.M ^ .«:. ^ •^1 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.0rg/details/f romczartoioiserOOthomrich FROM CZAR TO KAISER MARIA BOCHKARIEVA— THE JOAN OF ARC OF RUSSIA About this time, Maria Bochkarieva, on leave from the front, saw that Russia was in danger. She conceived the idea of forming an army of women. Kerensky, recognizing the good that might come of this, gave his consent and recruiting began. This woman was the wife of a peasant from the Volga district who joined his regiment the day of mobilization. After he was killed at the front she demanded permission from the Czar to take his place in the regiment. After many months, the desired permission was received and she joined the regiment at the front. She suffered many hardships and proved herself a good soldier. She was several times decorated for bravery, once for rescuing men who were caught on barbed wire, she herself being wounded. FROM CZAR TO KAISER THE BETRAYAL OF RUSSIA BY CAPTAIN DONALD C. THOMPSON •'••' ;"" t DOUBLEDAY, PAGE& COMPANY GARDEN CITY, NEW YORK MCMX VI 1 1 (J^ Copyright, igiS, by DOUBLEDAY, PaGE & COMPANY /111 rights reserved, including that of translation into foreign languages, including the Scandinavian INTRODUCTION THIS book is the result of an inspiration that came to Captain Thompson in the midst of the February revolution that overthrew the Czar and ultimately deliv- ered Russia over to the infinite agony of anarchy. Mr. Thompson was in Russia making photographs for Leslie's Weekly and I was correspondent for the same paper. One day when we were seeking shelter in a doorway from a burst of bullets that swept the Nevski Prospekt, Thompson suddenly said, apropos of nothing in our previous conversation : "A photographic record of the French Revolution would be beyond price. This is my chance. I am going to record the story of this revolution in pictures." From that day his two hobbies were his cinema film, which was to tell on the screen the narrative of the revolution and the dark forces that brought it about, and a book of pictures that should do the same thing, but in permanent form. When the tides of revolu- tion ebbed and gave us respite from the gruelling work necessary to cover so vast "a story," we spent endless hours planning this book, and I am sure that even when Captain Thompson was busy with his cameras and the bullets were singing around him, he was thinking of the great work that he had taken upon himself — the giving to the world of a pictorial record of the greatest social and political upheaval it has ever known. At that time we did not realize the mighty sweep that the revolution would attain. We knew that 170,000,000 people had thrown off the bonds of despotism and were groping blindly in the glare of the freedom they had seized, but did not know how to use. We could not foresee the extremes to which they would go. The fact that the Russian Moujik is normally a peaceful, docile child, led all to think that the revolution would be compara- tively bloodless and that out of temporary anarchy would speedily come some form of free and ordered government. How bitterly all friends of the Russian people were dis- appointed, need not be gone into here. It is enough to say that the sinister influences emanating from Berlin that had so much to do with bringing about the original upheaval, have continued to support the forces of disorder and to push Russia further and further into the hopeless confusion that best serves the ends of the war machine of the Huns. It is not possible adequately to tell the story of German intrigue in Russia through the medium of pictures. In fact, I doubt the power of words to do full justice to the sub- ject. But so far as the graphic art of photography permits, Thompson has here set forth the story. It is his hope that this record will not be without value to his own countrymen. 385052 vi INTRODUCTION who, he beheves, are all too indifferent to the menace of German intrigue and propaganda that encompasses them on every side. When we arrived in Petrograd in February, 191 7, we found a city apparently calm, but underneath, seething with excitement. An explosion was bound to come. Before we had been there a week, we could foresee it just as could those experienced in Russia's affairs. When finally the revolution started, Mr. Thompson was there with his cameras, trailing the mobs. All day long from one end of the city to the other, up and down the Nevski, he followed them. Sometimes it was impossible to take pictures for the simple reason that any camera was smashed as soon as seen. During the calm that followed the first revolution of March, Mr. Thompson was seriously ill in the hospital. This illness was caused by overwork and too great strain following exposure and fatigue. Fortunately he recovered in time to be ready with his faithful cameras to photograph the labor demonstrations in May. This was the first at- tempt of the extreme radicals to test their power. As the people of Petrograd did nothing but parade and make speeches, Mr. Thompson decided to go to the front. Rumors had reached us that the soldiers' committees there were usurping the power of their officers. Two months' work up and down the front, from the Black Sea to the Baltic, produced a complete photographic record of the revolution as it had affected the soldiers. It was not always easy to take pictures