X 
 
 3/ 
 
UCSB LIBRARY 
 
 about Boofts* 
 
 POWER. 
 
LONDON : 
 
 PRINTED BY W. H. HODGE, BLACK HORSE YARD, RATHBONE PLACE, 
 
 OXFORD STREET, W. 
 
HANDY-BOOK 
 
 ABOUT BOOKS, 
 
 FOR 
 
 BOOK-LO VERS, BOOK-BUYERS, 
 
 AND 
 
 BOOK-SELLERS. 
 
 ATTEMPTED BY 
 
 JOHN POWER. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 JOHN WILSON, 93, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, 
 BLOOMSBURY, W.C. 
 
 1870. 
 
 ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL.] [ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 
 
THE COVER IN FAC-SIMILE BY 
 
 F. C. PRICE, 
 
 BOUND BY 
 
 LEIGHTON, SON, & HODGE, 
 
 1 6, New Street Square, Fleet Street, 
 LONDON. 
 
TO 
 
 THE READERS OF AND CONTRIBUTORS TO 
 
 ' NOTES AND QUERIES/ 
 
 THIS ATTEMPT TO COLLECT, IN ONE VOLUME, 
 FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, 
 
 SOME INFORMATION NOT OTHERWISE EASILY 
 ACCESSIBLE, 
 
 USEFUL AND INTERESTING, 
 
 TO BOOK-LOVERS 
 
 IS RESPECTFULLY 
 INSCRIBED. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 HE publication of this work advertised as 
 in preparation more than a year ago, has 
 been delayed longer than anticipated, owing 
 to obstacles which have arisen since the first an- 
 nouncement was made. 
 
 The death of two eminent Bibliographers who 
 had promised advice and assistance in correcting and 
 perfecting the first Part very much affected its com- 
 pilation, and renders it less complete than it otherwise 
 would have been, notwithstanding the generous help 
 afforded by literary friends, which I gratefully acknow- 
 ledge in the Introduction. 
 
 The necessity of submitting the proof-sheets of 
 the work to several " Book-lovers," for the purpose 
 of detecting errors and suggesting additions, with the 
 consequent loss of time arising therefrom, is another 
 cause that has retarded the publication. 
 
 I offer one excuse more, namely, that the un- 
 
[ viii ] 
 
 fortunate and deplorable Continental war has deprived 
 me of the promised assistance of literary friends in 
 Germany, as well as in France. 
 
 To the subscribers and the public I submit these 
 apologies not for the book itself, but for the delay 
 in its publication, and also for its short-coming. 
 
 JOHN POWER. 
 
 3, COLLEGE TERRACE, 
 Cambridge Road, Hammersmith, W., 
 1870. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 HE following work, which I venture to call I trust 
 not inappropriately 'A HANDY-BOOK ABOUT BOOKS,' 
 makes no claim to originality. It may well be 
 described in the words of "A Rhyming Address 
 
 'To the Reader,'" prefixed by Taylor, the Water- Poet, to 
 
 one of his many works : 
 
 "All these things here collected are not mine, 
 But divers grapes make but one kind of wine ; 
 So I from many learned authors took 
 The various matters written in this book ; 
 What's not mine own shall not by me be fathered, 
 The most part I in many years have gathered." 
 
 In fact, it is little more than a compilation from various sources 
 on subjects interesting to book-lovers, for which I only claim 
 the credit (such as it is) of collection, selection, and arrange- 
 ment. 
 
 Originally compiled for private use, it is due to the reader 
 briefly to state the reasons that have led to its publication in 
 the present form, for by no other means can I so easily ex- 
 plain the nature and object of the work as by detailing some 
 of the circumstances under which it was composed. 
 
 Experiencing considerable difficulty, when first engaged in 
 bibliographical research from the want of a simple guide-book 
 to direct my studies, helping to trace the progress of the 
 typographic and kindred arts, and explain the many technical 
 words used by bibliographers (too generally assumed by the 
 writers to be known to their readers), I made a point of noting 
 down from time to time all matters on the subject that inter- 
 ested me, as I found them scattered through Cyclopaedias, 
 Dictionaries, Bibliographical works, Treatises on special 
 subjects, Printers' manuals, and other works. By this 
 means, in the course of years I became possessed of a vast 
 
[ * ] 
 
 number of miscellaneous memoranda, ' good, bad, and indiffer- 
 ent,' hastily written, ill-digested, and quite unconnected. 
 These jottings becoming known to a few friends who "meddle 
 with books," and occasionally found useful by them for refer- 
 ence, it was suggested that other book-lovers would benefit 
 by their publication ; and noticing in the columns of Notes 
 and Queries frequent communications asking for information 
 on many of the points which had cost me no little trouble to 
 obtain, I yielded to their solicitations and announced last 
 year, in the advertising pages of that most useful journal my 
 intention of publishing the notes I had collected. 
 
 The notice thus given brought from all parts of the King- 
 dom, from the Continent, and from America, numerous com- 
 munications from correspondents expressive of their desire to 
 possess such a work of reference, stating how much a book of 
 the kind was needed, and generously offering assistance, with 
 valuable suggestions, which I here thankfully acknowledge. 
 
 - Encouraged by these expressions of approval, I commenced to 
 re-arrange my notes, but soon found that, though sufficiently full 
 and reliable for private use, they were not in a fit state to lay 
 before the public with the necessary degree of accuracy or com- 
 pleteness as an authority, so I set to work to revise them, to 
 verify all the dates and quotations, and to ensure accuracy 
 in the spelling of names of persons and places, cancelling 
 some portions and enlarging others when necessary ; besides 
 inserting much additional matter, with the view of making the 
 work more complete. From these causes the publication has 
 been much retarded, whilst at the same time the size has 
 been considerably augmented. 
 
 It appears scarcely necessary here to say anything about the 
 contents of the book, as each PART (so far as I could make it) 
 is complete in itself, but it may be allowable briefly to give the 
 reason why this mode of arrangement has been adopted and the 
 object each division is intended to serve. 
 
 PART I. BIBLIOGRAPHY is a very brief Bibliotheca Biblio- 
 grapliica, giving a few of the titles of the best Bibliographies 
 (general and special) of all countries, with catalogues of public 
 and private libraries ; also of some of the most extensive or 
 remarkable book- auction sales, with a few works on the origin 
 and progress of the typographic art and kindred subjects. 
 This list, incomplete as it is, will, it is hoped prove useful, for 
 it has been truly remarked "more men become writers from 
 ignorance than from knowledge, not knowing they have been an- 
 ticipated by others." Though very far from perfect, the selection 
 
presented has been carefully made ; and I must here take the 
 opportunity of acknowledging my obligation for the valuable 
 assistance rendered by Mr. Samuel Timmins, of Birmingham, 
 who not only revised my selection , but also suggested many of the 
 best works mentioned ; also for the considerable trouble he took 
 in correcting the proof sheets. Any errors that remain are due 
 not to him, but to me, and here I would offer for my excuse 
 that of an American bibliographer, " If you are troubled with 
 a pride of accuracy, and would have it completely taken out of 
 you, print a catalogue." 
 
 PART II. CHRONOLOGY consists of brief memoranda of 
 events connected with the progress of printing and remarkable 
 circumstances in reference to literature. It will be found, I 
 think, more copious than any notes of the kind hitherto pub- 
 lished, and also more reliable, as the greatest care has been 
 taken to ensure accuracy; while for the benefit of those who 
 may desire further information, to almost every statement made, 
 the authority from whence it is derived is appended. 
 
 PART III. USEFUL RECEIPTS will be found serviceable to 
 book-lovers, who, either from choice or necessity, desire to 
 restore some ancient or injured book to a better condition. 
 Many do not wish, and others, owing to the expense, cannot 
 afford, to entrust a valued volume to a professional renovator ; 
 to such persons the receipts will be found useful. They were 
 selected for me from a great number submitted to Mr. C. W. 
 Quin, F.C.S., a practical chemist and lecturer; have been 
 tested by him, and found satisfactory. At the same time I 
 would strongly recommend all who wish a book restored, to 
 avail themselves of the services of some experienced repairer, 
 and avoid the risk of making bad worse by unskilful manipu- 
 lation. 
 
 PART IV. TYPOGRAPHICAL GAZETTEER To those interested 
 in local history this part will furnish a useful guide, as in- 
 dicating the time when printing was first introduced into the 
 several places named, and doubtless many English bibliophiles 
 will wish to enrich their collections with copies of books 
 printed in the locality or county in which they are interested. 
 The list is based on Dr. Cotton's valuable Typographical 
 Gazetteer (editions 1831 and 1866), which he freely gave me 
 permission to use, subject to the approval of the Delegates of the 
 Clarendon Press, which, when asked for, was liberally granted. 
 To Dr. Cotton's list I have been able to add a few places that 
 escaped his notice, or where printing has been introduced since 
 the publication of the last' edition. In my extracts from the 
 
L J 
 
 Typographical Gazetteer-want of space only permitted the names 
 of the places and dates to be given ; but those who wish for 
 further information should consult Dr. Cotton's work, which 
 often enters into full details. 
 
 PART V. BOOKSELLERS' DIRECTORY This part was suggested 
 by seeing an inquiry in Notes &> Queries (s. i, v. xii, pp. 47, 
 97, and 242) for some list of the kind. It was at first intended 
 to confine the list to London and Provincial booksellers, but 
 several correspondents having expressed a wish that the names 
 and addresses of Continental dealers in old books should also 
 be added, I have, with no little trouble, given a list of a few 
 of the principal ones. 
 
 In this I was materially assisted by some of their Town agents, 
 amongst whom I would name Mr. Haas (at Messrs. Nutt's), 
 Messrs. Molini and Green, Mr. Whitaker (publisher of 
 The Bookseller) ; and also to Mr. Joseph Walden for the 
 interest he took in trying to perfect it. I cannot help saying, 
 at the same time, that much of the difficulty I experienced 
 arose from the booksellers themselves, in their unwillingness 
 to furnish the information required, especially many in London, 
 who professed either to see no utility in such a list, or an im- 
 possibility in forming it. Of course, from the circumstances 
 under which it was compiled, there must be errors and 
 omissions, but as given, it will prove useful to those who are 
 in search of some locally printed book or pamphlet; and enable 
 them to make direct application to booksellers in the various 
 places named. Since this part was printed, a few addresses 
 and corrections will be found carefully recorded in the 
 Appendix. 
 
 PART VI. DICTIONARY OF TERMS was to me the most 
 difficult portion of the whole work to compile. In the first 
 place there is no technical dictionary in the English language 
 where all the definitions required are to be found, and 1 was 
 compelled to seek for them in bibliographical and various 
 practical works ; besides which, a desire to give the French 
 and German equivalents added much to the difficulty. 
 
 Allow me to add here (as the most appropriate place), that I 
 shall esteem it a great favor to be furnished with any corrections 
 to this or to any part; and I make bold to ask this, not so 
 much for my own sake, as for the readers of an improved 
 edition if called for. 
 
 PART VII. MISCELLANEOUS gives a large amount of most 
 useful information, which will doubtless be welcomed by book- 
 
[ xiii ] 
 
 lovers. It consists of extracts from various works, but espe- 
 cially from the book-lovers' friend, Notes &> Queries. Some of 
 these extracts are given by consent of the writers, for the 
 rest I am indebted to W. J. Thorns, Esq., F.S.A., who kindly 
 gave ni3 permission to reproduce them. 
 
 PART VIII. APPENDIX includes all comprehended in my 
 plan that circumstances prevented appearing in its proper 
 place. 
 
 PART IX. INDEX A book like this without an index is like 
 a ship at sea without a helm or compass ; great care has been 
 therefore taken to render it copious and accurate, and those 
 who consult the work will save time and trouble by referring 
 to it. 
 
 Advertisements, of more or less interest to book-lovers, fill 
 the remaining pages of the volume : they are, however, irre- 
 spective of the number of pages promised in the first 
 Prospectus. 
 
 This work, treating as it does about everything pertaining 
 to books, is presented to the reader in a style of typographical 
 execution suitable to a work of this kind, and the printer Mr. 
 W. H. Hodge, spared no exertion on his part to produce it 
 in the best way. 
 
 The COVER is a reproduction of two ancient bindings. 
 The top cover a specimen of Italian ornamentation is 
 taken from a copy of Cicero's Epistolcc, printed by Aldus at 
 Venice (8vo, 1540), and exhibited in the British Museum as a 
 specimen of artistic binding. The lower cover a specimen 
 of French ornamentation of the i6th century is from a copy of 
 Ricoldus de Montecrusis. " Contra sectam Mahumeticam," 
 etc. (Parisiis, 1511.) These have been lithographed by Mr. 
 F. C. Price, who executed many of the beautiful plates in Count 
 Libri's splendid work Monuments Incdits, ou pen Connns (1862, 
 second edition, 1864), under the Count's immediate inspection. 
 Besides the merit of novelty, it will enable the modern book- 
 lover to judge how the. book-lover of three centuries ago de- 
 lighted to encase some much-prized volume. 
 
 For the object and design of the Handy-Book I offer no 
 apology, though for its execution I feel one is due to the reader, 
 and for giving it I have the precedent of glorious old Chaucer. 
 Hear what he says : 
 
 " Now pray I to hem that harkene this tretyse or rede, that yf ther be ony 
 thing that liketh hem, that therof they thank HIM of whom proceedeth al 
 
[ xiv 1 
 
 wit and goodnes. And yf therbe onything that displease hem, I praye hem 
 also that they arrete it to the defaute of myn unkonnyng and not to my 
 will, that would have seyde better if I hadde knowing." 
 
 And should this not be considered sufficient, take a more recent 
 one (M. Mich. LilicutJuilii Historia Literaria, Lips, 1710) : 
 
 " Meanwhile, gentle reader, be indulgent to my first attempt at this kind 
 of literary composition, and you will thus stimulate me on a future occasion 
 to undertake something better. Kindly make use of my notes and memo- 
 randa where you approve of them, and where you disapprove, recollecting 
 the fallibility of human nature, pardon or correcft at your good will. It will 
 be an easy matter to make additions to what is here given." 
 
 Finally, as I commenced with a quotation from the Water- 
 Poet, I conclude with the remaining lines of the same address 
 " To the Reader :" 
 
 " Some things are very good, pick out the best, 
 Good wits compiled them, and I wrote the rest ; 
 If thou dost buy it, it will quit the cost 
 Read it, and all thy labour is not lost." 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 I. BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 II. CHRONOLOGY 25 
 
 III. USEFUL RECEIPTS ...... 43 
 
 IV. TYPOGRAPHICAL GAZETTEER . . . . -51 
 V. BOOKSELLERS' DIRECTORY ..... 65 
 
 VI. DICTIONARY OF TERMS 89 
 
 VII. MISCELLANEOUS 117 
 
 VIII. APPENDIX 185 
 
 IX. INDEX ........ 207 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Planctenbncli. A Block-book representing the Planets, 
 
 1470 ........ 169 
 
 St. Jerome. The first book printed at Oxford dated 1468 ? 170 
 
 Example of one of the first Catalogues of printed books. 
 
 Nuremberg, 1486 . . . . . .171 
 
 Caxton. Advertisement of a Book printed by him, 
 
 (Ante 1480) and his device. . . .172 
 
 Canterbury Tales. First Edition. Printed by Caxton, 
 
 1476 . . 173 
 
 Virgil. First book in italic type, 1501 . . . 174 
 
 Hylacomylus Cosmographies Rudimenta, 1507. The 
 first book proposing that the name America 
 should be given to the continent now so called 175 
 
 Dotrina breve. Mexico 1543. One of the first books 
 
 printed in America . . . . . .176 
 
PART I. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
" It is by means of such Works," says Dr. Johnson, 
 " that the Student comes to know what has been written 
 on every part of learning; that he avoids the hazards of 
 encountering difficulties which have already been cleared ; 
 of discussing questions which have already been decided ; 
 and of digging in mines of literature which have already 
 been exhausted." Preface to the Bib., Har. 
 
PART L BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 ABBOT (Ezra). Literature of the Doclrine of a Future 
 Life : or, a Catalogue of Books relating to the Nature, Origin, 
 and Destiny of the Soul, &c. 8vo. London, 1864. 
 
 ACHARD (C. F.). Cours Elementaire de Bibliographic. 
 3 vols. 8vo. Marseille, 1806-7. 
 
 ADELUNG (Friedrich). Bibliotheca Sanscrita. Literatur 
 der Sanscrit Sprache. 8vo. St. Petcrsburgh, 1837. 
 
 AGASSIZ (Louis). Bibliographia Zoologiag et Geologiae. 
 (Gives a Catalogue of all Books, Tracts, and Memoirs on 
 Zoology and Geology.) Corrected, enlarged, and edited by 
 H. E. Strickland. 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1848-54. 
 
 Published by the Ray Society. 
 
 ALLEN (William). The American Biographical Dictionary. 
 3rd edition. Royal 8vo. Boston, 1857. 
 
 " Truly the American Bibliographical Dictionary. Notices of 6,775 
 American names." Guild's Librarian's Manual. 
 
 ALLIBONE (S. A.). A Critical Dictionary of English Lite- 
 rature and British and American Authors, living and deceased, 
 from the earliest accounts to the middle of the nineteenth cen- 
 tury. 8vo. Philadelphia [printed], London, 1859. 
 
 The conclusion ol the work was expeded to be ready before the close of 
 the year 1869. These three large volumes will contain upwards of 
 43,000 names, 3,300 pages of 6,600 columns, in great part consisting 
 of authors both American and English now living. 
 
 ANTONII (Nic.). Bibliotheca Hispana Vetus et Nova, cura 
 Bayerii. 4 vols. folio. Ibarra, 1788 
 
 APPLETON (Daniel). Appleton's Library Manual. 8vo. 
 
 New York, 1847. 
 
 Contains upwards of 12,000 of the most important works, in every de- 
 partment of knowledge, in all modern languages. 
 
 ARGELLATI (Filippo). P. A. Bibliotheca scriptorum Medio- 
 lanensium . . ab anno 1465. ad annum 1500. 2 vols. 
 folio, in 4 parts. Mediolani, 1745. 
 
 ATKINSON (James). Medical Bibliography. A and B. 4to. 
 
 London, 1834. 
 
 Guild, in his Librarian's Manual, calls this " a very amusing as well as 
 an instructive book.' 1 
 
Bibliography. 
 
 AUDIFREDDI (J. B.). Catalogus Historico-Criticus Roma- 
 narum Editionum Saeculi XV. Royal 410. Romcs, 1783. 
 
 Specimen Hist. Grit. Edit. Italicarum Saec. XV. 
 
 Royal 4to. Romce, 1794. 
 
 AYALA (M. d'). Bibliografia Militare Italiana. Pp. 450. 
 8vo. Torino, 1854. 
 
 BACKER (Augustin de et Alois de). Bibliotheque des Ecri- 
 vains de la Compagnie de Jesus, &c. 7 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Liege, 1853. 
 
 This elaborate work notices all the writings of the Jesuits from the 
 foundation of the order to the date of publication, with the works 
 written against them. Each volume is of about 800 pages, double 
 columns, and each in alphabetical order, and complete in itself. 
 
 BAILLET (A.). Auteurs deguisez. i2mo. Paris, 1690. 
 
 Jugemens des Savans. Augmentez par M. 
 
 de la Monnoye, 8 vols. 410. Amsterd. 1725. 
 
 BAKER (David Erskine). Jones and Reed's Biographica 
 Dramatica Historical Memoirs of British and Irish Dramatic 
 Writers, list of all plays in the English language, &c. 4 vols. 
 8vo. London, 1812. 
 
 BAL^EI (Johanni). Scriptorum Illustrium Majoris Angliae 
 et Scotiae, Catalogus. 2 vols. folio. Basilice, 1557-59. 
 
 BARBIER (A. A.). Diclionnaire des Ouvrages Anonymes et 
 Pseudonymes composes en Fran9aise. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 
 
 1822-27. 
 
 By far the most perfect and valuable of all the numerous Works which 
 have been published in this Department of Bibliography, being the 
 Results of thirty years of diligent Labour and Research. The Author 
 was private Librarian to the Emperor Napoleon, and afterwards, on 
 the return of the Bourbons, Superintendent of the private Royal 
 Libraries. He died in 1825. His Dictionary is confined to Works in 
 the Latin and French Languages, but of these it notices between 
 twenty-three and twenty-four thousand. 
 
 An account of the ancient writers of Great Britain. Dibdin calls it 
 "the foundation of British Biography." 
 
 et BEAUVAIS. Diclionnaire Historique, &c. Svo. 
 
 Paris, 1829. 
 
 In one series of paging to form " une seul volume de 3,500 pages ! " 
 The best Biographical Dictionary extant, except the Biog. Universelle. 
 
 BAUER (J.J.). Bibliotheca Librorum Rariorum Universalis. 
 7 vols. Svo. Nnrtmb. 1770-74. 
 
Bibliography. 
 
 BELOE (W.). Anecdotes of Literature and Scarce 
 Books. 6 vols., 8vo. 1807 12. 
 
 BERARD (A. S. L.). Essai Bibliographique sur les Editions 
 des Elzevirs. 8vo. Paris, 1822. 
 
 Preceded by an account of the most celebrated printers. 
 
 BIBLE, (Literature and Bibliography of the). The Bible of 
 Every Land, a history of all the numerous versions of the Sacred 
 Scriptures hitherto published. 4to. London, 1852. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHIE AGRONOMIC^ ; ou, Diclionnaire raisonne 
 des ouvrages sur 1'Economie rurale et domestique, et sur 1'art 
 veterinaire. (par M. de Musse Pathay). 8vo. Paris, 1810. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAFIA Storica, delle citta e luoghi dello Stato Ponti- 
 ficale, &c. 4to. Roma, 1792. 
 
 BIBLIOTHECA ScACCARiANA ; Catalogue d'Ouvrages sur le 
 Jeu des Echecs. i2mo. London, 1861. 
 
 A bibliography of works on the Game of Chess. 
 
 BLAKEY (R.). Angling Literature of all Nations. Pp. 341. 
 I2mo. London, 1855. 
 
 BLAZE (C). Bibliographic Musicale de la France et de 
 1'Etranger. 8vo. Paris, 1822. 
 
 A descriptive list of all the treatises and works on vocal and instru- 
 mental music published in Europe down to 1822. 
 
 BOEHMER (G. R.). Bibliotheca scriptorum historian natu- 
 realis systematica. 9 vols. 8vo. Leipsice, 1785 89. 
 
 BOHN (Henry G.). Catalogue of Books (the Guinea Cata- 
 logue.) i vol. 8vo. London, 1841. 
 
 (James). Catalogue of Ancient and Modern Books, 
 in all languages, i vol. 8vo. London, 1840. 
 
 BONNARDOT (Alfred). Essai surl'artderestaurerles estampes 
 et les livres, ou traite sur les meilleurs precedes pour blancher, 
 detacher, decolorier, reparer et conserver les estampes, livres 
 et dessins. Seconde edition, refondue et augmentee ; Suivie 
 d'un expose des divers systemes de reproduction des anciennes 
 estampes et des livres rares. Svo. Paris, 1858. 
 
 The best work on the subjed ; full of valuable receipts. 
 
 . De la reparation des vieilles relieures : 
 complement de 1'essai sur 1'art de restaurer les estampes et 
 les livres ; suivi d'une dissertation sur les moyens d'obtenir des 
 duplicata des manuscrits. Svo. Paris, 1858. 
 
 A supplement to the foregoing. 
 
 BOOKBINDING : The Art of Bookbinding, its Rise and Pro- 
 gress ; including a descriptive account of the New York 
 Bookbinderv. Svo. New York, 1850. 
 
Bibliography. 
 
 BOOKBINDING. 
 
 For notices on bookbinding, see DibdiiCs Bibliographical Decameron, 
 Eighth day ; London Review for 1860 ; Toinlinson's Cyclopedia of 
 Useful Arts, art. Bookbinding; Hannett. 
 
 BOULARD (M. S.). Traite Elementaire de Bibliographic. 8vo. 
 
 Paris, 1806. 
 
 This work discusses the qualifications of a Bibliographer, the rarity 
 
 and depreciation of books, the invention of printing, &c. 
 BOUTERWEK (Friedrich). Geschichte der Poesie und Bered- 
 samkeit seit dem Ende des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts. 12 Bde. 
 8vo. 1796-1819. 
 
 Volumes 7 and 8 are entirely devoted to the History of English Litera- 
 ture, from the end of the i6th century to Burke, Johnson, Blair, &c. 
 
 History of Spanish and Portuguese Literature, 
 
 translated from the original German (bd. 3 and 4 of F.B.'s 
 ''Geschichte der Poesie und Beredsamkeit") by Thomasina 
 Ross. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1823. 
 
 This work was translated into French, and published (2 vols. 8vo.) 
 Paris, 1812. Also into Spanish, and published 410. Madrid, 1829. 
 
 BOTFIELD (Beriah). Notes on the Cathedral Libraries of 
 
 England. Roy. 8vo. London, 1849. 
 
 BRIDGEMAN (R.W.). A short view of Legal Bibliography, 
 
 &c. 8vo. London, 1807. 
 
 Though this work is of an early date it will be found of interest to the 
 
 law student. It has the advantage of two good indexes, one of 
 
 authors, and the other a classified list of subjects. 
 
 BRYDGES (Sir Egerton). Res Literariae, biographical and 
 critical. 3 vols. 8vo. Vol. I., Naples, 1821; II., Rome, 1821; 
 III., Geneva, 1822. 
 
 Restituta, or titles, extracts, and 
 
 characters of old books in English Literature revived. 4 vols. 
 
 8vo. London, 1814-16. 
 
 BRUNEI (Jacques Charles). Manuel du Libraire et de 1'ama- 
 
 teur des livres ; contenant i. Un nouveau dictionnaire biblio- 
 
 graphique ; 2. Une table en forme de catalogue raisonne. 
 
 6. Tom. 8vo. Paris, 1860-65. 
 
 " On the whole, the most useful and instructive work we possess in this 
 
 branch of bibliography (restricted)." Ebert: Preface to the English 
 
 edition of Algein. Bib. p. v. 
 
 CASTRO (Jos. Rodriguez de). Biblioteca Espanola. 2 vols. 
 folio. Madrid, 1781-86. 
 
 Vol. i, Spanish Rabbin writers to close of xvii. century; Vol. 2, Spanish 
 Pagan and Christian writers to end of xiii. century. 
 
 CHASSANT (L. Alph.). DicUonnaire des abre viations Latines 
 et Frangaises, usites dans les inscriptions lapidaires et 
 metalliques, les manuscripts et les chartes. Troisieme edition. 
 I2mo. Paris, 1866. 
 
Bibliography. 
 
 Paleographie des Chartes et des Manuscrits du 
 xi e - au. xvii e - siecle. Sixieme edition. 8vo. Paris, 1866. 
 
 Ten plates, quarto size. 
 
 CHOULANT (L.). Graphische Incunabula fur Naturge- 
 schichte und Medicin, Bibliographic der Drucke des I5 ten und 
 i6 ten Jahrh. mit Illustriderenden Abildungen. 8vo. 
 
 Leipzig, 1851. 
 
 CLARKE (A.). Bibliographical Dictionary. 6 vols. i2mo. 
 
 London, 1802-4. 
 
 Bibliographical Miscellany, or a Supplement 
 
 to the Dictionary. 2 vols. i2mo. London, 1806. 
 
 COLLIER (J. P.). A Bibliographical and Critical Account of 
 the rarest Works in the English Language. 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1868. 
 
 Two thick volumes of over 500 pages each, in which the experienced 
 author has given to the book-lover the benefit of over fifty years' 
 experience, and which his publisher (J. Lilly) has produced in such a 
 vay as to make it a real desideratum in every bibliophile's library. 
 
 COTTON (Henry), D.C.L., Archdeacon of Casliel. A Typo- 
 graphical Gazetteer, attempted by H. C., &c. 2nd edit. 8vo. 
 
 Oxford, 1831. 
 
 A Typographical Gazetteer. Second 
 
 series. 8vo. Oxford, 1866. 
 
 From the foregoing two works the Typographical Gazetteer in this 
 Handy-book is compiled, by permission of the venerable author. 
 
 Editions of the Bible, and parts 
 
 thereof, in English, from 1505 to 1850, with an Appendix, con- 
 taining Specimens of Translations, and Bibliographical De- 
 scription. 2nd edit. 8vo. Oxford, 1852. 
 
 DARLING (James). Cyclopaedia Bibliographica: a library 
 manual of Theological and General Literature. 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1859. 
 
 A most comprehensive and valuable work, giving not only theological 
 references but bibliographical fads. 
 
 DAVIES, (Robert, F.S.A.). A Memoir of the York press, 
 with notices of authors, printers, and stationers in the i6th, 
 xyth, and i8th centuries. 8vo. Westminster, 1868. 
 
 Supplement- Small 4to, pp. 52. Exeter, 1861. 
 
 DAY (William). Designs and Ornaments for Bookbinding. 
 4to. London, 1840. 
 
 DE BURE (Guillaume-Fran9ois). Bibliographic Instructive. 
 9 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1763-9. 
 
 Vol. i, Theologie ; 2, Jurisprudence et des Sciences et Arts ; 3-4, 
 Belles Lettres ; 5-7, Histoire; 8-9. Supplement. 
 
8 Bibliography. 
 
 DE FONTAINE de REBECQUE (M. A.). Repertoire biblio- 
 theque des ouvrages de legislation, de droit et de jurispru- 
 dence . . . publics specialment en France, depuis 1719 
 jusqu' a la fin de novembre 1863. 8vo. Paris, 1863. 
 
 A new edition, considerably enlarged, with an analytic table of con- 
 tents, by Ernst Thorm. 
 
 DESPORTES (N.). Bibliographic du Maine, &c. 8vo. 
 
 Lcs Mans, 1844. 
 
 DIBDIN (Thomas Frognall, D.D.). The Biographical Anti- 
 quarian, and Picturesque Tour in France and Germany, 3 
 .vols. 8vo. London, 1821. 
 
 Bibliographical Antiquarian 
 
 and Picturesque Tour in the Northern Counties of England 
 and of Scotland, 3 vols. 8vo, plates. London, 1831. 
 
 The Library Companion or 
 
 the Young Man's Guide, and the Old Man's Comfort in the 
 choice of a Library, i vol. 8vo. London, 1824. 
 
 . An Introduction to the Know- 
 ledge of rare and valuable Editions of the Greek and Latin 
 Classics. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1827. 
 
 Bibliomania, or Book Mad- 
 ness. A Bibliographical Romance in six parts. I vol. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1811. 
 
 The Bibliographical Deca- 
 meron, or ten Days' pleasant Discourse upon Illuminated 
 Manuscripts, and subjects connected with early Engraving, 
 Typography, and Bibliography. 3 vols. 8vo. London, 1817. 
 
 Bibliotheca Spenceriana, or a 
 
 descriptive Catalogue of the Books printed in the Fifteenth 
 Century, and of many valuable first Editions in the Library of 
 George John Earl Spencer, K.G. 4 vols. London, 1814-15. 
 
 jEdes Althorpianae, to which 
 
 is added a Supplement to the Bibliotheca Spenceriana. 2 vols. 
 8vo. London, 1822. 
 
 Catalogue of the Books printed 
 
 in the fifteenth Century, formerly in the Library of the Duke 
 de Cassano Sirra, and now in Earl Spencer's Collection, with 
 a general Index to the 7 vols. i vol. 8vo. London, 1823. 
 
 DICTIONARY of the Living Authors of Great Britain and 
 Ireland, comprising Literary Memoirs and Anecdotes of their 
 Lives, &c., &c. 8vo. London, 1816. 
 
Bibliography. g 
 
 DONALDSON (John). Agricultural Biography, containing a 
 Notice of the Life and Writings of the British Authors on 
 Agriculture, from the earliest date to the present time. 4to. 
 
 London, 1854. 
 
 DOWLING (John Goultier). Notitia scriptorum S. S., Pa- 
 trum aliorumque veteris ecclesiae monumentorum, quae in col- 
 lectionibus anecdotorum post . . . 1700 in lucem editis 
 continentur, nunc primum instrucla opera. 8vo. Oxon., 1839. 
 
 DUDIN (M.) L'Art du relieur et doreur de Livres. Folio, 
 pp'. 106, plates. Paris, 1772. 
 
 DUTHILLCEUL (H. R.). Bibliographic Douaisienne. 8vo. 
 
 Paris, 1835. 
 
 EBERT (F. A.). Allgemeines Bibliographisches Lexikon. 
 2 vols. 4to. Leipzig, 1821-30. 
 
 A General Bibliographical Dictionary, from 
 
 the German. 4 vols. 8vo. Oxford, 1837. 
 
 EDWARDS (Edward). A Statistical View of the Principal 
 Libraries in Europe and America. 8vo. London, 1848. 
 
 Printed for private circulation. 
 
 A comparative table of the principal 
 schemes for the classification of Libraries, &c. Folio. 
 
 Manchester, 1855. 
 
 Memoirs of Libraries; including a 
 
 Handbook of Library Economy. 8vo. London, 1869. 
 
 Libraries and Founders of Libraries. 
 
 8vo. London, 1864. 
 
 Free Town Libraries : their Forma- 
 tion, Management, and History, in Britain, France, Germany, 
 and America. Together with Notices of Book Collectors, and 
 of the respective places of deposit of their surviving collections. 
 8vo. London, 1869. 
 
 ELZEVIRS. 
 
 For account of works from this press see int. al., Essai Bibliographique 
 sur les Editions des Elzevirs les plus precieuses et les plusrecherches, 
 precede d'une notice sur ces imprimeurs celebres. 8vo, pp. 300. 
 Paris, 1822. 
 
 Walther (Ch. Fr.). Catalogue Methodique des 
 Dissertations ou Theses Academiques imprimees par les El- 
 zevirs de 1616 a 1712. Supplement aux Annales de 1'Im- 
 primerie des Elzevirs publics par M. Charles Pieters a Gand. 
 8vo. pp. 107. Bruxelles, 1864. 
 
io Bibliography. 
 
 ENGELMANN (Wilhelm). Bibliotheca Scriptorum Classi- 
 corum et Graecorum et Latinorum. 8vo. Leipzig, 1858. 
 
 Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis, 
 
 seu Index Librorum Historiam Naturalem spectantium ab 
 anno 1700 ad 1846, in Germania, Scandinavia, Anglia, Gallia, 
 Belgio, Italia, atque Hispania, impressorum. 8vo. 
 
 Leipzig, 1846-61. 
 
 Bibliotheca Geographica, Ver- 
 
 zeichness der seit der Mitte des Vorigen Jahrhunderts bis zu 
 Ende des Jahre's 1656 in Deutschland erschienenen werke 
 uber Geographie und Reisen, &c. Roy. 8vo. Leipzig, 1857. 
 
 Contains 1,225 PP-> ar >d a copious index of 77 pp. 
 
 Bibliotheca Mechanico-techno- 
 
 logica, Zweite Auflage. 8vo. Leipzig, 1844-50. 
 
 ENGLISH DRAMATIC POETS. A complete list of all the 
 English Dramatic Poets and Plays to 1747. 8vo. London, 1847. 
 
 ERSCH (J. S.). Literatur der Mathematik-Natur-und- 
 Gewerbs-Kunde. First edit. 8vo. Amsterdam &> Leipzig, 1813. 
 Second edition by F. W. Schweigger Seidel. 8vo. 
 
 Leipzig, 1828. 
 An index of works on mathematics (pure and applied), technology, 
 
 military arts and sciences, &c. 
 Besides the foregoing, this writer is the author of valuable works on the 
 
 bibliography and literature of jurisprudence and politics, medicine, 
 
 philology, theology, &c., all published at Amsterdam and Leipzig, 
 
 1812-22, &c. 8vo. 
 
 FALKENSTEIN (C. Von). Geschichte der Buchdrucker- 
 kunst. 4to. Leipzig, 1840. 
 
 FETIS (F.J.). 'Biographic universelle de Musiciens, et 
 bibliographie generate de la Musique. 8vo. 
 
 Bruxelles, 1835, 37-44. 
 
 2nd edit. 8vo. Paris, 60-65. 
 
 FIGANIERK (J. C. de). Bibliographica historica Portugueza 
 8vo. Lisboa, 1850. 
 
 FLOEGEL (Charles Frederic). Geschichte der Komischen 
 Literatur. 4 vols. 8vo. Leipzig, 1784-7. 
 
 A literary history of the comic writers of all countries. 
 
 FOPPENS (Joannes Franciscus). Bibliotheca Belgica, sive 
 vivorum in Belgio vitae. 4to. Bruxelles, 1739. 
 
 FORTIA D'URBAN (Le Marquis). Nouveau Sisteme de 
 Bibliographie Alphabetique. tamo. Paris, 1822. 
 
 FOSTER (B.F.). The Origin and Progress of Book-keep- 
 ing ; comprising an account of all the works on this subjedl 
 published in the English language from 1543 to 1852. With 
 Remarks, Critical, and Historical. 8vo. pp. 54. London, 1852. 
 
Bibliography. 
 
 FOURNIER (Fr.Jan.) Dictionaire Portatif de Bibliographic, 
 contenant plus de 21,000 articles de Livres rares, curieux, esti- 
 mes, et recherches, avec les marques connues pour distinguer 
 les editions originales des contrefactions qui en ont ete faites, 
 et des notes instructives sur la rarete ou la merite de certains 
 livres : on a fixe la valeur d'apres les prix auxquels ces 
 livres ont ete portes dans les ventes les plus fameuses : pre- 
 cede d'un precis sur les bibliotheques et sur la bibliographic, 
 et suivi d'un Cataloguedes editions citees par 1'Academie de la 
 Crusca, des collections cum notis variorum ad usum Delphini 
 et de celles imprimees par les Aides les Elzevirs, Baskerville, 
 &c., &c and edition. 8vo. Paris, 1809. 
 
 FRANKE (C. A.). Handbuch der Buchdrucker-Kunst. 8vo. 
 
 Weimar, 1857. 
 
 It contains at the end a dictionary of terms used in a printing-office in 
 English, French, and German. 
 
 GAMBA DA BASSANO (Bart.). Delle Novelle Italiane in Prosa 
 Bibliografia. and edit. 8vo. Firenze, 1835. 
 
 Italian novelists arranged according to centuries, from the i4th to the 
 igth inclusive. Appended is a good alphabetical index. 
 
 Serie dei Testi di Lingua 
 
 e di altre opere importanti nella Italiana Litteratura scritte dal 
 Secolo xiv. al xix. Quarta edizione . . . emendata, &c. 
 
 Venezia, 1839. 
 
 GIRAULT (P. A. E.). de Saint-Four geau. Bibliographic 
 historique et topographique de la France, &c. 8vo. 
 
 Paris, 1845. 
 
 GOODHUGH (W.). English Gentleman's Library Manual, 
 or Guide to the Formation of a Library of select Literature, &c. 
 i vol. 8vo. London, 1837. 
 
 GREVE (E. W.). Hand und Lehrbuch der Buchbinde, &c. 
 a vols. and edit. 8vo. Berlin, 1833. 
 
 GUILD (Reuben A.), A.M. The Librarian's Manual; a 
 Treatise on Bibliography, comprising a select description of 
 Bibliographical Works, to which are. added Sketches of 
 Public Libraries. 410. New York, 1858. 
 
 HAGEN (Hermann A.). Bibliotheca Entomologica. 2 vols. 
 8vo. Leipzig, 1862-64. 
 
 The and vol. contains at the end a Bibliography of Entomological works 
 and a carefully-compiled index. 
 
 HAIG (Benjamin David). A list of the works printed in 
 England, prior to the year 1600, in the library of the Hon. 
 Society of King's Inns, Dublin, pp. 18. 8vo. Dublin, 1858. 
 
 Of this work only no copies were printed* 
 
12 B ibliography . 
 
 HAIN (Ludwig). Repertorium Bibliographicum, in quo 
 libri omnes ab Arte Typographica inventa usque ad Annum 
 MD. typis expressi, ordine alphabetico vel simpliciter enume- 
 rantur vel adcuratius recensentur. 2 vols., 8vo. 
 
 Stuttgarties, 182638. 
 
 Each vol. is in 2 parts, each with a separate title page, pargination, and 
 register. 
 
 The object of this work is similar to Panzeri Annales, but the arrange- 
 ment being alphabetical is more convenient. 
 
 HALLIWELL (James Orchard, F.R.S.). Notes on ascertain- 
 ing the value ; and directions for the preservation of old books, 
 manuscripts, deeds, and family papers. I2mo. 
 
 Only 25 copies printed. London, 1851. 
 
 Early editions of 
 
 Shakespeare, described by J. O. H. 8vo. London, 1857. 
 
 Dictionary of Old 
 
 English plays, existing either in print or manuscript, from 
 the earliest times down to the close of the Seventeenth century. 
 4to. London, 1860. 
 
 A Hand List of up- 
 wards of one thousand volumes of Shakesperiana added to the 
 three previous collections of a smaller kind, byj. O. H., &c. 
 4to. London, 1862. 
 
 Only 25 copies printed. 
 
 HALLOIX (Peter). Illustrium ecclesiae orientalis scriptorum, 
 qui primo et secundo seculo floruerunt, vitae et documenta. 
 2 vols. folio. Duaci, 1633-36. 
 
 HANNETT (John). Bibliopegia, or Book-binding ; in two 
 parts. Pt. I : The Books of the Ancients and History of the 
 Art of Book-binding. Pt. II: The Practical Art of Book, 
 binding. 6th edit. i2mo. London, 1865. 
 
 " The work of a practical bookbinder, minute and clear." 
 
 HERISSANT (L. A. P.). Bibliotheque physique de la 
 France. Ou liste de tous les ouvrages, tant imprimes que 
 manuscripts, qui traitent de 1'Histoire Naturelle de ce royaume, 
 &c. 8vo. Paris, 1771. 
 
 HOFFMANN (S. E. W.). Bibliographisches Lexicon der 
 gesammten Literatur der Griechen. Zweite Ausgabe. 3 vols. 
 8vo. Leipzig, 1838-45. 
 
 A work of the highest authority. 
 
 HORNE (Thomas Hartwell). An Introduction to the Study 
 of Bibliography. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1814. 
 
 Prefaced is a memoir on the public libraries of the Ancients. 
 
 The most useful work of the kind in the English language, of which a 
 new edition is much wanted. 
 
 Manual of Biblical Biblio- 
 graphy. 8vo. London, 1839. 
 
 Reminiscences personal and 
 
 Bibliographical. 8vo. London, 1862. 
 
Bibliography. 13 
 
 HUBER (Johann Joseph von). Handbuch fur kiinstler und 
 freund der Kunst. 2 vols. 8vo. Augsburg und Leipzig, 1819. 
 KISTNER (Otto). Buddha and his Doctrines. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1869. 
 
 A biographical essay, to which additions have been made by William 
 Edden, in Triibner's Record, July 16, 1869. 
 
 KOOPS (Matthias). Historical account of the substances 
 which have been used to describe events and convey ideas, 
 from the earliest date to the invention of printing. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1801. 
 Printed on paper made from straw and wood. 
 
 LALANDE (Joseph Jerome le Fran9ais de). Bibliographic 
 Astronomique, avec 1'histoire de 1'astronomie depuis 1781 a 
 1802. 4to. Paris, 1803. 
 
 LASTRI (Marco). Biblioteca Georgica, ossia Catalogo 
 Ragionato degli scrittori di Agricoltura, Veterinaria, Agrimen- 
 sura, Meteorologia, Economia Pubblica, Caccia, Pesca, etc. 
 Spettanti all'Italia, &c. 410. Frunze, 1787. 
 
 LEON PINELLO (A. de). Epitome de la Biblioteca Oriental 
 y Occidental nautica y geografica. 3 vols. folio. 
 
 Madrid, 1737-38. 
 
 LE PRINCE (N. T.). Essai Historique sur la Bibliotheque 
 du Roi aujour-d'hui Bibliotheque Imperiale, &c. Nouvelle 
 edition. Augmentee, &c. iamo. Paris, 1856. 
 
 LIBRI (Guglielmo) Count. Monuments inedits, ou 'peu 
 connus, faisant partie du Cabinet de G. L., et qui se rap- 
 portent a 1'histoire des arts du dessin considered dans leur 
 application a 1'ornement des livres; avec une description 
 
 en Fran$ais et en Anglais folio. 
 
 Londres, 1862. 
 
 LINDEN (Joannes Antonides van der). De Scriptis Medicis 
 libri duo. 8vo. Amstel, 1637. 
 
 Prefixed is Manductio ad Medicinam edition. An edition, printed in 
 the same place, appeared 1851 and 1852. 
 
 LINNAEUS (Car.). Bibliotheca Botanica. 8vo. Amstel, 1851. 
 
 LOWNDES (W. T.). Bibliographer's Manual of English 
 Literature. 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1834. 
 
 New edition, edited by H. G. Bohn. 
 
 6 vols. in xi. parts. London, 1857-64. 
 
 A good guide to Mr. Bohn's various reprints and " Libraries," and the 
 appendix is a carefully-compiled list of the publications of the 
 Book-printing Clubs, the private presses, such as Strawberry Hill, 
 Lee Priory, &c., and the rare reprints of Collier, Halliwell, Maid- 
 ment, Turnbull, and others. The Bibliographers' Manual is a work 
 which, for want of a better, no English book-lover can do without. 
 The first edition has the advantage of Mr. Bohn's, being printed in 
 more legible type. 
 
14 B ibliography . 
 
 MACHADO (BARBOSA Diego P.). Bibliotheca Lusitana, na 
 qual se comprehende a noticia dos Authores Portuguezes, et das 
 Obras que compuserao. 4 vols. folio. Lisboa, 1741-59. 
 
 MACRAY (Rev. W. D., M.A.). Annals of the Bodleian 
 Library, Oxford, 1598-1867, with a preliminary notice of the 
 earlier library, founded in the fourteenth century. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1868. 
 
 This is the fullest account of this splendid collection ; it contains 
 350,000 printed books and 25,000 MSS. 
 
 MAITLAND (S. R.). A List of some of the early Printed 
 Books in the Archiepiscopal Library at Lambeth, i vol. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1843. 
 
 MAITTAIRE (M.). Annales Typographici. 5 vols. (in 6) 410. 
 
 Hagce-Comitum, &c., 1719-41. 
 
 Supplementum ; adornavit M. Denis. 
 
 2 vols. 4to. Vien., 1789. 
 
 MANGET (Jean Jacques). J. J. M. . . . Bibliotheca 
 Chemica curiosa, seu rerum ad Alchemiam pertinentium The- 
 saurus. 2 vols. fol. Colonies Allobrogiun, 1702. 
 
 MARTIN (John). Bibliographical Catalogue of Privately 
 Printed Books. 8vo. London, 1834; 2nd edit. 1854. 
 
 MARVIN (J. G.). Legal Bibliography; or, a Thesaurus of 
 American, English, Irish, and Scotch Law Books. 8vo. 
 
 Philadelphia, 1847. 
 
 Prefixed is a copious list of abbreviations, and a good index of subjects. 
 
 MATON (William George) and RACKETT (Thos.). An his- 
 torical account of Testaceological Writers. 4to. 
 
 London (?), 1804. 
 
 From the transactions of the Linnean Society, pp. 119, 244 of vol. 7. 
 Translated into French by M. BOULARD. 8vo. Paris, 1811. 
 
 McCuLLOCH (J. R.). The Literature of Political Economy. 
 A classified Catalogue of select publications in the different 
 departments of that science, with two Indexes, one of authors 
 and the other of works. 8vo. London, 1845. 
 
 MELZI, (G.) Count. Dizionario di opere anonome e pseu- 
 donome di Scrittori Italiani. Di G. M. (elzi). Vol. i, 2. 8vo. 
 
 Milano, 1848-52. 
 
 Bibliografia dei Romanzi e poemi cavallerschi 
 
 Italiani, &c. 2da edizione. 8vo. Milano, 1838. 
 
 MERCKLIN (A. G.). Lindenius Renovatus, Sive J. Antoni- 
 das van der Linden de Scriptis Medicis libri duo 
 addita plurimorum Authorum, vitae Curriculorum Succincta 
 descriptione, continuati Multiplicati et purgati. 4to. 
 
 Norimbergcc, 1686. 
 
 Part 2 has a separate titlepage, pagination, and register- 
 
Bibliography, 15 
 
 MENDEZ (Francisco). Typographia Espaiiola ; 6, historia 
 de la introduccion, propagacion, y progresses del arte de la 
 imprenta en Espaiios. Sm. 4to. Madrid, 1796. 
 
 An indispensable work to the student of Spanish bibliography. Con- 
 tains a short history of printing in Europe and China. 
 59 plates of ancient writing. 
 
 MONTFAUCON (Don. Ber. de). Bibliotheca Bibliothecarum 
 Manuscriptorum nova. 2 vols. folio. Paris, 1739. 
 
 MORENI (D.). Bibliografia storicq-ragionato della Tos- 
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 MORONI (G.). Diziqnario di erudizione storjco-ecclesiastica. 
 8vo. Venezia, 1840-61. 
 
 MORTILLARO (Vigenzo). Studio Bibliografico. 2nd edit. 
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 Moss (J. W.), Manual of Classical Bibliography, comprising 
 a copious detail of the various editions of the Greek and Latin 
 Classics, Commentaries thereon, and the principal Translations 
 into various Languages. 2nd edition, with a Supplement. 
 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1837. 
 
 MOULE (T.). Bibliotheca Heraldica Magnae Britanniae ; an 
 Analytical Catalogue of Books on Genealogy, Heraldry, 
 Nobility, Knighthood, and Ceremonies, with a List of Pro- 
 vincial Visitations . . . and other Manuscripts ; and a 
 Supplement enumerating the principal Foreign ^Genealogical 
 Works. 8vo and 4to. London, 1822. 
 
 "An accurate and valuable work." Lowndes. 
 
 MUNSELL (J.). History and Chronology of Paper Making. 
 3rd edit. > 8vo. Pp. 173. Albany, U.S., 1842. 
 
 MURHARD (F. W. G.). Litteratur der Mathematischen 
 Wissenschaften. 5 vols. 8vo. Leipzig, 1797^^1805. 
 
 A very similar work to that of Ersch, but rather fuller in the mathe- 
 matical part. 
 
 NAMUR (J. P.). Manuel du Bibliothecaire. 8vo. 
 
 Bruxelles, 1834. 
 
 - Bibliographic Paleographico-Diplomatico- 
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 Gives the titles of 10,236 separate work's relating to Paleography or 
 writing. Diplomatics or Manuscripts, the History of Printing and the 
 Book Trade, Bibliography, Libraries, Periodicals, &c. No work (up 
 to date) contains so full a list of this class of books. The titles are, 
 however, frequently inaccurate, the descriptions few and meagre. 
 Each volume has a good, systematic, and alphabetical index. 
 
1 6 Bibliography. 
 
 NAMUR (J. P.). Bibliographic Academique Beige. 8vo. 
 
 Lirge, 1838. 
 
 NICOLSON (W.). The English, Scotch, and Irish Historical 
 Libraries ; giving a short view and character of most of our 
 historians, either in print or manuscript, i vol. folio. 
 
 London, 1786. 
 
 NYERUP (R), and KRAFT (J. E.) Almindeligt Litteratur- 
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 Kjbenhavn, 1820. 
 
 A universal literary Lexicon of Denmark, Norway, and Iceland, giving 
 an account of authors and their works, with dates and particulars of 
 editions. 
 
 O'CALLAGHAN (E. B.) A List of Editions of the Holy 
 Scriptures and parts thereof, printed in America previous to 
 1860, with an introduction and bibliographical notes. 410. 
 
 Albany, 1861. 
 
 OETTINGER (E. M.). Bibliographic Bibliographique Uni- 
 verselle. 2 vols. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1854. 
 
 OLDYS (Tho.). The British Librarian, exhibiting a compen- 
 dious review or abstract of our most scarce, useful, and 
 valuable books, i vol. 8vo. London, 1738. 
 
 O'REILLY (E.). Account of nearly 400 Irish writers. 410. 
 
 Dublin, 1820. 
 (Trans, of the Iberno- Celtic Society.) 
 
 PANZER (G.' W.). Annales Typographici (1457-1536). n 
 vols. 4to. Nurimb. 1793-1803. 
 
 An indispensable work for bibliographers. 
 
 PAPER. [For notices of paper, see " An Account of the Styles 
 of the Ancients and their Different Sorts of Paper," by 
 Sir J. Clerk, Philos. Trans., No. 420, A.D. 1731.] 
 
 PEIGNOT (Gabriel). Repertoire de Bibliographies speciales. 
 curieuses et instruclives, contenant la notice raisonnee i des 
 ouvrages imprimes a petit nombre d'exemplaires; 2 des 
 livres dont on a tire des exemplaires sur papier de couleur ; 
 3 des livres dont le texte est grave ; 4 des livres qui ont 
 paru sous le nom d'Ana. 8vo. Paris, Renouard, 1810. 
 
 - Diclionnaire critique, litteraire et bibliographique, 
 des principaux livres condamnes au feu, supprimes ou cen- 
 sures. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1806. 
 
 - Essai de curiosites bibliographiques par Renouard. 
 
 Paris, 1804. 
 
 An account of books which have realized more than 1000 francs (40) 
 at public sales. 
 
Bibliography. 17 
 
 PEIGNOT (G.). Repertoire Bibliographique Universel. 8vo. 
 
 Paris, 1812. 
 
 This elaborate work gives an account of special Bibliographies up to 
 date. 
 
 Dictionnaire Raisonne de Bibliologie, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Paris, 1802-4. 
 
 An exceedingly useful work. Notices of printers, authors, editions, 
 bibliographical terms, &c. 
 
 Manuel Bibliographique, 8vo. Paris, 1800. 
 
 PERCHERON (A.). Bibliographic Entomologique. 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Paris, 1837. 
 
 PETTIGREW (T. J.). Bibliotheca Sussexiana, Descriptive 
 Catalogue of the Manuscripts and Printed Books contained 
 in the Library of the Duke of Sussex. Theology, vol i, 
 part i ; manuscripts, vol. i, part ii, and vol ii, printed 
 books. 3 vols. London, 1827-39. 
 
 PETZHOLDT QULIUS) Bibliotheca Bibliographica. Kritisches 
 
 Verzeichniss der das Gesammtgebiet der Bibliographie 
 
 betreffenden Litteratur des In- und Auslandes in systema- 
 
 tischer ordnung. Leipzig, 1866. 
 
 An exhaustive catalogue of books about books. 
 
 Catalogus Indicis Librorum Prohibitorum et Expur- 
 
 gandorum. 8vo. [Privately printed.] Dresdce, 1859. 
 
 POOLE (William Fred.). Index to Periodical Literature. 2nd 
 edition enlarged. 8vo. New York, 1853. 
 
 The first edition was published in 1848. 
 
 PRINTING. Catalogue of Books on Printing and the Kindred 
 Arts ; embracing also Works on Copyright, Liberty of the 
 Press, Libel, Literary Property, Bibliography, &c. 8vo. 
 
 Albany, U.S., 1868. 
 
 A very interesting catalogue, compiled by Mr. Joel Munsel, of Albany, 
 State of New York. 
 
 PRITZEL (G. A.). Thesaurus Literaturae Botanicas omnium 
 gentium inde a rerum Botanicarum initiis usque ad nostra 
 tempora. 4to. Lipsice, 1847-58. 
 
 Fifteen thousand works are noticed. 
 
 QUERARD (J. M.). Les Supercheries Litteraires Devoilees, 
 galerie des ecrivains fran9ais de toute 1'Europe, qui se 
 sont deguises sous des anagrammes, des asteronymes, des 
 cryptonymes, des initialismes/des noms litteraires, des pseu- 
 donymes facetieux ou bizarres, etc. Par J. M. Q., second 
 edition, considerablement augmentee, publiee par M. Gustave 
 Brunet et Pierre Jannet ; suivie (i) du Dictionnaire des Ouv- 
 
 D 
 
1 8 Bibliography . 
 
 rages anonymes, par Ant. Alex. Barbier, troisieme edition, 
 revue et augmentee par M. Oliv. Barbier; (2) d'une 
 Table Generale des Noms Reels des ecrivains anonymes et 
 pseudonymes, &c., &c. Paris, 1869. 
 
 A most valuable work, now in course of publication, and comprising 
 
 the best and latest information. The first edition was published in 5 
 
 vols. by the Editor, Paris, 1847-53. 
 
 RADCLIFFE (J.). Bibliotheca Chethamensis : sive Bibliothecae 
 publicae Mancuniensis Ab Humfredo Chetham armigero 
 fundati, Catalogi exhibens libros in varias classes pro 
 varietate argumenti distributes. Quanta potuit fide et 
 diligentia edidit JOANNES RADCLIFFE, G. P. GRESWELL, et 
 T. JONES, with a General Index. 5 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Mancunii, 1791, 1826, '62, '63. 
 
 REID (John). Bibliotheca Scoto-Celtica ; or, an Account 
 of all Books printed in the Gaelic Language ; with Biblio- 
 graphical and Biographical Notices. 8vo. Glasgow, 1832. 
 
 REUMONT (A. von). Bibliografia dei lavori publicati in Ger- 
 mania, sulla Storia d' Italia. 8vo. Berlino, 1863. 
 
 RHEES (W. J.). Manual of Public Libraries, Institutions, and 
 Societies in the United States and British Provinces of 
 North America. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1859. 
 
 RICH (O.). Catalogue of Books relating to America, from the 
 earliest period to 1700. 8vo. London, 1832. 
 
 Bibliotheca Americana Nova. A Catalogue of Books 
 
 relating to America, from 1701 to 1834. 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1846. 
 
 RICHARDERIE (G. Boucher de la). Bibliotheque Universelle 
 des Voyages ; ou Notice complete et raisonnee de tous les 
 Voyages anciens et modernes dans les differentes parties du 
 monde, publics tant en langue fran?aise qu'en langues 
 etrangSres, classes par ordre de pays dans leur serie chro- 
 nologique ; avec des extraits plus ou moins rapides des 
 Voyages les plus estimes de chaque pays, et des jugemens 
 motives sur les relations anciennes qui ont le plus de cele- 
 brite. 6 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1808. 
 
 RIMBAULT (E. F.). Bibliotheca Madrigaliana. A Bibliogra- 
 phical Account of the Musical and Poetical Works published 
 in England during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 
 under the titles of Madrigals, Ballets, Ayres, Canzonets, &c. 
 8vo. London, 1847. 
 
 RITSON (Joseph). Bibliographia Poetica; a Catalogue of 
 English Poets of the I2th, i3th, I4th, i5th, and i6th Cen- 
 turies, with a Short Account of their Works. Crown 8vo. 
 
 London, 1802. 
 
Bibliography. ig 
 
 ROORBACK (O. A.). Bibliotheca Americana ; Catalogue of 
 American Publications from 1820 to 1848 inclusive. 8vo. 
 
 New York, 1849 
 
 Rossi (Jean Bernard de). De Hebraicae Typographic Origine 
 ac primitiis, seu antiquis ac rarissimis Hebraicorvm Librorvm 
 editionibvs, secvli xv. Disqvisitio Historico-Critico recvdi 
 curavit M. Gvilielmvs FredericvsHvfnagel. Fcp.Svo, pp. 141. 
 
 Erlangcz, 1778. 
 
 SAVAGE (James). The Librarian. 3 vols. London: printed by 
 and for William Savage, 28, Bedfordbury. 1800. 
 
 A very valuable account, with collations, lists and descriptions of plates, 
 &c., of great English books. 
 
 SEGUIERIO (Jo. Fr.). Bibliotheca Botanica. 4to. 
 
 Ludg. Batav., 1760. 
 
 The Bibliotheca Botanica of J. Ant. Rumaldi, or, rather, of Ondius 
 Montabanus, is included, and additions made to Seguierio's by L. Th. 
 Gronovius. 
 
 SHAKSPERIANA. Catalogue of all the Books, Pamphlets, &c., 
 relating to Shakspeare. To which are subjoined an Account 
 of the Early Quarto Editions of the Great Dramatic Plays 
 and Poems, the Prices at which many Copies have sold in 
 Public Sales ; together with a List of the leading and 
 esteemed Editions of Shakspeare's Collected Works. 
 
 [Wilson.] London, 1827. 
 
 STAGE (Machell). The British Historical Intelligencer, con- 
 taining a Catalogue of English, Scotch, Irish, and Welsh 
 Historians, and an Account of Authors quoted by Rapin, 
 Tindal, Carte, Bisset, and Adolphus, in their Histories of 
 England. 8vo. Westminster, 1829. 
 
 Contains also notice of books suppressed, or which have led to 
 prosecutions. 
 
 SWAINSON (W.) Taxidermy, Bibliography, and Biography, 
 Fcap. 8vo. London, 1840. 
 
 In LARDNER'S Cabinet Cyclopedia, vol. 130 ; Natural History, Biblio- 
 graphy of Zoology. 
 
 TAYLOR (Isaac). History of the Transmission of Ancient 
 Books to Modern Times ; or, a Concise Account of the 
 Means by which the Genuineness and Authenticity of 
 Ancient Historical Works are ascertained ; with an estimate 
 of the Comparative Value of the Evidence usually adduced 
 in Support of the Claims of the Jewish and Christian 
 Scriptures. 8vo. London, 1827. 
 
2O Bibliography. 
 
 TERNAUX-COMPANS (H.). Bibliotheque Americaine, ou Cata- 
 logue des Ouvrages relatifs a 1'Amerique qui ont paru depuis 
 sa Decouverte jusqu'a 1700. 8vo. Paris, 1837. 
 
 Bibliotheque Asiatique et Africaine, depuis la 
 
 Decouverte de I'lmprimerie jusqu'en 1700. 2 parts, 8vo. 
 
 Paris, 1841. 
 
 THIMM (F.). Shakspeariana from 1564 to 1864: an Account 
 
 of the Shakspearian Literature of England, Germany, and 
 
 France during Three Centuries, with Bibliographical 
 
 Introductions. 8vo. London, 1865. 
 
 Very valuable as a list of foreign Shakspeariana. 
 
 TODERINI (Giambattista). Delia Litteratura Turchesca. 3 
 vols. 8vo. Venezia, 1787. 
 
 Contents : I. The Studies of the Turks ; II. Turkish Libraries and Aca- 
 demies; III. Turkish Typography. ["Full of curious matter." Dibdin.'} 
 
 TOWNLEY (Dr. James). Illustrations of Biblical Literature, 
 &c. Three vols. 8vo. London, 1821. 
 
