
 on these conditions can hardly be called a career, or — what Mr. 
 Trollope calls it — a trade. It is a part-profession, an auxiliary of 
 more or less value and effectiveness in proportion to the cleverness 
 possessed by the young men in question. As for the training, it 
 is certainly not indispensable before making a first attempt ; but 
 every rejection which the young man undergoes (and he will have 
 many to endure) is a part of his training, and a part which he 
 would find very hard to bear if he were entirely dependent on his 
 pen. When Mr. Anthony Trol- 
 lope gives us the financial state- >^^ y^ y) /'^/02 >, 
 ment already quoted of the results '-'^-•^^ >^:»n/ 
 of his first years of labour, is he 
 
 not in fact describing a particularly hard period of literary novice- 
 ship — a period which might be full of the bitterest privations, 
 occurring as it does at a time of life when a man is no longer 
 enjoying the parental care and support which are cheerfully 
 accorded to him in earlier years ? That such a noviceship and 
 preparation were tolerable, or perhaps possible, to Mr. Trollope is 
 simply due to the fact that he held at the time a position in the 
 
56 'Journals and yournaHsm. 
 
 Post-office which was practically his profession, i.e., his means of 
 support, and hence that he was able to follow literature for a time 
 as an amateur. When he talks of an aspirant "commencing his 
 trade " with " a chair, pen, ink, and paper," his own experience 
 might have convinced him that it is hardly a trade which 
 is commenced with that stock, but rather a training for a 
 trade. The same holds good with Thackeray, only that instead of 
 a place in the Post-office he had at his back a small private fortune, 
 the larger part of which he devoted to buying literary experience — in 
 other words, he lost it in the attempt to float a couple of newspapers. 
 Another novelist and journalist, Mr. Edmund Yates, was, like 
 Mr. Anthony Trollope, in the Post-office, and thus able to exercise 
 his "prentice hand" at letters until such time as they should 
 
 yield him not only support but 
 "1 ^^^^ fortune. Mr. Wilkie ColUns, an- 
 other ultimately successful mas- 
 ter of fiction, had the support of 
 his father's help in the tea-trade first and afterwards in the law, 
 while his literary talents were under trial. It would certainly seem, 
 then, that technical training, with the sacrifice of time and money 
 which it necessarily implies, is generally deferred rather than fore- 
 gone ; that no special success, at any rate, is possible without it ; 
 and that even the humbler branches of journalism can ill afford to 
 dispense with it. No one, for instance, who has read Charles 
 
'yournal'wn as a Career. ' 57 
 
 Dickens's description of the difficulties of mastering short-hand 
 related in the person of David Copperfield — the long study, the 
 fever in which Traddles's declamation and " my aunt's " " hear, 
 hear," were reported, and the impossibility of reading the report 
 when completed — will come to the conclusion that the science of 
 stenography, at least, needs no technical preparation. 
 
 Having made these modifications — a duty we feel bound to 
 perform even at the expense of our point — we conceive that there 
 remains in the modified version of the statements quoted an 
 advantage for the beginner in literature which justifies us in even 
 making a parade of them, and which will be missed by the 
 beginner in almost any other career. If it has been necessary 
 to guard the amateur against the supposition that without training, 
 and before he is out of his teens, he can make a good and support- 
 ing income by scribbling, we must still point out that he possesses 
 the opportunity afforded by hardly another profession, of carrying 
 on his training and his trade at the same moment. Even suppos- 
 ing that for the first five years of his labour all he wrote were 
 rejected, or printed without remuneration, he would be in no 
 worse position than his neighbour who is articled to a solicitor 
 but his MSS., if he has the making of a literary man in him at all, 
 will not be treated so badly as that. Anthony Trollope's first year's 
 real return for his literary labour was the experience he gained in 
 it, and with only that in almost any other profession he would 
 
 c 2 
 
5 8 'Journals and Jourjialism. 
 
 have had to be satisfied ; but, as it was, he made a few pounds 
 besides. Thus the Uterary novice may know that even while he is 
 educating himself he can earn an income which, though it will be 
 insufficient to maintain him except in a Grub-street garret, will at 
 any rate contribute towards his support during a period in which 
 he would otherwise be more likely than not to depend for that 
 support wholly on his private resources. If Mr. Payn and Mr. 
 Trollope had borrowed the words of a recent writer in Belgravia, 
 who said, " Anyone can scribble — if he only knows how to spell ; 
 but writing is an art — one of the Fine Arts," and had added that 
 even scribbling, if fairly clever, is remunerated after a fashion, 
 while at the same time it trains the pen — they would perhaps have 
 stated their case in a more strictly accurate and intelligent way. 
 And even this text would have justified them, and justifies us, in 
 preaching the superiority of letters over almost any other career 
 in its beginnings. 
 
 We have already drawn a distinction between journalism and 
 other departments of letters. The apprenticeship over and a fair 
 success once attained, how does this branch of literature look 
 as a career ? That it is interesting, that it has the attraction of a 
 variety of thoughts and feelings, that it brings a man into close 
 connection with all the moving principles and large ideas of his 
 day, is sufficient reason why it should be loved. It compares 
 temptingly in this respect with those commercial pursuits which 
 
Journalism as a Career, 59 
 
 are becoming every day more and more the necessary callings of 
 gentlemen. The banker must needs think money during the 
 whole of his working day, the tea-dealer perforce thinks tea, and 
 the wine-merchant wine ; politics, literature, social interests, 
 science and art are with them extra-professional, if, indeed, business 
 be not so paramount as to drive these almost entirely from the 
 field of thought. And the liberal vocations are Hmited more or 
 less to their own spccialite ; the artist is not called upon to know 
 much about letters, the politician may be profoundly ignorant of 
 painting, the savant generally considers himself privileged to hold 
 politics in supreme contempt, and the musician above all is apt to 
 dispense himself from the most ordinary interest in everything 
 that is not musical. Now, the litterateur is not only encouraged 
 but obliged to be various ; well for him ; he is so much the more 
 a man; and even if he choose some special "line" for the labours 
 of his pen, if he devote the best of his powers to "knowing 
 everything of something," he yet multiplies his resources, interests, 
 and pleasures by " knowing something of everything." 
 
 The earnest physician holds his profession to be a noble one 
 because it saves individual lives, but the journalist's career will 
 give him the opportunity of saving nations by his advocacy of 
 peace at a time when war is at once imminent and unnecessary. 
 He is the mainstay of the reformer and of the philanthropist, 
 who would labour in vain if unassisted by the soldier of the 
 
6o journals and yournahsm. 
 
 pen. In a hundred instances journals have been the means 
 
 of raising large funds to meet emergencies of distress. We find 
 
 even a light paper like the Paris Figaro becoming the centre of 
 
 a widespread organization for the relief of indigence during a 
 
 winter of extreme severity. And an Irish priest writes from the 
 
 midst of a starving population to the correspondent of the 
 
 paper he names : " But for you and the Daily Telegraph I 
 
 know not how under Heaven I could have stayed famine here 
 
 To my last breath shall I remember you with undying affection and 
 
 gratitude." And in like manner, twenty years ago, The Times's 
 
 strenuous advocacy of the cause of English houseless poor in a 
 
 cold season resulted in a handsome sum for their relief Scarcely 
 
 less practical a charity is that which is performed by the press 
 
 when it exposes the frauds that would gain currency did they 
 
 escape its vigilance. This is a duty which has its dangers, as was 
 
 shown for instance in 1841, when The Times was instrumental in 
 
 detecting a scheme organized by a company to defraud by forgery 
 
 all the influential bankers of Europe, and when an exposure in its 
 
 columns brought on the proprietors an action for libel, Boyle v. 
 
 . Lawson, in which our law technically compelled the jury to give 
 
 a verdict for the plaintiff, with one farthing damages. A European 
 
 subscription was set on foot to reimburse the proprietors for their 
 
 immense outlay in legal expenses, but they declined the money, 
 
"Journalism as a Career. 6 1 
 
 and the greater portion of it was finally spent in establishing 
 Times scholarships for Oxford and Cambridge at Christ's Hosjwtal 
 and the City of London School. Such are some of the lofty and 
 hmiianitarian inducements to enter the profession of letters ; while 
 the ardent politician, if he be entrusted with the direction of an 
 important paper, wields, as was once said of the editor of The 
 TitJtes, " a power as great as that of Governments and Legislatures." 
 Moreover, in all that he writes he has the inspiration not only of 
 his cause, but of knowing that he addresses an audience such as 
 his voice, were he an orator, could never cover — to the number, it 
 may be, of half-a-million. Nor are the incentives of the political 
 partizan wanting in the journalist whose 'predilection is for art, 
 and who cares to advance the interests of this or that school of 
 painting ; or whose passion is literature or music, and who wishes 
 to mould the public taste on his own : or who, as a private friend, 
 desires to say a good word for the artist, the actor, or the author 
 whose personality he loves, and whose work merits the recognition. 
 These are pleasures keen enough to make life worth living, and 
 they are peculiar to the literary career. 
 
 And journalism has not only its own rewards ; it is also " a 
 stepping-stone to higher things," and to more lucrative things. 
 Just as literature, apart from journalism, brought Bulwer a barony, 
 and Barry Cornwall and Forstcr profitable Lunacy Commissioner- 
 
62 journals and 'Journalism, 
 
 -^ rt ships, and just as Mr. Edward 
 
 / y "^Va^ A^' Jenkins, in 1874, had no other 
 
 ^/?/ W / ^^^"^^^^^"^ ' introduction to the electors of 
 
 ' "* Dundee than " Ginx's Baby," so 
 
 also has journalism pure and simple its extraneous distinctions and 
 
 rewards. In the present Parliament the profession is more 
 
 numerously and strongly represented than it ever was before. 
 
 Mr. Passmore Edwards, who is proprietor of the Echo and of 
 
 a building journal, and to whom Mr, Gladstone recently wrote, 
 
 " You have been surpassed by none in the courage and constancy 
 
 with which you have contended through evil times for a just 
 
 policy abroad," sits for Salisbury ; while an ex-editor of the Echo^ 
 
 Mr. Arthur Arnold, a brother of Mr. Edwin Arnold of the Daily 
 
 Telegraphy represents Salford. Newcastle-on-Tyne has given to 
 
 Mr, Joseph Cowen, proprietor 
 /^{} _ of the spiritedly conducted 
 
 *^ C--<^ Newcastle Chronicle, a colleague 
 
 in Mr. Ashton Dilke, pro- 
 prietor of the Weekly Dispatch, 
 ^^ y ^f—y /"^^ ^^ ^^^ brother of Sir Charles 
 K.^^/^ /t-^=>»» ^^ Dilke, Chelsea's senior member, 
 
 himself the owner of the 
 Athenceu?n. Mr. Courtney, of The Times, retains his seat for 
 Liskeard, and the proprietor of that paper is still the member for 
 
'Journalism as a Career, 63 
 
 Berks. Mr. Labouchere, part proprietor of the Daily News and 
 editor of Truths divides the representation of Northampton with 
 Mr. Bradlaugh, who projected the National Reformer. South- 
 East Lancashire sends to ParHament, in the person of Mr. 
 WiUiam Agnew, not merely a magnate among picture dealers, but 
 one of the proprietors of Punch. Mr. Beresford-Hope owns 
 the Saturday Revieza. Mr. Macliver, who won at Plymouth, is 
 the proprietor of the spirited Western Daily Press. Ireland 
 sends a strong contingent, among whom are Mr. Edward 
 Dwyer Gray, of the FreeiJian^s 
 
 Journal : Mr. A. M. Sullivan, late /^/^..^rTr;} — y ^^ 
 editor of the Nation; his bro- ^7^ . ft^^t^^^^^ "^ 
 ther, T. D. Sullivan, now the 
 editor and proprietor of that 
 paper, and Mr. Sexton, the latter's 
 
 associate editor ; Mr. T. P. ' j y{ / /y ' j 
 
 O'Connor, author of the scathing ' K*k<'U^-<^^ . 
 
 Life of Lord Beaconsfield; Mr. F. 
 
 H. O'Donnell, a hard-working ^ ^ /fL.^ %^ 
 
 journalist on the London press ; i/\ ^. ^ ^^«rx*-'^-*-'<^'^7 
 
 Mr. Lysaght Finigan, Mr. Parnell's 
 
 " lieutenant " — and Mr. Justin 
 
 McCarthy, novelist, historian, ^.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 and leader-writer on the Daily 
 
64 'Journals and yournalism. 
 
 News. Mr. Alfred Austin, indeed, whose name has long been 
 rescued from the anonymity of leader-writing or book-reviewing in 
 the Standard by achievements in the open literary world, tried for 
 a seat and failed ; so did Mr. Thomas Gibson Bowles, of Vanity 
 Fair ; so did Mr. John Morley, editor of the Fortnightly and the 
 Pall Mall Gazette; and so did Sir Algernon Borthwick, of the 
 Morning Post, who was consoled by a knighthood for his narrow 
 electoral defeat. Some of these names — those belonging to the 
 inheritors of wealthy newspaper proprietorships, for instance— do 
 little to point our moral ; but there are others among them 
 which rejDresent men who do distinctly owe to their connection 
 with the journalistic world, and to it alone, their position in life 
 and in the legislature. 
 
 Then, again, journalism has supported men while they kept 
 terms and were called to the bar ; witness, as one among many, 
 the late Hepworth Dixon, who also obtained temporary but 
 lucrative Exhibition Commissionerships, and was, moreover, 
 invited to contest Marylebone in 1868. Once a barrister, the 
 journalist may go on to higher things still, even till he shall occupy 
 the woolsack itself, like Lord Chancellor Campbell, who walked 
 from Scotland with the traditional trifle in his pocket to begin 
 life as a reporter on the Morning Chronicle. The same paper 
 gave the same employment to Dickens, who, like many others, 
 passed from this more mechanical rank of journalism, not to the 
 
yoiirnalism as a Career. 65 
 
 law, but to authorship — to a more sympathetic, human, and 
 briUiant fame. Such emphatically was his who, young and utterly 
 alone in the world, unhelped by word or act of man, serving 
 letters alone and aided by them only, reached an unshared 
 throne of renown in the memory and love of men. 
 
11. The Seamy Side, 
 
 AVING examined the fair side, we proceed 
 to explore the seamy. And on turning 
 up the other surface, one sees at a 
 glance that what was on the first sight an 
 ornament, shows through the stuff, and 
 appears here with a reverse and a very 
 ugly effect. In other words, the gain 
 of the journalistic beginner in being able 
 to dispense in part with an apprenticeship, and in requiring no 
 heavy stock-in-trade before he begins, or tries to begin, business, 
 has, from another point of view than that which we took in 
 the last chapter, its serious disadvantages. For this very ease, 
 and this partial exemption from the responsibilities and difficulties 
 of other callings, inevitably give to literature somewhat of the 
 character of a fis-aller. A boy is rarely brought up to a pro- 
 fession for which a bringing up does not seem a necessity ; he 
 rather turns to it in after years when he has failed elsewhere, 
 through loss of fortune, through incapacity in the calling chosen 
 for him, or because that calling has disappointed his hopes. 
 And, besides being a pis-aller through its exemption from training, 
 
'Journalism as a Career. 67 
 
 literature is calculated to be an over-crowded profession through 
 its exemption from the usual preliminary sacrifice of capital — two 
 immunities which must always tend to keep down the profits of 
 literary work. Moreover, they induce a large number of people 
 to make literature a part-career, thus damaging it for those who 
 have no other means of support. With far more justice than the 
 tradesman could the journalist cry out against the Government 
 Office men, whose contributions (and on official paper too !) pour 
 into the editorial letter-boxes of London ; but he does not do so ; 
 he frankly accepts the conditions of his calling, though he may 
 momentarily regret, when he hears of men with large public or 
 private incomes writing at a price which entails semi-starvation 
 if entirely depended on for support, that there is not a little more 
 trade unionism among authors. And yet, curiously enough, it is 
 exactly these semi-professionals whom we have heard denouncing 
 in the most unmeasured terms the miserable pittance to be 
 earned on the press — a proceeding which always reminds us of 
 the case of the man who, having murdered his father and mother, 
 appealed to the court for mercy because he was an orphan. 
 
 Those who are mentally or physically incapable of hard work, 
 will find a seamy side indeed to the journalistic career. Above 
 all things it is laborious — not as practised in the ad libitum 
 manner of the beginner, who may or may not, as he feels inclined, 
 produce his day's task; but as followed by the professional 
 
68 journals and Journalism. 
 
 journalist, who has achieved, say, the somewhat eminent success 
 of a post on the staff of a fairly good daily paper. In that 
 position an amount of application which would bring name and 
 fame to the barrister, the clergyman or the doctor, only suffices 
 for the bare fulfilment of his duty. Say he is a special corre- 
 spondent ; his fate is as little in his own hands as is that of the 
 Jesuit priest whom we have been taught to commiserate, because 
 he is liable to be ordered by his general to change his address from 
 Mount Street, Berkeley Square, to India, or China, at a moment's 
 notice. The newspaper correspondent, without the stimulus of a 
 religious motive, but simply as part of the year's labour that 
 secures him what a successful barrister would hardly call a 
 decently good income, holds himself in daily readiness to start 
 for an exhibition in Sydney, or a royal wedding in Vienna, or a 
 funeral at Madrid ; or he is told off to study Nihilism on the spot, 
 in a Russian mid-winter ; or sent across a burning African desert 
 on perilous enterprise; nor is there ever a battle fought without his 
 presence, where English or European interests are involved. And 
 if the soldier and sailor in active service have a harder time than 
 the correspondent who accompanies them, it must not be forgotten 
 that he often shares their risks — a deadly climate, for instance, 
 is as fatal to him as to them — but gains none of their glory ; that 
 they are facing perils in fulfilment of their career, and he only as 
 an accident of his ; and that whereas they retire in middle life 
 
'Journalism as a Career, 69 
 
 with half-pay and pensions, and often with titular distinctions, it 
 was never known, we suppose, that a newspaper correspondent 
 was idle till he came to the long obscurity of the grave. A retired 
 journalist, in the true sense of the word — that is to say, one who 
 retired on the money made in a purely journalistic career — is an 
 individual whose acquaintance we have yet to make. 
 
 Of course there are members of a newspaper staff who stay 
 at home at ease. Not much ease either, in the case, for instance, 
 of the political leader-writer, who turns night into day to work 
 upon latest information. For instance, Mr. Justin McCarthy, 
 before he was elected for Longford, was a diligent attender at the 
 House of Commons, listening in the gallery for the last word of a 
 Ministerial statement, or of an Opposition attack; and then, at 
 perhaps one or two o'clock in the morning, sitting down to finish the 
 leader which the readers of the Daily News conned over at break- 
 fast, or in early trains. Or, let us take the case of the sub-editor, 
 or co-editor, of another of the London dailies, whom we have in 
 mind. He is so chained to his work that he is only able to give a 
 dinner-party or to dine out once in the week (a limitation which 
 would be a substantial grievance to a man of equal eminence in 
 another profession) ; and on this solitary festive occasion he is often 
 obliged to leave his guests or his hosts to write a leader on some 
 unexpected event. He has only one morning — that of Saturday — 
 in which he can take the solace of gun or line, or mere country 
 
yo 'Journals and 'Journalism, 
 
 air ; not only must he be up late at night, but he is impatient 
 to rise early in the morning, so that he may con the "latest 
 intelligence " of the rival dailies, to satisfy himself that they have 
 not outdone his own ; his brain is not only active with constant 
 production, but worn with responsibility ; and his annual holiday, 
 especially if the political times are stirring, is none too long. 
 
 Nor does the hard labour of the sub-editor, the special 
 
 correspondent, or the leader-writer abate one jot if the pinnacle of 
 
 the profession— a head editorship— be attained. Let us see how 
 
 it fared with him who sat on the throne of journalism, the late Mr. 
 
 ^ Delane. "He had," says one of his 
 
 yy ^^J^ friends, "the instincts of family 
 
 ^/t'sJ^'y^'T^je^'Ct^,,^^ affection almost to excess ; " yet 
 
 " for many years he could only run 
 
 down on Saturday to bury himself for a few hours in his Berkshire 
 home, domestic life in town being obviously out of the question for 
 one who for nearly half of each year saw the sun rise every morning, 
 not after what it would be a mockery to call his night's rest, but 
 before it. He was a warm friend, yet how few were the hours he 
 could devote to friendship ! His love of company was something 
 more than the natural and universal preference shown by educated 
 men for what is called good society, and his personal qualities 
 made him welcome wherever he went ; nevertheless, when he joined 
 a friendly circle at dinner, as soon as the clock struck ten he 
 
^Journalism as a Career. ji 
 
 disappeared. "Few," says the friend already referred to, **can 
 estimate what it was for Mr. Delane to withdraw as unobservedly 
 and as early as he could from the assembled guests, before they 
 had joined the ladies, to spend many hours selecting materials, 
 pruning redundant paragraphs, fining down tedious narratives, 
 deciphering manuscripts, correcting proofs, harmonizing discordant 
 intelligence, discovering the sense of telegraphic riddles, and often 
 finishing by sacrificing the editorial labour of many hours to make 
 room for some bulky and important, but very late, arrival, that must 
 be published, at whatever cost." And this gives us a glimpse of the 
 huge and constant responsibility of such a post — a responsibility 
 which must needs have its own inevitable effect upon health. 
 Of course there is only one Delane, but there are a hundred other 
 editors of whom the same tale may be told in their degree. Of 
 this burden on journalistic eminence, however, we shall say no 
 more here, as the subject comes within the scope of the chapter 
 headed " In an Editor's Chair." 
 