of the riots, because just as he would establish himself in a good place on some corner, some adherent, either of the Bolsheviki or the Provisional Government would start a little excitement with machine guns. Then it was easier and safer to move on. During these riots, however, Mr. Thompson was always to be seen where the crowds were thickest, and where the machine guns were spraying the streets with lead. Immediately after these disturbances news of a break in the front, in Galicia, reached us and Mr. Thompson left at a moment's notice to photograph this appalling disaster. From then on, whenever anything of importance took place, he was there with his cam- eras, thus securing the completest possible photographic history of Russia's downfall. In the big cities, on the front, in fact, from one end of Russia to the other, he saw German agents at work, and month by month observed the accumulating results of their pernicious propaganda. When at last their work bore its inevitable fruit, and the Provisional Gov- ernment was ignominiously chased out of Petrograd, he decided to leave — it was a case of then or never. His one idea was to get his photographs safely out of the country. In this he experienced many difficulties, but finally reached Japan with his cherished pictures intact. The best examples of these pictures are contained in this book; to which I have added, at Captain Thompson's request, such descriptive details as seemed necessary. By looking through it, one is able to understand something of the terrible state of chaos and anarchy into which Russia has fallen. Florence MacLeod Harper. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Maria Bochkarieva — the Joan of Arc of Russia Frontispiece PAGE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION A typical stretch of the bleak marshland 3 The remains of the village of Kolky 4 Officers of a captured Prussian Guard regiment • . . . 5 The battle flag which the Kaiser had presented to the cap- tured regiment 6 The Russians saw their own men fall by the hundreds of thousands 7 Some typical soldier graves 8 A well-kept section of the Russian front 9 Pointed stakes were used to supplement the scanty supply of wire in making the wire entanglements 10 Ananti-aircraft gun ready for the enemy 11 A German plane brought down by a Russian anti-aircraft gun 12 German prisoners of war in Siberia 13 Wounded menwalkingfromdressingstationto field hospital 14 A typical group of Cossacks 15 There are more dead than living Cossacks— here are some of the dead 16 The Duma in session 17 Madame Breshkovskaya 18 The Monk Rasputin, the evil genius of the old regime in Russia, surrounded by admiring women 19 The Princess Virubova, lady-in-waiting to the Czarina . 20 A Russian bread-line guarded by the imperial police 21 REVOLUTION OF MARCH The first victimsof the Russian Revolution 22 Police barracks after being stormed and sacked ... 23 Police spies rounded up to be tried by the Duma ... 24 Revolutionists marching to the Duma to swear allegiance . 25 Duma messengers protected by armed guards .... 26 Revolutionists starting from the Liteiny Prospekt to at- tack a police barracks 27 The same body of revolutionists being cheered by the crowds 28 Police barracks captured after a life-and-death struggle 29 The empty cartridge cases show how desperately the police defended themselves 30 Someof the frozen dead after a street fight 31 The hotel Astoria, after it had been sacked by a mob of rev- olutionists 32 The lobby of the hotel .Astoria after it had been sacked . 33 Captain Thompson's room in the hotel Astoria .... 34 Bodies marked for identification by friends 35 A group of city militia, with an armoured car .... 36 A court lady camouflaged as a Sister of Mercy .... 37 A truckload of excited soldiers firing into the air ... 38 "The little grandmother of the Revolution" .... 39 Oneof the ever-swelling bread lines 40 A great public demonstration in the dispute between the Duma and the Soviet 41 Burying on the Field of Mars those who fell in the Revolution 42 PARADES AND LABOUR RIOTS OF MAY The beginning of a quarrel that divided a regiment. . . 43 A parade in advocacy of a vigorous offensive against Ger- many 44 A so-called socialist "Stop-the-War" meeting .... 45 Loyal soldiers about to break up a disloyal meeting. 46 An unarmed regiment protesting against German propa- ganda 47 A loyal officer addressing his men 48 A typical Moujik soldier 49 To make and listen to speeches became the chief occupa- tion of the people of Petrograd 50 A Labour Day loyalty demonstration at the hotel Astoria . 51 Volunteers for the front 52 Departure of a regiment that had volunteered to go to the front 53 Russian soldiers on the firing line 54 A silent gun and idle gunners 55 The Russian front was quiet while the poison gas of Ger- man propaganda was doing its deadly work .... 56 One of the demonstrations against the Provisional Gov- ernment which alarmed Maria Bochkarieva .... 57 The first of May — the day of the anarchists .... 58 A " Down-with-the-Capitalists!" parade 59 A " Down-with-the-Government!" parade 60 Radical orators financed by Berlin 61 Those who spoke for Russia had no money to back up their arguments 62 Groups of Russians listening to the Pro-German arguments 63 The Winter Palace as a hospital 64 Russians marching with banners "Made in Germany ". . 