 " As a Bibliographical and Biographical work it is most invaluable." 
 Lowndes. 
 
 TRIJBNER (N.). Bibliographical Guide to American Litera- 
 ture (1817 1857). 8vo. London, 1859. 
 
 UPCOTT (William). Bibliographical Account of the Principal 
 Works relating to English Topography. 3 vols. 8vo. and 
 imp. 8vo. [Pagination continues throughout.] London, 1818. 
 
 UNIVERSAL Catalogue of Books on Art, comprehending 
 Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Decoration, Coins, Anti- 
 quities, &c. Edited by JOHN POLLEN. 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 London, 1868-70. 
 
 These " First Proof Sheets " form an elaborate Index, not only to 
 Books, but to articles on Art in Magazines, Reviews, &c. &c. 
 
 VAN PRAET (J. B. B.). Catalogue des Livres imprimes sur 
 Velin, avec date, depuis 1457, jusqu'en 1472. 2 parts folio. 
 [Highly praised by Brunet.] Paris, 1813. 
 
 VENTOUILLAC (L. F.). The French Librarian or Literary 
 Guide ; pointing out the Best Works of the Principal Writers 
 of France in every Branch of Literature, with Criticisms, 
 Personal Anecdotes, and Bibliographical Notices ; preceded 
 by a Sketch of the Progress of French Literature. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1829. 
 
 WALKER (Edward). The Art of Bookbinding; its Use and 
 Progress. 8vo. New York, 1820. 
 
 An account of the art as practised in America. 
 
 WALPOLE (H). Catalogue of the Royal and Noble Authors of 
 England. Two vols. Svo. London, 1759. 
 
Bibliography. 21 
 
 WALTHER (J.) Lexicon Diplomaticum. Folio. 
 
 Gcettingce, 1745. 
 
 Contains 125 plates of abbreviations, marking the century to which 
 each abbreviation belongs, from the 8th to the end of the i6th century, 
 Chassant notices the work in his preface as "le plus remarquable en ce 
 genre." 
 
 WARE (Sir James). Whole Works concerning Ireland, revised 
 and improved. Translated from the Latin into English, 
 with additions. By WALTER HARRIS. Portrait and plates. 
 2 vols. folio. Dublin, 1764. 
 
 Vol. II of this very valuable work contains the ' History of the Writers 
 of Ireland,' in two parts; viz. (i) Such writers who were born in that king- 
 dom; and (n) Such who, though foreigners, enjoyed preferments or 
 offices there, or had their education in it, with an account of all the works 
 they published. 
 
 WATT (Robert). Bibliotheca Britannica ; or, a General Index 
 of British and Foreign Literature. 4 vols. 4to. 
 
 Edinburgh, 1824. 
 
 Vols. i and 2, Authors ; Vols. 3 and 4, Subjects. A work of the 
 greatest utility, and an invaluable list of authors and their works. 
 
 WATTS (Henry, B.A., F.C.S.). A Dictionary of Chemistry 
 and the Allied Branches of other Sciences. 5 vols. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1863-68. 
 Particularly valuable for its Bibliographical references. 
 
 WESTWOOD (T.) A New Bibliotheca Piscatoria; or, a General 
 Catalogue of Angling and Fishing Literature, with Biblio- 
 graphical Notes and Data. 8vo. Field Office, London, 1861. 
 
 WILSON (Lea). Catalogue of Bibles, Testaments, Psalms, 
 and other Books of the Holy Scriptures in English. 4to. 
 
 London, 1845. 
 
 WORNUM (R. N.). An Account of the Library of the Division 
 of Art at Marlborough House ; with a Catalogue of the 
 Principal Works classified (and Index). 8vo. London, 1855. 
 
 WRANGHAM (F.). The English Portion of the Library of 
 F. W. 8vo. Malton, 1826. 
 
 Only 70 copies privately printed. 
 
 WRIGHT (A.). Court Hand Restored, or the Student's 
 Assistant in reading Old Deeds, Charters, Records, &c., 
 with an Appendix of Ancient Names of Places in Great 
 Britain and Ireland, Ancient Surnames, &c. 4th Edition, 
 4to. London, 1846. 
 
22 Bibliography. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY PART II. 
 
 CATALOGUES OF PUBLIC <> PRIVATE LIBRA- 
 RIES, COLLECTIONS SOLD BY AUCTION, 
 AND OF GENERAL AND SPECIAL BIBLIO- 
 GRAPHIES. 
 
 AMERICAN Catalogue of Books (The) ; or, English Guide to 
 American Literature. Giving the full title of Original 
 Works published in the United States since 1800 to 
 1855 : with especial reference to works of interest to Great 
 Britain. With the prices, &c. 8vo. London, 1856. 
 
 BIBLIOTHECA AMERICANA; or, a Chronological Catalogue of 
 Books, Pamphlets, State Papers, &c., upon the subject of 
 North and South America With an Introductory Discourse 
 on the Present State of Literature in those countries. [By 
 H. HOMER.] 4to. London, 1789. 
 
 Being a choice Collection of Books relating to 
 
 North and South America, the West Indies, &c. Svo. 
 
 Paris, 1831. 
 
 A Catalogue of a valuable Collection of Books, 
 
 Pamphlets, Manuscripts, Maps, Engravings, and engraved 
 Portraits, illustrating the History and Geography of North 
 and South America and the West Indies ; altogether forming 
 the most extensive Collection ever offered for sale. Pp. 
 viii, 308. London, John Russell Smith, 1865. 
 
 BIBLIOTHECA SMITHIANA seu Catalogus librorum D. Josephi 
 Smithi, per cognonima authorum dispositus. 4to. 
 
 Venitiis, 1755. 
 
 The collector was British consul at Venice. This valuable library was 
 purchased by George III, and now forms a portion of the King's Library 
 in the British Museum. Pp. Ixvii-cccxlviii, containing valuable Addenda, 
 " Prefationes et Epistola? voluminibus editis appositae ab Incunabuiis 
 Typographic ante annum MCCCCC." 
 
B ibliography . 2 3 
 
 BIRMINGHAM Free Library. Catalogue .of the Reference 
 Department. By J. D. MULLINS. 8vo. Birmingham, 1868. 
 Notable as being at once alphabetical and classified and containing a 
 setting out of the contents of such collections as the Harleian Miscel- 
 lany, the Somers Tradts, the Pamphleteer Collections of Plays (under 
 Drama), Voyages and Travels, Constable's Miscellany, Edinburgh 
 Cabinet Library, Murray's Family Library, Lardner's Cabinet Cyclo- 
 paedia, Library of Entertaining Knowledge, Smithsonian Contributions 
 to Knowledge, Traveller's Library, the Bampton Lectures, Clark's 
 Foreign Theological Library, Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology,' 
 Library of the Fathers, and the Publications of the Camden, Chetham, 
 Calvin Translation Early English Text, English Historical, Hakluyt, 
 Parker, Percy, Ray, Sydenham, and New Sydenham, and other learned 
 Societies ; also a large collection of Shakspeariana, forming the Ter- 
 centenary Shakespeare Memorial Library. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE University Library. A Catalogue of Adversaria 
 and Printed Books, containing MS. Notes preserved in the 
 University of Cambridge. Edited for the Syndics of the 
 University Press [by H. R. LUARD]. 8vo. Cambridge, 1864. 
 
 The Book Rarities in the University of Cambridge : 
 
 illustrated by original Letters and Notes, Bibliographical, 
 Literary, and Antiquarian. By C. H. HARTSHORNE. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1829. 
 
 CLAVELL (Robert). A Catalogue of Books printed in England 
 since the Fire of London in 1666, to the end of Michael- 
 mas Term, 1696, &c., &c. Fourth edition. Folio. 
 
 London: 1696. 
 
 DICTIONNAIRE Bibliographique historique et critical des livres 
 rares, precieux, singuliers, curieux, estimes et recherches 
 Paris, 1790. 
 
 A very remarkable and valuable work, giving lists of catalogues, with 
 prices of French, Italian, Spanish, English, Greek, and Latin books. 
 
 DUBLIN (Trin. Coll.). Catalogus librorum quibus aucla est 
 Bibliotheca Collegii, SS. Trinitatis. [Edited by JAMES., 
 HENTHORN TODD, D.D., Librarian.] 8vo. Dublin, 1854. 
 
 (Trin. Coll.). Catalogus librorum impressorum qui 
 
 in Bibliotheca Collegii, . . Trinitatis, juxta Dublinium, 
 adservantur. [Edited by JAMES HENTHORN TODD, D.D., 
 Librarian.] Folio. Dublinii, 1864. 
 
 A General Catalogue of Books in all Languages, 
 
 Arts and Sciences, that have been printed in Ireland and 
 published in Dublin, from the year 1700 to the present time. 
 The whole alphabetically and classically Arranged under 
 the several Branches of Literature ; with their sizes and 
 prices. 8vo., pp. 112. Printed by Peter Hoey, Bookseller, 
 No. 33, Upper Ormond Quay. Dublin, 1791. 
 
24 Bibliography. 
 
 EDINBURGH. A Catalogue of the Library of the Faculty of 
 Advocates. 2 vols. folio. Edinburgh, 1743. 
 
 Catalogue of the Library of the Society of Writers 
 
 to the Signet. In four parts. With a General Index. 4to. 
 
 Edinburgh, 1837. 
 
 FREEMASONRY. Catalogue of Books on Freemasonry and 
 Kindred Subjects [by WILLIAM GOWANS]. lamo. 
 
 New York, 1858. 
 
 Catalogue of Anti-Masonic Books. 8vo. 
 
 Boston, 1852. 
 
 For a long list of works on and against Freemasonry, see Petzholdt 
 Bib. Bibliog. (1866), p. 471 et seq. 
 
 HARLEY (E., Earl of Oxford). Catalogus Bibliothecae Har- 
 leianae. 5 vols. 8vo. Londini, 1743-45. 
 
 This valuable collection was purchased, after the death of Edward 
 Harley, and Earl of Oxford, by T. Osborne, the well-known bookseller, 
 for 30,000. The catalogue made by T. Oldys, with a preface by Dr. S. 
 Johnson, was issued in parts ; the first two vols. in 1743, and two more in 
 1744. The last volume is not, properly, a part of the work, thougt issued 
 under the same name. The books were not sold by auction, and the 
 prices were not affixed, as is usual with booksellers. For a valuable 
 article on this catalogue (containing 360,000 vols.) see Notes and Queries. 
 
 HOLMES (John). Descriptive Catalogue of Books in the 
 Library of. With Notices of Authors and Printers. 4 
 vols., and Supplement in 2 parts. 8vo. Norwich, 1828-40. 
 
 A very valuable and useful aid to bibliographers, giving a brief account 
 of the various authors, and notes. It was privately printed. 
 
 LITERATURE. An Index to Current Literature; comprising a 
 Reference to the Author and Subject of every Book in the 
 English Language, and the Articles in Literature, Science, 
 and Art, in several Publications. 1859, 1860, 1861. By 
 SAMPSON Low. 8vo. Pp. Ixxxvi and 170. London, 1862. 
 
 A most valuable index to serial literature, discontinued from want of 
 public appreciation and support. 
 
 LIVERPOOL. Catalogue of the Liverpool Free Public Library. 
 Established 1852. With First Supplemental Catalogue. 
 8vo. Liverpool, 1852-3. 
 
 Valuable for its classification. 
 
 LONDON (British Museum). Librorum impressorum qui en 
 Museo Britannico adservantur Catalogus. 7 vols. in 8. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1813-19. 
 
 For remainder of BIBLIOGRAPHY, see Appendix. 
 
Part II. CHRONOLOGY. 
 
"Surely these are points not wholly uninteresting or 
 uninstrudtive : they are historical details which many 
 persons may rationally desire to know, and such as no 
 man ever needs to feel himself ashamed of knowing. If 
 I do not here give him the most full and satisfactory in- 
 telligence on each particular, let it be remembered that at 
 least I neither cut off nor obstruct his way to more copious 
 sources ; on the contrary, I studiously direft the inquirer 
 to further information, wheresoever the opportunity is 
 afforded me." Cotton's Typographical Gazetteer, 2nd ed. 
 (Introduction, p. xii.), 8vo. Oxford, 1831. 
 
PART II. CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 Kf In the following Chronological List, it will be observed that the same particulars 
 are, in a few cases, entered under different dates ; but to all such, the authority from which 
 it is taken is affixed. The references are generally made to those books which are most 
 easily obtainable, in preference to scarcer and more expensive works. Further information 
 on the subjects of each paragraph is, in most cases, given by the writers quoted. 
 
 B.C. 50. According to Chinese chronology the art of printing 
 was discovered. 
 
 A.C. 145. The art of making paper discovered in China, pre- 
 vious to which printing was executed on silk or cloth. 
 
 1040-48. Moveable type first used by the Chinese. (Notes and 
 Queries for Japan, No. 10, p. 160). For further on 
 Chinese printing, see Chinese Repository for May, 
 1850. 
 
 1239-70. Mabillon (De re Diplomaticd) thinks that paper from 
 linen rags was first made in the i3th century. A 
 charter on paper of the year 1239 is in existence, 
 but Montfaucon could find nothing later than 1270. 
 
 1285. Wood engraving invented about this year in Italy by 
 " the two Curio." This work was a representation in 
 eight parts of the actions of Alexander the Great, 
 with Latin verses. (Papillon Traite H istorique de la 
 Gravure en Bois. Par. vol. i. p. 84.) 
 
 1390. Ulman Stromer established a paper factory at Nurem- 
 burg, in Germany. He wrote the first work ever 
 published on the art of paper making. Sotheby 
 Princ. Typ. vol. iii. p. 12. 
 
 1420-30. Ars Moriendi. A German Block book, supposed by 
 some to be the earliest xylographic production in the 
 form of a book. (Sotheby Princ. Typ. vol. iii. p. 174.) 
 
 1421. (Not 1412 as generally stated) Caxton born. Blades. 
 
 1423. The earliest dated print is the well-known and often 
 described St. Christopher in the Spencer Gallery. 
 For remarks attempting to prove the date is incor- 
 rect, see Notes and Queries, 4th Series, vol. ii. 
 p. 194 et seq. 
 
 %* Copies of all works marked with an asterisk are exhibited in the 
 show cases in the library of the British Museum, and the description given 
 is condensed from the Guide to the Printed Books Exhibited. Published by 
 order of the Trustees. 8vo. London, 1869. 
 
28 Chronology. 
 
 14381469 
 
 1438. Letters separately cut in wood about this date. (Han- 
 sard's Typographia, p. 31.) 
 
 1450. Letters separately cast in metal about this date. (Ib.) 
 
 1455. Bible, in Latin. The earliest complete printed book 
 known, commonly called the Mazarine Bible, because 
 the copy which first attracted notice in modern times 
 was discovered in the library of Cardinal Mazarin. 
 Supposed to have been issued from the press of 
 Gutenberg and Fust, at Mentz, about 1455.* 
 
 1457. Psalter, in Latin. Printed at Mentz, by Fust and 
 Schoeffer. The first printed Psalter ; the first book 
 printed with a date ; and the first example of print- 
 ing in colours, as shown in the initial letter.* 
 
 1459. The note of interrogation (?) first used by Schoeffer in 
 
 the Psaultier (?) but it is not to be found in his 
 Art. Gramatical of 1466. (Peignot Diet. Sup. p. 258.) 
 
 1460. Catholicon. Mentz folio. Attributed to Gutenberg, 
 
 said by Maitland to be the first book with a printer's 
 . name : by Dibdin the 4th, and by Cotton the 5th 
 book with a date. Pat. Off. Cat. p. 7. 
 
 Bible in Latin and German. The earliest example of 
 
 a book printed on both sides of the leaf with metal 
 types. (Ottley Histy. of Engraving, vol. i. p. 135.) 
 
 1462. Mentz taken, and the printers dispersed to other places. 
 
 1462. Bible, in Latin. Printed at Mentz, by Fust and Schoef- 
 fer. The first Bible with a date, and the first work 
 divided by the date into two volumes.* 
 
 1465, Cicero. Officiorum libri tres. Printed at Mentz, by 
 Fust and Schoeffer. The first dated Latin classic 
 printed, the first dated classic, the first book of a 
 quarto size, and one of the two books in which Greek 
 type was first used. 
 
 1467. The first book printed in Rome was Cicero's Epistolce 
 ad Familiares, by Sweynheim and Pannartz, who 
 also in this year first introduced " Roman" type. 
 
 1469 First printing at Milan, by Philippus de Lavagnia, who 
 printed Miracoli de la gloriosa Verzene Maria. 
 
 Cicero. Epistolce familiares. Printed by Johannes de 
 
 Spira; the first book printed at Venice.* 
 
 Tacitus. Printed at Venice by Johannes de Spira, 
 about this year. The earliest work in which catch- 
 words are found. 
 
1470 1474 
 
 Chronology. 29 
 
 1470. Signatures first used at Milan by Antonio Zorat some 
 
 say 1472. (See Dicty.) 
 
 MamotrecJus, seu expositio vocabulorum quce in Bibliis, 
 
 &>c., occurrunt. Printed at Beromunster (Ergovias), 
 now Munster, in Lucerne.* The first book printed 
 in Switzerland. See further Cotton, art. Berona. 
 Le Fevre. Le Recueil des Histoires de Troyes. 
 Printed by Caxton.* This book is considered to be 
 the first work printed abroad by Caxton, and the 
 first book printed in French. (See HQI.) 
 
 Gasparinus Barzizius. Liber epistolarum. Printed at 
 
 the Sorbonne, in Paris, by Ulrich Gering, Michael 
 Friburger, and Martin Crantz.* The first book 
 printed in France. 
 
 A Sermon on the Presentation of the Virgin Mary, 
 
 printed at Cologne, this year, is the earliest book 
 known to have the pages numbered. Cotton Typ. 
 Gaz. (1831), p. 66. 
 
 Posts for letters invented in Paris University this year, 
 
 in England 1581. Tegg Diet, of Chron. 
 
 1471. Arnold Therhoernen, at Cologne, was the first printer 
 
 to use cyphers. Cotton Typ. Gaz. (1831), p. 66. 
 
 Sweynham and Pannartz petition the Pope for assist- 
 
 ance, and inform him that the number of books they 
 had printed amounted to 12,475. P. O. Cat. MS. 
 note, p. 9. 
 
 The translation of The Reciiyell of the Histories of 
 Troye finished. Printed a year or two later at Bruges, 
 by Caxton, with the assistance of Colard Mansion. 
 Blades. 
 
 1472. Johannes Kollhoff de Lubec, who printed at Cologne, 
 
 "was the first who made use of signatures." (See 
 Dictionary Art. Signatures.) Cotton Typ. Gaz., 
 (1831), p. 66. 
 
 1473. The Calendar of John de Gamunda," written in Latin 
 
 1439. The earliest known Ephemeris. Printed at 
 Nuremburg this year with wooden blocks. P. O. C., 
 p. 9. 
 
 Collettorium super Magnificat, printed at Esslinga 
 (Esslingen in Wirtemburg), by John Gerson. The 
 first book in which printed musical notes are found. 
 Cotton Typ. Gaz. (1831), p. 91. 
 
 1474. The Game and Playe of the Chesse. Printed by Caxton, 
 
 near, not in Westminster Abbey. The first book 
 printed in England. 
 
3 Chronology. I474 _ I48o 
 
 1474. Berchorii Liber Biblie moralis expositionum interpre- 
 tionumque historiarum ac figuranim veteris noviqnc 
 Testamenti. Job. Zeiner de Reutlingen artis im- 
 pressorie magistrum (non penna sed stagneis charac- 
 teribus) in oppido Ulmensi artificialiter effigatus. 
 Folio. In the colophon we have the earliest use of 
 the parenthesis on record. 
 
 i475- x Platince de Obsoniis et Honestd Voluptate et Valctudhic 
 Libri. Folio. Venetiis. 1475. The first printed book 
 on Cookery, containing many curious receipts, trea- 
 tises on articles of food, &c. 
 
 1475-6. Caxton sets up his printing-press outside (not inside) 
 Westminster Abbey. Blades. 
 
 1476. Lascaris Greek Grammar. Printed at Milan by Dio- 
 
 nysius Paravisinus, in 1476.* The first book printed 
 in Greek characters. 
 
 Kalendaris. (Jo. de Montergio), Venetiis. Folio. 1476. 
 Said to be the first book with printer and publisher's 
 name and date on title instead of in the colophon. 
 P. O. C. p. 30. 
 
 1477. Bettini. Elmonte Sancto dl Dio. Printed at Florence 
 
 by Niccolo di Lorenzo. 4to, 1477. * The first book 
 with a date illustrated with copper-plate engravings. 
 
 Dictes and Sayinges of the Philosophres printed : the 
 first English book bearing the date of its printing. 
 Blades. 
 
 1478. The first minute volume of which I have observed a 
 
 notice is a Dinrnale Precum, printed at Venice in 
 1478, which is in twentyfours. Cotton Tpy. Gaz. 
 (1831), p. 303. 
 
 St. Jerome. Exposicio in Simbolum Apostolorum. 
 Oxonie, 1468.* Upon the strength of this date, the 
 honour of printing the first book in England has 
 been denied to Caxton, and claimed for Oxford. The 
 date, however, is a typographical error for 1478. 
 
 1480. JEsop's Fables. Printed at Milan about this year.* 
 The first Greek classic printed. 
 
 A Book of the Chesse Moralysed. Printed by Caxton 
 
 near Westminster Abbey.* The second edition of 
 the Game and Playe of the Chesse. The first book 
 printed in England with woodcuts. 
 
 Saona. Nova Rethorica. The first book printed in 
 St. Alban's Abbey.* 
 
1480 1490 
 
 Chronology. 31 
 
 1480. First printing in London by John Lettou and Wm. 
 
 Machlinia, near Allhallow's Church. 
 
 1481. Liber Psalmorum. Printed at Milan.* The first 
 
 printed portion of the Holy Scriptures in Greek. 
 
 1482. Euclid's Geometry, in Latin. Printed at Venice by 
 
 Ratdolt. One of the first books printed with diagrams.* 
 
 1483. Dialogus Creaturarum moralizatus. The first book 
 
 printed in Sweden, at Holmia (Stockholmia) by 
 Johannes Snell. Cotton Typ. Gaz. (1831), p. 122. 
 Concilium Buck, folio. Augspurg (sic), 1483. The 
 book of the Council held at Constance (in German). 
 The most ancient armorial (book of arms) known, 
 containing 1,156 coats of arms and 44 woodcuts. 
 Libri's Sale Cat., lot 160. (1862). 
 
 1486. Le Livre du Roy Modus et de la Reyne Racio. Printed 
 
 at Chambery, in Savoy, by Anthoine Neyret.* One 
 of the earliest works on hunting, &c.; the Book of 
 St. Albans on the same subject being of the same date. 
 
 The Book of St. Albans. " The Bokys of Haukyng 
 and Huntyng, and also of Cootarmuris. Written 
 by Dame Juliana Barnes or Berners, Prioress of 
 Sopwell Nunnery, near St. Albans. Printed in St. 
 Albans Abbey ;* described in Bibl. Spencer, iv. 373. 
 
 Breydenbach. Opus transmarince peregrinationis ad 
 sepulchrum dominicurn in Jherusalem. Printed at 
 Mentz. One of the earliest books of travels, and 
 the first illustrated with folding views.* 
 
 The oldest mandate for appointing a Book Censor is 
 dated January 4, 1483, from Rome; but the first 
 Book Censors were appointed 1480. Timp. p. 166. 
 
 1487. A Propertius, printed at Bologna, is said to be printed 
 
 in commune a Benedicto Hectoris Librario, et Pla- 
 tone de Benedictis impressore. Dr. Cotton, who 
 mentions the work, asks, " Is not this the earliest 
 instance on record of a printer and bookseller join- 
 ing in the expense of publishing a book?" Cotton 
 Typ. Gaz. (1831), p. 37. 
 
 1488. The first Bible in Hebrew characters, printed at Sori- 
 
 cina, in Italy.* Cotton (art. Sora) doubts if this 
 place was in Naples or in Spain, and gives the date 
 from 1485 to 1490. De Rossi, whose opinion he is 
 inclined to follow, inclines to believe it of Spanish 
 or Portuguese rather than of Italian origin. 
 1490. " The art of engraving and working from plates of 
 copper, which we call prints, was not yet appeared 
 or born with us till about the year 1490." Evelyn, 
 quoted in Abridg. of Specif . of Printing, p. 26. 
 
32 Chronology. 
 
 14911502 
 
 1491. Calandro (Filippo). De arithmetica opusculnm. Sm. 
 8vo. Florence, 1491. The first printed work on 
 arithmetic. See De Morgan. Arith. Books. 
 
 Caxton died. The first book printed in England is 
 erroneously supposed to be The Game and Playe of 
 the Chesse. Its translation only was made in 1474, 
 and it was printed at Bruges; the second edition, 
 with wood-cuts, was printed at Westminster about 
 1480. Blades. 
 
 A little tract, in the German language, entitled De 
 Algorism, and having date 1390, explains, with great 
 brevity, the digital notation, and the elementary 
 rules of arithmetic. Leslie's Phil, of Arith. 
 
 1493. Epistola Christofori Colom : de Insults Indie supra 
 Gangem nuper imientis. Printed at Rome by Eu- 
 charius Argenteus [Silber].* This celebrated letter 
 of Columbus, written eight months after his disco- 
 veries, and translated into Latin by Aliander de 
 Cosco, is the first printed document relative to 
 America. 
 
 1495. Bartholomseus de Glanvilla. De proprietatibus rernin. 
 Translated into English by John Trevissa. Printed 
 by Wynkyn de Worde, at Westminster, about 1495. 
 The first book printed on paper of English manu- 
 faclture, made at Hertford, by John Tate ; the first 
 paper mill having been set up there in the reign of 
 Henry VIIL* 
 
 The art of printing music introduced into England. 
 
 Ramirez de Lucena. Repeticion de A mores. Probably 
 printed at Salamanca, about 1495. The first prac- 
 tical work on Chess ; that by Caxton being a mora- 
 lization of the game. 
 
 1501. April. Virgil. Printed at Venice, by Aldus. * The first 
 book printed in Italic types, and the earliest attempt 
 to produce cheap books by compressing the matter 
 into a small space, and reducing the size of the 
 page. 
 
 1501. Petrarch. Sonetti e Canzoni. Printed at Venice, by 
 
 Aldus.* The first Italian book printed in Italic type. 
 
 Horatius. First Aldine edition, printed at Venice.* 
 
 1502. Dante. Terze Rime. Printed at Venice, by Aldus.* 
 
 Renouard quotes this edition of Dante as the first in 
 which Aldus employed the device of the anchor. 
 
15051529 
 
 Chronology. 33 
 
 1505. Pelegrin. De artificiali Perspectivd. Toul.* The first 
 work on Perspective. 
 
 1507. Printing first established at Edinburgh this year, under 
 the protection of James IV. Chalmers' Life of 
 Ruddiman, p. 80. 
 
 Hylacomylus Cosmographies Rudimenta. Printed at 
 St. Die, in Lorraine.* In this work it was first pro- 
 posed that the name America should be given to the 
 continent now so called. 
 
 1509. A Breviary for the Church of Aberdeen. Published at 
 
 Edinburgh ; claimed to have been printed there, but 
 most probably executed at Paris. Humphreys' Hist. 
 of Printing, p. 205. 
 
 1510. (Circa]. Vellum binding began to be stamped about 
 
 this year ; leather and oaken boards still earlier. 
 (Hannett, Bibliophegia). 
 
 Opera Nova Contemplativa, &>c. The last block book 
 printed at Venice about 1510, by Giovanni Andrea 
 Vavasori. P.O.C., p. 12. 
 
 1514. Historical subjects began to be used for stamped covers 
 instead of arabesque. 
 
 1521. Caleni (Galeni) Pergamensis de Temperamentis, &c. 
 Said to afford the first specimen of copperplate 
 printing in England. Impressum apud preclaram 
 Cantabrigiam per Joannem Siberch. Anno MDXXI. 
 Dibdin Typ. Ant. vol. i. p. 25. 
 
 Lucian. Lepidissimum opusculum irepi Sf^aSwv. H. 
 Bulloco interprete. Printed at Cambridge, by John 
 Siberch.* One of the first books printed at Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 1528. Andrew Matthew, Acquaviva Duke of Altri and Prince 
 
 of Terano in Kingdom of Naples, published the 
 first Encyclopaedia, 2 vols. folio. He died 1528. 
 Timperley, p. 469. 
 
 1529. The New Testament. Printed at Cologne, by P. 
 
 QuentelL* A fragment of the first edition of Tyn- 
 dale's Translation, which he was printing at Cologne, 
 when he was interdicted and obliged to quit the city 
 through the machinations of Cochlaeus. This is also 
 the earliest specimen of a printed version of the 
 Scriptures in English. The only remaining frag- 
 ment of an edition of 3,000 copies. 
 
34 Chronology. 
 
 15361566 
 
 1536. The first well-authenticated case of a book printed in 
 Edinburgh, by Thomas Davidson. Humphreys' 
 Hist, of Printing, p. 205. 
 
 1538. Columbetes, sive de arte natandi, dialogus & festimis 
 et incundus lectit, per Nicolaum Wynman, Ingol- 
 stadii linguarum professorem publicum. Propertius, 
 lib. 2. Anno MDXXXVIII. The^rs^ work on Swimming. 
 (A Few Words on Swimming, by R. Harrington.) 
 
 J 539' The great Cromwell Bible. The first by authority in 
 England. Townsend. 
 
 1540. The Birth of Mankind, otherwise called the " Woman's 
 Book," dedicated to Queen Catherine this year, is 
 stated to be the the first book with copper cuts in 
 England. Strutt's Diet. viii. p. 18. Chambers in his 
 Dictionary wrongly asserts that John Speed was the 
 first to introduce copper plates into this country from 
 Antwerp in the time of James I. 
 
 1550. First printing in Ireland. The Liturgy. By Humphrey 
 Powell. Haydn. 
 
 The earliest English song, separately printed upon a 
 
 single sheet, is believed to be one upon the downfall 
 of Richard Lord Cromwell, A.D. 1550. Timp. p. 89. 
 
 1556. May 4. Charter of the Stationers' Company; con- 
 firmed by Queen Elizabeth, November 10, 1559. 
 
 1558. Berenger de la Tour. L'Amie des Amies. Printed at 
 
 Lyons, by Granjon, in cursive characters, termed 
 Caracteres de Civilite, invented by him." 
 
 November 12. A bill introduced into the House of 
 
 Lords prohibiting printing books, &c., without 
 license, but it never reached the Commons. 
 
 1559. Queen Elizabeth, in the first year of her reign, issued 
 
 an injunction relative to burning books, ballads, &c. 
 Cardwell's Documentary Annals, i. 229. This in- 
 junction was the origin of the licensing system, which 
 continued until 1697. H. Cooper in Notes and 
 Queries, Nov. 23, 1850. 
 
 1561. Gorboduc, or Ferrex Porrex, the first English tragedy. 
 
 Compendia Spiritual da Vida. Christiana Goa, 1561, 
 
 i2mo.' :: 'the first book printed in the East Indies. 
 
 1566. Supposed date of printing of Ralph Roister Doister, by 
 N. Udale. The first English comedy. See Arber's 
 English Reprints, and note in Appendix. 
 
i 572 -i6oi Chronology. 35 
 
 1572. De antiquitate Britanicce Ecclesice, by M. Parker, Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury. London. Folio. The first 
 book privately printed in England. 
 
 1576. Lambarde (William). A Perambulation of Kent, &c., 
 &>c., 8vo. The first English county history. 
 
 Warsevicius (Christ), Memorabilium Rerumet Hominum 
 coaevorum descriptio ab orbe condito ad an. 1585. 
 Cracovice typis Wirzbicztice, 1585, 4^0. The first 
 example of contemporary history displayed in a tabular 
 form. Puttick and Simpsons' Cat., Dec., 1864, Lot 
 
 1587. The first Almanack printed in Ireland, by William 
 
 Farmer, 4to, Dublin. 
 
 1588. Characterie : an Art of Short, Swift, and Secret 
 
 Writing by Character. Printed by J. Windot, Lon- 
 don, iamo., by Dr. Timothy Bright. The first work 
 in English on Shorthand. Savage, Librarian. 
 
 Aske (J.) Elizabeth Triumphant, concerning the 
 Damned Practices that the Devilish Popes of Rome 
 have Used, &c. Printed by T. Urwin for T. Sabbin, 
 4to. One of the first, if not the first attempt at 
 blank verse in English. Heber's Sale Cat. 
 
 1590. De missione Legatorum Japonensium ad Romanam 
 
 curiam. Macao. * The first book printed by Euro- 
 peans in China. 
 
 1591. Anosto. Orlando Furioso. Translated by Sir John 
 
 Harrington. Printed at London. " The pictures 
 cut in brasse are by the best-workemen in that kinde 
 in this land for mine owne part I have not scene 
 anie made in England better. As for other books in 
 this realme, yet all their figures are cut in wood 
 and none in metall." This is sometimes, but erro- 
 neously, called the earliest English book with 
 copper-plate engravings.* 
 
 1595. First part of a printed Catalogue of Books for sale in 
 England was published by Andrew Maunsell, Lon- 
 don, 1595, folio. The second part appeared the 
 same year. The 3rd part promised, never appeared. 
 See a notice of it in the Athenaeum, vol. i. p. 43-45. 
 For the progress of sale catalogues, see Nichol's 
 Lit. Anec. vol. iii. pp. 608-693. 
 
 1601. Blaew, a printer at Amsterdam, improved printing 
 presses, by a contrivance with which the platen 
 recovered itself with a spring. Abridged Specif. 
 Printing, p. 21. 
 
36 Chronology. I6o3 _ l6ll 
 
 1603. James I. appointed Sir Thomas Bodley founder of the 
 library at Oxford, which in this year contained 2000 
 vols. He also persuaded the Stationers' Company 
 to give a copy of every book that was printed. 
 Timp. 445. 
 
 The English army subscribed 1,800 to purchase a 
 library for Trinity College, Dublin, to commemorate 
 their victory over the Spaniards at Kinsale. 
 
 Oft. 20. The Company of Stationers in London 
 obtained a patent from James I. for the sole printing 
 of Primers, Psalms, and Almanacks, renewed 1606, 
 which continued in force until a late date. Timp. 
 pp. 444-445. 
 
 1605. Died John Stowe, historian and antiquary. (Timp. 
 
 447)- 
 
 1606. A book printed on white silk at Nismes, in France ; 
 
 perhaps the first in Europe on this material. Ib. 
 449-) 
 
 1607. Printing introduced into Eton by Sir H. Saville, who 
 
 prepared a fount of Greek type, which was in those 
 days vulgarly called silver letter, not from being 
 cast in silver, but from the beauty of the letter. 
 Cotton, 2nd series Typ. Gaz., p. 92. 
 
 July 16. At an entertainment given to James I., by 
 
 the Merchant Taylors' Company, the National 
 Anthem, " God Save the King," was first performed 
 by the composer, Dr. John Bull. Timp. 450. So 
 says Clark, in his account of the National Anthem 
 (Lond. 1822, 8vo.) ; but this is disputed. See N. 
 <f> Q., ist S. vol. iii. pp. 137, 412; and vol. x. p. 301. 
 
 1608. Characters of Virtues and Vice, by Joseph Hall. Lond. 
 
 8vo. The first English work in the form of Epistles. 
 See the Preface ; also Hayley's Life of Coivper, 
 vol. i. p. 55. 
 
 The Book of Common Prayer, translated into Irish 
 by William O'Donell, Archbishop of Tuam. Printed 
 in Dublin by John Franclon. 
 
 1610. The first stone laid of the Bodleian Library. The first 
 
 catalogue of the Bod. Library, published 1605, 4to. 
 Timp. p. 454. 
 
 First English translation of Camden's Britannia. Ib. 
 
 P- 455- 
 
 1611. The present English Translation of the Bible pub- 
 
 lished. Folio. 
 
J5 i6-i6 40 Chronology. 37 
 
 1616. April 23. Died, William Shakspere, at Stratford-on- 
 
 Avon (born Sept. 23, 1564); and the same day, 
 Michael Cervantes (born Oct. 9, 1547), the author 
 of Don Quixpte, at Madrid. 
 
 1617. May 17. Died Jacob Augustus de Thou, whose cele- 
 
 brated library was sold 1677. 
 
 1620. Novum Organon, by Lord Bacon, folio, ist edition. 
 
 Timp. 467. 
 
 William Jansen Blaew, printer, at Amsterdam, made 
 
 improvements in the construction of printing presses. 
 Ib. 467. 
 
 1621. Printing introduced into Aberdeen. 
 
 Anatomy of Melancholy, published at Oxford by Democri- 
 
 tus Junior, i.e. Robert Burton. 
 
 1622. John Baron Napier, of Merchiston, Scotland, the inven- 
 
 tor of Logarithms, died. His first work on the sub- 
 ject was printed by Andrew Hart, Edinburgh, 1614, 
 4to. Timp. 471. 
 
 Aug. 23. The certain News of the present Week, small 
 
 4to, published ; considered by some the^rs^ English 
 newspaper. Ib. 471. 
 
 1623. The first folio of Shakespere's complete works, pub- 
 
 lished by Isaac Jaggard and Edward Blount. The 
 second folio was in 1632, and the third in 1665. 
 
 Nov. 9. William Camden died, aged 72. 
 
 1629. The first book printed in America (North) was the Bay 
 Psalm Book, printed at Cambridge (Mass.). In 
 Triibner's Guide to American Literature p. xxxix. the 
 date is given 1640. N. and Q. Aug. 15, 1857. 
 
 1632. Book Catalogues first published in Ireland. Timp. 484. 
 
 1634. Flock or velvet paper for " hangings " patented in 
 France by Jerome Lanyer. Ab. of Spec. Print, p. 28. 
 
 1639. Robert Barker (of London) printed for Charles I. a 
 
 newspaper at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The first pro- 
 vincial newspaper published in England. Timp. p. 494. 
 
 1653. First edition of Izaak Walton's Compleat Angler. 
 Timp. p. 520. 
 
 1659. The first book printed in N. England, The Freeman's 
 Oath, and an Almanack. Haydn. Townsend says 
 1638, at Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 1640. The Star Chamber abolished. 
 
38 Chronology. 
 
 1640 1667 
 
 1640. Somner's Antiquities of Canterbury. 4to. Said to 
 have been the first book published in England with 
 an Appendix. N. and Q. ist S. vol. xi. p. 301. 
 
 1644. A reopagitica ; a Speech of Mr. John Milton for the 
 Liberty of Vnlicenc'd Printing, to the Parliaments of 
 England. London. Printed in the yeare 1644. An 
 ably edited, neat and cheap reprint is given in 
 Arber's series of English Reprints. 
 
 1657. Biblia Sacra Polyglotta edidit Waltonns. 6 vols. 
 London. Folio. The first book published by sub- 
 scription in England. Timp. p. 524. 
 
 1661. Franking Letters by Members of Parliament began ; 
 
 abridged in 1764; again, 1774; and done away with 
 on introduction of penny postage in 1837. 
 
 The first Bible in America, printed at Cambridge. It 
 
 was a translation into the Mohican dialect, made 
 by the Rev. John Eliot ; and Dr. Cotton Mather 
 states that it was all written with one pen. Timp. 
 528. 
 
 Jan. 8. Mercurius Caledonius. The first newspaper 
 
 of Scotch manufacture published at Edinburgh. 
 Timp. p. 530. 
 
 1662. The Book of Common Prayer, revised by authority, 
 
 called the Sealed Book. 
 
 1663. Sir Robert L'Estrange obtained the newly-created 
 
 office of Surveyor of the Imprimery and Printing 
 Presses. Ib. 553. 
 
 1664. The Book of Common Prayer in Welsh. 4to, black 
 
 letter. About this time black letter began to give 
 way to Roman type. Beza's Bible in small 4to. 
 was one of the first works so printed, with small, 
 neat woodcuts. 
 
 Poor Robin's Almanack first published. 
 
 1665. The Philosophical Transactions. The first published 
 
 scientific periodical in England. 
 
 1666. Sep. 4. The Great Fire of London. Books to the value of 
 
 over 200,000 in quires stored in the vaults beneath 
 St. Paul's Cathedral, and in the adjoining ware- 
 houses, were destroyed. 
 
 1667. The Empress of Morocco, a tragedy by E. Settle, pub- 
 
 lished. The first play illustrated with engravings. 
 Timp. p. 548. 
 
l673 -i 7 oi Chronology. 3g 
 
 1673. The first almanack in England in the present shape. 
 
 Compiled by Maurice Wheeler, Canon of Christ- 
 church, Oxford ; published at Oxford. Timp. p. 547. 
 
 1674. Nov. 9. Died John Milton. 
 
 1676. First book auction in England was Dr. L. Seeman's, 
 
 and sold by William Cooper, bookseller, in Warwick 
 Lane. 
 
 1677. A Collection of the Names of Merchants living in and 
 
 about the City of London. Lond. 1677. Reprinted 
 and edited by J. C. Hotten. Lond. 1863. i6mo. 
 The first London Directory. 
 
 The first almanack published in Scotland in Aber- 
 
 deen by Mr. Forbes. Timp., p. 552. 
 
 A Type Foundry worked at Oxford. Ib., p. 552. 
 1681. The Edinburgh True Almanack first published. The 
 
 first Scotch almanack about beginning of i7th century. 
 
 1683. Moxon. Mechanick Exercises. 4to. Published in 24 
 
 Nos. Hansard says about 1686. The first practical 
 
 work on the mechanical art of printing. Savage, p. 9. 
 
 1688. Historical Account of Books and Transactions of the 
 
 Learned World. Edinburgh. This was the first 
 review of books published in Scotland (or in Great 
 Britain). Timp. p. 571. 
 
 First book auction in Scotland by Andrew Anderson in 
 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 1689. Weekly Memorials, or an Account of Books lately set 
 
 forth; with other Accounts relating to Learning. 
 The first English review commenced January igth. 
 Timp. p. 572. 
 
 1690. White paper first began to be made in England; all 
 
 before was brown only. 
 
 1694. The last restrictive laws against the press expired, and 
 and from this time it has generally been considered 
 to be free. Timp. p. 577. 
 
 1699. Telemachus, by Fenelon first published (in 4 vols). 
 
 1701. A Bill brought into Parliament imposing' a penny 
 .stamp duty on newspapers, but it did not pass into 
 a law. Timp. p. 584. 
 
 Johannes Muller, pastor of the German Church at 
 
 Leyden, devised a plan of printing by cementing the 
 type at the bottom into a solid mass in fact, stereo- 
 type. The first trial was made with a book of 
 prayers printed by W. Miiller (the inventor's son) 
 this year. Barbier's Catalogue, No. 1316. 
 
4o Chronology. 
 
 17041731 
 
 1704. The first newspaper printed in America, the Boston 
 News Letter, by Bartholomew Green. Timp. p. 589. 
 
 1704. Oct. 28. Died John Locke (born 1632). 
 
 1709. Daily Courant, first daily paper in England, appeared 
 every day except Sunday. 
 
 Testamentum Novum Syriacum Lud. Bat. 410. 
 
 The first book stereotyped. See report of the Baron 
 De Westreenen de Tiellandt, at the Hague, 1833. 
 Camus speaks of the attempts of Van der Mey in 
 Holland in 1711, but did not know of this attempt 
 in 1709 ; Ged's attempt in Edinburgh is said to have 
 been made in 1725, but his Sallust was not published 
 until 1744. 
 
 An Adi of Parliament " for the Encouragement of 
 Learning," giving an author fourteen years' title to 
 his own writings, and claiming nine copies of every 
 work for certain libraries. Previous to this Act the 
 author's title was considered perpetual. Timp. 
 P- 593- 
 No. i. of the Tatter, by Sir R. Steele. 
 
 1711. No. i of the Spectator, by Addison. 
 
 1712. The newspaper stamp imposed halfpenny on a half- 
 
 sheet and one penny on a whole sheet : shortly after 
 removed, but imposed again in 1725. 
 
 1713. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, opened, but the old im- 
 
 print, E Theatre Sheldoniano, continued until 1759. 
 Timp. p. 6. 
 
 Dec. 14. Died Rev. Thomas Rymer, compiler of the 
 
 Fcedera, in 20 vols., folio, the first of which appeared 
 in 1704. 
 
 1714. The first books of music published in America, by Rev. 
 
 John Tofts, of Newbury, Mass. N. and Q. S. ii. 
 vol iv. p. 105. 
 
 The first English Bible printed in Ireland, at Belfast, 
 
 by John Blow. 
 
 1724. Benjamin Franklin worked in London as a journeyman 
 printer: returned to America in 1726. 
 
 1728. The first paper mill in America, at Elizabethstown, N. 
 Jersey. N. and Q., S. ii. vol. iv. p. 105. 
 
 1731. The Gentleman's Magazine, commenced by Edward 
 Cave, printer, at St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell. 
 
17341764 
 
 Chronology. 41 
 
 1734. Dr. Sterne, Bishop of Clogher, gave 1,000 to Trinity 
 College, Dublin, for the purpose of ere<5ling a print- 
 ing office. 
 
 1740. The first circulating library in London, by a bookseller, 
 named Wright, No. 132, Strand. Timp. p. 664. 
 
 1744. Sallust. Belli Catilinarii et Jugurthini histories. Edin- 
 
 burghi, Guil. Ged, aurifaber Edinensis non typis 
 mobilis, sed tabellis ut vulgo fieri solet seu laminis 
 fusis excudebat. 1744. One of the earliest specimens 
 of stereotype printing, by William Ged, a goldsmith, 
 of Edinburgh. 
 
 1745. Died, Dr. Jonathan Swift, in Dublin (born in Dublin, 
 
 November 30, 1667). 
 
 1746. The Aberdeen Journal, the first newspaper or perio- 
 
 dical work north of the Frith of Forth. Timp. p. 
 674. 
 
 1758. Virgilius, 4vo., printed by Baskerville, Birmingham. 
 His first issue, and the first work printed on wove 
 paper. 
 
 1751. About this date bookbinders began to use sawn-backs, 
 whereby the bands on which the book is sewn were 
 let into the backs of the sheets, and thus no projec- 
 tion appears, as seen in all bindings of a previous 
 date. It is supposed to have been first used by the 
 Dutch. It soon superseded the old method. Bands 
 were afterwards only used for school books. Pre- 
 vious to this time calf-gilt (see Dictionary) was the 
 fashion, and open backs had been very little used. 
 
 1753. The British Museum established by Act of Parliament. 
 
 1754. June. No. I Annual Register printed by R. Dodsley. 
 
 1755. Smith's Printers' Grammar. The first work of the 
 
 kind in English. 
 
 First edition of Dr. Johnson's English Dictionary, for 
 which he received 1,575. 
 
 1756. From 1700 up to this date the yearly average of new 
 
 books (including tracls) was 93. Timp. p. 697. 
 
 1757. Horace Walpole's private press at Strawberry Hill 
 
 established. 
 
 1764. January 24. Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., 
 destroyed by fire, and the State Legislature im- 
 mediately voted funds to erecl a new building. The 
 library contained, in 1858, 75,500 volumes. Guild's 
 Librarian's Manual, p. 121. 
 G 
 
42 Chronology. 
 
 17681856 
 
 1768. Circulating Libraries first established by Samul Fan- 
 
 court, who died this year. Watt, Bib. Brit. 
 
 1769. The Nautical Almanack commenced by Dr. Maskelyne, 
 
 continued by Government, and generally published 
 three years in advance. 
 
 1770. Luckombe (Philip). History and Art of Printing. 
 
 The most satisfactory work of the kind to be met 
 with. Always quoted from by subsequent writers. 
 1774. Irish Newspapers first stamped. 
 
 1783. Logographic Printing (words cast in one piece) pa- 
 
 tented by H. Johnson and Jno. Walter of the Times. 
 Soon disused. Haydn. 
 
 1784. Embossed Printing for the blind, invented by Valentine 
 
 Hally. Townsend. 
 
 1790. April 17. Died, at Philadelphia, Benjamin Franklin; 
 born at Boston, I7th Jan., 1706. 
 
 1798. Earl Stanhope perfected the press that bears his name. 
 Ab. of Specif . on Printing, p. 22. 
 
 1800. Lithographic Printing invented by Johaan Aloys 
 Senefelder. 
 
 1811. The sheet H of the April number of the Annual Regis- 
 ter, the first work printed by a machine. Townsend. 
 
 1814. Nov. 28th. The Times printed by steam power; the 
 first use of steam in printing. 
 
 1817. Lithographic printing introduced into England by R. 
 Ackerman. 
 
 The first book printed by steam power was Dr. Elliot- 
 son's edition of Blumenbach's Physiology. N. &> Q. 
 March 22, 1856. 
 
 1827. Printing in raised letters for the blind. Haydn. 
 
 1828. Publication of the British Almanac by the Society for 
 
 the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. The first really 
 useful almanac. 
 
 1834. The heavy tax on almanacs of 1/3 each abolished. 
 
 1844. yune 6th. Patent (No. 10,219) of the Anastatic pro- 
 cess of printing enrolled. (Communicated by James 
 Woods). 
 
 1850. The first " Libraries Acl " received the Royal assent, 
 I4th of August this year; repealed in order to be 
 amended 1855, and a new act passed. Amended by 
 the acl now in force (29 and 30 Vic., c. 114). 
 
 1856. The large coloured prints of the Illustrated News 
 begin. Ib. 
 
 IS" All additions and corrections to this part will be found in the Appendix. 
 
PART III. USEFUL 
 RECEIPTS. 
 
" En un mot j'ai fait tous mes efforts pour douer des 
 deux qualites qui constituent la seule excellence des ouv- 
 rages de ce genre, fort peu apprecites comme productions 
 litteraires : 1'ordre et 1'extreme clarte du langage." BON- 
 NARDOT'S Essai, Preface, p. iii. 
 
PART III. USEFUL RECEIPTS. 
 
 I. To REMOVE STAINS OF OIL, GREASE, INK, &c. Chlorine 
 water, or a weak solution of chloride of lime, removes stains, 
 and bleaches the paper at the same time, but this involves 
 pulling the book to pieces. If the stains are small, they may 
 be removed with a weak solution of chloride of lime a piece, 
 the size of a nut, to a pint of water, a camel's hair pencil, and 
 plenty of patience. HANNETT'S Bibliopegia, p. 390. 
 
 II. ANOTHER. Spirits of salts, diluted -with Jive or six times 
 its bulk of water, applied to the spot, and after a minute or two 
 washed off with clear water, removes stains of writing ink. 
 Chlorine water, or solution of chloride of lime, is better and 
 easier to manage. Ib., p. 390. 
 
 III. ANOTHER. Oxalic, citric, or tartaric acid may be ap- 
 plied upon paper or plates, without fear of damage. These 
 acids do not affect printing ink. Ib., p. 391. 
 
 IV. To REMOVE IRON STAINS. Apply, first, a solution of 
 sulphuret of potash (liver of sulphur), and afterwards one of 
 oxalic acid. The sulphuret acts upon the iron, and renders it 
 soluble in diluted acids. All solutions for taking out stains 
 must be well washed out of the paper, or they will rot it. Ib., 
 P- 39i- 
 
 V. GREASE OR WAX SPOTS. May be removed by washing 
 the part with ether, chloroform, or benzine, and placing it 
 between white blotting-paper ; then pass a hot iron over it. 
 Ib., Ib. 
 
 VI. ANOTHER. A more expeditious, and by some thought 
 the best way, is to scrape fine pipe-clay, magnesia, or French 
 chalk, on both sides of the stain, and apply a hot iron above, 
 taking great care that it be not too hot. The same process 
 will remove grease from coloured calf; even if the spot be on 
 the under side of the leather it may thus be clearly drawn 
 right through. Ib., Ib. 
 
 VII. ANOTHER. After gently warming the paper, take out 
 all the grease you can with blotting-paper and a hot iron, then 
 
46 Useful Receipts. 
 
 dip a brush into essential oil of turpentine, heated almost to 
 ebullition, and draw it gently over both sides of the paper, 
 which must be kept warm. Repeat the operation until all is 
 removed, or the thickness of the paper may render necessary. 
 When all the grease is removed, to restore the paper to its 
 former whiteness, dip another brush in ether, chloroform, or 
 benzine, and apply it over the stain, especially the edges of it ; 
 this will not affecft printers' or common writing ink. Ib., p. 392. 
 
 VIII. REMOVING OIL STAINS FROM BOOKS. In Notes and 
 Queries, for December 10, 1863 (p. 495), a correspondent, J. C. 
 LINDSAY, writing from St. Paul's, Minnesota, says, " The 
 remedy is sulphuric ether. If the stains are extensive, I am 
 in the habit of rolling up each leaf, and inserting it in a wide- 
 mouthed bottle, half full of sulphuric ether, and shaking it 
 gently up and down for a minute. On removal the stains will 
 be found to have disappeared; the ether rapidly evaporates 
 from the paper, and a single washing in cold water is all that 
 is required afterwards. 
 
 " Mineral naphtha oil and benzine possesses the same 
 qualities of dissolving tallow, lard, wax, or similar substances 
 of this class. Naphtha is an excellent solvent, but unless 
 exceedingly pure is apt to tint the paper. Ether and chloro- 
 form, although more expensive, are much more pleasant, 
 efficient, and safe to use. Any operations with ether, chlor- 
 oform, or benzine, should never be conducted by candlelight, 
 as their vapour is apt to kindle even at several feet from the 
 liquid." 
 
 IX. To KILL AND PREVENT BOOKWORMS. Take i ounce of 
 camphor, powdered like salt, i ounce of bitter apple, cut in 
 halves, mix, and spread on the bookshelves, and renew every 
 eight or ten months. (N.B.) If bitter apple (Colocynth) Cannot 
 be procured, use tobacco. William Bates, in N. & O-, Jan. 
 18, 1868. 
 
 X. SCENT OF RUSSIA LEATHER. This peculiar odour, which 
 some persons like, but to many is very disagreeable, is given 
 with Empyreumatic oil of the birch. Hannett's Bibliopegia, 
 P- 394- 
 
 XI. PERFUME OF BOOKS. Musk, with one or two drops of 
 oil of Neroli, sponged on each side of the leaves and hung up 
 to dry, will give a powerful odour. A more simple plan is, to 
 place a vial of the mixture on the bookcase, or place there 
 pieces of cotton impregnated with oil of cedar or of birch. 
 
Useful Receipts. 47 
 
 XII. OF GIVING CONSISTENCY TO BAD PAPER. Make a 
 strong size, in proportion of one ounce of isinglass or gelatine 
 to a quart of water, and boiled over the water ; afterwards add 
 a quarter of a pound of alum : when dissolved, filter through 
 a sieve. The paper must be passed through the size at a heat 
 wherein the hand may be held; then hung on lines to dry 
 gradually ; not exposed to the sun in summer, or a room too 
 warm in winter : afterwards press. Ib., ib., p. 393. 
 
 XIII. POLISHING OLD BINDINGS. Take the yelk of an 
 egg, beat it up with a fork, apply it with a sponge, having 
 first cleansed the leather with a dry flannel. When the leather 
 is broken, rubbed, or decayed, rub a little paste into the parts 
 to fill up the holes, otherwise the glair would sink into them 
 and turn them black. To produce a polished surface a hot 
 iron must be passed over the leather. 
 
 XIV. ANOTHER. The following is, perhaps, an easier, 
 if not a better, method : Purchase some " Bookbinders' var- 
 nish," which may be had at any colour shop, clean the leather 
 well, as before, if necessary, using a little water to do so, but 
 be sure to rub dry before applying the varnish, which may be 
 done with wool, lint, or a very soft sponge. Be sure to rub 
 dry before varnishing. N. <S> ()., S. ii M vol. x., p. 401. 
 
 XV. ANOTHER. A little glue size, used very thin, is 
 better than beeswax and turpentine. The very best is a var- 
 nish made in France, called " French Varnish for Leather," 
 and is sold at fourteen shillings a pound. It may be had at 
 Manders', in Oxford-street, or any good varnish maker's. 
 There is a commoner sort, to be had at Reilly's varnish fac- 
 tory, 19, Old-street, Saint Luke's, at three and sixpence a 
 pound. 2V. * Q., S. i., vol. ix., p. 423. 
 
 XVI. VARNISHING OLD BOOKS. A writer in Notes and 
 Queries, S. ii., vol. ii., p. 155, says : " Little can be done by 
 compositions to preserve leathers ; but, in some cases, varnish 
 may tend somewhat to repel the action of the atmosphere and 
 deleterious gases, but it is apt to harden the leather at the 
 joints where the greater action takes place in opening a book. 
 No doubt old bindings may be furbished up, but some com- 
 position to replace the unction dried out of the leather, with- 
 out staining or injury, so as to render it pliable and soft, is 
 still a desideratum. Want of ventilation does much harm. 
 Books want air. The library of the Athenceum suffered so 
 much some time ago from gas and heat, that the backs of calf 
 bindings crumbled upon touching. Light, without injury to 
 
48 Useful Receipts. 
 
 colour moisture, without mildew, and air without soot are 
 as necessary to a library as to a greenhouse." LESLIE 
 SEMMES, F.S.A. 
 
 London gas, which produces sulphurous and sulphuric 
 acids in burning, is a great enemy to bookbinding. Libraries 
 containing choice bindings should never be lighted with gas. 
 
 XVII. To CLEANSE WOOD BLOCKS. M. Leblanc Hardel, 
 printer, at Caen, by the advice of a chemist of that town, uses 
 benzine instead of turpentine, and reports that it volatises 
 more rapidly, does not gum up the type or injure the block ; 
 renders the face of the wood smooth, and consequently in- 
 creases the fineness of the work produced. From the rapidity 
 with which it drys it allows the formes to be washed without 
 removing them from the press or machine. Crisp's Printers' 
 Business Guide. 
 
 XVIII. COPYING INK. White purified honey, three parts ; 
 white glycerine, three parts ; black or coloured ink, eleven 
 parts : mix well, and let stand for a week. For very fine cha- 
 racter two parts of glycerine and honey is sufficient. Ib. 
 
 XIX. To REMOVE INK STAINS. Muriate of tin, two parts, 
 with double its quantity of water, applied with a soft brush, 
 will remove stains. The paper must then be passed through 
 cold water. Ib. 
 
 XX. INK TO KEEP FROM FREEZING. Add a few drops of 
 brandy or other spirit. A little salt will prevent it from mould- 
 ing. When ink is allowed to freeze or mould it loses its black- 
 ness or beauty. Ib. 
 
 XXI. OLD WRITING, TO MAKE LEGIBLE. In a pint of 
 boiling water put six bruised gall-nuts, and let it stand for 
 three days. Wash the writing with the mixture to restore the 
 colour, and, if not strong enough, add more galls. 
 
 XXII. STRONG PASTE. Add to two large tablespoonfuls 
 of flour as much powdered rosin as will cover a farthing. Mix 
 with strong beer, and boil for twenty minutes. To keep paste 
 from moulding add 15 grains of corrosive sublimate to every 
 half pint of paste made. This is poison. Ib. 
 
 XXIII. To RENDER PAPER FIREPROOF. A strong solution 
 of alum will render it fireproof. Brown wrapping paper, satu- 
 rated with a solution of half a pound of tungstate of soda, in 
 a gallon of water, is rendered uninflammable. 
 
 XXIV. PAPER THAT RESISTS WATER. By plunging unsized 
 paper once or twice into a clear solution of mastic in oil of 
 
Useful Receipts, 49 
 
 turpentine, and drying it afterwards by a gentle heat, it can 
 be made to resist moisture, and, without being transparent, 
 has all the properties of writing paper, and may be used for 
 that purpose. When warehoused it is secure from mould, 
 mildew, mice, or insects. Crisp's Printers' Business Guide. 
 
 XXV. VARNISH FOR MAPS AND DRAWINGS. After being 
 washed over with a solution of isinglass, or gelatine, dissolve 2 
 ounces of oil of turpentine with i ounce of Canada balsam, 
 and apply with a soft brush. 
 
 XXVI. Two coats of isinglass, or gelatine alone, laid on 
 with a camel's hair brush, will much improve a map or print. 
 
 XXVII. A thin solution of gutta percha run over maps 
 improves them. 
 
 XXVIII. Parchment size, brushed over pencil-drawings, 
 keeps them from rubbing. Ib. 
 
 Common porter makes a capital fixer for pencil or chalk 
 drawings, and gives them a pleasant tint as well. 
 
 XXIX. SOILED BOOKS. In reply to a query in Notes and 
 Queries relative to taking stains out of old books, the following 
 advice is given by SHIRLEY HIBBERD : " Take the book to 
 pieces if much stained ; if not, only take out the leaves that 
 require cleaning. Lay a sheet or a few pages in a large 
 earthenware dish, and press on them some boiling water. Let 
 them lie for six or eight hours ; then take them out and lay 
 them between clean blotting paper till dry. A drop, or less, of 
 muriatic acid maybe added, but there is a risk in using it when 
 the fabric is aged." Practice first with old fly leaves, to acquire 
 experience in handling the wet paper. N. Q., March 10, 
 1860, S. ii., vol. x., p. 186. 
 
 XXX. To PREVENT COLOURS FROM SINKING OR SPREADING 
 ON MAPS OR COMMON PAPER. Wet the paper two or three 
 times with a sponge dipped in alum water (3 or 4 ounces to a 
 pint), or with a solution of white size, observing to dry it care- 
 fully after each coat. This tends to give lustre and beauty to 
 the colours. The colours should also be thickened with a little 
 gum water. Before varnishing maps after colouring them, two 
 or three coats of clear size should be applied with a soft brush 
 the first one on the back. Cooley's Cyclop., p. 722. 
 
 PRINTS, Ackerman's Liquor for. Take of the finest pale 
 glue and white curd soap, 4 ounces ; boiling water, 3 pints ; 
 dissolve, then add of powdered alum, 2 ounces. Used to size 
 prints and pictures before colouring them. Cooley, Cyclop. 
 Pract. Receipts, p. 1072. 
 
 H 
 
50 Useful Receipts. 
 
 Though the authority from which the receipts given 
 is always stated, they have all been examined, and, in many 
 cases, revised, by a practical chemist of great experience, who 
 selected them from a very large number submitted to him as 
 the cheapest, most easily applied, and effectual of the kind. 
 
