LIBRARY University of California.""^^ GIF^T OF^ Mrs. SARAH P. WALSWORTH. Received October, 18^4. z/lccessions No, S*Y/>^3' Class No. /c?Q - ; .•4/ Jj'mii/ / '/ ^liU , Sr^' :^^ ^-■"- Uil '^■ Anthon's Latin Grammar. — Part I. FIRST LATIN LESSONS,' CONTAINING TIIE MOST IMPORTANT TARTS OF THE GRAMMAR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE, TOGETHER WITH APPROPRIATE EXERCISES IN THE TRANS- LATING i»4i)-W-**a:iNG OF i»«)-W-**j;i LATIN, THE USE OF BEGINNERS. CHARLES ANTHON, LLC, VY-PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK AND LATIN LANGUAGES IN COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW YORK, AND RECTOR OF THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL m ^iJIPOlC NE.W YORK; HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, PEARL STREET, FRANKLIN SQUARE 1857. ) J ^ / Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1838, by Charles Anthon, In the Clerk's Oj2ice of the Southern Di«trict of New York. 1 9'^7 • ^^viiii REV. WILLIAM C. LARRABEE, A.M., PRINCIPAL OF THE MAINE WESLEYAN SEMINARY, WHO HAS RECOMMENDED HIMSELF TO THE FRIENDS OF I.ITERATUBF BY HIS TALENTS AND VIRTUES, \ND ESPECIALLY BY HIS UNTIRING LABOURS IN THE CAUSE OP SOUND EDUCATION, T H I S W O R K 18 RESPECTFULLY AND SINCERELY DEDICATED. ™i7BESIT7] ... i .>ui PREFACE An THE SIXTH EDITION. ^^ ^ Jt/Lj The object of the present work is to make the young itudent practically acquainted, at each step of his prog ress, with those portions of the grammar which he may from time to time commit to memory, and which re- late principally to the declension of nouns and conju- gation of verbs. The advantages which this system has over the old method of teaching the Latin gram* mar are so obvious as hardly to require any particular mention. By the old p^9*> th** student was required to plod through his grammar several times before he was allowed to enter on the process of translation, and, as a natural consequence, he acquired a disrelish for the language on its very threshold, while many things were continually escaping from his memory which might have been firmly fixed there had something like the present plan been adopted. The work here offered to the public purposes to rem- edy this evil. As soon as the beginner has mastered some principle relative to the inflections of the lan- guage, his attention is directed to exercises in transla- ting ?md writing Latin, which call for a practical appli- cation of the knowledge he may have thus far acquired ; and in this way he is led on by easy stages, until he is made thoroughly acquainted with all the important rules that regulate the inflections of the Latin tongue. The work ends with a brief sketch of Latin syntax, the main object of which is to give the student merely a general idea of this part of Latin grammar, prepar- PREFACE. flioiRr to his entering hn the' Second Pa^i,. Tliis Second Part forms a separate volume, and is arranged on a plan ^osely resembling that of the present work, the object beinfe to make the student acquainted, by exercises in wri- ting^atin, with not only the general principles, but also the nicer points, of the Syntax of that tongue. These two parts, therefore, will form a Grammar of the Latin Lan- guage, possessing this decided advantage over other gram- mars, in its containing a complete course of exercises, which have a direct bearing on each step of the student's prog- ress ; while the subject of Prosody, which is crowded into a corner of the ordinary school-grammars, will be found discussed in a separate work just published. The author's Latin Prosody, therefore, may not unaptly be regarded as forming the third part of his Latin Lessons, and comple- ting, in fact, his Grammar of the Latin Tongue. The grammatical portion of the present volume is based upon the excellent work of Zumpt, as it appears in the translation of Kenrick. The exercises have been taken from some of the best collections prepa- red by the scholars of Germany, and, wherever they require any previous acquaintance with the Latin syn- tax, such aid is always afforded at the outset. It remains but to add that the vocabulary at the end of the volume has been made as complete as possible, and that several words that were omitted in preparing it are now printed in the form of a supplement. Columbia College, New- York, i Sept. I, 1811. S M <&ti{ CONTENTS. Alphabet 1 Vowels and Diphthongs 1-2 Consonants 2 Parts of Speech , 2 Noun • . . . 3 Declensions of the Noun 3 General rules for declension 3 First Declension 4-7 Exercises on the First Declension 8-11 Second Declension 12-16 Exercises on the Second Declension 17-20 First and Second Declensions of Adjectives . . . 20-23 Exercises on Adjectives 23-26 Third Declension 26-47 Remarks on the cases of the Third Declension . 47-62 Exercises on the Third Declension 52-63 Third Declension of Adjectives 63-68 Exercises on Adjectives of Third Declension . 69-71 Fourth Declension . 71-74 Exercises on the Fourth Declension 74-76 Fifth Declension 76-77 Exercises on the Fifth Declension 77-79 Heterochtes 81-82 Comparison of Adjectives 83-87 Exercises on Comparison 87-92 Numerals 92-95 Exercises on the Cardinal Numbers . ... 96-98 Exercises on the Ordinal Numbers 99-101 Exercises on the Distributive Numbers .... 103*105 Pronouns 105-121 Exercises on the Pronouns 121-128 Verb 128-135 Conjugation of the Verb 135 Formation of the Tenses 136-141 Auxiliary Verb Bum 141-143 Exercises on Bum and its Compounds 144-147 First Conjugation, Active Voice ........ 148-151 \ CONTENTS. J Rxercises on the Active Voice, First Conjugation . 151-155 First Conjugation, Passive Voice 155-159 Exercises on the Passive Voice, First Conjugation 159-162 Irregulctr Verbs of the First Conjugation .... 163-164 Exercises on Irregular Verbs, First Conjugation . 164-165 Deponent Verbs of the First Conjugation .... 160 Exercises on Deponents of the First Conjugation . 166-167 Second Conjugation, Active Voice 168-171 Exercises on the Active Voice, Second Conjugation 171-174 Second Conjugation, Passive Voice 175-178 Exercises on the Passive Voice, Second Conjugation 178-180 Deponents of the Second Conjugation 181 Exercises on Deponents of Second Conjugation . 181-182 Third Conjugation, Active Voice ...... 183-186 Exercises on the Active Voice, Third Conjugation 186-190 Third Conjugation, Passive Voice 190-193 Exercises on the Passive Voice, Third Conjugation 193-195 Exercises on Deponents of the Third Conjugation 196-197 Fourth Conjugation, Active Voice 198-20' Exercises on the Active Voice, Fourth Conjugation 201-20o Fourth Conjugation, Passive Voice 203-206 Exercises on the Passive Voice, Fourth Conjugation 207-208 Exercises on Deponents of the Fourth Conjugation 208-209 Remarks on the Conjugations 210-213 Exercises on the Gerunds and Supines .... 213-215 Exercises on the Gerundives 216-218 Irregular Verbs 219-227 Exercises on the Irregular Verbs 227-236 Defective Verbs 237-240 Exercises on the Defective Verbs ...... 240-242 Impersonal Verbs 242-244 Adverbs 244-245 Exercises on Adverbs 245-247 Prepositions 247-256 Exercises on Prepositions 256-259 Conjunctions 259-261 Exercises on Conjunctions 261-263 Interjections 263-264 Sketch of Latin Syntax 264-277 Dictionary 279-363 LATIN LESSONS. Ctiy£/evu I. ALPHABET. I. The Latin alphabet is the same as the English, except in its wanting the w, and also the capital y, II. The w can only be used when modern names are to be expressed in Latin. The smaller y occurs merely in words derived immediately from the Greek ; as, syllaba^ Cyrus^ and corresponds to the Greek upsilon or u. III. The reason of no capital y appearing m Latin is simply this : every Greek word beginning with an upsilo7i has that upsilon aspirated, that is, pronounced as if com- mencing with an h; hence no word in Latin can begin with a y, but must always commence with hy. IV. H is only an aspiration, and therefore, when joined with a consonant, does not lengthen the preceding vowel V. J and V were written by the Latins with the same letters as the A'^owels i and w, namely, I and V, but were distinguished in pronunciation. VI. K became a superfluous letter, C having supplied its place ; but it still continued to be employed in a few words, when followed by the vowel a, as, for example, in Kalendm. WW. Z occurs only in words derived from the Greek. II. VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS. I. Six of the letters are vowels, namely, «, e, i, o, m, y ; the remainder are consonants. II. The vowels are combined into eight diphthongs, namely, ae, oe, at, ei, oi, ui, au, eu. III. The diphthongs ei^ oi, ui, occur, however, only in a 1 ^^5 •/• V5i)ist«t^NTiVP'*'^T6 OF SPEECH. few words, chiefly interjections, as Aei, eia, oiet, kui, and , >^en 4€in, proin, Huic, cui, are cgntracted into one syllable, as tliey commonly are in verse. The diphthong ei was written for the long i in keic (for hie, "here"), and queis \(6t quis, i. e., quibus),2LndL. in those accusatives plural of the third declension which are formed in is ; as, amneis, arteis for omnes, artes. IV. The diphthong yi, occurring, for example, in Har- pyia (three syllables), is nothing more than the Greek ui {vl) III. DIVISION OF CONSONANTS. I. The consonants are divided into semi-vowels and mute^ II. The semi-vowels are^, Z, m, n, r, s, v ; the remaining consonants are mutes, and are so called because they can- not be formed without an interruption of the sound by the closing of the lips, on which account they always need an accompanying vowel in order to be fully enunciated. III. Four of the semi-vowels, namely, /, m, n, r, are called liquids, from the ease with which, in pronunciation, ihey follow other consonants. IV. X and Z are double consonants, the former being equivalent to cs, ks, or gs, and the latter to ds. V. The consonants, exclusive of the liquids, are divided, according to the organ by which they are enunciate!, into labials, palatals, and dentals. VI. The labials are formed by the lips, and are v, b, p,f. The palatals are formed by the tongue against the roof of ihe mouth, and are g, c, h, q. The dentals are formed by »he tongue against the teeth, and are d, t. IV. PARTS OF SPEECH. I. There are nine parts of speech in Latin, five of whicn admit of inflection, that is, are either declined or conjugated ; the remaining four admit of no inflection. II. The parts of speech which admit of inflection are the Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb, Participle, of which the ^(UOZ/T' NOUN. noun, aJjecti^^e, pronoun,^and participle are declined^ and the verb is conjugated, III. The parts of speech which admit of no inflection are tlie Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection, V. THE NOUN. I. The Noun is the name of any person, place, or thing. II. Nouns are of two kinds, Proper and Common. Prop- er nouns are the names of individual men or other objects. Common nouns are those which denote a whole class of objects, and can only be applied to individuals so far as they belong to that class. III. Nouns have three genders, the Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. IV. The cases are six in number, namely, the Nomina- Hve, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, and Ablative. V. There are two numbers, namely, the Singular and Plural. VI. DECLENSION OF THE NOUN. I. Declension is the varying of a noun by cases and numbers. II. There are Jive declensions, distinguished from each other by the termination of the genitive singular. Thus, The genitive of the^r^^ declension ends in ae; second 11 (C i; third (I (( is; fourth a a us; fifth (( a e'i. III. The following general rules, regulating the different declensions, must be carefully remembered. GENERAL RTJLES. 1. Nouns of the neuter gender have the nominative, ac- cusative, and vocative alike in both numbers, and these cases in the plural end always in a. 2. The vocative singular, except in Greek nouns in a.s 4 FIRST DECLENSION. aixi es of the first, and in some nouns of the second, is like the nominative ; but in the plural the vocative and nominative are alike in all the declensions. 3- The accusative singular ends, where no exception arises from neuters, in m. Thus we have in the dif- ferent declensions, 12 3 4 5 cm, um, em, urn, em, 4. The genitive plural ends always in um, and hence we have in the different declensions, 12 3 4 5 drum, drum, um, uum, erum. 5. The dative plural has the same termination as the ab- lative plural in all the declensions. The ending in the different declensions are as follows : 12 3 4 5 is, is, thus, thus or Tibus, ehus. VII. FIRST DECLENSION. I. Nouns of the first declension end in a, e, as, and es. II. Those nouns of this declension that end in a are of Latin origin, the remainder are Greek. III. Nouns in a have the following terminations in the different cases of the singular and plural. Singular. PI ural Nom. a, The following are some of these nouns :^ ^ Deus, a god. Films, a son. Equus, a horse. Mulus, a mule. AsTnus, an ass. Natus, a son. Animus, the mind. Famula, a maid-servant. J ;« -5 t Famulus, a man-servant. N. Mens-a, G. Mens-ae, D. Mens-ae, Ace. Mens-am, V. Mens-a, Ab, Mens-a, N Mens-ae, G. Mens-arum, D. Mens-Ts, Ace. Mens-as, V. Mens-ae, Ab. Mens-Ts, Dea, a goddess. Filla, a daughter. Equa a mare. Mula, a she-mule. Asina, a she-ass. Nata, a daughter. Anima, the soul. .s a 1. These are, in fact, very old forms, since, in the earlier periods of the language, the termination bus was common to datives and ablatives in ill the declensions. In good prose writers, however, the form is of dea^ filia, equa. and mula is the more common, especially if an adjective b« joined with it, as in filiis duahus, for this removes all the ambiguity. I* 6 FIRST DECLENSION V. The terms ambo, " both," and duo, " two," have like wise dbus in the dative and ablative plural ; as, ambdhus, dudbus, VI. After nouns in a, we proceed to consider those in as, es, and e, which we have already said are of Greek origin. VII. Nouns in as and es are masculine, those in e femi nine. VIIL The declension of nouns in as is as follows : Singular. ■N. Tiar-as, a turban. G. Tiar-ae, of a turban. D. Tiar-ae, to or for a turban. Ace. Tiar-am or -an, a turban. V. Tiar-a, oh turban! Ab. Tiar-a, with, from, by, or in a turban Plural. N. Tiar-ae, turbans. G. Tiar-arum, of turbans. D. Tiar-is, to ox for turbans. Ace. Tiar-as, turbans. V. Tiar-ae, oh turbans! Ab. Tiar-is, with, from, in, or by turbans IX. Nouns in es are declined as follows : Singular. N. Comet-es, a comet. G. Comet-c«, of a comet D. Comet-ae, to or for a comet. Ace Comet-en, a comet. V. Comet-e, oh comet! Ab. Comet-e, with, from, in, or by a comet i FIRST DECLENSION Plural iN. Comet-ae, comets. G. Comet-arum, of comets. D. Comet-is, to ox for comets Ace Comet-as, comets. V. Comet-ge, oh com.ets ! Ab. Comet-is, with,from^ in, or hy cometi> X. In the same way are to be declined such propc.i names as Anchises, gen. AncMsiB ; Thersites, gen. Thersi (s, Sic, except that they want the phiral. XI. Nouns in e are declined as follows : Singular. N. Epitom-e, an epitome. G. Epitom-es, of an epitome. D. Epitom-e, to oi for an epitofne. Ace. Epitom-en, an epitome. V. Epitom-e, oh epitome ! Ab. Epitom-e, vnth^from, hj^ or in an epitome. Plural. N. Epitom-ae, epitomes. G. Epitom-arum, of epitomes. D Epitom-is, to ox for epitomes. Ace. Epitom-as, epitomes. V. Epitom-as, oh epitomes ! Ab. Epitom-is, with, from, in, or hy epitomes. Xir. In the same way are to be declined such prof.ci nouns as Penelope^ gen. Penelopes, (fee. b' EXERCISES ON THE FIRST DECLENSION VIII. EXERCISES ON THE FIRST DECLENSION. Preliminary Rules} 1. Substantives referring to the same thing agree in case ; as, Cicero orator, " Cicero the orator ;" Urhs Athen(B, " the city Athens." 2 . One substantive governs another in the genitive when they refer to different things ; as, Timor Dei, " the fear of God ;" Lex naturm, " the law of nature." 3. Any verb may have the same case after it as before it, when both words refer to the same thing ; as. Jus- titia est virtus, " Justice is a virtue ;" Cicero vacatur orator, " Cicero is called the orator." 4. A verb signifying actively governs the accusative ; as, amo Deum, " I love God ;" habemus divitias, " we have riches." 5 The preposition in governs the ablative when motion or rest in a place is signified ; as, divitics non sunt in pecunid sed in sapientid, " riches consist not in m(>«*>y. but in wisdom." Vocabulary. ^-^ Est ..... He, she, or it is. sunt They are, erat He, she, or it was. erant They were. fuit He, she, or it has been, or was,^ fuerunt They have been, or were, habet He, she, or it has, habent They have, et . . . . . and. 1. A few rules are here anticipated, in order to serve as a basis for th« exercises in the different declensions. The same remark applies to the short vocabulary which follows immediately after. 2. Whenfutt has the meaning of " has been," it is called the perfect when it signifies *' was," it is the aorist. And so of fuerunt. BXERCISES ON THE FIRST DECLENSION. I. In what numbers and cases are the following words found ? Cura. Belluae. Semita. Animabus. Tydides. Penelopen. FilTam. Priamrden. Boream. Mida ! Tydidae. Borean. Aloes. Alcida. ThersTte ! Rhetoricen. Pyrlten. Thersite. Rhetorices. Musa ! Cura. Belliia. Cura Vitap. Curam. Vitis. Curarum. iEneam. Curae ! Crambes, Translate the following, where they are found. Ala, " a wing^'* alas, alis, alam, alarum, ala, ala. Aqua, ** water ^"^ aquam, aquarum, aqua! aquis. Alauda, " a lark,^^ alaudis, alaudas, alaudae Anguilla, " an ceZ," anguillarum, anguilla ! anguillis. Scriba, " a scrihe,^^ scriba, scribis, ficribf^. II. and mention at the same time Gallina, " a hen^^ galllnas, galllnam, galllnae ! Insula, " an island ^^ insulae, insulis, insularum. Ripa, " a hank^^ ripis, ripam, ripa! Agricola, "a ycrmer,'* agricolas, agricolarum agricolae, agricolae ! Occa, "a harrow, ^^ occa! occa. Penna, " a feather or pen * pennas, pennis, penna. 4 10 EXERCISES ON THE FIRST DECLENSION. III. Convert the following into Latin, and name the case and number as in the previous exercise. (Musca, '' apf), (Aqulla, *' an eagle''), (Vita, " life'% oh fiy ! hy eagles, oh life ! with ajly, with an eagle, of lives, of flies, to an eagle, in life, ^f ^flVi io eagles, lives, to a fly, oh eagles! of life, with flies. eagles. with life, (Via, " a way''), (Ara, " an altar"), oh ways! of altars, oh way ! to an altar, with ways, altars, with a way, - of an altar, of ways, oh altar! of a way. with an altar. IV. fransl^e the following, and explain the agreement oi [overnment in each clause or phrase. Ripam insulae. — Ripis insularum. — Ripae insulae ! — Galli- uis agricolarum. — Alis gallinarum agricolae.— Pennae alae alaudae. — Penna scribae ! — Alas alaudarum. — Pennae ala- rum ! — Pennas alarum alaudae et gallinae. — Occis agri- colarum. — Occae agricolae ! — Anguilla aquae. — Anguilla aquae. — Anguilla aquarum! — Agricolae et scribae! — Gallina? agricolarum. — Occarum agricolarum. — Gallinae agricola- rum ! — Aquila insulae. — Musca aquae ! — Viam vitae.—Via- nim vitae. — Vita et ara. Anglia est insula. — Columba est arnica munditiae. — Aquila ost incola silvae. — Columbae sunt amicae munditiae. — Aquilae sunt incolae silvarum. — Anglia, Sicilia, et Corsica sunt in- sulfe. — Asir?ea tiiit dea justitiae.— -Alaudae et columbae hab- EXERCISES ON THE FIRST DECLENSION. 11 ent caudas. — Januaa et portag habeiit seras. — Vita agrico- larum est magistra diligentiee et parsimoniaj. — In aqua sunt Lnsulae. — Ranae sunt incola3 aquae et terrae. — India est pa- tria gemmarum. — Pieria fuit provincia Macedoniae. — Pieria provincia Macedoniae fuit patria Musarum. — Agricolae ha- bent vaccas, columbas, galllnas et occas. — In fossis silva- rum est aqua. — In cullnis sunt oUae et patlnae. — Graecia osi patria gloriae et sapientiae. — Graecia, patria gloriae et sapien- tiae, est peninsula. — Persae et Scythae erant incolae Asiae. — Pugnae et victoriae Persarum et Scytharum, incolarum Asiae. — Columba, arnica munditiae, est praeda aquilae, incola? silvarum. — In silvis Asiae sunt lupae, leaenae et simiae ; in aulis agricolarum sunt gallinae, columbae et vaccae. Convert the following examples of ungrammatical Latin into grammatical, so as to suit the English words opposite Diana vbas the daughter of hatona. A.sia and Europe are penin- sulas. There are thorns to roses. There are wings to eagles. The scribes have pens. History and philosophy are teachers of wisdom and jus- tice. hi the island is a poetess. To the doors are holts. The owl is a friend of dark- ness. The money of the maid-servant is in a lurking-place in the woods. Diana sum filia Latona. Asia et Europa sum peninsu- la. Rosa sum spina. Aquila sum ala. Scriba habeo penna. Historia et philosophia sum magistra sapientia et justi- tia. In insula sum poetria. Janua sum sera. Noctua sum amica tenebriu (pi) Pecunia famula sum in lat(} brae (pi.) in silva. 12 SECOND DECLENSION. IX. SECOND DECLENSION. I. Nouns of the second declension end in er, tV, wr, us, um, OS, and on. II. The terminations os and on belong to Greek nouns. III. Nouns in um and on are neuter, the rest are masculine IV. The terminations of this declension are as follows Terminations, Singular. Plural, N. -f, in the neuter -a G. 'drum. D. 'is. Ace. 'OS, in the neuter -d. V. -f, in the neuter -a Ab. 'is. S . er, ir, ur, us, U7?i, os, on G. 'i, D, '6. ice. 'Um, -on. V. '6, or like nominative Ab. '6. V. Nouns in us form the vocative in e. The rest have i\ like the nominative. VI. Originally, all of the nouns in er, ir, ur, ended in us, and . consequently, all originally made e in the vocative. But in the course of time many dropped the ending us from^the nominative, and along with it e from the vocative. VII. Most nouns in er reject e before r in the oblique cases ; as, ager, gen. agri, &c. Others are declined by adding the terminations of the cases to the nominative ; as. puer, ^en. puer-i, &c. Examples. AgeT,''aJield:' Singular. N. Ager, afield. G. Agr-T, of a field. D. Agr-o, to ox for afield. Ace. Agr-um, a field. V. Ager, oh field! Ab. Agr-o, with, LQ.,Jai7 Flural, Masc. Fern. NeuU N. Pulchr-i, Pulchr-ae, Pulchr-a, fair. G. Pulchr-orum, Pulchr-arum, Pulchr-orum, of fair, D. Pulchr-Is, Pulchr-Is, Pulchr-Is, to ox for fair, Ac. Pulchr-os, Pulchr-as, Pulchr-a, fair. V. Pulchr-T, Pulchr-a), Pulchr-a, oh fair! Ab. Pulchr-Is, Pulchr-Ts, Pulchr-Is, with, &c., fair XIV. EXERCISES ON THE SIGNS OF Translate the following, Globus rotundus. terra rotunda, malum rotundum. terra rotunda ! globi rotundi. malo rotundo. equus magnus. silva magna. {)ra>tiim magnum. FIRST AND SECOND DECLEN* ADJECTIVES. I. and show the case and number, silvae magnae. equorum magnorum. prata magna ! populus procera. scriba sedule ! hortus pulcher. convlvae satiiri. convii se saturi ! colluni lon. THIRD DECLENSION. 35 XII. The four neuters, eJwr," ivory," /mwr, "the thigh,' jecur, " the liver," and rohur, " strength," have oris ; and jecur^ moreover, has jecinoris, jocinoris, and jocmens EXAMPLES. Murmur, " a murmur.''^ Singular, Plural. N. Murmur, N. Murmur-a, G. Murmur-is, G. Murmur-um, D. Murmur-I, D. Murmur-ibus, Ace. Murmur, . Ace. Murmur-a, V. Murmur, V. Murmur-a, Ab Murmur-e Ab. Murmur-ibus. Robur, « strength. 1 Singular. Plural. N. Robur, N. Robor-a, G. Robor-is, G. Robor-um, D. Robor-T, D. Robor-ibus, Ace. Robur, Ace. Robor-a, V. Robur, V. Robor-a, Ab. Robor-e. Ab. Robor-ibus. IX. Nouns in s. Nouns which end in s have either «, e, i, o, w, y, au, ci a consonant before s. I. Those in as have in the genitive dtis ; as, (Btas, " an age," gen. cetdtis ; except anas^ " a duck," which makes andtis. II. Mas, " a male," makes maris. Vas, " a surety," makes vddis ; but vas, " a vessel," vdsis. The noun as^ ' a pound," makes assis. III. Greek words form their genitives according to their gender, the mascuUnes in antis, the feminines in ddis, and the neuters in atis ; as, addmas, " a diamond," gen. ada- mantis ; lampas, " a torch," gen. lampddis ; artocreas, '* a meat-pie," gen. artocredtis. S6 THIRD DECLhINSlON. IV. The words Areas, " an Arcadian,'^ and nomas, " ont; that pastures flocks," which are of the common gender, make the genitive in ddis. V. Greek nouns, which form the genitive in adis or aiitis terminate the accusative either in a or m, the former according to the Greek, the latter according to the Roman form* EXAMPLES. iEtas, " an age,^^ Singular, Plural. N. Mtsis, N. JStat-es, G. jEtat-is, G. iEtat-um, D. iEtat-i, D. iEtat-ibus, Ace. iEtat-em, Ace. iEtat-es, V. iEtas, V. iEtat-es, Ab. iEtat-e. Ab. ^tat-ibus Mas, " < 2 male.^^ Singular. Plural. N. Mas, N. Mar-es, G. Mar-is, G. Mar-ium, D. Mar-I, D. Mar-ibu», Ace. Mar-em, Ace. Mar-es, V. Mas, V. Mar-es, Ab. Mar-e. Ab. Mar-ibus. Vas, " a surety:'^ Singular. Plural. N. Vas, N. Vad-es, G. Vad-is, G. Vad-Ium, D. Vad-i, D. Vad-ibus, Ace. Vad-em, Ace. Vad-es, V. Vas, V. Vad-es, Ab. Vad-e. Ab. Vad-ibus. 1. Consult remarks on Greek nouns of this declension, page 51. 2. Vas, vdsis, is neuter, and is also irregular in the plural, making vasa, vasorum, vasis, &c., according to the second declension of neuters THIRD DECLENSION. 37 Adamas, " a diamond,''^ Singular. Plural. N. Adamas, N. Adamant-es, G. Adamant-is, G. Adamant-um, D Adamant-i, D. Adamant-ibus, Ace. Adamant-a &: -em. Ace. Adamant-as,' V. Adamas, V. Adamant-es, Ab. Adamant-e. Ab. Adamant-ibus, Lampas, * * a torch. jj Singular. Plural N. Lampas, N. Lampad-es, G. Lampad-is, G. Lampad-um, D. Lampad-i, D. Lampad-ibus, Ace. Lampad-a Singular. Plural. N. Obses, N. Obsid-es, G. Obsid-is, G. Obsid-um, D. Obsrd-i, D. Obsid-ibus, Ace. Obsid-em, Ace. Obsid-es, V. Obses, V. Obsid-es, Ab. Obsid-e. Ab. Obsid-ibus. VIII. Nouns in is have generally is in the genitive, without increase ; as, avis, " a bird," gen. avis ; piscis, " a fish," gen. piscis. IX Some receive an additional syllable, and make tdis, His, or eris ; as, cassis, "a helmet," gen. cassXdis ; lis, " strife," gen. litis ; pulvis, " dust," gen. pulveris. X. Glis, " a dormouse," makes gliris ; sanguis, " blood," sanguinis, though the adjectives derived from it do not in- crease , as, exsangms, "• bloodless," gen. exsanguis The T«1RD DECLENSION. 39 word semis, " the Half of an as," as being compounded with as, makes semissis. XL Greek words in is and ys will be noticed hereaftev EXAMPLES. Avis, " a bird. ' ■• Singular. Plural. N. Av-is, N. Av-es, G. Av-is, G. Av-ium, D. Av-i, D. Av-ibus, Ace. Av-eni, Ace. Av-es, V. Av-is, V. Av-es Ab. Av-e. Ab. Av-ii.ais*. Cassis, " a helmet.'' Singular, " ' "' *' ' -'-'V| . Plural, N. Cassis, N. Cassid-es, G. Cassid-is. G. CassTd-um, D. Cassid-i, D. Cassid-ibus, Ace. Cassid-em, Ace. Cassid-es, V. Cassis, V. Cassid-es, Ab. Cassid-e. Ab. Cassid-ibus. ' Quiris, '- a R Oman citizen." Singular, Plural. N. Quiris, N. Quirit-es, G. Quirit-is, G. Quirlt-um, D. Quirit-T, D. Quirit-ibus, Ace. Quirit-em, Ace. Quirit-es, V. Quiris, V. Quirit-es, Ab. Quirit-e. Ab. Quirit-ibus. . , _ Pulvis ■' dust." Singular. 'Piurdl. N. Pulvis, N. Pulver-es, G Pulver-Ts G. Pulver-um, D Pulver-I D. Pulver-ibus, 40 THIRD DECLENSION. Acc Pulver-em, Acc. Piilver-es, V. Pulvis, V. Pulver-es, Ab. Piilver-e. Ab. Pulver-ibus XII. Nouns in os make atis ; as, cos, "a whetstone, gen. cotis ; dos, " a dower," gen. dotis. XIII. Or else they take oris ; as, os, "the mouth," gen oris ; ros, " dew," gen. roris. XIV. But OS, *' a bone," makes ossis ; custos, " a keeper,' custodis ; and hos, " an ox," hovis. XV. Some Greek words, as heros, " a hero," Minos Tros, &c., make dis in the genitive ; as, kerois, Minois- Trots. EXAMPLES. Nepos, '' a grandsor l" Singular. Plural. N. Nepos, N. Nepot-es, G. Nepot-Ts, G. Nep5t-um, D. Nepot-I, D. Nepot-ibus, Acc. Nepot-em, Acc. Nepot-es, V. Nepos, V. Nepot-es, Ab. Nepot-e. Ab. Nepot-ibus Flos, " a , flower:' Singular. Plural N. Flos, N. Flor-es, G. Flor-is, G. Flor-um, D. Flor-I, D. Flor-ibus, Acc. Flor-em, Acc. Flor-es, V. Flos, V. Flor-es, Ab. Flor-e. Ab. Fl5r-ibus. XVI. Of nouns in us, the feminines in Us make utis ; as, virtus, "virtue," gen. virtHtis. But tellus, "the eartb,^' makes telluris, and Venus, *' Venus," Veneris. XVII. Neuters in us have either eris : B,s, fcedns. *S-) THIRD DECLENSION. 4i league," gen. f(zderis ; or oris ; as, decus, '* honour," gen decoris. XVI II. All words in us of one syllable, which have u long, form the genitive in uris ; as, crus, " a leg," gen. era ris ; as also jus^ pus, rus, thus, and mus. XIX. Incus, " an anvil," palus, " a marsh," and subscus^ " a dovetail," make iidis, Grus, " a crane," and sus, ** jj hog" or " sow," make gruis and suis, XX. Greek proper names in us make untis ; as, Amd thus, gen. Amathuntis ; Trapezus, gen. Trapezuntis. XXI. The compounds oiirovg make dc?2^; as, ^ripws, tripod," gen. tripodis. EXAMPLES. Virtus, ^'' virtue.''^ Singular, Plural. N. Virtus, N. Virtut-es, G. Virtu t-Ts, G. Virtut-um, D. Virtut-T, D. Virtut-ibus, Ace. Virtut-em, Ace. Virtut-es, V. Virtus, V. Virtut-es, Ab. VirifU-e. Ab. Virtut-ibus Foedus, " a league,^ > Singular. Plural. N. Foedus, N. Foeder-a, G. Foeder-is, G. Foeder-um, D. Foeder-i, D. Foeder-ibus, Ace Foedus, Ace. Foeder-a, V. Foedus, V. Foeder-a, Ab Foeder-e. Ab. Foeder-ibus. Decus, " honour,^ Singula! Plural N. Decus, N. Dec6r-a, G. Decor-is, G. Dec6r-um, D. Dec6r-i, D. Decor-ibus, 42 THIRD DECLENSION. Acc Decus, Ace. Dec6r-a, V. Deeiis, V. Decor-a, Ab Deeor-e. Ab. Deeor-ibuft* Mus, ** a mouse. ^ Singular. Plural NT. Mus, N. Mur-es, G. Mur-Ts, G. Mur-um, D. Mur-i, D. Mur-ibus, Ace. Mur-em, Ace. Mur-es, V. Mus, V. Mur-es, Ab. Mur-e. Singular, Jus, ** c Ab. 5 right r Mur-ibus. Plural N. Jus, N. Jur-a, G. Jur-is, G. Jur-um, D. Jur-i, D. Jur-ibus, Ace. Jus, Ace. Jur-a, V. Jus, V. Jur-a, Ah. Jur-e. Amathus. Singular. Ab. Jur-ibus. Trapezus. Singular. N. Amathus, N. Trapezus, G. Amalhunt-is J G. Trapezunt-is^ D. Amathunt-T, D. Trapezunt-i, Ace. Amathunt-em & -a, Ace. Trapezunt-em cfe-a, V. Amathus, V. Trapezus, Ab. Amathunt-e. Ab. Trapezunt-e. XXII. Only two nouns of this declension end in aus^ namely, laus, " praise," gen. Jaudis ; and fraus^ ** fraud," gen. fravdis. XXIII. Of those which have a consonant before s, the nouns in Is, ns, rs, change s into tis ; a.Sj puis, fons, mons urs, pars, which make in the genitive puUis,fontis, montis THIRD DECLENSION. 43 artis^ partis, &:c. But frons^ ** a leaf," makes frondis ; whereas frons^ *' a forehead," follows the general rule, and makes frontis. XXIV. Nouns in hs make the genitive in his ; nouns in ms in mis, &c. ; as, irahs, " a beam," gen. trahis ; hiems '* winter," gen. hiemis. XXV, Coelebs makes codihis. Compounds in ceps (from capioy *' to take"), as municeps, make ipis ; as, municipis EXAMPLES. Ars, " an art,^^ Singular, Plural, N. Ars, N. Art-es, a Art-is, G. Art-ium, D. Art-T, D. Art-ibus, Ace Art-em, Ace. Art-es, V. Ars, V. Art-es, 4b. Art-e Singular. Trabs, " Ab. a heamy Art-ibus. Plural. N. Trabs, N. Trab-es, G. Trab-is, G. Trab-ium, D. Trab-I, D. Trab-ibus, Ace. Trab-em, Ace. Trab-es, V. Trabs, V. Trab-es, Ab Trab-e. Ab. Trab-ibus. Particeps, *' a partaker y* Singular, Plural, N. Particeps, N. Particip-es, G. Particip-is, G. PartTcip-um, D. Particip-T, D. ParticTp-fbus, Ace. ParttcFp-em, Ace. Particip-es, V. Particeps, V. Particip-es, Ab. ParticTp-e. Ab. PartTcip-ibus. 44 THIRD DECLENSION. X. Nouns in *. . ^\y.r^ The termination t is only found in capvt^ '' the head " gen. capitis, and its compounds occiput, sinciput, which make occipitis and sincipitis. XI. Nouns in x. I. Of those that end in x the declension varies, according IS the X has been derived from cs or gs, which must be de- termined by the root. The former is more common. II. The following rules may serve, however, in some de- gree, as a guide. 1. Words of one syllable, with a consonant preceding a?, have cis in the termination of the genitive ; as, falx^ gen. folds ; lanx, gen. lands ; arx, gen. arcis, 2. Nouns in ax make ads ; as, pax, gen. pads. But fax, and some Greek words, such as corax, climax, make ads. Proper names in nax, from the Greek ava§ (anax), make, however, actis ; as, Demonax, gen. De- monactis. 3. Nouns in ex make ids ; as, judex, gen. judicis. But vibex makes vihicis, and lex and rex make legis and regis. And again, grex makes gregis ; nex makes necis ; remex makes remtgis ; senex, senis ; and su- pellex, supellectilis. 4. Nouns in ix make their genitives in tcis or ids. Among the latter are cervix^ '* the neck," gen. ceroids ; dcatrix, " a scar," gen. cicatricis ; phoenix, " a fabulous bird," gen. phmiiicis ; radix, " a root," gen. radicis ; and all female appellations ; as, inventrix, '* an inventress," gen. inventrids ; nutrix, " a nurse," gen. nutrids, &c. 6. Nix, "snow," makes ntvis ; and strix, "a screech- owl," strigis. 6. Words in ox make ods ; as, vox, "the voice," gen vods. But CappHdox, " a Cappadocian," makes Cappa- docis ; Allobrox, " an Allobrogian," makes Allobrogis . and nox, " night," makes noctis. THIRD DECLENSION 45 7. Words in ux make iicis ; as, crux, " a cross," gen. crucis ; dux, " a leader," gen. ducis. But lux, " light," makes liicis ; Pollux, a proper name, makes Pollucis ; conjux, " a wife," makes conjiigis. Frugis is the gen- itive of the obsolete frux ; and fauces the plural of the obsolete faux. 8. Words in yx are Greek, and formed variously; a? Eryx, gen. Hrycis ; hombyx, gen. homhycis, &c EXAMPLES. Arx, " a citadel.''^ Singular, Plural. N. Arx, N. Arc-es, G. Arc-is, G. Arc-ium, D. Arc-i, D. Arc-ibus, Ace. Arc-em, Ace. Arc-es, V.' Arx, V. Arc-es, Ab. Arc-e. Ab. Arc-ibus Judex, " a judge J^ Singular, PlitraL N Judex, N. JudTc-es, G. Judic-is, G. Judic-um, D. Judlc-i, D. Judic-ibus, Ace. Judic-em, Ace. JudTc-es, V. Judex, V. Judic-es, Ab. Judic-e, Ab. Judic-Ibus. Lex, « a law:' Singular. Plural. N. Lex, N. Leg-es, G. Leg-is, G. Leg-um D. Leg-i, D. Leg-ibus Ace. Leg-em, Ace. Leg-es, V Lex, V. Leg-es, Ab. Leg-e. Ab. Leg-ibu^r 46 THIRD DECLENSION. Appendix, " an addition.^^ Singular, N. Appendix, G. Appendic-is, D. Appendic-T, Ace Appendic-em, V. Appendix, Ab. Appendic-e. Plural, N. Appendic-es, G. Appendlc-um, D. AppendTc-ibus Ace. Appendic-es, V. Appendic-es, Ab. Appendie-ibufi Radix, " a root,'' Singular. ^ ^H:>j|"'* ,rrA Plural N. Radix, N. Radie-es, G. Hadic-is, G. Radie-um, D. Radic-i, D. Radlc-ibus, Ace. Radic-em, Ace. Radlc-es, V. Radix, V. Radlc-es, Ab. Radlc-e. Ab. Radic-ibus. Vox, " a voice, ^' Singular, Plural N. Vox, N. Voc-es, G. Voe-is, G. Voc-um, D. Voc-r, D. Voc-ibus Ace Voc-em, Ace. V6e-es, V. Vox, V. Voc-es, Ab. Voc-e, Ab. Voc-ibus. Dux, * a leader:' Singular, Plural N. Dux, N. Duc-es, G. Diie-is, G. Duc-um, D. Diic-T, D. Duc-ibus, Ace. Due-em, Ace. Duc-es, V. Dux, V. Duc-es, Ab. Duc-e Ab. Duc-ibus. THIRD DECLENSION. 47 Conjux, '* a spouse. j> Singular. Plural N. Conjux, N. Conjug-es, G. Conjiig-Ts, G. Conjug-um, D. Conjug-i, D. Conjug-ibus, Ace Conjug-em, Ace. Conjug-es, V. Conjux, V. Conjug-es, Ab. Conjug-e. Ab. Conjug-ibus Bombyx, ** a silk-worm.''^ Singular, Plural N. Bombyx, N. Bombye-es, G. Bombyc-is, G. Bombyc-um, D. Bombye-i, D. Bombyc-ibus, Ace. Bombyc-em, Ace. Bombyc-es, V. Bombyx, V. Bombye-es, Ab. Bombye-e. Ab. Bombyc-ibup REMARKS ON THE CASES. 1. Genitive Singular. I, The apparent variety in the formation of the genitive case become i greatly simplified and limited in extent if we suppose, what is no doubt actually the case, that the genitive singular is formed from the root c the noun by merely adding is, and that the final letter of the root is ei- ther B. t or some other consonant more or less concealed in the nomina- tive. II. The following table will serve to illustrate this remark more clearly Nominative. RooT.i Genitive. Poema, Poemat, Poemat-Is Mare^ Mar, Mar-is. Carbo, Carbon, Carbon-is. Imago, Imagin, Imagin-is Sol, Sol, Sol-is. Lichen, Lichen, Lichen-is. Carmen, Carmin, Carmin-is. Calcar; Calcar, Calcar-is. Career, Career, Carc§r-i9. 1. .Sf/em or theme would bo a more correct name, as roots, strictly spoakinj?, nif ifii mt>n. puppis. a stern, " puppim ". turris. a tower. (( turrim (t Testis, a rope. i( restim « securis, an axe. (( securim ** aqualis, a water-pot, " aqualim 4. But the following have em, and very rarely tm. navis, a skip, accus. navem. avis, a hird, * " avem. THIRD DECLENSION. 49 clavis, a key^ pelvis, a basin. messis, a harvest, ovis, a sheep, ratis, a raft, sentis, a briar, 5. (Jniek words will be considered presently by themselves. Many (>rL>)>rr names of cities and rivers, however, not Greek, form tlieir accu natives in im, after the analogy of the Greek; as, accus. clavem (( pelvem. (( messem. u ovem. ti rateiu. (( sentem. Albis, the Elbe, accus. Albim. Athesis, the Adige, *' Athesim. BjEtis, the Guadalquiver, " Baetim. Bilbilis, Calatajud, " Bilbilim. Hispalis, Seville, " ^ * Hispalim. Tiberis, the Tiber, " Tiberim. 3. Ablative Singular. 1. The regular ending of the ablative singular is in e; but all words which have im in the accusative, except those Greek words which have idis in the genitive, make the ablative in i instead of e. 2. The ablative of restim, however, is reste ; while, on the ether hand, navi is more common than nave. 3. Neuters in e, al, and ar have also i in the ablative ; as, mari, vec- tigdli, calcdri. But far, bacca. , jubar, hepar, and nectar keep e ; and sal, even when used as a neuter, has only sale. 4. Kus has both rure and ruri, but with this difference of meaning, namely, rure, " from the country," and ruri, " in the country." 5. Names of months in is and er have i in the ablative; as, Aprili, Septembri ; and also those substantives in is which were originally ad jectives ; as, cedllis, affinis, anndlis, familidris, gentUis, soddlis, &.c. But when such adjectives become proper names, they always make the ablative in e ; as, Juvendle, Martidlc, &.c. 4. Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative Plural. I. In the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural, the neuters in c, al, and ar make ia ; as, maria, vectigalia, calcaria. 2 But far makes farra ; while jubar, hepar, and nectar have no piu- ral. Sal has no neuter plural, but makes sale^, " witticisms." 5. Genitive Plural The regular ending of the genitive plural is in um ; but the follovviRg make ivm instead of it. 50 THIRD D&CLEMblOW. I. Neuters in e^ a/, and r, which make m il the nominative plumt, as, marium, animalium^ calcarium. m. Nouns which do not increase in the genitive singular ; as, nubeSf nubium; civis^ civium, &c. ; except vatcs, strues, canisj panis juxcniSf which form the genitive plural in um ; while, on the othei hand, Quiriies and Samniles, which do increase in the genitive sin- gular, have Quirilium and Samnitium. The words apis and vol ucris have sometimes iwm, but more commonly um. J. The following in er ; as, imher, linier^ venter, uter , but paia ^ mater yfralcT, and accipller form the genitive in vm. 4. Of monosyllabic substantives, those in s and x preceded by a con- sonant make turn ; as, montium, arcium, dentium. Lynx alone makes lyncum, and the obsolete ops (from which we have the plu ral opes) opum. * 5. Of monosyllabic words endmg in s preceded by a vowel, the greater part make the genitive in um; as, cms, crurum; crux, crucum ; dos, dotum ; flos, Jlorumy &c. ; but glis, lis, mas, vis, and OS (ossis) make ium. 0. Of monosyllabic words ending in x preceded by a vowel, only four have ium, namely, faux (obsolete in the singular), nix, strix, and nox ; all the rest have um. ? Substantives of two or more syllables in ns and rs have the ter- mination ium along with that in um, which is less common ; as, cliens, clientium (less frequently clientum) ; cohors, cohortium (less frequently coliortum), &c. Also those which are properly particip- les ; as, adolescens, infans, parens, serpens, sapiens, which, from being used as substantives, admit also the termination um ; as, pa- rentum ; but ium is more common. H. The names of festivals in alia, which are in use only in the plural , as, Bacchanalia, Saturnalia, form the genitive in ium and orum, as, Bacchanulium and Bacchanaliorum. XXVIII. IRREGULAR DECLENSION. I. Two nouns are here to be considered, the declension of which presents an anomalous or irregular appearance namely, Jupiter and bos. II. The proper name Jupiter made originally Jupiteris in the genitive, Jupittri in the dative, Jupiterem in the ac- cusative, and Jupitcre in the ablative, the vocative being !! X \ho nominative'. 4i»^ TIURD DECLENSION. ^^^11. Ill process of time, however, the nominative and Kycative of this form of declension were alone retamed; and the other cases were borrowed from another nomina- tive Jovis, which made Jovis also in the genitive. Hence we have the following mode of declining the proper namp Jupiter. N. Jupiter G. Jovis, D. JovT, Ace. V. Ab. Jovem, Jupiter, Jove. IV. The declension of hos is as follows ; the u in tin oblique ca^es c^PKng from the Greek digamma. Bos, '* an ox^^ or " cow?." Singular. Plural. N. Bos, N. B6v-es, G. B6v-is, G. B6-um (old form bov-um), D. Bov-i, D. Bu-bus (less'frequently Z>d-iwv) Ac. B6v-em, Ac. Bov-es, V. Bos, V. Bov-es, Ab. Bov-e. Ab. Bu-bus (less frequently bo-bus). XXIX. GREEK WORDS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. I. In the genitive singular the poets often use the Greek terminatioi f.-.v for is, especially of words in is, gen. idis ; as, Daphnis, gen. Daph rnilos ; Phasis, gen. Phasidos, &.C., and of nouns in as and ys ; as, Pal I'ls, gen. Pallados ; Tethys, gen. Telhyos. In prose the Greek form i* uncommon. TI Feminines in o ; as, Dido, Sappho, echo, have usually the Grepl genitive in us ; as, Didus, Sapphus, echus. The Latin genitive in onij also occurs for the proper names, but is less usual ; as, Didonis, Sappho )iis. The dative and accusative end either in o, according to the Greek or in oni and onem, according to the Latin. III. The Greek accusative of the third declension in a is seldom use^ by the best prose writers, with the ^ception of aera, cBihera. Pana, whic) are the common forms. Words in is and ys make their accusatives 3ven in prose, in in and yn, as well as im and ym : as, for example. Nabin, Halyn. But, in general, the Latin form is prcferajble. ^V Aji Greek word? vhich in that lan^uacre fonri 'heii arcusaiiv^ ii 'm, 52 EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION. iv (in) have in Latin their accusative in irn ; as, basim, poestm, Greek nouns, on the other hand, which have in that language an acute accent on their final syllable in the nominative, form in Latin their accu- sative in idevi, never m im ; as, pyrdmis, accus. pyramidem ; Chalcis, accus. Chalcidem. V. Proper names in es, genitive is, which in Greek are of the first declension, have in Latin, along with the accusative in cm, the termina- tion en ; as, Achillen, JEschtncn ; especially barbarous names ; as, Xer- ten, EuphrdUn. VL Words which in Greek are doubly declined in ov (ou) and t/toj {etos) have in Latin also both forms is and efis, and in the accusative make also en ; as, Chremes, genitive Chrcmis and ChremeLis ; accusa tive Chrcmem, Chremelcm^ and Chremen. flfe VIL The vocative singular is commonly in GWJjp the same with the nominative, as in Latin. But words in w, ys, a.nd'as (antis), which in Greek reject s in the vocative, do it also in poetry in Latin ; as, Daph- 7iis, voc. Daphni ; Tethys, voc. Tethy ; Calchas, voc. Calcha (nevei Calchan). VIII. In the nominative plural neuters in of (os) have the Greek ter- mination e ; as, cete, mele, Tempi. IX. Of Chaos, besides the nominative and accusative, only the abla- tive Chao occurs. X. In the genitiv^plural only a few words have the Greek termina- tion on {o)v), and that only as titles of books ; as, metamorphoscbn, epi- grammalbn. XL The accusative plural in as is admissible in all words which have the termination in Greek, but is rarely used in prose; as, harpagonds The form Macedonas, however, occurs frequently in Livy. XXX. EXERCISES ON THE THIRD olcLENSION. Translate the following, and show the agreement or government in each clause or phrase. 1 . Nouns in a, e, o. Aroma est condimentum cibi. — India est patria aromatis — Baptisma est institiitum Dei.— Geremonia? baptismatis Christianis notae sunt. — Mar^est domicilium balaenarum alveare apum (apium), ovile ovium. — Maris aqua est salsa. — Apes sunt incolae alvearis, oves ovilis.— Picus alveari ilamnosus est. — In mari sunt ♦r^i -* -^ -i.^..--^ f.^.-- •-. ^^ EXEKCISBS ON TllK THIRD DECLENSION. 53 ovili eves. — In terra sunt maria, rivi et fluvii. — t'ancri marium sunt magni. — Fila retium plerumqiie sunt crassa.— Imago animi est sermo. — Carbones sunt reliquiae ligrj • combusti. — Ligo est instrumentum ferreum.-r-Manubriuni llgonis est longum. — Praedones iaabent pugiones.-^Lingua leonis habet formam limae. — Legiones Romanorum erani multffi. — Legionibus Romanis erant signiferi. — Verbum est jignum cogitationis. — Poemata Virgilii sunt iniitationcs poetarum Grsecoriini. — Pretium unionum est magnum.— -Jf- Scorpioni est aculous venenatus. — Papilionibus sunt alse pulchrai. — Pulchritudo est bonum caducum. — Judicia mui- titudinis sunt varia. — Homo est dominus terrae. — Homlnis iigura est erecta. — Bestiae hominibus sunt subjectag. — Rana bufoni rion exosa est. — Pennae strutliionis sunt pulchrae et pretiosae. — Rostrum hirundinis est rectum. — Hirundinibus sunt rostra recta. — Caudae pavonum sunt pulchrae. — Ne- mini futura sunt nota. — Lupi sunt avidi carnis agnorum - i tenerorum. — Lupi famelici carni damnosi sunt. — Apollinis sagittae priscis Graecis fuerunt causa multorum morborum. — Apollmi corvus invisus erat. — Platonis prfficepta sunt egre- 2. Nouns in c, I, n, ar. Lac est primum alimentum tenerorum liberorum. — Mus cae lacti noxi, cs. Libertas est magnum bonum. — Inilium aestatis est Julili::, — Finis ajstatis est September. — Multi ludi sanitati pericu- losi sunt.— Apes et formica sunt exeraplaria sedulitatis. — Rostrum anatis est fiavii-n,-— Caro anatum et anserum Coi cibus -sapTdus. - Jugulum mutis attagenis est nigrum. — Pai- las fuit dea sapientiae. — Herculi populus sacra fuit. — Astutia vulpis est nola. — Socrates fuit pra^ceptor Xenophontis. — ^schlnes, Socratis discipulus, fuit Atheniensis. — Numerus orationum Demosthenis oratoris est magnus. — Aquilarum ei falconum nidi pleruinquc sunt in rupibus. — Orestes fuit pri- mus matriclda. — Feles sunt hostes avium.-- In ripis .ig^Kiim ot fluminum plerumque sunt rupes. — /Eschylus, Sophocles. ct EuripTdes fucrunt poeta) tragici. — Apollo fuit" inventor medicina? et antistes Musarum. — Diana, dea venationis, fuii 56 EXERCISES (ff THE THIRD DECLENSION. J soror Apollinis, antistltis Musarum. — Canes saepe sunt in itinere comites viatorum. — Puicher equus equiti carus est. — Milltes sunt defensores patriae. — Vita militum est honor* ifica. — Pedites et equites sunt defensores patriae. — Luna /est comes et satelles terr^. — Lunae, comiti et satelliti terrae, saepe est halo. — In marl et fluminibus sunt gurgltes. — In silvis sunt stipTtes, in campis tramites, in agris mergites. — f.imites saepe sunt causae magnarum rixarum. — Rami abie- tum sunt sedes avium. — Lana arietis est alba aut nigra. — Parietes plerumque sunt e lateribus. — Interpres et satelles Jovis fuit aquila. — iMinisterium aquilee, interpretis et satel- )itis Jovis, fuit honorificum. — Sine segete non est messis. — In culTnis sunt ollae, patinae et lebetes — Tapetes, imagines et specula pulchra sunt ornamenta parietum. — Thales fuit philosophus. — Miletus erat patria Thaletis philosophi. — Natura magnetis est mira. — Vita obsidum saepe est pericu- losa. — Jupiter erat praeses hospitalitatis. — Praeceptores sunt pra?.sTdes scholarum. — Vermibus non sunt pedes. — Leones, lupi, feles, vulpes et oves sunt quadrupedes. — Sunt multae statuae ex asre. — Ceres fuit dea agriculturae. — Proserpina '■"i Ulia Cereris. 5. Nouns in is^ os. Cibi condimentum est fames, potionis sitis. — Mensis De- cen' -r est linis anni. — Accipitres et feles sunt hostes avium. — Structura auris est artificiosa. — Pisces sunt in- colae marium, fluminuni et rivorum ; aves aeris. — Nidi ci- coniarum sunt in altis tectis et in turribus. — Apes habent reglnam. — Equites habent cassides,.— Parietes multorum 'oediiiciorum sunt e iapidibus. — Pyramldes /Egyptiorum sunt magna aedificia.— Thetis fuit uxbr Pelei, patris Achillis. — Achilles fuit filius Thetldis et l^elei. — Malum aureum fuii donum ErTdis. — In pyxide Panddrae fuerunt multae molostiip. — Paris fuit frater Hectoris. — Liniites saepe sunt causae litis.— -Samnitcs erant populus bellicosus. — Romarjii fuerun^ \ EXERCISES ON THE THIRD -DECLENSION. ' 57 v^ictores Samnltium. — Carbones cineris saupe sunt causs magnorum incendiorura. — Cucumeres sunt cibus sapidus. — Cauda gliris est longa. — Caudae glirium sunt longae. — -Coj est receptaculum sanguinis. — Sacerdotes sunt antistite;: populi. — Elephantus est hostis rhinocerotis.^ — Romulus c! iiemus erant nepotes Numitoris. — Saspe cibus ori gratus, It stomacho noxius est. — Flores arborum sunt indiciiiin veris. — Similitudo morum est firmum vinculum amicitiae. — Vapores terra? sunt causa roris. — Duritia ossis est magna. — Numerus ossium hominis est magnus. — Salii fuerunt cus- todes ancilium. — Pastores sunt custodes ovium. — Cauda Dovis est longa et pilosa. — Gramen est bovi gTatum pabu lum. — Gramen est bubus bonum. 6. Nouns in us. Honos est praemium virtutis. — Virtuti nulla via invia est. — Pietas et modestia sunt virtutes. — Modestia est orna- mentum juventutis, sapientia senectutis.--Vitia juventuti perniciosa sunt. — In tellure sunt multa metalla. — Titan es fuerunt filii Telluris. — Jupiter fuit presses hospitalitatis et foederum. — Vita, valetudo, et divitia? sunt munera bcnigni dei.— Corpora inhumata sunt prada vulturum. — Leones sunt e genere felium. — Dolores lateris sunt magnae moles- tiae. — Lactuca et asparagi sunt olera.