65 Listening to speeches on freedom instead of working. . 66 Gradually the loyal soldiers such as these were sent to the front . 67 Cossacks going to take over a position on the front which had been abandoned by other Russian troops. ... 68 Wounded men from the front hearing of the overthrow of the Czar 69 Loyal Russian soldiers at mess 70 A throng of excited and bewildered people whom Ger- many was perverting and the Allies neglecting. . . 71 HOSPITAL CONDITIONS AT THE FRONT Colonel Eugene Hurd, who did much for Russia ... 72 Peasant women bringing their sick children to the Amer- ican doctor 73 Dr. E. H. Egbert, an American surgeon, and his staff 74 The motor ambulances of the American hospital service in Russia 75 Lieut. Col. Malcom C. Grow, a Philadelphia doctor, who was decorated for bravery in the Russian Army ... 76 Small jolting cars — The makeshift for ambulances on the Russian front 77 Sometimes there was not room for the wounded even in these rough carts — then they had to walk 78 A forest dressing station with a line of ambulance carts approaching with wounded 79 Unloading the wounded from the makeshift ambulances at a field hospital 80 Carrying wounded from a primitive ambulance to a field hospital tent 81 Ordinary freight cars were used as ambulance trains. 82 Donald C. Thompson with three of Colonel Hurd's orderlies 83 Waiting to be put on board the evacuation train ... 84 The Sister of Mercy in charge of the evacuation train . 85 After a gas attack — to combat which they had no gas masks 86 In tents such as this I he slightly gassed were treated . , 87 A typical Austrian prisoner 88 Florence MacLeod Harper, staff war correspondent for Leslie's IVeekly, as 2L nurse in Russia. 89 Patients and orderlies in front of a typical field hospital . . 90 WOMEN'S BATTALION Someof the women soldiers in the Battalion of Death . . 91 Drilling the Battalion of Death 92 Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst and Maria Bochkarieva . . 93 Three peasant girls brought by their old father to volunteer 94 Vlll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Their old father who had no sons to fight for Russia . . 95 A former street walker and a college professor's daughter as comrades in arms 9^ Some had uniforms and some had not 97 Drilling with and without equipment 98 A sergeant drilling two squads of women 99 Maria Bochkarieva was a strict disciplinarian .... 100 A section of the Battalion of Death at physical drill . loi The dinner squad of the Battalion of Death .... 102 Some of the women soldiers off duty 103 Maria Bochkarieva watching two of her girl soldiers wrestle 104 An early lesson in rifle practice 105 Women soldiers learning to shoot 106 After a month's training 107 Passing in review before Bochkarieva, their commanding officer 108 Men officers visiting and encouraging the women soldiers. 109 A group of the first to volunteer for the Battalion of Death 1 10 Maria Bochkarieva with a woman soldier friend who had fought for two years iii Types of those who enlisted in the women's battalions . 112 A Kronstadt sailor and his enlisting wife 113 Maria Bochkarieva and Florence Harper watching the wo- men soldiers dance 1 14 The Battalion of Death having their banners blessed at the Cathedralof St. Ysaaks 115 One of the men's Battalions of Death 116 The farewell mass for the Battalion of Death 117 Captain Thompson and a nurse of the Battalion of Death 1 18 The wounded back in Petrograd less than three weeks after they started 119 KRONSTADT The grave of six Kronstadt men 120 An officer's house after it had been shelled by the sailors. 121 The City Hall of Kronstadt in the hands of the mutineers. 122 The dock at Kronstadt 123 Kronstadt sailors marching in Petrograd 124 The great white and gold cathedral of Kronstadt ... 125 FUNERALS Men who died in defense of the Provisional Government 126 Bolsheviki turning out in full force to honour their dead . 127 The American Ambassador waiting for a funeral proces- sion to pass 128 CZAR The former Czar and his son, the former Czarevitch . . 129 ORPHANED CHILDREN A group of children orphaned by the Revolution 130 Orphaned children learning to sew 131 The orphans forgetting their troubles in a swimming hole 132 JULY RIOTS AND FUNERALS With German money whole families were paid to parade. 133 A Pro-German speaker hard at work 134 A loyal officer trying to counteract the German propaganda 135 Here are seen some of the banners which Lenine had had made in Germany 136 Bolshevik agents preaching death, destruction, and dishonour 137 The great Bolshevik parade 138 Typeof machine gun used by the Bolsheviki 139 A typical crowd in front of the Winter Palace .... 140 An ambulance picking up dead and wounded .... 141 Some of those killed in street fighting 142 Rival parades in conflict 14} Cossack regiments brought from the front to restore order 144 A small Cossack patrol in the Nevsk Prospekt ... 145 A typical slovenly Bolshevik'parade 146 A typical loyal parade in good marching order. ... 147 PAGE An armoured car — the determining factor in the street fighting 148 Kerensky reviewing a regiment of Cossacks 149 Indifferent crowds passing looted shops 150 The usual parades were resumed as soon as order was re- stored 151 The great public funeral for the loyalists 152 Distinguished citizens joined in this memorial parade . . 