 Many other useful receipts, on subjects similar to the pre- 
 ceding, will be found in Bonnardot's Essai, noticed in the 
 Bibliographical list. A few additions, obtained after the part 
 was printed, will be given in the Appendix, and referred to in 
 the Index. 
 
 This space is left blank for Manuscript additions. 
 
PART IV. TYPOGRAPHICAL 
 GAZETTEER. 
 
" It is, in fact, more difficult than some persons may 
 be willing to believe, to ascertain with exactness the time 
 when the Art of Printing was first introduced into the 
 towns and villages of our own country. . . . Many of 
 our towns produced nothing beyond posting-bills, law 
 notices, and other broadsides until the beginning of the 
 present century." Cotton's Typographical Gazetteer 
 (1869), Preface x. 
 
PART IV. TYPOGRAPHICAL 
 GAZETTEER. 
 
 LIST OF PLACES WHERE PRINTING IS CARRIED ON 
 GREAT BRITAIN, WITH THE DATE OF ITS 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 IN 
 
 Aberdar, Glam., n.d. 
 Aberdeen, Abredonia, Aber. 
 
 donia, or Abredea, 1625. 
 Aberfeldy, Perth., 1841. 
 Abergavenny, Mon. 1827, 
 
 1677 (H). 
 Abertawy, Welsh name for 
 
 Swansea, Glam., 1818. 
 Aberystwith, Card. 1820. 
 Abingdon, Berks., 1512 or 
 
 18 . 
 
 Abredonia, (Aberdeen), 1623. 
 Achill, (Mayo), 1837. 
 Alcester, War. 1803. 
 Aldershott, Hants, 1742. 
 Alfreton, Derby., 1862. 
 Albani, S. (St. Alban's), Beds., 
 
 1480. 
 
 Alnwick, Northumb., 1800. 
 Alston, or Alstone, Cumb., 
 
 1808. 
 Amythig, see Mythig, i. e., 
 
 Shrewsbury. 
 Andover, Hants., 1834. 
 Andreapolis, (St. Andrews), 
 
 some imprints, Sandlan- 
 
 drois. 1573. 
 Annan, Dumf. 1833. 
 Arbroath, or Aberbrothwick, 
 
 For., 1805. 
 
 Ardmacha (Armagh), Arm., 
 
 175- 
 Ardnagles, (quaere a pseu- 
 
 donym,) 1819. 
 Aorchfygoyma, (quaere what ?) 
 
 Arundel, Surrey 1756. 
 Ashford, Mid. 1855. 
 Austell, St., Corn., 1820. 
 
 Bakewell, Der. 1824. 
 
 Bala, Merion., middle of xviii. 
 
 century, 1808. 
 
 Ballinakill, Queen's Co., 1767. 
 Ballington, Staf., 1830. (?) 
 Ballymena, Ant. 1862. 
 Banbury, Oxf., 1843. (H) 
 Bandon, or Bandonbridge, 
 
 Cork 1866. 
 Banff, Banff., 1845. 
 Bangor, Carnarv., 1806. 
 Barnard Castle, Durh. 1809. 
 Barnet, Herts., 1816. 
 Barnsley, York., 1809. 
 Barnstaple, Devon., 1830. 
 Barrow, Lane., 1866. 
 Barton, Line. 1813. 
 Basingstoke, Hants, 1808. 
 Bathonia, (Bath), Som., 1702, 
 
 1673? (H) ' 
 
54 
 
 Typographical Gazetteer. 
 
 Battle, Sus. 1821. 
 
 Beaminster, Der. 1864. 
 
 Beccles, Suf., 1853. 
 
 Bedale, York., 1822. 
 
 Bedford, Beds., 1785. 
 
 BeldornieTower,/5^ of Wight, 
 1840, private press. 
 
 Belfast, Ant., 1694. 
 
 Belper, Derby, 1811. 
 
 Berkhamstead, Herts. 1794. 
 
 Bermondsey, Sur., 1813. 
 
 Berwick-on-Tweed, 1759. 
 
 Beverley, York., 1510. 
 
 BEWDLEY, Wore., 1827. 
 
 BICESTER, O*/., 1855. 
 
 Bideford, Devon. 1820. 
 
 BINGLEY, York., 1852. 
 
 Birmingham, War., 1716. 
 
 Birkenhead, Chest., 1864. 
 
 Birr, or Parsonstown, King's 
 Co., 1810. 
 
 Bishop Auckland, .Owr. 1819. 
 
 Stortford, Herts., 1818. 
 
 Bishop Wearmouth, Dur., 
 1825. 
 
 Bishopstone, Sus., 1797, pri- 
 vate press. 
 
 Blackburn, Lane. 1795. 
 
 Blackley, Lane., 1791. 
 
 Bladon, (quaere in Ox.?) 1796. 
 
 Blandford, Dor., 1819. 
 
 Blithfield, Staf., 1824, (private 
 press.) 
 
 Blyth, Northumb., 1818. 
 
 Booking, Essex, 1785 90. 
 
 Bodmin, Corn., 1793. 
 
 Bognor, Sus., 1815. 
 
 Bolton, Lane., 1786. 1761 ? 
 
 Bonmahon, Water/., 1851. 
 
 Boroughbridge, York., 1846. 
 
 Boston, Line., 1787. 1761. 
 
 BOURNMOUTH, Hants, 1858. 
 
 Bosworth, Leic., 1775. 
 
 Bowden, C/^s., 1862. 
 
 Bradford, York., 1788. 
 
 Braintree, Essex. 1843. 
 
 Brechin, For., 1829. 
 
 Brecon, or Brecknock, Breck., 
 
 1781. 
 
 Brentford, Mid., 1794. 
 Bridgenorth, Shrop., 1797. 
 Bridgewater, Sow. 1817. 
 Bridlington, York. 1821. 
 Bridport, Dors., 1795. 
 BRIERLEY HILL, Staf., 1852. 
 Brigg, Line., 1804. 
 Brighton, orBrighthelmstone, 
 
 Sus. 1812. 
 Brill, Buck., 1833. 
 Bristol, Glouc., 164.2. (?) 
 Brixham, Der. 1839. 
 Brixton, Sur. 1846. 
 Bromley, Kent 1805. 
 Brompton, Mid., 1862. 
 Bromsgrove, Wor. 17 
 Bromwich (West), Staf., 1843. 
 Broxbourne, Hert. 1811. 
 Bryrmawd, Breck., 1861. 
 Buckingham, Buck., 1752. 
 Buckland, Devon., 1765. 
 Bungay, Suf., 1804. 
 BURNLEY, Lane., 1854. 
 Burnham, Norf. 1817. 
 Burnt-Island, Fife, 1866. 
 Burslem, Staf., (circa end of 
 
 18 cent.) 
 
 Burton-on-Trent, Staf. 1813. 
 BURY, Lane., 1837. 
 Bury-St. -Edmunds, Suf., 1717. 
 Buxton, Derb., 1852. 
 
 Carleon, Mon., 1731. 
 Caermarthen, Carin., (Welsh, 
 
 Caerfyrddin,) 1727. 
 Caertrangon, (Welsh name of 
 
 Worcester.) 
 Caer Gaunt, (Welsh name of 
 
 Cambridge.) 
 Caer Ludd, (Welsh name of 
 
 London.) 
 Caernarvon,Car., (Welsh name 
 
 Caernarfon,) 1798. 
 Calne, Wilts., 1828. 
 
Typographical Gazetteer. 
 
 55 
 
 Calverley Hall, Chesh., 1821, 
 
 (private press.) 
 Camberwell, Surrey, 1829. 
 CAMPELTOWN, Argyle., 1855. 
 Cantabrigia, Cambridge, Cam., 
 
 1521. 
 
 Canterbury, Kent, 
 Cardiff, Glam. 1809. 
 Carlisle, Camb., 1746. 
 Carlow, Carl., 1786.- 
 Carrick-on-Suir, Tip., 1796. 
 Cashel, Tip. 1827. 
 Castlebar, Mayo, 1852. 
 Castle Dorington, Leic., 1834. 
 Castleton, Derby., 1760. 
 Castleford, York., 1865. 
 Cavan, Cavan, 1860. 
 CASTLE DOUGLAS, Kircudbrt. 
 Chard, Som. 1815. 
 Chatham, Kent, 1813. 
 Chelmsford, Essex, 1730. 
 Chelsea, Mid., 1745. 
 Cheltenham, Glouc., 1803. 
 Chelwood, Som., 1848. (H) 
 Chepstow, Mon. 1806. 
 Chester -le- Street, Durh. 
 
 1825. 
 
 Chertsey, Sur. 1792. 
 Chesham, Bucks. 1818. 
 Chester, Ches., 1656. 
 Chesterfield, Derby. 1774. 
 Chichester (Latin, Cicestria), 
 
 Sus., 1724. 
 
 Chippenham, Wilts., 1721. 
 CHippiNG-NoRTON,0.r/., 1814. 
 Chiswick, Mid., i8u. 
 Chorley, Lane., 1821. 
 Christchurch, Hamp., 1792. 
 Chudleigh, Devon., 1851. 
 Cirencester, Glouc., 1779. 
 Clapham, Sur. 1840. 
 Clerkenwell, Mid. 1819. 
 CLEVEDON, Som., 1860. 
 Clifton, Som. 1830. 
 Clipstone, North., 1799. 
 Clonmel, (in Irish Cluain 
 
 Meala,) Tipp., 1804. 
 
 Cockermouth, Cumb., 1819. 
 
 COLEFORD, GIOUC., 1862. 
 
 Colchester, Essex, 1648. 
 Coleford, Som., 1859. 
 Coldstream, Berwick. 1846. 
 Coleraine, Londonderry, 
 
 1852. 
 
 Coleshill, War. 1816. 
 Colyton, Devon. 1826. 
 Congleton, Ches., 1800. 
 CONSELL, Durh., 1860. 
 Corby Castle, Cumb., 1834. p. 
 
 press. 
 Corcagia, Cork, (in Irish Cor- 
 
 cuigh,) Cork, 1644. 
 Coventry, War., 1690 or 1692; 
 
 recent, 1720. 
 
 Cowbridge, Glam . 177 1 . 
 Cranbrook, Kent, 1803. 
 Crediton, Devon., 1775. 
 Crewe, Ches., 1863. 
 Crewkerne, Som. 1788. 
 Crieff, Perth., 1774. 
 Crocsoswalt, ? Oswestry, 1790. 
 Croydon, Sur., 1704. (H) 
 Crughywell, or Crickhowell, 
 
 Breck. 1843. 
 Crumlin, Mon., 1862. 
 Cupar-Angus, Perth., before 
 
 1838. 
 Fife, Fife. 1863. 
 
 Dairy, Ayr., 1802. 
 Darlington (see Grange). 
 Dartford, Kent 1832. 
 Dartmouth, Devon. 1821. 
 Darton, York. 1807. 
 Daventry, North., 1755 ? 
 
 1685. (H) 
 
 DAWLISH, Devon., 1856. 
 Deal, Kent 1802. 
 Deddington, Oxf. 1825. 
 Denbigh, (Welsh Denbych,) 
 
 Denb. 1813. 
 Deptford, Kent, 1793. 
 Derbia, Derby, Derby, 1719. 
 Dereham, Norf. 1834. 
 
=16 
 
 Typographical Gazetteer. 
 
 Deretend, or Deritend, War., 
 
 1791. 
 
 Deny, see Londonderry. 
 Devizes, Wilts., 1775. 
 Devonport,(formerly Plymouth 
 
 Dock,) Devon. 1796. 
 Dewsbury, York. 1828. 
 Dingwall, Ross., 1843. 
 Diss, Norf., 1864. 
 Dock? Plymouth Dock,i8i i . 
 Dolgelly, or Dolgellau, Me- 
 
 rion., 1809. 
 
 Doncaster, York., 1724. 
 DOOLISH, I. of Man, 1846. 
 Dorchester, Dorset. 1713 ? 
 
 1664. 
 
 Dorking, Sur., 
 Dover, Kent, 1787. 
 Douglas, /. of Man, 1789. 
 DOWNPATRICK, Down, 1803. 
 Drogheda,Lo^, 1772 1757. ? 
 DROMORE, Tyrone, 1808. 
 Driffield, York., 1856. 
 Dublinum, (Dublin,) 1551. 
 Dudley, Worcst., 1794. 
 Dumbarton, Dum. 1851. 
 Dumfries, Dum,, 1718. 
 Dunbar, Had., 1812. 
 Duncairn, Antrim, 1850, p. 
 
 press. 
 
 Dundalk, Louth, 1810. 
 Dundee, For., 1763. 
 Dunfermline, Fife. 1811. 
 Dungannon, Tyr., 1817. 
 Dungarvan, Wat., 1840. 
 Dunstable, Bed., 1801. 
 Durham, Latin Dunelmia, 
 
 Durh., 1733. 
 
 Easingwold, York., 1852. 
 
 Eaton, Not. 1828. 
 
 EASTBOURNE, Sus., 1819. 
 
 Eboracum, York, York., 1509. 
 
 ECCLES, Lane., 1853. 
 
 Edinburgum, Edinbruchium, 
 or Aneda, Edinburgh, Gaelic 
 Dun-Edin, Dun-Eidean, 
 
 Dun-Eidin, Dun-Aodian, 
 Dun-Eadeuin, Edin Bruach, 
 Nairn-Eduin, Nain-Eduin, 
 
 Edgware, Mid., 1859. 
 Edmunds (St.), Bury, see Bur}'. 
 Egham, Sur. 1793. 
 EAST GRINSTEAD, Sus., 1865. 
 Elgin, Elgin, 1622. 
 Enfield, Mid., 1794. 
 Ennis, Clare, 1780. 
 Epsom, Surrey, 1746. 
 Etona, Eton, Bucks., 1607. 
 Etruria, Staff., 1787. 
 Evesham, Worcst., 1791. 
 Ewood Hall, near Halifax, 
 
 York., n. d. 
 
 Exeter, Devon., 1648. (H) 
 Exmouth, Devon. 1824. 
 Exonia, see Exeter. 
 
 Fakenham, Norf. 1863. 
 Falkirk, Stirl., 1779. 
 Falmouth, Corn., 1753. 
 Farringdon, Berks., 1798. 
 Farley Hill, near Reading, 
 
 Berks,, 1820. 
 Farnham, Sur., 1820. 
 Farnworth, Lane., 1860. 
 Faversham, Kent, 1770. 
 Fermoy, Cork, 1806. 
 Fersheld, Norf., 1736. 
 Filey, York., 1856. 
 Finsbury, Mid., 1659. 
 Fleetwood, Lane., 1659. 
 Folkestone, Kent, 1800. 
 Fort (the), Glouc., n. d., p. 
 
 press. 
 
 Forres, Elgin., 1837. 
 Framlingham, Suf., 1834. 
 Frogmore Lodge, near Wind- 
 
 sor, Berks., before 1809. 
 Frome, Som., 1796. 
 
 Gainsborough, Line., 1776. 
 GALASHIELS, Selk. &> Roxb., 
 1838. 
 
Typographical Gazetteer. 
 
 57 
 
 Galway, Galway, 1806. 
 
 Gateshead, Durh., 1816. 
 
 Gateside, Renfrew., 1654. 
 
 Gillingham, Dorset., 1816. 
 
 Gippesvicum, (Ipswich,) Suf., 
 1584. 
 
 Glasgow, Lanark., (the first 
 newspaper,) 1715. 
 
 Glastonbury, Sow., 1839. 
 
 Glossop, Derby., 1859. 
 
 Gloucester, Glouc., 1720. 
 
 GOOLE, York., 1863. 
 
 Gosport, Hants., 1708. 
 
 Goudhurst, .K^ntf, 1836. 
 
 Grange, (near Darlington,) 
 Durh., 1768. 
 
 Grantham, Line., 1791. 
 
 Grasmere, Westm., 1809. 
 
 Gravesend, /<w, 1797. 
 
 Greenock, Renfrew., 1802. 
 
 Greenwich, -Ktfw, 1596 : re- 
 cent, 1816. 
 
 Grimsby, Line. 1810. 
 
 GUERNSEY, Isle of, 1824 ? 
 
 Guildford, Sur., 1666. 
 
 Hackney, Mid., 1811. 
 Haddington, Had., 1813. 
 HADLEIGH, Suf., 1853. 
 Hadsham, Sus., 1828. 
 Hagley, Wore., 1763. 
 Hafod, Card., 1807. 
 Hadsham, Kent, n.d. 
 Halesworth, S/., 1807. 
 Halifax, Ycr/;., 1761. 
 HALSTEAD, Ess;tr, 1854. 
 Hamilton, Lanark., 1820. 
 Hammersmith, M"^. 1827. 
 Hanley, Staf., 1801. 
 Harborough, (Market,) Leic., 
 
 1661, (H) 1731. 
 Harlow, Essex, 1805. 
 Hartford, Huntd., ? 1801. 
 Hart Hill, Ches., 1796. 
 Harrowgate, 1836, 1846. 
 Harrow, Mid. 1853. 
 Hartlepool, Durh. 1834. 
 
 HARWICH, 1784. 
 Hastington, Lane., 1827. 
 Hastings, Sus., 1797. 
 Havant, Hants., 1817. 
 HAVERHILL, Suf., 1823. 
 Haverford-West, (Welsh Hwl- 
 
 fordd,) Pemb. 1813. 
 Hawick, Rox., 1784. 
 Hayling, Hamp., 1842. 
 Hebden-Bridge, York., 1844. 
 Helens (St.), /. of Wight, 1833. 
 Helston, Corn., 1798. 
 Helier (St.), Jersey, 1826. 
 HEMEL HEMPSTEAD, Herts. , 
 
 1859. 
 Henley-in-Arden, War., 1790. 
 
 on Thames, Oxf., 1780. 
 
 Hereford, Heref., 1729. 
 Hertford, Herts., 1777. 
 Heywood, Lane. 1842. 
 Hexham, Northumb. 1850. 
 Hinckley, Leic., 179 . 
 HIGH WvcoMBE,s^Wycombe. 
 HITCHIN, Herts., 1827. 
 Holbeach, Line. 1846. 
 Holt, Norf., 1800. 
 HolyroodHouse,inEdinburgh, 
 
 Mid-Lothian, 1687. 
 Holy-well, Flint., 1810. 
 Honiton, Devon., 1819. 
 Horncastle, Line. 1807. 
 Hornsley, Mid., 1866. 
 Hornsea, York., 1863. 
 Howden, York., 1796. 
 Huddersfield, York., 1838. 
 Horsham, Sussex, 1862. 
 Hull, or Kingston -on -Hull, 
 
 York., 1749. 
 
 Huntingdon, Hunt. 1812. 
 HUNTLY, Aberdeen, 1863. 
 Hyde, Kent, 1815. 
 HYDE, Ches. 1853. 
 
 Idle, York., 1825. 
 Ilfracombe, Devon. 1824. 
 ILKESTONE, Derby., 1853. 
 Ilkey, York., 1861. 
 i 
 
Typographical Gazetteer. 
 
 Ilminster, Somerset., 1832. 
 Invergordon, Ross., n. d. 
 Inverness, Inver., 1774. 
 INVERARY, Sir., 1752. 
 Ironbridge, Shrop. 1813. 
 IRONVILLE, Derby., 1854. 
 Irvine, Ayr., 1820. 
 Isle of Man, 1769. 
 Islington, Mid., 1743. 
 Ives (St.), Corn., 1720. 
 Hunt., 1788. 
 
 JARROW, Durh. 1865. 
 Jedburgh, Rox., 1824. 
 Jersey, 1798. 
 
 (Many works are written with a C 
 for K. K was not a letter of 
 the Celtic alphabet ; both cha- 
 racters are signs of the one 
 sound.) 
 
 Keighley, York. 1854. 
 Keith, Banf., 1744. 
 Kells, Meath 1849. 
 Kelso, Rox., 1782. 
 Kendal, West., 1731. 
 Kenilworth, War., 1777. 
 Kensington, Mid., 1819. 
 Kentish Town, Mid., 1821. 
 Keswick, Cumb. 1809. 
 Kettering, Northamp. 1815. 
 Kidderminster, Worcest., 1791. 
 Kilkenny, Kit., 1646. 
 Kilmarnock, Ayr., 1783. 
 Kinsfauns Castle, Perth., 1785 
 
 or 6. 
 
 Kingsbridge, Devon. 1819. 
 Kingsbury, Mid., 1781. 
 Kingston, the name of 12 
 
 towns, 1617, query. 
 
 on-Thames, Surrey, 
 
 1848. 
 
 -on-Hull, see Hull. 
 
 Kington, Here/., 1793. 
 Kinsale, Cork, 1832. 
 Kirkbride, Cumb., 1711. 
 
 Kirkby - Lonsdale, Westm., 
 
 1 80 1. 
 Moorside, York. 
 
 1812. 
 
 Kirkaldy, Fife., 1833. 
 Kirkcudbright, Kirk. 1841, 
 Kirkham, Lane., 1790. 
 Knaresborough, York., 1769. 
 Knowsley,Lanc.,i846, p. press. 
 Knutsford, Ches., 1864. 
 
 Laycock, Wilts., 1806. 
 Ladiston, Westmeath, 1820., 
 
 p. press. 
 
 Lambeth, Surrey, 1572. 
 Lancaster, Lane., 1775. 
 Launceston, Corn., 1700. 
 LANGPORT, Somerset., 1841. 
 Leamington, War., 1781. 
 Leatherhead, Surrey, 1738, 
 
 p. press. 
 
 Leeds, York., 1710. 
 Leek, Staf., 1829. 
 Leicester, Leic., 1710. 
 LEIGHTON - BUZZARD, Beds., 
 
 1860. 
 
 Leigh, Lane., 1852. 
 Leith, Mid-Lothian, 1653, (ist 
 
 newspaper in Scotland.) 
 Leominster, Here/., 1786. 
 | Lerwick, Shetland Isles, 1862. 
 I Lewes, Sussex, 1742. 
 Lichfield, Staf., 1702. 
 Limerick, Lim., 1730. 
 Lincoln, Line., 1699. 
 Lindfield, Sussex 1827. 
 Lisburn, Antrim, 1847. 
 Liskeard, Corn. 1820. 
 Littlemore, Of., 1848. 
 Liverpool, Lane., 1713. 
 Llandovery, (Welsh Llanym- 
 
 dyffri,) Caenar., 1771. 
 Llandridol, Radnor., 1817. 
 Llandudno, Caernar., 1862. 
 Llanelly, Cacrmar., 1848. 
 Llanfyllin, or Llaneyllin, Mon. 
 
 1818. 
 
Typographical Gazetteer. 
 
 59 
 
 LLANGOLLEN, Denby, 1860. 
 Llanidloes, Mon. 1820. 
 Llanrwst, Denby, 1826. 
 Llanymdyffri, see Llandovery. 
 Londinum, (London,) 1474. 
 London Bridge, Mid., 1629 to 
 
 1670. 
 Londonderry, Londonderry 
 
 1794. 
 
 Longford, Long., 1810. 
 Lonsdale, Westmor. 1825. 
 Lostwithiel, Corn. 1832. 
 LOUGHBOROUGH, Leic., 1793. 
 Loughrea, Gal., 1834. 
 Louth, Line., 1807. 
 LOWESTOFT, Suf., 1848. 
 Ludlow, Shrop., 1719. 
 Lusk, Dub. 1861. 
 LUTON, Beds., 1855. 
 Lustleigh, Devon., 1786, p. 
 
 press. 
 
 Lutterworth, Leic. 1833. 
 Lyme Regis, Dorset. 1824. 
 Lymington Hants., 1798. 
 Lynn Regis, Norf., 1730. 
 
 Macclesfield, Ches., 1803. 
 Machynlleth, Mon. 1807. 
 Madeley, or Madeley Market, 
 
 Shrop., 1774. 
 
 Maidenhead, Berks. 1817. 
 Maldon, Essex 1826. 
 Mallow, Cork, 1824. 
 Malton, York., 1850. 
 Malvern, Derby., 1846. 
 Manchester, Mancunium, 
 
 Lane. 1607. 
 Man, Isle of 1785.? 
 Mansfield, Nott., 1785. 
 Marazion, or Market Jew, 
 
 Corn., 1845. 
 Margaret St., at Cliffe, Kent, 
 
 1803. 
 
 Margate, Kent 1790. 
 Market Harborough (see Har- 
 
 borough). 
 RASEN, Line., 1856. 
 
 Market WEIGHTON, York., 
 
 1454- 
 Maryborough, Queen's County, 
 
 1825. 
 
 Matlock, Derby. 1827. 
 Melksham, Wilts 1835. 
 Melton Mowbray, Leic. 
 
 1819. 
 Merthyr-Tydfil, or Maergow- 
 
 meon, Glam., 1809. 
 Middlehill, Wore., 1824, (Sir 
 
 ThomasPhillips, p. press.) 
 MIDDLETON, Lane., 1857. 
 Milborne Port, Somerset. ,1774. 
 Milton Ernis, Beds., 1719. 
 MITCHAM, Surrey, 1840. 
 Mold, (in Welsh, Wyddgrug,) 
 
 Flint., 1835. 
 
 Monaghan, Monaghan, 1796. 
 Monmouth, Mon., 1830. 
 Montrose, For., 1784. 
 
 MORETON-IN-MARSH, GloUC., 
 
 1858. 
 
 Morpeth, Northumb. 1840. 
 
 Mountmelick, Queen's County, 
 1843. 
 
 Mousley, Surrey, temp.Q.Eliz. 
 
 Mullingar, Westmeath, 1835. 
 
 Mythig, (Welsh for Shrews- 
 bury, which see.) 
 
 NAIRN, Nairn, 1842. 
 Nantwich, Ches., 1787, 1775. 
 Neath, Gtam., 1828. 
 Nenagh, Tip., 1838. 
 Neots, St., Hunt., 1815. 
 Newark -upon -Trent, Nott., 
 
 1788. 
 
 Newberry, Bucks., 1779. 
 NEWCASTLE, Caerrnar., 1862. 
 Newcastle-Angus, For., 1817. 
 -upon-Tyne,Northb. 
 
 1711, 1639, 1590. Cotton. 
 Newcastle-under-Lyne, Staf., 
 
 1817. 
 
 Newport, Mon., 1826. 
 /. of Wight, 1790. 
 
6o 
 
 Typographical Gazetteer. 
 
 Newport - Pagnell, Bucks., 
 
 1801. 
 
 Pratt, Mayo, 1812. 
 
 Newry, Down, 1761. 
 Newton Abbot, Devon., 1830. 
 NEWTOWN, Mont., 1860. 
 Northallerton, York., 1791. 
 Northampton, North., 1720. 
 Northwick, Ches., 1840. 
 Norton Hall, Northamp.,i8-$o, 
 
 p. press. 
 
 NORWICH, Norf., 1795. 
 Nottingham, Nott., 1710. 
 
 Oakhampton, Devon 1843. 
 Oban, Argyle., 1859. 
 Oldham, Lane. 1817. 
 Omagh, Tyr., n. d. 
 Ormskirk, Lane., 1806. 
 OSSETT, York., 1864. 
 Oswestry, Shrop., 1811. 
 Otley, York., 1813. 
 Oundle, Northamp., 1812. 
 Oxford, Oxonia, Oxford., 1481, 
 (s0 Appendix.) 
 
 Paddington, AfzW. 1813. 
 Paington, Devon. 1848. 
 Paisley, Renf., 1769. 
 PATELEY-BRIDGE, York., 1863. 
 Parsonstown, formerly Birr. 
 
 King's Co., 1810. 
 PEEBLES, Peebles., n. d. 
 Pembroke, Pemb., 1800, p. 
 
 press. 
 
 Penheale, Corn., 1830. 
 Penrith, Cnmb., 1798. 
 Penryn, Corn., 1814. 
 Penzance, Corn., 1800. 
 Perte, in Gaelic Peairt, Perth., 
 
 1774- 
 
 Peterborough, North., 1759. 
 Peterhead, Aberd., 1820. 
 Petersfield, Hants., 1807. 
 Petherton, South, Somerset. 
 
 1840. 
 Petworth, Sussex, 1839. 
 
 Plymouth, sometimes Ply- 
 mouth Dock, Devon., 1763. 
 
 Pontefract, York., 1777. 
 
 Pontypool, Monmouth., 1759. 
 
 Poole, Dorset, 1820. 
 
 Portland, Dorset., 1807. 
 
 PORT GLASGOW, Renf., 1857. 
 
 Portsea, Hants. 1797. 
 
 Portsmouth, Hants., 1751. 
 
 PORTSOY, Banff., 1856. 
 
 Poughnell, Shrop., 1799. 
 
 Preston, Lane., 1678. 
 
 Prior Park, Somerset., 1839. 
 
 Prittlewell, Essex, 1824, p. 
 press. 
 
 Rainham,or Raynham, Norf., 
 
 1791 1807. 
 
 Ramsay, 7. of Man, 1767. 
 Ramsgate, -K>w, 1785. 
 Reading, Berks., 1696. 
 REDDITCH, Wore., 1859. 
 Redruth, Corn., 1814. 
 Reigate, Surrey. 1843. 
 Retford, Nott. 1806. 
 RHAYADER, Radnor, 1861. 
 Rhyl, Flint., 1850. 
 Richmond, Surrey 1825, 
 
 1805. 
 
 - Yor^-., 1814. 
 Ringwood, Hants., 1827. 
 Ripon, York, 1801. 
 Rivenhall, Essex, 1831. 
 Rochdale, Lane., 1714. 
 Rochester, /frwf, 1768 (H) 
 
 1648? 
 
 Romford, Essex, 1812. 
 Romsey, Hants., 1791. 
 Rosanna, Wicklow, 1810, p. 
 
 press. 
 
 Roscrea, Tipp., 1786. 
 Ross, Hereford. 1818. 
 Rotherham, For^. 1816. 
 
 ROYTON, Lane., 1854. 
 Royston, Camb. or York, 1669 
 ? 1825. 
 
Typographical Gazetteer. 
 
 61 
 
 Rugby, Warwick., 1807. 
 Rugeley, 5^1843. 
 Runcorn, Ches. 1854. 
 Ruthin, Denby., 1816. 
 Rydal Mount, West., 1839, p. 
 
 press. 
 
 Ryde, /. of Wight 1840. 
 RYE, Sussex 1853. 
 
 Saffron-Walden, Essex, 1842. 
 Salford, Lane., 1812. 
 Salisbury, Wilts., 1715. 
 Salop, Shrewsbury, Shrop., 
 
 1704. 
 
 Sandgate, Kent 1824. 
 Sandhurst, Berks 1845. 
 Scarborough, York., 1815. 
 SELBY, York., 1860. 
 SELKIRK, Selkirk 1855. 
 Sevenoaks, Kent, 1813, 1753? 
 Shaftesbury, Dorset., 1818. 
 SHEBBEAR, Devon., 1851. 
 SHEERNESS, Kent, 1858. 
 Sheffield, York., n. d. 
 SheptonMallet,5'o;7ZJ'. 1812. 
 Sherborne, Dorset., 1736. 
 Shields (North), Northumb., 
 
 1789. 
 
 (South), 1802. 
 
 Shoreham, Sus., n. d. 
 Sidmouth, Devon 1810, 
 Sittingbourne, Kent 1853. 
 Skibbereen, Cork, 1820. 
 Skipton, York. 1824. 
 Sleaford, Line., 1825. 
 Sligo, Sligo 1824. 
 Southampton, Hants., 1768. 
 South-Molton, Devon, 1789. 
 SOUTHPORT, Lane., 1844. 
 Southwell, Notts. 1838. 
 Southwick, Notts., 1840, p. 
 
 press. 
 
 South wold, Suf. 1819. 
 Spalding, Line. 1810. 
 Speenhamland, or Speen, 
 
 Berks. 1835. 
 Spilsby, Line., 1820. 
 
 Stafford, 5^18141795. 
 
 Staines, Mid., 1836. 
 
 Stamford, or Stanford, Line., 
 16951712. 
 
 Stanford (the name of 8 pa- 
 rishes in England), 1812. 
 
 STALEYBRIDGE, Lane., 1860. 
 
 STAPLEHURST, Kent, 1860. 
 
 Stockport, Ches., 1792. 
 
 ST. HELEN'S, Lane., 1855. 
 
 ST. HELIER'S, Jersey, 1813. 
 
 ST. PIERRE PORT,/, of Guern- 
 sey, 1789. 
 
 STIRLING, Stirling., 1826. 
 
 Stoke Park, Bucks., 1794, p. 
 press. 
 
 STONEHAVEN, Kincard., 1845. 
 
 Stonehouse, Devon. 1819. 
 
 , Glouc., 1839. 
 
 STONEY-STRATFORD, Bucks., 
 1823. 
 
 Stonor, Oxf., 1581 ; p. press. 
 
 Stourbridge, Wore. 1789. 
 
 Stourport, Wore., 1808. 
 
 Stowe Bardolph, Norf., 1847; 
 p. press. 
 
 Stow-on-the-Wold, Glouc., 
 1861. 
 
 Strabane, Tyrone, 1783. 
 
 STRANRAER, Wig., n. d. 
 
 STRATFORD, Essex, 1858. 
 
 Stratford-on-Avon,H / ar.,i745. 
 
 Stratton, Corn., 1836. 
 
 Strawberry Hill, Mid., p. 
 press. 
 
 Stroud, Glouc., 1815, 1803. 
 
 Sudbury, Suff. 1797. 
 
 Sunderland, Dur., 1781. 
 
 SUTTON, Stir. 18621- 
 
 SUTTON-IN-ASHFIELD, Notts., 
 
 1846. 
 
 Swansea, Glam., 1800. 
 SWINDON, Wilts., 1854. 
 TADCASTER, York. 1855. 
 Tamworth, Staff. 1785. 
 Tavistock, Devon., 1525 
 
 1857- 
 
62 
 
 Typographical Gazetteer. 
 
 Taunton, Somer., 1708? 1732. 
 Teignmouth, Devon. 1810. 
 Tenby, Pemb., 1846. 
 Tetbury, Glouc., 1805. 
 Tewksbury, Glouc., 1644? 
 
 1790. 
 
 Thame, Oxf. 1856. 
 Thames, (the River,) Mid., 
 
 1683, 170439, 40, 79, and 
 
 1814. 
 
 Thirsk, York. 1797. 
 Thornbury, Glouc., 1739. 
 Thurles, Tipp., early in igth 
 
 centy. 
 Tiverton, Devon., 1790. 
 
 TODMORDEN, LdHC. 1857. 
 
 TORQUAY, Devon. 1830. 
 Totham (Gt.), Essex, 1834. 
 Totness, Devon. 1814. 
 Tottenham, Mid. 1813. 
 Tralee, Kerry, 1834. 
 Treffynnon, (Welsh for Holy- 
 well,) Flint., 1834. 
 Trefriew, Caern., 1815. 
 Trevecka, , 1766. 
 
 Trowbridge, Wilts., 1719, 
 TRURO, Cam., 1801. 
 Tuam, Gal., 1810. 
 Tullamore, King's, 1810. 
 Tunbridge Wells, Kent, 1780. 
 Twickenham, Mid., 1816. 
 
 Ulveston, Lane., 1805. 
 Upton - upon - Severn, Wore., 
 
 1836. 
 
 USK, Mon. 1855. 
 Uttoxter., Staff. 1836. 
 
 Uxbridge, Mid., 1789. 
 
 * 
 
 VENTNOR, /. of Wight 1860. 
 Vigornia, see Worcester. 
 
 Wakefield, York., 1740. 
 Wales, the first book inWelsh, 
 
 1546. 
 
 WALLINGFORD, Berks. 1855. 
 Walsall, Staff., 1794. 
 
 Walsham (North), Norf. 
 
 1827. 
 WALTHAM ABBEY, Essex 
 
 1863. 
 
 Wangford, Suff., n. d. 
 Ware, Herts. 1828. 
 Warminster, Wilts. 1803. 
 Warrington,Lanc., 1712. 
 Warwick, War., mid. of I7th 
 
 centy., 1649. 
 
 Watchett, Somerset. 1830. 
 Waterford, Wat., 1651. 
 Watford, Herts. 1828. 
 Wednesbury, Staff. 1813. 
 Wellingborough, North 
 
 1821. 
 Wellington, Shrop., 1811, 
 
 1107. 
 
 Wells, Somerset., 1718 ? 1806. 
 Welshpool, Mont. 1827. 
 Wem, Shrop., 1818. 
 Westerham, Kent 1833. 
 Weston- Super -Mare, Somer- 
 set. 1843. 
 
 WETHERBY, York., 1857. 
 Wexford, Wex., 1810. 
 Weybridge, Surrey 1809. 
 Weymouth, Dorset., 1790. 
 Whetburn, Linlithgow, 1816, 
 
 p. press. 
 
 WHITSABLE, Kent 1864. 
 Whitburn, D^^r., 1797. 
 Whitby, York., 1892. 
 Whitechurch, Shrop. 1822. 
 many in Eng. 
 
 and Ireland 1832. 
 Whitehaven, Cumb., 1752. 
 Wick, Caith., 1836. 
 Wigan, Lane., circa 1760. 
 Wight, Isle of, 1782. 
 Wigton, Wig. 1807. 
 WILLINGTON, Somerset., 1860. 
 Wilton, Wilts., 1784. 
 Winchester, Hants., 1545, 
 
 1682, 1724. 
 
 Windermere, West., 1857. 
 Windsor, Bucks., 1783. 
 
Typographical Gazetteer. 
 
 63 
 
 Winterton, Line. 1804. 
 Wisbeach, Camb., 1721. 
 Witham, Essex 1810. 
 Whitney, Oxf. 1818. 
 Woburn Abbey, Bed., 
 
 p. press. 
 
 Wokingham, Berks., 1843. 
 Wolverhampton, Staff., 1755. 
 WONSTON, Hants., 1841. 
 Woodbridge, Suff., 1771. 
 Woodbury, Devon. 1811. 
 Woodstock, Oxf. 1789. 
 Woolwich, Kent 1842. 
 Wokington, Camb., 1805. 
 Worcester, Wor., 1548, 1558 
 
 1708. 
 WORCESTER, Wor., 1658, 1708. 
 
 Worthing, Sussex 1814. 
 Wotton- under -Edge, Glouc., 
 
 1704. 
 Wrexham Welsh, Ngwrec- 
 
 sam, Denb., 1742. 
 Wycombe, High or Chipping, 
 
 Bucks., 1773, p. press. 
 Wyddgmg, (Welsh name for 
 
 Mold,) Flint., 1835. 
 WYNMDHAN, Norf., 1860. 
 
 Yarmouth (Gt.), Norf., 1757. 
 
 (South), I. of Wight, 
 
 1808. 
 
 Yeovil, Somerset., 1736. 
 Youghal, Cork, 1784. 
 
PART V. 
 BOOKSELLERS' DIRECTORY. 
 
 LONDON PROVINCIAL 
 FOREIGN AMERICAN. 
 
SOME preface is necessary to this part of the " Handy- 
 Book," the utility of which will, it is hoped, be admitted 
 by all book lovers. 
 
 " A Book-worm," in Notes and Queries, Ser. i., vol. xii. 
 p. 47, (July aist, 1855,) asks for a reference to a list of 
 dealers in old books, resident out of the metropolis, 
 and remarks that "the utility of such a list to persons 
 " engaged in collecting for any particular object or course 
 " of reading is so obvious that, if it does not already exist, 
 "may I ask the help of ' N. & Q.' towards its formation." 
 The editor, in a note, says he does not know of the 
 existence of any such list ; and, " recognizing the utility of 
 it," offers to insert such a list if furnished to him. 
 
 In the same volume, in the number for August nth, 
 the editor gives a list such as " Book-worm " asks for. 
 Twenty-seven places in Great Britain and Ireland are 
 given, with the names and addresses of sixty-nine book- 
 sellers, of whom twenty-eight published catalogues ; and 
 at page 242 of the same vol. (Sept. 2gth,) the list is con- 
 tinued, naming twelve towns with thirty-seven booksellers, 
 of whom nine printed catalogues. Of the towns mentioned 
 six are names of places that did not appear in the first list ; 
 making a total of thirty-three towns with a list of a hundred 
 and four booksellers, thirty-seven of whom publish cata- 
 logues. The list was not afterwards added to in Notes 
 and Queries, 
 
 At the request of many book-lovers, the following list 
 is given, though still necessarily incomplete notwith- 
 standing those most interested (the dealers J were applied 
 to through Notes and Queries to furnish the required infor- 
 mation, to which very few responded. The present list is 
 mainly due to the kindness of correspondents who have 
 forwarded from their localities such information as they 
 were able to give. 
 
 Besides the lists in "N. & Q." referred to above, an 
 attempt was made in the " Booksellers' Directory" (London, 
 Hodson, 1855); and later, a person desirous of making such 
 a list, gave the idea up as impracticable, without a personal 
 visit, to each town. 
 
 It is to be hoped, if a second edition of this work is 
 called for, the dealers themselves will furnish the informa- 
 tion : the publication of which is so obviously to their 
 advantage. 
 
PART V. BOOKSELLERS' DIRECTORY. 
 
 ISs" It is to be noted that the following list is intended only as a List of Dealers in Old 
 Books, and no attempt has been made to include Publishers, or those who confine themselves 
 to the new book retail trade. The list is alphabetical, both in regard to localities and 
 names, the only exception being, that the London list, as the most important, precedes all 
 others. 
 
 The asterisk before the name denotes those who publish Catalogues. 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 Alexander, S., 42, Kingsland-road. 
 
 '- Allen, E. G., 12, Tavistock-row, Covent-garden, W.C. 
 Allen, T., 432, Euston-road, N.W. 
 
 * Amer, W., Lincoln's Inn Gate, Carey-street, W.C. 
 
 * Arthur, T., 45, Booksellers'-row, Strand, W.C. 
 
 '''' Asher & Co., 13, Bedford-street, Covent-garden, W.C. 
 
 * Aston, J., 8, Vinegar-yard, Covent-garden, W.C. 
 :;: Bain, J., i, Haymarket, S.W. 
 
 Baines, T., 8, Victoria-terrace, Belsize, N.W. 
 
 * Baker, T., 20, Goswell-road, E.G. 
 
 ::: Barnes, O., Upper-marsh, Stangate-street, Lambeth. 
 ::: Barthes & Lowell, 14, Great Marlborough-street, W. 
 
 * Bartlett, W. H., & Co., 186, Fleet-street, E.G. 
 ::: Batsford, H. T., 52, High Holborn, W.C. 
 
 * Beet, T., 15, Conduit-street, Bond-street, W. 
 
 * Bickers & Son, i, Leicester-square, W.C. 
 
 Bohn, H. G., 18, Henrietta-street, Covent-garden, W-G. 
 ::: Bond, W. H., 8, Bell-yard, Temple-bar, W.C. 
 ::: Boone, T. & Son., 29, New Bond-street, W. 
 ::: Booth, L., 307, Regent-street, W. 
 
 Bosworth, T., 198, High Holborn, W.C. 
 
 * Bowden, A. J., 128, Gray's Inn Road, W.C. 
 Brickman, E. R., 18, Lamb's Conduit Passage, W.C. 
 Brinkman, E., 2, Chadwell-street, E.G. 
 
 Brown, J., 35, High Holborn, W.C. 
 
 * Brown, J., 366, Kingsland-Road, E. 
 
 ::: Brown, W., 237, Upper-street, Islington, N. 
 ::: Bull, Simmons & Co., 9, Wigmore-street, W. 
 -'' Bumpus, E., 5 & 6, Holborn Bars, E.G. 
 
 Bumpus, J., 158, Oxford-street, W. 
 
 Bumpus, T. B., 2, George-yard, Lombard-street. 
 
 * Bumstead, G., 12, King William-street, Strand, W.C. 
 Burclekin, R. H., 97, Upper-street, Islington, N. 
 
68 Booksellers' Directory. 
 
 LONDON continued. 
 
 ::: Butterworth, H. & Co., 7, Fleet-street, B.C. 
 Bye, W., 105, Old-street, St. Luke's, B.C. 
 
 * Caulfield, W., 6, Gray's Inn Passage, W.C. 
 
 * Cawthorn & Hutt, 24, Cockspur-street, S.W. 
 Clark, H., Great Turnstile, Holborn, W.C. 
 
 * Coleman, J., 22, High-street, Bloomsbury, W.C. 
 
 * Coomes, M., 141, Regent-street, W. 
 
 * Crampton, F. R., 352, Wai worth -road, S.E. 
 
 * Daniell, E., 53, Mortimer-street, W. 
 
 ' Darling & Co., 22, Little Queen-street, Lincoln's-inn-fields. 
 
 * Davies, G. A., 417, Oxford-street, W. 
 ' Davis & Son, 57, Carey-street, W.C. 
 
 : ' : Dickinson, R. D., 92, Farringdon-street, B.C. 
 
 * Dulau & Co., 37, Soho-square, W. 
 
 * Edwards, F., 83, High-street, Marylebone, W. 
 
 * Elkins, R., 27, Lawrence-road. Bow. 
 
 * Ellis, F. S., 33, King-street, Covent-garden, W.C. 
 Emery, A., i, Webber-street, S.E. 
 
 * Fennell, J. H., 8, Clarence-place, Clapton-square, Hackney. 
 Garmeson, J., 9, Temple-street, Whitefriars, E.G. 
 Gilbert, S. & T., 4, Copthall-buildings, E.G. 
 
 Gladding, J. & Son, 13, Paternoster-row, E.G. 
 
 * Gladding, R., 76, Whitechapel-road, E. 
 
 :|: Glaisher, G., 9, Bloomsbury-street, W.C. 
 
 * Glaisher, W., 265, High Holborn, W.C. 
 Glennie, G. R., 5, Edgware-road, W. 
 
 Grattan, H. H. G., 4, Booksellers'-row, Strand, W.C. 
 Green, J., 7, West-street, Seven Dials, W.C. 
 :;: Hamilton, C., 10, Duke-street, Adelphi, W.C. 
 
 * Hamilton, W. A., 243, King-street West, Hammersmith, W. 
 : ' : Harper. W., 32, Tabernacle-walk, E.G. 
 
 * Harvey, F., 4, St. James's-street, Piccadilly, S.W. 
 
 * Hearl, G., 51, Booksellers'-row, Strand, W.C., and 164, 
 
 Pentonville-road, N. 
 
 * Heath, W., 497, Oxford-street, W.C. 
 
 Herbert, C., i, Jerusalem Passage, Clerkenwell, B.C. 
 ::: Hill, C. J., 518, Oxford-street, W.C. 
 ::: Hill, H., xa, Holywell-street, Strand, W.C. 
 
 * Holmes, P., 6, Booksellers'-row, Strand, W.C. 
 ::: Hotten, J. C., 74, Piccadilly, W. 
 
 :;: Howard & Son, 114, Holborn-hill, B.C. 
 
 Hughes, J., 107, Blackfriars-road, S.E. 
 ::: Husk, C. F., 24, Haymarket, S.W. 
 : ' : Hyde, W., 55, Mortimer-street, Cavendish-square. 
 
 Irvine. A., 28, Upper Manor-street, Chelsea. 
 
Booksellers 1 Directory. 69 
 
 LONDON continued. 
 
 Jarvis, J. W., 15, Charles-square, Hoxton, N. 
 Johnston, W. H., 407, Strand, W.C. 
 Jones, J. E., 12, Eversholt-street, N.W. 
 Jones, T., gi, Aldersgate-street, E.G. 
 ;: Kimpton, H. H., 82, High Holborn, W.C. 
 
 * Kimpton, J., 303, Oxford-street, W. 
 
 15 Kimpton, R., 31, Wardour-street, W. 
 
 Lewis, H. K., 136, Gower. street, W.C. 
 :|: Lilly, J., 17 & 18, New-street, arid 5a, Garrick-street, Covent- 
 
 garden, W.C. 
 :;: Lincoln & Son, 462, Oxford-street, W.C. 
 
 * Lumley, E., 514, Oxford-street, W.C. 
 
 * Maggs, U., 7, Church-street, Paddington, W. 
 
 * Mason, A., 3, Booksellers'-row, Strand, W.C. 
 Mason, W., 8, Booksellers'-row, Strand, W.C. 
 Maurais, C., 2 Goodge Street, Tottenham Court-road. 
 Mazzoni, G., 14, Bozier's-court, Oxford-street, W. 
 Mazzoni, Mrs., 25, Endell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C. 
 Miers, W. J., 4, Lamb's Conduit-passage, W.C. 
 
 * Millard, T., 38, Ludgate-hill, City, B.C. 
 
 * Miller, J., 7, Green-street, Leicester-square, W.C. 
 Miller, W., 20, Horton-road, Hackney, N.E. 
 
 * Molini & Green, 27, King William-street West, Strand, W.C. 
 :|: Mudie, C. & Co., corner of Museum-street, W.C. 
 
 Murcott, C., 28, Endell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C. 
 Myers, J. M., 13, Duke-street, Aldgate, E.C. 
 
 * Nattali & Bond, 23. Bedford-street, Covent-garden, W.C. 
 Newman, J., 235, High Holborn, W.C. 
 
 * Noble J., 312, Strand, W.C. 
 
 * Nock, S. & B., 16, Bloomsbury-street, W.C. 
 
 * Nutt, D., 270, Strand, W.C. 
 
 Oddy, R. J., 47, High-street, Islington, N. 
 
 * Palmer, S., 20, Catherine-street, Strand, W.C. 
 :;: Parsons, E., 45, Brompton-road, S.W. 
 
 Pearson, E., 36, St. Martin's-court, W.C. 
 Pearson, J., 15, York-street, Covent-garden, W.C. 
 
 * Pedder, W., 13 & 24, Booksellers'-row, Strand, W.C. 
 Pettit, J., 528, Oxford-street, W.C., and 182, High-street, 
 
 Camden Town, N.W. 
 
 * Pickering, B. M., 196, Piccadilly, W. 
 
 * Poole, J., 15 & 38, Booksellers'-row, W.C. 
 
 * Quaritch, B., 15, Piccadilly, and Castle-street, Leicester 
 
 Square, W. 
 
 * Reeves & Turner, 196, Strand, & 100, Chancery-lane, W.C. 
 Rimell. G., 131, Hampstead-road, N.W. 
 
70 Booksellers' Directory. 
 
 LONDON continued. 
 
 Rimell, J., 400, Oxford-street, W. 
 ;: Roche, J., i, Southampton-row, Holborn, W.C. 
 Roques, P. A., 51, High Holborn, W.C. 
 
 * Rowsell, J., g, King William-street, Strand, W.C. 
 
 * Sage, J., 4, Newman's-row, Lincoln's Inn Felds, W.C. 
 Salkeld, J., i, Orange-street, Red Lion-square, W.C. 
 
 * Sandell & Smith, 136, City-road, E.C. 
 
 * Saunders, J., 22, Little Queen-st., Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C. 
 
 * Sedgwick, D., 93, Sun-street, Bishopsgate, E.C. 
 
 * Skeffington, W., 163, Piccadilly, W. 
 
 ::: Smith, W. H. & Son, 184-7, Strand, W.C. 
 
 * Smith, F. A., 36, Soho-square, W. 
 
 :;: Smith, J, 2, Oxford-street, Whitechapel, E. 
 Smith & Co., 27, Chancery-lane. 
 Solomon, S., 37, Duke-street, Aldgate, E.C. 
 
 * Sotheran & Co., 136, Strand, and 42, Charing-cross, W.C. 
 
 * Spon, E. & F. N., 48, Charing-cross, S.W. 
 
 :;: Stark, J. M., 10, King William-street, West Strand, W.C. 
 
 * Stevens & Haynes, n, Bell-yard, Temple-bar, W.C. 
 
 * Stevens & Sons, 119, Chancery-lane, W.C. 
 Stevens, H., 4, Trafalgar-square, W.C. 
 
 * Stewart, C. J., n, King William-street, Strand, W.C. 
 
 * Stibbs, E. W., 32, Museum-street, W.C. 
 
 * Stockley, G., 88, Drury-lane, W.C. 
 
 '- Sugg, H., 32, Henrietta-street, Covent-garden, W.C. 
 '' Toovey, J., 177, Piccadilly, W. 
 
 * Triibner & Co., 60, Paternoster-row, E.C. 
 :: Truelove, E., 256, High Holborn, W.C. 
 
 :: Tuckett, J., 66, Great Russell-street, W.C. * 
 
 * Walford, Brothers. 320, Strand, W.C. 
 :;: Waller, J., 58, Fleet-street, E.C. 
 
 Westell, J., 549, Oxford-street, W.C. 
 
 * Wheldon, J., 4, Paternoster-row, E.C., and 58. Great Queen- 
 
 street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C. 
 White, T., 44, Booksellers'-row, Strand, W.C. 
 
 * White, D., 22, Coventry-street, Haymarket, W. 
 :;: Whittingham, A., 417, Oxford-street, W. 
 
 * Wildy & Sons, Lincoln's Inn Gateway, Carey-street, W.C. 
 Williamson, W. J., I2a, Vinegar-yard. Drury-lane, W.C. 
 
 * Wilson, J., 93, Great Russell-street, W.C. 
 Witham, J., 205, Gray's Inn Road, W.C. 
 Woodroffe, J. B., 40, Cranbourne-street, W.C. 
 Yates, W., 149, Goswell-street, E.C. 
 
Booksellers' Directory. 71 
 
 PROVINCIAL. 
 
 ABERDEEN. 
 
 Adams, J. Milne, A. & R. 
 
 Brown A. & Co. Murray, J. 
 
 Middleton, G. Smith, L. 
 
 ABINGDON. 
 
 Payne & Son. 
 
 ASHBY-DE-LA-ZOUCH. 
 
 Barker, J., Market-street. 
 
 ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE. 
 
 * Burton, M. Bleasdale, J. 
 
 AYLESBURY. 
 Taylor, J. 
 
 BARN STAPLE. 
 Hearson, T. 
 
 BARTON-ON-HUMBER (HULL). 
 
 * Ball, H. W., Market-lane. 
 
 BASINGSTOKE. 
 Jacob, C. J. 
 
 BATH. 
 
 * Davies, J, * Gregory, W. B. 
 
 Fry, , Corridor, Pulteney * Pickering, W. & E., Bridge 
 
 Bridge. street. 
 
 Fryer, J., 383, Broad-street. Peach, R. E. 
 
 BEDFORD, 
 Hockliffe, E. 
 
 BELFAST. 
 
 Gibson, , Castle-lane. Greer, W. H., 31, High- 
 
 street. 
 M'William, , Smithfield. Mullan, , Donegal-place. 
 
 BEVERLEY. 
 
 Kemp & Son. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM. 
 
 :;: Brough, William, Paradise-street. 
 
 * Cadby, J. H. W., 74, New-street. 
 Coolin, W., 2, Constitution-hill. 
 
 * Cornish, Brothers, 37, New-street. 
 
72 Booksellers' Directory. 
 
 PROVINCIAL BIRMINGHAM continued. 
 
 Cornish, W., 6, Union-passage. 
 Hitch, A., 46, Snow-hill. 
 
 * Hobson, J., 2, Cherry-street. 
 Lowe, C., i, Ann-street. 
 Palmer, J, 71, New-street. 
 Pass, J., 56, Hill-street. 
 
 * Sackett & Edmunds, n, Bull-street. 
 
 BLACKBURN. 
 Denham, R., Market. 
 
 BOLTON. 
 
 Winterburn, G., Deansgate. 
 
 BRADFORD. 
 Dalby, W., Ivegate. Waterhouse, , Northgate. 
 
 BRECHIN. 
 Inverarity, J. 
 
 BRIDGVVATER. 
 Graham, A. 
 
 BRIGHTON. 
 
 Beal, G., 207, Western-road. 
 Beals, J., 53, East-street. 
 Button, , St. James-street. 
 Cartwright, J. W. 
 Cullis, , Western road. 
 
 * Smith, W. J.. 43, North-street. 
 Treacher, H. & Co. 
 
 Verrall, , 15, Prince Albert-street. 
 
 BRISTOL. 
 
 * George, W., 29, Bath-street. 
 
 * Jeffries, C. T., & Son, Redcliff-street. 
 
 * Kerslake, T., 3, Park-street. 
 
 * Lasbury, O., 10, Park-street. 
 Mack, W., 38, Park-street. 
 Prescott, T. C., Upper-arcade. 
 Quick, W., 91, Redcliff-street. 
 Wills, H., 28, Lower-arcade. 
 
 BUCKLEY, MOLD. 
 Nixon, E. 
 
 BURSLEM. 
 Jones, D. 
 
Booksellers 1 Directory. 73 
 
 PROVINCIAL continued. 
 
 BURY. 
 Vickerman, H., Union-square. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 Johnson, E., 30, Trinity-street. 
 Macmillen & Co., i, Trinity-street. 
 Metcalfe, W., Green-street. 
 Wallis, H. W., 24, Sidney-street, 
 
 CARLISLE. 
 
 Barnes, S. T. Mason J. C. 
 
 CHELTENHAM. 
 Norton, W., 16, Clarence-street. 
 Pink, J. W., 20, Pittville-street. 
 Williams, G. A., & Son, 393, High-street. 
 Williams, , Winchcomb-street. 
 
 CHESTER. 
 
 Edwards, J. W. P., St. Werburgh-street. 
 Parry & Son, 98, Eastgate-street. 
 
 CHICHESTER. 
 
 Mason & Wilmshurst. Wilmshurst, J. 
 
 CHRISTCHURCH (HANTS). 
 White & Son. 
 
 COATBRIDGE, N.B. 
 Craig, W. 
 
 COCKERMOUTH. 
 Wake, H. T. 
 
 COLERAINE. 
 Gaw, J. 
 
 COWES (WEST), ISLE OF WIGHT. 
 Smith, J. Hall, 96, High-street. 
 
 CRIEFF, N.B. 
 McNab, J. 
 
 DARTMOUTH. 
 Cranford, R. 
 
 DERBY. 
 
 Clayton, M., 40, Queen-street. 
 Clulow, E., & Son, 36, Victoria-street. 
 Harwood, J., 14, Corn-market. 
 L 
 
74 Booksellers' Directory. 
 
 PROVINCIAL continued. 
 
 DEVIZES. 
 Clarke, C. W., 31, Market-place. Colwell, J. 
 
 DEVONPORT. 
 Spry, J. R. H. 
 
 DORKING. 
 Clark, R. J. 
 
 DOVER. 
 Harvey & Hemmin. 
 
 DROGHEDA. 
 
 Hamilton & Co. 
 
 DUBLIN. 
 
 * Carson Brothers, 7, Grafton-street. 
 
 * Connolly, T., 10, Upper Ormond-quay. 
 
 * Kelly, W. B., 8, Grafton-street. 
 
 * O'Daly, John, 9, Anglesea-street. 
 
 DUDLEY. 
 
 Millichip, J., 13, Wolverhampton-street. 
 
 DUNDEE. 
 Montgomery, G. Shaw, "F. 
 
 DURHAM. 
 Slack, J. 
 
 EDINBURGH. 
 
 Braidwood, J., 26, George-street. 
 
 Camtron, R. 
 
 Cameron & Finlay. 
 
 Edmonston & Douglas. 
 
 Elliot, A. 
 
 Grant, R., & Son. 
 
 Green, W., 8, Macnab-street. 
 
 Livingstone, E & S., 41, Nicholson-street. 
 
 * Maclachlan & Stewart, 64, South-bridge. 
 Maclaren, J. 
 
 * Miller, J. M., 2, Lindsay-place. 
 Ogle & Murray. 
 
 :;: Paterson, W., 74, Princes-street. 
 Seton & Mackenzie. 
 
 * Stevenson, T. G., 22, South Frederick-street. 
 Stillie, J., Princes-street. 
 
 Thin, J., 55, South-bridge. 
 
Booksellers' Directory. 75 
 
 PROVINCIAL continued. 
 
 ELY. 
 
 Creak, W. B., High-street. 
 Hills, T. A., & Son, Minster-place. 
 
 ELGIN, N.B. 
 Ferrier, J. S. 
 
 EXETER. 
 
 Edwards, W, 3, Little Queen-street. 
 
 Eland, H. S., 24, High-st. * Roberts, W., High-st. 
 
 FOLKESTONE. 
 Simpson, W., 24, Sandgate-street. 
 
 GAINSBOROUGH. 
 
 Amcoats & Co. 
 
 GALWAY. 
 Connolly, T. F. 
 
 GLASGOW. 
 
 Brown, J., & Son 
 Burnet, J. 
 
 Cameron & Co., 88, West Nile-street. 
 Gowanloch, R. 
 
 Hadden, J., Sauchiehall-street. 
 Hopkins, H. 
 
 Love, A., 15, Nelson-street. 
 McCallum, J., 75, St. George's-place. 
 Maclehose, J. 
 
 Morison, T. D., 8, Bath-street. 
 * Pryde, J., 215, Sauchiehall-street. 
 Russell, J., 210, Buchanan-street. 
 
 GOSPORT. 
 
 Palmer, T., Upper South-street. 
 
 GREENOCK. 
 McKelvie, J. 
 
 HALIFAX. 
 
 King, F. Stocks, A., n, King's Crop-street. 
 
 HASTINGS. 
 Barwick, A., 29, Robertson-street. 
 
 HAVERFORDWEST. 
 Potter, E. J. 
 
 HECKMONDWIKE. 
 
 Clegg & Co. 
 
76 Booksellers' Directory. 
 
 PROVINCIAL continued. 
 
 HELSTON. 
 Cunnack, J. 
 
 HEREFORD. 
 Colwell, E. 
 Davies, T. T., i, High-street. Jakeman, E.K. 
 
 HUDDERSFIELD. 
 Woodcock, W. H. 
 
 HULL. 
 
 Ball, H. W., Barton-on-Humber. 
 Brown, A., 3, Prospect-street. 
 
 * Holditch, C. W., 14, Queen-street. 
 
 HUNTINGDON. 
 Edis, R. 
 
 INVERNESS, N.B. 
 
 Melven & Mackenzie. * Noble, J., 98, Castle-street. 
 
 IPSWICH. 
 Glyde, J., jun. 
 
 * Reed & Barrett, 31, Cornhill. 
 Scoggins, J. 
 
 JEDBURGH. 
 Easton, W. 
 
 KELSO. 
 Rutherfurd, J. and J. H. 
 
 KETTERING. 
 Pollard, C., High-street. 
 
 KIDDERMINSTER. 
 Hayes, J., 50, New-road. Sutton, T., 91, Oxford-street. 
 