 Laborious, scantily paid, the profession is moreover inglorious, 
 for all but the very few, unless, indeed, we accept that impersonal 
 glory — the consciousness of good work done and effective power 
 wielded anonymously — as the satisfaction of the natural ambition. 
 Many a journalist spends himself — the best of his intellect and the 
 flower of his days — in speaking to a public which is and will 
 always be utterly ignorant of his individuality. Nor is his 
 
72 'Journals and yournalism. 
 
 anonymity merely that of a writer who chooses to mask his person 
 under one nam de plume but whose work is aj^preciated as the 
 utterance of some one man ; it is his fate to bury himself under 
 a far profounder incognito than this — nay, he breaks up his 
 individuality into a thousand separate fragments, not one of which 
 bears the stamp of his name. The man is scattered and lost, the 
 character of his work is dissipated by dissemination, and nothing 
 remains but the influence of that work falling as it may when sown 
 broadcast ; though, by an apt compensation, the impersonality adds 
 so much to this influence that few who are journalists at heart 
 are found to lament it. A newspaper on the Continent, for 
 instance, with its acknowledged articles, has never had and can 
 never have the weight in public opinion which an English news- 
 paper possesses. The unrivalled position of the English press is 
 due fully as much to its anonymity as to its freedom. But this 
 train of thought brings us back again to the fairer side of the 
 literary career ; and that is the side which we would leave upper- 
 most after all. 
 
/ ^: 
 
 l-^ 
 
 {\ oiik 
 
 J^aJ^' 
 
 ^'m AN EDITOR'S CHAIR, f ""I^Z^t 
 
 N editor is a much-abused man. Con- 
 tributors who think he has neglected them, 
 or failed to appreciate them, or " cut out " 
 or " wTitten in " where he should not, do 
 not spare him ; the readers of his paper 
 do not measure terms when any single 
 thing in his many columns strikes them as 
 false in taste or below the mark in intelligence. Above all is a 
 slip from classical English proclaimed aloud with a kind of gay 
 triumph among amateurs who have infinite leisure for the criticism 
 of articles hastily revised, perhaps at dead of night, and after long 
 hours of labour. Cobbett made the columns of T/ie Times his 
 happy hunting-grounds for grammatical mistakes, and his example 
 has been followed with less point often since then. This is a very 
 cheap sort of censure, and only shows how little the critic has 
 reflected on the duties and difficulties of an editor's position. 
 Nor are these sufficiently taken to heart by the amateur authors 
 already alluded to — even though many among them have no 
 greater ambition in life than to sit in an editor's chair. In their 
 
 D 
 
n^ 'Journals and Journalism. 
 
 imagination it is the throne of an easy power which may sway 
 opinion and legislate on politics, ethics, and the arts. They have 
 formed no idea to themselves as to the realities of work and 
 responsibility — realities hardly to be matched in any other position 
 of modern life. Of the editor's labour we have already spoken 
 
 labour of the pen at actual composition and at endless letter- 
 writing; labour of the judgment at selection and decision; labour 
 of the eyes at proof-reading ; labour of the tongue and temper in 
 dealing with men whom for various reasons it is necessary to see 
 — from the Minister of State, on whose leisure he must attend, to 
 the veriest bore who is too useful a person or too good-natured a 
 goose to affront ; labour of the journalistic instinct in putting 
 forward what will " take," and of the intelligence at rapid sifting 
 of conflicting evidence ; — and all this in the hurry of going to 
 press and the anxiety to obtain the latest news, which, by arriving 
 in unexpected quantity, or faiUng to come at all, may throw 
 out all calculations at the last moment. But great as is the strain 
 of this hard work, it is light compared with the burden of re- 
 sponsibility which otherwise attaches to his post. And it is this 
 responsibility, rather than the mere manual and mental labour, 
 that we are about to consider. 
 
 '« When I remember," said Lord Beaconsfield at the Edinburgh 
 Corn Exchange in 1867, "the interests of these British Isles, so vast, 
 so various and so complicated — when I even recall the differences 
 
In an 'Editor s Chair. y^ 
 
 of race, which, however blended, leave a very significant 
 characteristic — when I recollect that the great majority of the 
 population of the United Kingdom rise every day and depend 
 for their daily sustenance on their daily labour — when I recollect 
 the delicate nature of our credit, more wonderful in my opinion 
 than all our accumulated capital — when I remember that it is on 
 the common sense, the prudence, and the courage of a community 
 thus circumstanced that depends the fate of uncounted millions 
 in ancient provinces, and that around the globe there is a circle 
 of domestic settlements that watch us for example and inspiration 
 — when I know that not a sun rises on a British Minister that does 
 not bring him care and even inexpressible anxiety — an unexpected 
 war, a disturbed and discontented colony^ a pestilence, a famine, 
 a mutiny, a declining trade, a decaying revenue, a collapse 
 of credit, perhaps some insane and fantastic conspiracy — I 
 declare I very often wonder where there is the strength of 
 heart to deal with such colossal circumstances." We shall hardly 
 be exaggerating if we draw a parallel between the anxieties of the 
 British Minister, thus graphically portrayed, and those of the 
 British editor of a leading daily paper, or in their lesser measure 
 of those of the editors of important weekly papers which deal 
 with current events and criticise public affairs. Take the case of 
 the editor of T/ie Times, as an extreme but still a representative 
 one. He presides over his staff as a Premier over his Cabinet, 
 
y6 'Journals and 'Journalism, 
 
 and on his choice of a pohcy — a choice he is sometimes called 
 upon to make in a hurry-^-the fate of his paper, involving a capital 
 of hundreds of thousands, in some cases of more than a million, 
 depends. It is a mistake to suppose that a powerful organ can 
 always carry its readers with it; on the contrary, they are 
 easily alienated. And on an important and perhaps involved 
 national question, to see the right line, to take it, and never to 
 falter in pursuing it, is a task as difficult and delicate as that of 
 any public man in any capacity whatever. Differences of nation 
 and creed concern an editor perhaps even more than they con- 
 cern a Minister of State. Then an article in The Times produces 
 fluctuations in the money market — the paper itself fluctuating 
 with those fluctuations — and even affects the national credit. 
 Nay, upon its tone towards foreign powers often depends the 
 tremendous alternative of peace or war. To be right and correct 
 and in accord with enlightened public opinion in far smaller things 
 than these — in the merest details of the merest trivialities — is an 
 essential effort on the part of an editor ; the slightest slip may 
 by some accidental circumstance assume large proportions, 
 and in a moment his credit be gone. The consciousness of this 
 is a weight incommensurately greater than that which is experienced 
 in other professions — by the barrister under his crucial brief, by 
 the doctor under his most critical case. The one may lose a 
 single client, and the other fail over a single patient, but the world 
 
In an RJitors Chair. jj 
 
 will not blame either, if he has taken proper pains : while the 
 failure of an editor is apparent to the whole of his huge con- 
 stituency, and the chances are that no one will inquire into its 
 cause, or care whether he blundered conscientiously or not. 
 
 All this was so feelingly put forth in the memoir of Mr. Delane 
 which appeared in The Times, and was, as we know, so feelingly read 
 by those who on other papers bore a like or an only lighter burden, 
 that we cannot do better than reproduce its salient passages here : 
 — " An editor, it has often been said, sometimes not very seriously, 
 must know everything. He must, at least, never be found at 
 fault, and must be always equal to the occasion as to the personal 
 characteristics, the concerns, the acts and utterances of those who 
 are charged with the government of this great Empire. But this 
 is only one of many points, some even more difficult, because 
 more special and more apt to lie for a time out of the scope of 
 ordinary vigilance. Since the year 1841 the world has seen 
 unprecedented improvements in naval and military material and 
 tactics, not slowly making their way as curiosities that might take 
 their time, but forced into notice by frequent reminders of their 
 necessity. Europe has seen not only two or three but many 
 revolutions, wars unexampled for their dimensions, their cost and 
 their results ; many dynasties overthrown, an Empire rise and 
 fall, another all but finally dismembered amid a scramble over the 
 spoil, and several re-unifications effected beyond even the hopes 
 
yS 'Journals and 'Journalism. 
 
 of former times. Scientific discovery in every department of 
 knowledge has been more than ever active, and that in the practical 
 bearings which claim the notice of the public from day to day. 
 Never before have the earth and the sea so freely revealed their 
 resources and their treasures. Continents supposed to be 
 protected from intrusive curiosity by intolerable heat, by untam- 
 able savagery, or by national jealousy, have been traversed in ail 
 directions by explorers whose volumes have been as familiar as 
 our Continental handbooks. Within this period have been the 
 gold discoveries and the new communities founded on them. It 
 is commonly said that the English never really learn geography or 
 history till" [these are] " forced upon their acquaintance by wars or 
 other disasters. This shows how much has to be learnt if any one 
 has to keep pace with the times. The American Civil War, our 
 own Indian Mutiny, and the occupation of France by the German 
 armies, are events which the future student of history may find 
 comprised in a few paragraphs, but the record and explanation 
 of them day by day for many months involved particulars sufficient 
 to fill many bulky volumes. With a large class of critics, a small 
 mistake counts as much as a large one, but everybody is liable to 
 make mistakes, and an editor labours under the additional danger 
 of too readily accepting the words of writers, some of whom will 
 always be too full of their ideas to pay needful attention to such 
 matters. These are days of Blue-books, of, enormous correspo»- 
 
In an Editor s Chair. 
 
 79 
 
 dence, of tabular returns, of statistics twisted into every possible 
 form, of averages and differences always on supposition to be 
 carefully remembered, of numerical comparisons everybody 
 challenges if they are not in his own favour, and of statements 
 that if they possess the least novelty or other interest are sure to 
 be picked to pieces. It frequently happens that a long night's 
 work has to be thrown away, including many carefully-revised 
 columns of printed matter, to make room for an overgrown 
 Parliamentary debate, a budget of important despatches, or a 
 speech made in the provinces. Often has it been said at two in 
 the morning that a very good paper has been printed and destroyed 
 to make way for a paper that very few will read — none, perhaps, 
 except a few Parliamentary gentlemen looking out for passages 
 which, if they don't read well, must have been incorrectly reported. 
 As an instance of what may happen to an editor, the Quarterly 
 Return of the Revenue once came with an enormous error, an 
 addition instead of subtraction, or idee versa. The writer who 
 had to comment on it jotted down the principal figures, and the 
 totals, which were unexpected, and returned the original for the 
 jjrinters. It was not till an hour after midnight that, on a sight of 
 the Return in print, the error was perceived, and corrected, with- 
 out a word of remark, by the paper. Of course, the comments 
 had to be re-written and carefully secured from error. . . . The 
 work of an editor can only be appreciated by those who have had 
 
8o 'Journals and journalism. 
 
 the fortune to have some little experience of it. The editor of 
 a London daily newspaper is held answerable for every word in 48, 
 and sometimes 60, columns. The merest slip of the pen, an epithet 
 too much, a wrong date, a name misspelt, or with a wrong initial 
 before it, a mistake as to some obscure personage only too glad to 
 seize the opportunity of showing himself, the misinterpretation of 
 some passage perhaps incapable of interpretation, the most trifling 
 offence to the personal or national susceptibility of those who do 
 not even profess to care for the feelings of others, may prove not 
 only disagreeable but even costly mistakes : but they are among 
 the least to which an editor is liable. As it is impossible to say 
 what a night may bring forth, and the most important intelligence 
 is apt to be the latest, it will often find him with none to share his 
 responsibility, his colleagues being either pre-engaged on other 
 matters or no longer at hand. The editor must be on the spot 
 till the paper is sent to the press, and make decisions on which 
 not only the approval of the British public, but great events, and 
 even great causes, may hang. All the more serious part of his 
 duties has to be discharged at the end of a long day's work, a day 
 of interruptions and conversations, of letter-reading and letter- 
 writing, when mind and body are not what they were twelve hours 
 ago, and wearied nature is putting in her gentle pleas. An editor 
 cannot husband his strength for the night's battle by comparative 
 repose in the solitude of a study or the freshness of green fields- 
 
In an Editors Chair. 8i 
 
 He must see the world, converse with its foremost or busiest actors, 
 be open to information, and on guard against error. All this- 
 ought to be borne in mind by those who complain that journalism 
 is not infallibly accurate, just, and agreeable. Their complaints 
 are like those of the Court lord who found fault with the disagree- 
 able necessities of warfare." How much indeed has happened 
 since the days when Cowper wrote of 
 
 " The folio of four pages, happy work, 
 Which not e'en ciitics criticise." 
 
 And even this is not a complete picture of an editor's toils and 
 sufferings. Just as it is necessary for a paper to stand well with 
 the general public, so is it important for its editor to stand well 
 with his own intimate public — his private friends and the writers 
 on his staff. How to reconcile their claims on his kindness and 
 consideration with his duty to the world is often a difficult problem. 
 His outside friends may be politicians or writers on whom his 
 columns are bound to pass an unfavourable verdict ; while from 
 a host of acquaintances, of both sexes, he receives daily, and is 
 generally obliged to deny, the solicitations incessantly made to all 
 who have anything to do with public opinion. And what tact is 
 needed in such cases to give a denial, yet not to give offence ! Nor 
 is it less difficult or less requisite for the editor to be on friendly 
 working relations with his staff. Each one of these has a personality 
 
 D 2 
 
82 'Journals and Journalism. 
 
 of his own, an experience to which deference is due, and at the 
 same time a political or a religious bias, which a wide acquaintance 
 with the persojinel of the movements of the day only serves to 
 emphasize. Yet often the editor must hurriedly set his assistant's 
 deliberate judgment aside; and must always eliminate the merely 
 personal feeling, and put public feeling in its stead, knowing, as has 
 been well said, that, " great as is the audacity of inner consciousness 
 in these days, its place is not in an editor's room." And this (though 
 it seems paradoxical to say so) as regards the editor himself as 
 . much as any member of his staff. For the good editor is the man 
 who has the fewest hobbies, or having them, rides them least, and 
 who is able to raise himself above the level of party passion and 
 personal inclination, to direct the course of his journal as from a 
 judge's bench for impartiality, as from a true statesman's standpoint 
 for prescience and long-sighted precision. And as he is and ought 
 to be impersonal in what he says, so he is and ought to be 
 impersonal in his very way of saying it. Thus the editorial " we " 
 is not only a more modest yet more dignified but also a more 
 absolutely accurate pronoun than " I " for the leader-\\a-iter's use. 
 This is still more obviously the fact when, as often happens, the 
 writer, or the editor who inspires the writer, takes his cue not only 
 from what his trained perception tells him is most right and politic 
 {pace any little personal weaknesses of his own), but from actual con- 
 sultation with his wisest colleagues, with the heads of his Par- 
 
In an Editor s Chair. 83 
 
 liamentary party, and with all the best authorities at command. 
 His " leader " is thus the pronouncement of the collective wisdom of 
 a board of direction, and cannot without the absurdest confusion 
 be classed with the opinion uttered at random by a man over his 
 matutinal coffee or at his club— an opinion which he may change 
 to-morrow, while that of a newspaper must never be recorded 
 except after such deliberation as will allow it to be consistently 
 maintained. 
 
 When the Morning Chronicle was bought by Mr. Gladstone, the 
 Duke of Newcastle, and Lord Herbert of Lea, to be placed in the 
 hands of Mr. Cook (afterwards editor of the Saturday Review), and 
 conducted from the unpopular platform of Puseyism in religion as 
 well as Peelism in politics, not all their combined influence, ability, 
 and capital, could prevent a decrease in circulation and an actual 
 average loss of from ;^io,ooo to ;^i2,ooo a year. In 1854-—. 
 according to Mr. Grant, a not infallible authority — they sold the 
 paper to Serjeant Glover, agreeing to give him ^3,000 annually for 
 three years on condition that he should continue to advocate the 
 same principles — an arrangement, if really made, curiously at vari- 
 ance with certain floating impressions as to supposed editorial free- 
 dom from the restraining influences of capital ; and the Serjeant 
 accepted a further subsidy from France to support the Napoleonic 
 Idea. But the public would have none of it ; and the journal, 
 whose " we " had been accepted during ninety years of broad and 
 
84 'Journals and 'Journalism. 
 
 spirited management, was hurled into bankruptcy by becoming the 
 organ of a clique. Used in a class journal, of course the " we " 
 represents only a class, and is nevertheless legitimate — always sup- 
 posing the journal does not pretend to be more than it is. But 
 the great dailies and weeklies are much more than this, and must 
 represent the thought of a multitude, not the whim of a unit ; 
 and let us add our conviction that no editor or proprietor of such 
 would ever pander to a popular feeling which he knew to be 
 injurious to the welfare of the State. All this is what even a 
 thoughtful writer like Emerson may fail to comprehend. " Was 
 ever," he exclaims, " such arrogancy as the tone of The Times ? 
 Every slip of an Oxonian or Cambridgian, who writes his first 
 leader, assumes ' we ' subdued the earth before ' we ' sat down to 
 Avrite this particular Times. One would think the world was on 
 its knees to T/ie Times office for its daily breakfast. But the arro- 
 gance is calculated. Who would care for it if it ' surmised,' or 
 ' dared to confess,' or * ventured to predict ' ? No ; it is so, and 
 so it shall be." The idea of a " slip " of an undergraduate trying 
 his 'prentice pen in the most important department of our most 
 important paper — that of The Tivies leading articles — is sufficiently 
 grotesque, and shows how very far the most intelligent alien is from 
 understanding the seriousness and the solidity of our great 
 national organs. 
 
 All journalists, therefore, and everyone who has the best 
 
In an Editor s Chair. ^^ 
 
 interests of journalism at heart, ought, we would earnestly urge, to 
 deprecate any public attempt to associate a newspaper with its 
 personnel in the sense of attacking writers by name for the anony- 
 mous opinions which their newspaper expresses ; or of attacking a 
 newspaper for the private shortcomings, real or supposed, of any 
 individual member of its proprietary or staff. This kind of banter, 
 which has become so much the fashion of late, may raise a momen- 
 tary smile, but it must in the end be fatal to the liberty and 
 prestige of the press, while it indefinitely increases that burden 
 which already weighs too heavily on an editor, for whom, be it 
 understood, we are claiming no licence to be untruthful, but only 
 leave to be, in the exercise of duty, as impersonal as the barrister, 
 the clergyman, the statesman, the monarch, the pontiff, and the 
 judge. 
 
 From all this it must be apparent that the qualifications of an 
 editor are not only or chiefly of a literary order. He must be before 
 all things a man of the world, conversant with many subjects, and 
 able to get on well with his fellows, some of whom are also men of 
 the world, and some of whom are not. Mr. Delane, for instance, 
 never wrote in The Times, but he directed the policy of those who 
 did, even down to the minutest particular, a habit which the following 
 note very characteristically illustrates : — " My dear sir,— You may 
 review— — , if you like, a most admirable book ; but before you do 
 this please to write me a memoir, rather eulogistic than otherwise, but 
 
86 'Journals and Journalism. 
 
 not puffing, of Sir William Mansfield, who, after resigning the chief 
 command in India, has just been appointed to the chief command 
 in Ireland.— Ever faithfully yours, M. T. Delane." Among weekly 
 journals the Saturday Review has been issued for years together 
 without an article from the editor's pen. 
 
 Although what we have hitherto said about the troubles of 
 editing, and the kind of capacity requisite to cope with them, 
 applies principally to the daily and a portion of the weekly press, 
 it holds good also of all editing, in a greater or a less degree. Even 
 a monthly will not be successfully conducted by a litterateur^ 
 however brilliant, unless with his literary ability he combines a 
 faculty for business, a power to endure drudgery, and a variety of 
 personal qualities not often met with in any one man. Coleridge, 
 curiously enough, succeeded, as editor of the Morning Pos^, in 
 greatly increasing its circulation ; but, as a rule, editors are made 
 of sterner stuff. " I can find any number of men of genius to write 
 for me, but very seldom one of common sense," an editor of The 
 Times remarked to Moore. Without endorsing this saying in its 
 hard, excessive brusquerie, we accept in a modified manner the 
 truth it contains, and recommend it to the careful attention of 
 amateurs, who must after all perceive that it is not easy to sit in 
 that editorial chair which Campbell, Moore, Leigh Hunt, Carlyle, 
 Lytton, Thackeray, Charles Dickens, George Sala, and Anthony 
 Trollope were forced by one cause or another to abandon. 
 