153 Priests marching in the memorial procession 154 Kerensky marching behind the coffin of one of the victims . 155 Priests in the gorgeous robes of the Greek church 156 The American Ambassador, paying tribute to the dead . 157 Red Cross representatives carrying wreaths to the ceme- tery . . ' 1 58 Captain Thompson's truck 159 RETREATS, GAS ATTACKS, AND "FRONT STUFF" A loyal regiment forced to retreat 160 Russian machine gunners who held the enemy at bay . 161 Members of a machine-gun corps who refused to retreat . 162 Russian gas tanks, stored in a forest, ready for removal 163 These men said the Germans were their brothers and would no longer kill them 164 The Russian's primitive typeof gasmask 165 The result of their faith in their German "comrades" . . 166 They died frothing at the mouth and in intense agony . 167 Russian soldiers deserting first-line trenches 168 A disorganized hospital hut 169 In their panic they left their dead half buried .... 170 An assault battalion charging in a brave attempt to check the German advance 171 A Russian shock battalion taking some German trenches. 172 Remnant of the shock battalion of which the last remain- ing officer shot himself rather than retreat .... 173 MEN ON WIRE AND "FRONT STUFF" Dying on the wire — the worst death of all 174 Captain Thompson with the officers and men of his party 173 An ingenious lookout 176 A reserve regiment taking the place of one that had been demoralized 177 A bomb bursting on the edge of a wire entanglement 178 Advancing to the partially destroyed wire in skirmish for- mation 179 Men of a shock battalion who had sworn to die attacking. 180 A Red Cross orderly killed by a German sniper ... 181 Their ammunition gone, they await the arrival of the enemy 182 A German prisoner lying to his captors 183 A shell bursting just in front of a shallow Russian trench. 184 Rifles collected by assault battalions 185 Cossacks rallying at KornilofT's call 186 BOLSHEVIKI RIOTS, ARMOURED CARS, AND CROWDS Workmen armed by Kerensky to defend Petrograd against General KornilofT and his Cossacks , 187 Armoured cars were again brought out to defend the city 188 Thesquareof the Winter Palace 189 As General KornilofT's army approached, the city was in a turmoil 190 The Nevski Prospekt was again crowded by excited and apprehensive people 191 The passion for street speaking and parading continued 192 Lenine and Trotzky, leaders of the Bolsheviki, placing wreaths on the graves of their followers 193 Some of the early victims of the reign of anarchy . . . 194 Burial squads removing the revolutionary dead. ... 195 Officers of the troops in Petrograd 196 The funeral of a naval officer who was killed by some of his men and buried by others with full military honours . 197 Peasants celebrating the anniversary of the Revolution . 198 Old peasant whose bees were made angry by German shells 199 Types of Russian soldiers 200 FROM CZAR TO KAISER II 2 > s-^ a c8 (U CO Q X.a U «'S HH C "3 Q Q 1 ^ Z ■^ u o ■^^ - f-H C >-fl w =* "S o O :<5 S 3 1 ° a; a -r >i^ u •r G 4^^ 34 a •^^1 B1^ f;^ HH H 2*^ . a =i — a; ~ 35 g " 1. u r S tH .^ ^f^i P3 'A ^ 4j M.ff O O 3 — c^ ca S £ § 1 33 b2-d £-0 3 l> V3 3 4} t, « 71 PS ■£ S S -< St- *-' ^H o^ „, ^ ^^ . =5 -" S J ^S !/3 CO H 2 s a O BFS C S tn h w .a ^ "-o I t—' ♦J 3 , S*- o ~2 a 3 " C en C c ca o o o o o -^ >'^ Q^ > >■■ S o c &^ c o W "o sx H := c i ^ li K c w ;f; -c.c C S o « CO be -a en H THE BATTLE FLAG WHICH THE KAISER HAD PRESENTED TO THE CAFrURED REGIMENT This was a regiment that had been decorated with the iron cross by the Kaiser's own hand. He gave the cross with its black and white ribbon for the battle flag in honour of the glorious deeds which this regi- ment had performed in the sacking of Belgium. It wasn't often that any army of the Allies had the luck to take prisoner an entire regiment of supposedly invulnerable Prussian guards. They had been sent to the Russian front to rest and recuperate. • " • • •- • • o J3 o W CO be J3 V ^ 'i 8 10 11 12 13 14 (U u cd "p 'S 'S O c« 3 - 2 =* o^ g _S C J p^ 1) aj S « m U1 O <; 'Si O u O Oh o Pi o l-H ^c - *• •*r en -S 15 ~ til Us 1; 0; w ^ >. ^^ c EC O O V en ■^ a; is ■" 0/ 1 - St3-^ -^ — ^ I' » - .— — 5 ?^ - C3 -:: c Hi r- G C« 3 o c . *j '^ '5 ** .H.H ts ii as cs - O =3.2 '-^ S 3-0.5 — 17 MADAME E. C. BRESHKOVSKAYA— "THE LITTLE GRANDMOTHER OF THE REVOLUTION" That another revolution was coming, everyone knew. The people must be free. 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P !^ -a 3 EH "U - o C-3 § s s -' q •s S 3 ° 3 1^ 37 Pi O m O W H o C q •t-> a o "a, o C '3 "So o .a I u — ■^'§ IT. ^ s . — a> 01 6C o V ^ J3 o is I 38 39 OJ fc- M (« ^ o c =« -M **- ■— > - ^ ?■ ^.= c yi . = 7-^ sf::^j .s * -M X S r- I'^'c 2 ji O g: E -3 *^ -C 0) 4^ — «ti^ C 1, - w ^ 0/ 5 2 «i5 >^ - ^ o I*^ ^ :; & « K^ ■r y > 1 'i^ >■ >^ .-^ (S K ^ a ~'5 S- •■" O a 3 — ^ -3 • _3 ^ v: J fc . « NH -w «;; -3 -2 S lll2 ■:s :« =* o -^ e4-i ftfc- ^ ^ " s - >> , i= CO C3 0; E I' -d ._ 0/ 'E , ■r .. • . >< t: 3 i* 3 Cj t. 3 3 ^ - O -5 >.^ c ff- !r 3 « ^ 3 flj feC> =* 3 .£ l* C.S E v: cS *^ 5^ ^3 3 . < g-^'-^ & g--2-S V s c cs B^ 3«a 40 41 1^1 a .S_ > bCT3 ■^•- •- 1; O t- £ o o o . 5 o s J § p d H fer O ^ Z. c 3 O tt O O ^ c E o S 0) cj 4) n; ■/} fe !