 KILKENNY. 
 Nicholson, W. 
 
 KIRCALDY. 
 Brison, J. 
 
 LEAMINGTON. 
 Blackburne, C. F., 39, Bath-street. 
 Dew, G. F. 
 Wippell, H. 
 
 LEEDS. 
 
 Beaumont, , Covered Market, Kirkgate. 
 Bell, , Covered Market, Kirkgate. 
 Cross, J., 2, Commercial-street. 
 
 * Fentiman & Sons, Albion-street. 
 
Booksellers' Directory. 77 
 
 PROVINCIAL LEEDS continued. 
 
 Greenwood, A., 5, Central Market. 
 May, , Covered-market, Kirkgate. 
 Milligan, D., Covered-market, Kirkgate. 
 Peacock, , Covered-market, Kirkgate. 
 Shaw, , Covered-market, Kirkgate. 
 Wdod, W., 16 and 17, Market-street, Kirkgate. 
 
 LEEK. 
 Hallowes, E. 
 
 LEICESTER. 
 
 * Findley, George, 89, High-street. 
 
 LICHFIELD. 
 Lomax, T. G. 
 
 LINCOLN. 
 Akrill, C., 259, High-street. 
 
 LIVERPOOL. 
 
 * Howell, E., 26, Church-street. 
 Philip, Son, & Nephew. 
 
 Potter, W., Exchange-street East. 
 Wood, W., 101, Great George-street. 
 
 * Young, Henry, South Castle-street. 
 
 LONDONDERRY. 
 
 Devlin, , Newmarket-street. 
 
 Kearsnay, P. 
 
 Montgomery, , Bishop-street. 
 
 LOUTH. 
 
 Burton, T. S., 95, Eastgate. 
 
 LOWESTOFT. 
 Abbot, S. F. Crisp, A., & Son. 
 
 LUTTERWORTH. 
 Bottrill, F., High-street. 
 
 LYMINGTON. 
 
 King, E., High-street. 
 
 MANCHESTER. 
 Anderson, J. T. 
 
 Ashworth, , Bank, King-street. 
 Battle, F., Smithfield-market. 
 Batty, D., 9, Fennel-street. 
 Beard, B., 15, Long Millgate. 
 Burge, R., 15, Princes-st., and 15, Lower Moseley-st. 
 
78 Booksellers' Directory. 
 
 PROVINCIAL MANCHESTER continued. 
 
 Burge, R., jun. 
 
 Cornish, J. E., 22, Lower Moseley-street. 
 
 Forrest, H. R., 58, Lower King-street. 
 
 Gent, L. C. 
 
 Hale & Rowarth, 52, Cross-street. 
 
 * Hayes, T., 49, Cross-street. 
 
 * Hayward, T,, 31, Oxford-street, St. Peter's. 
 
 * Heywood, J., Deansgate. 
 Jackson, F. M., Portland-street. 
 Johnson, T., 24, Corporation-street. 
 Leech, J., 22, Brown-street. 
 
 Ogden, J., 97, Oxford-street, St. Peter's. 
 Palmer & Howe. 
 Slater, E., Market-street. 
 
 * Sutton, T., 91, Oxford-street, St. Peter's. 
 
 * Wilson, T., 9, Bury New-road. 
 Wolfenden, A., Ashton-street, London-road. 
 Wroe, J., 51, Oxford-street, St. Peter's. 
 
 MARKET DRAYTON. 
 Locket, J., High-street. 
 
 MONTROSE. 
 Walker, G. 
 
 NEWARK. 
 Lineham, A., 44, Castle-gate. 
 
 NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 
 Charlton, E. 
 Cornish, T. 
 
 Dodd, W., Bigg-market. 
 Robinson, R., Pilgrim-street. 
 Rutland, G., Blackett-street. 
 
 NEWPORT (MON). 
 Hughes, J. 
 
 NEWRY. 
 Warnock, J., & Co. 
 
 NORTHALLERTON. 
 Vasey, J. 
 
 NORTHAMPTON. 
 Abel & Sons. Dorman, M. 
 
 * Taylor, J., & Son, 22, Gold-street. 
 
 NORWICH. 
 
 Miller. S. 
 
Booksellers' Directory. 79 
 
 PROVINCIAL continued. 
 
 NOTTINGHAM. 
 
 Stevenson, J. W., New Basford. 
 
 OSWESTRY. 
 
 Lewis & Owen, Leg-street. Roberts,]. Askew, Bailey- 
 head. 
 
 OXFORD. 
 Acock, J. A. 
 Gee, W. H., 117, High-street. 
 
 * Laycock, T. 
 Parker, ]., & Co. 
 Richards, W. J. 
 
 PENZANCE. 
 
 * Kinsman, J, 2, Chapel-street. 
 
 PETERBOROUGH. 
 
 Clarke, J. A., Market-place. Clarke & Son. 
 
 PETERSFIELD. 
 Duplock, G., High-street. 
 
 PLYMOUTH. 
 
 Cann, M., Tavistock-road. 
 
 * Doidge, J. S., Union-street. 
 Forward, M., Elrington-street. 
 Sellick, J. 
 
 PORTSEA. 
 
 Bowyer, J., 43, St. James's-street. 
 Griffin & Co., 2, The Hard. 
 
 PORTSMOUTH. 
 Batchelor, T., 50, High-street. 
 
 PRESTON. 
 Akeroyd, J. 
 Dobson, W. &J. 
 
 Halewood, W., 153, Adelphi-street. 
 Robinson, H., 80, Church-street. 
 
 RAMSGATE. 
 Wilson, S. R. 
 
 READING. 
 
 * Blackburn, C. F., 25, Minster-street. 
 Golder, J, 48, Market-place. 
 
8o Booksellers' Directory. 
 
 PROVINCIAL continued. 
 
 RICHMOND (YORKSHIRE). 
 Spencer, T. 
 
 ROCHDALE. 
 Hargreaves, J. 
 
 ROCHESTER. 
 Reynolds, G. 
 
 RYDE. 
 
 Gibbs, E. & M. A., Union-street. 
 Mason, J. 
 
 RYE (SUSSEX). 
 Watson, W. 
 
 ST. NEOTS. 
 Emery, F. 
 King, C., Eynesbury. Tomson, D. R. 
 
 SALISBURY. 
 Brown & Co., New-canal. 
 
 SANDGATE. 
 Stace, R. 
 
 SCARBOROUGH. 
 
 Ainsworth, J., 25, Queen-street. 
 Linn, J., Market-hall. 
 Marshall, , Market-hall. 
 
 * Wrigley, J.,3, Newborough-street. 
 
 * Yule, J. Westborough. 
 
 SHEERNESS. 
 Cole,J. 
 
 SHEFFIELD. 
 
 * Harward, R., 122, Barker's^pool. 
 Ingram, D. T. 
 
 Lee, , Norfolk Market-hall. 
 Pearce, H., 39, High-street. 
 Rodgers, T., Post-office-corner. 
 
 * Thornhill, E. H., 36, Wicker. 
 
 SHERBORNE. 
 
 Kingdon, E. M., Cheap-street. 
 
 SHREWSBURY. 
 Bickley, T. W. Sandford, J. O., High-street. 
 
 SIDMOUTH. 
 Culverwell, C. 
 
Booksellers' Directory. 81 
 
 PROVINCIAL continued . 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON. 
 
 Fletcher, J., 30, Hanover- James, T., 27, Above Bar. 
 buildings. 
 
 SOUTHSEA. 
 Baldock, C. F., 62, Wish-street. 
 
 STIRLING. 
 Miller, A., i, Port-street. 
 
 STOCKPORT. 
 Dooley, H. 
 
 STRABANE. 
 Gillispie, . 
 
 STRATFORD-ON-AVON. 
 Adams, E. 
 
 SUDBURY. 
 * Wright, J., Market-hill. 
 
 TAUNTON. 
 
 Fellay, . May, F. 
 
 TAVISTOCK. 
 Robjohns, W. 
 
 TEIGNMOUTH. 
 Carpenter, J. T. Fielding, C. 
 
 TONBRIDGE. 
 
 Snelling, J. 
 
 TROWBRIDGE. 
 Diplock, J. 
 
 TRURO. 
 Heard & Sons. Hugham, W. J. 
 
 UCKFIELD. 
 Prince, C. L. 
 
 WAKEFIELD. 
 Hicks & Allen. * Ridge, T. Corn-market. 
 
 WALLINGFORD. 
 Payne, W. 
 
 WALSALL. 
 Stimpson, R., 5, Church-hill. 
 
 WARWICK. 
 
 Cooke, H. T., & Son. 
 
 WATERFORD. 
 
 Burns, , Bakehouse-lane. Croker, W., The Mall. 
 
 M 
 
82 Booksellers 1 Directory. 
 
 PROVINCIAL continued. 
 
 WEDNESBURY. 
 Hillier, J, J., 42, Lower High-street. 
 
 WELLINGTON (SALOP). 
 Leake, T., Church-street. * Partridge, J, New-street. 
 
 WESTON-SUPER-MARE. 
 Gooch, B. 
 
 WIGTON. 
 Hoodless, H. 
 
 WINCANTON. 
 Sweetman, G. 
 
 WINDSOR. 
 Roberts, A., 39, Sheet-street. 
 
 WITHAM. 
 Deacon, A. 
 
 WOLVERHAMPTON. 
 Barford & Newitt, 35, Queen-street. 
 Norton, B., 74, Darlington-street. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE. 
 Loder, J. 
 
 WORCESTER. 
 
 Coombs, J., 77, High-street. Deighton & Son. 
 Eaton & Son. Jones, C., High-street. 
 
 YORK. 
 
 * Burdekin, , Market-place. * Chapman, W., Minster- 
 Peacock, G., 3, St. Paul's-square. gate. 
 Sampson, J., 15, Low Ousegate. Sessions, W. 
 
 FOREIGN. 
 
 AMSTERDAM. 
 
 * Miiller, F. Seyffardt, . 
 
 ARNHEIM (NETHERLANDS). 
 Nijhoff, J. A. 
 
 AUGSBURG. 
 
 * Fidelis Butsch Sohn. Windprecht, J. 
 
 BASLE. 
 Schneider. F. 
 
Booksellers' Directory. 83 
 
 FOREIGN continued. 
 
 BERLIN. 
 
 Adolf, W., & Co. Gsellius, . 
 
 * Amsler & Ruthardt. Hirschwald, . 
 Asher, A., & Co. Kampffmeyer, T. 
 
 * Benzian, J., iga, Grosse Mai, E. 
 
 Hamburger-strasse. Puttkammer & Mlihlbrecht. 
 
 Calvary, S., & Co. * Stargardt, J. A. 
 
 * Friedlander, R., & Sohn, Weber, W. 
 
 101, Friedrichs-strasse. 
 
 BOULOGNE. 
 Merridew, H. M. 
 
 BONN. 
 
 Cohen & Sohn. Marcus, A. 
 
 Lempertz, M. 
 
 BRESLAU. 
 
 :;: Friedrich, G., 2, Ursuliner-strasse. 
 Maske, L. F. Schletter, . 
 
 BRUSSELS. 
 
 Claassen, F. Trigt, G. A. van. 
 
 Muquardt, C. 
 
 CARLSRUHE. 
 
 * Bielefeld, A. 
 
 CHUR or COIRE (SWITZERLAND). 
 Sprecher, J. A. 
 
 COLOGNE. 
 Heberle, J. M. 
 
 COPENHAGEN. 
 
 Lind, T. Salomon, A. G. 
 
 Reitzel, C. A. Wolff, A. J., & Co., Skin- 
 
 dergade 2. 
 CRACOW. 
 Friedlein, D. E. 
 
 DANTZIG. 
 Bertling, T. 
 
 DELFT. 
 Moone Bzn, J. 
 
 DRESDEN. 
 Naumann, J. 
 
 ERLANGEN. 
 Besold, E. 
 
 FLORENCE. 
 
 * Bocca, Freres. * Loescher, H. 
 
84 Booksellers' Directory. 
 
 FOREIGN continued. 
 
 FRANKFORT-AM-MAINE. 
 Baer, J. Goar, J., St. 
 
 GENEVA. 
 Georg, H. 
 
 GHENT. 
 Clemm, F. Camilla Vyt. 
 
 GOTTINGEN. 
 
 * Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 
 
 THE HAGUE. 
 
 Nijhoff, M. 
 
 HALLE. 
 
 Graeger, C. Schmidt, . 
 
 Lippeit, . 
 
 * Muhlmann, R., 14, Barfusser-strasse. 
 
 HAMBURGH. 
 Dorling, F. 
 
 HANOVER. 
 
 * Rumpler, C. 
 
 HEIDELBERG. 
 Carlebach, E. 
 
 JENA. 
 Doebereiner, C. Frommann, E. 
 
 KIEL. 
 Maack, G. 
 
 LAUSANNE. 
 
 * Allenspach, J., rue Escaliers du Marche. 
 
 LEYDEN. 
 Brill, E. J. 
 
 LEIPZIG. 
 
 Apitzsch, R. * Kirchhoff & Wigand, 7, 
 
 * Brockhaus, F. A. Marien-strasse. 
 Danz, A. * Kohler, K. F. 
 
 Durr, Alphons. * List und Francke, 15, 
 
 Fritzsche, H. Universitats-strasse. 
 
 * Hartung, H., 7, Goethe- Schulz, O. A. 
 
 strasse. * Teubner, B. G. 
 
 Heyne, E. Weigel, R. 
 
 Hinrichs, . * Weigel, T. O. 
 
 * Wurzner, A., Bosen-strasse 10. 
 
Booksellers' Directory. 85 
 
 FOREIGN continued. 
 
 LUND. 
 
 Gleerup, C. W. K. 
 
 LYONS. 
 Scheuring, . 
 
 MILAN. 
 Laengner, Schiepatt. 
 
 MUNCH. 
 Ackermann, T. 
 
 MUNICH. 
 Rosenthal, L. 
 
 NAPLES. 
 
 * Detken & Rocholl. * Dura. 
 
 NORDHAUSEN. 
 Forstemann, F. 
 
 NORDLINGEN (BAVARIA). 
 Beck, . 
 
 PARIS. 
 
 Aubry, Aug., Seguier 18. 
 
 * Bachelin-Deflorenne, quai Malaquais 3. 
 Bailliere, J. B., et Fils, Hautefeuille 19. 
 Barraud, A., Seine 18. 
 
 Baur, J., et Detaille, rue des Beaux Arts 10 
 Beaufort, E., Cardinal Fesch 57 et 59. 
 Bechet, J., quai St. Michel 19. 
 Bossange, G., et Co., quai Voltaire 25. 
 
 * Claudin, , rue Guenegaud 3. 
 
 * Delaroque, aine, quai Voltaire 21. 
 Delaroque, jeune, quai Voltaire i. 
 
 * Demichelis, J., Mauduit, et Durnerin, rue St. Andre 
 
 des Arts 33. 
 
 Durand, A., et Pedone , Lauriel, rue Cujas 9. 
 Franck, A., rue Richelieu 67. 
 Gauthier-Villars, quai des Augustins 55. 
 Gouin, E., quai des Grands Augustins 25. 
 
 * Labitte, A., rue de Lille 4. 
 
 * Liepmannssohn et Dufour, rue des Saints Peres n. 
 Pincebourde, Rene, rue Richelieu 78. 
 
 * Porquet, C., quai Voltaire i. 
 
 * Potier, , quai Malaquais 3. 
 Rapilly, , quai Malaquais. 
 
 * Reinwald, C., rue des Saints Peres 15. 
 Rothschild, J., rue St. Andre des Arts 43. 
 
86 Booksellers' Directory. 
 
 FOREIGN PARIS continued. 
 
 * Rouquette, , passage Choiseul 85. 
 Savy, F., Hautefeuille 24. 
 
 * St. Denis et Mallet, quai Voltaire 27. 
 
 * Taranne, , rue Cassette 33. 
 
 * Techener, L., rue de 1'Arbre Sec 52. 
 
 * Thorin, E., rue de Medicis 7. 
 
 * Tross, rue Nve. des Petits-Champs 5. 
 
 * Voisin, A. ( rue Guenegaud 25. 
 
 * Willem, , rue des Beaux Arts 8. 
 
 * Xavier, , rue du Banque. 
 
 POSEN. 
 Jalowicz, J. 
 
 PRAGUE. 
 
 Credner, F. A., Alstadt, Grossen Ring 548. 
 Haerpfer, F. 
 
 REGENSBURG. 
 Manz, G. J. 
 
 ROME. 
 Spithover, J. 
 
 ROTTERDAM. 
 Dunk, J. H. Hengel, Van, & Eeltjes. 
 
 ROUEN. 
 Le Brument. 
 
 ST. PETERSBURG. 
 Issakoff, J. 
 
 STOCKHOLM. 
 Bergegren, E. T. 
 
 STRASBURG. 
 Noiriel, J. 
 
 STUTTGART. 
 
 Gutekunst, H. G. * Scheible, J. 
 
 Steinkopf, F. 
 
 TOURNAY. 
 Casterman, H. 
 
 TUBINGEN. 
 Heckenhauer, J, J. 
 
 TURIN. 
 Bocca, Freres. Loescher, H. 
 
 UTRECHT. 
 Beijers, J. L. Kemink & Zoon. 
 
 VENICE. 
 Libreria alia Fenice. Munster, H. F. & M. 
 
Booksellers 1 Directory. 87 
 
 FOREIGN continued. 
 
 VERONA. 
 
 Drucker & Tedeschi. Miinster, H. F. 
 
 VIENNA. 
 
 Gerold, Carl, & Son, Stefansplatz 12. 
 
 Helf, C. Wallishausser, . 
 
 WARSAW. 
 
 Orgelbrand, S. 
 
 ZURICH. 
 Antiquariat, Scheizerisches. * Hanke, F. 
 
 AMERICA, NORTH and SOUTH, including the 
 BRITISH POSSESSIONS and WEST INDIA ISLANDS. 
 ASIA, including BRITISH INDIA. AFRICA. 
 AUSTRALIA, &c. 
 
 AMERICA, North and South, including the BRITISH 
 POSSESSIONS and WEST INDIA ISLANDS. 
 
 ALBANY (New York, U.S.). Munsell, Joel. 
 
 BOSTON (Mass., U.S.). De Vries, Ibarro, & Co. ; Little, 
 
 Brown, & Co. ; W. H. Halliday & Co. 
 CHICAGO (Illinois, U.S.). Griggs & Co. 
 
 CINCINNATI (Ohio, U.S.). Burgheim, M. & R. ; R. Clark & Co. 
 HALIFAX (Nova Scotia). Creighton, A. & H. 
 HAMILTON (Canada). McLellan, Donald ; Barnes, G., & Co. 
 HAVANA (West Indies). Caro Brothers and Watson ; Vignier, 
 
 Robertson, & Co. 
 JAMAICA (West Indies). [Kingston], Cordova, M. de. [St. 
 
 Anne's Bay], Bravo, Brothers. 
 KINGSTON (Canada). Creighton, J. 
 LIMA (Peru, S.A.). Eniemeyer, J. 
 MONTREAL (Canada). Dawson, Brothers ; Gould & Hill, 
 
 Prince, H. 
 NEW YORK (U.S.).- Baker, Vorrhis, & Co.; Benziger, G. ; 
 
 Bouton, J. W., & Co. ; Chistiern, F. W. ; Gowans, W. ; 
 
 Johnstone, R. H. ; Leavitt, Strebeigh, & Co., Scribner & 
 
 Co. ; Steiger, E. ; Westermann, B., & Co. ; Wells, S. R. 
 PHILADELPHIA (Penn., U.S.). Abel, Peter E. ; Campbell, 
 
 John ; Pennington & Son ; Smith, English, & Co. 
 QUEBEC (Canada). Middleton & Dawson ; O'Connor, C. R. 
 Rio DE JANEIRO (Brazil, S.A.). Almeida & Miranda, 54 rua 
 
 das Justanda. 
 
88 Booksellers' Directory. 
 
 AMERICAN, ETC. continued. 
 
 SACRAMENTO (California, U.S.) Edwards & Co. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO (California, U.S.). Bancroft, H. H., & Co. ; 
 
 Bell, G. H. ; Roman, A., & Co. 
 SANTIAGO (Chili, S.A.). Meyer, J. 
 ST. JOHN'S (New Brunswick). Potter, C. E. 
 ST. THOMAS (West Indies). Gyllick, G. B. ; Newton & Co. 
 ST. VINCENT (West Indies). Coull, J. G. 
 TORONTO (Canada). Rowsell, H. 
 VALPARAISO (Chili, S.A-.). Ingherarde, Meyer. 
 
 ASIA, including BRITISH INDIA. 
 
 BATAVIA. Dorp, H. M. van. 
 
 BOMBAY. Nicol, W., & Co. ; Soundy & Co., Forbes-street. 
 
 CALCUTTA. Barham, Hill, & Co.; Newman, W., & Co., Dal- 
 
 housie-square ; Wyman & Co., Hare-street. 
 CEYLON. Mackwoods & Co. ; Volkhart, Brothers. 
 HONG KONG (China). Hiibener & Co. ; Siemssen & Co. 
 MADRAS. De Silva, Black Town ; Gantz, Brothers, Mount-rd. 
 MANILLA. Holliday, Wise, & Co. ; Richardson & Co. 
 PENANG. Friedericks, W., & Co. ; Schmidt, Kustermann, 
 
 and Co. 
 
 RANGOON. Hegt & Wytenhorst. 
 SHANGHAI. Hall & Holtz ; Menzies & Co. 
 SINGAPORE. Behn, Meyer, & Co. 
 
 A FRICA. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA. Georgala & Co. ; Rigadis, E. 
 
 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Grocott, T. H. & Co., Cape Town ; 
 
 Juta, J. C., Cape Town ; Philip, J. Cape Town. 
 GRAHAM'S TOWN: Galpin, H. 
 SUEZ (Egypt). Haseason, T. W. 
 
 AUSTRALIA, &>c. 
 
 ADELAIDE (S.A.). Platts & Co. ; Wigg & Co. 
 
 GEELONG (Victoria). Franks, H. 
 
 MELBOURNE (Victoria). Ambler, W. L., Swanston-street ; 
 
 Sands & McDougall, Collins-street East. 
 NEW ZEALAND. [Nelson], Stanton, W. M. ; [Wellington], 
 
 Lyon, W., The Beach. 
 SYDNEY (N.S.W.).- Lindsay, R., M., Castlereagh-street : 
 
 Sherriff, J. L. 
 TASMANIA. [Hobart Town], Walch, J., & Sons; [Lanitccston], 
 
 Hudson & Hopwood ; Walch, Brothers, & Birchall. 
 
PART VI. 
 DICTIONARY OF TERMS. 
 
PART VI. ~ DICTIONARY OF TERMS. 
 
 The contractions in italics signify bib., bibliography ; bind., binding ; 
 book., bookseller, books ; print., printing ; typ., typography. 
 
 ABBREVIATION (bib.).Fr., 1'abbreviation ; Ger., abbre- 
 viatur. Characters, or else marks or letters to signify either 
 a contracted word or syllable. See Part VII, Miscellaneous, 
 Art. ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 ACRAOMATIC BOOKS. Books containing some secret and 
 ' sublime matters, calculated for adepts and proficients on 
 the subject. Rees' Cyclop. (Books}. 
 
 ACROSTIC. Gr., akros high, and stichos, a verse. A Greek 
 term signifying literally the beginning of a line or verse, ap- 
 plied to a number of verses, so contrived, that the first letter of 
 each line or verse, being read in the order in which they stand, 
 shall form some name or other word or words. Porphyrius 
 Optatianus, a writer of the fourth century, is considered by 
 some to be the inventor. Wheatley, Of Anagrams. 
 
 ADMIRATION, NOTE OF (!). This is the Latin lo (an 
 interjection of joy) written in the same; first J, then !. 
 Bilderdijk, as quoted in N. &> Q., Dec. 29, 1855. 
 
 ADULTERISM (bib.}. Name altered or adulterated, as 
 d'Alton (Dalton), de Foe (Defoe). 0. H* 
 
 ADVANCE SHEETS (print.}. Sometimes called "early 
 copies." Portions of a work supplied elsewhere previous to 
 publication : generally for simultaneous reproduction. See 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 ALBUM, i.e., The Blank Book. Originally applied to the 
 books kept in every Church or Monastery for the registry of 
 the deceased, in which the names of the benefactors were 
 recorded, that they might be prayed for, &c. The Venera- 
 ble Bede is the first writer known, who uses the word in his 
 
 * All articles marked O. H. are taken from ' A Martyr to Bibliography,' 
 by O. Hamst, i. e., Ralph Thomas, who quotes them from a ' List of Tech- 
 nical Bibliographical Terms,' after Perquin de Gembloux. 
 
ga Dictionary of Terms. 
 
 Life of St. Cuthbert (written ante 721). The earliest speci- 
 men of an English album is the Album or Book of Life, 
 now in the British Museum (Cott. MSS., Dom VII). See 
 N. & Q., s. i, v. vii, p. 235, 341. 
 
 ALLITERATION. Lat., al for ad, to, and litera, a letter; 
 Fr., alliteration. The repetition of the same letter at the 
 beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding 
 each other, or at short intervals. Boag. See Wheatley, Of 
 Anagrams, p. 23, and N. d>> Q., s. n, v. viii, p. 412. 
 
 ALLONYM (Allonymous) (bib.). False proper name. Work 
 published in order to deceive, under the name of some 
 author or person of reputation, but not by him, as Peter 
 Parley (Annual). O. H. 
 
 ALMANACK-DAY. The day on which almanacks for the 
 new year are ready by the publisher for delivery to the trade. 
 It is by custom fixed on the 2ist of November, though, 
 under peculiar circumstances, it is sometimes later. 
 Bookseller. 
 
 ALPHABETISM (bib.). As A. B. C., X. Y. Z., frequently 
 used. O. H. 
 
 AMPHIGORIC Gr. amphi, about, goros, round. A term 
 applied to nonsense verses, a rigmarole, or, more literally, 
 a round-about, with seemable meaning enough to put one 
 on finding it out, though, if findable, not worth the finding. 
 Its truest version, perhaps, in our vernacular is twaddle. 
 E. L. S., in N. & Q., s. iv, v. iii, p. 224, where examples 
 and further information are given. 
 
 ANAGRAM (bib.). The letters of the name or names arbi- 
 trarily inverted with or without meaning. O. H. 
 
 - Gr.. anagramma, a transposition of letters. Ana- 
 grammatism or malagrammatism is defined by Camden as 
 "The dissolution of a name truly written into its letters as its 
 elements, and a new connection of it by transposition, without 
 addition, subtraction, or change of any letter, into different 
 words, making some perfect sense applicable to the person 
 named," as Horatio Nelson Honor est a Nilo. 
 
 ANANYM (bib.). See Boustrophedon. O. H. 
 
 ANASTATIC PRINTING. Gr., anistemi, to raise up. A 
 mode of obtaining fac-simile impressions of any printed 
 page or engraving without re-setting the types or re-engraving 
 the plate. The printed page or engraving being saturated 
 with dilute nitric acid, which does not affect the part covered 
 with printing ink, a transfer is taken on a plate of zinc, 
 
Dictionary of Terms. 93 
 
 which is soon corroded or eaten away by the acid from the 
 non-printed parts of the page, leaving the printed portion in 
 slight relief. A further application of acid deepens the 
 corroding and heightens the relief to the extent necessary to 
 enable the subject to be printed in the ordinary manner. 
 Imp. Diet., Supp. 
 ANONYM. Book without a name on the title. 0. H. 
 
 ANONYMOUS. Book printed without the author's name on 
 
 the title. 
 APOCONYM (bib.}. Name deprived of one or more initial 
 
 letters. 0. H. 
 APOCRYPHAL (bib.}. Book whose author is uncertain. 
 
 APOSTROPHE (print.). Fr., 1'apostrophe; Ger., apostrophe. 
 A sign of abbreviation (') used for letters or syllables 
 omitted at the commencement or end of words, as shou'd, 
 'bate, 'prentice, tho', and in the genitive case singular 
 number, ending with s, as James'. " The apostrophe is not 
 used for abbreviation in the Holy Scriptures, nor in Forms 
 of Prayers, but everything there is set in full and at length. 
 To this even the Latin law-language had regard, and did not 
 shorten the word DOMINUS, when it had reference to God ; 
 whereas Dom. Reg. is put where our Lord the King is 
 understood. Savage, Dictionary of Printing. 
 
 ARISTRONYM (bib.}. Title of nobility converted into or 
 used as a proper name. O. H. 
 
 ARMARIAN. An officer in the monastic libraries who had 
 charge of the books to prevent them from being injured by 
 insects, and especially to look after bindings. He had also 
 to keep a correct catalogue. Chambers' Journal, No. 276, p. 
 
 239- 
 
 ASCETONYM (bib.}. The name of a Saint used as a proper 
 name : as Saint Jean (la mere Angelique de), (i.e., Angelique 
 d'Arnauld d'Andilly). O.H. 
 
 ASTERISK (bib.}.Gr., Asteriskos. The figure of a star, 
 thus, * used in writing, either to denote an omission, an 
 addition, or some remarkable passage in a book. 
 
 - (print.}. A sign used by printers, at the bottom 
 of the front page of the duplicate leaves printed to supply 
 the place of those cancelled. Hannett. In Roman Catholic 
 Prayer Books it divides each verse of the Psalms into two 
 parts, which is done in Protestant ones by a colon. 
 
 ASTERISM. One or more asterisks or stars used as a name, 
 
94 Dittionary of Terms. 
 
 AUTHOR'S PROOF (print.}. The proof taken after the 
 first proof is corrected, and sent to the author for correction 
 or amendment. 
 
 AUTONYM. Book published with the author's real name. 
 O. H. 
 
 BANDS (bind.). Bindings simply covered with leather in 
 the tanned state, thus we say in sheep bands. Hannett. 
 
 (bind.). The strings whereon the sheets of a volume 
 
 are sewn. Ib. 
 
 raised (bind.). Pieces of leather (or card-board) 
 
 glued to the back previous to covering the book, and 
 only used for ornaments. The space used between these is 
 called between bands. Ib. 
 
 BASTARD FOUNTS (typ.). Small-faced type upon a larger 
 body, such as nonpareil on minion, minion on brevier, &c., 
 so as to give the printed pages the appearance of being 
 leaded. Bookseller, Sept., 1868. 
 
 BAZIL (bind.}. Fr., basane, bas. Sheep skin tanned, used 
 for common binding. Hannett. Books bound in sheep-skin 
 are sometimes described in catalogues by the contraction slip. 
 This kind of leather is often grained, sprinkled, or marbled, 
 and has the appearance of morocco or calf, for which it is 
 sometimes sold. 
 
 BEAD (bind.). The little knot of the headband. Hannelt. 
 
 BIBLIOGONOSTE. An able Bibliographer, learned in the 
 history of books, titles, colophons, &c. Peignot, Ditt. Rais. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHE. A describer of books and other literary 
 arrangements. Ib. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Fr. bibliographic. According to Peignot 
 the technical description of the classification of books. 
 Home's Introduction, p. 271, defines it thus : " In its more 
 extended sense, it denotes the knowledge of books as regard: 
 ist. The materials of which they are composed; and. The 
 subjects described by their respective authors ; 3rd. The 
 knowledge of different editions, rarity, curiosity and real 
 value ; 4th. Their rank in the classification of a library." 
 
 BIBLIOLOGY. Fr. Bibliologie. According to Peignot, the 
 theory of Bibliography. 
 
 BIBLIOMANIAC. Ger., buchernarr, book fool. An accu- 
 mulator who blunders faster than he buys, cock-brained and 
 heavy pursed ; divided by the Abbe Rive into three classes : 
 
Dictionary of Terms. 95 
 
 i. The inordinate collector. 2. The collector of certain 
 authors, editions, subjects, &c. 3. The collector of books 
 for the sake of binding only. J. H. Burton, The Book- 
 hunter (quoting Chasse aux Bibliographes}, p. 49. Perhaps 
 this definition is rather too severe. 
 
 BIBLIOPHILE. The lover of books for the sake of reading 
 for his own pleasure. 
 
 BIBLIOPOLE. One who deals in books. 
 
 BIBLIOTAPHE. One who keeps his books under lock and 
 key. 
 
 BINDING. The cover of a book after being folded and sewn. 
 For various styles, with the contractions used in describing 
 them in the Eng., Fr., and Ger., see Part VII, Miscellaneous, 
 Art. BINDING. 
 
 BLACK-LETTER. 
 
 Cfje name gtoen in (ng;Usf) to t&e cfrarafter of 
 tije tppe to&icf) 0ucceetieD tbe otfnc in tfje ft). 
 
 century called in French lettres de somme, in Holland (Fla- 
 mands) lettres de St. Pierre, and generally elsewhere Flemish 
 or German character. Namur, Manuel, p. 170, n. 
 
 BLEED (bind.}. A work is said to bleed if cut into the 
 print. Hannett. 
 
 BLIND TOOLING (bind.}. Covers ornamented with the 
 tools, but without gold. Ib. 
 
 BLOCK-BOOKS. Books printed from engraved blocks of 
 wood on one side of the leaf only, and executed in Holland, 
 Flanders, and Germany during the first three quarters of 
 the i5th century. 
 
 BLOCK stereotype (print.}. Either the plate or cast. Fr., 
 cliche; Ger., Gussabdruck ; klatschabdruck; abguss; abge- 
 gossenes bild. Tolhausen. 
 
 BOARDS (bind.} Fr. cartone ; Ger. steifband, buchbinderbrett. 
 When the back is covered with paper or cloth, a book is 
 said to be in boards. Hannett. 
 
 in (bind.}. When the edges of the book are cut 
 out, after the boards have been laid on. Ib. 
 
 out of (bind.). When the edges are cut first. Ib. 
 
 BOOK (Ang. Sax., hoc). For contractions used by English, 
 French, and German booksellers in describing, see Part 
 VII. Miscellaneous, Art. BOOKS. 
 
96 Dictionary of Terms. 
 
 BOOKS, sizes of. For the various terms, with their con- 
 tractions, used for the designating of books in English, 
 French, and German, see Part VII, Miscellaneous, Art. 
 BOOKS.* 
 
 UNCUT (book.}. A book, the top, fore-edge and bottom, 
 
 which has not been pruned by the binder's knife, that 
 often despoils a work of its fair and ample marginal pro- 
 portions. The book may or may not have been cut open for 
 reading; it is still "uncut "in the proper trade sense. 
 H. Young, in the Athenceutn, Oct. 20, 1866. See APPENDIX. 
 
 BOSSES (bind.}. The plates of metal attached to the sides 
 of large volumes, for their greater preservation. Hannett. 
 
 BOTTOM (print.}. Fr., has d'une page ; Ger., Ende einer 
 seite ; foot of a page. Tolhausen. 
 
 BOTTOM LINE (typ.). Fr., Ligne inferieure (d'une lettre) ; 
 Ger., Grundlinie. The last line of the page preceding the 
 catch line. 
 
 BOURGEOIS (typ.). 
 
 Fr., La Gaillarde (deux Parisienne); Ger., Bourgeois; Dnt., Bour- 
 geois ; Ital., Gagliarda. A type, the name of which probably came 
 trom France. In size it ranks after Long Primer. This paragraph 
 is printed in Bourgeois. 
 
 BOUSTROPHEDON (ymism) (bib.). The real name 
 written backwards, as John Dralloc (Collard). O. H. Also 
 an ancient method of writing among the Greeks, in which 
 one line was written from left to right, the next from right 
 to left, and so on alternately. Boag. 
 
 BOUTS RIMES (from the French bout, end). In English 
 crambo. Lines written to given endings, said to have been 
 invented by one Dulot, " perhaps at the time no other single 
 absurdity ever had so great a vogue." Campbell is said to 
 have written his poem of ' Lochiel ' in this manner. For 
 further account, see Wheatley, Of Anagrams, pp. 39-42. 
 
 BRACE (typ.). Fr., Accolade; Ger., klammer; verb- 
 bindungzug. A character cut in metal, thus ^ . . 
 
 BRACHYGRAPHY. Gr., brachus, short ; graphe, a writing. 
 The art or practice of writing with contractions. This 
 writing was of eight different kinds: i. By signs ; 2. By 
 contractions ; 3. By suspension ; 4. By abbreviative signs ; 
 
 * For the sizes of books not mentioned in this Part, see further, Part 
 VII, Miscellaneous. 
 
Dictionary of Terms. 97 
 
 5. By small letters placed above ; 6. By abbreviated 
 letters; 7. By monographic or encircled letters; 8. By 
 particular signs. Chassant, p. xvii. 
 
 BREVIER (typ.). 
 
 Fr., Petit Texte ; Ger., Petit, Jungfer (i.e., maiden letter) Garmond, 
 Garmondschrift, Kleine Teufelsschrift, Jungfer antiqua; Dut., Brevier; 
 Ital., Piccolo testo. A type so called from its first being used in printing 
 Breviaries. Now used for small works and foot notes. 
 
 BRISTOL BOARD, see Part VII, Miscellaneous, Art. PAPER. 
 
 BROADSIDE (print.}. Fr., Inplano ; Ger., Bogenform. A 
 form of one full page, printed on one side of a whole sheet 
 of paper. 
 
 CANCELS (bind.).Fr., Feuillet refait, Carton refait ; Ger., 
 Auswechselblatt, Andruck, Pressdeckelbogen. Leaves 
 containing errors, which are to be cut out and replaced with 
 others properly printed ; generally supplied with the last 
 sheet. Hannett. 
 
 CANON (typ.). Fr., 
 
 Gros Romain 5 
 
 Ger., Missal, Tertia, Grobe Canon, Kaiserschrift; Dut., Parys 
 Romeyn ; Ital., Canone. The largest type with a specific 
 name; larger sizes are called 4-, 5-, 6-, &c., line Pica; in 
 Ger., 4-, j-, 6-, &c., Cicero. 
 
 CAPTION and SUBHEAD. American terms to signify the 
 words or expressions that stand above the chapters, sections, 
 and paragraphs, for the purpose of indicating their 
 contents. 
 
 CARD BOARD. See Part VII, Miscellaneous, Art PAPER. 
 
 CASE WORK (bind.]. When the covers are prepared before 
 placing on the volume. Hannett. 
 
 CATCHWORD (typ.).Fr., reclame ; Ger., custos. A term 
 used by early printers for the word at the bottom of each 
 page, under the last word of the last line, which word is the 
 first at the top of the next page, now generally disused, 
 but still to be found in Acts of Parliament, Parliamentary 
 
98 Dictionary of Terms. 
 
 papers, the ' Quarterly Review,' and a few other publi- 
 cations. 
 
 CHAIN-STITCH (bind.}. The stitch which the sewer makes 
 at the head and tail of the volume previous to commencing 
 another course. Hannett. 
 
 CHEMITYPHY. A patented process, by means of which a 
 relief metallic printing surface is obtained, which can be 
 worked in an ordinary printing press. This process, which 
 is complicated, is described in the Abridg. of Specif, on 
 Printing, p. 32. 
 
 CHRONOGRAM (bib.}. Gr., chronos, time, and grammas, a 
 letter. Fr., chronogramme. An inscription in which a 
 certain date or epoch is expressed by numeral letters, 
 common in old books and medals ; as in the motto of a 
 medal struck by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632. " Christ Vs 
 Du X ergo trIVMph Vss," the date being MDCXVVVII, or 
 1627 ; and the English one on the death of Queen Elizabeth, 
 " My Day Is Closed In Immortality," the result being 1603, 
 the year in which she died. Boag. See Wheatley, Of 
 Anagrams, p. 7. 
 
 CIRCUIT EDGES (bind.). Edges covered by flaps, prin- 
 cipally used for Bibles and Prayer Books which are carried 
 in the pocket. They are sometimes called Ribbon Edges. 
 
 CLEAN PROOF (print.). Fr., epreuve peu chargee ; Ger., 
 reiner abzug. A proof of printed matter with but few faults 
 in it. 
 
 COLLATE (bib.). Fr., conferer ; Ger., kollationiren, revi- 
 diren. To compare, to examine whether two things of a 
 similar kinds agree or disagree. 
 
 COLLATING (bind.). Examining the sheets to see that the 
 signatures properly follow. Hannett. 
 
 COLON. Gr., kolon. A mark thus (:) ; used to mark a pause 
 greater than that of a semicolon, but less than that of a 
 period. Boag. See Part VII, Miscellaneous, Art. PRINTERS' 
 MARKS. 
 
 COLOPHON (bib.). "The conclusion of a book formerly con- 
 taining the place or year, or both, of its publication." 
 Webster. The derivation of this word is variously given in 
 almost every dictionary, some (seeLiddelland Scott, Scheller, 
 Brande, and ' Ency. Met.,' Vol. XVII, p. 28) are highly 
 fanciful ; Scapula and Suidas render the Greek word 
 kolophon, apex, sui summa manus finis, which is probably 
 the correct source. Abridg. of Specif, on Printing, p. 18. 
 
Dictionary of Terms. gg 
 
 CORNERS (bind.). The pieces of leather pasted on the 
 corners of half-bound books. In early times valuable books 
 had metal corners. 
 
 CORRECTOR or Reader (print.). Fr., correcteur; Ger., 
 korrektor, druckberichtiger. The person who reads and 
 corrects the first proofs in a printing-office. 
 
 CORRECTIONS (print.). The letters marked in a proof are 
 called corrections. The "reader" corrects the proof, the 
 " compositor " corrects the form. 
 
 CRONOGRAM (bib.). Where the date is expressed by 
 letters. In Lowndes' ' Bib. Manual ' this word (in both 
 editions) is incorrectly spelt " Cronogam." O.H. See ante, 
 Chronogram. 
 
 CRYPTONYM (bib.). Hidden, subterfuge. Applied to 
 authors who disguise or alter their names ; but more par- 
 ticularly to those who disguise it by transposing the letters 
 so as to form another name which is the anagram of the 
 real name. O.H. As Olphar Hamst, i.e. Ralph Thomas. 
 
 CROPPING (bind.). The cutting down of a book near the 
 print. Hannett. 
 
 CURSIVE CHARACTERS (print.}. Fr., cursive; Ger., 
 cursive. A peculiar form of type invented and used 
 by Granjon, a printer at Lyons, in 1588, called formerly in 
 French Caracteres de Civilite. 
 
 DELE (print.}. Fr., deleatur; Ger., deleatur. To blot out, 
 to erase, to omit; a mark used in correcting proof, like the 
 Greek letter 3, put in the margin to show that certain letters 
 or words marked in the line opposite are to be omitted. 
 
 DEMONYM (bib.). Popular or ordinary qualification taken 
 as a proper name, as an " amateur," a "bibliophile." O.H. 
 
 DIAMOND (typ.). 
 
 Fr. Diamant ; Ger. Diamantschrift. The 
 pound. It was first cast by the Dutch foum 
 
 DIRECTION WORDS (typ.). See CATCHWORDS. 
 
 DOUBLE BOOK (print.). A book printed on half sheets. 
 Hannett. 
 
 DOUBLE DAGGER (print.). Ger., doppel kreuz. A refer- 
 ence mark (J). See Part VII, Miscellaneous, Art. PRINTERS' 
 MARKS. 
 
ioo Dictionary of Terms. 
 
 DOUBLE PICA (typ.) 
 
 Fr., Le Gros Parangon ; 
 Ger., Text, or Secunda; 
 
 Dtit., Dubbelde Dessendiaan ; Ital., Due Linne e Filosofia. 
 A type twice the size of Small Pica. 
 
 DRAWING-IN (bind.). Fastening the boards to the back of 
 the volume, with the bands on which it is sewn. Hannett. 
 
 DUODECIMO (bib.).Eng., twelvemo, iamo; Fr., in-douze, 
 in-ia; Ger., duodez, zwolftelform, zwolftelgrosse. Size of 
 a book printed on paper folded into twelve leaves, twenty- 
 four pages. The signatures are B, B 2, B 3, on the first, 
 third, and ninth pages. The wire mark is horizontal, and 
 the paper mark on the fore-edge. The usual sizes are 
 i2mo and royal or long i2mo. 
 
 EDITION (bib.).Fr., 1'edition ; Ger., auflage. 
 EMERALD (typ.). 
 
 The name of a type a size between Nonpareil and Minion. A type that is now 
 very little used. 
 
 END-PAPERS (bind.). The blank leaves at the beginning 
 or end of a book. Hannett. 
 
 ENGLISH (typ.). 
 
 Fr., Saint Angus tin ; Ger., Mittel; Dut., Au- 
 gustyn; ItaL, Silvio. A type the next size 
 larger than pica; used for Church Bibles 
 and works in folio arid quarto. 
 
 ENIGMATIC-PSEUDONYM (bib). As (Bibliotheque Biblio- 
 philo-Facetieuse, editee par les freres Gebeode i. e. Gustave 
 Brunet and Octave Delpierre), thus G[ustave] e b[runet] e, 
 o[ctave] d[elpierr]e. O. H. 
 
 EVEN PAGE (print.}. The 2nd, 4th, 6th, or any other even 
 numbered page. 
 
 EXOTERIC BOOKS. Those intended for the use of popular 
 and ordinary readers. Rees' Cyclo. 
 
 EXTRA or CALF EXTRA (bind.}. A term applied to a book 
 when it is well forwarded, lined with good marble paper, 
 has silk headbands, and gilt with a narrow roll round the 
 sides and inside the squares. Hannett. 
 
Dictionary of Terms. 101 
 
 FAC (typ.). Wooden or metal square blocks, with emblem- 
 atical figures, flowers, &c., pierced in the centre to admit a 
 capital letter at the beginning of a chapter, intended to 
 represent the illuminations of manuscripts. " These 
 ornaments," says Savage, "were called Facs, an abbre- 
 viation, I believe, for Fac-simile." 
 
 FILLETED (bind.). When the bands of a volume are 
 marked with a single gilt line only. Hannett. 
 
 FINISHER (bind.]. The workman who executes the colour- 
 ing, gilding, and other ornamental operations of binding. 
 Ib. 
 
 FIRST PROOF (print.}. Fr., feuille d'epreuve ; Ger.,a.bzug. 
 The first impression of any matter after it is composed, for 
 the purpose of comparing it with the copy. 
 
 FLY-LEAF (print.). Fr., allonge; Ger., anzeigeblatt. The 
 blank leaf at the commencement or end of a book. 
 
 FOLDER (bind.). The person who folds the book according 
 to the pages previous to its being sewn. In large towns it 
 is generally done by females. Hannett. 
 
 FOLIO (bib.}. Fr., folio, in folio; Ger., in folio. The 
 size of a book printed on paper of whatever dimensions 
 folded into two leaves making four pages contraction, fol. 
 A folio sheet may be known, if printed without signatures 
 by the watermarks being always perpendicular, and the 
 paper mark in the middle. 
 
 FOLIOING (print.}. Fr., pagination; Ger., paginirung. 
 Pagination, paging, numbering. 
 
 FOOT-LINE (print.}. The line at the bottom of the first page 
 of each sheet, under which is placed the signature. 
 Hannett. 
 
 FORE-EDGE (bind.). The front edge of a book. 
 
 FORM.E LITERATUM (print.). The expression used by 
 Cicero (De natura deorum) to types made of metal, and the 
 very words used by the first printers to designate them. 
 Rees' Cyclo., Art. PRINTING. 
 
 FOR PRESS (print.). These words are written in the corner 
 at the top of the last proof sent from the reader to the 
 " pressman," to notify to him that it is ready for printing. 
 
IO2 Dictionary of Terms. 
 
 FORRELL (bind.). Rough undressed skins of beasts used 
 in early times for bindings. Specimens are to be seen 
 sometimes in old libraries. Hannett. 
 
 FORWARDING (bind.}. All the operations of bookbinding 
 up to colouring. Ib. 
 
 FOUL PROOF (print.}. Fr., epreuve chargee; Ger., 
 schmutziger abzug. A proof with many corrections marked 
 in it. 
 
 GANSE-AUGEN Geese-eyes (typ.). The German nick- 
 name for inverted commas, " an appellation by which they 
 are known to both printers and writers in Germany." 
 Johnson's Typ., Vol. II, p. 58, n. 
 
 GALVANOGLYPHY. A process patented by E. Palmer in 
 1841, for obtaining in relief on a copper plate, by means of 
 galvanism, the copy of any etching, &c., first drawn on 
 another plate by a peculiar process. For an account of 
 which see Abrig. of Specif . Printing, p. 32. 
 
 GALVANOGRAPHY. A process which, by means of gal- 
 vanism, reproduces an intaglio copy of the original (which 
 is prepared by a peculiar process), which is an actual copper 
 plate, resembling an aquatint, and obtained without the 
 assistance of an engraver. Abrig. of Specif ., p. 31. 
 
 GEONYM (bib.). Name of a country, town, or village, as an 
 Englishman, a Londoner, an American. 0. H. 
 
 GILT (bind.). A book bound firm and strong, having plain 
 end papers and back gilt. Hannett. 
 
 GILT EDGES (bind.).Fr., dore sur tranche; Ger., gold- 
 schnitt. Leaves of a book gilt on the edges ; contraction, 
 g.e. 
 
 GLAIRE (bind.). Name given to the white of eggs used in 
 the process of gilding. Hannett. 
 
 GRAPHOTYPE (Engr.). A process in which the design is 
 drawn upon chalk, spread upon a metal plate with chemical 
 ink, and then hardens. The chalk is then brushed away, 
 leaving the design on relief, from which " a squeeze," and 
 afterwards an electrotype, can be taken and printed at press. 
 See Journal of the Society of Arts, Vol. XIV, p. 51. 
 
Dictionary of Terms. 103 
 
 GREAT PRIMER (typ.). 
 
 Fr.j Gros Remain, Gros Texte ; 
 Ger., Grosse Antiquaschrift, Tertia; 
 
 Dut., Text; Ital., Testo. A type sometimes called Bible 
 Text, from its being used to print Bibles, and Primer for 
 being formerly used for those books. It is the largest size 
 used for books now. 
 
 GROLIER (bind.]. A term applied to a particular kind of 
 ornamental leather binding introduced by Jean Grolier, 
 Viscount d'Aguisi, one of the four treasurers of France (born 
 at Lyons 1479, died 1565) who collected a magnificent 
 library, and had the books splendidly bound. In 1675 his 
 library was dispersed. Gascon, the celebrated binder of the 
 time, was chiefly employed by Grolier, but the designs are 
 said to have been composed by himself in moments of 
 leisure. Grolier's books were inscribed " lo Grolierii et 
 amicorvm," indicating that they were for the use of his 
 friends as well as himself. 
 
 GROOVES (bind.]. The projections formed on the sides of 
 the books in backing to admit of the boards laying even with 
 the back when laced in.Hannett. 
 
 GUTTER (bind.}. The round front edge of a volume, formed 
 by flattening the circular back previous to cutting. Ib. 
 
 GUARDS (bind.]. Shreds of strong paper interspersed and 
 sewn in a book for the insertion of prints or other matter, to 
 prevent its being uneven when filled ; also the pieces pro- 
 jecting over the end-papers. Ib. 
 
 GUILLEMETS (typ.). The French name for inverted 
 commas, so called from owing their origin to M. Guillemet. 
 Johnson, p. 58. 
 
 HAGIONYM (bib.). The name of a saint taken as a proper 
 name. 0. H. 
 
 HIERONYM (bib.]. Sacred name used as a proper name. 
 
 HALF-BOUND (bind.).Fr., demi-reliure ; Ger., halbfranz- 
 band. When the back and corners of a book only are 
 covered with leather, and the sides with paper or cloth. 
 Contraction, hf.-bd. 
 
 HALF-EXTRA (bind.). Books forwarded carefully, and 
 lined with marble paper, having silk head-bands and narrow 
 roll round the sides, but plain inside. Hannett. 
 
IO4 Dictionary of Terms. 
 
 HEAD (bind.}. The top of a volume. Ib. 
 
 HEAD-BAND (bind.).Fr., tranche-file; Ger., capital. The 
 silk or cotton ornament placed at the top and bottom of the 
 back. Ib. 
 
 HEAD-LINE (print.). The line immediately under the 
 running title on the pages of a book. 
 
 HE AD- PAGE (print.). The beginning of a subjea. 
 
 HEAD-PIECE (typ.). Ornaments placed at the top of the 
 page, at the beginning of a chapter, in imitation of illumi- 
 nated manuscripts, now seldom used. 
 
 IMPRINT (print.). Fr., nom de 1'editeur; Ger., druckort. 
 Designation of a place where a work is printed ; either with 
 or without the printer's name. 
 
 INITIAL LETTERS (print.). Fr., lettres initiales, lettres 
 d'apparat; Ger., anfangsbuchstabe. The first letter of a 
 paragraph. 
 
 INITIALISM (bib.). Only the initials of the real name, as 
 R. B. (Braithwaite), T. B. (Brewer), S. E. B. (Sir E. Bridges). 
 O. H. 
 
 INK. Pancirollus says that kind of ink which was used by 
 emperors alone and forbidden to others was called encaus- 
 tum ; from which he derives the Italian inchiostro. From 
 the same source we may derive the French encre and the 
 English ink. B. H. C., in N. &> Q., s. i., v. xi, p. 283. 
 
 IRONYM (bib.). Ironical name, as " A Bird at Brooms- 
 grove," i. e., John Crane to " Rhymes after Meat," 1800. 
 
 INSET (bind.). The pages cut off in folding and placed in 
 the middle of the folded sheet. Hanuett. 
 
 ITS OWN PAPER (print.). When one, two, three, or 
 more copies of a sheet of a work are printed on the 
 paper that the whole is intended to be worked on, it is said 
 to be pulled on its own paper. This is frequently done at 
 the commencement of a work when the first sheet is sent to 
 the author or publisher, that they may see the effect pro- 
 duced before it is proceeded with. Savage, Diet. Print. 
 
 LARGE PAPER COPIES (bib.). Books printed on paper 
 of extra size with wide margins. Dr. Dibdin says he never 
 met with a book printed in this country on large paper before 
 1600, except a unique copy of Scot's ' Discovery of Witch- 
 craft,' 1584. 
 
Dictionary of Terms. 105 
 
 LETTERED (bind.). A book filleted on the back and the 
 title lettered. Hannett. 
 
 LIGATURES (typ.}.See LOGOTYPE. 
 
 LINES (bind.}. A book is said to be in morocco lines when 
 the only ornament is a plain fillet on the bands and round 
 the sides. Hannett. 
 
 LIPOGRAM (bib.). Gr., leipo, to leave, and gramma, a 
 letter. A writing in which a single letter is wholly omitted. 
 Boag. 
 
 LITHOGRAPHY (print.). Gr., lithos, a stone, and grapho, 
 to write. The art of engraving, or of tracing letters, figures, 
 or other designs on stone, and of transferring them to paper 
 by impression. Ib. 
 
 LOGOTYPE (typ.). Type cast in words or double letters ; 
 those in general use are^, fl,fiffi, ffl, because the kernel of 
 the / cannot be placed close to another /, an i, or an /. 
 Attempts have been made to cast whole words in common 
 use such as and, of, in, the, &c. but printers prefer com- 
 posing the words themselves, as it avoids a multiplicity of 
 boxes in the case. 
 
 LONG PRIMER (typ.~).Fr., Petit Remain ; Ger., Corpus, 
 Garmond, Kleine Teufelsschrift ; Ital., Garamone. A type so 
 called from having been used to print primers ; used for 
 dictionaries, works in I2mo, and other works, in which much 
 matter is required to be got into a small space. 
 
 LYON VERSES. Akin to, and often confounded with, 
 Palindromic Verses, q. v., but differing from them, as not 
 only the letters, but each entire word is reversed in its 
 position in the sentence, and therefore have not the same 
 meaning backwards and forwards like the Palindrome, but 
 form a new sentence, which is very generally an answer to 
 the original one. The inventor of this style of verse was 
 C. S. S. Appollinaris, a native of Lyons, from whence, 
 probably, the name is derived. The following (attributed 
 to Politian) is a good example ; it applies to Cain and 
 Abel: 
 
 "Abel. Sacrum pingue dabo, nee macrum sacrificabo." 
 " Cain. Sacrificabo macrum nee dabo pingue sacrum." 
 
 The following well-known epitaph in Cumwallow church- 
 yard (Cornwall) is an example of English Lyon verse : 
 
 " Shall we all die ? we shall die all ; 
 All die shall we die all we shall." 
 
 Wheatley, Of Anagrams, p. 13. 
 
io6 Dictionary of Terms. 
 
 MACARONIC (bib.). Pertaining to or like a macaroni ; 
 empty, trifling. Consisting of a mixture or jumble of ill- 
 formed or ill-connected words. A kind of burlesque poetry, 
 in which words of different languages are intermixed, and 
 native words are made to end in Latin terminations, or 
 Latin words are modernized. Boag. The earliest author 
 and inventor was Theoph. Folengo, who wrote an epic in 
 Latinized Italian. Wheatley, Of Anagrams, p. 26; see also 
 De la Litterature Macaronique, (Philobiblion Society Trans- 
 actions, Land., 1856); and Macaroneana, by M. O. Dele- 
 pierre. (Paris, 1852.) 
 
 MACKLE (print.). Fr., friser; Ger., dupliren. When part 
 of the impression on a page appears double, owing to the 
 platen dragging on the frisket. 
 
 MILL-BOARD (pap.). Fr., carton de pate, carton de 
 moulage ; Ger., geformte pappe, pappdeckel, starker pap- 
 pendeckel. A thick paper used for various purposes, 
 amongst others, covers for books, superseding pasteboard ; 
 it came into use about the middle of the iyth century, 
 previous to which books came out either in paper covers 
 like French books, or whole bound in calf. N. & Q.,s. in., 
 v. vii, p. 138. See PASTEBOARD. 
 
 MINION (typ.). 
 
 Fr. La Mignione ; Grer. Colonell, Mignonschrift ; Ital. Mignona. The name of 
 a type principally used for newspapers, prayer-books, bibles, Ac- 
 It is half the size of English. 
 
 NEWSPAPERS. Publications in numbers, issued at short 
 and stated intervals, conveying intelligence of passing 
 events. The word is not, as many imagine, derived from 
 the adjective new. In former years (1595 N 
 
 1730) it was the universal practice to put 
 over the periodical publications of the day 
 the initial letters of the four cardinal 
 points of the compass, thus : .... 
 importing that they contained news from the 
 four quarters of the globe. Haydn., Diet, of Dates. This 
 appears a very fanciful derivation. 
 
 NIELLO. A pulverized substance, composed of silver, 
 copper, lead, sulphur, and borax ; used by the early engra- 
 vers to fill the lines so as to make the design visible on 
 silver or copper plates. See APPENDIX. 
 
Dictionary of Terms. 107 
 
 NOM-DE-PLUME (bib.). The assumed name under which 
 any one writes. 
 
 NONPAREIL (typ.). 
 
 Fr., Nonpareille; Ger., Nonpareille; Dut., Nonpareil; Ital., Nonpariglia. A type in 
 body exa<5Uy half the size of Pica ; used for the same purposes as Minion. 
 
 NUMERALS. See Part VII, Miscellaneous, Art. NUMERA- 
 TION. 
 
 OBELISK, OR LONG CROSS (print.'), erroneously called the 
 single dagger. Fr., croix ; Ger., kreuz. A reference mark 
 thus f to draw attention to a foot note, or to one in the margin, 
 and in Roman Catholic prayer-books for bulls, briefs, &c. ; 
 for want of the square cross ^, it is sometimes used 
 inverted 4- 
 
 OCTAVO (print.]. Contraction, ocl.,8vo. Fr., in octavo, in 
 80 ; Ger., octav. The size of a book printed on paper of any 
 dimensions folded into eight leaves, making sixteen pages. 
 The signatures are B, B 2, B 3, on pages i, 3, 5. The 
 wire mark is horizontal, and the paper-mark at the very 
 top often considerably cropped by the binder. N. &> Q., 
 Jan. 27, 1866. The usual sizes are, imperial 8vo, royal 
 8vo, demy 8vo, crown 8vo, post 8vo, foolscap 8vo. 
 
 ODD PAGE (print.}. The ist, 3rd, and all uneven num- 
 bered pages. 
 
 OPISTHOGRAPHIC (bib.}. A term applied to early printed 
 books, printed on both sides of the page. Savage, Diet. 
 
 OUT OF PRINT (book.)Fr., epuise; Ger., im buchhandel 
 vergriffen. A book is said to be out of print when the 
 publisher has no copies for sale. 
 
 PALINDROME, PALINDROMATIC. Gr., palin, again, and 
 dromeo, to run. Applied to words and sentences that may 
 be read the same backwards as forwards ; numerous in the 
 Latin, but very uncommon in the English language. Some- 
 times called Sotatic verses, from the inventor, Sotates, a 
 Greek poet, of Thrace. The following Palindromic line of 
 Taylor, the Water Poet, is obtained by the quaintness of 
 the spelling of the last word, and by the use of the sign (&) 
 for and : " Lewd did I live, & evil I did dwell." Wheatley, 
 Of Anagrams, p. 9. 
 
io8 Dictionary of Terms. 
 
 PAMPHLET (print.). Any work that does not exceed five 
 sheets octavo is called a pamphlet. Savage, Did. The 
 derivations suggested for this word are par un filet, held 
 together by a thread ; or palme feuillet, as leaves to be held 
 in the hand. 
 
 PANEICONOGRAPHY. A method of reproducing by 
 means of the typographic press, any lithographic, auto- 
 graphic, or typographic proof, any drawing with crayon or 
 stump, or any engraving from wood or copper. Described 
 in Abridg. of Specif . on Printing, p. 30. 
 
 PARAGON (typ.). 
 
 Fr. f Petit Parangon; Ger. and Dut., 
 Paragon; Ital., Paragone. A type 
 
 a size larger than Great Primer, and the only one which 
 retains the same name in all languages. Hansard says 
 (p. 380), " Its appellation shows that it was first cut 
 in France, and at the same time gives us reason to 
 suppose that the shape of a well-made letter there was 
 at that time indifferent, because, when Paragon appeared 
 to turn out a letter of better shape than the rest it re- 
 ceived the name of a perfect pattern, which the word 
 paragon implies." 
 