A MISCELLANEOUS CHAPTER, 
 
 picture, to lecture, 
 
 E have somewhat strayed from the amateur^ 
 to whom our first chapters were addressed, 
 in the excursion we have made to the fields 
 of professional life. Our excuse is that no 
 amateur who is capable of taking regular 
 rank will be content to remain an amateur — 
 a fact which distinguishes literature from 
 the other arts. A reluctance to sell a 
 act, sing, or play for money is common 
 enough in certain classes — or if such reluctance is wearing away 
 a little shyness lingers when the market-matters of sale and pur- 
 chase are in question. But no one ever has been, or ever 
 will be, in any degree ashamed of pocketing a cheque for 
 literary work, and the most hypersensitive have no fear of 
 losing caste by selling the pure production of their brains. This 
 is probably because no personal appearance or performance for 
 money is involved, and also that no material vs, the subject of barter. 
 Mr. Trollope may choose to call literature a trade ; nevertheless 
 the litterateur is in no sense a tradesman. Besides all this, letters 
 
88 'Journals and "Journalism. 
 
 are and will always remain altogether the noblest of the arts — the 
 one art, perhaps, with which society could not by any possibility 
 dispense — our very thinking in daily life having taken literary form, 
 and some kind of reading being really as necessary to us as bread ; 
 whereas a civilization deprived of music, painting, or the drama, 
 is at least conceivable. No literary amateur, then, puts any limit 
 before himself. He aims at a professional standing even when he 
 does not intend literature to be his only profession ; and con- 
 sequently there is not in this art the line of demarcation between 
 the artist and the dilettante which exists in the others ; nor have 
 we separated them in our survey. 
 
 By no means exhaustive has been this review of one of the 
 most distinctive developments of the modern worM. There are 
 joys and sorrows, for instance, in the literary career, on which we 
 have not touched. Of the former, one of the keenest is the 
 sensation produced on the novice by his first success. Merely to 
 see himself in print for the first time is a pleasure almost over- 
 whelming, if only for the "promise that it closes." If that 
 great event could fall flat, it would assuredly be a sign that his 
 heart was not in his work ; that his work, consequently, was not 
 worthy of him ; and that it behoved him to seek forthwith for 
 some occupation which either would have power over his 
 emotions, or in which emotion'would be altogether out of place. 
 A success in tea, or in banking, or in conveyancing, will always 
 
A Miscellaneous Chapter. 89 
 
 leave him master of himself; but he should let the arts alone, 
 if he considers unbroken self-possession as a necessary part of his 
 dignity. Charles Dickens, as we have already seen, does not 
 hesitate to confess the happy tears with which he saw his first 
 pubHshed words, and the nearer our beginner's experience comes 
 to his, so much the more hope will there be that the career of the 
 one may in some degree resemble that of the other. Out of the 
 abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh, we are told ; and if 
 the young writer have sent out words from the real abundance of 
 his heart, he has merited the delight of seeing them winged for 
 flight into the corners of the world. Nor will any art or any 
 pursuit yield him a more just enjoyment, or a more lasting one ; 
 it will not wear out at the fifth repetition, nor at the fiftieth, so 
 long as his work is honest work ; his satisfaction will be calmer, 
 indeed, but as solid as ever. 
 
 We come to one of the sorrows of the career when we deplore 
 that this moving, touching, thrilling moment of a first publication 
 should so often be marred by a little matter which is enough to 
 turn a triumph into a mortification. Everyone who has passed 
 through the experience will know that we refer to the sore subject 
 of misprints. The beginner is more liable than another to this 
 form of disappointment and annoyance, because he generally 
 sends in his tentative MS. to some comparatively obscure 
 periodical, the printing department of which is not a model of 
 
9© 'Journals and 'Journalism, 
 
 efficiency ; or because an editor may not think a casual contri- 
 bution worth the trouble of a despatch of proofs. Amateur authors 
 are largely to be blamed for the frequent neglect of this pre- 
 caution and courtesy on the part of an editor; if they would 
 more generally take the trouble to complete their work, finally 
 and irrevocably, before sending it in — if, that is, they could be 
 trusted to correct in proof the compositor's errors merely, and 
 not to re-write and polish up their own sentences (which they 
 should have done in the MS.), they would often have the security 
 and satisfaction of receiving the coveted slips. Such afterthoughts 
 of an author entail on an editor serious expense, which he cannot 
 be blamed for avoiding. Yet it must be owned that misprints are 
 intolerable. The absurdity of the errors — and they hardly ever 
 fail of a poignant absurdity — the utter impotence of the unhappy 
 writer, who has no means whatever of retrieving his character for 
 common sense, or even sanity, are calculated to drive him to 
 temporary despair. Feelingly does an anonymous (we believe a 
 Transatlantic) bard sing the sorrows which embitter what would 
 otherwise be a moment of entire glory : — 
 
 ON SEEING MY FIRST POEM IN A NEWSPAPER. 
 
 Ah ! here It is ! I'm famous now- 
 
 An author and a poet ! 
 It really is in print — ye gods, 
 
 How proud I'll be to show it ! 
 
 And gentle Anna— what a thrill 
 
 Will animate her breast 
 To read these ardent lines, and know 
 
 To whom they are addressed. 
 
A Miscellaneous Chapter. 
 
 9^ 
 
 Why, bless my soul — here's something 
 strange ! 
 
 What can the paper mean 
 By talking of the "graceful brooks 
 
 That gander o'er the green ? " 
 And here's a T instead of R, 
 
 Which makes it " tippling rill ; " 
 "We'll seek the shad," instead of shade, 
 
 And "hell," instead of hill. 
 
 " They look so " — what ? — I recollect 
 
 'Twas " sweet," and then 'twas " kind." 
 And now to think the stupid fool 
 For bland has printed " blind." 
 Was ever such provoking work ? — 
 
 'Tis curious, by the bye, 
 How anything is rendered blind 
 By giving it an eye. 
 
 "Hast thou no tears?" — the T's left 
 out ; 
 
 " Hast thou no ears ? " instead. 
 " I hope that thou art dear" is put 
 
 " I hope that thou art dead." 
 Whoever saw in such a space 
 
 So many blunders crammed ? 
 " Those gentle eyes bedimmed " is spelt, 
 
 "Those gentle eyes bedammed." 
 
 " Thou art the same " is rendered 
 " lame," 
 
 It really is too bad ; 
 And here, because an I is out. 
 
 My " lovely maid " is " mad." 
 " Where are the muses fed, that thou 
 
 Shouldst live so long unsung ? " 
 Thus read my version : here it is, 
 
 " Shouldst live so long unhung. " 
 
 I'll read no more. What shall I do? 
 
 I'll never dare to send it. 
 The paper 's scattered far and wide — 
 
 'Tis now too late to mend it. 
 Oh, Fame ! thou cheat of human bliss ! 
 
 Why did I ever write ? 
 I wish my poem had been burnt 
 
 Before it saw the light. 
 
 I wish I had that editor, 
 
 About a half-a-minute, 
 I'd bang him to my heart's content. 
 
 And with an H begin it. 
 I'd ja»! his body, eyes, and nose. 
 
 And spell it with a D ; 
 And send him to that A/ll of his — 
 
 He spells it with an E. 
 
 Nor is it the amateur alone who is familiar with this dismay. 
 All through life the literary man is liable — often owing to a sloven- 
 liness of handwriting — to be misprinted; and he will never like it, 
 nor perhaps ever bear it with equanimity. He will find, too, 
 that when he is misprinted it is generally in the very passages on 
 which his affections were principally set, and his sensations, if 
 
9 2 'Journals ana Journalism. 
 
 milder than those of the debutant, are far from pleasant. In all 
 cases the mortification — more keen according to the inexperience 
 of the victim — is sufficient to neutralize the pleasure— also more 
 keen according to the freshness of the author — of an appearance 
 in print. 
 
 With these and many other joys and sorrows are responsibiUties 
 to which we have little space to allude, but which bear a larger 
 part in literary life than in perhaps any other career, not even 
 excepting religion, medicine and statesmanship. And of the 
 two branches of literature — authorship and journalism— the latter 
 is assuredly the most heavily burdened. In one way only can the 
 anonymous wielder of public power become worthy of his influence, 
 and that is by letting conscience guide all the course of his pro- 
 fessional hfe. Mere prudence will not avail to fit him for his post, 
 which is, indeed, usually one of so great security, that prudence 
 would be of itself a quite insufficient motive for honourable 
 conduct. The priest must answer to visible powers, to his bishop 
 and his people ; the physician to his patient ; the statesman to the 
 nation ; but the anonymous journalist very frequently is responsible 
 only to himself, and so much the more seriously will he feel the 
 force of obligations for the breach of which he may never have to 
 suffer; so much the more fine will become the' sensitiveness of 
 his self-respect, so much the more active his sympathies. And 
 while drawing this picture— ideal, perhaps, but happily also quite 
 
A Miscellaneous Chapter. 93 
 
 real — we need not necessarily be included among those who 
 declaim against personal journalism, so long as personality is 
 inoifensive to any private feeling. Subject to that condition, it is 
 legitimate enough, and all the more legitimate as it is inevitable. 
 It is no new thing. A writer in a " Society " paper recently retorted 
 to the stock charge of personality, that the daily Court Circular 
 chronicles are far more intimately and intrusively personal than 
 the information collected under the gossiping headings of the 
 weeklies : for custom alone causes us to accept the announcement 
 that her Majesty walked on the slopes, and that one maid of 
 honour was succeeded by another, as a matter of any concern 
 whatever to the general public. The censors of personal 
 journalism generally assume that the persons or personages who 
 are the subject of it are aggrieved by their own prominent 
 appearance in print ; the journalist, however, knows that there is 
 no such grievance felt, provided the gossip published is pleasant 
 gossip — and no other kind should be allowed to appear. 
 Another facile criticism consists in the charge of Americanism. 
 We would, however, recommend a comparison between the 
 chattiest of the decent London journals of this kind and their 
 Transatlantic contemporaries. A glance will show that the 
 difference is immeasurable ; that there is a twang about the 
 American personalities which high-class English journalism of the 
 kind has never caught. Apart from this, the press of the great 
 
94 'Journals and "Journalism. 
 
 Republic has much that our own may imitate with advantage, and 
 which is so imitated by some of the most successful of the English 
 papers. The brightly-wTitten, readable, and non-political foreign 
 correspondence which has sometimes appeared in the Daily 
 Telegraph is an example of this. Let us remember that we are not 
 altogether perfect, and that if the French press seems to us frivolous 
 and the American flippant, ours is considered quite intolerably 
 prosaic and heavy in Paris and New York. To amuse is an 
 important function of the modern newspaper, and one which we 
 hope will never be neglected ; for we believe there is hardly a single 
 editor — we cannot tax our memory with one — -in England who 
 would consciously allow his paper to be made the vehicle of private 
 spite, though he might possibly be made the tool of a malicious 
 contributor through ignorance or through one of those errors of 
 judgment from which nobody is exempt, but which are visited 
 more heavily on an editor than on anyone else. For the journalist's 
 freedom from what is generally understood by responsibility docs 
 not by any means belong to an editor — whose broad shoulders, 
 indeed, are made to bear the burdens of his whole staff. 
 
 It remains for those who are about to enter the profession to 
 keep it as honourable and high-toned as it now is. If, from 
 choice or necessity, they tread the quicksands of personal 
 journalism, they must remember how Charles Dickens boiled over 
 with indignation at what he considered to be an unwarranted 
 
A Miscellaneous Chapter, 95 
 
 attack on a private reputation. "When I think," he writes to 
 Macready, " that every dirty speck upon the fair face of the 
 Almighty's creation who writes in a filthy, beastly newspaper; every 
 rotten-hearted panderer who has been beaten, kicked, and rolled 
 in the kennel, yet struts it in the editorial ' We ' once a week ; 
 every vagabond that an honest man's gorge must rise at ; every 
 living emetic in that noxious drug-shop, the press, can have his 
 fling at such men and call them knaves and fools and thieves — I 
 grow so vicious that with bearing hard upon my pen I break the 
 nib down, and with keeping my teeth set make my jaws ache." 
 These words — written in a moment of characteristic excitement 
 and irritation, may hardly be a necessary warning to any of the 
 beginners whom we address ; yet the temptation to " smart " 
 scribbling is great ; and all who are liable to it should remember 
 that personalities which would not be spoken out at a club are 
 not to be printed in a newspaper. Nor do we grudge the great 
 novelist his exaggeration in straining for effect, if that effect is 
 produced on the minds of those in whose hands is the future of 
 journalism for evil or good. Let them have always before them 
 the words of another great and sensitive man. " Ah ! ye knights 
 of the pen," exclaims Thackeray in the " Roundabout Papers," 
 " may honour be your shield, and truth tip your lances ! Be gentle 
 to all gentle people. Be modest to women. Be tender to chil- 
 dren. And as for the ogre humbug, out sword, and have at him." 
 
96 "Journals and 'Journalism, 
 
 Enough has been said in these pages to the new writer. That 
 which is in want of encouragement — and it is a truism that 
 merit is generally modest — will, we hope, find nothing to chill or 
 dismay it in the frankest sincerity of what we have said ; nor that 
 which requires suppressing, to give it false hopes. What we have 
 written has been designed — we do not disguise it — for hindrance 
 of some, as well as for help of others. For we have aimed at 
 writing the truth only ; and the truth has this property, among 
 many, that everyone will find in it what he most needs and can 
 best assimilate. 
 
LITERARY COPYRIGHT. 
 
 FEW words may here be said on the sub- 
 ject of literary copyright, particularly in 
 connection with the periodical press. The 
 amateur who, compelled by some circum- 
 stance or other, regretfully publishes in a 
 magazine a composition out of which he 
 believes a fortune might be made under 
 happier auspices, may be glad to be 
 assured that he does not lose all right over his work because it 
 has been used by an editor, unless there is a special agreement 
 to that effect. 
 
 By 5 and 6 Victoria, Cap. 45, it is provided {inter alia) : — 
 
 (i). That the copyright in every article in an encyclopedia, review, or other 
 periodical, shall belong to the proprietor of that periodical for the same term 
 {i.e. forty years) as is allowed by the act to authors of books, whenever such 
 article shall be contributed on the terms that the copyright therein shall belong 
 to such proprietor and be paid for by him. On that point it has been settled 
 that the proprietor acquires no copyright till payment has actually been made. 
 
 (2). After the term of twenty-eight years from the first publication of any 
 article, the right of publishing the same in a separate form shall revert to the 
 
 E 
 
98 'Journals and Journalism. 
 
 author for the remainder of the term (of forty years) given by the act ; and 
 during such term of twenty-eight years the proprietor shall not publish any 
 such article separately without previously obtaining the author's consent. 
 
 (3). Any author may reserve to himself the right to publish any such 
 composition in a separate form, and he will then be entitled to the sole copy- 
 right in the separate publication. 
 
 Apart from the strict legal regulations on this matter, there is 
 probably a recognised custom in the profession by which the copy- 
 right in articles is considered to belong to the writer, in the 
 absence of any express contrary stipulation, such as that, for 
 instance, which Messrs. Cassell, Fetter, Galpin and Co. include 
 in the printed receipt form sent out with all their payments for 
 literary matter. It will be seen, however, that by the pro- 
 visions of the Act above quoted, in all ordinary cases, even where 
 he is the owner of the copyright, an editor cannot publish a con- 
 tribution in a separate shape without the writer's consent, which 
 may be withheld until it is worth his while to grant it. For 
 example, in the case of Mayhew v. Maxwell the defendant was 
 restrained from publishing in a separate form, without the plaintiffs 
 permission, an article written by the plaintiff in a magazine called 
 The Welcome Guest. 
 
 Between author and publisher in regard to a volume, the 
 arrangement as to copyright is more simple than that between 
 author and editor. The composition simply changes hands. Yet 
 
Literary Copyright. gg 
 
 even in selling out-and-out to a bookseller the copyright of a MS., its 
 author may feel well assured that if its publication should prove a 
 great and an unexpected pecuniary success, he will share in those 
 profits, even though he has no legal claim to do so. Fifty instances 
 of the kind could be brought up to show that publishers are not 
 devoid of moral justness on such occasions. 
 
 Mr. Carlyle once said to Charles Sumner, that " the strangest 
 thing in the history of literature was his recent receipt of^j^so 
 from America, on account of his ' French Revolution,' which had 
 never yielded him a farthing in Europe, and probably never would." 
 And, indeed, the new world furnishes a grand audience for all 
 worthy and memorable English utterances. The Americans are 
 eminently a reading people ; literature is cultivated among solitary 
 New England farms in a manner that is foreign to the customs of 
 Old England ; almost every village in the Northern States has its 
 free public library and reading-room ; and some English books 
 which are Uttle read at home are household words among the 
 pastures of New Hampshire and Massachusetts. In fame and 
 sympathy, then, America almost overpays our authors, but com- 
 mercially the matter is notoriously otherwise, the absence of any 
 satisfactory regulation as to international copyright leaving the 
 remuneration of writers here, whose works are republished there, 
 entirely to the chance benevolence of the American bookseller, 
 who, naturally enough, does not care to pay much for a copyright 
 
100 'Journals and 'Journalism. 
 
 which he cannot legally protect. Into the intricate English law of 
 libel we do not propose to enter here. Suffice it to say that in any 
 difficulty of the kind, or in any question of copyright, authors will 
 find in Mr. George Lewis an adviser whose care, courtesy, and 
 consideration are only equalled by his ability and the legal ex- 
 perience he is known to have acquired in all matters relating to 
 authorship and the press. 
 
TEN COMMANDMENTS : WITH REASONS AND 
 REMARKS. 
 
 OPY" (the technical name of MSS. sent to the 
 press) mj/sf be ivriiten on only one side of the 
 paper. This because the sheets are often 
 divided among a body of printers to secure 
 expedition or to keep all hands employed. 
 Of course it is especially on a daily that copy 
 is set into type in a hurry. If, for instance, the 
 last speech of a Parliamentary debate arrive 
 an hour before the paper goes to press, the sheets are cut cross- 
 ways into shreds or " takes," so that simultaneous printing produces 
 the whole in a few minutes. The rule, however, applies to all MSS., 
 whether sent to a daily paper or a quarterly review. 
 
 2. Write on sheets of paper which are neither small enough to be 
 scrappy nor large enough to be cumbrous on the printer's case. 
 No exact size can be mentioned as universally preferred by com- 
 positors ; but the most convenient of all is perhaps foolscap quarto, 
 which measures about seven inches by eight. A small post-octavo 
 
102 'Journals and ^Journalism, 
 
 (about four inches by seven) and a large post-octavo (five inches 
 by eight) are also popular sizes. 
 
 3. Leave plenty of space in margins arid between lines for 
 your own and editorial corrections. Then a whole page of MS. 
 need not be recopied because a sentence is altered. Every line 
 may have a correction if legibly made. 
 
 4. Use white paper rather than blue; because the writing stands 
 out more distinctly — an important consideration with the com- 
 positor, who often works by gaslight. 
 
 5. Use ink, and black ink — iox the same reason. Pencil- 
 writing is fainter and generally smudges ; moreover it catches the 
 light at certain angles, and becomes invisible to the printer, whose 
 head, unless he stoops, is a couple of feet distant from his 
 "copy." 
 
 6. Write plainly. Distinct penmanship is an immense desidera- 
 tum with both editor and printer. Excellent contributions have 
 gone into the waste-paper basket because editors, always busy, 
 have not time or patience to decipher hieroglyphics. It is true 
 that not all established journalists write very readably— as some of 
 the autographs scattered through these pages sufificiently show. 
 In fact, much rapid writing, as Lord Lytton somewhere says, 
 destroys even a beautiful hand. But in the case of a professional, 
 on the staff of a paper, his contributions are frequently never read 
 by the editor until they are in type, and the burden of the bad 
 
Ten Commandments. 103 
 
 writing falls on the compositor alone ; the amateur, however, will 
 certainly feel the disadvantage of writing an illegible hand. 
 Above all, write proper names and technical phrases in characters 
 as clear as print. A compositor deciphers cleverly and almost 
 instinctively where the words are those in ordinary use; but 
 where they are out of the common run, of course he can only 
 guess at them, and goes proverbially wide of the mark. 
 
 7. Number your pages of MS. 
 
 8. Write yourname and address in a comer of the first page, where 
 it is sure to be seen, instead of on the back of a sheet, or in an 
 accompanying letter where it is more likely than not to be over- 
 looked or lost. 
 