* » I 0) 'X! >-; O V2 C3 .S =! «J _ B S X *--r; !S C 9_ r. v'O*^ t; -a u a ■^^ - *^ . •" _ ■ ' tc -a a; lioi 45 46 47 * • • • J4 O o o o a e -a P=< 4-1 '/) § S -^ ■-/} Si a a a o -S -^ o.i:- a -a a aj 3"2 o o o ° OS Q Q < Pi I— I o hJ. be Si -^ ^ -a -a -^ o a" o o o .a ja 48 A TYPICAL MOUJIK SOLDIER Millions of men of this type were willing to be taught. For months, all they heard was the German side of the question; the Allies, through stupidity or blindness, never even attempted to reach these It is no wonder that in the end they were contaminated and led astray. men. 49 50 51 52 ^^^^^^1 K§k. ' . m ^iP _^ ^ ^H J _. ^r^^ • ■r ^^ fln l^^fc' T''"4"' f •' ^-»^ ^ mBBB ^^ >>l' *i^ WK0^ ^^^^^^^^H 1^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^v V r^V^»' ^^■1 1 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^v «■ ' i f It iBBBw ■ '■''^.^*\'Wt^- 1 . < J ■MBbi i IRM Gl EL ' •'• J 1 mi mT\ 1 Iv^^r^'-^^ •^ ■ , 4 •§ 9iHr y ^ - ..'<= II* IB J 1^ 1 ■1 S^^F^^^^^^^hIi o -a C 3 c o _^ ^ • O "H M O fsi ^ g W o B c o c "■', o b i> X O i; P^ t- S^ £ 3 =3 S ? o c o _ >£ s as Ji O -a 2"*" C 2 0) Ph £ 2 -3 H £ g fc E =3 •-3 H 3 tf ^1 o a> -H-d *j 'S cs a ^•-^ ^S 5a • ^ <» ^0° ^g i'i Oja O CO s a cl o G t^ (U T>^ 1) T. 'n J3 2 Pi *3 J3 4-» a y^ tH a y Ui ■^ ^ o Oj3 0) 01 a J3 « 2§" l-H T3 as Q 4> O S?; « >. «?5 CIS O OS ;2: n^^ p o 9 f> a -^2 H z «2^a w .S ^ tsC •co'Sg *A HH Cfi S -^ OS -< t- o 9 5j<< 60 •^ b Md S o o > *^-^ 1> O => S*- o w a axi 4J CJ c 1;^ =^ :^.S g t" c3 .. g^l ^"2 ^ m bO g II f ^ii H =* -^r O^' 0^ cd ^ ^ e«'53 55 56 67 88 3 O O a 0) -d OS ^ .2. H (/} >— I H l-H < I w K H I K H a -= U c as -a kHJ3 -d ^1 2 U a o -o -a 01 as 01 0> a a .59 60 •r !* Pi ^ H S '73 q a a -3 as a a ^ P -S o o en a. 61 -~" ^ en "" ~ 3 3 OJ S C3 S =0 O ^ O CJ n cfl c ;= t» --00 O C C. '- "3 -^ -^ ^ -^ g"' MM ^ C5 MM ' M C CS •< oj c :; *J cs > 2 "O X a =3 5 ^-3 =^£ O ;^ a ^15 g rr\ ,(_> o '^ -a o 5 « I ■3 e > o 6h oi 5 O en o o-^ a Y) .2 ' &' * *" o o S, -- o *j 3 ra ■*-» o > Is i2 § ^ a c s; «a D t. 4) fci a a^ - 0) .a rj ^ > c ja uj • ■^ m a £h 4) 3 62 c -^ *j a; § ^ 2-^ • -^ p^ g -*^ ^'1)2.2 "o C5 3 _ n "> 3 ? > y3 O 68 m -a a .9 I PS w o d a -d Q PS ° ^ ^ -^ aj .-. .St3 a i> d o -el's 4) 4) U _ ;^; h— I a: PS T3 a 3 o o a 3 o o 0) a % hi V PS 65 66 67 C- o H W ffi H C >^ c ;?; o o % ■< PC w K C 1^ c If. c o 5i rt % 1* Ph •Sag u O in 13 CI, >- 0) o n X O ^ 3 I- 4-> -^ Hi >s g -S ^ ^ *J 4-1 u §^ ^ ?^ a *^ S o _, (ii=5 lll -— o c 3-- cS > fe tn i.2 ^ m O U )i- C =" SC fcChH « * (1^ ^ ©So CS ♦J *-> bt=»-, 4, . o ^ hi £ a .22 rH O tn & =1 O c g 2 2 =1 ^ 2 -2 g 'S a o p ^ o B O o 69 .. r t • • • 70 71 72 PEASANT WOMEN BRINGING THEIR SICK CHILDREN TO THE AMERICAN DOCTOR Every day the nurses would find peasant women with babies looking for Dr. Hurd. He was never too busy to help them. It was the first time many of these people had even seen a doctor, much less been treated by one. 73 a e« o _o -a V c S ''< c •= ^ — -d c P «- 5 Z,^ x Li; ■/: ^ (-« ^1 ° ^ -'- > .S > -^ o '^ e "i to te 2 "^ 3 ^ :;Pi C o (0 74 M o 05 S S « X o V Ml ^ tr' -a i; —I ^ o i s-^ O &. iJ o a 75 LIEUTENANT-COLONEL MALCOLM C. GROW, A PHILADELPHLV DOCTOR. Dr. Malcolm C. Grow, of Philadelphia, was the only American in Russia who was a regimental doctor. He worked with the first Siberian division for more than two years. Every time they went over the top, he went with them. He was wounded and suffered from shell shock. He was decorated with the soldier's Cross of St. George, an almost unheard-of honour for a foreigner and rare even for a Russian. He won the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Russian army. 76 =L« S =^ C iC '^ r' S= o ■r « 5 # a; ^ K C *X3 0^ ca > ce ^ irts nh ope C ^ ., ^SU C ^ 0) L. •- t^JS U gg^ 0; 4J S ~ ^.■^ y. - .5 ' I- c u-r fe •?, 3 C i^'- ^g.2 5i 79 occ e c 'Min>li}'\LA /''.'.' X < y. y. o ?5 80 81 • '•,'•'•• • • •• o t- t. ? "-■ ? it if-*. it O t r: +J **~ S- =s = 0-3 72 « _ »-H t ■ "3 --< = ;:i 03 ^J -r - -c rH - = ?? f^i ?;:5 ■.^^ i^ 5 =u y, ^ ' ; ^ _z: -^ — . . pj ^, O w ^ •:: s; i; van; ?^ ^ a •/: "^ o; ^ ■" S' « C ^ s 2 «' <4.' L. c ^ O a 4) i:; J^ "C 2 _ 0^ 4; • "" ^-J C > 03 O a; OJ 'L 4-1 — 4; S ^ z t'-a ^i I— I O PS O v^ G Pi K W >^ O O u O '- 5 g 0) =8 ? M „ g Si! " s: S — . m en a. cS DO t, Ci"0 -^ c =" i o a> o ^ 2-® 0:3 O Co ftfH ^ ^ t* hr »- ■- 3 O s X '- >- - 5 - cu -^ •" S !K _ ,-030 - sS -1-1 ® C D ., . a '• M S C " ^ a 4) * H 4;^ ■^ 3 fc» . O) Ji 3 ^ > to fi __^ oj-d'o ^ *^ ,^ •♦-' ^ O M CS .u) S j£ 9^ a; y -rt +-> — ■ 03 .-■ Si j;'25 ~ (D 5 ac — *j c« "5 _ ^ 4) O i '> ^ ^• J- £ 83 ,«e,c,fit.c r c 84 85 . ••• • • * t ' » t ' * » • * ••••♦• • • ^ - •X — X ^_ ^ Cm 5^ c i X a o :- 9/ 86 87 A TYPICAL AUSTRIAN PRISONER This one comes from Meran. He could speak French, Italian, German. English, and was learning Russian. The Austrians are not hated in Russia, the hatred is kept for the Germans. 88 89 s 0^1 IH 1) O . OJ ►^ ^ a; o 3 ~ aj a? ii S ^fe Is S.2.S o °t= H C !> S I— I ^ OS — -3 ~ - t: c 3 O D.a ^ it r* ^J kH tc =*; 3 -£ c i'-5 3 £*^ C- ° O OJ tj §-~^ -? = S" ^ C g o: -'■ 0^ cfi J- X »— 'Vh W 3 cc o "^ :S C oi <-S 03 I) "" •/i-c^ o.S o r cs-c C 3 Q _ 4) ■ U -. 3 > 1) I e 5 a^ is o cs ._ t. fe H •B ^ Ji C.5 o ^ 3 «! M p 2 ?? « 6- 0) m P 90 91 ti. o C ^ -t5 a .^ 9^ IVmS. EMMELINE PANKHURST AND MARIA BOCHKARIEVA Mrs. Enimeline Pankluirst, who liad arrived in Russia in June, .sliowed her ap))refiati()n of t!ie won- derful sacrifice made by the women of the Battalion of Death by becoming an ardent champion of Maria Rochkarieva. The latter, in turn. ai)preciated Mrs. Pankhurst's sympathy, and a warm friend- ship sprang up between these two leaders of women 93 3 ^ # o C o « O s cd o »- =« ^^^^ 7^ fc- OT > P O! O c o 05 (U^ vi'^ O = §1 ft*-i ^ , H .a d; .