— *-Sol, stellae et terra sunt opera dei. — Scelera Catillnse fuerunt ruina civitatis. — Sol est oculus mundi et dominus siderum; — Jecur, splen, et renes, sunt viscera. — Vulnera militum sunt signum fortitu dinis. — Venus fuit uxorVulcani. — Cupidofuit filius Veneris deae gratiarum et venustatis. — Ulcera sunt morbi corporis.—- Mare habet litora. — Gramen est pabulum pecoris. — Candoi et levilas sunt decora eboris. — Leporis pili sunt rutili. — Silvas et campi sunt domicilium leporum. — Asia est patria luris. — In vulneribus et ulceribus est pus. — Ulpianus fuit conditor juris. — Mures sunt terror elephantorum. — Felea sunt hostes murium. — Incudes et folles sunf instrumenta SES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION. brorum ferrariorimi. — Ferrum incudis est dn- dum sanitati hominiim noxia est. — Sir. gratinnest. — Semina cucumerum sunt pabulum su\uTi ""-"Niflus jjruis est magnus. — Grues habent colla pennata. 7. Nouns in bsj Is, ms, ns, ps, rs, and t. ^Corinthus fuit urbs Graeciae. — Mummius fuit devastator C'Orinthi, urbis Graeciae. — Berollnum, Vindobona, Londl- num, Parisii, et No\Tim Eboracum sunt urbes. — Gives et milites sunt defensores urbium. — Pontus est patria chalybis. — Arabia est terra Arabum. — Nidi passerum plerumque sunt in trabibus aedificiorum. — Puis fuit alimentum priscorum Romanorum. — Liberi sunt aniici pultis. — Hiems est tempus quietis. — Hiemis initium est fmis Novembris. — Infantii- cranium est tenerurn. — Infantibus non est sermo. — Dentes elepbanti sunt ebur. — Aves habent rostra cornea sine deiiti- bus. — Serpentibus non sunt pedes. — Avaritia est fons mul- rorum malorum. — Helicon est mons Boeotian. — In montibus ^st orlgo fontium. — Frondes sunt decus arborum. — Glandes erant cibus priscorum hominum. — lugiandes sunt pueris et puellis cibus gratus. — -Polyphemus erat Cyclops. — iEtna, mons Siciliao, erat domicilium Cyclopum. — Pelops erat filius Tantali. — Peloponnesus, in lingua Graeca, est insula Pelopis. — Henrlcus, auceps, erat imperator Germanorum. — Otto primus erat filius Henrici aucupis. — In principum aulis olim sanniones fuerunt. — Principibus est magna copia comi- tjm et satellltum. — Artes sunt imitationes naturae. — Uncia est pars assis • planta est pars pedis. — Verba sunt partes sermonis. — Romulus et Remus, filii Martis, erant conditores urbis Roma3. — Mors est finis vitae et miseriarum. — Divltes et pauperes morti obnoxii sunt. — In aegide Palladis era? caput Mediisae.— Cranium, aures, et frons, sunt partes capitis. — Frontes sunt in capitibus, frondes in arboribus. EXERCISES ON THE THIRD BECLENSHag^ 59 % 'V 8. ISlouns in /.t, nx. ax, ex. . -I'^'v' Calces sunt partes pedum. — Falces sunt instrmiferita ttiessorum. — Pretium peliis lyncis est magnum. — Arcef? plerumque sunt in montibus et in rupibus. — An^eres Ju- nonis fuerunt servatores arcis Romanas. — Milites sunt, de fensores arcium et urbium. — Sarissee erant arma^halangis '^ ■ — Sphingi erat caput feminae. — Obsides sunt pignora pacis — In pace est salus populorum, non in bello. — In concla\ i- bus sunt fornaces, specula, scrinia, et sella?. — Milites habent enses, hastas, et thoraces. — Gnomon est index horarum. — Gnomones sunt indices horarum, flores veris. — Sub vertlco capitis est cerebrum. — Viblces sunt signa verberum. — Deus est rex regum et dominus dominorum. — Reges et principes sunt patres gentium. — Leges sunt fundamentum libertatis et aequitatis. — Canes sunt custodes gregum. et aidificiorum. — Arma Achillis fuerunt causa necis Ajacis. — Arietes, ver- vcces, lepores, mures, glires, canes, leones, et tigres sun? quadrupedes. — Caro vervecum est cibus divitum et paupc- rum. — Remiges Romanonnn erant servi. — Eloquentia est juveni necessaria, seni jucunda. — Capilli senum plerumque «;unt cani. — Magnificentia supellectilis recfum est magma. 9. Ncicns in /.r, goc^ xix. Homines et animalia habent cervices. — Vulnera et cica- trices militum sunt signa fortitudinis.— Aquila?, corvi, vul- iiires, pavones, anseres, anatesjxcomrces, perdlces, passeres. grues, hirundmes et struthiones sirnt aves. — In lodicibiis sunt plumae aut lana. — Semen ct radixycolchici sunt vene- num. — Nidi coturnicum sunt in segetibus,- Phcenices erant nautee perlti. — T'yrus erat urbs PncDnlcum. — Radices arbo- rum sunt in terra. — Grcecia fuit inventrix, Roma conserva- trix artium. — Ceres fuit inventrix agricultura?. — Proserpina fuit filia Cereris, inventricis agriculturse. — Infelici est inno- centia feiicitas. — Poma, lierbee, et cortex arborura sunt pa- bulum bystrfcis. — Iw cervicibus hystrfcum sunt mnunierae 60 EXERCISES ON THE TUIRD Dt:CLKiNSIuN. setce. — In frondibus laricis saepe sunt nidi aviun». — Insecla et herbae sunt pabulum natricis. — Multa insecta hominibus sunt molesta, ut pulices, cimices, et muscae. — Nix et grando sunt aqua congelata. — Nubes sunt causa pluviae, mvis, gran- clTnis et fulguris. — Oculi strigis sunt magni. — Lepores,. uiupes, av^, et insecta sunt pabulum strigium. — Sonus vocis strigis auribus hominum ingratus est. — Nox est tern- pus quietis. — Tenebrae noctis strigibus gratae sunt. — Cap- padoces fuerunt populus Asiae. — Geneva fuit oppidum Al lobrogum. — Nucleus nucis est esculentus. — Nuces et oryza sunt exoptatus cibus simiis. — Hannibal et Hasdrubal erant duces Cartliaginiensium. — Lux est vitae imago, nox mortis. — Noctuae sunt inimicae luci. — Leda erat conjux Tyndari, regis Lacedasmonis. — Castor et Pollux fuerunt filii Ledae, conjugis Tyndari, regis Lacedaemonis. — Helena et Cly- taemnestra fuerunt sorores Castoris et Pollucis. — Far, hor- deum, et triticum sunt fruges. — Fauces leonum sunt se- pulcrum miiltarum bestiarum. — Faex cerevisiae etVini adusti est pabulum suum et bourn.. H. Convejt the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- latical, so as to suit the English words opposite. The poems of Homer are beautiful. The islands of the sea are many . There are large sheepfolds in the country. Many seas were unknown to the Romans. The daggers of robbers are small but sharp. The stings of scorpions are pciscnous. Poema Homerus sum pul- cher. Insula mare sum multus. Sum magnus ovile rus. Romanus sum multus mare ignotus. Pugio praedo sum panels sed acutus. Aculeiis rcorpio s^um ^cnena' EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION. 6i He has the hatred of a multi- tude of men. Toads are often found in rocks. Swallows are a sign of spring. He has plenty of milk in the vessel. There is plenty of salt and spices in the food. The shores of the sea are of- ten dangerous. The banks of the river Rhine are often clad with vines. The Thames and Seine are rivers of great name. The temple has altars, and a statue ofC(Esar, the Roman commander. The door of the prison is open to Hannibal. The sepulchre of the brothers and sisters of Hamilcar was struck by lightning. The memory of Cicero, prince of orators, is still dear to young men and old. The friendship of a surety is true friendship. The eloquence of Demosthe- nes, the Greek orator^ is of the' true kind. The tongue is the interpreter of the heart. The stones of the wall are Hack. Odium habeo multitudo ho mo. Bufo saepe sum inventus m rupes. Hirundo sum signum ver. Copia lac habeo in vas. Copia sal et aroma est in cibus. Litus mare sum ssepe pericu- losus. Ripa flumen Rhenus sum saepe vitis vestitus. Tamesis et Sequana sum flu- vius magnus nomen. Tempi um habeo altare, et sta- tua Caesar, imperator Ko manus. Career janua est Hannibal apertus. Sepulchrum frater et soro) Hamilcar fulmen percus sua sum. Memoria Cicero, princeps orator, sum carus adhiic juvenis et senex. Amicitia vas sum verus ami- citia. Demosthenes, orator Graecus. eloquentia sum verus ^e- nus. Lingua sum cor interpres. Lapis paries sum niger. 62 EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION. The bottom of the box has many holes. Plenty offish, and cucumbers , and apples. The nature of fishes and ser- peivts is known to the roicer and his companions. The odour of the fiowers of spring is grateful to the nostrils. The tops of the pyramids are broad and fiat, not pointed. In Egypt, the Arabs are the guides of travellers. The helmets of the horsemen are iro7i. Pains of the sides are often a cause of death to women and men. He has ulcers of the lungs. The Cyclopes were in the bow- els of the mountain, but the sound of the anvils was heard by the companions bf Ulysses in the ships. The fields have plenty of ma- nure. Piety is the greatest of virtues. The Scipios were the lights of the state. Bad citizens are the ruin of cities. Scythia was the native coun- try of winter, and snow, ;ind tempest?. Fundum pyxis liabeo multus foramen. Copia piscis, et cucumis, ot i malum. Natura piscis et serpens sumj notns remex et comes Odor flos ver sum nans grn tus. Culmen pyramis smu latus ei planus, non acutus In -^gyptus, Arabs sum dux viator. Cassis eques sum ferreus. Dolor latus sum srepe causa mors mulier et homo. Habeo ulcus pulmo. Cyclops sum in viscus mons, at sonitus incus sum auai- tus comes Ulysses in na vis. Ager habeo copia stercus. Pietas sum maximus virtus. Scipio sum lumen civitas Malus civis sum ruina urbs. Scythia sum patria hiern^ et nix, et tempestas. THIRD DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 63 et homo. Minerva sum in caput Jupi- ter. Achilles habeo vulnus in calx. The water of fountains is good \Kc\ud, fons bonus sum pccus for ca*/,le and for man. Minerva was in the head of Jupiter. Achilles has a wound in his heel. The soldiers of the Macedo- \ Miles phalanx Maceclonicus nian phalanx have long I habeo longus hasta. spears. There are often crosses on the In ecclesia turris ssepe sum towers of churches. crux. XXXI. THIRD DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. I. Adjectives of the third declension foil- w, as has ai ready been said, the third declension of noiuis. II. These adjectives are divided into two classes, the first having two terminations, one for the maisculine and feminine, and another for the neuter ; and the second class having but one termination throughout for all the genders. 1. Adjectives of two terminations, I. These consist of adjectives ending in is, is, e, and of comparatives in or, or, us, that is, having one and the same termination {is in the case of the former, or in that of the latter) for the masculine and feminine, and another {e in the case of the former, us in that of the latter) for the neu- ier gender. II. Their respective declensions are as follows: Masc. Fern. Neut. Brevis, Brevis, Breve, ''short.'' Singular. Plural, N. Brev-is, -is. -e, N. Brev-cs, -es. -ia, G. Brev-is, -is, -is. G. Brev-ium, -ium. -ium, D. Brev-i, -i, -i, D. Brev-ibus, -ibus, -ibus Ac. Brev-em, -em -e, Ac. Brev-es, -es, -ia, V. Brev-is, -is, -e, V Brev-es, -es. •la, kh Brev-i. -i. -i. Ab. Brev-ibus. -ibus, -\h\\^ 64 I ADJECTIVES. ^ Masc. Fern. Neut, Brevior, 3revior , Brevius, " shorter:'' ^ Singular. N Brev-ior, -ior, -ius, G Brev-ioris, -ioris, -ioris, D. Brev-iori, -iori, -iori. Ace. Brev-iorem, -iorem, -ius, V. Brev-ior, -ior, -ius, Ab, Brev-iore or -i5ri, -iore or iori, -iore or ion Plural N. Brev-iores, -iores. -iora, G. Brev-iorum, -iorum, -iorum, D. Brev-ioribiis, -ioribiis, -ioribus, Ace. Brev-i5res, -iores, -iora, V. Brev-iores, -iores. -iora, Ab. Brev-ioribuSj -ioribus, -ioribus. III. Several adjectives in is, is, e, have also, in the noni mative and vocative singular masculine, a specific ending in er besides the termination in is. In other respects they are declined like hrevis. Thus, Masc. Fe'i Acer or Acris, Singular. N. Ac-er or -ris, -ris, -re, G. Acr-is, -is, -is, D. Acr-i, -i, -i, Ace. Acr-em, -em,-e, V, Ac-er or -ris, -ris, -re, Ab. Acr-i, -i, -i. IV. The nominative masculine in is is rarely used in prose for the adjectives in the preceding paragraph V Tb<^ followinjT are some of tlie others declined like em. Neut. jris, Acre, '' kecnJ" Plural. N. Acr-es, -es, -ia, G. Acr-ium, -ium, -ium, D. Acr-ibus, -ibus. -i^us, Ace. Acr-es, -es, -ia. V. Acr-es, -es. -ia. Ab. Acr-ibus, -ibus, -ibus ADJECTIVES. 6t Masi ,, Fern Neut. Alacer or Alacris, Alacris, Alacre. Celeber u Celebris, Celebris, Celebre. Celer, u Celeris, Celeris, Celere. Campester a Campestris, Campestris, Campestre Equester u Equestris, Equestris, Equestre, Pedester a Pedestris, Pedestris, Pedestre. Paluster li Palustris, Palustris, Palustre Saluber li Salubris, Salubris, Salubre. Volucer li Volacris, Volucris, Volucre. VI. All other adjectives besides those thus far rnentioned have only one ending in the nominative singular for all genders ; as, felix, prudens^ solers, and the participles in ns ; as, amans, moncns, &c. VII. In some of the other cases, however, they have, as will be perceived, two terminations, namely, one for the masculin^e and feminine, and another for the neuter. Thus . Masc. FejR. Neut. Felix, Felix, Felix, '' liajppyr Singular. N. Fel-ix,^ -ix, -ix, G. Fel-Tcis, -icis, -icis, D Fel-Tci, -ici, -Tci, Ace Fel-Tcem, -icem. -ix, V. Fel-ix, -ix, -ix. Ab. Fel-ice or -Tci, -Tee or -Tci, -Tee or -ici Plural N. Fel-Tces, -Tees, -Tela, G. Fel-Icium, -Tcium, -Icium, D. Fel-icibus. ) -icibus, -Tcibus, 1 . The more accurate division, so as to show both the root and ter niination, vt.^uld be as follows : Norn Felic-s ; Gen. F/Ik-is ; Dal Felic-i, &c. 6* 66 ADJECTIVES. Ace Fel-Tees, -ices. -icia, V. Fel-ices, Ices, -Icia> Ab. Fel-Teibiis, -Tcibus, -icibns. Masc, Fern. Neut. Audax, Audax , Audax, ' hold.'' Singular, N, Aud-aX; -ax. -ax, G. Aud-aeis, -acis, ^ -acis, D. Aud-aci, -aci, -aci, Ace. Aud-acein, -acem. -ax, V. Aud-ax, -ax. -ax, Ab. Aud-ace or -aci, -ace or -aci. -ace or aci Plural " N. Aud- •aces, -aces, -acia, G. Aud- acium, -acium, -acium. D. Aud-acibus, -acibus. -acibus, Ace. Aud- aces, -aces. -acia. V. Aud- aces. -aces. -acia. Ab. Aud-acibus, -acibus, -acibus. Masc. Fern, Neut. # Prudens, Prudens, Prudens, ''prudent.'' Si?i gular. N Prud-ens,^ -ens. -ens, G. Prnd-entis, -entis, -entis, D. Prud-enti, -enti. -enti, Ace. Prud-entem, -entem. -ens, V. Prud-ens, -ens. -ens. Ab. Prud-ente or -enti, -ente or -enti. -ente or -enii 1. More accurate division, Nom. A\.dac-s ; Gen. Audac-is ; Dat Audae-i, &c. 2. More accurate division, Nom. Pruden{f)-s, where the / of the root is dropj^d before s for euphony ; Gen. Pru.deiit-is ; Dat. Priidcnl-i, j N. Singular. Domus, N. Plural Dom-us G. Dom-us or I, G. Dom-orum or ium, D. Dom-ui or 6, D. Dom-ibus, Ace. Dom-um, Ace Dom-us, V. Dom-us, V. Dom-us, Ab. Dom-o. Ab. Dom-ibus. XIII. The genitive domi IS only used in the sense o^ " at home." On all other occasions domus is employed. XXXIV. EXERCISES ON THE FOURTH DECLENSION L Translate the following, and show the agreement or gov ernment in each clause or phrase. Risus est signum gaudii. — Cordis situs est in sinistro lat- ere pectoris. — Glandes ilicis sunt victus hominum. — Sensus hominum sunt, visus, auditus, olfactus, gustus, et tactus. — Canis est custos domus. — Canes sunt custodes domuum et gr-egum. — Oculi sunt instrumenta visus. — Legiones Romanae erant partes exercitus. — Pueri sunt amici lusus. — Rubor v^ultus plerumque est signum pudoris. — Currui sunt rotae, domui januae, urbi portae, mari portus. — Hippopotamus habet jubam et hinnitum equi. — Omne animal habet sensum visus, olfactus, gustus, et tactus. — Est libellus Taciti de situ, mor ibus, et populis Germaniae. — Labor in venatu, sudor, fames, et sitis erant condimenta ccenae Laconum. — Magistratua* sunt praesldes populi. — Silvae et campi, montes et specus lacus, rivi et flumina, sunt domicilia multorum animalium. Motus artuum est opus animi, non corporis. — Magra est fructuum varietas. — Fructus quercuum est pabulum suum. — Cerebrum est sedes sensuum. — Voluptas sensibus grata est. — Domibus sunt januae, curribus rotae, urbibus portae, man- bus portus. — Fluctus maris saepe sunt sepulcrum multorum navitratorum. — In fiuctibus maris sunt nnilti pisces.--In por EXERCISES ON THE FOURTH DECLENSION. 75 tubus et lacubus sunt pisces et naves, in specubus monlium ferae. — Vis tonitru non est parva. — Cornua, dentes, ungues sunt arma animalium. — Genu est pars corporis bumani.— Stapiarum usus veteribus ignotus fuit. — Cantus lusciniae auribus jucundus est. — Versus poematum Homeri sunt pul- chri. — Arcui coelesti sunt varii colores. — Ficus sunt fructus dulces. — Milites exercituum Romanorum erant fortes. — Mors us aspidis est mortifer. II. Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram matical, so as to suit the English vrords opposite. Bows and arrows were former- ly the arms of soldiers and hunters. The issues of all wars are uncertain, ' "' ' The cook has a spit in his hand. Spits are the implements of cooks. Trembling of the knees is a sign of fear. Ripe fruits are sweet and juicy. The stag has a keen scents acute hearing, and sharp .sight. The stone bridge has many arches. The use of knives at supper was unknown to the Greeks and Romans, In good harbours ships are safe from storms. Arcus et sagitta sum olim arma miles et venator ExTtus omnis bellum 3um in cert us. Coquus habeo veru in manus. Veru sum instrumentum co- quus. Tremor genu sum indicium metus. Fructus maturus sum dulcis et succosus. Cervus habeo olfactus subti- lis, auditus acutus, et visus acer. ; > Pons lapideus habeo multus arcus. Usus culter in ccena erat ig- notus Graecus et Romanus In bonus portus navis a pro rella tutus sum. 76 FIFTH DECLENSION A large heap of jigs and fruits in the two harbours. The soldiers of the two armies were guardians of the har- bours. The hands are necessary for man. Avaricious men have long ' hands. The laurel was sacred to Apollo. Iron needles are useful in- struments. The porticoes of the public buildings of the Greeks and Romans were splendid. In the tall oak nests are safe. Thfi mother-in-law is dear to the daughter-in-law. The cold of tvinter is often sharp. XXXV. FIFTH DECLENSION. 1. All the words of the fifth declension end in es ; and Vj scneme of terminations is as follows : Magnus acervus ficus et fruc- tus in duo portus. Miles duo exercitus sum cus* tos portus. Manus sum homo necessa- rius. Avarus habeo longus manus. Laurus sum sacer Apollo. Acus ferrous sum instrumen- tum iitilis. Porticus domus publicus Gra3cus et Romanus sum magnificus. In altus quercus nidus sum tutus. Socrus carus sum nnrus. Gelu hiems saepe sum acu- tus. Singular. Plural. N. es, N. es, G. ei, G. erum. D. ei, D. ebus, Ac< z em. Ace. es, V. es, V. es. Ab, e. Ab. ebus. II. The forn of declension, terminations, is as follows : in accordance with thes* EXERCISES OX THE FIFTH DECLENSION. 77 Dies, " a dayr Singular, Plural N. Di-es, N. Di-es, G. Di-ei, G. Di-eriini, D. Di-ei, D. Di-ebus, Ace. Di-em, Ace. Di-es, V. Di-es, V. Di-es, Ah Di-e. Ab. Di-ebus. III. Only three words, dies, res, and species, have the plural complete ; and Cicero condemns even specierum and speciehus, IV. When a consonant precedes ei in declining, the e is short ; as, jidei, rei. When a vowel precedes ei, the e is long ; as, diH, maciei. V. An old form of the genitive singular is e for ei, which is used occasionally by some of the best writers ; as, per- nicie for perniciei, acie for aciei. VI. Words of the fifth declension are feminine, with the exception of dies, which is masculine and feminine in the singular, but masculine only in the plural. Meridies, " mid- day," is masculine only, and does not occur in the plural ^ XXXVI. EXERCISES ON THE FIFTH DECLENSION. I. Translate the following, and show the agreement ci government in each clause or phrase. Facies est pars capitis. — Oculi et nasus sunt partes faciei. — Fides est justitiae fundamentum. — Fundamenta fidei Christian ae sunt stabilia. — Dies est pars hebdomadis, heb- l. Dies is most commonly masculine in prose. Cicero uses it as a feminine when it is equivalent to length of time, when it means a day fixed and appointed, especially in judicial proceedings, &c. The com- mon rule, that dies is masculine when it is spoken of a specified day, and /eminine when used to indicate duration of time, is not, therefore, sufficiently exact. 7* 78 EXERCISES ON THE FIFTH DECLENSION. domas pars mensis, mensis pars anni, annus est pars seter nitatis. — Sol matutinus est index diei. — Crystallo est gla- ciei forma. — Meridies est media pars diei. — Hilaritas faciei est argumentum innocentiae. — Yitra ocularia aciei oculorum noxia sunt. — Baculus integer in aqua fracti spe- ciem habet — In superficie terrae sunt montes, valles, maria, lacus, flumina et rivi. — Jucunda est rerum vicissitudo. — Fratribiis interdum mira est simiiitudo facierum. — Primus hebdomadis dies est dies solis. — Dies festi sunt mobiles aut immobiies. — Res humana) sunt fragiles et cadiieas. — Facies humanae sunt diversae. — Ciceronis consilia reipub- licae Romanae salutaria fuerunt. — In promontorio bonae spei est mite coelum. — Historia est narratio rerum memorabil ium. — Superficies maris est vasta. II. Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. The length of days and nights is different. The year has days, the day has hours. Hens and doves have craws. There are many aspects of guilt on earth. There are different species of fishes. Farmers have cars and many other useful things. There are many things in the apartments of dwellings. The beginning of many things is diffcult. Boys always have good hopes. Longitudo dies et nox sum diversus. Annus habeo dies, dies haboo hora. Gallina et columba habeo m- gluvies. In terra sum multus facies scelus. Sum di\^ersus species piscis. Agricola habeo currus^ et muhus alius res ulilis. Multus res sum in conclave domus. Initium multus res est diffi- cilis. Puer semper habeo bonus spes. DIFFERENT MEANINGS IN THE TWO NUMBERS. 7t He has a handsome face, hut a bad heart. Vices are a cause of ruin to a state. The Romans have their line of battle drawn up. Sorrow is often the cause of leanness. Facies formosus habeo, se, opcm, ope, are employed. The plural is all in use, nan)plv, opes, ypum, npihus, &c. 80 DIFFERENCE OF MEANING IN NUMBER. Plural iEdes, a house. Aquee, medicinal springs. Auxilia, auxiliary troops. Bona, property. Carceres, barriers of a race-course Castra, a camp. Comitia, assembly for election Copi8D, troops. Cupediae,^ dainties. Facuitates, property. Fortunae, goods of fortune. Horti, pleasure-grounds. Lilerae, an epistle. Natales, births high or low. Opes, power ^ wealth. Operae, workmen. Partes, (commonly) a party. Rostra, the raised place from which the orators spoke. Sales, witticisms. XXXVIII. NOUNS H.4VING TOTALLY DIFFERENT MEAN- TNGS ACCORDING TO NUMBER OR GENDER. Singular. Lustrum, a space of five years. Fastus (us),^ pride. Forum, a market-place. Tempus, time. Plural. Lustra, dens of wild beasts. Fasti (orum). a calendar. Fori, passages. Tempora, the temples of the head. \. And also cupedia^ m the neuter plural. 2. Of tho fourth declension ci the singular, ind 3f the second \\\ tn9 HETEROCLITES. 81 XXXIX. HETEROCLITES. I. Heteroclites are words which vary in their declension, having two different forms either throughout or in some oi their cases. If the gender also varies they are called Hft- erogp.nea. II. Forms of the two different declensions are found if ^he following : Jugerum, " an acre^ Singular, Plural V. Jugerum, N. Jugera, G. Jugeri and Ju^eris/ G. Jugerorumapd Jugerum D. Jugero, -^ D. Jugeris and Tn^ciibuF, Aci^ Jugerum, Ace. Jugera, V. Jugerum, V. Jugera, 4b Jugero and Jugere. Ab. Jugeris and JugmWs. - Laurus, " a laurel.^'' Singular, Plural. N. Laurus (2d & 4th Dec), N. Lauri and Laurus, G. Lauri and Laurus, G. Laurorum and Lauruuc?^ D Lauro, D. Lauris, Ace . Laurum, Ace. Lauro.« and Laurus, V. Laure, V. Lauri, Ab. Lauro and Lauru. Ab. Lauris. III. Pinus, "a pine-tree," is declined in the same way as laurus. The declension of vas, " a vase" or " vessel,' '^ as follows : J Vas, " a vase.^^^ Singular. N. Vas, Ace. Vas, / «• Vas-is, V. Vas, D. Vas-i, Ab. Vas-e. 1. Jugeris, jugere^ &,c., come from the obsolete ^m^m^ or jug tr. 2. Of the third declension in the singular and the second in the plu- ral. The student will be careful not to confound it with vas^ x't*, " surety," of the third declension, masculine. S2' HETEROCLITES. Plural N. Vas-a, Ace. Vas-a, G Vas-orum, V. Vas-a, D Vas-is, Ab. Vas-is. iV. Some substantives have a different gender and dif- ferent forms in the plural from the singular, or else have hoth togethei . Thus, Masculines. Jocus, a joke, Plural, joci and joca. Locus, a place, *' loci and loca} Sibflus, a hissing, " sihili and sihila. Tartarus, Tartarus, " Tar tar a, neuter. Ismarus, Mount Ismarus, Maenalus, " McBnalus, Dindymus, " Dindymus, Feminines. Carbasus, canvass. Plural, carhasa, neuter, Ismara, neuter. McBnala, neuter. Dindyma, neutei.* Ostrea, an oyster, Margarita, a pearl, Coelum, heaven, Clathrum, a bar, Porrum, an onion, Siser, a skirret, " ostrea and ostrece, fern. " margarita and margaritr, paupernmus II. But vctus and nuperus make vcterrXmus and nuperrl mus. Of maturus both maturissimus and maturrXmus are in use, especially in the adverb. III. Some adjectives in His form the superlative in ilh- mus; as, facilis, " easy," facilior, facilllmus. diffmlis, *' difficult," dijicilior, dijfficillimus. similis, "like," similior, simillimus. dissimiUs, " unlike," dissimilior, dissimillimus gracilis, " slender," gracilior, gracillimus. humilis. " lowly," hujnilior, humilllmus. IV. The superlative of agilis and docilis does not occur in the classics. The verbals in hilis have no superlative. V. Adjectives compounded with -dicus, -ficus, or -volus, from dico,facio, or volo, form their comparatives in entior and their superlatives in entissimus ; as/ maledicus, " slanderous," vialedicentior, maledicentissimus. munificus, " munificent," munijicentior, munijicentissimus. henevolus, " benevolent," benevolentior, henevolentissimus 3 Comparison by Adverbs, I. Those adjectives in which a vowel precedes us do not form their comparative in or and their superlative in issimus, but employ instead of these terminations the ad- 1. The compounds of loqui, as, grandiloquus, vaniloquus, are also Mlid to form j:heir comparison from loquens, but no examples can b€ Qfodnced. COMPAKISON. 86 Keros magis^ " more," and maxme, " most" or *' very/ which they place before the positive. Y^us,^ arduus, " lofty," magis arcluus, ma'xime arduus, idoneus, " fit," magis idoneus, maxime idoneus II. But when qu, which was pronounced k, precedes W5, the comparison is regular ; as, imquus, " unjust" (pro- nounced inikus), iniquior, iniquissimus (pronounced inikior^ imkissimus). III. The adverbs valde, sane, imprimis, oppido, apprime, admodum, and the preposition per prefixed, as in perdifficilis (*' very difficult"), answer the purpose of increasing the sense. Per is sometimes strengthened by the addition of quam ; as, locus perquam djfficilis, " a place exceedingly dif- ficult." IV. Some adjectives have their meaning enhanced by the participle pr(B ; as, prcBaltus, " very high ;" prcpdives, " very rich." V. A high degree of the excess or defect denoted by the comparative and superlative is expressed by the au verbs longe and multo. Thus, longe doctior, *' far- more learned ;" multo inferior, " much lower. "^ 4. Irregular and Defective Comparison, I. Some adjectives make their comparison from obsolete forms, or borrow it from other words of similar signification Thus, bonus, " good," melior, optimus mains, "bad," pfjor, pcssimus, " magnus, " great," major, maximus, 1. Many adjectives which, according to the rule, may, and usually do, \)rm their comparison in or and issimus, are occasionally compared by magis and maxime, and vice versa. 2 Quam, before the superlative, answers to the English '* as mvci IS possible ;" as, quam maximus, " as great as possible." 8 86 multus, " many,' • 1 COMPARISON. Sin. neut, plus, > plurimus} 'Plural, plures,plura,) varvus, " little," minor, minimus, nequam, "worthless," nequior, nequissimwi II. Dives, " rich," has commonly for its comparativ( ditior, and superlative (litis simus. Of dexter, dexter ior, th( superlative is dextimus, in the sense of " farthest on the. right," but not in that of " most lucky ."^ III. The following adjectives have a double irregular su- perlative, namely, exter, " without;" inferus, "below;" su- perus, " above ;" and posterus, " after." Thus, Exter, exterior, extremus and extimus, Inferus, inferior, inflmus " \mus Super us, superior, supremus " summus Posterus, posterior, postremus " postumus. IV. There are also some comparative and superlative forms which have no adjective-positive, but an adverb de- rived from the adjective. Thus, (citra, '• on this side"), citerior, citXmus {ultra, "beyond"), ulterior, ultimus-. {intra, " within"), interior^ int7mus. {prope, " near"), propior, proxXmus, V. Of the following there is neither adjective nor ad- verbial positive. deterior^ " worse," deterrtmus. ocior, " swifter," ocissimus. potior, "superior," potissvnus, ^'hest,'^' ^^ chief esi.^ prior, "former," primus, "first." i. Plurimi means either '* very many" or '* the most." Plcriqueh^s the latter signification only, and wants the genitive plural. 2. Dexterrimus, which is given by grammarians as the superlative o. dexter, is nov^'here found, any more than sinislimus from sinister. 3. D eter ior. mw^l not be confounded with pejor. Pejor is worse than something which is itself bad ; deterior w^orse than something which is good. It is, therefore, a descending, as melior is an ascending compar- ative, of hojius. \ EXERCISES ON COMPARISON. 8"^ VI. Of many adjectives no superlative is found, though the comparative is in use ; as the verbals in bilis, and mos adjectives in alis and Uia, VII. Adolescens, juvenis (comparative /wt^zo?'), aifid senex ;comparative senior) also want the superlative. VIII. Of many adjectives and participles used as adjoc- fives there is neither comparative nor superlative, since the sense precludes comparison ; as, crasltnus, *' of to-morrow ;" infinitus, " infinite ;" innumerus, " countless ;" secundus, '* second ;" teriius, " third ;" ater, " coal-black," 6lc. XLI. EXERCISES ON THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES Preliminary Rules. 1. The comparative degree requires the ablative; as, dulcior melle, " sweeter than honey ;" ocior %-icnto^ " swifter than the wind." 2. Frequently, instead of the ablative, the nominative, preceded by quam, " than," is placed after the com- parative ; as, aer est levior quam aqua, " air is lighter than water." I. ; Translate the following, and mention the degree of com- parison, together with the agreement or government in each clause or phrase. ^ . _. Columba est timida, lepus timidior, cervus timidissimus. — Rhenus est profundus, Danubius profundior, mare pro- fundissimum. — Malus est celsa, fagus celsior, cedrus cel- sissima. — Columbae sunt timidiores quam gallinae. — Cervus est animal timidius quam lepus. — Cervus et lepus sun* animalia timidiora quam canis et lupus. — Mare profundius est quam fluvii. — Flumina sunt profundiora quam rivi. — Cedri sunt celsiores quam abietes. — ^tna est Sicilize mons celsissimus. — Graeci erant doctiores quam Romani. — Hip- pocrates et Galenus erant medici peritissimi. — Gemma' 8fc EXERCISES ON COMPARISON. Indicae sunt pretiosiores quam Europeae. — Nigrae vulpes sunt rarissimae. — Lycurgus, Lacedaemonius, severissima- rum justissimarumque legum auctor fuit. — Sol meridianus calidior est quam matutinus et vespertinus. — Paucis carior est fides quam pecunia. — Bellum civile est perniciosissi- mum. — Tncolis regionum frigidissimarum est facies plana, — Clialybs durissimum ferri genus est. — Sonus luce tardior est. — Dentes ossibus duriores sum. Nihil virtute praeclarius est. — Nihil est senectute otiosa jucundius. — Adamas est lapidum durissimus. — Ventorum frigidissimus est aquTlo. — Homerus poetarum clarissimus est. — Quo* altiores montes sunt, eo profundiores sunt valles. — Uva matura est dulcis, saccharum dulcius, mel dulcissi- mum. — Ferrum est grave, plumbum gravius, aurum gra- vissimum. — Vapores aquae sunt leviores quam aer. — Aqua marina gravior est quam fluvialis (aqua). — Oleum levius est quam aqua. — Aurum et argentum sunt metalla nobiliora. — Camelus utilissimus est. — Themistoclis nomen, quam So- lonis, illustrius est. — Utilissima membra hominis sunt ma- nus, nobilissima oculi. — Nihil sale utilius est. — Nihil est suavius quam multarum rerum scientia. — Nemo Nerone crudelior erat. — Lusciniarum cantus suavior est quam re- liquorum oscinum. — Nulla urbs Siciliae est illustrior quam Syracusas, Graecorum colonia. Gemma pulchra est, Stella pulchrior, sol pulcherrimus. — Tulipa est flos pulcherrimus. — Pavones sunt aves pulcher- rimae. — Nullum vitium avaritia tetrius est. — Morborum te- terrimus est pestis. — Fluvius est celer, ventus celerior, lux celerrima. — Cerevisia est salubris, lac salubrius, aqua sa- 1 uberrima. — Cibus simplex est saluberrimus. — Lupi habent visum, auditum, et odoratum acerrimum. — Crocodilus habet oculos extra- aquam acerrimos. — Quo amarior potio est, eo 1. Qiio, "by how much;" eo, "by so mnch." They are generally translated, however, by the definite article " the ;'' as, quo tardior^ eo rrrfior, "the slower, the surer. " 2 Extra. " out of/' EXERCISES ON COMPARISON. • , 89 salubrior. — In pauperrimis regionibus saepe sunt homines diligentissimi. — Quo maturiores ficus, eo dulciores sunt. — Uvae maturissimae sunt dulcissimae.— Veterrimi amici sunt sincerissimi. — Amor inimicorum difficilimus est, at deo gratissimus. — Latro ferae similior est quam hommi. — Lupus cani simillimus est. — Ovis lupo dissimillima est. — Nihil aqua aquae, nihil lacte lacti similius est. — Pedes aranearum sunt gracillimi. Irregular and Defective Comparison. Doctrlna est bona, valetudo est melior, virtus est optima. -•-Nihil mente et ratione melius est. — Melior tutiorque est certa pax, quam sperata victoria. — Quo meliores homines, eo feliciores sunt. — Veterrimi amici plerumque optimi sunt. — Malus est error, defensio erroris est pejor, mendacium est pessimum. — Assentatores sunt pessimi homines. — Quo pe- jores homines, eo infeliciores sunt. — Equus est magnus, camelus major, elephas maximus. — Piscium feminae ma- jores sunt quam mares. — America omnium fluviorum max- imos habet — Voluptatibus maximis fastidium finitimum est. — Ganges est major Indo. — Crocodilus habet plures' den- tiumordines. — Roma urbserat omnium pessima. — Plurimae insulae maris iEgaei fertiles et opulentae sunt. — Plurima et maxima sunt in mari animalia. — Sciiirus est parvus, talpa mmor, mus minimus. — Europa quidem minima, at frequent- issima, cultissima, et potentissima pars terrae est. — Mus est quadrupedum minimus, mellisuga avium minima. Extremus anni mensis olim erat Februarius, nimc est December. — Digiti manuum et pedum sunt extima corporis membra. — Aer inferior est atmosphaera, superior aether. — Inter brachium inferius et superius est cubitus. — Suprema pars corporis humani est caput, infima sun plantae. — In inia^ tellure sunt multa genera metallorum. — Justitia est summ* 1. Flares, " several," i. e., more than one. 2. In ima tellure, " in the bosom of the earth," or " deep in the earth uexallv " in the lowest earth." 90 EXERCISES ON COMPARISON. virtutum. — Orationis summa virtus est perspicuitas. — Sum ma cacumina altorum montium jlerumque nuda sunt. — Etiam infimi sunt utiles reipublicas. — Gradus honorum suui- mis et infimis pares sunt. — Anterior pars colli est juguluni. posterior cervix. — Posteriores leporum pedes longioros sum quam anteriores. — Hispania, imperii Romani provincia, era! citerior et ulterior. — Mercurius soli citimus est. — Numitoi ultimus rex Albae erat. — Mors ultima linea vitae est. — lu plurimis regionibus interioris Africae fontes et putei sum rarissimi. — Genera simiarum hominis figurse proxima sunt. Strengthened Comparison, 6fc. Ohalybs est ferrum admodum durum. — Jurum scientia multis hominibus imprimis necessaria est. — ^tlJelsissimorum montium vertices etiam in regionibus calidioribus valde frigidi sunt. — Numidia, regio Africae, magis culta et opu- lentior est quam Mauritania. — Aqua est res utilissima ei pernecessaria. — HystrTcis aculei sunt praelongi duri et acuti. — Cornu rhinocerotis est prffivalidum. — Vis naturae per- magna est. — Praeterita, praesentia et futura admodum diver- sa sunt. — Nero etiam^ crudelior fuit quam Tiberius. — VeP doctissimis viris multae res ignotae sunt. — Helvetiorum longe nobilissimus et ditissimus fuit Orgetorix. — Suevorum gens fuit longe maxima et bellicosissima omnium Germanorum. — Lux est omnium rerum celerrima, et multo velocior quam sonus.— Nigri sciuri rari sunt, sed multo rariores nivei. — Leopardus est pardo major et multo pulchrior. — Attagen est paulo major quam columba. — Caprea est multo minor quam cervus, et paulo major quam capra. — Hephaestion longe om- nium amicorum carissimus fuit Alexandro, regi Macedonum. — Res futurae maxime dubiae sunt. — Incolae Europae magis industrii sunt quam incolae Asiae et Africae. — Maxime pii homines sunt longe felicissimi et deo gratissimi. — Homeru.N antiqui^r poeta est quam Hesiodus. — Necessitatis inventa 1. Etiam, " still." 2. Vel " even." I EXERCISES ON COMPARISON. 91 antiquiora sunt quam voluptatis. — Miisica artium liberalium antiquissima est. II. Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. The lion is fierce^ the hear fiercer, the tiger fiercest. Lions are more robust and fierce than lionesses. The dolphin is the swiftest of animals. Nothing is more rapid than the mind. The tiger is a very fierce and daring animal. Nothing is more excellent than God. The soul is more noble than the body. Virtue is more excellent than riches. Virtue is a most excellent good. An ape is very like a human being. The poor are often more be- nevolent and munificent than the rich. No one IS more slanderous than the envious man. The presents of Pompey were very splendid. Titus was the most benevolent emperor of the Romans. Leo sum ferox, ursus ferox, tigris ferox. Leo robustus et ferox sum quam leaena. Delphinus sum animal velox. Nihil sum animus velox. Tigris sum ferox et audax animal. Nihil D 109. ginti tres. * 200. 28. XXVIII. Duodetrigin- ^ 300. ta, or Octo ct > 400. viginli. J 29. XXIX. Vndetrigin- . 500. ta, or Novem 5> 600. et viginii. * 700. SO XXX. Triginta. 800. 40. XL. Quadraginla. 900. 50. L. Quinqudginta. 1000. 60 LX. Sexdginta. 2000. 70.' LXX. Septudginta. 80. LXXX. Octoginta, 5000. 90. XC. Nondginta. 10,000. 00. C. Centum. 100,000. CIX. Centum et noveviy ) or Centuni novem. \ CC. Ducent-i, -ce, -a CCC. Trecent-i, -ce, -a. CCCC. Quadringent-i, ) -(S, -a. ' D. Quingeni-i, -(E, -a DC. Sexcent-iy -ce, -a. DCC. Septingent-i, -re, -a DCCC. Octingent'if -ce, -a . DCCCC. Nongent-i, -a, -a. . M., or CIO. Mille. . CIO CIO., or MM. Duo mil- . lia, or Bis mille. S 100. Quinque millia CCIOp. Decern millia. . CCCIOOO. Centum milha. VIII. The thousands are expressed either by prefixiiitj the numeral adverbs bis, ter, quater, to mille (a construction chiefly used by the poets), in which case mille is indecli- nable ; or we may say, duo, tria, unum et viginii, centum millia. In the latter case, the things numbered are in the genitive ; as, Mardonium in GrcBcia reliquit cum trecent.i< millibus armatorum. " He left Mardonius in Greece with three hundred thousand armed men ;" unless a declined nu- meral comes between ; as, habuit tria millia trecentos mili' tes, " he had three thousand three hundred soldiers.'^ IX. From 20 to 100, either the smaller number with et precedes, or the larger without et ; as, sexaginta quatuor, or quatuor et sexaginta. X. In duodeviginti, duodetriginta, Sic, duo is indeclina- ble. ^- XI. Above 100, the larger number precedes with or with out et ; as, centum et unus, or centum unus ; trecenii sea^ '/ginta sex^ or trecenti et sexaginta sex. * ^6 EXERCISES ON THE CARDINAI. NUMBERS. XLIII. EXERCISES ON THE CARDINAL NUMBERS I. Translate the following, and show the gender, case, &c Adamus erat unus, et Eva erat una, ergo genus humanum »8t unum. — Mundus est opus unius dei. — Unus homo habel uium OS, unam linguam^ unum palatum ; duos oculos, duas dures, duo brachia, duos pedes, duas manus, duo latera. — Silvius Procas pater duorum filiorum, Numitoris et Amulii, fuit. — Tres sunt Parcae ; Clotho, Lachesis et Atropos. — Tria sunt regna naturae — Quatuor sunt anni tempora ; ver, asstas, auctumnus, et hiems. — Quinque sunt zone in terra ; duae zonae temperatae, duae frigidae, una torrida. — Hebdomas habet sex dies profestos — Iris habet septem colores, cubus octo angulos. — Orpheus fuit filius unius novem Musarum. — Decern anni sunt Decennium. — Undecim planetae sys- tematis planetarii nostri sunt.— Duae hebdomades habent quatuordecim dies. — Tres hebdomades habent viginti dies ct unum ; undeviginti hebdomades habent centum triginta tres dies. — Mensis est spatium dierum triginta, aut triginta et unius. — Tres pentades sunt quindecim. — Novum Testa- mentum (Foedus) habet epistolas viginti et unam. — Spina dorsi habet viginti quatuor vertebras. — Februarius habet duodetriginta dies, et in annis intercalaribus undetriginta. Olyhipias fuit spatium L. mensium. — Quot ossa sunt in corpore humano ? — In capite sunt sexaginta tria, in trunco LIIL, in artubus superioribus LXVIIL, in artubus inferiori- bus LXIV. — A Christo nato' ad excidium Hierosolymorum fuerunt LXX. anni. — Octo decades sunt LXXX. anni ; XIV. decades CXL. anni. — Octoginta annorurn vita rara est. — Angulus rectus habet nonaginta gradus — Novem de- cades sunt XC. anni. — Saeculum est tempus C. annorum. — Duo s-jecuJa sunt ducenti anni, tria saecula trecenti, qu ituoi sascula quadringentf anni. — D.. Decades sunt quinque inillia 1. Literally, " from Christ born," i. e., " from llie birth of Christ " EXERCISES ON THE CARDINAL NUMBERS. 97 ttimornm. — Quot anni fuerunt a Christo nato ad Carolura magnum? Octing:/*,.. — Ab Abrahamo ad Christum sunt duo millia annorum, a Mose ad Christum mille etquingenti a SaJomone mille anni. 11. Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- m.ai^*.al so as to suit the English words opposite. A thief is a tjcJ^. of three let- ters.^ February is shorter by two or three days than the other months. One thousand brave men are better than many thousand cowards. New-York has more than two hundred thousand inhabi- tants. The history of the seven Ro- man kings and the thirty Athenian tyrants is known to many. Urania was one of the nine Muses, Lachesis one of the three Fates. Nine hundred years are ninety decades, Paris has 894,000 inhabi- tants. One thousand w6eks are 7000 days, :r 168,000 hours. Fur sum homo tres litera. Februarius brevis sum duo aut tres dies quam ceteri mensis. M. fortis vir bonus sum quar multus M. ignavus. Novum Eboracum habeo plus quam ducenti mille incola. Historia VII. rex Romanus, et XXX. tyr annus Atheni- ensis sum multus notus Urania sum unus IX. Musa^ Lachesis unus tres Parcae DCCCC. annus sum XC decas. Parisii^ habeo octingenti non aginta quatuor M. incola. M. hebdomas sum septcm mille dies, vel centum sex aginta octo mille hora. 1. The Romans branded thieves with the three letters F. U. R , i. • « (ur^ *' thief." 2. Another Latin form is Lutetia Paristorum. 9 U a 98 ORDINAL NUMBERS. Eighteen years are 939 weeks and one day, or J%57778 hours. XVIII ianus sum DCCCC XX'' J X. hebdomas et unus dies, s^el centum quinqua- ginta scptem mille, septin genti septuaginta sex hora 2. Ordm.i! Numbers. I. The principal ordinal r 1st. Primus. 2d. Secundus, or A'^t. 3d. Tertius. 4th. Quarius. 5th. Quintus 6th. Sextus. 7th. Septimus. 8 th. Ocidvus. 9th. Nonus. 10th. Decimus. 1 1 th. Undecimus. 12th. Duodecimus. 13th. Tertius decimuc. 14th. Quarius decimus 15th. Quintus decimuf 16th. Sextus decimus. 17th. Septimus decimu^ 18th. Octavus decimus, < •. Duodevicesimus. } 19th. Nonus decimus ^ or t/r- % devicesimus. ) 20th. Vicestmus, or Vigesimus. 21st. r/wu* c/ vicesimus, or % Vicesimus primus. ) 22cl. ^//er c^ vicesimus, or \ Vicesimus secundus. ] I mbers are as follows : 30th. 40th. 60th. 60th. 70th. 80th. 90th. 100th. 200th. 300th. 400th. r>ooth. sooth. 700th. 800th. 900th. 1000th. 2000th. 3000th. iO,OOOth. 100,000th. 1, 000,000th. 2,000,000th. Tricesimus, or c^ rfcfe*. 3. Ter. 30. Tricies. 4. Quoter. 40. Quadrdgtes. 5. Quinquies. 50. Quinqudgtes. 6. Sexies. 60. Sexdgles. 7. Septes. 70. Septudgtes. 8. Oc^ze^. 80. Octogies. 9. Novtes. 90. Nondgies 10. 2)6«e5. 100. CentUs. 11. Undecies. 200. Ducenties. 12. Duodectes. 300. Trecenties. 13. Tredecies. 400. QuadringeMies. 14. Quatuordecies. 500. Quingenties, 4-c. 15. Quindectes. 800. Octingentics, ^^">Dosite. Hebdomas habeo VII. dies. Homo habeo I. lingua, 1. os, II. manus, et II. pes. Weeks have seven days each. Men have one tongue, one mouth, two hands, and two feet apiece, The hands have five fingers each. Lions have four feet, geese two wings, each. Pour times six are tvjejity- four. Manus habeo V. digitus Leo habeo IV. pes anser U ala. Quater VL sum XXIV PRONOUN. lOD Meti. have each 24 ribs. Forty-one times ffty-one are 2091. Tv^entT/'two times six hun- dred are 13,200. Adults have thirty-two teeth, youths twenty-eight each. To the Roman legions there were, for the most part, 5200 foot-soldiers, 300 horse. Homo habeo XXIV. costa 41X51 sumMMXCP 22X600 Pum CCIOO CI J CIO CIO CC. Adultus homo liabeo dens XXXII. , adolescens XX- VIIL Romanus legio sum plerum- que lOOCC pedes, equcs ccc. XLVI. PRONOUN. I. The Pronoun is a word used in the place of a noun to avoid the repetition of the latter. II. Pronouns are divided into Substantive and Adjective I. Substantive Pronouns, f. The substantive pronouns are Ego, of the first persoD Tu, of the second ; and Sui, of the third. II. Their declension is as follows : Ego,"/." Singular, h of me, to ox for me, me, oh I! with, &Lc.,me. 1. In this and the two following examples, instead of giving the Latin adverbs, we have, as a matter of convenience, employed the Arabic i;u- merals with the algebraic sign of multiplication. Thus 41x51 meant 41 multiplied into 51, or 41 times 51, which the student, on his part, must express in Latin. 2. Ego is commonly said to want the vocative in both numbers. Thia is wrong. We say ego infelix I ** Oh unhappy I .''* O vos felicit» • Oh happy ye !" N. Ego, G. Mei, D. Mihi, Ace. Me, v. Ego,^ Ab. Me, H>6 PRONOUNS. Plural N. Nos^ we, G. Nosirum or nostri, ofus^ D. Nobis, to ox f Of' us Ace, Nos, / us, V. Nos, oA t^e / Ab. N5bis, with, &c., us Tu,'' thou:' Singular. N. Tu, thou, G. Tui, o/^A^e, D. Tibi, to or for thee^ Ace. Te, thee, V. Tu, oA thou ! Ab. Te, i/?tYA, &e., Mee. Plural. N. Vos, ye or yow, G. Vestrum or vestri, of you, D. Vobis, to or for you, Ace. Vos, you, V. Vos, oA yow ! Ab. Vobis, «;i^A, &c., you» Sui, " of himself, of herself, of itself* Singular. N. TFana'yi^, , G. Sui, of himself, Szc. D. Sibi, to or for himself , fiCi Ace. Se, himself, &e.. V. Wa/i^m^, , Ab. Se, ?iJi^A, eisdem, S eadem. iisdem eisdem, "I iisdem or j eisdem, * iisdem or ( eisdem. . 2. Intensive Pronouns, I. Intensive pronouns are such as serve to convey an em phytic me^ming. PRONOUNS. Ill II. To this class belong egomet, tute, &c., and is.tc and tllic already mentioned ; but particularly the pronoun ipse, which is thus declined : Masc. Fern. Neut. Ipse, Ipsa, Ipsum, " he himself, she herself, itself^ Singular. N. Ipse, Ipsa, Ipsum, G. Ipsius, Ipsius, Ipsius, D. IpsI, IpsI, IpsI, Ace. Ipsum, V Ipsam, Ipsum, Ab. Ipso, Ipsa, Plural 9 Ips). N. Ipsi, Ipsae, Ipsa, G. Ipsorum, Ipsarum, Ipsorum, D. IpsTs, IpsIs, Ipsis, Ace. Ipsos, Ipsas, Ipsa, V Ab. Ipsis, > IpsIs, > Ipsis. III. Ipse is commonly subjoined to nouns and pronouns , as, Cicero ipse, "Cicero himself;" ego ipse, "I myself;" tu ipse, " thou thyself." 3. Relative Pronouns. I. Relative pronouns are those which refer to an object already mentioned, and which is called the antecedent. II. The Latin relatives are qui, ^'who," and the com- pound pronouns quicunque and quisquis, " whoever." HI. The declension of the relative qui is as follows : Masc. Fern, Neut. Qui, Qua), Quod, " who, which/* Singular. N. Qui, Quae, Quod, 6.. Cuju^, Cujus, Cujus 112 PRONOUNS. D. Cui,» Cui, Cui, Ace . Queir I, Quam, Quod, V. 1 ■ » ' "~> Ab. Quo, Qua, Plural Quo. N. Qui, Quae, Quae, G. Quorum, Quarum, Quorum, D. Quels or quibus, Quels or quibus. Quels or quibus Aee. Quos, Quas, Quae, V. Ab. Quels or quibus, Quels or quibus. Quels or quibus. IV. Qui is sometimes used for the ablative singular In all genders. In place of quels the more contracted form quis occasionally Is employed. V. Quicunque Is declined In every respect like qui ; as, N. Quicunque, Quaecunque, Quodcunque, G Cujuscunque, Cujuscunque, Cujuscunque, D. Culcunque, Culcunque, Cuicdixque, &€ VI. The declension of quisquis is as follows : Singular. Quaequae,^ N. Ace. Ab. Quisquis, Quemquem, Quoquo, Quid |uid or qulcquid, Qdidquid or qulcquid Quoquo. Quaqua, Plural, N. Quiqui, — — , , D. Quibusquibus, &c. 4. Interrogative Prcnouns. T. The common interrogatlvt pronoun is Quis or Qui, " who ?" from which comes, by the addition of nam, the fcrm quisnam, v^hlch is more strongly interrogative than 1. Pronounced ki. 2. Quisquis is sometimes used for the feminine ; as, for example, ir Plautus PRONOUNS 113 quis. Other interrogative pronouns are ecquis, numqms, " is there any one ? who," from which come, in like man- ner, ecquisnam, numquisnam. 11. The declension of the interrogative quis is as follows . Masc. Fern. Neut. Quis or Qui, Quae, Quid or Quod, '' who, which, whrt'* Singular, N QuTs or qui. Quae, Quid or quod, G. Cujus, Cujus, Cujus, D. Cui, Cul, Cui, Ace. Quem, Quam, Quid or quod, V. > i J Ab. Quo, Qua, Plural. Quo. N. Qui, » Quae, Quae, G. Quorum, Quarum, Quorum, D. Queis or qulbus, Queis or qulbus, Queis or quibus Ace Quos, Quas, Quae, V. Ab. Queis or quit )US, > Queis or.quibu > IS, Queis or quibus TIL Quis, it will be perceived, has two forms for the masculine and neuter, quis and qui, quid and quod. IV. The best writers use quod as an adjective agreeing with a substantive, and quid as a substantive governing the genitive. Thus, quod henejicium est in hoc ? " what kind- ness is there in this ?" But, quid bsnejicii est in hoc? V. Quis is sometimes used indefinitely for aliquis, " some one." VI. Ecquis and numquis are declined and used like quis, excepting that ccqua is sometimes found in the nominative s'.ngular feminine, and that the neuter plural of numquis is numqua. VII. Ecquisnam, which is declined like ecquis, is found only in the singular number, namely, in the nominative 10* i 14 PRONOUNS. where it is the same for all genders, and in the ablative masculine. VIII. Another interrogative pronoun is cujus, cuja, cujum^ " whose," which is also defective. Its declension, as far as it extends, is as follows : , Singular. Plural, N Cujus, Cuja, Cujum, Ac. Cujum, Cujam, Cujum, Ab. Cujo, Cuja, Cujo. N. Cuji, , Ac. , Cujas, This must not be confounded with cujas, cujdtis, "of what country," which belongs to the patrial pronouns. 