 9. Be pwidual. A remembrance of this trite admonition will 
 often stand a journalist in good stead. A man of mediocre talent 
 who always sends his copy in at the right time is worth more to an 
 editor than a genius who cannot be depended on. A few hints 
 about sending-in days may not be amiss. Weeklies generally 
 require latest copy at least two days before they are published, and 
 almost without exception they are published a day or two earlier 
 than the date they bear. Saturday's Pu7ich is a Wednesday 
 institution ; Wednesday's World is read on Tuesday afternoon ; 
 just as the evening papers are on the railway stalls when we over- 
 sleep a little in the morning. The World, for example, goes to press 
 on Monday night to be ready for actual publication on Tuesday 
 
1 04 'Journals and "Journalism. 
 
 afternoon ; and though down to Monday night it is possible to 
 insert anything of special importance, the standing rule is that 
 copy shall reach the editor on Saturday morning, or, failing that, 
 be posted by members of the staff straight to the printer not later 
 than Sunday night. Again, the Graphic goes to press in two parts 
 — that which contains the story and standing articles earUer in the 
 week than that which is devoted to current comment and to news. 
 Obviously, a contribution loses half its chance of insertion when 
 probably more than enough copy to fill the whole paper has been 
 already sent in. Even some of the monthly magazines, less con- 
 cerned than the weeklies with passing affairs, are prepared for the 
 press a fortnight or more before they are published. Contributions, 
 for instance, to one of Messrs. Cassell, Petter, and Galpin's monthlies 
 for April will sometimes be asked for by even the first of February; 
 and the principal contents of Good Words are arranged nearly a 
 year in advance. Stories for Christmas numbers are ordered in 
 the height of summer ; and verses apostrophizing snow are com- 
 posed with the thermometer at 80 deg. ; just as Hogarth's poet 
 indited an ode to riches while his wife was dunned for the milk- 
 score. This will account to the beginner for many vexatious 
 editorial delays and refusals, and will impress on him the necessity 
 of taking time by the forelock when sending his contributions to 
 the press. 
 
 10. Mark the ^^ proofs " of any accepted contribution sent for 
 
^'Ten Commandments. 
 
 105 
 
 correction according to the technical system, which avoids endless 
 confusion, and which every compositor understands. The 
 publishers have added an advertisement sheet at the end of 
 this book which sets forth this professional method of correcting 
 for the press. 
 
 £ 2 
 
A DICTIONARY OF THE PERIODICAL PRESS. 
 
 OR the benefit of beginners, we append the 
 names and addresses of some of the 
 leading periodical publications, with a 
 slight sketch of their character and scope. 
 The list makes no pretension to be com- 
 plete; for, while it embraces the leading 
 journals and magazines of general interest 
 — not forgetting even those less ambitious 
 but widely-circulated issues to which we referred while insisting 
 that the amateur must not shrink from a humble beginning — our 
 narrow space necessarily excludes notice of either the provincial 
 press, or of organs devoted to the special interests of this or that 
 trade, society, or sect ; though on these there are thousands of 
 pens perennially and profitably at work. In the interest of the 
 general reader, as well as of the amateur, we have, in some 
 instances, added a few historical details about the publications 
 named, taking conscientious care, however, that in so doing we 
 wound no sensibility and betray no trust. In cases where 
 personal allusion is made to editors, either their names have 
 
A 'Dictionary of the Periodical Press. 107 
 
 already been publicly associated, in Men of the Time or else- 
 where, with the papers they conduct, or are in all men's mouths 
 in that connexion, or else they are used by a permission, for 
 which, as well as for all other help and kindness afforded to 
 us by individuals, or by publications, in the compilation of this 
 little book, we here beg to express our cordial thanks. 
 
 Academy (52, Carey Street, Lincoln's Inn ; Weekly, 3d.), established in 1869 
 as a literary, artistic and scientific review, differing from the Athenatim, 
 which it otherwise too closely resembles, by special prominence given to science, 
 and by the rule that its pritical notices be signed by the writers. Whether 
 this system produces criticism that is more responsible and influential than 
 anonymous writing need not be discussed here, but it has at any rate served to 
 show that the Academy possesses a brilliant and learned staff. This staff was 
 ably directed for some years by Dr. Aj^pleton, whose death in 1879 cut short 
 a promising career. 
 
 After IVork (62, Paternoster Row ; Monthly, id.), an illustrated journal for 
 the working classes. 
 
 All the Year Round (26, Wellington Street, Strand ; Monthly, gd. ; Weekly, 
 2d.), a magazine of general literature and social politics. Established in 1859 by 
 Charles Dickens upon the disruption of his connection with Messrs. 
 Bradbury and Evans, the publishers of Household Words, which the 
 novelist had till then conducted. His separation from his wife had occurred 
 shortly before, and, though an entirely private matter, had given rise to much 
 public talk. Two ladies in particular had set afloat some false rumours 
 reflecting on Charles Dickens' domestic character. In answer to these widely- 
 
io8 'Journals and Journalism. 
 
 spread but idle accusations he resolved to make public a kind of manifesto headed 
 "Personal," which duly appeared on the first page of his periodical, 
 Household Words : and he requested Messrs. Bradbury and Evans to print a 
 duplicate on the back of Punch, of which they were also the publishers. 
 Those gentlemen declined on the ground of good taste, alleging that a comic 
 journal was not the proper medium for explanations of a grave and delicate 
 nature. From this difference of opinion resulted a separation between 
 author and publishers ; the former established All the Year Round, and the 
 latter Once a Week, upon the ruins of Household Words. Charles Dickens' 
 journal became a noted feature of the periodical press; it was conducted with 
 rare liberality towards the claims of unknown aspirants, in whose contributions 
 the conductor seemed to take a warm personal interest. The younger Charles 
 Dickens ably edits the journal now. 
 
 Anglo-American Publications : — I. American Traveller (4, Langham Place, 
 W; Weekly, id.), a literary, political and social newspaper, established 
 1874, and "devoted to the interests of Americans abroad." 2. Anglo- 
 A>?ierican Times (127, Strand; Weekly, 4d.), established 1865; conducted 
 on neutral principles, gives special attention to the American news of the 
 week. 3. Atlantic Monthly (57, Ludgate Hill; Monthly, is.), an excellent 
 magazine of literature, science, art and politics. Excellent magazines also 
 are Harper's, Scribner''s and Lippincott's, both of which circulate largely this 
 side of the Atlantic. 
 
 Anglo-Colonial and Anglo -European Publications : — I. British Mail (40, 
 Chancery Lane ; Monthly, 2s.) 1. European Mail (Colonial Buildings, 
 Cannon Street, E.C. ; price varies according to the quarter of the world to 
 which it is sent). 3. Foreign Times {13, Sherborne Lane, E.C. ; Fort- 
 nightly, 2d.) 4. Zi^o/«£iVfi£/^ (55, Parliament Street, S.W.) 5. Overland Mail 
 (65, Comhill, E.C. ; Weekly, 6d.) 
 
 Animal World (9, Paternoster Row ; Monthly, 2d.) Illustrated ; the advo- 
 cate of kindness to animals. 
 
Dictionary of the Periodical Press. 109 
 
 Antiquary {62, Paternoster Row; Monthly, is.), a magazine " devoted to 
 the study of the past," and edited by Mr. ^ 
 Edward Walford, author of " Old and New ^yCt/'ft^'''C^V^'t^ 
 
 London " and a number of other well-known ^ S- - 
 
 works, in whose hands it has become one of 
 
 the most successful of the periodicals having 1880 for the year of their birth. 
 
 Architectural and Building Journals : — i. Architect (i^S, Strand ; Weekly, 
 4d.), established 1869. A model technical paper. It contains articles of 
 general as well as professional interest, especially on artistic and sanitary sub- 
 jects. So do (2) the British Architect and Northern Engineer (35, Bouverie 
 Street, Fleet Street ; Weekly, 4d.), established 1874; (3) the Builder (46, 
 Catherine Street, Strand ; Weekly, 4d.), established 1842; (4) the Building 
 News (31, Tavistock Street, W.C. ; Weekly, 4d.), established 1854; and (5) 
 the Building World (31, Southampton Street, Strand; Monthly, 3d.), 
 established 1877. 
 
 Argosy (8, New Burlington Street ; Monthly, 6d.), an illustrated magazine 
 of tales, travels, essays, and verses, conducted by Mrs. Henry Wood, with the 
 assistance of her son, Mr. Charles W. Wood. 
 
 Artist [iS^, Fleet Street; Monthly, 4d.), is the only newspaper of the art 
 world published, and a very good one too. 
 
 A7-t Journal (26, Ivy Lane ; Monthly, 2s. 6d.), an illustrated magazine 
 founded by and inseparably connected with the name and perhaps too amiable 
 character of Mr. Samuel Carter Hall, who, as journalist, author, and editor, has 
 a literary history that goes back almost as far as the century. Art is in a 
 flourishing state, at any rate pecuniarily, in England now, the artist's remunera- 
 tion being of a more adequate nature >»■ 
 than that which falls to the lot of his yi^X^ ^^^y>y^ 
 literary brother ; and it is undoubtedly /p^X ^^ /*^ ^^^C 
 to the modern writers on art in general 
 and to Mr. Hall in particular that the artist of to-day owes the appreciation 
 
1 1 o Journals and 'Journalism. 
 
 of a wide public. When will art return the compliment, and give us 
 representations of distressed authors which will harrow the hearts of 
 editors and publishers, and unloose their purse-strings ? Mr. Hall has recently 
 vacated the editorial chair at the office of the Art Journal, where his place is 
 taken by Mr. Marcus Huish, who, though young, has already made a position 
 in the world of literature and art. 
 
 ^r^, il/a^^32«£ £?/ (Cassell, Fetter, Galpin and Co., Ludgate Hill, E.G.; 
 Monthly, 7d.), established in 1878, and has already attained the wide 
 popularity justly attaching to publications which are cheap but not nasty, 
 light but not trivial, instructive but never dull. The scope of the magazine is 
 indicated by its title, the editor excluding from his pages all topics except 
 those directly connected with the Fine and the Industrial Arts. 
 
 AthencEum (20, Wellington Street, Strand ; Weekly, 3d.), a journal of 
 literature, science, art, music, and the drama, founded in 1828 by James Silk 
 Buckingham ; soon became the property of Charles Wentworth Dilke, father of 
 the first and grandfather of the present baronet of that name. His talent as an 
 editor and a critic raised the paper to the position it now holds as the leading 
 
 weekly organ of the literary world — 
 its verdict on any book under notice 
 isj^ carrying weight not only with every 
 bookseller and librarian in England, but 
 also with the publishers and readers of the new world. The present Under 
 Secretary for Foreign Affairs succeeded his father in the proprietorship of the 
 AthencEutn, and he also owns Notes and Queries and a great part of the Gar- 
 dener's Chronicle and of the Agricultural Gazette. A man of marked literary 
 ability, he is understood to have at onetime edited the Athenaum himself; 
 but that task, which requires so much judgment and tact, now devolves on 
 another. Hepworth Dixon was editor from 1853 to 1869. 
 
 Baptist Publications :— I. Baptist (61, Paternoster Row, E.G. ; Weekly, id.) 
 2. Freeman (21, Castle Slreet, Holborn ; Weekly, id.) 
 
 Uu^^^^ 
 
Dictionary of the Periodical Press. 1 1 1 
 
 Bazaar, Exchange and Mart (170, Strand; Wednesday and Saturday, 2d.), 
 an illustrated and admirably arranged medium for the exchange and sale of 
 personal property by private persons. Also contains articles and information 
 on practical and household subjects. Its proprietors are the representatives of 
 the late Serjeant Cox. 
 
 Belgravia Magazine (214, Piccadilly, W. ; Monthly, is.), established in 1866, 
 and edited for some time by Miss Braddon, from whose hands it passed a few 
 years ago into those of Messrs. Chatto and Windus, who have made it a very 
 bright miscellany of light literature. 
 
 Biograph (12, Tavistock Street, Covent Garden ; Monthly, is.), a magazine 
 almost entirely taken up with the biographies, some of them very careful and 
 exhaustive, of persons eminent in every kind of career. Established in 1879, 
 and edited by Guy Roslyn. 
 
 Blackzoood' s Edinburgh Magazine (37, Paternoster Row, E.G. ; Monthly, 
 2S. 6d.), during the sixty-three years of its existence has perhaps published a 
 larger number of brilliant contributions than any other periodical of the kind. 
 A list of those who have written in its pages would be an enumeration of nearly 
 all the names celebrated in literature during the last half-century. Blackwood 
 gives not only tales, poems, social and literary essays, but also striking 
 political articles, with a strong Conservative bias, in spite of which, however, it 
 scathingly criticised " Lothair. " 
 
 Boto Bells (315, Strand; Weekly, id.) is described as a family magazine of 
 light literature, fiction, fashion, &c. Messrs. John Dicks and George 
 William Reynolds are the proprietors. 
 
 Brief {^1, Great Queen Street, W.C. ; Weekly, 2d.), an epitome of the 
 press, resembling Public Opinion but more succinct both in its quotations and 
 in its original matter, first issued by Messrs. Wyman and Sons, the great 
 printers, in 1877. Brief'is intended for those readers who have no time for the 
 wordiness of the modern press. 
 
112 'Journals and 'Journalism, 
 
 British Quarterly Review (27, Paternoster Row; Quarterly, 6s.), .1 
 political and critical review, established in 1844, and ably conducted upon 
 Liberal principles, the present head of the Liberal party having himself recently 
 contributed to its pages an interesting paper upon the Evangelical origin of the 
 Romeward movement. 
 
 CasseWs Family Magazine (Ludgate Hill, E.C. ; Monthly, 7d.), a popular 
 collection of social and domestic sketches, novels, stories, essays and poems. 
 This periodical, like others issued by the same firm, bears the marks of the 
 collective wisdom of the editorial board of general direction which exists in La 
 Belle Sauvage Yard, as well as of the individual care of the one editor who 
 has it under his especial charge. This system works well ; for the principle 
 that two heads are better than one is never more applicable than to the conduct of 
 a magazine ; and the board of general direction, which aids each editor where 
 he requires it, includes not only men of wide literary experience and keen 
 judgment, but men of commerce also, and the two together succeed in pro- 
 ducing publications which are at once literary and commercial successes. 
 By the editors of Messrs. Cassell, Fetter and Galpin's magazines communi- 
 cations from outsiders always receive the attention they deserve. 
 
 Catholic (Roman) Publications: — I. Catholic Fireside (83, Fleet Street; 
 Monthly, 2d.), an illustrated magazine of popular literature, taking the place 
 among Catholics which is held among Protestants by the Sunday at Home and 
 the Leisure Hour, only with a little less of the religious element; edited by the 
 Rev. Father Nugent, the well-known Catholic Chaplain of the Liverpool 
 Borough Gaol. 2. Catholic Progress (17, Portman Street, W. ; Monthly, 3d.), 
 edited by the Rev. Albany J. Christie, M.A., an Oxford convert, and a member 
 of the Jesuit community attached to the church in Farm Street, Grosvenor 
 Square. 3. Catholic Times (83, Fleet Street, and at Liverpool, where, like the 
 Catholic Fireside, it is printed at the Boys' Refuge, founded by Father Nugent, 
 the proprietor of the paper; Weekly, id.) 4. Dublin Review (17, Port- 
 
Dictionary of the Periodical Press. 113 
 
 man Street, London, W. ; Quarterly, 6s.) has contained much memorable 
 writing since its early days, when one of its editors, Cardinal "Wiseman, 
 contributed to its pages articles which were eagerly read at Oxford by an 
 embryo cardinal even greater than he, then vicar of St. Mary the Virgin in 
 the University city. Dr. W. G. Ward, another eminent Oxford convert to 
 Catholicism, subsequently edited the Diiblin, but on extreme lines, which were 
 not popular with the bulk of his co-religionists, and he made a timely retire- 
 ment from the editorial chair (whence he had spoken as if ex cathedra to those 
 who shared his Ultramontane sjmipathies) at the very moment when the liberal- 
 minded Leo XIII. succeeded Pius IX. in the chair of Peter. Bishop Hedley, 
 an able writer and clear thinker, has since then conducted the Dublin, at the 
 head of a staff which includes nearly all the literary talent with an ecclesias- 
 tical bias to be found in his communion. 5. Irish Monthly (17, Portman 
 Street, W. ; Monthly, 6d.), a bright magazine of general literature, which, 
 edited by the Rev. Father Matthew Russell, S.J. (brother of Mr. Charles 
 Russell, Q.C.,M.P.),and largely contributed toby Miss Rosa Mulholland, who 
 successfully tried her novice hand as a novelist under Charles Dickens in All 
 the Year Eotaid, circulates among the Catholics of England in spite of the 
 green cover which is symbolic of its Hibernian spirit and name. 6. Lattip (47, 
 Fetter Lane, E.C. ; Weekly, id.), an illustrated miscellany of popular serial 
 and short stories, essays, and verse ; the property of an Oxford convert, the 
 Rev. Father William Lockhart, of the Order of Charity, a member of a family 
 that has given a great name to English literature in the biographer of Sir 
 Walter Scott and the editor of the Qua?-terly. 7. The Month (17, Portman 
 Street, W. ; 2s.), founded in 1863, and edited by the Rev. Father Coleridge, 
 S.J. (brother of the Judge), one of the ablest writers and preachers of his 
 church. 8. The Tablet (27, Wellington Street, Strand ; Weekly, Sd.), 
 founded in 1840, and connected in its early history with the name of the late 
 Frederic Lucas, M.P., one of the few men who have taken the long leap from 
 
114 'Journals and 'Journalism* 
 
 Quakerism to the Catholic Church. The Tablet is now ably edited and sub- 
 edited by Oxford converts, one of whom was formerly a clergyman, and it 
 may be fairly described as a Catholic (and Conservative) counterpart of the 
 Spectator. 9. Weekly Register {\a,, Catherine Street, Strand; Weekly, 4d.), 
 founded in 1849, the late Mr. Henry William Wilberforce, youngest son of 
 the great anti-slavery reformer, being its proprietor and editor from 1 854 to 
 1863,— "in this, as in all his undertakings" (says his friend, Cardinal 
 Newman), " actuated by an earnest desire to promote the interests of religion, 
 though at the sacrifice of his own." The Register has changed hands several 
 times since then, being now in great part the property of Mr. De Lacy Towle. 
 In some respects a Catholic counterpart of The Guardian, the Register is 
 now edited by a journalist and author of long standing and distinction. 
 
 Chambers^ Journal (47, Paternoster Row ; Monthly, 7d.) has been cele* 
 brated for the popular and instructive character of its essays and tales for 
 nearly half a century. 
 
 Charing Cross Magazine (S, Friar Street, Broadway, E.G. ; Monthly, 6d,), 
 of miscellaneous literature. Established in 1872. 
 
 Church of England Publications :— i. Church Bells (Paternoster Buildings, 
 E.C.; Weekly, id.) 2. Church Review (ll, Burleigh Street, W.C. ; 
 Weekly, id.) 3. Church Tifnes (32, Little Queen Street, W.C. ; Weekly, 
 Id.) The two latter are strong party newspapers, with Ritualistic views. 4. 
 Church and State (Friar Street, Broadway, E.G.; Weekly, id.). Church of 
 England articles, stories, essays, and reviews. 5. Church Sunday School 
 Magazine (34, New Bridge Street, E.C. ; Monthly, 4d.), for Sunday school 
 teachers. 6. Churchman's Companion (78, New Bond Street ; Monthly, 6d.), 
 High Church ; essays, reviews, and tales. Established in 1847. 7. Church- 
 man's Shilling Magazine and Family Treasury (T, Paternoster Buildings, E.C. ; 
 Monthly, is.), religious articles, verses, reviews, &c. 8. Church Quarterly 
 Review (New Street Square, E.C; 6s.) 9. Ecclesiastical Gazette (13, Charing 
 
Dictionary of the Periodical Press. 115 
 
 
 Cross, S.W. J Monthly, 6d. ; sent gratuitously to the leading clergy). lo. 
 English Churchman (2, Tavistock Street, W.C. ; Weekly, 3d.) II. Friendly 
 Leaves (187, Piccadilly ; Monthly, id.), illustrated magazine for working 
 girls. 12. Guardian (5, Burleigh Street, Strand; Wednesday, 6d.), was es- 
 tablished in 1846 by several Oxford 
 men. The story of the Guardian 
 — its early struggles, the brilliance 
 of its staff, the service it has done 
 to high Anglicanism and to political Liberalism, the distinctions won by its 
 proprietors — will, when written, be one of the most interesting, if not romantic, 
 chapters in a detailed history of journals and journalism. An organ of which 
 any party may be proud, the Guardian is also read by outsiders, who appreciate 
 its excellent foreign correspondence, its carefully-arranged summary of news, 
 and, above all, its notices of books, which are among the very best that 
 appear. Mr. Sharp is the most successful of editors, and he evidently has a 
 sub-editor who is worthy of his chief. 13. John Bull [6, Whitefriars Street, 
 E.G. ; Weekly, 5d.), avowedly set on foot in 1820 with the object of assail- 
 ing Queen Caroline and those who espoused her cause. " On the subject of 
 this sickening woman," politely remarked yij/^w Bull'xa. an early number, "we 
 shall enter into no arguments or discussions, because they go for nothing at 
 this period of her adventures." The law of libel was soon made unpleasantly 
 familiar to the registered printers and proprietors of the lively paper, which 
 was edited by Theodore Hook. He, however, disliked to be known as the 
 editor, and even wrote a letter to his own columns disavowing his connexion 
 with the paper, and at the same time published an editorial paragraph calling 
 attention to the disavowal, and sneering unmercifully at himself. The success 
 oi John Bull v{z.s extraordinary, its circulation amounting to 10,000 in the 
 sixth week of its publication. On the death of Queen Carohne in 1821, the 
 occupation of the paper was gone ; and it subsequently changed its character 
 
1 1 6 'Journals and Journalism. 
 
 so far as to become, what it now is, a Church of England newspaper, 14. 
 Literary Churchman (163, Piccadilly, W. ; Fortnightly, 4d.), reviews of 
 books and articles on Church topics; high intone. 15. Monthly Packet of 
 Evening Readings {6, Va.\.e.xnositt Ro-vi ; is.), High Church magazine of reli- 
 gious and general reading. i6. Parish Magazine (2, Paternoster Building?, 
 E.C. ; Monthl)^ id.). Church of England family magazine, localized in several 
 places. 17. Record (i. Red Lion Court, Fleet Street ; Monday, Wednesday, 
 and Friday, 2jd.), an Evangelical journal which was once, strange to say, 
 contributed to by his Eminence Cardinal Newman. Hence the Record dates 
 back into the dim past, having been born in 1828, five years before there was 
 any Oxford Movement to vex its soul. 18. Rock (Southampton Street, W.C. ; 
 Weekly, id.), a Low Church journal ; formerly belonged to Mr. Colling- 
 ridge, but recently changed hands, and has lost in the transfer some of its 
 old spice. 
 