— ■ C3 TO QJ ^ "1 1—1 jj I. OS 84 THEIR OLD FATHER WHO HAD NO SONS TO FIGHT FOR RUSSIA 05 96 97 > ♦..-'i'TB^ hH 1 h^n ^VPUtjl J • KV.-^ "^^ J ^ ; ^-^ T>;,.V: * H^ • It^a H it' ? \ b - ] i''~ ^^^^KsSZi^^ i « f 98 y. H a u o 5J0 a a o ja £■ "% " . ^^■^ a 4J 5i C: tfi w .— •— fr- — J to !- s_a s '^"^ o ^ a*' •£ ^> a tfi +j ~'a a — ' fl; r>i -J -^ >> ^ s^ — 5^ =* >.%'^ -- cs a Oh a i- 1^ - .2 2 "S 0) 03 *^ d 2 «« 3 5 (3 2 2 « i. « « .a^g 100 101 3 z:. sc y. ~ W S: 3^ >. U UH lOS 104 3j T3 CO S o I— I H U w I— I o W . OS a ^ *-' o § S O U ■M > i| 3 T3 S CD en g — . so ■XI ■ E a* O 60 « .2 J3 c3 > o o 110 ,:i''Cn^iii5A r/j fen H K o o C w o l-H fin o a: >^ o O -^^ rj M ^ B sir ij s & J-. «> o ■^^-^ ° 60 3 be h £ SiJ ^" *J *-> -O.-ti aJ c? X ^^ A 1) ■l-> *. o := ^ "'. /is 3 P O o 3 c «^ C en 4J tc =^ 0.2 j2 o -^ ^ s: -= y IJ ?.'%% is 01 c3 S C CO 5 g o ^ 9 S' be s H S « 8 a =3 S I, ^ fc, -^ S " ii ^ •£ «2 « ?;•? Ill TYPES OF THOSE WHO ENLISTED IN THE WOMEN'S BATTALIONS 118 A KRONSTADT SAII-OR AND HIS ENLISTING WIFE A Kronstadt sailor — who, unlike his comrades, was against peace at any price — and his wife. The lat- ter is on her way to enlist in the women's battalion. 113 MARIA BOCHKARIEVA AND FLORENCE HARPER WATCHING THE WOMAN SOLDIERS DANCE 114 115 ••..•• ••" 2i ^ s < c e - J« S3 ^^ C i o C — " -2 C/; ■ ya W 2 - hc 3 5 •V! PS 0^ C = 116 117 ^^ "ill! ^ -M 0^ g > Q O o a j_ c3 ^ ^^ O tH . •^ o ^ o c S P 3 > o o c 3 0) Q O O "I ? 5s -^ X 3 cS 3 5 fc S -a _C QJ t tj > o o, a § ^ '-' -^ a sc 3 a 3 M-o a~.S - o a *S '^ H ii Sr3 * a-^ ^ c 2 5^ ^ cs o a >j io as -^ cs 3 a P ,?• 118 119 H Q 'X! H I— I a *-< J?; Q W I H C ■■XJ o o square fficers, 3uried c l-s a; jj ^ aj_ C O ^ 2:2 - fi ■^ j^ t: -^ -w M ^ -J= .ti -^ "O t: 4J *- *JT3 aj •" Si ' J3 c-o u to > 8 C cS -a en ..2 O » a ^ w ^ w Jh cs ^ '' o -a •'-' 5 i: o 4J 5.S S p "3 C C O C ti l: c -w c3 -73 rt a> •~ -- 3 1* 60-^ t; « S « c*^ "t: o "5 3 £ 2 " >.3 se-3 S S 3-0 ci ff >H tU ■ jj -^ C^::^ i> t! - ^ ^ -^ Cd O (U-f J?*^ o 2 as §s $ U) 120 ■k 1" ^^^^^^ //V^ 4 '* ^Ifi ^^^i il W ^ ^ 1 J iiij fj^ ^P''_J^ i ^p'^ 1 '^^'^.l, Sj^^^-r rj MW 1" • - AN OFFICERS HOl'SP. AFTER FF HAD IJEEN SHELLED BY THE SAH.ORS Some of the officers took refuge in their homes. The sailors of Krnnstadt, too cowardly tt) risk a hand- to-liand fij^ht, brought up artillery and demolished these houses and forced the officers to surrender and suffer an ignominious death. 121 Ii22 S-2 •li C -*^ P s:' >. -C Oi K 4i J3 I-' a ; p s ^«-i o .f^ il. 1/ o %. t, 11 o d-c s^ 3 J^ ^ C! «M e r, a. if « o O ^*^ o SI; ?• X « X ^ ,^ « 1? is. •M 123 ICRONSTADT SAILORS MARCHING IN PETROGRAD These sailors, the most radical of all in their views, paraded in Petrograd all durinj;; the sununer of 1917. On these oeeasions they carried banners inscribed, "Down with the ten capitalist ministers!" 124 THE GREAT WHITE AND (iOLD C:ATHEDRAL OF KRONSTADT At four o'clock every afternoon the cathedral liell wonld toll, not to call the people to |)rii,ver, but to call them to listen to the most radical speeches made by German agents, from the little wooden stand in the foreground. Here, any afternoon, one could hear: "Stop the war, divide the land, seize the banks, kill the bourgeoisie, let us make peace with Germany; she is our friend, England is our enemy, and now America is becoming our enemy as well. America is governed by the capitalists, they have forced the President to make war, etc., etc.," and there was no one there to contradict the.se lies. The people of Kronstadt have been revolutionary for many years. 125 126 127 128 THE FORMER CZAR AND HIS SOX, THE FORMER CZAREVITCH The presence of the former Czar at Tsarskoe-Selo was a source of constant worry to the Provisional Government. They not only feared a reaction in favour of the monarchy, but also an uprising of the Bol- sheviki, with the killing of the whole royal family. Accordingly, Kerensky decided to have them quietly removed to Tobolsk, Siberia. So Colonel Nicholas Romanoff with his family, including the former Czare- vitch Alexis Nicholaivitch, made the journey to Siberia, that journey upon which so many thousands of political prisoners had been sent in his name. 129 130 cs V o -a a o -1 Q S ' Q £ : §1 s s ■'a -a tic 3 131 132 133 134 135 -1 ^ ^'^m } - 1 <^- *: ? - 'i » > * %, — - rvi^//.i:- .tk \ r — K ■yrniKLX^H .... J. 3 P^'-^>.i)'V ^ J kV J 9 i 1 1^^ 1 n| ' =^. ? 1 i \m *v^*ief^^ r-\ , vm >'. 3 -- ."2 — -o as O. o r. -a OS , , so 11 -t-> v: -a ',1 > as =* ^ c 136 o M to o en OS tJD C •3 g 03 o O X y, rs.ii o a S ■!-> OS H Q Q O 3 u V2 H -I* ^^'3 -a— ' w en .3 ts *^ a. -3 3 V o "a f •3 ^ u -a K -1 o >a O '-' a ?| -M OS -a 0) wj a, a O 137 o c u O M C ^ rH c • i?: . ~ ■ a ■J. >^H ^ r^ , Z Pi ; 2 a ;3 > c c "^ c o ;- w 0; ffi -i-j H ■>- H S3 t H^ X ^ K t. y: O s_— ^ C (u •^ rr. <0 i^ *^ -»1 +- -^ o: «ji S w 1'^ > ■5 == ~a EI! ij rji c (h 1 ^ ^ B n c« s CS 1 ^ j: 1 ^ 1 ^ 0^ II ^ 2 1 ^ cS H a 1 ^ .^ 1 ^ 1 ^ sc M CS j| »- ^3 '^ ;- 1/ <« ^ %> 138 TYPE OF MACHINE GUN USED BY THE BOLSHEVIKI The Bolslieviki bad mounted their machine guns on trucks and automobiles and were shooting up the town. This picture was taken later on in the afternoon at the headquarters of the Bolsheviki where they were distributing these machine guns to their agents. 