5. Indefinite Pronouns, I. Indefinite pronouns are those which denote an object in a general manner, without specifying any one person or thing particularly. II. The principal indefinite pronouns are the following : AlzquiSj " some one." Quisquanij ** any one." SiguiSf " if any one." Quispiam, " some one." Neguis, " lest any one ; " "no Unusquisque, " each one." one." Quldam, " a certain one. Q-Msque, " each one ;" * every Quitibety ; Quivis, ■ " any one you one." please." III. The declension of aliquis is as follows : Masc. Fern. Neut. Aliquis, Ali^ua, Aliquid or Ali<|uod. Singular, N. Aliquis, Aliqua, Aliquid or AlTquod, 6. Alicujus, Ailcujus, Alicujus, D. Alicui, Alicui, Alicui, Ace , Aliquem, Aliquam, Aliquid or Aliquod, V. , , — , Ab. Aliquo, Aliqua, Aliquo PRONOUNS. 115 Plural. Altquae, Aliquarum, Aliquibus, Aliquas, Aliqua, Aliquorum, Aliquibus, Aliqua, N. Aliqui, G. Aliquorum, D. Aliquibus, Ace. Aliquos, V. — ^, , — , Ab Aliquibus, Aliquibus, Aliquibus. IV. The distinction already mentioned as existing be- tween quod and quid prevails also between aliquod and all- quid, as well as other compounds of quis. Thus we say. aliquod vinum, " some wine ;" but aliquid vini, V. Siquis and nequis are declined in the same way as aliquis. Thus, ; • N. Siquis, Siqua or siquae, Siquid or siquod, G. Sicujus, Sicujus, Sicujus, D. Sicui, Sicui, Sicui, &c. N, Numquis, Numqua or numquae, Numquid or numquod, G. Numcujus, Numcujus, Nnmcujus, D. Numcui, Numcui, Numcui, &:c. VI. Quisque, quisquam, and quispiam are declined like quis. Thus, N. Quisque, Quaeque, G. Cujusque, Cujusque, D. Cuique, _ Cuique, Quaequam, N. G. D. N G D. Quisque, Cujusque, Cuique, Quisquam, Cujusquam, Cuiquam, Quispiam, Cujuspiam, Cuipiam, Quidque or quodque, Cujusque, Cuique, &:c. Quidquam or qubdquaib, Cujusquam, Cujusquam, Cuiquam, Cuiquam, &c. Quidpiam or quodpiam, Cujuspiam, Cuipiam, &;c. Quaepiam, Cujuspiam, Cuipiam, VII. Unusquisque is compounded of unus and quisque, end both words are declined. Thus, . il6 PRONOUNS. N Unusquisque, Singular. Unaquaeque, Unumquidque or / unumquodqae, S G Uniiiscuj usque, Uniuscujusque, Uniuscujusque, D. Unicuique, Unicuique, Unicuique, Ace. Unumquemque, Unamquaraque, Unumquidque or » unumquodque, ) V. , ^. . Ab. Unoquoque, Unaquaque, Uhoquoque. The plural is wanting. Vlil. Quidam, guilihet, and quivis are declined like qui except that they have quod or quid in the neuter. Thus, N. G. D. N. G. D. N. G. D. Quidani, CujQsdam, Cuidain, QuilTbet, Cujuslibet, Cuilibet, Quivis, Cujusvis, Cuivis, Quaedam, Cujusdam, Cuidam, Quaelibet, Cujuslibet, Cuilibet, Quaevis, Cujusvis, Cuivis, Quoddam or quiddam Cujusdam, Cuidam, Sac, Quodlibet or quidlibet, Cujuslibet, Cuilibet, &c. Quodvis or Quidvis, Cujusvis, Cuivis, (fee. IX. In the accusative singular masculine and feminine and the genitive plural, quidam has usually an n before d; as, qupndu?n, qnandam^ quorundani, quarundam X. In all these compounds the distinction between quod and quid prevails ; as, quoddam malum^ " a certain evil ;" but quiddam mali. So also quodlibet malum, but quidlibet mahf &c. 6. Possessive Pronouns. I. Possessive pronouns are formed from the personal, and indicate the property of an individual. II l^he Latin possessives are the following : PRONOUNS. 117 Meus. Mea, Meum, « mi .er Thus, Tua, Tuum, " thxner Siius, Sua, Suum, ^^ his, her, its J' Noster, Nostra, Nostrum. " our:' Vester, Vestra, Vestrura, '' your:' III. Tliese are all declined like adjectives of three ter- minations, except that meus makes mi in the vocative sin- gular masculine, and very rarely mens: IV. Tuus, vester, and suus have no vocative. V. Cujus, cuja, cvjum, " whose ?" which is in some fb spects a possessive, has already been noticed under the in- terrogatives. VI. The declension o^ meus and noster are as follows* Singular, N. Meus, Mea, Meum, G. MeT, M eae, Mel, D. Meo, Meae, Meo, Ace. Meum, Meam, Meum, V. Ml or Meus, Mea, Meum, Ab. Meo, Mea, Plural Meo. N. Mei, Meae, Mea, G. Meorum, Mearum, Meorum, D. MeTs, Mels, Meis, Ace. Meos, Meas, Mea, V. Mei, Meae, Mea, Ab. Meis, Mels, Singular. Mels. N. Nos-ter, -tra. -trum, G Nos-trl, -trae. -tri, D. Nos-tro, -trffi, -tro, 1. To the ablative of the possessive pronouns, in the singular num- ber, especially suo and sua, the syllable pie is affixed to denote own ; as, suapie manu, " v^'ith his own hand ;" suopte pondcre, " by its own weight." . . ., J18 PRONOUNS. Ace. Nos-trum, -tram, -Irum- V. Nos-ter, -tra, -trum» Ab. Nos-tro, -tra, Plural. -tro. N. Nos-tri, -trae, -tra, G. Nos-trorum, , -trarum, -trorum, D. Nos-tns. -tris, -tris, Ace. Nos-tros, -tras, -tra, V. Nos-tri, -trse, -tra. Ab. Nos-tris, -trIs, -tris. 7. P atrial Pronouns. I. Patrial pronouns have reference to a person's country or the nation to which he belongs. II. The patrial pronouns are nostras, vestras, and cujas^ and are declined like adjectives in as, genitive -atis, many of which have also a patrial reference ; as, Arpinas, |S[en- itive Arpinatis, " of or belonging to Arpinum." III. The declension of nostras is as follows : Nostras, ^^ of our countryP Singular. N. Nostr-as, -as. -as, G. Nostr-atis, -atis. -atis, D. Nostr-ati, -ati. -ati, Ace. Nostr-atem, -atem. -as, V. Nostr-as, -as, -as, Ab. Nostr-ate, Plural -ate. -ate. N. Nostr-ates, -ates, -atia, G. Nostr-atium, -atium, -atium, D. Nostr-atibus, -atibus, -atibus, Ace. Nostr-ates, •*ates, -atia, V. Nostr-ates, -ates. -atia, Ab. Nostr-atibus, -atibus, -atibuftt PRONOUNS. 119 IV, Vestras^ genitive vestrdtis, " of your country,'' and cujaSj genitive cujdtis, " of what country," are declined ex- actly like nostras. L To the adjective pronouns are commonly added thi. following ^vords ; though, strictly speaking, most of them are simple adjectives. AliUSy " another." Uler, " which of two." Ullus, " any one." Alter, " the other ;" " another. »») Nullus, " no one." Neuter, " neither." Solus, " alone." Totus, " the whole.". I. The declension of aliu s is as follows : Masc. Fern. Neut. Alius, Alia, Aliud, " another:' Sini rular. N. Alius, Alia, Aliiid, G. Alius,* ilius, Alius, D. Aln, A^liT, Alu, Ace. Alium, A.liam, AUud, V. i > f Ab. Alio, Ph Alia, iral. Alio. N. Alii, yiae, AUa, G. Aliorum, A^liarum, Aliorum, D. Aliis, Aliis, Aliis, Ace. Alios, Alias, Alia, V. > > ■> Ab. Aliis, I Uils, Aliis. I Alter means one of two, alius one of many. Hence the strict meaning of alius is ** another ;" and that of alter, " the other." Fre- quently, however, we are compelled to translate alter, " another," but never, at the same time, to lose sight of its reference to merely one oi two persons or things. Thus, in the expression 7iullum animal est pars alterius animalis, the reference is clearly to only one of two animals, and yet we must translate alterius here *' another." 2. The genitive of alius always has the long i both in prose and poetry m\c4i it isi formed bv contraction fr">tu iu 'Y\iM?^r alius for ali-ius. 120 PRONOUNS. in. Tn the same manner are tdhts^ nnllus, sohis, and totus declined, except that they make the nominative and accusative singular neuter end in m instead of d; as, ulium nullum, solum, totum. IV. The declension of uter is as follows : Masc. Fern, Nevt. Uler, Utra, Utrum, Singular, " lohicJt of tv>L N. Uter, Utra, Utrum, G. UtrTus,^ Utrius, Utrius, D. Utrl, Utrl, Utrl, Aco. Utrum, Utram, Utruiii, V. Uter, Utra, Utrum, Ab . Utro, Utra, Plural Utro. N. UtrT, Utrae, Utra, G. Utrorum, Utrarum, Utrorum, D. Utris, Utris, Utris, Ace. Utros, Utras, Utra, V. Utri, Utrae, Utra, Ab. Utris, Utris, Utris. '^ V. The declension of alter is as follows : Masc. Fem, Neut. Alter, Altera, Alterum, " Singular, the other, another* N. Alt-er, -era, -erum, G. Alt-erius," -erius, -erius. D. Alt-eri, -en, -eri. Ace. All-erum, -eram, -enim, V. Alt-er, -era, -erum Ab. Alt-ero, -era, -ero. 1. Penult of the genitive singular long in prose, common in poetry. 2 Alter has the penult of the genitive singular always short. — AlUrty kc, in the plural, is used when two bodies or classes of men are opposed o each other. EXERCISES ON TFIE PRONOUNS. 121 Plural. N. Alt-erT, -erae, -era, G. Alt-erorum , -erarum, -erorum, D. Alt-ens, -eris, -eris, Ace. Alt-eros, -eras, -era, V. Alt-eri, -eras, -era, Ab. Alt-erls, -eris. -eris. VI. Neuter is declined like uter^ namely, neuter, neutrd, neytrum ; Genitive, neutrius ; Dative, neutri, &c. VII. The compounds of uter are uternis and uterJtbetj " which of the two you please ;" and alterilter, " the one or other," " one or the other of two." Genitive, allertasut^t' us; Dative, alteriutri, &c. XLVI. EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS Vocabulary * Sum, / am, Es, thou art. Est, he, she, or it is, Sumus, we are, Estis, you are. Sunt, thei/ are, Erat, he, she, or it was. Erant, they were. Fuit, he, she, or it has been or was. Fuerunt, they have been or were. I, ' Translate the following, and mention the kind of pronoun -tiployed in the different clauses, together with the case, numbtjr, Slc. 1 Personal Pronouns, and the Possessives formed from them. Ego sum tu, tu es ego, unanimi sumus. — Pars pejor mei, I. We have here anticipated a small portion of the substantive verb, and recapitulated a few words from the vocabulary given on page 8. 11 122 EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS. corpus meum, mortalis est. — Pars melior tui, animus tuu» immortalis est. — Desiderium mei' permagnum est. — Grata mihi est memoria tua mei.^ — Vita mea mihi tarn cara est, quam tibi tua. — Proximus sum egomet mihi, tute tibi. — Nemo me' infelicior, nemo te felicior est. — Parentes tui, puer optime, semper habent te secum. — Genius tuus, homo, semper tecum est. — Nos omnes sumus homines mortales. — ' V'os omnes estis immortalitatis haeredes. — Corpora omnium nostrum sunt mortalia, — Nemo nostrum proditor regis nos- traeque patriae fuit. — Nostri melior pars animus est. — Me- moria vestri, discipuli diligentes, praeceptori vestro semper jucunda est. — Felicitas parentum nostrorum nobis pergrata est. — Pater amicus summus nobis est. — Rex noster vobis tam carus est, quam mihi. — Conscientia est judex in nobis. — Ebrius sui non compos est. — Homo invidus sibimet in- imicissimus est. 2. Demonstrative and Intensive Pronouns. Hie universus mundus est opus omnipotentis dei, creatoris omnium nostrum. — Haec vita est tempus segetis, vita futura messis. — Hoc conclave est amplum. — Haec conclavia sunt ampla. — Finis hujus vitae initium est illius futurae. — In hac terra nihil perfectum est. — Tabulae hujus conclavis sunt nigrae. — Non omnes discipuli sunt pares : hi sunt diligentes, illi pigri ; hie est attentus, ille non attentus. — Hannibal et Caesar fuerunt summi imperatores ; huic"^ idus mortiferae fuerunt, illi venenum. — Romulus et Numa Pompilius erant primi reges Romani ; hie erat pius, ille bellicosus ; illiu&i res gestae illustriores sunt quam hujus. — Hoc scamnum longius est quam ilia janua. — Haec scamna longiora suni quam illae januae. — Illud templum altius est quam hsec 1. Desiderium meum. would denote the regret tha I myself feel. 2. Memoria mei, *' the remembrance of me ;" but memona mea^ ** my memory, or faculty of remembrance." 3. The ablative with the co.mparative. So also te m the next clause. 4. Huic, " to the latter," i. e, to thi» otic ; illi;'^ to the former," i. r.. to that onr. EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS. 123 d.>mu8. — Ilia templa altiora sunt quam hae domus. — Ulis tei eris arboribus gelu hujus hiemis noxium erat. — Homo ipse est faber fortunae suae. — Ssepe homini nihil inimicius est, quam sibi ipse. — Saepe hominibus nihil inimicius est, quam sibi ipsi. — Virtus sibimet ipsa pulcherrima merces est. Servitus omnibus hominibus dura est ; liberis autem ho- minibus ea intolerabilis est. — Luscinia est parva, vox autem ejus est suavissima. — Robur leonis est in ejus ossibus et dentibus.^ — Tonitrua sunt terribilia, sed*utilitas eorum est maxima. — Megarenses Atheniensibus finitimi erant, sed iis dispares. — Nonne^ animus hominis melior est quam corpus ejus. — Deus est semper Idem. — Non semper idem floribus est color. — Vera et falsa non eadem sunt. — Nemo nostrum fdem est in senectute, qui fuit^ in juventute. — Eadem laus non est omnibus. — Eandem habet laudem ac^ ego. 3. Relative Pronouns. ^ Justitia, quae est mater omnium virtutum, Deo accepta est. — Id est Deo proximum, quod est optimum. — Sol, cujus magnitudo ingens est, globus est igneus. — Qui est Justus, Is est laudabilis. — Semiramis cujus nomen illustrissimum est, regina potens et bellicosa fuit. — Ferrum, cujus utilitas permagna est, est durum metallum. — Honestum^ ei vile est, cui corpus nimis carum est. — Omne animal, cui sanguis est, habet etiam cor. — Ei avi, cui pulcherrima cauda est, turpissimi pedes sunt. — In superiore capitis parte est cere- brum, in quo sensuum instrumenta sunt. — In ea parte Europae, in qua est humus fecundissima et ccelum serenis- simum, homines imelicissimi sunt. — Oratorum illustrissimi fuerunt ii, qui erant Athenis.^ — Lepores habent binas aures, quae capita longiores sunt. — In praestantibus rebus magna 1. Nonne est. " Is noil" The termination ne is here interrogative. 2. Qui fait. " That he was." The more elegant phraseology it '* qui fait juvenisV 3. Ac. "As." 4. Honestum. '* What is becoming." All moral excellence. 5. Athcnis. "At Athens." J5raw/, "were," i. e., lived or floiiriRHn«? 124 EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS. sunt ea, qua3 sunt optimis proxima. — In sijvis sunt mult^ ferae, quarum pelles sunt hominibus utilissimse. — Ii paren- tes quorum filii pigri et mali sunt, infeliciores sunt quam ii, quorum filii caeci et claudi sunt. — Ea animalia quorum dentes acuti sunt, carnivora sunt. — In quibus fluminibus plurimae rupes sunt, in iis navigatio periculosissima est. — Quibus avibus longa crura, iis etiam longa colia sunt. — Ea animalia fortiora sunt, quibus sanguis crassior est. — Sunt gentes ferae, quae flon habent rempublicam.^ 4. Interrogative Pronouns. Quis fuit clarior in Graecia, quam Themistocles ? — Quis pulchrior est mortuus quam vivus ? cancer coctus. — Quis est auctor illius coeli, illius solis illorumque siderum, quae supra nos sunt ? Idem, qui est auctor hominum, animalium, omniumque rerum, quaecunque sunt.— Quid est nequius aut turpius quam vir efFeminatus 1 — Quid est melius aut quid bonitate et beneficentia praestantius ? — Quae sunt optima scripta veterum ? — Qui rex est sapientior et justior quam noster pater coelestis ? — Quae figura, quae species pulchrior est quam humana ? — Cujus hominis mores maxime lau- dabiles sunt? — Cui homini deus benevolentior est, quam pio et probo ? — Quod consilium est optimum ? consilium hominum prudentissimorum. — Cui animali est turpissima vux ? — In quo mari sunt plurimae insulae ? — Quae femina fuit bellicosior, quam Semiramis ? — In qua parte Europae sunt plurimae paludes ? — Quae mulieres fuerunt bellicosiores et fortiores quam Amazones ? — Quid est homo ? — Quid est honos ! 5. Compounds of Qui and Quis, Tempus est pars quaedam aetemitatis. — Exhalationcs car- bonum et quorundam florum hominibus noxiae sunt.-^Caro ciconiae nigrae quibusdam animalibus venenum est. — Sibi quisque proximus est. — Quilibet est faber fortunae suae. — 1. Rempiihiii'am, " a form of government." EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS. 125 Suiim cuique cariim est. — Unusqiiisque miles est dt-fensor patriae. — Unicuique nostrum est animus immortalis. — Quod- vis animal habet animum et corpus. — Cujusvis hominis vita liabet quasdam molestias.— Quidquid homines habent est munus divinum. — Quidquid honestum, idem est utile. — Quaecunque rara sunt, ea sunt pretiosa. — Pigritia unicuique turpis rst, maxime autem juveni. — Quaenam est patria simi- arum ?— Ecquod humanum artificium' praestantius est quarr mundus ? — Animus non habet formam aliquam, nee figuram, nee magnitudinem, ejusque sedes nee in corde nee in cer- ebro est. — Siquis vestrum, discipuli, mendax est, .pessimus est. — Siquis homo in hac vita felix est, est probus et sapiens 6. Possessive and other Pronouns. Corpus nostrum mortale est, at animus noster immortalis. — Cujus est hie liber? hie liber est mens. — Cuja est haec penna ? haec penna est^ fratris mei — Cujum est hoc pecus ? — Cujum est hoe pallium 1 hoc pallium est meum. — Cujas erat Horatius ? — Cujates erant Sophocles et Euripides ? — Nostrates philosophi sunt frivoli et inanes. — Arma nostratia sunt semper victricia. — Vestrates milites sunt timldi atque ignavi. — Consuetudo est altera^ natura. — Nullum animal est pars alterius"* animalis. — Otiosi homines sunt non solum sibi ipsis, sed etiam cuique alteri^ molesti. — Paucis veterum Germanorum erant loricae, vix uni alterive^ cassis erat. — NuJlius hominis divitiae certae sunt. — Antoninus nulli acer- bus, cunctis benignus erat. — Amicitia plurimorum hominum nihil aliud estquam comltas. — Anseres alii'' feri, alii ciciirea sunt. — Alia vera sunt, alia falsa. — Belluae rapaces pauciorea habent pullos qiiam alise. — Totius Graeciae doctissimus fiii* 1. Artificium. *' Workmanship" or "piece of workmanship." 2. Est. *' Is that of," i. e., belongs to. Supply penna. 3. Aliera. " Another," i. e., a second. Consult note 1, patr*' 119 4. Consult note 2, pawe 120. 5. Quisque alter. " Each other " 6. Unus altervc. " One or two.'" 7. Alii — alii. *' Some — others." 11* 126 EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS Plato, Socratis discipulus. — Bellum Picentium aliarumque gentium cum Romanis admodum perniciosum fuit. — Quam luctuosa fuit Samiis, quam acerba toti Asiae expugnatio' fani Junonis Samiae. — Facies homini soli est, ceteris animalibus sunt ora et rostra. — Solis candor illustrior est quam ullius ignis. — Deus solus est, qui neminem habet sibi parem. — Sdpientes severi sunt tarn in quemque alium, quam in se ipsos. — Uter infelicii«r «.st, surdus an^ claudus ? — Utra major est, America an Europa? — Utrum gravius est, aurum an plumbum ? — Uter est infelicior, caecus an surdus ? — Utrum est pretiosius, aurum an adamas ? II. Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. Ye are all the children of one 'father. No one of iis is always happy. Many things are yet unknown to all of you. In our own selves is the source of our own happiness. In your own selves^ oh men, is the source of all your miseries. The knowledge of themselves is most useful to all men. Our life is a short, diversified, and dangerous journey. l\e beginning of this journey IS our birthday, the end of it our death. Tu omnis sum liberi unus pater. Nemo ego sum semper felix. Multus sum adhuc ignotus tu omnis. In egomet fons sum noster felicitas. In vosmet, homo, fons sum omnis vester miseria. Cognitio sui sum omnis homo utilis. Noster vita sum brevis, vari- us, atque periculosus iter. Initium hie iter sum noster natalis, finis is noster mors. 1 . ExpugTia/io. " The pillao^ing." 2. An^ " or." In double questions, auL " or,'* must never be used to distinguish the things opposed to each other, whether the question be direct or indirect, but an, or ne enclitic, that is, ne added to the end of a «vord. EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS. 127 TJie lazy pupil is injurious to himself and to Ids friends. This is not 7ny fault, but that of the tifnes. Demosthenes and Cicero were celebrated orators ; the na- tive country of the latter was Italy, of the former Greece. Athens is inore famous than Carthage ; the former was the seac of ail the liberal arts, the latter of commerce. On that tower is an iron cross. The glass of that window is broken, the walls of this house are fij^m. This seat is of wood, that furnace is of stone ; these ships are British, those sol- diers are Prussian. The statue of Jupiter, which was in the Elian temple, was the work of Phidias, The animals which you have are hedgehogs. The woman whom they have is a captive. They alone are happy who are good. The fox, whose cunning is known to all, is the most thievish of animals* What is more beautiful than virtue ? Discipulus piger sum siii, su usque amicus noxius. Hie non sum mens culpa, sed tempus. Demosthenes et Cicero sum illustris orator ; patria hie sum Italia, ille Graecia. Athenae sum illustris quain Carthago ; ille sum sedes omnis liberalis ars, hie mereatura. In ille turris sum crux ferreus. Vitrum ille fenestra sum frae- tus, paries hie domus sum lirmus. Hie sedile sum ligneus, ille fornax sum lapideus ; hie navis sum Britannieus,ille miles sum Borussieus. Statua Jupiter, qui sum in templum Eliaeus, sum opus Phidias. Animal qui habeo sum hys- trix. Mulier qui habeo sum capti- vus. • Ille solus felix sum, qui sum bonus. Vulpis, qui astutia omnis no tus sum, furax sum animal. Quis pulcher sum quam vir- tus ^ 128 THE VERB. To whofn is virtue most pleas- ing ? What metal is most precious. What is so common as air to the- livings earth to ' the dead ? To each one of us there are ten fingers. Is there any woman here whose hopes are disappointed ? Trie boys of our country are diligent, the men of your country are most brave. Quis virtus sum jucundus ? Quis metallum sum pretiosus » Quis sum tarn communis, quam aer vivus, terra mor- tuus '{ Unusquisque ego sum denus digitus. Ecquis mulier hie' sum qui spes sum frustratus ? Nostras puer sum diligens vestras vir sum fortis. XLVII. THE VERB. I. The Verb is that part of speech by which it is declared concerning anything that it either does or suffers somewhat. II. From this general distinction are derived the two principal forms of the verb, namely, active and passive. III. Active verbs are divided inta two kinds, namely, transitive and intransitive, which latter are also called neuter. IV. An intransitive^ verb expresses an action or a state which is not communicated from the agent to any other ob- ject ; as, ambrdo, " I walk ;" sto, " I stand ;" dormio, " I sleep." V. A transitive verb expresses an action exerted upon some object (which is put m the accusative case) :^ as, amo te, ** I love thee ;" scribo epistolam, " I am writing a letter." 1. Hie, *'here," the adverb 2. From in, *' not," and transire, " to pass over" or " across." the action not passing over from the agent to any object Tran.srtive. frc m transire, *' to pass over," where the action passes from the agent and is exerted upon some object. 3. It is not meant that every verb transitive rnvst have an accusative of the object, but only that it may. When no object is expressed, tie transitive verb may often become intransitive in etirct ; as. t,hi " hf is eating ;" amat, " he is in love ;"" where no object is expressed, thotigh oi-e is necessarily implied. A different form is sometimes assigned to the verb in the transitive and intransitive sense ; as, jacere, " to throw," ja- "■h'c, *'to lie;" pendcrc, "to suspend," pendere, "to hang suspended." THE VERB. 129 VI. Transitive verbs have a passive voice ; that w^hich was the object and in the accusative case becoming the sub- ject and nominative case ; as, tu amaris, " thou art loved ;" epistola scribitur, " the letter is getting written." VII. Intransitive verbs are only used impersonally in the passive, that is, the verb appears in the third person singu- lar without any definite subject; as, favetur ^i6i, "favour is shown to you," equivalent to favent homines tibi, " men fa- vour you ;" via excessum est, " it has been gone out of the way," &c. VIII. There are also in Latin what are called Deponent verbs and Neuter-passives. IX. Deponent verbs are such as have a passive form, but an active meaning. Some of them are transitive, others are intransitive ; and they are called deponents, because they lay cside,'' as it were, their passive signification. X. A Common verb has a passive termination, with an active and passive signitication ; as, criminor, " I blame" or " am blamed." It is generally considered as a deponent, excepting in the perfect participle, which in these verbs has either an active or passive signification. Thus we may say either adeptus victoriam, " having obtained a vie tory," or victoria adepta, " a victory being obtained." Adi piscor is therefore a common verb. XI. Neuter-passives are active intransitive verbs, which have a passive form with an active meaning in the perfect, but follow the active form in the other tenses ; as, audeo, " I dare," perfect, ausus sum ; gaudeo, " I rejoice," perfect, ga- visus sum, &c. XII. The following verbs are called Neutral-passives^^ \)amely, Jlo, " I become" or " am made ;" vapillo, " I am &c. When a neuter verb is fonnd with an accusative case, which some- times happens, it is either because it has obtained a transitive sense and a recrular passive voice, or the accu^ative is to be considered as annexed adverbially to it, without being strictly its object. 1. From dejpono, " I lay aside." 2. Neutralia-pai'aiva. The neuter-passives are called ^eutro-pasiuva 130 THE VERB. beaten ," veneo, " I am sold ;" which, under an active form, have a passive meaning, and serve as passives to facio verberOf and vendo. XI II. Some active intransitive or neuter verbs have par- ticiple«5. which are passive in form but active in signifi- cation ; as, co^natus, " one who has supped ;" pransus^ ' one who has dined ;" juratus, " one who has sworn.'^ *■ 1 . Voices. I. A voice is that accident of a verb which denotes whether an action or energy is confined to the agent or nominative ; as, cado, " I fall ;" or is exerted by the nom- inative upon an external object ; as, amo virum, " I love the man ;" or is exerted by an external object upon the nom- inative ; as, vir amatur, " the man is loved." II. As only active transitive verbs exert an energy on external objects, so these only admit a passive voice. III. Hence the voices are two in number, Active and Passive, the one ending in o ; as, amo ; and the other in or ; as, amor, 2. Moods. I. A mood expresses the manner^ in which the action or state denoted by the verb exists. II. There are in Latin four moods, the Indicative^ Sub- junctive^ Imperative, and Infinitive. III. The Indicative declares the action or state lO exist simply as a fact. IV. The Subjunctive declares it to exist as something conceived by the mind. It is generally, however, called the Potential mood when it denotes that the action or state might, could, would, or should exist ; and the Subjunctive when it is subjoined to certain words and particles to bo named hereafter. V. The Imperative commands an action to be done or \ The term mood is derived from the Latin modus y " a maimer " THE VERB. , 131 a Slate to exist ; as, scribe, " write tliou ;" docetor, *' let hiro he taught." VI. The Infinitive does not define the person or the time, but only whether the action or state be terminated or not terminated. In the former case it is called the Perfect, in the latter the Present of the infinitive. VII. By means of the participle in rus and the verb es&e^ ^* to be," an infinitive is formed, denoting an act about to be performed. * By means of the participle in dus and the same verb, another infinitive is formed, denoting a state that should be produced. Thus, scio eum scripturvm esse, " I tnow that he is about to write." Intelligo hoc faciendum ssse, " I am aware that this should be done." 3. Tenses. I. Tenses are the timcs^ in which the action or state ol the verb exists. II. There are in Latin seven tenses, namely, the Present, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect, First Future, and Second Future, III. The Present designates an action or state going on It the present time ; as, scribo, " I am writing." IV. The Imperfect expresses an" action or state that was going on at some past time, but was still imperfect or in- complete ; as, scribebam, " I was writing ;" currebas, '' thou wast running." V. The Aorist has the same form with the perfect, but a marked difference in meaning. It denotes an action or state completely past, without any reference to another ac- tion at the same or a different time ; as, scripsi, " I wrote :'' feci, ''• I did." VI. The Perfect, on the ether hand, denotes an action or state which has taken place, indeed, at a previous time, bui which is connected, either in itself, or its consequences, or 1. 1 mpif, the Latin for a '• tense," means '^ Hme^* 132 THE VERB. its accompanying circumstances, with the present ; as scripsi, " 1 have written ;" feci, " I have done ;" where the inference naturally is, that the writing still exists, and that the actior. has just been performed. VII. The Pluperfect denotes an action or state that wa? completed before some other action or state took jjiacr which also is past ; as, cBdificaverat, " ho had built." Pn uifquam auxilia venerunt, hostes svperav^rat, " he had con quered the enemy before succours arrived." VIII. The First Future,^ which might more coritjctlj be termed the Incomplete Future, denotes that an action oi state will be going on some time hence, but not finished ; as, ccenabo, " I shall be supping ;'' domus (sdifcabitur, *' the house will be building." IX. The Second Future, which might, in like manner, be more correctly called the Complete Future, denotes that an action or state will be completed before another action or state, which is also future, shall have taken place ; as, cc^navero, " I shall nave supped." Cum fecero proficiscar^ " when I shall have done it, I will go." 4. Numbers and Persons. I. A personal verb admits a person or thing as its subjeci or nominative. II. As one or more persons may speak, be spoken to, or spoken of, there are tico numbers ; namely, the singular^ which speaks of one, and the plural, which speaks of more than one ; and III. 'I'here are also three persons in each number. Ego, tu, ille or ilia, are the first, second, and third persons sin- gular ; and nos, vos, illi or illcB, the first, second, and third persons plural ; and to each of these the verb has appro- 1. In the ordinary grammars, the first future is given as the future of the indicative, and the second future as the future of the subjunctive This, however, is erroneous. Both tenses belong to the /ndicative. The Kiibjunctive has no future rilE VERB. 133 priate variations in its ending: thus, ego arrt'O, tu am-K's^ IV. Two or more persons may become the subject ; but, as the first person is preferred to the second, and the second to the third, ego joined to tu or ille is equivalent to nos ; th joined to ille or illi, to vos. V. All nouns in the singular belong to the third person singular ; those that are plural, to the third person plural. VI. Pronouns, participles, or adjectives, having nouns understood to them, belong to the third person. VII. Qui takes the person of the antecedent. Ipse may be joined, according to the sense, to any person. Vlil. To verbs also belong Participles, Gerunds, and Su Dines. 1. Participles. I. A Participle is a part of speech derived from a verb and partaking of the nature of a verb and an adjective. II. It resembles an adjective in being declined by cases and in agreeing with a noun ; and partakes of the nature of the verb in being distinguished into different times, and in governing the same case as the verb. III. There are four participles ; one ending in ans or ens, and another in rus, both generally active ; one ending in dus, always passive ;' and another ending in tus, sus, or 1. The participle in dus is commonly called a future one of the pass- ive voice, and we have retained the appellation for convenience' sake. There are, however, many instances in vvhich the participle in dus seems to have the import of the present. Perizonius is of opinion, therefore, that it was originally a participle of the present tense passive, and lays some stress on its being uniformly derived from the present participle active, following even its irregularity in the only one which is irregular ; thus, iens, euntis, fundus. Crombie ^advocates the same opinion, and maintains, moreover, that this participle does not, by its own power, even express futurity, or the obligation either of necessity or duty. He does not, however, deny that the participle in dus, when joined to the- verb sum, uniformly denotes moral or physical oblicration ; but he contends that in such phraseologies there is no word expressive of futurity or oo- iigation, although the combination of the two words has, by usage, ac- quired this signification, in the same manner as in Ei]glish such expres 12 134 THE VE«B. xus, generally passive, but sometimes active or common, according to the nature of the verb. IV. Active verbs have two participles ; a present parti- ciple ending in ns ; as, amans^ " loving ;" and a future ono m rtis ; as, amaturus, *' about to love." » V. Passive verbs have, in like manner, two participles , 3ne ending in tus, sus, or xus, called the perfect participle ; as, amatus, " loved ;" visus, " seen ;" and another ending in dus, called the future participle ; as, amandus, *' to be loved," or '•' deserving" or " requiring to be loved." VI. Active intransitive verbs have sometimes two parti- ciples ; as, sedens, " sitting ;" sessurus, " about to sit ;" fre- quently three.; as, carens, "wanting;" cariturus, "about to want ;" carendus, " to be wanted ;" and occasionally four ; as, jurans, " swearing ;" juraturus, " about to swear ;" ju- ratus, " having sworn ;" jurandus, " to be sworn." VII. Neuter-passive verbs have generally three ; ns,gau dens, gavisus, and gavisurus, from gaudeo, " to rejoice."' VIII. Deponent verbs of an active signification have gen- erally four participles ; as, sequens, sccuturus, secutus, se- quendus, from sequor, " to follow." Those of a neuter sig- nification have generally but three ; as, lahens, lapsus, lap- surus, from labor, " to slip" or " glide." IX. Common verbs have generally four participles ; as, dignans, dignaturus, dignatus, dignandus, from dignor^ " to ^hink worthy." Their perfect participle sometimes signi- fies actively and sometimes passively ; as, adeptus victori- am, " having obtained a victory ;" or victoria adepta, " a vic- tory being obtained." X. All participles are adjectives ; those ending in ns are of the third declension, the rest of the first and second. sioiiB as, " Is a man to he punished for what he could not prevent 1 ' in which there is no word expressive of duty, obligation, or futurily are leckoned equivalent to " Oughi a man to be punished 1" 1. Hxxifido has only fid^ns and Jisus ; and soleo only salens and solitus. THE VERB. \S5 2. Gerunds and Supines. I. Gerunds are participial nouns, of the neuter gender and singular number, declinable like substantives, having no vocative, being construed like substantives, and govern- ing the case of their verb. II. They are called gerunds because they signify the thing, as it were, in gerendo (anciently written ^erw/ic/o), that is, as being carried on at the time, and along with the action they convey an idea of the agent. III. A Supine is a verbal substantive, of the singular number and fourth declension, having the same signification as the verb. IV. There are two supines ; one in um, c:'lled the first supine, which governs the case of the verb, and is supposed to be an accusative ; and another in m, called the second, or latter supine, supposed to be an ablative, governing no case, and generally having a passive signification. CONJUGATION OF THE VERB. I. There are in Latin /oi/r conjugations, or modes of form- ing the tenses of the verb, distinguished by the infinitive mood. II. The First Conjugation ends in are, and has a long before re of the infinitive ; as, amdre, *' to love ;" crcdre, " to create." III. The Second Conjugation ends in ere, and has e long before re of the infinitive ; as, monere, " to warn ;" do- cere, " to teach.'' IV. The Third Conjugation ends in ere, and has e short before re of the infinitive ; as, regere, " to rule ;" currere »' to run." V. The Fourth Conjugation ends in w, and has i long before re of the infinitive ; as, audire, " to hear ;" punhe ** to punish.' 136 THE VERB. FORMATION OF THE TENSES. I. There sue four principal parts of iliQ verb, from whicb all the others are formed, namely : The Present Indicative, The Present Infinitive, The Perfect Indicative, The First Supine. II. To Conjugate a verb is to give these several parts m the order in which they have just been named. Thus, Pres, Ind, Pres, Inf. Perf Ind. \st Supine Amare, Amavi, Amaturn. Monere, Monui, Monitum. Regere, RexT, Rectum. Audire, Audivi, Auditum. III. These principal parts, it will be perceived, from the verbs just given, end, in the different conjugations, as -fol- lows:' » — _ — __ . -. 1. The true view of the case is undoubtedly the following, as given by Struve (Grammafische Untersuchung, p. 134, seq.). The third con- jugation was the oldest, and the parent source of the other three, which are to be regarded, strictly speaking, as mere derivatives from it, and have every appearance, in some of their parts, of being contracted verbs Thus, 1^^ Conj, Amo, 2d ti Moneo, 3d a Rego, 4th u Audio, Amao, contracted Amo. A maim us, contracted Amamus. Amais, '* A mas. Amaitis, Amatis. Amait, " Amat. Amaunt, Amant. Moneo. Moneimus Monemus Moneis, " Mones. Moneitis, Monetis. Moneit, *' Monet. Moneunt, Monent. Audio. Audnmus, Audimus. Audlis, " Audls. Audntis, Auditis. Audiit, " Audit. Audiunt. The final syllables in amat, monct, and avdit, where we would expect to see a long vowel resulting from the contraction, are shortened by the influence of the t at the end of the words, and which controls, as it were the contrdction, in order to pres-erve the analogy of the language THE VERB. 13^ ' Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Ist Supine 1st Conj. o, are, avi, a turn. 2d " eo, ere, ui, itum. 3J " o, ere, i, turn. Ath " 10, • Ire, Ivi, itum. IV. As, in order to form the other tenses, it is necessary to know not merely the present of the indicative and in- finitive, but ^Iso the perfect and supine, the following rules must be carefully attended to. I. The^r^^, second^ ViXidi fourth conjugations, with som^ exceptions in the first, form the perfect and supine ab follows: /> 1st Conj. in avi and atum ; as, amdvi, amdtum. 2d " in ui and itum ; " monui, monUum, .' 4th ^* in ivi and Itum ; " audivi, auditum. 2 In the third conjugation the following laws hold good, namely, If a vovi^el precede ere in the infinitive, the perfect is formed by adding i to the root, and the supine by adding turn. But in the case of the supine the vowel of the root becomes long ; as, acii-Of acii'i, acu-tum. tribu-o, tribil-i, trihu-tnm. But if a consonant precede ere, the regular termination of the perfect is in si ; as, carpo, carpsi ; demo, demsi^ &/C. The 5, however, of this si undergoes various changes : («) When the letters c, g, A, or qu precede, it unites with them and forms x ; as, ducOj duxi ; fingo, finxi : tralio^ traxi ; coquo^ coxi. (h) When the letter b precedes, it is changed into p ; as. scriho, scrtpsi (c) When d precedes, sometimes s, sometimes d is dropped ; as, defendo, defendi ; claudo^ clausi, 12* '38 THE VERB. (J) The letier 5 is also dropped in niany verbs whose deviations in this respect are best learned from th« dictionary ; as, lego, legi ; emo, emU &c. The supine, when a consonant precedes ere, adds turn to the root ; as, carp-o, carp-turn T dic-o, dic-tum. Some change of the preceding consonant, however, occasionally takes place ; as, for example, (a) The letter h changes to b. p ; as, in scrib-o, scrips turn; nubo, nuptum, {b) The letters g, h, and qu change into c ; as, reg-o, rec-tum ; trak-o, trac-tum; coqu-o^ coc-tum. [c] Verbs in do make sum in place of dtum ; as, de fend'O, defen-sum. {d) In some verbs the supine has x ; as, fig-o,Jix-um , in others, n of the root is thrown out ; as, vinc-o vic-tum, 6 Two irregularities are especially common in the for- mation of the perfect of the third conjugation ; 1st, the reduplication of the first consonant with the vowel that follows it, or with e ; as, tundo, tutudi ; cano, cecini ; curro, cucurri ; parco, peperci ; and, 2d, many of them are formed like the second conjugation, especially those in lo and mo ; as, alo, alui, alitum (or ahum) ; molo, mOlui, molttum ; gemo, gemiii, gemitum. Y. The present, infinitive, perfect, and supine being now known, the other tenses are formed from them as follows • I. From the Present Indicative Active are fonned, 1. The Present Subjunctive Active. 2. The Imperfect Indicative Active, 3. The First Future Active. 1, The Present Subjunctive Active is formed by chang- ing into em in the first conjugation ; as, am-o, am-em ; and into am in the remaining conjugations ; as, mon eo, mon-eam ; reg-o, reg-am ; aud-io, aud-iam. THE VERB. 139 And from this present subjunctive active comes, in its turn, the present subjunctive passive, by changing m into r in all the conjugations ; as, am-er, mon-ear reg-ar, aud-iar. *Z, The Imperfect Indicative Active is formed by changing in the first conjugation into dbam ; and, in the re- maining conjugations, into ebam; as, am-dham, mof ebam, reg-ehaniy audi-ebam. And from this is formed the same tense in the passive by changing m into r ; as, am-abar,mon-ebar, reg-ehar audi-ebar. 3 The First Future Active is formed by changing o m the first conjugation into dbo^ in the second into ebo, and in the third and fourth into am ; as, laud-dbo, mon- eboj reg-am^ audi-am. And from this is formed the first future passive by adding r in the first and second conjugations, and by changing m into r in the third and fourth ; as, am-ahor, mon-ebor, reg-ar, audi-ar, II. From the Present Infinitive Active are formed. 1. The Imperative Active. 2. The Imperfect Subjunctive Active, 3. The Present Infinitive Passive. 1. The Imperative Active is formed by dropping re ; as. amdre^ ama ; monere, mone ; regere, rege ; audire, audi, 2. The Imperfect Subjunctive Active is formed by adding 171 ; as, amare, amdrem ; monere, monerem ; rcgere, re* gerem ; audire, audirem. And from this same tense is formed the imperfect sub- junctive passive by changing m into r; as, amdrer^ monerer, regerer, audirer. 3. The Present Infinitive Passive is formed by changing e into i in the first, second, and fourth conjugations, and ere into i in the third ; as, amdre, anidri ; monere^ mo- neri ; audire , audiri ; leg ere, legi 140 THE VERB. III. From the Perfect Indicative Active are formed, 1. The Perfect Infinitive Active, 2. The Pluperfect Indicative. 3. The Perfect Subjunctive. 4. The Pluperfect Subjunctive, 5. The Second Future. 1 The Perfect Infinitive Active is formed by adding jse , as, amaviy amavisse ; monui, monuisse ; rexi, rexisse ; audivi^ audivisse, , 2. The Phiperfect Indicative is formed by changing i into eram ; as, amavi, amaveram ; monueram, rexeram^ audiveram. 3. The Perfect Subjunctive is formed by changing i into erim ; as, amavi, amaverim ; monui, monuerim ; rexi, rexerim ; audivi, audiverim, 4. The Plupefect Subjunctive is formed by adding ssem ; as, amavi, amavissem ; monui, monuissem ; rexi, rexis- sem ; audivi, audivissem. 6, The Second Future is formed by changing e into cro; as, amavi, amavero ; monui, monuero ; rexi, rexiro i audivi, audivero. IV. From the Supine are formed, 1. The Future Participle Active, 2. The Perfect Participle Passive. 1. The Future Participle Active is formed by changing um into ftrus ; as, am Hum, omatxirus ; monitum, moni- t^'rus ; rectum, recthrus ; aud turn, auditurus, 2. The Pefect Participle Passive is formed by changing um into us, a, um; as, amatum, amdtus, -a, -um; mont- tus, -a, 'Um ; rect-us, -a^ -um ; audU-us, -a, -um. YI. Tne Present Participle Active ends, as has already aeen rcm-irked, in the first conjugation in ans ; in the secon«1 and third in ens ; in the fourth in tens ;. as, amans, rr,onens Tcgcns, audiens. Hence is derived the participle passive in THE VERB SUM. 141 ius^ by changing ns into dus ; as, amans^ amandus ; monens, monendus ; regens^ regcndus ; audiens, aud.iendus. Hence also is derived the Gerund ; as, atnandurriy aman- din ama?ido, Slc. XLVIII. THE VERB SUM. T. Sum is called an Auxiliary verb, because its aid 19 necessary to the complete conjugation of the passive voice. ii. It is also called a Substantive verb, because it is the most general expression of existence. III. Its conjugation is very irregular, and this irregularity is owing to the circumstance of its being derived partly from the Greek elfil {nmi)^ and partly from 0i;a) (fuo). IV. It is thus conjugated : Pres. Ind. Pres, Inf. Perf. Ind, Sum, esse, fui, to he, INDICATIVE MOOD. PresexNT Tense, am. Singular, Plural, 1. Sum, / am, Sum us, we are, 2. Es, thou art, Estis, ye are, 3 Est, he is. Sunt, they are. Imperfect, was (state of being going on). 1. Y^r dim, I was, KmmMS, we were, 2. Eras, thou wasty Eratis, ye were, 3. Erat, he was, Erant, they were. fj" AoRisT, was (past time indefinite). 1. Fui, / was, Fuimus, loe were, 2. Fuisti, thou wast, Fuistis, ye xoere, 3. Fuit, he was, Fuerunt or fuere, they frere. Perfect, have been. 1 . Fui, / have been, FuTmus, we have been^ 2. Fuisti, thou hast been, Fuistis, ye have been^ 3. Fuit, he haft bee7i, Fuerunt or fuere, they ham 142 THE VERB SUM. Pluperfect, had been. 1. Fueram, / had been, Fueramus, we had been, 3. Fueras, thou hadst been, Fu^ratis, ye had been, 3. Fuerat, he had been ; Fuerant, they had been First Future, shall or will be. 1 . Ero, / shall or will be, Erimus, we shall or will be, 2>. Eris, thou shalt, &ic,, be, Eritis, ye shall, &;c., be, 3. Erit, he shall. Sic, be ; Erunt, they shall, &,c., be. Second Future, shall or will have been. 1. Fuero, I shall, &c., have Fuerimus, we shall, Slc, have bee?i, been, 2. Fueris, thou shalt, &c., Fueritis, ye shall, e been ; been, SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present Tense, may be, 1 Sim, I may be, Simus, we may be, 2. Sis, thou mayest be, Sltis, ye may be, 3. Sit, he may be ; Sint, they may be. Imperfect, might, could, would, or should be, 1. Essem, / might, Sic, be, Essemus, we might, &,c., be, 2. 'Esses, thou mightest, &c., Essetis, ye might. Sic, be, be, 3. Esset, he might, Slc, be ; Essent, they might, &LC., be Perfect, may have been. 1 . Fuerim, / may have been, Fuerimus, we may have beer^ 2. Fueris, thou mayest have Fueritis, ye may have been, been, 3. Fuerit, he may have been ; Fuerint, they may have been THE VERB SUM. 143 Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have been. 1. Fuissem, / might, &;c., Fuissemus, we might, c., he loved, 2. Am-areris or -arere, Thou mightest, &c., he lovei 3. Am-aretur, He might, &c., he loved; Plur. 1. Am-aremur, We might, &lc., he loved, 2. Am-aremmi, Ye might, c., advise, They might, &c., advise. Perfect, fnay have advised. Sing. 1. Mon-uerim, *2. Mon-ueris, 3. Mon-uerit, Plur. 1. Mon-uerimus, 2. Mon-ueritis, 3. Mon-uerint,^ / may have advised. Thou may est have advised, He may have advised ; We may have advised Ye may have advised. They may have advised. Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have advised. Sing. 1. Mon-uissenj,Vi.X-i '^ , I might, c., have advised, They might, &c., have advised IMPERATIVE MOOD. Sing. 2. Mon-e or -eto, Advise thou, 3. Mon-eto, Let him advise ; Plur. 2. Mon-ete or -etote, Advise ye, 3. Mon-ento, Let them advise. INFINITIVE MOOD. Prks. AND Imp., Mon-ere, To advise. Perf. and Plup., Mon-uisse, To have advised. First Fut., Esse mon- To he about to advise. iturus. Second Fut., Fiiisse mon- To have been about to advt* EXERCISES ON THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 17' PARTICIPLES. jt'RES. AND Imp., Mon-ens, Advising. Future, Mon-iturus, a, um, About to advise. GERUNDS. No7n. Mon-endum, Advising. Gen, Mon-endi, Of advising. Dat, Mon-endo, To advising. Ace, Mon-endum, Advising. Ahl. Mon-endo, SUPINES. With, (fee, advising. First, Mon-itum, To advise. Second, Mon-itu, To he advised. LVIII. EXERCISES ON THE SECOND CONJUGATION, AC- TIVE VOICE.i I. Translate the following, and mention the tense, number, person, &:c. Si vales, bene est, ego valeo. — Conatui audaci non sem- per arrldet^ fortuna. — Frontem videmus in capite, frondem in arbore. — Judices, qui ex lege^ judicatis, legibus obtem- perare debetis. — Apud priscos Germanos plus boni mores valebant, quam alibi bonae leges.-— Quum parvulus eram, multa non videbam, qua3 nunc video. — Cyrus omnium in exercitu suo militum nomina tenebat. — Romanis* cuncta maria terraeque patebant. — Num eras et perendie habebo, 1. The irregular verbs in this and the remaining conjugations are best learned from the dictionary. No separate exercises are therefore given for them, as in the case of irregular verbs of the first, but they are introduced at once, along with the regular verbs, in the examples tha, follow. 2. Arrideo, " to smile upon," *• to favour" (i. c., " to smile /or,'* " to i c favourable ^o"), governs the dative. 