 PARAGRAPH (print.}. Fr., pied de mouche, 1'alinea; Ger., 
 absatz, neue linie. A reference mark, ]", formerly prefixed 
 to such matter as authors designed to distinguish from the 
 general contents of their works, and which was to give the 
 reader an item of some particular subject. At present the 
 paragraph is little used, except in Bibles and Prayer-books, 
 or works printed in the old style. 
 
 PARALLEL. See PRINTER'S MARKS, Part VII. 
 
 PASTE-BOARD (pap.).Fr., carton de collage, ais de 
 carton ; Ger., starker pappendeckel, geleimte pappe. A 
 substance made of sheets of paper pasted together, used in 
 bookbinding; introduced about the middle of the i6th 
 century, superseding wooden boards, now themselves super- 
 seded by mill-boards, q. v. 
 
 PrLAKL (typ.). p r .La Parisienne, on Sedanoise; Ger. Perl, Pariserschrift : Ital. Occhlo 
 di Mosca, A type frequently used for Pocket Dictionaries, Pocket Bibles, Prayer Books, &c. 
 
 Very good for those blessed with strong sight. 
 
 PHARMACONYM (bib.). The name of a substance or 
 material taken for a proper name. O.H. 
 
Dictionary of Terms. log 
 
 PHRASEONYM (bib.). A phrase used instead of a proper 
 name, as, "A Lover of Justice ;" "A Friend of Humanity;" 
 " A Beef Eater." O. H. 
 
 PHRENONYM (bib.). Moral quality taken for a proper 
 name, as, John Search (Archbishop Whately) ; this kind of 
 pseudonym is very popular, as, " Justicia," &c., &c. Ib. 
 
 PICA (typ.). 
 
 Fr., Cicero ; Ger., Cicero; Dut., Mediaan ; Ital., 
 Lettura. A type so called. It is the standard 
 by which all other sizes of types are classified, 
 and the measurement regulating the price of 
 composition (press work). 
 
 POINTS., ;:. ?!(')[* t t || H Y^. See Part VII, 
 Art. PRINTERS' MARKS. 
 
 POLONYM (bib.). Work by several authors. 0. H. 
 
 PRENONYM (bib.). Name taking the place of the family 
 name. Ib. 
 
 PRINTING (typ.). Fr., imprimerie, typographic ; Ger., Druc- 
 kerei, Buchdruckerkunst ; Dut., Prenten ; Ital., Stampare, 
 Imprimere. Abridg. of Specif . Printing, &*c. 
 
 PROOF (print.). Fr. tierce ; Ger., abzug, korrektur, probe, 
 letzepr robebogen, dritter bogen. An impression of a sheet of 
 a work or of a job to be examined to see that it be correct. 
 Proofs are termed according to circumstances, AUTHOR'S 
 
 PROOF, FIRST PROOF, CLEAN PROOF, FOUL PROOF, ITS OWN 
 
 PAPER, and REVISE, for description of which see under each 
 head. Savage, Ditt. Print. 
 
 PSEUDANDRY (bib.). Woman signing a man's name, such 
 as John Search (Miss Austin); Bob Short (A. L. Barbauld); 
 Kenner Deene (Charlotte Smith). O. H. 
 
 PSEUDOJYN (bib.). Man signing a woman's name, such as 
 Clara Gazut (P. Merimee), Sarah Search (F. Nolan). Ib. 
 
 PSEUDO-INITIALISM (bib.). False initials, or not the 
 initials of the author's name. Ib. 
 
 PSEUDO-TITONYM (bib.). False quality or title, as "A 
 Lincolnshire Grazier" (T. H. Home). 
 
no Dictionary of Terms. 
 
 QUARTO (bib.). Contraction, 4to; Fr., in quarto, in 4to; 
 Ger., viertelform. The size of a book printed on paper 
 of any dimensions folded into four leaves, making eight 
 pages. The signatures are B, B2, on pages i and 3 ; 
 the water mark is always horizontal, and the paper mark 
 folded in half on the back of the book, still midway 
 between the top and the bottom. N. & Q., Jan. 27, 1866. 
 The most usual sizes are demy 4to, imperial 410, royal 4to, 
 small 4to. 
 
 RECORDS. Terms used in reference to copying. See Part 
 VII, Miscellaneous, Art. RECORDS. 
 
 RECTO (bib.). The term formerly applied to the side of a 
 sheet of parchment that was written on. The blank side 
 was called VERSO, or the REVERSE. It is now used to 
 denominate the page of a book printed on the right hand side 
 always the odd page. 
 
 REFERENCES (print.). There are various references used 
 for notes, according to the fancy of the author or master 
 printer. Where they are not numerous in a page the 
 common references are generally used, in this order : *, f> 
 |, , ||, 5T an d where there are more than six notes in a 
 page, two of each reference are put to a note ; but this is 
 looked upon as having an unsightly appearance. Italic 
 lower case letters are sometimes used, enclosed between 
 parentheses (a), and sometimes figures (i) ; the letters, 
 when they are used, are often continued through the 
 alphabet, and then commence again with (a). The most 
 usual references, and which are esteemed the neatest, are 
 superiors, both letters and figures ; where the notes are at 
 the foot of the page letters are most frequently used, some- 
 times going through the alphabet, and sometimes com- 
 mencing with a in each page in which notes occur ; where 
 the notes are placed at the end of the volume, I - 2 are nearly 
 always adopted, in regular succession. Savage, Diet, of 
 Printing. 
 
 (print.). Marks and signs used in matter which 
 
 have either side or bottom notes. See ASTERISK, OBELISK, 
 DOUBLE DAGGER, PARALLEL, SECTION, PARAGRAPH; also Art. 
 PRINTERS' MARKS, in Part VII, Miscellaneous. 
 
 REGISTER, or REGISTRUM CHARTARUM (bib.). A list of 
 signatures and first words of a sheet, at the end of early 
 printed books now disused. 
 
Dictionary of Terms. in 
 
 REGISTER (print.). A term used in printing when one page 
 ,is exactly printed on the back of the other. 
 
 REGISTERS (bind.). Ribbons fastened under the head- 
 band, left hanging at the foot, to denote the place where the 
 reader left off. Hannett. Commonly called book-markers. 
 
 REPRINT or EXCERPT. Fr., tirage a part; Ger., sepa- 
 ratabdruck. The whole or part of a book reissued. 
 
 REVISE (print.). -FV.,faire la revision de,revoir; Ger., durch- 
 sehen, revidiren. An impression of the form, for the use of 
 the "reader," for him to examine that all the corrections in 
 the press proof are made previously to the impression being 
 worked off." Savage, Di6t. Print. 
 
 RIBBED PAPER. Fr., papier hollandaise ; Ger., holland- 
 isches papier. See Part VII, Miscellaneous, Art. PAPER. 
 
 RUBRIC. A name given to the directory passages in the 
 services of the Church, formerly printed in red ink, which 
 colour was first used in the Psalterium of Mentz, 1457. It 
 is now generally discontinued. Timperley. See CHRO- 
 NOLOGY, 1478. 
 
 RUBY (typ.}. 
 
 The name of a type, the next in size larger than Pearl and' smaller than Nonpareil, 
 it is half the size of Small Pica. From the difficulty in distinguishing other types of 
 
 nearly the same body it was necessary to give it a new name, 
 and was appropriately called Ruby as a medium between 
 Diamond and Pearl. 
 
 RUNNING TITLE. Fr., titre courant ; Ger., columnentitel. 
 Words placed at the top of the page to indicate the subject 
 of the text, sometimes called head-lines. It should be short 
 and suggestive, and printed in small capitals. Wilson on 
 Pun filiation, p. 271. 
 
 SAWN-BACKS (bind.), See CHRONOLOGY, 1751. 
 
 SCENONYM (bib.).Fr., nom de theatre. Theatrical name 
 of author or actor, as Edmund Falconer (O'Rourke). 0. H. 
 
 SCRIPT (typ.). 
 
 fr.j cflnglaise. Xfye name of a class of types 
 made to imitate writing. 
 
 * Also termed in Fr., Cara&eres calligraphiques ; in Ger., Schreib- 
 schrift. 
 
112 Dictionary of Terms. 
 
 SECTION (typ.). A printer's mark () used for the division of 
 a discourse or chapter into less parts or portions ; also used 
 as printer's reference to notes. 
 
 SEMI-INITIALISM (bib.}. Part of the author's name on 
 the title of a book, such as A. and L., i.e., A. and L. Shore, 
 War Lyrics, 1855.' O. H. 
 
 SET-OFF (print.}. Transfer of ink from one page to another 
 in printing, consequent on folding the sheets before the ink 
 is dry, likely to occur when the books are pressed in a 
 rolling machine. Leighton, Journ. Soc.Arts, v. vii, p. 213. 
 
 SEVENTY-TWOMO, 721*0. A sheet of paper folded into 
 72 leaves, making 144 pages. See Part VII, Miscellaneous, 
 BOOKS, sizes of. 
 
 SEX-DECIMO (bib.). Sixteenmo; contraction, i6mo, now 
 called foolscap 8vo (fcap. 8vo) ; Fr. in seiz, in 16 ; Ger. sedez, 
 sedezformat, sechzehnletform. Size of a book on paper folded 
 into sixteen leaves, making 32 pages. The signatures are B, 
 B2, 63,34, 65, B6, By, B8; on pages 1,3,5, 7 9> " 13. I 5- 
 Wire-mark horizontal, paper mark on the fore edge. 
 
 SIDE-HEAD. Same as Caption, q. v., but put in the first 
 line of the paragraph to which they refer. Wilson, 
 Treatise, p. 270. Tomlinson's Cyclop. 
 
 SIDERONYM (bib.). Celestial or astronomical name, as 
 "Zadkiel," i.e. Capt. E. J. Morrison, R.N. O. H. 
 
 SIGLA (typ.). Notes, breviatures, letters set for words, 
 characters, shorthand. See jf. Nicolai Tractatus de Siglis 
 veterum, Lugd. Bat., 1703, 4to 
 
 SIGNATURES (typ.). The capital letters or figures under the 
 foot line of the first page of each sheet, to indicate their order 
 in binding. The invention of signatures is generally attributed 
 to Zarot, of Milan, 1470; others say to John Koelhoff, of 
 Cologne, in 1472. See Chronology, 1470. It is usual to 
 begin the first sheet of every work with signature B, leaving 
 A for the title sheet. To an octavo sheet two signatures 
 only are necessary, which are placed on the first and third 
 pages. To a sheet of twelves three are used, placed on the 
 first, third, and ninth pages, thus B, B 2, B 3. 
 
 SIXTY-FOURMO, 641110. A sheet of paper folded into 
 64 leaves, making 128 pages. See Part VII, Miscellaneous, 
 BOOKS, sizes of. 
 
DtfKonary of Terms. 113 
 
 SMALL CAPITALS. Capitals of a smaller size than the 
 regular capitals of a fount, but cast on the same body ; they 
 are used for running titles, heads of chapters, emphatic 
 words, and subordinate lines in titles and jobs. 
 
 SMALL PICA (typ.). 
 
 A size less than Pica, and perhaps the most extensively 
 used letter. Novels are generally printed in this body. 
 
 SOTADIC VERSES. See PALINDROME. 
 
 SQUARES (bind.). The portion of the boards of a volume 
 which project over the edges. Hannett. 
 
 START (bind.}. When leaves after binding spring from the 
 back and project from the edges. Ib. 
 
 STET (print.). When a word has been struck out in a proof, 
 and is afterwards decided it shall remain, the word is marked 
 with dots underneath, and stet written in the margin. 
 
 STIGMONYM (bib.). Dots instead of name. O. H. 
 
 SUPER-EXTRA (bind.). A book beat or rolled and for- 
 warded in the best manner, having superior coloured end- 
 papers, double head bands and broad registers, rolled inside 
 and double rolled outside with narrow rolls or one broad 
 roll. Hannett. 
 
 SUPERIORS (typ.). The small letters or figures placed 
 above at the end of a word, thus a to call attention to a note. 
 Figures are preferable to letters, and are best when carried 
 consecutively through the chapter. 
 
 SUPER-ROYAL (pap.}. Name given to a size of paper 
 measuring 27^ in. by igj in.; in Fr., jesus, and in Ger., 
 grossregalpapier or jesuspapier. 
 
 SYNCOPISM (bib.). Applied to a pseudonym consisting of 
 a name deprived of several letters, such asB.r...dH.w..d, 
 e. g., Bernard Howard. O. H. 
 
 TAIL (bind.). The bottom of the book. Hannett. 
 
 TAIL-PIECE (typ.). An ornament placed in a short page to 
 fill up the vacancy. 
 
 TELONISM (bib.). The terminal letters of the real name, as 
 N. S., John Anstis. O. H. 
 
 Q 
 
ii4 Dictionary of Terms. 
 
 THIRTY-SIXMO, 36*10. A sheet of paper folded into 36 
 leaves, making 72 pages. See Part VII, Miscellaneous, 
 BOOKS, sizes of. 
 
 THIRTY-TWOMO, 32*10. A sheet of paper folded into 32 
 leaves, making 64 pages. See Part VII, Miscellaneous, 
 BOOKS, sizes of. 
 
 TIRONIAN NOTES. The shorthand notes of Roman an- 
 tiquity, said to have been introduced into Rome by Tiro, 
 the freedman and favourite of Cicero. The Tironian Notes 
 consist of arbitrary signs, and are still common in marginal 
 notes. Imperial Dift. 
 
 TITLONYM (bib.}. Quality or title taken instead of a proper 
 name, as "An Academician," "A Barrister," "A Member 
 of Parliament. O. H. 
 
 TRAFALGAR (typ.). 
 
 A name for 
 
 type a 
 
 between Two-line Double Pica and Canon. 
 
 TRANSLATIONYM (bib.). A translation of the real name, 
 as Books Nabonag (" Books" is a translation, and " Nabo- 
 nag," an anagram ; i. e., Le Comte Georges Libri Bagnano), 
 G. Forrest (Rev. J. G. Wood). O. H. 
 
 TWENTY-FOURMO, 24MO. A sheet of paper folded into 
 24 leaves, making 48 pages. See Part VII, Miscellaneous ; 
 Art. BOOKS, sizes of. 
 
 TWENTYMO, 2OMO. A sheet of paper folded into 20 
 leaves, making 40 pages. See Part VII, Miscellaneous, 
 BOOKS, sizes of. 
 
 TWIN-BINDING (bind.). A method of binding books 
 (sometimes used for dictionaries) by uniting the two parts, 
 back to fore-edge, in such a manner as to expose the pages 
 of the different languages at the same time. Leighton, 
 Journ. Soc. Arts, v. vii, p. 214. 
 
Dictionary of Terms. 1 15 
 
 TWO-LINE ENGLISH (typ.) 
 
 Fr., Petit Canon ; Ger., 
 Doppelmittel, Roman ; 
 
 Dut ., Dubbelde Augustin ; Ital., Canoncino. A type twice 
 the size of English. 
 
 TWO-LINE DOUBLE PICA (typ.). 
 
 ^>.,Trismegiste; 
 
 German, Grobe 
 
 Canon, Sabon; Dut., Groote Kanon. A type a size larger 
 than Two-line Great Primer. 
 
 TWO-LINE GREAT PRIMER (typ.). 
 
 Fr.j Deux Points 
 de Gros Remain ; 
 
 Ger,, Kleine Canon; Dut., Kanon; Ital., GrossoTesto. A 
 type the depth of which equals two lines of Great Primer. 
 
 TWO-LINE PICA (typ.). 
 
 Fr., Deux Points de 
 Cicero, Palestine ; 
 
 Ger., Doppelcicero, Palestinaschrift ; Dut., Dubbelde 
 Mediaan. One size larger than Double Pica. 
 
 UNCUT BOOKS. See BOOKS UNCUT. 
 
 . EDGES (bind.). Fr., non coupe ; Ger., unauf 
 
 geschnitten, contracted to unaufg. Books that are not cut 
 open with the paper-knife. Fr., non rogne ; Ger., nicht 
 beschnitten. Edges not ploughed by the binder. 
 
n6 Dittyonary of Terms. 
 
 VERSO (bib.).Fr., verso; Ger., kehrseite, ruckseite. The 
 page of a book on the reverse or left hand side, in contradic- 
 tion to the recto. Always the even number in the pagination. 
 
 WASTE (print.). Ger., maculatur, maculatur-bogen. The 
 overplus sheets of a work after all the copies have been 
 made up by the gatherer, and from which the binder is 
 supplied with any imperfections. Hannett. 
 
 WATER LINES (pap.). The transparent perpendicular 
 marks on paper, called in French pontusaux ; in German 
 vassermarke ; Crossed at right angles by the wire marks, 
 Fr.,vergeures. Namur, Manuel, p. 212. Ger., formstreifer. 
 
 WATER-MARKS (pap.). Fr., filigrane ; Ger., vasser- 
 zeichen. Ornamental figures in wire (or thin brass) sewn 
 upon the wires of the mould, and, like those wires, they 
 leave an impression by rendering the paper, where it lies 
 on them, thinner and more translucent. Tomlinson, Cyclo., 
 Art. PAPER. For further remarks on paper water-marks, 
 see Sotheby, Princip., Typ., Vol. III. 
 
 XYLOGRAPHIC BOOKS (bib.).Gr., xulon, wood, grapho, 
 to write ; Fr., xylographie ; Ger., zylographische drucke. 
 Block book, q. v. 
 
 Many terms, not mentioned in this Part VI, will be found in Part VII, 
 under the following heads, viz.: BOOKS, bindings of, sizes of; 
 BOOKSELLERS' CONTRACTIONS ; PAPER, sizes of, names of, in French 
 and German, &c. &c. 
 
PART VII. 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
PART VII. MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 BOOKS AND BOOKBINDING. 
 
 The following article on Books and Bookbinding is taken from 
 the introduction to one of the last official Abridgments 
 of Specifications published by order of the Commissioners 
 of Patents.* As it embodies briefly most of the in- 
 formation on the subject which is of interest, without 
 entering too minutely into details, we offer no apology for 
 reproducing it in full. 
 
 " Book and bookbinding in the modern acceptation of the 
 words were unknown to the ancients. In Coptic the equivalent 
 for book is djon or djoome (original meaning volume); in 
 Chinese, shoo (made up of two characters, one of which stands 
 for pencil, the other for speak] ; in Sanscrit, grantha (bind- 
 ing or fastening) ; in Arabic, kitdb (from a root which signifies 
 write] ; in Hebrew, sepher (write] ; in Greek, byblos or byblion, 
 afterwards biblos or biblion ; biblos is the Coptic word for the 
 inner rind of the papyrus ; and in Latin liber, the name given 
 to the inner bark or rind of a tree. Our word 'book' is, 
 according to Mr. Wedgwood, the Anglo-Saxon hoc, from the 
 Gothic boka (letter, writing); others connect the word with 
 another meaning of boc (beech), ' because the Teutonic race 
 wrote on beechen boards.' " 
 
 The commandments delivered to Moses were carved on 
 stone, and the obelisks, tombs, and other monuments of stone 
 brought from Egypt are covered with sculptures. A softer 
 material would soon be required, and clay was early used for 
 the purpose of writing on ; of this the Babylonian tiles and 
 the Assyrian tablets and cylinders (of which there are some 
 thousands in the British Musuem) are a proof. The clay, after 
 being stamped or written on, was sun-dried or hardened by fire. 
 The material on which Moses wrote his books of the law 
 cannot be ascertained, but as the roll is the form still adopted 
 
 * ' Abridgments of Specifications relating to'Books, Portfolios, Card Cases, 
 &c., A.D. 1768 1866.' Printed by Order of the Commissioners of Patents. 
 London, 1870. 8vo, pp. xvii, 198. 
 
I2O Miscellaneous. 
 
 in Jewish synagogues, an opinion may be hazarded that he 
 wrote on skins. 
 
 The papyrus of the Egyptians, however, became so gene- 
 rally used that it may be termed the ancient paper, and it held 
 its place against parchment and vellum until the yth century 
 of the Christian era, when it was superseded by them (Penny 
 Cycl.). Livy in several places mentions libri lintei (book of 
 linen), an ancient chronicle of the Roman people preserved in 
 the temple of Juno Moneta, and Pliny states that, before the 
 introduction of papyrus private records were kept on linen or 
 wax. 
 
 Pieces of papyrus were joined together side by side so as 
 to form one broad sheet; the writing was executed on one side 
 only, in columns four or five fingers broad, with a blank space 
 of about a finger's breadth between; when the writing was 
 finished, the papyrus was rolled round a stick, and from this 
 rolling a completed work was called a volume or roll. A 
 painted boss or ball was fastened to each end of the stick, and 
 usually projected above and below. The ends of the roll 
 were carefully cut, polished with pumice stone, and coloured 
 black (Ovid Trist.). The back of the papyrus was stained 
 with oil of cedrus, to preserve it from decay ; the title was 
 written on a small strip in a light red colour and attached to 
 the outer end of the roll, or on a kind of ticket and suspended 
 from the roll ; a portrait of the author was prefixed to the first 
 column ; the roll was protected by an outer case stained with 
 a purple or a yellow colour ; and the whole was placed ver- 
 tically in a cylindrical box (generally made of beech wood, 
 Pliny XVI.) or horizontally on a shelf. It is not to be sup- 
 posed that every roll was finished off in such style ; the fore- 
 going is the description of a complete first-class roll or book, 
 as may be verified by notices in Pliny, Ovid, Seneca, and 
 Martial. Sometimes there was a stick at each end of the roll, 
 so that the whole formed as it were a double roll. 
 
 The nature of the paste or cement for joining the pieces of 
 papyrus is not known. Pliny tells us that it was the turbid 
 water of the Nile which had a glutinous quality ! The Jews 
 must have been very expert in preparing the skins of their 
 rolls and in joining them together, as we read in the I2th 
 book of Josephus that, when they presented to Ptolemy Phila- 
 delphus (who died B.C. 247) a roll of their laws written in 
 golden letters, the king stood wondering for a long time at the 
 thinness of the skins and the invisibility of the joinings. They 
 were far ahead of the Athenians, who, as late as A.D. 407, 
 erected a statue to Phillatius for teaching them the " art of 
 gluing." 
 
 In the time of Augustus books, still in the form of rolls, 
 
Miscellaneous. 
 
 121 
 
 were abundant and surprisingly low-priced. Horace informs us, 
 in his epistle "ad librum suum," that the Sosii were his pub- 
 lishers ; he seems to complain of his works getting into the 
 hands of the common people and becoming school books. In 
 his " Ars Poetica " he writes of a poet " rich in lands, rich in 
 money laid out at interest ;" a proof that authorship was some- 
 times a lucrative profession. Martial tells that he is read 
 throughout the whole globe, and in all nations under the rule 
 of the Romans ; that he is in everybody's pocket or hand. In 
 one epigram he informs us that a copy of his I3th book (14 
 pages of modern print, 8vo.) may be bought for 4 nummi 
 (about 8^.), and that if the bookseller Tryphon were to sell it 
 for half that sum he would still get a profit. In another 
 epigram he writes that a copy of his first book (29 pages of 
 modern print, 8vo.), polished with pumice stone and encased 
 in purple, may be bought at Atreclus's for five denarii (about 
 35. 6d.) " Slave labour," says Mr. Humphreys in his Art of 
 Printing, " was the printing press of the Romans, and a very 
 effective one too." The transcribers were slaves, cheaply fed 
 and hard worked, and one reader dictated to many tran- 
 scribers. Both Horace and Martial hint that the publishers 
 of their day produced at times larger editions than could be 
 sold ; the remainders, as modern publishers call them, were 
 often doomed "to feed bookworms," or " to wrap up pastry 
 and spices." As a proof of the number of copies of some 
 works, Pliny (Ep. IV. 7.) writes that a certain Regulus, who 
 wrote a biography of himself and his son, had 1,000 copies of 
 it dispersed throughout Italy and the provinces. Nero, too, 
 ensured the diffusion of a large edition of his verses by 
 commanding that they should be given to schoolboys as 
 examples. 
 
 When the change from the roll to the modern-shaped book 
 took place is very uncertain. Some writers assign the change 
 to Eumenes II., King of Pergamus, in whose reign (B.C. 197- 
 159) parchment was invented, or more probably improved, as 
 Herodotus mentions writing on skins as common in his time, 
 and Ctesias and Diodorus describe the ancient Persian 
 records as written on leather. Other writers affirm that the 
 Latin word liber means roll, and the word codex (literally the 
 trunk or stem of a tree) a square book. The only authority for 
 the former assertion is, that both sides of the skin were so 
 cleaned that either side could be written on ; and a careful 
 comparison of the passages in which the word codex occur 
 shows that it was applied to the wooden memorandum tablets 
 which were jointed together and lined with a coat of wax. 
 There is not a doubt that when, at a later age, parchment or 
 paper was substituted for wax and put together in the shape 
 
 R 
 
122 Miscellaneous . 
 
 of a modern book, the name of codex was still retained. We 
 have the authority of Winckelmann and others that all the 
 literary works (and paintings of works) found at Herculaneum 
 and Pompeii were rolls, and that most of the rolls were made 
 of papyrus. The change most probably was very gradual, and 
 the following quotation gives the opinion of Mr. Humphreys 
 on the subject: " It is supposed that the square form of book 
 began to prevail in Rome in imitation of the tablets used for 
 private memoranda, which were at first waxed plates of metal 
 within a cover more or less richly decorated, and protected by 
 raised edges. These tablets were afterwards displaced by 
 leaves of vellum, sometimes of different colours, to the num- 
 ber of five or six. Such tablets, within richly carved ivory 
 covers, were, during the period of the Eastern empire, pre- 
 sented to consuls or other high functionaries on their nomina- 
 tion to office. Eventually, it became customary for private 
 persons to present each other with tablets, often with compli- 
 mentary poems ready written on the leaves of vellum, the 
 covers naturally becoming objects for decorative embellish- 
 ment. Small books of poems may have been prepared for sale 
 in the same way, as the old rolled form did not afford such 
 scope for decoration as the pair of panels which enclosed and 
 protected the tablets. This form of book probably arose in the 
 East shortly before the removal of the capital to Constanti- 
 nople, as the name by which tablets of that kind were 
 distinguished was the Greek term diptych. The period which 
 may be assigned for the general adoption of the square form 
 for certain books, which were at first distinguished as libri 
 quadrati, was probably not earlier than the 4th century. There 
 is a copy of Virgil in the Vatican library which may be con- 
 sidered one of the oldest existing monuments of a book in this 
 form. It has been assigned by some to the reign of Septimius 
 Severus, but more probably belongs to to the age of Constan- 
 tine. At any rate, it is a relic of Roman handicraft when the 
 language of Virgil was still the language of Rome, as is shown 
 by the costumes and all the accessories of the illustrations, 
 which were evidently executed when Roman dress and 
 manners prevailed in Italy." A learned German, named 
 Schwartz, who wrote a treatise on books in 1705, says (but 
 without giving any date as to age), that there may be seen in 
 the same library a copy of Livy, Tacitus, and others, all in 
 quarto quadrato, i.e., in square quarto. 
 
 During the middle or dark ages, reckoned by Mr. Hallam 
 from A.D. 48610 A.D. 1495, i.e., from about 70 years after the 
 final departure of the Romans from Britain to the loth year of 
 the reign of Henry VII, books were very scarce, and conse- 
 quently very high-priced. The monks were nearly the sole 
 
Miscellaneous. 123 
 
 transcribers, and, as they worked single-handed in the scrip- 
 torium attached to each principal monastery, but few copies 
 could be made. The monks, and sometimes the bishops, 
 were the illuminators and bookbinders as well as the tran- 
 scribers. 
 
 The introduction of paper must have greatly aided the 
 multiplication of books. Paper is said to have been invented 
 by the Chinese about A.D. 95 ((Penny Cycl.). The art of 
 making paper from cotton was learned from the Chinese by 
 the Arabs in the yth century, and there was a manufactory of 
 such paper established at Samarkand about A.D. 706. The 
 Arabs seem to have carried the art into Spain, and to have 
 there made paper from linen and hemp, as well as from 
 cotton (Journal of Education). Of course, the invention of 
 printing (about A.D. 1438) did away with the occupation of 
 the transcriber, and materially increased the work of the 
 binder. 
 
 In Dibdin's Bibliographical Decameron we read, " The 
 printing of the folio bible in the reign of Henry VIII (1538- 
 I 539) rnust have given importance to the art of bookbinding. 
 The first edition consisted of 2,500 copies, one of which was 
 set up in every church in England, and secured to a desk by a 
 chain. Within three years there were seven editions of this 
 work." 
 
 Authors, too numerous to mention, describe books bound 
 in gold, silver, velvet, silk, vellum, and leather, and having the 
 covers ornamented with precious stones and metals, crucifixes, 
 madonnas, bosses, &c., &c. The most ancient bound books 
 in the library of the British Museum are, (i) the celebrated 
 MS. of St. Cuthbert's gospels, written between 698-720; it is 
 bound in velvet intermixed with silver and having a broad 
 silver border ; the centre and border are inlaid with gems. (2) 
 A copy of the Latin gospels, written in the beginning of the 
 gth century ; the binding is coeval or nearly so ; it consists of 
 thick oaken covers plated in silver and set with gems ; on one 
 side is embossed the figure of the Saviour, with the symbols 
 of the Evangelists in the corners, and on the other side is the 
 Agnus Dei. (3) Latin gospels of the loth century, in ancient 
 metallic binding, ornamented with crystals. (4) A Latin 
 psalter, with the canticles, litany, and office for the dead, 
 written and illuminated about the year 1140; the covers are of 
 carved ivory, set with turquoises ; on one side are represented 
 some events in the life of David, on the other, illustrations of 
 the seven works of mercy. If, however, we compare these 
 and other antique bindings with modern specimens of the art 
 to be found in public libraries and private collections, we shall 
 have good reason to be proud of our modern craftsmen. 
 
124 Miscellaneous. 
 
 Modern work is more elegant, less ponderous and clumsy, and 
 at the same time apparently equally durable. 
 
 The description of a binding recorded in Dibdin is worth 
 extracting; the book is said to be "in the library of J. W. King 
 Eyton, Esq.," and is called "a large paper copy of the late 
 Mr. Blakeway's Sheriffs of Shropshire." " It is an imperial 
 folio, with the armorial bearings beautifully coloured. The 
 binding is of blood-coloured morocco, extending an inch and 
 half all round the inside of the cover, on which is placed a 
 bold but open border tooled in gold, forming a fine relief to the 
 rest of the inside, which is in purple, elegantly worked all over 
 in hexagons running into each other in the Venetian style. 
 In each compartment is placed the lion rampant and fleur-de- 
 lys alternately. The fly-leaves are of vellum, ornamented with 
 two narrow gold lines, and the edges are tooled. The back 
 consists of hexagons inlaid with purple, containing the lions 
 and fleur-de-lys aforesaid, but somewhat smaller than those in 
 the interior. The design on the outside is a triumphal arch, 
 occupying the entire side, highly enriched, with its cornices, 
 mouldings, &c., executed in suitable small ornamental work ; 
 from its columns (which are wreathed with laurel) and other 
 parts of the structure are suspended the shields of the sheriffs, 
 70 in number, the quarterings of which, with their frets, bends, 
 &c., are curiously inlaid in different colours of morocco, and, 
 with the ornamental parts of the bearings, have been em- 
 blazoned with heraldic accuracy on both sides of the volume. 
 When we state that more than 57,000 impressions of tools 
 have been required to produce this wonderful exemplar of 
 ingenuity and skill, some idea may be formed of the time and 
 labour necessary for its execution." 
 
 A short notice of the celebrated library at Alexandria, 
 cannot be out of place in an introduction to books, as it 
 was probably the largest collection ever brought together before 
 the invention of printing. It is said to have been founded by 
 Ptolemy Soter about B.C. 283, and increased by his successors 
 until it contained, according to Aulus Gellius, 700,000 
 volumes, according to Josephus, 500,000, and according to 
 Seneca, 400,000. The difference may perhaps be reconciled 
 by supposing that the latter gave the number in one part only 
 of the library, which consisted of two parts, situate in different 
 quarters of the city. During the siege of Alexandria by Julius 
 Caesar, a great part of this library was burnt by a fire, which 
 spread from the shipping to the city; it was soon re-established 
 and augmented by the addition of the library founded by 
 Eumenes, King of Pergamus (the accredited inventor of parch- 
 ment), which collection, amounting to 200,000 volumes, Marc 
 Antony presented to Cleopatra. Alexandria flourished as one 
 
Miscellaneous. 
 
 125 
 
 of the chief seats of literature until it was taken by the Arabs, 
 A.D. 640. " The library was then burnt, according to the story 
 generally believed, in consequence of the fanatic decision of 
 the Caliph Omar : ' If these writings of the Greeks agree with 
 the Book of God, they are useless and need not be preserved ; 
 if they disagree, they are pernicious, and ought to be destroyed.' 
 Accordingly, it is said, they were employed to heat the 4000 
 baths of the city ; and such was their number that six months 
 were barely sufficient for the consumption of the precious fuel " 
 (Penny Cycl.). This account may or may not be true ; but, 
 at all events, the library was dispersed, if not destroyed ; it 
 ceased to exist as a public institution. 
 
 The library of the British Museum contains upwards of 
 800,000 volumes, exclusive of manuscripts. 
 
 The sums paid for certain books would appear to the sober- 
 minded incredible, if they were not well authenticated. 
 
 In 1806, a Bible, presented by Alcuin to Charlemagne in 
 about A.D. 780, was sold for 1500. 
 
 In 1812, at a sale of the Duke of Roxburghe's library, a copy 
 of Boccaccio's ' Decameron,' i vol. folio, was knocked down to 
 the Marquis of Blandford for 2260. It is said that the 
 Roxburghe Club was founded in commemoration thereof. The 
 same copy was sold by public auclion, in 1819, for 875 
 guineas. 
 
 In 1836, a copy of William of Malmesbury's De gestis 
 regum Anglorum fetched at a sale 63, one of Thorn's 
 Chronica, 85, and one of Henry of Huntingdon's De 
 gestis Anglorum, 78 155. 6d. As a proof of the uncertainty 
 of sales by auclion, the first was sold in 1807 for i 75., the 
 second for 125., and the third for 2 is. 
 
 In 1857, a translation of some of Cicero's works, printed 
 by Caxton, and bound in old Russia, was sold for 275. 
 
 A copy of the ' Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye,' printed 
 by Caxton (1471) was sold for 1060 ; this is taken from the 
 ' Encyclopaedia Edinensis,' but the date is not given. 
 
 Scattered about in 'Notes and Queries' will be found notices 
 of books still chained in churches, parish vestries, and school- 
 houses. 
 
 Modern ingenuity has in bookbinding, as well as other arts, 
 applied itself to superseding hand-labour by machinery; con- 
 sequently the present series contains abridgments relating to 
 contrivances for folding paper, rounding or backing, stitching, 
 ploughing edges, cutting pasteboard, holding and pressing, 
 case-making, and mottling edges. In the report of the jury 
 respecting the Exhibition of 1851, we read: "Bookbinding 
 may be said to have become a manufacturing business. Books 
 handsomely bound, gilt, lettered, embossed, and otherwise 
 
126 Miscellaneous . 
 
 ornamented, no longer depend upon individual skill, but are 
 produced with extraordinary rapidity by the aid of machinery. 
 Mr. Burn, of Hatton Garden, first introduced rolling machines 
 to supersede hammering ; the iron printing-presses of Hop- 
 kinson and others were altered to form arming presses, by 
 which block-gilding, blind-tooling, and embossing can be 
 effected with accuracy and rapidity. Leather covers, embossed 
 in elaborate and beautiful patterns by means of powerful fly- 
 presses, were introduced by M. Thouvenin, in Paris, about 25 
 years ago, and almost simultaneously in this country by Messrs. 
 Remnant and Co. and Mr. De La Rue." " Embossed calico 
 was also introduced about the same period by Mr. De La Rue. 
 Hydraulic presses instead of the old wooden screw presses ; 
 Wilson's cutting machines, which superseded the old plough ; 
 the cutting tables with shears invented by Mr. Warren 
 De La Rue, and now applied to squaring and cutting mill- 
 boards for book covers ; all these means and contrivances, in- 
 dispensable to large establishments prove that machinery is one 
 of the elements necessary to enable a binder on a large scale 
 to carry on that business successfully." 
 
 The following notices of rapidity of work are worth record- 
 ing: the first is taken from the supplement to the Penny 
 Cyclopaedia, article BOOKBINDING, 1845. " Five or six years 
 ago Dr. Ure said, ' that should Messrs. Westley (one of the 
 largest establishments in this line clothbinding) receive five 
 thousand volumes on any given occasion, they can have them 
 all ready for publication within the incredibly short period of 
 two days ;' and this has been more than borne out by what 
 has been since done." 
 
 The second is taken from the English Encyclopaedia : 
 " At 10 o'clock in the evening of the 3oth of April, 1851, the 
 first complete printed copy of the official catalogue left the 
 printer's hands ; in the following forenoon 10,000 such copies 
 (in paper wrappers for stitched but unbound books) were ready 
 at the Exhibition in Hyde Park, including two, superbly bound, 
 for Her Majesty and Prince Albert." 
 
 In the report of the jury on the bookbinding exhibited in 
 1862, we are told that " no one member of the jury had acted 
 upon the same section at the Exhibition of 1851," and that 
 consequently no comparative test could be instituted between 
 the work of 1851 and that of 1862. The jury announce that 
 " there is a marked advance " in each of the three sections into 
 which they divided their subject ; "that it was stated, in 1851, 
 that in houses like Remnant's, Westley's, and Leighton's, in 
 London, 1000 volumes could be put up in cloth covers, 
 lettered, and gilt, in six hours ; and it may now fairly be said 
 that the large foreign houses, such as Gruel-Engelman, and 
 
Miscellaneous. 127 
 
 Mame and Co., have acquired an equal degree of efficiency, 
 the English houses having at the same time made a propor- 
 tionate advance." 
 
 AUTHORS AND PUBLISHERS HINTS TO. 
 
 Condensed from Notes and Queries (s. i, vol. vi, p. 334, 
 Oct. gth, 1868) : 
 
 Every book worth reading requires an index ; in certain 
 books a second and third index are necessary. The value of 
 a good index, whether as regards time saved or information 
 gained, cannot be over estimated. 
 
 If you have occasion to quote an author, always give a 
 careful reference. 
 
 Should you have occasion to quote from many writers, the 
 best place is to give it at the end of your book ; the name of 
 the author, title of the work, edition, &c. In every case the 
 authorities quoted should be mentioned in the index. 
 
 In every case give the correct words of the quotation (and 
 a translation or modern version if necessary). 
 
 In historical works, the dates should be printed in the 
 margin whenever it is changed. 
 
 Running titles are very useless ; if necessary, have the 
 current matter on the page as the title, or none at all. 
 
 In mentioning a nobleman or a bishop, give the personal 
 as well as the title or official name. The non-observance of 
 this rule leads to great confusion. 
 
 Omission, or insufficiency of date, is a common defect, and 
 a great source of confusion. The use of " this year" ought, 
 in the absence of marginal reference, to be accompanied with 
 the date in brackets. 
 
 In quoting in a foreign language give a translation, either 
 in a note or at the end of a work, unless the work is intended 
 for the very learned only. 
 
 In many cases it would be very desirable to give a list of 
 books which treat on the subject of the text, with short notes, 
 if possible, respecting the character and value of the work. 
 
 In reprints, either reproduce the original verbatim et litera- 
 tum, or strictly explain the slightest alteration. The system of 
 suppression, mutilation, emendation, &c., cannot be too highly 
 reprehended. 
 
 The writer of this article advocates toned paper. 
 
128 Miscellaneous . 
 
 BOOKS AND BINDINGS NOTES ON. 
 
 Notes and Queries (s. i, vol. v, p. 94, for July 3ist, 1852) 
 has the following hints to book lovers : 
 
 1. Never cut up a book with your finger, nor divide a printed 
 sheet if it be ill-folded, as one page will rob the other of its 
 margin. 
 
 2. Never lend a book without an acknowledgment. 
 
 3. Never bind a book wet from the press, as it cannot 
 certainly be made solid without risking the transfer of ink from 
 one page to another. 
 
 4. Never compress a book of plates in binding, as it 
 injures the texture of the impressions. 
 
 5. Never brand books in unseemly places or deface them 
 with inappropriate stamps. 
 
 6. Never destroy an antique binding if in moderate condi- 
 tion ; if necessary repair it carefully. Do not put a new book in 
 an antique jacket, or vice versa. 
 
 7. Never destroy old writings or autographs (except trivial); 
 nor destroy old book-plates. If necessary remove them to the 
 end board, and make a note of the transposition. Before destroy- 
 ing old bindings, examine them for rare leaves or woodcuts of 
 little value at the day, but now perhaps curious and valuable. 
 
 8. Never allow the binder (as is often done) to remove the 
 bastard (or half) title ; it is part of the book. 
 
 9. Never allow the binder to place oblong plates in ordinary 
 books other than that the inscriptions beneath them read from 
 the bottom of the page. 
 
 10. Never bind a large map with a small volume, it will 
 most likely tear away, and injure the solidity of the book ; 
 maps are better separate, either for reference or preservation. 
 Maps or plans are best affixed at the end of the volume. They 
 ought, if larger than the page, to be carefully folded and guarded 
 at the back, and always to be mounted on linen, which is not 
 expensive. 
 
 11. Never permit sheets to be pierced sideways at the back ; 
 serials and pamphlets are much damaged this way. If a plate 
 is turned wrong in binding, the holes appear at the fore-edge. 
 
 12. Never bind up twelve volumes in one, nor a quarto 
 with a duodecimo the latter is sure to fall out. 
 
 13. Never permit a volume to be cut down in binding, it 
 destroys its proportions and lessens its value. 
 
 14. Never allow a book to be " finished " without the date 
 at the tail of the back ; it saves subsequent trouble, and the 
 book from much needless handling. 
 
 15. Never have registers or strings in your books of 
 
Miscellaneous. 129 
 
 reference, they are apt to tear the leaves ; paper slips are the 
 best, if not too numerous. 
 
 16. Never destroy all the covers of a serial work ; if it 
 contain an engraving not to be found in the book, bind one at 
 the end. 
 
 fSsf 37 Better still, bind serials or pamphlets in their wrappers 
 (advertisements and all), they may be useful, and will some 
 time be curious. 
 
 17. In binding, do not patronize " shams," as imitation 
 bands or false head-bands, spurious Russia, or sham Morocco. 
 
 18. Do not allow your books to get damp, as they soon 
 mildew. 
 
 19. Do not allow books to be very long in a too warm place. 
 Gas affeifts them very much, Russia in particular ; Morocco 
 stands heat best. 
 
 20. Rough-edged books suffer most from dust. Gilt edges 
 are the best ; at least, gild the top edges'. 
 
 21. Books with clasps, bosses, or raised sides, damage 
 those near them on the shelf. 
 
 22. Do not, in reading, turn down the corners of the leaves ; 
 do not wet your finger to turn a leaf, but pass the fore-finger of 
 the right hand down the page to turn over. 
 
 23. Do not allow foreign substances, crumbs, snuff, cards, 
 botanical specimens, to intrude between the leaves. 
 
 24. Repair torn leaves neatly with paste ; do not pin or 
 sew them. 
 
 25. Do not stand a book long on the fore-edge, or the 
 beautiful level on the front may sink in. 
 
 26. Never wrench a book open if the back is stiff, or the 
 edges will resemble steps of stairs for ever after ; open gently 
 a few pages at a time. 
 
 27. Never lift books by the boards, but entire. 
 
 28. Never pull a book from the shelf by the head-band ; 
 do not toast them over the fire, or sit on them, for " Books are 
 kind friends, we benefit by their advice, and they reveal no 
 confidences." LUKE LIMNER. 
 
 BOOKBINDING HINTS ON. 
 
 Condensed from E. Edwards, Memoirs of Libraries, 1859, 2 
 
 vols. 8vo : 
 
 i. The binding should in colour suit the character of the 
 book. Glossy, hot-pressed paper looks best in vellum. 
 Theology should be solemnly gorgeous ; history should be 
 ornamented after the antique or Gothic fashion ; works of 
 
 s 
 
130 Miscellaneous. 
 
 science as plain as is consistent with dignity ; poetry, simplex 
 munditiis. Vol. 2, p. 984, quoting Hartley Coleridge, Lives 
 of Northern Worthies, III, 88 note. 
 
 2. An antique and not plainly inappropriate binding should 
 (if possible) be repaired, and not destroyed. 
 
 3. Autographs, MS. notes, and book-plates, should be pre- 
 served, however apparently unimportant. Pencil notes may 
 be rendered indelible by washing with a soft sponge dipped in 
 warm vellum, size, or milk; and portions of bibulous paper 
 may be made to bear ink by the] application of size with 
 a camel's hair brush. Common writing ink may be removed 
 from paper, without injury to the print, by oxalic acid and lime 
 carefully washing it in water before restoring it to the 
 volume. Before destroying old bindings examine the linings, 
 as old boards are frequently lined with rare leaves and wood- 
 cuts, at the time of doing so of no value, but now curious. 
 
 4. In making contracts for binding refer to some actually 
 bound book as a sample. 
 
 5. Gas in a library injures books; Russia leather suffers 
 most, next calf, least of all Morocco. 
 
 6. Maps and plates should be mounted throughout on good 
 calico ; the cost varies from a halfpenny to threepence a plate, 
 but in the long run it is money saved. Large maps should 
 not be bound in small volumes. 
 
 7. Pamphlets should (if practicable) be bound separately ; 
 if that is not possible, they should be classified, and the 
 lettering on the back of the volume ample and minute. 
 Pamphlet volumes should always have blank leaves at either 
 end. 
 
 9. In binding serials the imprint and date should be 
 lettered, with a full title on the back. 
 
 9. Books with carved bindings or with clasps should be 
 kept in trays, table-cases, or drawers, not on shelves, for the 
 sake of their neighbours. Vol. 2, p. 985-87. 
 
 BOOK-DESTROYER A NEW. 
 
 A new, most active, and powerful agent for the destruction 
 of books has recently shown itself in several large libraries, 
 where it has rendered many volumes utterly useless. This 
 destroyer, be it insect or what it may, generally attacks new 
 books, especially the cottony edges of newly cut volumes ; 
 but volumes with the top edges gilt have also suffered. It 
 begins at the top, and very rapidly destroys all the upper 
 margin of the book, being, as a general rule, stopped when it 
 comes to the printed matter, as if there was something in 
 
Miscellaneous . 131 
 
 the ink opposed to its action. It sometimes, but more rarely, 
 commences its ravages at the bottom of the volume, and very 
 rarely indeed attacks the sides." T., Notes and Queries, s. iv, 
 v. iii, p. 192. 
 
 BOOK-MARKERS. 
 
 Professor A. De Morgan points out the great utility of 
 book-markers, and tells us how they may be best made. A 
 rectangular slip of paper is doubled into two, and then one half 
 is again doubled. One half of the whole slip then forms the 
 marker, the other half a pair of legs, to hold it in its place, 
 bestriding the top of the leaf. He recommends a thin paper 
 to make the marker of. He recommends also another marker 
 useful for unbound sheets, which we give in his own words : 
 " Let the rectangular slip be doubled sideways, so as to present 
 a marker and what we may call a handle joined at a bevelled 
 crease. The handle should then be inserted between the 
 leaves at the back, the marker acting as usual. It is next to 
 impossible to keep the common marker in its place among 
 loose leaves. This second kind of marker will be better than 
 the common one even for bound books, the handle being made 
 short and thrown well into the back of the leaf." N. &> Q., s. 
 n, v. viii, p. 301. 
 
 BOOK-WORMS. 
 
 LUKE LIMNER, F.S.A., in Notes and Queries, s. i, v, xii, 
 p. 427, in writing on the devastations caused by book-worms, 
 winds up with the following queries : 
 
 i. What is a book- worm ? 2. Its transformations and scien- 
 tific history? 3. Is it indigenous to books ? 4. What paper 
 does it most relish ? 5. Is Russia leather less eaten than 
 others ? What antidotes have been tried ? Their effects. 
 
 In the same volume, p. 474, two correspondents reply to 
 the above queries : 
 
 "J. F. M.," accompanying his communication with 
 a " brace of book worms," writes to say, that he had in his 
 library an old book-wormed bible of 1546, and though 
 occasionally examined, it was not till the end of 14 years he 
 perceived the morocco binding of the book next it on the shelf 
 slightly injured, which fortunately had not penetrated much 
 below the surface of the leather, and on examining the shelf he 
 found it perforated in two places. He describes the worm as 
 about fifteen hundredths of an inch in length, and rather narrow 
 
132 Miscellaneous. 
 
 in proportion. The elytra, in colour a dull reddish-brown, form 
 interesting microscopic objects ; being adorned with rows of 
 longitudinal semi-transparent spots, and hairs on the inter- 
 vening spaces. "I presume," he adds "that the ravages 
 among the books are committed by the insect in its larval state, 
 in which it resembles a small cheese maggot, but somewhat 
 thicker about the head." 
 
 The other communication in reply is from a lady (MARGARET 
 GATTY), who states that Mr. Adam White, of the Zoological 
 Department of the British Museum, showed and explained to 
 her numerous specimens, amongst them the Hypothenemus 
 eruditus, which eats through leather, and Anobium striatuin, 
 which eats through books. They eat, however, in their larva 
 state, &c., &c. 
 
 (Further, see APPENDIX.) 
 
 BOOKS MADE UP. 
 
 Rare old books, when incomplete, are frequently made up 
 with pages from different editions, which tally page for page, 
 and it becomes exceedingly difficult to distinguish them. The 
 following note, appended to Lot 1936, part vi, p. 139, of 
 ' Heber's Catalogue,' was made by that weli-known biblio- 
 grapher, as applied to the lot in question, namely a copy of 
 ' Froissart's Chronicles ' (folio), made up of parts of three 
 different editions, printed by Pynson and Myddleton, in 1523- 
 25. " To establish certain general criteria, to decide to which 
 of the three any single leaf belongs, as it may present itself, 
 seems desirable. These criteria may be drawn, firstly, from the 
 general form of the characters, the appearance of the page and 
 press-work, and perhaps the quality of the paper ; secondly, 
 from the blooming capitals, as they are called, at the differ- 
 ent chapters and sections, and which bear different devices, 
 apparently in all three ; thirdly, from a certain peculiar form 
 of certain letters, whether capitals or not, used by one and 
 not by the other ; fourthly, from the arrangement and ortho- 
 graphy of the running titles, and the pagination." 
 
 BOOKS MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENTS OF. 
 
 The mechanical arrangements of books is a matter of so 
 much importance to all persons engaged in literary pursuits, 
 as well to authors as to those who read only for pleasure, that 
 we cannot do better than to devote a paragraph on the subject, 
 for the special benefit of book-writers, book-printers, and book- 
 
Miscellaneous. 133 
 
 buyers ; and we would begin by stating that our remarks are 
 principally based on a very interesting article in ' Notes and 
 Queries ' (s. i, v. v, p. 49), by a writer who only signs himself 
 " L," and with his remarks we have incorporated others. 
 
 We mean by the mechanical arrangements of books such 
 matters as the goodness of the paper, the legibility of the type, 
 the size of the volumes, the presence or absence of tables of 
 contents, indexes, and other means of reference, style of bind- 
 ing, and means of preserving. Of the forms of printed letters 
 in England, France, and Italy, no improvement is required ; 
 the German black letter, formerly universal in Northern 
 Europe, is now limited to native works ; in Holland and 
 Denmark it is no longer used. The old black letter formerly 
 common in England was long retained in law books, and till 
 a recent date in the statutes. 
 
 Roman numerals have generally given place to the Arabic, 
 and ought to be altogether discarded, except to distinguish the 
 volume from the page, and the book from the chapter. In 
 law-books, however, where it is only necessary to cite the 
 volumes, the Arabic figures are only used for instance, the 
 looth page of the second volume of ' Barnewall and Anderson's 
 Reports' would be written 2 B & A. 100. Of antiquated 
 orthography, modern editors of English classical works 
 (Shakespere, Milton, Bacon, &c.) have wisely adopted the 
 modern form ; though lately a passion for fac-simile reproduc- 
 tion has been in fashion ; but yet such reprints, however 
 interesting to the philological student, can never be expected 
 to become popular. Orientalists, like Mr. Lane, will never 
 succeed in banishing such words as vizier, caliph, cadi, &c. ; 
 nor even Mr. Grote's authority alter the spelling of Greek 
 names. 
 
 Proper names, formerly printed in italics, are now printed 
 with the same type as other words ; their use, certainly then 
 too frequently used, disfigure the page and offend the eye. 
 
 The size of books is a matter of more consequence than is 
 generally supposed ; folios and quartos are now generally 
 restricted to such works as dictionaries, and encyclopaedias, 
 which could not be well printed in octavo. The division into 
 volumes is generally the printer's division, and vary in different 
 editions. The German plan of dividing the volume into parts 
 is very inconvenient, and possesses no advantage. The result 
 is that every reference must be made thus: Band II, Abthei- 
 lung III, s. 108. 
 
 Every literary work ought to have an organic division of 
 its own. Since the invention of printing the works of classical 
 prose writers have been divided into chapters ; whilst dramas 
 and books of poetry have been numbered. In making a 
 
134 Miscellaneous. 
 
 division of his works, the author ought to number the parts 
 without reference to divisions into volumes. The works of 
 Sir W. Scott are divided into chapters only, so that, without 
 reference to the edition quoted, it is useless. For the same 
 reason, an author ought not to quote his own work in the text 
 by a reference to the volume. 
 
 The divisions most convenient for the purpose of reference 
 is that to make a quotation simple to note and easy to verify. 
 Divisions throughout an entire work (such as Gibbon's 
 ' History ') are the best. The numbering of paragraphs (as in 
 Cobbett's writings, the French codes, and the papers of the 
 Indian Government) is the easiest to verify. The Germans 
 are the worst offenders, notwithstanding Gibbon's protest 
 (' Decl. and Fall,' c. 44, n. i). The internal division of a work 
 by the author is not always for the purpose of reference. It 
 may have a logical conclusion, and assist the reader by visibly 
 separating its several parts. This may, however, be carried 
 too far. It is of great convenience to have the subject marked 
 in the running title, or in a historical work chronologically in 
 the margin. In general no book (not being a dictionary, or 
 arranged in alphabetical order) should be without a table of 
 contents. The trouble and expense is little, and the advantage 
 great. Didot's valuable ' Series of Fragments of Greek His- 
 torians ' wants this ; the ' Series of the Greek and Latin 
 Classics,' published by Tauchnitz, is also without it. 
 
 Lastly, an Index adds much to the value of every work ; 
 law books generally have the best ; those of the Parliamentary 
 Reports are good. A copious index may be expensive, but 
 anyone would willingly pay for it, if it cannot be given ; an 
 alphabetical list of names of persons, places, and things, would 
 be a valued addition to any historical or scientific work. 
 
 BOOKS MILDEW IN. 
 
 A correspondent in Notes and Queries (s. I, vol. ii, p. 103), 
 signing " B.," complains of mildew in books, as found in a 
 public library in Liverpool, sometimes attacking the printed part 
 only and not the margin, in others found on the inside of the 
 back only, and in a few cases attacking all parts indiscrimi- 
 nately. He asks for hints as to cause or remedy. 
 
 Another correspondent, " T. I." (same vol, p. 236), mentions 
 a few facts about mildew: (i) It shows itself in the form of 
 roundish or irregular brown spots ; (2) It is usually more 
 abundant on those parts exposed to the air. Under the micro- 
 scope these spots exhibit no structure, but under manipulation 
 they absorbed water more readily than the rest of the paper. 
 
Miscellaneous. 135 
 
 On applying litmus the spots were found to have a power- 
 ful acid reaction. On testing, it was found to be sulphuric 
 acid or oil of vitriol. The acid does not exist in the paper, 
 and can only be accounted for by supposing the paper 
 to be bleached by the fumes of sulphur. This produces 
 sulphurous acid, which, by the action of air and moisture, is 
 converted into sulphuric, and then produces the mildew. If 
 this is the case, it cannot be cured ; after the process has once 
 commenced it can only be checked by the utmost attention to 
 dryness, moisture being indispensable to its extention, and 
 vice versa. 
 
 BOOKS PAPER FOR. 
 
 REMARKS ON WHITE AND TONED. 
 
 The tint or tone of the paper on which a work is printed, 
 though apparently a matter of minor consideration, is really 
 one of great importance, and deserves to be considered by all 
 writers who wish to give their work to the public in the best 
 manner. The subject has been frequently mooted in the pages 
 of ' Notes and Queries,' whose varied readers are, we presume, 
 as good judges on the subject as can be found. 
 
 " W. J.," in Notes and Queries (s. n, vol. i, p. 126), remarks 
 that the glaring white paper of modern books is anything but 
 agreeable, and, from his own experience, often injurious. He 
 quotes a letter (written in 1714) from Dr. Lancaster Provost of 
 Queen's College, where, mentioning a new book promised to 
 subscribers on white paper, he says : " Now, brown paper 
 preserves the eye better than white, and for that reason the wise 
 Chinese write on brown ; so the Egyptians ; so Aldus and 
 Stevens (Stephens) printed ; and on such paper, or velom, are 
 old MSS. writen. Savile printed his ' Chrysostom ' with a 
 silver letter on brown paper. And when authors and readers 
 agree to be wise, we shall avoid printing on a glaring white 
 paper." 
 
 In the preface to Babbage's ' Logarithms ' (edition 1834, 
 8vo, p. xi), in describing the method in which the book is 
 printed, he says : " Coloured paper is more favourable to dis- 
 tinctness than white. I had a page set up, and printed on 
 paper of various colours and shades ; almost all those whom 
 I consulted agreed with me in giving the preference to the 
 coloured papers ; but the particular tint was not so unani- 
 mously fixed upon. Yellow appeared to have the preference, 
 and it is that I have chosen for the first impression. (The 
 edition of 1834 is printed on green paper.) The tint at first is 
 
136 Miscellaneous. 
 
 consideraly too deep, but it fades on exposure to the light. . . . 
 It may be found that different eyes require different colours ; 
 and it is not improbable that a tint which is least fatiguing to 
 the eye when used by candle-light, may not be the best adapted 
 to calculations by day-light." 
 
 In Notes and Queries (s. II, v. ix, p. 121) is the following: 
 " TINTED PAPER. It is suggested that, now we are to be freed 
 from the paper-duty, tinted papers be more used. The relief 
 an occasional slight shade of colour affords to those whose 
 eyes are constantly poring over bleached and glazed sheets is 
 well worth any little difference in price. Any one who has 
 intently read a new library work for a couple of days will 
 know what this means, as well as those who have to look over 
 white MSS. Experiments have been made in the tints most 
 agreeable to the eye, and this improvement has already been 
 adopted in some mathematical tables, in a few standard books, 
 in catalogues, and in a colonial paper or two. Perhaps the 
 way to begin is to print a few tinted copies of every publication, 
 and let purchasers take their choice (N . & Q. not to be ex- 
 cepted). Query. What would be the extra cost on the several 
 varieties of paper ? I am told 10 per cent, is the limit. "- 
 S. F. CRESWELL. 
 
 In the same volume, on page 330, are the following 
 remarks: " TINTED PAPER. The fatal objection to tinted 
 papers is not the extra cost, which would not probably exceed 
 the percentage named by your correspondent, but the fugitive 
 nature of the colouring matters eligible for tinting paper, and 
 this applies particularly to the most agreeable tints. Sober 
 buff, being formed of the oxide of iron, is about the only one 
 that does not change. If your correspondent will try a small 
 experiment, by exposing to the action of the air the halves of 
 several pieces of tinted papers, keeping the other portions 
 covered, he will soon perceive the disagreeable result in partial 
 discolorations." W. STONES. 
 
 (Further, see APPENDIX.) 
 
 BOOKS BINDINGS PATENT. 
 
 There are several patents for improvements in bookbinding. 
 The following, known as " Hancock's Patent Binding," is 
 selected for its novelty, simplicity, durability, and inexpensive- 
 ness. Cooley, in his Cyclopedia of Practical Receipts (Lond., 
 1864, 8vo, p. 343), says : " By Hancock's method the sheets 
 are folded in ' double leaves,' and being properly placed 
 together and adjusted, and firmly secured by a turn of pack- 
 
Miscellaneous. 137 
 
 thread, the book is subjected to the action of a press, and a 
 strong and quick-drying solution of india-rubber is smeared 
 over the back with the finger ; when the whole is left three or 
 four hours, or longer, to dry. The operation is repeated as 
 often as necessary, after which fillets of cloth are cemented on 
 with the same varnish, and the book is ready to have the boards 
 attached. The sheets of books that cannot be folded in ' double 
 leaves ' should be strongly stitched through before adjusting 
 them. We most willingly bear testimony to the strength and 
 durability of this method, as well as to the great convenience 
 it affords in allowing the books to open perfectly flat upon a 
 table, or to be distorted in any possible manner without injury 
 to their backs. It is, undoubtedly, the best way of binding 
 books for travellers. The editor of this work once had a large 
 trunk of books, among which was a massive volume bound on 
 Hancock's plan. All the rest were nearly torn to pieces by a 
 few months' journey, but this one remained uninjured even 
 after five years' travels, extending collectively to upwards of 
 23,000 miles." 
 
 BOOKS RARITY OF. 
 
 Mr. EDWARD EDWARDS, in his ' Memoirs of Libraries ' (Lond. 
 1859, vol. ii, p. 647, et seq.}, has a " Chapter on the 
 Causes of the Fluctuations in Prices, and more particularly 
 of the Rarity of Books ;" we can only offer a very con- 
 densed summary of the contents. He groups under two 
 heads the cause of fluctuation in price, and rarity ; quoting 
 from Clement Bibliotheque Curieuse, and classifies them 
 thus : 
 
 i. Absolute. 2. Contingent or conditional. 
 
 These are rare editions of any common books, books common 
 
 in public libraries but rare in the market. 
 A book of which only a few copies were printed he calls 
 
 " necessarily rare." 
 One difficult to meet, no matter how many extant, he calls 
 
 " contingently rare." 
 
 Necessarily rare : 
 
 i. Those of which a few were printed. 2. Books sup- 
 pressed. 3. Books destroyed by fire or accident. 4. Books 
 "wasted," usually 'for want of success. 5. Books never 
 completed. 6. Large paper or vellum copies. 7. Second- 
 class. 
 