139 3 o 0^5 2 ■£■5 o 03 » ' Pi o H w Pi o H >^ O Pi En w K en Kji a. ^ is W r tyoH -a c c Pi c *" S ^ d; H o >^ *^ •^1 -o C5 Pi C JJ .£ js J! £ -a S >. -« 0) c« ^ .-^ 3 r- t- — *^ t« X O X ■ 2 I o *^ j= s si ^ s 144 o o H > w ►J O P5 Q < in P3 O H Q ?^ o •r OS ^ « O •^^ >.° ^ 01 a a o a '^ .^ ^ a ^ o H H W O Ph >■ K H I— I M u O 60 S C 4) ^ > "oS o SS T3 tS I) a o o Si « O lU OX! si is .s s «-^ OH 1-1;= -O i' 3 145 a o •^^ cS N • 1-4 a ^'^ P5 § ^ .2 , -"^ 3 a H >> 2^ O '"' In \ O ns J "> S a> ► en SI 01 8 V 146 147 .2 ^ 11 rh t^ a ;^ a>.8 HH -fl H -.S 6 O :5i l^g H a;.£ft;? W w - ^ o Pi H fn — ai ^ js a W cn'^^^'S W o;^ 2h'S P^ o ■£-° c H if ^ *^ a, £ T3:g p= 1— ( Si-" S /. ■T3.S cu -H l-H -O IS a> P'^ cs o -^ « ^ -2 *" w « £ >, i5 3 S^ 3 M-o Q ^11 1 s f^ti P^ !U-X3-C t- tft P^ %la i-J o -i^ r-*. K ^ -^ tH 4J en cd ^ /. ^ o +^ S t^-o'*2 «*- i-_ >.-2S a; o -M OS 4J CS =S !- 3 fe ts ?s;s fe-«« !S- o 148 149 -a 0/ u es , 4: >r .^j ^ ^ r q; f/i iJ. rt ^ a 150 O >. ^ Ui u -o tH o .£ -M Cl. V ^ TS C^' a bs Q c| H g: 3 S O 1/3 O H 1> C X O C/} *J ^ W tf O 0) <- is en >- cSX I? 3 ♦^ Q^ cfl Ph ., c: W S ° Q o'^ Pi oi O c c — o c £ 4J 0) ^ >-o o o ^ v: rr. < 2^ Q 4j S H «^ «, 1*5 W :£'2 tf fc: $ W OS « >> w a,.-g ;?► J= o P- H 4J !X! W rt! «*-! O mO < Pi .2 -M < Ph o „ > z! ■« t/; 4; as _m U c ^ a W Jd fe en *- ^ -o ii gS 5C I- ■^ 0) CLi IB ^ i; 0) i; o +j bi o &H 151 Ui 153 bc , ft, I e 154 42 V O O s o ^ Z s CJh Hi 8 r; KI C3 8 ^ O -a ^ 2 5 § ;4 155 r\ -M "o "^ f. O ^ 4-» >a „ > >» z; S-- &q *" a O "S S< O g ° « -^-^ f^ §5 J ~ ^5 tn aj ffl := o Sab w^> ?5- O' . W (u S£t3 GR dth ecai asse H^^ ^ s ^> § H 1 g.2 ^ £ £ S cr. S g a P5 ? c 2 K b^ 3 0) (D '4-1 ous em V Thes the W -^ ^ O OrS S O S g g O c/] '-' ro en ^ a> ffl >>a.i: H £?^^ OJ CJ -M S" 5 3 ►^ OJ^ O -y."^^S H =S^ 3 rJ2 ° OJ to Ui^a a, PRI ehea- he G achin -3-^3 II 156 157 i, r i I ,' ; ,' t V ; 158 CAPTAIN THOMPSONS TRUCK The only way it was possible to make pictures when there were riots, was from the top of a motor truck with a guard of soldiers. Cai^tain Thompson used this truck while making his pictures of street riots and fighting in Petrograd. The truck was fired upon on several occasions. Captain Thompson is the man behind the camera, wearing a cap. 159 160 ,/ ■- 4) 4) c - c a; s '^ Si ■i-' ^ a, S.S "'"^ S =s 'X! .2 c ^ "p < S £ -I -J- be 2^ > -7 o -L OP -M ^ c ■ « ■ a .5 4/ C3-0 § W ■£ « o _^ eg cs Q S 4) "^ C cS qj O t 2^^ £ Pi 4) £ !f -^ O as o.^ £•£« n ►r,^ =s 2 « r^ c H c p fe £ 0-. y- ^ o 2 ^ £ <; c to e "" ^ 4J c £W C 2 C ?i t- K. IS I— < j: a .^ F -^ « ., 3 ^^ ^ Ji 3 <"^ ^ Ji 2 4) 4) 13 c8 « _^ t- *-■ ^ "T^ O cS en fJ3 . a SJ3 O •3 cs a; g B 1^ S O eS OJ CO -M f CS a-!=. 161 i ■■■'-',. " ifm ■ ■ ;»vr " I^^Pk • (iT™!-; ttt ■ '^^^ i B ^ ^H ^ IL -^--^^ -^. > jg ^-.. :-^?;seSi«li^ ^^^jj^SjL '^^'> ;u "U^i.k -nag . t/:y Vi^ "'J ^^H '^' \^jl^HB ^^ .* _ W^M^^^m -a o o -3 fcc ^ . ; c c vi -"^ cs_o ,!- c o; >; ^ o ^^ ii cu " °-T3 > O) o ■• SO - rf. C3 a O P^ ►^ = c i g J c j:3 Oi s: fc: D = P o ^ " ^ 01 0) << a; - H W ^^ 01 0) s ^ *J o B cu^ g SH << a; -2 c3 -c a. -a ii i2 ^ O •- *j OJ o ti) g " ° e 2 ^ .S -s *- g. a_>, o o;"^4--<; ^ i ^ si .2 a c p , *^ .; ^3 tj 0) -^^ ^ij c 3 a W -^3 rt J— a c! ,« ci 1^ a J- s- !S K >.S ^^ g^ z, c o oia , > O a; ^ ^ oj cs 3 "3 01 &4 Pi o ^ =" ■ « — - ►t- c 't; ^ c >» o -^ 3 S cs 2;2.a [^ -a a cs m oj •»-' 2 fc > i: O I I— I .3 S 4^ . -2« g^-S^J »- -5 C3 D 01 . O-s a . -M G, M 2 =j ° -w a ■ c4 ^ N s.a o -w a w o — — _ 2 ^ fv* -a jj cs C cj c4 g-5:a^.2 >H ^i..a '3 r*< cs >..•- a -= 1^ Z o 3 ?t-a f^ «" o s a fc, =« S a 2 «4^ 0^ ^ e4-i .W o 162 S--T3 a^ c u o S^ -w J- 1 cl t^ JJ X K Sf- «- Ji O C 4^ ■^ .t; "s. tt~ =^ +j ^ .5 t: 5 c= 3 2 ~ ■►- is "^ 5 "O tt /. a; ? a; c 5^ c ois *";;;; f ^ S^-'s C u. cS '^ =J ^Si: g^ ■^ -< '^ -^ -J «^ rr s 2r^i £ 5 5'=^ S . 1 = § s « -c - -T= Si aj ^ ;< *4- ^ ^ "^ S- •7- ^ ^ C * J ^ ^ aj 0/ = > - ■^p. t :=js 73 ?" St a^ ■£ c ^ o t|E=^^S ^ l|- .S-2 ^ "^ C c K . S £ =* s s^^ .2 t; ^ fc S c fl Lj ^. g^ W-C ^ « 3 ri O — i aj :§ ~Z.-M'Z -tj s -^ a; c: 5^ o i; aj j3 :S ° == fc- >-, 2 w^ "'^ "^ "ti X D C e*- S 2 ^ S i=T:.2 s : K 7 7 163 W H M H O Q ►-; P o a; ^ 0^ HI M o a ^^ O "" c a> v 4J o c — Q K H O 03 c S ^ 0) 11 -C z Oi >- « g ■5 -a a-'a o aj 164 • -• -"• , • • • • • •*• THE Rl'SSIAXS rRLMITIVE T-iTE OF GAS MASK The Russian gas mask is a primitive affair that would not be of much use against the new gases which have been used on the Western Front, but it did save a few lives in Russia. The rubber mask goes on over the face and the man breathes through a hole on top of the tin which is filled with charcoal and chemicals. 165 a 3 S - o -a o t. o - C-i 3 si -^ a H-l :^; 3 C — S 3 c .2 be S 3 o iS 3 -5 s |-r1 t a; 1 o 166 -s i^ c O a fi 7 in ^ < I H «; I-) ~ 2 1 -< -s ^ J o - ?5 tt 167 1) 6C « -M O c HJ C 0; c- o o .2 g Ji t +J 0) cS O i^ Cj a „ __ :^ ^ c 5 2 ^ 1 £ - - — H 0) a U 0) ^ :5 i! ? =« ^ ji^ I S cr: ' 1 I 'i. Oj S9 JLJ CS O m ~" O ^ S C3 2 rt 1, ■'t; -^ — ■^ ~ d s '^ a ^ 2 /< -^ ■: C 4; a. ■_j " o ■ri 3-0' '~ .2 ii ^ '5i,:= ~ =s : ^-s c c a^ ■" ^ ;: a c •*-* Oj I' £. Oi > C ^1 0) C > K ra =5 X S- =^ Pi »- . r- ^ s fe V^ -J 'c^-ri -< .2 J ffi J^ "C -4-J ^:5 • C J^ CJ M Jt=- ^^ "" a> :^ >.y= ?= 3 ^ f-* -^:£ H 5.S fe « a^ w -5 >< "2= 1; .^ r- 44^ s _a/ ''— ' -= 0) ^ fc "o ^ K — * >■. 