 Colburn's New Monthly 3/agazi»e 
 (11, Ave Maria Lane, E.C. ; Monthly, 
 2s. 6d.), essays, reviews, &c. Edited 
 by Guy Roslyn. 
 
 Contemporary Revie-u {^^, Faternostei Row ; Monthly, 2s. 6d.), established 
 in 1866, and was edited for some time by Dean Alford ; his place was taken 
 in 1870 by Mr. James Knowles, whose connection with the magazine ceased 
 seven years later. The conduct of the Contemporary, which is admirably 
 arranged with a view to representing all shades of religious, political, and 
 philosophical opinion, has since been undertaken in great part by Mr. Alex- 
 ander Strahan, its publisher and proprietor. 
 
 Cornhill Magazine (15, Waterloo Place, S.W. ; Monthly, is.), an illus- 
 trated miscellaneous magazine, started in i860, under Thackeray's editorship, 
 with brilliant success. It was able, being almost unique of its kind at the time, 
 to command the foremost pens and pencils of all England. Thackeray himself. 
 
Dictionary of the Periodical Press. 117 
 
 John Ruskin, George Eliot, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Matthew Arnold, 
 Anthony Trollope, and Mrs. Gaskell, were among the writers, whose works were 
 illustrated by Millais, Leighton, Fred Walker, Doyle, Du Maurier. Of the 
 first number over 110,000 were sold. In its pages have appeared from time to 
 time several of the classical novels of the day, and some of the best essays. 
 Under the conduct of Mr. Leslie Stephen, the son-in-law oftha»first editor, the 
 magazine has kept up its old prestige, with the addition, perhaps, of a little more 
 cultivation of modern "restheticism. " Thackeray's tradition of liberality has 
 been followed uniformly in the CornhilCs dealings with its contributors. 
 
 Country and Sporting Publications ; — I. Agricultural Eco7tomist{arT, Mill- 
 bank Street, Westminster ; Weekly, 6d.) 2. Bell's Life in London (9, Catherine 
 Street, Strand ; Weekly, 4d.) 3. BelPs Weekly Messenger (26, Catherine 
 Street, Strand; Weekly, 6d.) 4. C(?««^;j (170, Strand; Weekly, 3d.) 5. 
 Country Gentleman'' s Magazine {13A, Salisbury Square, Fleet Street ; Monthly, 
 IS.) 6. Farmer (13A, Salisbury Square, Fleet Street ; Weekly, 5d.) 7. 
 Field (346, Strand ; Weekly, 6d.), established in 1864 ; one of the fine news- 
 paper properties which Serjeant Cox left behind him. 8. Fishing Gazette 
 (II, Ave Maria Lane, E.C. ; Weekly, 2d.) 9. Floral Magazine (5, Henri- 
 etta Street, W.C; Monthly, 3s. 6d.) 10. Floral World (Groombridge and 
 Sons, Paternoster Row; Monthly, 6d.) 11. Garden (37, Southampton 
 Street, W.C; Weekly, 6d.) 12. Gardener (37, Paternoster Row ; Monthly, 
 6d.) 13. Gardeners Chronicle (41, Wellington Street, W.C. ; Weekly, 5d.) 
 14. Gardenei^s Magazine (ll, Ave Maria Lane, E.G.; Weekly, 2d.) 15. 
 Horticultural Recoi-d (;^l'j. Strand ; Weekly, id.) 16. Illustrated Sporting 
 and Dramatic News (148, Strand ; Weekly, 6d.), founded in 1873, and 
 belonged at one time to Mr. Ingram, of the Illustrated London A^ews. 17. 
 Journal of Horticulture (171, Fleet Street; Weekly, 3d.) 18. Land and 
 Water (176, Fleet Street ; Weekly, 6d.), an entertaining paper, the fishing 
 and natural history department of which is conducted by Mr. Frank Buckland. 
 
1 1 8 'Journals and Journalism, 
 
 19. Magnet (19, Exeter Street, W.C; Weekly, s^d.) 20. Referee (17, 
 Wine Office Court, Fleet Street ; Weekly, id.), an exceedingly smartly 
 written journal of sport, politics, and the drama. 21. Sporting Gazette and 
 Agricultural Journal (135, Strand; Weekly, 4d.), started in 1862; contains 
 portraits of sporting celebrities. 22. Sporting Life (148, Fleet Street ; Wednes- 
 day and Saturday, id.) 23. Sporting Opinion (61, Fleet Street ; Monday, id.) 
 24. Sporting Times (52, Fleet Street ; Weekly, 2d.) 25. Sportsman (Boy 
 Court, Ludgate Hill ; on Saturday, 3d.; on other days, 2d.) 
 
 Court Circular (2, Southampton Street, Strand ; Weekly, 5d.), was started 
 in 1856, as a rival of the Court Journal. Its first editor was Mr, H. Prender- 
 gast ; and a little more than ten years after its first appearance it was sold to 
 Mr. Edward Walford, who, after editing it for a short time, re-sold it to Mr. 
 W. H. Stephens. 
 
 Court Journal (36, Tavistock Street, W.C; Weekly, 5d.), an occasion- 
 ally illustrated record of Court and fashion, which has existed since 1829. 
 
 Daily Chronicle (Salisbury Square, Fleet Street ; id.) This paper was 
 established as the Clerkenwell News in 1855, vmder which title it was con- 
 tinued until Mr. Lloyd (of Lloyd's Weekly News) purchased it, and issued it 
 daily under its new designation, no longer as a local organ, but as a Liberal 
 paper for the public in general. The success attending the transition has been 
 great, and Mr. Lloyd has now two fine newspaper properties instead of one. 
 
 Daily News (Bouverie Street, E.C. ; Daily, id.) had the distinction of 
 being introduced to the world, in 1846, by Charles Dickens as its first editor. 
 Among its proprietors were Messrs. Bradbury and Evans, Sir William 
 Jackson, M.P., Sir Joseph Paxton, and Sir Joshua Walmsley ; its manager 
 was Mr. Charles Wentworth Dilke, the member for Chelsea's grandfather ; 
 and among its prominent writers — who were all very handsomely remunerated 
 — were John Forster, Harriet Martineau (one of the very few ladies who 
 have written political leaders), and Mr. M'Cullagh Torrens, Finsbury's M.P. 
 
Dictionary of the Periodical Press. 119 
 
 Charles Dickens did not make a good editor for a daily, and the chair he 
 
 vacated after an occupancy of only a few months was subsequently filled by 
 
 John Forster, and then by Knight Hunt, author of " The Fourth Estate." 
 
 During the first years of its existence the Daily News was published at great 
 
 pecuniary sacrifice — successive changes in its price from 5d. to 2^d., from 2^d. 
 
 to 3d., and back again to 5d. proving ineffectual to transform losses into 
 
 profits. As a penny paper the Daily News has found its right field, and 
 
 fulfilled its mission ; it is now not only a literary but also a commercial 
 
 success. Its circulation is known to have largely increased since the General 
 
 Election, political papers being always benefited by their own party's tenure 
 
 of power. The present editor, Mr. Frank Harrison Hill, was formerly a 
 
 leader-writer on its staff, and is well-known as a political writer. Mr. J. R. 
 
 Robinson may claim to share with Mr. 
 
 Hill the credit attaching to the conduct of J^^,-^ ^f^~) r-> ^ 
 
 the Daily News; for it is largely to his (^y^^^'c^><Oy^^^^^'^'^^'^ 
 
 great qualities as a manager that the 
 
 prestige of the paper is due. He it is who has gathered men like 
 
 Archibald Forbes (whose accompanying 
 
 autograph the reader may well imagine /]. r— \ * 
 
 to have been penned amid the heat and '-^f -C ^ wl/VXC'"'-^ 
 
 hurry of a battle) and W. H. Lucy -^ 
 
 (who writes the Parliamentary summary for its columns) round the office in 
 Bouverie Street. Among the present pro- 
 prietors of the Daily News are Sir Charles Hh-'Z^r-'^ 
 Reed, Mr. Samuel Morley, and Mr. Labou- ^v ^"^^ '■^^^■^^^■^ 
 chere, the latter being the Besieged Resident 
 
 who contributed to its columns a graphic account of Paris during the 
 Commune. 
 
 Daily Telegraph (135, Fleet Street ; Daily, id.), started in 1855 by Colonel 
 
120 'Journals and 'Journaltsm. 
 
 Sleigh, who had the bad luck which is almost the rule in the case of the 
 founders of new papers. After running the Daily Telegraph and Courier (as 
 it was then called) at only twopence (an unprecedented price in those days) 
 until he could run it no longer, the Colonel resigned it into the hands of Mr. 
 Levy, one of his creditors. It is said to have been a toss up with Mr. Levy 
 whether he should take the paper — a toss up, that is, whether he would or would 
 not make himself the master of a magnificent fortune. For the Telegraph pros- 
 pered under new management. The advertisements in its columns then 
 brought in a daily revenue of 7/6, but now they bring, according to Mr. Grant, 
 a sum of about ^^500 ; and the literary scope and excellence of the paper has 
 increased in like proportion. One of Mr. Levy's early acts was to halve the 
 price of the Telegraph, which made a sensation by supplying for a penny a 
 double sheet similar to that for which the Times charged fourpence. The 
 abolition of the paper duty added to the profits of the new daily many thousands 
 of pounds a year, and also enabled the proprietors to print on better material 
 than before. The circulation of the Telegraph is the largest in the world ; its 
 
 social, chatty articles giving it a charm 
 for the general reader. Largely con- 
 tributed to by the king of journalists, Mr. 
 George Augustus Sala, the Telegraph is 
 conducted by Mr. Edward L. Lawson, aided by Mr. Edwin Arnold, C.S.I., 
 and a well organized staff. 
 
 Day of Rest (34, Paternoster Row, E.G. ; Monthly, 6d.), general literature 
 for Sunday reading. Describes itself as " Unsectarian, " a term which, in the 
 case of several publications (perhaps the Day of Rest \% one of them), would 
 often mislead High Anglicans or Catholics who supposed it meant toleration 
 for any theology which was not either Low or Broad. 
 
 Echo (22, Catherine Street, W.C. ; Evening,; ^d.), founded by Messrs. 
 Cassell, Fetter & Galpin in 1868, edited by Mr. Arthur Arnold, now member 
 
 ow; ^^w^ 
 
Dictionary of the Periodical Press. 1 2 1 
 
 for Salford, and sub-edited by Mr. G. Barnett Smith, an able and industrious 
 litterateur. Mr. J. Passmore Edwards, M.P., now owns the Echo and edits it 
 with verve. 
 
 Economist (340, Strand, W.C. ; Weekly, 3d.), a journal of commerce, 
 mining, political economy, &c., established in 1843. 
 
 Edinburgh Review (39, Paternoster Row; Quarterly, 6s.), established in 1802, 
 under circumstances which everyone remembers. Jeffrey, Brougham, Macaulay, 
 had talent enough between them to produce a publication that was striking and 
 readable enough in its day, though the absence of current interest makes a 
 perusal of the great bulk of its articles in the old numbers a trifle tedious 
 now. How Brougham was jealous of all his fellow contributors, especially 
 disliking Macaulay, whom he called the biggest bore in London, and how 
 Macaulay reciprocated the hostile feeling, is all told in the correspondence of 
 Macvey Napier, editor of the Edinburgh for many years, and is not one of 
 the pleasantest chapters in literary history. In this quarterly, as in its great 
 Tory rival, the articles are always headed by the title of a book, or of a number 
 of books ; but one occasionally suspects that one is really perusing an original 
 essay, rather than a review. In fact, Macaulay owned that he ignored his 
 author when, in devoting a hundred pages of the Edinburgh to what pur- 
 ported to be a notice of the " Memoirs of the Life of Warren Hastings, 
 by the Reverend G. R. Gleig," he introduced an eloquent disquisition on 
 Indian history with the candid avowal, " We are inclined to think that we 
 shall best meet the wishes of our readers if, instead of dwelling upon the 
 faults of this book, we attempt to give our own view of the life and character 
 of Mr. Hastings ; " nor does Mr. Gleig's name appear more than three times 
 in the whole paper. The Edinburgh has been edited for nearly a quarter of 
 a century by Mr. Henry Reeve, C.B., the eminent litterateur, to whom 
 Charles Greville confided his celebrated "Journal" for publication. 
 
 Educational Publications : — I. Educational Times {1, Gough Square, E.G. ; 
 
 F 
 
1 2 2 'Journals and Journalism. 
 
 ^^P^tc/i-^-i^ 
 
 Monthly, 6d.) 2, Scholastic World (i, Wine Office Court, Fleet Street ; 
 
 Monthly, 2d.) 3. School Board Chronicle 
 
 (72, TummillSt., E.G.; Weekly, 3d.), 
 
 the organ of the School Boards, edited 
 
 by Mr. R. Gowing, formerly editor of 
 
 Gentleman^ s Magazine. 4. Schoolmaster (14, Red Lion Court ; Weekly, id.) 
 
 Examiner (lid, Strand; Weekly, 3d.) has a notable history, both literary 
 
 and political, which dates back nearly to the beginning of the century. When 
 
 Leigh Hunt edited the paper, Byron and Shelley were interestingly connected 
 
 with it, the latter declaring that his poems 
 
 / ^ / //^ JL,—-^ were not thought good enough by Leigh 
 
 (X^C^jAl^ (yfli/^'Z Hunt to be printed there! The 
 
 ^ Examiner, long the property of Mr. 
 
 Peter Taylor, the Radical M.P., has recently changed hands more than once, 
 
 and has also halved its price. Both 
 the Examiner and Life are under 
 the editorial direction of Mr. Charles 
 Williams, who has done good work 
 as a war correspondent, and in other walks of his profession. 
 
 Family Herald (421, Strand; Weekly, id,), an old-established journal of 
 popular tales and essays. 
 
 Family Reader (300, Strand ; Weekly, id.), an illustrated miscellany of stories 
 and essays. 
 
 Fortnightly Review (193, Piccadilly ; Monthly, 2s. 6d.), ably edited by Mr. 
 John Morley, a Radical in politics and a Positivist in religion. 
 
 Eraser's Magazine (39, Paternoster Row ; Monthly, 2s. 6d.), political and 
 social essays ; lately edited by W. Allingham, and now by Principal Tulloch. 
 Freemason (198, Fleet Street ; Weekly, 2d.) 
 Freemason^s Chronicle (67, Barbican, E.G. ; Weekly, 3d.) 
 
Dictionary of the Periodical Press. 123 
 
 Fun (153, Fleet Street ; Weekly, id.), established in i860, and, in its illus- 
 tration department, especially memorable for the drawings of Mr. Sullivan. 
 
 Funny Folks (Red Lion Court, Fleet .^ c;;;;*^ 
 
 Street ; Weekly, id.), edited by Mr. [jj ^^^^X^aJUU\%> ^UaAAM 
 William Sawyer, who has written much f . \ 
 
 and well in prose and verse. ^"''^ 
 
 Genealogist (55, Great Russell Street, W.C. ; Quarterly, 2s. 6d.) 
 
 Gentleman's Magazine {:z\\, Piccadilly ; Monthly, is.) has a splendid history, 
 dating from 1731, about which a volume might be written. It has altered its 
 character of late years, and no longer contains that chronicle of contemporary 
 events which makes the back volumes so valuable now, but is wholly occupied 
 with high-class general literature. 
 
 Globe (no. Strand ; Evening, id.), started in 1802 by the London publishers, 
 who considered themselves uncivilly treated by the Morning Post, then their 
 principal advertising medium. The John Murray of that day was one of its 
 great supporters ; but the paper's want of success soon led to the falling away 
 of most of the publishers, and Mr. Lane, the manager, had an almost lonely 
 struggle before he put the Globe upon a commercially sound basis. With the 
 Globe has been incorporated the Traveller, and several other evening papers, 
 which were obliged to relinquish a separate existence. For the first sixty 
 years of its issue the Globe was a Liberal paper, and its change to the other 
 political side caused as much comment as the recent and contrary transition of 
 the Pall Mall. Once upon a time a past editor of the Globe had a furious 
 controversy with D'Israeli the younger ; but the Lord Beaconsfield of to-day has 
 few more able and sincere admirers than the editor and staff of the pink sheet. 
 
 Good Words (56, Ludgate I^ill ; 
 Monthly, 6d.), a magazine of literature, 
 fiction, essays, poetry, &c,, which has 
 9 large circulation, and which remu- 
 
124 Journals and Journalism, 
 
 nerates its distinguished writers with marked liberality. It is edited by 
 Dr. McLeod, who is substantially assisted in that task by Mr. Alexander H. 
 Japp— himself a delightful writer. Good Words, as its name would imply, is 
 .y strongly tinged with religion, and is 
 
 y< / y /^AiU / '^'^'^^^^^^ *^° supply Sunday reading to 
 
 ^ UUlAdiyhl/r^^'^^ pious households which are yet 
 
 '* not so strict as to taboo the secular 
 interest of Mr. Black's novels (Mr. Black has been a busy journalist in his 
 day), and of briskly-written sketches of travel and adventure. 
 
 Graphic (190, Strand ; Weekly, 6d.) divides with the Illustrated London 
 News a particular field of illustrated journalism, and is planned upon much 
 the same lines as its contemporary and competitor. The latter, until the 
 Graphic started, had had no rival except the Illustrated Times, which was 
 short-lived, in spite of its excellent letterpress. Our business being here 
 entirely with the literary part of the paper, we will say nothing of the 
 engravings, which (under the management of Mr. Thomas) are, of course, its 
 distinguishing feature. Its tone is decidedly light ; its articles are chatty and 
 of the widest range ; it contains batches of paragraphs upon the current 
 topics of the day, vers de societe, and a quantity of attractive scraps of all 
 kinds. It is not closed to the efforts of aspiring outsiders. The Graphic, 
 
 edited by Mr. Arthur Locker, brother of the 
 
 l^l^'yf^t^^?^ /^--tVi!^^^ author of the popular "London Lyrics," 
 
 ^\y and himself a poet, has succeeded brilliantly 
 
 from its first number, both here and in 
 
 America, whither it is regularly sent in stereotype to be reprinted there. 
 
 Hand and Heart {i, Paternoster Buildings, E.G.; Weekly, id.), a popular 
 
 "journal of news and entertaining literature." 
 
 House and Home (335, Strand ; Weekly, id.), an occasionally illustrated 
 journal of sanitation, house improvement, and domestic economy. 
 
Dictionary of the Periodical Press. 125 
 
 Illustrated London News (198, Strand ; Weekly, 6d.), founded in 1842 by 
 Mr. Ingram, who — like his son, the present proprietor of the paper — repre- 
 sented Boston in Parliament. At first a struggling enterprise, at times almost 
 parted with in despair for a trifling sum, the Illustrated developed into a 
 splendid property. It is no hyperbole to say that it is known wherever the 
 English language is spoken, and that it circulates with the sun. Its letter- 
 press combines the solid and the light ; it often contains art criticism of quite 
 unusual excellence, and Mr. Sala's altogether distinctive pen has lately 
 brightened its pages with paragraphs on the current topics of the week. 
 
 Jewish Publications: — X.Jewish Chronicle {^"i, Finsbury Square; Weekly, 
 ad.) 2. Jewish World (8, South Street, Finsbury ; Weekly, id.) 
 