3. Ex lege, " according to law." More literally, " from,*' i. e., out f, or in strict accordance with the internal spirit and meaning of, the aw. 4. Romanis, ** unto the Romans." Ilcnf the dative with paten 172 EXERCISES Oii THE SECOND CONJUGATION. quae nunc habeo ? — Quid virtus a te postulet, tu videbis. — Non valebitis, si non modum habebitis in omni re, praeser- tim in cibo et potu. — Minus habeo quam speravi ; at for- tasse plus speravi, quam debui. — Cnei Pompei,' quam mis- erabilem vitae exitum habuisti ! — Catilina omnibus bonis dis- plicuit. — Anacharsis, interrogates quid esset in homine pes- simum et quid optimum, respondit, " Lingua." — Si paruistis^ parentibus, pueri, quod^ poenam timuistis, laudem nequa- quam meruistis. — Hodie vidi, quae nunquam antea videram. — Quid vidisti ? lumen boreale. — Athenienses te, Socrates qui nemini nocueras,"* damnaverunt. Epaminondas, qui Thebanorum potentiam incredibiliter auxerat,^ nullam aliam habebat supellectilem,^ praeter ahe- aum et veru. — Non amplius nos monebunt, quibus non pa- rueramus. — Lacedaemonii, fortes et robusti eratis, quod cor- poris vires semper exercueratis ! — Alexander 'i'hebas, quae diu floruerant, delevit. — Quem saepe frustra monuero, non amplius monebo. — Si in hac vita Deo parueris, in altera beatissimus eris. — Probis hominibus qui placuerit,' deo quo- que placebit. — Aliquando imperabitis, pueri, si in juventute libidines vestras coercueritis. — Arbores, quae vere floruerint, auctumno nobis poma praebebunt. — Pacem habe cum ho- minibus, et bellum cum vitiis. — Pueri, animi facultates ex- ercete ! — Legibus paretote cives ! — Homo quotidie recorda- tor, quam multa deo et hominibus deb eat. 1. Cnei and Pompei are vocatives from Cneius Pompeius, where the ; and i do not form a diphthong, but each word ends in ins, and, of course, has i in the vocative. The ordinary pronunciation of Cneius and Fompeius, therefore, as if the vowels in question formed a diphthong, is iius shown to be erroneous, for the vocatives would then be Cneie and Pompeie. 2. PareOf " to obey," i- e., " to yield obedience /o," governs the da- ive. 3. Quod^ "because." 4. Noceo, " to injure," i. e., " to do harm /o," governs the dative. 5. From augeo. 6. Nominative supellex, " an article of furniture." 7. PlaceOj "to please," i. e., " to afford pleasure io," goroms the da* *ve. EXERCISES ON THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 175 Frequento scholam, non ut doceam, sed ut praeceptor mc. doceat. — Amico nihil reticeas.' — Homo in omnibus rebus modum adhibeat.^ — Moneamus alter alterum. — A nulla re, parentes, magis arceatis^ liberos, quam a malorum consor tio. — Deus ita hominum naturam comparavit, ut aliena vitia melius videant, quam sua. — Si omnibus mercatura placeret quis opificia exerceret 1 — Si in nos ipsos severiores esse mus, aliena vitia minus videremus, quam nostra. — Num ovea tonderetis, agricolae, nisi lanam vobis praeberent ? — Incer* turn est, an crastino die'^ habiturus sim, quae nunc habeo. — Non dubito quin puer diligens, et obediens, parentibus et praeceptoribus suis placiturus sit. — Nautae trans mare mi- grantes saepe dubitant an parentes denuo visuri sint. — Quantopere memoriam exercuerim mihi soli notum est. — Vobisne notum est quando Mummius deleverit Corinth- um ? — Quid heri videritis, pueri, mihi narrato. — Historia narrat, quantum bellum Brutus et Cassius post Caesaris ne- cem moverint. — Sol oriens hodie nobis magnificentissimum spectaculum praebuisset, si nubes eum non obscuravissent. — Bonis placuisse et malis displicuisse morienti solatium erit. — Avaritia est insatiabilis cupldo plus habendi. — Nos omnes valemus ad nocendum. — Filii patri dolenti solatium praebento. — Nihil habenti nihil deest. — Luscinia cantat se- dens, alauda volitans. — Nebulae in vallibus pendentes seren- itatem significant. — Prudentiam omnes, qui cuique artificio praesunt, habere debent. II. Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. Nothing will terrify the fear- 1 Impavidus nihil terreo. less man. \ ! ^ I 1. The subjunctive is here employed as a softened imperative. 2. Adhiheatj " let,'* &,c. So moneamus, immediately after. 3. Arcealis. Subjunctive for softened imperative, 4. Crastino die, " to-morrow." Time " when" is put in the ab'ative 15* 174 EXERCISES ON THE SECOND CONJUGATION. As long as thou wert upright, oh Adam, thou didst please God. After death we shall see many things which we do not now see. Many who have been first in this life, shall hold the last place in the next. That which we ourselves see, we hold true. Do ye harm to no one. Let the pupil keep silence while the preceptor is in- structing. Let the sick employ nn expe- rienced physician. Thou wouldst be silent if thou wert wise. Wicked man, thou dost not consider what termination thy wickedness may be go- ing to have. How long we may be going to remain on this earth is un- known to us. I wish I could have seen to- day the rising sun ! It is disgraceful not to have a friend. The commencement of sinning is the end of felicity. Blooming trees delight us all. The pilot sits holding the til- ler Quamdiu bonus sum, Adam* us, placeo Deus. Post mors multus video qui nunc non video. Multus, qui in hie vita pri- mus sum, in alter ultimus locus obtineo. Is, qui ego ipse video, vems habeo. Nemo lioceo. Discipulus taceo, dum prae- ceptor doceo. Aegrotus medicus peritus ad- hibeo. Taceo si sapiens sum. Improbus, non cogito quis finis habeo improbitas tuus. Quamdiu in hie terra maneo ego incognitus sum. Utinam hodie video sol ori- ens ! Turpis sum amicus non ha- beo. Initium pecco sum finis fe- licitas. Floreo arbor delecto ego om- nis. Gubernator sedeo clavus to- neo. SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 175 LIX. SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Moneor, Moneri, Perf Part. Monitus, To be adty^^a, INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense, am advised. Sing. . 1. Mon-eor, / am advised, 2. Mon-eris or -ere, Thou art advised^ 3. Mon-etur, He is advised ; Plur. 1. Mon-emur, We are advised. 2. Mon-emmi, Ye are advised, 3. Mon-entur, They are advised. Imperfect, was advised. Sing. 1. Mon-ebar, I was advised, 2. Mon-ebaris or -ebare, Thou wast advised 3. Mon-ebatur, He was advised ; Plur. 1. Mon-ebamur, We loere advised, 2. Mon-ebammi, Ye were advised, 3. Mon-ebantur, They were advised Aorist, was advised. Sing. 1. Mon-itus sum or fui, I was advised, 2. Mon-itus es or fuisti, 3. Mon-itus est or fuit, Plur, 1. Mon-iti sumus or fui- mus, 2. Mon-Tti estis or fu- istis, 3. Mon-iti sunt or fue- runt or fuere. Perfect, have been advised. Sing. 1. Mon-itus sum or fui, I have been advised, 2. Mon-itus es or fuisti, Thou hast been advised 3. Mon-itus est or fuit. He has been advised ; Thou wast advisea He was advised; We were advised, Ye were advised. They were advised. iJ6^^ SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. Plur. 1. Mon-Iti sumus or ful- We have been advised, mus, 2. Mon-iti estis or fu- Ye have been advised, istis, 3. Mon-iti sunt or fue- Thej/ have been advised. runt or fuere, Pluperfect, had been advised. Sing. I. Mon-itus eram or fue- I had been advised, ram, 2. Mon-itus eras or fue- Thou hadst been advised, ras, 3. Mon-itus erat or fue- He had been advised , rat, Plur, 1. Mon-iti eramus or We had been advised, fueramus, 2. Mon-iti eratis or fue- Ye had been advised, ratis, 3 Mon-iti erant or fue- They had been advised. rant, First Future, shall or will be advised. Sing, 1. Mon-ebor, / shall, Slc, be advised, 2. Mon-eberis or -ebere, Thou shah, Slc, be advised^ . 3. Mon-ebitur, He shall, &c., be advised; Plur, 1. Mon-ebimur, We shall, &c., be advised^ 2. Mon-ebimini, Ye shall, c., rule, 2. Reg-eretis, Ye might. Sic , rule, 3. Reg-erent, The^ might, &c., rule. Perfect, mat/ have ruled. Sing. 1 . Rex-erim, / may have ruled, 2. Rex-eris, Thou mayest have ruled, 3. Rex-erit, He may have ruled ; Plur. 1. Rex-erimus, We may have ruled, 2. Rex-eritis, Ye may have ruled, 3. Rex-erint, They may have ruled. Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have ruled. Sing. 1. Rex-issem, I might, Thou art ruled. 3. Reg-itur, He is ruled ; Plur.l. Reg-imur, We are ruled, 2. Reg-immi Ye are ruled. 3. Reg-untui, They are ruled. Imperfect, was ruled (was being ruled). Sing,l. Reg-ebar, I was ruled. 2. Reg-ebaris or -ebare. Thou wast ruled 3. Reg-ebatur, He was ruled ; Plur. 1. Reg-ebamur, We were ruled. 2. Reg-ebamini, Ye were ruled. 3. Reg-ebantur, They were ruled. AoRisT, was ruled (past time in(fefinite). Sing. 1. Rectus sum or fui, / was ruled, 2. Rectus es or fuisti, Thou wast ruledy 3. Rectus est or fuit, He was ruled; Plur. 1. Recti sumus or fui- We were ruled, mus, 2. Recti estis or fuistis, Ye were ruled j 3. Recti sunt or fuerunt They were ruled. or fuere. Perfect, have been ruled. Sing. 1. Rectus sum or fui, I have been ruled, 2. Rectus es or fuisti, Thou hast been ru'adf 3. Rectus est or fuit, He has been ruled; THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 'i9] Plur. 1. Kecti sumus or ful- We have been ruled^ mus, 2. Recti estis or fuistis, Ye have been ruled, 3. Recti sunt or fuerunt Thei/ have been ruled or fuere, Pluperfect, had been ruled. Sing, I, Rectus eram or fue- / had been ruled, ram, 2. Rectus eras or fueras, Thou hadst been ruled 3. Rectus erat or fuerat, He had been ruled ; Plur 1. Recti eramus or fue- We had been ruled, ramus, 2. Recti eratis or fue- Ye had been ruled, ratis, 3. Recti erant or fuerant, They had been ruled. First Future, shall or will be rided. Sing, 1. Reg-ar, / shall, &c., be ruled, 2. Reg-eris or -ere, Thou shalt, &.c., be ruled, 3. Reg-etur, He shall, &,c., be ruled; Piur, 1. Reg-emur, We shall, &c., be ruled, 2. Reg-emini, Ye shall, &.c., be ruled, 3. Reg-entur, They shall, &;c., be ruled Second Future shall or will have been ruled. Stng. I. Rectus fuero, / shall, &c., have been ruled, 2. Rectus fueris. Thou shalt, &c., have been ruled, 3, Rectus fuerit, He shall, &:c., have been ruled ; Ptur, 1. Recti fuerimus. We shall, Slc, have been ruled, ^ 2. Recti fueritis, Ye shall, &lc,, have been ruled, 3. Recti fuerint, They shall, &g have been 192 THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOIC£> SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present, may he ruled. Sing, I . Reg-ar, / mai/ be ruled y 2. Reg-aris or -are, Thou mayest he i^uled, 3. Reg-atur, He may be ruled ; Plur. 1. Reg-amur, We may be ruledy 2. Reg-amini, Ye may he ruled, 3. Reg-antur, They may be ruled. Imperfect, mighty could, would, or should be ruled. Sing. 1. Reg-erer, I might, &c., be ruled, 2. Reg-ereris or -ere, Thou mtghtest, Slc, be r^ned 3 Reg-eretur, He might, &c., he ruled ; Plur. 1. Reg-eremur, We might, &.C., he ruled, 2. Reg-eremini, Ye might. Sic, he ruled, 3. Reg-erentur, They might, &lc., be rhled. Perfect, may have been ruled. Si»g, 1. Rectus sim or fue- / may have been ruled, rim, 2. Rectus sis or fueris. Thou mayest have been rulea 3. Rectus sit or fiterit, He may have been ruled ; Plur. 1. Recti sTmus or fue- We may have been ruled rimus, 2. Recti sitis or fueri- Ye may have been rulea tis, 3. Recti sint or fue- They may have been rulea. rint, Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have bee/: ruled. Sing 1. Rectus essem or fu- / might, &Lc., have been ruled issem, 2, Rectus esses or fu- Thou mightest, &c., have been isses, ruled, 3. Rectus csset or fu- He might, &lc., have been isset, ruled ; THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 193 Plur 1. Recti essemus or We might, Sic, have been fuissemiis, ruled, 2. Recti essetis or fu- Ye might, &:c , have been ruled issetis, 3. Recti essent or fu- They might, Slc, huve been issent, ruled, IMPERATIVE MOOD. Sing. 2. Reg-ere or -Iter, Be thou ruled, 3. Reg-itor, Let him be ruled ; Plur. 2. Reg-immi, Be ye ruled, 3. Reg-untor, Let them be ruled, INFINITIVE MOOD. pRES. AND Imp., Reg-i, To be ruled. Pfrf. and Plup., Esse or fuisse To have been ruled. rectus, First Future, Rectum iri. To be about to be ruled PARTICIPLES. Perfect, Rect-us, a, um, Ruled, Future, Reg-endus, a, um, To be ruled. LXV. EXERCISES ON THE THIRD CONJUGATION, PAS- SIVE VOICE. I. Translate the following, and mention the tense, number, person, &;c. A leonibus bestiae majores capiuntur, minores contem- auntur. — Diligo et semper diligam eos, a quibus alebar et iustituebar. — Probus eris, si non decipies ; prudens, si non decipieris. — Areopagus a Solone institutus est. — Mens, cui "cgnum totius corporis a natura tributum est, praestantissi- mum deorum donum est. — Romulum Remumque cupldo ce^ pit urbem condendi in iis locis, ubi expositi* erant. — Deus cui innumera beneficia debes, a te, homo, colitor. — Ami- 1. From expono. 17 194 EXERCISES ON THE THIRD COxN JIJGATION. citiae, a nemine rumpiminor ! — Dona raalorum hominum a te despuuntor. — Bona valetudo anteponatur voluptati. — Sal- utaria consilia ne spernantur. — Si adspicereris, mi Deus, ab omnibus colereris et adorareris. — Vobisne notum est, quo anno Corinthus diruta sit ? — Veteres dubitabant de mundo, casune^ sit eflectus, an^ a deo ; nos non dubitamus. — Doctiores essemus, si meliores libri a nobis lecti essent. - E ligno combusto^ remanet cinis. — Vini ex uvis express saepe longe alius est color, quam uvarum, e quibus est ex- pressum. — Nihil dulcius est, quam diligi ; nihil odiosius, quam timeri et contemni. . Si colis probos, coleris a probis. — Signum Dianae, quod Ephesi** erat, colebatur a civibus, et ab omnibus advenis vis- ebatur.^ — Quo magis diligam homines, eo magis diligar ab illis. — Regia potestas a Marco Bruto dissoluta^ est, duoque creati sunt consules. — Is intelliget, quanta sit Dei sapientia, a quo tota hominis fabricatio perspecta fuerit. — Quum literae tuie a me lectse fuerint, eas tibi remittam. — Non dubito quin diligar ab eis, quos diligo. — Quum Hamilcar cum exercitu in Hispaniam mitteretur, Hannibalem, filium suum, secum duxit. — Non deciperemini toties, si attentiores essetis. — A quo hucusque instituebamini ? — Singulis Romanorum le- gionibus addebantur triceni equites. — Morbus praiceps al- teriitrum faciet, aut exstinguetur aut exstinguet. — Quo magis contemnetis homines, eo magis contemnemini. — Tibine no- tum est, quo anno regia potestas a Marco Bruto dissoluta sit, duoque creati sint consules ? — Saepe homines dicent : multa nobisnon incognita essent, si melius instituti esse- mus. — Sexaginta quatuor habebimus, quum septuaginta sub- tracta fuerint sex. — Numa Pompilius, secundus Romano- rum rex, Jani templum clausit : bis deinde clausum I'uit ; anno ducentesimo quadragesimo primo, et anno tricesimo primo ante Christum natum. 1. Ne here means " whetlier." 4. Ephesi, "at Kjih<>.r>rs " 2. An, " or." 5. From viso. 3. From romburo. '> From /tissoli'o EXERCISES ON THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 195 II. Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- iiatical, so as to suit the English words opposite. If I shall have been offended by any one, I will in no way offend him. Oh boy, be thou regulated by the example of the best. Ye elders, be not surpassed by your juniors. 1 should be miserable if I were deserted by all. Unless we shall rule our own selves, we will be ruled by ' others. The walls of the Pineus and of Athens were thrown down by Lysander, and restored by Conon. Our affairs will be directed by the Deity, and will be led to a favourable issue. The senators were called fa- thers by the Romans. Great blessings have been re- ceived from the Deity, and great thanks ought to be rendered by us. No writings were left by Soc- rates. It is disgraceful to be left be- hind, it is more disgraceful to be contemned, it is most disgraceful to be cut with fcour^e.'^ Si offendo a quipiam ille nul- lus modus offendo. Compono, puer, ad exemplai bonus. Senex, ne vinco a junior. Miser sum si ab omnis re- linquo. Nisi ego ipse rego, rego ab alius. Mums Piraeus et Athenae a Lysander diruo, et a Co- non restituo. Res noster a Deus rego et ad bonus exitus perduco Senator a Romanus Pater dico. Magnus beneficium a Deus accipio, magnusque gratia debeo persolvo ab ego. Nullus scriptum a Socratea relinquo. Turpis sum relinquo, turpi3 sum contemno, turpi? s' m verber caedo. 196 EXEKCIbES ON DEPONENTS. LXVT. EXERCISES ON DEPONENTS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. I. Translate the following, and mention the person, tense, Tempus praeteritum nunquam revertitur. — Nemo semper assequetur, quae conatur assequi. — Pauci oratores gloriam Demosthenis et Ciceronis assecuti sunt. — Naturam se- quamur, et omne quod pravum est fugiamus. — Primi homi- nes naturam incorrupti sequebantur. — Phillipus, rex Mace- donum, quum magnam e bello contra Phocenses gloriam apud omnes nationes adeptus esset,' Olynthios aggressus est.^ — Nihil est virtute amabilius ; quam quum adeptus fue- ris, ab omnibus diligeris. — Nefas est irasci iis, quos amare debemus. — Peccatis irascamur, non iis, qui peccarunt. — Ne obliviscimi pauperum.* — Proprium est stultitiae,"* aliorum vi- tia cernere, oblivisci suorum. — Cohortatus est Caesar iEduos, ut controversiarum ac dissensionum obliviscerentur — Nos omnes propensi sumus ad obliviscendum. — Tmpares nati sumus,^ pares moriemur. — Bestiae, in quo loco natae sunt, ex 30 se non commovent. — Cogita tecum, quod non uni angulo oatus sis ; patria tua totus hie mundus est. — Pii, quaj Deus immisit adversa, aequo animo^ patiuntor. — Gere morem'^ pa- rentibus, pare cognatis, obsequere amicis, obtempera legi- bus. — Consume omne tempus in quaerendo et discendo, non m querendo^ et irascendo.— »-Ne irascaris sine causa, neve, otiam si causa irascendi adsit, iram tuam diu manere pati- *ris. — Senex laudat tempus praeteritum, queritur de eoquod pi resells est. — Naturam semper stequere. 1. From adipiscor. — Quum adeptus esset, "when he had obtained." 2. From aggredior. 3. Obliviscnr governs the genitive. 4 Proprium. esty " it is the property." — Suorum^ *' one's own." 5 From na^cor. 6. Mquo animo, " patiently." 7. Gereremoremj " to comply with the wishes of," " to yield to," &c. 8. From queror. EXERCISES ON DEPONENTS. 197 11. Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. It is better to suffer than com- Melius sum patior quam facio injuria. Is laus sum jucundus, qui proficiscor ^ vir, qui ipse laus mereo. Crepusculum magis idoneus sum coUoquor, quam lego et scribo. Juventus sum tempus colligo et paro, senectus fruor e^ utor. Alexander Magnus India finis ingredior. Stella Venus Lucifer dico, quum antegredior sol, qu- um subsequor autem, Hes- perus. Xerxes Leonidas aggredior, qui angustiae Thermopylae occupo. Laus sequor, quum labor via facio. 7nit an injury. That praise is pleasing which comes from men who have themselves deserved praise. Twilight is more adapted for conversing than for reading and writing. Youth is the season of collect- ing and procuring, age that of enjoying and using. Alexander the Great entered within the confines of India. The star of Venus is called liucifer when it precedes the sun, hut Hesperus when it follows after. Xerxes attacked Leomdas, who had occupied the pass of Thermopyl(B. Praise will follow, when la- hour shall have prepared the way. To die for one^s country is most glorious. The soldier, dying, remembers his home and children. We indeed will die, but our souls will never die. Pro patria morior sum bono- rificiis. Miles, morior, reminiscor do- mus et liberi. Ego quidem morior, animus autem noster morior nun- quam. IT* 198 FOURTH CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE. LXVIL FOURTH CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE. Pres, Ind. Pres. Inf, Perf. Ind. Supine. Audio, Audire, Audlvi, Auditum, To heca INDICATIVE ]\IOOD. Present Tense, hear. Sing. I. Aud-io, 2. Aud-is, 3. Aud-it, Plur. 1. Aud-Imus, 2. Aud-itis, 3. Aud-iunt, Imperfect, Sing. I. Aud-iebam, 2. Aud-iebas, 3. Aud-iebat, Plur, 1. Aud-iebamus, , 2. Aud-iebatis, 3. Aud-iebant, / hear, Thou hearesty He hears ; We hear, Ye hear. They hear. was hearing, I was hearing, Thou wast hearings He was hearing ; We were hearing, Ye were hearing, They were hearing. Sing. 1. Aud-ivi, 2. Aud-ivisli, 3. Aud-Ivit, Plur, I, Aud-ivimus, 2. Aud-ivistis, AoRisT, heard. I heard. Thou didst hear. He heard ; We heard. Ye heard. 3. Aud-iverunt or -ivere. They heard. Perfect, have heard. I have heard. Sing. 1. Aud-ivi, 2. Aud-ivisti, 3. Aud-Ivit, Plur. 1. Aud-ivimus, 2. Aud-ivistis, 3. Aud-iverunt or -ivere, Thou hast heard. He has heard ; We have heard. Ye have heard. They have heard. Sing, 1. Aud-iveram, 2. Aud-iveras, 3. Aud-iverat, Ply. 1. Aud-iveramus, 2. Aud-iveratis, 3. Aud-iverant, First Future, Sing. 1. Aud-iam, 2. Aud-ies, 3. Aud-iet, Plur, 1. Aud-iemus, 2. Aud-ietis, 3. Aud-ient, FOURTH CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE. 199 Pluperfect, had heard, I had heard, Thou hadst heard, ^ He had heard ; We had heard. Ye had heard. They had heard, shall or will hear. I shall or icill hear, Thou shall, &c., hear. He shall, &DC., hear ; We shall, &c., hear, Ye shall, &LC., hear, ^. * They shall, &c., hear. Second Future, shall or v-ill have heard. Sing, 1. Aud-ivero, I shall or will have heard, 2. Aud-iveris, Thou shall, &c., have heard, 3. Aud-iverit, He shall, ^.-.. GERUNDS Nom, Aud-iendum, Hearing, Gen. Aud-iendi, Of hearing. DaU Aud-iendo, To hearing Ace. Aud-iendum, Hearing, Ahl Aud-iendo, With, &c,, hearing, r SUPINES. First, Aud-Ttum, To hear. Second ', Aud-Itu, To be heard. LXVIII. EXERCISES ON THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. I. Translate the following, and mention the number, person tense, Slc. Nunc multa scio, quae olim nesciebam, et aliquando pei- multa sciam, quae nunc nescio. — Ventum non cernimus sed audimus. — Canes, greges et domos custodltis, et arcetis fures et latrones nocturnos. — Magna vis est in virtutibus ; eas excita, si forte dormiant. — Quidni aperiam domum hos- piti ? quidni vestiam nudos ? quidni miseriam aliorum leni- am ? — Cura ut quam primum' venias. — Virgines Vestales, in urbe Roma, custodiebant ignem sempiternum. — Obeditote aliis, ut vobis quoque alii obediant. — Quod sentimus loqua- mur ; quod loquimur, sentiamus. — Multa nescirem, nisi per- multa ab aliis audivissem. — Magistri, quum iterum atque iterum frustra ad discendum hortati fu^rint discipulos, eos- dem punient. — Praestat^ scire quam opinari. — Aetate virTli multa vidi et audivi, quae antea neque videram neque audi veram. — Semper obediam parentibus et praeceptoribus, qui me educant et erudiunt, semperque serviam^ Deo, qui mo creavit, vestivit et nutrivit. ^ 1. Quam priinum, " as soon as possible." 2. PrcBstaty " it is better." 3. Serviam, " will serve ;" literally, " will render service INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense, am heard. Semper sum occasio lego, non semper audio. Vetus Germamis dormio in pellis fera. Septem hora' dormio satis sum juvenis et senex Si quis^ nescio, rogo scio. Bonus puer parens et prac- ceptor praeceptum semper obedio. Qui in alius reprehendo, in egomet ipse invenio. Multus servio, qui corpus suus servio. Vitis ad ego ex Asia venio Qui nescio taceo, nescio lo- quor. Sing. 1. Aud-ior, 2. Aud-iris or -Tre, 3. Aud-itur, Plur, 1 Aud-imur, 2 Aud-immi, 3. Aud-iuntur, / am heard, Thou art heard. He is heard ; * We are heard. Ye are heard^ They are heard. 1. Continuance of time is put in the accusative 2. Quifi for aliqiiis. 204 FOURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. Imperfect, was heard. Sing. 1. Aud-iebar, I was heard, 2. Aud-iebaris 07 -iebare. Thou wast heard^ 3. Aud-iebatur, . He was heard ; Plur 1 . Aud-iebamur, We were heard ^ 2. Aud-iebamini, Ye were heard, 3. Aud-iebantur, They were heard, AoRisT, was heard. Sing. 1 . Aud-itus sum or fui, / was heard, 2. Aud-itus es or fuisti, Thou wast heard 3. Aud-itiis est or fuit, He was heard ; Plur, 1. Aud-Iti sumus or fuimus. We were heard, 2. Aud-Iti estis or fuistis, Ye were heard', 3. Aud-Iti sunt or fuerunt They were heard or fuere. Perfect, have been heard. Sing. 1. Aud-itus sum or fui, / have been heard, 2. Aud-itus es or fuisti, Thou hast been heard, 3. Aud-itus est or fuit. He has been heard ; Plur, 1. Aud-Iti sumus or fuimus, We have been heard, 2. Aud-Iti estis or fuistis. Ye have been heard, 3. Aud-iti sunt or fuerunt They have been heard, or fuere. Pluperfect, had been heard. Sing, 1. Aud-itus eram^r fueram, / had been heard, 2. Aud-itus eras or fueras. Thou hadst been heard, 3. Aud-itus erat or fuerat. He had been heard : Plur, 1. Aud-Iti eramus or fuera- We had been heard, mus, 2. Aud-iti eratis or fueratis, Ye had been heard, 3. Aud-Iti erant or fuerant, They had been heard. First Future, shall or will be heard. Sing, 1. Aud-iar, I shall. Sic, be heard, 2. Aud-ieris or -iere, Thou shalt. Sic, be heard 3. Aud-ietur, He shall &.r^ be heard : FOURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICB 206 Plur. 1. Aud-iemur, We shall, &c., be heard^ 2. Aud-iemini, Ye shall, &c., be heard, 3. Aud-ientur, They shall, &.C., be heard* Second Future, shall or will have been heard. Sing 1. Aud-itus fuero, I shall, &c., have been heard^ 2. Aud-Itus fueris. Thou shall, &c., have been heard, 3. Aud-itus fuerit, He shall, Sic, have been heard , Plur. 1 . Aud-iti fuerimus, We shall, &c., have been heard^ 2. Aud-iti fueritis. Ye shall, &LC., have been heard^ 3. Aud-iti fiieriat, Theij shall, &c., have been heard. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present, may be heard. Sing. 1 . Aud-iar, / may be heard, 2. Aud-iar is or -iare, Thou may est be heard, 3. Aud-iatur, He may be heard ; Plur. 1. Aud-iamur, We may be heard, 2. Aud-iamini, Ye may be heard ^ 3. Aud-iantur, They may be heard. Imperfect, might, could, would, or should be heard. Sing. 1. Aud-irer, I might, &;c., be heard, 2. Aud-ireris or -irere, Thou mightest, &c., be heard^ 3. Aud-irelur, He might, Slc, be heard; Plur, 1. Aud-iremur, We might, &c., be heard, 2. Aud-iremini, Ye might, &c., he heard, 3. Aud-irentur, They might, &lc., be heard Perfect, may have been heard. Sing. 1 . Aud-itus sim or fu- / may have been heard, erim, 2. Aud-itus sis or fue- Thou mayest have been heard ris, 3. Au(.t-itus sit 0?' fuerit, He may fia^w ham heard; 18 206 FOURTH CONJUGATION, TASSIVE VOICE Plur. 1 '. Aud-iti simus or fu- We may have been heard^ erlmus, 2. Aud-Iti sitis or fue- Y( may ka?)e been heard ^ rltis, 3. Aud-iti sint or fue- They may have been heard rinU Plupehfect, might, could, wouldy &c., have been heard. Sing. 1. Aud-itus essem or I mighty ia^.^ have been h'iar a ^ fuissem, 2. Aud-Itus esses or Thou mightest, &c., have been f'uisses, heard, 3. Aud-Itus esset or He might, or Pax est peteiida mihi. *' I must seek peace, ) '^ Tempus petendi pacem, ) ^ . ' . ^ , . „ J or 1 empus petendoi pacts " 1 ime ox seeking peace, ) Ad petendum pacem, } . , , ' _ : ^ \ or Aa petendam pacem. " For seeking peace, ) Petendo pacem, ) -n i r. , . „ [ or Petenda pace, '' By seeking peace, ) I. Translate the following, and explain the construction in each clause, aaimn.Sf ** we become.' 10 Lterally, "ne go forth." ^18 DtFPERENT KINDS OF VERBS. Stoi'tns are sometimes neces- sary for dissipating un- healthy vapours. Birds jiy through the air by moving tfieir wi7igs up and down. Domitian passed some time daih/ t;i killing flics. Procella noniimiquam neces- sarius sum atl insalubriR vapor dissipo. Avis per aer volo ala sursuni ac deorsum agito. Domitianus quotidie aliqui? tempus musca neco tran siffo. LXXV. VERBS RECEIVING DIFFERENT NAMES, ACCORD- ING TO THEIR VARIOUS NATURES OR TENDENCIES. Frequentatives, 1. Frequentative Verbs denote frequency of action, and are formed' from the latter supine of the primitive verb, by changing, in the first conjugation, dtu into tto ; and in the other conjugations, u into o ; as, from clamdtu, clamXto ; from pulsu, pulso; from donnitu, dormito ; the primitives being clamo, pello, and doi^mio. Inceptives, II Inceptive verbs denote an action begun and going on. They all end in scoy and are formed from the second per- son singular present indicative of the primitive verb ; as, cateOf '* I am warm," second person cales, inceptive calesco, '* I begin to grow warm." III. Inceptives are also derived from nouns and adjec- tives, by changing the last vowel of the genitive into asco ur esco; as, puerasco^ ignesco, dulcesco, from puer, ig^s, dnlcis. IV. Inceptive verbs are all intransitive, and of the third i unjugation. Those which are formed from nouns want 1 The old system of formation, in the case of frequentatives, incep- lives, &c., is here retained, not so much from any accuracy it possesses as from its convenience for the purposes of the youngf student. The true formation turns upon the doctrine of roots, but is best learned 'n a mon* advance*! sta^e M the pupil's pro^res^. IRREGULAR VERBS. 21t the preterit and supine ; the others borrow them from theL primitives. V. Most inceptives are formed from verbs of the second conjugation. There are some verbs, however, ending in SCO, which are not inceptives, but actives ; as, disco, posco. Desideratives. VI. Desideratives express a desire of doing the act de noted by the primitive. VII. They are formed from the latter supine of the prim itive by shortening the final u and adding rio ; as, ccbwo, " to sup," supine coRnatu, desiderative ccznatiirio, " I desire to sup." And again, cdo, " to eat," supine esu, desiderative esiirio, *' I desire to eat." L"XXVI. IRREGULAR VERBS. I. The simple irregular verbs are six ; sum, eo, queo, volo, fero, fio. II. Five are compounded • prosum, possum, nolo, mdlo, nequeo, III. Sum has already been conjugated. IV. Prosum, to prove of advantage, has a d where sum begins with e, Prosum, prodeSse, profui. Indicative Mood. Pr. Pro-sum, prod-es, prod-est ; pro-siimus, prod-esris, pro- sunt. Imp. Prod-eram, prod-eras, prod-erat ; prod-eramus, prod- eratis, prod-erant. A. AND Perf. Pro-fui, pro-fuisti, pro-fuit ; profuimus, j. ro- fuistis, pro-fuerunt, or pro-fuere. Piu. Pro-fueram, pro-fueras, pro-fuerat • pro-fueramus, pro- fueratis, pro-fuerant. I. FuT. Prod-ero, prod-eris, prod-erit ; prod-erimus, prod eritis, prod-erunt. 220 V IRREGULAR VERBS. 1. FuT Pro-fuero, pro-fueris, pro-fuerit ; pro-fuerimus, pro- fueritis, pro-fuerint. Subjunctive Mood. Pr. Pro-sim. pro-sis, pro-sit ; pro-sTmus, pro-sitis, pro-sinl, [mp. Prod-essem, prod-esses, prod-esset ; prod-essemus, prod-essetis, prod-essent. Per. Pro-fuerim, pro-fueris, profuerit ; pro-fuerimus, pro- fueritis, pro-fuerint. Plu. Pro-fuissem, pro-fuisses, pro-fuisset ; pro-fuissemus, pro-fuissetis, pro-fuissent. Imperative Mood. Pr 2. Prod-es or prod-esto, 2. Prod-este or prod-estote, 3. Prod-esto ; 3. Pro-sunto. Infinitive Mood. Pr. and Im[p., Prod-esse. Per. and Plu., Pro-fuisse. 1. Future, Esse pro-futurus. 2. Future, Fuisse pro-futurus. Participle. Future, Pro-futurus, a, um. V. Possum is compounded of potis, " able," and sum ;^ And is thus conjugated : Possum, posse, potui, To be able. Indicative Mood. Pr. Possum, potes, potest; possumus, potestis, possunt. iMP. Pot-eram, -eras, -erat; -eramus, -eratis, -erant. A. & Per. Pot-ui, -uisti, -uit; -uimus, -uistis, -uerunt or -uere. Plu. Pot-ueram, -ueras, -uerat ; -ueramus, -ueratis, -uerant. 1. FuT. Pot-ero, -eris, -erit; -erimus, -eritis, -erunt 2. FuT. Pot-uero, -ueris, -uerit; -uerimus, -ueritis, -uerint I. The component parts are often found separately in earlier writers; jhotix Iminff of all sjenders and botti numbers. IRREGULAR VERBS. 221 Subjunctive Mood. Pr. Pos-sim, -sis, -sit ; -sTmus, -sitis, -sint. Imp. Pos-sem, -ses, -set ; -semus, -setis, -sent. Per Pot-uerim, -ueris, -uerit ; -uerlmus, -ueritis, -uerint. Plu. Pot-uissem, -uisses, -uisset ; -uissemus, -uissetis, -uia sent. Infinitive Mood. Pr. and Imp., Posse. Per. and Plu., Potuisse The rest wanting. Eo, ire, ivi, Ttum, To go. Indicative Mood. Pr. Eo, is, it ; imus, itis, eunt. Imp. Ibam, ibas, ibat ; ibamus, ibatis, ibant. A. • Pr., Malle. Per., Maluisse. The rest not used. 1. Malo is compounded of wage (old forir» ^>' *,xagi'>^ and volo Hence we have mavoloy contracted wiflZo; mav^luin, coninctei? mal km, &c. IRREGULAR VERBS. 225 Fero, ferre, ' tuli, latum, To bring or carry, ^ ACTIVE VOICE. Indicative Mood. Pr. Fero, fers, fert ; ferlmus, fertis, ferunt. Imp. Fer-ebam, -ebas, -ebat ; -ebamus, -ebatis, -ebanl. A. AND Pek. Tuli, tulisti, tulit ; tulimus, tulistis, tulerunt or -ere. Plu. Tulerani, -eras, -erat ; -eramus, -eratis, -erant. 1. FuT. Fer-am, -es, -et ; -emus, -etis, -ent. 2. FuT. Tul-ero, -eris, -erit ; -erimus, -eritis, -erint. Subjunctive Mood. Pr. Fer-am, -as, -at ; -amus, -atis, -ant. Imp. Fer-rem, -res, -ret ; -remus, -retis, -rent. Pkr. Tul-erim, -eris, -erit ; -erimus, -eritis, -erint. Plu. Tul-issem, -isses, -isset ; -issemus, -issetis, -isseut Imperative Mood, ', ' Pr. 2. Fer or ferto, 2. Ferte or fertote, 3. Ferto ; 3. Ferunto. Infinitive Mood, Pr. and Imp., Ferre. Per. and Plu., Tulisse. 1. Future, Esse laturus, 2. Future, Fuisse laturus Participles, Gerunds. Supines. Pr., Ferens. Nom., Ferendum. First, Latum FuT., Laturus, a, um. Gen., Ferendi, &:c. Second, Latu. PASSIVE VOICE. Feror, ferri, latus. To be brought. Indicative Mood, Pr. Feror, ferris or ferre, fertur ; ferimur, ferimini, feruntur I. The compounds o^ fero are conjugated in the same way : confer* makes confuli, colldfum ; avfero, ahstuli, abldtum ; effero, exluh, elatum, &.C. Sujfero has no perfect or supine, for sustulij iubUiumm.^lonf tp tQllQ . ' „ -^' ^ \^- V 226 IRREGULAR VERBS. Imp. Fer-ebar, -ebaris or -ebare, -ebatur ; -ebamur, -ebam ini, -ebaiitur. A. AND Per. Latus sum or fui, latus es or fuisti, . Supply si before nocemus. fJXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 229 Do ye good to all men, hurt no one. If I shall not be able to sub- due anguish, I will hide it. The needy man is he who has not enough, and he for whom nothing can he enough. Wf can perceive by the mind the past and the future. Prosum omnis homo, nocco nemo Dolor si non frango possum, occulto. Egens sum qui satis non ha- beo, et is qui nihil satis sum possum. Animus praeteritus et futurus sentio possum. 2- Eg and its compounds, I. Translate the following, and explain the agreement or government in each clause, &c. Non solus ibis, tecum erit fidus amicus. — Mercatores ad mercatufti etmt, varias merces aut emtum aut venditum. — Philippus, rex Macedonum, a Pausania, quum spectatum ludos iret,' juxta theatrum occisus est, — Pueris in scholam euntibns Romani custodes dare solcbant. — Paterfamilias primus cubitu surgat,^ postremus cubitum eat. — I quo virtus te vocat. — Eamus, pueri, ad praeceptorem nostrum ; melius est in scholam ire, quam tempus matutinum ludendo per- dere. — Mori non est interire. — Alexander adire Jovis Am- monis oraculum statuit. — Mors neminem praeteribit. — Ario- vistus Rhenum transierat, non sua sponte, sed rogatus a Gallis. — E ludo Isocratis multi oratores exierunt. — Alexan- •\ex Magnus tertio et tricesimo aetatis anno obiit.^ — Inops, ;)otcntem dum vult imitari, perit. — Hominum animi nunquam interibunt. — Eamus nunc intro ; praei ; sequar. — Croesus, 1. Iret^ to be rendered into English by the indicative. 2. Primus cubitu surgat, *'be the first to arise from bed," literally "from lying down." — Cubitum, " to lie down," i. e,, *' to b^d," the supine 3. Obire literally means " to go against," i. e., " to come in contact Nvith," " to meet with." It here signifies " to die," and has diem svjyre- mum or mortem understood : literally, " to meet with one's last 4ay," * to meet with death." 20 230 EXERCISES ON TIIR iRREGULAR VERBS. Lydorum rex, Halyn fluvium transiit, ut cum Cyro proelium iniret. — Utinam, Cnei Pompei, cum Casare societatem aut nunquam coisses, aut nimquam diremisses ! — Pro patriae salute omnia pericula subeunda sunt. — Quae turpia dictu sunt, silentio praetereamus. — Auctumno abeunt lusciniae. \'^ere semper redeunt. — Alpes nemo cum exercitu ante Han- nibalem transierat. — Ariovisti copiae intra annos quatuorde- cim tectum non subierant. — Orgetorix persuasit Helvetiis, ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent. — Post Or- getorigis mortem Helvetii id, quod constituerant facere, conabantur, et e finibus suis exibant. II. Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. The hoys were going through the fields when their pre- ceptor passed by. T will go to the altar, and there will enter into a cot)- cnant with God. Go forth, wretch ; perish all Puer per campus eo quum praeceptor prae1;eret). Ad ara eo, ibique cum Deus fcedus ineo. Exeo, scelestus ; pereo om ye wicked ! i nis maius ! Let us depart from the bad ; ! Abeo a malus, adeo ad bonus. let us go unto the good. I Cicero went before, the sena- \ Praseo Cicero, sequor sena- tor;? followed ; the people \ tor ; omnis praetereo popu- saw them all passing by. lus aspicio. (71 that battle four thousand \ Intereo in ille praelium qua- perished. tuor mille. By the sagacity and valour I Scipio solertia et virtus Han of Scipio Hannibal teas \ nibal redeo cogo. compelled to return. The storks, returning, an- \ Ciconia, redeo, ver annuutio nounce the spring. ' EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 231 The Ctmes of Nero and Do- rm tian will never return. [leaven and earth shall pass away^ hut God's icord shall not pass oway. Cicero went away into exile of his own accord. Nero atque Domitianus tem- pus nunquam redeo. Ccelum et terra pereo ; ver- bum Deiis autem non pe- reo. Cicero in exilium suus sponte abeo. 3. Volo, Nolo, Malo. I. Translate ilu-i ibllowing, and explain the agreement or _;overnment in o:»ch clause, &c. Non solum nab;?*' divites esse volumus, sed etiam liberis, propinquis, amicis iitque patriae. — Visne ut te iisdem de re- bus Latine interrogem ? — Valere malo, quam dives esse. — Idem velle, atque idem nolle, ea demum firma aiTiicitia est. — Noli me tangere.^ — Nolite oblivisci,^ quantum parentibus et praeceptoribus debeatis. — Fabius Cunctator maluit, ut se sapiens"* hostis metueret, quam stulti cives laudarent. — Ma- lim mori, quam vitiis servire ! — Ea quae vis, ut potero, ex- plicabo. — Non potest severus esse in judicando, qui alios in se severos esse non vult. — Ea noluisse facere, quae tur- pia atque scelesta sunt, honestissimum est. — Timoleon mal- uit se diligi quam metui. — Legi divinae et humanaj omnes parebunt, qui secundum^ naturam volent vivere. — Deus tam potens est, ut omnia quae velit, efficere possit, — Beneiicium est prodesse quoque nolentibus. — Libentissime homines au- diunt ea, quae dicere ipsi maluissent. — Duo peditum millia alere malim, quam equites mille. — Vitia nostra, quae ama- mus, defendimus, et malumus excusare ilia, quam excuterc. — Si vis omnia tibi subjicere, te ipsum subjice rationi — 1. Nobis, " for ourselves." 2. Noli me tangere, the same in effect as ne tange me. 3. Nolite ohlivisci, the same in effect as ne obliviscimini. 4. Sapiens, " skilful." 6. Secundum, " accordino^ to," the preposition. 232 EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS. Nocere posse et nolle laus amplissima est. — Nunquam volui placere populo. — Themistocles sciscitatus, utrum Achilles esse mallet, an Homerus ? Die ipse prius, inquit, utrum malles esse victor in Olympiis/ an prasco, qui vie tores pronuntiat 1^ II. Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. Each one wishes to be first in Unusquisque in ars suus pri- his art. | mus sum volo. We all wish the faults of oth- Alienus vitium omnis repre ers to he censured rather | hendo malo quam noster. than our own. \ 1 wish you to pardon me, he- I Volo ego ignosco, quod ad cause I write to you so ' tu scribo toties. often. Do not indulge too much in sorrow. They who wish to execute im- . portant enterprises are ac- customed to reflect long. Pythagoras was unwilling to immolate a victim to Apol- lo, lest he might sprinkle the altar with blood. Cato wished rather to be, than to appear, good. He who wishes to give to oth- ers ought not to say, " do you wish?^^ We easily believe what we wish. Nolo nimis dolor indulgeo. Qui magnus negotium ago volo, diu cogito soleo. Pythagoras Apollo hostia im- molo nolo, ne ara sanguis adspergo. Cato sum, quam videor, bonus malo. Qui alius volo do, non dico debeo volone ? Qui volo facile credo. 1. In Ohjmpiis, *' at the Olympic games." Supply ludis. 2. Pronuntiat, " announces." The herald, at the games, announced to fh^ assemblec;! throng the naipeg of the victors. EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAil VERBS. 233 Tims wished to overcome oth- ers by kindnesses rather than to be overcome by them. Socrates might easily have es- caped from prison, but he was unwilling. Cato wished rather to die free than deliver himself up to C"OBJ. Present, Delectet. Deceat. Contingat. Eveniat Imperfect, Delectaret. Deceret. Contingeret. Evenlret. Perfect, Delectaverit. Decuerit. Contigerit. Evenerit. Pluperf. Delectavisset. Decuisset. Contigisset. Evenisset. fNFIN, . Pr. & Imp. Delectare. Decere. Contingere. E venire. Per. & Plu. Delectavisse. Decuisse. Contigisse. Evenisse. IV, Most Latin verbs may be used impersonally in the passive voice, especially neuter and intransitive verbs, which otherwise have no passive. V. As the passive voice of ar active transitive verb may bo substituted for the active so that of a neuter verb may be used in the third person singular instead of the active^ form, the personal subject of the latter, or nominative, be- ing put in the ablative with the preposition a or ab ; as, faveo tibi, *' I favour thee," or favetur tibi a me, " thou art favoured by me." Indicative Mood. 2d Conj. 3d Conj. 4th Conj. Favetur. Currttur. Venitur. Favebatur. Currebatur. Veniebatur. A. &.Per. Pugnatum est.* Fautum est.' Cursum est.* Ventum est.* Pluper. Pugnatum erat.^ Fautum erat.^ Cursum erat.^ Ventum erat.^ 1. FuT. Pngnabltur. Favebitur. Curreiur. Venietur. 2. Fut. Pugnatum erit.^ Fautum erit.^ Cursum erit.^ Ventum erit.' Subjunctive Mood, Pres. Pugnetur. Faveatur. Curratur. Veniatur. Imper. Pugnaretur. Faveretur. Curreretur. Veniretur. Perf. Pugnatum sit.** Fautum sit.* Cursum sit.'* Ventum sit.* Plup. Pugnatum esset.^ Fautum esset ^ Cursum esset.^ Ventum esset.' 1st Conj. Present, Pugnatur. Imperf. Pugnabatur. 1. Oxfuit. 4. Or fntril. 2. Or fuera'. 5 Or'f'^i^.a. 3. Qi fuerit. Pi get, piguit, or pigit-nm est, *' it grieves." Posnitcty pcsniluit, " it repents." Pudet, pt/duii, or pudilum est, " it shames." Tcedet, tceduit, or tcpsum est, *' it wearies." 844 ADVERBS. Infinitive Mood. pREs. Pugnar4 Faveri. Curri. Veniri. Perf Pugnatum esse.' Fautum esse.' Cursum esse.' Ventum esse. FuT. Pugnatum iri. Fautum iri. Cursum iri. Ventum iri. VI. Grammarians usually reckon only ten real impersonal rerbs all of which are of the second conjugation ; namely, Decet, decuit, " it becomes." L^bet, lihuit, or libitum est "it pleases." Licet, licuit, or licitum est, "it is lawful." Miseret, miseruit, or miseritum est, " it pities." Oportet, oportuit, " it behooves." VIT. No good reason, however, exists for distinguishing those ten from other impersonal verbs. VIII. Impersonal verbs, not being used in the imperative, take the subjunctive in its stead ; as, delecU-.t, " let it de- light." In the passive voice their perfect participles are used only in the neuter. LXXXII. ADVERBS. I. The adverb qualifies the signification of a verb, an adjective, a participle, or even another adverb ; as, honeste vixit, " he lived in a becoming manner ;" eximie pulchcr, " remarkably fair ;" domus celeriter extructa, " a house quickly built ;" satis diu, " sufficiently long." II. Adverbs are divided into simple and derivative, III. Simple adverbs are those not derived from any known rt)Ot in the language. Derivative adverbs, on the other hand, are those which are so derived ; and to this head be- long all adverbs formed by composition. IV. The number of primitive adverbs is small in propor- tion to that of the derivative. The derivative adverbs may be reduced to different classes.^^ But both primitive and 1. Oi fuisse. ^ EXERCISES ON ADVERBS. 245 derivative are best learned by actual practice in transit lion. LXXXIlI. EXERCISES ON ADVERBS. I. Translate the following, and indicate the adverb in eacfc clause, Sic. Hannibal apud Zamam conflixit cum Public Scipione, filio ejus quern ipse primum apud Rhodanum, iterum apud Pa- dum, tertio apud Trebiam fugaverat. — Lacrima nihil citius arescit. — Nolite dolori nimium indulgere. — Elephanti gre- gatim semper ingrediuntur. — F'uit quoddam tempus, quun) in agris homines passim, bestiarum modo, vagabantur. — Sallustius statuit res gestas Romanorum carptim describere - — Me penitus nosse debes. — Quae domus tam stabilis est^ quae non odiis atque dissidiis fundltus possit everti ? — Mar- donius, Xerxis gener, in prcelio apud Plataeas, cum ducen- tis millibus peditum, quos viritim legerat, et viginti millibus equitum cecidit. — Carthaginienses frustra a Romanis pacem petiverunt. — Aliquamdiu imperator Tiberius summam rei- publicae curam Sejano commiserat. — Pariter cum vita sen- sus amittuntur. — Vita, mors, divitiae, paupertas omnes hom- ines vehementissime permovent. — Meridie sol magis ardet quam mane et vesperi. — Postquam Solon leges civitati Athe- niensium scripserat, peregre profectus est. — Nunquam effi- cies, ut recta procedant cancri. Percussores Alcibiadis tela procul in eum immiserunt. — Luxuries jam totas urbes evertit. — Natura expellas furca, tamen usque recurret. — A Graecis pariter ac Romanis mor- tuorum oculi comprimebantur. — Tunc imprimis apparebit vera virtus, quum 4)ericulum appropir ^uat. — Romani Veios ita prorsus deleverant, ut postea ne vestigia quidem hujus urbis restarent. — Sub Tito imperatore accidit conflagratio Vesuvii mentis, et incendium Romae per triduum totidemque aoctes — Commodum dijscesseras heri, quum amicus tuus ad 81* 246 EXERCISES ON ADVERBS. me venit. — In pugna apud Mantineam, Epaminondas emi- nus sparo percussus est. — Qiiocuiique nos feret fortuna ibi- miis.— 3-Homo toties moritur, quoties amittit suos. — Deus non babet corpus, ideoque, etsi ubique est, nusquam cerni pot- est. — Quid istic facitis ?- — Proverbium est : procul a Jove, procul a fulmine. — Hispania, nisi qua Galliam tangit, pelago andique cincta est. — Cervi cornua quotannis amittunt. Vituperatores providentiae Dei stulte et impie agunt. — . Male vivit, qui nescit bene mori. — Nemo unquam benig- nius/ nemo attentius^ auditus est quam Cicero. — Socrates Banctissime'* vixit. — Consules Romani non longius imperi- um quam annum"* unum habebant. — Corpora coelestia lon- gissime a nobis distant. — Bene sentire, recteque facere, sa- tis est ad bene beateque vivendum. — Vetejrum aedificia pub- lica opulentius^ ornata erant quam privata. — Optime^ pec- catum evitat, qui occasiones fugit peccandi. — Quod non recte fecisti, id aliter facere debes. — Alexandri Magni mili- tes impigre toleraverunt munia militiae. — Homines divites saepe miserius' vivunt quam pauper es. — Suorum quisque vitiorum facillime^ obliviscitur. aliorum recordatur. — Qui nimium concupiscit honores, raro eos adipiscitur. — Oratoi alias res breviter dicat, alias copiose enarret. — Qui in vitae periculo sunt, iis cito succurrere debemus. — Os et manus crebro laventur. — Amittit merito proprium,^ qui alienum ap- petit. — Inter oratores Graecos praecipue eminet Demosthe- nes. — Diutius in itinere fui, quam exspectaveram. — Ver magis delectat quam auctumnus. — Saxones a Carolo Magno sexies victi septimum rebellaverunt. — Primo decipi incom modum est ; iterum, stultum ; tertio, turpe. 1. From benigne. 2. From attente. 3. From sancte. 4. Time " how long" is put in the accusative. 5. From opuleiUer. 6. From bene. 7. From misere. 8. From facile. 9. Proprium. "his own." — Alienum, "that of another." PREPOSITIONS. 247 II. Convert the following mgrammatical Latin into gram^ matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. The temple of the Ephesian Diana v:as most beautifully built. No one despised death more courageously than Cato of TJtica, What is more elegantly writ- ten than, the philosophical hooks of Plato ? Let young men diligently ob- serve the precepts of the old. Timorous dogs bark more ve- hemently than they bite. Passionate men are very easi- ly irritated. Whales are killed with diffi- culty. Men are first infants, then boys, then youths, after- ward grown men, finally old persons. Hunters often remain during the whole night beneath the open air. Palcepolis was not far from the place where Neapdlis is now situated. Templum Diana Ephesius pulchre condo. Nemo fortiter mors contem- no, quam Cato Uticensis. Quis eleganter scribo, quam Plato liber philosophicus ? Juvenis senex praeceptum diligenter servo. Timidus canis vehementer latro quam mordeo. fracundus homo facile irrito Balaena difficulter interficio. Homo sum primum infans, deinde puer, turn juvenis, postea vir, denique senex. Venator saepe per totus nox sub dium maneo. Palaepolis sum haud procul inde, ubi nunc Neapolis sino. LXXXIV. PREPOSITIONS. I. Prepositions are indeclinable words, which express the relations that nouns have to each other and to verbs. II. They govern an accusative or ablative, sometimes both, but usually with some difference of meaning. 248 PREPOSITIQNS. III. With few exceptions, they precede the word which they govern, and hence are called prepositions. IV. The prepositions that govern the accusative are twenty-eight in number, and are as follows :* I. Ad. Signifies, 1. To; as, Via Appia ad Capuam ducehat. — Eo ad patrem. 2. At, Near ; as, Ccesar erat adportas. — Laodicea, in Syriuj est ad mare. — Juvenes slant ad januam. 3. At (on occasion of) ; as, Ad nomen Vespasiani Vitellius excitaba- tur. — Ad conspectum filii mei lacrymo. 4. Towards ; as, Pars GallicB vergit ad Septcmtriones. 5. Until ; as, Sophocles ad summam scnectutem tragadias fecit. — Ad centesimum annum vixisti. 6. According to ; as, Cyrus a Xefiophontc, non ad historic fidcm scriptus est, sed ad efigiem justi imperii. 7. In comparison with ; as, Decimum cognovimus honum esse vi- rum, sed nihil ad Persium. 8. Against, Towards, At (of time) ; as, Ad diem statutum venire. — Ad tempus respondere. 9. For, In respect to ; as, Mundi partes negue ad usum melimcM esse possunt, negue ad speciem pulchriores. 10. To the amount of ; as, Fuimus ad ducentos, II. Apud. 1. With (in the house of) ; as, Hodie apud te esse veto. 2. Before (in the presence of ) ; as, Logui apud populum. 3. With (among) ; as, Apud judices misericordiam excitare. 