 T 
 
138 Miscellaneous. 
 
 Contingent or conditional rarity : 
 
 i. Books of interest to a particular class of vendors. 2. In 
 languages little known. 3. Heretical, licentious, and libellous 
 books. 4. First editions of a classic author from MSS. 5. 
 First productions of the press in a particular town. 6. Books 
 printed by celebrated printers in the i6th century. 7. Books 
 in the vernacular language of the author, printed abroad. 
 8. Privately printed books. 9. Books, the parts of which have 
 been printed under different titles, in different sizes, or in 
 various places. 
 
 The degree of rarity he estimates thus : 
 
 i. Books not current in the trade and hard to find, are of 
 unfrequent occurrence. 2. Books not common in the country 
 in which sought for, and those not easily met with, are rare. 
 3. If the copies are hard to find in neighbouring countries, 
 they are very rare. 4. If only 50 or 60 copies printed, or the 
 work so dispersed as not to make its appearance more fre- 
 quently than if 60 copies alone were in existence, it is 
 extremely rare. 5. Books of which there are not 10 copies in 
 the world, are excessively rare. 
 
 Mr. Edwards adds that it is implied, though not stated, that 
 these terms apply only to such books as, for some cause 
 or other, are sought for, and in this Brunet agrees with 
 him. 
 
 BOOKS SIZES OF. 
 
 From Notes & Queries (s. in, v. ix, p. 83). 
 
 Paper-moulds have fixed conventual sizes, but since the 
 introduction of machinery for making paper, and the conse- 
 quent disuse of moulds, makers work more by a given number 
 of inches than by names of sizes. Consequently, the correct 
 description of book sizes has become impossible, and the 
 trade describe the new by the name of the old size they most 
 resemble. The true size of a volume is determined by the 
 number of leaves into which a single sheet is folded by the 
 binder. Thus, a sheet of N. &> Q. has twelve leaves ; and 
 although ranking as a foolscap quarto, is, stricty speaking, a 
 triple foolscap duodecimo, and a little too large for that. To 
 determine the real size of a bound book, find a signature (a 
 letter or figure at the bottom of the page) and count the leaves 
 (not pages) to the next say from C to D, or from 3 to 4. If 
 
Miscellaneous. 
 
 you find eight leaves, the book is certainly octavo ; if sixteen 
 leaves, sixteenmo ; and so on. If a further test be desired, 
 find the binder's thread, which runs through the middle of 
 every sheet, and the number of leaves from one thread to the 
 next will give the same result. 
 
 These rules, do not, however, apply to old black-letter 
 books, and others of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 
 where the most satisfactory test is the position of the water- 
 mark. Dr. Dibdin, England's most famous and most careless 
 bibliographer, often erred through not noticing this. The rule 
 is, a folio volume will have all the marks in the middle of the 
 page ; a quarto has the water-mark folded in half in the back 
 of the book, still midway between the top and bottom ; an 
 octavo has the water-mark in the back, but at the very top, 
 and often considerably cropt by the binder's plough; and iamo 
 and i6mo have the water-mark on the fore-edge. 
 
 WILLIAM BLADES. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY CLASSIFICATION OF WORKS 
 
 ON. 
 
 Brunet (J. C.) ' Manuel du Libraire,' 6 vols, Paris, 1860-65, 
 8vo. This celebrated bibliographer, in the last edition of his 
 well-known work, gives in the 6th vol., pt. i, in the Order 
 of Divisions (p. lix Ix) the following order of Classification of 
 Works on Bibliography : 
 
 VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 A. Introduction, 31122-31128.* 
 
 B. General works on books, on libraries and their histories, 
 
 on the duties of libraries, 31129-31164. 
 
 C. History of printing 
 
 (a) General dissertation on the. origin of printing, 31165- 
 
 31203. 
 
 (b) Annals and dictionaries of the typographical pro- 
 
 ductions of the first century after the discovery of 
 printing, 31204-31225. 
 
 (c) History of printing and distinguished printers of dif- 
 
 ferent countries, 31226-31310. 
 
 (d) Dissertations on some particularities relative to 
 
 printing, 31311-31322. 
 
 * These figures refer to the numbers in Brunet, and indicate the numbers 
 he catologues under each division. 
 
140 Miscellaneous. 
 
 D. General bibliographies, including particular libraries, 
 
 treatises, and dictionaries of rare works, biblio- 
 graphical miscellanies, 31323-31364. 
 
 E. Catalogues of public and private libraries 
 
 (a) Manuscripts, 31365-31445. 
 
 (b) Printed books, 31446-31593. 
 
 F. Special bibliographies 
 
 (a) Of anonymous and condemned works, 31594-31600. 
 (6) Dictionaries or special catalogues of books printed in 
 each country within fixed times, 31601-31604. 
 
 (c) Particular presses, or in small numbers, 31605-31607. 
 
 (d) Bibliographies of the works of religious orders, 31608- 
 
 31624. 
 
 (e) National bibliographies, i. e., which treat of the ancient 
 
 and modern authors of each nation, 31625-31687. 
 
 (/) Special bibliographies for each branch of the biblio- 
 graphical system, 31688-31799. 
 
 (g) Bibliographies of particular works, 31800-31805. 
 
 G. Miscellaneous and historical extracts, 31806-31838. 
 
 The following, taken from Guild (R. A.), ' The Librarian's 
 Manual ' (New York, 1858, 4to) : 
 
 i. Books containing lists of bibliographical works ; n. Ele- 
 mentary bibliographies ; m. Origin and progress of writing, 
 manuscripts and diplomatics, monograms and autographs, 
 materials for writing or printing, engraving on wood, copper, 
 &c. ; iv. Origin and progress of printing, early printed books, 
 and bookbinding ; v. Rare, anonymous, pseudonymous, and 
 prohibited books; vi. Classification of books, and library 
 economy; VH. Library edifices and history and statistics of 
 libraries ; vm. Oriental and classical languages ; ix. Biblio- 
 graphy of modern nations, or national bibliography ; x. General 
 bibliographies ; xi. Special bibliographies ; xn. Biographical 
 dictionaries ; xin. Bibliographical periodicals. 
 
 CONTRACTIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Under this head we make a note of, firstly, the contractions 
 to be found in books printed in the i5th century, and secondly 
 of the abbreviations found in modern works. 
 
 Of the first Timperley (Encyclopedia, p. 128), says that in 
 the year 1488 " the frequent abbreviations of words in early 
 printed works gave rise to great inconvenience. It was found 
 both in the Gothic and Roman characters. He quotes a sin- 
 
Miscellaneous. 141 
 
 gular specimen [here given] as a sample, by Chevillier, from 
 * La Logique d'Okam,' printed at Paris, 1488, from folio 121 : 
 " Sic hie e fal sm qd ad simptr a e pducible a Deo g a e 
 
 & str hie a fi e g a n e pducible a Do," i. e. " Sicut hie est 
 , fallacia secundum quid ad simpliciter. A est producible 
 
 a Deo : Ergo A est. Et similiter hie. A non est : 
 
 Ergo A non est producible a Deo." 
 
 Contractions of a similar nature abounded in all the works of 
 that age, and more particularly in the books of law. 
 
 Printers also made use of vowels with marks of abbrevia- 
 tion, as duo, for domino; c' for cum; quib' for quibos; argetoq, 
 for argentoque ; &c. The vowels and consonants, u and v, i 
 andj, are confounded together and used one for the other; 
 the dipthongs <z and ce. were generally supplied by the simple 
 e ; c was used for t, / for ph. To such an extent was this the 
 practice, that a treatise was printed to explain these abbrevia- 
 tions, viz., " Modus legendi Abbreviaturas in utroque Jure," 
 printed at Paris, by John Petit, in 1498. To prevent the great 
 number of abbreviations Aldus invented the italic letter. 
 
 Further information on this subject will be found in 
 PeignoVs ' Diet. Rais.,' Vol. I, art. ABBREVIATIONS, where he 
 gives examples of the Latin contractions found in the Papal 
 Bulls of the I4th century, and refers the enquirer to ' Traite 
 de Diplomatique des Benedictines,' 1 6 vols. 4to; Vol. 3, plates 
 61 and 62; also to 'Encyclopedic' (art. ABBREVIATIONS) ; to 
 the Dictionary of Devaines; and to Diplomatique Pratique of 
 Lemoine, &c. &c. 
 
 PRINTERS' MARKS. 
 
 In reply to a query in Notes and Queries (s. i, v. x, p. 445), 
 a correspondent, signing "J. S.," replies thus (Vol. XII, p. 
 521): "The note of interrogation, according to Bilderdijk 
 (over het letterschrift), is an abbreviation of the Latin word 
 questio, and consists of the letter Q, with the last, o, written 
 under it, which o, afterwards filled up, becomes a point ; thus, 
 
 Q 
 
 first ' then r The note of admiration is the Latin lo (an 
 
 interjection of joy) written in the same way; first ' then I 
 
 The mark results from writing in two strokes the Greek 
 letter ?r, the initial word of jrapaypa^e. The old paragraph 
 mark | he considers to be the Roman P; but distinctions 
 causa, turned and made black where the letter is white, and 
 white where it is black. The *, t, &c., seem to be arbitrary 
 marks. For the title of " Bilderdijk's work," see APPENDIX 
 (under BIBLIOGRAPHY). 
 
142 Miscellaneous. 
 
 OF CORRECTING PROOF. 
 
 To be able to correct the proof-sheets of his work before 
 it goes to press is an important part of an author's duty, and 
 is by many considered the most laborious. Godau, Bishop of 
 Vannes, in France, used to say that " composing was an 
 author's heaven, correcting his own proofs purgatory, but to 
 correct another's writing was hell" It is, nevertheless, so 
 essential that a knowledge of the meaning of the marks used 
 and understood by printers for this purpose is necessary to 
 all who edit their own works. It is not out of place, there- 
 fore, in a work like the present to offer a few remarks on the 
 subject : 
 
 In the first place, much trouble may be saved at the outset 
 by a careful preparation of the manuscript copy, which should 
 be legibly written and accurately punctuated. Some author's 
 manuscript is so minute that the compositors are put to great 
 inconvenience, whilst others are written in such a shockingly 
 illegible, contracted, scratchly, irregular manner, so full of inter- 
 lineations, erasures, or blots, that the best compositors are 
 puzzled, and even with the greatest care cannot avoid errors; 
 their labour being doubled and much time unnecessarily lost. 
 An author who writes in this way will find it to his advantage 
 to have a fair copy made of his original for the printer's use, 
 and will probably save much more than the expense of the 
 transcript in not having to pay extra for corrections. Scarron 
 (Melange), advising authors, says: " If you want your MSS. 
 well printed, never give a well-written copy, for then they will 
 give it to apprentices, who will commit a thousand faults ; 
 whereas, if it is difficult to read, the masters will take care of it 
 themselves." We cannot, however, agree with this witty, 
 sarcastic writer. 
 
 It will be found the best plan to have all your copy written 
 on an uniform-sized paper, perhaps wide-ruled foolscap, for 
 interlineations, and the sheet divided into four parts is the 
 best ; small pages can more easily be cancelled or added to, 
 and this size occupies less space on the compositor's case. 
 
 In regard to punctuation, it is perhaps best in ordinary 
 works, novels, &c., to leave it to the "reader" in the printing- 
 office, who is generally a person of experience, and perfectly 
 competent to note the pauses required to render the sense 
 intelligible ; but in works of an abstruse nature, or poetry, the 
 author should attend to the punctuation himself, and insist on 
 the printers following copy. 
 
 All respectable printing-offices take a pride in sending out 
 clean sharp proofs, on good paper ; and as a general rule 
 these should be returned corrected in a reasonable time, as 
 
Miscellaneous. 143 
 
 their long retention interferes materially with the internal 
 economy of the printing-office. 
 
 Many works on Typography, Manuals of Printing, Ency- 
 clopaedias, and other works, contain a chapter on correcting 
 proofs, and give a specimen of a " first proof" with the marks 
 and signs used for correcting errors. We copy the following 
 page from ' Savage's Dictionary of Printing :' 
 
 EXPLANATIONS OF THE MARKS USED. 
 
 Where a word is to be changed from small letters to capitals 
 draw three lines under it, and write caps, in the margin. 
 
 1. The substitution of a capital for a small letter. 
 
 2. The marks for turned commas, which designate extracts 
 or quotations. 
 
 3. The insertion of a hyphen. 
 
 4. The substitution of a small letter for a capital. 
 
 5. To change one word for another. 
 
 6. To take away a superfluous letter or word, the pen is 
 struck through it, and a round-topped d made opposite, being 
 the contraction of the word dele (do thou expunge). 
 
 7. A letter turned upside down. 
 
 8. The insertion of a word or letter. 
 
 9. The substitution of a comma for another point, or for a 
 letter put in by mistake. 
 
 10. The substitution of a ; for another point. 
 
 1 1 . When words are to be transposed, two ways of marking 
 them are shown ; but they are not usually numbered, unless 
 more than three words have their order changed. 
 
 12. When a paragraph commences where it is not intended 
 connect the matter by a line, and write in the margin opposite 
 run on. 
 
 13. To draw the letters of a word close together that stand 
 apart. 
 
 14. The marks for a new paragraph. 
 
 15. The substitution of a period or a colon for any other 
 point. It is customary to encircle these two points with a 
 line. 
 
 16. Where a space or a quadrat stands up and appears, 
 draw a line under it, and make a strong perpendicular line in 
 the margin. 
 
 17. Where there is a wrong letter, draw the pen through 
 that letter, and make the right one opposite in the margin. 
 
 18. The transposition of letters in a word. 
 
 19. The mark for a space where it has been omitted between 
 two words. 
 
 20. The manner of marking an omission, or an insertion, 
 when it is too long to be written in the side margin. When 
 
144 Miscellaneous. 
 
 this occurs it may be done either at the top or the bottom of 
 the page. 
 
 21. When one or more words have been struck out, and it 
 is subsequently decided that they should remain, make dots 
 under them, and write the word stet in the margin. 
 
 22. When a letter of a different size from that used, or of 
 a different face, appears in a word, draw a line either through 
 it or under it, and write opposite w.f., wrong fount. 
 
 23. Marks when the letters in a word do not stand even. 
 
 24. Marks when lines do not appear straight. 
 
 25. The mark for the insertion of an apostrophe. 
 
 Where a word has to be changed from Roman to Italic 
 draw a line under it, and write Ital. in the margin ; and where 
 a word has to be changed from Italic to Roman, write Rom. 
 opposite. 
 
 To change a word from small letters to small capitals make 
 two lines under the word, and write 5m. caps, opposite. To 
 change a word from small capitals to small letters, make one line 
 under the word, and write in the margin lo. ca. for lower case. 
 
 Where the compositor has left an out, which is too long to 
 be copied in the margin of the proof, make a caret at the place, 
 and write opposite, Out, see copy. 
 
 THE SPECIMEN WHEN CORRECTED WOULD BE AS FOLLOWS : 
 
 It is sublimely declared in the Christian Scriptures that 
 " God is Love." In truth, to figure to ourselves under any 
 other characters a Being of infinite wisdom to conceive, and 
 power to execute His designs, would appal the imagination of 
 His dependent creatures. Neither can we find, in reasoning a 
 priori and from the nature of things, any foundation for believing 
 that the misery rather than the happiness of those dependent 
 creatures can be desired or devised by a Being who cannot pos- 
 sibly be actuated by any of the motives from which we know 
 that injustice proceeds, as ignorance, selfishness, or partiality; 
 and who can have entertained, so far as we are able to discover, 
 no other object in creating man, except the intention of finally 
 communicating a larger proportion of happiness than misery. 
 These are the principles from which is deduced the necessity 
 of justice and benevolence in the Creator. 
 
 Arguments of this nature will have more or less effect, 
 according to the constitution of the mind to which they are 
 presented. At the same time it must be conceded that the works 
 of God, generally considered, form the best criterion of His in- 
 tentions ; and that, however indisputable the eternal truths may 
 be which render goodness inseparable from power and wisdom, 
 there still remains a reasonable inquiry, how far the actual 
 appearances of the world justifies this conclusion. 
 
Miscellaneous. 145 
 
 It is sublimely declared in the Christian 
 Scriptures, that^God is Love. A In truth, to 
 figure to ourselves under any other cha A . 
 racier a Being of infinite wisdom to conceive, 
 and ^ower to execute his designs, would w 
 appal the -mind of his dependent creatures. 
 Neither can we find, in reasoning a priori, 
 
 foundation for believing that the -ike. 
 yrfisery rather than the happiness of those 
 dependent creatures can be desired A by a <rt 
 Joeing who cannot possibly be actuated by 
 any of theff motives from which we know 
 that injustice proceeds j as ignorance, self- 
 ishness, or partiality/ and who can have 
 entertained, fasjwe are able/so far|to discover, 
 no other object in creating man, except the 
 intention of finally proportion \ communi- 
 eating larger of happiness than misery Q 
 - These arelhe principles fFolri which is 
 deduced the^of justice and benevolence in 
 the Creator. [Arguments of this nature will 
 have more og.Jkss effect, according to the JL/. 
 constitution of the mind to which they are 
 presented/ p. the same time it must be con- 
 ce^ied. that the works of God, generally 
 
 idered frm the best criterion of jfiis 
 ons; and that, however indisputable 
 :ernal truths may be which render *\ 
 
 / 
 
 ess inseparable from power and wis- 
 there -wili- still remaina reasonable 
 
 orld justifiesihis conclusion. 
 
 A v 
 
 (rrrrr.f'iied . S ce auposite 
 
146 Miscellaneous. 
 
 BOOKS SIZES OF. 
 
 It is impossible at the present time regularly to define the 
 proper size of a modern book, in the old-fashioned way of folio, 
 4to, 8vo, &c., for since the abolition of the paper-duty, the 
 sizes of paper have greatly altered, which has also caused a 
 great alteration in the sizes of books ; moreover, many works are 
 now printed on half sheets, so that if a book is called a size by 
 the number of leaves from signature to signature, a demy 8vo 
 printed in half sheets should be called a 4to, it having only 4 
 leaves, and a iamo half sheet sixmo, it only having 6 leaves : 
 also in all the smaller sizes, as a rule, there are only 8 leaves 
 to a signature, although the printer's term for the size may be 
 32mo, 641110, or i28mo, there being to this last size 128 leaves 
 (256 pages), printed on one sheet of paper ; and if this size 
 was correctly described by its collation, it would be an 8vo, there 
 being only 8 leaves to each signature. Who would think of calling 
 the ' Small Rain,' published by The Religious Tract Society, 
 an 8vo ? yet its collation is 8 leaves to a signature. It would 
 be better to follow the plan adopted by some old booksellers and 
 auctioneers, when they have a. fine and tall copy of some scarce 
 book, to give its dimensions in inches, length and breadth. If 
 such a plan were adopted in every instance, book-buyers would 
 not be misled by the size, and large paper copies could be 
 easily distinguishable from small. J. WALDEN. 
 
 leaves 
 
 FOLIO ?. 
 
 . pages. 
 A 
 
 leaves. 
 
 Thirtytwo-mo ... 32 ... 
 Thirtysix-mo ... 36 ... 
 Fortyeight-mo... 48 ... 
 
 Sixtyfour-mo ... 64 ... 
 
 Seventytwo-mo 72 ... 
 Ninetysix-mo ... 96 ... 
 One hundred and) ~ 
 twentyeight-moj 12 '" 
 
 pages. 
 6 4 
 72 
 9 6 
 
 128 
 
 144 
 192 
 
 Quarto 
 Octavo 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 ... 8 
 ... 16 
 
 Twelvemo or j 
 Duodecimo ...j 
 Sixteenmo 
 Eighteenmo 
 Twentymo 
 Twentyfour-mo 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 24 
 
 ... 32 
 ... 36 
 ... 40 
 ... 48 
 
 The water-lines on a folio sheet are perpendicular, in all 
 others horizontal, except the 24010, which is sometimes 
 perpendicular, and sometimes horizontal. 
 
 In order to ascertain the size of a book, open it between 
 pages 48 and 49 ; if the catchword is at the foot of page 48, 
 and the signature at the bottom of page 49, the work is in 
 24mo ; but if the catchword is on page 64, and the signature at 
 the bottom of page 65, the work is in 321110. In some modern 
 works (French particularly), the catchwords are omitted, and 
 for the signatures usually given, the number of the sheets or 
 
Miscellaneous. 
 
 half sheets is printed at the foot of the first page of each in 
 Arabic figures. 
 
 Folios are elephant, imperial, atlas, super-royal, royal, 
 crown, demy, and medium. 
 
 Quartos are imperial, royal, medium, demy, and small. 
 
 Octavos are imperial, super-royal, royal, demy, medium, 
 crown, post, foolscap. 
 
 Duodecimos, or twelvemos, are royal, demy, and medium. 
 
 Similar distinctions also exist in the smaller sizes, which 
 cannot be so easily ascertained by the signatures. Thus, a 
 small foolscap 8vo volume may easily be confounded with a 
 i2mo, and a super- royal or imperial with a small 4to. By 
 mistaking the sizes, important errors arise in creating editions 
 that never existed. 
 
 In old books, where the paper was made to imitate vellum, 
 a close inspection of the water-lines is necessary to distinguish 
 the size of the volume. Folios, 4tos, and 8vos, may be re- 
 spectively distinguished ; if the water-mark is in the middle, it 
 is a folio; if in the bottom of the sheet, it is a 4to ; if on the 
 top, an 8vo. 
 
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A WELL-BOUND BOOK. 
 
 The following hints are taken from a small pamphlet, 
 entitled Hand-book of Taste in Bookbinding. 
 
 "The materials now in use for the binding of books are 
 morocco, russia, and calf leathers, silk, velvet, and vellum. It 
 would be useless to describe such well-known articles, or to 
 discuss their applicability to any particular class of work, this 
 being merely a question of price, and not of taste ; but it is 
 important to understand the characteristics of a well bound one. 
 That it should open free and fully, so that the work may be 
 read without any necessity for holding down the pages that 
 the edges of the boards or covers should be perfectly square, 
 the leather turning over the edges smoothly and without any 
 inequalities that the leather should be clear and one uniform 
 colour, free from blotches or any variety of shades that the 
 end-papers, or papers inside the covers, should be cut so as to 
 leave the same extent of marginal leather all round, and be 
 pasted down evenly, but more particularly at the fold where 
 the book may be said to hinge, which should be perfectly 
 smooth and free from crease that the gilding of the edges 
 should be smooth, and of an uniform tint that the tooling on 
 the back and sides should be sharp and clear, without the least 
 perceptible joining of any one line with another and that the 
 
148 Miscellaneous. 
 
 inside of every gilt-edged book should have a gold line about 
 an eighth of an inch inside, worked all round it, this giving the 
 volume a more elegant finish than any of the flowered rolls 
 generally used for the purpose. 
 
 " The sides of half-bound books are covered either with cloth 
 or marbled paper. The cloth is made of every variety of colour, 
 and should always match the leather. The same remarks may 
 be made in regard to the marble paper." 
 
 PAPER. 
 
 From Paper and Paper-making, Ancient and Modern, by 
 Richard Herring, London, 1856. 8vo. 
 
 Manufactured paper, independent of the miscellaneous 
 kinds [such as blotting, filtering, &c., which is rendered ab- 
 sorbent by the free use of woollen rags'], is divided into three 
 classes: I. WRITING, directed into (i) cream wove, (2) yellow 
 wove, (3) blue wove, (4) cream laid, (5) blue laid. II. PRINTING, 
 divided into (i) laid, (2) wove. III. Wrapping, divided into 
 (i) blue, (2) purple, (3) brown, (4) whited brown; each of these 
 are again classified. 
 
 Pot i2x 15 Demy 20 x 15^ 
 
 Foolscap ... 17 x 13^ Ditto, Printing 22|x 17! 
 
 Post i8fx 15! Medium ... 22 x 17^ 
 
 Copy ... 20 x 16 Ditto, Printing 23 x i8 
 
 Large Post ... 2of x i6 Royal ... ... 24 x 19 
 
 Medium Post 18 x 23 Ditto, Printing 25 x 20 
 
 Sheet and third) 1 Super Royal ... 27 x 19 
 
 Foolscap ... I 3 ' I3 * Ditto, Printing 21 x 27 
 
 Sheet and half) t 1 Imperial ... 30 x 22 
 
 Foolscap ... } 2 ' I3 * Elephant ... 28 x 23 
 
 Double Foolscap 27 x 17 Atlas ... ... 34 x 26. 
 
 Double Pot ... 30 x 25 Columbier ... 34^ x 23^ 
 
 Double Post 30^ x 19 Double Elephant 26fx 40 
 
 Double Crown 20 x 30 Antiquarian ... 53 x 31 
 
 The smaller sizes of note and letter paper are cut from these 
 by the stationers. 
 
 Of milled boards used by bookbinders and printers there are 
 no less than 150 various kinds, as regards sizes and substances. 
 
 No house in London in the wholesale stationery trade is 
 without 1000 different sorts of paper, and many keep a stock 
 of twice that number. 
 
 Names of different sizes and qualities of paper (principally 
 printing), with the French and German equivalents : 
 
Miscellaneous. 
 
 149 
 
 English. French. German. 
 
 Blank ...papier-blanc. ...schondruck, erste 
 
 seite zu druckenden bogens. 
 Blotting ...brouillard, buvard ...loschpapier. 
 
 Brief 
 
 Brown 
 Cap 
 Colour-printed 
 Copy 
 Demy 
 
 r* K y\ r*4- V\ 
 
 ..a ecolier ...schreibpapier, con- 
 cept papier. 
 ..goudronne ...packpapier. 
 ..gris ...graues papier. 
 ...papier colore a la planche...bedrucktespapier. 
 ...papier a procureur ...conceptpapier. 
 ..coquille ...postpapier. 
 astard, copy... papier ecu ...kanzleypapier. 
 ..a dessin ...zeichenpapier. 
 ..papier ecolier de petit format... propatriapapier. 
 ..pelure, pelure d'oignon ...diinnes postpapier 
 ..glace ...glanzpapier. 
 ..satine 
 ..Jesus, grand-jesus ...imperial. 
 ..de Chine Chinesisches-papier. 
 
 Drawing 
 Foolscap 
 Foreign-post . 
 Glazed 
 Hot-pressed . 
 Imperial 
 India 
 
 maulbeerbaumpapier. 
 
 Laid ...verge, papier a verjure ...geripptespapier. 
 
 Machine-made... mecanique ...maschinenpapier. 
 
 Music ...papier a musique ...notendruckpapier. 
 
 Post ...papier a lettre ...postpapier. 
 
 Printing ...a imprimeur, d'impression...druckpapier. 
 
 Quire of ...main de papier ...buchpapier. 
 
 Ream ...rame de ...riespapier. 
 
 Printer's... rame des imprimeurs. 
 
 Royal ...grand raisin ...konigspapier, regalpapier. 
 
 super 
 
 Ruled 
 Sand 
 
 Sheet of 
 Silver-tissue 
 
 Sized 
 
 Straw 
 
 Tracing 
 
 Un-sized 
 
 Vellum 
 
 Waste 
 
 Whity-brown 
 
 Wove 
 
 Writing 
 
 ..Jesus 
 
 ..regie 
 
 ..papier mat, papier verre 
 
 .feuille de 
 
 ..de soie, Joseph 
 
 ..colle 
 
 ..paille 
 
 ..a calquer, a decalquer 
 
 ..non colle, sans colle 
 
 ..velin 
 
 ..de rebut 
 
 ..bulle 
 ..velin 
 ..a cerise 
 
 ..gross regalpapier, 
 
 jesuspapier. 
 ...linienpapier. 
 ...sandpapier, glas- 
 
 papier. 
 
 ...papierbogen. 
 ...Josephpapier, 
 silberpapier. 
 ,..geleimtespapier t 
 ...strohpapier. 
 ...kalkirpapier. 
 ..ungeleimtes. 
 ...velinpapier. 
 ...ausschusspapier, 
 abgang von. 
 ...conceptpapier. 
 ..velinpapier. 
 ...schreibpapier. 
 
15 Miscellaneous. 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 
 " The combination of Greek numerical characters was not 
 well known to the Latins before the I3th century, although 
 Greek numerical characters were frequently used in France 
 and Germany, in episcopal letters, and continued to the nth 
 century. But of all the Greek ciphers the Episema av was 
 most in use with the Latins : it gradually assumed the form 
 of G with a tail, for so it appears in a Latin inscription of the 
 year 296. It is found to have been used in the 5th century in 
 Latin MSS. It was reckoned for 6, and this value has been 
 evinced by such a number of monumental proofs, that there is 
 no room to give it any other. Some of the learned, with even 
 Mabillon, have been mistaken in estimating it as 5, but in a 
 posthumous work he acknowledges his error. 
 
 " Those authors were led into this error by the medals of 
 the Emperor Justinian having the episema for 5 ; but it is a 
 certain fact that the coiners had been mistaken and confounded 
 it with the tailed U, for the episema was still in'use in the 4th 
 century, and among the Latins was estimated as six, but under 
 a form somewhat different. Whenever it appears in other 
 monuments of the western nations of Europe of that very cen- 
 tury and the following, it is rarely used to express any number 
 except 5. 
 
 " The Etruscans also used their letters for indicating numbers 
 by writing them from right to left, and the ancient Danes 
 copied the example in the application of their letters. 
 
 " The Romans, when they borrowed arts and sciences from 
 the Greeks, learned also their method of using alphabetical 
 numeration. This custom however was not very ancient 
 among them. Before writing was yet current with them, they 
 made use of nails for reckoning years, and the method of 
 driving those nails became in process of time a ceremony of 
 their religion. The first eight Roman numerals were com- 
 posed of the I and the V. The Roman ten was composed of 
 the V proper and the V inverted (A), which characters served 
 to reckon as far as forty ; but when writing became more gene- 
 ral, I, V, X, L, C, D, and M, were the only characters appro- 
 priated to the indication of numbers. The above seven letters, 
 in their most extensive combination, produce six hundred and 
 sixty-six thousand, ranged thus, DCLXVIM. Some however 
 pretend that the Romans were strangers to any higher number 
 than 100,000. The want of ciphers obliged them to double, 
 treble, and multiply their numerical characters four-fold ; 
 according as they had occasion to make them express units, 
 tens, hundreds, &c. &c. For the sake of brevity they had 
 recourse to another expedient ; by drawing a small line over 
 any of their numeral characters they made them stand 
 
Miscellaneous. 151 
 
 for as many thousands as they contained units. Thus a small 
 line over I made it 1000, and over X expressed 10,000, &c. 
 
 " When the Romans wrote several units following, the first 
 and last were longer than the rest Imil ; thus vir after those 
 six units signified sex-vir. D stood for 500, and the perpen- 
 dicular line of this letter was sometimes separated from the 
 the body thus (Io,) without lessening its value. M, whether 
 capital or uncial, expressed 1000. In the uncial form 
 it sometimes assumed that of one of those figures, C!Q, CD, 
 oo , CD. The cumbent X was also used to signify a similar 
 number. 
 
 " As often as a figure of less value appears before a higher 
 number, it denotes that so much must be deducted from the 
 greater number : thus, I before V makes but four, I before 
 X gives only nine, X preceding C produces only go, and even 
 two XX before C reckons for no more than 80. Such was the 
 general practice with the ancient Romans with respect to their 
 numerical letters, which is still continued in recording accounts 
 in our Exchequer. 
 
 " In ancient MSS. 4 is written IIII and not IV, 9 thus VIIII 
 and not IX, &c. Instead of V five units IIIII were sometimes 
 used in the eighth century. Half was expressed by an S at the 
 end of the figures, CHSwasput 102 and a half. This S some- 
 times appeared in the form of our 5. 
 
 " In some old MSS. those numerical figures LXL are used 
 to express go. The Roman .numeral letters were generally 
 used both in England, France, Italy, and Germany, from the 
 earliest times to the middle of the i5th century. 
 
 " The ancient people of Spain made use of the same Roman 
 ciphers as we do. The X with the top of the right hand stroke 
 in form of a semi-circle reckoned for 40 ; it merits the more 
 particular notice as it has misled many of the learned. The 
 Roman ciphers, however, were continued in use with the 
 Spaniards until the I5th century. The Germans used the 
 Roman ciphers for a long time, nearly in the same manner as 
 the French." 
 
 " The points after the Roman ciphers were exceedingly 
 various, and never rightly fixed. It is not known when the 
 ancient custom was first introduced of placing an O at 
 top immediately after the Roman characters, as A" M L 
 VI &c."Astle. 
 
 Numeral Letters. 
 
 Roman. Arabic. 
 
 Unus, a, um, I. i. 
 
 Duo, as, o, II. 2. 
 
 Tres, ia, III. 3. 
 
 Quatuor, IV. 4- 
 
152 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 
 Roman. 
 
 Arabic. 
 
 Quinque, 
 
 V. 
 
 5- 
 
 Sex, 
 
 VI. 
 
 6. 
 
 Septem, 
 
 VII. 
 
 7- 
 
 Octo, 
 
 VIII. 
 
 8. 
 
 Novem, 
 
 IX. 
 
 9- 
 
 Decem, 
 
 X. 
 
 10. 
 
 Undecim, 
 
 XL 
 
 u. 
 
 Duodecim, 
 
 XII. 
 
 12. 
 
 Tredecim 
 
 XIII. 
 
 13- 
 
 Quatuordecim, 
 
 XIV. 
 
 14. 
 
 Quindecim, 
 
 XV. 
 
 15- 
 
 Se- sex- decim, 
 
 XVI. 
 
 16. 
 
 Septemdecim, 
 
 XVII. 
 
 I 7- 
 
 Octodecim, 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 18. 
 
 Novemdecim,) 
 Undeviginti, j 
 
 XIX. 
 
 19. 
 
 Viginti, 
 
 XX. 
 
 20. 
 
 Triginta, 
 
 XXX. 
 
 30. 
 
 Quadraginta, 
 
 XL. - 
 
 40. 
 
 Quinquaginta, 
 
 L. 
 
 50- 
 
 Sexaginta, 
 
 LX. 
 
 60. 
 
 Septuaginta, 
 
 LXX. 
 
 70. 
 
 Ocloginta, 
 
 LXXX. 
 
 80. 
 
 Nonaginta, 
 
 XC. 
 
 go. 
 
 Centum, 
 
 C. 
 
 IOO. 
 
 Ducenti, ae, a, 
 
 CC. 
 
 200. 
 
 Trecenti, ae, a, 
 
 CCC. 
 
 300. 
 
 Quadringenti, ae, a, 
 
 cccc. 
 
 400. 
 
 Quingenti, as. a, 
 
 13. or D. 
 
 500. 
 
 Sexcenti, ae, a, 
 
 DC. 
 
 600. 
 
 Septingenti, ae, a, 
 
 DCC. 
 
 700. 
 
 Oclingenti, ae, a, 
 
 DCCC. 
 
 800. 
 
 Nongenti, ae, a, 
 
 DCCCC. or CM. 
 
 900. 
 
 Mille, 
 
 M. or do. 
 
 1,000. 
 
 Duo millia j 
 
 
 
 Bis mille j 
 
 MM. 
 
 2,000. 
 
 Tria millia) 
 
 
 
 Ter mille j 
 
 MMM. 
 
 3,000. 
 
 Quatuor millia, j 
 Quater mille, J 
 
 MMMM. 
 
 4,000. 
 
 Quinque millia, ) 
 Quinquies mille, J 
 
 133. or V. 
 
 5,000. 
 
 Decem millia,) 
 Decies mille, j 
 
 CCI 3. or X. 
 
 10,000. 
 
 Quinquaginta millia, \ 
 Quinquagies mille, ) 
 
 JODO- r L. 
 
 50,000. 
 
Miscellaneous . 153 
 
 
 Roman. 
 
 Arabic. 
 
 Centum millia,) 
 Centies mille, J 
 
 CCCI333, or C. 
 
 IOO,OOO. 
 
 Quingenta millia,) 
 Quingenties mille, ) 
 
 lODOO-orD. 
 
 5,OO,OOO. 
 
 Decies centena millia, CCCdOOOD- or M. 1,000,000. 
 
 If the lesser number is placed before the greater, the lesser 
 is to be deducted from the greater; thus IV signifies one less 
 than five, i.e. four; IX, nine; XC, ninety. 
 
 If the lesser number be placed after the greater, the lesser 
 is to be added to the greater ; thus VI signifies one more than 
 five, i. e. six; XI, eleven ; CX, One hundred and ten. 
 
 An horizontal stroke over a numeral denotes a thousand ; 
 thus V signifies five thousand ; L, fifty thousand ; M, a 
 thousand times a thousand, or a million. 
 
 I, signifies one, because it is the smallest letter. 
 
 V,Jive, because it is sometimes used for U, the fifth vowel. 
 
 X, ten, because it represents two Vs. 
 
 L,, fifty, from its resemblance to the lower half of C. 
 
 C, a hundred, centum. 
 
 13 or D,five hundred, the half of Cl3- 
 
 M or Cl3, a thousand, from mille. The latter figures joined 
 at the topOO, formed the ancient M. Latin Vocabulary, iSmo. 
 Lond. Valpy, 1823. 
 
 HINTS ON THE FORMATION OF SMALL 
 LIBRARIES.* 
 
 Intended for Public Use. By WM. E. A. AXON, F.R.S.A.f 
 
 The following pages are here reproduced by permission of 
 the writer, and will doubtless be read with interest by book- 
 lovers : 
 
 " The present age may be characterised as an age of libraries. 
 Never were they so numerous as at present, and never were 
 they more extensively used. The great libraries of antiquity 
 are more than rivalled by the national collections of England, 
 France, and Russia ; in value and in real extent the British 
 Museum probably exceeds the Alexandrian Library ; and in 
 addition to these noble institutions we have now a large and 
 
 * This paper was prepared for the Co-operative Congress, May and June, 
 1869, but as the suggestions apply with equal force to all Small Libraries, it 
 has been re-issued in the present form, in the hope of being useful to other 
 libraries besides those established by the Co-operative Association. (PREF.) 
 
 f London, N. Triibner & Co., 60, Paternoster Row. 
 
 X 
 
154 Miscellaneous. 
 
 constantly increasing class of libraries intended for the use of 
 those to whom the doors of the older libraries were rigidly 
 closed. On trying to realise in our mind the immense number 
 of volumes conserved in the national libraries on thinking of 
 the 602,000 volumes of the British Museum, of the 540,500 
 vols. of the Imperial Library at St. Petersburg we can scarcely 
 wonder at the notion which was once current that in them was 
 stored the sum total of human thought and human learning. 
 The increase of bibliographical knowledge has dissipated this 
 old error, and we now know that no single library can ever hope 
 to make with truth a claim to completeness. The librarians 
 of the largest collections will tell you mournfully of the 
 thousands of volumes which they can never possess, and will 
 confirm the truth of that ancient writer who declared it would 
 be more easy to empty the ocean and to count the grains of 
 sand than to count the number of books existing in the world. 
 
 " Here, then, we may see the necessity for selection a 
 necessity even for the largest of national institutions, but a 
 hundredfold more imperative on smaller libraries. 
 
 " A mass of books brought together upon no principle has 
 small claim to be considered a library, and has little chance 
 of producing those humanizing and ennobling effects which 
 should flow from such institutions. From want of judgment 
 in the selection of books, too many of our smaller libraries 
 have failed to perform the work their founders intended. By 
 what principle should the promoters be guided ? In the 
 formation of a private library, the only guides are the tastes 
 and studies of the possessor ; but in one intended for the use 
 of persons of various ages, pursuits, and degrees of culture, 
 there should be an effort at universality ; all healthy tastes 
 should be consulted, and, as far as possible, all shades of 
 opinion should be represented ; and the student in every de- 
 partment of human knowledge should find there something 
 to aid his researches. Of course this is only possible within 
 certain limits ; it needs no art-magic to know that a thousand 
 volumes cannot cover the wide field of science and thought ; 
 but a thousand volumes well selected may certainly furnish an 
 introduction to the sciences, and contain also most of those 
 books which have exercised undying influence on the progress 
 of the human race. 
 
 " The aim of such a library should be to present an epitome 
 of the entire circle of the sciences, and also to offer to its user 
 those masterpieces of literature which all ages look upon with 
 reverence ; and, in addition, as many healthy and interesting 
 works of fiction and lighter literature as possible. How sadly 
 many small libraries fall short of this ideal ; how little assist- 
 ance they can give to those desirous of studying the laws of 
 
Miscellaneous . 155 
 
 nature, or of gathering wisdom from the pregnant words of the 
 wise departed, all who have had any practical acquaintance 
 with them, must be fully aware. 
 
 " Few of the co-operative libraries, we should think, will 
 have much less than a thousand volumes on their shelves ; and 
 if the aims above indicated are kept steadily in view, it will be 
 possible with that number of volumes to provide information 
 elementary information, at least on most of the topics 
 which affect the well-being or excite the curiosity of mankind. 
 Having thus secured a good foundation, the superstructure 
 may be creeled at leisure ; but [care should be taken not to 
 devote attention to the enrichment of any one class exclusively ; 
 a judicious balance should be kept in all parts. But whilst 
 every library should thus aim at an encyclopaedic character, 
 each one should also have its special characteristics ; and it 
 should be a matter of serious consideration as to the precise 
 class to which preference should be given. It is evident that 
 books, which in one locality are of great interest and utility, 
 may in another be comparatively worthless. The only rule 
 that can be laid down is that immediate preference should be 
 given to those works which bear most directly on the interests 
 of those who will have to use them. 
 
 " It is impossible within the limits of this paper to under- 
 take a survey of the wide field of literature, or to give details 
 as to the precise works desirable in each class. It would be 
 wise, in the first place, to procure a good modern Encyclopaedia 
 (such as Chambers's or the Encyclopaedia Britannica), and then 
 such collections as Weale's Rudimentary Series, Knight's 
 Weekly Volumes, Murray's Family Library, &c. &c., and 
 other similar series of concise works on science, history, and 
 general literature. These will fill each class in about equal 
 proportions, and each may be increased as opportunities offer 
 and funds allow. 
 
 " Co-operative libraries should, it appears to me, give espe- 
 cial attention to social science, and should contain the best 
 information on the various social systems now or formerly in 
 use, and the works of the greatest thinkers who have written 
 on political economy. 
 
 "After a number of good and serviceable books have been 
 collected, the next care should be their classification for 
 arrangement on the shelves. Now, it may appear a very easy 
 task to arrange a number of volumes, and place together all 
 those which relate to analogous topics ; and yet experience 
 shows that it is an extremely difficult operation, and one on 
 which the widest diversity of opinion exists. 
 
 " Mr. Edwards, who has paid much attention to this subject 
 and investigated it in a thorough manner, advocates a modi- 
 
156 Miscellaneous . 
 
 fication of Bouillaud's scheme, and arranges all the domains of 
 human learning in six divisions : i. Theology. 2. Philosophy 
 (Mental). 3. History (Civil and Ecclesiastical), Biography, 
 Voyages, Travels, and Topography. 4. Politics, Law, and 
 Commerce. 5. Science and Art. 6. Literature and Poly- 
 graphy (Poetry, Novels, Essays, Encyclopaedias, &c). Varia- 
 tions of this scheme have been used in standard books of 
 bibliography, and in various town libraries. The subdivisions 
 are too numerous to be here given ; but an excellent scheme 
 for the classification of a town library will be found in the 
 second volume of Mr. Edwards's ' Memoirs of Libraries.' One 
 far less elaborate would amply suffice for a small library ; and 
 each of the sub-classes should be distinguished by a class 
 letter and a running number. This plan of having separate 
 sets of numbers for the smaller divisions in preference to the 
 general classes, is one that has not yet been tried/'but has the 
 obvious advantage of keeping together on the shelves all those 
 works which relate to the same subject, and prevents them 
 from being lost amidst a host of heterogenous works. 
 
 " Intimately connected with the welfare of libraries, great or 
 small, is the question of Catalogues. The disputes as to the 
 best methods of making catalogues have been so bitter and 
 prolonged that it is somewhat dangerous ground to enter 
 upon. The chief objection against classed catalogues is the 
 impossibility of obtaining a permanent scientific classification. 
 All schemes for that purpose are in their very nature artificial, 
 and must sooner or later break down. Another objection is, 
 that many books are of such a dubious or complex nature, that 
 it is difficult to decide in what section they are to be looked 
 for. The Pilgrim's Progress has not much in common with 
 Tom Jones, and yet if we look to form, they both belong to 
 the class of prose fiction. To the same class belong, for the 
 same reason, such politico-philosophical speculations as Utopia, 
 Oceana, and Gaudentio di Lucca. Many other cases might be 
 cited. Readers may naturally be divided into those who wish 
 to see the works of some particular author and those who want 
 all the books on some given subject. If the library be a small 
 one, the catalogue of which can be sold at a cheap rate, and 
 with a prospect of soon exhausting the edition, the wants of 
 the public will be best secured by printing in one alphabet the 
 titles of the books, arranged first under the author's names, and 
 second under the names of all the subjects of which they treat ; 
 and, also, in the case of fiction and literary miscellanies, under 
 the first word of the title of course excluding articles and 
 prepositions. The last rule should be applied to all works 
 issued without the writer's name ; but where the writer of an 
 
Miscellaneous . 157 
 
 anonymous book is known, his name should be added in 
 brackets. 
 
 " In addition to the printed catalogue, one should be kept 
 for consultation at the library, each entry being written on a 
 separate slip, and the additions to the library being catalogued 
 as fast as they are received. As the proper cataloguing of a 
 library is absolutely essential to its usefulness, a specimen of 
 the method here proposed may perhaps be allowable : 
 
 "i. G 10. Paris: Les Associations Ouvrieres en Angleterre 
 (Trades Unions). [Par L. P. A. d'Orleans, Comte de 
 Paris.] Paris, 1869. i2mo. 
 
 " 2. G 10. Associations Ouvrieres. Paris, 1869. 
 
 " 3. G 10. Workmen's Associations. Paris, 1869. 
 
 "4. G 10. Trades Unions. Paris, 1869. 
 
 " 5. G 10. Political Economy. Trades Unions. Paris, 
 1869. 
 
 " i. M 9. Jennings : an Introduction to the Knowledge of 
 Medals. By the late Rev. David Jennings, D.D. 2nd 
 edit. Birmingham, 1775. I2mo. 
 
 "2. M 9. Medals, Knowledge of. Jennings, 1775. 
 
 "3. Numismatics, Introduction, by Jennings, 1775. 
 
 " In some cases it may be requisite to write a dozen entries 
 for one book, and these entries, written on separate slips of 
 paper or cardboard, and arranged in alphabetical order, will 
 combine most of the advantages of a classified catalogue with 
 the simplicity of an alphabetical one. In printing the cata- 
 logue, it may perhaps be required, for the sake of economy, to 
 abridge the titles under the authors' names ; in which case 
 care must be taken to compress as much information as possi- 
 ble into the space available. 
 
 " As our model library has now been carefully selected, judi- 
 ciously classified, and well catalogued, we come next to the 
 system of book-keeping, which should be as simple as possible. 
 A register of stock, and a record of books issued, are indis- 
 pensable. The stock books should be lists of the books in their 
 proper order upon the shelves, and by these lists the library 
 should be periodically examined, to see that each article is in 
 its proper place, and that none are absent without leave. In 
 the record of issues should be entered the title and number of 
 the book, the name of the person to whom issued, and the date 
 of its return. This book should be examined daily, to see that 
 no books are detained beyond the time allowed by the rules. 
 
 " In binding the books, a plain strong binding will be found 
 most serviceable ; and in most cases all lettering may be dis- 
 pensed with. Each book should, if possible, have over its 
 
158 Miscellaneous . 
 
 binding a paper cover to protect it, and on this might be 
 written its title and press-mark. 
 
 " Some of these details may appear trivial and unneeded ; 
 but it is from lack of system in their formation and manage- 
 ment that many small libraries fail to exercise the beneficial 
 influence which they might otherwise exert. 
 
 " In conclusion, it is important to repeat that the value of a 
 library must depend almost entirely upon the skill with which 
 it has been selected ; and unless efforts are made to give an 
 encyclopaedic character to these libraries by a principle of uni- 
 versal selection, some persons, students of some phase of 
 science, will have to be refused that aid which a library should 
 give to all who consult it. And if these libraries are stocked 
 with judgment and discretion, and managed generously and 
 well, it is evident that they may be of great educational use, 
 and have the happiest effects on the intellectual life of those 
 who use them." 
 
 BOOKS NUMBER OF XV CENTURY, IN EXISTENCE. 
 The total number of books in existence printed in the XV 
 century are variously estimated, by Santander at upwards of 
 15,000, and by Brunet at from 18,000 to 20,000. Edwards, 
 Memoirs of Libraries, Vol. II, p. 658. 
 
 Sweynham and Pannartz state, in a petition to Pope 
 Sixtus IV, in 1472, they had printed of the classical authors 
 generally 275 copies ; of Virgil and the Philosophical Works 
 of Cicero twice that number, and in Theological Works the 
 usual number was 550. The whole number of copies printed 
 by them was 12,475. ^> \5- 
 
 QUOTATIONS. In Once a Week for April 4, 1868, is a clever 
 article on " Inverted Commas " in quotation, showing how 
 much their use has been used and abused, and suggesting 
 some other plan. 
 
 PUNCTUATION. Leave to the printer the minor details of 
 punctuation, for few authors can punctuate in MSS. Correct 
 what you think wrong in the proof. Companion to the Writing 
 Desk. We say, don't trust the compositors ; they are either 
 so ignorant that they are unable to understand, or so conceited 
 that they think they know what you want to express better than 
 you do yourself. 
 
Miscellaneous. 
 
 159 
 
 PUBLISHING BOOKS PLANS OF. 
 
 From a useful little work called Counsels to Authors, 
 (published by Freeman, 1863, 8vo )> we condense the 
 following information : 
 
 1. Submit your manuscript, carefully prepared, to the 
 publisher you select, who, if he approves of it, will furnish a 
 carefully and economically made estimate of the cost of an 
 edition, including printing, corrections, illustrations (if neces- 
 sary), binding, and advertisements. The expense being 
 ascertained, he will enter into an agreement to share equally 
 with the author the expense of bringing the work out, and 
 whatever the result, the author is freed from further responsi- 
 bility. On this plan the copyright remains with the author. 
 
 2. If the author does not wish to advance the money, but 
 is certain of an extensive sale among his friends when the 
 work is issued, he undertakes to take a certain number of 
 copies at the trade price, and thus makes his profit. In this 
 case the proceeds of the publisher's sale would go to meet the 
 cost of production, after which the profits would be equally 
 divided, the copyright remaining with the author. 
 
 3. The publisher undertakes to print and publish at his 
 own cost and risk, dividing the profits equally with the author, 
 on an account to be rendered annually in July. Under this 
 plan the copyright is the joint property of the author and 
 publisher. 
 
 4. Is that of parting with the copyright for an agreed sum, 
 the amount of which must depend upon the character of the 
 work and the ability of the writer. 
 
 5. Is that of publishing on commision ; an estimate is 
 given at the outset, and the accounts regularly made up and 
 forwarded every six months. A commission of ten per cent, 
 is charged on the net proceeds, for which all the publishing 
 arrangements are undertaken. The July accounts are due on 
 the ist of October, and the January accounts on the ist of 
 April. 
 
 RECORDS. 
 
 The following note on the Records and the terms used in 
 reference to them is taken from Savage's Dictionary of 
 Printing (1841), art. " RECORDS :" 
 " To enter into a history, however brief, of the various public 
 
 Records would be foreign to the objects of the present work ; 
 
 it is sufficient for the purpose to state that each of the courts 
 
 of judicature registers its acts and proceedings upon rolls of 
 
1 60 Miscellaneous . 
 
 parchment, which are called the Records of the court to 
 which they belong ; for instance, the Chancery Rolls, which 
 contain the registration of all matters which pass under the 
 great seal of England, are divided into classes particular rolls 
 being appropriated to the entry of particular matters. Thus, 
 the Norman Rolls contain entries chiefly relating to Norman 
 affairs ; the Scotch Rolls comprehend those which regard 
 Scotland generally; the Parliament Rolls embrace matters 
 touching the Parliament; the Fine Rolls, entries respecting fines 
 paid to the king for grants of liberties and privileges. The Close 
 Rolls preserve copies of letters directed to individuals for their 
 sole guidance and inspection, which, being private, are for 
 this reason folded up, and closed with a seal ; while the Patent 
 Rolls, on the contrary, contain copies of letters which, though 
 bearing a seal on their lower margin as a mark of authenticity, 
 are not closed, but remain patent or open, to be shown to all 
 men ; these convey directions or commands of general obliga- 
 tion, or are given to individuals for their particular protection, 
 profit, or personal advantage. A few only of the Chancery 
 Records have been here enumerated ; but sufficient has been 
 stated to show the reader that each species of roll has its 
 distinguishing characteristic. 
 
 A Chancery roll is composed of a number of skins of parch- 
 ment so connected that the top of the second is attached to 
 the bottom of the first, the top of the third to the bottom of the 
 second, and so on ; the whole being rolled up in the manner 
 of a piece of cloth in a draper's shop, or of carpet in the 
 warehouse of the manufacturer. 
 
 The reader will, from this description, readily understand 
 that the word " roll " (rotulus a rotare, to turn round) is but a 
 synonym of the word " volume " (volumen a volvere, to roll), 
 and that, from the longitudinal connexion of its component 
 skins, a reference made from any entry upon it, to a preceding 
 or succeeding one, will be literally and properly expressed by 
 the words vide SUPRA and vide INFRA. He will likewise clearly 
 comprehend that not only the interior, or intus, of the roll, 
 upon which the characteristic entries have been made, will 
 necessarily be kept clean and free from atmospheric influence, 
 but also the greater part of the exterior, which is denominated 
 the dors. This circumstance afforded the scribes an oppor- 
 tunity, which they readily embraced, of using the dors for 
 entries and memoranda that were frequently very different 
 in their character from those contained on the intus of the 
 roll. 
 
 The Rolls of the Courts of King's Bench, Common Pleas, 
 and Exchequer, contain the proceedings of these courts ; and 
 they differ from those of the Chancery, not only in the nature 
 
Miscellaneous. 1 6 1 
 
 of their contents, but also in the form in which they are made 
 up. A roll of these courts consists of an indefinite number of 
 skins sewn or attached together with a strong ligature of 
 parchment at the top, and the subject is written both on the 
 intus and dors, precisely in the same way as a book or letter is 
 written ; after the intus is filled, the subjecl is continued on 
 the dors. In using this kind of roll, each skin, when perused, 
 is turned back over the head of the rest, and brought down 
 immediately after that which just before had been the last of 
 the series; until, the whole having been thus in their order 
 revolved, the first skin is again brought into its original 
 position. The entire mass, being unprotected by pasteboard 
 or other unyielding covers, is perfectly flexible, and having 
 been rolled up in the manner of a quire of paper, which it is 
 desired to reduce to its smallest compass, is confined in its 
 position by a piece of tape or other adequate ligature. 
 
 " In quoting an entry from a roll, it is usual for writers to 
 state first the name of the roll on which it is to be found : as 
 Rot. Pat. (Rotulus Patentium), Rot. Claus.. (Rotulus Clausa- 
 rum), the word " Litterarum " being understood in the two 
 preceding cases ; Rot. Fin. (Rotulus Finium), &c. Then 
 follows the year of the king's reign. Should the roll be divided 
 into parts, the part also is specified; as p. i, or pars i, p. 2, 
 or pars 2. The next circumstance noticed is the particular 
 skin or membrane on which the entry occurs as m. 23. If the 
 entries on the skin have numbers attached to them, the number 
 also (n. i, &c.) is cited; and if the entry is made on the 
 back or dors of the roll, that circumstance is expressed by 
 adding d . or indorso (i. e. " on the back ") to the quotation ; 
 for, should this be omitted, the entry will very naturally be 
 sought for upon the intus of the roll. Citing, then, an entry 
 from the Patent Rolls, for instance, we will suppose the quota- 
 tation to run in the following form, " Rot. Pat., 13 Edw. Ill, 
 p. 2, m. 23 ;" which would be thus rendered in English : " On 
 the twenty-third skin of the second part of the Patent Roll of 
 the thirteenth year of Edward the Third." 
 
 Before quitting this part of the subjecl, it may not be un- 
 important to state that, on examining a roll, it is not an 
 unfrequent circumstance to meet with entries which are can- 
 celled, or crossed out with the pen ; but, to prevent suspicion 
 that this has been unfairly done, the reason for the cancellation 
 is generally added to the side as, " Quia supra " (Because it 
 has already been entered above;) "Quia alias inferius," 
 (Because it has been re-entered in other words below) ; " Quia 
 in Rot. Fin." (Because it is entered on the Fine Roll to 
 which it more properly belongs) ; &c. This kind of cancella- 
 tion, which was performed, as of course, by the person who 
 
 Y 
 
1 62 Miscellaneous. 
 
 discovered the error, must not be confounded with a cancella- 
 tion by judgment ; which latter was a function of the Lord 
 Chancellor, who, when Letters Patent or Charters were 
 adjudged void, was the person who condemned or cancelled 
 them. 
 
 The terms cancellation, erasure, expunging or exptinftion, 
 obliteration, elision, and deletion words each employed to 
 denote a different method adopted to prevent faulty passages 
 or minor errors from standing as parts of a composition 
 having been frequently used indiscriminately one for another, 
 the reader may not be displeased to be here reminded of their 
 original significations. To treat, then, of each in the order in 
 which it has been named : 
 
 Cancellation denotes the drawing a pen several times ob- 
 liquely across a passage, first from right to left, and then from 
 left to right, in the manner of lattice-work. (The word is 
 derived from cancella, a lattice.) 
 
 Erasure implies the removal of a faulty portion by the appli- 
 cation of the knife. (From erado, I scrape out.) 
 
 Expunging or expunftion (both derivations from the same 
 verb expungo, I prick or dot out), was a method by which the 
 clerk neatly expressed that a word, or part of a word, was to 
 be omitted : as " sententence." Leaving out, then, the under- 
 dotted or expuncled letters, the amended word will be sentence. 
 
 Obliteration is the slovenly method, still frequently employed, 
 of completely covering the error with ink, so that not a letter 
 thereof can be traced. (From oblitero, I blot out.) 
 
 Elision is the act of striking out the erroneous matter by a 
 simple dash of the pen. (From elido, I strike or dash out.) 
 
 Deletion is the wiping away the ink while it is yet wet, and then 
 continuing the writing over the space which had been in the 
 first instance occupied by the error. (From deleo, I wipe out.) 
 
 SOCIETY OF BIBLIOGRAPHERS. 
 
 (N. &* Q. s. iv, v. i, p. 26.) 
 
 " In England we have many learned societies pursuing a 
 course of steady usefulness, recording year by year new facts 
 in science, throwing new lights on history, exposing old errors, 
 and accumulating material for the future philosopher for the 
 future historian. 
 
 " Everyone who has had to do with historical literature 
 must have reaped benefit from the labours of the Society of 
 Antiquaries, the Numismatic Society, and those others which 
 are devoted to the promotion of historical knowledge ; and 
 every man of science must owe similar obligations to the Royal 
 
Miscellaneous. 163 
 
 Society, the Chemical Society, &c. &c. The number of learned 
 societies is now somewhat large, and each of them, in its own 
 peculiar field of usefulness, has been of much service; and, with 
 their example shining so clearly, it has often excited my surprise 
 that there is not among them a Society of Bibliographers. 
 
 " Some knowledge of bibliography is necessary to every 
 man who is engaged in any literary or scientific pursuit ; an 
 acquaintance with it may save him years of useless toil. The 
 bibliographer aids the student in every department of human 
 thought and observation: the theologian, the antiquary, the 
 savant, all need his aid. He records their labours, and is con- 
 stantly noting the new discoveries in the map of human 
 learning. There is no occasion here to insist upon the im- 
 portance of bibliography. Why, then, is there no society for 
 its advancement ? Let bibliographers consider this question. 
 Lowndes, we are told by Mr. Bohn, complained that the 
 bibliographer had no standing in England. A somewhat 
 higher value is put upon these studies now, but the establish- 
 ment of such a society as is here suggested would undoubtedly 
 aid in giving to bibliographers still more of that position to 
 which they are entitled in the republic of letters. When such 
 an association is organised, there is plenty of work which it 
 might usefully do. A General Literary Index would then be 
 Something of a possibility, the vexed question of cataloguing 
 would, probably, find a solution, much light would be thrown 
 upon literary history, special bibliographies of particular sub- 
 jects might be brought out under its protection, and it would 
 be able to accomplish for Europe that which the Smithsonian 
 Institution does for America in the way of promoting friendly 
 relations between different literary institutions and men." 
 
 W. E. A. A. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE FAC-SIMILES OF TYPO- 
 GRAPHICAL AND LITERARY RARITIES 
 GIVEN IN THIS BOOK. 
 
 THE eight pages 169-176 given in addition to the matter 
 promised in the prospectus of this work, will, we hope, be 
 acceptable to the our readers, many of whom may probably 
 never have an opportunity of seeing the originals ; all of which 
 are of excessive rarity, some of them possibly unique, or at 
 least only to be found amongst the literary treasures of large 
 public libraries, or carefully locked up in the private collections 
 of distinguished bibliophiles. 
 
 They have been selected to illustrate the early progress of 
 the Typographic art, after block-books gave place to printing 
 with moveable type, and to show the early Gothic letter of the 
 
164 Miscellaneous. 
 
 i5th century, and the Roman and Italic of the succeeding one ; 
 at the same time, the subject-matter of each plate in itself 
 possesses an interest to bibliographers. 
 
 Except in two instances (and then incorrectly) the specimens 
 chosen have never before, to our knowledge, been published ; 
 for permission to reproduce them, we are indebted to the 
 courtesy of the authorities of the British Museum and the 
 Bodleian Libraries ; whilst, for the accuracy with which they 
 are executed, the name of Mr. F. C. Price is a sufficient 
 guarantee. 
 
 A short description of each plate will enable the reader to 
 understand them more readily. 
 
 Page 169, Plate I, is given as an illustration of the block- 
 book i. e. books printed from carved blocks of wood on one 
 side of the leaf only, which were the immediate precursors of 
 printing, " but it must not be regarded as the form in which 
 the art first developed itself, but rather as the perfection of 
 another art which had prevailed for many years previously 
 that of engraving on wood and, perhaps, of one particular 
 form of it, that of card-making." 
 
 As the art of printing improved, the block-book fell into dis- 
 use, the last known being executed at Venice about 1510 (a 
 copy of which is preserved in the British Museum). 
 