 Judy (73, Fleet Street ; Weekly, 2d.), an illustrated humorous journal. 
 
 Juvenile publications of all kinds exist in such enormous numbers that we 
 excuse ourselves from making a list of them here ; the more willingly because 
 they are so low in price that an amateur ordering a shilling's-worth at his 
 bookseller's will obtain a bundle of such publications, and be able to examine 
 the character of their columns before becoming a candidate for a place in 
 them. 
 
 Kensington (ii, Stationers' Hall Court, E.G.; Monthly, 6d.), a literary 
 magazine and review, edited by Mrs. Leith Adams. 
 
 Ladies' Publications: — i. Englishwoman' s Domestic Magazine (Dorset Build- 
 ings, Salisbury Square, E.G. ; Monthly, is.), illustrated miscellany of litera- 
 ture, fashions, and needlework. 2. Englishwoman'' s Reviezn of Social and 
 Industrial Questions (57, Ludgate Hill ; Monthly, 6d.), advocates the ad- 
 vancement of women. 3. Ladies' Treasury and Treasury of Literature (10, 
 Paternoster Buildings, E.G. ; Monthly, 6d.), literature, domestic economy, 
 and fashion, i^. Myra^s Journal of Dress and Fashion {\q, Bedford Street, 
 W. G. ; Monthly, 3d.) 5. Queen (346, Strand; Weekly, 6d.), a large and 
 singularly complete ladies' newspaper ; one of the splendid journalistic 
 
126 Journals and 'Journalism. 
 
 properties of the late Serjeant Cox, and now owned by his representatives. It 
 frequently contains ably-written articles, and a capital collection of general 
 news, so that it is by no means despised by the husbands and fathers and 
 brothers of its subscribers. In its feminine departments — presided over by a 
 most able editress, under whose conduct the paper has risen to its present 
 eminent position — it is at once practical, artistic, housewdfely, and millinerial. 
 6. Sylvia's Home Journal (Dorset Buildings, Salisbury Square, E.G. ; 
 Monthly, 6d.), a ladies' journal of tales, stories, patterns, and fashions. 7. 
 Woman's Gazette, or News about Work (187, Piccadilly, W. ; Monthly, 2d.), 
 advocates the advancement and employment of woman. 8. Young Ladies' 
 Journal [IZS, Salisbury Square, E.G. ; Weekly, id.), fashions, needlework, 
 and tales. 
 
 Legal Publications:— I. Law Journal (5, Quality Gourt, Ghancery Lane; 
 Weekly, 6d.) 2. Law Times (10, Wellington Street, W.C. ; Weekly, is.), 
 was the property of the late Serjeant Gox. 
 
 Leisure Hour (56, Paternoster Row; Monthly, 6d.), a well-conducted 
 illustrated magazine of stories and popular essays for family reading. 
 
 Life (136, Strand ; Weekly, 6d.), one of the society papers, started in 1879, 
 and soon distinguished by the pretty phototype reproductions of fair faces, 
 generally drawn by Frank Miles, and of Continental pictures. Mr. R. Davey, 
 a journalist with a reputation on both sides the Atlantic, was in a sense the 
 literary father of Life, but it was eventually produced under the editorial 
 care of Mr. H. P. Stephens. The paper was recently transferred from its first 
 proprietors to the owner of the Examiner, and both papers are conducted 
 under the same roof. 
 
 Literary World (13, Fleet Street ; Weekly, id.), a popular journal of 
 literature, containing notices of books, and articles of literary interest. 
 
 Lloyd's Weekly London Newspaper (12, Salisbury Square, Fleet St. ; Sunday, 
 Id.), a Liberal paper for the people. The editorial chair left vacant in 
 
Dictionary of the Periodical Press. 127 
 
 1857 by the death of Douglas Jerrold was filled by his son, Mr. Blanchard 
 Jerrold, who has written much for the Daily ^ 
 
 News, the Morning Post, the Gentleman's t /) f ^/V>^ 
 
 Magazine, the Athenceum, and is also the J^jaj. JU Q/*^ I/^ ^^^ 
 author of many well-known works. - - ^ 
 
 London Figaro (35, St. Bride St., E.G. ; Weekly, id.), a smartly-written 
 political, critical, and satirical journal, edited by Mr. J. Mortimer, who was 
 recently imprisoned /or publishing Mrs. Weldon's statements about certain 
 domestic affairs. 
 
 London Jou7-nal (332, Strand; Weekly, id.), a miscellany of fiction and 
 popular papers, established in 1845. 
 
 London Reader (334, Strand ; Weekly, id.), an illustrated journal of light 
 literature. 
 
 London Society (188, Fleet Street ; Monthly, is.), a magazine of general 
 literature, lately edited by Florence ^ ^,<^^ 
 
 Marryat, and now by Mr. Hogg ; it is the ^;^>>— ^'V— --'' c/r~''^^^~^ 
 lightest of the shilling monthlies, for while // ^/T 
 
 the others always introduce more or less 
 
 solid padding into their numbers, London Society frankly eschews everything 
 that is not amusing. 
 
 Macmillan' s Magazine (29, Bedford Street, Covent Garden; Monthly, is.), 
 since its foundation in 1859, has contained stories and essays of great merit. 
 Edited by Mr. Grove, who succeeded Professor David Masson, Mac?nillan's 
 takes a high literary place among its contemporaries, which are also in a sense 
 its imitators. 
 
 Manufacturing and Mechanical Publications : — I. Design and Work (41, 
 Tavistock Street, W.C. ; Weekly, 2d.) 2. Engineer (163, Strand ; Weekly, 
 6d.) 3. Engineering and Building Times (125, Fleet St. ; Weekly, 2d.) 
 4. English Mechanic and World of Science (31, Tavistock St., W.C. ; Weekly, 
 2d.) 5. Iron (12, Fetter Lane, E.G. ; Weekly, 6d.) 
 
128 yournals and Journalism, 
 
 Z /. J^eM:sZi. 
 
 Medical Publications: — British Medical Journal {i6i A, Strand; Weekly, 
 6d.), official organ of the British Medical Association. 2. Health (Sheffield 
 Street, Lincoln's Inn ; Monthly, id.), family magazine of sanitary and social 
 interest. 3. Herald of Health (429, Oxford Street ; Monthly, id.), maga- 
 zine of sanitary and social science. 
 Edited by Dr. T. L. Nichols, who, 
 besides being a successful author, has 
 done journalistic work as London cor- 
 respondent of a New York paper, and in other ways. 4. Homeopathic World 
 (2, Finsbury Circus, E.G. ; Monthly, 6d.) ^. Journal of Mental Science (il, 
 New Burlington Street, W. ; Quarterly, 3s. 6d.), organ of the Medico- 
 Psychological Association, 6. Za«f^^ (423, Strand ; "Weekly, 7d.), the leading 
 organ of the medical profession. 7. Medical Times and Gazette (11, New 
 Burlington Street, W. ; Weekly, 6d.) 8. Monthly Homoeopathic Review (59, 
 Moorgate Street, E.G.; is.) 
 
 Methodist Publications:—!. Methodist (317, Strand^; Weekly, id.) 2. 
 Methodist Recorder (161, Fleet St. ; Weekly, id.) 3. Primitive Methodist 
 (4, Wine Office Gourt, Fleet St. ; Weekly, id.) 4. Watchman (i6i. Fleet 
 St.; Weekly, 3d.) 
 
 Morning Advertiser (127, Fleet Street ; Daily, 3d.), the organ of the 
 Licensed Victuallers; it was established in 1794 by a society of that fraternity, 
 every member agreeing to take in the paper daily, and each member to be 
 entitled to a share in the profits. Down to 1850 the paper circulated only 
 among publicans and the lower class of coffise-house keepers ; but at that date 
 an effort was m.ade to extend its operations. The paper was enlarged and 
 improved, and a circulation of under 5,000 copies grew in four years until it was 
 nearly doubled, and the 1,500 or 1,600 proprietors were dividing a profit of 
 ;^i2,ooo a year. The late Mr. James Grant was for many years editor of the 
 Morning Advertiser, and which was at one time contributed to by Lord 
 Brougham. 
 
Dictionary of the Periodical Press. 129 
 
 Morning Post {12, Wellington St., W.C. ; Daily, 3d.), a political, general 
 and fashionable newspaper; was founded so long ago as 1772, and when first 
 issued was the size of one sheet of the Fall Mall Gazette of to-day. At one 
 period in its history the paper was owned in part by the Prince Regent, whose 
 breakfast-table literature at Carlton House, according to one of our poets, 
 consisted of " Death warrants and the Morning Post." Its writers in the past 
 have included Charles Lamb, Southey, Sir James Mackintosh, Wordsworth, 
 Tom Moore, Praed and Coleridge, the latter being one of successive and 
 successful editors. When the venerable paper celebrated its centenary on 
 Nov. 2nd, 1872, it devoted several columns to a most interesting account of its 
 own history. With Sir Algernon 
 Borthwick for its present proprietor 
 and editor, and with an able staff at 
 his side, the Post maintains its old ' 
 prestige, and never carried more ^^^' 
 weight with its political, social, and literary verdicts than it does now. 
 
 Music :— I. Musical Standard (185, Fleet Street ; Weekly, 3d.) 2. 
 Musical Titties (i, Berners Street, W. ; Monthly, 3d.) 3. Musical World 
 (244, Regent Street; Weekly, 4d.) 
 
 Nature (29, Bedford Street, Strand; Weekly, 6d.) deals with scientific 
 discoveries and books. Published by Messrs. Macmillan & Co. , and edited by 
 Dr. J. Norman Lockyer, Nature is quite the best organ for the class of readers 
 for whom it is particularly designed. 
 
 Nineteetith Century (i, Paternoster Square; Monthly, 2S. 6d.), founded and 
 edited by Mr. James Knowles,an able man, who was formerly an architect, having 
 built, among other places, the Surrey residence of Mr. Alfred Tennyson, his great 
 friend and the contributor to his periodical. Mr. Knowles formerly edited the 
 Contemporary, which the Nineteenth Century resembles in its general scope *, 
 
 F 2 
 
 n 
 
1^0 "Journals and Journalism. 
 
 and he originated in 1869 the Metaphysical Society, whose members reflected 
 the most various phases of current thought. As its name imphes, the Nine- 
 teenth Century is intended to be in every way of its time ; it allows the 
 principal intellectual battles (especially the theological and anti- theological 
 controversy) to be fought out in its arena without fear or favour. Every one 
 of its articles, it may be added, is signed by a name of some note. 
 
 Nonconformist (13, Fleet Street; Weekly, 6d.), a paper that embodies the 
 best traditions of Liberalism and Nonconformity, is conscientiously conducted, 
 and often has exceptionally discriminating notices of books. 
 
 Notes and Queries (20, Wellington Street, W.C. ; Weekly, 4d.) contains 
 antiquarian, literary, scientific and artistic memoranda and information, chiefly 
 contributed by outside correspondents. 
 
 Observer (396, Strand ; Sunday, 4d.), a political, social and literary news- 
 paper with a history which goes back as far as 179 1, and at no period of which 
 was it in a better position than it is now. 
 
 Pall Mall Budget (6d.) is a weekly collection of articles printed in the Pall 
 Mall Gazette, with a summary of news. 
 
 Pall Mall Gazette (2, Northumberland Street, Strand; Every Evening, 2d.), 
 established in 1865 by Mr. George Smith, head of the firm of Smith, Elder, 
 and Co., as proprietor, and Mr. Frederick Greenwood as editor. Several 
 thousand pounds were spent, in announcing its advent and otherwise, at its 
 inception, and it paid its contributors munificently. In spite of this expendi- 
 ture, and the high standing the paper took from the first, it proved an un- 
 profitable enterprise for many years. James Greenwood's first "Amateur 
 Casual " article (for which he received loo guineas) drew the Pall Mall into a 
 more general popularity ; but, notwithstanding, serious changes in the paper 
 were deemed necessary, the price being lowered from twopence to a penny — 
 and without any success. The next experiment was to publish, in 1870, a 
 morning as well as an evening edition of the Pall Mall, and the experiment 
 
Dictionary of the Periodical Press. i 31 
 
 spelled ruin. The first form was then recurred to and is still retained, the 
 paper having become a fine property in the meantime. The political history 
 of.the Pall Mall is well known, and has lately been the subject of great com- 
 ment. Only a few weeks after Mr. Gladstone, then in opposition, had con- 
 fessed that the Pall Mall was his most able arraigner in the press, the public 
 was surprised to hear that the same statesman, having regained office, was in a 
 position to compliment the very same evening journal, "written by gentlemen 
 for gentlemen," on being no longer his keenest foe, but his kindest friend. 
 The fact was that Mr. Smith had transferred the paper to his son-in-law, Mr. 
 Henry Yates Thompson, to whom, a Liberal, its political independence 
 was not acceptable. The change of proprietorship necessitated a change in the 
 editorial department also, Mr. Greenwood resigning a post he could no longer 
 conscientiously retain, not without a keen and natural regret in parting from a 
 paper which he " planned, down to the little details of paper and type," which 
 are so dear to the journalistically paternal mind. Mr. F. W. Joynes, the 
 principal sub-editor of the paper from its foundation till 1 880, retired with his 
 chief, also some members of the staff. 
 
 Pan (4, Lugdate Circus Buildings, E.C« ; Weekly, 6d.), a satirical journal, 
 edited by Mr. Alfred Thompson, whose only enemies will be "unjust, corrupt, 
 and cruel men, pretenders, upstarts, snobs, and humbugs," 
 
 Pen (22, Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, W.C. ; Monthly, 6d.) This 
 was originally started, in the spring of 1880, as a weekly two-penny literary 
 paper, differing from those already established by giving an exclusive 
 attention to literary subjects ; also by the reproduction of drawings from the 
 illustrated books under review ; and by the light articles and paragraphs 
 which popularized its pages. In their prospectus, the projectors of the 
 Pen stated their belief that " the best and most difficult function of the critic 
 is the discovery of merits rather than of defects;" and promised "that 
 while we shall praise nothing that is not good for the sake of being 
 
132 journals and 'Journalism. 
 
 pleasant, we shall never be tempted into injustice for the mere sake 
 of being smart." Under new management, the Pen now appears as a 
 monthly, not exclusively devoted to criticism and news, but with an admixture 
 of fiction, travels, etc. 
 
 Penny Illustrated Paper (10, Milford Lane, Strand ; Weekly, id.) 
 
 Phonetic Jourtial {20, Paternoster Row, E.C.; Weekly, id.), Mr. Pitman's 
 organ of the Phonetic Society. 
 
 Pictorial World (63, Fleet Street; Weekly, 2d.), an illustrated family and 
 general newspaper. 
 
 Portfolio (54, Fleet Street ; Monthly, 2s. 6d.), a high-class art journal, to be 
 prized equally for its illustrations and its letterpress. Edited by Philip 
 
 Hamerton, the Portfolio cannot fail to be 
 charming ; and it also presents to amateurs 
 ')>/Tyj'^i'*<*«^i'^'^ a fair field with no favour, as may be seen 
 
 jj^ ■ from the announcement: "The editor 
 
 desires to correct an impression that he accepts contributions only from writers 
 of estabUshed reputation. He will be most willing to give room to any writer 
 of real ability, whether he happens to be celebrated or not." A liberal decree, 
 from which Mr. Knowles of the Nineteenth Century would certainly dissent. 
 
 Public Opinimi (li, Southampton Street, Strand ; Weekly, 2d.), one of the 
 happy thoughts of journalism. A collection, week by week, of the differing 
 opinions of the home and continental press upon the events of the time ; is as 
 amusing as it is valuable. \Vhen the paper was in its youth, its compilers 
 combined tbeir quotations with a piquant effect of antithesis and mutual con- 
 tradiction, which seems now to be less considered. Original book-reviews 
 and a column of correspondence, kept up with considerable briskness, are 
 mingled with the quoted matter, which is excellently selected and arranged. 
 
 Punch (85, Fleet Street ; Weekly, 3d.) has played since 1841 a considerable 
 part in the political and social life of England. Its literar>' history is well 
 known. Editorially associated during recent years with the grave name of 
 
Dictionary of the Periodical Press. 133 
 
 Tom Taylor, its columns have been 
 
 lightened by the incomparable writings ^- m,*-"*** 
 
 of Mr. F. C. Burnand ; while the draw- y(^ ^J^e.^C-C^^it'^tC^ - 
 
 ings of Mr. du Maurier have further 
 
 helped its pages to retain their hold on the pubUc affection. Pwich is no believer 
 in the old maxim that the labourer is worthy of his hire, for it every week 
 declares that the editor does not undertake to pay for any outside contributions 
 , he may accept— an announcement which, in the interests of the amateur, 
 and for the credit of the profession, we own that we shall be glad to see 
 withdrawn. 
 
 Quarterly Review (50, Albemarle Street, W. ; 6s.) has a history too well 
 known to need recapitulation here. The present occupant of the editorial 
 chair, in which Gifford and Lockhart formerly sat, is Dr. WiUiam Smith, of 
 Classical Dictionary fame, and otherwise a man of high literary distinction. 
 
 Queen (see Ladies' Publications). 
 
 Quiver (Ludgate Hill, E.G. ; Monthly, 6d.), a magazine of Sunday reading; 
 as popular and successful as everything of Messrs. Gassell, Fetter, Galpin, and 
 Co.'s appears to be. 
 
 Religious Publications :— I. Christian Age (107, Fleet Street ; Weekly, id.) 
 2. Christian Globe [2<), Farringdon Street, E.G. ; Weekly, id.) 3. Christian 
 Herald (2, Ivy Lane, E.G. ; Weekly, id.) 4. Christian Union (8, Salisbury 
 Square, Fleet Street; Weekly, id.) 5. Christian World (13, Fleet Street; 
 Weekly, id.) 
 
 Reynolds' Weekly Newspaper (313, Strand; Weekly, id.) advocates 
 Republican principles. 
 
 St. James's Gazette (Dorset Street, Fleet Street ; Evening, 2d.), the paper 
 founded by Mr. Frederick Greenwood after his secession from the Fall Mall 
 Gazette. The new organ, which resembles the Pall Mall in outward 
 appearance, and in its style differs from it only by being a little more jaunty, 
 made its debut on May 31st, 1880. Backed by a large amount of capital, read 
 
I 34 'Journals and Journalism. 
 
 by independent politicians and by Conservatives, written and edited with 
 character and talent, the St. Jameses Gazette has been born with a silver spoon 
 in its mouth, and can hardly miss a prosperous career. 
 
 St. James's Magazine and United Empire Review [% Friar Street, Broadway, 
 E.G. ; Monthly, is.) novels, essays, political and biographical articles. 
 
 Saturday Revie^v (38, Southampton Street, Strand ; Weekly, 6d.), estab- 
 lished in 1855 ; connected in its proprietary with the name of Mr. Beresford- 
 Hope, M.P., and edited for some time by the late Mr. Cook. In many 
 respects a unique paper ; its very name has acquired a flavour of its own upon 
 the tongue— a taste of bitter herbs, astringent and not ungrateful. Yet the 
 Saturday Review is at least as remarkable for its liberal recognition of merits 
 as for its scorn of faults. It knows, indeed, how to use ridicule ; and if that 
 weapon is a legitimate, nay, valuable one, it is well that it should be employed 
 intelligently. The tone of the paper is strongly pronounced for morality and 
 for reverence towards the things which are generally accepted as sacred. It 
 has never occupied the now common neutral ground of absolute indifference to 
 all save " art " and " honour " ; it is scholarly, making, perhaps, a specialty 
 of historical and classical knowledge. The political articles lead off, followed 
 by papers of social and other current subjects of interest in smaller type, these 
 being succeeded by book reviews, in the course of which one author is gene- 
 rally crushed in each number. Periodical notices of German, American, and 
 other foreign publications are a marked feature of the Saturday Review. 
 There is no political or other trimming in its columns. It has lately stung 
 Mr. Gladstone into a hot retort ; but Lord Beaconsfield, in past years, felt 
 the same lash, wielded, in his case, by the Marquis of Salisbury, who then 
 increased by his pen the income of a younger son. 
 
 Service Publications : — I. Army and Navy Gazette (16, Wellington Street, 
 W.C. ; Weekly, 6d.), edited by Dr. W. H. Russell, the famous correspon- 
 dent of The Times and the Telegraph. 2. Broad Arrow (2, Waterloo Place, 
 
Dictionary of the Periodical Press, 135 
 
 S.W. ; Weekly, 6d.) 3. Civil Service 
 Gazette (6, Salisbury Street, Strand ; 
 Weekly, 3d.) 4. Colbtcrn's United Ser- 
 vice Magazine (13, Great Marlborough 
 Street ; Monthly, 3s. 6d.) 5. Naval Chronicle (18, Adam Street, Strand ; 
 Monthly, 6d.) 6. Naval and Military Gazette (4, Spring Gardens, Charing 
 Cross ; Weekly, 3d.) 7. United Service Gazette (7, Wellington Street, W.C. ; 
 Weekly, 6d.) 8. Volunteer Service Gazette (121, Fleet Street ; Weekly, 4d.) 
 