4. With (in the writings of) ; as, Cyrus apud Xenophontem dicit 5. At (of place) ; as, Apud Regillum. — Apud Thermopylas. III. Ante. 1. Before (in place); as, Ante pratorium stetit. 2. Before (in time) ; as, Ante Trojce excidium. 3. Before (m rank or degree) ; as, Virgo ante alias pulchra. IV. Adversus and Adversum. 1. Against (with motion towards) ; as, Impefum adversus colics in cohort es faciunt. 1. The examples given after each meaning are to be translated by the student PREPOSITIONS. 249 2. Against (of unfavourable dispositions) ; as, Si duiiorem it prahes, ego non contendam adversus te. 3. Towards (of favourable dispositions) ; as, Est pielas justitia advr.rsuin deos. But the preposition erga is more common in this sense. V. GiS, ClTRA. « V 1. On this side; as, Cis Taurum montem. — Citra Jluvium Rubi- conem. 2. Before (i, e., on this side of) ; as, citra^ juventutem. Used in this sense by the poets. 3. Without ; as, Phidias longe citra cRmulum erat. Used in this sense by the later prose writers. VI. Circa, Circum 1. Around, About (of time) ; as. Circa lucem. "2. Around, About (of place) ; as, circa domos. Circa is used both of time and place ; Circum only of place. 3. About (of number) ; as, Circa quingentos homines, i About (in respect to) ; as. Circa tuam valetudinem. VII. CiRCITER. About (of indefinite time) ; as, Circiter meridiem. VIII. Contra. 1. Against, Over against (of place); as. Contra Gallice oramBnt annia est. 2. Against (of hostility or opposition) ; as, Contra aliquem venire - - Contra leges facere. ^ ^ ^ IX. Erga. Towards (of the aflfections) ; as. Amor mens erga te. X. Extra. Beyond, Out of ; as, Extra urbem. — Extra culpam. XI. Infra. 1. Beneath (of place) ; as, Infra oppidum. 2. Beneath, Below (of magnitude) ; as, Uri sunt magnitudme paute infra elephantos. 3. Beneath (of rank) ; as, Res humanas infra se positas esse urbi* trintur. 1. Citra, "before the arrival of." 250 PREPOSITIONS XII. Intee. 1. Between : as, Inier Sequanos et Helvetios mans est. 2. Among ; as, Unus inter omnes excellit. 3. Amid ; as, Inter tumuUum. 4. During ; as, Inter ccenam. 6. Mutually (with se) ; as, Inter se diligunt. — Trahes inter se cot Ungunt. XIII. Intra. 1. Within (of place) ; as, Comyulsus intra m(£.ma. 2. Within (of time) ; as. Intra viginii dies. 3. Within (of a limit) ; as. Intra legem epulari. XIV. JUXTA. Near, Beside ; as, Juxta aliquem sedere. XV. Ob. 1. On ACCOUNT OF ; as, Ob earn rem. — Quam ob rem. 2. Before (with oculi) ; as, Ob oculos meos. XVI. Penes. 1. In the power of ; as. Penes regem captivi sunt. 2. In the possession of ; as. Penes nos liber est. XVII. Per. 1. Through (of place) ; as, Pei' totam Italiam. 2. During (of time) ; as, Per hbs dies. 3. Through (denoting the instrument on means) ; as, Statuerunt m jurias per vos ulcisci. — Per literas certior /actus sum. 4. By (in adjurations) ; as, Juro per Jovem. h. By (in supplications) ; as, Pr opera per deos. XVIII. Pone. Behind (of place) ; as. Pone cedem Castoris. For this, howevei» post is more common. XIX. Post. 1. Behind ; as, Flumen post nostra castra erat. 2. After ; as. Post excidium Trojce. 3. Since; as, Apud Salaminaj maxima post hominum memanatn classis est devicfa. XX. Prater. 1. Bv, Beside (passing by); as, Prater castra Casaris copius sua^t 4.ri!fvistus transdujit. PREPOSITIOI^S. 251 2. Beyond (o' degree or a limit); as, Aristides patria expulsus est^ fuod prceter modum Justus esset. 3. Contrary to ; as, Premier nahiram. — Prater consuetudinem. 4. Besides; as^ Prater hcBc.-r-PrcBter ea. ' 6. Except; asj Non vestitus prceter pelles habebant. XXI. PROPE. Near ; as, Prope urbem. This preposition is often used with a or ab, in the sense of *' not far from," " at a short distance from ;" as, Prope a mea dorno Tarn prope a Sicilia bellum gestum est. XXII. Propter. 1 . Near ; as, Propter Platoms statuam consedimus. 2. On account of ; as, Amicitia propter se expetenda. 3. By means of ; as. Quod pramium satis magnum est servis, prop- ter quos dominus vivit 1 This meaning, however, is rare. XXIII. Secundum. 1. Along (following the course of); as, Secundum jlumen pauca tationes videbantur. 2. After (of time) ; as, Tua ratio esty ut secundum binos ludos res oondere incipias. 3. After (in rank or degree) ; as. Secundum deos, homines homini- bus maxime utiles esse possunt. 4. In favour of (with verbs of judging or deciding) ; as, Senten- tiam secundum Plotium se dicturum esse ostendit. 5. According to; as, Omnia, quce secundum natur am fiunt habenda sunt in bonis. . XXIV. Supka. 1. Above (of place) ; as, Supra caput. 2. Above or Beyond (of degree) ; as. Supra modum. — Supra vires humanas. — Supra fidem. 3. Above or Beyond (marking the excess of number or time) ; as. Supra novem milUa hominum. — Supra centesimum annum. XXV. Trans. Across (on or to the other side) ; as, Trans mare currere. — Trans Rhenum incolere XXVI. Versus. Towards (placed after the noun which it governs) , as, .Mgyptum venus. It is sometimes joined with ad and iii ; as, Ad meridiem ver 5«s — In Italiam versus tiavigare. 252 PREPOSITIONS. _^ f XXVII. Ultra. 1. Beyond (of place) ; as, Ultra monies consedere. 2. Beyond (of degree) ; as, Ultra modum. — Ultra vires. XXVIII. Usque (A* FAR AS, properly an adverb, and used generally in connexion wjtfi fli, in, sub, ah ; as, Usque ad mare. — Usque a Syria et Mgypto, &c. With names of towns it may be used without a preposition ; but only the poets and later prose writers omit the preposition with other nouns. The poets also say adusque, ahusque.) V. The prepositions that govern the ablative are fifteen in number, and are as follows : 1. A, Ab, Abs.^ 1. From (of persons, places, and things); as, Nullam abs te literam accepi. — Consul ab urbe profectus est. — UndcB veniunt afontibus. 2. From (as the commencement of a period) ; as, A principio. — Ab adolescentia. — Ab initio.^ 3. By (with passive and neuter passive verbs, and names of living be- ings) ; as, Amatur ab omnibus. — Testis rogatus est an ab reo vapulasset 4. After ; as, Scipio confcstim. a prwlio ad mare ac naves rediit. 5. On (in the sense of relative position) ; as, Alexander a fronte et a tergo hastes habebat. 6. On the side or part o? ; as, Principes utrinque pugTiahaPt, ab Sabinus Curtius, ab Romanis Hoslilius. 7. In point op ; as, Antonius ab equitatu firmus esse dicebatur.^ Imparati sumus cum a militibus, turn a pecujiia.^ II. Absque. Without ; as, Absque me factum esset. It occurs once or twice m Cicero, but is chiefly found in the comic writers. III. Clam. Without the knowledge of ; as, Clam patre. The preposition a is used before consonants ; ab before vowels, and h, j (I not uniformly), r, s ; and abs only before t and qu. 2. Ab initio signifies not only from the beginning, but als » at the be- ginning. 3. In later prose writers it denotes office ; as, qui est pnnctpis a manu, " an amanuensis ;" a sccretis, " a secretary ;" a bibliofheca, " e librarian," 2. From ; as, Dicam ex animo quod sentio. 3. After ; as, Cotta ex consulatu in Galliam profcctus est. 4. According to; as, Rempublicam ex legihus administrare. — Vul gus ex veritate pauca, ex opinione multa cestimant. 5. For the advantage of ; as, Statues ut ex re mea videbitur. 6. Joined with laborare, it denotes the part affected, and from which the pain proceeds ; as, Expedibus, ex renibus, ex intestinis laboravi. 7. Used partitively ; as, Alter e consulibus. 8. When joined with some nouns, it has an adverbial force ; as, E regione, "opposite." — Ex adverso, "opposite." — Ex improviso, "sud- denly." — Ex tempore, " off-hand." ,'•; :-• VIII. Pr^. 1. Before (of place, with verbs denoting motion and action) ; as, / '/I ce, sequar. — Free se mittere. 2. Before (of priority in rank or degree) ; as, Pra ceteris floruisse 3. In comparison with ; as, Omnes prce illo parvi sunt. 4. Owing to (especially of obstacles) ; as, Solem prce jaculnrum multitudine non videbitis. 1. The preposition e is used before consonants ; ex belore vowels and consonants. 9\> 254 PREPOSITIONS. IX. Pro. 1. Before (of place); as, Fro macnibus. — Pre rostris.' 2. For (instead of) ; as, Cer-erem pro frugibus, Liherum pro mnu, Neptu7ium pro mari appellare solent. 3. In accordance with ; as, Bellum gerere pro digmtale popuu Romani. — Pro prudentia tua. 4. Proportionally to ; as, Pro cujusquc facultatibus. — Pro nu mero tiililum.^ X. Sine. • Without ; as. Sine cura. — Sine ulla dubitatione. XI. Tenus. As FAR AS (and following its case); as, Alexander omnia UceanA tenus vicit.^ XII. Palam. The adverb palam is used by the poets and later prose writers with an ablative, and thus becomes a preposition ; as, Palam populo, *' in the Diesence of the people."* VI. The following govern the accusative and ablative. I. Is With the Accusative. 1. Into (denoting motion towards) ; as, Eo in urbem. 2. Towards (denoting tendency) ; as, Natitra ingenerat amorcm in tos qui procreati sunt. 3. (Drift or purport) ; as, Fizdus scripsit in hcec verba.^ 4. Against ; as, Antonius maximo odio ferebatur in Ciceronem. 5. To or Till (of future time) ; as. In alium diem differre.^ 6. Upon (of proportion) ; as, Ven-cs ab aratoribus in modios singutos iuodenos sestertios exegit. 1. Pro tribunalif " from the tribunal," the speaker being in front. 2. So also pro virili parte, according to one's duty or power as an in- dividual, *' to the best of one's ability." Pro viribus, the same in import. 3. Tenus is also used with the genitive, but chiefly in lie poets, and with plurals ; as, crurum tenus. 4. Simul and procul are similarly used ; as, Simul his. — Procul urbc. 5. So in majus celebrare, " to exaggerate." — Dicere in hanc senien- tiam^ *' to speak to this purport." 6. In diem vivere, ** to live for the day," i. e., with no thought of the morrow. PREPOSITIONS. 255 II. In Wilk the Ablative. 1 Upon (of rest) ; as, Jacet in terra. 2. Upon (with veibs of placing, though implying a motion) ; as, Po- nere in mensa. — Collocare in basi. 3. In (of place, and also of time when an extensive term is spcker; )f ) ; as, Bis in anyio. — Qualer ^n vita. 4. Among ; as, In poetis ntmo Homcrum (Equate • III. Sub With the Accusative. 1. Under (denoting motion to some lower place) ; ps, Scamnum sub *cdem dare, — Missi sunt sub muros ad colloquium. 2. Under (of subjection, with verbs of action and motion) ; as, Ca- Jere sub imperium populi Romani. — Redigerc insula-^ sub potesiatem Atheniensium.^ 3. Just after, About ; as. Sub vesperum. — Sub noctem. — Sub or turn salts. — Sub idem tempus. IV. Sub With the Ablative. i, Under (denoting motion or rest in some lower place) ; as, Sub te a habitare. — Sub umbra spatiari. Z. Under (of subjection, where a state is denoted) ; as, Sub rege. — • Sub magistro. — Sub lege. 3. At the very time of ; as, Sub ipsa prof ectione. — Sub Ccesari* discessu. 4. Near, Close under ; as. Sub castris. — Sub muro. V. Super With the Accusative. ^' 1. Above ; as. Super cethera notus. 2. Over ; as. Alii super aliorum capita ruebant. 3. Beyond ; as. Super flumen instruere aciem. — Super Indos prof err t imperium. 4. Over and above, In addition to; as. Super solitos honor es. \. It is used also of coexisting circumstances and attributes ; as. In summa copia oratorum nemo laudem Ciceronis cequavity " though there has been a very great abundance of orators." — In summis tuia occupa tionibiis, " busy as you are," &:c. 2. Cadere tub oculos, " to fall under one's observation.'' 256 EXERCISES ON THE PREPOSlTIONSf VI. Super With the Ablative. \. Upon ; as, Super arbore sidunt. — Fronde super vtruJ 2. Concerning ; as, Hoc super re scribam. VII. SUBTER. Under (commonly used with the accusative both of rest and mol'ftfi) as, Subtei prcecordia locare. — Subter ilia vulnus habes. It rarely occui with the ablative ; as, Subter densa testudine. — Subter litore. LXXXV. EXERCISES ON THE PREPOSITIONS. I. Translate the following, and designate the different prep- ositions, with their respective cases. Terra fruges ad usum hominum procreat. — Basilea, url Helvetiae, sita est ad Rhenum. — Apud Xenophontem mult, egregia Socratis praecepta leguntur. — Semper ante oculo habeat homo mortalitatem atque immortalitatem. — Perdic cas adversus Ptolemaeum profectus est. — Franco-Galli* citra montes Pyrenaeos sita est. — Ibis* circa Pelusium nigr? est ; in aliis regionibus Candida. — Humiis circum Beroliniin? arenosa et infecnnda est. — Octavam circiter horam ad scho- lam profectus sum. — Praeparetur animus contra omnia. — Sicilia contra Italiam sita est. — Amor erga praeceptores est summum decus discipuli. — Apud veteres ^Egyptios feminar negotia extra domos ; viri domos et res domesticas curarunt. — Infra frontem sunt oculi ; infra oculos genae. — Nulla c^* amicitia inter malos et ingratos. — Themistocles intra annum linguam Persicam didicit. — Amphibia nunc intra nunc extra aquam sunt. — Ventriculus cancrorum jacet in capite juxta oculos. — Cometae ob raritatem mirabiles sunt. — Penes eos- dem pericula belli sint, penes quos praemia sunt. — Hannibal exorcitum per invios montes et per densissimas silvas ad- versus Romanes duxit. — Crux pone nomen viri clari si^i- \ . The bird called Ibig. EXERCISES ON PREPOSITIONS. 257 ficat mortem. — Post mille annos homines fortasse mcliores erunt. — Omnia mortalia sunt praeter animos hominum. — Mosella praeter Augustam Trevirorum' fluit. — Prope ostium Rhodani Massilia urbs condita est. — Athenienses propter Pisistrati tyrannidem civium suorum potentiam timebant. — Persici equi sunt secmidum Arabicos pulcherrimi. — Omne animal secundum naturam se ipsum diligit. — Supra Mace- donian! sita est Thracia ; infra Macedoniam Thessalia. — Xerxes innumeram multitudinem militum trans Hellespon- tum duxit. — Rhodanus primo occidentem, deinde meridiem versus fluit. — Tusci prius cis Apenninum tid mare inferum, postea trans Apenninum colonias miserunt. Homines ab injuria natura, non poena arcere debet. — Filii Bruti, primi consulis Romani, ante oculos patris a lie- tore necati sunt. — Abs te, homo, nihil efficitur, quod non antea fuit. — Volatus strigium est absque strepitu. — Ne quid facite, pueri, quod coram parentibus et praeceptoribus facere non liceat. — Nemo cum hoste extra ordinem pugnato. — Homines, quibus cum vivimus, saepe sunt mali. — ^Egyptii et Phoenices inter se dimicabant de honore literarum inven- tarum.^ — Socrates philosophiam e coelo in terram devocavit. — Prae gaudio, ubi sim nescio. — Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. — Sine virtute nihil est laudabile. — Triton, deus marinus, alvo tenus piscis erat. — Ursus vivit in silvis regi- onum frigidarum. — Plurimae aves ante hiemem in calidiores regiones migrant. — Non mode- supra terram, sed etiam in imis ejus tenebris plurimae res perutiles inveniuntur. — Quae- dam hirundines sub hiemem avolant in peregrinas regiones — Talpa degit sub terra. — Socrates super ccenam de maxi mis rebus disputabat.— Super educatione multa scripta sunt — Nasus subter oculos locatus est. 1. Augusta Trevirorum corresponds to the modern city^f " Treves/ It was the capital of the ancient Treviri. 2. Literarum inventamm, " of the invention of letters." LiteraJb-, •* of invented letters." 22* 258 EXERCISES ON PREPOSITIONS. II. Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. The Romans created their consuls annually. Apis was a black ox, with a v)hite spot on the right side, and a knot beneath the tongue, Even timid men out of dan ger are bold. Among many nations of Thrace, the GetcB were the fiercest, and the readiest for encountering death. The Salluvii dwelt around the river Ticuius, the Rutiili below the Tiber and Anio. Pomponius Atticus was bu- ried near the Appian way, at the fifth milestone. Geese and cranes, when they sleep, hide their heads be- neath their wings. Manlius, contrary to the or- der of his father, fought against the enemy out of his rank. Wisdom often dwells even be- neath a sordid, and tattered cloak. Antiochus, king of Syria, af- ter the battle at Magnesia, reigned over Asia as far as Taurus. Romanus consul suus creo in annus. Apis bos niger sum cum can- didus in dexter latus mac- ula, et nodus sub lingua. Extra pericnlum etiam timid- us homo sum audax. Inter multus Thracia gens Geta ferox sum, et ad mors paratus. Salluvius circa Ticinus am- nis habito, Rutulus infra Tiberis et Anio. Pomponius Atticus juxta via Appia sepelio, ad quintus lapis. Anser et grus, quum dormio, caput subter ala condo. Manlius, contra pater edic- tum, extra ordo in hostis pugno. Saepe etiam sub sordidus ec lacer palliolum sapienlia habito. Antiochus, rex Syria, post prcelium apud Magnesia, regno in Asia Taurus te- nus. CONJUNCTIONS. 259 Good boys do nothing without the hwwledge of their pa- rents. Birds have horny and sharp beaks in place of lips. Bonus piier clam parens suus nihil facio. Avis corneus et acutus ros trum pro labrum habeo. LXXXVI. CONJUNCTIONIS. I. A conjunction is an indeclinable part of speech, which expresses the relation in which words or propositions stand to each other. II. Conjunctions have been divided into the following classes, according to their different significations. I Copulative, or such as connect things that are to be considered jointly ; as, - Acy *' and, as, than." Atque, " and, as, than." El, " and, even, also."* „ ,^ Etiam, "also, even." " >„> Que, " and, both.»'2 Quoquc, " also." Nee, *' neither, nor."^ Neque, " neither, nor." ll. Disjunctive, or such as connect things that are to be consid- ered separately ; as, Aut, " either, or.""* ■ • Seu, " either, or." Sive, *' whether, or.'' 1. When et is followed by et, the first is to be rendered " hoth,''^ the second " aw* , as, Adsuesce te dicere verum et audire, " Be accustomed both to speak and to hear truth." 2. Que IS an enclitic, and is joined to the end of words ; as, homuies que, amatque, &c. When que is followed by que, the first signifies '* Ao/A," the second " and.''^ 3 Negative propositions are connected by nee — 7iec or neque — neque , as, Contemnuntur ii qui nee sihi nee alteri prosunt, " They are contemn- ed who benefit neither themselves nor another." Virtus neque naufra- gio neque ineendio arniltitur, *' Virtue is lost neither by shipwreck nor by conflagration " 4. When aut is followed by another aut, the first is to be translated " either,'''' the second '* or." The double meanings appended to the other conjunctions are to be explained ir a similar manner. 260 CONJUNCTIONS. Ve, " either, or." Vcl, " either, or." Neve^ " neither, nor, and not.*' Neu, " neither, nor, and not." fll Conditional, or such as express a condition ; m, Si, " if." Sin, " but if.*' Nisi or wi, " unless." Dummodo, " provided only." IV Adversative, or such as express opposition ; 8? At, "but." Atqui, "but." Auiem, "but, however," &c. Ceterum, "but, moreover," &c. Sed, « but." ^amen. "however." Altamen, " yet." VeruiLtdmen, " notwithstanding.'* Vero, "truly." Verum, "but." v. Concessive, or such as express a concession 5 a» Etsi, " though." Etiamsif " even though." Tametsi, " although." Licet, "although." Quanquam, •' although." Quamvis, " although." n Causal, or such as ( express a cause or reason ; a» Enim, " for." Etenim, " for." Nam, " for." Namque, *'for." QuandOj " whereas, since," &c. Quandoquidem, " since." Quia, " because." Quippe, "because, since.*' Quod, " because." QtLoniam, " since." EXERCISES ON CONJUNCTIONS 26J Quum or cum, '« since."» Siquidem, " since, if indeed." Vll Illative s, or such i as express an inference ; as, Ergo, " therefore." IdcircOf " therefore." Ideo, ** therefore." Igilur, *♦ therefore." Itdque, " therefore." Proinde, "therefore." . ' Quapropter, " wherefore." Quare, " wherefore." Quamobrem, " wherefore." Quocirca, " wherefore." VIII. Finals, or such as denote a purpose, object, or result ; as, Ne, "lest^ that — not." Quin, *' but that." \ Quo, " in order that." Quommns, " that — not." Ut, *' that, in order that." Uti, " that, in order that." FX. SusPENsivES, or such I as express doubt ; as, An, *' whether." Anne, "whether." Annan, " whether or not." — ne, "whether." Necne, "or not." Num, " whether." Vtrum, " whether." LXXXVII. EXERCISES ON CONJUNCTIONS.* 1. Translate the following, designate the conjunction, and assign it to its proper class. Quadrupediim celeritas atque vis nobis ipsis ^ffert vim 1 . When quum. precedes and turn follows, the first is to be rendered "fto/A," and the second "awd." 2. These exercises contain some conjunctions not enumerated in the preceding classification, but easy to be ranked along with the rest > 262 EXERCISES ON CONJUNCTIONS. atque coleritatem. — Tyrannis amici quoque suspecti sunt. — Stulti sunt, qui forma opibusve superbiunt. — In superiors corporis parte, seu pectore, sunt cor et pulmo ; in inferiore, seu abdomme, est stomachus cum intestinis. — Soils radiis et illustrantur et calefiunt planetae. — Virtus opibus parari non potest, ut opes virtute. — Mors tarn juveni ante oculos debet esse, quam seni. — Luna modo rubet, modo pallet.- Aut impeiii aut divitiarum caus^ bella fere omnia inter mor- tales orta sunt. — Fortes non modo Fortuna adjuvat, ut est in vetere proverbio, sed multo magis ratio. — Alcibiades ma- jora bona non poterat consequi, quam vel fortuna vel natura tribuerat. — Virtus nee eripi nee surripi potest unquam. — Agesilaus Lacedaemonius quum a ceteris scriptoribus, turn a Xenophonte collaudatus est. — Nihil mihi neque a te ipso, neque ab ullo alio de republica scriptum est. — Non aetate verum ingenio acquiritur sapientia. — Omne animal sensus habet ; sentit igitur et calida et frigida et ^mara. — Gyges a nullo videbatur-, ipse autem omnia videbat. — Amicus in convivio non cognoscitur ; errat igitur, qui amicum in con- vivio probat. — Maxima in sensibus varietas est, si omnia removeantur, quae obstant et impediunt. — Leonidas, Lace- daemoniorum rex, quum Xerxes scripsisset, " Mitte arma ;' respondit, " Veni et cape." 11. Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram matical, so as to suit the English words opposite He who abandons you never was a friend, for true friendship never ceases. Because nature cannot he changed, therefore true friendships are eternal. Sea-water is salt, in order that it ma if not putrefy. Qui desero te nunquam ami- cus sum ; namque verus amicitia nunquam desino. Quia natura non possum mu to, idcirco verus amicitia sum sempiternus. Aqua marinus salsus sum, ne putrescG. INTERJECTIONS. 263 We ought to undertake great Magnus suscipio debe d, dinn things while we have bodily \ vis habeo. powers, Hamilcar, after he had cross- \ Hamilcar, posteaquam mare ed the sea, and come into transeo, in Hispaniaqiie Spain, carried on great op- : venio, magniis res secim- erations with favourable '. dus gero fortuna. fortune. If you do well, you please \ Si bene ago, placeo Deus, sm God ; but if you d III. Two or more singular nominatives united by a connective con function, and sometimes even without such union, have the verb in the plural, if the)' denote living beings, and especially persons; as, Antonius et Octavianus vicerunt Bruium et Cassium. IV But if the nominatives denote things without life, and especially abstract ideas, the singular or plural may be used ; unless one of the nominatives should be in the plural, or what is asserted should only be true of them jointly ; as,* Cum lempus necessifasque postulate decerfandum manu est, " When the occasion and necessity demand, we must contend with the hand." Beneficium et gratia homines inter se conjungunt^ " Kindness and favour unite men among themselves." Vita, mors, divitics, pauper tas, omnes homines commovcnt, " liife, death, riches, poverty, exercise an influence over all men." V. Verbs of the first, and second persons must have for their nomina- tives the pronouns of those persons ; all other nouns take verbs of the third person. And if a noun of the third person stands before a verb ol the first or second per^^on, it is because a pronoun of those persons is understood ; as, Consul dixi, " I the consul have said it." Supply ego. Miles Romanus fugisti, " Thou, a Roman soldier, hast fled." Sup ply tu. VI. When pronouns of diflferent persons come together, the verb agrees with the pronoun of the first person, in preference to that of the second, and with the pronoun of the second person in preference to that of the third ; as, Si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus, " If thou and Tullia are well, I and Cicero are well." VII. The infinitive mood, or part of a sentence, often supplies thfl place of a nominative ; as, Mcntiri est turpe, " to lie is disgraceful." JEquum est ut hoc facias, " it is right that you do this." VIII. One substantive agrees with ano'her in case, when both refea to the same person or thing ; as, JJrbs Roma, " the city Rome.'* Nos consules, " w^ consuls." 1. Instances, thoujih rare, occur of a singular verb following several nominatives, of which one is phiral, provided it be not fhe last. When several names of j)erson« are {)reeeded or followed by a singular verb, the verb agreeinj^ with the nearest must be understood with the others ; as, Gorgias, Thrasymackus, Protagoras, ?rodiciid^ Uippias in magno honor e /uit." — Cic. 2n 266 RULES OF SYNTAX. IX. Adjectives, adjective pronouns, and partici^ les agree with then substantives in gender, number, and case ; as, Bonus puery " a good boy." Bonos viros, " good men." Bona puella, " a good girl." BoncB leges, *' good laws." Triste hellumy " a sad war." Cadentia asira, " setting stars. '' Mea sororj "my sister." Fugienles hostes, " fleeing foes " Hoc negotium, *' this aflair." Tua dona, " thy gifts." X. An adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle belonging to two oi more substantives is put in the plural ; as, Vir et puer territi lupo, " A man and boy terrified by a wolf." XI. When the substantives to which the adjective, pronoun, or parti- ciple thus refers, are of different genders, but indicate persons, the ad- jective, &c., on being put in the plural, will be of the masculine rather than the feminine gender ; as, Pater et mater ejus mortui sunt, " His father and mother are dead." XII. But if the substantives indicate things without life, and are at the same time of different genders, the adjective becomes neuter. And if some of the substantives refer to things with life, and others to inani- mate objects, the adjective is either neuter, or takes the gender of the thing or things with life ; as, Labor voluptasque sunt dissimUia naturd, *' Toil and pleasure are unlike in nature." Naves et capttvi, quce ad Chium capta sunt, *'The vessels and captives that were taken at Chios." Numid(B atque signa militaria ohscurati sunt, " The Numidians and their military standards were partially concealed." XIII. An adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle often stands alone, having a substantive understood, with which it agrees in gender ; ay. Mortalis, " a mortal," homo understood. Superi, "the gods above," dit understood. Dextra, " the right hand," manus understood. Sinistra, " the left hand," manus understood. Relative and Antecedent. XIV. The relative Qui, qucB, quod, agrees with its antecedent ik gender, numl^er, and person ; as,^ 1. l he relative is to be regarded as placed between two ca-ses of the same noun, either cxpressscd or understood, with the former of ^«^■l^:<•h ie •\iue< 'm >!^-uU^, mm.- RULES OF SYNTAX. 267 Vir qui, "the man who." Viri qui, "the men who." Femina qucB, " the woman who." FemincB quce, " the women whc Negotium quod, " the thing which." Negotia qucs, " the things which." XV. If no nominative come between the relative and the verb, the relative is the nominative to the verb ; but when a nominative inter- /enes, the relative is governed by the verb, or by some other word in the sentence ; as, Ego qui scribo, "I who write." Ego quern tu vocas, " I whom thou callest." Ego de quo tu dicis, " I of whom thou speakest." XVI. If the relative has more than one antecedent, of different gen ders, the same rule applies as in the case of adjectives, &c. ; as, " Ninus et Semiramis, qui condiderunt Babylona, " Ninus and Sem- iramis who founded Babylon." XVII. The relative often stands alone, a noun or pronoun being un- derstood, from which it takes its gender and number ; as. Qui bene laluit, bene vixit, " He who has well escaped notice, has lived well" {ille being understood). XVIII. The antecedent is sometimes elegantly understood, and the loun with which the relative agrees in case is expressed ; as, Quas misisti literas accepi, " I have received the letters which you sent," for accepi literas quas misisti. The same case after a verb as before it. XIX. Any verb may have the same case after it as before it, viheo t>oth words refer to the same person or thing ; as, Ego sum Romanus, " I am a Roman." Tu vocaris prodttor, " thou art called a traitor." Ilia incedit regina, " she walks as a queen." II. Government, I. A noun which limits the meaning of another noun, denoting a dil- ferent person or thing, is put in the genitive ; as, Amor Dei, " the love of God." ^ Lexnaturaf " the law of nature." Arma Achillis, " the arms of Achilles." number, and with the latter in gender, number, and case. Sometimes both nouua are expressed , as, Erant omnino duo itinera, quibus itineribus dmno exire pnsscrtt * There were only two routes, by which routes they could no forth from their h'.iin» ' 268 RULES OP SYNTAX II. A substantive pronoun, which liipits the meaning of a ncun, w tti like manner put in the genitive ; as, Cura meif " care for me." Pars tui^ " part of thee." III. When the limiting noun expresses some quahty or circumstance respecting the former, it has an adjective agreeing with it, and is put either in the genitive or ablative ; as, Vir summcR prudenticR, " a man of the greatest wisdom.** or summa prudential Puer probcB indolis, or " a boy of a good disposition." proba indole^ Adjectives taken as Nouns. IV. An adjective in the neuter gender, without a substantive, govern* " the city IS thirty miles distant trigtnta millious passuum, > Jlery or ilinere unius dici^ " one day's journey." Time. XLVII. Nouns signifying the time when are put in the ablative ; thoi %ovo long in the accusative, sometimes in the ablative ; as, Venit hora tertia, " he came at the third hour." Mansit paucos diesy *' he stayed a few days." Sex mensibus abfuit^ " he was away six months." Verbs governing the Accusative and the Genitive. XLVIII. Verbs of accusing^ condemning^ admonishing^ and acquit ting, govern the accusative and genitive ; as, Arguit mefurtiy " he accuses me of theft." Me ipsum inertice condemno, " I condemn myself of laziness." ' Ilium homicidii absolvunt, " they acquit him of manslaughter." Monet me officii, " he admonishes me of my duty." XLIX, Verbs of esteeming govern the 'accusative of the person 01 thing esteemed, and the genitive of the value ; as, Aestimo te magni, *' I value you much." Ego ilium flocci pendo, "I value him at a rush." Verbs governing the Accusative and the Dative. L. Verbs of comparing, giving, declaring, and taking away, govern fhe accusative and dative ; as, Comparo Virgilium Homer 0, " I compare Virgil to Horner.^' Suum cuique tribuito, " give every one his own." Narras fabulam surdo, " you tell a story to a deaf man " Eripuit me morti, ** he rescued me from death."*' Or thus : Any active verb may govern the accusative and the dative, when, together with the object of the action, we express the person of thing in relation to which it is exerted ; as, Legatii Icciianem tibi, " I will read the lesson to you." Emit librum mihi, *' he bought a book for me." Verbs governing two Accusatives. LI. Verbs of asking and teaching govern two accusatives , as, Poscimus te pacem, " we beg peace of thee. ' Docuit me grammaticam, " he taught me grammar." 276 ^ RULES OF SYNTAX. Verbs governing the Accusative and the Ablative. LII. Verbs of loadings binding, clothing, depriving, and some otheis govern the accusative and the ablative ; as, Onerat naves auro, " he loads the ships with gold." Te hoc crimine ezpedi, " clear yourself of this charge " The Construction of Passive Verbs. LIII. When a verb in the active voice governs two cases, in the pas « ve it retains the latter case ; as, Accusor furti, " I am accused of theft." Virgilius comparatur Homero, "Virgil is compared to Homer." Doceor grammaticam, " I am taught grammar." Navis oneratur auro^ " the sliip is loaded with gold." The Construction of Impersonal Verbs. LIV. Impersonal verbs govern the dative ; as, Expedit reipubliccB, " it is profitable for the stat**." Favetur mihi, " I am favoured." LV. Interest and referl require the genitive ; as. Interest omnium, " it is the interest of all.' Refert patris, " it concerns my father." LVI. But mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra, are put in the ac<^usativ€ plural neuter ; as, Non mea refert, " it does not concern me." LVII. Miseret, poemtet, pudet, tadet, and piget, govern the accupa* tive and genitive ; as, Miseret me tui, " I pity you." Poenitet me peccati, *' I repent of my sin." Tcedet me vita, " I am weary of life." Pudet me culpce, " I am ashamed of my fault.'* LVIII. Decet, delectat, juvat, and oportet, govern the accusative cas# with the infinitive mood ; as, Delectat me studere, " it delights me to study." Non iecet te rixari, " it does not become you to scold." Construction of the Names of Places. LIX. The name of a town, signifying the place where or in which, i it be of the first or second declension and singular number, is put in tlu genitive ; but if it be of the third declension or plural number, ii is pu/ in the ablative; as,^ 1 This rule is here given in accordance with the custom of all erammars. Tl i« RULES OF SYNTAX. , 277 Vixtt RomcBf " he lived at Rome.'* Mortuus est Londini, *' he died at London." Habitat Carthagine, "he dwells at Carthage." Siuduit Farisiis, " he studied at Paris." EX. The name of a town, signifying the place whither , :'s put in the accusative ; as, Vejiit Romam, * "he came to Rome." Profectus est Athenas, " he went to Athens." LXI. The name of a town, signifying the place whence^ or through what place^ is put in the ablative ; as, Discessit Corintko, " he departed from Corinth." Laodicea iterfaciebat, " he went through Laodicea." LXII. Domus and rus, signifying the place where, are construed like the names of towns ; as, Manet domij " he stays at home." Domum revertitur^ " he returns home." Vivil ruri, " he lives in the countr}'." Ahiit rus, " he has gone to the country." The Ablative Absolute. LXIII. A noun or pronoun, joined with a participle, expressed or un- derstood, when its case depends on no other word, is put in the ablative absolute ; as, Sole oriente, fugiunt tenebrce, "the sun rising, darkness flies away," Ojpere peracto, ludemus, " our work being finished, we will play." quite erroneous, however, since the true case is the locative, or that which denotes place. The rule, therefore, if properly enunciated, would be simply this ; " Tt< name of a place is put in the locative when the question is made by ubi, ' where. " 24 DICTIONARY. Explanation of Abbreviations. ' M. Active. int. Interjection adj. Adjective. irreg. Irregular. adv. Adverb. masc. Masculine. c. g. Common gender. neut. Neuter. comp Comparative. num. Number. conj. Conjugation. part. Participle. conjc Conjunction, pass. Passive. decl. Deo.ension. plur. Plural. def. Defective. prep. Preposition. dep. Deponent. prop. n. Prober name fern. Feminine. pret. Preteritivc. freq. Frequentative. pron. Proi-.oun. impers. Impersonal. superl. Su]M-rlative. indecl. Indeclinable. V. Verb. ABS A. A., AB, ABS (prep, with the ablative). Frorrij by, &c. Consult note 1, page 252. Abd5men, Inis (neut. 3 decl.). 1. The abdomen, the lower stomach. 2. Gluttony. Abduco, ucere, uxi, uctum (a. v. 3 conj. from ab and duco). To lead away, to draw away, to lead or draw off. 'Abeo, ire, ivi or ii, itum (irreg. neut. V. from ab and eo). To go away, to depart. 'Abies, etis (fem. 3 decl.). A fir- tree. "Abrahamus, I (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). Abraham, the name of the Jewish patriarch. Absolvo, vere, VI, UTUM (a. V. 3 conj. from ab and solvo). 1. To loosen, to disengage. 2. To acquit, to absolve. Absque (prep, with ablative). Without. ACE Absum, abesse, abfui (irreg. neut, V. from AB and sum). To be ab- sentf to be away from. Ac (conjc). And, as, and, after nouns or adverbs of contrariety or comparison, than. Accedo, cedere, cessi, cessum (neut. V. 3 conj. from ad and CEDo). 1 . To draw near, to ap- proach, to come up to. 2. To be added. AccEPTUs, A, UM (part, from ac- ciPio). Received, taken. AccEPTUs, A, UM (adj.). Accepta- ble, pleasing, grateful. AcciDO, ciDERE, ciDi (ncut. V. 3 conj. from ad and cado). Tg fait out, to happen. AcCIDO, CIDERE, CIDI, CISUM (a. V 3 conj. from ad and c^edo). 1. To cut against, to cut, to lop. 2 To weaken, to ruin, to destroy. 'Acer, acris, acre (adj ;. 1. Sharp, sour, tart, pungent. 2. Brisk, spirited, keen, active, ve hement, fierce. 1. When numbers are prefixed to the meanings, I indicates the literal meaninfr, ^nd 2 the figurative or deduced one. ADH AcERBUs, A, UM (adj.)- !• ^nnpcy sour J Jiarsh, bitter. 2. Cruel^ severe, austere, morose. AcERvus, I (masc. 2 decl.)- A heap, a pile. AcBTUM, ^neut. 2 decl.). Vine- gar. 'Achilles, is (prop. n. masc. 3 decl.). AckiUes, the name of a celebrated Grecian warrior at the siege of Troy. AciEs, EI (fem. 5 decl.). 1. The sharp edge or point of anything. 2. The vision, the organ of sight. 3. A line of soldiers, an army in battle array, a line of battle. 'AciNACEs and Acinacis, is (masc. 3 decl.). A short Persian sword, a dagger. AcQuiRo and Adquiro, quirere, Quisivi, QuisiTUM (a. v. 3 conj. from AD and qu^ro). To ac- quire, to get, to procure, to obtain. ACRITER, ACRIUS, ACERRIME (adv.). Vehemently, keenly, sharply. AcuLEus, I (masc. 2 decl.). A sting. Acus, US (fem. 4 decl.). A needle. AcuTus, A, UM (adj. from acuo, to sharpen, and that from acu s). 1 . Sharp-edged, pointed. 2. Acute, keen. Ad (prep, with the accusative). To, at, for, until, &c. 'AdaxMas, antis (masc. 3 decl.). A diamond. 'AuAMUs, I (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). Adam, the name of our first pa- rent. Addo, ere, iDi, iTUM (a. V. 3 conj. from AD and do). To add. 'Adeo, ire, ivi or li, itum (neut. v. 4 conj. from ad and eo). To go to, to come to, to approach. 'Adeo (adv.). So, to such a de- gree, so far, insomuch. Adhibeo, ere, ui, itum (a. v. 2 conj. from ad and habeo). To adopt, to employ, to use. Adhortor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 conj. from ad and hortor). To exhort, to encourage, to animate. Adhuc (adv. from- ad and hoc). Hif/ififf'. l/iu.sfir. //> yt;/. 2^H» ADO "Adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum (dep. V. 3 conj. from ad and apiscor). To acquire, to get, to procure, to obtain, to arrive at. Aditus, us (masc. 4 decl. from adeo). a going to, an approach, access. Adjiceo, jicere, jeci, jectum (a. V. 3 conj. from ad and jacio). 1. To apply to, to bring in ccn- tact with. 2. To add. Adjungo, ere, junxi, junctum (a V. 3 conj. from ad and jungo) To join to, to annex, to add, U unite. Adjuvo, are, juvi, jutum (a. irreg V. 1 conj. from ad and juvo). Tt aid., to assist. Administro, are, avi, atum (a. v 1 conj. from ad and ministro) 1 . To act, to do one's part, to ai tend, to minister. 2. To pcr^ form, to conduct, to administer, Admiror, ari, atus sum (d. v. 1 conj. from ad and miror). To iDonder at, to wonder greatly, to admire. Admodum (adv. from ad and mo Dus). 1. Up to the measure, ful ly. 2. Very, much, exceedingly 3. Of a truth, in good truth, just, exactly. Admoneo, ere, ui, itum (v. a. 2 conj. from ad and moneo). To admonish, to advise, to remind. Adnuntio, also written annuntio, are, avi, atum (v. a. 1 conj. from AD and nuntio). To an- nounce, to proclaim, to publish. Adolescens, entis (masc. and fem. 3 decl. from adolesco). 1. A young man, one past the .state of boyhood. 2. A young woman. "Adolescentia, je (fem. 1 decl from adolescens). Youth, ad- olescence, the age succeeding boy- hood. "Adolesco, escere, evi, very rarely ui, adultum (n. v. 3 conj. from AD and 0LE8C0). To grow vp, to grow to maturity, to increase. "Ador, oris, and sometimes oris (n. 3 decl.). A kind of wheal wheat, grain ADS A.DORO, ARE, AVI, AIUM (a. V. 1 conj. from ad and oro). To adore, to worsniy. .\dpareo or Appareo, ere, ui (n. V. 2 conj.). To appear, to he visible, to come in sight. \i)PELLo or Appello, ere, puli, PULSUM (a. V. 3 conj. from ad and PELLo). 1. To drive to or towards, to cause to go. 2. To land (the word navem, classem, or something similar, being un- derstood). f\DPELLO or Appello, are, avi, atu.m (v. a. 1 conj.). To call, to name, to term, to entitle, Adpeto or Appeto, ere, ivi or ii, iTUM (a. V. 3 conj. from ad and PETO). To seek, to try to get, lo assault, to attack. Adpropinquo or Appropinquo, are, avi, atum (n. v. 1 conj. from ad and propinquo). To approach, to draw near. Adrideo or Arrideo, ridere, ri- si, BisuM (n. V. 2 conj. from ad and rideo). 1. To smile upon, to look pleasantly upon, to smile upon with approbation, to ap- prove. 2. To please, to prove satisfactory. Adripio or Arripio, ripere, rip- ui, REPTUM (a. V. 3 conj. from ad and rapid). To take by force, to seize upon, to catch or snatch at. Adscendo or Ascendo, scendere, scENDi, scENsuM (a. V. 3 conj. from AD and scan do). To climb up, to ascend, to mount. Adscisco or Ascisco, sciscere, scivi, sciTUM (a. V. 3 conj. from AD and scisco). To take, to ad- mit, to receive, to approve, to ac- knowledge Adsentator or Assentator, oris (masc. 3 decl. from adsentior). A flatterer. Adsentio or Assentio (n. v. 4 conj. from ad and sentio). To assent, to agree to. Adsentior or Assentior, senti- Ri, SENSU8 sum (dsp. V. 4 conj.). To assent, to a^ree to. 24* ADV Adsequor or Assequor, sequi» SEQUUTUS or SECUTUS SUM (dcp. V. 3 conj. from ad and sequor). To come up with, to attain to, to overtake, to reach. Adspergo or Aspergo, spergere, spERsi, SPERSUM (a. V. 3 conj. from AD and spargo). To sprin- kle, to besprinkle, to bedew. Adspernor or Aspernor, sper NARl, SPERNATUS SUM (dcp. V. 1 conj. from ad and sperno). To turn away from with contempt, to spurn, to reject, to shun. Adspicio or Aspicio, spickre spexi, spectum (a. v. 3 conj from ad and specio). To look at, to behold, to see. Adsuesco or Assuesco, suescere, suevi, suetum (n. v. 3 conj. from AD and suEsco). To accustom one's self, to be accustomed, to be in the habit of. Adsum, esse, fui (irreg. n. v.). To be present. Adtente or Attente (adv. from adtentus). Attentively, care- fully. Adtento or Attento, are, avi, atum (a. V. 1 conj. from ad and TENTo). To attempt, to try, to endeavour. Adtentus or Attentus, a, um (adj.). Attentive. Adtenuo or attenuo, are, avi, atum (a. V. 1 conj. from ad and tenuis). To lessen, to diminish, to make thin, to attenuate. Adtraho or Attraho, trahere, TRAXI, TRACTUM (a. V. 3 COnj. from AD and traho). To draw towards, to attract. "Adultus, a, um (adj. from adoles- co). One grown up, an adult. "Aduncus, a, um (adj. from ad and uncus). Crooked, curved. Adustus, a, um (part, from aduro) Burned. Vinum adastum, bran- dy. '^ Advena, je, (masc. or fem. 1 decl. from AD and venio). A stran- ger, a foreigner, a new comer. Advento, are, avi, atum (n. v. 1 conj. from ad and venio). Te 2.S1 come frequently J to arrive, tovome (0, to approach, to draw near. Vdversus, a, um (adj. from j.d and VERTo). 1. Opposite, over against, fronting. 2. Adverse, contrary, opposing, hostile. Adversus or Adversum (prep.). Against, over against, opposite, facing, towards. /Edepol (int.). Equivalent liter- ally to per cedem Pollucis, " by the temple of Pollux." By my faith, on my honour. .Edes or -^Dis, IS (fem. 3 decl.). L An apartment. 2. A temple. 3, In the plural, a house (i. e., consisting of many apartments). ^DiFiciuM, I (neut. 2 decl. from ^DiFico). A building, a dwell- ing, an edifice. iEDIFICO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from ^des and facio). To build, to erect. .^DiLis, IS (masc. 3 decl. from -.edes). An cedile, a Roman magistrate, whose business it was to superintend the repairs of the temples and other build- ings ; to regulate the markets, weights, public games, &c. .'Edui, 5rum (prop. n. 2 decl.). The JEdui, a people of Gaul. .Egjeus, a, um (adj.). JEgean. ^gaeum mare, the JEgean Sea, the modern Archipelago. ^Eger, ^gra, ^grum (adj ). Sick. .Egis, iDis or iDos (fem. 3 decl.). I. A goatskin. 2. The JEgis, the fabled shield of Jove and Mi- nerva, covered with the skin of the goat that had suckled Jupiter. 3. A storm., a tempest, lightning, a thunderbolt. . ^5']gyptus, 1 (fem. 2 decl.). Egypt. .^MULUs, I (masc. 2 decl.). A rival. JEvLVLUs, a, um (adj.). Emulous, rival, rivalling, striving to sur- pass. ./Eneas, m (prop. n. masc. 1 decl.). Mneas, the name of a celebrated Trojan warrior. .Equitas, ATis (fem. 3 d»cl. from .^Quus). Equality, equity, jus- tire. 282 AFF ! JEqUO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. 'J. 1 j conj.). To equal, to level, to make smooth. JKquus, a, um (adj.). 1. Equal, level, smooth. 2. Just, fair, equitable, right. ^Equo animo, icillingly, patienuy, contentedly. "Aer, aeris (masc. 3 decl). The air, the atmosphere. JErarium, I (neut. 2 decl. from JES). A treasury, the place where the public money is kept. ^s, ^Ris (neut. 3 decl.). 1, Cop- per, brass, bronze. 2. Money, the first money coined ?it Rome having been of copper, or rather bronze. ^schines, is (prop. n. masc. 3 decl.). JEschijies, the name of an eminent orator at Athens, the rival and opponent of Demosthe- nes. ^'EscHYLUs, I (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). JEschylus, the name of a celebrated tragic poet of Athens. JEsTAS, ATIS (fem. 3 decl.). Sum- mer. ^ESTIMO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To estimate, to value, to appreciate. ^TAS, ATIS (fern. 3 decl). Age, time of life. ^ternitas, ATIS (fem. 3 decl from ^TERNUs). Eternity. -^TERNus, A, UM (adj.). Eter- nal. -.Ether, eris (masc. 3 decl). The ether, the sky, the upper air, as opposed to aer, which denotes the lower or atmospheric air. ^TNA, ^ (prop. n. fem. 1 decl). Mtna, a well-known mountain ol Sicily. Affero, afferre, attuli, alla- TUM, or adfero, adferre, ad- tuli, adlatum (irreg. a. v. from AD and fero). To bring to, to carry, to bear unto one. Affinis or Adfinis, is, e (adj.). 1. Contiguous, adjoining. 2. A relation (generally by mar- riage, and used in this sense as a noun of the third declension, common gender). ALA Africa, m (prop. n. fern 1 decl.). Africa. Age (int.). Come, come on. (It is often passed over without be- ing translated, and is expressed merely by the tone of the voice.) "Ager, agri (masc. 2 decl.). A field, ground, a piece of land. Agesilaus, I (prop. n. masc. 2 decl). Agesilaus J the name of a celebrated king of Sparta. Aggredior or Adgredior, aggre- Di, aggressus sum (dep. v. 3 conj. from ad and gradior). 1. To advance up to, to accost. 2. To undertake, to take in hand, to enter upon. 3. To attack, to assail. "AgITO, are, AVr, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To drive, to drive to and fro, to agitate. Agmen, inis (neut. 3 decl.). An army on its march. Agnosco, noscere, novi, nitum (a. v. 3 conj. from ad and nos- co). 1. To recognise. 2. To ' acknowledge. "Ago, AGERE, EGI, ACTUM (a. V. 3 conj.). 1. To conduct, to drive, to lead. 2. To do, to perform, to act. Agresti&s is, e (adj. from ager). Rustic, boorish, wild, belonging to the country. Agricola, as, (masc. 1 decl. from AGER and coLo). A husband- man, a farmer. Agricultura, m (fem. 1 decl. from AGER and cultura). Agri- culture, husbandry, farming. Ah (int.). Ah ! ah me ! alas ! Aha (int.). Same meaning as ah. Ahenum, I (neut. 2 decl.). A bra- zen vessel, a caldron. (Prop- erly an adjective, " brazen," vas, or dolium, or some equivalent term being understood.) Aio (def. verb). / say, I affirm. "Ajax, acis (prop. n. 3 decl.). Ajax, the name of a celebrated Grecian warrior. "Ala, je (fem 1 decl.). A wing. Alacer or Alacris, is, e (adj.). Brisk, sprightly, active, ready. ^ ALP "Alauda, jE (fem. 1 decl.). A lark. Alba, je (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). Alba, the name of an ancient and famous city in Latium. Albis, is (masc. 3 decl.). The Elbe, a river of Germany. Albus, a, um (adj.). White. Alcibiades, is (prop. n. masc. S decl.). Alcibiades, a celebrated Athenian. Alcides, je (prop. n. masc. I decl.). Alcides, a name given to Hercules. "Alecto and Allecto, us (prop. n. fem, 3 decl. Greek n.). Alecto, the name of one of the furies. "Alexander, ri (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). Alexander, the name of a well-knowm monarch of Maco- donia. "Alibi (adv.). Elsewhere. "Alien us, a, um (adj. from alius; Belonging to another, another'' s, foreign. "Aliquaxdiu (adv. from aliquan do). For some time. "Aliquanuo (adv.). At some time, sometimes, occasionally. "Aliquantulus, a, um (adj. from aliquantum). a little, a very little. "Aliquis or Aliqui, aliqua, a li- quid or ALiQuoD (pron. from ALIUS and quis or qui). Some one, somebody, some. "Aliter, (adv.). Otherwise, in a different way or manner. "Alius, a, ud (pron.). Oifyfi$f, an- other. It differs frora^djl^,^ in that alius means one (^ijaany, but alter one of two. ''W|^ "Alo, ere, ui, alitum and altum (a. V. 3 conj.). To nourish, to increase, to support by feeding, to cherish. "Aloe, es (fem. 1 decl. Greek n.) The aloe or aloe-tree. Allobroges (prop. n. masc. 3 decl. nom. plural from a singular Allobrox, genitive Allobro- Gis). The Allobroges, a Gallic tribe. Alpes (prop. n. fem. 3 decl. nom 283 AMP plural from a singular Alpis, is). The Alps. Altare, is (neut. 3 decl. from al- Tus). An altar. Alter, era, erum (pron.)- The other, another, the second. Com- pare the remark under alius. Altus, a^ um (adj. from alo). 1. High, lofty, tall. 2. Deep. Alveare, is (neut. 3 decl.). A beehive. A2,vus (fern. 2 decl.)- The stom- ach, abdomen, belly, paunch. "Amabilis, is, e (verbal adj. from AiMo). Worthy of being loved, lovely, desirable. "Amarus, a, um (adj.). 