 The example given (from the national collection) is thus 
 described in the catalogue 
 
 "C. 17 &.] " Saturn. Planet. 
 
 "Begin. Saturnus am stern bin ich genant, 
 Der hochst planet gar wol bekant, 
 Naturlich bin ich triiben und kalt, 
 Mit minem winken manigualt, etc. 
 
 " [A description in verse of the seven planets, i. e. Saturn, 
 Jupiter, Mars, The Sun, Venus, Mercury, The Moon, and 
 their astrological influences on human life : sometimes 
 known as the ' Planetenbuch,' L or as ' Folge der Sieben 
 Planeten.'] MS. Notes. . * . . . 1470 (? 4). 
 
 A block-book in which the tract, as well as the woodcut 
 illustration, is printed f r om blocks 6 leaves, of which the 
 recto of the first and the verso of the last are blank. The 
 description of each planet occupies twelve lines on the verso 
 of one leaf and the recto of the next ; the lower part of each 
 page being occupied with a large woodcut. It is without 
 title-page or pagination, imperfect, wanting fols. 3 and 6. 
 
 Page 170, Plate II, is the last page with the colophon of the 
 well-known Exposicio S. Hieronymi in Simbohim Apostolorum 
 (Oxonie, 1468), copied by permission from the copy in the 
 Bodleian Library. Upon the strength of this date, the honour 
 
Miscellaneous. 165 
 
 of printing the first book in England has been by some denied 
 to Caxton, and claimed for Oxford. The date, however, 
 (according to the Guide to Printed Books) is a typographical 
 error for 1478. 
 
 Dr. Cotton, in his Typographical Gazetteer (edit. 1831, art. 
 OXFORD), speaking of the date of the work, says "that his opinion 
 upon it has long been made up," but he does not state it; though, 
 further on, whilst combating Dr. Dibdin's opinion that the types 
 " carry a foreign appearance," he concludes by saying " I 
 shall content myself with believing that the colophons speak 
 nothing but the truth, and that the books were really printed at 
 the place at which they profess to have been printed." We shall 
 venture no comment of our own on this contested question, but 
 conclude our remarks with an extract from a letter, written by a 
 gentleman well qualified to form an opinion on the subject, 
 who, after a most careful examination of the volume, thus 
 writes : " The St. Jerome dated 1468 is certainly printed 
 with more primitive type than any of Caxton's ; and if I were 
 asked for an opinion, I would contend for its being the first 
 book printed in England especially, as without some very 
 strong evidence indeed, the fact of the date being so clearly 
 set forth, gives a very hard nut to crack, let antagonists write 
 what they may." 
 
 Page 171, Plate III. This illustration is of peculiar interest 
 as a specimen of early typography, manifesting, not only in the 
 sharpness of the letter, but in the proportion of the character, 
 a decided advance on the first productions of the inventors 
 of the art. It is also curious as a specimen of one of the oldest 
 perhaps the oldest example of a Bookseller's Catalogue, 
 or, more correctly speaking, a Publisher's Circular which 
 has escaped the fate to which this particular class of ephemeral 
 literature is, from its nature, doomed. 
 
 It consists, as will be seen, of a list of books sold by 
 Anthony Coburger, at Nuremberg (Norimbregia], one of the 
 first places to admit the newly discovered art of printing, of 
 which the earliest known specimen, as printed there, was exe- 
 cuted more than four hundred years ago ! (1470) Cotton (Typ. 
 Gaz.]. Anthony Coburger (or Koburger), the first printer of 
 the name, who was an artist of great repute, worked in this 
 city from 1472 till 1513 (Johannes Coburger printed from 
 1510 to 1525 ; Anthony Coburger, the younger, from 1515 
 to 1522; while Melchior Coburger printed only in 1540. 
 Altogether 276 publications of the Coburger family are re- 
 corded by the author of a work upon these illustrious 
 printers, just published at Leipzig) and about 1486 printed 
 the broadside catalogue part of which we give in fac- 
 simile. It is partly printed in long lines, partly in double 
 
1 66 Miscellaneous. 
 
 columns 51 lines. Some of the works specified have not 
 been identified as printed by Coburger. " The type," says a 
 note in the catalogue of the British Museum, " resembles that 
 of Coburger's bible of 1477." 
 
 The fac-simile we give is from the original (probably 
 unique) preserved in the British Museum ; any one curious 
 to see it in its entirety may find the title by consulting the 
 New Catalogue, sub CATALOGUES, pt. vi, where the press-mark 
 is given C.'-^ 2 . 
 
 Page 172, Plate IV. Is a fac-simile of another bookseller's 
 advertisement, of great interest to English bibliographers, not 
 only because it issued from the press of Caxton, but as being 
 the earliest instance of a " broadside " printed in this country. 
 Mr. Blades, in his Life of Caxton (vol. ii, p. 101), describes it 
 fully. The advertisement, he tells us, refers to a separately 
 published portion of the Directorium sue Pica Sarum, which 
 was a collection of rules to show the priests how to find the 
 moveable feast of Easter. 
 
 It may be here remarked that Caxton frequently used the 
 word " reed " for red, and further, that ihepye above mentioned 
 is supposed to have given the name to the type called Pica, 
 which was first used for printing works of this class. 
 
 Dr. Dibdin, in his edition of Ames's Typographical Antiquities 
 (vol. i, p. 1 1 1), gives a fac-simile of this advertisement ; but it is 
 (says Mr. Blades) inaccurate. It was copied from the same as 
 ours, namely, the one in the Douce Collection, Bodleian 
 Library ; but it appears to be very clumsily executed. Two 
 copies only of the original Caxton's are known the one here 
 reproduced ; the other in Earl Spencer's Collection. 
 
 The lower figure on the same page is Caxton's smaller 
 device ; the monogram between the initials of his name is 
 supposed to represent the figures 74 ; his first work printed in 
 this country being in 1474. 
 
 Page 173, Plate V Is a page from the first edition of 
 Chaucer's Book of the Tales of Canterbury, printed by Caxton 
 about 1476, from the beautiful copy in the British Museum, 
 and of which only one other perfect copy is known namely, 
 that in the library of Merton College, Oxford. 
 
 Dr. Dibdin, in the Typographical Antiquities (vol. i, p. 291), 
 praises this work most highly, and enters into a very full 
 description of it, giving a copy of the page we have selected, 
 in modern spelling. It is generally known as Chaucer's recan- 
 tation, but the doctor is of opinion that is not Chaucer's 
 composition, but rather the interpolation of some priest at a 
 later period. 
 
 If the reader will turn to our introduction, p. xiii, he will 
 
Miscellaneous. 167 
 
 find there quoted the five first lines of this page, with some 
 variations, which I ask him to " arette to the defaute of myn 
 unconnyng;" for before I saw the original, I made the extract 
 from the quotation given by the learned (but most careless) 
 Doctor on the verso of the leaf before the title of his 
 Decameron ; and though some may pardon him as a divine, 
 none can excuse him for his inaccuracy as a bibliographer. 
 
 Page 174, Plate VI. A page from the Virgil printed by 
 Aldus Manutius, in Venice, April, 1501. 
 
 This is remarkable as being the earliest attempt to produce 
 cheap books, by compressing the matter into a small space, 
 and reducing the size of the pages. For this purpose Aldus 
 had a small and peculiar-faced type cut, now known as Italic. 
 It is said to have been formed in imitation of the handwriting 
 of Petrarch. The claim of Aldus was disputed, as may be 
 seen in a copy of Petrarch's Opera Volgari, printed at Fano 
 by Hieronymo Soncino, 11503, printed in italic type cut by 
 Francesco da Bologna. In this very rare volume, the printer 
 unjustly accuses Aldus of having claimed for himself the merit 
 of the invention of the Italian character, which was due to 
 Francesco da Bologna. There is a copy of this work in the 
 library of the British Museum. [Our fac-simile is taken from 
 the copy in the Bodleian Library.] 
 
 Page 175, Plate VII. This fac-simile presents a very early 
 specimen of the Roman type, with some modification of the 
 character now universally used. It is taken from the Cosmo- 
 graphia Rudimenta of Hylacomylus, printed at St. Die, in 
 Lorraine, in Sept., 1507 ; a copy of which is exhibited amongst 
 the literary curiosities of the British Museum ; its interest con- 
 sisting in being the work in which it was first proposed that the 
 name America should be given to the continent now so called. 
 
 Our fac-simile is a reproduction of the passage wherein the 
 name is suggested, and will, doubtless, be regarded with in- 
 terest by Transatlantic readers. 
 
 Page 176, Plate VIII. This plate is an accurate repro- 
 duction of the title-page of one of the first books printed in 
 America, where the art of printing was introduced in less than 
 a century after its discovery in Europe, and nearly ten 
 years before it was practised in Ireland. To Mexico belongs 
 the honour of being regarded as the first spot on which the art 
 of printing was first exercised throughout all the vast dominions 
 of the newly discovered world, though the precise time has not 
 been accurately fixed. 
 
 Antonio de Mendoza, a man who had a high esteem for 
 literature having been appointed Viceroy of Mexico in 1535, 
 procured an edict, in 1551, from Spain for the establishment 
 of an university in the capital ; previous to which he had taken 
 
1 68 Miscellaneous. 
 
 care that the newly discovered art should be brought from the 
 Old World into the New. We find that Brunet mentions a 
 work entited " Relation d' espatable terremoto q agora nueva- 
 mente ha acontocido an la cibdad d Guatemala, which bears for 
 imprint, ' Fue impressada en la gran ciudad d Mexico en casa 
 de Juan Cromberger ano d mill y quinientos y quarenta y uno.' " 
 This is in small quarto. 
 
 "And a still earlier book was issued by the same printer, viz. 
 Manuel de Adultos, dated December I3th, 1540. But of this 
 last only a single fragment is now known to exist, consisting 
 of the last four leaves." 
 
 The next work, perhaps, the only one that has escaped the 
 ravages of time, is the Dotrina breve, the title-page of which 
 forms our illustration, and which, if not the only copy existing, 
 must be of extreme rarity. It is a small quarto volume of 84 
 folios, printed in Gothic letter, with the title (as shown in the 
 fac-simile) as follows : 
 
 " Dotrina breue muy p | uechosa delascosas q ptene j cen 
 alafe catholica y a nra. cri | stiandad en estilo llano pa co | 
 mu intelligecia. Copuesta por | el. Reueredissimo. S. do 
 fray I Jua 9umarraga primer obpo | d'Mexico. Del cosejo d'su 
 ma | gestad. Impssa ela misma ciu | dad d'Mexico por su 
 madado | y a su costa. Afio d. M. | dxliij : (Colophon] " A 
 hora y alabanca de nro senorjesu xpo y della 
 g 1 i o- | s a virge sancta Maria su Madrera qse 
 acaba el presen-|te tetratado. El qual f u e 
 visto y examinado ycorregi|do por madado 
 d'e R. S. Do fray Juan Cumarjraga: primer 
 Obispo de Mexico: y del cosejo | d'suMagestad. 
 ec. Impmioseenstagraciu|dadd' Penuchtitla 
 Mexico destanuena | Espana; en casa de Jua 
 croberger por | madado d'l mismo sen or obpo 
 D o | fr ay J ua C u m arraga y a su costa|Acabo 
 se de imprimir a xliij. | dias del mes de Junio | 
 ano de. M. d. qua re | t a y q t ro anos. !" (84 ff). 
 
 To the volume from which our fac-simile is made, inde- 
 pendent of its great rarity, a melancholy interest is attached, 
 owing to its having once been the property of the ill-fated 
 Emperor Maximilian, of Mexico ; after whose death it was 
 sold at Leipzig, with the rest of his valuable collection of 
 Mexican books, and may be found No. 2369 in the auction cata- 
 logue. It was purchased for the British Museum Library, and 
 now finds a fitting resting-place in one of the show-cases in 
 the King's Library, along with other equally curious literary 
 rarities. 
 
.Plate I 
 
170 Plate II. 
 
 af%ne 2? i mquam Jjec fecu nbii 
 trai>icioni0 fiipta epp ofite rcguiam con 
 fc^uantur abncrtimtis oeptecemue vt 
 no big ct omniims <)ut ipc atibiuttt concc 
 t>at bomrnus f it>c cjuam fufccp imus cnfto 
 t>ia cutfu confumato crpcctacc Uifltcte 
 rep oft tarn corona m : efc fnuetnrt mtcc eof 
 qui rcfurgunt m vitam etetnam4iixcaci 
 veto a confufione et obprobcto etccno * 
 pev cnflum bomtnum nofttum per quern 
 I &eo f atri omtnpotiti cu (^icttu fancto 
 gloria et imp er ium m ferula fecutotiim 
 amen, 
 
 t cjppoficio fancti Je^^ww til 
 (Imboio apoftolotum a^ papam lautc 
 cmm JntpwiTa (3>ome Ct fmita 
 no bommi . AV * cccc * Ipviij 
 
 bccembcis 
 
171 
 
 Plate IIT . 
 
 - ,^^ *Z Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
172 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
Plate V. 
 
 out >*2 < o 
 af tBi* g goobnee/Qtotb? gf 4* fe on 
 
 out foo6 (at^/ 
 
 nb? <^rf i 
 
 gou meSefg fo* ^ m ^ tc ? f gofc?/^ gefo* me piage 
 cri^ ?aue me*C 09 me g fo^gcae me m^ gif tfe/anb? name? g 
 of mg tonff acions o 
 
 o 
 
 of fcgn^ ^xfen^gn^ tag of {Qt pitEimm^ o 
 of Caunfttfiurg (^ fffat (oSSng^ 5n^o fgnne/^ foo6 o 
 t got)/0inX) tnang odfcr fe6t^ gf ^^glBett m mg tememfeaitcc 
 anb? rnang a fonge g mang a fe(^ctx>U(5 Eige tfynl ctif^ of ^i 
 gttfe wetcg fc^geue me i^ fgnne/^ut of ^ hunff adoi) of 
 fofacone g o^r 6bo6t<5 a of fegen^te of fantd'0 
 bj ome6e&+momKfe+3itty ^uoaoty^ i^nSe J of out 
 
 Bfcfjftty mo^r g at i^ (anttfe o 
 
 m 
 
 fett^ me gnxct & feffiagfe mg giffie <faf it mag ffanfc ?n^o 
 ^t fauaciot) of mg fou^/g 05^xtmfe me gra<* ojF ftrtseg tepen 
 6incc/confef]ftoij/anb? (atiffarfTO^ ^o ^o m ^i ptefen^ Ctf 
 t$M($ tfy fentgne gmce of $gn) (^( i^ 6gnge o 
 pr^fi of affe p&fti& tfyt foug^ ?tBi^ ^ ptfc 
 
 of ^i^ fetft/fo dja* ^ ma S ^ on ^ f $V ^ ty ** f 
 
 c5 ^a^ce ef (f u fco %i\xi 
 
i 74 Plate VI 
 
 JALDVS STVDIOSIS-S. 
 
 i aaujandiatjus in isperetdi 
 x.cujbstypis noftrisjd a nobir 
 efitnejaus , tumquia facert tut erti> 
 ditwnem uidcbatur,tumetui 3 utinHiaremttr antiques, 
 <ati da.ndletidm,et auftrendi oijus inis y ncdt*tn AOH 
 ptndi pereitUphthtmgwnfcripfiflc leguntur^tmeif, 
 officiets, atptiueis,pro uiis,ofpciis,atptiuis, Sedhi nuc 
 pcnitus exoleuerunt- A.auj*tiuos autem eorwmtantu 
 
 s differ entiam per etfcribere openepretiuw 
 P refcertimin P oetis P lauto, "Lucretio, COtul 
 antiqHis c<steris.ytamittAlus nodwn 
 aufimpropter Crituos.Pr<eteria qttia diHonfs gr& 
 cats aaentugrtecoprorMntiandas grammatid ud>ti\X 3 
 idfvfco Simois,Corydon f JLmaryllida,Euryftea,Da 
 reta, ^donis^ethera^ido^Mantus^ id genus nwl 
 
 jbteles etiam, P enelope, P entecofte ,cr fimilia, aasntu 
 
 gneooproru4ntiand4exiftim6m, alibi 
 
 N*w autem auia, toruss&tmfy aagntiba>t 
 
 Interdwndijferetite,eteniditionis 
 &am(u\>iwngrenoninuhlia bonas litter as di/cere en 
 pientibus. cnuerojUrtt' 
 
 ([M&cum unam fylttis o'm&t una damns , Stot 
 (us occi&x B are&m. V iros'q; mlentet amtudit cru 
 delis tytms, Et co'ntudit berbas- Ergo age cure pa 
 tcr- jfUius ergo ttenimnf^uncwemnms' Cur 
 ro in circHm,twriaomniadrcHw.a>ram,<]ue)n qu<e 
 
 VNETIIS EX AEDIBVS AL 
 DIH.OMANIMEKSE 
 APRILI-M.DI. 
 
i 7 5 Plate VII. 
 
 COSMOGRAPHIAE 
 
 Capadociam/ Pamphiliam/ Lidia/ CiliciaV Arme* 
 nias maiorem & minorem. ColchidenyHtrcaniam 
 Hiberiam/ Albanian*: & praeterea multas quas fin 
 gillatim enumerare longa mora eiTet, Ita dida ab ei 
 us nominis regina* 
 
 ffNunc vero &C he^partes funt latius luftrafce/ 8 
 
 alia quarta pars per Americu Vefputium( vt in Ce* 
 
 quentibus audietur)inuenta eft: qua non video cur 
 
 Ame* quis iure vetet ab Americo inuentore fagacis inge 
 
 tico nij viro Amerigen quad Americi terram/fiue Amc 
 
 ricam dicendam: cum &C Europa & Afia a mulieri* 
 
 bus fuafortitafint nominaEius fitu & gentis mo^ 
 
 res ex bis binis Americi nauigationibus qug fequS 
 
 tur liquide intelligi datur. 
 
 CpHunc in modum terra iam quadripartita cogno 
 fcitur: & funt tres primaepartes cotinentes: quarta 
 eft infula: cum omni quacp mari drcudata cofpicia 
 tur. Et licet mare vnu fit queadmodum cV ipfa tel* 
 lus:multis tamenfinibus diftincfhim/ &: innumeris 
 repletum infulis varia fibi noia affumittquae in Cof 
 Prifcia* mographig tabulis confpiciuntur: cV Prifcianus in 
 tralationeDionifrj talibus enumerat verfibus* 
 Circuit Oceani gurges tamen vndicp vaftus 
 Quicjuis vnus fit/plurimanomina fumit. 
 Finibus Hefperrjs Athlanticus illevocatur 
 At Bore^ qua gens furit Armiafpa fub armis 
 Dicif illepiger nccnon Satur* idc mortuus eft alijs; 
 
Plate VIH. 
 
 
 uecbofa 
 
 cen alafe catbolica f a nf a cri 
 
 m u f ntd&fcfe. Copitefta pot 
 .oofi^v 
 3tta$nmarraaaptimerobpo 
 t5 Zperico.feelcofcio S fa ma 
 
Miscellaneous . 177 
 
 CRYPTOGRAPHY. 
 
 (Notes <& Queries, s. iv, v. vii, p. 155.) 
 
 THE following article is of so much interest and importance 
 that we reproduce it in extenso from the numbers of Notes and 
 Queries, of Feb., 25 (last), and many of our readers will thank 
 " J. R. C." for giving them the key by which they may unlock 
 many of the secrets of history, both in this country and 
 abroad : 
 
 " A cryptograph or, as it is not unfrequently termed, a cipher 
 is a message (written or telegraphed, as the case may be) of 
 which the meaning is rendered unintelligible to all unac- 
 quainted with the rules followed in its construction. These 
 rules, privately agreed upon by the parties corresponding, 
 usually apply to the substitution of symbols for letters : some- 
 times also, but less frequently, to a systematic misplacement 
 of the letters from their proper positions in a word. They admit 
 of almost endless variety. 
 
 " The process of finding out the rule by an analytical investi- 
 gation of the cipher is called deciphering, and the true meaning 
 thus obtained the evolution. The operation is often a difficult, 
 if not impossible one, and has occasionally engaged the 
 attention of very profound thinkers. 
 
 " Methods of secret communication, somewhat resembling 
 modern cipher, appear to have been practised in very early 
 times. The scytala of the Spartans has been often considered 
 as forming an early link in its development. During the last 
 two or three centuries numerous improved systems have been 
 invented, and frequently employed both in matters of national 
 importance and in the more ordinary affairs of life. In our 
 day cipher lends its aid to politics, war, commerce, love, and 
 even, occasionally, to crime. A mystic line in a column of 
 newspaper advertisement to the uninitiated a senseless jumble 
 of marks and letters may often convey the message of a lover 
 to his mistress ; or it may sometimes be the friendly caution 
 from a thief to his " pal." During the civil wars at the begin- 
 ning of the seventeenth century, cipher despatches were so 
 much in vogue that each army seems to have employed ex- 
 perts for the evolution of any it might capture from the other 
 side. Of those men who made deciphering a study and pro- 
 fession pro tern., perhaps the most remarkable was Wallis, the 
 leading mathematician of his time. 
 
 " It is, indeed, chiefly in war, when communications between 
 generals of divisions and others must pass through an enemy's 
 
 2 A 
 
178 Miscellaneous . 
 
 country, that cipher assumes its greatest importance, for the 
 the messages, in many cases, can be trusted in no other form. 
 Written in cipher they conceal from the enemy, should he 
 intercept them, information and orders respecting future ope- 
 rations, on the carrying out of which possibly the fate of a 
 campaign depends. Of course this is supposing him unable 
 to evolve their meaning. 
 
 " Having said thus much respecting the uses to which cipher 
 may be applied, I proceed to describe very briefly several 
 systems more or less intricate. In devising rules for the con- 
 struction of a message, the following conditions ought to be 
 attended to : 
 
 1. The cipher produced must be sufficiently intricate as to 
 render its evolution under all probable circumstances hardly 
 possible. Theoretically no ordinary cryptograph of more than 
 a certain length ought, perhaps, to be considered quite proof 
 against unravelment when submitted to a clever expert 
 allowing him unlimited time ; but practically, when time is an 
 object, many are so. 
 
 2. The rules must be concise and easily remembered. 
 
 3. They ought to be of such a nature that their application 
 both directly to the construction and inversely to the reading 
 of a cipher shall be simple and expeditious processes. It 
 would be absurd were a general on the field of battle to receive 
 a despatch requiring an hour for its interpretation. Circum- 
 stances ought to guide us in our choice of a rule. Where 
 secresy is all essential, and time of little moment, this last 
 condition may, therefore, be somewhat ignored. 
 
 " We will now take the following as examples of very easy 
 cipher: 
 
 (i). . . . Uif beesftt zpv sfrvjsf jt fjhiu Mfx Tusffu. The 
 meaning of which is 
 
 " ' The address you require is eight, New Street.' 
 Here the rule has been to substitute as a symbol for any par- 
 ticular letter the next to it in the alphabet : b has been written 
 for a, f for e, and so on. 
 
 (2) Uope Idbc Idbmc ftspi. jf fwbi rwsbfm ubiufi mmjx fc 
 efidubsdt. In example (2) the letters are symbolised exactly 
 as in (i) ; but in addition to this, each word is inverted and 
 must be read backwards. This the reader can decipher for 
 himself. 
 
 " Frequently, however, letters are replaced by others which 
 have no apparent alphabetical connection with them. The 
 Soldier's Pocket-book, by Colonel Wolseley, describes an 
 
Miscellaneous. 179 
 
 admirable method of this kind, in which the required substitu- 
 tions may be at once found on reference to a diagram. The 
 construction of the diagram is readily learnt and remembered 
 by all interested in cipher correspondence, but this is useless in 
 any particular case without a knowledge of the key, which is 
 a word secretly agreed upon by the writer and person addressed. 
 Of course marks of any kind may be used as symbols, but 
 letters or figures are usually employed. 
 
 " Where a cipher is long enough to include a certain pro- 
 portion of the letters most commonly in use, or, more correctly 
 speaking, of their symbolical equivalents (supposing each letter 
 to have but one, and the language to be known), its evolution 
 is generally possible by attending to the following considera- 
 tion, as given for the English language in the Encyclopedia 
 Britannic a : 
 
 i. " Letters or symbols of most frequent occurrence may be 
 set down as meaning vowels. Of these e is the most nume- 
 rous, u the least so. 2. Vowels most common together are 
 ae and on. 3. Consonants most frequent at the end of words 
 are : first, s ; next to that, r and t. 4. When a character 
 appears double, it is generally /, /, 5, or vowels e and a. 5. 
 The letter preceding or following two similar characters is 
 either a vowel or I, m, n, or r. 6. In deciphering begin with 
 words of one letter; they will be a, i, o, or dk 7. Then take 
 those of two letters one of which will be a vowel. The most 
 frequent in use are : to, be, by, of, on, or, no, as, at, if, in, it, 
 he, me, my, s, we, am. 8. In 'words of three letters, mostly 
 two are consonants. The most frequent are : the, and, not, 
 but, yet. for, tho' how, why, all, you, she, is, her, our, who, may, 
 can, did, was, are, has, had, let, one, two, six, ten, &c., some of 
 which, and words of two letters, are found in every sentence. 
 
 9. Most common words of four letters : this, that, then, thus, 
 with, when, from, here, some, most, none, they, whom, mine, 
 your, self, must, will, have, been, were, four, jive, nine, &c. 
 
 10. Of five letters : their, these, those, which, where, while, 
 since, there, shall, might, could, -would, ought, three, seven, eight, 
 &c. n. Words of two or more syllables frequently begin with 
 double consonants or with a preposition : i. e., a vowel joined 
 one or more consonants. Most common double consonants : 
 bl,br,dr,fl,gl,fr,gr,ph,pl,pr,sh, si, sp,si,th, tr, wh, wr,&c. 
 Most common prepositions : com, con, de, dis, ex, im, in, int, 
 mis, per, pre, pro, re, sub, sup, un, &c. 12. Double consonants 
 at the end of a long word are most frequently : ck,ld,lf,mn, nd, 
 ng, rl, rm,rp,rt, sm, st,xt,&c. Most common terminations : e, 
 ed, en, er, es, et, ing, ly, son, sion, tion, able, ence, ment,full, 
 less, ness, &c. 
 
180 Miscellaneous. 
 
 On principles analogous to these, ciphers written in other 
 languages may (in the majority of cases) be evolved. 
 
 Many ciphers are rendered more puzzling than they other- 
 wise would be by having the words joined together as though 
 the whole formed one word, and furthermore by the omission 
 of short words such as the, and, &c., the absence of which 
 does not destroy the true sense. The use of capitals may also 
 be dispensed with. 
 
 But to come to more abstruse systems. If, instead of always 
 representing the same letter by one symbol, we have several, 
 and employ one or other of them ad libitum, the evolution 
 (without the help of a key) becomes extremely difficult, if not 
 practically impossible. The following appears to me a suffi- 
 ciently easy method of carrying out this principle. Some easily 
 remembered sentence containing every letter of the alphabet, 
 and in which the most common ones are several times re- 
 peated, is chosen for a key ; the words are lettered in alpha- 
 betical rotation, and the letters in each word numbered from 
 the beginning of that word. Suppose, for instance, we take 
 for our key the following sentence, which fulfils these con- 
 ditions : 
 
 " (a) probity, (b) kindness, (c) of (d) manner, (e) intelligence, 
 (/) and (g) zeal (h) for (z) the (j) service, (k) are (/) qualities 
 (m) which () justly (o) excite (p) admiration." 
 
 To each word an index-letter is affixed, as the reader will 
 observe. The numbering of the letters is not shown it can 
 be readily obtained by counting. As an aid, both in remem- 
 bering and applying the key, the initial letters of its words, 
 with their index-letters below each, may be kept in a written 
 form always at hand. Thus 
 
 PKOMIAZFTSAQWJEA 
 abcdefghijkl m n o 'p 
 
 Now, in constructing a cipher, the symbol to be used for a 
 letter is obtained wherever we find that letter in the key, and 
 is formed of the number of the letter in the word containing it 
 attached to the index-letter of that word. As an illustration, 
 suppose we had to cipher " gun," we have but one g, which is 
 the eighth letter in the word " intelligence," whose index-letter 
 is e. For g we therefore write e 8. For we have two sym- 
 bols, viz. /2 and nz, either of which we may employ; and for 
 n eight, viz. 63, 65, d$, dq., e-2, eio,f2, pio. One form of cipher 
 for " gun " is, therefore, ^8, W2, d$. Where capital letters 
 occur, we may use capital index-letters. 
 
Miscellaneous. 
 
 181 
 
 An analysis of our key will at once give an idea of its power : 
 Letters. Symbols. Letters. Symbols. 
 
 Ad2,fi,g3,ki,l3,pi,p6. AT 63, 65, 
 
 B #4. 
 
 C eii,j6, m^., 03. 
 
 E b6, d$, ^4, eg, ei2,g2, &c. 
 
 F C2, hi. 
 
 Ge8. 
 
 H 12, 1H2, 75. 
 
 / 05, b2, ei, ej,js, 5, &ct 
 y wi. 
 fc 61. 
 
 L 5, *6, -4, /4, 7*5. 
 M di, p$. 
 
 O a3, ci, h2, pg. 
 Pai. 
 
 Ra2, d6, &3,J3, kz, 
 Sbj, b8,ji, lg, 3. 
 T a6, ^3, ii, 16, 
 
 C7 12, H2. 
 
 , e2, eio,&c. 
 
 W mi. 
 
 X02. 
 
 Y ay, n6. 
 Z-gi. 
 
 Let us now apply this key to the despatch : 
 
 " The enemy has destroyed the bridge over R. at N. Forces 
 to oppose him must be sent via Northern rail." 
 
 In cipher it runs thus at least, this is one form of con- 
 struction : 
 
 h2jib6 
 
 A2. 
 
 ciaiai- 
 
 Observe that where the same word occurs, both in the key 
 and in the despatch, we may conveniently symbolize it by the 
 index-letter alone. In the above / is put for " the" a word 
 which might, however, have been omitted. 
 
 Here is another example of the system, which the reader 
 may easily decipher : 
 
 h B\. 
 
 The key consists in the absurd sentence 
 
 " Doclor John Quack, being extremely in want of patients, 
 resolved to make some by turning prize-fighter;" which, if we 
 take only the initial letters, may be abbreviated in a form 
 useful for reference, as in the last case : 
 
 DJQBEIWOPRTMSBTPF 
 abcdefghijk I m n o p q 
 
 Another plan of cipher, which, if too elaborate for ordinary 
 purposes, might, I think, sometimes be employed with advan- 
 
1 82 Miscellaneous. 
 
 tage for short messages of great importance, consists in repre- 
 senting letters by numbers. The number signifying a certain 
 letter is not, however, a constant quantity, but one depending 
 on others, some of which vary. It may depend, for instance : 
 (i) on the position the letter holds in a word ; (2) on that of 
 the word in a sentence, as well as (3) on its own alphabetical 
 value, i.e. the number it occupies in the alphabet counted from 
 the beginning ; the relationship these several quantities have 
 to one another being defined by a simple equation. 
 
 To make the system perfectly intelligible, suppose P to 
 denote the alphabetical value of a letter whose symbol is X ; a 
 the number of the letter in a word, and b that of the word in 
 the sentence each sentence being worked out independently 
 of those which precede it. The values of P for the whole 
 alphabet are here shown : 
 
 A B CDEFGHIJKLMNO 
 i 2 3 4567 8 9 10 ii 12 13 14 15 
 
 PQRSTUVWXYZ 
 
 l6 17 l8 ig 2O 21 22 23 24 25 26 
 
 Almost any simple equation of some such form as the fol- 
 lowing will do : 
 
 (1) x = P + ii a . . or P = x + a n 
 
 (2) * = P + 7 + 6 a. or P = * + a (7 + b) 
 
 (3) x = P + 2(6 + 10) 2a or P = x + 2a 2(6 + 10) 
 
 &c. &c. 
 
 The message to be ciphered is first written out, and in cal- 
 culating the values of x we count those of a and b for each 
 letter as we proceed, and place them in the equation. Solved 
 for P (as shown on the left), the equation gives us the key to 
 be employed in the evolution. In designing an equation, some 
 moderately easy form is best, as the multiplication of high 
 numbers involves a needless waste of time. Forms producing 
 fractional values of the symbol ought also to be avoided, and 
 it were as well to choose one not likely to give negative ones. 
 This may be managed by remembering that P varies from i to 
 26; a is rarely more than 12, and b than 20 a sentence being 
 taken as the collection of words between two periods. In this 
 kind of cryptograph the symbols must be separated by commas, 
 to prevent possible confusion, and a dash or cross inserted 
 between every word. 
 
 As an example we will apply equation (i) to the despatch : 
 " Attack at four to-morrow morning." 
 
Miscellaneous . 183 
 
 The cipher is 
 
 11,29,28,8,9,1611,2916,24,29,2530,24,21,22,2423,19,26 
 23,24,26,21,15,19,11. 
 
 The message 
 
 "The enemy has thirty thousand men and one hundred 
 guns." 
 constructed on equation (2) is as follows : 
 
 27,14,10 13,21,11,18,2917,9,2630,17,17,25,26,30 31, 
 18,24,29,26,7,19,8 25,16,2414,26,1529,27,1723,35,27, 
 16,29,15,1323,36,28,32. 
 
 Let the reader unravel the following by means of equation 
 
 (3); 
 28,19,32,2142,28,2326,27,21,36,21,32. 
 
 J. R. C. 
 
PART. VIII. -APPENDIX. 
 
 ADDITIONS & CORRECTIONS TO THE 
 PREVIOUS PARTS. 
 
** The first book printed with an Appendix published in England 
 x was in 1640. See p. 33. 
 
PART VIII. APPENDIX. 
 
 IS" All the additions that have been procured while the foregoing pages 
 were at press, and also such corrections as have been found 
 necessary, are given in this part. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 [PART I.] Continued from page 24. 
 
 ADELUNG (Friedrich). An Historical Sketch of Sanscrit Litera- 
 ture, with copious Bibliographical Notices of Sanscrit Works. 
 Translated from the German, with numerous additions and 
 corrections, by D. A. TALBOYS. 8vo. Oxford, 1832. 
 
 ASPINALL (J.). Roscoe's Library; or, Old Books and Old 
 Times. 8vo. London, 1853. 
 
 AXON (W. E. A.). The Literature of the Lancashire Dialect. A 
 bibliographical Essay. Fcp. 8vo. London, 1870. 
 
 A very useful little pamphlet on this curious dialed:. 
 
 BEADNELL (Henry, Printer}. A Guide to Typography, in two 
 parts, Literary and Practical ; or, the Reader's Handbook 
 and the Compositor's Vade Mecum. London, 1859. 
 
 This work gives useful lists of abbreviations. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHIE UNiVERSELLE, Noveau Manuel de. [Par F. 
 Denis, P. Pin9on, et De Martonne.] Paris, 3 duo, 1857. 
 
 BIBLIOTHECA HEBERiANA. Catalogue of the Library of the 
 late R. Heber, Esq. 12 parts, 8vo. London, 1833-4. 
 
 This remarkable collection was sold by audion under the direction of 
 the well-known firm of Payne and Foss, of Pall Mall ; it occupied 220 
 days in its dispersion, and was sold by the following auctioneers, viz. : 
 Sotheby and Sons (parts i, 2, 3, 9, 10); Evans (parts 4, 6, 7, 8, n); and 
 Wheatley (parts 5 and 12). The catalogue contained 52,676 lots, com- 
 prising 119,613 volumes. They cost Mr. Heber 43, 891 los. 6d., and 
 realised 56,777 i8s. 6d. 
 
 - MONENSIS, a Bibliographical account of works 
 relating to the Isle of Man [by William Harrison, Esq., H.K.] 
 Vol. XVIII of the publications of the Manx Soc. for 1861. 
 
1 88 Appendix. 
 
 BRUNET (Gustave). Dictionnaire de Bibliologie Catholique. 
 8vo. Paris, 1866. 
 
 Contains a long article on catalogues, books destroyed, suppressed, 
 &c. 
 
 CONSTANTIN (L. A.). Bibliotheconomie, ou Nouveau Manuel 
 complet pour 1'arrangement, la conservation et 1'admini- 
 stration des Bibliotheques. Nouvelle edition, revue, aug- 
 mentee et ornee de figures. i8mo. Pans, 1841. 
 
 COPINGER (W. A.). The Law of Copyright in Works of Liter- 
 ature and Art, &c. 8vo. London, 1870. 
 The latest work on the subject. 
 
 CORSER (T.). Collectanea Anglo-Poetica; or, a Bibliographical 
 and Descriptive Catalogue of a Portion of a Collection of 
 Early English Poetry. With occasional extracts and 
 remarks Biographical and Critical. 2 vols. (4 parts) 410. 
 [Chetham Society's Publications, Vols. 52, 55, 71, and 77.] 
 Printed for the Chetham Society, 1860-1869. 
 
 DELANDINE(A. F.). Bibliographic Dramatique ; ou Tablettes 
 Alphabetiques du theatre des diverses nations ; avec des 
 observations litteraires et bibliographiques sur les ouvrages 
 dramatiques les plus remarquables, les jugements qu'on en 
 a portes, leur sujet, leurs auteurs, leur representation, et les 
 anecdotes qui leur sont relatifs. Precede d'une notice sur 1'ori- 
 gine du Theatre Francais, et sur les Pieces et Mysteres qui y 
 parurent depuis Faydit jusqu'a Rotrou, c'est-a-dire depuis 
 1'an 1200 jusqu'en 1600. 8vo. Paris, n.d. 
 
 EYTON (J. W. K.). Catalogue of the Library of. 8vo. 1848. 
 
 This library was remarkable for the fine condition and choice selection 
 of the books, and included numerous privately printed works. 
 
 FORBES (J.). Select Medical Bibliography, arranged Chrono- 
 logically according to the Subjects ; with the Derivations 
 of the Terms and Nosological and Vernacular Synonyms. 
 [Supplement at the end of vol. 4 of Forbes' Cyclopedia of 
 Practical Medicine, 8vo.] London, 1835. 
 
 FURST (J.). Bibliotheca Judaica. Bibliographisches Hand- 
 buch umfassend die druckwerke der Jvidischen Literatur 
 einschliesslich der iiber Juden und Judenthum veroffent- 
 lichten schriften nach alfabetischen ordnung der verfasser 
 bearbeitet mit einer geschichte der Judischen Bibliographic 
 sowie,mit indices versehen und herausgegeben von Dr. Julius 
 Fiirst. 3 vols. 8vo. Leipzig, 1863. 
 
 HALLIWELL (James Orchard, F.R.S.) Shakesperiana : a Cata- 
 logue of the Early Editions of Shakespeare's Plays, and of 
 the Commentaries and other Publications illustrative of his 
 Works. 8vo. London, 1841. 
 
Appendix. 189 
 
 HALLIWELL (James Orchard, F.R.S.) 
 
 A Brief Hand-list of Books, Manuscripts, &c., 
 
 illustrative of the Life and Writings of Shakespeare ; col- 
 lected between the years 1842 and 1849. 8vo. Lond., 1859. 
 The impression of this Work is striftly limited to thirty copies. 
 
 A Brief Hand-list of the Early Quarto Editions of 
 
 the Plays of Shakespeare ; with Notices of the Old 
 Impressions of the Poems. 8vo. London, 1860. 
 
 Printed for private circulation. 
 
 A Hand-list of a Curious and Interesting Collection 
 
 of Early Editions of the Works of Shakespeare ; mostly 
 printed before the appearance of the first Folio Edition of 
 1623. 8vo. West Brompton, 1867. 
 
 For private circulation only. 
 A List of Works illustrative of the Life and Writings 
 
 of Shakespeare, the History of Stratford-on-Avon, and the 
 Rise and Progress of the Early English Drama. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1867. 
 
 Printed for very limited and private circulation at the expense of J. O. 
 Halliwell, 1850-1866. 
 
 Essays on Numerical Contractions, and early Alma- 
 
 nacs (fac-similes). 8vo. London, 1839. 
 
 HAMST (Olphar), pseud, i.e., (Ralph Thomas). Handbook of 
 Fictitious Names ; being a Guide to Authors, chiefly in the 
 Lighter Literature of the XlXth Century, who have written 
 under Assumed Names ; and to Literary Forgers, Imposters, 
 Plagiarists, and Imitators. 8vo. London, 1868. 
 
 HAZLITT (W. Carew). Handbook to the Popular, Poetical, 
 and Dramatic Literature of Great Britain, from the inven- 
 tion of Printing to the Restoration. 8vo. London, 1867. 
 
 KAHL (Lud. Mart.). Bibliotheca Philosophica Struviana ; 
 emendata continua et aucta. 2 vols. 8vo. Gottingen, 1740. 
 
 KREYSIG (G. C.). Bibliotheca scriptorum venaticorum con- 
 tinens auctores qui de venatione, sylvis, aucupio, piscatura, 
 &c., commentati sunt. i2mo. Altenburgi, 1750. 
 
 LONDON (British Museum). Bibliotheca Grenvilliana ; or, Bib- 
 liographical Notices of Rare and Curious Books forming part 
 of the Library of the Right Hon. Thomas Grenville. 2 vols. 
 (Part 2): Completing the Catalogue of the Library bequeathed 
 to the British Museum. Addenda Books printed for 
 Clubs and Societies. Two parts ; 3 vols. 
 
 London, 1842 48. 
 Compiled by John Thomas Payne and Henry Foss, Booksellers. 
 
 Catalogue of Printed Books in the British Museum. 
 
 Vol. I. (A to Az, all printed), folio. London, 1841. 
 
i go Appendix. 
 
 LONDON. List of the Books of Reference in the reading-room 
 of the British Museum. 8vo. London, 1849. 
 
 Catalogue of a Collection of Works on Pageantry 
 
 bequeathed to the Society of Antiquaries of London by the 
 late Frederick William Fairholt, Esq., F.S.A. [By C. KNIGHT 
 WATSON]. 8vo. London, 1869. 
 
 The London Catalogue of Books in all Languages, 
 
 Arts and Sciences, that have been printed in Great Britain 
 from the year MDCC., properly classed under the general 
 Branches of Literature, and Alphabetically disposed under 
 each head, with their sizes and prices, carefully compiled 
 and corrected, with innumerable additions. London, 1773. 
 
 London Catalogue of Books published in Great 
 
 Britain from 1814 to 1846. 8vo. London, 1846. 
 
 Index to the British Catalogue of Books published 
 
 during the years 1837 to 1857, inclusive, [by SAMPSON Low]. 
 8vo. London, 1858. 
 
 The English Catalogue of Books published from 
 
 January, 1835, to January, 1863, [by SAMPSON Low]. 8vo. 
 Supplements to the above, 1863 to 1868, inclusive. 
 
 Catalogue of Periodicals, Newspapers, and Trans- 
 actions of various Societies, also a List of Metropolitan 
 Printing Societies and Clubs. 1848 to 1870. Roy. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1848, etc. 
 
 Commenced in 1848, and continued annually. 
 Bookseller (The). A Handbook of British and 
 
 Foreign Literature, with which is incorporated ' Bent's 
 Literary Advertiser,' established in 1802. London, 1858-70. 
 
 The ' Bookseller ' was first commenced in 1858, to fill up a vacuity 
 much felt by booksellers in general, but more especially by old book- 
 sellers. 
 
 - Publishers' Circular (The), and General Record of 
 British and Foreign Literature : containing a complete alpha- 
 betical list of all new works published in Great Britain, and 
 every work of interest published abroad, royal 8vo. 
 
 London, 1837 70. 
 
 Commenced in 1837 in bi-monthly numbers ; a very useful aid to 
 bibliographers. 
 
 London Institution, Catalogue of the Library of the, 
 
 Sytematically classed. With Index and Additions. Four 
 vols. roy. 8vo. London, 1835-52. 
 
 An excellent catalogue, compiled by Upcott, Brayley, and others. 
 
Appendix. igi 
 
 LONDON. Index to Foreign Scientific Periodicals contained in 
 the Patent Office Library. Printed and published by order of 
 the Commissioners of Patents. Vol. i to 4. Imp. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1867-1870. 
 
 The first number of this valuable index was published June i, 1866, and 
 has been since regularly continued fortnightly ; it gives a list of the con- 
 tents of all the articles contained in the principal scientific periodicals 
 published on the Continent (translated into English), with an alpha- 
 betical list of the names of the Authors, and a most complete classified 
 index of Subjects, which much adds to its value. 
 
 MANCHESTER [JONES, T.] A Catalogue of the Collection of 
 Tracts for and against Popery (published in or about the 
 reign of James II) in the Manchester Library, founded by 
 Humphrey Chetham ; in which is incorporated, with large 
 additions and Bibliographical Notes, the whole of Peck's 
 Lists of the Tracts in that Controversy, with his references. 
 2 vols. 4to. [Chetham Society's Publications, Vols. 48 
 and 64.] Printed for the Chetham Society, 1859-1865. 
 
 Catalogue of the books in the Manchester Free 
 
 Library (Reference Department, prepared by A. CRESTA- 
 DORE, Ph.D.). 8vo. London, 1864. 
 
 Contains 26,000 distindl works and index, title pages given in full. 
 
 OXFORD (Bodleian Library). Catalogus librorum impressorum 
 Bibliothecae Bodlianas in Academia Oxoniensi. 4 vols. 
 folio. Oxonice, 1843-57. 
 
 This is entered in the British Museum Catalogue under the name of 
 Bandinel [Bulkeley]. 
 
 A Classed Catalogue of Books relating to British 
 
 Typography, and Saxon and Northern Literature, be- 
 queathed to the Bodleian Library by Richard Gough, Esq. 
 in 1799, &c. 4to. (Clarendon Press,) Oxford, 1814. 
 
 Completed by Dr. Bandinel. 
 
 A Handbook of the Early English Literature preserved 
 
 in the Malone Collection in the Bodleian Library; selected 
 from the Printed Catalogue of that Collection. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1860. 
 [For private circulation only.] 
 
 Hand-list of the Early English Literature, preserved 
 
 in the Douce Collection. Selected from the Printed Cata- 
 logue of that Collection. 8vo. London, 1860. 
 Only 75 copies printed. 
 
192 Appendix. 
 
 PARR (S.). Bibliotheca Parriana : a Catalogue of the Library 
 of the late Reverend and Learned Samuel Parr, LL.D. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1827. 
 
 Remarkable as a " catalogue raisonne " with Dr. Parr's own critical 
 and often caustic, remarks ; some pages having been cancelled it is there 
 fore rare. 
 
 ROORBACK (O. A.). Bibliotheca Americana. Catalogue of 
 American Publications, including Reprints and Original 
 Works from 1820 to 1850 inclusive ; together with a List of 
 Periodicals published in the United States ; with Three 
 Supplements, from 1852 to Jan., 1861. 4 vols. royal 8vo. 
 
 New York, 1852 '61. 
 
 SABIN (Joseph). Bibliotheca Americana ; a Dictionary of 
 Books relating to America, from its Discovery to the Present 
 Time. Parts i to 16. New York, 1867 1870. 
 
 When this valuable work will be completed it is impossible to calculate ; 
 up to part 16 it only reaches as far as " Casas." 
 
 SALE CATALOGUES of the Bibliographical and other Collec- 
 tions of Eminent Literary Men ; forming a most interesting 
 and curious series of Sale and privately Printed Catalogues 
 of Literary Property, from the commencenent of the last 
 century to the present time. Sold by Messrs. Sotheby and 
 Son. July 27, 1831. 8vo. 
 
 This curious sale, which consisted of 320 lots, realized 268 85., and 
 contained a collection of sale catalogues which it would be almost im- 
 possible to form again. 
 
 A List of the Original Catalogues of the Principal 
 
 Libraries which have been sold by auclion by Mr. Samuel 
 Baker, from 1774; Messrs. S. Baker and G. Leigh, from 
 1775 to 1777 ; Mr. George Leigh, 1778 ; Messrs. Leigh and 
 Sotheby, from 1780 to 1800; Messrs. Leigh, Sotheby, and 
 Son, from 1800 to 1803 ; Messrs. Leigh and L. Sotheby, 
 from 1804 to 1816; and Mr. Sotheby, from 1816 to 1828. 
 The whole forming a series of one hundred and fifty-six 
 volumes in quarto, with prices and purchasers' names. 8vo. 
 
 London, 1828. 
 
 This little privately printed pamphlet contains a chronological and 
 alphabetical list of over eight hundred book sales of the libraries of well- 
 known literary men and book collectors, &c., for eighty-four years. The 
 valuable catalogues mentioned in this list are deposited in the British 
 Museum, together with the continuation of the series up to 1860. 
 
 Since the publication of the foregoing this eminent firm of auctioneers of 
 literary property has been continued under the designation of Sotheby 
 and Son, 1829 ; S. Leigh Sotheby, 1837; Sothebyand Son, 1843 ; Sotheby 
 and Wilkinson, 1851 ; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, 1863, and so 
 continues up to the present time. 
 
Appendix. 
 
 SALE Catalogues of Books sold by auction by Messrs. 
 Leigh and Sotheby and S. Sotheby and Son, from 1799 to 
 1831. (Chronologically arranged) : 
 
 Addison, Rt. Hon. J. 1799 
 Wakefield, Rev. Gilbert 1802 
 British Museum (duplicates] 
 1803, 1811, 1818, 1831 
 Ewer, S. 1808 
 
 Dutens, Rev. Mr. 1809 
 
 Boucher, Rev. Jonathan 1809 
 Porson, R. 1809 
 
 Stanley, Col. 1812 
 
 Sharpe, Granville 1813 
 
 Lettsom, J. C. 1816 
 
 Malone E. 1818 
 
 Romilly Sir S. 1819 
 
 Lloyd, T. 1819 
 
 Miles, R. 1820 
 
 Fauntleroy, H. 1825 
 
 Boswell, J. J 825 
 
 Baker, G. 1825 
 
 Laurence, R. (Abp. ofCashel) 
 1825 
 
 Inglis, J. 1826 
 
 Constable, D. 1827 
 
 Duke of York 1827 
 
 Nichols, J, 1828 
 
 Lloyd, C. (Bp. of Oxford) 
 Henderson, J. 1830 
 
 Higgs, W. S. 1830 
 
 Lawrence, Sir Thomas 
 Mason, W. Shaw 
 
 This valuable collection of Catalogues of the principal sales held by Messrs 
 Leigh, Sotheby, and Son (bound into 36 volnmes), was sold by 
 Messrs. Sotheby and Son, in July, 1831, for 19 igs. 
 
 Catalogues of Books, &c., sold by auction by R. H. 
 
 Evans, from June, 1812 to 1831. (Chronologically arranged) : 
 
 Roxburghe 1812 
 Stanley, Col. 1813 
 Townley 1814 
 Astle, E. 1816 
 Byron, Lord 1816 
 Beloe, Rev.W. 
 
 1817 
 
 Dibdin,T. F. 1817 
 Bindley, J. 1818 
 
 White Knight 1819 
 Lysons, S. 1820 
 Kemble, J. P. 1821 
 Earl Spencer 1821 
 Nassau, G. 1824 
 Duke of Sussex 
 
 1825 
 Drury, Rev. H. 1827 
 
 &c., &c. 
 
 Lysons, D. 1828 
 Townley 
 
 Granger 1828 
 Parr, Dr. 1828 
 Renourn, M. 1828 
 Hibbert, G. 1829 
 Nares, Rev. A. 
 
 1829 
 Jones, SirW. 1831 
 
 A complete Collection of Evans' Catalogues to this date (wanting four, 
 which were only trifling sales) consisting of 178 separate Sale Catalogues 
 bound in 36 volumes, and from which the above were selected was sold 
 by Messrs. Sotheby and Son, in July, 1831, for 39 185. The ORIGINAL 
 SALE CATALOGUES, interleaved in 410, with prices and purchasers' names, 
 are preserved in the British Museum Library. 
 
 SEIZINGER (Johann Georg). Theorie und Praxis der Biblio- 
 thekswissenschaft. Grundlinien der Archivswissenschaft. 
 royal 8vo. Dresden, 1863. 
 
 Much valuable information in a small compass will be found in this 
 work ; it has also a good index. 
 
 2 C 
 
1 94 Appendix. 
 
 THE LIBRI Collection of Books and Manuscripts ; the Cata- 
 logues of the ' Collection of Manuscripts ' (eight days' sale, 
 1859) ; the ' Choicer Portion of the Library ' (thirteen days' 
 sale, 1859) ; the ' General Library ' (twenty days' sale, 1861) ; 
 the ' Reserved Portion of the Ancient Manuscripts and Printed 
 Books,' in English and French (four days' sale, 1862) ; and 
 of the ' Precious Manuscripts and Objects of Art and Vertu ' 
 (one day's sale, 1864). 7 vols. royal 8vo. London, 1859-64. 
 
 With a list of prices and purchasers of all except the ' General Library,' 
 forming an eighth volume. 
 
 London, 1868. 
 
 THOMAS (Ralph). Swimming: a Bibliographical List of 
 
 Works on Swimming. By the Author of " The Handbook 
 
 of Fictitious Names." 8vo. London, 1868. 
 
 Only 25 copies printed. " Extracted from the second issue of ' A Few 
 
 Words on Swimming.' " 
 
 TOBLER (Titus). Bibliographia Geographica Palaestinae. 
 Zunachst kritische uebersicht gedruckter und ungedruckter 
 beschreibungen der reisen ins Heih'ge Land. 8vo. 
 
 Leipzig, 1867. 
 
 WHEATLEY (H. B.) Of Anagrams. iamo. Hereford, 1862. 
 Pages 158 to 168 give a copious catalogue of books relatingto Anagrams. 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 [PART II.] Continued from page 25. 
 
 All those with asterisk (*) are from Notes and Queries 
 (s. iv, v. i, p. 12). 
 
 B.C. 300. Hair pencils for writing invented by the Chinese 
 about this date. Morrison's Chinese Dift. (intro- 
 duttion}. 
 
 A.D. 600. The squares of ink, as now used, first introduced in 
 China. Ib. 
 
 1438. Caxton was bound apprentice to Robert Large : there- 
 fore the usual year ascribed to his birth (1412) must 
 be erroneous. Blades.* 
 
 1441. Legacy from Large to Caxton of twenty marks ; the 
 other and older apprentices receiving larger 
 amounts.* 
 
 1449. Caxton at Bruges, and defendant in the trial of John 
 Selle versus William Caxton.* 
 
 1453. Caxton came from Bruges to London, to take up his 
 Livery in the Mercers' Company. Caxton fined for 
 not attending the " riding" on Lord Mayor's day. :;: 
 
Appendix. 195 
 
 1462. A letter from Caxton at Bruges to the Mercers at 
 
 London.* 
 
 1463. Caxton appointed to the highest office a foreigner could 
 
 hold at Bruges " Governor of the English Nation." 
 This was the connecting link between Caxton and 
 the Court of the Duke of Burgundy.* 
 
 1464. A letter from the Mercers to Caxton at Bruges, sent 
 
 by special courier. Caxton appointed an ambas- 
 sador by Edward IV.* 
 
 1465. Letter from the Merchant Adventurers at London to 
 
 Caxton at Bruges.* 
 
 Lattantins Opera. Folio. Printed at the Monastery of 
 
 Subiaco by Sweynheym and Pannartz (Germans). 
 The first book printed in Italy with a date. These 
 printers were the first who used spaces between 
 words. (Timp., p. 128). 
 
 1466. Reply from Caxton to the Mercers, enclosing a letter 
 
 he had received from the Earl of Warwick concern- 
 ing trade regulations. This was the nobleman to 
 whom the chess-book was dedicated. Also a reply 
 from the Mercers' Company, signed by J. Tate, 
 probably the same who erected the first paper-mill 
 in England.* 
 
 1468. Caxton, with two others, is recommended by the Court 
 
 of Mercers as a fit man to be sent by the King on a 
 trade embassy.* 
 
 1469. Caxton, as arbitrator, gives a judgment at Bruges.* 
 
 1470. Scrutinium Scripturarum, &c. Folio. 
 
 A copy with binder's name and date (1470) appeared in H. G. Bohn's 
 Catalogue (No. 7943), where it is stated to be the earliest book 
 known with the binder's name. 
 
 1471. Translation of ' Le Recueil ' completed.* 
 
 1472. De veneris, by Petrus de Abano, printed at Mantua, has 
 
 the initial word of the first page engraved on copper. 
 
 Panzer who notices this book observes : " Thus we have a proof that 
 copper-plate engraving was practised as early as 1472." 
 
 1483. Speculum Xristiani. John Watson. W. Machlinia, 
 4to, H. d.} The first book in the English language 
 containing poetry. 
 
 1531-44. Antoine Augereau, or Augurellus, was the first to 
 cut punches for Roman letters in France. Biograph. 
 Dictionary, Soc. U. K. 
 
196 Appendix. 
 
 1543-4. Zumarraga [first Bishop of Mexico], Dotrina breve. 
 8vo, Mexico. Supposed to be the earliest existing 
 book printed in America. 
 Seefac-simile of a page in Part VII of this volume. 
 
 1550. The colon (:) first used in Bales A dies of English 
 Votaries (B. L.) ; very sparingly, but frequently, in 
 Elyot's Governor, 1580. (Timperley). 
 
 1553. The note of admiration (!), used first in Edward VI's 
 Chatechism. (Timperley). 
 
 1558. Died. Robert Recorde, M.D., Physician to Queen Mary, 
 a native of Tenby, Pembrokeshire. The first original 
 writer on arithmetic in English ; the first on geo- 
 metry ; the first person who introduced a knowledge 
 of algebra into England ; the first in this country 
 who adopted the Copernican system. The inventor 
 of the present method of extracting the square root ; 
 the inventor of the sign of equality ; the inventor 
 of the method of extracting the square root of mul- 
 tinominal algebraic quantities. Halliwell's Connec- 
 tion of Wales with the early science of England, p. 4. 
 
 1575. El Conde Lucanor first found its way into print this 
 year, when it was published at Seville, under the 
 auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed 
 at Madrid in 1642. Both editions are among the 
 rarest books in the world. 
 
 For other editions, see preface to Dr. James York's translation (Lon- 
 don, 1868), first done into English from the Spanish, " made from 
 the Madrid edition of 1860, which was fonnded upon the Collection 
 of the earlier editions and existing manuscripts." 
 
 1618. The first English Pharmacopoeia, compiled by Sir 
 Theodore Mayerne, a Frenchman, who introduced 
 the weight of Troyes, in Champagne, in preference 
 to the English ones. Before this time such works 
 were designated Antedotarium Generale. 
 
 1644. A reopagitica ; a Speech of Mr. John Milton for the 
 Liberty of Vnlicenc'd printing to the Parliament of 
 England. London : printed in the yeare 1644. 
 An ably edited, neat, and cheap reprint is given in Mr. Edward Arber's 
 series of English reprints. 
 
 1707. Principles and Duties of Christianity, by Bishop Wilson, 
 the first book printed in the Manx language, probably 
 an edition appeared a few years earlier 1669 ? 
 Note page 93 to Waldron's ' Isle of Man,' published by the Manx 
 Soc., Vol. XL. 
 
 1761. The Stamp Duty on newspapers was made a penny, 
 or 4 15. 8rf. for the 1000 sheets. 
 
Appendix. 197 
 
 1772. The Bible first printed in the Manx language Con- 
 sidered the standard of the orthography of the 
 language. 
 
 1776. May. The Newspaper Stamp Duty increased to three 
 half-pence. 
 
 1787. Aug. The Newspaper Stamp Duty advanced from 
 three half-pence to twopence ; in 1794 to twopence 
 half-penny; and in 1797 to threepence half-penny. 
 In 1815 the highest rate of the stamp was obtained, 
 when the amount was fourpence. 
 
 1790. April 17. Died, at Philadelphia, Benjamin Franklin ; 
 born in Boston, i7th Jan., 1706. 
 
 1823. May 20. The whole Chinese Version of the Scriptures was 
 finished at Malacca. Cotton, Typ. Gaz. 
 
 1829. Jan. 19. The Times issued for the first time in a double 
 sheet, previous to which the Supplement had to pay 
 the two-penny stamp. 
 
 1836. The Newspaper Stamp Duty was reduced to a penny, 
 and a half-penny on supplements ; and again in 
 1854, the compulsory use of the stamp was abolished, 
 except as the means of passing the papers through 
 the post. 
 
 1870. Sept. 24. During the siege of Strasburg, the magnifi- 
 cent library in the Temple Neuf was set on fire by a 
 bomb-shell and totally destroyed, together with a 
 museum of paintings in the Place Kleber. Times 
 Newspaper, Oct. 8th and i2th, 1870. 
 
 Oft. i. A reduction in the book-postage, and the intro- 
 duction of half-penny postage cards and half-penny 
 stamps for newspapers and printed matter. 
 
 USEFUL RECEIPTS. 
 [PART III.] continued from page 43. 
 
 ABSORBENT PAPER. Notes and Queries (s. i, v. xii., 
 p. 133). Dissolve a drachm of alum in three ounces of spring 
 water, and sponge the paper with it ; when dry, it will bear 
 writing upon without blotting. You may also write on ab- 
 sorbent paper with common ink by mixing gum-water with it. 
 F. C. H. 
 
 ANOTHER. Having had much experience in foreign books, 
 and the papers on which they are printed more particularly 
 noticing the absorbent nature of modern German works I 
 
198 Appendix. 
 
 would advise ' C.'to make his notes upon their margins in pencil, 
 a card being introduced under the leaf to make the line clear and 
 sharp; as I do not think anything could be done to impart size 
 to the paper of a bound book without injury to its appearance. 
 Books may be with ease sized prior to binding, and the paper 
 materially strengthened. LUKE LIMNER. 
 
 ANOTHER. Finely powdered pounce, rubbed in lightly with 
 the ringer and then burnished with an ivory folder, will cure 
 the most absorbent paper. But if, as is generally the case 
 with German manufacture, the paper has a tinge, the burnish- 
 ing whitens it. For such paper (as for all, except that the 
 resort requires a poultry yard) the white of a fresh egg applied 
 lightly with a flat camel's hair pencil, produces a sizing like 
 foolscap. It takes but a few minutes to dry and is perfectly 
 transparent. S. H. A., in N . & Q., s. n, v. i, p. 243. 
 
 COPYING INK TO MAKE. 
 