 Social Notes (16, Southampton Street, Strand ; Weekly, id.) Articles on 
 social reforms, requirements, and progress ; founded by the Marquis Towns- 
 hend, with Mr. S. C. Hall for first editor, his sorrowful experiences in that 
 capacity being chronicled in our law-court reports. 
 
 Society (84, Fleet Street ; Weekly, id.), ^^ 
 a gossipy, bright little paper, in some C^^^j^;^Lr^^^<>*_*7^ ^y 
 ways the most wonderful pennyworth ^ ^ f f"^^^^^ L^^l/t^ 
 
 among the weeklies. — ' 
 
 Spectator (i, Wellington Street, Strand ; Weekly, 6d.) has celebrated its 
 golden jubilee, but shows no sign of the decrepitude of age. Mr. R. H. 
 Hutton here mounts his pulpit every Saturday, with utterances of entire 
 honesty, which give to his paper a 
 
 singular interest and charm. Indepen- ^^ /l/f/ ^y ^y^- 
 
 dent, outspoken, and powerful in its ^>'i^m/-v//^/'^^--'^?^*^'t''-t — 
 political articles, the Spectator in its 
 
 literary notices is discriminating, candid, and fair ; and all its utterances on 
 religion are marked by a freedom from bias rare indeed in any newspaper, and 
 characteristic, like the other features of the journal, of Mr. Hutton's own mind. 
 
 Spiritualist Publications : — I. Medium and Daybreak (15, Southampton 
 Row, Holborn; Weekly, ijd.) 2. Spiritualist (11, Ave Maria Lane, E.G. ; 
 Weekly, 2d.) 
 
^3^ 'Journals and Journalism. 
 
 .S^aw^ar^ (104, Shoe Lane, E.G.; Morning and Evening, id.) was originally 
 an evening paper only, and was specially designed to oppose the application of 
 the principles of civil and religious liberty to the case of the Roman Catholics 
 then in England. Dr. Giffard, an ultra-Protestant, was its first editor. 
 Appearing in 1S27, it was soon afterwards referred to hy \!n.& Morning Chronicle 
 as "a journal which has crawled into existence, and is fast hastening towards 
 dissolution." The Morning Chronicle itself fulfilled the amiable prediction it 
 had ventured in regard to a contemporary which, after some early struggles, 
 soon attained stability. When the Maynooth Grant was placed on the Con- 
 solidated Fund, the Standard, according to Mr. James Grant, modified its 
 hostility to the Catholic religion at the instance of Sir Robert Peel, who took 
 the precaution of influencing Dr. Giffard in favour of the measure before he 
 introduced it in the House ; and by its desertion of the ultra-Protestant cause 
 on this occasion it offended many of those who had previously given it a 
 warm support. The Standard long ago gave evidence of that honourable mode 
 of conducting political controversy for which it has lately been much com- 
 mended, refusing, as it did, to make common cause with its Tory contemporaries 
 against the Liberal administration in connection with the case of the Hon. Mrs. 
 Norton and Lord Melbourne, who was then Premier. The Statidard, after 
 it was an established success, passed from the hands of Mr. Edward Baldwin 
 (son of its first proprietor) into those of Mr. Johnstone, who reduced the price 
 from 4d. to 2d., and made it a morning as well as an evening paper. This was 
 in 1857 ; and in 1858 its price was further lowered to id., though its size was 
 increased. The Standard is one of the largest of the penny papers, and, perhaps 
 on this account, carries off the palm as to the variety and completeness of its 
 news. The Evening Standard is published under the same auspices and at 
 the same place as the morning issue, which it resembles in general excellence. 
 
 Statist (16, York St., W.C. ; Weekly, 6d.), financial and commercial statis- 
 tics and articles. 
 
Dictionary of the Periodical Press. 137 
 
 Stmday at Home (ijo, Paternoster Row; Weekly, id.), family reading, 
 carefully selected, and well illustrated. 
 
 Sunday Magazine (56, Ludgate Hill ; Monthly, 6d.), stories, essays, verses, 
 for Sunday and general reading. 
 
 Sunday Times (8, New Bridge St., E.G. ; 2d,) A capital paper. 
 
 Temple Bar Magazine (8, New Burlington Street, W. ; Monthly, is.), 
 established in i860 close upon the great success of the Cornhill, and laid upon 
 much the same lines, save that it eschewed illustrations, and made^ a specialty 
 of a light and journaKstic style of essay, as was to be expected from the peculiar 
 talents of its first editor, Mr. Sala. Its novels, too, were distinctively of the 
 smart order, and this tradition it has preserved until now, by publishing some 
 of the briskest stories by the lady novelists most in vogue. A thoroughly 
 readable magazine, and its past numbers contain, among more ephemeral 
 matter, some memorable articles and poems. 
 
 Theatrical Publications: — i. Era (49, Wellington Street, W.C. ; Weekly, 
 5d.), founded in 1837; owned and ably conducted by Mr. Edward Ledger. 
 2. Theatre (26, Wellington Street, W.C. ; Monthly, is.), edited by Clement 
 Scott, the dramatic critic of the Daily Telegraph. 
 
 Times (Printing House Square, E.C. ; Daily, 3d.) "Madam, have you 
 seen Mr. Cambridge's excellent verses called * The Progress of Liberty ? ' 
 They appeared in a paper called The Times " — so wrote Horace Walpole to 
 the Countess of Ossory on the 1 2th of December, 1789. From "a paper 
 called TJie Times'" to "the Leading 
 Organ " is a long jump, and the story 
 of it will, no doubt, be one day worthily 
 written. Here is only space for little 
 more than a few names and dates. First published in 1785, under the 
 title of the Daily Universal Register, by Mr. John Walter, the namesake and 
 grandfather of the present principal proprietor, at Printing House Square. 
 
^3^ yournals and 'Journalism. 
 
 He was an ingenious man, a master of the technique of printing, trying many 
 doubtful experiments, and patenting various manifest improvements connected 
 with his craft. On the first day of the year 1788, the pappr appeared as The 
 Times — the older and cumbrous title having proved as injurious to it as did 
 Tristram to Mr, Shandy's son. To be " fashionable, humorous, and witty " 
 entered into the design of Mr. Walter's organ in those early years, and it con- 
 tained lively paragraphs such as now appear in the "society" papers. No 
 leading articles were published then ; and the number of advertisements in 
 the first issue of The Times was only ''57. Mr. Walter made the paper pros- 
 perous, and then transferred it in 1803 to his son, also a man of business 
 knowledge and capacity. In 18 10 The Times was certainly not open to that 
 charge of trimming which has been advanced against it of late, with some- 
 thing of exaggeration ; for its course was just then so unpleasant to the ruling 
 politicians that the Government advertisements were withdrawn from its 
 columns ; and so petty became the persecution, that the editor's packages from 
 abroad were stopped by Government at the outposts, while those for the 
 Ministerial journals were allowed to pass. After successive enlargements, 
 both in size and in circulation. The Times became difficult to produce in suffi- 
 cient numbers by the hand printing-presses, and Mr. Walter, after expending 
 much money and attention on attempts to meet the difficulty, at last produced, 
 in 1844, a copy of the paper printed by steam and machinery — to the intense 
 disgust of the pressmen in Printing House Square. The Times is now 
 said to be produced, on the Walter printing-press, at the rate of more than 
 20,000 copies an hour, by a system over which something like ;^5o,ooo has 
 been spent in bringing it to its present perfection. The Times has often acted 
 with great public spirit, as when it did much to cure the first fever of railway 
 speculation — at the loss of many thousands of pounds to its own coffers, 
 through the retaliative withdrawal of these speculative advertisements from 
 its columns. Thus has it earned its title of the Monarch of the Press. Its 
 
Dictionary of the Periodical Press. 1 39 
 
 contributors (who are more handsomely paid than those of any other daily 
 paper) include many eminent men in various walks of life ; and its editor 
 enjoys a prestige of his own among journalists and in general society. Of 
 Mr. Delane, the late brilliant editor, we have spoken in earlier pages. His 
 cessation of labour was followed by another severe loss to The Times — the 
 retirement of its sub-editor, Mr. Stebbing. The 
 present occupant of the editorial throne is Mr. 
 Thomas Chenery, formerly known to fame only as 
 a distinguished Oriental scholar. ^ ( - 
 
 Tt>?ie (i, York Street, Covent Garden; Monthly, is.), a magazine of 
 general literature, brightly edited by Mr. Bdmund Yates. 
 
 Ti??tes Weekly Edition (2d.) has been published since 1877, containing 
 prominent contents of one week's daily issues. 
 
 Tinsley's Magazine (8, Catherine Street, Strand ; Monthly, is.) contains 
 essays and reviews, but is chiefly known for its fiction — largely contributed of 
 late by Mr. Richard Dowling, the young novelist whose " Mystery of Killard " 
 and " Weird Sisters " have scored a signal success. 
 
 Truth l(l(i. Queen Street, E.G. ; Weekly, 6d.), started in 1877 by Mr. 
 Labouchere. It has much in common with the World, devoting a large space 
 to the political, personal, and cynical paragraphs of which everybody more or 
 less protests that he disapproves, while everybody reads them. Truth is less 
 literary than the World, caring less for classical finish or technical excellence 
 than for spiciness and dash. The paper largely reflects the personality of the 
 editor, who has an efficient lieutenant in Mr. Horace Voules. 
 
 Unitarian Publications: — i. Christian Life (123, Fleet Street; Weekly, 2d.) 
 2. Inquirer (37, Norfolk Street, Strand ; Weekly, 5d.) 
 
 University Magazine (13, Great Marlborough Street; Monthly, 2s. 6d.), 
 critical essays and reviews. Formerly the Dublin University Magazine. 
 
 Vanity Fair (12, Tavistock Street, W.C. ; Weekly, is,), the first and 
 
140 'Journals and yournalism, 
 
 chief of the existing " society papers," having been founded in 1868. Its 
 high price separates it somewhat from the ruck of its kind, and it is also 
 distinguished by its caricature portraits— unequal, but in some instances exces- 
 sively clever. Tales, articles— political, social, and critical— and the ubi- 
 quitous paragraph form the chief part of its contents. 
 
 Victoria Magazine (85, Praed Street, 
 W. ; Monthly, is.), conducted by Miss 
 Emily Faithfull, to forward the general 
 interests of women. 
 Walter Pelkam's Illustrated Journal (Fetter Lane, E.G.; Weekly, id.), 
 "a miscellany of romance, wit, and wisdom," 
 
 Weekly Budget (Red Lion Court, Fleet Street ; Weekly, id.) 
 Weekly Dispatch (20, Wine Office Court, Fleet Street ; Sunday, id.), 
 a strongly conducted journal for the industrial classes, owned and edited by 
 Mr. Ashton W. Dilke, M.P. 
 
 Weekly Eeviexv (5, Drury Court, Strand ; Weekly, 4d.) 
 Weekly Ti?nes (332, Strand ; Sunday, id.) 
 Week^s News (91, Gracechurch Street, E.G. ; Weekly, 2d.) 
 Westminster /^eviezu {^y,hudgate Hill ; Quarterly, 6s.) General essays and 
 reviews written from the political and religious standpoint of the late John 
 Stuart Mill, its distinguished editor. The Westminster has excellent and 
 candid book reviews. 
 
 Whitehall Review (6, York Street, Govent Garden ; Weekly, 6d.), a " per- 
 sonal " journal with a special feature in the publication of portraits, principally 
 of ladies well known in the London world. For the rest, the ^/4//^/^a// contains 
 the articles, correspondence, essays, and, above all, the paragraphs which are 
 also characteristic of its competitors. It describes itself as the "journal of good 
 society, " and devotes much space to chit-chat on the sayings and doings of 
 persons of fashion. The Whitehall has an enterprising proprietor and editor 
 
Dictionary of the Periodical Press. 141 
 
 in Mr. Edward Legge, a barrister-at-law, formerly connected with the 
 Morning Post. 
 
 World (i, York Street^ Covent Garden ; Weekly, 6d.), originated in 1874 
 by Mr. Edmund Yates, with the collaboration of Mr. Labouchere and Mr. 
 Grenville Murray, but now the sole property of Mr. Yates. Its own frank 
 description of itself as a "journal for men and women " is the best to label it 
 with. While amusing the men and women of town with scraps of news 
 about themselves and each other, told in the lightly cynical tone which they 
 themselves are in the habit of using, it interests 
 the men and women of a larger world with 
 its fresh, crisp, and capable political sketches, 
 portraits of "Celebrities at Home, "criticism 
 — the musical department being in particularly good hands — and short general 
 essays. Personal it undoubtedly is, but there is no denying the fact that 
 modern society has so far moderated its prejudices that personal journalism 
 is often anything but unacceptable to its subjects, while to its readers it 
 appears to be eminently acceptable. The IVor/d, besides, has always 
 preserved a certain masculine tone ; it disclaims the title of " society 
 paper," and has never condescended to Thackeray's favourite abomination — 
 snobbery. 
 
 "•^ "&"•■*/ "J — — ■> 
 
 rests ^ . ^ 
 
 :hes, ^^^^-^..^^iL.^ Afy^ 
 
 ;ism c/ 
 

 A ^^wn. 
 
 
 
 
 23 ^ 
 
 Jocuie/fvintiu 
 
 ^l 
 
 HOW TO CORRECT PROOFS. 
 
 CORSECTED FOR. PRESS. 
 
 I' Madrag. to which Give had been 
 appoint)/d^ was, at this time, penjaps, 
 the first in. importance of thdCom* 
 pany ^settlements^ 
 
 ^^Inthe preceding- century^ Fort 
 Saint ^ Qeorge had arisen on a 
 ^spot/B^en beatea by a raging 
 surF^and in the jieighbotrrhood. a 
 towDj inhabited y(^-«»e5^ thousands 
 of natives^ had sprung tJp, as - they - 
 spr^'ng up in the JEast, with £he 
 rapidity of the prophet's gourd. 
 ** Thgre were already in the suC^j-bs 
 many white villas^each surrounded 
 by its garden^ whither the agents of 
 theybrnpany retired, after the labours 
 of the desW to enjoy the cool breeze 
 which springs up at sunse^rom the 
 Bay of/Bengal/ The habits of these 
 meip^tile grandees appear to have 
 n more profuse, luxuries, and 
 ofistentatious than those of the high 
 judicial and political functioanries 
 who have succeeded them/ /Zor^ 
 C^tve, hy Lord Macaulay. 
 
 j5 ^. C<iMl 
 
 ^6 ^/ 
 
 -/ 
 
 as (> 
 
 30 /-/ 
 
HOW TO CORRECT PROOFS. 
 
 READY FOR PRESS. 
 
 "MADRAS, to which Clive had 
 been appointed, was, at this time, 
 perhaps, the first in importance of 
 the Company's settlements. In the 
 preceding century, Fort Sf. George 
 had arisen on a barren spot beaten 
 by a raging surf; and in the neigh- 
 bourhood a town, inhabited by many 
 thousands of natives, had sprung up, 
 as towns spring up in the East, with 
 the rapidity of the prophet's gourd. 
 
 " There were already in the suburbs 
 many white villas (each surrounded 
 by its garden), whither the agents of 
 the Company retired, after the labours 
 of the desk and the warehouse, to 
 enjoy the cool breeze which springs 
 up at sunset from the Bay of Bengal. 
 The habits of these mercantile 
 grandees appear to have been more 
 profuse, luxurious, and ostentatious 
 than those of the high judicial and 
 political functionaries who have 
 succeeded them." — Lord Clive, by 
 Lord Macaulav. 
 
rlj 
 
 HOW TO CORRECT PROOFS. 
 
 EXPLANATION, 
 
 1. Marks for turned commas, to designate 
 extracts. 
 
 2. To change a word from small letters 
 to capitals, mark three lines under it, and 
 write caps, in the margin opposite. 
 
 3. Where there is a wrong letter, draw 
 the pen through that letter, and mark the 
 right one in the margin opposite, with a 
 down line following it. 
 
 4. When a paragraph commences where 
 it is not intended, connect the matter by a 
 line, and write in the margin opposite, no 
 break or run on. 
 
 5. Where a word has to be changed to 
 italic, make a line under the word, and 
 write italic in the margin. 
 
 6. Words to be transposed. 
 
 7. A semi-colon omitted. 
 
 8. Omission of a word is noticed by a 
 caret, A ^nd marking in the margin. 
 
 9. To draw the letters of a word close 
 together which stand apart. 
 
 10. The marks for a paragraph, when its 
 commencement has been omitted. 
 
 11. Substitution of a capital for a small 
 letter. 
 
 12. The substitution of a full point for a 
 comma or other point. 
 
 13. Superfluous letters or words should 
 be noticed by a line drawn through them, 
 and this mark written in the margin (dele, 
 take out). 
 
 14. The marks for closing an extract. 
 
 15. To change a word from small letters 
 to small capitals, make two lines under the 
 word, and write sm. caps, in the margin. 
 
 16. A letter turned upside down. 
 
 17. The mark for a space where it has 
 been omitted between two words. 
 
 18. A comma omitted. 
 
 19. When a letter of a different size to 
 that used, or of a different face, appears 
 in a word, draw a line either through it or 
 under it, and write opposite w./. (wrong 
 fount). 
 
 20. When one or more words have been 
 struck out, and it is subsequently decided 
 that they shall remain, make dots under 
 them and write itei (stand) in the margin. 
 
 21. The substitution of one word for 
 another. 
 
 22. Where a word has to be changed 
 from Italic to Roman, make a line under it 
 and write ronian on the margin opposite. 
 
 23. The substitution of a small for a 
 capital letter. 
 
 24. Marks when lines and words do not 
 appear straight. 
 
 25. The marks for parentheses. 
 
 26. A battered, broken, or misshapen 
 letter may also be noticed by a line drawn 
 under or through it, and a + written in 
 the margin. 
 
 27. Where a space stands up and appears, 
 draw a line through it, and make a strong 
 perpendicular mark in the margin. 
 
 38. A letter omitted. 
 
 29. The transposition of letters in a 
 word. 
 
 30- The dash omitted. The hyphen 
 omitted is marked by a shorter line with 
 only one vertical mark. 
 
 31 . The manner of marking an omission, 
 or an insertion, when it is too long to be 
 written in the side margin. When this 
 occurs, it may be written either at the top 
 or bottom of the page. 
 
 Care should always be taken that the 
 errata are written in the order in which 
 they occur. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 
 
 'AGE 
 
 Academy 
 
 
 107 
 
 Austin, Alfred 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 Adams, Mr. Leith ... 
 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 
 
 After Work 
 
 
 107 
 
 Baptist ... ■ 
 
 
 
 IIO 
 
 Agnew, William 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 Bazaar 
 
 
 
 III 
 
 Agricultural papers ... 
 
 
 117 
 
 Beaconsfield, Lord ... 
 
 74, 
 
 123, 
 
 134 
 
 Alford, Dean 
 
 
 116 
 
 Belgravia ^ 
 
 22 
 
 ,58, 
 
 III 
 
 All the Ycm- Round ... 
 
 
 107 
 
 Bennett 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 Amateur Magazine ... 
 
 
 II 
 
 Biograph 
 
 
 
 III 
 
 Amateurs, their dil 
 
 ettante 
 
 
 Black, William 
 
 
 
 124 
 
 habits, 9 ; their styl 
 
 e, II ; 
 
 
 Blackwood's Magazine 
 
 
 
 III 
 
 advice to, 20 ; the dest 
 
 roying 
 
 
 Borthwick, Sir Algernon 
 
 64, 
 
 129 
 
 stage, 22 ; must be per 
 
 sistent 
 
 24 
 
 Bow Bells 
 
 
 
 iir 
 
 American Traveller... 
 
 
 108 
 
 Bowles, T. G 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 Anglo-American Times 
 
 
 108 
 
 Brief 
 
 
 
 III 
 
 Animal World 
 
 
 108 
 
 British Architect 
 
 
 
 109 
 
 Anonymity 
 
 
 72 
 
 British Mail 
 
 .« 
 
 
 108 
 
 Antiquary 
 
 
 
 109 
 
 British Quarterly 
 
 
 
 112 
 
 Architect ... . 
 
 
 109 
 
 Brougham, Lord, a rejected con- 
 
 
 Argosy 
 
 .. 
 
 109 
 
 tributor, 33 ; jealous of 
 
 his 
 
 
 Army papers 
 
 
 135 
 
 colleagues on the Edinbui 
 
 ■gh. 
 
 
 Arnold, Arthur 
 
 '.'. 62, 
 
 120 
 
 121 ; contributed 
 
 to 
 
 the 
 
 
 Arnold, Edwin 
 
 • 43, 
 
 120 
 
 Morning Advertiser 
 
 
 
 12S 
 
 Arnold, Matthew 
 
 
 117 
 
 Browning, Mrs. 
 