1. Bitter, biting, pungent. 2. Acrimoni' ous, sharp, sarcastical. 'Amazon, onis (fern. 3 decl.). An Amazon, a female warrior. Ambo, ^, o (pron.). Both. "Amens, tis (adj. from a and mens). Mad, insane, distracted. 'America, m (prop. n. 1 decl.). Afkerica: 'AMicyfTiA, X (fem. 1 decl. from amicus). Friendship. 'Amicus, a, um (adj. from amo). Friertdty. 'Amicjws^ ,1 (masc. 2 decl.). A friend, a lover,.of. ^ ^ "AmiTTO, MITTERE, MlSf, M.ISSUM (a, V. 3 conj . from a and >H|H^y ^ • To send away. 2. jIk^^ to part loith, to throw away. *'t y> Ammon, onis (prop. n. mastfeifS Amnion, a surname of kas having a temple and *rshipped in the deserts ^^^ A D^B^R>r: Q^Hrica. .m^, IS (m AMIP, is (masc. 3 decl.)- ^ river. "Amo, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To love. 'Amoenus, a, um (adj.). Pleasant, agreeablCj beautiful, charming. (It is applied generally to the sSght.) Amor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from amo). Love, affection. Amplius (adv. of the comp. degree, from ample). More, farther. Amplus, a, um (adj.). Large, spa- cious, great, ampky *-oumy. 284 AiNT 'Amulius, I (prop. n. 2 decl.) Amulius, the brother of Numitor An (adv.). 1. Whether. %. Or. Anacharsis, is (prop. n. 3 decl.) Anacharsis, a famous Scythian philosopher. '.\nas, ATis (fem. 3 decl.). A duck or drake. Anceps, cipitis (adj. from am, " around," and capio). 1. DotUd- ful. 2. Dangerous. 3. Two- edged. 4. Double. Ancile, is (neut. 3 decl.). A sa- cred shield, an ancile. Anglia, je (prop. n. fem. 1 decl). England. Anguilla, ^ (fem. 1 decl.). An eel. Angulus, I (masc. 2 decl.). An angle. Angustia, je (fem. 1 decl. from ANGusTUs), A narrow place^ narrowness. 'Anima, js. (fem. 1 decl.). 1. Breath, air, a breeze of wind. 2, The living principle, vital spirit, life. 3. The soul. "Animal, alis (neut. 3 decl.). An animal, a living creature. "Animus, i (masc. 2 decl.). 1. The mind, the soul. 2. The feelings, the heart, the bosom. "Anio, lENis (prop n. masc. 3 decl.). The Anio, a river of Italy, near Rome. Now the Teverone. Anne (adv.). Whether. Annon (adv.). Not? Annonestl is it not J Annon hoc tibi dixi 1 did I not tell you this ? Annosus, a, um (adj. from annus). Aged, advanced in years. Annus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A year Anser, ERis (masc. 3 decl). A goose, a gander. Anserinus, a, um (adj. from an ser). Of a goose, belonging to a goose. Pedibus anserinis, or pedes anserinos habens, web- footed. Ante (prep, with accusative^. Be fore, &c. Antegredior, edi, essus sum (dep. V. 3 conj. fiom ante and AQU gradior). To go before, to pre cede. Antegressus, a, um (part, from antegredior) That has gone on before, that has passed. Antepono, poneke, posui, posi- TUM (a. V. 3 con.j. from ante and PONo). To place before, to pre- fer. Antei^uam (adv. from ante and quam). Before that, before. Interior, oris (adj. from ante). Anterior, before, foremost. \ntipater, Ris (prop. n. masc. 3 decl ). Antipater. AntIquus, a, UiM (adj.). Ancierd. Antistes, isTiTis (masc. and fern. 3 decl.). 1. A leader, one v^ho presides over. 2. A chief priest, a high priest. Antoninus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). Antoninus, the name of a Roman emperor. Antonius, I (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). Antony. Antrum, I (neut, 2 decl.). Acave. Apage (int.). Begone! away! Aperio, erire, erui, ertum (v. a. 4conj.). To open. "Apertus, a, um (verbal adj. from APERio). Open, standing open, lying open. "Apis, is (fem. 3 decl.). A bee. "Apis, is (prop. n. 3 decl.). Apis, the sacred ox of Egypt. 'Apollo, inis (prop. n. masc. 3 decl.). Apollo, the god of music, poetry, and divination. Appakeo, vid. Adpakeo. Appello, vid. Adpello. Appeto, vid. Adpeto. Appia Via (Appius and via). The Appian Way, a celebrated Ro- man road, leading from Rome through Southern Italy. Appropinquo, vid. Adpropinquo. Aprilis, is (masc. 3 decl.). The month of April. 'Apdd (prep, with accijllative). At, with, Szc. 'Aqua jb (fem 1 decl.). Water. Aquila, m (ft^.m. 1 ded.). An eagle. 'AqdItani, okum (prop. n. Jiiasc. 2 ARE decl.). The Aquitani, a people of Gaul. "Ara, m (fem. 1 decl.). An altar "Arabs, abis (masc. 3 decl). An Arab. "Arabia, ^ (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.) Arabia. "Arabicus, a, um (adj.). Arabian. "Aranea, je (fem. 1 decl.). A spider. "Araneus, I (masc. 2 decl.). A "Arar, arts, or "Araris, is (prop n. 3 -decl.). The Arar, now the Saone, a river of Gaul. "Arator, oris (masc. 3 decl. from ARo). A ploughman, a farmer, a husbandman. "Aratrum, I (neut. 2 decl.). A plough. "Aratus, I (prop. n. 2 decl.). Aratus. Arbiter, tri (masc. 3 decl.). An arbiter, umpire, mediator, mana- ger between two parlies. Arbor, ORIS (fem. 3 decl.). A tree Arbos, oris, same as Arbor. Arcanus, a, um (adj.). Secret Arcanum, a secret. Arcana, se crets. Ar3eo, cere, GUI, ctum (a. V. 2 conj). To restrain, to keep or ward off, to remove or drive away. Archon, ontis (masc. 3 decl. Greek n.). A7i Archon, the name of the highest Athenian magistracy. The archons were nine in number. Arcus, us (masc. 4 decl.). 1. A bow. 2. An arch of a bridge. 3. A triumphal arch. 4. Any- thing arched or curved. Ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsum (n. V. 2 conj.). To burn, to be on fire, to blaze. Arduus, a, um (adj.). High^ lofty. "Arena, je. (fem. 1 decl.). Sand "Arenosus, a, um (a9j. from are na). Sandy. "Areopagus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). The Areopagus, a coun- cil of judges, or high court, at Athens, held on the Hill of Mars AS and remarkable for the impartial- ity of their decisions. *Aresco, arescere (incept, v. from AREo). To begin to dry up, to grow dry, to become dry. Argentum, I (neut. 2 decl.). Sil- ver. ABGUMENTUAf, I (ncut. 2 decL). An argument. ^RiES, ETis (masc. 3 decl.)- 1. A ram. 2. A battering-ram, a military engine of the ancients. AEidvisTUs, I (prop. n. 2 decl.). Ariovistus, the name of a king of the ancient Germans, in the time of Caesar. 'Aristides, is (prop. n. 3 decl.). Arrstidcs, the name of a celebra- ted Athenian. Aristoteles, is (prop. n. masc. 3 decl.). Aristotle, a celebrated Greek philosopher. Arma, orum (neut. plur. 2 decl. singular wanting). Arms, all kinds of warlike arms, but more especially those of a defensive nature. Tela, on the contrary, denotes weapons, or arms of an offensive nature. 'Aro, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To plough, to till, to cultivate. 'Ar5ma, atis (neut. 3 decl.). Sea- soning, spices, herbs, cScc. ArrIdeo, vid. Adrideo. Arripio, vid. Adripio. Ars, tis (fem. 3 decl.). Art, skill, faculty, method, way or means. Articulus, I (masc. 2 decl.)- A joint. ARTIFIC^5sus, a, um (adi. from ar- tifex). Workmanli^, artificial, made by art. Artificium, I (neut. 2 decl. from ARTiFEx). A piece of workman- ship, workmanship, artifice. A rtus, us (masc. 4 decl.). A joint. Arx, arcis (fem. 3 decl.). 1. A lofty place, height, top of a hill. 2. A citadel, cattle, fortress. As, Assis (masc. 3 decl.). 1. An as, a pound weight, or anything that mfy be divided into twelve parts. 2. A Roman com, icorth a Hi lie nvcr a cent in O' r cut rmry. ATR AscENDO, vid. Adscendo. Ascisco, vid. Adscisco. "AsIa, je (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.}. Asia. "Asinus, I (masc. 2 decl.). An ass. Asparagus, i (masc. 2 decl.). As^ paragus. AspER, ERA, BRUM (adj.). Rough rugged, harsh. AsPERGO, vid. Adspergo. AsPERNOR, vid. Adspernor. Aspicio, vid. Adspicio. Aspis, idis (fem. 3 decl.). An asp, a small venomous serpent. Assentator, vid. Adsentator. AssENTio, vid. Adsentio. AssENTioR, vid. Adsentior. Assequor, vid. Adsequor AssuEsco, vid. Adsuesco. Assyria, ^ (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.) Assyria. AsTR^A, M (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). Astrea, the goddess of justice. AsTRUM, I (neut. 2 decl.). A star. AsTUTiA, JE (fem. 1 decl.). Craft, cunning, astuteness. At (conjc). But, yet, &c. "Ater, atra, atrum (adj.). 1. Coal black, black. 2. Gloomy ^ dark. 3. Unlucky. 4. Deadly. "Athen-^e, arum (prop, n. fem." 1 decl.). Athens. Atheniensis, is, e (adj.). Athe- nian, of or belonging to Athens, Athleta, ^ (masc. 1 decl.). An athlete, a champion at the ancient games. The primitive meaning is a wrestler. "Athos, genitive, dative, and abla- tive Atho, accusative Athon and Atho (prop. n. masc. 2 decl. Greek n.). Athos, the name of a well-known mountain ia Greece. Now Monte Santo. ATMOSPH.a:RA, JE, (fem. 1 decl,). The atmosphere. Atque (connect, conjc. from at and que). I . And. 2. As, than. Atqui (adv.). But, but yet, and yet, however, Atramentum, I (neut 2 decl.). Ink. Atrium, i (neut. 2 decl.). 1. A h'l'l "f ' hovFc. 2. Acmirtyard AUG 'Atropos, I (fern. 2 decl.). Atro- pos, one of the fates. Atrox, ocis (adj.). 1. Raw, crude. 2. Cruel, fierce, atrocious, sav- age. Attagen, enis (masc. 3 decl.). -471 attagen, a heathcock or wood- cock. Ai'TAMEN (conjc. from at and ta- men). But, but yet, for all that, however. .^TTENTE, Vid. AdTENTK. A.TTENTO, vid. Adtento. Attentus, vid. Adtentus. Attenuo, vid. Adtenuo. Attraho, vid. Adtraho. Atticus, a, um (adj.). Aflic, of or belonging to Attica, Athenian. Au (int.). Oh my ! dear me ! hold ! I pray you ! &c. A.UCEPS, cupis (masc. 3 decl. from AVIS and capio). A fowler. AucTOR, ORIS (masc. 3 decl. from AUGEo). An author, creator, makar, former. AucTORiTAS, ATis (from auctor). Authority, dominion, power, ju- risdiction. AUCTUMNUS, I, or AUTUMNUS, I (masc. 2 decl. from augeo). Autumn. AuDAX, ACis (adj. from audeo). Bold, daring. Audeo, ere, ausus sum (neut. pass. V. 2 conj.). To dare, to adven- ture, to attempt. Audio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 conj.). To hear, to listen, to attend. AuDiTUs, A, UM (part, from audio). Heard. AuDiTUs, us (masc. 4 decl. from audio). The faculty of hearing, hearing. \ufeko, auferre, abstuli, abla- TUM (irreg. a. v. from ab and fero). To take away, to bear away, to carry off, to remove. \VOEO, augere, auxi, auctum (a. V. 2 conj.). To increase, to en- large. Augur, uris (masc. 3 decl.). An augur, soothsayer, diviner, one who professes to foretel events from the flying) siuging, &c., of BAG birds. The primitive moaning has reference to foretelling from the singing of birds merely, the derivation being avis and gar- RIO. Augusta Trevirorum (prop, n 1 and 2 decl.). Treves, a ciry oi Europe. Its ancient refers to its having been the capital of the Treviri, a Gallic tribe. Aula, je (fern. 1 decl.). 1. A hall. 2. A fold. 3. An open space around a house, a court or court- yard. Aureus, a, um (adj. from aurum). Of gold, golden. AuRis, IS (fem. 3 decl.). The ear Aurum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Gold. AusTER, STRi (masc. 2 decl.). The south wind. AuT (disjunct, conjc). Or, either. Autem (conjc.) But, yet, however, moi cover, on the other hand. Auxii.ioR, ARi, ATUS SUM (dep. v 1 conj. from auxilium). To assist, to help, to aid, to suc- cour. Auxilium, i (neut. 2 decl. from augeo). Assistance, aid, help, succour. In the plural, auxilia, in a military sense, mean auxil- iary troops, auxiliaries. "AvARiTiA, JE, (fem. 1 decl. from AVARus). Avarice, covelousness. ^AvARUs, A, UM (adj.). Avaricious^ sordid, stingy, covetous. "AviDUs, A, UM (adj.). Eager after, desirous of. "Avis, IS (fem. 3 decl.). A bird. "Avoco, are, avi, atum (a. v. from A and voce). To call away, to call off, to withdraw. "AVOLO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (uCUt. V 1 conj. from a and volo, are). To fly away. "Avus, I (masc. 2 decl.). A grand- father, an ancestor. B. ^ Babylon, onis (prop. n. fem. 3 decl.). Babylon. Bacchus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). Bacchus, the god of wine. Baculus, I (masc' ), i>r Baculum. i 287 BER (neut. 2 decl). A staffs a duly a cane. Bal^na, je (fern. I decl.). A whale^ a large jish. Baptisma, ATis (neut. 3 decl.). Bap/ism. Basilb\, ^ (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.)- Easily a city ot Europe. Basis, is (fem. 3 decl.). A base. Beate, (adv. from beatus). Hap- pily. Bkatus, a, um (adj.). Happy. Belg^, arum (prop. n. masc. 1 decl.). The Belgce, a tribe of Gaul. Bellicosus, a, um (adj. from bel- lum). Warlike. Bello, are, AVI, ATUM (ncut. V. 1 conj.). To wary to wage or car- ry on war Bellua, je. (fem. 1 decl.). A beast, a monster, any large beast or Jish. Bellum, I (neut. 2 decl.). War. Bene (adv. from ben us, an old form for bonus). Well, happily, properly. Benefacio, facere, feci, factum (a. V. 3 conj. from bene and fa- cio). To benefit, to do good, to perform an act of kindness, to confer a favour. Beneficentia, je (fem. 1 decl. from benefacio). Beneficence, kindness. Beneficium, I (neut. 2 decl. from BENEFA(Mo). A kindncss, fa- vour, brj^.fit. Beneficcj«, a, um (adj. from bene and FA« :o). Beneficent, kind, prone tu do good, liberal, bounti- ful. Benevolu^, a, um (adj. from bene and v.)Lo) Benevolent, friend- ly, wcll-meamng , gracious, kind. Benigne (adv. from benignus). Kindly, amicably, courteously, willingly. Benignus, a, um (adj. from bene j and ago). Kind, liberal, benig- nant, generous, disposed to oblige. dEROLiNUM, I (prop. n. neut. 2 decl.). Berlin, the capital of Prussia. BRU Bestia, je (fem. 1 decl). A be^st.^ a icild beast. Bibliotheca, je (fem. 1 decl.). A library. BiBo, ERE, bTbi, dibitum (a. V. 3 conj.). To drink, to quaff. BiBULUs, A, UM (adj. from bibo). Drinking in, soaking up, that draws or sucks in moisture. Charta bibula, blotting-paper. BiNi, ^, A (distrib. numeral ad;, from Bis). 2\co each, two by two. Bis (numeral adv.). 1. Twice. 2. A second time. Blandior, iri, irus sum (dep. v. 4 conj. from blandus). To sooth, to caress, to flatter, to fawn upon. Blandus, a, UM (adj.). Kind, gentle, courteous, agreeable, flat- tering. Bceotia, je (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). BiBOtia, a country of Greece, north of the Peloponnepus, ot which Thebes was the capital. Bonitas, ATIS (fem. 3 decl. from bonus). Goodness, kindness. Bonus, a, um (adj. from the old form BENUs, whence bene). Fa- vourable, good, kind, &lc. BoREALis, IS, e (adj. from boreas). Northern. Lumen boreale, the northern lights or Aurora Bore- dlis. Boreas, ^ (prop. n. masc. 1 decl.) The north wind. BoRUssiA, JE (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.) Prussia. BoRussicus, A, UM (adj. from Bo- russia). Prussian. Bos, Bovis (masc. and fem. irreg. noun, 3 decl.). An ox, a cow. Brachium, I (neut. 2 decl.). An arm. Brevis, is, e (adj.). Short, brief Brevitas, ATIS (fem. 3 decl.). Shortness, brevity. Bkeviter (adv. from brevis, com- parative BREVius, superlative brevissime). Shortly, britfly, Brittannus, a, um (adj.). British. Brutus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.). Hru- tits. HuFo, oNis (masc. 3 decl.)- -4 toad. C. Cadaver, eris (neut. 3 decl.)- A dead body, a corpse, a carcass. Cado, erk, cecidi, casum (neut. v. 3 conj.). To fall. (?aduceus, 1 (masc. 2 decl.). A caduceus ; 1. A rod or staff with the figures of two snakes twisted about it, and having small wings, sometimes a cap and wings, at- tached to the top ; the wand of Mercury. 2. A herald" s staff. Cacumen, iNis (neut. 3. decl.) a height, a summit. rjADucus, A, UM (adj. from cado). Ready to fall, falling. J^cus, A, UM (adj.). Blind. C^DO, ERE, CECIDI, C^SUM (a. V. 3 conj.) . I. Tocyt, tocut doion, to lop, to fell. 2. 7^0 cut to pie- ces, to slaughter, to kill. C^SAR, ARis (prop. n. 3 decl.). CcEsar. (^^SPES or Cespes, itis (masc. 3 decl. from c^do). A turf, a sod. Caius, I (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). Cuius. Calamister, tri (masc 2 decl.). A curling tongs, an iron with which to curl the hair. Calcar, ARIS (neut. 3 decl.). A spur. Dai.chas, antis (prop n. masc. 3 decl.). Calchas, a (jrrecian sooth- sayer. Calefacio, facere, feci, factum (a. V. 3 eonj. from calere and facio). To rnake warm, to heat. Calidus, a, UM (adj. from caleo). Warm, hot. Caligula, m (prop. n. masc. 1 decl). Caligula, a worthless Roman emperor. Callidus, a, UM (adj.). Cunning, crafty, skilful. Calor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). Warmth, heat. -C4LX, CALCis (fem. sometimes masc. 3 dec!) The heel. Calx, caL(ms (fem. 3 decl.). Lime- stone, lime, mortar. 25 CAP Camelus, I (masc. and fem. 2 decl.). A camel. Camelus Bac- trianus, a Bactrian camel. Camillus, I (prop. n. 2 decl.). Camillus, a celebrated Roman. Caminus, I (masc. 2 decl). 1. A chimney, a furnace. 2. A fire- place, a hearth. Campania, uE (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). Campania, a province of ancient Italy, remarkable foj its fertility and beauty.^ Campester, stris, stre (adj. fron: campus). Of or belonging to a plain, fiat, level. Campus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A plain. Cancer, cri (masc. 2 decl.). A crab. Candidus, a UM (a-dj. from can- deo). 1. Of a shining white,, bright. 2. Clear, lucid, serene. Candor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). Shi' ny whiteness, brightness, splen- dour. Canis, is (masc. and fem. 3 decl.). A dog, a hound, a bitch. Canorus, a, UM (adj.). Shrilli loud, sonorous, musical, melo- dious. Canto, are, avi, atum (a. freq. v. 1 conj. from cano). To stng, to sing often, to chant. Cantus, us(masc. 4decl.). Sing' ing, a song, a chant. Canus, a, UM (adj.). Hoary, gray., gray-headed. Capillus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A hair, the hair of the head, hair. Capio, capere, cepi, captum (a, v.). T'o take, to take up, to re- ceive. Qapitolinus, a, UM (adj. from Cap- itolium). Capitoline, of or be- longing to the Capitol. A sur- name of Jupiter, from his being worshipped in the Roman Capi- tol, where he had a temple Cappadox, ocis (adj.).^ A C ippa- docian. Capra, je (fem. 1 decl.). .1 she goat. Caprea, m (fem. I decl ). A wild she-goaty a roc, a deer Uii 31 T 7^' CAS Captivus, a, um (adj. from capio). Captive. Capto, are, AVI, ATUM (a. freq. v. 1 conj. from capio). To catch atf to catch, to seize, to seek ea- gerly. Capua, je (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). .Capua, a city of Campania. (yAPUT, iTis (neut. 3 decl.). A head. Carbo, oxis (masc. 3' decl.). A coal, charcoal. Carcer, eris (masc. 3 decl.). A prison. Carceres, in the plural, the barriers in the racecourse, whence the horses started, the starting-place. Carduus, I (masc. 2 decl.). A thistle. Carmen, ixid (neut. 3 decl.). A song, a strain, a piece of poetry, a poem, a verse. Car^&^, i.^is (neut. 3 decl.). A ca^ to card wool with. Carnivorus, a, um (adj. from ca- Ro, CARNis, and voro). Car- nivorous, feeding on flesh. Carnosus, a, um (adj. from caro). Fleshy, abounding in flesh, cor- pulent, gross. Caro, carnis (fem. 3 decl.). Flesh. Carolus, I (prop. n. 2 decl.). Charles. Carolus Magnus, C/iarlemagne. Carptim (adv. from carpo). In detached portions. Carthago, ginis (prop. n. fem. 3 decl.). Carthage. Carus, a, um (adj.). Dear, be- loved. Cassis, idis (fem. 3 decl.). A hel- met. Cassis, is (masc. 3 decl). A hunt- er* s net, a net. Cassius, I (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). Cassius. CaSTIGO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To chastise, to punish. Castor, oris (masc. 3 decl). The beaver. — Also a proper name. Casus, us (masc. 4 decl. from ci- Do, supine casum). 1. A fall, a falling. 2. Chinee, accident, fortune. 200 CEL Catilina, . m (prop. n. 1 decl masc). Catiline, the name o. a well-known Roman reprobats and conspirator. Cato, oNis (prop. n. 3 decl masc). Cato, the name of an eminent Roman. There were two dis- tinguished men with this appel- lation, viz. : 1. Calo the elder, called also the Censor. 2. Cato Uticensis, the descendant of the former, who killed himself at Utica. Catulus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Catulus, an eminent Roman. Cauda, m (fem. 1 decl). A tail. Causa or Caussa. je (fem. 1 decl). 1. A cause, reason, motive. 2. In the ablative, with the genitive of a noun, it signifies, on account of, for the sake of; as, honoris causa, "/or the sake of doing one hojiour,"" or ^^ out of compliment.'*^ Cautes, is (fem. 3 decl). A cliff. Cautus, a, um (adj. from the su- pine cautum of the verb caveo). Cautious. Caveo, ere, cavi, cautu.m (a. v. 2 conj.). To beware of to avoid. Cedo, ere, cessi, cessum (a. v. 3 conj.). To yield, to give upj tc retire from. Cedo (defective verb). Tell oi give me. Second person plural cedife, contracted cette. Cedrus 1 (fem. 2 decl). The ce- dar-tree. Celeber, BRis, bre (adj.). Cele brated, famous. CeLEBRO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To celebrate. Celer, eris, ere (adj.). Swift, fleet, quick. Celbritas, atis (fem. 3 decl from the verb celero, and this from celer). Swiftness, quickness^ speed, celerity. Celeriter (adv. from celer). Quickly, speedily, rapidly. Com- parative celerius, positive cel- errime. Quam celerrime, aa quickly as possible. Celsus, a, um (adj ) Lffiy, laH, hinh CET Oelt^, arum (masc. 1 decl.)- The Cella, a people of Gaul. Censeo, ere, censui, censum or CENsiTUM (neut. V, 2 conj.). To think, to be of opinion, to sup- pose, to imagine. Censor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). A censor, tlie title of a Roman ma- gistracy. Centeni, ^, A (distrib. numeral adj. from centum). A hundred each, a hundred. Cbntesimus, a, um (numeral adj. from centum). The hundredth. Centum (numeral adj. indeclina- ble). A hundred. Ceos, I (fem. 2 decl.). Ceos, the name of an island in the uEgean, now Zea. Cera, m (fem. 1 decl.). Wax. Cerasum, 1 (neut. 2 decl.). A cherry. Cerasus, I (fem. 2 decl.). A cherry-tree. Cerebrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). The brain. Ceremonia, or C^remonia, ^ (fem. 1 decl.). A ceremony. Ceres, eris (prop. n. 3 decl. fem.). Ceres, the goddess of agriculture. Cerevisia or Cervisia, ie (fem. 1. decl.). Beer, ale. CeRNO, ere, CREVl, CRETUM (a. V. 3 conj.). To see, to see clearly, to behold, to discern. Certamen, iNis (neut. 3 decl. from CERTO, are), a contest. Certus, a, um (adj.). Certain, sure. Certior factus, being in- formed. Facere aliquem certi- orem, to inform one. Cervical, alis (neut. 3 decl. from cervix), a pillow. Cervus, I (masc. 2 decl.). A stag. Cespes, vid. C^sPEs. Cesso, are, avi, atum (neut. v. 1 conj.). To cease, give over, to leave off, to intermit. Ceterus or C^terus, a, um, more commonly Cetert, m, a, in the plural number (adj.). The rest. Cktte, contracted for cedite, from the defective verb cbdo, which CIT Chalybs, ybis (masc. 3 decl.) Steel, hardened iron. Charta, je (fem. 1 decl.). Paper. Charta Pergamena, parchment. Charta vitulma, vellum. Charta bibula, blotting-paper. Chele, es, in the singular, and chel^, arum, in the plural (fem. 1 decl.). A claw of a crab oi other shellfish, a claw or arm oJ a scorpion. Cherronesus or ChersOxNesus, i fem. 2 decl). A Chersonese^ a peninsula. Christus, I (prop. n. 2 decl. masc.) Christ, our Saviour. Christianus, a, um C&dj.). Chris tian. Chrystallus, vid. Crystallus. CiBus, I (masc. 2 decl.). Food sustenance. Cicada, m (fem. 1 decl.). A cica- da, an insect that in the summer months sits on trees, and makes a shrill noise. Incorrectly trans- lated a grasshopper. Cicatrix, tricis (fem. 3 decl.). A scar. CicdNiA, m (fem. 1 decl.). A stork. CicuR, uRis (adj.). Tame. CiMEx, icis (masc. 3 decl.). A bug. Cimon, onis (prop. n. 3 decl.). Cimon, a celebrated Athenian. CiNis, ERIS (masc. and fem. 3 decl.). Ashes, embers, cinders. Circa (prep, with accusative) Around, about. CiRciTER (adv.). About. ClRCUMAGO, AGERE, EGI, ACTUM (a. V. 3 conj. from circum and ago). To drive around, to turn around, to lead around. Cis (prep, with accusative). On this side. CiTER (adj.). On this side, nearer It is nearly obsolete. Compara- tive ciTERioR, superlative citi- mus. ^ Cite RIO R, vid. Citer. CiTiMus, nearest, vid. Citkr. CiTO (adv. from crrus). Quickly, soon, shortly. (/iTRA (prep, with accusative). ^*n lk':s side. Compare cis. COEN CiTus, A, UM (verbal adj. from cieo, ciERE, civi, citum). Quick. CiviLis, IS, E (adj. from civis). 0/ or belonging to a citizen, civil. Civis, IS (masc. and fein. 3 decl.)- A citizen. CiviTAS, ATis (fem. 3 decl. from CIVIS). A state, a community, • a city. Clam (prep, with the ablative ; oc- casionally with the accusative in earlier writers). Without the knowledge of, privately, secretly. Clamor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from CLAMO, are), a clamour, loud noise, loud cry, shout. Clarus, a, um (adj.). 1. Clear, bright, shining. 2. Illustrious, renowned, famed. Claudo, ere, clausi, clausum (a. V. 3 conj.). To shut, to close. Claudus, a, um (adj.). Lame, halting, limping. Clavis, is (fem. 3 decl.). A key. Clemens, entis (adj.). Placid, mild, clement, merciful. Clotho, us (fem. 3 decl.). Clo- tho, one of the fates. Clytemnestra, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). Clytemnestra, the wife of Agamemnon, who slew her husband. Cneius, I (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Cneius. Cochlea, j& (fem. 1 decl.). A snail. Cochlear, arts, and Cochleare, IS (neut. 3 decl.). 1. A snail. 2. A screw. 3. A small spoon. 4. A measure of liquids. CocTUS, A, UM (verbal adj. from coQuo). Cooked, dressed, roast- ed, boiled, baked. CoDRUs, I (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). Codrus. Ccelestis, is, e (adj. from ccelum). Heavenly, of or belonging to heaven. Ccelum, i (neut. 2 decl. in plural cceli, orum, masc). Ileoven. OoENA, M (fem. 1 decl ). A sup- per, the principal me^l of the Romans, i port of iate dinner, an entertainment. V^?2 COL ' CiENO, ARE, AVI, ATUM 296 \i^' COQ and TEMNo). To contemn, to de- spise, to undervalue, to slight. CONTEMPLOR, ARl, ATUS SUM (dep. V. 1 conj.). To contemplate, to behold, to gaze ypon. CONTEMPTOR and CONTEMTOR, ORIS (masc. 3 decl. from contemno). A despiser, a contemner. C^ONTEMPTUs, US (masc. 4 decl. fiDm coNTEMNo). Contempt, de- rision, disdain. CoNTENTUs, A, UM (part from con- TENDo). Strained, drawn tight, stretched. CoNTENTUS, A, UM (verbal adj. from coNTENDo). Content, satisfied, well-pleased. CONTINGO, TINGERE, TIGI, TACTUM (a. V. 3 conj. from con and tan- go). 1. To touch. 2. To hit, to reach. 3. To happen (and is then used impersonally). Contra (prep, with accusative). Against, contrary to, in opposi- tion to. CONTRAHO, TRAHERE, TRAXI, TRAC- TUM (a. V. 3 conj. from con and traho). 1. To draw together, to assemble, to unite together, to collect. 2. To contract, to draw into a smaller compass. Controversia, je (fem. 1 decl.). A controversy, debate, dispute. CONVERTO, VERTERE, VERTI, VER- SUM (a. V. 3 conj. from con and VERTo). 1. To turn about, to turn. 2. To convert, to change. CONVINCO, VINCERE, VJCl, VICTUM (a. V. 3 conj. from con and vin- co). To convince, to convict, to manifest clearly, to show plainly. Conviva, je. (masc. and fem. 1 decl. from con and vivo). A guest, a companio7i at a feast. CoNviviuM, I (neut. 2 decl. from conviva). a feast, a banquet. CoPiA, JE (fem. 1 decl). Plenty, abundance. In the plural, /orcf 5, troops, a meaning which it some- times has in the singular also. CopiosE (adv. from copia). Abun- dantly^ copiously, richly. COQUO, COQUERE, COXl, COCTUM 290 CRA (a. v. 3 conj.). To cock, to boil^ to roast, to bake, jDOL Long, of long duration or con- tinuance. OivA, M (fern. 1 decL). A god- dess. DivERsus, A, UM (adj. from dis and vEKTo). 1. Turned another way, turned different ways. 2. Dif- firent. 3. Opposite, contrary. !)r'ES, iTiS (adj.). Rich, wealthy, opulent. Instead of divitior and divitissimus, the more usual forms are ditior and ditissimus, from ditis. DiviDO, VIDERE, Visi, VISUM (a. V. 3 conj. from dis and iduo). To divide, to part, to separate. DiviNO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from divinus). To divine, to foresee, to predict. Divinus, a, um (adj. from divus). Divine, heavenly. DiviTi^, arum (fern. 1 decl. wants the singular, from dives). Rich- es, wealth. Divus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A god, a deified person. Divus, A, UM (adj.). Divine. Do, DARE, DEDf, DATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To give, to bestow, to grant. OOCEO, DOCERE, DOCUI, DOCTUM (a. V. 2 conj.). 1- To point out, to show. 2. To teach, to instruct, to inform. DociLis, is, e (verbal adj. from BocEo). Docile, teachable, apt to learn or to be taught. DocTRiNA, JE (fem. 1 decl. from DOCEo). I. The art of teaching, instruction. 2. Learning, eru- dition. DocTUs, A, UM (part, from doceo). Taught. DocTUs, A, UM (verbal adj. from DOCEo). Learned, skilled. DoLENs, ENTis (part, from doleo). Grieving, sorrowing, in pain. Doleo, dolere, dolut, dolitum (neut. v. 2 conj.). To grieve, to be sad, to be in pain. Dolor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from doleo). Gri-ef pain, distress, sorrow, anguish. Dolus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A d^- DUB vicCf a trick, an artifice, a tirata gem, a piece of treachery. DoMESTicus, A, UM (adj. from do- mus). Domestic, familiar, j;;n- vate. Domicilium, i (neut. 2 decl. from domus and colo). A house, hab- itation, abode, residence, dwell- ing-place. DoMiNATUs, us (masc. 4 decl. from dominor). Rule, sway, regal authority, reign. Dominor, art, atus sum (dep. v. J conj. from dominus). To rule to bear sway, to reign over. Dominus, i (masc. 2 decl. from DOMo). 1. A master, a maste? of a house, a vi ister of slaves, a lord, a ruler. 'Z. The Lord. DoMiTiANUs, I (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Dom^'-an, an infamous Roman emperor. Domo, domare, domui, domitum a. V. 1 conj.). To subdue, to overcome, to break or lame ani- mals. Domus, us, and i (fem. 4th and 2d decl.). A house, home, habita- tion, dwelling, place of abode. Domus, the genitive of the 4th decl., '*o/ a house f^ but Domi, the genitive of the 2d decl., "a^ Aome." DONO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To present, to bestow, to give liberally. DoNUM, I (neut. 2 decl.). A gift, a present, a free gift. DORMIO, IRE, ivi, ITUM (uCUt. V. 4 conj.). To sleep, to be asleep. DoRMiTO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (frequen- tative neuter verb, from dormio, 1 conj.). To nod, to sleep by fits and starts, to slumber, to be drowsy. Dorsum, .i (neut. 2 decl.). 1. The back, whether of man or beast. 2. The ridge of a mountain. Dos, DOTis (fem. 3 ded.). A mar' riage portion, a dowry, either in money or lands. Drusus, I (prop. n. 2 decl. masc ) Drusus. DuBiTATio, oNis (fem. 3 decl. fson 303 0UBiT0> A doubting, doubt, un- certainty, hesitation. DUBITO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (tlCUt. V. 1 conj. from dubius). To be in doubt, to be uncertain, to hesitate, to scruple. Dubius, a, um (adj.). Doubtful, dubious, uncertain, hesitating, wavevng. I)7CEM, JE, A (distributive numeral, from DUCENTi). Two hundred each. DucENVEsiMUs, A, ujf (numeral adj. from DucENTi). The two hun- dredth. DicEHTi, M, A (numeral adj. from DU€ and centum). Two hundred. DUCO, DUCERE, DUXI, DUCTUM (a. V. 3 conj.). 1. To draw, to lead. 2. To spend, to pass. 3. To esteem, to think, to consider, to regard, to deem. DuLcis, IS, E (adj.)- Sweet, pleas- ant, delicious. DuM (adv. of time). While, until. DuM (conj.). Provided that. DuMMODo (conj.). Provided only, so that. Compounded of dum and MODO, and sometimes separ- ated by an intervening word. Duo, ^, o (numeral adj.). Two. DuoDEciMus, A, UM (numeral adj. from duodecim). The twelfth. DuoDENi, ^, A (distributive numer- al, from duodecim). Twelve by twelve, twelve each. Duodequadragesimus (num. adj. from DUO, de, and quadragesi- Mus). Thirty- eighth. Duodetricesimus, a, um (numeral adj. from duo, de, and tricesi- Mus). The twenty-eighth. Duodetricies (numeral adv. from duo, de, and tricies). Twenty- eight times. DuoDETRiGiNTA (numeral adj. from DUO, DE, and triginta). Twenty- eight. DuoDEviciEs (numeral adv. from DUO, de, and viciEs). Eighteen times. Duplex, plicis (adj. from duo and plica,. " a fold"). Twice as murii. /Wiifd'd. (I'li/t.lf.. 304 EDI DUPLICO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. i conj. from duplex). To make twice as many or great, to double. DuPLo (proportional numeral, from duplus). Twice as much. Du plo major, twice as large. DuPLUs, A, uM (proportional nu- meral). Twice as much. Used chiefly in the neuter, duplum or duple, the latter being the abla- tive of measure. DuRiTiA, M (1 decl.), and Duri- TiEs, El (5 decl. both fem. from DURUs). Hard7iess, callousness. DuRiTiEs, vid. Durjtia. Durus, a, um (adj.). Hard, solid, firm. Duumvir, viri (masc. 2 decl. from DUO and vir). A duumvir, the title of a Roman magistracy. Dux, Ducis (masc and fem. 3 decl.>. A leader, a guide, a conductor, a general, a commander. E. E, before a vowel Ex (prep, with ablative). Out, out of, from, &:c. In composition it implies from, away, out of and carries with it the force of greatly, earnestly, negation, &c. Eboracum (commonly, but less cor rectly given with a long penult ; prop. n. 2 decl. masc ). York. Novum Eboracum, New-York. Ebrius, a, um (adj.). Intoxicated. inebriated. ~Ebur, oris (neut. 3 decl.). Ivory. EccE (interj.). Lo! behold! EccLEsiA, JB (fem. 1 decl.). A church. ECQUIS, ECQUiE, ECQUOD Or ECQUID (interrog. pron.). 1. Any 1 who 1 what 1 2. Whether 7 In thn latter sense ecquid alone is oc- casionally employed. Sometimes in the nominative, ecqui and ec- qua are used for ecquis and ec qu(E respectively. ^Edax, acis (adj. from edo). Vo- racious., gluttonous, eating much, ravenous, rapacious. "EnicTUM. I (neut 2 decl. frorn EFF Emco). An edict, proclamation, ordinance, decree. 'Edisco, discere, niDici (a. v. 3 conj. from e and disco). To learn thoroughly, to learn hy heart. 'Edo, edere or esse, edi, esum (irreg. a. v. 3 conj.). To eat, to consume, to waste away, to prey upon, to zorrode. Edo, EDEl E, EDIDI, EDITUM (a. V. 3 conj.). To utter, to put forth, to publish, to declare, to show, to tell, to relate, to make known. Edoceo, docere, docui, doctum (a. V. 2 conj. from e and doceo). To teach, to instruct carefully, to show. 'Educatio, oNis (fem. 3 decl. from EDUCO, are). 1. A bringing up, a 7iurturing, a rearing. 2. Ed- ucation, instruction. EdUCO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from e and duco). To ed- ucate, to bring up, to instruct, to form. "Educo, ducere, duxi, ductum (a. V. 3 conj. from e and duco). To draw forth, to lead forth. Effeminatus, a, um (verbal adj.. from effemino). Delicate, ef- feminate. EfFEMINO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from ex and femina). To make effeminate, to enervate. Effero, efferre, extuli, ela- TUM (irreg. a. v. 3 conj. from ex and fero). 1. To bring forth, to carry forth ox out. 2. To pro- duce, to yield. 3. To publish, to spread abroad. Efficio, ficere, feci, fectum (a. V. 3 conj. from ex and facio). To effect, to accomplish, to bring to pass, to fulfil. Effigies, ei (fem. 5 decl. from ef- FiNGo). An image, representa- tion, resemblance, likeness, por- trait. ErFINGO, FINGERE, FINXI, FICTUM (a. V. 3 conj. from ex and fingo). To fashion, to form, to represent, to portray, to describe, to express. Effugio, fugere, fugi (neut. v. 26* EMI from ex and fugio). To fiee oi escape from. Effundo, fundere, fudi, fusum (a. V. 3 conj. f.om ex and fun- do). To pour forth or out, to shed, to spill. Effutio, ire, ivi, iTUM (v. a. 4 conj. from ex and futio). 2 c prate, to speak foolishly, to babble. ""Egens, entis (verbal adj. from egeo) Needy, i?L want. "Egenus, a, um (adj. from egeo'j In want, needyu destitute. "Ego (personal pronoun). I ""Egomet (personal prou from ego with the suffix mlf). I myself. "Egredior, egredi, kgressus sum (dep. v. 3 conj. from e and gra- d I o R ) . To go out ox forth. 'Egregius, a, um (adj. from e and grex). 1. Out of the common herd. 2. Excellent, remarkable eminent, surpassing. ""Ehem (interj.). Hahlahah! 'Eheu (interj.). Ah ! alas ! Ehodum (interj.). Hoa ! soho ! EiA (interj.). On! come! "Elegans, antis (adj.). Elegant. "Eleganter (adv. from elegans). Elegantly, choicely. "Elegantia, je (fem. 1 decl. from elegans). Elegance. "Elephantus, I (masc. and fem. 2 decl.). An elephant. "Elephas, antis (masc. 3 decl.). An elephant. "Eliacus, a, um (adj.). Elian, oj or belonging to Elis, in Greece. "Eligo, ligere, legi, lectum (a. V. 3 conj. from e and lego). To choose, to select, to pick out. "Eloquentia, ^ (fem. 1 decl. from eloquor). Eloquence. "EmENDO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from e and mendum, * a fault," " a blunder"). To amend, to correct, to improve, to reform. "Emineo, minere, minui (neut. v. 2 conj.). To rise 6t grow up, to be raised above, to stand out, to project. "Eminus (adv. .from e and manus) From a distance, at a distance far off, aloof. 305 EQU 'EmO, EMERE, EMI, EMPrUM (a, V. 3 conj.). 1. To take. 2. To buy^ to purchase. Ei\ (interj.). Lo ! behold! see! 'EXARRO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from e and narro). To tell at length, to tell from begin- ning to endj to relate fully^ to particularize^ to narrate. 'Eneco, are, ui, ctum (a. v. 1 conj. from E and neco). To kill, to slay, to destroy. 'Emm (conj.). For. ExiTOR, NiTi, Nisus and nixus SUM (dep. V. 3 conj. from e and nitor). To strive vigorously, to struggle, to endeavour, lo try hard. iCnsis, is (masc. 3 decl.). A sword. *£o, IRE, ivi, iTDM (irreg. v.). To go- "Eo (adv.). 1. Thither, to that place or quarter. 2. So far, to such a degree, to such a pitch. Epaminondas, m (prop. n. 1 decl. masc). Epaminondas f a cele- brated Theban commander. "Ephesus, I (prop. n. 2 decl. fem.). Ephesus, a famous city of Ionia, in Asia Minor. 'RpHEsius, A, UM (adj. from Ephe- sus). Ephesian, of or belonging to Ephesus, 'Epicureus, a, um (adj. from Epi- curus). Epicurean, of or be- longing to EpicUrus. Epistola, js (fem. 1 decl.). A letter, an epistle. 'Epul^, ARUM (fem. 1 decl.). A feast, a banquet. In the singu- lar, EPULUM, I, a feast connected with a sacrifice, a sacred banquet. 'Epulor, ari, atus SUM (dep. v. 1 conj. from epul^e). To feast, to banquet. 'Eques, itis (masc. and fem. 3 dscl. from equus). A mounted person, a horseman. 'Equester, tris, tre (adj. from eques). Equestrian, pertaining to a horseman. *Equito, are, avi, ATUM (ncut. V. 1 conj. from eques). 7'o ride. Equus, t (masc. 2 decl.). A horse. 306 EU "Erectus, a, um (verbal adj. iron erigo). Erect, upright, eleva- ttd, raised on high. Erga (prep, with the accusative) Towards. Ergo (conj.). Therefore. "ErIPIO, RIPERE, RIPUI, REPTL'M (a. V. 3 conj. from e and rapid). To take away by force, to snatch away, to take away, to rescue. "Eris, idis (prop. n. fem. 3 decl.). The goddess of discord, Eris. Erro, are, avi, ATUM (neut. v. 1 conj.). To wander, to stray. Erro, o.nis (masc. 3 decl.). A wanderer, a vagabond. Error, 5ris (masc. 3 decl.). Er- ror, wandering, going out of the way. "Eruca, jz (fem. 1 decl.). The palmer-worm, the canker-worm. "Erudio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 conj. from e and rudis). To bring out of a rude state, to in struct, to teach, to educate. 'Eruditio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from ERUDio). 1. Teaching, instruc- tion. 2. Erudition, knowledge, learning. "ErudItus, a, um (part, from eru- dio). Having been instructed, &LC. "Eruditus, a, um (verbal adj. from erudio). Learned, erudite. Esc A, 2E (fem. 1 decl.). Food, meat, victuals. Esculentus, a, um (adj. from es- ca). Eatable, that may be eaten ^ fit for eating, good for food, es culent. EsuRio, IRE, ivi, itum (neut. desid. v. 4 conj. from edo). To desire to eat, to be hungry. "EsuRio, ONIS (masc. 3 decl. froiL EsuRio). A hungry person. Et (conjc). And, both, also, even, EteS'im (conjc). For, because that, truly. Etiam (conjc). Also, likewisCf be- sides. Etiamsi (conjc. from etiam and si) Although, even though. Etsi (conjc). Although, though. Eu (interj.). Well done ! bravo J EXC EuGE (iuteij.)- Good I fine ! well done ! bravo ■ Euripides, is (prop. n. 3 decl. ixiasc). Euripides, a celebrated Athenian tragic poet. RuROPA, tE (prop. n. 1 decl.fem.). Europe. EVADO, VADERE, VASI, VASUM (a. V. 3 conj from e and vado). 1. To go forth, to go out, to depart, to escape. 2. To turn out, to become. Evax (interj.). Hurra J huzza! ""EVERTO, VERTERE, VERTI, VERSUM (a. V. 3 conj. from e and verto). To overturn, to turn upside down, to overthrow. EviTO, ARE, AVr, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from e and vito). To avoid, to shun, to elude. Evoe (interj.). Hurra! huzza! EVOLO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (neut. V. 1 conj. from e and volo). 1. To fly forth, to fly away. 2. To sally forth. 'EVOLVO, VOLVERE, VOLVI, VOLU- TUM (a. V. 3 conj. from e and voLvo). To roll forth 01 out, to roll away, to unfold, to evolve. Ex, vid. E. ExACTUs, A, UM (part, from exigo). Driven out or away, expelled, banished. Exact us, a, um (verbal adj. from EXiGo). Finished, exact, com- Excedo, cedere, cessi, cessum (neut. V. 3 conj. from ex and ce- Do). To depart, to go forth, to retire, to withdraw. ExcELLENs, ENTis (part, from ex- cello). Excelling. Excellens, entis (verbal adj. from ExcELLo). Excellent. Excello, cellere, cellui (neut. V. 3 conj). To excel, to outdo. ExciDiuM, I (neut. 2 decl. from ExciDo). Destruction, ruin. ExciDO, ciDERE, ciDi (ncut. V. 3 conj, from ex and cado). 1. To fall out or from. 2. To fail, to perish, to be destroyed, to be for- gotten. ExCIDO, CIDERE, CIDI, CISUM (a. V. EXI 3 conj. from ex and c^do). t. To cut out or away. 2. To over- throw, to destroy, to raze. EXCITO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. frequentative from excieo). To excite, to arouse, to summon forth. EXCOGITO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. I conj. from ex and cogito). Tc consider thoroughly, to devise, ic contrive. EXCUSO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from ex and causa). To excuse, to allege in excuse. ExcuTio, cutere, CUSS[, cussum (a. V. 3 conj. from ex and qua- tio). 1 . To shake off or out, to strike or dash out. 2. To exam ine. Exemplar and Exemplare, is (neut. 3 decl.). An example, a precedent, a pattern, a copy. Exemplum, i (nent. 2 decl.). An example, a pattern, a transcript, a copy. ExEO. TRK, ivi or II, iTUM (ucut. V. irreg. from ex and Eo). To go forth, 10 go out, to leave, to de- part. EXERCEO, CERE, CUI, CITUM (a. V. 2 conj. from ex and arceo). To exercise, to train. ExERCiTATio, oNis (fcm. 3 decl. from EXERCiTo). Exercise. ExERCiTO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (fre- quentative a. V. 1 conj. from ex- ERCEo). To exercise often, to exercise. ExERCiTUS, us (masc. 4 decl. from EXERCEo). An army. ExHALATio, ONIS (fcm. 3 dccl. from EX halo). An exhalation, a va- pour, a fume. Exigo, igere, egi, actum (a. v. 3 conj. from ex and ago). To lead out or forth. 2. To drive out. 3. To exact, to demand, ti require. ExiGuus, A, um (adj. f?om ex ai;«i egeo). Scanty, slender, small. ExiLiuM, vid. Exsilium. Exitiosus, a, um (adj. from exiti- um). Destructive, pernicious^ hurtful. 307 EXP li^xiTiUM, u (ncut. 2 decl. from ex- Eo). Destruction, ruin ExiTus, us (masc. 4 decl. from EXEo). 1 . A gohig out, an exit. 2. Death, an end of life^ an end or termination generally, an is- sue. ExoPTATUs, A, UM (verbal adj. from ExoPTo). Earnestly wished or lovged for, greatly desired. CXOPTO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from ex and opto). To wish or desire earnestly, to long for greatly. EXPELLO, PELLERE, PULI, PULSUM (a. V. 3 conj. from ex and pello). To drive out or away, to expel. EXPEKIOR, PERIRl, PERTUS SUM (dep. V. 4 conj.)- ^o try, to at- tempt, to prove, to experience. ExPERTUs, A, UM (part, from ex- perior). Having tried or ex- perienced. Ex PERTUS, A, UM (verbal adj. from expekior). Tried, experienced, proved. ExPETO, petere, petivi and petii, PETiTUM (a. V. 3 conj. from ex and PKTo). To seek or desire earnestly, to long for, to covet. EXPLICO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from ex and plico). To unfold, to open, to spread out, to develop, to explain. EXPLODO, plodere, plosi, plosum (a. V. 3 conj. from ex and plau- Do). 1. To throw out forcibly and with a loud noise. 2. To hiss an actor or piece off the stage, to manifest disapprobation of one by hissing. ExpoNO, ponere, posui, posTtum (a. V. 3 conj. from ex and pono). To place or put out, to set forth, to expose, to relate, to tell. ExPKEssus, A, UM (verbal adj. from ExpRiMo). I. Expressed, press- ed or squeezed out. 2. Evident, express, manifest, clear. ExpuGNATio, ONis (fcm. 3 dec?, from EXPUGNo). A taking by assatXt, a carrying by storm. ExPUGNO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from ex and pugno) To 308 FAB take by storm, to conauer, va?i quish, subdue. EXPUNGO, puxgere, punii, punc TUM (a, V. 3 conj. from ex and PUNGO). To blot out, to efface, to expunge. ExpuRGATib, ONis (fem. 3 decl. from EXPURGo). A cleansing, a purifying, a clearing, an expur- gating. ExPURGO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from ex and purgo). To cleanse, to purify. ExsiLiuM, 11 (neut. 2 decl.). Exile. EXSPECTO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from ex and specto). To look for, to wait for, to expect. EXSPIRO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from ex and spiro). To breathe out, to expire. EXSTINGUO, STINGUERE, STINXI, STINCTUM (a. V. 3 conj. from ex and sTiNGUo). To put out, to extinguish, to destroy. EXSTRUO, STRUEKE, STRUXl, STRUC- TUM (a. V. 3 conj. from ex and sTRuo). To build up, to raise, to rear, to pile up^ to erect. ExsuL, uLis (masc. 3 decl.). An exile. EXTER, ERA, ERUM, and ExTERUS, A, UM (adj.). Of another coun- tiy, foreign, external. ExTERNus, A, UM (adj. from ex- ter) Outward, external, for- eign. ExTiMUs, A, UM (id), from exter, in the superlative). The outer- most^ the iof.t. Extra (prep with accusative). V/itnout, outside of. Ez.TRZiv!us, A, UM (adj. superl. de gree, from exter). Extreme last, final. Exuo, uere, ui, UTUM (a. v. 3 conj.). 1. To strip off, to take off, to put off. 2. To deprive, to strip. Faber, bri (masc. 2 decl.). 1. A workman, one who v/orks in iron; wood, brass, marble, or othei hard materials. 2. A smith ar FAM artificer, a handier of Uman. 3. Faoer ferrarius, a blacksmith. Faber argentarius, a goldsmith, &c. FabTus, I (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Fahius. F^RRiCATio, oNis (fem. 3 decl. from FAB Rico). A making, con- strncting, forming, fabricating. Pabula, ^' (fern. I decl from pa- ri). 1. A report or saying, the subject of common talk, a rumour. 2. A fable, tale, story. 3. The subject of a drama. Facies, El (fem. 5 decl. from fa- cio). 1. The face, counter ance, features, visage. 2. A look, an aspect, an appearance generally. Facile (adv. from facilis). Ea- sily, readily, without difficulty. Facilis, is, £ (adj. from facio). \. Easy, ready. 2. Prosperous, successful. Facinus, oris (neut. 3 decl. from FACio). 1. A bold or, daring ac- tion, an exploit (either good or bad). 2. (More frequently) Wick- edness, guilt, crime. Facio, facere, feci, factum (a. v. 3 conj.). 1. I'o make, to do, to act. 2. To esteem, to value. Factum, i (neut. 2 decl. from fa- cio). An action, a deed, any- thing done. Facultas, ATis (fem. 3 decl. from facilitaS; contracted facul- tas). I. Power, ability, faculty. 2. Occasion, opportunity. In the plural, means, resources, &c. F^x, FjEcis (fem. 3 decl.). 1. The dregs, either of wine or other things, sediment. 2. Pickle, brine. 3. A kind of sauce. Fagus, i (fem. 2 decl.). A beech- tree. Falco, ONis (masc. 3 decl.). A falcon. Falsus, a, um (adj. from fallo). False, untrue, treacherous, pre- tended. Falsus, a, um (part, from fallo). Mistaken, deceived. Fama, m (fem. 1 decl.). Fame, report, rumour. FEL Famelicus, a, um (adj. from fa- mes). Hungry, starved, fam^ ished. Fames, is (fem. 3 decl.). Hunger, famine. Familia, m (fem. 1 decl. from fam- ulus). A family, a household. The literal and primitive mean^ ing is, the slaves belonging to am master. Famula, ^ (fem. 1 decl.). A fe- male slave, a maid-servant, a handmaid. Famulus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A slave, servant, attendant. Fannius, 11 (prop. n. masc. 2 decl,). Fannius. Fanum, I (neut. 2 decl.). 1. A piece of ground consecrated for a temple, 2. A temple, a fane, a sacred place, a church. Far, farris (neut. 3 decl.). 1. Spelt, a .species of wheat. 2. Grain generally, car7i. Fastidium, II (neut. 2 decl. from fastus, us). Loathing, fastidi- ousness, disgust, disdain, con- tempt, pride, haughtiness. Fastus, us (masc. 4 decl ). Pride, haughtiness, disdaiii, arrogance Fateor, fateri, fassus sum (dep V. 2 conj.). To confess, to own, ' to acknowledge. Faucks, lUM (fem. 3 decl. plural number, the singular faux, Fau- cis, being not in use). 1. The larynx, the top of the gullet, the weasand. 2. More commonly rendered the jaws, the throat. Faveo, favere, favi, fautum (neut, V, 2 conj.). To favour, to countenance, to befriend. Favor, oris (masc, 3 decl, from faveo). Favour, support. Favus, 1 (masc, 2 decl.), A hon- eycomb. Fax, facis (fem, 3 decl.), A ioich. Februakius (masc, 2depl.). Feb- ruary. Feclndus or Fcecundus, a, um ( a d i , ) , Fruit fu I, fertile, a bound- ing. Fel, fellis (neut. 3 detl,). l^hc gall, gall. FIG FfiLiciTAs, ATis (fern. 3 decl. from FELrx). Happiness, felicity. Feus or Feles, is (fern. 3 decl.). A cat. Felix, icis (adj.). 1- Happy, fe- licitous. 2. Fortunate, prosper- ous, auspicious. Femina, m (fern. 1 decl.). A wo- man, a female. Fenestra, m (fern. 1 decl.). A rcindow. Fera, m (fem. 1 decl.). A wild beast, a wild creature. Fere (adv.). Almost, nearly. Fero, ferrk, tuli, latum (irreg. v.). 1. To bear, to carry, to bring. 2. To show, to offer, to exhibit. 3. To carry of, to ob- tain, to bear off, to gain. Ferox, ocis (adj. from fera). In- solent, fierce, ferocious, bold, cruel. Ferrarius (adj. from ferrum). Of or belonging to iron. Faber ferrarius, a blacksmith. Vid. Faber. Ferreus, a, um (adj. from fer- rum). 