 (1) Sugar candy or lump sugar, i oz. ; or treacle or moist 
 sugar, i oz. ; rich black ink, i pint ; dissolve. Cooley, 
 Cyclop. PracJ. Recp. 
 
 (2) Malt wort, i pint ; evaporate it to the consistence of 
 syrup, and then dissolve it in good black ink, ij pint. Ib. 
 
 (3) Solazzo juice, 2 oz. ; mild ale, i pint ; dissolve, strain, 
 and triturate with lamp black previously heated to a dull red- 
 ness in a covered vessel oz. ; when the mixture is complete 
 add strong black ink, H pint; mix well, and in two or 
 three hours decant the clear. Ib. 
 
 Obs. After making the above mixture, they must be tried 
 with a common steel pen ; and if they do not flow freely, 
 some more unprepared ink should be added until they are 
 found to do so. 
 
 GREASE STAINS, TO REMOVE. Mr. Bone, in a discussion 
 on Mr. John Leighton's Paper on " Library Books and Bind- 
 ings," read at the meeting of the Society of Arts, Feb. 23, 
 1853, stated that he had found " the india-rubber solution " to 
 be a very excellent thing to extract oil or grease spots from 
 books, whether bound in leather, silk, or cloth. It might also 
 be used for removing similar stains from the insides of books, 
 as well as from furniture, covers, carpets, rugs, &c. The 
 process was very simple, and consisted in laying on a coat of 
 the solution and leaving it to dry ; it should then be removed 
 with a piece of ordinary india-rubber. It is also very con- 
 venient for fixing prints in a scrap-book, being superior to 
 paste or gum, as it is sufficiently adhesive to firmly hold 
 them, while they might be easily detached at any time without 
 damage either to scrap-book or engraving, as the india-rubber 
 could be removed in the manner he has described. 
 
Appendix. igg 
 
 INK, METHOD OF TAKING OUT. N. <* Q. (s. n, v. xii., p. 
 114). i. Take equal quantities of lapis calaminaris, common 
 salt, and rock alum, boil them in white wine for half an hour 
 in a new pipkin. This will at once remove stains of ink from 
 paper or parchment. 2. Distil equal quantities of nitre and 
 vitriol ; dip a sponge in the liquid and pass it over the ink, 
 which will be at once removed. 3. Distil equal quantities of 
 sulphur and powdered saltpetre for the same purpose. 4. Rub 
 the stain of ink with a little ball made of alkali and sulphur. 
 F. C. H. 
 
 ANOTHER. Ib. (s. i., v. xii., p. 133). A small quantity of 
 oxalic acid, or muriatic acid, somewhat diluted, applied with a 
 camel's hair pencil and blotted off with blotting paper, will, in 
 two applications, quite obliterate any traces of modern ink. 
 By the aid of oxalic acid, I have restored a page, on which an 
 inkstand had been upset, to almost primitive purity. WILLIAM 
 FRASER, B.C.L. 
 
 ANOTHER. "M. Chaptal remarks that, since the oxygen- 
 ated muriatic acid had been found capable of discharging the 
 colour of common writing ink, both from parchment and 
 paper, without injuring their texture, it had been fraudulently 
 employed," &c. &c. J. EASTWOOD. 
 
 PARCHMENT RESTORING WRITING ON, AND PRESERVING 
 OLD. A correspondent in Notes and Queries (s. n, v. v, 
 p. go), signing " H. M. R.," enquires how he should treat an old 
 parchment document to restore the writing on the parts ren- 
 dered quite illegible by damp. An editorial note gives the 
 following information : [" Manuscripts affected by damp may 
 be strengthened by the use of size ; but writing effaced by 
 damp is beyond revival. Where any trace of writing remains 
 it may be rendered legible by a judicious use of hydrosulphate 
 of ammonia, laid upon the spot with a soft brush. The 
 operation should be performed in some spot where the efflu- 
 vium arising from this liquid would be confined to the operator 
 alone, as it is far from being agreeable. An infusion of galls 
 has been used by some for this purpose, but the Cottonian 
 charters in the Museum afford unhappy proof that such a 
 remedy is worse than the disease, the writing being entirely 
 obliterated, and the appearance of the document spoiled, by 
 the too liberal application of the infusion. The hydrosulphate 
 evaporates speedily, and leaves not a trace behind. The 
 parchment spoken of by " H. M. R." should be allowed to soak 
 in clear spring-water, into which a small quantity of spirits of 
 wine has been previously infused, until it is rendered soft and 
 pliable ; then let it be carefully removed, laid upon a clean 
 napkin, and the superficial damp removed with a sponge, 
 
2OO A ppendix. 
 
 taking care that no friction is allowed ; then take some strips 
 of cardboard or thick paper, lay the parchment upon aboard, 
 and placing the strips along the margins, nail it securely, 
 stretching it smooth with care at the same time ; allow it to 
 dry gradually, and it maybe then removed and inlaid or framed 
 as the operator desires.] 
 
 PAPER TO MAKE FIREPROOF. This can be done either by 
 solutions of chloride of zinc, or the liquid sulphuret of calcium 
 or of barium, the same being afterwards steeped in a solution of 
 sulphate of iron. The cost is very little, and paper for drawing 
 up wills, legal documents, bank-notes, &c., should be so 
 created. Notes and Queries, s. n, vol. v, p. 129. 
 
 WAX SEALS IMPRESSIONS OF. Dr. Bachhoffner, in a 
 lecture on " Nature Painting," delivered some years ago at 
 the Polytechnic Institution, proved by illustration that im- 
 pressions could be taken from wax seals on lead or iron without 
 injury to the seal. He placed a sealed envelope on a piece of 
 lead which was on an anvil ; his assistant struck the envelope 
 directly over the seal a sharp blow with a heavy hammer; the 
 impression was taken in the lead, the seal remained uninjured. 
 The lead would give any number of impressions. The blow 
 must be quick and violent, else the wax will be broken. S. 
 
 ANOTHER. I find that the best way of copying small seals 
 is by taking an impression in lead. This is done in the fol- 
 lowing manner : Take a piece of lead, as soft as possible, the 
 size of the seal and about half an inch thick (I use flattened 
 bullets) ; smooth and polish one side, and place it on the seal, 
 which must rest on something solid, as a flagstone. Strike 
 the lead a sharp blow well directed, and the result will be a 
 beautiful impression. If the blow is struck evenly, not the 
 slightest injury will accrue to the seal J. ASHTON. 
 
 s. i, v. xi, p. 113. 
 
 TYPOGRAPHICAL GAZETTEER. 
 [PART IV.] continued from page 50. 
 
 In the following brief list the names of places, with dates unintentionally 
 omitted in the extradl from Dr. Cotton's work, are printed here in Roman 
 type, the corrections made to his list are printed in Italics. The date and 
 " C " in parenthesis at the end denoting the earliest date known to Dr. 
 Cotton ; and such additions as I have been able to make are printed in 
 SMALL CAPITALS, on the plan adopted in PART IV. 
 
 Andover (Hants}. For 1834 in Cotton read 1831 (appendix). 
 Ashbourn (Derb.). 1828. 
 
Appendix. 201 
 
 Auchinlech House (Ayr}. 1815. p. press. 
 
 Barnstaple (Devon}. Pastoral Hints, &c., by H. W. 
 Gardiner, 1822, was printed here by J. Avery [1830, C.J 
 
 Beccles (Suf.}. Journal of a Voyage to the South Seas, &c. 
 &c. by Capt. J. May, written by R. Jarman, was published 
 here in 1838. A single sheet, by R. B. Jarman, was printed 
 here in 1834 (?). 4 to. [1853, C.] 
 
 Bodedeyrn (Isle of Ang.}. 1734. 
 
 Brecon (Breck.}. An Epistle to the Inhabitants of Gilling- 
 ham, by John Cave, Glover, was printed here by E. Evans, 
 1781. [1805, C.] 
 
 BRISTOL. Dr. Cotton gives 1642 as the earliest date known 
 to him. Mr. George, bookseller, of Bristol, has called my 
 attention to the following, in Seyer's Memoirs of Bristol, 
 1823 (Vol. II, p. 228) : " In 1546 a press for printing was 
 set up in the castle, which is used dayly to the honour of 
 God." From which last work, it may be concluded, that 
 the printing religious tracts in favour of the Reformation 
 was at first the printer's chief employment. 
 
 Brighton (Suss.}. A Description of Brighthelmstone, I2mo; 
 printed here in 1794. [1812, C. appendix.] 
 
 CANFORD MANOR (Dor.}. Lyrics, by A. Tennyson : The 
 Window ; or, The Loves of the Wrens, pp. 16, bears this 
 imprint, and is dated 1867. Since published (with music 
 by A. Sullivan). Strahan, 1870. 
 
 Carmarthen (Carm.) Welsh Grammar, by W. Gambold, 
 was printed here by Nicholas Thomas in 1724. [1727, C.] 
 
 Chudleigh (Devon}. An Arrangement of the Genealogies of 
 the Old Testament and Apochrypha, by the Rev. Gilbert 
 Burrington, was printed here, by J. E. Searle, in 2 vols. 
 4 to, in 1836. [1851, C.] 
 
 Devizes (Wilts). Dr. Cotton says printing was carried on here 
 in 1775. The Way to the Temple of True Honor, and 
 Fame, by W. Cooke, 4 vols., I2mo, 1773, was printed here. 
 
 DUBLIN. Besides the imprints Dublinum or Eblina and the 
 Irish Atha Cleath, as given in Cotton [1831, p. 83], another 
 old Irish form, viz., Mbeulatheliath, will be found on the 
 title of a hymn to St. Patrick, edited by R. Plunket, and 
 printed in Dublin, 1791. Books with the false imprints, 
 Barataria, 1792, Isle of Mann, 1740-55, and Tripoli, 1799, 
 have been printed in the Irish metropolis. 
 
 2 D 
 
2O2 Appendix. 
 
 FAREHAM (Hants}. G. Button printed here, in 1853, The 
 Fareham Lifeboat, invented and patented by the Rev. E. L. 
 Berthon. 
 
 Gateshead (Dur.). A sermon, entitled Pnblick Sorrow, by 
 Ellis Weycoe, was printed here, in 1657, by Stephen Bulk- 
 ley. Dr. Cotton mentions a book bearing that imprint, and 
 dated 1660, as being in the Bodleian Library. 
 
 Gateside (Ren.}. Israel, Ben., converted Jew. Printed at 
 Gateside, 1653. [1654, C.] 
 
 HADDINGTON (Had.). Religious Courtship, &c., iamo, 1805, 
 bears this imprint. 
 
 Kidderminster. Baxter's Five Disputations of Church - 
 Government and Worship, was printed in London, by R. W., 
 for Nevil Simmons, bookseller, Kederminster, and are to be 
 sold by him there. 1659. Cotton mentions this bookseller, 
 but refers to no work. 
 
 Knaresborough (York.). Angler's Guide to the Rivers of 
 Yorkshire, was published here in 1755. Dr. Cotton mentions 
 a book printed here in 1769. 
 
 Lee Priory (Kent), p. press. 1813. 
 
 Leith (Mid-Loth.). At p. 58 add, " a pamphlet printed here in 
 1652 is in the Bodleian Library." [C, 2nd edit., p. 141.] 
 
 LIVERPOOL. Dr. Cotton mentions a newspaper published here 
 in 1713, but the earliest book he has heard of as printed 
 here was in 1724. N. &Q. (May 20, 1870) mentions a book 
 printed here in 1710. 
 
 LLANELLY (Breck). Tales of the Cymry, by J. Motley, 8vo, 1848, 
 was printed here by John Thomas, printer, Water Street. 
 
 LOWESTOFT (Suff.) The Lord's Prayer, illustrated by J. Clark, 
 8vo, 1831. [1859, C.] 
 
 Pattingham (Staff.). 1753. 
 
 REDCAR (York.). An Allegory, by S. Coulson. i2mo. Printed 
 here in 1832. 
 
 SAXMUNDHAM (Stiff.). A printer here, named Bughtly, in 
 1849. 
 
 Shoreham (Suss.). Dr. Cotton mentions a poem, by E. Per- 
 ronett, printed here at a private press, but gives no date. 
 The date is 1760. 
 
 Stirling (Stir.). At p.6i, for 1826 read " 1571 "when the art 
 was first introduced. [C., 2nd edit., p. 271.] 
 
Appendix. 203 
 
 Swansea (Glam.). T. Goodere printed here, in 1784, an 8vo 
 pamphlet, entitled Articles and Rules . . . of the Union 
 Club. Robert Goodere succeeded him, but appears not to 
 have carried on business long, for we find that hand-bills of 
 athletic sports in Swansea were printed in Hereford in 1796, 
 and the preliminary announcement of the The Cambrian 
 newspaper, started by Jenkins, at Swansea, in 1804, and still 
 published there, was printed at Gloucester, and the com- 
 positors employed on the paper came from Worcester. 
 [1802, C.] 
 
 Tain (.Ross). 1825. 
 
 THETFORD (Nor.). Proof of the Authenticity of the Will of 
 M. A. Faber, was privately printed here in 1821. 
 
 Turnham Green (Mid.). 1849. 
 
 Ulverstone (Lane.). The Principal Part of the Old Testa- 
 ment, &c., for schools, by Rev. W. Ashburner, was printed here 
 in 1798. Cotton mentions a work printed at this place by 
 Geo. Ashburner, in 1805. 
 
 Wolverhampton (Staff.} Elwall's (E.) True Testimony for 
 God and for His Sacred Law, was printed here in 1724. 
 
 BOOKSELLERS' DIRECTORY. 
 
 [PART V.] continued from page 65. 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 * Aylott & Son, 97, St. Paul's-road, Islington. 
 
 k Dickinson & Higham, 73 (late 92), Farringdon-street ; and 
 59, Old Bailey. 
 
 * Hamilton, W. A., removed to Bayswater. 
 Lilly, Joseph (deceased). 
 
 * Maggs, U., 155, Church-street, Paddington, W. 
 
 * Smith, for F.A. read A. R., 36, Soho-square, W. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM. 
 * Edmunds (late Sackett & Edmunds). 
 
 CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 For Macmillen & Co. read Macmillan & Co. 
 NORTHAMPTON. 
 
 For Abel & Sons read Alice & Sons, Parade. 
 Dorman, M., Drapery. 
 Harris, R., Bridge-street. 
 
204 Append LI. 
 
 OXFORD. 
 
 Rivingtons, Messrs., High-street. 
 
 * Shrimpton, George, Turl-street. 
 
 * Shrimpton & Son, Broad-street. 
 
 * Slatter & Rose, High-street. 
 
 * Thornton, Joseph, Broad-street. 
 
 * Thornton, , Jun., High-street. 
 Vincent, Joseph, High-street. 
 
 * Wheeler & Day, High-street. 
 
 DICTIONARY OF TERMS. 
 [PART VI.] continued from page 116. 
 
 BLOTTING PAPER (p a p.}.Fr., papier brouillard ; Ger., 
 loschpapier; Ital., carta sciuga and carta-sugante ; Lat., 
 charta bibula. A kind of paper, as its name implies, used 
 for absorbing blots or freshly written ink. It seems to have 
 been in use about the middle of the iyth century. Notes 
 and Queries, s. in, v. iv, p. 497. 
 
 CALF (bind.}. Fr.,veau; Ger., leder,franzband. Books bound 
 in calf-skin variously prepared (rough or plained), as grained, 
 marbled, mottled, panelled, scored, sprinkled, stained, tree- 
 marbled, in the various styles plain, gilt, half extra, extra, 
 super extra. Calf is mostly used for binding law books, 
 generally in its undressed state, being durable and inex- 
 pensive; it is sometimes passed off for morocco or russia, 
 but this sham ought not to be patronized. 
 
 CLOTH (bind.). Fr.,toile,percalineAnglaise; G^r.,leinwand- 
 band. The introduction of cloth for bindinghas been previously 
 noticed ; it is the article most generally used for the purpose 
 at the present day; its advantages are cheapness, and dura- 
 bility (if good), and its applicability for receiving ornamenta- 
 tion. The styles are varied, such as plain, printed, stamped, 
 gilt, embossed, &c. 
 
 FOOLSCAP PAPER (the usual size 17 inches by 13$). Fr., 
 paper ecolier ; Ger., schreibpapier. Notes & Queries (s. n, 
 y. i, p. 251). It is stated that when Charles I found his 
 revenues short he granted certain privileges, amounting to 
 monopolies, and among these was the manufacture of paper, 
 the exclusive right of which was sold to certain parties. At 
 this time all English paper bore in water-marks the royal 
 
Appendix. 205 
 
 arms. The Parliament under Cromwell ordered that the 
 royal arms be removed from the paper, and the fool's cap 
 and bell to be substituted. This statement requires authen- 
 tication. SeethQArchatologia, xii, 117, andChambers's Book 
 of Days, i, 533. 
 
 LEONINE VERSES. Verses in which the middle and end 
 of each line rhyme together. In the ' Encpclopczdia Metro- 
 politana ' there are ten different kinds of Leonine Verses 
 enumerated ; the name is said to have been derived, either 
 from a monk of the twelfth century, or from one of the Popes 
 of the name of Leo. Wheatley, Of Anagrams, p. 15. 
 
 MOROCCO (bind.). Fr., maroquiner ; Ger., marokiniren. A 
 goat's skin, peculiarly dressed, so called from the first having 
 been introduced into Europe from Morocco, but the best now 
 bearing the name are now manufactured at home. It is 
 the most durable, as well as the most ornamental, of the 
 leathers used for bookbinding ; the styles are the same as 
 mentioned under CALF. 
 
 ROAN (bind.). Sheep-skin embossed, principally used for 
 cheap bibles and prayer-books. 
 
 RUSSIA (bind.). Fr.,cuir derusse; Ger.,zuchten. A soft kind 
 of leather of a tawny colour, and emitting a peculiar odour. It 
 is said to be made from the hides of cattle under three years 
 old, curried with the empyreumatic oil of birch bark ; but 
 the process of its preparation is little known, and not suc- 
 cessfully practised out of Russia itself. Wright, F., Univ. 
 Pronouncing Dictionary. The most expensive and useless 
 leather used in bookbinding. Its property for resisting the 
 book-worm is now not admitted ; it dries sooner than any 
 other leather, and soon gives at the joints. 
 
 SHEEP (bind). Fr., basane, bas. ; Ger., zubereitete scha- 
 fleder. See Dictionary, BAZIL. 
 
 SILK (bind.). Fr., soie; Ger.,seide. A fancy binding of silk in 
 any colour or quality plain, embossed, watered used 
 generally for gift books ; apt to soil, in which state it looks 
 very bad. Silk (generally watered) is sometimes used for 
 linings to costly bound books. 
 
 TRACTS. Small publications generally of a religious or 
 serious kind ; the earliest ones (traCtatus) being used in 
 theological controversy. By bibliographers the term is used 
 in nearly the same sense as pamphlet, but by the public the 
 word is generally identified with some serious publication. 
 Tracts seldom exceed a single sheet, but pamphlets are 
 larger, q. v. 
 
2o6 Appendix. 
 
 TYPI FIXI (print.). The term formerly given to the letters 
 nsed in block books. Rees' Cyclopedia, Art. PRINTING. 
 
 TYPI MOBILES (print.). The name formerly given to 
 moveable types to distinguish them from those in block books. 
 Ib. 
 
 VELVET (bind.). Principally used in binding for bibles and 
 prayer-books, costly manuscript books, albums, &c. 
 
 VELLUM (bind.). Principally used by stationers for account 
 books. 
 
 WRAPPER (bind.). Fr., couverture ; Ger., umschlag. 
 The paper cover of a book or pamphlet; more used on the 
 Continent for thick books than in this country : its only 
 advantage is that it enables the purchaser to have the work 
 bound to his own taste. 
 
 NOTICE. 
 
 Mr. Green, formerly of the firm of Molini and Green, 
 27, King William Street, Strand, has, since the printing of 
 Part IV., entered into partnership with Mr. F. S. Ellis, of 
 33, New Street, Covent Garden. 
 
PART. IX. -INDEX. 
 
" So essential did I consider an Index to be to every 
 book, that I proposed to bring a Bill into Parliament to 
 deprive an author who publishes a book without an Index 
 of the privilege of copyright, and moreover to subject him 
 to a pecuniary penalty." Campell's Lives of the Chief 
 Justices of England, vol iii. preface, p. vii. 
 
PART IX. INDEX. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS (Bib. and Lit. of), 
 Chassant, 7. Namur, 15. Walther 
 21. Wright, 2t. And contrac- 
 tions, note on, 140 
 Aberdeen Almanac, the first published 
 in Scotland, 39. Breviary, where 
 printed, 33. Journal, 41. Print- 
 ing introduced into, 37 
 Absorbent paper, to write on, 197,198 
 Ackermann (R.), introduced litho- 
 graphic printing into England, 42. 
 Ackermann's liquor for prints, 49 
 Admiration (note of), first use of, 196 
 AGRICULTURE (Bib. and Lit. of), 
 Bibliographic Agronomique, 5. 
 Donaldson, 9. Lastri, 13 
 ALCHEMY (Bib. and Lit. of), Magnet, 
 
 if 
 
 Aldine, first book with anchor device, 
 32 
 
 Aldus, printed at Venice, 32. Horace, 
 32 ; Virgil, ib. First used Italic 
 type, 167. Fac-simile page from his 
 Virgil, Plate VI, 174 
 
 Alexandria Library, notice of, 124 
 
 Algebra, first knowledge of in Eng- 
 land, 196 
 
 ALMANACS, Edinburgh True, 39. 
 Essay on Early English, 189. First 
 in England, in present shape, 39. 
 First in Ireland, 35. First in 
 Scotland, 39. Nautical, 42. Poor 
 Robin's, 38. Really useful, the 
 first, 42. Tax on, abolished, 42 
 
 AMERICA (Bib. and Lit. of), Allen, 3. 
 Allibone, ib. Appleton, ib. Poole, 
 17. Printing, ib. Rhees, 18. 
 Rich, ib. Roorbach, 19, 192. 
 Ternaux-Compans, 20. Triibner, 
 20. Walker, ib. American Cata- 
 logues, 22. Bib. Americana, ib. 
 American Books (J. R. Smith), ib. 
 Sabin, 192. First printed docu- 
 ment relative to, 32. When first 
 so called, 167. Book in which so 
 called, 33. Book printed in (Mexi- 
 co) described, 167. Fac-simile from 
 
 Dotrina breve, Plate VIII, 176. N. 
 America, 37. New England, 37. 
 Bible in, 38. Franklin returned 
 to, 40. Harvard College destroyed, 
 41. Music printed in, 40. News- 
 paper in, 40. Paper mill in, 40 
 ANAGRAMS (Bib. and Lit. of), Wheat- 
 ley, 194 
 ANGLING (Bib. and Lit. of), Blakey, 
 
 5 ; Westwood, 21 ; Kreysig, 189 
 Annual Register, No. i published, 41 
 ANONYMOUS WRITERS (Bib. and Lit. 
 of), Baillet, 4 ; Barbier, ib ; O. 
 Hamst, 189; Melzi, 14; Querard, 17 
 Antidotarium Generate, sec Pharma- 
 copoeia, 196 
 Appendix, first book in England 
 
 with, 38 
 
 Arabs, paper-making by the, 123 
 Arber (E.) his reprints noticed, 34, 38 
 Arithmetic, first printed book on, 32. 
 First original English writer on, 
 196 
 
 Arms (Book of), the most ancient, 31 
 ART (Bib. and Lit. of), Univ. Cat. of, 
 20. Wornum, 21. Dublin (Gen. 
 Cat.}, 23. Index to Current Lite- 
 rature of, 24 
 ASTRONOMY (Bib. and Lit of), La- 
 
 lande 13 
 Auctioneer (Book), first in England, 
 
 39. In Scotland, 39 
 Auctions (Book-sales), see Catalogues 
 Authors, see Anonymous Writers, 
 and Publishers, Hints to, 127, 
 159 Dictionary of Living, 8 
 
 B 
 
 Babylonian tiles, 119 
 
 Bacon (Lord), Novum Organon, ist 
 edition, 37 
 
 Baskerville, Virgilius, ist issue, 41 
 
 BELGIUM (Bib. and Lit. of), Foppens, 
 10 ; Namur, 15 ; Oettinger, 16 
 
 BIBLE (Bib. and Lit. of), The Bible 
 of every Land, 5 ; Cotton, 7 ; 
 Home, 12; O'Callaghan, 16; Tay- 
 lor, 19 ; Townley, 20 ; Wilson, 21 
 
 2 E 
 
2IO 
 
 Index. 
 
 BIBLE, Bezel's, the first in Roman 
 type, 38. Of 1538-9, number 
 printed, 123. First printed in North 
 America (in the Mohican dialed), 
 38. " The great," first by au- 
 thority in England, 34. Present 
 English translation, 36. First 
 English printed in Ireland, 40. 
 First in Greek, printed portion, 31. 
 First in Hebrew, 31. First with 
 a date, Latin, 28. Mazarine, first 
 complete printed book, 28. First 
 in Manx language, 197. First in 
 the Mohican dialect, 38. New 
 Testament, Tyndale's first trans- 
 lation, 33. Coburger's, 166. Chi- 
 nese, first in, 197. Henry VIII, 
 123. First by subscription, 30, 38. 
 Stereotyped, 40 
 
 Bibliographers, Society of, proposed, 
 162 
 
 Bibliography, classification of woiks 
 on, 139 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY, Annales Typogra- 
 phici, Maittaire, 14 ; Panzer, 16. 
 Biblical Bibliography, Home, 12. 
 Bibliografia dei Romanzi e Poemi 
 cavallereschi Italiani, Melzi, 14. 
 Bibliografia della Toscana, Moreni 
 
 15. Bibliografia sulla Storia 
 d'ltalia, Reumont, 18. Bibliogra- 
 grapher's Manual, Lowndes, 13. 
 Bibliographia Historica Portu- 
 gueza, Figaniere, 10. Bibliogra- 
 phical Account of Early English 
 Literature, Collier, 7. Bibliogra- 
 graphical Decameron, Dibdin, 8. 
 Bibliographical Dictionary, Ebert, 
 9. Bibliographical Guide to 
 American Literature, Trubner, 
 20. Bibliographic Academique 
 Belgae, Namur, 16. Bibliographic 
 Agronomique, 5. Bibliographic 
 Astronomique,La/af,i3. Biblio- 
 graphic Biographique. Oettinger, 
 
 16. Bibliographic de la France, 
 Girault, n. Bibliographic de la 
 Musique,F<s, 10. Bibliographic 
 Douaisienne, Duthillceul, 7. Bib- 
 liographic du Maine, Desportes, 8. 
 Bibliographic paleogr.-diplom.- 
 bibliologique, Namur, 15. Biblio- 
 graphisches Lexikon, Ebert, 9. 
 Bibliographisches Lexicon der 
 Litt. de Griechen. Hoffmann, 12. 
 Bibliography of Zoology, Swain- 
 son, 19. Biblioteca Oriental y 
 Occidental, &c., Leon Pinelo, 13. 
 
 Bibliotheca Americana, Roorback, 
 19. Bibliotheca Bibliographica, 
 Petzholdt, 17. Bibliotheca Brit- 
 annica, Watt, 21. Bibliotheca 
 Entomologica, Hagen, n. Bib- 
 liotheca Geographica, Engelmann, 
 10. Bibliotheca Heraldica,Af0M/, 
 15. Bibliotheca Hispana, Antonio, 
 3. Bibliotheca Historico-Natu- 
 ralis, Engelmann, 10. Bibliotheca 
 Madrigaliana, Rimbanlt, 18. Bib- 
 liotheca Scriptorum Classicorum, 
 Engelmann, 10. Bibliotheque 
 Americaine, Ternaux, 20. Biblo- 
 theque Asiatique et Africaine, 
 Ternaux, 20. Cyclopaedia Biblio- 
 graphica, Darling, 7. Dictionnaire 
 des Ouvrages Anonymes et Pseud- 
 donymes, Barbier, 4. Ecrivains 
 Pseudonymes, Querard, 17. Edi- 
 tions of the Classics, Dibdin, 8. 
 English, Scotch, and Irish Histori- 
 cal Libraries, Nicolson, 16. English 
 Topography, Upcott, 20. Juge- 
 mens des Savans, Baillet, 4. 
 Legal Bibliography, Bridgcman, 
 6. Marvin,!^.. Librarian's Manual, 
 Guild, ii. Library Manual, Ap- 
 pleton, 13. Literatur der Mathe- 
 matik, Ersch, 10. Literature of 
 Political Economy, Macnlloch, 14. 
 Manuel du Bibliothecaire, Namur, 
 15. Manual du Libraire, Brunei, 5. 
 Ouvrages Anonymes et Pseudo- 
 nymes, Barbier, 4. Repertoire 
 de Bibliographies speciales, 
 Peignot, 16. Repertorium Biblio- 
 graphicum, Hain, 12. Super- 
 cheries Litteraires devoilees, 
 Querard, 17. Testi di Lingua, 
 Gamba, n. 
 
 All the foregoing are on the shelves of the 
 Reading Room of the British Museum. See 
 also under the names of COUNTIES, ELE- 
 MENTARY, GENERAL, and SPECIAL BIBLIO- 
 GRAPHIES. 
 Bibliographic speciales, Peignot, 16. 
 
 Dictionnaire Critique, ib. 
 Bibliotheca Bibliothecarum Manu- 
 
 scriptorum, Montfaucon, 15. 
 Blank-verse, first book in English, 
 
 35 
 
 Block-book, definition of, 164. Ear- 
 liest xylographic production in 
 shape of, 27; the last, 33 see 
 Planctenbiicli 
 
 Bodleian Library, first stone laid, 36. 
 First catalogue of, 30 sec Cata- 
 logues. Oxford. 
 
Index. 
 
 211 
 
 BOOK, first with a date, 28. In Eng- 
 land with date, 30. First printed 
 on both sides, 28. With pages 
 numbered, 29. Earliest, in square 
 form, 122. First with folding 
 views, 31. First with printer's 
 name, 28. First, printer and pub- 
 lisher's name, and date on title, 
 30. Printed at joint expense of 
 bookseller and printer, 31 sizes, 
 quarto 28, octavo 32, twenty- 
 fourmo 30. First, by machinery, 
 42. Meaning of the word in 
 various languages, 191. See 
 COPPER-PLATE ENGRAVING, PRINT- 
 ING, TYPOGRAPHY. WOOD -EN- 
 GRAVING, and under different 
 Counties for notices of introduc- 
 tions into ; first editions, rare 
 books, &c. &c. 
 
 BOOKBINDING (Bib. and Lit. of). 
 Bonnardot, 5, Art. of, ib. ; Dibdin, 
 6 ; Day, 7 ; Dudin, g ; Franks, n ; 
 Greve, ib. ; Hannett, 12 ; Huber, 
 13; Libri, ib.; Walker, 20 
 
 Bookbinding, characteristics of a 
 well-bound book, 147. Cutting 
 machines first introduced, 126 ; 
 English equal to any, 126. First 
 book with binder's name, 195. 
 Hand-labour in, superseded, 125. 
 Hints on, 129. Historical sub- 
 jects used for stamped covers, 33. 
 Notes on old bookbindings, 128. 
 Patent, 135. Precious stones used 
 to ornament, 123. Rapidity of 
 modern bookbinding, 126. Rolling 
 machines first introduced, 126. 
 Sawn backs first used by book- 
 binders, 41. Vellum binding 
 first stamped, 33 
 
 Bookburning, injunction relative 10,34 
 
 BOOKKEEPING (Bib. and Lit. of), 
 Foster, 10 
 
 Bookmarkers, to make, 131 
 
 Book of Common Prayer revised, 38 ; 
 in Irish, 36 ; in Welsh, 38 
 
 Book-postage reduced, 197. 
 
 Books, average number of, between 
 1700 & 1756, 41. Fifteenth cen- 
 tury, number of in existence, 158. 
 Notes on, 128. Number of, printed 
 by Sweinheim and Pannartz, 158. 
 Publishing, plans for, 159. Scar- 
 city of, in middle ages, 122. Sizes 
 of, 138, 146. Superseded rolls, 121 
 
 BOOKSELLERS' DIRECTORY, Part V, 
 6588 
 
 Book-worms, to kill and prevent, 46. 
 
 devastations by, 131. Description 
 
 of, 132 
 BOTANY (Bib. and Lit. of), Linnaeus, 
 
 13 ; Pritzel, 17 ; Seguierio, 19 
 BRITISH MUSEUM, established, 41. 
 
 Number of books in, 125. See 
 
 Catalogues. 
 Broadside, first English, by Caxton, 
 
 described, 166. Fac-simile of, PI. 
 
 IV, 172 
 
 Burton (R.) Anatomy of Melan- 
 choly, ist edition, 37 
 
 Calendar, the earliest, 29 
 Cambridge, first book printed at, 33 
 Camden (W.) died, 37. Britannia, 
 
 ist translation of, 35 
 Campbell (Lord), on indexes, 208 
 Canterbury Tales, see Chaucer 
 CATALOGUES 
 
 First book catalogue, in England, 
 35. First bk.c., in Ireland, 37. Bib. 
 Chethamensis,iS. Rich, 18. Roor- 
 bach, xix, 192. Universal Catal. 
 (Art.BooksJ, 20. Royal and Noble 
 Authors,2o. Watt, 21. Wornum,28. 
 Wrangham, 21. American Cat., 
 
 22. Bib. Americana, 22. American 
 books (J. R. Smith), 22. Bib. 
 
 . Smithiana, 22. Birmingham Free 
 Library, 23. Cambridge University 
 Libr., 23. Book Rarities (Camb.), 
 
 23. Clavell, 23. Diet. Biblio- 
 graphique, 23. Dublin (Trin. Coll.) 
 Catalogns, 23. Dublin General 
 Catalogue,?.?,. Advocate's Library, 
 
 24. Signet Library, 24. Bib. 
 Harlfiania;, 24. Holmes, 24. In- 
 dex to Current Literature, 24. 
 Liverpool Free Library, 24. Bib. 
 Heberiana,i87. Bib.Monensis,i8j. 
 Brunei, 188. Eyton, 188. Watson 
 (Pageantry), 190. British Mu- 
 seum; Lib. Impressorum, 24; 
 printed books in. 189 ; Bib. Gren- 
 mlliana, ib. ; books of reference in, 
 190; London Catalogue, 190. In- 
 dex to British Catalogue, 190. 
 English Catalogue (by S. Low), 
 190. Cat. of Periodicals, 190. 
 The Bookseller, 190. The Pub- 
 lisher's Circular, 190. London In- 
 stitution (Cat. of), 190. Periodicals 
 (Index of Foreign Scientific), 
 igi. Popery (Tracts for and 
 
212 
 
 Index. 
 
 against, Cat. of), 191. Manchester 
 Free Library (Cat. of), 191. BOD- 
 LEIAN LIBRARY : Cat. Lib. Impress., 
 191 ; Gongh. Coll., 191 ; Malonc 
 Coll., igi ; Douce Coll., 191. 
 Parr, Bib. Parrianna, 192. Roor- 
 bach, Bib. Americana, 192 ; Sabin, 
 Bib. Americana, 192 
 
 CATALOGUES (AUCTION-SALE.) 
 Book-auction Catalogues (1774 
 1828), see List, 192. Sotheby and 
 Son (1799 1831), 193. R. H. 
 Evans (1812 1831), 193. Libri 
 Collection, 193 
 
 Catchwords, first used, 24 
 
 Cathedral Libraries, Botfield, 6 
 
 Caxton, date of book reclined, 27. 
 Died, 32. First book printed 
 abroad by, 29. First book printed 
 in England by, ib. Recuyell of the 
 History of Troye, ib. Canterbury 
 Tales, 166. Fac-simile of page of, 
 Plate V, 173. Press of West- 
 minster, 30. References to, 194, 
 195. Advertisements described, 
 166. Fac-simile of Plate IV, 172. 
 His device, ib. 
 
 Cervantes born, 37 ; died, ib. 
 
 Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, first 
 edition described, 166. Fac-simile 
 of page from, Plate IV, 173 
 
 CHEMISTRY (Bib. and Lit. ofj.Watts, 
 21 
 
 CHESS (Bib. and Lit. of), Bib. Scac- 
 cariana, 5. First practical work 
 on, 32. Caxton's Game and Playe 
 of Chess, ib. 
 
 China, Printing discovered in, 27. 
 Paper first made in, xxvii, 123. 
 Type moveable, first used in, 37. 
 Printing by Europeans in, 34. 
 First Bible printed in Chinese, 
 197 
 
 CHRONOLOGY, Part II, 25 42. Ap- 
 pendix, 194 197 
 
 Clarendon press, acknowledgment 
 to Delegates of, xi, see Oxford 
 
 Coburger (A.), Catalogue of books 
 described, 165. Fac-simile of 
 portion of, Plate III, 171. Family 
 of, 165 
 
 Codex, meaning of word, 121 
 
 Colon first used, 196 
 
 Colours, to prevent from sinking into 
 or spreading on maps or paper, 49. 
 
 Comedy, first English printed, 34 
 
 COMIC LITERATURE (Bib. and Lit. 
 of). Floegel, 10 
 
 Contractions and abbreviations, 140 
 189 
 
 Cookery, first book on, 30 
 
 Copernican System, first adopted 
 in England, 196 
 
 COPPER-PLATE ENGRAVING, first 
 book with initial letters, 195. 
 First illustrated book with date, 
 30. First book in England with, 
 33, 34. A book wrongly sup- 
 posed to be with, 35 
 
 Copying ink, to make, 198 
 
 COPYRIGHT, law of, 188. First law 
 of, 40 
 
 Costnographia Rndimcnta of Hyla- 
 
 - comylus, first book in which the 
 name America is proposed for the 
 New World, described, 167. Fac- 
 simile of page from, Plate VII, 175 
 
 Cotton (Dr. H), notice of his Typo- 
 graphical Gazetteer, xi, extracts 
 from, 26, 52, 165 
 
 County history, the first English, 35 
 
 Covers of this book, fac-similes of 
 mediaeval bookbinding, xiii. See 
 Bookbinding 
 
 Cromberger (J.), first printer in 
 Mexico. His first work described, 
 168. Fac-simile of title-page of 
 of Plate VIII, 176 
 
 Cryptography, or cyphers, on de- 
 cyphering, 177 
 
 Cursive characters, first book in, 34 
 
 Cyphers (printers' marks), when first 
 used, 29 
 
 D. 
 
 De Thou (A.), died, 37 
 
 Diagrams, first book illustrated 
 with, 31 
 
 DICTIONARY OF TERMS, Part VI, 89 
 116. Appendix, 204, 206 
 
 Digital notation, 32 
 
 Dotrina breve, an early Mexican 
 book described, 167, 196. Fac- 
 simile of title-page, Plate VIII. 
 176. See Cromberger 
 
 DRAMA (Bib. and Lit. of), Baker, 4. 
 Halliwell, 12 ; English Dramatic 
 Poets. 10; Delandine, 188 ; Haz- 
 litt, 189 
 
 Drawings, varnish for, 49 
 
 Dublin, money subscribed to pur- 
 chase a library for Trinity College, 
 36. Dr. Sterne's bequest to Trin. 
 Coll. for a printing office at. Sec 
 Catalogues 
 
Index. 
 
 213 
 
 East Indies, first book printed in, 34 
 Edinburgh, printing established in, 
 33. First book printed in, 34. 
 Review of books in Great Britain, 
 published at, 39. Newspaper, 38. 
 Edinburgh True Almanack, 39 
 Egyptian monuments, &c., 119 
 El Coiide de Lucanor, first edition, 
 
 196 
 
 Encyclopaedia, the, first edition, 33 
 ENGLAND (Bib. & Lit. of), Bale, 4 ; 
 Beloe, 5 ; Bouterwek, 6 ; Botfield, 
 ib.; Brydges,f6.; Clarke, 7 ; Collier, 
 ib. ; Darling, ib. ; Davies, 7 ; 
 Dibdin, 8 ; English Dramatic 
 Poets, 10 ; Goodhugh, n; Haig, 
 ii ; Home, 12; Lowndes, 13; 
 Macray, 14; Maitland, 14; Mar- 
 tin, 14 ; Nicholson, 16 ; Oldys, 
 16 ; O'Reilly, 16; Pettigrew, 17; 
 Reid, 18 ; Rimbault, 18; Ritson, 
 18 ; Savage, 19 ; Stace, 19 ; Up- 
 cott, 20 ; Walpole, 20 ; Ware, 21 ; 
 Watt, 21 ; Wilson, 21 ; Clavell, 
 23; Axon, 187; Corser, 188. See 
 Catalogues. First book printed in, 
 29. In St. Alban's Abbey, 30. With 
 a date, 30. With woodcuts, 30. 
 County history, 35 , With poetry, 
 195. First book printed at Oxford, 
 30 ; Cambridge, 33 ; Eton, 36. 
 First English tragedy, 34 comedy, 
 ib. Scientific Periodical in, 38. 
 in form of Epistles, 36 ; with an 
 Appendixes ; by subscription, 38; 
 review of books, 39. First book 
 catalogue in, 39 ; in blank verse, 
 35 ; on shorthand, 35 ; privately 
 printed in, 35. First paper in, 32. 
 White paper made in, 39. Present 
 translation of the Bible published, 
 
 36 
 
 Ephemeris, earliest known, 29 
 Exhibition Catalogue (1851), rapid- 
 ity of Binding of, 123. 
 Exposicio S. Hieronymi, first Oxford 
 book described, 104. Wrongly 
 dated, 30. Fac-simile of page of, 
 Plate II, 170 
 
 F. 
 
 FAC-SIMILES in thisvolume described, 
 163. Eight plates of, 169 176 
 
 FIFTEENTH CENTURY BOOKS (Bib. 
 and Lit.), Audifreddi, 4; Dibdin, S 
 
 FRANCE, (Bib. and Lit. of), Brunei, 
 6, 188 ; Desportes, 8; Dibdin, 8 ; 
 Duthillceul, 9; Fournier, n ; 
 Girault, n ; Herissant, 12; Le 
 Prince, 13; Montfaucon, 15; 
 Piegnot, 16 ; Querard, 17; Rich- 
 arderie, 18 ; Van Praet (vellum 
 books), 20 ; Ventouillac, 20 ; 
 Delandine, 188. First book 
 printed in, 29. The first book 
 printed in French, 29. First 
 book printed on White Silk 
 in Europe, 36. Flock or Velvet 
 Paper Hangings patented, in, 37 
 
 Franking Letters by Members of 
 Parliament, 38 
 
 Franklin (Benj.), born 1706, died 
 1790, 42, 197. In London, as a 
 printer, 40. Returned to America, 
 40 
 
 FREEMASONRY (Bib. and Lit, of), 
 Books for and against, 24 
 
 FUTURE STATE, books relating to, 
 Abbot (E.) 
 
 G. 
 
 Gentleman^ Magazine, No. i pub- 
 lished, 40 
 
 GEOGRAPHY (Bib. and Lit.), Engel- 
 mann, 10 ; Tobler, 194 
 
 Geometry, first writer on, in Eng- 
 land, 196 
 
 ' God Save the King ' first performed, 
 36 
 
 Grease stains, to remove from paper, 
 
 45. *98 
 
 Greek characters, first book printed 
 in, 30. Classic, the first printed, 
 
 3 
 
 GREEK and LATIN CLASSICS (Bib. 
 and Lit.), Dibdin, 8 ; Engel- 
 mann, 10 ; Hoffmann, 12; Moss, 
 15 
 
 H. 
 
 Hair pencils invented, 194 
 
 Harvard College (United States) de- 
 stroyed by fire, 41 
 
 HEBREW (Bib. and Lit.), Rossi, 15 
 Fiirst, 118 
 
 HERALDRY (Bib. and Lit.), Moule, 
 
 15- 
 
 Hylacomylus gives the name 
 of America to the New World, 
 167. Fac-simile of page of his 
 work, Plate VII, 175 
 
214 
 
 Index. 
 
 i. 
 
 INDEX Part IX, 207. 
 
 Required in every book, 127, 134 
 
 Ink, copying, 48. Copying, to 
 make, 198. To keep from freezing, 
 48. Square of, introduced, 194. 
 Stains, to remove, 45, 48. To take 
 out, 199 
 
 Interrogation, note of. first used, 28 
 
 INTRODUCTION, ix xiv 
 
 Inverted commas, 158 
 
 Ireland, first printing in, 34. First 
 almanac printed in, 35. First 
 English Bible printed in, 40. Irish 
 newspapers first stamped, 42. First 
 book catalogues published in, 37. 
 Trinity College, Dublin, printing 
 office erected, 41. Trinity College, 
 Dublin, English Army subscribe 
 for a library, 36. 
 
 Irish, Book of Common Prayer trans- 
 lated into, 36 
 
 Iron stains, to remove, 45 
 
 Italy, the first book in Italic types, 
 32 
 
 Italy, first book printed in with a 
 date, 195. First book printed at 
 Milan, 28. In Rome, ib. In 
 Venice, ib. First Encyclopaedia 
 was published in, 33 
 
 Ivory, carved, used for covers 
 
 J- 
 
 Jews expert in preparing skins for 
 
 rolls, 120 
 Johnson (Dr.), English dictionary, 
 
 first edition, 41 
 
 Latin classics, the, first dated, 28 
 LAW (Bib. and Lit.), Bridgman, 6 ; 
 
 De Fontaine, 8 ; Marvin, 14 
 Laws, restrictive, against the Press 
 
 expired, 39 
 Leonine Verses, 205 
 L'Estrange (Sir R.) first surveyor of 
 
 Imprimery and Printing Presses. 
 
 38 
 
 Liber, meaning of, 121 
 Libraries, arrangement of, 188 
 Library, Alexandria, number of 
 books in, 124. British Museum, 
 number of books in, 125. Stras- 
 burg library destroyed, 197 
 Library (Bib. and Lit.), the first sold 
 
 by auction, 39. Edwards, 9 : Good- 
 hugh, ii ; Guild, n ; Macray, 14 ; 
 Maitland, 14; Namur, 15; Rhees, 
 18 ; Constantin, 188 
 Library, Circulating, first in London, 
 
 41. First provincial, 42 
 Libraries' Act passed. 42. Act of 
 
 Parliament, claiming copies of 
 books for certain libraries, 30 
 
 Libri quadrati, 122 
 
 Licensing Books, Bill for, rejected, 
 34. Injunction relative to, origin 
 of system, ib. Surveyor appointed, 
 38 
 
 Linen, records kept on, 120 
 
 Literary rarities, Fac-similes of, 
 described, 163 
 
 Lithography invented in Germany, 
 
 42. Introduced into England, 42 
 Lithenthalii, Hist. Lit., quoted, xiv 
 Locke (J.), 49 
 
 London Directory first published, 39, 
 LONDON, Books lost in Great Fire 
 
 of, 38. Printing, the first in, 31. 
 
 First City directory, 39. Franklin 
 
 (B.) worked in, as a printer, 40. 
 
 First Circulating Library in, 41. 
 
 Illustrated News coloured prints 
 
 begin, 42 
 
 M. 
 
 Macao, China', first book printed in, 
 by Europeans, 35 
 
 Machinery used in bookbinding, 125 
 
 Manx language, first book printed in, 
 196. Bible first printed, 197 
 
 Maps, should be mounted, 130. 
 Varnish for and drawings, 49 
 
 MATHEMATICS (Bib. and Lit. of), 
 Ersch, 10 ; Murhard, 15 
 
 Maximilian (Emperor), his American 
 library, 168 
 
 Mazarine Bible, 28 
 
 MEDICINE (Bib. and Lit. of), Atkin- 
 son, 3 ; Choulant, 7 ; Linden, 13 ; 
 Mercklin, 14; Ersch, 10 ; Forbes, 
 188 
 
 Mendoza (A. de), first introduced 
 printing into Mexico, 167 
 
 Mentz printers dispersed, 28 
 
 Mexico, printing here first in Ame- 
 rica, 167 sec Cromberger's Do- 
 trina Breve, Plate VIII, 176 
 
 Milan, first book printed at, 28 
 
 Milton (John), died, 39. Speech 
 for the liberty of unlicensed print- 
 ing, 38, 196 
 
Index. 
 
 21 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS, Part VII, 118 184 
 Monks, were bookbinders, illumina- 
 tors, and transcribers, 123 
 Music (Bib. and Lit. of;, Blaze, 5 ; 
 
 Fetis, 10; Rimbault, 18 
 Music, first books of, in America, 40 
 Music printing first introduced into 
 England, 32 
 
 N. 
 
 Napier (Lord), Logarithms, first 
 edition, 141 
 
 National Anthem first performed, 
 36 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY (Bib. and Lit. of), 
 Engelmann, 10 ; Hagen, n ; He- 
 rissant, 12; Maton, 14; Swain- 
 son, ig 
 
 Nautical Almanac first published, 42 
 
 Newspaper, first English, 37. First 
 English daily. First provincial, 
 37. First in America, 40. First 
 in Edinburgh, 38. First north of 
 the Forth, 41. Restrictive laws 
 against, expired, 39. Heavy stamp 
 duty proposed, 39 imposed, 40 
 removed, ib. increased, 196 re- 
 duced, 197. Irish papers first 
 
 , stamped, 42. The Times first 
 printed by steam power, 42 
 
 NORTHERN LITERATURE (Bib. and 
 Lit.), Nyerup, 16 
 
 Notation, digital, first work on, 32 
 
 Note of admiration first used, 196 ; 
 origin of, 141 
 
 Note of interrogation, first used, 196 
 
 Notes <&> Queries acknowledgment to 
 the editor, xiii 
 
 Novnm Organon, first edition, 37 
 
 Numeration, remarks on Roman and 
 Arabic, 151, 152 
 
 O. 
 
 Oil stains, to remove from paper, 
 &c., xlv, 46 
 
 Old bindings, polish for, 47 
 
 ORIENTAL LITERATURE (Bib. and 
 Lit. of Halloix, 12; Kistner, 13 ; 
 Leon Pinello, 13 
 
 OXFORD, Clarendon Press opened, 40. 
 Early book printed mis-dated, 30. 
 First almanac published in the 
 present shape at, 39. Type foundry 
 at, 39. Library at James I per- 
 suaded the Stationers' Company 
 to give a copy of every book printed 
 
 to, 36. James I appointed Sir 
 Thomas Bodley, founder of the 
 library, 36. See catalogues. 
 
 P. 
 
 PAPER 
 
 Absorbent, to write on, 197, 198. 
 Ancient and modern, 148. Blot- 
 ting, 204. Fadory, first, 27. First 
 made from linen rags, 27 First 
 work on making, 27. Foolscap, 
 size of, 204. From cotton, learned 
 by the Arabs, 123. Hangings, flock 
 or velvet, patented in France, 37. 
 Mill, first in America at Eliza- 
 bethtown, New Jersey, 40. Mill 
 first set up in England, 32. Names 
 of, 149. Names of, in French and 
 German, 147. Qualities of, 148. 
 Remarks on white and toned, 135. 
 Sizes of, 148. To give consistency 
 to bad, 47. To prevent color from 
 spreading on, 49. To render fire- 
 proof, 48. To resist water, 48. 
 When first made by Chinese, 27. 
 White, first made in England, 39. 
 Wove, first work printed on, 41 
 Papyrus, notice of, 120 
 Parchment, notice of invented, 121. 
 Old, to preserve, 199. Writing 
 restored, ib. 
 
 Parenthesis, when first used, 33 
 Paste, to make strong, 48 
 Perfume of books, 46 
 PERIODICALS 
 
 First review of books published in 
 England, 39 in Scotland, ib. 
 North of the Firth of Forth, 41. 
 First scientific, in England, 38. 
 Foreign, Scientific Index to, 191 
 Perspective, first work on, 33 
 Pharmacopoeia, first English, 169 
 Philosophical Transactions, 38 
 Planetcnbuch, an early block book 
 described 164, fac-simile of page 
 from, Plate I, 169 
 
 Play, the first published with En- 
 gravings, 38 
 
 Poetry, English, first book contain- 
 ing. 195 
 
 Polish, for old bindings, 47 
 Popery, traces for and against, cata- 
 logue of, 191 
 
 Postage cards introduced, 197 
 Posts, for letters, invented, 29 
 Press, last restrictive laws against, 
 expired, 39 
 
2l6 
 
 Index. 
 
 Primers, psalms, and almanacs, 
 Stationers' Company's patent for, 
 36 
 
 Print, the earliest dated, 27 
 Printer's Marks (typographical), cxi, 
 
 J 43 
 
 Printer's Grammar, the first, pub- 
 lished in English, 41 
 
 Printing books without License Bill, 
 
 34 
 PRINTING 
 
 Discovered by the Chinese, 27. 
 Lithographic printing in Germany, 
 42. Logographic printing pa- 
 tented in England, 42. Stanhope 
 press perfected, 42. Stereotype 
 first book, 40. History, art of, 
 42. Black letter superseded by 
 Roman type, 38. In colours, 
 first example, 28. Cursive 
 characters, the first, 34. Em* 
 bossed, for the blind, invented, 
 42. Letters, cast in metal, 28. 
 Machine, first work printed by, 42. 
 First use of steam power for, 42. 
 First practical work on the mecha- 
 nical art of, 39. Anastatic process 
 of printing, patent enrolled, 42. 
 By cementing the type at the 
 bottom into a solid mass, 39. 
 First complete printed book, 
 28 Catchwords, first used, 28. 
 Signatures first used, 29, ib. Pages 
 first numbered, 29. Cyphers first 
 used, 29. Musical notes, first book 
 with printed, 29. England, first 
 book, printed in, 29. in Ireland, 
 34. Established at Edinburgh, 33. 
 First book printed at, 33. Paren- 
 thesis, earliest use of, 30. First 
 book with printer's name on title 
 and date, 30. First book in Eng- 
 land with a date, 30. 241110, the 
 first book in, 30. Italic type first 
 used, 32. Hand presses improved, 
 37. First in tabular form, 35. 
 Smith's Printer'' s Grammar, 41 
 
 Prints, Ackermann's, liquor for, 49. 
 Coloured Prints of the Illustrated 
 News begin, 42 
 
 Proof, on correcting, 142, 144 
 
 Proof marks used, explained, 143 
 
 Proof, corrected, 144 
 
 Publishers and authors, hints to, 
 127 
 
 Publishing Books, plans of, 159 
 
 Punctuation, remarks on, 158 
 
 Pye, meaning of, 166 
 
 Q- 
 
 Quotations, use and abuse of, 158 
 
 R. 
 Records (Robert), his writings and 
 
 inventions, 196 
 Recorde, notes on, 159 
 Roll changed to book-shape, 121. 
 
 Description of, 120. Chancery, 
 
 1 60 
 Rome, first book printed at, 28. 
 
 Roman type, the first, 28. Roman 
 
 type, the first in France, 195. 
 
 Roman numeration explained, 150 
 Russia leather, scent of, 46 
 Rymer (T). died, 40 
 
 S. 
 
 Saint Albans, book of, 31 
 SCOTLAND, s^Aberdeen Almanack, 
 
 Bibliography, Book, Newspaper, 
 
 Printing, Stereotype 
 Sealed book, the 38 
 Seals, wax, to take impressions of 
 
 200 
 Shakespeare (Bib. and Lit.), Halli- 
 
 well, xii, 188, 189. Shakesperiana, 
 
 19 ; Thimm, 20. Born, 36 ; first 
 
 folio, 37 
 Silk, books printed on, 27 ; on white, 
 
 in France, 39 
 
 Silver letter, meaning of, 36 
 Spaces between words, first use of, 
 
 !Q5 
 SPAIN (Bib. and Lit.) Antonio, 3 ; 
 
 Castro, 6 ; Mendez, 15 
 " Spectator," first number published, 
 
 40. 
 
 Sporting, the first books on, 31 
 Star Chamber abolished, 37 
 Stationers' Company, charter, 31 
 Stereotype printing first invented, 39. 
 
 First book, 40. In Great Britain, 
 
 4i 
 
 Stowe (John), died 1605, 36 
 Strasburg library destroyed, 197 
 Strawberry Hill, private press esta- 
 blished, 41 
 Subscription, first book by, in 
 
 England, 38 
 
 Sweden. First book printed in, 31 
 Sweinham and Pannartz, number 
 
 of books printed by, 29 
 Swift (Dr. J.), 41 
 
 Swimming, first book on, 34. List 
 of works on, Thomas, 194 
 
Index. 
 
 217 
 
 Switzerland, first book printed in, 
 29 
 
 T. 
 
 Tablets, ancient, 122 
 Tatler, first number published, 40 
 Taylor John , quoted, ix, xiv 
 Telemachus first published, 39 
 THEOLOGY (Bib. and Lit.) Bowling, 
 
 9 ; Moroni 15 
 
 Thou (Jac. Aug. de) library sold, 37 
 Times newspaper, first double sheet, 
 
 197 
 Tinted and toned paper for books, 
 
 136 
 TOPOGRAPHY (Bib. and Lit.), Gough, 
 
 191 ; Upcott, 20 
 Tradls, meaning of word, 205 
 Tragedy, first English printed, 34. 
 
 First published with engravings, 
 
 38 
 
 Travels, first book of, 31 
 TURKEY (Bib. and Lit.),Toderini, 20 
 Tyndale's first translation of the 
 
 New Testament, 33 
 TYPOGRAPHY(Bib. and Lit.)Beadnell, 
 
 187 ; Cotton, 7 ; Dibdin, 8; Franke, 
 
 ii ; Hain, 12 ; Mattaire, 13 ; T. 
 
 Mendez, 15 ; Panzer, 16 ; Rossi, 
 
 J 9 
 
 Moveable type invented, 27 
 Letters first cut in wood, 28 
 Letter first cast, 28 
 Roman type introduced, 28 
 Italic type first used, 32 
 Cursive characters invented, 34 
 Spaces between words, first use 
 of, 195. Eight fac-similes of, 
 169 176 
 
 See Book, printing, stereotype 
 TYPOGRAPHICAL GAZETTEER, Part 
 IV, 51-63. Appendix to, 200 203. 
 Rarities in this vol. described, 
 163. 
 
 U. 
 
 USEFUL RECEIPTS, Part III, 43 50. 
 Appendix to, 197 200 
 
 V. 
 
 Varnish for drawings and maps, 49. 
 For old bindings, 47 
 
 Vellum binding first stamped, 33. 
 
 Used for tablets, 122 
 Venice, first printing at, 32. Last 
 
 block book printed at, 33 
 Verse, blank, in English, first book, 
 
 35 
 
 Verses, Leonine, 205 
 Virgil in the Vatican Library, the 
 
 the oldest work in 4to, 122. 
 
 Printed by Baskerville, 41. 
 
 Printed by Aldus, 33. First 
 
 book in italic type, 32; described 
 
 167. Fac-simile page from. Plate 
 
 VI, 174 
 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS (Bib. and 
 
 Lit.) Richarderie, 18 
 
 W. 
 
 Walton (Isaak'), Angler, first edition, 
 
 37 
 
 Walpole (H.), his private life, 41 
 Wax Seals, to take impressions of, 
 
 200. Stains to remove, 45. 
 
 Records kept on, 120 
 Welsh, the Book of ommon Prayer, 
 
 the first in Welsh, 38 
 White Paper for books, 135. 
 Wood blocks, to clean, 48 
 Woodcuts, the first book in England 
 
 with, 30 
 -Wood Engravings, the earliest, 27 
 
 St. Christopher, the earliest dated, 
 
 27. First book in England with, 
 
 30 Bezel's Bible, one of the first 
 
 books with, 38 
 Writing on stone, 119. Old, to 
 
 make legible, 48. Cipher, or 
 
 secret, 177. 
 
 X. 
 
 Xylographic books, meaning of, 116. 
 The first, 27. The last, 33. A 
 book described. Fac-simile page 
 from, Plate I, 169 
 
 Y. 
 
 York Press, memos of, See Davies, 7 
 Z. 
 
 ZOOLOGY (Bib. and Lit.), Agassiz, 
 3. Boehmer, 5. Engelmann, 10 
 
 2 F 
 
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 HANDY-BOOK ABOUT BOOKS requests the particular attention of 
 Booksellers in general to Part V. of this Work, entitled "BOOKSELLERS' 
 DIRECTORY," compiled under circumstances which necessarily led to 
 its being incomplete, and possibly, in some cases, inaccurate, notwith- 
 standing the pains taken to ensure correctness. The utility of such a list, 
 both to Book-buyers and Book-sellers, must be evident, and its value de- 
 pendant on accuracy. 
 
 He ventures to ask the assistance of all interested to supply omissions 
 and correcl: errors, so that if a second edition of this Work should be called 
 for, it may be found more generally useful. The same remark referring 
 with equal force to the other portions of the Book, any suggestion from 
 " Book-Lovers " will be most gratefully received. 
 
 A few copies of this work may be had in sheets (with the 
 Cover], for the purpose of interleaving, on application to 
 the Publisher. 
 
 JOHN POWER, 
 
 Cambridge Road, 
 
 HAMMERSMITH, W. 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 The most ancient errata are found in a Juvenal with the 
 notes of Meruela, printed in folio by Gabriel Pierre, at Venice, 
 in 1478, in which were two pages of errata, and he excused 
 the printing in these terms : " Lector ne te offendant errata 
 quae operariorum indiligentia fecit, neque enim omnibus hores 
 diligentes esse possumus. Recognito volumine ea corrigere 
 placuit." 
 
 Page 3. For Antonii read Antonio. 
 
 ,, 4. The second note in small type after BARBIER should 
 
 follow the preceding title BAL^EI. 
 ,, 27, line 20. For Curio read Cunio. 
 ,, 52, last line. For 1869 read 1866. 
 ,, 63. Dele last line of first column. 
 ,, 136, line 7. For conventual read conventional. 
 ,, ,, line 23. For rune read runs. 
 ,, 182, line ii. For X read x. 
 ,, line 29. For left read right. 
 
 [These last two errors occur in the original article in Notes & 
 Queries, and were not discovered until an attempt was made to 
 decipher the cryptogram.] 
 
 ,, 19 1, line 29. For typography read topography. 
 
66 BIBLIOGRAPHY. POWER (John). A Handy-Bock about Books, for 
 Book-Lovers, Book-Buyers, and Book-Sellers. With 8 facsimile 
 plates. 8vo, orig. coloured boards containing reproductions of two 
 ancient bindings, gilt top, FINE STATE (RARE THUS). John Wilson, 
 1870 18s 
 
 UCSB LIBRARY