 
 21, 
 
 117 
 
 Artist 
 
 ..> 
 
 109 
 
 Browning, Robert ... 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 Art Journal 
 
 
 109 
 
 Buckland, Frank 
 
 
 
 117 
 
 Art, Magazine of ... 
 
 
 109 
 
 Building journals 
 
 
 
 109 
 
 AthcncEum 
 
 
 
 IIO 
 
 Burnand, F. C. 
 
 
 
 133 
 
 Atlantic Monthly ... . 
 
 
 108 
 
 Byron 
 
 
 
 42 
 
146 
 
 Index. 
 
 Carlyle edited out ofn^cognition, 
 32 ; his French Revolution 
 declined by a publisher, 33 ; 
 
 American payments 99 
 
 CasseWs Magazine 112 
 
 Catholic publications 112 
 
 Chambers' s y ozirnal 114 
 
 Charing Cross Magazine 114 
 
 Chatto and Windus Ill 
 
 Chenery, T 137, I39 
 
 " Christian " publications ... 133 
 
 Church of England publications, 1 14 
 
 115, 116 
 
 Colbiirn's New Monthly 116 
 
 Coleridge, editor of Morning 
 
 Post 129 
 
 Coleridge, Father 113 
 
 Collins, Wilkie 56 
 
 Commandments, Ten Literary loi 
 
 Contei>if>o7-a7y Review ... 41, 116 
 
 Copyright 97 
 
 Cornhill Maga zine 116 
 
 Court Circular 118 
 
 Court yournal 1 1 8 
 
 Courtney, Leonard 62 
 
 Cowen, Joseph 62 
 
 Cox, Serjeant iii, 126 
 
 Daily Chronicle Il8 
 
 Daily News 118 
 
 Daily papers, salaries on ... 44 
 
 Daily Telegraph 94, "9 
 
 Davey, R 126 
 
 Day of Rest 120 
 
 Declined with thanks," 
 
 32, 
 
 33 
 
 • •• 70, 77. 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 on his con- 
 
 
 his emotion 
 
 
 bitterness of the phrase , 27 ; 
 how to take it, 28 ; great 
 authors to whom it has been 
 addressed 
 
 Delane, M. T. 
 
 De Vere, Aubrey 
 
 Dickens, Charles, 
 tributions, 15 ; 
 on iirst appearing in print, 22 ; 
 as a reporter, 25 ; on diffi- 
 culties of learning short-hand, 
 57 ; denounces impertinent 
 journalism, 95 ; as editor of 
 Daily News ^ 
 
 Dilke, Ashtcn 62, 
 
 Dilke, Sir Charles ... 62, no, 
 
 Dixon, Hepworth, first contri- 
 buted to local papers when a 
 merchant's clerk, 23 ; his diffi- 
 culty in finding a publisher, 
 33 ; editor of Athenaum 
 
 Dowling, R 
 
 Dublin Review 
 
 Duplication of literary work 
 
 119 
 140 
 118 
 
 109 
 
 132 
 
 III 
 
 51 
 
 Earnings of a young journalist 
 during his first year's labour 49 
 
 Ecclesiastical Gazette 114 
 
 Echo 120 
 
 Economist 121 
 
 Edinburgh Review ... 32, 47, 121 
 
 Editorial "we" 82, 84 
 
 Editors, introductions to 13 ; 
 thorns in their cushions, 15 ; 
 who are also proprietors, 47 ; 
 
Index^ 
 
 H7 
 
 their labours and responsibili- 
 ties, 73, 86 ; who never write, 
 86 ; great men who have 
 
 failed as 86 
 
 Educational publications ... 122 
 
 Edwards, Passmore 62, 121 
 
 Eliot, George, rejected. 33 ; her 
 
 remuneration 40 
 
 " Englishwoman's " papers ... 125 
 
 Era 137 
 
 Examiner 122 
 
 Faithfall, Miss 140 
 
 Family Herald 1 22 
 
 Family J\ cad er 122 
 
 Farming publications 117 
 
 Fathers, in relation to their as- 
 piring sons 26, 38 
 
 Field 117 
 
 Finigan, Lysaght 63 
 
 First appearance in print ... 89 
 
 Floral publications 117 
 
 Fonblanque, Albany, at work 29 
 
 Forbes, Archibald 119 
 
 Foreign Times 108 
 
 Forster, John 118, 119 
 
 Fortttightly Review 122 
 
 Franklin 26 
 
 Frase7''s Magazine 122 
 
 Freeman no 
 
 Freemason 122 
 
 Fi-eemason's Chronicle 122 
 
 Friendly Leaves 1 15 
 
 Fun 123 
 
 Funny Folks 123 
 
 Gardening publications 
 
 Gaskell, Mrs 
 
 Geneclogist 
 
 Gentleman'' s Magazine 
 
 Gladstone 131, 
 
 Globe 
 
 Gcod Words 
 
 Good work not always market- 
 able 
 
 Go wing, Richard 
 
 Grant, James 
 
 Graphic 
 
 Gratuitous contributions 
 
 Gray, E. D 
 
 Gi-eeley, Horace 
 
 Greenwood, Frederick ... 130, 
 
 Greenwood, James 
 
 Giove, George 
 
 Guardian 
 
 Hrdl S. C 109, 
 
 Ilamerton, P. G 
 
 Hand and Heart 
 
 Harper'' s Magazine 
 
 Harte, Eret 
 
 Hatton, Joseph 
 
 Hawthorn, Nathaniel, his early 
 work " declined with 
 thanks " ... 
 
 Health papers 
 
 Hill, Frank H 
 
 Hoey, Mrs. Cashel 
 
 Hogg, James 
 
 Home Ne-ws 
 
 Homceopathic papers 
 
 PAGE 
 
 117 
 117 
 123 
 123 
 
 134 
 
 I2i 
 123 
 
 33 
 122 
 128 
 124 
 
 10 
 
 63 
 26 
 
 133 
 130 
 127 
 
 IIS 
 
 135 
 132 
 124 
 108 
 26 
 51 
 
 30 
 
 128 
 
 119 
 
 17 
 127 
 108 
 128 
 
148 
 
 Index, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Hope, Beresford^ 63 
 
 Horticultural publications ... 117 
 
 Jlouse and Home 124 
 
 How to correct proofs 142 
 
 Huish, Marcus 109 
 
 Hutton, R. H 135 
 
 Illustrated London News 125 
 
 Japp, A. H 123 
 
 Jenkins, Edward 62 
 
 Jerrold, Blanchard 127 
 
 Jerrold, Douglas 26, 127 
 
 Jewish publications 1 25 
 
 John Bull 115 
 
 Journalism, affords a beginning 
 for the literary aspirant, 4 ; 
 how to begin, 19 ; dislike of 
 the mental and manual labour 
 not fatal to success, 19 ; dis- 
 tinction between literature 
 and, 39, 43 ; as a career — the 
 fair side, 53, 65 ; the seamy 
 
 side 66, 
 
 Journalists in poverty 
 
 Joynes, F. W 
 
 Ji^dy _ ... 
 
 Juvenile publications 
 
 Kensington 
 
 Knowles, James 
 
 Labouchere, Ily. 
 
 Ladies' publications 
 Lamb, Charles 
 
 ... 116, 
 
 72 
 
 45 
 
 131 
 
 125 
 
 125 
 
 125 
 129 
 
 62, 116, 139, 
 141 
 
 125 
 
 129 
 
 Lancet 
 
 Land and Water 
 
 Lawson, E. L 
 
 Ledger, Edward 
 
 Legal publications 
 
 Legge, Edward .. ..., 
 
 Leisure Hotir 
 
 Lewes, George Henry, at work 
 29 ; rejected 
 
 Lewis, George 
 
 Life 
 
 Linton, Mrs. Lynn 
 
 Lippincotfs Magazine ... 
 
 Literary career, advantages of, 
 58 ; noble prerogatives' of, 
 60 ; a stepping-stone to other 
 distinctions, 61, 64 ; train- 
 ing for 
 
 Literary Church77ian 
 
 Literary clerks in Government 
 offices 
 
 Literary World 
 
 Lloyds Weekly 
 
 Locker, Arthur 
 
 Lockhart 
 
 Lockyer, Norman 
 
 London correspondents for 
 country papers 
 
 London Figaro 
 
 London journal 
 
 London dreader 
 
 Lon don Society 
 
 Lucy, W. H 51, 
 
 Macaulay, could not find a 
 market for all he wrote, 22 j at 
 
 PACK 
 
 128 
 117 
 120 
 137 
 125 
 
 126 
 
 33 
 100 
 
 126 
 
 16 
 
 108 
 
 66 
 116 
 
 67 
 126 
 126 
 124 
 
 "3 
 129 
 
 SI 
 127 
 127 
 127 
 127 
 119 
 
Index. 
 
 149 
 
 work, 29 ; reviewed without 
 reading, I2I ; Brougham 
 
 jealous of 121 
 
 McCarthy, Justin ... 25, 63, 69 
 
 McLeod, Dr 124 
 
 Magazines, money to be made 
 
 by writing in 41 
 
 Mallock, W. H 42 
 
 Manufacturing and mechanical 
 
 papers 127 
 
 Marketable work 33 
 
 Marryat, Florence 127 
 
 Martineau, Hariiet 118 
 
 Masson, David 127 
 
 Medical papers 128 
 
 Methodist publications 128 
 
 Mill, J. S 140 
 
 Misprints 89 
 
 Motith 113 
 
 Monthly Packet 116 
 
 Morley, John 64, 122 
 
 Morley, Samuel 119 
 
 Morning Advertiser 128 
 
 Morning Post 37) 129 
 
 Mortimer, J 127 
 
 Motley's Dutch Republic re- 
 fused by publisher 33 
 
 MulhoUand, Miss Rosa 113 
 
 Murra)', Grenville 141 
 
 Murray, John 123 
 
 Myra's Journal 1 25 
 
 Musical papers 129 
 
 Napier, Macvey 121 
 
 Nature 129 
 
 Naval papers .~ ... 
 Newman, Cardinal ... 
 
 Nichols, Dr 
 
 Nineteefith Century ... 
 Nonconformist 
 Notes and Queries . . . 
 
 Observer 
 
 O'Connor, T. P. ... 
 O'Donnell, F. H. ... 
 Overland Mail 
 
 ••• 135 
 
 29, 116 
 
 ... 128 
 
 41, 129 
 
 ... 130 
 
 ... 133 
 
 ... 130 
 
 ... 63 
 
 ... 63 
 
 ... 105 
 
 37, 
 
 Pall Mall Gazette ... 
 
 Parish Magazine 
 
 Payn, James, on the literary 
 
 38. 
 
 career 
 
 Penny Illustrated Paper 
 Personal journalism 
 Phonetic Journal 
 Pict07-ial World 
 
 Plant, G. W 
 
 Poetry, payment for 
 
 Portjolio 
 
 Printers who have become 
 
 editors and authors 
 Procter, Adelaide Anne 
 Ftiblic Opinion 
 Punch 
 
 Quarterly Review 
 
 Queen 
 
 Quiver 
 
 Record 
 
 Reeve, Henry, C.B. 
 
 130 
 116 
 
 54 
 132 
 
 93 
 132 
 132 
 
 135 
 
 42 
 132 
 
 26 
 
 17 
 132 
 
 132 
 
 41. 133 
 
 ... 125 
 
 •■• 133 
 
 ... 116 
 
 ... 121 
 
150 
 
 Index. 
 
 Remuneration, literary, see 
 chapter on " Pounds, Shillings 
 
 and Pence" 37 — 52 
 
 Reporting, special, 20 ; im- 
 personality in, 20 ; beginning 
 
 a literary career by 24 
 
 Return of rejected MSS. ... 28 
 
 Reynolds' Weekly Newspaper ... 133 
 Robinson Crusoe, "declined 
 
 with thanks " 31 
 
 Robinson, J, R 119 
 
 Rock 116 
 
 Roslyn Grey HI, 116 
 
 Ruskin, began by writing verses 
 
 in an obscure periodical ... 23 
 
 Russell, Charles, Q.C 113 
 
 Russell, Dr. W. H 135 
 
 Sala, George A. iv., 40, 120, 125, 137 
 
 Saturday Review 35, 134 
 
 Sawyer, William 123 
 
 Scott, Clement 137 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter 42 
 
 Scribrur's Magazine 108 
 
 Service publications 135 
 
 Sexton, T 63 
 
 Sharp, Martin R US 
 
 Shelley's poems not good 
 
 enough for the Examiner ... 122 
 
 Smiles, Samuel, where he began 23 
 
 Smith, Dr. William 133 
 
 Smith, Elder and Co 130 
 
 Smith, G. Barrett 121 
 
 Social Notes 135 
 
 Society 135 
 
 Special correspondents 
 
 Spectator 
 
 Spiritualist publications 
 Sporting publications 
 
 Standard 
 
 Statist 
 
 Stebbing, W 
 
 Stephen Leslie 
 Stephens, H. P. 
 St. yames^s Gazette ... 
 St. James's Magazine 
 Strahan, Alexander ... 
 Sullivan, A. M, 
 Sullivan, T. D. 
 Sunday at Home 
 Su7iday Magazine 
 
 Sunday Times 
 
 Sylvia' s Home Journal 
 
 Tablet 
 
 Taylor, Sir Henry ... 
 
 Taylor, Tom i 
 
 Temple Bar 
 
 Tennyson, 21 ; his 
 
 income 
 
 Thackeray, his editorial experi- 
 ences, 19; his early contribu- 
 tions "declined with thanks," 
 31, 55; on "Knights of the Pen" 
 
 Theatre 
 
 Thompson, Alfred 
 
 Time 
 
 Times 
 
 Tinsley's Magazine 
 
 Townshend, Marquis 
 
 •• 37, 
 ', SO, 
 
 yearly 
 
 PAGE 
 
 68 
 I3S 
 135 
 117 
 136 
 136 
 
 139 
 117 
 126 
 
 133 
 134 
 116 
 
 63 
 63 
 137 
 137 
 137 
 
 I2S 
 
 43 
 133 
 137 
 
 42 
 
 95 
 137 
 132 
 
 139 
 137 
 139 
 135 
 
Index. 
 
 151 
 
 Training requisite for literaiy 
 
 success ... 57 
 
 TroUope, Anthony, his first 
 attempts, 33 ; his literary in- 
 come, 33 ; on journalism as a 
 
 career 55 
 
 Trtith 139 
 
 Tulloch, Principal 122 
 
 University Magazine 139 
 
 Unitarian papers 139 
 
 Vanity Fair \6,o 
 
 Victoria Magazine 140 
 
 Voules, Horace 139 
 
 Walford, E 109, 118 
 
 Walter, J 137 
 
 Walter Felham^s Illustrated . . . 
 
 Journal 140 
 
 Ward, Artemus , 
 
 Ward, Dr. W. G 
 
 Weekly Budget 
 
 Weekly Dispatch 
 
 Weekly Register 
 
 Weekly Review 
 
 Weekly Times 
 
 Week'' s News 
 
 Westminster Review 
 
 Wh itehall Review 
 
 Wilberforce, H. W 
 
 Williams, Charles 
 
 Women, pathetic letters from, 
 15 ; successful journalists, 
 16 ; as " leader " writers ... 
 
 Wood, Mrs. Henry 30, 
 
 World ' 
 
 PAGE 
 26 
 
 "3 
 140 
 
 140 
 114 
 
 140 
 140 
 140 
 140 
 140 
 114 
 122 
 
 118 
 109 
 141 
 
 Yates, Edmund iv, 47, 56, 139, 141 
 
SECOND EDITION. 
 
 JOURNALS AND JOURNALISM. 
 
 WITH A GUIDE FOR LITERARY BEGINNERS. 
 
 By JOHN OLDCASTLE, 
 
 " Is a sensible, well-written book, showing a real knowledge of the subject." — Atlunceiim. 
 
 " Discusses with marked ability an interesting subject. The author writes as if his experi- 
 ence were wide ; his facts are trustworthy, and his remarks are sensible and unaffected." — 
 St. James s Gazette. 
 
 "This pleasant,- gossippy book well deserves all the care which the printers have bestowed 
 upon it. Whether his name be real or assumed, the author is evidently qualified to speak 
 of the subject, and his advice is as wise as his assertions are truthful."— ^r/w. 
 
 " To young men anxious to enter the career, John Oldcastle's book will be a yery useful 
 one. It is full of hints and bits of advice." — G. A. Sala, in Ilbistrated London. News. 
 
 "The print, the toned paper, and the binding will be highly appreciated by persons 
 addicted to bibliomania. The whole of the volume is pleasant reading." — Saturday Review. 
 
 " John Oldcastle instructs journalistic aspirants in thfe technicalities of contributing to 
 newspapers and magazines, and enables them to know, as folks say, 'all about it.' He 
 gives 'tips' to his young disciples, so that they may avoid, even in the notes accompanying 
 their MSS., that appearance of greenness which the editorial eye is quick to detect. The 
 particulars about the pecuniary rewards of periodical literature are sure to prove attractive 
 to aspirants, and the personal details of editorial staffs no less welcome." — Daily Nezvs, 
 
 " The author of this practical little book is evld^nlXy aufait with his subject in all its 
 branches."^ — Daily Chronicle. 
 
 " We can remember nothing of the kind so capable, so unaffected, so pleasant to read 
 from first to last, as Mr. Oldcastle's little treatise of Journalism and its rewards. Enthusi- 
 astic concerning literature as a profession, the writer has no illusion respecting it. He 
 writes earnestly, but frankly ; and his utterances are thoroughly worthy of meditation. 
 The judiciously written directory of periodicals will be of great service to the holders of 
 unnegotiated ' copy.' " — Notes and Queries. 
 
 " Journals and yournalisiH is a work which will catch customers bj' its cover, but when 
 they have read the book they will be glad that they were caught." — Sunday Times. 
 
 " Interesting and brightly written, there is what may be called a pleasant literary flavour 
 about the book." — Spectator. 
 
 TRICE 3s, 6d., POST FREE FROM THE PUBLISHERS, 
 
 FIELD & TUER, 50, Leadenhall Street, E.C 
 
 TilH: Ll«HAKi 
 
 XJNIVERSITY OF CALIFOKInia 
 
 l,OS ANGELES 
 
LvXV^RfpVS (SixOEMoni 
 
 Tuer's " Luxurious Bathing," with its 
 beautiful copper-plate etchings, quaint 
 type, hand-made, rough-edged paper, and 
 oblong vellum binding laced with catgut, 
 hit the public taste at once, and ran into 
 four editions, in as many weeks. 
 
 A Sketch 
 \D^'/ Andrew W. Tuer, 
 
 WITH 
 
 Eight Etchings by Tristram Ellis. 
 
 5.-. 
 
 (The Firjl Edition was puhliJJied in folio form with Etchings by 
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opinions of the Press. 
 
 * * * * A book of books for those who love and appreciate Art. * * * It is written 
 in an easy, colloquial style, ■> * * jt may be read \Aith profit by those who are scholars 
 and thinkers, as well as by those who are, according to the ordinary meaning of the term, 
 uneducated. The writer may rob the doctor of half his patients. * * * One of the most 
 enjoyable volumes it has ever been our good fortune to possess. — Art Journal. 
 
 There is a touch of genius in the treatment of this sli^g^ht theme by Mr. Tuer. All points 
 are so exquisitely dealt with that we marvel whether the author, the artist, the printer, or 
 the binder most deserves our appreciation. — The Broad Arrow. 
 
 Its author, Mr. Andrew W. Tuer, modestly terms it " a sketch," but in these days of scurry 
 and scamping, of literary lath and plaster, it is only too seldom that we get anything like 
 such conscientious and finished work, so exquisite in detail, so admirably consistent 
 throughout. — The Bazaar. 
 
 The author displays much practical knowledge in the handling of the details of bathing 
 and swimming, and imparts it in a pleasantly clear and concise manner. — The British Architect, 
 
 A BOOK that is luxurious every way ; in binding, typography and literature — The Publishers 
 Circular. 
 
 It is to be hoped that Mr. Tuer may see fit to issue an edition of the work which may 
 place it within reach of the masses. — Chambers's Journal, 
 
 A CURIOSITY of literature. — Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 Mr. Tuer's book should encourage luxurious bathing. — London Society. 
 
 People may now " dread their tub as little their bed." — Daily News (leading article). 
 
 Simply sumptuous and sumptuously simple might be the terse description of " Luxurious 
 Bathing — Daily Telegraph (special article). 
 
 Likely to become exceedingly popular. — Court Journal. 
 
 A singularly happy specimen of all that the printer and bookbinder can do to make a 
 book handsome. — Westminster Review. 
 
 LONDON: FIELD & TUER, ye LeadenliaUe Presse, E.G. 
 NEW YORK: SCRIBNER & WELFORD, 743 & 745, Broadway. 
 
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