1. Of iron. 2. Cruel, hard-hearted. Ferrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Iron. Fertilis, is, e (adj. from fero). Fertile, fruitful, abundant, pro- lific, rich. Ferus, a, um (adj.). Savage, wild, fierce, cruel. Festus, a, um (adj.). 1. Festal, festive, joyful. 2. Festus dies, a holyday, a festival. Fjctilis, is, e (adj. from fingo). Made of earth or clay, earthen, fictile. FiCTUs, A, um (verbal adj. from FiNGo). 1 . Made, formed, fash- ioned. 2. False, feigned, coun- terfeit, made up for the occasion. Ficva, us and i (fem. 4 and 2 decl.). 1. A fig-tree. 2. A fig. FiDELis, IS, E (adj. from fides). Faithful, trusty, sure, sincere. FTuEs, Ei (fem. 5 decl.). Faith, truth, honesty, veracity. FiDus, A, UM (adj.). Faithful, to be relied upon, trusty. FuiCfiA. JE (fem. J decl. from fin- A ! () FON go), a f-gune, form, sJiapc, tnu age, likeness. FiLiA, JE (fem. 1 decl.). A daugh ter. FiLius, I (masc. 2 decl.). A son. FiLUM, I (neut. 2 decl ). A thread Finis, is (masc and fem. 3 decl.). An end, a termination. FiNiTiMus, A, UM (adj.). Neigh- bouring, bordering upon, adjoin- ing. It applies literally to those whose boundaries (fines) touch. FiRMus, A, uM (adj.). Firm, stable, steady, constant, sure, solid. Flagitium, i (neut. 2 decl.). A disgraceful crime, an act of in- famy, profligacy, flagitiousncss. Flamma, je (fem. 1 decl.). A flame. Flavus, a, um (adj.). Yellow, oj the colour of gold. Florens, entis (verbal adj. from fl5reo). Flourishing, bloom' ing, blossoming. Floreo, ere, ui (neut. 2 conj. from FLOs). To flourish, to bloom, to blossom, to flower. Flos, floris (masc. 3 decl). A flower. Fluctus, us (masc. 4 decl. from FLuo). A wave, surge, billow. Flumen, IMS (neut. 3 decl. from FLUo). A stream, a river. Fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum (neut. V. 3 conj.). To flow. Fluvialis, is, e (adj. from flu- vius). Of or belonging to rivers, living in rivers. Fluvius, I (masc. 2 decl. from fluo). a river. Fgscundus, vid. Fecundus. FCEDERATUS, A, UM (adj.). CoW- federate, united. Civitates Foe- deratae, the United States. FcEDUs, ERis (neut. 3 decl ). A league, covenant, treaty. FoEDUs, A, um (adj.). Foul, ugly, deformed, loathsome, FcENUM, I (neut. 2 decl.). Hay Folium, i (neut. 2 decl). A leaf. FoLLis, IS (masc. 3 deci.). A pax* of bellows. FoNS, FONTis (masc. 3 decl.). 1 A fountain, spring, source. Z FRA The j)ri7iapal head or origin of anything. Foramen, ints (neut. 3 decl.)- 4 hole, a small aperture, an open- ing. FuRAS (adv.)- Out of doors, out, forth. It differs from foris in denoting motion from one place to another; as, exi foras, ^^ get out of doors ;" but esse foris, " to be out of doors. "^^ Fore (fut. infin. of the defective verb forem). To he about to be. FoREM (defective verb). / should be. Pores, ium (fern. 3 decl. plural number. The singular foris, is, is seldom found). A door, doors, a gate, gates. Forma, iE (fem. 1 decl.). A form, shape, figure. Formica, je (fem. 1 decl.). An ant, an emmet. FoRMdsus, A, UM (adj. from for- ma). Beautiful, handsome. Fornax, acis (fem. 3 decl.). A stove, a furnace. FoRs, FORTis (fem. 3 decl.). Chance. FoRTASSE (adv.). Perhaps. Forte (adv.). By chance. Prop- erly the ablative of fors. "When joined to a verb, it is best ren- dered by some part of the Eng- lish verbs " to chance,^^ or " to happen ;" as, forte ibam, / chan- ced to be going ; forte veniam, / may chance to come, &c. FoRTis, IS, E (adj.). Brave, gal- lant, valiant. FoRTiTER (adv. from fortis). Val- iantly, bravely, courageously. Fortitudo, inis (fem. 3 decl. from fortis). Fortitude, resolution, bravery, courage, firmness. Fortuna, m (fem. 1 decl. from fors). Fortune, chance, adven- ture. Fractus, a, um (verbal adj. from frango). Broken. Fragilis, is, e (adj. from frango). Frail, brittle, weak. V^ i.GUM, 1 (neut. 3 decl.). A straw- berry. FRU Franco-Gallia (prop. n. 1 decl fem.). France. Franco-Gallicus (adj.). French Franco-Galli (prop. n. 2 decl masc). The French. Frango, frangere, fregi, frag tum (a. V. 3 conj.). To break to break in pieces. Frater, tris (masc. 3 decl.). A brother. Fraus, fraudis (fem. 3 decl.) Fraud, deceit, guile, treachery, imposition, dishonesty. Fraxinus, i (fem. 3 decl.). An ash. Frequens, entis (adj.). 1. Fre- quent, constant. 2. Numerous. many. Frequento, are, AVI, atum (a. v. 1 conj. from frequens). To frequent, to go often to, to resort much to. Frico, fricare, fricui, frictum (a. V. 1 conj.). To rub, to anoint Fride incus, r (prop, n. 3 decl masc). Frederic. FrigTdus, a, um (adj. from frigus) Cold. Frigus, oris (neut. 3 decl.). Cold. Frivolus, a, um (adj.). Frivolous, trifling, empty, vain. Frons, frondis (fem. 3 decl.). A leaf Frons, frontis (fem. 3 decl.). The forehead, the brow. Fructus, us (masc. 4 decl. from fruor). Fruit, the fruits or pro '' ductions of the earth. Frugalis, is, e (adj. from fruges) Frugal, thrifty, careful, saving. Frugalitas, atis (fem. from fru- galis). Frugality. Fruges, um (fem. 3 decl. plural number. Nominative singular FRUX, not in use). 1. The fruits or productions of the earth, grain 2. The fruit of trees. Frugifer, era, brum (adj. from fruges and fero).^ Fruitful, fertile, bearing fruit. Frumentum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Corn, grain of all kinds, more particularly wheat and barley. Fkuor, frui, fruTtus, and fruc m FUN Tus SUM (dep. V. 3 conj.). To etijmj, to reap the fruits of. Fkustra, (adv.). In vain, to no purpose. Frustratus, a, um (verbal adj. from frustror). Frustrated, disappointed. Fkustratus, us (masc. 4 decl. from frustror). a disappointing, a deceiving. Pjrutex, icis (masc. 3 decl.). A shrub, a plant, a young tree. CUGIO, FUGERE, FUGl, FUGITUM (a. V. 3 conj.). 1. To flee, to run away, to escape. 2. To shun, to avoid. FlGO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 COnj). To put to ffight, to rout, to dis- comfit. FuLGENs, ENTis (verbal adj. from FULGEo). Shining, bright, reful- gent, resplendent. FuLGEO, FULGEKE, FULSI (nCUt. V. 2 conj.). To shine, to be bright, to glitter, to be refulgent. FuLGUR, URis (neut. 3 decl. from FULGEo). A flash of lightning, lightning. FuLJGo, IMS (fem. 3 decl.). Soot. FuLMEN, iNis (neut. 3 decl ). A stroke of lightning, a thunder- bolt. FuLviA, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). Fulvia. FUMO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (nCUt. V. 1 conj. ). To emit smoke, to smoke. FuMUs, I (masc. 2 decl.). Smoke. FuNDAMENTUM, I (ncut. 2 decl. from FUiNDo, are). A founda- tion, groundwork, basis. FuNDiTUs (adv.). From the very bottom, from the very foundation, utterly. FUNDO, FUNDERE, FUDl, FUSUM (a. V. 3 conj). To pour out, to fuse, to melt. FUNDO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To found, to lay the foundations of. FuNDUM, I (neut. 2 decl.). A bot- tom of a vessel or vase, the bot ■ tom of anything. Fundus i (masc. 2 decl.). An es- tate, a farm. ?A2 «5ER FcTK, FURis (masc. and fem. ? decl.). A thief. Furax, acis (adj. from fur). Ad dieted to stealing, thievish. FuRCA, JE (fem. 1 decl.). A fork FuTURus, A, uM (future part, from sum). About to be, that shall or will be. G. Galba, m (prop. n. 1 decl. masc.). Galba. Galexus, I (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Galen, a celebrated physician. Gallus, 1 (masc. 2 decl.). A cock. Gallus, I (prop, n 2 decl. masc). A Gaul. Ganges, is (masc. 3 decl). The Ganges. Gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum (neuter passive v. 2 conj.). To be glad, to feel pleasure, to rejoice. Gaudium, II (neut. 2 decl. from GAUDKo). Joy, gladness, mirth. Gelu (neut. indeclinable). Frost, ice, cold. Gemma, je (fem. 1 decl ). A gem, a precious slone, a jewel. Gena, je (fem. I decl. more com monly gen^, arum, in the plu- ral). The cheek, the cheeks. Gener, eri (masc. 2 decl.). A son-in-law. GexXeva, ^ (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). Geneva. Genius, i (masc. 2 decl.). A ge- nius, an immaterial being, that was supposed to attend every person from his birth to his death. Gens, gentis (fem. 3 decl.). A nation, a race. Genu (neut. indeclinable in the singular: in the plural, genua, genuum, genibus, &c.). A knee, the knees. Genus, eris (neut. 3 decl.). 1. A race, descent, family. 2 A kind, sort, quality, description. Georgius, II (prop. n. 2 de^l.). George. Germania, ^ (prop, n 1 i~«^. fem.) Germany. Germanus, 1 (masc. 2 decl.). A German. GRA GrERO, GBRKRE, GESSI, GESTUM (a. V. 3 conj.). 1- To hear, carry. 2. To display, to show. 3. To represent, to support. Gerere morem, to comply with, to hu- mom f to gratify. Gesto, are, AVI, ATUM (frequenta- tive a. V. 1 conj. from gero). To carry, to bear frequently, to carry about, to report. Gestus, A, UM (part, from gero). Done, performed. Res gestae, exploits, operations. Geta, m (masc; 1 decl.). One of the Getce, a Scythian tribe. Geta, m (prop. n. 1 decl. masc). Geta. Glacies, EI (fern. 5 decl.). Ice. Gladius, I (masc. 2 decl.). A sword. Glans, glandis {fam. 3 decl.). An acorn. Glis, gliris (masc. 3 decl.). A dormouse. Globus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A ball, a globe, a round body. Gloria, m (fem. 1 decl.). Glory. Gn5mon, onis (masc. 3 decl.). 1. The pin of a dial. 2. A dial, a gnomon. Gracilis, is, e (adj.). Slender, thin, weak. Gradus, us (masc. 4 decl). A step, a pace, a degree, condition, rank. Gr^cia, m (prop. n. I decl. fem.). Greece. Gr^ecus, a, um (adj. from Gr^- cia). Grecian, Greek. Gr^cus, I (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). A Greek. jrRAMEN, iNis (neut. 3 decl.). Fod- der, grass. jRANDo, INIS (fem. 3 decl ). Hail. J RATI A, JE (fom. 1 decl.). An act of kindness, a favour ; in the plu- ral commonly " thanks."*^ Agere gratias, to return thanks, to ren- der thanks, to thank. Gii4TiA, JE. (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 'I grace. In the plural, the Gra- ces, who were three in number. Graths, a, um (adj.). 1. Pleasing, arrep.'.able. 2. Grateful, thankful. 27 HAN Gravis, is, e (adj.). 1. Heavy, weighty, ponderous. 2. Impor- tant. 3. Difficult. 4. Acute, violent, severe. Grex, gregis (masc. 3 decl.). A flock, a herd. Grus, gruis (fem. and masc. 3 decl). A crane. Gubernator, oris (masc. 3 decl from guberno). I. A pilot. 2 A governor, a ruler, a director^ a controller. Guberno, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). 1. To pilot. 2. To di- rect, to govern, to control. Gurges, iTis (masc. 3 decl). 1. A whirlpool, a gulf or ingulfing abyss. 2. A rapid, eddying stream. Gusto, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). To taste. GusTus, us (masc. 4 decl). The sense of tasting, taste. GuTTA, JE (fem. 1 decl). .A drop. Gyges, is (prop. n. 3 decl masc.^ Gyges. H. Ha (interj.) ! Ha ! ahah ! Habeo, ere, ui, itum (a. v. 2 conj.). To have, to hold, to pos- sess, to keep. Habito, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). To inhabit, to occupy. It frequently appears without a case, as a species of intransitive verb. H^res, edis, or Heres, edis (masc. and fem. 3 decl). An heir, an heiress. Halo, onis (fem. 3 decl). A halo, a circle round the sun or moon. Halo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). To breathe, to exh&Je, ;« emit an odour. Halys, ys (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). The Halys, a river of lower Aaia, forming the eastern BT)undary ol the dominions of Croesus. Hamilcar, aris (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). Hamilcar, a Carthagin* ian name. Hannibal, alis (prop. n. 3 decl 313 HES masc.)- Hannibalf a celebrated Carthaginian general. Hasdrubal, alis (prop. n. 3 decl. masc.)- Hasdrubal, a Cartha- ginian leader, the brother of Han- nibal. Hasta, m (fern. 1 decl.). A spear j a javelin, a lance. Haud (adv.). Not. Hebdomas, adis (fern. 3 decl.). A week. Hebes, etis (adj.). Blunt, dull, obtuse. Hebr^us, a, um (adj.). Hebrew, appertaining to the Hebrew na- tion. Hector, oris (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). Hector, a celebrated Trojan warrior. Helrna, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fern.). Helen. Helicon, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. masc.) Helicon, a celebrated mountain of Boeotia, sacred to Apollo and the muses. Hellespontus, I (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). The Hellespont, now the Dardanelles. Helvetia, je. (prop. n. 1 decl. fern.). Helvetia, corresponding, in some degree, to modem Swit- zerland. Helvetii, orum (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). The Helvetii, the peo- ple of Helvetia, a Gallic race. Henricus, I (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Henry. Henricus Au- ceps, Henry the Fowler, an em- peror of Germany. Hepar, atis (neut. 3 decl). The liver. Heph^stion, oNis (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). HephiBstion, a favourite of Alexander the Great. HERACLiTas, I (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Heraclitus, the ciying philosopher. Herba, m (fem. 1 deCi.). An herb, herbage, grass. Hercules, is (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). Hercules. Heres, edis, vid. H.ff:REs. Heri (adv.). Yesterday. Hesiodus, I (prop. ii. 2 decl. 314 HON masc). Hesiod, a celebrated Greek poet. Hesperus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). The evening star, HeS' perus, Vesper. Heu (interj.) ! Alas ! Hie, ujF.c, HOC (demonstrative pron.). This. Hie (adv.). Here. HiEMs, EMis (fem. 3 decl.). Win- ter. Hierosolyma, orum (prop. n. S decl. neut.). Jerusalem. It is also found of the first declension, feminine, singular number, Hie- rosolyma, CB. HiLARiTAs, ATIS (fcm. 3 decl. from HILAR is). Cheerfulness, mirth, gayety, hilarity. HiNNiTUS, us (masc. 4 decl. from HiNNio). A neighing. Hippocrates, is (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). Hippocrates, a celebra- ted Greek physician. Hippopotamus, i (masc 2 decl.). A hippopotamus, a river-horse. Hirundo, inis (fem. 3 decl.). A swallma. Hispania, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.) Spain. Historia, je (fem. 1 decl.). His tory, a history. HiSTRio, ONIS (masc. 3 decl.). An actor, a play-actor. Hodie (adv.). To-day. HoDiERNUs, A, UM (adj. from ho- die). Of this day, this day^s, hodiernal, daily. HoMERUs, 1 (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Homer, the celebrated Grecian poet. Homo, inis (masc and fem.). A man, a woman. HoNESTUs, A, UM (adj. from honor). Honourable, noble, becoming. Honestum, what is becoming in its nature, honour, virtue, moral excellence. Honor, oris (masc 3 dec).). Re- spect, honour, reverence, regard. HoNdRiFicus, A, UM (adj. from honor and facio). Honourable, causing or bringing honotir. HoNORO, AKF, AVI, ATTM (v. a '. JAC conj. from honor) To honour ^ to respect, to reverence. WoRA, JE. (fern. I decl.). An hour* HoR^, ARUM (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). The Hours. HoRATius, II (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Horace, a celebrated Roman poet. HoRDEUM, I (neut. 2 decl,). Barley. HoRREUM, I (neut. 2 decl.). A ham, a granary. HORTOR, ARI, ATUS SUM (dep. V. 1 conj.). To exhort, to encourage, to cheer^ to imbolden. HoRTUs, 1 (masc. 2 decl.). A gar- den. HosPEs, iTis (masc. and fem. 3 decl.). 1. A guest. 2. A host. 3. A stranger. HospiTALiTAS, ATis (fcm. 3 decl. from Hospi talis). Hospitality. HosTiA, JE (fem. 1 decl.). A vic- tim. HosTiLius, II (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Hoslilius. HosTis, IS (masc. and fem.). An enemy. Hue (adv.). Hither, to this place or quarter. HucusQUE (adv.). So far, hitherto. HuMANiTAs, ATIS (fem. 3 decl. from HUMAN us). Humanity. HuMANUs, A, UM (adj. from homo). Human, of or belonging to man. HuMiLis, is, E (adj. from humus). Low, near the earth, humble, lowly, mean, poor. Humus, i (fem. 2 decl.). The soil, ground, earth. It wants the plu- ral. Hyaena, m (fem. 4 decl.). A hyena. Hyrcani, orum (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). The Hyrcani, a people dwelling to the southeast of the Caspian Sea. Their country an- swers now to Talaris tan and Georgia. Hystrix, icis (fem. 3 decl.). A porcupine. I., J. JicEO, ERE, ui (neut. V. 2 conj.). To lie, to lie at full length or prostrate, fo lie down IGN Jacio, jacere, jeci, jactum (a. 5 3 oonj.). To cast, to fling, to throw, to hurl. JicuLUM, I (neut. 2 decl. from ja- cio). A javelin, dart, any mis- sile. Jam (adv.). Now, already, immt diately, presently. Janua, uE (fem. 1 decl. from Ja Nus). A gate, door, entrance. Janus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc) Janus, a deity with double vis age, presiding over the yeai over gates of houses, &c Ibi (adv.). There, in that place. "Ibis, is (fem. 3 decl.). An ibis, a sacred Egyptian bird, like a stork, said to destroy serpents. Ichneumon, onis (masc. 3 decl.). The ichneumon or Egyptian rat. Idcirco (conjc. from id and circa). Therefore, on that account, for that reason. "Idem, eadem, idem (adj.). The same. "Ideo (conjc). Therefore, for that reason. "Idomeneus, EOS (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). Idomeneus, a Cretan monarch and chieftain present at the siege of Troy. "Idoneus, a, um (adj.). Fit, suit- able, meet, proper. "Idus, uum (fem. 4 decl. used only in the plural). The Ides, one of the divisions of the Roman month. They fell on the 15th of March, May, July, and Octo- ber, and the 13th of the other months. Jecur, jecoris and jecinoris (neut. 3 decl.). The liver. "Igitur (conjc). Therefore, then. Ignarus, a, um (adj. from in and GNARUs). Ignorant, unacquaint' ed with. Ignavus, a, um (adj. from in and GNAvus). Inactive,'*slothful, re- miss, sluggish, cowardly. Igneds, a, um (adj. from ignis) Fiery, of fire, on fire, hurmng. Ignis, is (masc. 3 decl.). Fire. Ignominia, m (fem. 1 d^cl trojr. IMM IN and nomen). Ignonnny^ dis- grace^ reproach, dishonour. Ignominiosus, a, um (adj. from ig- nominia). Ignominious, shame- ful, disgraceful, IgNORO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 CODJ. from iGNARUs). To be ig- norant of, not to know. Ignosco, noscere, novi, notum (a. V. 3 conj. from in and nos- co). To overlook, to forgive, to pardon. Ignotus, a, um (verbal adj. from in and NOTUs). Not known, un- known. 'Ile, is (neut. 3 decl. more fre- quently used in the plural, ilia, ium). The flank, the flanks. "Ilex, icis (fern. 3 decl.). A holm oak, an oak. 'Ilias, adis (fern. 3 decl.). The Iliad, Homer's poem on the siege of Troy. 'Ilion, ii (neut, 2 decl.), and Ilios, II (fem. 2 decl.). Ilium, Troy. Ille, ILLA, iLLUD (demonstrative pron.). He, she, that. Illustris, is, e (adj. from in and lustro). 1. Clear, bright, shi- ning. 2. Illustrious, famous, celebrated. [j.LUSTRO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from in and lustro). 1. To illustrate^ to illuminate. 2. To make clear, to explain. 'Imago, inis (fem. 3 decl). An image, a figure, a likeness, a rep- resentation of a thing. Imbecillitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from iMBECiLLis). Weakness, feebleness, imbecility. Imber, BRis (masc. 3 decl.). A fall of rain, a shower. 'Imitatio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from imitor). An imitation. 'Imitor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 conj.). To imitate, to copy after. ImMITTO, MITTERE, Misi, MTSSUM (a. V. 3 conj. from in and mit- to). To send in, to let in, to cast or throw. Immobilis, is, e (adj. from in and MOBiLis). Immoveable, stead- fast. IMP Immolo, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. from IN and mola). To sacrifice^ to immolate. Immortalis, is, e (adj. from in and MORTALis). Immortal. Immortalitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from immortalis). Immortality. Impar, aris (adj. from in and par). Unequal, unlike. Impatientia, m (fem. 1 decl. from in and patientia). Impatience, inability to hear. Impavidus, a, um (adj. from in and PAViDus). Undismayed, bold, unalarmed, intrepid. Impedio, ire, ivi, iTUM (a. v. 4 conj. from in and pes). To im- pede, to entangle, to fetter, to hinder, to prevent. Imperator, oris (masc. 3 decl. fromiMPERo). \. A commander, a leader, a general. 2. An em- peror. Imperitus, a, um (adj. from in and PERiTUs). Inexperienced, igno- rant, unskilful. Imperium, 11 (neut. 2 decl. from iMPERo). 1. Command, author- ity, power. 2. Government, em- pire, rule. ImPERO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from in and paro). 1. To command, to order. 2. To ruUt over. Impetus, us (masc. 4 de«l.). 1. An attack, assault, onset. 2. Impetuosity, violence. Impie (adv. from impius). Impi- ously, wickedly. Impietas, ATIS (fem. 3 decl. from impius). Impiety. Impiger, gra, grom (adj. from in and piger). Quick, active, dili- gent. Impigre (adv. from impiger). Quickly, readily, promptly. Imprimis (adv. from in and pri- mus). In the frst place, first. Ikprobitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from iMPROBUs). Worthlessness, dis- honesty, wickedness, knavery. Improbus, a, UM (adj. from in and PROBus). Worthless, wicked, dis honest. IND tMPROviso (adv. from improvT^us). Unexpectedly, suddenly "Imus, a, um (adj. superliUve of in- FERUs). Lowest^ deepest. ). In (prep, with the accusative and ^ ablative). 1. When governing the accusative, it signifies into, against, towards, &c. 2. When governing the ablative, it denotes in, among, &;c. In composition, it denotes in, into, upon, against, and is intensive in some words, and privative in others. Inanus, is, e (adj.). Empty, void. Incendium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from iNCENDo). A conflagration, fire, • burning. Incertus, a, um (adj. from in and CERTUs). Uncertain, doubtful, dubious. Incognitus, a, um (verbal adj. from IN andcoGNiTUs). \. Unknown. 2. Without trial, without a hear- ing. Incola, ^ (masc. and fem. from IN and coLo). An inhabitant. Incolo, colere, colui, cultum (a. v. 3 conj. from in and colo). To inhabit, to abide, to dwell in a place. Incommodum, I (neut. 2 decl. from IN and commodum). An incon- venience, a disadvantage. Incommodus, a, um (adj.). Unfa- vourable, disadvantageous, hurt- ful, inconvenient. Incorruptus, a, um (adj. from in and coRRUPTUs). Incorrupt, in- corruptible, entire, perfect, whole. Incredibilis, is, e (adj. from in and CREDiBiLis). Not to be be- lieved, incredible, wonderful. Incredibiliter (adv. from incre- DiBiLis). Incredibly, in a man- ner beyond belief. fi:cus, uDis (fem. 3 decl. from in and cuDo). An anvil. Inde (adv.). 1. Thence, from that place. 2. Thenceforth, from that time. Index, icis (masc. and fem. 3 decl). 1. A discoverer, disclo- ser ^ informer. 2. An index to a 27* INF book. 3. Di^ntus index, the fore- finger. India, jei (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.) India. Indicium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from in- dex). A discovery, proof, inf^- mation against any one, evidence. Indigo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj. from index). To show, to point out, to disclose, to indi- cate. Indico, dicere, Dixi, dictum (a. v. 3 conj. from in and dico). To proclaim, to publish, to de- clare, to denounce. Induco, ducere, duxi, ductum (a V. 3 conj. from in and duco). 1 To lead or bri7ig in, to lead into, to introduce. 2. To lead along, to besmear, to blot out. 3. To induce, to persuade, to prevail upon. Indulgeo, ere, ulsi (neut. v. 2 conj.). To indulge, to gratify. In Du stria, ^ (fem. 1 decl.). In- dustry, persevering energy, dili- gence. Industrius, a, um (adj.). Indus- trious, prompt, diligent, active. Indus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). The Indus. Ineo, ire, ivi and ii, itum (a. v. 4 conj. irreg. from in and eo). To go into, to enter, to enter upon, to engage in. Inire gratiam, to get into favour with one. Inire foe- dus, to enter into a league. In- ire praelium, to engage in battle. Inermis, is, e (adj. from in and ARM a). Unarmed, weaponless^ defenceless. Iners, ertis (adj. from in and ARs). 1. Without art or skill. 2. Inert, la ''y, sluggish. Inertia, je (\ m. I decl. from in- ers). 1. Want of skill. 2. In- dolence, inertness, sluggishness. 3. Cowardice. Infamis, n, E (adj. frdfti in and fa- ma). Infamous, ill-famed, ill spoken of, ignominious, disgrace- ful. Infans, antis (adj. from in and FARi). That cannot speak. 317 ING IsFAHs, ANTis (masc. and fem. 3 decL). An infant. Infecundus, a, um (adj. from in and FECUNDus). Unfruitful^ not fertile or productive. rNFELix, icis (adj. from in and fe- Lix). I. Unhappy f unfortunate f toretched. 2. Inauspicious, ill- omened. Inpsrior, oris (adj. comparative of iNFERus). Lower. InFERO, INFERRE, INTULI, INLATUM or JLLATUM (irreg. a. v. from in and fero). I . To bring or carry into, to introduce. 2. To bring upon, to offer (inferrc injuriam, to offer an injury). 3. T'o infer. Inferus, a, um (adj. comparative INFERIOR, superlative infimus or iMUs). LoWy below. Mare inferum, the lower sea or sea be- low, i. e., the Tuscan. Infimus, a, um (adj. superlative of inferus. Another form is imus). Informis, is, e (adj. from in and forma). 1. Without form or shape, shapeless. 2. Ill-formed, deformed, misshapen, ugly. [nfra (prep, with the accusative). Beneath, below. Infringo, fringere, fregi, frac- tum (a. v. 3 conj. from in and frango). 1. To break, to break in pieces. 2. To weaken, to dis- courage. 3. To lessen, to check, to infringe upon. Ingenero, are, AVI, atum (a. v. 1 conj. from in and genero). To beget, to generate, to implant, to produce. Ingenium, ii (neut, 2 dec), from in and geno, old form of gigno). 1. Genius, natural talents. 2. Disposition, temper, manners. Ivgens, ENTis (adj.). Vast, huge, immense. Ingenuus, a, um (adj. from in and geno). 1. Native, natural. .2. Freeborn, born of free parents, who had never been slaves. 3. Ingenuous, liberal, becoming a freeman. Ingluvies, ei (fem. 5 decl ). The traw, crop, or gorge of a bird. 318 INS Ingraics, a, um (adj. from in and GRATUs). 1. Unpleasant, disa- greeable, unacceptable. 2. Un- grateful, thankless. Ingredior, gredi, gressus sum (dep. V. 3 conj. from in and gra- DIOR). 1. To enter, tc go into. 2 To move along, to advance, to proceed. Inhumane (adv. from inhumanus). Inhumanly, savagely, cruelly. Inhumaniter (adv. from inhuma- Nus). Inhumanly, cruelly, sav agely. Inhumanus, a, um (adj. from in and humanus). Inhuman, saV' age, cruel. Inhumatus, a, um (adj. from in and humus). Unburied. Inimicus, a, um (adj. from in and amicus). Unfriendly, at enmity with, inimical, hostile. Inimicus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A private foe, a bitter enemy, an en- emy. Hostis is a public enemy ; inimicus a private and personal one. Initium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from iNEo). A commencement, a be ginning. Injuria, .1, MOR SUM (a. V. 2 conj.). To gnaw to bite, to champ. MORIOR, MORI, MORTUUS SUM (dcp. V. 3 conj.). To die, to expire. MOROR, ARI, ATUS SUM (dcp. V. 1 conj.). To delay, to tarry, tc linger, to loiter. MoRosus, A, UM (adj.). Hard to please, morose, peevish, fretful, testy. Mors, mortis (fem. 3 decl.) Death. MoRTALis, IS, R (adj. from mors) Mortal, subject to death. MoRTALiTAS, ATis (fem. 3 decl. from MORTALis). Mortality, sub jection to death. MoRTiFER, ERA, BRUM (adj. from MORS and fero). Deadly, mor- tal, causing death. MoRTuus, A, UM (adj. from moriorj Dead, defunct. Mos, MORIS (masc. 3 decl.). A manner, custom, way, fashion. MosELLA, j& (masc. and fem. 1 decl.). The Moselle, a river of France. Moses, is (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). Moses. A genitive, Mosi, is fre- quently employed. MoTio, 6x\is (fem. 3 decl. from moveo). a moving, a motion. MoTus, us (masc. 4 decl. from mo- veo). A motion, a movement, a commotion. MoTUs, A, UM:*(part. from moveo). Moved, put in motion, aroused, agitated, impelled. Moveo, movere, movi, motum (a. V. 2 conj.). To move, to stir, to rouse. Mox (adv.). Presently, by-and-by, soon. MuLiER, ERis (fem. 3 decl.). A female, a woman. Multitudo, inis (fem. 3 decl. from MULTUs). A multitude. MuLTo and Mulcto, a«e, ivi, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To Jinet to mulct, to amerce. MuLTO (adv. from multus, proper- ly an ablative neuter). Much, b^ much, by far, a great deal MYO MuLTUM (adv. properly the neuter of MULTUs). Much, greatly J far. MuLTUs, A, UM (adj.). Many, nu- merouSy much. MuMMius, II (prop. n. 2 decl.). Mummius. MuNDiTiA, ^ (fern. I decl. from MUNDUs, A, um). Cleanliness^ neatness. MuNDiTiEs, EI (fem. 5 decl. from MUNDUS, A, um). Same sigmfi- cation as munditia. MuNDUs, A, UM (adj.). Clean, neat, plain, cleanly. MuNDus, I (masc. 2 decl.). The universe, the world. MuNiA, lUM (neut. plural, 3 decl. sing, wanting). 1. Public offices, places of trust. 2. The duties of a public or private station. MuNiFicENTiA, JE (fem. 1 decl. from MUNUs and facio). Munif- icence, liberality, generosity. MuNiFicus, A, uM (adj. from munus and FACio). Munificent, liberal, bountiful, generous. Compara- tive MUNiFicENTioR, Superlative MUNIFICENTISSIMUS. MUNIO, IRE, ivi, ITUM (a. V. 4 conj . ). To fortify, to secure with walls, to defend, to protect. Munus, eris (neut. 3 decl.). A gift, present, reward, favour. MuRiA, M (fem. 1 decl). Brine, pickle. Murmur, uris (neut. 3 decl.). A murmur. Murus, I (masc. 2 decl.). A wall of a city, a wall of defence. Mus, MURis (masc. and fem. 3 decl.). A mouse. MusA, JE. (fem. 1 decl.). A muse. MuscA, ^ (fem. 1 decl.). A fly. MuTABiLis, is, e (verbal adj. from MUTo). Changeable, subject to change, inconstant, fickle. MUTO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To change, to alter. MuTuoR, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 conj.). To borrow. MuTUs, A, UxM (adj.). Dumb, mule, silent. Mycale, es (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). Mycale, a promontory of Asia 28* NAV Minor, opposite Samos, where the Persians were defeated by the Greeks the same day with the battle of Platea. Mysterium, ii (neut. 2 decl ). A mystery. N. Nam (conjc). For. Namque (conjc. from nam and cjue/ For. Naris, is (fem. 3 decl.). A nostri.. Nar ratio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from NARRo). A relation, a narrative, a narrating, a relating. NaRRO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To relate, to narrate, to recount, to tell. Nascor, nasci, natus sum (dep. v. 3 conj.). To be born. Nasus, 1 (masc. 2 decl.). A nose. Natalis, is, e (adj. from natus). Natal, appertaining to a man's birth. Used also as a noun, a birthday, and, in the plural, birth, parentage, extraction, lineage. Nato, are, avi, ATUM (neut. v. 1 conj.). To swim. Natrix, icis (masc. and fem. 3 decl.). A water-serpent. Natu, vid. Natus. Natura, je. (fem. 1 decl. from nas- cor). Nature. Naturai.is, is, e (adj. from natu- ra). Natural. Natus, us (masc. 4 decl. from nascor). 1. Birth. 2. Age. Maximus natu, the eldest. Minor natu, younger, &c. Nauta, m (masc. 1 decl. contract- ed from N a VITA, which last is from NA VI s). A seaman, a sailor, a mariner. Navalis, is, e (adj. from navis). Naval, of or belonging to ships. Navigatio, 5nis (fem. 3 decl. from NAViGo). A sailing, a naviga ting, navigation, a voyage Navigator, oris (mas?5 3 decl from navigo). A mariner, a navigator, a sailor. Navigo, are, avi, atum (a. v 1 conj. from navis and ago). Tc navigate. .329 NER Nivis, IS (fern. 3 decl.). t ship. Ne (adv.). Not that, not, lest. Ne (enclitic interrogative particle). Whether. It is most commonly expressed, however, in transla- ting, merely by the tone of the voice ; as, jamne mdes, " do you now see 1" Neapous, is (prop. n. fem. 3 decl.). Naples. Nebula, M{{em. 1 decl.). A fog, mist, vapour. Nec (adv.). Neither, nor, and not. Necessarius, a, um (adj. from ne- cesse). Necessary. Necesse (indeclinable adjective, neuter gender). Necessary, of necessity. Necessitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from necesse). Necessity. Necne (adv. from nec and ne). Or not, or no. NeCO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from nex). To kill, to put to death, to slay, to assassinate. Nectar, ARis(neut. 3 decl). Nec- tar, the fabled drink of the gods. Nefas (indeclinable adj. neut. from NEC and fas). Unholy, wicked, unlawful, impious. Negotium, II (neut. 2. decl. from NEC and otium): 1. A business, an office, an employment, transac- tion, an affair. 2. A matter, a thing. Nemo, inis (masc. and fem. 3 decl. from NE and homo). No one, nobody, no man. Nepos, OTIS (masc. 3 decl.). 1. A grandson. 2. A spendthrift, a prodigal. In the plural, nepo- TEs, posterity, descendants. Neptunus, I (^rop. n. 2 decl. masc). Neptune, the god of the sea. Nequam (indeclinable adj. masc. and fem.). Worthless, profligate, loicked. Comparative nequior, superlative nequissimus. Nequaquam (adv.). By no means. Neque (conjc). Neither, nor, and not. Nero, onis (prop n. 3 decl. masc). Nero. NOB Nescio, ire, ivi and ii, itum (a. V. 4 conj. from ne and scio). Tc be ignorant of, not to know. Neu (conjc. contracted from neve). Nor, neither. Neuter, tra, trum (adj. from MS and uter). Neither. Neve (conjc). Nor, neither, and not. Nex, necis (fem. 3 decl.). A vio- lent death, death, assassination, killing, slaying, murder. Ni (conjc contracted from nisi) If not, unless. NlDULOR, ARI, ATUS SUM (dcp. V. 1 conj. from nidus). To build or construct a nest. Nidus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A nest. Niger, gra, grum (adj.). Black, sable, dusky, dark. Nihil (indeclinable neuter noun, contracted from nihilum) No thing. NiHiLOMiNus (adv. from nihilo and minus). Nevertheless, not- withstanding. It is often writ- ten separately, nihilo MfNus. Nihilo, vid. Nihilominus. Nihilum, i (neut. 2 decl.). No- thing. Nimbus, i (masc. 2 decl.). 1. A storm-cloud. 2. A storm, a vio- lent storm. 3. A bright cloud or light accompanying the appear- ance of the gods. 4. A halo or luminous circle around the head of a divinity. NiMis (adv.). Too, very, too much^ extremely, exceedingly, beyona measure. Nimium (adv. from nimis). Too, too much, very much, greatly. Nimius, a, um (adj. from nimis). Too mu£h, too great, excessive, immoderate, above measure, su- perfluous. Nisi (conjc. fr-om ne and si). Un- less ^ if not. ♦ NivEUs, A, UM (adj. from nix). 1. Snowy, of snow. 2. Snow-white Nix, NLvis (fem. 3 decl.). Snow. NobTlfs, is, E(adj. contracted from NOsciBiLis). Well-known, il/us" irious, yioble. NOT NocEo, ERE, ui, iTUM (ncut. V. 2 conj.). To huri, to injure. NocTU (ablative of noctus, us). By nighty in the nighttime. NocTUA, ^ (fem. 1 decL). An owl. NocTURNUs, A, UM (adj. from noc- tus). Nocturnal^ of night. Nodus, i (raasc. 2 decl.). A knot, tie, bond Nolo, nolle, n5lui (irreg. v. from NON and volo). To be unwilling. NoMADEs, UM (prop. D. 3 decl. masc). Nomddes, a pastoral race or people. The nominative singular, Nomas, adis or ados, is not much used. Nomas, adis, vid. Nomades. NoMEN, iNis (neut. 3 decl. contract- ed from NosciMEN, which comes from Nosco). A name, an ap- pellation. NOMINO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from nomen). To name, to call by name. Non (adv.). Not, no. NoNAGiNTA (numeral adj.). Ninety. Nongenti, je, a (numeral adj.). Nine hundred. NoNNE (interrogative adv. from NON and ne). Not 7 ivhether or not. Nonnullus, a, UM (adj. from non and nullus). Some. NoNNUNQUAM (adv. from non and nunquam). Sometimes, occa- sionally. Non US, A, UM (numeral adj. con- tracted from novenus, which comes from novem). The ninth, a ninth. Noster, tra, trum (possessive pronoun, from nos). Our, ours, our own. Nostras, atis (patrial pron.). Of our country or nation, of our sect or party. Not A, JE (fem. 1 decl.). A mark, a sign, a note. NoTO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. v. 1 conj. from nota). To mark, to note, to distinguish by a mark or note. iloTUs, A, UM (verbal adj. from Nosco). K'^iown. NUM Novacula, m (fem. 1 decl.). A razor, any sharp knife. Novem (indeclinable numeral adj.). Nine. November, bris (masc. 3 decl.). November, the ninth month from March, which latter originally commenced the Roman year. Novi (preteritive verb, the perfect of nosco). 1 know, I knew. No VIES (numeral adverb, from no vem). Nine times. Novus, A, UM (adj.). New. Com- parative NO VI OR, superlative no- vissiMUs. Novum Eboracum, New- York. Noxius, A, UM (adj. from noxia). Hurtful, harmful, injurious. NuBEs, is (fem. 3 decl.). A cloud. Nucleus, i (masc. 2 decl.). 1. The kernel of a nut. 2. The pit of an olive, plum, peach, or other fruit. Nudus, a, um (adj.). Naked, un- covered, bare. Nullus. a, um (adj. from ne and ULLUs) None, not any one, no one, nobody. NuM(adv.). Whether 1 Often ren- dered into English by the mere tone of the voice. NuMA, JE. (prop. n. masc. 3 decl.). Numa, the successor of Romu- lus. NuMANTiA, JE (prop. n. fem. 1 decl). Numanlia, a city of Spain, famed for withstanding the Romans many years. NuMANTiNus, A, UM (adj. from Nu- mantia). Numantine, of or be longing to Numantia. NuMEN, INIS (neut. 3 decl. con- • tracted from nuimen, which comes from nuo). 1. A nod. 2. The will of a deity expressed by a nod. 3. The will of Heav' en, the power of the gods. 4. Deity, divinity, Divinejpower. NUMERO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from numerus). To count, to number, to reckon. Numerus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A number, number, quantity. Numidia, JE (prop. n. 1 decl. fem \ 331 oBJS Numididy answering nearly to the modern country of Algiers. NuMiTOR, ORIS (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). Numitor. NuMMUs, 1 (masc. 2 decl.). 1. A piece of money. 2. Money. Nunc (adv.). NoWy at present^ at this time. NuNQUAM (adv.). Never. NuNTius, ii (inasc. 2 decl.). 1. A messenger. 2. News, tidings, tntelligence. NupER (adv.). Lately, not long ago. NuRus, us (fern. 4 decl.). A daughter-in-law. NusQUAxM (adv.). Nowhere. NUTRIO, IRE, ivi, ITUM (a. V. 4 conj.). To nourish, to cherish, to foster, to bring up, to rear. Nux, Nucis (fem. 3 decl.). A 7iut. O. O (interj.) ! Oh ! Ob (prep, with the accusative). On account of, for. Obductus, a, um (part, from ob- Duco). Drawn over, laid over, drawn, across. ObDURO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from ob and duro). To harden, lo make hard. 'Obediens, entis (verbal adj. from obedio). Obedient. Obedio, ire, ivi, ITUM (neut. v. 4 conj. from ob and audio). To obey, to comply with. Obeo, ire, ivi and ii, itum (neut. V. 4 conj. from ob and eo). 1. To come in contact with. 2. To engage in, to go through, to pass or travel over. 3. To execute, to fulfil. 4:.^To move up and down. Obire diem snpremum, to die (i. e., to come in contact with one's last day). Obire mor- tem, to die. The adjective su- premum is often, however, un- derstood. ObLIVISCOR, OBLIVISCI, OBLITUS SUM (dep. V. 3 conj.). To for- get. Oblongus, a, um (adj-). Oblong. Obnoxius, a, um (adj. from ob and 332 OCE Noxius). Liable, subject, chnox ious, exposed to. ObsCURO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from obscurus). To ob- scure, to darken. Obscurus, a, um (adj.). Obscure, dark. Obsequor, sequi, secutus sum (dep. V. 3 conj. from ob and se- quor). To comply with, to obey, to humour, to oblige, to gratify. Obses, idis (masc. and fern.). A hostage. Obsum, esse, fui (irreg. neut. v. from OB and sum). To hinder, to hurt, to prove prejudicial to. Obtempero, are, AVI, ATUM (ncut. V. 1 conj). To obey, to comply with, to submit to. Obtineo, ere, ui, entum (a. v. 2 conj. from ob and teneo). I. To hold against another, to have possession, to hold, to possess. 2. To obtain. ObTRUNCO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To behead, to put to death, to cut off the limbs, to lop off OccA, M (fem. 1 decl.). A harrow, a rake. OccAsTo, oNis (fem. 3 decl.). An occasion, an opportunity, a fit or convenient season. OcciDo, cidere, cidi, casum (neut. V. 3 conj. from ob and cado). To fall, to fall down. OcciDo, cidere, cidi, cisum (a, V. V. 3 conj. from ob and c^do). To kill, to slay, to murder, to cut off. Occiduus, a, um (adj. from occido). 1. Setting, going down. 2. Western. Occisus, A, UM (part, from occido). Slain. OccULTO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. frequentative from occuLo) To conceal, to hide. OCCUPO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from ob and capio). T» seize, to take possession of, to oc- cupy. 'OcEANUs, I (masc. 2 decl.). Tk^ ocean. OFF OcTAViANus, I (prop. n> 2 decl. masc). Ociavianus. OcTAVus, A, UM (numeral adjective from ocTo). The eighth. OcTiEs (numeral adverb, from oc- To). Eight times. OcTiNGENTEsiMus, A, UM (numeral adjective from ocTiNGENTi). The eight hundredth. OcTiNGENTi (numeral adj.). Eight hundred. OcTLNGENTiEs (numeral adv. from OCTINGENTI). Eight hundvcd times. OcTo (numeral adj.). Eight. October, bris (masc. 3 decl. from ocTo). October, the eighth month from March, which latter was originally the beginning of the Roman year. OcTOGENi, JE, k (distributive nu- meral). Eighty each, eighty at a time. OcTOGESiMUs, A, UM (numeral adj. from octoginta). The eightieth. OcTOGiNTA (numeral adj.). Eighty. Octoni, je, a (distributive numer- al). Eight each, eight by eight. "Ocularis, is, e (adj. fromocuLus). Of or belonging to the eye. Vitra ocularia, spectacles. "(^cularium, ii (neut. 2 decl from ocuLus). An eyeglass. Proper- ly an adj. with vitrum understood. "OcuLus, I (masc. 2 decl.). The eye. Odi (preteritive verb, from the old present odio). 1 hate, I hated, 1 have hated. 'Odiosus, a, UM (adj. frv>m odium). Hateful, odious. 'Odium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). Hatred, hate, ill-will, odium. 'Odor, 5ris (masc. 3 dec!.). A scent, a smell, an odour, a per- fume. 'OuoRiFERus, A, UM (adj. from odor and FERo). Producing an odour ^ odoriferous, sioeet-smelling. OfFENDO, FENDERE, FENDI, FEN- BUM (a. V. 3 conj.). 1. To hit, to strike, to run against. 2. To offend, to displease. Offero, offerre, obtuli, obla- OPE tum (irreg. v. from ob and fero) To present, to bring before, U offer. Officina, m (fem. 1 decl.). 1. A workshop, a place where anything is made or constructed. 2. A generating-place. ■OH(interj.)! Oh! 0! ah! "Ohe (interj.) ! What ho, there . hold ! ^ ^Oleum, i (neut. 2 decl). Oil. Olfacio, facere, feci, factum (a. V. 3 conj. from oleo and fa- cio). To smell, to smell at, to scent. Passive voice, Olfio, fieri, factus sum. Olfactus, us (masc. 4 decl. from olfacio). The sense of smell, smell, a smelling. "Olim (adv.). Formerly, ago, once upon a time, a while ago. Olla, ^ (fem. 1 decl.), A pot, an earthen vessel, a, jar. "Olus, eris (neut. 3 decl.). Vege- tables, greens, potherbs. ''Olymfias, adis (fem. 3 decl). An Olympiad, a period of four years, from one celebration of the Olym- pic games to another. "Olympicus, A, UM (adj.). Olympic. "Olympius, a, UM (adj.). Olympic. Olympii (ludi), the Olympic games. "Olympus, i (masc. 2 decl). Olym- pus, a celebrated mountain oi Thessaly, the fabled residence oi the gods. Omnino (adv. ). Altogether, wholly. Omnipotens, entis (adj from om- Nis and potens). Omnipotent, all-powerful. Omnis, is, e (adj.). All, every. "Onus, eris (neut. 3 decl' A burden, a load. I "Opera, je (fem. 1 decl). Assist- I ance, work, labour. I "Operio, operire, operui, oper- tum (a. V. 4 conj.). To shur. up. "Operosus, a, UM (adj. from ope- ra). Laborious, industrious, ac- tive, busy. "Opes, um if fem. 3 decl plural nunv ber, from ops). Riches, wealth, resources. •^3^ ORA Opifex, ficis (masc. and fem. 3 decl. from '*^»l'« and facio). An artist J a^ ^"-(ificerj a workman, a maker. 'OpiFiciDM, IT ''neut. 2 decl. from opifex). Workmanship, handi- work. "Opimus, a, um (adj.). 1. Fat, well-grown. 2. Rich, wealthy, abundant, plentiful, fertile, pro- ductive, 'Opinio, 6n:s (fem. 3 decl). Opin- ion, supposition. Opinor, art, atus sum (dep. v. 1 conj.). To have an opinion, to be of opinion, to think. "OpiTOLOR, ARI, ATUS SUM (dcp. V. 1 conj.). To help, to aid, to as- sist, to succour. Opperior, opperiri, oppertus SUM (dep. V. 4 conj.). To wait for, to expect. Oppidum, I (neut. 2 decl.). A town, generally a walled one. Ops, opis (fem. 3 decl.). Means, resources, assistance (vid. Opes). The genitive, accusative, and ab- lative are alone used in the sin- gular. Optabilis, is, e (verbal adj. from OPTO). Desirable^ to be wished for. Optime (adv. superlative of bene). Very well, best, excellently. Optimos, a, um (adj. superlative of bonus). Very good, best, excel- lent. Ofto, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). To wish, to choose, to prefer. 'Opulenter (adv.). Abundantly, richly. The form opulente is also in use. 'Opulentus, a, um (adj. from opes). Rich, wealthy, opulent. Opus, eris (neut. 3 decl.). Work, labour, performance, task. "Opus (indeclinable). Need, neces- sity. Ok A, ^ (fem. 1 decl.). 1. The extremity or margin of anything, a border. 2. A coast, seacoast, shore. 3. A region, a territory. Oraculum, 1 (neut. 2 dec].\ An orcclc. H34 OS "Oratio, 6ni8 (fem 3 decl. from ORo). 1. A speech, discourse^ oration. 2. A prayer. Oratio Dominica, the Lord's prayer. "Orator, oris (masc. 3 decl. from ORo). An orator, a public speaker. Orbator, oris (masc. 3 decl). A depriver, a bereaver. Orbis, is (masc. 3 decl.). 1. An orb, a globe. 2. The earth, the world {terrdrum being here un derstood). Ordior, ordiri, orsus sum (dep V. 4 conj.). To begin. Ordo, inis (masc. 3 decl.). Order^ arrangement, rank, a rank in military language. 'Orestes, je (masc. 1 decl.), and is (masc. 3 decl. prop. n.). Orestes. Orgetorix, igis (prop. n. 3 decl masc). Orgetorix. "Oriens, entis (verbal adj. from orior). Rising. Often used as a noun, with sol understood, and then meaning the east. 'Origo, inis (fem. 3 decl. from ' orior). An origin, a source. ■'Orior, ori and oriri, ortus sum (dep. V. 3 conj.). To arise, to grow up, to spring. Ornamentum, I (neut. 2 decl. from orno). An ornament. Orno, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). To adorn, to ornament. Ornus, i (fem. 2 decl.). A wild ash, a mountain ash. "Oro, ark, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj. from OS, oris). 1. To speak, to utter. 2. To entreat, to pray, to beseech, to beg. Orpheus, eos (prop. n. 3 decl masc. Greek noun), and Orphe- us, El (2 decl.). Orpheus. Ortus, us (masc. 4 decl. from orior). 1. A rising, springing up. 2. A birth. 3. A begin- ning, origin. ""Oryza, m. (fem. 1 decl.). Rice. Os, ORIS (neut. 3 decl.). 1. The mouth. 2. The countenance, the face. Otj. ossjs 0-^:^1 3 decl ). A hone PAL 38CEN, iNis (masc. 3 decl.). A bird that forebodes by its note or cri/f an oscen. OSTENDO, TENDERE, TENDI, TEN- SUM or TENTUM (a. V. 3 conj). To show, to signify y to intimate. Ostium, ii (neut. 2 decl.)- A. door, a gate, a mouth of a harbour. OsTRUM, I (neut. 2 decl.)- 1- The juice of a shellfish which produces purple. 2. PurplCj scarlet, crim- son. 'Otiosus, a, um (adj. from otium). 1 . At leisure, unoccupied. 2. 1?i- dolent, lazy. 3. Secure, quiet, calm. Otto, onis (prop. n. 3 decl.)- Oiho. 'OviLE, IS (neut. 3 decl. from ovis). A sheepfold, a fold. 'Ovis, is (fern. 3 decl.). A sheep. "Ovum, i (neut. 2 decl.). An egg. P. Pabulum, i (neut. 2 decl. from pas- co). Fodder, pasture, food for cattle, &c. Padus, I (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). The Po. Pal^polis, is (prop. n. fem. 3 decl). Palcepolis. Palam (adv.). Openly, publicly, before all. Palatum, i (neut. 2 decl.). The palate. Pallas, adis and ados (prop. n. fem. 3 decl.). Pallas, one of the names of Minerva. Palleo, ere, ui (neut. v. 2 conj.). To turn pale, to be pale. Palliolum, i (neut. 2 decl. dimin- utive from pallium). A little cloak or mantle. Pallium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A cloak, a mantle. Properly the outer robe of the Greeks. Pallor, 5ris (masc. 3 decl.). Paleness. Palpebra, je (fem. 1 decl.). An eyelid. Palus, i *(masc. 2 decl.). A stake. Palus, udis (^m. 3 decl.). A fen, a marsh. Palusteij, TRis, tre (adj. from PAR palus). Marshy, belonging U a marsh. Pampinus, I (masc. and fem. 3 decl.). 1. A vine-shoot. 2. A vine-leaf. Pandora, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.) Pandora, the name of the female made by Prometheus. Panis, is (masc. 3 decl.). Bread, a loaf of bread. Papaver, eris (masc. and neut, 3 decl.). The poppy. Papilio, onis (masc. 3 decl.). A butterfly. Par, PARIS (adj.). 1. Equal, even in number, alike. 2. Fit, meet, suitable. It often appears in the neuter as a kind of noun. Paratus, a, um (part, from paro). Prepared. Paratus, a, um (verbal adj. from paro). Prepared, ready, provi- ded, furnished. Parco, parcere, peperci, parci- TUM and parsum (neut. v. 3 conj.). To spare. Parous, a, um (adj.). Sparing, frugal, penurious, stingy. . Parous, i (masc. 2 decl.). A male panther, a pard. Parens, tis (masc. and fem. 3 decl.). A parent. Pareo, ere, ui (neut. v.. 2 conj.). To obey. Paries, etis (masc. 3 decl.). A wall of a house. Paris, ims or idos (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). Paris. Parish, orum (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Paris, the capital of France. Vid. Lutetia. Pariter (adv. from par). In like manner, equally, at the same time. Paro, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj. ). To get ready, to prepare, to furnish, to equip. Parricida and Paricida, m (maec and fem. 1 decl. from parens and c^Do). A parriSide. Paros, I (prop. n. fem. 2 decl.) Par OS, a Greek island, one of the Cyclades. Pars, partis (fem. 3 decl.). A part, a portion. 335 PAT ParsTmonia, je (fem. 1 decl. from PA ecus). \. Frugality. 2. Par- simony^ stinginess, Partim (adv. properly old accusa- tive of pars). Partly, in part. Partio, ire, ivi, iTUM (a. v. 4 conj.). To dimdcy to parcel out, to part. PiRCM (adv.). Little, but little, not enough. Comparative minus, superlative minime. Parvulds, a, um ^adj. diminutive from parvus). Very little, very small, very diminutive. Parvus, a, um (adj.). Small, little. Comparative minor, superlative MINIMUS. Pasco, pascere, pivr, pastum (a. V. 3 conj.). To feed, to graze, to pasture. Passer, eris (masc. 3 decl.)