0. -1^ > PC X ci ffi t_ 1- • _C y. to t ishe ■ing ^ c ? Q^ ft*— +J s g = M ^ O a; C C o « ?3 «> c "W ^ ,., a u c« fe W iH S " 4J '-• X o "ti-^ ~ £^ « ** *t-i •« ^ t^ S"^ aj c8 fa ^^ K W U >^ 5= J g S C* .S^ fa" *i 2 «* 4J s ._, CD 0/ - 3 O ?s a - s i* t- C t" 5 c" £ ra c T- *; 0) te JJ ea t- 4_( l_ t/3 W) " w >> j: cs •a 1) « >- s ~ 53 S « a C MtJ § jj !« is _a 175 AN INGENIOUS LOOK-OUT i When a man stood flat against the trunk of one of the trees it was almost impossible to see him. 176 > » 15.1,,,, en ^ 3 S ^ c O c a i C t; 2 0/ 5 a — .i: W ^ «^ •^ a o -, .^ o -U ■•-' ^ 0; a =-= 1^ --g *-' Coo (S c 5; ;j r 0; -Si 2 2-S ^ 177 S3 5; c OJ C3 J= hi a ^ > fl' 3 fcf .^ -a it i 0; 178 179 180 H a D O -2. ^ -5' O O u en w t4 1) a, S V so a o . > O a OS (n O .4J o o o be ^ CI O ~ aj J3 _ COG T5 C3 OJ 5-a i^ S3 §.-2 w o 4j a 2 ■Sou 1) __ a w o c 1* -. 03 t, C8 ■" U tn aj sg ^a Q W "ECO 1^ '^ 0) m tf t4 v O o 1X1 ^ o a*. 2 o o u Q Pi V s'B 181 ^ = f. = O "' -^ c - -^ 5 ^ s "^ 'r CS noi Thi erm .i: O ai„- « *^ cS'in ° oj C ^ *^ §§"2 only tlie g d wai = ^§ O *J > tS S '' ■^. r^ %?,c t— 1 !-i ^ r; ^ ^ c r^ a;— C pi Pi .X CC Q^ ^^ *S C be — G C U-< - O-S 5^ >. K— 1 ^ «1 >^ s^'Z: --^ .£^^ K- a Revolii were al p and c K t- , 4- C " y ^ S.ti y. -*. «T! c = 2 ^ c tbrea that They h- X 'f. ~ Oi . ^ ^^ j; i -^ o o g ii-^ S§ -r; < n^ O^, o c k-H aJTS S w H o t- S a *"-p 's s a ^ C3 • 2 s; J; ^ 4i h 1) " ^ S^J c g a DO. ii-^ 182 u o Pi o u y. (^ \^ H Ph I— I K O H C t^ S o 3 "300 w O 4j ? Si c fe £^ •S,S >>*^ ^■2H 8 c.S ■" =3 ^ fe >> a> C G 2 2 o c C C-3 is 5 ^'S fS 3 w B ~ E Scfi cs 3 ri "> 2 jj 3 -" *^ T3 in %* 5 2 s CS 3 ^ 3 to O C-O -; ■^■^ 3 S Oj S'm-O: - o ' 3 - : ■a I— ( O m 183 CO V o *■> -a 3 o 1> > Si I— I a a js a o o 72 o « g Ul K^ b 0) , aj '' 'So 3i ■'^ =*^ o Jil -w Ch cs so 2. '^ ^ a u 3 O 5i-2_e 184 n A O I— I -J H H -> ^t. P3 Q W H U w ►J o u en w 185 ii 1b o -5-a bf p a p c s: 3j t. .- "^ - 2!^ >. r** — t- 1^ — -^-s^ 0) -^T) • ^ 53 c S O =« 1,T3 •E5 S-o 4) :- O >= 3 fc " « fc. (. t- Q, ^ O M g" i 5 o 2 "* t- ^_> 1, a^ . a >» % ^ C a; 5 -^ -M ca s & u s ^ 33 «* - 2 « o§ -A ~ 2 **- ■^ if5 - - 0) 5: ^ ? :^ J S § '-^ X ^1 1 s-^ - C S c- 4J n *" ^ ^ -a S . H 3 ::!—-' ^* t- • ^^ q 2 a. S D — ■-f -C rK ~ ^ .-a ■" -y* fi:; . i*^ s ^ - i;.= Oj'XJ 1^ ^ « ^ — cs 13 23 2 aJ 4^ C S ? 60 x U! %°ZU CJ -S «.a « £ -t! Tk ci;a js eS X 5 j'-r Sf.S O mC-E.S c u a -t: ~ :' 0) "^ s ^ re G >. 3 ■- a! a u , S P Si5 S p= s i**^ »,j= 3 ^^*^ „• .i Si ^ ''^ 111 i ! ■5 5 i"? E s^-S ^ "-. -«- S s =* -a !« IS t*- -— 4^ c« t^ 186 187 ^ •- S ■ C cr. ^1) ii 3 en ;^ o = s o ^ 1/ — y.~ ■a 0, c: — t- = s a* 1* Tr"^ •_2 &£ o c H O H O OS o t- -t-» TO (^ t/; 6-* ri 4) C ^ 4^ « -< Si 5 , ^.^^ s 2 ^ c - !r ^' w ?: != o £ g ^ c 3 - t: ^■55^ PS Mil ' — /-. [« K -M -w 188 >■ 1 c . tt •*- ^ » 0.-0 • = V tr. ^^ a; OS -* ce 3 S c S — a; C t- OJ cd C "V o *J O ; cs o; IK "5 ^"^^ Si W- .^J -C 4/ X OJ < CS X s >t: tf] 5 fs > i J> . "^ 'E -2 -^ £r=-S 189 asc is 1) o "i^ 190 1 ) > J , » ^ THE XEVSKI PROSPEKT, AGAIN CROWDED BY EXCITED AND APPREHENSIVE PEOPLE Tnickloads of Red Guards were riding from one end of the city to the other. Those who were in sympathy with Korniloff dared not even mention his name. Nevertheless a great many jjeople were pray- ing that he might succeed. 191 192 193 3 -o a a a cS ac d) J3 >s i; (h =S fl :S e4-i >H O K .1 ""^ 4J P5 s -^J o -, "1 t-H i5 OJ -4-> tf O :2 « a ^ 9. X ^U H ^a En o 3 3 -XI O^ luH -C ., ^^ H c -^ > '^1 =^2 a; ^-2 < 4±^ a 1^ S 2J 2 ^ a t^ o o ^ M M a> ^ J3 o *-> 'X! -d D -o O 3 en , ,^ ^ > 1) ^ _w "o m 4J ^, 1 V ^ ^ o B 194 a O o -a o X! Q 60 g §)« n 3 cS o °^ a >> ■>^ 41 « S *< S 4) O J3 O ♦J p J-* W W a w 03 « 4^: 41 3 o & o a M 4) J3 C 4) 195 196 197 SO a o a ^ . -11 p u - Oi W § S o •s^ s w a 'A -a a 60 2 4= 73 a 60 .S U ci I—" 198 OLD PEASANT WHOSE BEES WERE MADE ANGRY BY GERMAN SHELLS If all Russians were as sensible as this old man, the history of their country might be different. He was a keeper of bees. When the Germans came near and trenches were built running past his place, he didn't move, his bees were used to that country. He found, however, that the German shell-fire upset them and made them so angry that at times they would even attack him. So he dug himself a little trench where he could take refuge, when the hives were upset by violent shelling, and stay until his bees were calm again. 199 TYPES OF RUSSIAN SOLDIERS (a) This man is educated and knows what duty means. Although exempt because of wounds, he joined one of the first assault battalions. He marched off with his comrades in a vain effort to defend Riga, where he was killed, (b) This man is a splendid type of the Russian Moujik soldier, (c) Same type as "(a)." (d) A Bolshevik. He believes in division of property, socialist government, and an equal chance for every man. He can neither read nor write but he has common sense and is not an extremist. (e) A young Cossack. The tuft of hair bunched out under his cap is called "the love lock." Like his comrades, he is a man of law and order, he will fight for them and he will die for them. From the few Cossacks there are left, will come an influence that will be felt all over Russia. THE COUNTRY LITE PRESS, GARDEN CITy, NEW YORK LOAN PbRIOD ^ '" All BOOKS MAY BE RECAllED AFTER 7 DAYS . y °» icenewed by calling 642-3405. UUE AS STAMPEDBELnvir FORM NO. DD6 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY BERKELEY, CA 94720 iJ ■ " ' r"-' .. V "'