- -A sparrow. Passim (adv.). Everywhere. Pastor, obis (masc. 3 decl. from PASCo). A shepherd, a feeder. Patefacio, facere, feci, factum (a. V. 3 conj. from pateo and fa- cio). To open, to lay open, to throw open. Passive voice, pa- TEFIO, fieri, FACTUS SUM. Pateo, ere, ui (neut. v. 2 conj.). To be open, to lie open. Pater, tris (masc. 3 decl.). A father. Paterfamilias, (masc. 1 decl. from pater and f ami lias, the old genitive of the first declen- sion, for famili^). A father of a family. Patina, je (fem. 1 decl. from pa- teo). A dish, a plate, a pan. Patior, pati, pass us SUM (dep. v. 3 conj.). To suffer, to undergo, to endure. Patria, je (fem. 1 decl. from fa- tkr). a fatherland, a native country. Properly the feminime adjective patria^ with terra un- derstood. Patrius, a, um (adj. from pateb). Of or belonging to a father, a faXher's. Patulus, a, um (adj. from pateo). Open^ large, wide-spreading. PEL Pauci, je, a (adj. smgular seldom *used). A few, few. Paulo or Paullo (adv.). By A little, a little, somewhat. Paulum or Paullum (adv.). A little, somewhat. Pauper, eris (adj.). Poor. Often taken as a noun. Paupertas, ATis (fem. 3 decl. from pauper). Poverty. Pausanias, m (prop. n. 1 decl. masc.). Pausanias. Pavo, onis (masc. 3 decl.). A peacock. Pax, pacis (fem. 3 decl.). Peace, quiet, tranquillity. Peccatum, i (neut. 2 decl. from PECco). A fault, an offence, a sin, an error. Pecco, are, AVI, ATUM (ncut. V. 1 conj.). To do wrong, to commit a fault, to offend, to err, to sin, to transgress. Pectus, oris (neut. 3 decl.). The breast, the chest. Pecunia, 2e (fem. 1 decl.). A sum of money, money. Pecus, oris (neut. 3 decl.). Cat- tle, a flock, animals of any kind, large of size, such as horses, sheep, goats, oxen, &c. Pecus, udis (fem. 3 decl). 1. A brute, beast, an animal. 2. A sheep. 3. A flock. The strict diflference between this noun and PECUS, ORIS, is, that the latter means, properly, an entire flock or herd, whereas pecus, udIs, refers rather to the individual animals composing that flock or herd. Pedes, itis (adj. from pes). On foot. It is most frequently taken as a noun, a person on foot, a pe- destrian, a foot-soldier. Pedester, tris, tre (adj. frcm pedes). Going on foot, pedes- trian. Pejor, oris (adj. comparative cf MALUs). Worse. Pelagus, i (neut. 2 decl. Greek n). The deep sea, the deep, the sea. Peleus, EOS (prop. n. 3 decL masc.). Peleus PER Pkllis, is (fern. 3 decl.)- The skin, a hide, Pelopidas, m (prop. n. 1 decl. masc). Pelopidas. Peloponnesus, i (prop. n. fern. 2 decl.). The Peloponnesus, now the Morea. Pelops, opis (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). Pelops. Pei.usium, II (prop. n. 2 decl. neut.) Pelusium, a strong city of Egypt, OQ the Syrian frontier. I*ENDEO, PENDERE, PEPENDI (nCUt. V. 2 conj.). To hang froniy to hang, to be suspended. Penelope, es (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). Penelope, the wife of Ulysses. Penes (prep, with accusative). In the power of, under the control of. Peninsula or Peninsula, m (fern. I decl. from p^ne and insula). A peninsula. Penitus (adv.). 1. Far within, inward, inmost, at the bottom. 2. Thoroughly. Penna, je (fem. 1 decl.). 1. A feather, a wing, a quill. 2. A pen. Used in this sense by later writers. Pennatus, a, um (verbal adj.). Winged, feathered. Per (prep, with accusative). 1. Through, through the midst of. 2. By, by means of. 3. During, &c. In composition it signifies through, entirely, very much. Percussor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from PERCUTio). A striker, a slayer. Percutio, cutere, cussi, cussum (a. V. 3 conj. from per and qua- Tio). To strike, to smite, to hit. Perditus, a, um (verbal adj. from PERDO). Ruined, lost, aban- don -d. Pkrdiu (adv.). Very long, for a great while. Pkrdix, icis (masc. and fem. 3 decl.). A partridge. Peruo, perdere, perdidi, perdi- ruM (a. V. 3 conj ). To destroy, to ruin, to cose, to squander. Perduco, duckre, duxi, ductum 29 PER (a, v. 3 conj. from ier exid do CO). \. To lead through, to lead, to bring through, to conduct, to convey. 2. To lengthen, to draw out, to prolong. 3. To besmear, to cover over. Peregre (adv.). Abroad, from abroad. Peregrinus, a, um (adj. from per- egre). Foreign, coming from foreign parts. Sometimes taken as a noun, a foreigner, a stran- ger. Perendie (adv.). The day after to-morrow, the third day hence. Pereo, ire, ivi or ii (neut. v. 4 conj.). To perish, to be destroy- ed, to be lost. Perfectus, a, um (verbal adj. from PERFicio). Finished, completed, perfect, excellent, exquisite. Pergo, pergere, pkrrexi, per- RECTUM (neut. v. 3 conj.). To proceed, to move onward, to go. Pergratus, a, um (adj. from per and gratus). Very pleasing, very agreeable. Periculosus, a, um (adj. from per- iculum), Dangerous, perilous, hazardous. Periculum, I (neut. 2 decl.). 1. Trial, proof. 2. Danger, risk, peril. Peritus, a, um (adj.). Skilled^ experienced, expert. Permagnus, a, um (adj. from per and Magnus). Very large, very great. Permoveo, movere, movi, motum (a. V. 2 conj. from per and mo- ve o). To move greatly, to stir up, to arouse. Permultus, a, um (adj. from per and MULTUs). Very much, very many. Pernecessarius, a, um (adj. from PER and NECEssARius). Very necessary. Pernicies, ei (fem. 5 15ecl. from PER and nex). Destruction^ ejh termination, ruin. PERNicidsus, A, UM (adj. from pernicies). Destructive, ruirir ous, pernicious. 337 PHI Pernix, icis (adj.) Swift, active, nimble, quick. Perpetuus, a, um (adj.)- Perpet- ual, continued, uninterrupted. Persa, m (adj.). A Persian. Perseus, eos, and Perseus, si (prop. n. 3 and 2 dec!.). Perseus. PSRSEVERO, are, AVI, ATUM (nCUt. T. 1 conj.). To persevere, to persist, to hold out. Persicus, a, um (adj.). Persian. Persius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc.). Persiu^, Persolyo, solvere, solvi, solu- TUM (a. V. 3 conj. from per and soLVo). To pay completely, to pay, to render fully. Perspicio, spicere, spexi, spec- TUM (a. V. 3 conj. from per and sPECio). To see clearly, to dis- cover fully, to discern, to ascer- tain* Pbrspicuitas, atis (fem. from per- spicuus). Perspicuity, clear- ness. Persuadeo, suadere, suasi, sua- suM (neut. V. 2 conj. from per and suADEo). To persuade, to advise earnestly. Pes, pedis (masc. 3 decl.). A foot. Pessimus, a, um (adj. superlative of MALUs). Very HI, very bad, worst. Pestilej^a, je (fem. 1 decl.). A pestilence. Pestis, is (fem. 3 decl.). A pest, plague, calamity, ruin, destruc- tion. Peto, ere. ivi and ii, itum (a. v. 3 conj.). To ask, to seek, to re- quest. Phalanx, angis (fem. 3 decl.). A phalanx, a large body of men in close array. Phalereus, a, um (adj.). Of or belonging to Phalereus. Pharao, ONis (prop. n. 3 decl. masc.). Pharaoh. Pharmacopola, m (masc. 1 decl.). An apothecary, a seller of medi- cines. Philippus, 1 (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Philip, 339 PLA Philosopuia, ^ (fem 1 decl.) Philosophy. Philosophicus, a, um (adj. ). Phil- osophical. Philosophor, ari, atus sum (dep V. 1 conj.). To philosophize. Philosophus, I (masc. 2 decl.) A philosopher. Phocenses, iuM (adj.). The Pho cians, or inhabitants of Phocis in Greece. Phcenices, um (adj.). The Phu:- nicians. Pica, ^ (fem. 1 decl.). A magpie. PicENTEs, UM (adj.). The Picen- tes, an Italian tribe. Picus, I (raasc. 2 decl.). A wood- pecker. PiERiA, JE (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). Pieria, a district of Thessaly, the native country of the Muses. PiETAs, ATIS (fem. 3 decl. from Pius). Piety, veneraiion, rev- erence, respect. PiGER, GRA, GRUM (adj.). Lozy, slothful. PiGNUs, ORIS (neut. 3 decl.). A pledge. PiGRiTiA, JE (fem. 1 decl. from piger). Laziness, sloth. Pilosus, a, UM (adj. from pilus). Hairy, covered with hair. Pilum, 1 (neut. 2 decl.). A javelin, the missile of the Roman foot- soldiers. PiNDARUs, I (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Pindar. PiNus, us (4 decl), and Pinus, i (2 decl. both fem.). A pine-tree. Piper, eris (neut. 3 decl.). Pcp- per. Pirum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A pear. PiRUs, I (fem. 2 decl.). A pear- tree. PiR.ffius, I (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). The Piraus, one of the harboure of Athens. Piscis, IS (masc. 3 decl.). A fish. PisF STRATUS, I (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Pisistralus. Pius, A, UM (adj.). Picus, dutiful^ affectionate. PlaCEO, ERE, UI, ITUM (nCUt. ¥ 3 conj.) To vlcuse. POM PlaCO, are, AVI, ATUM (a, V. 1 conj.)- To appease. Planeta, m (inasc. 1 decl.). A planet. Planetarium, ii (neut 2 decl.). A planetarium^ an orrery. Planta, m (fern. 1 deel.). A plants the sole of the foot. PlaNTO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To plant. Planus, A, UM (adj.). Plane, level. Platea, jE (fem. 1 decl.). A broad way, a street. Platina, iE (fem. 1 decl.). Pla- ttna. Plato, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). Plato. Plenus, a, um (adj.). Full. Plerique, PLER.'EQUE, pleraque (adj.). Most, the greater part. Wants the singular. Plerumque (adv. properly the neu- ter singular of plerique). For the most part. Plotius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Plotius. Plum A, je, (fem. 1 decl). A small feather, a feather, a plume. Plumbum, i (neut. 2 decl). Lead. Plurimus, A, UM (adj. superlative of MULTUs). Very many, most. Plus, pluris (adj. comparative of MULTUS ). More. Pluto, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). Pluto. Pluvia, je. (fem. 1 decl.). Rain. PdcuLUM, 1 (neut. 2 decl.). A cup. PoEMA, ATis (neut. 3 decl.). A poem. Poena, m (fem. 1 decl,). 1. Atone- ment. 2. Punishment, penalty. PoETA, M (masc 1 decl.). A poet. Poetria, je (fem. 1 decl.). A po- etess. PoLLEx, icis (masc. 3 decl.). The thumb. POLLICEOR, LICERI, LICITUS SUM (dep. V. 2 conj.). To promise. Pollux, ucis (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). Pollux. Polyphemus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Polyphemus. PomIfer, fera, ferum (adj. from poMUM and fero). Fruitful. POS PoMPEius, II (prop. n. 2 dec masc). Pompeius. PoMPiLius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl.) Pompilius. PoMPONius, II (prop. n. 2 decl.) Pomponius. PouuM, I (neut. 2 decl.). Fruit an apple. It includes, properly- all kinds of fruit. Pone (adv.). Behind. Also usee as a preposition with the accusa tive. PONO, PONERE, POSUl, POSITUM (a. v. 3 conj.). To place, to put, to set, to lay. Pons, pontis (masc. 3 decl). A bridge. PoNTUs, I (masc. 2 decl). The deep, the ocean, the sea. PopuLUs, I (masc 2 decl). A people, o community. PopuLus, I (fem. 2 decl). A pop- lar. PoRcus, I (masc 2 decl). A hog. Porta, .ffi (fem. 1 decl). A gate. PoRTicus, us (fem. 4 decl). A portico, a porch, a piazza. Porto, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). To carry, to hear. PoRTORiUM, ii (neut. 2 decl). A tax, an impost, a duty on goods. PoRTUs, us (masc 4 decl). A port, a harbour. PosiTUS, a, um (part, from pono). Placed. Possum, posse, potui (irreg. v.). To be able, to have power. Post (prep, with accusative). Af- ter. Used also adverbially. PosTEA (adverb, post ea). After- ward, after, hereafter. Posteaquam (adv.). After that, after. POSTERI, ORUM (plural of POSTER- US used as a noun). Posterity, descendants. Posterior, or, us (adj. compara* tive of posterus). Coming after ^ next in order, later. ** PosTQU AM (ad V. ). After that, aftei , when. Postremus, a, um (adj. superlative of PosTERUs). Last, latest, hind- most. M:J9 PIliE PosTREMO (adv. from postremus). Finally^ lastly, at last. POSTULO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To claim as a right, to require^ to insist, to demand. PoTENs, ENTis (verbal adj. from possum). Strong, able, power- ful PoTENTiA, ^ (fern. 1 decl. from pot- ENs). Power, authority. Vid. POTESTAS. PoTESTAS, AXIS (fcm. 3 decl. from possum). Power, authority. The difference between this word and potentia is as follows : potesta^ denotes power delegated from another, derived from others ; whereas potentia means power of one's own acquiring. PoTio, oNis (fem. 3 decl. from po- To). 1. The act of drinking. 2. A potion, a drink. Potior, or, us (adj. comparative degree of potis). Better, pref- erable. Potior, iri, itus sum (dep. v. 4 conj.). To become master of, to gain possession of, to acquire, to get. PoTius (adv. properly the neuter of potior). Rather. Potissimum (adv.). Most of all, especially, chiefly. PoTissiMUs, A, UM (adj. superlative of POTis). Chief est, most supe- rior, best. PoTO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 COnj.)- To drink, to quaff. PoTus, A, UM (part, from poto). 1 . Having drunk. 2. Drunk, in- toxicated. Potus, US (masc. 4 decl. from po- to). A drink, a draught. Vrje (prep, with ablative). Before, &c. Pr^ebeo, ere, ui, itum (a. v. 2 conj.). To afford, to supply, to offer. Prjeceps, ipitis (adj. from vrje and caput). 1. Headlong. 2. Rash, headstrong. 3. Down hill, steep, precipitous. 4. Quick, rapid. PruEceptor, oris (masc. 3 decl. PILE firom PR^ciPio). A preceptor^ an inslructer. PR.ff:cEPTUM, I (neut. 2 decl.). A precept, an order, a maxim, a rule. pR^ciPUE (adv. from pr^ecipuus). Particularly, especially, chiefly. Prjeclarus, a, UM (adj. from frm and CLARUs). Illustrious, re- nowned. PfiiEco, oNis (masc. 3 decl.). A herald. PR.fficoRDiA, ORUM (neut. 2 decl. singular wanting). The midriffs the diaphragm. PR.a:DA, .ffi (fem. 1 decl.). Booty .^ plunder, prey. Pr^do, oNis (masc. 3 decl. from PR.ffiDA). A robber, a plunderer. PRjEFERO, FERRE, TULI, LATUM (a. V. 3 conj. irreg. from pr^e and FERo). 1. To bear or carry be- fore, to carry openly. 2. To prefer. Pr^^lium, II (neut. 2 decl.). A battle. Pr^longus, a, um (adj. from PRiB and LONGUS). Very long. Premium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A reward, a recompense. Pr^nuntia, ^ (fem. 1 decl.). A foreteller, a harbinger, a forerun- ner, a precursor. Properly the feminine of the adjective prje- NUNTIUS. Pr-^nuntius, a, um (adj. from PR^ and NUNTius). That fore tells, a harbinger, forerunner^ precursor. VB-MvIrO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. from PR.^ and paro). To pre- pare, to get ready, to make ready. PR.aEP6N0, p5nere, posui, positum (a. V. 3 conj. from trje and po- No). To put or set before, to place first. Pr^^sens, ENTIS (verbal adj. from pr^sum). Present, at hand. PR.a:sERTiM (adv.). Especially, chiefly, particularly, principally. Prases, idis (masc. and fem.). One who presides, a president, a superintendent, a .head, a got" ernor. PRE pRiEsiDiUM, II (neut. 2 decl.)- Aidj assistance^ succour. Pr^estans, ANTis (veibal adj. from presto) Excellingy surpass- ing\ excellent, distinguished, re- mar ka Lie, notable. Vrmstkt (impersonal verb, pr^e- STO, are). It is better, it is more advantageous. Primitive mean- ing, it stands before, it is in ad- vance of. Presto, pr^stare, pr^stiti, pr^stitum (a. V. 1 conj. from PR^ and sTo). To afford, to of- fer, to give, to render. Used also impersonally (vid. Pr^stat). Primitive meaning, to stand be- fore, to be in advance of Presto (adv.). Present, ready, at hand. Prjesum, esse, fui (irreg. v. from PR^ and sum). To preside over, to be over, to have charge of, to be in authority. Prater (prep, with accusative). By, along, past, beside, except, 6lc. Pr^tereo, ire, ivi and ii, itum (irreg. v. from prater and eo). To pass by, to go beyond, to omit. Pr^teritus, a, um (verbal adj. from pr^tereo). Passed, gone by. Pr^tor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). A pretor, a Roman magistrate. Pr^torium, II (neut. 2 decl. from PR.^TOR, in its primitive sense of ** a commander"). A general's tent in a camp. Pr^validus, a, um (adj. fromPR^ and VALiDus). Very able, very strong. Pratum, I (neut. 2 decl.). A mead, a green field, a prairie, a mead- ow. Pravus, a, um (adj.). 1. Crooked, deformed. 2. Depraved, vicious, corru] t. Preces, um (fem. 3 decl. plural number ; from the singular prex). Prayers, entreaties. Precor, art, atus sum (dep. v. 1 conj.}. To pray, to entreaty to beg, to supplicate. 29* PRO pRKTiosus, A, UM (adj. from pret ium). Valuable, precious. Pretium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A price, a value. PRiAifliDEs, /E (patronymic noun, 1 decl. mas( ). A son of Priam. Primo (adv ;. Atfirsty in thefirsi place, first. Primum (adv.). The first time, it the first place, first, first of all. Primus, a, um (adj.). First. Princeps, iPis (adj.). First, fore most. Often used as a noun, a prince, a chief, a leader. Principium, II (neut. 2 decl. from prince PS ). A beginning, a com- mencement. Prior, or, us (adj. comparative de- gree, the superlative being pri- mus). Former, previous, antece- dent. Priscus, a, um (adj.). Ancient, old, out of date, antique. Pristinus, a, um (adj.). Former j accustomed, wonted, original, pristine. pRius (adj. neuter of prior, often used as an adverb). Before, sooner. Privatus, a, um (adj.). Private, one^s own. Sometimes used as a noun, a private individual. Pro ! and Proh (interj.) ! Oh ! Pro (prep, with ablative). Before^ for, instead of, &c. PrOBO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To approve of, to com- mend, to praise. Probus, a, um (adj.). Worthy, up- right, honest, virtuous. Procas, ^ (prop. n. 1 decl. masc). Procas. Procedo, cedere, cessi, cessum (neut. V. 3 conj. from pro and cedo). To jnoceed, to advance, to go onward. Procklla, m (fem. 1 decl.). A tempest. Procellaria, j& (fem. 1 decl. from procella). A storm^bird. Properly an adjective, with avis understood. Procerus, a, um (adj.). Lofty^ tall. 341 PRO PlOCREO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from pro and creo). To beget, to generate, to procreate. Procul (adv.). Far, far off, at or from a distance, Proditor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from PRODo). A betrayer, a traitor. Profectio, oNis (fern. 3 decl. from proficiscor). a setting out, a departure. Profecto (adv.). Undoubtedly, assuredly, certainly. PrOFERO, FERRE, TULI, LATUM (irreg. v. from pro and fero). To carry out, to bring out, to draw out, to produce, to show, to exhibit. Profestus, a, um (adj.). Not holy, on which work may be done, sec- ular. Dies profestus, a secular day, not a holy day. Proficiscor, proficisci, profec- Tus SUM (dep. V. 3 conj.)- To set out on a journey, to depart, to go, to proceed. Prohibeo, ere, ui, itum (a. v. 2 conj. from pro and habeo). To keep off or away, to ward off, to debar, to hinder, to prevent, to prohibit. Promitto, mittere, misi, missum (a. V. 3 conj. from pro and mit- To). To promise. Promontorium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A promontory. PrONUNTIO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from pro and nuntio). To pronounce, to utter, to speak. Prope ^adv.). Near, nigh. Propensus, a, um (verbal adj. from propendeo). Hanging, bending or inclining forward, hanging down. Propero, are, AVI, ATUM (ncut. V. 1 conj.). To hasten, to make haste, to be quick. Propertius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. m asc . ) . Proper tius . pROPiNQUus, A, UM (adj.). Near, neighbouring. PropitTcs, a, um (adj.). Favour- able^ propitious, merciful, kind. **roprius, a, um (adj.). 1. Pecu- liar, proper, one's own. 2. Fit, ' 342 PUG adapted. Proprium est, it he longs to, it is the property or pau of- Propter (prep, with the accusa* tive). 1. Near, close by. 2. On account of. Prorsus (adv.). Altogether, en- tirely, wholly. Proserpina, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem . ) . Proserpina. PrOSPICIO, SPICERE, SPEXl, SPEC- tum (a. V. 3 conj. from pro and sPECio). 1. To behold from a distance. 2. To foresee, to per- ceive beforehand. 3. To provide for, to consult f 01' . Prosum, prodesse, profui (irreg. V. from PRO and sum). To profit, to benefit, to prove of service. Proverbium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A proverb. Providentia, m (fem. 1 decl. from PRO and video). pRoviDUs, A, um (adj. from pro and video). Provident, foreseeing, prudent, circumspect. Provincia, .ffi (fem. 1 decl.). A province. Proximus, a, um (adj. superlative from propior). Nearest, next. Prudens, ENTis (adj.). Prudent, ■wise. Prudentia, .a: (fem. 1 decl.). PrU' dence. Ptolem^us, I (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Ptolemy. PuBLicus, A, um (adj.). Public. PuBLius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc.) Publius. PuDOR, ORIS (masc. 3 decl.). Mod esty, shame, bashfulness. PuELLA, JE (fem. 1 decl.). A gtrl^ a damsel. PuER, ERi (masc. 2 decl.). A boy, Pueritia, je (fem. 1 decl. from puer). Boyhood. PuERULUs, I (masc. 2 decl. dimin- utive from puer). A little boy. PuGiL, iLis (masc. 3 dec].). A boxer, a pugilist. PuGio, oNis (masc. 3 decl ). A dagger, a poniard. PuGNA, JE. (fem. 1 decL). A hat- tie, a fight. gUA JPUGNO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (neut , V. ] conj.)- To fight. PULCHER, CHRA, CHKUM (adj.)- Fair, beautiful. PuLCHRiTUDO, iNis (fcm. 3 decl. from pulcher). Beauty, fair- ness. PuLEX, icis (masc. 3 decl.). A jlea. PuLLUs, A, UM (adj.). Blackish, of a dusky colour. PuLLUs, I (masc. 2 decl.). The young of any animal, a foal, a young horse, a chick, &c. PuLMO, 5nis (masc. 3 decl.). The lungs. PuLs, puLTis (fern. 3 decl.). Pot- tage, thick gruel, a kind of food used by the early Romans in place of bread. PULSO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. frequentative from pello, ere). To heat often, to strike, to hatter. PUNGO, PUNGERE, PUPUGI, PUNC- TUM (a. V. 3 conj.). To prick, to sting. PuNio, IRE, ivi, iTUM (a. V. 4 conj.). To punish, to chastise. PuRUs, A, UM (adj.). Pure, clean, cleanly. Pus, puRis (neut. 3 decl.). Cor- rupt matter of a sore, corruption. PuTEUs, EI (masc. 2 decl.). A pit, a well. PUTRESCO, PUTRESCERE, PUTRUI (inceptive verb, from putreo). To groio- rotten, to begin to pu- trefy. Pyramis, idis and idos (fern. 3 decl.). A pyramid. Pyren-^i, orum (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). The Pyrenees. Properly an adjective, with monies under- stood. Pyrites, m (masc. 1 decl.). Fire- stone, pyrites. Pythagoras, ^ (prop. n. I decl. masc). Pythagoras. Pyxis, idis (fem. 3 decl.). A box. Q. 'JuA (adv. properly the ablative of Qii, with via ot parte understood). QUA Which way, where, by or through which way. QuADRAGENi, JR, A (distributive nu- meral adj. from quadraginta). Forty each, forty by forty. Quadragesimus, a, um (numeral adj. from quadraginta). The fortieth. Quadraginta (indeclinable numer- al adj.). Forty. Quadringentesimus, a, um (nu- meral adj. from quadringenti). The four hundredth. Quadringenti, je, a (numeral adj.). Four hundred. Quadrupes, edis (ipasc. and fem. 3 decl. from quatuor and pes). A quadruped, a four-footed ani- mal. It occurs also, occasional- ly, as a neuter. Quadruplo (adv. properly ablative of quadruplus). Fourfold, four times as much. Qu^RO, QUuERERE, QUuESIVI, QU-«- siTUM (a. v. 3 conj.). To seek, to seek after, to acquire, to inquire into, to inquire. Qu^so (defective verb). / beseech. QuALis, is, e (adj.). Such as, aSf of what kind. QuAM (adv.). How, how much, as much. QuAM (conjc). Than, as. QuAMDiu or Quandiu (adv.). As long as, and, as an interrogative, hou) long ? Quamobrem (adv. properly quam OB rem). Why, wherefore, an what account, on which account. QuAMPRiMUM (adv.). As soon as possible. QUAMQUAM or QUANQUAM (COUJc). Although. QuAMvis (conjunction). Although. (Adv.). However much. Quando (adv.). When, (Conjc ) Since. Quandoquidem (conJQ,.). Since. QuANQUAM, vid. QuAMQUAM. QuANTOPERE (adv.). How greatly. how much, as greatly as. Quantum (adv. properly the neuter of QUANTUs). As much as, hou much. 343 QUI QvAVTUs, A, VM (adj.)' H- cuxQUB (compound pronoun, from QUI and cukqub). Whoso- ever, whoever, whatsoever. QCIDAX, QU^DAM, QUODDAM and QCiDDAX (pron.). A certain one, one. QuiDBX (adv.). Jndeed, truly, in truth. ^ Quinxi (adv.). Why not ? QuiBs, Ens (fern. 3 decL). Rest, repose, quiet. QuiiIbet, qu^libet, quodlibet and QuiDLiBET (compound pro- noun from QUI and libet). Any one whom you please, whosoever ttill, any one at pleasure. Quiu (conjc). But that^ Imt, why not 7 ay, and more than that, yet for all that. QUO QufNcecix (indeclinable numeral ad), from quixque and decem) Fifteen. Quikgektesimus, a, um (numeral adj. from QuisGENTi). The five hundredth, QuiNGEKTi, M, A (numeral adj.). Five hundred. QoiNQUAGEKi, .^ A (distributive numeral adj. from quikquagik- ta). Fifty each, fifty by fifty. (^i SQu AGiEs (numeral adv. ). Fif- ty times. QuixQUAGiNTA (indeclinable nu- meral adj.). Fifty. QuiNQUE (indeclinable numeral adj.)- Free. QuiKTUs, A, ux (numeral adj.). Ktfth. QuippE (conjc). Because, since, for, forasmuch as, in fact. Quis, qj2M, QUID and QUOD (interrog- ative pronoun). Whol which ^ what? Quis (for ALiQcis, and so tbrough* out). Some one, any one. QUISMAM or QCINAM, QUiENAX, QUiDXAX or QUODNAX (compound pronoun). Who 1 which 1 what ^ who, pray 1 • QUISPIAX, QU.£PIAX, QUtDPIAX aUS- QuoDFiAX (compound pronoun) Any one, some one. QUISQUAX, QUJEQUAX, QUIDQUAJ* or QuicQUAX (compound pron.). Any one. QUISQUE, QUiEQUE, QUODQUE and QCiDQCB (compound pronoun). Each one, every one. QciviS, QUJEVI8, QUODTfS and QCID- vis (compound pronoun). Any one you pUase, whosoever, any one. Qvo (adv ). Whither. (Conjc). In order that. QuociBCA (adv.). Wherefore. QuocuKQue (adv.). Whithersoever. Quod (conjc). Because, in that, that, since. QuoxiMUs (adv.). The less, that not, from. QuoMODo (adv.). Howl in whal manner ox rtay ? QcoxiAX (conjc. from quok, an old REG form for quum, and jam). Since, seeing that. QuoQUE (conjc.)- Also. QuoT (indeclinable numeral adj.)- How many 7 as many as. QuoTANNis (adv.). Yearly, e^-ery year. QuoTENi, JE, A (distributive numer- al adj. from quot). How many 7 to what number 7 QuoTiDiE (adv.). Daily, every day. QuoTiEs (numeral adv. from quot). How often 7 as often as. QuoTUs, A, UM (numeral adj. from quot). Of what number 7 how many 7 Quota hora est, what is the hour 7 Quum (adv. and conjc). Same as CUM. R. Radius, ii (masc. 2 decl.). A ray, a beam. Radix, icis (fem. 3 decl). A root. Ramus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A branch, a bough. Rana, m (fem. 1 decl). A frog. Rapax, acis (adj. from rapio). Rapacious, ravenous, ravening, devouring. Rapidus, a, um (adj. from rapio). Rapid, swift. Rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum (a. V. 3 conj.). To seize, to carry off by force. Raritas, ATis (fem. 3 decl. from RARUs). Thinness, rarity (op- posed to density). Raro (adv. from rarus). Rarely, seldom. Rarus, a, um (adj.). 1. Rare, thin, not dense or thick. 2. Rare, uncommon, seldom met with. Ratio, 6ni» (fem. 3 decl). 1. Reason, the rational faculty. 2. Plan, method, way. Rbbello, are, avi, atum (neut. v. 1 conj. from re and bello). To wage war again, to rebel, to re- volt. Recens, entis (a^j.). Recent, lately done fresh. REG Receptaculum, I (neut. 2 dec! > A receptacle, a storehouse, aplact to keep things in. Recipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum (a v. 3 conj. from re and capio) To receive, to get back, to recover Recipere se, to betake one^s self to retreat. Recito, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). To recite, to read alo-ud ReCORDOR, ARl, ATUS SUM (dcp. V. 1 conj.). To remember, to be mind ful of. Recte (adv. from rectus). 1. Dt redly, in a straight line. 2 Rightly, properly. Rectus, a, um (verbal adj. from re go). Right, straight, direct^ upright, just, correct. Recurro, currere, curri and cu- cuRRi, CURSUM (ucut. v. 3 conj. from RE and curro). 1. To run again, to run back. 2. To havt recourse to. 3. To recur. Reddo, reddere, reddidi, reddi- tum (a. V. 3 conj. from re and do). To give back, to render, to restore, to return. Redeo, ire, ivi and ii, itum (neut V. 4 conj. from re and eo). Tc return. Redigo, redigere, redegi, re- DACTUM (a. v. 3 conj. from rs and ago). 1. To bring or drive back. 2. To reduce, to constrain, to compel. Reduco, reducere, reduxi, re- DUCTUM (a. v. 3 conj. from re and duco). 1 . To bring or lead back, to conduct back. Refero, referre, retuli, rela TUM (irreg. v. from re and fero) To bear back, to carry back, t, bear again. Referre se, to re treat. Refrigero, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). 1. To cool, to chill, t« make cool or chill. ^ 2. To rein- vigorate, to refresh^ Regillus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc.) Regillus, the name of a lake in Latium, near Mount Algidus. Regina, m (fem. I decl. from kex) A queen. REP KiGio, oNis (fern. 3 dccl.). A re- giofiy a tract of land, a country. Rkgius, a, um (adj. from rex). Kingly, royal, regal, princely. Regnum, I (neut. 2 decl. from rex), a kingdom. ReGO, REGERE, REXl, RECTUM (a. V. 3 conj.). To rule, to direct, to lead straight, to regulate, to moderate. Rggulus, I (inasc. 2 decl. diminu- tive from RBx). A petty mon- arch, a prince. Regulus, 1 (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Regulus. , Religio, O.MS (fern. 3 decl.). Ke- ligion. Relinquo, linquerb, liqui, Lie- TUM (a. V. 3 conj. from re and LiNQUo). To leave, to leave be- hind, to neglect, to abandon. RfiLiQuL«, ARUM (fern. 1 decl. from relinquo, singular wanting). Remains, residue of a thing, the rest, the remainder. Reliquus, a, um (from rellnquo). Remaining, left. RbMANEO, MANERE, M.4NSI, MAN- SUM (neut. V. 2 conj.). To re- main. Remex, Tgis (masc. 3 decl. from REMUS and ago). A rower. Reminiscor, MiNisci (dcp. V. 3 conj.). To remember, to call to mind. Remitto, mittere, MISI, missum (a. V. 3 conj. from re and mitto). To send back, to return. Removeo, movere, movi, motum (a. V. 2 conj. from re and mo- veo). To remove, to icithdraw, to take away. Remus, i (masc. 2 decl.). An oar. Remus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Remtis, the brother of Romulus. Ren, RENis (masc. 3 decl.). The reins, the kidneys. More com- monly found in the plural, renes, UM. Renes, um (masc. 3 decl. from REN, which see). RePARO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from rr and paro). To rc- RES pair, to retrieve, to recover, to re- view. Repello, pellere, puli, pulsum (a. V. 3 conj. from re and pello). To drive back, to repel, to dnve away, to keep off. Reperio, perirk, peri, pertum (a. V. 3 conj. from re and pario). To find, to find out, to discover, to ascertain. Repeto, peterk, petivi and petii, petitum (a. V. 3 conj. from re and PETo). To ask or demand again, to demand back, to seek. Reprehendo, prehendbre, prb- HENDi, prehensum (a. V. 3 conj. from RE and prehendo). 1. To catch, to seize. 2. T'o reprove, to blame, to censure. Reprehensor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from reprehendo). A reprover, a blamer, a censurer. RePUDIO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from repudium). To re- ject, to refuse, to repudiate, to dt* vorce, to cast off. Res, rei (fem. 5 decl.). A thing, a matter, an affair. Res ges- tae, exploits, operations, literally things carried on. ReSALUTO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. I conj. from re and saluto). To salute in return, to return a sa- lute. RespicTo, spicere, spexi, spectuk (a. V. 3 conj. from re and spe- cio). 1. To look back. 2. To look at, to observe. 3. To re- gard, to have respect for. Rks-pondeo, spondere, spondi, SPONSUM (a. V. 2 conj.). To an- swer, to reply. Respublica, m (fem. 1 decl.). I. A form of government, a govern' ment. 2. A republic. Restituo, stituere, stTtui, sti- TUTUM (a. V. 3 conj. from re and statuo). To replace, to restore, ResTO, STARE, STITI (nCUt. V. 1 conj. from its and sto). To re- main. Resuroo, suroere, surrexi, sob- rectum (neut. V. 3 conj. from rb and suroo). To rise again. ROM Ri£T£, IS (neut. 3 decl.)- A net. Reticeo, ticere, ticui (neut. v. 2 conj. from re and taceo). To be silent, to keep secret. Reus, i (masc. 2 decl.)- An ac- cused person. Properly an ad- jective, REUS, A, UM. Revereor, vereri, veritus sum (dep. V. 2 conj. from re and vereor). To reverence, to re- vere, to stand in awe of, to fear. Reverto, vertere, verti, ver- suM (neut. V. 3 conj. from re and verto). To return. ReVOCO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from re and voco). To recall, to call back. Rex, regis (masc. 3 decl.). A king. Rhenus, I (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). The Rhine. Rhetorice, es (fem. 1 decl.). Rhetoric. Rhinoceros, otis (masc. 3 decl.). A rhinoceros. Rhodanus, I (prop. n. 2 decl. masc.)- The Rhone. RlDEO, RIDERE, RISI, RISUM (nCUt. V. 2 conj.). 'To laugh. RiDicuLus, a, UM (^dj. from kiueo). Laughable, ridiculous, exciting laughter, worthy of being laughed at. RiGiDus, A, UM (adj. from rigeo). Stiff, rigid, hard, frozen. RipA, 2E (fem. 1 decl.). A bank. Risus, us (masc. 4 decl. from ri- de o). Laughter, laughing^ a laugh. Rivus, I (masc. 2 decl.). A brook, a stream, a rill, a rivulet. RiXA, m (fem. 1 decl.). A^ispute, strife, quarrel. RoBUR, ORIS (neut. 3 decl.). 1. Oak, oak of the hardest kind, heart of oak. 2. Strength, vig- our. RoBUSTUs, A, UM (adj. from robur). Strong, robust, vigorous, power- ful. RoGO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To ask, to request, to entreat. Roma, m (prop. r. 1 decl. fem.). Rome. RUT Romanus, A, UM (adj. from Roma^ Roman, a Roman. Romani, tht Roma?is. Romulus, i (prop. n. 2 . masc). Romulus. Ros, RORis (masc 3 decl.). Dew. Rosa, je (fem. 1 decl.). A rose. Roscius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Roscius. Rostrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A beak, a beak of a ship. The plural, rostra denotes the rostra at Rome, the place from which tha public speakers addressed the people, and which was adorned with the beaks of ships as naval trophies. Rota, uE (fem. 1 decl.). A wheel RoTUNDus, A, UM (adj. from rota) Round, circular, globular. RuBEO, ere, ui (neut. v. 2 conj.). To be red, to redden, to blush. Ruber, bra, brum (adj.). Red, ruddy. Rubicon, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). T'he Rubicon, a river of Italy. Rubor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). Red- ness, a red colour, a blush. RuDis, is, e (adj.). Rude, uncul- tivated, unpolished, rugged, un- formed, unwr ought. RuiNA, jsi (fem. 1 decl.). Ruin, destruction. RUMPO, rumpere, rupi, ruptum (a. v. 3 conj.). To break, to sever, to burst, to rend. Ruo, ruere, rui, ruitum and ru- tum (a. V. 3 conj.). 1. To throw down, to overturn, to destroy, to ruin. 2. To rush, to sally foi'tk, to run ox flock together. RupEs, is Cfem. 3 decl). A rock. Rus, RuRis (neut. 3 dec!.). Thi country. Rure, from the coun- try. Ruri, in the country. Rusticus, a, UM (adj. from rus). Rural, rustic, rude^ homely. RuTiLus, A, u#(adj.). Gleaming, shining. RuTULi, oRUM (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). The Rutuli, a people of Latium in Italv. 347 SAM S. Sabinus, a um (adj.). Sabine. Sacer, cra, um (adj.). Sacred^ holy. Primitive meaning, devo- ted. Saccharum, I (neut. 2 decl.)« 'Sw- Sacerdos, OTIS (masc. and fem. 3 decl.). A priest, a priestess. JSlCRO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from sacer). To conse- crate, to dedicate. S.^cuLUM or Seculum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A scRculum, an age, a period of 120 years. S/EPE (adv.). Often. Sag ITT A, iE (fem. 1 decl.). An arrow. Sal, salis (masc. and neut. 3 decl. plural SALES, masc). Salt. In the plural, witticisms^ vnt, pleas- antry. Salamis, i.vis (prop. n. 3 decl. fem.). Salamisy an island in the Saronic Gulf, over against Eleu- sis, and near JEgina. Salii, orum (masc. 2 decl. plural). The Saliij priests of Mars. Sallustius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Sallust, a celebrated Roman historian. Salluvius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). A Salluvian. Salomo, 5nis (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). Solomon. Salsus, a, um (adj. from sal). Salt, salted. Salto, are, avi, ATUM (ncut. V. 1 conj. frequentative from salio). 1. To leap. 2. To dance. Saluber, BRis, ERE (adj. from sa- Lus). Healthful, wholesome, sa- lubrious. Salus, uTis (fem. 3 decl.). Pres- ervation, safety. Salutaris, is, e (adj. from salus). Salutary, healthful, wholesome. Salijto, are, AVI, JLtum (a. v. 1 conj. from saluS). To salute, to greet, to pay one^s respects to. Salve, eto (defective v. imperative mood). Hail. Samnis, itis (adj.). A Samnite. 348 SAT SamTi, drum (adj.). Samians. SancTo, sancfre, sanxi, sancitum and sanctum (a. v. 4 conj.). To decree, to ordain, to establish, ts ratify. Saptcte (adv. from sanctus). Re ligiously, piously, devoutly, sor- emnly. Sanguis, inis (masc. 3 decl.;. Blood. S ANITAS, ATis (fcm. 3 dccl. from SANUs). Health, soundness of body. SannIo, ONis (masc. 3 decl. frcA_ sanna). a buffoon, a jester, « mimic, a zany. Sanus, a, um (adj.). Sound, heal- thy, whole, sane. Sapidus, a, um (adj. from sapio.). Savoury, palatable. Sapiens, entis (verbal adj. from SAPio). Wise, skilful. Sapientia, je (fem. I decl. from sapiens). Wisdom. Sapio, ere, ivi and ii (neut. v. 3 conj.). ]. To have a taste or relish. 2. To savour or smell of 3. To be wise, to know well, to understand. Sapor, oris (masc 3 decl.). A taste, savour^ relish. Sarcio, sarcire, sarsi, sartum (a., v. 4 conj.). To patch, to re pair, to mend, to sew up. Sardanapalus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Sardanapalus. Sarissa, m (fem. 1 decl..). A «ft- rissa, a long Macedonian spear. Sartor, oris (masc 3 decl. from sarcio). a mender, a patchery a botcher. Satelles, itis (masc and fem. 3 decl.). 1. A lifeguard. 2. An attendant, a satellite. Satiatus, a, um (verbal adj. frcw SATio). Satiated, sated. Satis (adv.) Enough, sufficiently Satius (adv. comparative of satis) Better, preferable. Satur, ura, urum (adj. from sat- is). Full, well-fed, stuffed, sa- ted. Saturnus, I (prop. n. 2 ded masc). Saturn. SEC Saxones, um (ailj.)- Saxons i Saxosus, a, um (adj. from saxum). Stony,, rocky. ScALPRUM, I (neut. 2 decl. from scalpo). I. a paring-knife. 2. A n erasing-knife . ^. A penknife . ScAMNUM, I (neut. 2 decl.). A bench, a stool. SCELERATUS, A, UM (adj. frOm SCE- Lus). Wicked, impious, accur- sed. ScELESTUs, A, UM (adj. from sce- Lus). Wicked, unprincipled, de- praved. ScELUs, ERis (neut. 3 decl.). Vil- lariy, wickedness, guilt, crime. ScHOLA, M (fem. 1 decl.). A school. Scintilla, jk (fem. 1 decl.). A spark. SCIO, SCIRE, SCIVI, SCITUM (a. V. 4 conj.). To know, to under- stand, SciPio, ONis (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). Scipio. SCISCITO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To inquire, to demand, to ask, to interrogate. More commonly found as a deponent. SCISCITOR, ARI, ATUS SUM (dep. V. Iconj.). Same meaning as SCIS- CITO. SCIURUS, I squirrel. SCOPULUS, high rock SCRIBA, M SCRIBO), (masc. 2 decl ). A (masc. 2 decl.). A a cliff, a crag. (masc. 1 decl. from A scribe, a writer, a secretary, a/clerk. ScRIBO, SCRIBERE, SCRIPSI, SCRIP- TUM (a. V. 3 conj.). To write. ScRiNiUM, II (neut. 2 decl.). A case, an escritoir, a portfolio^ a writing-desk. ScRiPTUM, I (neut. 2 decl. from scRiBo). A writing, anything written. ScYTHA, M (masc. 1 decl.). A Scythian, ScvTHiA, j& (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). Scythia. Seco, secare, segui, sectum and SIC ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To cut, to cut off. 30 SEN Secundum (prep, with accusativ3) According to, by, along, &c. Secundus, a, u.\i (adj. from se quor). I. Second. 2. Favour- able, prosperous. Res secundap prosperity. Fortuna secunda good fortune. Securus, a, um (adj.). Safe, s€ cure, unconcerned, careless, re gar dies s. Sed (conjc). But, however, 6cc. Sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum (neut, V. 2 conj.). To sit, to sit down Sedes, is (fem. 3 decl.). A seat. Sedile, is (neut. 3 decl.). A seat^ a bench, a stool. Sedijlitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from sEDULUs). Assiduity, applicO" tion, diligence, zeal, earnestness. Sedulus, a, um (adj.). Assiduous, sedulous, earnest, zealous, dili- gent. Seges, etis (fem. 3 decl.). 1 Land prepared to receive seed. 2. Land tilled and sown. 3. A crop, a harvest. 4. Grain, stand- ing corn. Segnis, is, e (adj.). Lazy, sloWj dull, heavy. Sejanus, I (prop. n. 2 decl. maec). Sejanus, prime minister of Tibe rius. Sella, je (fem. 1 decl.). A seat, a chair. Semel (adv.). Once. Semen, inis (neut. 3 decl.). Seed Semianimis, is, e (adj. from ^emi and anima). Half dead, only half alive. SeMINO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from semen). To sow. Semita, ^ (fem. 1 conj.). Afoot path, a path, a narrow way. Semper (adv.). Always, cver,foi ever. Sempiternus, a, UM (adj. from SEMPER). Eternal, everlasting endless. Senator, oris (masc. 3 decl. from senex). a senator. Senectus, utis (fem. 3 decl. from senex). Old age, age. Senex, senis, contracted from sen Id 8 (adj.). Oldt aged. Ofter 3W SER nsed as a noun, an old man, an aged person. Seni, -ris (masc. 3 decl.)- A ploughshare. Vox, vocis (fem. 3 decl.). A voices an accent. VuLCANUs, I (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). Vulcan. Vulgaris, is, e (adj. from vulgus). Vulgar, common, mea7i, ordinary. VuLGo (adv.). Commonly, gener- ally. } VuLGO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To make common, to spread abroad. Vulgus, i (masc. and neut. more commonly the latter, 2 decl.). The common people, the populace, the vulgar, the lower orders^ the multitude. ZAM VuLNus, KRIS (neut. 3 decl.). A wound. VuLPEs, IS (fem. 3 decl). A fox. VuLTUR, uRis (masc. 3 decl.). A vulture. VuLTus, us (masc. 4 decl. from voLo, velle). The look, thi countenance. Xerxes, is (prop. n. 3 decl, masc). Xerxes. Xenophon, ontis (prop. n. 3 decl. masc.) Xenophon. Z. Zingiber, beris (neut. 3 decl.). Ginger. Zama, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.) Zama. 363 WOROS OMITTED IN THE FOREGOING DICTIONARY AQU A. ACCIPIO, CIPERE, CEPI, CEPTUM (a. V. 3 conj. from ad and capio). To receive^ to takcy to obtain. AcciPiTER, piTBis (masc. 3 decl.). 1. A bird of prey; a general name for all birds of prey which have hooked beaks and claws. 2. Generally, a hawk. ACCUSO, SAKE, SAVIf SATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from ad and causa). To accuse, to arraign, to blame. ^ACiDEs, M (patronymic from^A- cus; masc. 1 decl.). Son, or de- scendant of JEacus. EoYPTius, A, UM (adj.). Egyp- tian. — ^Egypth, the Egyptians. Egrotus, a, um (adj.). Sick, weak, diseased. Esopus, I (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.), ^sop, a celebrated fabulist, who is supposed to have lived about 620 B.C. \gnus, I (masc. 2 decl.). A lamb. Alimentum, 1 (neut. 2 decl). Nu- triment, food, victuals. Alteruter, alterautra, alter- UMUTRUM (from alter and uter, both being declined). The one or the other, one or other of two. Amphibidm, I (neut. 2 decl). An amphibious animal. Antea (adv.). Before, former- ly. Apennninus, I (masc. 2 decl. ; properly an adj. with mons under- stood). The Apennine range ; the Apennines, a chain of mount- ains in Italy. Aper, APR! (masc. 2 decl.). A wild boar, a boar. Aquilo, onis (masc. 3 decl.) The northeast wind. AmaEsso, ERE, sivi, siTUM (a. V. 3 3fi4 CON I conj.). To call, to send jor^ u summon. AssYRii, ORUM (prop. n. 2 decl). The Assyrians, inhabitants ctf Assyria, a country of Asia. Attius, I (prop. n. 2 decl). Attius B. Bellicus, a, um (adj. from bbl lum). Warlike, of or belonging to war. CaLEFO, FIERI, FACTUS (v. 3 COnj. as passive to calefacio). Te be made hot, to he warmed. Capitolium, I (neut. 2 decl). The Capitol, a celebrated temple of Jupiter at Rome on the Tarpeian Rock. Carthaginiensis, e (adj. from Carthago). Carthaginian ; Carthaginienses, the Carthu' ginians. Celo, are, AVI, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). To conceal, to hide. Cervix, icis (fem. 3 decl). The nape of the neck, the neck. Cicero, onis (prop. n. 3 decl). Cicero, a celebrated Roman ora- tor, born at Arpinum, B.C. 107. Cinctus, a, um (part, from cingo). Girded, surrounded. CiRCUM (prep, with accus.). Aloui, round about. Clavus, i (masc. 2 decl). A nail, a tiller. COMBURO, rere, bussi, bustum (a v. 3 conj. from con and uro) To burn up, to consume with fire- Conscientia, m (fem. 1 decl) Conscience. Contbndo, dere, di, sum and TUft FAS (a. V. 3 conj. from con ai.(i ten- do). -To strain, to contend, to tie with. DeDO, BRE, DIDI, DITUM (a. V. 3 conj. from de and do). To sub- mity to yield, to give up. D&FERO, FERBE, TULI, LATUM (a. V. 3 conj. from de and fero). To carry from one place to another, to offer, to devolve. Defunctus, a, um (part, from de- fungor). Dead. Dehum (adv.). At length, certain- Jy- - - Differo, febre, distuli, dilatum (a. V. 3 conj. from dis, apart, and FERO, to carry). To put asun- der, to put off, to defer. DiSPLICEO, ERE, CUI, CITUM (nCUt. V. 2 conj. from dis and placeo, to please). To displease, to dis- like. DlSSIPO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To scatter, to dissipate, E. KdOCEO, ere, CUI, CTUM (a. V. 2 conj. from e, thoroughly, and do- CEo, to teach). To instruct care- fully, to teach thoroughly. Ennius, 1 (prop. n. 2 decl.). En- nius, an ancient Latin poet, born at Rudia?, in Calabria. EuROPEUs, A, UM (adj. from Euro- pa). European. Eva, m (prop. n. 1 decl.). Eve, ExoPTATUs, A, UM (part, from ex- opTo). Greatly desired, earnest- ly longed for, desirable, EXORIOR, IRI, ORTUS (V. dcp. 4 conj. from ex and orior, to rise). To rise from, to spring up, to arise. Cxosus, A, UM (part. adj. from ex- 6di). Hating, hateful. EXPECTO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. from EX and specto). To look for, to wait, to hope for. Palx, CIS (fem. 3 decl.). A scythe, a sickU. Fastidio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 LOIS conj.). To loathe, to abhor, H disdain. Faustulus, I (prop. n. 2 decl.) Faustulus, the shepherd who found Romulus and Remus. Faustus, a, um (adj.). Luckf prosperous. Fio, FIERI, FACTUs (uscd as passive to PACio). To be made or done, to become. Fossa, je (fem. 1 decl.). A ditch, FbENO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj. from fruENum, a bridle). To bridle, to curb. G. Gallina, jr (fem. 1 decC.). A hen Gregatim (adv. from grex, a herd In herds. I, IndTcus, a, um (adj.). Indian, of India. Infectus, a, um (adj. from in, 7iot, and FACTUS, done). Not done, undone, unaccomplished. Infirmus. A, UM (adj. from in, not, and FiKMUs, firm). Feeble^ weak. Inhumanitas, axis (fem. 3 decl.) Inhumanity, cruelty. Innocens, tis (adj. from in, not, and NOCENs, hurling). Harm- less, innocent. JosEPHus, I (prop. n. 2 decl.). Jo* seph. IrRITO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 conj.). To provoke, to irritate, JocoR, ARi, ATUs (dcp. V. 1 conj.). To speak in jest, to jest. JuBAR, ARis (neut. 3 decl.). Th» beam of the sun. Juno, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. fem.) Juno. Juvo, are, juvi, jutum (a. v. \ conj.). To aid, to assist. L. Led A, JE (fem. 1 decl.). Leda, Levitas, ATI 8 (fem. 3 decl. from LEVIS, smooth). Smoothness, Lima, je (fem. 1 decl.). A file. LinQUo, ERE, lIqui, lictum (a. V. 3 conj.). To leave, to abandon. Longitudo, dinis (fem. 3 decl. from LONGUs, long.) I^ength. 365 PAR LuDo, ERE, usi, usvM (a. V. 3 conj.)- To play. M. Manlius, I (prop. n. 2 decl.)- Man- lius. VIecum (for CUM me). With me. Memorabilis. e (adj. from memoeo, to relate). Worthy of being re- lated, memorable, remarkable. MoRsus, us (masc. 4 decl. from mordeo, to bite). A bite, a sting. MusicA, JE (ferp, 1 decl.). Music. N. Natio, oNis (fern. 3 decl.;. A na- tionJ Navius, 1 (prop. n. 2 decl.). Na- vius. Nego, are, AVI, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). To deny, to refuse. Nequeo, ire, ivi, itum (neut. v. 4 conj. from nec, not, and queo, to be able). To be unable, cannot. NiLus, I (prop. n. 2 decl.). The Nile. Nosco, ere, novi, notum (a. v. 3 conj.) To learn, to become ac- quainted with ; in the tenses formed from the perfect, to know. Nox, CTis (fem. 3 decl). Night. O. Obsto, are, stiti, stitum and sta- tum (a. V. 1 conj. from ob, against, and sto, to stand). To stand against, to oppose, to ob- struct. OcciDENs, Tis (properly a part, of occiDO, to go down, but used as a noun with sol understood). The west; i. e., the quawr where the sun goes down. Odoratus, js (masc. 4 decL). The sense of smelling, smell. Olynthius> a, um (adj. from Olyn- THUs, a town orThrace). Olyn- ihian ; Olyn^iii, the Olyn- tkians. P. Paro/b, arum (fem. plur. 1 decl.). The Fates, Clotho, Lachzsia, and Atropos. Partior, iRi, iTUs (dep. y. 4 ccnj.). To divide, to share, 366 SEM Pelvis, is (fem. 3 decl.). A basin Pentas, A.DI3 (fem. 3 decl. from Greek izivre, five). A pentad, the number five. Percussus, a, um (pari, from per- cuTio, io strike). Struck, slaiut astonished, affected. PEREGRiiNUS. A, UM (adj. frOm FEB EGR E, abroad). Foreign, strange^ remote. Peefeeo, ferre, tuli, latum (a. V. 3 conj. from per, through, and fero, to carry). To carry through, to bear patiently, to en- dure. Perutilis, e (adj. from per, intens . and UTiLis, useful). Very use- ful. Phalereus, EOS (3 syllables, prop, n. 3 decl.) Phalereus. Phidias, ^ (prop. n. 1 decl. masc). Phidias. PiLUs, I (masc. 2 decl.). Haii. Plat^eje, arum (prop. n. 1 decl. fem). Platace. PoNTUs, I (masc. 2 decl.). Pom tus, a couniry of Asia Minor. Pr^eo, Ike, Ivi, itum (from prjb, before, and eo, to go). To go before, to lead the way. Prodigus, a, um (adj.). Prodigal, wasteful, extravagant, liberal. Profundus, a, um (adj.). Deep high, profound. PUTO, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 COSJ.). To think, to consider, to sup- pose. Quatuor (num. adj.). Four. QuiNTUs, A, UM (num. adj. ord.j. 7'he fifth. QUISQUIS, QU^QUiE, QUIDQUID 01 QuicQuiD (pron.). Whoever, whatever. S. (adv. from SAPIENS) Sapienter Wisely. SciENTiA, JE (fem. 1 decl. from scio). Knowledge, science. SacuM (for cum se). With himself, with themselves. SsMiRAMis, iDis (prop. u. 3 decl.). Semiramis, queer of A«svria. TEC Sbro (adv.)- Late^ lately. SociETAs, ATis (fem. 3 decl. from socius, an ally). Alliance, com- pany, friendskip. Spatiosus» a, um (adj. from spa- TiuM, space). Spacious, roomy. Spectacolum, I (neut. 2 decl. from SPECTO, to behold). A spectacle^ a sight, a public show. Spekatus, a, um (adj. from spero, to hope). Hoped or looked for, expected. Stapia, J® (fem. 1 decl.). A stir- rap. SU«